King Arthur The Legend That Slowly Grew From Time | Boring History

1
00:00:00,000 --> 00:00:02,700
Hello, my sleepy pickles, I'm 
glad you're here. 

2
00:00:03,700 --> 00:00:07,200
Let's snuggle up and allow me to
ease you into the story of King.

3
00:00:07,200 --> 00:00:11,000
Arthur, the legend that slowly 
Grew From history, where 

4
00:00:11,000 --> 00:00:16,200
fragments of real events slowly 
turned into castles quests and 

5
00:00:16,200 --> 00:00:19,800
campfire. 
Tales told for centuries So, if 

6
00:00:19,800 --> 00:00:23,300
this calm slightly, boring 
reflection helps you unwind, 

7
00:00:23,300 --> 00:00:27,200
feel free to follow us. 
Drop a like and tell me where 

8
00:00:27,200 --> 00:00:29,000
you're listening from, and what 
time it is for you. 

9
00:00:29,800 --> 00:00:33,500
Now, dim your pesky lights, pull
up that bunker, and turn on that

10
00:00:33,500 --> 00:00:40,400
fan for some steady white noise.
Tonight, you're going to drift 

11
00:00:40,400 --> 00:00:42,500
into sleep. 
Alongside one of history's, most

12
00:00:42,500 --> 00:00:47,000
enduring Mysteries, The story of
King Arthur isn't just a tale of

13
00:00:47,000 --> 00:00:50,400
knights and Magic. 
It's a legend that grew slowly 

14
00:00:50,408 --> 00:00:56,400
over centuries layer by layer 
like sediment forming Rock. by 

15
00:00:56,400 --> 00:00:59,900
the time you wake, you'll 
understand how a possible War 

16
00:00:59,900 --> 00:01:04,000
leader from the chaos of Coast 
Roman Britain became the king of

17
00:01:04,000 --> 00:01:09,500
Camelot Picture Britain in the 
year 4000, the Roman legion's 

18
00:01:09,500 --> 00:01:12,200
are leaving. 
You stand on a hill Fort. 

19
00:01:12,200 --> 00:01:14,300
Watching the last organized 
military force. 

20
00:01:14,300 --> 00:01:17,600
This island is known for 4 
centuries, March toward the 

21
00:01:17,600 --> 00:01:21,700
coast, the soldiers armor 
catches, the weak Northern Sun, 

22
00:01:21,700 --> 00:01:26,000
their footsteps, echo on stones,
that Roman Engineers laid down 

23
00:01:26,000 --> 00:01:28,000
when your 
great-great-great-grandparents 

24
00:01:28,000 --> 00:01:31,600
were young, the departure is 
quieter than you might expect. 

25
00:01:31,600 --> 00:01:36,300
There are no dramatic speeches 
or tearful farewells the Empire 

26
00:01:36,300 --> 00:01:39,500
is collapsing. 
ROM itself will be sacked this 

27
00:01:39,500 --> 00:01:42,300
very year the legions and needed
elsewhere. 

28
00:01:42,300 --> 00:01:45,600
Britain this rain soaked 
Frontier at the edge of the 

29
00:01:45,600 --> 00:01:47,300
known world must Ventress 
itself. 

30
00:01:48,200 --> 00:01:51,600
The morning is cold and still 
your breath makes small clouds 

31
00:01:51,600 --> 00:01:54,100
in the air. 
Frost clings to grass in the 

32
00:01:54,100 --> 00:01:56,200
shadows, where the early light 
hasn't reached yet. 

33
00:01:57,000 --> 00:01:59,200
The soldiers move with practiced
efficiency. 

34
00:01:59,200 --> 00:02:01,700
The way men. 
Do, who have performed the same 

35
00:02:01,700 --> 00:02:05,000
tasks hundreds of times. 
They've done this before. 

36
00:02:05,000 --> 00:02:09,400
In other province's, abandoning 
Forts and Frontiers is becoming 

37
00:02:09,400 --> 00:02:11,800
routine for Rome shrinking 
military machine. 

38
00:02:11,800 --> 00:02:15,300
You notice small details because
you know, you want to remember 

39
00:02:15,300 --> 00:02:18,600
this day. 
The way the centurion's horse 

40
00:02:18,600 --> 00:02:21,200
hair Crest Bobs. 
As he walks of the columns head.

41
00:02:22,200 --> 00:02:25,800
The rhythmic of leather straps 
and the bright jingle of metal 

42
00:02:25,800 --> 00:02:28,900
buckles from hundreds of men 
moving in Step together. 

43
00:02:30,000 --> 00:02:33,700
The standard Bearer carries, the
legion's eagle with stiffel 

44
00:02:33,700 --> 00:02:37,300
malate as if the ceremony of 
departure matters, more than the

45
00:02:37,300 --> 00:02:41,100
fact of it, that eagle 
represents more than just a 

46
00:02:41,100 --> 00:02:44,400
military unit. 
It represents ROM itself, law 

47
00:02:44,400 --> 00:02:50,000
order civilization piece, All 
marching away towards ships, 

48
00:02:50,000 --> 00:02:53,500
waiting on the eastern coast. 
Some of the soldiers are British

49
00:02:53,500 --> 00:02:56,700
themselves men from local 
families who joined. 

50
00:02:56,700 --> 00:03:00,000
The legions are generation ago 
for steady pay for Roman 

51
00:03:00,000 --> 00:03:03,600
citizenship for adventure beyond
their fathers Farms. 

52
00:03:04,500 --> 00:03:07,800
They're leaving too. 
They're extended families wave 

53
00:03:07,800 --> 00:03:09,700
from the stone walls of the Hill
forth. 

54
00:03:10,400 --> 00:03:14,700
Some women cry quietly, children
stand solid and Confused. 

55
00:03:14,700 --> 00:03:18,300
They don't fully understand 
what's happening, but they sent 

56
00:03:18,300 --> 00:03:20,900
their parents worried and grow 
unusually quiet. 

57
00:03:22,300 --> 00:03:25,600
A small boy waves at his father 
and gets a brief way back before

58
00:03:25,600 --> 00:03:29,200
the March continues, The Villa 
owners stand in nervous, 

59
00:03:29,200 --> 00:03:32,900
clusters their fine wool cloaks 
pull tight against the morning. 

60
00:03:32,900 --> 00:03:35,700
Chill. 
You can hear fragments of their 

61
00:03:35,700 --> 00:03:39,800
conversations, carried on the 
breeze, plans for hiring private

62
00:03:39,800 --> 00:03:43,500
guards from among the retired. 
Veterans discussions about 

63
00:03:43,500 --> 00:03:46,000
strengthening manner walls with 
additional stonework. 

64
00:03:46,000 --> 00:03:49,800
Worried speculation about what 
happens when word reaches the 

65
00:03:49,800 --> 00:03:52,000
Saxon Pirates across the North 
Sea. 

66
00:03:53,100 --> 00:03:56,200
One older man with scars on his 
weathered, face mentions, the 

67
00:03:56,200 --> 00:03:57,800
picks with the voice of 
experience. 

68
00:03:57,800 --> 00:04:01,200
He fought them decades ago 
along, Hadrian's Wall. 

69
00:04:01,200 --> 00:04:04,500
He doesn't relish the thought of
facing them again, without the 

70
00:04:04,500 --> 00:04:08,800
legions of his back for nearly 
400 years, Rome has shaped this 

71
00:04:08,800 --> 00:04:11,300
island. 
Latin is the language of 

72
00:04:11,300 --> 00:04:14,800
government and trade. 
Roman roads connect towns that 

73
00:04:14,808 --> 00:04:16,500
didn't exist before the 
conquest. 

74
00:04:17,300 --> 00:04:21,200
Bathhouses steaming winter, 
Villas sprawl across fertile. 

75
00:04:21,200 --> 00:04:24,500
Valleys with Mosaic flaws 
depicting Mediterranean gods and

76
00:04:24,500 --> 00:04:28,900
heroes along the coast. 
Watchtower scan for Saxon 

77
00:04:28,900 --> 00:04:31,400
Raiders. 
The roads carry wine. 

78
00:04:31,400 --> 00:04:38,000
Olive oil and pottery. 
Brittany exports grain LED tin 

79
00:04:38,000 --> 00:04:41,600
and slaves. 
It's a functioning Province. 

80
00:04:41,600 --> 00:04:46,500
Integrated into Rome's economic 
system, Now, all of that is 

81
00:04:46,500 --> 00:04:50,800
ending not with a bang, but with
the Quiet crunch of military 

82
00:04:50,800 --> 00:04:54,700
boots on gravel roads, you can 
feel the change in the air. 

83
00:04:54,700 --> 00:04:57,300
The way you can feel a storm 
approaching before the first 

84
00:04:57,300 --> 00:05:00,300
Drops Fall. 
The Villa owners are nervous, 

85
00:05:00,300 --> 00:05:04,600
for good reason, their wealth 
depends on stability on roads, 

86
00:05:04,600 --> 00:05:08,900
being safe, for trade, on quartz
functioning to enforce contracts

87
00:05:08,900 --> 00:05:12,100
on someone being in charge when 
disputes arise. 

88
00:05:12,900 --> 00:05:16,900
Who provides all that when roam 
leaves, the town councils are 

89
00:05:16,900 --> 00:05:19,700
holding emergency meetings in 
the Forum buildings that still 

90
00:05:19,700 --> 00:05:23,700
stand in every major settlement.
The question, everyone asks is 

91
00:05:23,700 --> 00:05:26,800
simple and terrifying. 
Who will protect us now. 

92
00:05:27,600 --> 00:05:31,500
The discussions go in circles, 
some suggest hiring Saxon 

93
00:05:31,500 --> 00:05:35,200
mercenaries, others, find that 
idea, insane given that Saxons 

94
00:05:35,200 --> 00:05:38,600
are one of the primary threats. 
Some talk about raising local 

95
00:05:38,600 --> 00:05:41,200
militias. 
Others point out that farmers 

96
00:05:41,200 --> 00:05:44,900
with Spears aren't soldiers. 
Some hope that Roman Authority 

97
00:05:44,900 --> 00:05:47,800
will return once the current 
crisis on the continent resolves

98
00:05:47,800 --> 00:05:50,800
itself. 
Few realistic acknowledge that 

99
00:05:50,800 --> 00:05:53,200
roam isn't coming back. 
The threats are real and 

100
00:05:53,200 --> 00:05:57,500
multiplying across the North 
Sea, Saxon anglian, and utesch, 

101
00:05:57,500 --> 00:06:00,100
people's are moving Westwood 
they've raided before. 

102
00:06:00,100 --> 00:06:02,600
But with the legions gone 
raiding might become settlement 

103
00:06:02,600 --> 00:06:06,200
and Conquest From the north 
Beyond Hadrian's Wall. 

104
00:06:06,200 --> 00:06:08,400
The picts watch roams withdrawal
with interest. 

105
00:06:09,200 --> 00:06:11,800
From Ireland, Raiders can cross 
to Britain in a day. 

106
00:06:11,800 --> 00:06:14,500
Britain is wealthy and suddenly 
vulnerable. 

107
00:06:14,500 --> 00:06:17,800
What Britain lacks now is 
Unified defense. 

108
00:06:18,400 --> 00:06:21,600
The Roman military ran on 
organization and Logistics. 

109
00:06:21,600 --> 00:06:25,400
Legions at strategic points, 
could respond quickly by the 

110
00:06:25,400 --> 00:06:27,900
road Network. 
A military bureaucracy 

111
00:06:27,900 --> 00:06:29,900
coordinated. 
Provincial defense. 

112
00:06:30,600 --> 00:06:33,400
Supply chains ensured resources 
arrived when needed. 

113
00:06:34,300 --> 00:06:37,900
Now, there's no chain of 
command, no one in charge just 

114
00:06:37,900 --> 00:06:41,000
communities, and Estates that 
shared Roman Administration 

115
00:06:41,000 --> 00:06:44,600
until it departed. 
Villa owners will hire private 

116
00:06:44,600 --> 00:06:47,300
guards. 
Town councils will form local 

117
00:06:47,300 --> 00:06:51,300
militias old tribal, identities 
suppressed by Rome will 

118
00:06:51,300 --> 00:06:57,100
resurface the briganti's heini 
cartoon, All remembering. 

119
00:06:57,100 --> 00:07:00,500
They existed before Rome, 
Britain is fragmenting along 

120
00:07:00,500 --> 00:07:04,100
pre-roman fault lines that Roman
power kept suppressed, but never

121
00:07:04,100 --> 00:07:06,700
eliminated. 
You watched the last of the 

122
00:07:06,700 --> 00:07:08,700
legionaries disappear, over the 
Eastern Horizon. 

123
00:07:08,700 --> 00:07:12,800
Their standards catching the 
light one final time before 

124
00:07:12,800 --> 00:07:17,300
dropping below the sight line. 
The sound of their March Fades, 

125
00:07:17,300 --> 00:07:19,600
slowly. 
First, you can hear individual 

126
00:07:19,600 --> 00:07:24,200
footsteps and voices, then just 
a general murmur then silence 

127
00:07:24,200 --> 00:07:26,800
broken. 
Only by wind in the grass and 

128
00:07:26,800 --> 00:07:28,600
someone's dog barking in the 
distance. 

129
00:07:29,500 --> 00:07:33,300
The silence feels significant. 
Heavy with implication. 

130
00:07:33,900 --> 00:07:37,500
You wonder what happens next? 
The answer though you don't know

131
00:07:37,500 --> 00:07:40,500
it, yet will involve centuries 
of conflict and cultural 

132
00:07:40,500 --> 00:07:44,000
transformation and the gradual 
emergence of stories about 

133
00:07:44,000 --> 00:07:47,200
heroes who held back the 
darkness when no one else could.

134
00:07:48,100 --> 00:07:52,400
One of those heroes or at least 
the idea of one will eventually 

135
00:07:52,400 --> 00:07:55,900
be called Arthur. 
But we're getting ahead of 

136
00:07:55,908 --> 00:08:01,000
ourselves right now in 410 
Arthur doesn't exist. 

137
00:08:01,900 --> 00:08:04,900
Not even as a story. 
The conditions that will create 

138
00:08:04,900 --> 00:08:06,700
the need for an author or only 
just beginning. 

139
00:08:07,600 --> 00:08:10,600
The legend will grow from a 
chaos and violence and desperate

140
00:08:10,600 --> 00:08:14,900
resistance of The Next Century 
but that growth is slow much 

141
00:08:14,900 --> 00:08:18,700
slower than you might imagine. 
The decades after the legion's, 

142
00:08:18,700 --> 00:08:21,500
leave a genuinely confusing. 
When viewed from the perspective

143
00:08:21,500 --> 00:08:25,100
of later historians trying to 
piece together what happened? 

144
00:08:25,900 --> 00:08:29,700
History becomes fuzzy around the
edges and then outright murky in

145
00:08:29,700 --> 00:08:32,100
the middle. 
The written records that Roman 

146
00:08:32,100 --> 00:08:34,900
Administration produced so 
reliably and archives. 

147
00:08:34,900 --> 00:08:39,600
So carefully simply stop Britain
enters what Scholars? 

148
00:08:39,600 --> 00:08:43,299
Sometimes call the sub Roman 
period later generations will 

149
00:08:43,308 --> 00:08:46,100
call it the Dark Ages. 
Though that name, says more 

150
00:08:46,100 --> 00:08:48,600
about the absence of written 
sources than about the actual 

151
00:08:48,600 --> 00:08:50,200
quality of life people 
experience. 

152
00:08:51,200 --> 00:08:56,100
Life goes on obviously Farmers 
still plant and harvest Potters.

153
00:08:56,100 --> 00:08:58,700
Still make vessels blacksmiths 
still work. 

154
00:08:58,700 --> 00:09:02,400
Iron children are still born and
old people still die. 

155
00:09:03,200 --> 00:09:05,900
And teenagers still fall in love
and make the same mistakes 

156
00:09:05,900 --> 00:09:10,000
teenagers of always made. 
The rhythms of daily existence 

157
00:09:10,000 --> 00:09:14,300
continue regardless of what 
political structure exists or 

158
00:09:14,300 --> 00:09:18,000
doesn't exist, overhead. 
But the big picture becomes 

159
00:09:18,000 --> 00:09:21,800
invisible to us. 
The Sweep of political events, 

160
00:09:21,800 --> 00:09:25,700
the rise and fall of leaders, 
the shifting territorial 

161
00:09:25,700 --> 00:09:30,200
boundaries, all of this happens 
in darkness from our perspective

162
00:09:30,200 --> 00:09:33,900
centuries later. 
We catch glimpses through 

163
00:09:33,900 --> 00:09:37,200
archaeological evidence and the 
occasional written Source from 

164
00:09:37,200 --> 00:09:40,600
the continent that the details 
narrative history we can 

165
00:09:40,600 --> 00:09:44,200
construct for the Roman period 
simply vanishes for the 5th and 

166
00:09:44,200 --> 00:09:48,000
6th centuries. 
What we do know or can 

167
00:09:48,000 --> 00:09:51,600
reasonably infer, is that some 
version of Romano British 

168
00:09:51,600 --> 00:09:54,700
Society persists for quite a 
while after 410. 

169
00:09:55,700 --> 00:09:58,900
Town councils, keep meeting in 
the Forum buildings even if 

170
00:09:58,900 --> 00:10:02,300
there's no higher authority to 
report to some Villas stay 

171
00:10:02,300 --> 00:10:05,200
occupied and productive, even if
the trade networks that made 

172
00:10:05,200 --> 00:10:06,900
them profitable are 
disintegrating. 

173
00:10:07,800 --> 00:10:11,000
Latin remains important as a 
language of administration and 

174
00:10:11,000 --> 00:10:14,100
church business. 
Even if fewer people speak it, 

175
00:10:14,100 --> 00:10:17,900
fluently, Christianity which 
took root during the fourth 

176
00:10:17,900 --> 00:10:22,400
Century continues to spread and 
probably accelerate his growth 

177
00:10:22,400 --> 00:10:25,100
as the church becomes. 
One of the few institutions 

178
00:10:25,100 --> 00:10:28,900
still functioning reliably but 
the defensive situation 

179
00:10:28,900 --> 00:10:33,600
deteriorate steadily and then 
rapidly, Germanic, Raiders 

180
00:10:33,600 --> 00:10:37,200
become Germanic settlers. 
The eastern coast of Brickman, 

181
00:10:37,200 --> 00:10:40,300
the areas most accessible from 
Continental Europe. 

182
00:10:40,300 --> 00:10:45,600
Begin to see permanent sacks and
Villages established At first, 

183
00:10:45,600 --> 00:10:48,400
this probably seemed manageable 
to the British authorities. 

184
00:10:49,500 --> 00:10:52,600
Some British leaders evidently 
made a calculated decision to 

185
00:10:52,600 --> 00:10:56,600
invite sex and mercenary to 
serve as hired troops offering 

186
00:10:56,600 --> 00:10:59,300
land grants in exchange for 
military service. 

187
00:10:59,300 --> 00:11:03,100
This was a standard late Roman 
practice that had worked 

188
00:11:03,100 --> 00:11:05,400
reasonably well. 
In other Frontier province's, 

189
00:11:06,200 --> 00:11:09,000
Pay foreign Warriors to defend 
the frontier against other 

190
00:11:09,000 --> 00:11:11,800
foreign Warriors. 
It must have seemed like a 

191
00:11:11,800 --> 00:11:14,300
reasonable solution to the 
problem of Defending Britain 

192
00:11:14,300 --> 00:11:17,200
without Legions. 
It didn't stay reasonable for 

193
00:11:17,200 --> 00:11:19,700
long. 
The Saxons brought families, 

194
00:11:19,700 --> 00:11:23,600
they brought their own language,
their own Gods, their own way of

195
00:11:23,600 --> 00:11:27,200
organizing Society. 
They built the kind of halls and

196
00:11:27,200 --> 00:11:29,300
Farms, they'd build back in 
their homelands. 

197
00:11:29,300 --> 00:11:32,300
They pushed Inland from the 
coasts looking for better, 

198
00:11:32,300 --> 00:11:35,900
agricultural land. 
What started as controlled 

199
00:11:35,900 --> 00:11:39,100
military settlements with clear 
boundaries and agreements became

200
00:11:39,100 --> 00:11:41,900
something else entirely. 
And Invasion. 

201
00:11:41,900 --> 00:11:46,900
But one that happened gradually 
incrementally Farm by Farm 

202
00:11:46,900 --> 00:11:50,000
Village by Village Generation by
generation. 

203
00:11:51,400 --> 00:11:55,100
The British resistance to this 
Saxon expansion is where our 

204
00:11:55,100 --> 00:11:58,300
story really begins to take 
shape because somewhere in that 

205
00:11:58,300 --> 00:12:01,600
resistance buried under 
centuries of later in Belmont 

206
00:12:01,600 --> 00:12:05,400
and myth-making and imaginative 
elaboration, there might have 

207
00:12:05,400 --> 00:12:08,200
been a real person who fought 
affectively enough to be 

208
00:12:08,200 --> 00:12:10,100
remembered across the dark 
centuries. 

209
00:12:10,100 --> 00:12:13,400
When writing was scarce, someone
the later Welsh would call 

210
00:12:13,400 --> 00:12:17,800
Arthur, but that's still ahead 
in our story for now, Rome is 

211
00:12:17,800 --> 00:12:21,700
gone, the Saxons are coming and 
Britain must figure out how to 

212
00:12:21,708 --> 00:12:24,800
survive on its own. 
Imagine your living in Britain 

213
00:12:24,800 --> 00:12:28,100
around the year. 500 nearly a 
century has passed. 

214
00:12:28,100 --> 00:12:31,400
Since the legions left, the 
world, your great grandparents, 

215
00:12:31,400 --> 00:12:34,200
knew his gone Towns are smaller 
now. 

216
00:12:34,200 --> 00:12:39,000
Much smaller many Roman 
buildings stand empty their 

217
00:12:39,000 --> 00:12:42,900
roofs collapse decades ago. 
their walls slowly crumbling 

218
00:12:42,900 --> 00:12:47,200
Brick by Brick as weather and 
time take their toll The 

219
00:12:47,200 --> 00:12:52,000
bathhouses are cold and silent. 
Forums where town councils used 

220
00:12:52,000 --> 00:12:55,000
to meet her overgrown with weeds
pushing up, through Mosaic 

221
00:12:55,000 --> 00:12:58,000
floors, the amphitheaters where 
people once watched 

222
00:12:58,000 --> 00:13:02,000
entertainment a home to nesting 
birds and wild rabbits, the road

223
00:13:02,000 --> 00:13:04,900
system is still there. 
Still the best transportation 

224
00:13:04,900 --> 00:13:07,300
Network in Britain, and likely 
to remain. 

225
00:13:07,300 --> 00:13:11,100
So for centuries, but no one 
maintains, these roads anymore, 

226
00:13:11,100 --> 00:13:15,700
Grass Grows between the paving 
stones sections, wash out in 

227
00:13:15,700 --> 00:13:17,500
heavy rains and don't get 
repaired. 

228
00:13:18,400 --> 00:13:21,400
Trees, fall across the road bed 
and stay there until someone 

229
00:13:21,400 --> 00:13:25,700
bothers to drag them aside. 
The road still function, but 

230
00:13:25,700 --> 00:13:28,300
this slowly returning to the 
landscape, they were imposed 

231
00:13:28,300 --> 00:13:31,500
upon, but this isn't a 
post-apocalyptic Wasteland 

232
00:13:31,500 --> 00:13:34,300
despite what some dramatic 
historians might suggest. 

233
00:13:35,400 --> 00:13:38,600
It's a different kind of society
emerging from the ruins of the 

234
00:13:38,600 --> 00:13:42,100
old one, British kingdoms are 
forming and reforming and 

235
00:13:42,100 --> 00:13:43,900
feuding and allying with each 
other. 

236
00:13:43,900 --> 00:13:48,500
In constantly shifting patterns,
these kingdoms are led by men 

237
00:13:48,500 --> 00:13:52,100
who claimed descent from Roman 
officials or ancient tribal 

238
00:13:52,100 --> 00:13:56,000
Chiefs or frequently both 
genealogies get creative. 

239
00:13:56,000 --> 00:13:59,900
When legitimacy is at stake, 
these kingdoms are small by any 

240
00:13:59,900 --> 00:14:02,800
standard. 
A successful King might control 

241
00:14:02,800 --> 00:14:05,600
a few river. 
Valleys a stretch of Coastline, 

242
00:14:05,600 --> 00:14:09,200
a cluster of old Hill forts that
have been reoccupied and 

243
00:14:09,200 --> 00:14:13,400
strengthened the idea of Britain
as a single political unit has 

244
00:14:13,400 --> 00:14:17,300
vanished, like morning missed, 
instead you have grinned in the 

245
00:14:17,300 --> 00:14:19,900
north west corner where the 
mountains made good defense of 

246
00:14:19,900 --> 00:14:23,700
terrain, Dominion in the 
south-west were cornwall's. 

247
00:14:23,700 --> 00:14:26,700
Peninsula offered some isolation
from Saxon expansion. 

248
00:14:27,800 --> 00:14:30,900
Helmet in the North. 
Carving out territory and what's

249
00:14:30,900 --> 00:14:33,900
now Yorkshire? 
Powers in the Central West 

250
00:14:33,900 --> 00:14:38,000
controlling the Borderlands. 
Each kingdom has its own ruler, 

251
00:14:38,000 --> 00:14:40,800
its own Warriors, its own 
concerns. 

252
00:14:40,800 --> 00:14:44,400
Its own enemies. 
And each kingdom faces the same 

253
00:14:44,400 --> 00:14:51,000
fundamental problem, the Saxons.
By the year, 500, Saxon 

254
00:14:51,000 --> 00:14:53,400
settlement dominates the 
Eastern, third of Britain. 

255
00:14:53,400 --> 00:14:56,700
They've created their own 
kingdoms with Old English names 

256
00:14:56,700 --> 00:15:00,300
that reflect their Origins, 
Essex, for the East Saxons, 

257
00:15:00,300 --> 00:15:04,700
Sussex for the South Saxons, 
Wessex for the West Saxons, the 

258
00:15:04,700 --> 00:15:07,600
pattern repeats with anglian 
groups, creating northumbria 

259
00:15:07,600 --> 00:15:12,500
Mercier East Anglia, Future 
England is taking shape like a 

260
00:15:12,508 --> 00:15:15,700
photograph developing slowly and
solution though. 

261
00:15:15,700 --> 00:15:17,600
No one alive can see the final 
image yet. 

262
00:15:18,700 --> 00:15:22,000
The frontier between British and
Saxon territory as porous and 

263
00:15:22,000 --> 00:15:25,200
violent. 
A successful British war leader 

264
00:15:25,200 --> 00:15:28,400
might push the Saxons back from 
a strategic River Valley. 

265
00:15:28,400 --> 00:15:32,200
One year only to lose it again 
after his death when his son's 

266
00:15:32,200 --> 00:15:35,500
fight over succession of 
fighting the enemy. 

267
00:15:36,500 --> 00:15:39,600
Saxon King might Advance 
Westwood into good farming land.

268
00:15:39,600 --> 00:15:42,600
Then face a British 
counter-attack that costs him 

269
00:15:42,600 --> 00:15:45,800
everything he gained and 
sometimes his life as well. 

270
00:15:46,800 --> 00:15:51,400
Territory changes hands 
Villages, get burned people flee

271
00:15:51,400 --> 00:15:54,300
or die, or bend a new Masters 
and hope to survive. 

272
00:15:55,200 --> 00:15:58,000
This is the world that 
desperately needs here, Heroes. 

273
00:15:58,900 --> 00:16:01,500
Heroes emerge though. 
Details about them. 

274
00:16:01,500 --> 00:16:03,800
A maddeningly. 
Sparse given what we'd like to 

275
00:16:03,808 --> 00:16:07,000
know Welsh tradition, remembers 
War leaders. 

276
00:16:07,000 --> 00:16:10,700
From this brutal period, their 
name survive even when their 

277
00:16:10,700 --> 00:16:13,400
deeds have become confused. 
Cuneta. 

278
00:16:13,400 --> 00:16:16,500
Supposedly migrated south from 
what's now Scotland to Northwest

279
00:16:16,500 --> 00:16:19,200
Wales. 
Driving out, Irish settlers, who

280
00:16:19,200 --> 00:16:21,500
had been raiding and occupying 
Coastal lands. 

281
00:16:22,200 --> 00:16:25,900
Where the Cuneta was one man or 
represents a whole movement of 

282
00:16:25,900 --> 00:16:29,400
people is debated. 
Vortac is remembered though. 

283
00:16:29,400 --> 00:16:32,300
His reputation is 
catastrophically bad in most 

284
00:16:32,300 --> 00:16:34,800
sources. 
He's blamed for inviting the 

285
00:16:34,808 --> 00:16:36,600
Saxons to Britain in the first 
place. 

286
00:16:36,600 --> 00:16:41,000
The name might mean High King 
which could indicate its a title

287
00:16:41,000 --> 00:16:45,400
rather than a personal name. 
Ambrosia or Eliana appears in 

288
00:16:45,400 --> 00:16:48,700
slightly better light. 
He organized British resistance 

289
00:16:48,700 --> 00:16:50,500
and one Victory is that 
mattered. 

290
00:16:50,500 --> 00:16:54,500
And Brosius is particularly 
interesting because he shows up 

291
00:16:54,500 --> 00:16:59,300
in our early surviving source, A
British monk named Gilda's rotor

292
00:16:59,300 --> 00:17:02,900
on the year. 540, his book is an
actually a history. 

293
00:17:02,900 --> 00:17:07,000
It's a sermon. 
Along angry thundering 

294
00:17:07,000 --> 00:17:10,099
denunciation of British Kings 
for their sins and failures 

295
00:17:10,099 --> 00:17:13,700
killed us believe that God 
allowed the sex and Conquest as 

296
00:17:13,700 --> 00:17:15,300
punishment for British 
wickedness. 

297
00:17:16,300 --> 00:17:19,599
He's not interested in giving us
a detailed Narrative of events, 

298
00:17:19,599 --> 00:17:22,000
he wants to call Sinners to 
repentance. 

299
00:17:22,800 --> 00:17:26,800
But within his sermon Gilda does
mention and Brosius aurelianus, 

300
00:17:26,800 --> 00:17:30,400
he describes him as one of the 
last Romans descended. 

301
00:17:30,400 --> 00:17:33,700
From people who wore the purple 
that probably means his family. 

302
00:17:33,700 --> 00:17:37,600
Had held Imperial office Gilda. 
Says that Ambrosius rallied. 

303
00:17:37,600 --> 00:17:41,800
The British after a period of 
devastating Saxon victories that

304
00:17:41,800 --> 00:17:44,400
under his leadership, the 
British began winning battles 

305
00:17:44,400 --> 00:17:47,700
that this back and forth. 
Struggle culminated in a Great 

306
00:17:47,700 --> 00:17:50,500
British victory at a place 
called mons, bad on August. 

307
00:17:51,200 --> 00:17:54,400
Mountbatten. 
The Battle of bed on apparently 

308
00:17:54,400 --> 00:17:56,700
halted sacks and expansion for a
generation. 

309
00:17:56,700 --> 00:17:59,800
It was significant enough that 
people still talked about it 

310
00:17:59,800 --> 00:18:01,400
decades. 
Later when killed us was 

311
00:18:01,400 --> 00:18:05,700
writing, it gave the British 
breathing space time to recover,

312
00:18:05,700 --> 00:18:07,900
hope that they might yet 
survive. 

313
00:18:09,100 --> 00:18:12,300
But here's the frustrating thing
Gilda does not tell us who 

314
00:18:12,300 --> 00:18:15,700
commanded the British forces at 
Badin, he doesn't mention Arthur

315
00:18:15,700 --> 00:18:18,500
at all. 
This silent is one of the great 

316
00:18:18,500 --> 00:18:20,300
puzzles of our Theory and 
studies. 

317
00:18:21,000 --> 00:18:23,700
Our earliest Source from the 
period knows about a crucial 

318
00:18:23,700 --> 00:18:26,700
British Victory, but doesn't 
connect it to the most famous 

319
00:18:26,700 --> 00:18:30,700
British Hero Of Legend. 
Several explanations are 

320
00:18:30,700 --> 00:18:32,700
possible. 
Maybe Arthur wasn't important 

321
00:18:32,700 --> 00:18:35,700
enough to mention, maybe Arthur 
didn't exist at all. 

322
00:18:35,700 --> 00:18:38,800
Maybe guilders deliberately left
him out for reasons. 

323
00:18:38,800 --> 00:18:41,900
We can't recover. 
Maybe Arthur was there but not 

324
00:18:41,900 --> 00:18:44,000
in command. 
We simply don't know. 

325
00:18:45,000 --> 00:18:48,100
The silence feels louder and 
more significant, the more you 

326
00:18:48,100 --> 00:18:52,200
think about it in the world, 
Gilda's describes War leaders, 

327
00:18:52,200 --> 00:18:56,200
need many skills, you must be a 
capable warrior in brutal, 

328
00:18:56,200 --> 00:19:00,400
personal combat mail. 
If you can afford it, spear and 

329
00:19:00,400 --> 00:19:04,200
sword shield and speed but 
fighting ability isn't enough. 

330
00:19:04,200 --> 00:19:09,100
You also need political skill 
British kingdoms constantly Feud

331
00:19:09,100 --> 00:19:12,100
over territory and honor a 
successful leader, builds 

332
00:19:12,100 --> 00:19:16,000
alliances convinces, Rivals, 
that fighting Saxons together 

333
00:19:16,000 --> 00:19:17,800
matters, more than fighting each
other. 

334
00:19:18,700 --> 00:19:23,400
You need administrative ability 
to Wars require supplies, food 

335
00:19:23,400 --> 00:19:28,500
weapons, intelligence, someone 
must organize it all and you 

336
00:19:28,500 --> 00:19:32,800
must create personal loyalty. 
Warrior's fight for their lord 

337
00:19:32,800 --> 00:19:35,600
personally following because you
Feast them. 

338
00:19:35,600 --> 00:19:39,000
Give them gifts, make them proud
to serve you. 

339
00:19:40,200 --> 00:19:43,000
Successful War leaders must have
been extraordinary. 

340
00:19:43,700 --> 00:19:48,600
Charismatic ruthless. 
Clever Brave. 

341
00:19:49,600 --> 00:19:52,700
They navigated a world without 
Rome supporting structures. 

342
00:19:52,700 --> 00:19:55,300
No bureaucracy. 
No taxation. 

343
00:19:55,300 --> 00:19:58,800
No standardized tactics, just 
their abilities and their 

344
00:19:58,800 --> 00:20:02,400
Warriors loyalty. 
This is the environment where 

345
00:20:02,400 --> 00:20:06,400
Arthur might have emerged not as
king of unified Britain which 

346
00:20:06,400 --> 00:20:10,800
didn't exist not as ruler of 
peaceful Camelot a later 

347
00:20:10,808 --> 00:20:16,200
invention. but as a hard man in 
a hard age, Scarred from Battle.

348
00:20:16,900 --> 00:20:21,700
Pragmatic leading a warband of 
perhaps a few hundred men moving

349
00:20:21,700 --> 00:20:25,000
from Hilltop to hillfort 
fighting where needed, most, 

350
00:20:25,000 --> 00:20:27,500
that's the reality behind the 
legend. 

351
00:20:27,500 --> 00:20:32,800
If there was any reality at all,
the first time we definitely see

352
00:20:32,800 --> 00:20:35,800
the name Arthur connected to 
British resistance against the 

353
00:20:35,800 --> 00:20:38,800
Saxons comes around the year 
830. 

354
00:20:40,000 --> 00:20:41,600
That's more than three 
centuries. 

355
00:20:41,600 --> 00:20:45,700
After the events supposedly took
place. 300 years in which 

356
00:20:45,700 --> 00:20:49,500
stories could be told and retold
in, which Deeds could be 

357
00:20:49,500 --> 00:20:53,600
exaggerated and combined, in 
which a real person could be 

358
00:20:53,600 --> 00:20:57,300
transformed into something 
Larger than Life, or in, which a

359
00:20:57,300 --> 00:20:59,700
legend could be invented. 
Hold from the desires and needs 

360
00:20:59,700 --> 00:21:02,800
of a conquered people. 
You're sitting in a monastery. 

361
00:21:02,800 --> 00:21:06,000
Scriptorium the only kind of 
place where books get copied in 

362
00:21:06,000 --> 00:21:09,600
this period. 
The smell of ink and parchment 

363
00:21:09,600 --> 00:21:13,300
fills the small room. 
Outside you can hear Monks 

364
00:21:13,300 --> 00:21:16,000
chanting The Daily Office 
inside. 

365
00:21:16,000 --> 00:21:19,400
Careful hands are creating a 
manuscript called the historia 

366
00:21:19,400 --> 00:21:21,900
brittonum history of the 
British. 

367
00:21:21,900 --> 00:21:26,200
The text is attributed to a 
Welsh monk named nennius though.

368
00:21:26,200 --> 00:21:29,700
Modern Scholars debate were the 
nennius actually wrote it, or 

369
00:21:29,700 --> 00:21:32,300
simply compiled it from earlier 
materials that no longer 

370
00:21:32,300 --> 00:21:34,900
survive. 
The distinction matters less 

371
00:21:34,900 --> 00:21:38,300
than you might think. 
What matters is that this is our

372
00:21:38,300 --> 00:21:41,100
first written connection between
Arthur and the Defence of 

373
00:21:41,108 --> 00:21:46,500
Britain. the historian is a 
strange and problematic document

374
00:21:46,500 --> 00:21:50,500
by modern standards it mixes 
what seems like genuine 

375
00:21:50,500 --> 00:21:54,500
historical information with 
obvious mythology It includes 

376
00:21:54,500 --> 00:21:58,700
biblical genealogies alongside a
count of battles, it treats some

377
00:21:58,700 --> 00:22:01,200
of events in detail, while 
skipping over others entirely. 

378
00:22:02,300 --> 00:22:05,600
Medieval historians didn't share
our obsession with verifiable 

379
00:22:05,600 --> 00:22:07,100
sources and careful, 
documentation. 

380
00:22:08,400 --> 00:22:11,500
They included material because 
it was interesting because it 

381
00:22:11,500 --> 00:22:14,900
supported the points they wanted
to make because it came from 

382
00:22:14,900 --> 00:22:16,300
tradition. 
They respected. 

383
00:22:17,100 --> 00:22:20,400
Truth was a more flexible 
concept, but buried in this 

384
00:22:20,400 --> 00:22:23,600
frustrating, text is a passage 
that changed how later 

385
00:22:23,600 --> 00:22:25,100
generations. 
Understood early. 

386
00:22:25,100 --> 00:22:28,000
British history. 
It mentions Arthur. 

387
00:22:28,000 --> 00:22:31,700
Not as a king. 
Interestingly, as a war leader 

388
00:22:31,700 --> 00:22:34,400
as a duck's ballora, which is 
Latin. 

389
00:22:35,100 --> 00:22:37,200
Phrase might mean Duke of 
battles. 

390
00:22:37,200 --> 00:22:40,100
It might simply mean Battle 
Commander. 

391
00:22:40,100 --> 00:22:43,700
It suggests military leadership 
rather than royal king ship. 

392
00:22:44,500 --> 00:22:48,000
The passage lists 12 battles 
that Arthur supposedly fought 

393
00:22:48,000 --> 00:22:51,400
against the Saxons. 
The list is fascinated Scholars 

394
00:22:51,400 --> 00:22:54,400
for centuries because it's 
specific enough to seem like. 

395
00:22:54,400 --> 00:22:57,700
It might preserve genuine 
information but Vegas enough 

396
00:22:57,700 --> 00:22:59,900
that we can't verify any of it 
with confidence. 

397
00:23:00,900 --> 00:23:03,400
The battles are at places called
glean dub. 

398
00:23:03,400 --> 00:23:11,200
Glasses cat Coit cellone? 
Costello, Jonas tribe, agnese, 

399
00:23:11,900 --> 00:23:15,500
And finally, the great victory 
at Barton where Arthur 

400
00:23:15,500 --> 00:23:19,000
supposedly killed 96 enemies in 
a single charge. 

401
00:23:19,800 --> 00:23:24,100
That number should make alarm 
bells ring in your head. 960 

402
00:23:24,100 --> 00:23:27,200
dead by one man's hand. 
In one attack is not history. 

403
00:23:27,200 --> 00:23:31,000
It's propaganda, or legend, or 
poetic exaggeration. 

404
00:23:31,000 --> 00:23:34,400
The medieval mind loved 
numerically tied the 

405
00:23:34,400 --> 00:23:37,500
impossibilities. 
But the propaganda or Legend 

406
00:23:37,500 --> 00:23:39,900
might be wrapped around a kernel
of something that actually 

407
00:23:39,900 --> 00:23:42,500
happened. 
That's the hope that keeps his 

408
00:23:42,500 --> 00:23:45,900
story in searching the battle 
list itself is endlessly 

409
00:23:45,900 --> 00:23:48,600
debated, because most of these 
place names, can't be identified

410
00:23:48,600 --> 00:23:52,700
with any certainty. 
Generations of Scholars of spent

411
00:23:52,700 --> 00:23:55,200
careers trying to locate these 
battlefields on maps. 

412
00:23:55,200 --> 00:23:58,200
Some identifications are 
reasonably plausible. 

413
00:23:58,200 --> 00:24:02,200
The battle at urban legends 
might be Chester an old Roman 

414
00:24:02,200 --> 00:24:04,800
city whose name literally means 
city of the legion. 

415
00:24:05,400 --> 00:24:09,200
Cat Coit Celadon could be the 
Caledonian Forest which covered 

416
00:24:09,200 --> 00:24:12,900
much of what's now Southern 
Scotland. that many of the 

417
00:24:12,900 --> 00:24:16,800
proposed identifications of 
purely speculative, guesswork 

418
00:24:16,800 --> 00:24:20,500
based on similarity of names or 
wishful thinking about where 

419
00:24:20,500 --> 00:24:24,700
Arthur might have campaigned 
What the list suggests if it has

420
00:24:24,700 --> 00:24:28,600
any historical basis at all is a
wide-ranging military campaign, 

421
00:24:28,600 --> 00:24:33,200
Arthur or whoever this text is 
actually describing for cross a 

422
00:24:33,200 --> 00:24:36,400
huge territory from the Scottish
borders to somewhere in the 

423
00:24:36,400 --> 00:24:40,200
south or west that implies 
significant coordination of 

424
00:24:40,200 --> 00:24:44,100
forces, it implies resources to 
move, Warriors around over large

425
00:24:44,100 --> 00:24:47,100
distances. 
It implies sustained military 

426
00:24:47,100 --> 00:24:50,700
effort over years, not just a 
single campaign season. 

427
00:24:51,600 --> 00:24:54,300
The Historia brittonum also 
mentions Arthur in one other 

428
00:24:54,300 --> 00:24:58,200
intriguing context a brief 
reference to Arthur's dog whose 

429
00:24:58,200 --> 00:25:02,100
name was cabal. 
The text describes a supposed 

430
00:25:02,100 --> 00:25:05,700
Wonder in bilf where the dogs 
footprint remained permanently 

431
00:25:05,700 --> 00:25:09,200
pressed into a stone. 
People could carry the stone 

432
00:25:09,200 --> 00:25:12,900
away but it would always return 
to its original location by the 

433
00:25:12,900 --> 00:25:16,700
next day. 
This is obviously folklore pure 

434
00:25:16,700 --> 00:25:20,100
Legend with no historical 
content but it reveals something

435
00:25:20,100 --> 00:25:24,100
important. 
By 8:30, when the story of 

436
00:25:24,100 --> 00:25:28,100
Briton was compiled, Arthur was 
already attracting miraculous 

437
00:25:28,100 --> 00:25:31,100
stories and one details. 
He wasn't just a name in a 

438
00:25:31,100 --> 00:25:33,800
battle list. 
He was becoming mythologized 

439
00:25:33,800 --> 00:25:37,600
Even in our early surviving 
sources that mentioned him. the 

440
00:25:37,600 --> 00:25:41,600
next significant reference comes
from the analysis, Cambria, the 

441
00:25:41,600 --> 00:25:47,200
Welsh annals These were compiled
around 970 more than a century 

442
00:25:47,200 --> 00:25:51,100
after the historian. 
But they claimed to record 

443
00:25:51,100 --> 00:25:54,200
events from March, early 
arranged by year, like a 

444
00:25:54,200 --> 00:25:58,300
chronology of important dates. 
The annals mentioned, Arthur 

445
00:25:58,300 --> 00:26:00,900
twice. 
First for the year recorded as 

446
00:26:00,900 --> 00:26:04,300
516. 
The Battle of Baden, where 

447
00:26:04,300 --> 00:26:07,400
Arthur carried the cross of our 
Lord Jesus Christ for three days

448
00:26:07,400 --> 00:26:10,800
and three nights on his 
shoulders and the British were 

449
00:26:10,800 --> 00:26:13,400
victorious. 
The second mention comes for the

450
00:26:13,400 --> 00:26:18,100
year 537. 
Battle of kamlan, in which 

451
00:26:18,100 --> 00:26:22,800
Arthur and Med drought fell. 
Three days and three nights 

452
00:26:22,800 --> 00:26:25,500
carrying across is obviously 
miraculous embellishment. 

453
00:26:26,200 --> 00:26:28,900
No one fights a battle while 
carrying a large wooden cross 

454
00:26:28,900 --> 00:26:32,500
for 72 hours straight. 
This is religious, symbolism 

455
00:26:32,500 --> 00:26:36,500
being projected onto historical 
memory, Arthur as a Christian 

456
00:26:36,500 --> 00:26:39,900
Champion defending Britain 
against Pagan Invaders, the 

457
00:26:39,900 --> 00:26:42,200
image is powerful, even if it's 
not factual. 

458
00:26:42,200 --> 00:26:45,500
But the reference to kamlan is 
fascinating for different 

459
00:26:45,500 --> 00:26:48,200
reasons. 
It suggests Arthur died in 

460
00:26:48,200 --> 00:26:51,700
battle, not against the Saxons, 
but possibly against another 

461
00:26:51,700 --> 00:26:54,500
Britain. 
Madrid is mentioned in the same 

462
00:26:54,500 --> 00:26:59,600
breath as Arthur they both fell.
Later traditional transform 

463
00:26:59,600 --> 00:27:03,100
Bedrock into more Madrid, 
Arthur's, treacherous nephew, or

464
00:27:03,100 --> 00:27:06,600
incestuous son. 
But here in the annals we get, 

465
00:27:06,600 --> 00:27:10,700
just the bare fact. 
Both men died at Cameron who was

466
00:27:10,700 --> 00:27:14,800
fighting whom, we don't know 
Civil War is implied but not 

467
00:27:14,800 --> 00:27:18,000
stated. 
So by the 10th century, when the

468
00:27:18,008 --> 00:27:21,200
annals Cambria were compiled 
Welsh tradition. 

469
00:27:21,200 --> 00:27:25,600
Used several things about Arthur
he fought at baydon around 56. 

470
00:27:25,600 --> 00:27:31,100
He died at Cameron around 537. 
He was associated with Christian

471
00:27:31,100 --> 00:27:33,400
faith and resistance to the 
Saxons. 

472
00:27:33,400 --> 00:27:36,800
And he already had miraculous 
elements attached to his story. 

473
00:27:37,900 --> 00:27:40,900
But even these sources don't 
give us anything like a coherent

474
00:27:40,900 --> 00:27:42,900
biography. 
We don't know where Arthur came 

475
00:27:42,908 --> 00:27:46,000
from, who is parents were where 
he was based. 

476
00:27:46,000 --> 00:27:49,700
If he was based anywhere, 
consistently how he organized 

477
00:27:49,700 --> 00:27:53,700
his forces, what weapons? 
He preferred what he looked like

478
00:27:53,700 --> 00:27:57,000
what language he spoke primarily
though? 

479
00:27:57,000 --> 00:27:59,800
It was probably a British 
language ancestral to Modern 

480
00:27:59,800 --> 00:28:02,600
Welsh. 
What he believed about religion 

481
00:28:02,600 --> 00:28:05,300
beyond the Christian symbolism, 
that got attached to his memory.

482
00:28:06,600 --> 00:28:10,700
We don't know if he was married.
if he had children, if he was 

483
00:28:10,700 --> 00:28:17,600
generous or cruel, if men loved 
him or feared him or both, All 

484
00:28:17,600 --> 00:28:20,600
the human details that would 
make him real to us as simply 

485
00:28:20,600 --> 00:28:23,500
absent. 
Lost in the dark centuries 

486
00:28:23,500 --> 00:28:25,600
between when he supposedly 
lived. 

487
00:28:25,600 --> 00:28:30,300
And when people started writing 
about him, the historical 

488
00:28:30,300 --> 00:28:34,000
author, if there was one is 
hidden behind centuries of 

489
00:28:34,000 --> 00:28:38,300
silence and then glimpsed only 
through much later texts that 

490
00:28:38,300 --> 00:28:41,700
makes history with Legends. 
So thoroughly that separating 

491
00:28:41,700 --> 00:28:45,400
them becomes almost impossible 
for modern Scholars. this 

492
00:28:45,400 --> 00:28:49,700
frustrates historians enormously
we have better documentation for

493
00:28:49,700 --> 00:28:52,900
some random Roman bureaucrats 
who lived six centuries before 

494
00:28:52,900 --> 00:28:56,600
Arthur's time, then we do for 
this supposedly crucial British 

495
00:28:56,600 --> 00:29:00,200
war leader We know more about 
the daily life of regular people

496
00:29:00,200 --> 00:29:02,800
in Roman Britain. 
Then we know about the military 

497
00:29:02,800 --> 00:29:07,200
campaigns that supposedly saved 
British culture, That Gap in 

498
00:29:07,200 --> 00:29:10,400
evidence makes many scholars, 
skeptical about whether Arthur 

499
00:29:10,400 --> 00:29:13,900
existed at all. 
But the absence of contemporary 

500
00:29:13,900 --> 00:29:16,900
written evidence doesn't 
necessarily prove Arthur didn't 

501
00:29:16,900 --> 00:29:19,500
exist. 
The early sixth century was a 

502
00:29:19,500 --> 00:29:23,100
dark period for documentation. 
In Britain, we have very few 

503
00:29:23,100 --> 00:29:27,200
written sources of any kind from
that era, not just about Arthur 

504
00:29:27,200 --> 00:29:30,600
about anything. 
The literacy that Roman 

505
00:29:30,600 --> 00:29:32,900
Administration. 
Fostered largely collapsed. 

506
00:29:33,900 --> 00:29:36,200
The Christian church was still 
organizing itself. 

507
00:29:36,200 --> 00:29:39,400
They're simply wasn't much 
writing happening compared to 

508
00:29:39,400 --> 00:29:42,700
the Roman period, or even 
compared to the later, medieval 

509
00:29:42,700 --> 00:29:45,000
period. 
So the fact that Arthur isn't 

510
00:29:45,000 --> 00:29:47,700
mentioned in contemporary 
sources, doesn't mean as much as

511
00:29:47,700 --> 00:29:50,800
it might seem at first, Those 
contemporary sources. 

512
00:29:50,800 --> 00:29:53,700
Barely existed at all. 
The fact that Arthur isn't 

513
00:29:53,700 --> 00:29:57,200
mentioned in sources that don't 
mention much of anything, isn't 

514
00:29:57,200 --> 00:29:59,400
conclusive, proof of his 
non-existent. 

515
00:29:59,400 --> 00:30:04,000
It's just an absence, a silence 
and silence is a hard to 

516
00:30:04,000 --> 00:30:06,600
interpret. 
What we can say with confidence 

517
00:30:06,600 --> 00:30:11,000
is the Buy around the year, 
1000, Welsh tradition firmly 

518
00:30:11,000 --> 00:30:13,100
believed in Arthur as a 
historical figure who had 

519
00:30:13,100 --> 00:30:15,100
actually lived and fought and 
died. 

520
00:30:15,800 --> 00:30:19,000
He wasn't just a mythical hero 
from immemorial times. 

521
00:30:19,000 --> 00:30:21,900
He was someone who had existed 
in a specific period. 

522
00:30:21,900 --> 00:30:25,400
The post-roman era when British 
kingdoms fought for survival 

523
00:30:25,400 --> 00:30:30,500
against Saxon expansion. 
Arthur appeared in genealogies 

524
00:30:30,500 --> 00:30:34,100
of Welsh royal families. 
Kings wanted to claim descent 

525
00:30:34,100 --> 00:30:37,900
from him or connection to him 
because his name, carried weight

526
00:30:37,900 --> 00:30:40,800
and Prestige Saints lives from 
Wales. 

527
00:30:40,800 --> 00:30:42,200
Mentioned. 
Encounters with our Arthur, 

528
00:30:42,200 --> 00:30:45,400
usually portraying him as a Roth
Warrior who needed correction 

529
00:30:45,400 --> 00:30:48,400
from holy men. 
This is actually interesting 

530
00:30:48,400 --> 00:30:51,800
because it suggests the Welsh 
church had complicated feelings 

531
00:30:51,800 --> 00:30:55,400
about Arthur's memory. 
Respect mixed with disapproval 

532
00:30:55,400 --> 00:30:59,500
of his Warrior culture. 
Welsh poetry reference Arthur 

533
00:30:59,500 --> 00:31:01,900
constantly. 
He became the standard of 

534
00:31:01,900 --> 00:31:05,200
comparison for Heroic virtue 
later. 

535
00:31:05,200 --> 00:31:08,900
Poet might say his subject was 
as Brave as Arthur as generous 

536
00:31:08,900 --> 00:31:14,300
as author as mighty as Arthur, 
The name became shorthand for 

537
00:31:14,300 --> 00:31:16,100
everything. 
A warrior should aspire to be. 

538
00:31:16,100 --> 00:31:20,900
The Welsh called him. 
Arthur app user, Arthur son of a

539
00:31:20,900 --> 00:31:24,900
Associated him with various 
locations across Wales and the 

540
00:31:24,900 --> 00:31:27,900
north of Britain. 
He told stories about his 

541
00:31:27,900 --> 00:31:32,000
Warriors, giving them names like
Kai and bedwear who will later 

542
00:31:32,000 --> 00:31:34,700
become K and bede in medieval 
romance. 

543
00:31:35,300 --> 00:31:39,300
They knew about his wife called 
Gwen in Welsh later Guinevere. 

544
00:31:39,300 --> 00:31:42,700
These Welsh Traditions are 
crucially important because they

545
00:31:42,700 --> 00:31:45,400
might preserve genuine. 
Early material about Arthur. 

546
00:31:45,400 --> 00:31:48,700
They're closer in time to the 
events than later, medieval 

547
00:31:48,700 --> 00:31:52,600
romances, they're in the right, 
cultural context Welsh speakers,

548
00:31:52,600 --> 00:31:55,400
remembering Welsh Heroes. 
But they're all so deeply 

549
00:31:55,400 --> 00:31:59,000
problematic because they mix the
possibly historical with the 

550
00:31:59,000 --> 00:32:01,200
obviously fictional in ways. 
We can't untangle. 

551
00:32:02,100 --> 00:32:05,200
Welsh poetry has Arthur fighting
giants in Mountain caves 

552
00:32:05,200 --> 00:32:07,300
raiding. 
The Underworld for Magical 

553
00:32:07,300 --> 00:32:09,100
cauldron's. 
That never run empty. 

554
00:32:10,000 --> 00:32:14,100
Possessing a ship that can sail 
wherever he wishes the boundary 

555
00:32:14,100 --> 00:32:17,600
between legendary hero and 
Celtic demigod becomes very thin

556
00:32:17,600 --> 00:32:20,100
in these sources. 
We can't simply trust 

557
00:32:20,100 --> 00:32:21,900
everything. 
Well, Traditions says about 

558
00:32:21,900 --> 00:32:24,300
Arthur, just because it's older 
than Geoffrey of Monmouth. 

559
00:32:25,300 --> 00:32:29,200
By the 11th century Arthur as 
evolved far beyond, whatever, 

560
00:32:29,200 --> 00:32:31,400
historical figure might have 
stood at the origin. 

561
00:32:32,300 --> 00:32:35,700
He's become a cymbal. 
A representation of British 

562
00:32:35,700 --> 00:32:39,600
resistance, to foreign Conquest,
an emblem of a golden age before

563
00:32:39,600 --> 00:32:41,700
the sacks and took over most of 
the island. 

564
00:32:42,500 --> 00:32:45,800
The king, whose return was 
prophesied by Poets and seers 

565
00:32:45,800 --> 00:32:49,800
the Normans who conquered 
England in 1066 heard stories 

566
00:32:49,800 --> 00:32:52,500
about Arthur from the conquered 
Welsh and quickly became 

567
00:32:52,500 --> 00:32:56,600
fascinated Arthur represented a 
glorious British past that 

568
00:32:56,600 --> 00:32:59,000
predated both Saxon and Norman 
rule. 

569
00:32:59,500 --> 00:33:02,700
He could be claimed as a 
unifying figure, a king, who 

570
00:33:02,700 --> 00:33:06,400
ruled before England and Wales 
split into separate identities. 

571
00:33:07,400 --> 00:33:11,400
The legend was poised to explode
across Medieval Europe, it just 

572
00:33:11,400 --> 00:33:15,800
needed someone to like the fuse.
The year is 1136. 

573
00:33:15,800 --> 00:33:20,200
You're in Oxford. 
A Welsh cleric named, Jeffree 

574
00:33:20,200 --> 00:33:23,700
has, just finished writing a 
book that will transform Arthur 

575
00:33:23,700 --> 00:33:27,000
forever. 
Geoffrey of Monmouth calls his 

576
00:33:27,000 --> 00:33:31,900
work, the historian Britannia. 
History of the kings of 

577
00:33:31,900 --> 00:33:35,000
Brickman. 
Claims he's translating from an 

578
00:33:35,000 --> 00:33:38,600
ancient source, a very old book.
In the British tongue that was 

579
00:33:38,600 --> 00:33:40,700
given to him by an Archduke 
named Walter. 

580
00:33:40,700 --> 00:33:44,100
Whether this mysterious book 
actually, existed is one of 

581
00:33:44,108 --> 00:33:47,900
History's, great arts and 
question's most modern Scholars.

582
00:33:47,900 --> 00:33:51,000
Think Jeffrey invented it as a 
way to give his own creative 

583
00:33:51,000 --> 00:33:52,900
work and are of ancient 
Authority. 

584
00:33:53,800 --> 00:33:56,500
What Jeffrey definitely did was 
take the fragmentary 

585
00:33:56,500 --> 00:33:59,800
contradictory scattered. 
Welsh Traditions about Arthur 

586
00:33:59,800 --> 00:34:04,400
and weave them into a coherent 
detailed dramatic and almost 

587
00:34:04,400 --> 00:34:06,700
completely unreliable pseudo 
history. 

588
00:34:07,800 --> 00:34:10,500
He presented Arthur as one of 
the greatest Kings who ever 

589
00:34:10,507 --> 00:34:13,199
lived. 
Not just a British war leader. 

590
00:34:13,199 --> 00:34:17,100
Not just someone who won some 
battles, but a World Conqueror 

591
00:34:17,100 --> 00:34:22,199
on par with Alexander or Caesar.
Jeffries Arthur there's almost 

592
00:34:22,199 --> 00:34:25,699
no resemblance to any possible 
historical figure from the sixth

593
00:34:25,699 --> 00:34:28,199
Century. 
This Arthur isn't a war leader 

594
00:34:28,199 --> 00:34:31,500
scraping together forces for 
desperate defensive campaigns. 

595
00:34:31,500 --> 00:34:36,000
He is a conquering Emperor, who 
defeats the Saxons, utterly who 

596
00:34:36,000 --> 00:34:40,300
invades Ireland and Iceland and 
subjugates both who conquers 

597
00:34:40,300 --> 00:34:44,400
Norway and sweeps, through Gaul 
defeating the Romans themselves 

598
00:34:44,400 --> 00:34:48,300
who marches toward Rome with 
every intention of coming. 

599
00:34:48,300 --> 00:34:52,199
Emperor of all Europe Jeffrey 
gives Arthur a capital city 

600
00:34:52,199 --> 00:34:56,900
carrion on the reverse in South 
Wales, a quart of magnificent 

601
00:34:56,900 --> 00:35:00,600
splendor but the greatest 
warriors and wisest counselors 

602
00:35:00,600 --> 00:35:04,900
gather where games and feasts 
and serums happen on a grand 

603
00:35:04,900 --> 00:35:08,900
scale where Arthur wears a crown
and dispenses Justice and 

604
00:35:08,900 --> 00:35:11,300
receives the Amaze of subject 
King's. 

605
00:35:12,000 --> 00:35:14,000
Jeffrey, gives Arthur a magical 
sword. 

606
00:35:14,700 --> 00:35:18,100
Caliburn forged in the legendary
Isle of Avalon. 

607
00:35:18,100 --> 00:35:22,300
A weapon of Supernatural quality
that marks its Bearer has chosen

608
00:35:22,300 --> 00:35:25,500
for greatness. 
And Jeffrey gives Arthur a 

609
00:35:25,500 --> 00:35:29,000
complete biography filled with 
dramatic incidents and clear 

610
00:35:29,000 --> 00:35:32,300
narrative momentum. 
He's conceived when Luther 

611
00:35:32,300 --> 00:35:35,300
Pendragon with the wizard 
Merlin's magical help. 

612
00:35:36,200 --> 00:35:39,100
Disguises himself as gawler duke
of Cornwall. 

613
00:35:40,100 --> 00:35:42,700
Utha sleeps with gawler's 
beautiful wife. 

614
00:35:42,700 --> 00:35:46,400
Again, her while gawler himself 
is a way being killed in battle,

615
00:35:46,400 --> 00:35:50,900
Arthur is born from this morally
questionable, deception raised 

616
00:35:50,900 --> 00:35:52,400
without knowing his true 
heritage. 

617
00:35:53,500 --> 00:35:57,400
Becomes king at the improbably 
young age of 15 when Luther dies

618
00:35:57,400 --> 00:36:01,300
proves his worth, by defeating 
the Saxons in a series of 

619
00:36:01,300 --> 00:36:03,400
Victories. 
Then embarks on his 

620
00:36:03,400 --> 00:36:08,400
extraordinary foreign conquests.
Story ends in tragedy worthy of 

621
00:36:08,408 --> 00:36:11,700
classical literature. 
While Arthur as campaigning on 

622
00:36:11,700 --> 00:36:15,500
the European continent his 
nephew Madrid sees the throne 

623
00:36:15,500 --> 00:36:18,700
back in Britain. 
Madrid also, takes Arthur's, 

624
00:36:18,700 --> 00:36:21,300
wife Gwyneth here. 
Whether by force or with her 

625
00:36:21,300 --> 00:36:23,900
cooperation, Jeffrey leaves 
carefully ambiguous. 

626
00:36:24,900 --> 00:36:27,500
Office sales back across the 
Channel with his army. 

627
00:36:27,500 --> 00:36:31,700
He defeats Madrid in a climactic
battle at kamlan and Cornwall 

628
00:36:31,700 --> 00:36:35,200
Arthur kills, moderate 
personally, but receives a 

629
00:36:35,200 --> 00:36:38,400
mortal wound in the process. 
Arthur has carried away to the 

630
00:36:38,400 --> 00:36:40,400
Isle of Avalon to have his 
wounds tended. 

631
00:36:40,900 --> 00:36:43,900
Whether he actually died there, 
Jeffrey says with deliberate. 

632
00:36:43,900 --> 00:36:47,400
Vagueness is uncertain. 
The ambiguity is important. 

633
00:36:47,400 --> 00:36:52,200
It leaves room for Hope room for
prophecy room, for the idea that

634
00:36:52,200 --> 00:36:55,800
Arthur might someday return, 
this is the Arthur that medieval

635
00:36:55,800 --> 00:36:57,700
Europe. 
Falls completely in love with. 

636
00:36:58,400 --> 00:37:02,000
Jeffrey's history becomes a best
seller by medieval manuscripts 

637
00:37:02,000 --> 00:37:05,000
standards copies multiply across
Europe. 

638
00:37:05,000 --> 00:37:09,900
It gets translated from Latin 
into French into English into 

639
00:37:09,900 --> 00:37:14,200
Welsh into other vernacular. 
Languages it gets treated as 

640
00:37:14,200 --> 00:37:16,500
serious. 
Historical fact by people who 

641
00:37:16,500 --> 00:37:19,900
really should know better but 
desperately want to believe in 

642
00:37:19,900 --> 00:37:24,400
it. 
Not everyone is fulled A 

643
00:37:24,400 --> 00:37:27,400
contemporary historian named, 
William of Newburgh announces 

644
00:37:27,400 --> 00:37:29,500
Jeffrey in the strongest 
possible terms. 

645
00:37:30,400 --> 00:37:33,800
He calls Jeffrey a Shameless 
liar, who invented, ridiculous, 

646
00:37:33,800 --> 00:37:37,200
fables, about Arthur, and passed
them off as legitimate history. 

647
00:37:38,300 --> 00:37:41,500
William is outraged that anyone 
takes Jeffrey seriously. 

648
00:37:42,500 --> 00:37:46,700
But William skepticism, however,
Justified doesn't slow, the 

649
00:37:46,700 --> 00:37:48,700
spread of Jeffrey's version of 
events. 

650
00:37:48,700 --> 00:37:51,800
The story is simply too good to 
resist. 

651
00:37:52,800 --> 00:37:55,300
Why was Jeffrey's Arthur so 
wildly successful? 

652
00:37:56,300 --> 00:37:59,600
Several overlapping reasons 
suggest themselves first. 

653
00:37:59,600 --> 00:38:03,300
The timing was perfect, from a 
cultural perspective, the 12th 

654
00:38:03,300 --> 00:38:06,600
century was a period of growing 
literacy across Western Europe. 

655
00:38:06,600 --> 00:38:11,300
More people could read more 
people wanted to read the 

656
00:38:11,300 --> 00:38:14,600
audience for books was expanding
Beyond just clergy and monks to 

657
00:38:14,608 --> 00:38:17,200
include educated Nobles and 
wealthy merchants. 

658
00:38:18,400 --> 00:38:20,500
People were hungry for stories 
about the past. 

659
00:38:21,300 --> 00:38:24,200
Jeffrey gave them a pass that 
was exciting and dramatic and 

660
00:38:24,200 --> 00:38:27,100
flattering to their pride. 
In being British or having 

661
00:38:27,100 --> 00:38:30,700
British connections. 
Second Jeffries, Arthur fit 

662
00:38:30,700 --> 00:38:33,900
perfectly into emerging medieval
ideals of kingship. 

663
00:38:33,900 --> 00:38:37,600
He was a warrior king who led 
armies personally and won 

664
00:38:37,600 --> 00:38:39,900
Battles Through courage and 
tactical brilliant. 

665
00:38:40,800 --> 00:38:42,800
He expanded his realm through 
Conquest. 

666
00:38:43,600 --> 00:38:46,800
Was exactly what successful 
medieval kings tried to do. 

667
00:38:47,900 --> 00:38:50,600
He held court with proper 
ceremony and grandchild. 

668
00:38:50,600 --> 00:38:54,100
He dispensed Justice and 
rewarded loyal service. 

669
00:38:55,000 --> 00:38:58,800
Faced betrayal by those closest 
to him which gave his story. 

670
00:38:58,800 --> 00:39:01,600
A tragic Dimension that made it 
emotionally resonant. 

671
00:39:01,600 --> 00:39:05,000
This was kingship as the 
Medieval World wanted to imagine

672
00:39:05,000 --> 00:39:08,500
it Noble and glorious despite 
ending in tragedy. 

673
00:39:09,300 --> 00:39:12,800
Third Geoffrey's book appeared 
just as French culture was 

674
00:39:12,800 --> 00:39:14,400
developing a new kind of 
literature. 

675
00:39:14,400 --> 00:39:17,900
They called it Romance. 
These were narratives about 

676
00:39:17,900 --> 00:39:22,400
Knights and ladies adventures 
and Love written in vernacular 

677
00:39:22,400 --> 00:39:25,900
French rather than scholarly 
Latin the romance. 

678
00:39:25,900 --> 00:39:27,400
Genre needed. 
Good material. 

679
00:39:27,400 --> 00:39:31,700
Arthur turned out to be perfect.
A legendary King with the 

680
00:39:31,708 --> 00:39:34,600
dramatic story. 
A court full of potential 

681
00:39:34,600 --> 00:39:38,800
characters, a world where 
Adventures could happen French 

682
00:39:38,800 --> 00:39:43,200
poetry under Torah writing in 
the late 12th century took 

683
00:39:43,200 --> 00:39:45,600
Jeffries Arthur and transformed 
him yet again. 

684
00:39:46,400 --> 00:39:49,100
Krisha was one of the first 
great Romance Writers. 

685
00:39:49,900 --> 00:39:52,400
He understood that his audience 
wanted sophisticated 

686
00:39:52,400 --> 00:39:55,900
entertainment. 
Stories about love as much as 

687
00:39:55,900 --> 00:40:00,200
Warfare moral complexity, rather
than simple heroism. 

688
00:40:01,100 --> 00:40:04,300
Criteria added the round table 
as a central symbol of Arthur's 

689
00:40:04,300 --> 00:40:06,900
Court. 
The table is round so no night, 

690
00:40:06,900 --> 00:40:08,500
conclude precedence over the 
others. 

691
00:40:08,500 --> 00:40:13,200
All who sit there a theoretical 
equals despite never to reality 

692
00:40:13,200 --> 00:40:17,300
of social hierarchy, This became
a powerful political metaphor 

693
00:40:17,300 --> 00:40:22,100
dressed up as Furniture Design. 
Cretian introduced Lancelot to 

694
00:40:22,100 --> 00:40:24,600
the legend. 
Lancelot doesn't appear in 

695
00:40:24,600 --> 00:40:27,800
Jeffrey's history at all. 
He is chretiennes creation 

696
00:40:27,800 --> 00:40:29,500
though. 
The poet claimed to be following

697
00:40:29,500 --> 00:40:33,200
earlier tradition. 
Lancelot becomes the greatest 

698
00:40:33,200 --> 00:40:36,500
Knight of the Round Table. 
The most skilled in combat. 

699
00:40:37,200 --> 00:40:41,800
The most courtly in behavior and
tragically the lover of Arthur's

700
00:40:41,800 --> 00:40:44,600
wife Guinevere. 
There are adulterous Affair, 

701
00:40:44,600 --> 00:40:46,700
becomes the poison that 
eventually destroys the 

702
00:40:46,700 --> 00:40:48,800
fellowship and brings down the 
kingdom. 

703
00:40:50,000 --> 00:40:51,600
Creedence are there is less 
active. 

704
00:40:51,600 --> 00:40:54,200
As a protagonist and Jeffrey's, 
conquering, Warrior King 

705
00:40:54,200 --> 00:40:57,900
instead, Arthur presides. 
Over a court, where his Knights 

706
00:40:57,900 --> 00:41:02,000
have Adventures, The Narrative 
Focus shifts from Arthur himself

707
00:41:02,000 --> 00:41:06,300
to the knights, who serve him 
Lance Lot go away in Purcell, 

708
00:41:06,300 --> 00:41:10,400
yvaine each night gets his own 
story, as his own Quest, his own

709
00:41:10,400 --> 00:41:14,200
moral testing, Arthur becomes 
almost to supporting character 

710
00:41:14,200 --> 00:41:17,000
in his own Legend. 
The fixed Point around, which 

711
00:41:17,000 --> 00:41:20,700
everyone else revolves. 
The idea of Camelot as authors 

712
00:41:20,700 --> 00:41:24,300
Capital appears around this 
period though, pinning down, its

713
00:41:24,300 --> 00:41:28,700
exact origin is difficult. 
Jeffrey had placed Arthur's 

714
00:41:28,700 --> 00:41:32,300
primary court at Carilion other 
Traditions mentioned different 

715
00:41:32,300 --> 00:41:35,300
locations. 
Camelot might have been invented

716
00:41:35,300 --> 00:41:38,900
by French writers who needed a 
name for Arthur's, legendary 

717
00:41:38,900 --> 00:41:42,700
castle, that sounded 
appropriately exotic and British

718
00:41:42,700 --> 00:41:46,900
to Continental ears. 
The name stuck despite having no

719
00:41:46,900 --> 00:41:51,200
historical basis whatsoever with
cretian and the French romances 

720
00:41:51,200 --> 00:41:54,400
who followed him, the Arthurian 
Legend becomes thoroughly 

721
00:41:54,400 --> 00:41:59,500
medieval Knights were full male 
armor or increasingly played 

722
00:41:59,500 --> 00:42:03,200
armor as technology advanced 
They joust in elaborate 

723
00:42:03,200 --> 00:42:07,100
tournaments with formal rules. 
They followed detailed codes of 

724
00:42:07,100 --> 00:42:09,300
chivalry about proper nightly 
Behavior. 

725
00:42:09,300 --> 00:42:13,000
They go on Quests for holy 
relics and Enchanted objects. 

726
00:42:13,900 --> 00:42:17,900
They serve ladies from noble 
families performing Brave, Deeds

727
00:42:17,900 --> 00:42:19,800
to win favor and tokens of 
affection. 

728
00:42:21,500 --> 00:42:24,300
None of this has the slightest 
connection to sixth Century 

729
00:42:24,308 --> 00:42:27,100
Britain. 
These are 12th and 13th century,

730
00:42:27,100 --> 00:42:30,900
European cultural fantasies 
being projected, backward onto a

731
00:42:30,900 --> 00:42:34,200
legendary passed. 
But there are enormously 

732
00:42:34,200 --> 00:42:37,500
appealing fantasies that speak 
to Medieval values and concerns.

733
00:42:37,500 --> 00:42:41,700
The romance is spread across 
Europe like wildfire through dry

734
00:42:41,700 --> 00:42:45,700
grass. 
French German, Dutch Italian 

735
00:42:45,700 --> 00:42:49,500
Spanish, Portuguese. 
Every literate culture. 

736
00:42:49,500 --> 00:42:53,200
Once Arthur stories, each 
culture adapts the legends to 

737
00:42:53,200 --> 00:42:56,600
fit their own tastes and 
concerns the basic framework 

738
00:42:56,600 --> 00:43:00,100
remained similar, but the detail
shift to accommodate local 

739
00:43:00,100 --> 00:43:03,500
sensibilities. 
The Germans through writers, 

740
00:43:03,500 --> 00:43:07,200
like, Wolfram Von eschenbach 
developed the Grail Quest into 

741
00:43:07,200 --> 00:43:10,600
an elaborate mystical allegory 
about spiritual Perfection. 

742
00:43:10,600 --> 00:43:14,100
The Grail itself barely 
mentioned in earlier sources, 

743
00:43:14,100 --> 00:43:17,800
become the central object of 
nightly aspiration and spiritual

744
00:43:17,800 --> 00:43:22,000
yearning, It might be the cut 
from The Last Supper Sanctified 

745
00:43:22,000 --> 00:43:25,500
by Christ blood. 
It might be a magical stone with

746
00:43:25,500 --> 00:43:29,000
mysterious properties. 
It might be a symbol of divine 

747
00:43:29,000 --> 00:43:30,700
grace made manifest in the 
world. 

748
00:43:31,800 --> 00:43:34,900
Medieval writers and modern 
Scholars, will argue endlessly 

749
00:43:34,900 --> 00:43:39,100
about what the Grail represents.
English writers eventually 

750
00:43:39,100 --> 00:43:41,800
reclaim Arthur from French 
domination of the story. 

751
00:43:41,800 --> 00:43:46,400
The illiterate of mortar in the 
14th century in the Old English 

752
00:43:46,400 --> 00:43:48,700
verse. 
Traditional returns to Jeffrey's

753
00:43:48,700 --> 00:43:52,600
vision of Arthur as conquering 
King, But it adds even more 

754
00:43:52,600 --> 00:43:55,700
battle scenes. 
More dramatic confrontations, 

755
00:43:55,700 --> 00:43:59,300
more spectacular incidents. 
This Arthur fights giant 

756
00:43:59,300 --> 00:44:03,800
personally and single combat his
Roundtable hosts dozens of name 

757
00:44:03,800 --> 00:44:06,400
Knights. 
His court displays Wealth Beyond

758
00:44:06,400 --> 00:44:09,000
any real medieval kings capacity
to match. 

759
00:44:09,000 --> 00:44:13,000
Either 15th century, Arthur has 
been completely integrated into 

760
00:44:13,000 --> 00:44:16,600
the chivalric culture of late, 
medieval Europe, Knights at 

761
00:44:16,600 --> 00:44:19,900
tournaments, Mike to represent 
famous Arthurian Heroes. 

762
00:44:19,900 --> 00:44:24,300
Kings commission, expensive 
tapestries depicting scenes from

763
00:44:24,300 --> 00:44:27,500
the romances to hang in their 
great Halls, the stories 

764
00:44:27,500 --> 00:44:30,900
function as entertainment. 
But there are so a mirror in 

765
00:44:30,900 --> 00:44:34,000
which medieval nobility sees 
idealized versions of the 

766
00:44:34,000 --> 00:44:37,300
themselves and the world, they 
wished, they inhabited And then 

767
00:44:37,308 --> 00:44:40,100
comes to Thomas Malory and 
everything changes. 

768
00:44:40,100 --> 00:44:45,400
One last time, Mallory's lamotte
in English, prison cells during 

769
00:44:45,400 --> 00:44:49,100
England's Wars of the roses and 
published by William caxton's. 

770
00:44:49,100 --> 00:44:52,900
New printing. 
Press in 1485, become the 

771
00:44:52,900 --> 00:44:56,000
definitive version of the legend
for the English-speaking world. 

772
00:44:57,100 --> 00:45:00,700
Mallory takes the sprawling 
contradictory mass of French and

773
00:45:00,700 --> 00:45:04,400
English Arthurian material. 
Accumulated over three centuries

774
00:45:04,400 --> 00:45:07,700
and shapes it into something 
comparatively coherent. 

775
00:45:08,400 --> 00:45:10,800
His Arthur is born. 
Through Merlin's magical 

776
00:45:10,800 --> 00:45:13,300
deception. 
He proves his right to kingship 

777
00:45:13,300 --> 00:45:16,300
by drawing a sword from a stone 
where Merlin had magically 

778
00:45:16,300 --> 00:45:19,300
placed it. 
A test, that only the rightful 

779
00:45:19,300 --> 00:45:22,000
King can pass. 
He marries the beautiful 

780
00:45:22,000 --> 00:45:24,000
Guinevere. 
Despite Merlin's warnings that 

781
00:45:24,000 --> 00:45:27,600
she will bring disaster. 
He establishes the round table 

782
00:45:27,600 --> 00:45:29,500
as a fellowship of the greatest 
Knights. 

783
00:45:30,300 --> 00:45:33,200
He sends them on quest to test 
their virtue and prowess. 

784
00:45:34,100 --> 00:45:37,900
He faces the slow burning 
tragedy of Lance Lot and of his 

785
00:45:37,900 --> 00:45:40,100
love affair, which everyone 
knows about. 

786
00:45:40,100 --> 00:45:43,300
But no one can openly 
acknowledge without destroying 

787
00:45:43,300 --> 00:45:46,700
the kingdom. 
He endures The Grail Quest, that

788
00:45:46,700 --> 00:45:49,600
scatters his Knights and breaks 
the fellowship. 

789
00:45:50,400 --> 00:45:54,400
He discovers that Mordred, the 
son born from his unknowing 

790
00:45:54,400 --> 00:45:57,800
incest, with his half-sister 
Morgan will be his Doom. 

791
00:45:57,800 --> 00:46:02,400
He fights the final battle at 
Cameron, he receives his death 

792
00:46:02,400 --> 00:46:06,400
wound, his carried by mysterious
women to Avalon in a boat. 

793
00:46:07,200 --> 00:46:11,700
Mallorys Arthur is Noble but 
deeply flawed, his kingdom 

794
00:46:11,700 --> 00:46:14,000
achieves extraordinary Heights 
of Glory. 

795
00:46:14,000 --> 00:46:17,400
But contains within itself, the 
seeds of its own inevitable 

796
00:46:17,400 --> 00:46:21,200
destruction. 
The adultery of Lancelot and 

797
00:46:21,200 --> 00:46:23,700
Guinevere the quest for the Holy
Grail. 

798
00:46:23,700 --> 00:46:25,900
That takes the best nights away 
and kills. 

799
00:46:25,900 --> 00:46:29,500
Many of them, the revelation of 
mordred's true parentage 

800
00:46:29,500 --> 00:46:33,400
Everything leads inexorably 
toward camelon and the end of 

801
00:46:33,408 --> 00:46:36,500
the golden age. 
This is the author, most people 

802
00:46:36,500 --> 00:46:40,600
still know even today. 
The Sword in the Stone, the 

803
00:46:40,600 --> 00:46:46,000
round table, the pure night, 
Galahad Lancelot and guinevere's

804
00:46:46,000 --> 00:46:48,300
tragic. 
Love the quest for the Holy 

805
00:46:48,300 --> 00:46:51,900
Grail, mordred's treachery the 
final battle. 

806
00:46:51,900 --> 00:46:56,100
The mysterious boat carrying 
Arthur to Avalon the inscription

807
00:46:56,100 --> 00:46:57,300
on his tomb. 
That reads. 

808
00:46:57,300 --> 00:47:03,400
Hick Justice are, theorists Rex 
quando rexha futurists here, 

809
00:47:03,400 --> 00:47:05,800
lies, Arthur The Once and Future
King. 

810
00:47:05,800 --> 00:47:09,800
It's a magnificent story, 
complex, and moving and full of 

811
00:47:09,800 --> 00:47:12,800
human truth. 
About loyalty and betrayal love 

812
00:47:12,800 --> 00:47:15,900
and honor. 
Achievement and loss which 

813
00:47:15,900 --> 00:47:18,300
Western literatures 
understanding of heroic 

814
00:47:18,300 --> 00:47:21,000
narrative for five centuries. 
Since Mallory wrote it down, 

815
00:47:21,000 --> 00:47:24,500
it's also almost entirely 
fictional from any historical 

816
00:47:24,500 --> 00:47:28,200
perspective. 
But fiction can contain truths 

817
00:47:28,200 --> 00:47:31,800
that history cannot capture. 
Now you're watching The Legend, 

818
00:47:31,800 --> 00:47:34,500
acquire its most Fantastical 
elements. 

819
00:47:35,200 --> 00:47:39,000
The ones that lift it completely
out of historical possibility. 

820
00:47:39,000 --> 00:47:44,100
And into the realm of pure 
mythology, the magic sword, the 

821
00:47:44,100 --> 00:47:49,100
wizard Mentor, the Enchanted 
Island, the mystical artifacts, 

822
00:47:49,700 --> 00:47:52,800
everything that makes Arthur 
story not just history or even 

823
00:47:52,800 --> 00:47:57,900
historical fiction but genuine 
mythology that operates by its 

824
00:47:57,900 --> 00:48:02,000
own internal logic let's start 
with Excalibur. 

825
00:48:02,900 --> 00:48:05,400
Because everyone knows the name 
of Arthur sword even if they 

826
00:48:05,400 --> 00:48:06,900
know nothing else about the 
legend. 

827
00:48:07,800 --> 00:48:09,700
Geoffrey of Monmouth called it 
caliburn. 

828
00:48:09,700 --> 00:48:13,200
He mentioned it, briefly as a 
notable weapon forged in the 

829
00:48:13,200 --> 00:48:16,100
Isle of Avalon. 
The Jeffrey didn't elaborate 

830
00:48:16,100 --> 00:48:18,500
much. 
It was just the kind of special 

831
00:48:18,500 --> 00:48:21,100
sword. 
A great king should possess no 

832
00:48:21,100 --> 00:48:25,200
more remarkable than that. 
The French romance is did much 

833
00:48:25,200 --> 00:48:27,900
more with the sword. 
They eventually developed two 

834
00:48:27,900 --> 00:48:30,800
different Origins stories that 
sometimes get confused with each

835
00:48:30,800 --> 00:48:34,900
other and popular retellings in 
one version Arthur proves his 

836
00:48:34,900 --> 00:48:38,200
right to rule by pulling a sword
from a stone where Merlin had 

837
00:48:38,200 --> 00:48:41,500
magically lodged it. 
The sword is a test. 

838
00:48:42,300 --> 00:48:45,900
Only the true king, the rightful
heir to Britain's Throne can 

839
00:48:45,900 --> 00:48:48,500
remove it. 
Every nobleman in the land. 

840
00:48:48,500 --> 00:48:53,100
Tries and fails, young, Arthur 
still just a squire serving. 

841
00:48:53,100 --> 00:48:56,700
His foster brother, Kay pulls it
out effortlessly, almost by 

842
00:48:56,700 --> 00:49:00,700
accident, the miracle Reveals 
His identity and Destiny. 

843
00:49:02,000 --> 00:49:05,000
In the other version, Arthur 
receives his sword from the 

844
00:49:05,000 --> 00:49:09,300
mysterious Lady of the Lake. 
She lives in an enchanted realm 

845
00:49:09,300 --> 00:49:12,900
beneath the water surface, A 
Magical Kingdom that exists. 

846
00:49:12,900 --> 00:49:17,000
Parallel to the mortal world. 
She rises from the lake holding 

847
00:49:17,000 --> 00:49:20,400
a magnificent sword. 
She gives it to Arthur as a gift

848
00:49:20,408 --> 00:49:23,800
or possibly alone. 
The sword is called Excalibur. 

849
00:49:23,800 --> 00:49:26,700
The name might derive from a 
Latin phrase, meaning cuts 

850
00:49:26,700 --> 00:49:30,500
through Steel. or it might come 
from the Welsh name Khalid 

851
00:49:30,500 --> 00:49:33,700
fault, which was what earlier 
Welsh tradition called Arthur 

852
00:49:34,900 --> 00:49:38,000
The sword has various magical 
properties depending on which 

853
00:49:38,000 --> 00:49:41,200
version you read. 
Some say it makes its wielder 

854
00:49:41,200 --> 00:49:43,600
Invincible in battle, others 
claim? 

855
00:49:43,600 --> 00:49:47,700
The sword Scabbard is the truly 
magical item protecting whoever 

856
00:49:47,700 --> 00:49:50,400
wears it from bleeding, no 
matter how severe their wounds. 

857
00:49:51,200 --> 00:49:54,800
Arthur loses the Scabbard later 
stolen by his sister Morgan. 

858
00:49:54,800 --> 00:49:58,200
Le Fay and an act of treachery 
this loss makes him vulnerable 

859
00:49:58,200 --> 00:50:01,500
human again. 
Capable of being killed at 

860
00:50:01,500 --> 00:50:04,400
kamlan. 
After the final battle as 

861
00:50:04,400 --> 00:50:05,900
authorized dying. 
He orders. 

862
00:50:05,900 --> 00:50:09,200
One of his few surviving Knights
to throw Excalibur back in to 

863
00:50:09,200 --> 00:50:11,600
the lake. 
The Knight tries to avoid this 

864
00:50:11,600 --> 00:50:14,600
task twice. 
He can't bear to throw away such

865
00:50:14,600 --> 00:50:18,200
a magnificent weapon. 
He hides it and returns claiming

866
00:50:18,200 --> 00:50:21,400
he's done as ordered, but Arthur
knows he's lying and sent him 

867
00:50:21,408 --> 00:50:23,500
back. 
Finally, the night throws 

868
00:50:23,500 --> 00:50:27,200
Excalibur in to the water and 
arm rises from the late surface.

869
00:50:27,200 --> 00:50:30,500
A woman's arm though whose 
exactly varies by version. 

870
00:50:31,300 --> 00:50:35,600
The hand catches the sword 
waves, it three times pulls it 

871
00:50:35,600 --> 00:50:38,600
down beneath the surface. 
The Lady of the Lake has 

872
00:50:38,600 --> 00:50:40,900
reclaimed her gift. 
Now that Arthur's time is ended,

873
00:50:40,900 --> 00:50:44,800
this is pure mythology. 
Not history by any measure. 

874
00:50:45,600 --> 00:50:49,000
But it's powerful mythology that
resonates with deep human 

875
00:50:49,000 --> 00:50:52,000
concerns. 
The sword from the stone 

876
00:50:52,000 --> 00:50:55,100
represents, the idea that 
legitimate Authority reveals 

877
00:50:55,100 --> 00:50:57,400
itself through tests that cannot
be faked. 

878
00:50:58,200 --> 00:51:02,300
True leadership isn't about 
force or cunning it manifests as

879
00:51:02,300 --> 00:51:04,000
ability. 
That others simply don't 

880
00:51:04,000 --> 00:51:07,300
possess. 
The sword from the lake suggest 

881
00:51:07,300 --> 00:51:11,200
that power is a gift that comes 
with responsibilities. 

882
00:51:12,000 --> 00:51:15,700
It must be wielded. 
Justly, it must be returned. 

883
00:51:15,700 --> 00:51:19,200
When the time comes, you don't 
get to keep it forever just 

884
00:51:19,200 --> 00:51:23,100
because you want to deserved it.
Then there's Merlin the Wizard, 

885
00:51:23,100 --> 00:51:24,900
who looms, over Arthur's early 
life. 

886
00:51:24,900 --> 00:51:27,700
And then vanishes, just when his
guidance might matter most 

887
00:51:29,000 --> 00:51:32,800
Merlins Origins are Welsh. 
He appears in early poetry as 

888
00:51:32,800 --> 00:51:36,400
murdered in a prophet who went 
mad off to battle and lived in 

889
00:51:36,408 --> 00:51:40,300
the forest making prophecies. 
Geoffrey of Monmouth transformed

890
00:51:40,300 --> 00:51:43,700
him into Arthur's advisor. 
Jeffrey wrote two Works about 

891
00:51:43,700 --> 00:51:48,100
Merlin in one Merlin appears as 
a boy who reveals why King 

892
00:51:48,100 --> 00:51:49,900
vortac and Fortress keeps 
collapsing. 

893
00:51:50,700 --> 00:51:54,400
To dragons fight beneath the 
foundation, one red for the 

894
00:51:54,400 --> 00:51:57,000
British, one white for the 
Saxons. 

895
00:51:57,800 --> 00:52:01,900
Merlin prophesies the future in 
cryptic verses The French 

896
00:52:01,900 --> 00:52:05,900
romances expanded his role and 
gave him detailed backstory. 

897
00:52:06,700 --> 00:52:10,900
He's the son of a demon and a 
virtuous woman, he has magical 

898
00:52:10,900 --> 00:52:15,700
powers, but a human soul, he 
builds Stonehenge, he creates 

899
00:52:15,700 --> 00:52:19,300
the round table, he enchants The
Sword in the Stone. 

900
00:52:19,300 --> 00:52:24,300
He guides Arthur's victories. 
Then Merlin falls in love with a

901
00:52:24,300 --> 00:52:27,900
woman. 
Whose name varies nimueh Vivian,

902
00:52:27,900 --> 00:52:31,600
sometimes Morgan, usually. 
One of the ladies of the lake, 

903
00:52:31,600 --> 00:52:36,400
he teaches her his magic, She 
uses it to trap him in a cave or

904
00:52:36,400 --> 00:52:40,200
tree or Tower of air. 
He cannot Escape but can 

905
00:52:40,200 --> 00:52:42,000
sometimes still be heard making 
prophecies. 

906
00:52:42,900 --> 00:52:46,000
Merlin's peculiar and 
symbolically rich. 

907
00:52:46,800 --> 00:52:48,600
He's not killed in battle Like a
Warrior. 

908
00:52:48,600 --> 00:52:52,500
He's not murdered by an enemy. 
He's undone by his own choice to

909
00:52:52,500 --> 00:52:56,800
love and to share his knowledge.
As if the story understands the 

910
00:52:56,800 --> 00:53:00,200
pure magic has no place in the 
increasingly complex human 

911
00:53:00,200 --> 00:53:02,500
world. 
That's developing the age of 

912
00:53:02,500 --> 00:53:05,400
simple Supernatural intervention
must end for the more 

913
00:53:05,400 --> 00:53:08,200
complicated age of human moral 
choices to begin. 

914
00:53:08,900 --> 00:53:12,200
The Magical elements multiplied 
and elaborate, as the romances 

915
00:53:12,200 --> 00:53:15,500
develop. 
Morgan Le Faye Arthur's 

916
00:53:15,500 --> 00:53:18,200
half-sister transforms from a 
benevolent. 

917
00:53:18,200 --> 00:53:21,500
Healer in early sources to 
ambiguous figure who might help 

918
00:53:21,500 --> 00:53:24,300
or harm depending on her mood 
and purposes. 

919
00:53:25,300 --> 00:53:29,000
She learns Magic from Merlin, 
she creates trouble at Arthur's 

920
00:53:29,000 --> 00:53:31,300
Court. 
She steals excalibur's 

921
00:53:31,300 --> 00:53:34,200
protective Scabbard, and gives 
it to her lover, hoping to get 

922
00:53:34,200 --> 00:53:37,600
Arthur killed in battle. 
She reveals Lance Lot and 

923
00:53:37,600 --> 00:53:40,500
guinevere's, adultery to Arthur 
forcing him to acknowledge. 

924
00:53:40,500 --> 00:53:43,500
What he'd been willfully 
ignoring yet. 

925
00:53:43,500 --> 00:53:46,300
She is also one of the women who
takes Arthur to Avalon after 

926
00:53:46,300 --> 00:53:49,000
camera and promising to heal his
wounds. 

927
00:53:49,900 --> 00:53:52,900
Avalon itself, grows more 
details and mysterious in the 

928
00:53:52,908 --> 00:53:55,900
romance's. 
Geoffrey of Monmouth called it. 

929
00:53:55,900 --> 00:54:01,400
Insula have a Lotus, the Isle of
Apple's a place where magical 

930
00:54:01,400 --> 00:54:04,400
swords are forged and wounded. 
King's might be healed. 

931
00:54:04,400 --> 00:54:07,400
Welsh tradition. 
Had long spoken of mystical 

932
00:54:07,400 --> 00:54:11,100
islands in the Western Ocean 
where the dead went, where time 

933
00:54:11,100 --> 00:54:12,900
moved differently than in the 
mortal world. 

934
00:54:14,400 --> 00:54:17,800
Some later medieval writers, 
identified Avalon with glass and

935
00:54:17,800 --> 00:54:21,800
Summer, Set a real location 
where an important Monastery. 

936
00:54:21,800 --> 00:54:27,300
Stood In 1191, the monks of 
Glastonbury, made a spectacular 

937
00:54:27,300 --> 00:54:30,200
claim. 
They discovered Arthur's tomb, 

938
00:54:30,200 --> 00:54:34,500
buried, deep in their graveyard.
They'd found a lead cross with a

939
00:54:34,500 --> 00:54:37,100
Latin inscription. 
Identifying the grave as arthas 

940
00:54:37,100 --> 00:54:40,000
calling Glastonbury, the ancient
Isle of Avalon. 

941
00:54:41,000 --> 00:54:44,300
The discovery was almost 
certainly a fraud the monastery 

942
00:54:44,300 --> 00:54:48,000
needed money for rebuilding. 
After a fire claiming to possess

943
00:54:48,000 --> 00:54:51,200
Arthur's grave would attract 
pilgrims and donations. 

944
00:54:52,000 --> 00:54:55,000
But the fraudulent discovery 
shows how the legendary and the 

945
00:54:55,000 --> 00:54:58,000
supposedly real became 
deliberately entangled for 

946
00:54:58,000 --> 00:55:02,100
practical purposes. 
The Holy Grail enters the 

947
00:55:02,100 --> 00:55:05,000
Arthurian stories through 
chretien undertale in the late 

948
00:55:05,000 --> 00:55:06,800
12th century. 
Though he didn't call it. 

949
00:55:06,800 --> 00:55:10,400
Holy His personal. 
The story of The Grail 

950
00:55:10,400 --> 00:55:15,600
introduced a mysterious object. 
A dish or bowl or cups seen at a

951
00:55:15,600 --> 00:55:18,200
strange Castle. 
Creon died before. 

952
00:55:18,200 --> 00:55:21,300
Finishing the poem. 
Later, writers picked up the 

953
00:55:21,300 --> 00:55:24,600
Grail and developed it into the 
ultimate mystical object of 

954
00:55:24,600 --> 00:55:28,000
quest and devotion. 
Robert de Boron, made it 

955
00:55:28,000 --> 00:55:32,200
explicitly, Christian, The Grail
was the cut from The Last Supper

956
00:55:32,200 --> 00:55:35,500
Joseph of Arimathea. 
Had used it to catch Christ's 

957
00:55:35,500 --> 00:55:38,200
blood at the crucifixion. 
The Grail possessed. 

958
00:55:38,200 --> 00:55:41,600
Miraculous Powers. 
It could feed people spiritual 

959
00:55:41,600 --> 00:55:45,200
nourishment, it could heal 
wounds seeing it required. 

960
00:55:45,200 --> 00:55:49,100
Spiritual Purity and worthiness.
The Grail Quest becomes the 

961
00:55:49,108 --> 00:55:52,000
defining adventure of Arthur's 
Court in the beginning of its 

962
00:55:52,000 --> 00:55:54,700
end. 
Arthur's knights scatter across 

963
00:55:54,700 --> 00:55:59,600
the land seeking, The Grail most
fail and never returned some die

964
00:55:59,600 --> 00:56:01,900
in the attempt. 
A very few achieved. 

965
00:56:01,900 --> 00:56:06,200
Temporary glimpses, only Galahad
lancelot's son and the purest 

966
00:56:06,200 --> 00:56:09,300
night to ever lived. 
Achieves, the complete vision 

967
00:56:09,300 --> 00:56:11,900
and understands the Grails 
Mysteries. 

968
00:56:12,600 --> 00:56:17,400
He dies in spiritual ecstasy 
afterward his mortal life cannot

969
00:56:17,400 --> 00:56:21,800
contain what he's experienced. 
The Grail Quest marks a turning 

970
00:56:21,808 --> 00:56:23,800
point in the Legends, internal 
chronology. 

971
00:56:24,900 --> 00:56:28,800
Before the quest, Arthur's Court
represents worldly perfection. 

972
00:56:29,700 --> 00:56:32,700
Great warriors. 
Beautiful ladies spectacular 

973
00:56:32,700 --> 00:56:34,800
feasts. 
Glorious tournaments. 

974
00:56:35,500 --> 00:56:39,500
Secular achievement at its peak.
The Grail Quest, introduces a 

975
00:56:39,500 --> 00:56:43,500
spiritual standard that the 
secular World cannot meet Most 

976
00:56:43,500 --> 00:56:46,500
of the nights fail, not because 
they lack courage or skill in 

977
00:56:46,508 --> 00:56:48,700
arms. 
They fail because they've 

978
00:56:48,700 --> 00:56:52,900
committed sins because they've 
loved on wisely because they 

979
00:56:52,900 --> 00:56:55,600
value Earthly Glory more than 
Heavenly truth. 

980
00:56:55,600 --> 00:56:58,900
Even though those who survived 
the quest returned to find 

981
00:56:58,900 --> 00:57:00,500
something, precious has been 
lost. 

982
00:57:01,300 --> 00:57:05,200
The fellowship is broken too 
many chairs at the round table 

983
00:57:05,200 --> 00:57:07,600
are empty. 
The innocent confidence of 

984
00:57:07,600 --> 00:57:10,800
earlier days is gone. 
Everyone knows the Kingdom's 

985
00:57:10,800 --> 00:57:15,200
days and numbered the trajectory
bends toward tragedy, these 

986
00:57:15,200 --> 00:57:17,900
Magical elements transform 
Arthur from a possible 

987
00:57:17,900 --> 00:57:19,900
historical figure into pure 
mythology. 

988
00:57:21,100 --> 00:57:23,800
The magic makes the story work 
on multiple levels, 

989
00:57:23,800 --> 00:57:26,800
simultaneously. 
It's still about kingship and 

990
00:57:26,800 --> 00:57:30,000
loyalty and betrayal. 
About the tension between 

991
00:57:30,000 --> 00:57:33,900
personal desire and public duty.
About how even the best 

992
00:57:33,900 --> 00:57:37,800
intentions can lead to disaster,
but it's also about the tension 

993
00:57:37,800 --> 00:57:40,700
between the mundane and the 
mystical between human 

994
00:57:40,700 --> 00:57:43,400
limitation and divine 
possibility. 

995
00:57:44,300 --> 00:57:47,600
Between the world as it is and 
the world as a imagination and 

996
00:57:47,600 --> 00:57:51,200
Faith, say it could be. 
The sixth Century War leader. 

997
00:57:51,200 --> 00:57:54,300
If he existed fought with iron 
Spears and wooden Shields and 

998
00:57:54,300 --> 00:57:58,900
tactical cunning he won or lost 
to base on training and morale 

999
00:57:58,900 --> 00:58:02,500
and Logistics and luck. 
He lived and died as men do 

1000
00:58:02,500 --> 00:58:06,400
subject to time and age and 
violence the medieval Arthur 

1001
00:58:06,400 --> 00:58:09,500
fights with an enchanted sword, 
giving by other worldly Powers. 

1002
00:58:09,500 --> 00:58:14,300
He's Guided by a wizard born of 
demon and Saint He seeks, holy 

1003
00:58:14,308 --> 00:58:16,400
relics that embodied divine 
grace. 

1004
00:58:17,100 --> 00:58:19,500
He faces enemies, both human and
Supernatural. 

1005
00:58:20,300 --> 00:58:23,100
His story operates by 
mythological logic, where 

1006
00:58:23,100 --> 00:58:25,300
symbols matter as much as 
events. 

1007
00:58:26,000 --> 00:58:28,500
The historical distance between 
these two figures is 

1008
00:58:28,500 --> 00:58:31,500
immeasurably. 
Vast one might have existed. 

1009
00:58:31,500 --> 00:58:35,900
One certainly did not, at least 
not in the form the stories 

1010
00:58:35,900 --> 00:58:40,000
describe but the magical Arthur 
is the one people remember and 

1011
00:58:40,000 --> 00:58:43,000
love and return to cross 
centuries the wizard. 

1012
00:58:43,000 --> 00:58:47,500
The Sword. 
The Grail Avalon, the promise of

1013
00:58:47,500 --> 00:58:51,200
return These are the elements 
that make the story of mortal. 

1014
00:58:51,200 --> 00:58:55,000
These are what Transformer 
possible War leader into a 

1015
00:58:55,000 --> 00:58:58,400
legend that transcends, the 
merely historical and enters the

1016
00:58:58,400 --> 00:59:00,500
permanent realm of human 
imagination. 

1017
00:59:01,400 --> 00:59:02,900
Now comes the difficult 
question. 

1018
00:59:02,900 --> 00:59:06,500
The one that historians have 
argued about for generations and

1019
00:59:06,500 --> 00:59:09,300
likely will continue arguing 
about for Generations more. 

1020
00:59:10,300 --> 00:59:13,100
Was any of it real? 
You'll standing in a modern 

1021
00:59:13,100 --> 00:59:15,800
University Library, surrounded 
by shells. 

1022
00:59:15,800 --> 00:59:19,700
Holding hundreds of books about 
Arthur some argue with Fierce 

1023
00:59:19,700 --> 00:59:23,500
passion for his historical 
existence Others dismiss him as 

1024
00:59:23,508 --> 00:59:26,300
complete Legend with equally 
strong conviction. 

1025
00:59:27,300 --> 00:59:30,300
Most scholarly Works. 
Take carefully hedged positions 

1026
00:59:30,300 --> 00:59:34,300
somewhere in between The debate 
has been ongoing for well over a

1027
00:59:34,300 --> 00:59:37,400
century in its modern form. 
It shows no signs of reaching 

1028
00:59:37,400 --> 00:59:40,400
any consensus that would satisfy
everyone involved. 

1029
00:59:40,400 --> 00:59:43,900
Let's be ruthlessly honest about
what we actually know setting 

1030
00:59:43,900 --> 00:59:47,600
aside everything from Geoffrey 
of Monmouth onward, as obvious 

1031
00:59:47,600 --> 00:59:50,600
invention. 
We know that Roman Britain ended

1032
00:59:50,600 --> 00:59:54,600
around 410 when the legions 
withdrew and Central Imperial 

1033
00:59:54,600 --> 00:59:58,100
Authority collapse. 
We know that Saxon settlement 

1034
00:59:58,100 --> 01:00:00,500
and expansion happened. 
Over the following centuries 

1035
01:00:00,500 --> 01:00:05,000
through a complex process of 
migration military, conquest and

1036
01:00:05,000 --> 01:00:08,400
cultural transformational We 
know that British kingdoms 

1037
01:00:08,400 --> 01:00:12,100
resisted this sacks and 
expansion with varying degrees 

1038
01:00:12,100 --> 01:00:14,300
of success, for varying lengths 
of time. 

1039
01:00:14,300 --> 01:00:16,500
Depending on geography and local
circumstances. 

1040
01:00:18,200 --> 01:00:21,500
We know that by the 10th century
when our earliest surviving 

1041
01:00:21,500 --> 01:00:25,600
Welsh historical sources were 
being compiled Welsh traditional

1042
01:00:25,600 --> 01:00:29,400
confidently remembered a war 
leader named Arthur who fought 

1043
01:00:29,400 --> 01:00:32,800
at a place called Biden died at 
a place called kamalan. 

1044
01:00:33,700 --> 01:00:35,500
That's not much to build a 
biography on. 

1045
01:00:36,300 --> 01:00:39,300
That's barely enough to argue 
for Arthur's existence at all by

1046
01:00:39,300 --> 01:00:42,900
the standards of evidence 
historians normally require the 

1047
01:00:42,900 --> 01:00:44,600
skeptical position is 
straightforward. 

1048
01:00:44,600 --> 01:00:48,900
We have no contemporary evidence
for Arthur know Roman or early 

1049
01:00:48,900 --> 01:00:52,900
Saxon, Source mentioned him. 
The first Welsh source is naming

1050
01:00:52,900 --> 01:00:56,300
him date from 8:30 and 970 
centuries. 

1051
01:00:56,300 --> 01:00:59,700
After he supposedly lived, the 
Battle of Baden might be 

1052
01:00:59,700 --> 01:01:04,400
historical but we don't know who
commanded their Arthur could be 

1053
01:01:04,408 --> 01:01:08,600
a later invention, a legendary 
hero, created to embody British 

1054
01:01:08,600 --> 01:01:12,600
resistance. 
This skepticism is reasonable by

1055
01:01:12,600 --> 01:01:16,000
normal historical standards, 
Arthur doesn't make the cut. 

1056
01:01:16,900 --> 01:01:20,600
The evidence is thin late and 
mixed with obvious fiction. 

1057
01:01:21,500 --> 01:01:24,000
But dismissing Arthur entirely 
has problems, too. 

1058
01:01:24,900 --> 01:01:27,900
First the absence of 
contemporary evidence isn't 

1059
01:01:27,900 --> 01:01:30,500
surprising. 
We have almost no written 

1060
01:01:30,500 --> 01:01:33,300
sources from sixth Century, 
Britain about anything. 

1061
01:01:34,300 --> 01:01:37,900
The whole period from 400 to 600
is poorly documented. 

1062
01:01:37,900 --> 01:01:41,400
Literacy collapsed with Roman 
Administration. 

1063
01:01:42,300 --> 01:01:45,600
He can't use absence of evidence
as proof when the evidentiary 

1064
01:01:45,600 --> 01:01:49,700
base is nearly empty. 
Second Welsh Traditions show 

1065
01:01:49,700 --> 01:01:53,000
characteristics, suggesting 
genuine oral tradition rather 

1066
01:01:53,000 --> 01:01:58,000
than invention. the geographical
connections are specific Arthur 

1067
01:01:58,000 --> 01:02:02,200
as associated with real places 
in Wales and the north Gellar 

1068
01:02:05,600 --> 01:02:08,600
Not the fictional Camelot that 
Romance Writers created. 

1069
01:02:09,300 --> 01:02:13,200
Third, the name Arthur itself. 
Derives from the Roman Neymar 

1070
01:02:13,200 --> 01:02:18,100
Taurus. this wasn't common in 
Welsh its appearance in sixth 

1071
01:02:18,100 --> 01:02:21,700
Century context suggests a real 
Roman and British person who 

1072
01:02:21,700 --> 01:02:24,300
achieved something notable 
forth. 

1073
01:02:24,800 --> 01:02:29,300
British resistance to Saxons was
real and sometimes successful 

1074
01:02:29,300 --> 01:02:34,000
Baden happened and resulted in 
British victory that halted 

1075
01:02:34,000 --> 01:02:36,100
Saxon expansion for a 
generation. 

1076
01:02:36,800 --> 01:02:40,500
Someone commanded that victory. 
Someone achieved something 

1077
01:02:40,500 --> 01:02:42,800
significant enough to be 
remembered. 

1078
01:02:44,200 --> 01:02:47,600
The moderate position held by 
many historians as the author 

1079
01:02:47,600 --> 01:02:50,400
might have been a real war 
leader, whose genuine 

1080
01:02:50,400 --> 01:02:53,700
accomplishments were later 
exaggerated and mythologized 

1081
01:02:53,700 --> 01:02:55,800
beyond recognition this 
historical. 

1082
01:02:55,800 --> 01:02:59,300
Arthur if he existed was 
probably nothing like the 

1083
01:02:59,300 --> 01:03:02,700
medieval author. 
No, Camelot no Round Table. 

1084
01:03:02,700 --> 01:03:05,400
No mystical quests or Divine 
weapons. 

1085
01:03:05,400 --> 01:03:09,400
Just a capable military 
commander operating in a violent

1086
01:03:09,400 --> 01:03:12,200
period. 
This hypothetical historical 

1087
01:03:12,200 --> 01:03:15,600
author might have been a Romano 
British noble who maintained 

1088
01:03:15,600 --> 01:03:18,600
some elements of Roman military 
organization and tactical 

1089
01:03:18,600 --> 01:03:22,000
thinking He might have used 
Cavalry effectively against 

1090
01:03:22,000 --> 01:03:25,600
Saxon infantry, which would give
him a significant tactical 

1091
01:03:25,600 --> 01:03:28,700
advantage. 
The 12 battles listed in the 

1092
01:03:28,700 --> 01:03:31,800
Historia Britain and might 
preserve a distorted memory of a

1093
01:03:31,800 --> 01:03:35,200
wide-ranging campaign. 
The victory at baydon might have

1094
01:03:35,208 --> 01:03:38,800
been his greatest achievement, 
the high point of his career. 

1095
01:03:39,800 --> 01:03:43,100
After his death, possibly a 
camel in what might have been a 

1096
01:03:43,100 --> 01:03:45,800
civil war between British 
factions rather than a battle 

1097
01:03:45,800 --> 01:03:50,100
against Saxons his reputation 
grew his victories, got 

1098
01:03:50,100 --> 01:03:52,700
remembered, and retold and 
gradually exaggerated. 

1099
01:03:52,700 --> 01:03:57,600
He became the hero who had held 
back the Saxon tide if only 

1100
01:03:57,600 --> 01:04:00,100
temporarily as the centuries 
passed. 

1101
01:04:00,100 --> 01:04:03,300
And the Saxons did ultimately 
conquer most of Britain and 

1102
01:04:03,500 --> 01:04:06,900
Established what became England.
Arthur became a symbol of what 

1103
01:04:06,900 --> 01:04:11,400
the British had lost. 
The last Great British king The 

1104
01:04:11,400 --> 01:04:14,900
Once and Future King, who would 
return when his people needed 

1105
01:04:14,900 --> 01:04:18,000
him. 
Most desperately This moderate 

1106
01:04:18,000 --> 01:04:20,100
position fits the fragmentary 
evidence. 

1107
01:04:20,100 --> 01:04:24,100
We have reasonably well, it 
explains why Arthur appears in 

1108
01:04:24,100 --> 01:04:27,400
early Welsh traditional without 
requiring us to believe all the 

1109
01:04:27,400 --> 01:04:31,300
supernatural elements? 
It explains why the earliest 

1110
01:04:31,300 --> 01:04:34,100
reference is treated him as 
historical figure from a 

1111
01:04:34,100 --> 01:04:38,300
specific period rather than a 
Timeless mythological hero. 

1112
01:04:39,400 --> 01:04:42,300
It explains why later writers 
could build such elaborate 

1113
01:04:42,300 --> 01:04:45,300
Legends around him. 
There was a small Foundation of 

1114
01:04:45,300 --> 01:04:48,200
possible historical truth for 
the stories to grow from. 

1115
01:04:48,200 --> 01:04:52,100
Even if that Foundation Bears, 
almost no resemblance to the 

1116
01:04:52,100 --> 01:04:54,600
final elaborate structure built 
upon it. 

1117
01:04:56,000 --> 01:04:58,900
But we need to be absolutely 
honest about what we don't know,

1118
01:04:58,900 --> 01:05:01,200
and almost certainly can never 
know with confidence. 

1119
01:05:01,200 --> 01:05:04,400
We don't know where Arthur was 
born or where he was based. 

1120
01:05:04,400 --> 01:05:06,000
We don't know what he looked 
like. 

1121
01:05:06,000 --> 01:05:09,400
We don't know what language he 
spoke primarily, though. 

1122
01:05:09,400 --> 01:05:12,400
It was probably a brittonic 
language ancestral to Modern 

1123
01:05:12,400 --> 01:05:14,700
Welsh. 
We don't know how he organized 

1124
01:05:14,700 --> 01:05:18,700
his forces or what weapons and 
tactics, he preferred we don't 

1125
01:05:18,700 --> 01:05:22,400
know if he was Christian and if 
so how devout We don't know 

1126
01:05:22,400 --> 01:05:24,700
about his family and any 
reliable detail. 

1127
01:05:24,700 --> 01:05:28,900
We don't know his personality, 
his motivations, his private 

1128
01:05:28,900 --> 01:05:33,100
thoughts, his fears. 
His hopes every author biography

1129
01:05:33,100 --> 01:05:36,300
is part responsible speculation 
based on what we know about the 

1130
01:05:36,300 --> 01:05:39,800
period and part Pure Imagination
filling in gaps. 

1131
01:05:40,700 --> 01:05:42,900
Human details. 
That would make him real and 

1132
01:05:42,900 --> 01:05:46,200
interesting to us as a person. 
A precisely the details. 

1133
01:05:46,200 --> 01:05:49,600
We cannot verify and likely 
never will be able to verify. 

1134
01:05:50,800 --> 01:05:53,600
modern archaeological work 
hasn't settled the question, 

1135
01:05:53,600 --> 01:05:57,900
despite some optimistic claims 
various sites have been proposed

1136
01:05:57,900 --> 01:06:00,300
as possible. 
Locations connected to Arthur 

1137
01:06:00,300 --> 01:06:05,000
Cadbury Castle in Somerset, 
where excavations in the 1960s 

1138
01:06:05,000 --> 01:06:08,100
revealed that the old Iron Age 
hillfort had been substantially 

1139
01:06:08,100 --> 01:06:12,300
re fortified and reoccupied in 
the late 5th or early 6th 

1140
01:06:12,300 --> 01:06:15,100
century. 
That's exactly the right period 

1141
01:06:15,100 --> 01:06:17,900
for Arthur. 
The site is impressive, but 

1142
01:06:17,900 --> 01:06:20,500
archeology can demonstrate that 
a site was occupied. 

1143
01:06:20,500 --> 01:06:23,700
And even that significant 
resources were invested in 

1144
01:06:23,700 --> 01:06:28,800
fortifying, it Archeology cannot
tell us who occupied it or 

1145
01:06:28,800 --> 01:06:31,100
whether any occupant or the name
Arthur. 

1146
01:06:32,400 --> 01:06:35,700
Tintagel in Cornwall, is another
site associated with our in 

1147
01:06:35,700 --> 01:06:38,700
later. 
Legend archaeological work there

1148
01:06:38,700 --> 01:06:42,400
as found evidence of high status
occupation in the Arthurian 

1149
01:06:42,400 --> 01:06:47,300
period imported pottery from the
Mediterranean suggesting wealth 

1150
01:06:47,300 --> 01:06:50,800
and trade connections building. 
That indicate someone important 

1151
01:06:50,800 --> 01:06:54,000
was based there. 
But again, impressive as the 

1152
01:06:54,000 --> 01:06:56,600
findings are they don't prove 
Arthur was there. 

1153
01:06:56,608 --> 01:07:00,100
They just show that to gel was 
an important place in the right 

1154
01:07:00,100 --> 01:07:02,700
period. 
Genetic evidence from Modern 

1155
01:07:02,700 --> 01:07:06,700
populations doesn't help either 
DNA studies of British and 

1156
01:07:06,700 --> 01:07:08,600
English. 
Populations show exactly the 

1157
01:07:08,600 --> 01:07:13,200
pattern you'd expect from Saxon 
migration mixing with earlier 

1158
01:07:13,200 --> 01:07:17,500
British populations but genetics
can't tell us about specific 

1159
01:07:17,500 --> 01:07:20,100
historical individuals or 
particular battles. 

1160
01:07:20,100 --> 01:07:24,200
It operates at the population 
level over a long time scales. 

1161
01:07:24,200 --> 01:07:29,000
It can't point to Arthur. 
So where does this extensive and

1162
01:07:29,000 --> 01:07:31,200
rather inconclusive discussion 
levers? 

1163
01:07:31,900 --> 01:07:35,200
If you demand proof that meets 
rigorous modern historical 

1164
01:07:35,200 --> 01:07:37,300
standards. 
Arthur doesn't exist. 

1165
01:07:37,300 --> 01:07:40,500
The evidence is insufficient 
period. 

1166
01:07:41,400 --> 01:07:44,400
You should dismiss him as Legend
and focus your historical 

1167
01:07:44,400 --> 01:07:47,600
attention on things. 
We can actually verify if you're

1168
01:07:47,600 --> 01:07:50,500
willing to accept that a real 
person might lie somewhere 

1169
01:07:50,500 --> 01:07:52,500
behind later. 
Legendary accretions. 

1170
01:07:52,500 --> 01:07:56,800
Then Arthur might have existed. 
A Romano British war leader 

1171
01:07:56,800 --> 01:08:00,700
affective and lucky enough to be
remembered whose real 

1172
01:08:00,700 --> 01:08:03,100
achievements were later. 
Embroidered far beyond 

1173
01:08:03,100 --> 01:08:06,800
recognition. 
The honest answer that fits the 

1174
01:08:06,800 --> 01:08:11,000
evidence best is simply this. 
We don't know it probably never 

1175
01:08:11,000 --> 01:08:14,800
will know with certainly. 
Author exists in an ambiguous, 

1176
01:08:14,800 --> 01:08:18,600
space between history and myth. 
Between what we can prove and 

1177
01:08:18,600 --> 01:08:21,600
what we want to believe. 
That liminal space is 

1178
01:08:21,600 --> 01:08:24,700
uncomfortable for historians. 
Who prefer clear conclusions? 

1179
01:08:25,500 --> 01:08:27,399
But it's where Arthur lives most
naturally. 

1180
01:08:28,300 --> 01:08:31,399
Because Arthur represents 
something larger than historical

1181
01:08:31,399 --> 01:08:36,600
facts about battles and dates. 
He represents an idea, the idea 

1182
01:08:36,600 --> 01:08:39,399
that heroism matters even in 
Desperate circumstances. 

1183
01:08:40,600 --> 01:08:43,899
That leadership can make a real 
difference. that resistance 

1184
01:08:43,899 --> 01:08:47,200
against overwhelming, odds has 
value even when It ultimately 

1185
01:08:47,200 --> 01:08:50,899
fails That the good, we 
accomplished might be remembered

1186
01:08:50,899 --> 01:08:52,700
even when everything else is 
forgotten. 

1187
01:08:53,600 --> 01:08:56,399
The medieval storytellers 
understood this better than 

1188
01:08:56,399 --> 01:08:59,200
modern historian. 
Sometimes do, they weren't 

1189
01:08:59,200 --> 01:09:01,600
trying to write accurate history
and assents. 

1190
01:09:01,600 --> 01:09:05,200
They were trying to express 
truths about loyalty and honor, 

1191
01:09:05,200 --> 01:09:10,300
love and betrayal achievement 
and loss, the tragic nature of 

1192
01:09:10,300 --> 01:09:13,399
human ambition and the 
Persistence of hope they used 

1193
01:09:13,399 --> 01:09:16,399
Arthur as a vehicle for 
exploring these Universal human 

1194
01:09:16,399 --> 01:09:19,600
themes. 
Whether there was a real Arthur 

1195
01:09:19,600 --> 01:09:23,100
commanding real truths at a real
battle called Baden matters. 

1196
01:09:23,100 --> 01:09:26,800
Less than you might think for 
most purposes, the author who 

1197
01:09:26,800 --> 01:09:30,399
truly matters the Arthur Who 
shaped European literature and 

1198
01:09:30,399 --> 01:09:32,899
culture rates, centuries and 
continues in Florence. 

1199
01:09:32,899 --> 01:09:35,399
And today is the legendary 
Arthur. 

1200
01:09:36,300 --> 01:09:39,300
King, who pulled the sword from 
the stone proving his right to 

1201
01:09:39,300 --> 01:09:42,200
rule. 
The king, whose Knight sat at 

1202
01:09:42,200 --> 01:09:44,000
around table, seeking the Holy 
Grail. 

1203
01:09:44,000 --> 01:09:46,000
The king who established a 
brief? 

1204
01:09:46,000 --> 01:09:49,500
Golden age of peace and justice.
the king who was betrayed by 

1205
01:09:49,500 --> 01:09:52,899
those who loved most The king 
who died at kamlan but was 

1206
01:09:52,899 --> 01:09:54,500
carried to Avalon, where he 
might yet. 

1207
01:09:54,500 --> 01:09:58,300
Be healing the king who might 
return When Britain's need his 

1208
01:09:58,300 --> 01:10:00,800
greatest. 
That Arthur is real in the way 

1209
01:10:00,800 --> 01:10:03,700
that stories are real. 
He shapes how we think about 

1210
01:10:03,700 --> 01:10:05,600
leadership and heroism and 
tragedy. 

1211
01:10:05,600 --> 01:10:10,300
He influences our imagination 
and our ideals, he gives us a 

1212
01:10:10,300 --> 01:10:13,800
framework for understanding 
human nobility in human failure,

1213
01:10:13,800 --> 01:10:17,800
in the same person. 
The historical Arthur the 

1214
01:10:17,800 --> 01:10:19,700
possible War leader from the 
poorly documented. 

1215
01:10:19,700 --> 01:10:25,400
Darkness of the sixth century is
lost to us too much time too 

1216
01:10:25,400 --> 01:10:29,000
little evidence, too many layers
of Legend of obscuring, 

1217
01:10:29,000 --> 01:10:30,800
whatever. 
Truth might lie at the core. 

1218
01:10:31,600 --> 01:10:35,000
The legendary Arthur is 
immortal. and maybe that's what 

1219
01:10:35,000 --> 01:10:39,100
matters most you've traveled 
through 15th, centuries to night

1220
01:10:39,100 --> 01:10:43,000
from the departure of Roman 
Legions to medieval romance. 

1221
01:10:43,900 --> 01:10:47,200
From the possible reality of 
desperate military campaigns to 

1222
01:10:47,200 --> 01:10:50,800
the definite unreality of 
mystical quests and magical 

1223
01:10:50,800 --> 01:10:54,200
swords. 
From sparse references in Welsh 

1224
01:10:54,200 --> 01:10:57,700
Chronicles to the elaborate 
imaginative, constructions of 

1225
01:10:57,700 --> 01:11:01,800
Camelot and the Grail. 
Arthur's story teaches us, 

1226
01:11:01,800 --> 01:11:04,700
something profound about how 
Legends grow and why they 

1227
01:11:04,700 --> 01:11:07,800
persist. 
They don't spring fully formed 

1228
01:11:07,800 --> 01:11:11,900
from nothing like mushrooms. 
After rain their Crete slowly 

1229
01:11:11,900 --> 01:11:15,200
layer upon layer. 
Each generation adding new 

1230
01:11:15,200 --> 01:11:17,900
elements while preserving 
fragments of older traditions. 

1231
01:11:18,700 --> 01:11:22,100
They adapt to new cultures and 
new concerns, they become 

1232
01:11:22,100 --> 01:11:24,700
whatever. 
Each age needs them, to be the 

1233
01:11:24,700 --> 01:11:26,400
Romano British of the sixth 
Century. 

1234
01:11:26,400 --> 01:11:29,700
If they had an author at all 
needed, a war leader, who could 

1235
01:11:29,700 --> 01:11:34,400
organize scattered resistance to
Saxon invasion, The Welsh of 

1236
01:11:34,408 --> 01:11:38,400
later, centuries needed a symbol
of their lost Independence and a

1237
01:11:38,400 --> 01:11:43,000
prophecy of eventual return. 
The medieval French needed an 

1238
01:11:43,000 --> 01:11:46,900
idealized King who embodied 
emerging values. 

1239
01:11:47,600 --> 01:11:50,400
The English needed to reclaim 
their greatest Legend from the 

1240
01:11:50,400 --> 01:11:53,200
French. 
Every generational reshaped 

1241
01:11:53,200 --> 01:11:57,900
Arthur to reflect his own dreams
and fears and values, and Arthur

1242
01:11:57,900 --> 01:12:00,000
endures. 
Because the fundamental themes 

1243
01:12:00,000 --> 01:12:02,500
embedded in his story are 
genuinely timeless. 

1244
01:12:03,400 --> 01:12:05,700
The wise advisor who disappears 
when most needed. 

1245
01:12:06,500 --> 01:12:10,000
Pure love, that becomes tragic 
adultery the perfect Fellowship.

1246
01:12:10,000 --> 01:12:14,700
That splinters and fails, the 
good King undone by secrets from

1247
01:12:14,700 --> 01:12:17,400
his past. 
A son who becomes his father's 

1248
01:12:17,400 --> 01:12:20,500
mortal enemy. 
Final battle, that ends 

1249
01:12:20,500 --> 01:12:23,400
everything. 
The hope that death is not quite

1250
01:12:23,400 --> 01:12:28,000
final that returns possible. 
These are patterns of human 

1251
01:12:28,000 --> 01:12:31,800
tragedy that every culture 
recognizes even if the specific 

1252
01:12:31,800 --> 01:12:35,000
details vary. 
Their dressed in medieval 

1253
01:12:35,000 --> 01:12:39,100
costume in the ithorian stories 
with castles and knights and 

1254
01:12:39,100 --> 01:12:41,900
courtly Customs. 
But they speak to something 

1255
01:12:41,900 --> 01:12:46,500
deeper and more Universal than 
any specific historical period 

1256
01:12:46,500 --> 01:12:50,200
or cultural context. 
Modern authors can continue 

1257
01:12:50,200 --> 01:12:54,700
retelling, Arthur and countless 
variations they set in space or 

1258
01:12:54,700 --> 01:12:58,500
the far future or alternate 
history where magic works by 

1259
01:12:58,500 --> 01:13:01,800
different rules. 
They make Arthur a woman or a 

1260
01:13:01,800 --> 01:13:06,300
time traveler or a corporate CEO
leading a business Empire, they 

1261
01:13:06,300 --> 01:13:09,300
deconstruct the legend. 
Re-imagine it, subvert. 

1262
01:13:09,300 --> 01:13:13,500
It celebrated mock it, honor it.
The story proves endlessly 

1263
01:13:13,500 --> 01:13:16,900
adaptable, precisely because 
it's core concerned are so 

1264
01:13:16,900 --> 01:13:21,300
fundamental to Human Experience.
Historians will continue 

1265
01:13:21,300 --> 01:13:24,300
debating, whether Arthur was 
real new archaeological 

1266
01:13:24,300 --> 01:13:26,400
discoveries. 
Might strengthen the case for 

1267
01:13:26,400 --> 01:13:30,800
historical basis or might 
undermine it further old text 

1268
01:13:30,800 --> 01:13:34,600
might be reinterpreted using new
methods, new analytical 

1269
01:13:34,600 --> 01:13:37,600
techniques might reveal patterns
in the sources that previous 

1270
01:13:37,600 --> 01:13:40,800
Scholars missed. 
The academic debate Will Go On. 

1271
01:13:41,800 --> 01:13:44,600
But regardless of what 
historians eventually conclude, 

1272
01:13:44,600 --> 01:13:48,900
if they ever reach consensus at 
all, Arthur Will Survive. 

1273
01:13:49,900 --> 01:13:54,200
Not as history, but a story not 
as verifiable fact. 

1274
01:13:54,200 --> 01:13:59,000
But as truth of a different kind
Truth of human aspiration 

1275
01:13:59,000 --> 01:14:00,700
meeting. 
Human limitations. 

1276
01:14:01,500 --> 01:14:04,600
The truth that heroism is 
possible even in the darkest 

1277
01:14:04,600 --> 01:14:07,700
times. 
Truth that what we build can be 

1278
01:14:07,700 --> 01:14:10,600
beautiful even when we know it 
cannot last. 

1279
01:14:11,800 --> 01:14:15,000
As you drift towards sleep, now 
you can let the many layers of 

1280
01:14:15,000 --> 01:14:17,100
Arthur's story. 
Settle in your mind, like 

1281
01:14:17,100 --> 01:14:22,300
sediment, slowly forming into 
solid Stone, a possible War 

1282
01:14:22,300 --> 01:14:24,100
leader. 
Fighting impossible odds, with 

1283
01:14:24,100 --> 01:14:28,600
limited resources and scarce 
hope the legendary King holding 

1284
01:14:28,600 --> 01:14:31,400
Court in a castle. 
That never existed in a golden 

1285
01:14:31,400 --> 01:14:35,200
age that never was Symbol of 
Human Excellence and human 

1286
01:14:35,200 --> 01:14:36,600
failure. 
Intertwined. 

1287
01:14:37,400 --> 01:14:39,600
Promise of return. 
That might never be fulfilled, 

1288
01:14:39,600 --> 01:14:43,400
all of it is real in the only 
way that ultimately matters, 

1289
01:14:43,400 --> 01:14:47,200
real in the imagination real in 
the stories, we tell ourselves 

1290
01:14:47,200 --> 01:14:50,500
and our children about who we 
could be and what we might 

1291
01:14:50,500 --> 01:14:53,500
achieve. 
If we had the courage to try The

1292
01:14:53,500 --> 01:14:57,500
Once and Future King sleeps in 
Avalon, waiting for the call to 

1293
01:14:57,500 --> 01:15:01,600
return that might never come. 
And while he sleeps, we tell his

1294
01:15:01,600 --> 01:15:05,300
story, adding our own 
interpretations and concerns to 

1295
01:15:05,300 --> 01:15:09,100
the legend ensuring that 
whatever historical truth might 

1296
01:15:09,100 --> 01:15:13,100
lie somewhere at the distant, 
core remains alive in the one 

1297
01:15:13,100 --> 01:15:15,600
place, it can truly survive 
across the centuries. 

1298
01:15:15,600 --> 01:15:20,100
In the telling itself, in the 
endless creative reimagining 

1299
01:15:20,100 --> 01:15:23,400
that each generation performs in
the Universal. 

1300
01:15:23,400 --> 01:15:25,300
Human need for stories about 
heroes. 

1301
01:15:25,300 --> 01:15:29,000
Who try despite knowing they 
might fail who build, despite 

1302
01:15:29,000 --> 01:15:32,600
knowing time will tear down what
they create, Who Loved despite 

1303
01:15:32,600 --> 01:15:34,800
knowing love brings pain as well
as Joy. 

1304
01:15:35,600 --> 01:15:39,600
Sleep well with knights and 
quests and magical swords dance 

1305
01:15:39,600 --> 01:15:43,100
dancing through your dreams with
the knowledge that some stories 

1306
01:15:43,100 --> 01:15:45,000
are too powerful to die. 
Two. 

1307
01:15:45,000 --> 01:15:47,800
Meaningful to be reduced to 
simple questions of historical 

1308
01:15:47,800 --> 01:15:51,100
fact or fiction. 
Arthur lives in that space 

1309
01:15:51,100 --> 01:15:54,700
between and perhaps, that's 
exactly where he belongs. 

1310
01:15:59,000 --> 01:16:01,700
Welcome to a soothing journey 
through one of history's. 

1311
01:16:01,700 --> 01:16:05,600
Most improbable stories. 
Now remember, you're settling in

1312
01:16:05,600 --> 01:16:07,800
to explore how a young prince, 
from the edge of the Greek 

1313
01:16:07,800 --> 01:16:11,400
World, born into a dynasty, 
plagued by instability, and 

1314
01:16:11,400 --> 01:16:14,300
surrounded by enemies. 
Somehow conquered, an Empire 

1315
01:16:14,300 --> 01:16:16,300
that stretched from the 
Mediterranean to India. 

1316
01:16:16,300 --> 01:16:19,700
So, let's discover together, why
Alexander, the Great's Victory 

1317
01:16:19,700 --> 01:16:21,400
seemed impossible before they 
happened. 

1318
01:16:22,600 --> 01:16:25,900
You're standing in the Royal 
Palace at Peller Macedonia on a 

1319
01:16:25,900 --> 01:16:31,300
summer night. 
In 356 BCE, the smells of olive 

1320
01:16:31,300 --> 01:16:34,300
oil lamps in the faint Center of
horses drifting in from the 

1321
01:16:34,300 --> 01:16:36,600
Stables below. 
Through the window. 

1322
01:16:36,600 --> 01:16:38,000
You can see the rugged 
mountains. 

1323
01:16:38,000 --> 01:16:41,200
That ring, this northern 
kingdom, their peaks dark 

1324
01:16:41,200 --> 01:16:45,500
against a Starfield Sky 
somewhere in these Chambers, a 

1325
01:16:45,500 --> 01:16:48,300
baby has just been born to King,
Philip the second, and his wife 

1326
01:16:48,300 --> 01:16:51,700
Olympians That child is 
Alexander. 

1327
01:16:51,700 --> 01:16:54,500
And if you could tell the 
assembled Nobles, what his 

1328
01:16:54,500 --> 01:16:58,800
future holds, they would laugh 
you out the room, Macedonia in 

1329
01:16:58,800 --> 01:17:03,900
356, BC isn't exactly the Crown 
Jewel of the ancient world. 

1330
01:17:04,800 --> 01:17:08,100
Think of it as the rough cousin.
Nobody invites to dinner parties

1331
01:17:08,100 --> 01:17:11,300
while the sophisticated 
city-states of Southern Greece, 

1332
01:17:11,300 --> 01:17:16,100
Athens Sparta and Thebes debate 
philosophy and Stage. 

1333
01:17:16,100 --> 01:17:17,800
Elaborate theatrical 
Productions. 

1334
01:17:17,800 --> 01:17:21,800
Macedonia remains a semi 
barbaric Kingdom of shepherds 

1335
01:17:21,800 --> 01:17:25,000
farmers and Warriors the Greeks 
down south. 

1336
01:17:25,000 --> 01:17:27,400
Don't even consider macedonians 
fully Greek. 

1337
01:17:28,100 --> 01:17:32,300
Their dialect sounds strange. 
The custom seem course and their

1338
01:17:32,300 --> 01:17:33,800
kings. 
Have a disturbing habit of 

1339
01:17:33,800 --> 01:17:36,500
murdering each other. 
You walk through the palace. 

1340
01:17:36,500 --> 01:17:40,300
Corridors your sandals, clicking
on Stone floors, that lack the 

1341
01:17:40,300 --> 01:17:43,100
polished. 
Marble of Athens, the walls are 

1342
01:17:43,100 --> 01:17:46,900
sturdy, but plain there's wealth
here, Philips recent military, 

1343
01:17:46,900 --> 01:17:50,300
reforms of begun paying off. 
But it's the wealth of a 

1344
01:17:50,300 --> 01:17:52,700
frontier Kingdom. 
Not a cultural center. 

1345
01:17:53,600 --> 01:17:56,800
In the Great Hall Shields, hang 
on walls, alongside the mounted 

1346
01:17:56,800 --> 01:18:00,100
heads of balls and deer the 
Nobles who gather here are 

1347
01:18:00,100 --> 01:18:03,800
Fighters first administrators 
second and philosophers. 

1348
01:18:03,800 --> 01:18:08,200
Never The Baby Alexander enters 
a family that makes modern 

1349
01:18:08,200 --> 01:18:11,400
dysfunctional households. 
Look, peaceful his father. 

1350
01:18:11,400 --> 01:18:14,300
Philip is a military genius and 
political operator who has 

1351
01:18:14,300 --> 01:18:17,300
somehow survived the chaos of 
Macedonian Court politics. 

1352
01:18:18,100 --> 01:18:21,400
Philip spent his youth, as a 
hostage in Thebes, which sounds 

1353
01:18:21,400 --> 01:18:24,300
terrible Until you realize, it 
probably saved his life. 

1354
01:18:24,300 --> 01:18:27,500
While he was away, his family 
members were busy, killing each 

1355
01:18:27,500 --> 01:18:29,100
other. 
In the traditional Macedonian 

1356
01:18:29,100 --> 01:18:31,700
fashion, by the time, Philip 
returned. 

1357
01:18:31,700 --> 01:18:33,100
And eventually seized the 
throne. 

1358
01:18:33,100 --> 01:18:35,100
He had learned two important 
lessons. 

1359
01:18:36,100 --> 01:18:40,700
First how to fight like the 
Greeks, second how to scheme 

1360
01:18:40,700 --> 01:18:44,700
like a Survivor Alexander's 
mother Olympia hails from epirus

1361
01:18:44,700 --> 01:18:47,600
and another kingdom on 
macedonia's Western border. 

1362
01:18:48,300 --> 01:18:52,300
She's intelligent fiercely 
ambitious and deeply religious 

1363
01:18:52,300 --> 01:18:55,300
in ways that make people 
nervous, you might catch her at 

1364
01:18:55,308 --> 01:18:57,600
midnight. 
Serum is honoring Dionysus, 

1365
01:18:57,600 --> 01:19:01,800
handling snakes with a further 
that even the most devoted cult 

1366
01:19:01,800 --> 01:19:05,300
members find unsettling. 
She believed she is descended 

1367
01:19:05,300 --> 01:19:08,700
from Achilles on one side and 
descended from God's on the 

1368
01:19:08,700 --> 01:19:10,700
other. 
When she looks at her newborn 

1369
01:19:10,700 --> 01:19:14,500
son, she doesn't see a baby. 
She sees a prophecy waiting to 

1370
01:19:14,500 --> 01:19:17,500
unfold the marriage between 
Philip and Olympia. 

1371
01:19:17,500 --> 01:19:21,700
Is strategic political and 
increasingly toxic Philip 

1372
01:19:21,700 --> 01:19:24,500
collects wives, the way. 
Some people collect coins, and 

1373
01:19:24,500 --> 01:19:27,000
Olympus, resents each new 
marriage as a threat to her 

1374
01:19:27,000 --> 01:19:30,500
son's position. 
In Macedonia, succession isn't 

1375
01:19:30,500 --> 01:19:34,100
guaranteed to the eldest son, 
any legitimate male Heir can 

1376
01:19:34,108 --> 01:19:37,300
make a claim and legitimacy is 
interpreted loosely. 

1377
01:19:38,200 --> 01:19:41,300
Philip has other Sons by other 
wives, and each one represents 

1378
01:19:41,300 --> 01:19:43,500
potential competition for 
Alexander. 

1379
01:19:44,300 --> 01:19:46,600
You're watching a child born 
into instability. 

1380
01:19:46,600 --> 01:19:49,500
The kingdom itself barely held 
together. 

1381
01:19:49,500 --> 01:19:53,800
Before Philip took charge for 
decades, Macedonia had been the 

1382
01:19:53,800 --> 01:19:57,500
punching bag of its neighbors, 
illyrians raided from the West 

1383
01:19:57,500 --> 01:20:01,600
Thracians from the East and the 
Greek city-states from the south

1384
01:20:01,600 --> 01:20:05,200
treated Macedonia, as either a 
resource to exploit or a threat 

1385
01:20:05,200 --> 01:20:08,100
to contain, Philip has changed 
that through military, 

1386
01:20:08,100 --> 01:20:10,000
Innovation and ruthless 
diplomacy. 

1387
01:20:10,000 --> 01:20:13,900
But his accomplishments are 
recent and fragile one 

1388
01:20:13,900 --> 01:20:18,600
assassination, one loss, battle 
one, Palace coup and everything 

1389
01:20:18,600 --> 01:20:22,100
could collapse back into chaos, 
the odds are stacked against 

1390
01:20:22,100 --> 01:20:23,900
this baby in ways that were 
discouraged. 

1391
01:20:23,900 --> 01:20:27,300
Anyone with sense. 
He's born into a dynasty where 

1392
01:20:27,300 --> 01:20:29,400
murder is standard. 
Operating procedure for 

1393
01:20:29,400 --> 01:20:32,300
succession disputes. 
His kingdom is surrounded by 

1394
01:20:32,300 --> 01:20:36,500
enemies who view Macedonia. 
As an upstart in Houston's The 

1395
01:20:36,500 --> 01:20:39,800
mighty Persian Empire, which 
controls everything from Egypt 

1396
01:20:39,800 --> 01:20:44,000
to Afghanistan as well. 
And armies that make Master 

1397
01:20:44,000 --> 01:20:45,500
Donya look like a village 
militia. 

1398
01:20:45,500 --> 01:20:50,200
Even if Alex somehow survives 
childhood and courting and 

1399
01:20:50,200 --> 01:20:53,400
inherits his father's Throne. 
The smart money says, he'll 

1400
01:20:53,400 --> 01:20:56,100
spent his range just trying to 
hold massive Donya together. 

1401
01:20:57,200 --> 01:20:59,000
But you're not watching a normal
baby. 

1402
01:20:59,000 --> 01:21:02,200
You're watching someone who will
rewrite the rules of what's 

1403
01:21:02,200 --> 01:21:04,700
possible. 
Not because he was destined to 

1404
01:21:04,708 --> 01:21:08,300
succeed but because he was too 
stubborn to accept that he was 

1405
01:21:08,300 --> 01:21:11,500
supposed to fail. 
You're in the Macedonian Camp 

1406
01:21:11,500 --> 01:21:14,300
Watching Teenage Alexander. 
Observe his father's Army 

1407
01:21:14,300 --> 01:21:17,900
drilling formation, the smell of
leather and bronze fills your 

1408
01:21:17,908 --> 01:21:21,100
nostrils. 
Dust rises from thousands of 

1409
01:21:21,100 --> 01:21:24,400
feet moving in unison, this is 
Philip's creation. 

1410
01:21:24,400 --> 01:21:28,200
The war machine that will make 
everything else possible and 

1411
01:21:28,200 --> 01:21:31,600
Alexander is absorbing every 
detail with the intense of 

1412
01:21:31,600 --> 01:21:35,300
someone memorizing. 
Sacred text Philip didn't invent

1413
01:21:35,300 --> 01:21:38,200
military power. 
He inherited a mess and turned 

1414
01:21:38,200 --> 01:21:41,900
it into something, formidable 
through borrowing, adapting and 

1415
01:21:41,900 --> 01:21:45,200
Relentless practice. 
You can see the result in the 

1416
01:21:45,200 --> 01:21:48,000
soldiers before you. 
The core of the Macedonian. 

1417
01:21:48,000 --> 01:21:52,100
Army is the Phalanx that dense 
formation of infantry carrying 

1418
01:21:52,100 --> 01:21:55,300
Spears, so long. 
They'd be useless in any other 

1419
01:21:55,300 --> 01:21:59,000
context. 
The sarissa the Macedonian Pike 

1420
01:21:59,000 --> 01:22:03,500
stretches, 18 feet, a man 
holding one can barely manage to

1421
01:22:03,500 --> 01:22:06,400
loan, but 1,000 of men holding 
them in formation. 

1422
01:22:06,400 --> 01:22:10,400
Create a bristling wall of 
bronze spear points that extends

1423
01:22:10,400 --> 01:22:13,500
farther than any enemy can reach
Philip borrowed. 

1424
01:22:13,500 --> 01:22:16,800
This idea, from The thebans Who 
perfected dense infantry 

1425
01:22:16,800 --> 01:22:21,800
tactics, but he took it further 
Deeper formations longer Spears,

1426
01:22:21,800 --> 01:22:26,200
better training. these aren't 
aristocratic hoplites who fight 

1427
01:22:26,200 --> 01:22:29,500
when convenient and far, when 
not, these are professional 

1428
01:22:29,500 --> 01:22:33,000
soldiers who drill constantly 
You watch them now. 

1429
01:22:33,000 --> 01:22:35,900
Moving like a single organism. 
Each man. 

1430
01:22:35,900 --> 01:22:40,000
Maintaining exactly the right 
spacing from his neighbors too 

1431
01:22:40,000 --> 01:22:43,400
close and they can't move too 
far and gaps appear. 

1432
01:22:43,400 --> 01:22:46,400
They've practiced this until 
their body's know the spacing 

1433
01:22:46,400 --> 01:22:49,400
without thinking. 
But the Phalanx alone, isn't 

1434
01:22:49,400 --> 01:22:51,100
enough and Philip understood 
that. 

1435
01:22:51,900 --> 01:22:55,300
You turn your attention to the 
Cavalry exercising on the flanks

1436
01:22:55,300 --> 01:22:58,800
the companion, Cavalry their 
called, and they're the elite. 

1437
01:22:59,700 --> 01:23:02,600
these are noble sons and trusted
Warriors, who formed Philips 

1438
01:23:02,600 --> 01:23:06,800
Hammer, while the failings is 
Anvil, the strategy is elegant 

1439
01:23:07,800 --> 01:23:10,600
Because the enemy in place with 
the Phalanx, then smashing into 

1440
01:23:10,600 --> 01:23:14,800
their flank with heavy Cavalry, 
simple in theory, murderously 

1441
01:23:14,800 --> 01:23:18,400
effective in practice, Alexander
is learning, that Warfare isn't 

1442
01:23:18,400 --> 01:23:23,200
about individual heroism, it's 
about systems, the massive, Tony

1443
01:23:23,200 --> 01:23:25,700
and army wins because every 
piece works together. 

1444
01:23:25,700 --> 01:23:28,400
The Infantry holds the Cavalry 
strike. 

1445
01:23:28,400 --> 01:23:32,100
The light troops screen and 
harass, in the sea jams, another

1446
01:23:32,100 --> 01:23:35,000
of Phillips innovation's, not 
down City walls that used to 

1447
01:23:35,008 --> 01:23:38,800
make places invincible. 
It's combined arms Warfare 

1448
01:23:38,800 --> 01:23:42,100
before anyone called it, that 
you also see what Alexander is 

1449
01:23:42,100 --> 01:23:44,200
inheriting in terms of political
structure. 

1450
01:23:45,000 --> 01:23:47,800
Philip has reorganized the 
Macedonian nobility into 

1451
01:23:47,800 --> 01:23:50,100
something more useful than 
feuding clams. 

1452
01:23:50,100 --> 01:23:53,300
The companion. 
Cavalry serves double duty as a 

1453
01:23:53,300 --> 01:23:55,300
military unit and political 
institution. 

1454
01:23:56,100 --> 01:23:59,900
By keeping the sons of Nobles, 
close training and fighting 

1455
01:23:59,900 --> 01:24:02,600
beside them. 
Philip ensures loyalty while 

1456
01:24:02,600 --> 01:24:05,400
also making sure potential 
Rivals are where he can watch 

1457
01:24:05,400 --> 01:24:08,100
them. 
Its patronage and hostage taking

1458
01:24:08,100 --> 01:24:09,700
wrapped into one. 
Elegant package. 

1459
01:24:09,700 --> 01:24:14,300
The Kingdom's Finance is show 
Philip's, practical genius, you 

1460
01:24:14,300 --> 01:24:15,800
can't run a professional Army 
on. 

1461
01:24:15,800 --> 01:24:20,100
Goodwill, Philip has expanded 
macedonia's territory season 

1462
01:24:20,100 --> 01:24:24,000
control of Gold and Silver Mines
in Thrace and around Mount 

1463
01:24:24,000 --> 01:24:26,800
pangai on those mines fund, 
everything. 

1464
01:24:26,800 --> 01:24:30,000
The coins, you might see 
Changing Hands in the camper, 

1465
01:24:30,000 --> 01:24:32,600
Philip's image. 
A constant reminder of who's 

1466
01:24:32,600 --> 01:24:36,400
paying the bills Money buys. 
Loyalty more reliably than 

1467
01:24:36,400 --> 01:24:39,900
speeches about honor. 
Alexander is also inheriting. 

1468
01:24:39,900 --> 01:24:41,700
His father's diplomatic 
Playbook. 

1469
01:24:41,700 --> 01:24:46,500
Philip doesn't just conquer. 
He absorbs. after defeating 

1470
01:24:46,500 --> 01:24:49,000
Greek city states, he doesn't 
burn them to the ground, 

1471
01:24:49,000 --> 01:24:52,600
incorporates them into his 
Alliance System, the league of 

1472
01:24:52,608 --> 01:24:55,800
Corinth Where Greek States, 
theoretically remain 

1473
01:24:55,800 --> 01:24:58,600
independent, while acknowledging
Macedonian leadership. 

1474
01:24:58,600 --> 01:25:03,000
It's a Gemini with a velvet 
glove at least most of the time 

1475
01:25:03,000 --> 01:25:07,000
cities, that resists get harsh 
lessons, but those that submit 

1476
01:25:07,000 --> 01:25:10,100
find, Philip surprisingly 
reasonable But here's what 

1477
01:25:10,100 --> 01:25:13,100
Alexander sees, clearly watching
his father work. 

1478
01:25:13,100 --> 01:25:17,000
All of this is fragile. 
Macedonian system. 

1479
01:25:17,000 --> 01:25:20,800
Depends on constant success. 
The Army needs payment, which 

1480
01:25:20,800 --> 01:25:24,000
requires controlling wealth 
producing territories, which 

1481
01:25:24,000 --> 01:25:27,800
requires military Victory, which
requires paying the Army? 

1482
01:25:27,800 --> 01:25:30,500
It's a cycle. 
That only works if it keeps 

1483
01:25:30,500 --> 01:25:34,500
working. 
One, serious defeat could break 

1484
01:25:34,500 --> 01:25:38,000
the whole machine Philip has 
also made enemies everywhere. 

1485
01:25:39,000 --> 01:25:41,700
The Greek city-states resented 
Macedonian dominance. 

1486
01:25:41,700 --> 01:25:44,400
The Persians. 
Watch with growing concern as 

1487
01:25:44,400 --> 01:25:46,000
this Western Kingdom grows 
stronger. 

1488
01:25:47,000 --> 01:25:49,900
The tribes on macedonia's 
borders for any sign of 

1489
01:25:49,908 --> 01:25:54,000
weakness, Philip Zone Nobles 
elevated and enriched by. 

1490
01:25:54,000 --> 01:25:56,800
His success. 
Might just as easily turn on 

1491
01:25:56,800 --> 01:25:58,000
him. 
If Fortune shifts. 

1492
01:25:58,900 --> 01:26:02,300
Alexander is inheriting power 
but that power sits on 

1493
01:26:02,300 --> 01:26:06,800
foundations of recently dried 
concrete, not ancient Bedrock, 

1494
01:26:06,800 --> 01:26:09,500
you notice something else. 
As you watch Young Alexander 

1495
01:26:09,500 --> 01:26:14,400
study as father's work, He's not
just memorizing tactics, he is 

1496
01:26:14,400 --> 01:26:19,000
identifying limitations, the 
Phalanx is powerful but slow and

1497
01:26:19,000 --> 01:26:21,900
inflexible. 
The Cavalry is devastating but 

1498
01:26:21,900 --> 01:26:25,700
relatively small in Number. 
The political alliances are 

1499
01:26:25,700 --> 01:26:29,400
useful but unreliable, Philip 
something impressive. 

1500
01:26:29,400 --> 01:26:32,400
But Alexander is already 
thinking about how to push 

1501
01:26:32,400 --> 01:26:36,200
beyond what his father achieved.
There's a strange irony in 

1502
01:26:36,200 --> 01:26:38,700
watching. 
This Philip is giving Alexander 

1503
01:26:38,700 --> 01:26:41,800
the tools to succeed but those 
tools come with an expiration 

1504
01:26:41,800 --> 01:26:45,700
date in the same system that 
makes Conquest possible. 

1505
01:26:45,700 --> 01:26:50,000
All so makes Conquest necessary.
Stop expanding in the money, 

1506
01:26:50,000 --> 01:26:52,900
dries up the soldiers grow 
restless, and the Allies Drift 

1507
01:26:52,900 --> 01:26:56,300
Away. 
Alexander won't just inherit an 

1508
01:26:56,300 --> 01:26:59,200
empire in Waiting. 
He'll inherit an obligation to 

1509
01:26:59,200 --> 01:27:02,700
keep moving forward or watch. 
Everything collapse backward. 

1510
01:27:02,700 --> 01:27:06,700
You're in a garden at Mesa. 
The quiet Sanctuary away from 

1511
01:27:06,700 --> 01:27:10,100
the palace at Peller. 
The air smells of herbs and wild

1512
01:27:10,100 --> 01:27:13,300
thyme sunlight filters. 
Through great finds overhead, 

1513
01:27:13,300 --> 01:27:16,000
creating patterns of light and 
Shadow on the ground. 

1514
01:27:16,000 --> 01:27:19,300
This is where Philip has sent 
out Alexander to study under 

1515
01:27:19,300 --> 01:27:22,700
Aristotle and it's about as far 
from a traditional military 

1516
01:27:22,700 --> 01:27:24,000
training ground as you can 
imagine. 

1517
01:27:24,900 --> 01:27:26,800
Aristotle isn't here by 
accident. 

1518
01:27:26,800 --> 01:27:30,500
Philip could have hired any 
number of teachers, but he chose

1519
01:27:30,500 --> 01:27:32,600
one of the greatest Minds in the
Greek world. 

1520
01:27:33,400 --> 01:27:35,900
The philosopher arrives from 
Athens, carrying Scrolls 

1521
01:27:35,900 --> 01:27:38,900
questions and a systematic 
approach to understanding 

1522
01:27:38,900 --> 01:27:42,300
everything you watch as he walks
with Alexander through the 

1523
01:27:42,308 --> 01:27:45,200
garden. 
Discussing not Battle Tactics, 

1524
01:27:45,200 --> 01:27:50,300
but biology Ethics politics and 
the nature of the universe. 

1525
01:27:51,600 --> 01:27:54,700
The relationship between teacher
and student is more complex than

1526
01:27:54,700 --> 01:27:58,300
simple instruction Aristotle 
treats Alexander as someone 

1527
01:27:58,300 --> 01:28:01,600
capable of understanding, 
sophisticated ideas and 

1528
01:28:01,600 --> 01:28:04,300
Alexander responds. 
By asking questions that reveal 

1529
01:28:04,300 --> 01:28:07,800
a mind, constantly testing 
boundaries when Aristotle 

1530
01:28:07,800 --> 01:28:09,700
explained his classification of 
animals. 

1531
01:28:09,700 --> 01:28:12,200
Alexander wants to know about 
creatures. 

1532
01:28:12,200 --> 01:28:15,600
Nobody has catalogued yet when 
they discuss politics? 

1533
01:28:15,600 --> 01:28:19,200
Alexander doesn't, just absorb 
Aristotle's theories. 

1534
01:28:19,200 --> 01:28:22,900
He challenges them with examples
from Macedonian reality. 

1535
01:28:22,900 --> 01:28:27,300
You overhear them, debating the 
nature of kingship Aristotle, 

1536
01:28:27,300 --> 01:28:30,500
following his teacher, Plato 
suggests that the ideal ruler is

1537
01:28:30,500 --> 01:28:33,900
one who governs with wisdom and 
virtue pursuing the common good.

1538
01:28:34,700 --> 01:28:37,900
Alexander listens, but counters 
with observations, from watching

1539
01:28:37,900 --> 01:28:40,300
his father, Philip governs 
affectively. 

1540
01:28:40,300 --> 01:28:43,200
Not because he's a philosopher 
king, but because he understands

1541
01:28:43,200 --> 01:28:46,300
power, how to gain it, keep it 
and use it. 

1542
01:28:47,200 --> 01:28:50,200
The theoretical ideal and 
practical reality, don't quite 

1543
01:28:50,200 --> 01:28:52,900
match. 
And Alexander is learning to 

1544
01:28:52,900 --> 01:28:55,800
navigate that Gap. 
The curriculum here goes far 

1545
01:28:55,800 --> 01:28:59,400
beyond what most princes study, 
you see, Alexander examining 

1546
01:28:59,400 --> 01:29:03,100
plants specimens, learning to 
identify medicinal herbs and 

1547
01:29:03,108 --> 01:29:06,300
poisonous ones Aristotle 
believes in understanding the 

1548
01:29:06,300 --> 01:29:09,800
natural world through direct 
observation, and Alexander takes

1549
01:29:09,800 --> 01:29:11,500
to this approach 
enthusiastically. 

1550
01:29:11,500 --> 01:29:16,000
He's not just memorizing facts. 
He's learning a method, watch 

1551
01:29:16,000 --> 01:29:17,900
carefully, categorize, what you 
see? 

1552
01:29:17,900 --> 01:29:20,100
Look for patterns and test your 
assumptions. 

1553
01:29:20,800 --> 01:29:23,400
Its scientific thinking before 
science was formalized. 

1554
01:29:23,400 --> 01:29:26,500
Its methods, geography 
Fascinate, Alexander 

1555
01:29:26,500 --> 01:29:29,800
particularly Aristotle, shares 
maps, and travelers accounts of 

1556
01:29:29,800 --> 01:29:32,800
distant lands. 
The Known World extends from the

1557
01:29:32,800 --> 01:29:36,400
pillars of Hercules in the west 
to India in the East and from 

1558
01:29:36,400 --> 01:29:41,300
Ethiopian the South to the north
The maps have enormous blank 

1559
01:29:41,300 --> 01:29:44,000
spaces where acknowledge Fades 
into rumor and Legend. 

1560
01:29:45,000 --> 01:29:48,400
Alexander studies, these blank 
spaces with special intense tea.

1561
01:29:49,300 --> 01:29:52,900
What's actually out there? 
Stories about Persian wealth 

1562
01:29:52,900 --> 01:29:56,500
accurate or exaggerated. 
How wide is the world really? 

1563
01:29:57,600 --> 01:30:00,000
Homer's epics are another focus 
of study. 

1564
01:30:00,700 --> 01:30:03,600
Alexander already knows the 
Iliad nearly by heart. 

1565
01:30:04,300 --> 01:30:08,000
His mother made sure of that 
claiming descent from Achilles. 

1566
01:30:09,200 --> 01:30:11,800
But with Aristotle, he examines 
the text differently. 

1567
01:30:11,800 --> 01:30:15,900
They discuss leadership styles. 
The relationship between glory 

1568
01:30:15,900 --> 01:30:19,000
and wisdom and the role of Fate 
versus choice. 

1569
01:30:19,800 --> 01:30:23,100
Alexander identifies with the 
killies but also recognizes 

1570
01:30:23,100 --> 01:30:27,300
Kelly's limitations The Greatest
Warrior in The Iliad dies young 

1571
01:30:27,300 --> 01:30:30,500
and his rage causes catastrophe 
for his own side. 

1572
01:30:31,400 --> 01:30:34,200
There's a lesson there about the
costs of unchecked emotion. 

1573
01:30:35,200 --> 01:30:38,600
You notice Alexander developing,
what might be called strategic 

1574
01:30:38,600 --> 01:30:41,300
empathy during the studies 
Aristotle. 

1575
01:30:41,300 --> 01:30:44,900
Teaches him about different 
cultures forms of government and

1576
01:30:44,900 --> 01:30:48,100
religious beliefs. 
The Greek World contains 

1577
01:30:48,100 --> 01:30:53,700
democracies oligarchies tyrannis
and kingdoms each operating on 

1578
01:30:53,700 --> 01:30:56,600
different principles. 
The Greek World lie. 

1579
01:30:56,600 --> 01:30:59,600
The persons with their 
centralized monarchy, the 

1580
01:30:59,600 --> 01:31:03,800
nomadic civilians, with their 
mobile society and the Egyptians

1581
01:31:03,800 --> 01:31:07,300
with their ancient priesthoods. 
Alexander is learning that 

1582
01:31:07,300 --> 01:31:10,900
people organized themselves and 
various ways each with logic 

1583
01:31:10,900 --> 01:31:13,400
behind it. 
But you also catch something 

1584
01:31:13,400 --> 01:31:17,100
troubling in these lessons 
Aristotle for all his wisdom, 

1585
01:31:17,100 --> 01:31:19,400
carries the prejudices of his 
culture. 

1586
01:31:19,400 --> 01:31:23,100
He teaches that Greeks are 
naturally suited to rule and 

1587
01:31:23,100 --> 01:31:28,100
that barbarians non-greeks are 
suited to serve This idea will 

1588
01:31:28,100 --> 01:31:30,500
Lodge in Alexander's mind but 
he'll apply it. 

1589
01:31:30,500 --> 01:31:34,400
Strangely, he'll conquer as a 
Macedonian in Greek yet. 

1590
01:31:34,400 --> 01:31:37,200
He'll also adopt Persian customs
and marry foreign wives and 

1591
01:31:37,200 --> 01:31:39,100
promote non-greeks to high 
positions. 

1592
01:31:39,100 --> 01:31:42,200
The student will take the 
teachers framework and bend it 

1593
01:31:42,200 --> 01:31:44,700
into something Aristotle, 
wouldn't quite recognize. 

1594
01:31:46,500 --> 01:31:50,000
The education at Meza lasts 
about three years during that 

1595
01:31:50,000 --> 01:31:52,200
time. 
Alexander also trains physically

1596
01:31:52,200 --> 01:31:56,800
running wrestling and hunting. 
You watch him returned from a 

1597
01:31:56,800 --> 01:32:00,700
hunt mudded and exhilarated from
pursuing a wild boar through 

1598
01:32:00,700 --> 01:32:03,900
rough country. 
The intellectual and physical 

1599
01:32:03,900 --> 01:32:07,300
training happened together 
creating someone who can think 

1600
01:32:07,300 --> 01:32:10,900
strategically and act decisively
near the end of his time with 

1601
01:32:10,900 --> 01:32:13,000
Aristotle. 
Something happens that reveals 

1602
01:32:13,000 --> 01:32:17,300
the contradiction Alexander is 
becoming Trader arrives with the

1603
01:32:17,300 --> 01:32:19,700
Magnificent horse Boucher for 
us. 

1604
01:32:19,700 --> 01:32:24,300
That no one can tame. 
The horses, huge powerful, and 

1605
01:32:24,300 --> 01:32:27,300
seemingly, vicious, Philip is 
ready to send it away. 

1606
01:32:27,300 --> 01:32:30,600
When Alexander asks for a 
chance, he's observed, something

1607
01:32:30,600 --> 01:32:33,500
others missed the horse is 
afraid of its own shadow. 

1608
01:32:34,400 --> 01:32:38,100
Alexander turns the horse, 
toward the sun, eliminating the 

1609
01:32:38,100 --> 01:32:42,100
shadow, calms it and then mounts
it in that moment. 

1610
01:32:42,100 --> 01:32:45,400
You see observation leading to 
understanding leading to action.

1611
01:32:46,500 --> 01:32:50,100
Everything Aristotle taught 
applied to solving an immediate 

1612
01:32:50,100 --> 01:32:53,700
practical problem persepolis 
becomes Alexander's, horse for 

1613
01:32:53,700 --> 01:32:56,500
the next, two decades, carrying 
him across Asia. 

1614
01:32:56,500 --> 01:33:00,300
The relationship between Rider 
and horse becomes legendary, but

1615
01:33:00,300 --> 01:33:02,900
it starts here with the teenager
who paid attention, while 

1616
01:33:02,900 --> 01:33:05,100
everyone else just saw an 
impossible problem. 

1617
01:33:06,600 --> 01:33:11,600
Alexander leaves me sir educated
but Restless Aristotle has shown

1618
01:33:11,600 --> 01:33:15,200
him how to think Philip has 
shown him how to fight, but 

1619
01:33:15,200 --> 01:33:18,600
neither has shown him limits. 
He's willing to accept your 

1620
01:33:18,600 --> 01:33:21,600
standing on a Dusty Road in Asia
Minor watching Supply wagons 

1621
01:33:21,600 --> 01:33:24,700
Creek passed. 
The smell of OCS, sweat and 

1622
01:33:24,708 --> 01:33:28,300
grain sacks fills the air. 
This is years after Alexander 

1623
01:33:28,300 --> 01:33:31,300
crossed into Asia, but to 
understand how he won. 

1624
01:33:31,300 --> 01:33:35,100
You need to understand how he 
ate armies, march on their 

1625
01:33:35,100 --> 01:33:38,200
stomachs and Alexander's 
greatest battles were to get 

1626
01:33:38,200 --> 01:33:40,600
Persian forces. 
They were against distant 

1627
01:33:40,600 --> 01:33:44,500
terrain and the Callander. 
When Alexander crosses the 

1628
01:33:44,500 --> 01:33:51,200
hellespont into Asia in 334 BCE 
with roughly 40,000 men, he's 

1629
01:33:51,200 --> 01:33:52,800
bringing along a logistics 
nightmare. 

1630
01:33:53,800 --> 01:33:56,700
Each Soldier needs about two 
pounds of grain per day. 

1631
01:33:56,700 --> 01:34:01,200
The horse's need more, do the 
math and you're looking at 50 

1632
01:34:01,200 --> 01:34:04,700
Tonner Food daily for the Army 
alone, not counting the camp 

1633
01:34:04,700 --> 01:34:08,400
followers servants and animals. 
That's a mountain of wheat 

1634
01:34:08,400 --> 01:34:11,700
moving slowly across some of the
harshest country in the world, 

1635
01:34:11,700 --> 01:34:15,400
you watch the Army's, forages 
spread out into the countryside,

1636
01:34:15,400 --> 01:34:17,900
requisitioning supplies from 
local Villages. 

1637
01:34:17,900 --> 01:34:22,500
It's not quite pillaging, 
Alexander learns early that 

1638
01:34:22,500 --> 01:34:25,900
terrorizing the locals, make 
them hide their food and flee 

1639
01:34:25,900 --> 01:34:27,400
leaving. 
Nothing to take. 

1640
01:34:27,400 --> 01:34:31,800
Instead, his system involves 
payment at least, theoretically,

1641
01:34:32,900 --> 01:34:36,400
The reality is somewhere between
purchase and polite theft, but 

1642
01:34:36,400 --> 01:34:38,100
it works better than pure 
plunder. 

1643
01:34:38,900 --> 01:34:42,100
The geography of Alexander's 
campaign tells you why so many 

1644
01:34:42,100 --> 01:34:44,300
thought? 
He'd fail, you're looking at a 

1645
01:34:44,308 --> 01:34:47,900
world where mountains formed 
natural barriers Rivers become 

1646
01:34:47,900 --> 01:34:51,000
impossible. 
In Spring floods desert for 

1647
01:34:51,000 --> 01:34:53,300
weeks of travel and winter 
shuts. 

1648
01:34:53,300 --> 01:34:56,600
Down military operations, 
entirely the Persian Empire. 

1649
01:34:56,600 --> 01:35:01,000
Span's 3,000 miles from west to 
east, marching from Macedonia to

1650
01:35:01,000 --> 01:35:03,000
India. 
And back covers distance is that

1651
01:35:03,000 --> 01:35:04,900
make modern road trips look 
trivial. 

1652
01:35:05,600 --> 01:35:08,900
Consider the terrain. 
You cross coastal plains where 

1653
01:35:08,900 --> 01:35:12,900
cities cluster then climb into 
mountain ranges, where passes 

1654
01:35:12,900 --> 01:35:16,600
might be held by hostile tribes.
You descend into river. 

1655
01:35:16,600 --> 01:35:20,000
Valleys where local rulers might
support or oppose you, you 

1656
01:35:20,000 --> 01:35:23,300
Traverse plateaus where summer 
heat can kill as effectively as 

1657
01:35:23,300 --> 01:35:27,100
any sword each type of train 
requires different tactics, 

1658
01:35:27,100 --> 01:35:30,100
different Supply, methods and 
different timing. 

1659
01:35:30,100 --> 01:35:33,400
Alexander succeeds partly 
because he's willing to move 

1660
01:35:33,400 --> 01:35:36,600
when conventional wisdom says, 
don't your crossing the 

1661
01:35:36,600 --> 01:35:39,300
hellespont in early spring when 
the weather is still 

1662
01:35:39,300 --> 01:35:42,800
unpredictable, but you want the 
whole campaigning season ahead, 

1663
01:35:42,800 --> 01:35:45,200
your marching through gaudium in
winter. 

1664
01:35:45,200 --> 01:35:48,700
When other armies would hunker 
down your crossing the good rose

1665
01:35:48,700 --> 01:35:52,100
in desert in the late summer, 
which is insane, but it's the 

1666
01:35:52,100 --> 01:35:54,500
root. 
Nobody expects, which makes it 

1667
01:35:54,500 --> 01:35:57,900
strategically useful. 
If you survive the supplies 

1668
01:35:57,900 --> 01:36:01,700
system, Alexander develops as 
adaptable in Fertile regions, 

1669
01:36:01,700 --> 01:36:04,800
you live off the land near 
coasts, you coordinate with the 

1670
01:36:04,800 --> 01:36:08,000
fleet to bring supplies by sea 
in Barren, areas, you 

1671
01:36:08,000 --> 01:36:11,400
established Supply dumps in 
advance stashing grain and 

1672
01:36:11,400 --> 01:36:14,700
fodder along your route. 
You also move fast enough that 

1673
01:36:14,700 --> 01:36:17,200
you don't exhaust any single 
region before moving to the 

1674
01:36:17,208 --> 01:36:20,000
next. 
It's like a locust swarm but 

1675
01:36:20,000 --> 01:36:23,500
organized and directional notice
another crucial element 

1676
01:36:23,500 --> 01:36:28,600
intelligent Gathering. 
Before Alexander moves into new 

1677
01:36:28,600 --> 01:36:32,700
territory Scouts, go ahead 
talking to locals mapping water 

1678
01:36:32,700 --> 01:36:35,600
sources and identifying Food 
Supplies. 

1679
01:36:36,400 --> 01:36:39,000
The Army rarely blunders into a 
region blind. 

1680
01:36:39,000 --> 01:36:42,700
Someone has usually been their 
first asking questions and 

1681
01:36:42,700 --> 01:36:45,300
sending information back. 
It's not perfect. 

1682
01:36:45,300 --> 01:36:49,400
The end desert disaster. 
Proves that But it's more 

1683
01:36:49,400 --> 01:36:52,500
thorough than most ancient 
armies attempted Rivers. 

1684
01:36:52,500 --> 01:36:56,200
Present constant challenges. 
You can't just Ford the anywhere

1685
01:36:56,200 --> 01:36:59,800
or any time, the granulocyte in 
Spring. 

1686
01:36:59,800 --> 01:37:03,400
The Danube is another matter 
entirely the Indus. 

1687
01:37:03,400 --> 01:37:06,100
And its tributaries are massive 
barriers that require boat 

1688
01:37:06,100 --> 01:37:08,700
construction bridge building and
careful timing. 

1689
01:37:08,700 --> 01:37:12,600
With flood Seasons, Alexander's 
Engineers become as important as

1690
01:37:12,600 --> 01:37:15,600
his Cavalry finding Crossing 
points and building the 

1691
01:37:15,600 --> 01:37:19,200
infrastructure that keeps the 
Army moving Cities, complicate 

1692
01:37:19,200 --> 01:37:22,800
the logistics picture. 
You can see just a city which 

1693
01:37:22,800 --> 01:37:26,000
pins down your army and consumed
resources while the Defenders 

1694
01:37:26,000 --> 01:37:29,600
weight you out. 
Or you can buy pass it, but that

1695
01:37:29,600 --> 01:37:32,300
leaves a hostile force in your 
rear that might cut your supply 

1696
01:37:32,300 --> 01:37:35,500
line. 
Alexander's solution, Varys, 

1697
01:37:35,500 --> 01:37:39,300
important cities, get perceived 
with whatever it takes, Siege 

1698
01:37:39,300 --> 01:37:41,500
Towers minds, and Relentless 
assault. 

1699
01:37:41,500 --> 01:37:44,800
Lesser cities, get offers, they 
be wise not to refuse. 

1700
01:37:44,800 --> 01:37:48,600
The calculation is always about 
whether taking the city is worth

1701
01:37:48,600 --> 01:37:50,500
the time and resources. 
It will cost. 

1702
01:37:51,500 --> 01:37:55,300
Climates Rhythm shapes. 
Everything you can paint in 

1703
01:37:55,300 --> 01:37:58,300
spring summer and fall. 
Winter means stopping and 

1704
01:37:58,300 --> 01:38:00,600
finding cities. 
Friendly enough or conquered. 

1705
01:38:00,600 --> 01:38:02,900
Thoroughly enough to house the 
Army while weather makes 

1706
01:38:02,900 --> 01:38:06,400
movement dangerous. 
This seasonal pause isn't wasted

1707
01:38:06,400 --> 01:38:09,300
time. 
It's when Alexander reorganizes 

1708
01:38:09,300 --> 01:38:13,300
integrates new troops, handles 
political business and plans. 

1709
01:38:13,300 --> 01:38:17,800
The next year's campaign, The 
Rhythm becomes predictable move 

1710
01:38:17,800 --> 01:38:22,500
fight conquer winter repeat. 
We're also watching. 

1711
01:38:22,500 --> 01:38:25,700
Alexander adapt to local 
conditions in Egypt. 

1712
01:38:25,700 --> 01:38:28,900
You use the Niles Transportation
Network in Factory. 

1713
01:38:28,900 --> 01:38:31,600
You learn Mountain Warfare in 
India. 

1714
01:38:31,600 --> 01:38:34,700
You faced war elephants and 
monsoons that turn roads into 

1715
01:38:34,700 --> 01:38:37,700
rivers of mud, each region, 
teaches new lessons. 

1716
01:38:37,700 --> 01:38:41,300
And the army that reaches in is 
more sophisticated than the one 

1717
01:38:41,300 --> 01:38:45,000
that crossed into Asia. 
The extended supply lines of 

1718
01:38:45,000 --> 01:38:49,000
eventually become Alexander's 
greatest vulnerability you're in

1719
01:38:49,000 --> 01:38:52,600
India and your Logistics Trail 
stretches back, thousands of 

1720
01:38:52,600 --> 01:38:56,300
miles messages, take months to 
travel from the front to 

1721
01:38:56,300 --> 01:38:59,600
Macedonia and back. 
Reinforcements, arrived 

1722
01:38:59,600 --> 01:39:03,000
irregularly, local satraps 
control, the territory you've 

1723
01:39:03,000 --> 01:39:05,100
conquered. 
And if they Rebel or simply 

1724
01:39:05,100 --> 01:39:09,000
stopped cooperating, your army 
becomes isolated the troops, 

1725
01:39:09,000 --> 01:39:11,700
understand this. 
Was partly why they eventually 

1726
01:39:11,700 --> 01:39:14,900
refused to go further? 
They're not just tired of 

1727
01:39:14,900 --> 01:39:17,500
fighting, they're terrified of 
being cut off from home. 

1728
01:39:17,500 --> 01:39:21,100
There's a reason most conquers 
stick close to their home base. 

1729
01:39:21,900 --> 01:39:25,600
The further you go, the thinner,
your stretched Alexander, pushes

1730
01:39:25,600 --> 01:39:29,100
beyond what sustainable and he 
only avoids catastrophe through 

1731
01:39:29,100 --> 01:39:34,500
luck speed and sheer or dacit. 
The fact that he makes it back 

1732
01:39:34,500 --> 01:39:37,500
at all, is nearly as impressive 
as the conquest themselves, 

1733
01:39:37,500 --> 01:39:40,800
you're in the Macedonian Camp 
the night before, the battle of 

1734
01:39:40,800 --> 01:39:44,400
issus, the airfields, electronic
with anticipation and fear. 

1735
01:39:45,200 --> 01:39:48,700
Soldiers, sit, around fires, 
checking equipment, talking in 

1736
01:39:48,700 --> 01:39:52,500
low voices. 
And their moving among them is 

1737
01:39:52,500 --> 01:39:56,600
Alexander, he's not in his tent.
Reviewing Maps or Consulting 

1738
01:39:56,600 --> 01:39:59,300
with commanders. 
He's here visible. 

1739
01:40:00,300 --> 01:40:01,900
Heating to regular Soldiers by 
name. 

1740
01:40:02,800 --> 01:40:05,600
This is the aspect of 
Alexander's success that's 

1741
01:40:05,600 --> 01:40:09,100
hardest to quantify but 
impossible to ignore your 

1742
01:40:09,100 --> 01:40:10,800
watching. 
Leadership is performance 

1743
01:40:10,800 --> 01:40:14,900
presence and genuine connection 
all woven together into 

1744
01:40:14,900 --> 01:40:18,300
something that makes men willing
to March, thousands of miles and

1745
01:40:18,300 --> 01:40:22,600
fighting possible battles. 
Watch how he moves through camp.

1746
01:40:23,300 --> 01:40:26,200
Stops at a fire where veterans 
from the Phalanx are sharing 

1747
01:40:26,200 --> 01:40:29,100
bread. 
He asks about their families 

1748
01:40:29,100 --> 01:40:32,100
back in. 
Macedonia remembers details from

1749
01:40:32,100 --> 01:40:36,000
previous conversations and jokes
about the Persian army waiting 

1750
01:40:36,000 --> 01:40:38,100
across the river. 
These aren't scripted 

1751
01:40:38,100 --> 01:40:40,900
interactions. 
Alexander genuinely seems to 

1752
01:40:40,900 --> 01:40:42,800
know these men and care about 
their answers. 

1753
01:40:43,700 --> 01:40:47,100
When he moves on, you can see 
the soldiers sitting straighter 

1754
01:40:47,100 --> 01:40:51,200
talking more confidently. 
His presence is tangible. 

1755
01:40:51,200 --> 01:40:54,100
Alexander fights in the front, 
not the rear. 

1756
01:40:54,900 --> 01:40:57,700
At the granicus river. 
He's one of the first into the 

1757
01:40:57,708 --> 01:41:00,400
water leading the cavalry 
charge, personally. 

1758
01:41:01,400 --> 01:41:05,100
A Persian Noble strike at him, 
shattering Alexander's helmet 

1759
01:41:05,100 --> 01:41:08,400
before the second bloke and 
land, one of Alexander's 

1760
01:41:08,400 --> 01:41:12,200
companions kills the attacker. 
Alexander could have died in the

1761
01:41:12,200 --> 01:41:15,100
campaign's first. 
Major battle, but he survives 

1762
01:41:15,100 --> 01:41:18,600
and every Soldier sees their 
King taking the same risks, they

1763
01:41:18,600 --> 01:41:21,100
do. 
This pattern repeats, constantly

1764
01:41:21,100 --> 01:41:25,100
Europe guards are watching, 
Alexander directing The Siege 

1765
01:41:25,100 --> 01:41:27,100
personally when an arrow strikes
him in the shoulder. 

1766
01:41:27,900 --> 01:41:31,000
He has it pulled out and 
continues fighting at the 

1767
01:41:31,008 --> 01:41:33,100
highest bees River. 
He's in the front ranks again 

1768
01:41:33,100 --> 01:41:37,000
this time facing war elephants, 
during the siege of the Molly 

1769
01:41:37,000 --> 01:41:39,300
city in India. 
He climbs the wall himself, when

1770
01:41:39,300 --> 01:41:42,900
his troops hesitate, he ends up 
isolated with only three 

1771
01:41:42,900 --> 01:41:44,800
companions while the mallee 
attack. 

1772
01:41:44,800 --> 01:41:48,300
He nearly dies from an arrow, 
through the chest, and the Army 

1773
01:41:48,300 --> 01:41:51,300
rages through the city, 
afterward massacring 

1774
01:41:51,300 --> 01:41:54,300
inhabitants, out of Fury and 
fear at almost losing their 

1775
01:41:54,300 --> 01:41:59,400
King, The injuries pile up over 
the years Arrow, wounds sword 

1776
01:41:59,400 --> 01:42:03,500
cuts, and a concussion from a 
sling, Stone Alexander's body 

1777
01:42:03,500 --> 01:42:07,000
become a map of his battles. 
But each wound proves to his 

1778
01:42:07,000 --> 01:42:09,900
troops that their King doesn't 
ask them to do anything, he 

1779
01:42:09,900 --> 01:42:13,000
won't do himself. 
Leadership through shared 

1780
01:42:13,000 --> 01:42:16,500
suffering, he also noticed. 
How Alexander celebrates 

1781
01:42:16,500 --> 01:42:20,500
victories after significant 
battles there are games 

1782
01:42:20,500 --> 01:42:24,900
competitions sacrifices to the 
gods and distributions of 

1783
01:42:24,900 --> 01:42:27,400
plunder. 
He honor soldiers, who performed

1784
01:42:27,400 --> 01:42:30,200
exceptionally, sometimes 
promoting them on the spot. 

1785
01:42:31,000 --> 01:42:34,200
He holds a labret funerals for 
the fall and ensuring their 

1786
01:42:34,200 --> 01:42:38,200
families receive pensions the 
men die, but their names and 

1787
01:42:38,200 --> 01:42:41,100
sacrifices are remembered 
publicly, the relationship 

1788
01:42:41,100 --> 01:42:44,600
between Alexander and his troops
is an entirely warm and fuzzy. 

1789
01:42:44,600 --> 01:42:47,200
He demands. 
Brutal discipline when 

1790
01:42:47,200 --> 01:42:49,800
necessary. 
You're watching a mass 

1791
01:42:49,800 --> 01:42:53,400
punishment after a unit breaks 
formation, and flees the 

1792
01:42:53,400 --> 01:42:55,900
responsible officers are 
executed publicly. 

1793
01:42:55,900 --> 01:42:59,500
The lesson is clear, cowardice, 
brings death. 

1794
01:43:00,700 --> 01:43:02,700
Same Army that Witnesses 
executions. 

1795
01:43:02,700 --> 01:43:05,100
Also sees Alexander sharing 
hardships. 

1796
01:43:05,100 --> 01:43:08,900
When water is scarce in the 
desert, he pours out a helmet of

1797
01:43:08,908 --> 01:43:12,700
water that Scouts bring him 
refusing to drink if his troops 

1798
01:43:12,700 --> 01:43:14,400
can't. 
Symbolic. 

1799
01:43:14,400 --> 01:43:16,600
Yes. 
Effective. 

1800
01:43:16,600 --> 01:43:21,500
Absolutely Alexander's ability 
to inspire shows up, most 

1801
01:43:21,500 --> 01:43:24,800
clearly and impossible 
situations, you're at Tire. 

1802
01:43:25,500 --> 01:43:28,300
A city on an island that has 
never been taken by Siege. 

1803
01:43:28,300 --> 01:43:31,700
The conventional wisdom is to 
give up and bypass it. 

1804
01:43:32,400 --> 01:43:35,300
But Alexander ordered a Causeway
built from the mainland to the 

1805
01:43:35,308 --> 01:43:37,700
island. 
Essentially, creating a land 

1806
01:43:37,708 --> 01:43:40,700
bridge, where none existed 
engineering required. 

1807
01:43:40,700 --> 01:43:45,300
Is, staggering the time consumed
is enormous and materials attack

1808
01:43:45,300 --> 01:43:48,100
the construction constantly, it 
should fail. 

1809
01:43:49,000 --> 01:43:52,800
Alexander's will become the 
armies will, and after 7 months 

1810
01:43:52,800 --> 01:43:56,900
tire falls, the troops 
accomplish it because Alexander 

1811
01:43:56,900 --> 01:44:00,400
convinced them, they could. 
There's also a dark side to this

1812
01:44:00,408 --> 01:44:03,800
leadership Alexander's. 
Charisma makes men do things, 

1813
01:44:03,800 --> 01:44:07,800
they'd normally refuse burning 
persepolis marching through the 

1814
01:44:07,800 --> 01:44:12,100
gedrosian desert fighting in 
Monsoon, rains in India, these 

1815
01:44:12,100 --> 01:44:15,500
decisions risk, the Army 
survival, some soldiers, follow 

1816
01:44:15,500 --> 01:44:19,900
out of loyalty, others from fear
of punishment, and many from a 

1817
01:44:19,900 --> 01:44:22,200
strange belief, that Alexander's
luck will hold. 

1818
01:44:23,000 --> 01:44:25,400
He exploits that belief 
ruthlessly. 

1819
01:44:26,300 --> 01:44:28,300
The Masa donian ability, 
presents. 

1820
01:44:28,300 --> 01:44:29,700
A different leadership 
challenge. 

1821
01:44:29,700 --> 01:44:33,900
These are men who Alexander when
he was just Philip's, son, and 

1822
01:44:33,900 --> 01:44:35,500
they remember that their nobles 
too. 

1823
01:44:35,500 --> 01:44:39,000
Not just subordinates Alexander.
Manages them through a 

1824
01:44:39,000 --> 01:44:40,600
combination of personal 
relationships. 

1825
01:44:40,600 --> 01:44:44,700
Calculated generosity, and 
occasional ruthlessness. 

1826
01:44:45,700 --> 01:44:48,800
Clitus, one of the companions 
who saved Alexander's life at 

1827
01:44:48,800 --> 01:44:52,500
the grandkids later, criticizes 
Alexander during a drunken 

1828
01:44:52,500 --> 01:44:56,400
Feast, Alexander kills him in a 
rage then spends days in 

1829
01:44:56,400 --> 01:44:59,700
anguished regret. 
The lesson for other Nobles is 

1830
01:44:59,700 --> 01:45:02,800
complex. 
Alexander values, loyalty, but 

1831
01:45:02,800 --> 01:45:04,600
won't tolerate challenges to his
authority. 

1832
01:45:04,600 --> 01:45:09,000
Even from friends, you notice 
that Alexander's leadership 

1833
01:45:09,000 --> 01:45:12,300
style changes over time, the 
young king, who crosses into 

1834
01:45:12,300 --> 01:45:14,400
Asia listens to advisors and 
follows. 

1835
01:45:14,400 --> 01:45:17,900
Macedonian Customs, the Emperor 
who reaches in India, where is 

1836
01:45:17,900 --> 01:45:22,500
Persian dress expects prosky, 
nieces prostration and makes 

1837
01:45:22,500 --> 01:45:26,800
decisions increasingly alone. 
Success breeds confidence that 

1838
01:45:26,800 --> 01:45:29,800
curdles into arrogance. 
The troops who worshiped. 

1839
01:45:29,800 --> 01:45:33,600
Him begin to whisper that he's 
becoming foreign less Macedonian

1840
01:45:33,600 --> 01:45:37,600
and more Persian the same 
presence that inspired them. 

1841
01:45:37,600 --> 01:45:40,900
Now, sometimes alienates them, 
but even at the end, when the 

1842
01:45:40,908 --> 01:45:44,100
Army refuses to continue past 
the hypothesis River in India, 

1843
01:45:44,100 --> 01:45:47,700
Alexander's handling of the 
mutiny shows, his understanding 

1844
01:45:47,700 --> 01:45:52,300
of leadership, he sulks in his 
tent for days, trying to shame 

1845
01:45:52,300 --> 01:45:55,400
them into continuing. 
When that fails, he accepts 

1846
01:45:55,400 --> 01:45:58,100
their decision, but stages, it 
as his own choice based on 

1847
01:45:58,100 --> 01:46:01,900
Omens. 
Both sides save face the troops,

1848
01:46:01,900 --> 01:46:04,700
get to go home and Alexander of 
avoids looking like he lost 

1849
01:46:04,708 --> 01:46:07,500
control. 
Its manipulation but it's 

1850
01:46:07,500 --> 01:46:09,800
effective manipulation 
leadership. 

1851
01:46:09,800 --> 01:46:12,200
You realize what watching 
Alexander isn't just about 

1852
01:46:12,200 --> 01:46:14,900
inspiring moments. 
It's about understanding what 

1853
01:46:14,900 --> 01:46:20,100
motivates people, Glory greed, 
fear, loyalty, pride and 

1854
01:46:20,100 --> 01:46:22,700
orchestrating those motivations 
towards your goals. 

1855
01:46:22,700 --> 01:46:26,500
Alexander conducts, his army 
like an instrument knowing which

1856
01:46:26,500 --> 01:46:30,000
strings to pluck and when the 
fact that he sometimes a 

1857
01:46:30,000 --> 01:46:32,700
mistakes, the music doesn't 
change the skill involved in the

1858
01:46:32,700 --> 01:46:35,300
conducting. 
You're in a Persian War, Council

1859
01:46:35,300 --> 01:46:38,800
chamber, watching commanders 
debate strategy, the year is 

1860
01:46:38,800 --> 01:46:43,100
333, BCE, and Alexander is 
invaded Asia. 

1861
01:46:43,900 --> 01:46:47,000
The smart move. 
The Persian Nobles argue is to 

1862
01:46:47,000 --> 01:46:50,600
withdraw Scorch, the Earth, and 
let Alexander supply lines. 

1863
01:46:50,600 --> 01:46:54,700
Collapse is far from home. 
His arm is relatively small and 

1864
01:46:54,700 --> 01:46:58,500
time is on Persia's side, but 
Darius, the third, the Persian 

1865
01:46:58,500 --> 01:47:02,300
king rejects this strategy. 
He chooses to face, Alexander 

1866
01:47:02,300 --> 01:47:05,000
directly Addis that choice 
changes. 

1867
01:47:05,000 --> 01:47:08,100
Everything luck runs through 
Alexander's campaigns. 

1868
01:47:08,100 --> 01:47:10,800
Like, a river through a valley 
sometimes, it's the river. 

1869
01:47:10,800 --> 01:47:14,000
That creates the valley shape, 
you're watching moments, where 

1870
01:47:14,000 --> 01:47:15,900
things could have gone 
catastrophically wrong, but 

1871
01:47:15,900 --> 01:47:19,500
didn't often through random 
chance rather than brilliant 

1872
01:47:19,500 --> 01:47:22,500
planning. 
Start at the grandest river. 

1873
01:47:22,500 --> 01:47:25,300
Alexander's first major battle 
in Asia. 

1874
01:47:25,300 --> 01:47:28,500
He attacks across a river 
against a defended position, 

1875
01:47:28,500 --> 01:47:32,900
which violates every tactical 
principal The Persians have 

1876
01:47:32,908 --> 01:47:35,900
Cavalry waiting on the opposite 
bank and Alexander charges 

1877
01:47:35,900 --> 01:47:38,800
straight out for them. 
It's a foolish move that works. 

1878
01:47:38,800 --> 01:47:41,400
Partly because the Persian 
commanders are more interested 

1879
01:47:41,400 --> 01:47:45,800
in killing Alexander personally 
and claiming the glory than in 

1880
01:47:45,800 --> 01:47:47,300
defeating his army 
systematically. 

1881
01:47:47,300 --> 01:47:51,400
They Converge on him and in the 
confusion of single combat. 

1882
01:47:51,400 --> 01:47:54,300
The Macedonian Phalanx, crosses 
the river and establishes 

1883
01:47:54,300 --> 01:47:56,600
position. 
If the Persians had fought 

1884
01:47:56,600 --> 01:48:00,200
defensively instead of hunting 
for personal Glory, Alexander 

1885
01:48:00,200 --> 01:48:02,700
might have died in Asia's first 
major engagement. 

1886
01:48:03,700 --> 01:48:06,100
Then there's darius's decision 
at Isis. 

1887
01:48:06,100 --> 01:48:08,800
The battlefield. 
Geography favors, Alexander 

1888
01:48:08,800 --> 01:48:13,000
enormously the narrow coastal. 
Plain negates, Persia's, 

1889
01:48:13,000 --> 01:48:16,500
numerical advantage. 
Darius chose to fight there in 

1890
01:48:16,500 --> 01:48:20,400
the open Plains of Mesopotamia 
where Persian Cavalry could 

1891
01:48:20,400 --> 01:48:22,400
maneuver freely. 
Why? 

1892
01:48:22,400 --> 01:48:26,200
Perhaps, because retreating 
seemed cowardly, perhaps, 

1893
01:48:26,200 --> 01:48:28,400
because his advisors pushed for 
immediate confrontation. 

1894
01:48:28,400 --> 01:48:31,700
Perhaps, because he 
underestimated Alexander 

1895
01:48:31,700 --> 01:48:35,800
regardless, the choice hand, 
Alexander of Victory, he 

1896
01:48:35,800 --> 01:48:40,400
desperately needs Darius, flees 
the Persian army breaks, and 

1897
01:48:40,400 --> 01:48:43,800
Alexander gains credibility as a
legitimate threat rather than a 

1898
01:48:43,800 --> 01:48:48,100
raiding party from Macedonia. 
You notice how often Alexander's

1899
01:48:48,100 --> 01:48:50,800
gambles pay off when they 
shouldn't a tire? 

1900
01:48:50,800 --> 01:48:54,500
The Siege drags on for 7 months,
Alexander has already spent more

1901
01:48:54,500 --> 01:48:57,200
time here than the entire city 
is worth strategically. 

1902
01:48:57,200 --> 01:49:01,300
If tires Defenders, hold out 
another month or two Alexander 

1903
01:49:01,300 --> 01:49:04,700
might be forced to withdraw 
leaving his first major failure 

1904
01:49:04,700 --> 01:49:08,800
as a scar on his reputation, but
the city Falls just before that 

1905
01:49:08,800 --> 01:49:11,100
breaking point. 
And what could have been a 

1906
01:49:11,100 --> 01:49:12,800
disaster, becomes another 
victory. 

1907
01:49:13,700 --> 01:49:17,700
Gaugamela the decisive battle 
against Darius, shows, both 

1908
01:49:17,700 --> 01:49:21,000
planning and absurd Fortune 
working together. 

1909
01:49:21,000 --> 01:49:24,900
Alexander Scouts the battlefield
beforehand and noticed his 

1910
01:49:24,900 --> 01:49:28,500
Darius as cleared and leveled, 
the ground to favor his sight to

1911
01:49:28,500 --> 01:49:31,700
chariot's. 
So Alexandra, tax on the ground,

1912
01:49:31,700 --> 01:49:35,900
Darius prepared, knowing his 
Phalanx can handle the Chariots.

1913
01:49:36,500 --> 01:49:38,700
The plan works. 
But there's a moment during the 

1914
01:49:38,700 --> 01:49:42,300
battle when the Macedonian line 
breaks and Darius could have 

1915
01:49:42,308 --> 01:49:44,300
won. 
If he'd committed his reserves. 

1916
01:49:44,300 --> 01:49:48,500
Instead Darius sees Alexander 
charging toward him personally 

1917
01:49:48,500 --> 01:49:52,500
and flees again the Persian 
kings, fear hands, Alexandra and

1918
01:49:52,500 --> 01:49:55,100
Empire timing matters as much as
luck. 

1919
01:49:56,000 --> 01:49:59,100
Alexander invades Persia when 
the Empire is wealthy, but 

1920
01:49:59,100 --> 01:50:02,900
military complacent. 
The Persian army hasn't fought a

1921
01:50:02,900 --> 01:50:06,600
serious war in Generations. 
Their commanders learn tactics 

1922
01:50:06,600 --> 01:50:10,400
from textbooks and peacetime 
exercises while Alexander's 

1923
01:50:10,400 --> 01:50:13,500
troops a veterans, who cut their
teeth fighting Mountain tribes 

1924
01:50:13,500 --> 01:50:16,100
and Greek hoplites. 
The timing isn't planned. 

1925
01:50:16,100 --> 01:50:19,100
It's just when Alexander happens
to become king and when his 

1926
01:50:19,100 --> 01:50:23,000
father's assassination forces 
him to move, But its perfect 

1927
01:50:23,000 --> 01:50:26,500
timing nonetheless disease and 
assassination, remove 

1928
01:50:26,500 --> 01:50:30,500
aleksandras rivals in ways, no 
strategy could accomplish Darius

1929
01:50:30,500 --> 01:50:31,900
dies. 
At the hands of his own 

1930
01:50:31,900 --> 01:50:35,900
subordinates eliminating, the 
legitimate Persian king, and 

1931
01:50:35,900 --> 01:50:39,700
leaving Alexander to claim his 
avenging, darius's murder rather

1932
01:50:39,700 --> 01:50:43,900
than just conquering, Its 
propaganda gold that Alexander 

1933
01:50:43,900 --> 01:50:47,200
didn't have to orchestrate. 
Meanwhile, potential rivals in 

1934
01:50:47,200 --> 01:50:49,300
Macedonia die or discredit 
themselves. 

1935
01:50:49,300 --> 01:50:53,000
Conveniently leaving Alexander 
without serious challenges to 

1936
01:50:53,000 --> 01:50:55,000
his throne back. 
Home, you're watching. 

1937
01:50:55,008 --> 01:50:58,700
Alexander crossed the Hindu Kush
mountains into bactria and the 

1938
01:50:58,700 --> 01:51:02,600
audacity nearly kills his army. 
The passes are higher than 

1939
01:51:02,600 --> 01:51:08,200
anyone expected the cold, more 
severe and the food scarcer, if 

1940
01:51:08,200 --> 01:51:11,500
the weather had been slightly 
worse, if the local guy hadn't 

1941
01:51:11,500 --> 01:51:15,100
cooperated or if the Descent had
been steeper, the Army could 

1942
01:51:15,100 --> 01:51:18,300
have perished in the mountains. 
Instead, they struggle through 

1943
01:51:18,300 --> 01:51:21,300
and emerge as the first Western 
Army to cross those Peaks 

1944
01:51:21,300 --> 01:51:24,600
terrifying, the locals, who 
thought the mountains made them 

1945
01:51:24,600 --> 01:51:26,900
unreachable. 
Have they had Dusty's River in 

1946
01:51:26,900 --> 01:51:31,000
India, Alexander faces poor 
horses, Army, which include war 

1947
01:51:31,000 --> 01:51:33,200
elephants is horses of never 
encountered. 

1948
01:51:34,000 --> 01:51:36,400
The battle plan involved 
crossing the river at night 

1949
01:51:36,400 --> 01:51:38,200
during a storm to achieve 
surprise. 

1950
01:51:38,200 --> 01:51:44,000
His ridiculously risky horses. 
Can Panic troops can drown and 

1951
01:51:44,000 --> 01:51:48,800
the surprise can fail. 
But the storm provides cover the

1952
01:51:48,800 --> 01:51:51,800
crossing succeeds and Alexander 
wins. 

1953
01:51:51,800 --> 01:51:54,600
A battle that most generals 
wouldn't have attempted late 

1954
01:51:54,600 --> 01:51:56,800
later. 
Alexander's admira will call it 

1955
01:51:56,800 --> 01:52:00,300
genius more accurately. 
It's a calculated risk that 

1956
01:52:00,300 --> 01:52:03,200
happened to work. 
The relationship between luck 

1957
01:52:03,200 --> 01:52:07,200
and skill gets complicated here.
Alexander creates opportunities 

1958
01:52:07,200 --> 01:52:09,500
for luck to favor him by moving 
fast. 

1959
01:52:09,500 --> 01:52:13,300
Taking initiative and putting 
himself in positions where Good 

1960
01:52:13,300 --> 01:52:15,900
Fortune becomes possible at 
issus. 

1961
01:52:15,900 --> 01:52:19,400
He's lucky, Darius chose that 
battlefield, but Alexander got 

1962
01:52:19,400 --> 01:52:22,000
to risk this quickly enough that
Darius had to react to him 

1963
01:52:22,000 --> 01:52:25,800
rather than vice versa. 
His speed creates the conditions

1964
01:52:25,800 --> 01:52:29,200
for luck to matter. 
You also see how Alex and his 

1965
01:52:29,200 --> 01:52:32,900
personality affects his fortune,
his willingness to take enormous

1966
01:52:32,900 --> 01:52:37,400
risks means he experiences both 
spectacular successes and near 

1967
01:52:37,400 --> 01:52:40,500
disasters. 
The difference is that he 

1968
01:52:40,500 --> 01:52:44,100
survives his disasters and 
publicizes is successes at the 

1969
01:52:44,100 --> 01:52:47,000
Molly city in India. 
Getting isolated on the wall 

1970
01:52:47,000 --> 01:52:48,600
could have ended his entire 
campaign. 

1971
01:52:48,600 --> 01:52:53,000
Instead, he survives and the 
story becomes another example of

1972
01:52:53,000 --> 01:52:57,100
his heroic courage rather than 
his Reckless stupidity, this 

1973
01:52:57,100 --> 01:53:00,400
survivorship bias here. 
That's impossible to ignore your

1974
01:53:00,400 --> 01:53:03,400
watching Alexander's campaigns 
knowing they succeeded. 

1975
01:53:03,400 --> 01:53:06,700
But you can imagine parallel 
universes where the arrow at 

1976
01:53:06,700 --> 01:53:10,200
cars are hit a vital organ. 
Where Darius stood, his ground 

1977
01:53:10,200 --> 01:53:14,300
at gaela where the Hindu Kush 
Crossing ended in Mass 

1978
01:53:14,300 --> 01:53:19,000
starvation and where the Gujarat
claim the entire Army in these 

1979
01:53:19,000 --> 01:53:22,900
universes, Alexander is a 
footnote a reckless, massive 

1980
01:53:22,900 --> 01:53:25,600
donian, King who invaded Persia 
and died quickly. 

1981
01:53:26,400 --> 01:53:30,500
But in this universe the gambles
pay off the river crossing 

1982
01:53:30,500 --> 01:53:33,500
succeed. 
The sieges of eventually fall, 

1983
01:53:33,500 --> 01:53:37,900
the enemies make mistakes at 
crucial moments Alexander's luck

1984
01:53:37,900 --> 01:53:40,300
becomes part of his Legend and 
soldiers. 

1985
01:53:40,300 --> 01:53:43,900
Start believing their King is 
divinely protected that belief 

1986
01:53:43,900 --> 01:53:47,500
becomes self-fulfilling troops 
fight harder because they think 

1987
01:53:47,500 --> 01:53:51,200
fortune favors Alexander which 
makes victories more likely, 

1988
01:53:51,200 --> 01:53:54,800
which reinforces the belief near
the end. 

1989
01:53:54,800 --> 01:53:58,800
Alexander's luck shows signs of 
running out the wound at the 

1990
01:53:58,808 --> 01:54:02,200
Molly City, nearly killed him, 
the desert Crossing loses 

1991
01:54:02,200 --> 01:54:06,500
thousands of men and animals his
troops refused to continue into 

1992
01:54:06,500 --> 01:54:11,400
India These are warning signs 
that fortune is finite, but 

1993
01:54:11,400 --> 01:54:14,100
Alexander dies before he fully 
exhausted it. 

1994
01:54:14,100 --> 01:54:15,600
You want? 
What would have happened? 

1995
01:54:15,600 --> 01:54:18,400
If he'd lived? 
Another decade, would his luck 

1996
01:54:18,400 --> 01:54:21,100
of held Would we remember him 
differently? 

1997
01:54:21,100 --> 01:54:25,100
If one of those later gambles 
had failed catastrophically But 

1998
01:54:25,100 --> 01:54:28,100
that's speculation. 
What you know, is that Alexander

1999
01:54:28,100 --> 01:54:30,000
one partly? 
Because the dice kept coming up 

2000
01:54:30,000 --> 01:54:33,800
in his favor at critical 
moments, Skill positioned him to

2001
01:54:33,800 --> 01:54:36,500
roll those dice but luck 
determined what numbers showed 

2002
01:54:36,500 --> 01:54:40,100
you're watching something 
peculiar happen as Alexander's 

2003
01:54:40,100 --> 01:54:42,900
campaigns progress. 
Each Victory makes the next one 

2004
01:54:42,900 --> 01:54:44,900
easier. 
Not because the enemies become 

2005
01:54:44,900 --> 01:54:49,000
weaker but because Alexander's 
Army becomes more formidable in 

2006
01:54:49,000 --> 01:54:51,600
ways that transcend simple 
military strength. 

2007
01:54:51,600 --> 01:54:55,400
Momentum the strange force that 
makes moving objects. 

2008
01:54:55,400 --> 01:54:58,900
Want to keep moving becomes as 
powerful as any weapon in 

2009
01:54:58,900 --> 01:55:02,500
Alexander's Arsenal. the 
psychological effect starts 

2010
01:55:02,500 --> 01:55:06,400
early after the granicus, river 
Victory, Greek cities in Asia 

2011
01:55:06,400 --> 01:55:09,300
Minor that were previously under
Persian control, start opening 

2012
01:55:09,300 --> 01:55:13,400
their Gates They don't resist 
because resistance seems futile.

2013
01:55:13,400 --> 01:55:17,100
Alexander has demonstrated, he 
can win against Persian forces 

2014
01:55:17,100 --> 01:55:20,700
and surrendering, early means 
better treatment You watch 

2015
01:55:20,700 --> 01:55:23,700
cities that could have cost 
months to besiege instead, 

2016
01:55:23,700 --> 01:55:27,200
welcome, Alexander as a 
liberator, each surrender 

2017
01:55:27,200 --> 01:55:29,300
encourages the next city to 
follow suit. 

2018
01:55:30,000 --> 01:55:33,800
The wealth accumulation feeds. 
The momentum Persia is rich in 

2019
01:55:33,800 --> 01:55:37,100
ways that make massive Donya 
look poor after Isis. 

2020
01:55:37,100 --> 01:55:40,100
Alexander captures darius's 
packaged train which includes 

2021
01:55:40,100 --> 01:55:44,200
the personal Royal Treasury. 
Suddenly Alexander can pay his 

2022
01:55:44,200 --> 01:55:46,200
troops in Gold, rather than 
promises. 

2023
01:55:46,200 --> 01:55:49,900
He can hire more soldiers. 
Build more Siege equipment and 

2024
01:55:49,900 --> 01:55:52,500
fund his political operations, 
backing Greece. 

2025
01:55:53,300 --> 01:55:56,700
Money makes everything easier 
and each Conquest brings more 

2026
01:55:56,700 --> 01:55:59,500
money. 
You notice how Alexander's 

2027
01:55:59,500 --> 01:56:03,400
reputation starts working for 
him before battles enemies. 

2028
01:56:03,400 --> 01:56:06,500
Know they're facing the king. 
Who defeated Darius, who 

2029
01:56:06,500 --> 01:56:11,100
conquered Egypt, who broke tire 
that knowledge undermines morale

2030
01:56:11,100 --> 01:56:14,900
before fighting begins a 
gaugamela, many of darius's 

2031
01:56:14,900 --> 01:56:17,400
soldiers, flee early, not 
because the macedonians are 

2032
01:56:17,400 --> 01:56:20,200
winning but because they expect 
the macedonians to win. 

2033
01:56:21,100 --> 01:56:25,300
Expectations shapes reality, the
Army itself, improves through 

2034
01:56:25,300 --> 01:56:30,400
experience, the troops who 
crossed into Asia in 334, BC a 

2035
01:56:30,400 --> 01:56:33,500
good, but the veterans who reach
India years later are 

2036
01:56:33,500 --> 01:56:36,600
extraordinary. 
They fought in every type of 

2037
01:56:36,600 --> 01:56:40,600
train against every type of 
enemy using every type of 

2038
01:56:40,600 --> 01:56:42,500
attack. 
They've learned to build 

2039
01:56:42,500 --> 01:56:46,200
Bridges, conduct sieges, 
coordinate, with Naval forces 

2040
01:56:46,200 --> 01:56:49,900
and to local conditions. 
Each campaign is a training 

2041
01:56:49,900 --> 01:56:53,700
exercise for the next one. 
Helix Xander integrates Concord 

2042
01:56:53,700 --> 01:56:57,500
people's into his forces which 
increases his numbers, but also 

2043
01:56:57,500 --> 01:57:01,600
sends a message Persian Cavalry.
Start fighting alongside 

2044
01:57:01,600 --> 01:57:05,000
macedonians local auxiliaries. 
Join the Army. 

2045
01:57:05,000 --> 01:57:08,700
This makes force shows that 
Alexander isn't just conquering,

2046
01:57:08,700 --> 01:57:11,800
he's building something larger 
than a Macedonian Kingdom. 

2047
01:57:11,800 --> 01:57:15,500
The vision expands with each 
additional from recovering, 

2048
01:57:15,500 --> 01:57:19,600
Greek cities to defeating Persia
to ruling Asia to reaching the 

2049
01:57:19,600 --> 01:57:22,800
end of the world. 
Each goal achieved suggests. 

2050
01:57:22,800 --> 01:57:26,200
The next goal is achievable too.
The administrative structure, 

2051
01:57:26,200 --> 01:57:28,800
Alexander establishes, helps 
maintain momentum. 

2052
01:57:29,700 --> 01:57:33,200
Conquered territories, get 
satraps, local Governors who 

2053
01:57:33,200 --> 01:57:36,500
manage regions and Supply 
resources to the advancing Army.

2054
01:57:36,500 --> 01:57:39,700
This creates a trail of stable 
territory behind the front 

2055
01:57:39,700 --> 01:57:43,000
lines. 
It's not perfect, some satraps 

2056
01:57:43,000 --> 01:57:47,800
Rebel, some steel some proved 
incompetent But its functional 

2057
01:57:47,800 --> 01:57:50,800
enough that Alexander can keep 
pushing forward without 

2058
01:57:50,800 --> 01:57:52,600
constantly worrying about his 
rear. 

2059
01:57:52,600 --> 01:57:56,000
You see momentum working at 
multiple levels simultaneously 

2060
01:57:56,000 --> 01:57:58,900
militarily. 
Victory is accumulate 

2061
01:57:58,900 --> 01:58:03,600
economically wealth Flows In 
politically Alexander's, 

2062
01:58:03,600 --> 01:58:07,600
legitimacy increases 
psychologically, both his troops

2063
01:58:07,600 --> 01:58:09,500
and his enemies start believing.
He's Unstoppable. 

2064
01:58:09,500 --> 01:58:13,900
These factors reinforce each 
other creating a self-sustaining

2065
01:58:13,900 --> 01:58:18,600
cycle of success. 
But momentum has limits and 

2066
01:58:18,600 --> 01:58:21,100
dangers. 
You're watching Alexander and 

2067
01:58:21,100 --> 01:58:24,700
bacteria and Sook Diana mountain
regions where there are no major

2068
01:58:24,700 --> 01:58:27,600
battles to win. 
Just endless guerrilla warfare 

2069
01:58:27,600 --> 01:58:30,900
against local tribes. 
The momentum spotters here, 

2070
01:58:30,900 --> 01:58:34,300
Alexander spends years, passing 
territories that don't 

2071
01:58:34,300 --> 01:58:37,100
particularly care about his 
Grand Vision and can't be 

2072
01:58:37,100 --> 01:58:40,900
defeated in decisive battles, 
easy Victory, stop the 

2073
01:58:40,900 --> 01:58:44,400
casualties, Mount and the troops
start, grumbling momentum, 

2074
01:58:44,400 --> 01:58:47,700
requires visible progress and 
these campaigns don't provide 

2075
01:58:47,700 --> 01:58:50,800
it. 
The Army's growing diversity, 

2076
01:58:50,800 --> 01:58:54,700
also creates tensions, 
Macedonian veterans resent, 

2077
01:58:54,700 --> 01:58:57,400
seeing Persians elevated, to 
positions of Honor. 

2078
01:58:57,400 --> 01:59:01,800
When Alexander adopts, Persian 
dress and Customs, it feels like

2079
01:59:01,800 --> 01:59:04,500
betrayal to soldiers, who 
thought they were fighting to 

2080
01:59:04,500 --> 01:59:08,700
defeat Persia, not become it. 
The momentum that United, the 

2081
01:59:08,700 --> 01:59:11,200
Army behind a conquering, King 
starts fracturing. 

2082
01:59:11,200 --> 01:59:12,700
When the mission becomes less 
clear. 

2083
01:59:14,000 --> 01:59:16,000
By the time Alexander reaches, 
India. 

2084
01:59:16,000 --> 01:59:19,700
Momentum has carried the Army 
impossibly far from home. 

2085
01:59:19,700 --> 01:59:23,800
They've marched for years 
crossed, deserts, and mountains 

2086
01:59:23,800 --> 01:59:26,700
and Fort enemies. 
Most never imagined existed. 

2087
01:59:27,700 --> 01:59:31,000
But there are so exhausted 
separated from families by 

2088
01:59:31,000 --> 01:59:34,800
thousands of miles and 
increasingly uncertain about 

2089
01:59:34,800 --> 01:59:36,900
what their fighting for from 
momentum. 

2090
01:59:36,900 --> 01:59:39,100
That pushed them forward. 
Finally meets an immovable 

2091
01:59:39,100 --> 01:59:42,000
object, their own unwillingness 
to go further. 

2092
01:59:43,600 --> 01:59:46,500
The Mutiny at the heifer, sis 
River marks the moment when 

2093
01:59:46,500 --> 01:59:50,800
momentum breaks Howard wants to 
continue into the Ganges Valley,

2094
01:59:50,800 --> 01:59:53,800
convinced that the edge of the 
world lies just beyond. 

2095
01:59:54,700 --> 01:59:58,400
Troops refused, they followed 
Alexander everywhere but they 

2096
01:59:58,400 --> 02:00:00,800
won't follow him there for the 
first time. 

2097
02:00:00,800 --> 02:00:03,900
Alexander can't overcome 
resistance through force of 

2098
02:00:03,900 --> 02:00:08,100
Personality or the promise of 
future Glory, the campaign has 

2099
02:00:08,100 --> 02:00:12,200
reached its natural limit, even 
then momentum helps Alexander on

2100
02:00:12,200 --> 02:00:15,100
the return Journey. 
His reputation makes local 

2101
02:00:15,100 --> 02:00:19,200
rulers cautious about resisting 
City, surrender or face 

2102
02:00:19,200 --> 02:00:21,800
destruction. 
The army that returns is smaller

2103
02:00:21,800 --> 02:00:25,400
than the one that invaded 
reduced by combat losses disease

2104
02:00:25,400 --> 02:00:28,400
desertion and the desert 
Crossing, but it still 

2105
02:00:28,400 --> 02:00:30,300
formidable enough to command 
respect. 

2106
02:00:30,300 --> 02:00:34,200
You realize that Alexander's 
Conquest weren't inevitable even

2107
02:00:34,200 --> 02:00:38,600
after they started fermentum 
helped but it required constant 

2108
02:00:38,600 --> 02:00:41,700
feeding each Victory needed to 
be publicized. 

2109
02:00:41,700 --> 02:00:46,400
Each defeat minimized Niche, 
pause filled with training or 

2110
02:00:46,400 --> 02:00:49,200
diplomacy or preparation for the
next Advanced. 

2111
02:00:49,200 --> 02:00:52,000
Alexander understood that 
stopping meant risking 

2112
02:00:52,000 --> 02:00:54,300
everything. 
So, he almost never stopped 

2113
02:00:54,300 --> 02:00:58,800
until His troops forced him to. 
Final irony, is that momentum? 

2114
02:00:58,800 --> 02:01:03,600
Kills him, not directly, but he 
can't adjust a piece time back 

2115
02:01:03,600 --> 02:01:05,900
in Babylon. 
After the campaigns, Alexander 

2116
02:01:05,900 --> 02:01:09,100
plans, new Expeditions Arabia 
Carthage. 

2117
02:01:09,100 --> 02:01:12,000
The Western Mediterranean, 
there's always another Target. 

2118
02:01:12,000 --> 02:01:16,000
His body is breaking down from 
wounds fever and excessive 

2119
02:01:16,000 --> 02:01:20,300
drinking, but his mind still 
operates in campaign mode. when 

2120
02:01:20,300 --> 02:01:24,500
he dies at 32, his planning 
rather than resting Momentum 

2121
02:01:24,500 --> 02:01:26,400
once started becomes hard to 
stop. 

2122
02:01:26,408 --> 02:01:29,700
You're in a library centuries 
after Alexander's death 

2123
02:01:29,700 --> 02:01:33,200
surrounded by Scrolls and 
histories written by people 

2124
02:01:33,200 --> 02:01:35,100
trying to make sense of what 
happened. 

2125
02:01:35,700 --> 02:01:37,500
They've turned Alexander into 
myth. 

2126
02:01:38,000 --> 02:01:42,400
Philosophy and Legend but you 
know, something they don't you 

2127
02:01:42,400 --> 02:01:45,500
watched it happen. 
You saw the luck, the mistakes 

2128
02:01:45,500 --> 02:01:47,700
and the chaos. 
That history smooth into 

2129
02:01:47,700 --> 02:01:51,700
narrative looking back at 
Alexander's improbable success. 

2130
02:01:51,700 --> 02:01:55,300
You see patterns that 
contemporaries couldnt Phillips 

2131
02:01:55,300 --> 02:01:57,200
reforms, created the military 
instrument. 

2132
02:01:58,000 --> 02:02:01,100
Aristotle's teaching provided 
the intellectual framework. 

2133
02:02:01,900 --> 02:02:03,600
Persian weakness offered the 
opportunity. 

2134
02:02:04,800 --> 02:02:06,500
But none of it, guaranteed 
success. 

2135
02:02:06,500 --> 02:02:10,100
Your staring at a sequence of 
events where everything had to 

2136
02:02:10,100 --> 02:02:13,100
go approximately right for 
Alexander to achieve what he did

2137
02:02:13,100 --> 02:02:17,500
and somehow improbably things 
did go approximately. 

2138
02:02:17,500 --> 02:02:20,300
Right? 
The revisionist historians will 

2139
02:02:20,300 --> 02:02:22,200
argue that Alexander was 
inevitable. 

2140
02:02:22,200 --> 02:02:26,100
That the Persian Empire was 
right for conquest and that any 

2141
02:02:26,100 --> 02:02:28,400
competent, Macedonian King could
have done it. 

2142
02:02:28,400 --> 02:02:31,600
But, you know, that's not since 
Alexander's. 

2143
02:02:31,600 --> 02:02:33,600
Brother, Philip, Harry Dias, 
couldn't have done it. 

2144
02:02:34,400 --> 02:02:36,800
Neither could any of the other 
Macedonian Nobles. 

2145
02:02:36,800 --> 02:02:39,700
It required. 
Someone with Alexander specific 

2146
02:02:39,700 --> 02:02:43,400
combination of military Talent, 
political cunning, physical, 

2147
02:02:43,400 --> 02:02:46,900
courage, and sheer stubborn 
refusal to accept limits. 

2148
02:02:47,700 --> 02:02:49,900
You also see what Alexander 
didn't accomplish. 

2149
02:02:50,700 --> 02:02:53,800
Conquered an Empire but didn't 
create a stable success estate. 

2150
02:02:54,700 --> 02:02:57,400
Within years of his death, his 
generals will carve up his 

2151
02:02:57,400 --> 02:02:59,300
territories into separate 
kingdoms. 

2152
02:03:00,000 --> 02:03:02,300
The unity. 
He forced through military power

2153
02:03:02,300 --> 02:03:06,100
collapses, the moment that power
disappears by that measure, 

2154
02:03:06,100 --> 02:03:09,800
Alexander fails, he builds 
nothing permanently on the 

2155
02:03:09,800 --> 02:03:13,100
cities named after him and The 
Roots, he opened between east 

2156
02:03:13,100 --> 02:03:16,100
and west. 
But the question was never where

2157
02:03:16,100 --> 02:03:19,000
the Alexander was supposed to 
succeed in creating a lasting 

2158
02:03:19,000 --> 02:03:21,500
Empire. 
The question was whether he was 

2159
02:03:21,500 --> 02:03:24,900
supposed to win at all and by 
that measure the answer is 

2160
02:03:24,900 --> 02:03:28,700
clearly, no, the odds against a 
young Macedonian King, 

2161
02:03:28,700 --> 02:03:31,100
Conquering, the Persian Empire 
were astronomical. 

2162
02:03:31,100 --> 02:03:34,600
The fact that he did it anyway, 
doesn't mean it was probable or 

2163
02:03:34,600 --> 02:03:39,800
inevitable, It means that 
sometimes improbably things 

2164
02:03:39,800 --> 02:03:41,500
happen that weren't supposed to 
happen. 

2165
02:03:41,500 --> 02:03:44,700
You think about the people who 
lived through aleksander's 

2166
02:03:44,700 --> 02:03:47,300
campaigns and wonder how they 
processed it. 

2167
02:03:48,100 --> 02:03:50,900
The person Nobles, who thought 
they were defending an eternal 

2168
02:03:50,900 --> 02:03:54,400
Empire and instead watched it 
shatter, the Greek city-states, 

2169
02:03:54,400 --> 02:03:57,100
that mocked Macedonia. 
And then found themselves 

2170
02:03:57,100 --> 02:04:01,600
subject to Macedonian hegemony. 
The Indian kingdoms on the far 

2171
02:04:01,600 --> 02:04:05,100
edge of Alexander's Advanced who
encountered Greeks for the first

2172
02:04:05,100 --> 02:04:08,100
time and had to make sense of 
these strange Invaders from the 

2173
02:04:08,100 --> 02:04:11,200
West. 
Their world was rearranged by 

2174
02:04:11,200 --> 02:04:13,300
someone who wasn't supposed to 
rearrange it. 

2175
02:04:13,300 --> 02:04:16,300
There's a lesson in there about 
history is unpredictability. 

2176
02:04:17,300 --> 02:04:20,000
The historians who come after 
try to explain Alexander's 

2177
02:04:20,000 --> 02:04:22,300
success as if it makes sense in 
retrospect. 

2178
02:04:22,300 --> 02:04:27,100
But living through it the 
outcomes far from certain at any

2179
02:04:27,100 --> 02:04:28,500
point things could have gone 
differently. 

2180
02:04:28,500 --> 02:04:32,200
Alexander could have died young 
from disease or battle or 

2181
02:04:32,200 --> 02:04:34,900
assassination. 
The massive dony Army could have

2182
02:04:34,908 --> 02:04:36,800
broken apart from internal 
tensions. 

2183
02:04:36,800 --> 02:04:40,000
The Persian Empire could have 
rally to crushed The Invasion. 

2184
02:04:40,000 --> 02:04:44,000
None of these happened, but they
could have and the stories 

2185
02:04:44,000 --> 02:04:46,600
written centuries. 
Later makes success seemed more 

2186
02:04:46,600 --> 02:04:50,800
floral Dane than it was you 
close your eyes, the library 

2187
02:04:50,800 --> 02:04:54,100
fading around you. 
The story of Alexander isn't 

2188
02:04:54,100 --> 02:04:56,400
really about how a young king 
conquered the world. 

2189
02:04:57,200 --> 02:04:59,400
It's about how someone who was 
not supposed to win. 

2190
02:04:59,400 --> 02:05:04,200
Kept winning anyway, through 
Talent timing, tremendous luck 

2191
02:05:04,200 --> 02:05:06,700
until his troops. 
Finally made him stop. 

2192
02:05:06,700 --> 02:05:09,500
It's a reminder that history 
isn't a story written in 

2193
02:05:09,500 --> 02:05:12,200
advance. 
It's a series of people making 

2194
02:05:12,200 --> 02:05:15,700
choices and taking risks where 
outcomes aren't determined until

2195
02:05:15,700 --> 02:05:18,500
they happen. 
Young Prince, born in Pella, in 

2196
02:05:18,508 --> 02:05:23,400
356, BCE to a dysfunctional 
family in a kingdom, nobody 

2197
02:05:23,400 --> 02:05:26,600
respected had no business. 
Conquering, one of History's 

2198
02:05:26,600 --> 02:05:31,300
Greatest Empires but he did it 
anyway and that's why thousands 

2199
02:05:31,300 --> 02:05:33,900
of years later were still trying
to understand how it happened. 

2200
02:05:34,700 --> 02:05:37,000
Sleep. 
Well, knowing that sometimes the

2201
02:05:37,000 --> 02:05:47,100
impossible becomes real imagine,
if you will the realm of Asgard 

2202
02:05:47,100 --> 02:05:50,000
on a winter morning, when the 
world feels wrapped in Cotton 

2203
02:05:50,000 --> 02:05:52,900
wool, The golden Halls of the 
Gods stand. 

2204
02:05:52,900 --> 02:05:56,700
Silent their walls reflecting 
the pale light of a son that 

2205
02:05:56,700 --> 02:05:58,300
never quite seems to warm the 
air. 

2206
02:05:59,300 --> 02:06:02,000
This is the kind of Stillness 
that makes you hold your breath 

2207
02:06:02,000 --> 02:06:05,400
without realizing it. 
The sort of piece that Whispers 

2208
02:06:05,400 --> 02:06:09,000
of its own fragility in these 
days before the great prophecy 

2209
02:06:09,000 --> 02:06:12,600
took Route in every Divine 
heart, the gods went about their

2210
02:06:12,600 --> 02:06:16,000
business with a confidence that 
now seems almost Charming in its

2211
02:06:16,000 --> 02:06:19,200
innocence. 
Odin sat upon his high seat, 

2212
02:06:19,200 --> 02:06:23,600
watching the nine, worlds, with 
eyes that saw everything except 

2213
02:06:23,600 --> 02:06:29,200
perhaps What mattered most Thor 
practiced with his hammer, in 

2214
02:06:29,200 --> 02:06:32,100
the courtyard, each swing 
sending Tremors through the 

2215
02:06:32,100 --> 02:06:35,700
ground that the other gods had 
learned to ignore like familiar 

2216
02:06:35,700 --> 02:06:38,900
background noise. 
Frey, attended, her cats and 

2217
02:06:38,900 --> 02:06:42,700
contemplated beauty in all its 
forms from the delicate Frost 

2218
02:06:42,700 --> 02:06:45,800
patterns on window glass to the 
terrible Elegance of a 

2219
02:06:45,800 --> 02:06:49,800
well-crafted sword life in 
Asgard followed rhythms as old 

2220
02:06:49,800 --> 02:06:53,500
as the world tree itself. 
Feasts rolled into councils. 

2221
02:06:53,500 --> 02:06:57,100
Councils dissolved into hunts 
and hunts gave away to more 

2222
02:06:57,100 --> 02:07:00,700
Feasts. 
The Mead flowed like rivers and 

2223
02:07:00,700 --> 02:07:03,100
laughed after echoed through 
Halls built to last. 

2224
02:07:03,100 --> 02:07:06,600
Until the end of days, though of
them, truly believed those days 

2225
02:07:06,600 --> 02:07:09,400
would ever come. 
Ending with things that happened

2226
02:07:09,400 --> 02:07:13,700
to Mortals to the brief lives of
humans who flickered and faded 

2227
02:07:13,700 --> 02:07:15,700
like candle flames in a drafty 
room. 

2228
02:07:16,700 --> 02:07:19,500
Gods were supposed to be 
different but even in those 

2229
02:07:19,500 --> 02:07:22,400
peaceful times, there were signs
if you knew how to read them. 

2230
02:07:23,100 --> 02:07:26,700
The Norms, those three ancient 
sisters, who wove, the fate of 

2231
02:07:26,700 --> 02:07:30,700
Gods and Men alike work, their 
Loom with Expressions that 

2232
02:07:30,700 --> 02:07:34,100
suggested, they knew something 
everyone else had missed. 

2233
02:07:34,800 --> 02:07:37,500
Their fingers moved through 
threads of past present and 

2234
02:07:37,500 --> 02:07:41,400
future with a speed. 
That spoke of urgently though, 

2235
02:07:41,400 --> 02:07:44,900
they never rushed Rushing 
implied. 

2236
02:07:44,900 --> 02:07:47,900
There was still time to make a 
difference and the norns knew 

2237
02:07:47,900 --> 02:07:50,700
better than anyone that some 
things were already written in 

2238
02:07:50,700 --> 02:07:54,100
the Deep structure of the 
universe itself, the Ravens 

2239
02:07:54,100 --> 02:07:57,000
hugin and munin returned each 
evening to whisper their 

2240
02:07:57,000 --> 02:08:00,200
findings into Odin's ears. 
Thought and memory they were 

2241
02:08:00,200 --> 02:08:03,300
called and between them, they 
saw everything that happened 

2242
02:08:03,300 --> 02:08:07,300
under the sky. 
But lately, their reports had 

2243
02:08:07,300 --> 02:08:09,900
taken on a quality that Odin 
didn't care to examine, too 

2244
02:08:09,900 --> 02:08:13,500
closely. 
Attention a sense of gathering 

2245
02:08:13,500 --> 02:08:15,600
momentum towards something 
inevitable. 

2246
02:08:16,500 --> 02:08:19,700
He would not and thank them. 
Then pour another cup of Mead 

2247
02:08:19,700 --> 02:08:23,200
and try to focus on problems. 
That seemed more immediate and 

2248
02:08:23,200 --> 02:08:27,000
therefore more solvable down in 
midgard, the realm of humans. 

2249
02:08:27,000 --> 02:08:29,600
Life continued with its own 
particular rhythms. 

2250
02:08:30,400 --> 02:08:34,600
Farmers planted and harvested 
Warriors fought and feasted and 

2251
02:08:34,600 --> 02:08:37,200
everyone told stories around 
fires on cold nights. 

2252
02:08:38,300 --> 02:08:41,400
Many of the stories concerned 
the gods naturally because 

2253
02:08:41,400 --> 02:08:43,800
humans have always found comfort
in believing that their 

2254
02:08:43,800 --> 02:08:45,900
struggles. 
Mirror, larger Cosmic patterns 

2255
02:08:46,800 --> 02:08:50,600
They spoke of Odin's wisdom, 
thoughts strength, freya's 

2256
02:08:50,600 --> 02:08:53,900
Beauty. 
And yes even of Loki Loki 

2257
02:08:53,900 --> 02:08:56,900
though, those stories were 
always told with a mixture of 

2258
02:08:56,900 --> 02:09:01,000
amusement and unease occupied A 
peculiar position in the Divine 

2259
02:09:01,000 --> 02:09:03,900
High Rocky. 
He was counted among the easier 

2260
02:09:03,900 --> 02:09:06,500
Gods yet. 
Everyone knew he was actually a 

2261
02:09:06,500 --> 02:09:09,400
giant by birth. 
One of the jota who was supposed

2262
02:09:09,400 --> 02:09:13,000
to be enemies of the Gods. 
It was the kind of complicated 

2263
02:09:13,000 --> 02:09:16,200
family situation that makes 
modern Thanksgiving dinners look

2264
02:09:16,200 --> 02:09:19,900
simple by comparison. 
Odin had made him a blood 

2265
02:09:19,908 --> 02:09:23,400
brother in some ancient ceremony
that no one quite remembered the

2266
02:09:23,408 --> 02:09:27,000
details of any more binding them
together with Oaths that even 

2267
02:09:27,000 --> 02:09:30,400
Gods could not break without 
consequences in those quiet 

2268
02:09:30,400 --> 02:09:32,000
days. 
Before the prophecy became 

2269
02:09:32,000 --> 02:09:35,500
impossible to ignore, I move 
through Asgard like a cat in a 

2270
02:09:35,508 --> 02:09:39,300
house where it knows it's not 
entirely welcome but tolerated 

2271
02:09:39,300 --> 02:09:43,200
for its usefulness in dealing 
with mice, He was clever. 

2272
02:09:44,000 --> 02:09:47,600
Perhaps too clever as the other 
gods sometimes muttered when 

2273
02:09:47,600 --> 02:09:50,900
they thought he couldn't hear. 
His solutions to problems. 

2274
02:09:50,900 --> 02:09:55,100
Often created new problems like 
a home repair job, that fixes 

2275
02:09:55,100 --> 02:09:58,000
the leak that somehow damages 
the foundation. 

2276
02:09:59,000 --> 02:10:01,400
Yet time. 
And again, when the gods found 

2277
02:10:01,400 --> 02:10:05,000
themselves and truly impossible 
situation, it was they who 

2278
02:10:05,000 --> 02:10:08,100
turned to because, sometimes you
need someone willing to think in

2279
02:10:08,100 --> 02:10:11,300
direction that would never occur
to the properly moral mine. 

2280
02:10:11,300 --> 02:10:15,600
He was beautiful in the way that
dangerous things often are sharp

2281
02:10:15,600 --> 02:10:17,800
featured with eyes that 
suggested. 

2282
02:10:17,800 --> 02:10:20,200
He was always three steps ahead 
in a conversation. 

2283
02:10:20,200 --> 02:10:24,300
You didn't know you were having 
His smile had edges to it and 

2284
02:10:24,300 --> 02:10:27,000
his laughter could sound like 
either Delight or mockery 

2285
02:10:27,000 --> 02:10:29,100
depending on how you happen to 
be feeling that day. 

2286
02:10:30,400 --> 02:10:33,900
The gods never entirely trusted 
him but they never entirely 

2287
02:10:33,900 --> 02:10:37,400
distrusted him either, which was
exactly the balance. 

2288
02:10:37,400 --> 02:10:41,500
He seemed to prefer. 
Trust was a cage, distrust was 

2289
02:10:41,500 --> 02:10:44,200
Exile. 
But this liminal space between 

2290
02:10:44,200 --> 02:10:47,400
the two offered freedom of A 
Sort during this period of 

2291
02:10:47,400 --> 02:10:50,300
Stillness. 
I would often wonder Beyond as 

2292
02:10:50,300 --> 02:10:54,500
God's golden walls out into the 
Wild Spaces where the world's 

2293
02:10:54,500 --> 02:10:57,300
brushed against each other like 
pages in a book not quite 

2294
02:10:57,300 --> 02:11:00,900
properly closed. 
He said he was exploring 

2295
02:11:00,900 --> 02:11:04,900
learning the secrets of creation
that the more respectable gods 

2296
02:11:04,900 --> 02:11:06,800
were too dignified to seek out 
themselves. 

2297
02:11:07,700 --> 02:11:09,700
And perhaps that was even true 
in its own way. 

2298
02:11:11,000 --> 02:11:14,600
But exploration can take many 
forms and not all of them, 

2299
02:11:14,600 --> 02:11:18,100
involve maps and careful notes, 
the other gods probably should 

2300
02:11:18,100 --> 02:11:19,900
have paid more attention to 
these wandering. 

2301
02:11:20,900 --> 02:11:24,500
But Asgard was comfortable 
Meade, was plentiful and it's 

2302
02:11:24,500 --> 02:11:26,900
always easier to assume that 
tomorrow will be much like 

2303
02:11:26,900 --> 02:11:29,700
today, especially when today is 
Pleasant enough. 

2304
02:11:30,700 --> 02:11:32,100
They assumed, she would always 
be. 

2305
02:11:32,900 --> 02:11:36,500
Sometimes helpful sometimes 
annoying but ultimately one of 

2306
02:11:36,508 --> 02:11:40,900
them Bound by the same rules and
expectations that governed all 

2307
02:11:40,900 --> 02:11:43,000
their lives. 
They were right about the first 

2308
02:11:43,000 --> 02:11:47,400
part would always be Where they 
went wrong was in assuming that 

2309
02:11:47,400 --> 02:11:50,600
meant anything like 
predictability or safety beyond 

2310
02:11:50,600 --> 02:11:53,600
the walls of Asgard Beyond. 
Even the relatively tamed 

2311
02:11:53,600 --> 02:11:57,900
Wilderness of midgard layout and
high, the realm of the Giants. 

2312
02:11:58,900 --> 02:12:02,800
This was not a place where God's
typically vacationed, the Giants

2313
02:12:02,800 --> 02:12:05,900
were old older than the gods 
themselves by some accounts. 

2314
02:12:05,900 --> 02:12:10,500
And they remembered every 
slight, every battle, every drop

2315
02:12:10,500 --> 02:12:13,800
of blood spilled in the Eternal 
conflict between Order and 

2316
02:12:13,800 --> 02:12:17,200
Chaos. 
Your ternheim was a landscape of

2317
02:12:17,200 --> 02:12:20,900
contradictions icefields that 
burned with colds. 

2318
02:12:20,900 --> 02:12:24,000
So intense it felt like fire 
mountains. 

2319
02:12:24,000 --> 02:12:26,900
That seem to shift when you were
looking directly at them. 

2320
02:12:26,900 --> 02:12:30,500
And Forests where the trees and 
witnessed the birth of the 

2321
02:12:30,500 --> 02:12:32,000
world's and remained 
unimpressed. 

2322
02:12:32,000 --> 02:12:35,400
It was to this unwelcoming realm
that he found himself drawn 

2323
02:12:35,400 --> 02:12:38,100
pulled by something. 
He couldn't quite name and 

2324
02:12:38,100 --> 02:12:41,400
wouldn't have admitted if he 
could maybe it was boredom with 

2325
02:12:41,400 --> 02:12:44,500
asgard's golden Perfection, 
where everything was always 

2326
02:12:44,500 --> 02:12:46,200
beautiful. 
And therefore in its way 

2327
02:12:46,200 --> 02:12:49,900
monotonous Maybe it was a 
longing for the wild magic, that

2328
02:12:49,900 --> 02:12:53,300
the giant still practiced. 
The old chaos that had existed 

2329
02:12:53,300 --> 02:12:56,700
before the gods, imposed their 
orderly structures on creation 

2330
02:12:56,700 --> 02:12:59,800
or maybe. 
And this is what he would never 

2331
02:12:59,800 --> 02:13:02,000
have confessed to Odin or any of
the others. 

2332
02:13:02,000 --> 02:13:05,400
It was a desire to be somewhere.
He didn't have to constantly 

2333
02:13:05,400 --> 02:13:08,200
perform the role of the 
trickster where he could simply 

2334
02:13:08,200 --> 02:13:11,700
be in jotunheim. 
He met anger Buddha the 

2335
02:13:11,700 --> 02:13:14,200
giantess. 
Her name meant, she who brings 

2336
02:13:14,200 --> 02:13:17,700
grief which should have been his
first warning, but intrigued him

2337
02:13:17,700 --> 02:13:20,000
the way danger, always intrigued
him. 

2338
02:13:20,800 --> 02:13:24,100
She was not beautiful by the 
standards of Asgard where Beauty

2339
02:13:24,100 --> 02:13:27,200
meant gold and hair and perfect 
features that never showed the 

2340
02:13:27,200 --> 02:13:31,600
weight of years or experience. 
Anger does Beauty was of a 

2341
02:13:31,600 --> 02:13:35,500
different sort entirely. 
The beauty of a winter storm of 

2342
02:13:35,500 --> 02:13:38,900
ancient stone of things that 
endure, not through Perfection. 

2343
02:13:38,900 --> 02:13:43,200
But through sheer uncompromising
existence, she lived alone in a 

2344
02:13:43,200 --> 02:13:46,900
part of your aim where even 
other Giants rarely ventured in 

2345
02:13:46,900 --> 02:13:50,100
a haul from the bones of some 
creature that had died when the 

2346
02:13:50,100 --> 02:13:53,300
world was young. 
It should have been Grim but 

2347
02:13:53,300 --> 02:13:56,000
somehow it wasnt. 
She had made it comfortable in 

2348
02:13:56,000 --> 02:13:59,800
her own way with Furs that 
actually provided warmth and a 

2349
02:13:59,800 --> 02:14:02,700
fire that burned with colors. 
I had never seen in asgard's 

2350
02:14:02,700 --> 02:14:04,100
carefully. 
Tended halves. 

2351
02:14:05,200 --> 02:14:08,700
The first time he visited, he 
told himself, he was gathering 

2352
02:14:08,700 --> 02:14:12,100
information, learning giant 
secrets that might prove useful 

2353
02:14:12,100 --> 02:14:14,600
to the god. 
Someday the second visit was 

2354
02:14:14,600 --> 02:14:18,500
harder to justify by the third. 
He had stopped trying anchor. 

2355
02:14:18,500 --> 02:14:20,600
Boda saw through him. 
Immediately of course. 

2356
02:14:21,300 --> 02:14:24,300
She saw the performance, he put 
on for everyone else and 

2357
02:14:24,300 --> 02:14:27,600
underneath it, she saw something
that she had even half forgotten

2358
02:14:27,600 --> 02:14:30,900
was there. 
A person who was tired of always

2359
02:14:30,900 --> 02:14:34,800
being clever, always having the 
perfect response and always 

2360
02:14:34,800 --> 02:14:36,700
playing the role that everyone 
expected. 

2361
02:14:37,600 --> 02:14:40,800
With her, he could occasionally 
be quiet with her. 

2362
02:14:40,800 --> 02:14:45,000
He could have met on certainly. 
With her he discovered that not 

2363
02:14:45,000 --> 02:14:48,400
every moment needed to be filled
with words or tricks or 

2364
02:14:48,400 --> 02:14:51,700
carefully, calculated moves in 
some Invisible game. 

2365
02:14:51,700 --> 02:14:55,700
This relationship was by any 
reasonable standard, a 

2366
02:14:55,700 --> 02:15:00,300
catastrophically bad idea? 
Was bound by oath to the gods, 

2367
02:15:00,300 --> 02:15:05,400
Bound by his peculiar position 
as both Insider and Outsider in 

2368
02:15:05,400 --> 02:15:09,900
asgard's higher Archie. 
Hanger Boda was a giant one of 

2369
02:15:09,908 --> 02:15:13,900
the ancient enemies and her very
name suggested that she carried 

2370
02:15:13,900 --> 02:15:16,900
Doom in her wake, like a cloak. 
Nothing good. 

2371
02:15:16,900 --> 02:15:20,300
Could come from this Union. 
Anyone with sense could have 

2372
02:15:20,300 --> 02:15:23,800
told them that but census never 
been the primary motivator of 

2373
02:15:23,800 --> 02:15:26,900
those who fall into, whatever 
you want to call the thing that 

2374
02:15:26,908 --> 02:15:30,900
grew between them. 
Love is too simple, a word and 

2375
02:15:30,900 --> 02:15:32,700
too complicated at the same 
time. 

2376
02:15:33,700 --> 02:15:37,300
Call it recognition, perhaps the
way, two people who have always 

2377
02:15:37,300 --> 02:15:39,300
been slightly out of step with 
everyone around. 

2378
02:15:39,300 --> 02:15:42,900
Them might recognize that 
quality in each other and feel 

2379
02:15:42,900 --> 02:15:46,600
something like relief time in 
jolt and high move differently 

2380
02:15:46,600 --> 02:15:49,900
than in Asgard. 
Days could stretch or compress 

2381
02:15:49,900 --> 02:15:52,600
and Seasons followed rules. 
That would have given 

2382
02:15:52,600 --> 02:15:54,800
meteorologists nervous 
breakdowns. 

2383
02:15:55,500 --> 02:15:58,900
During one of these temporally 
ambiguous periods anger. 

2384
02:15:58,900 --> 02:16:02,200
Boda discovered, she was 
pregnant, not with one child, 

2385
02:16:02,200 --> 02:16:05,400
but with three because 
apparently even reproduction 

2386
02:16:05,400 --> 02:16:08,300
couldn't be straightforward. 
When I was involved, this should

2387
02:16:08,300 --> 02:16:11,300
have been the moment when he 
returned to Asgard resumed. 

2388
02:16:11,300 --> 02:16:15,100
His proper role and pretended 
this entire episode had never 

2389
02:16:15,100 --> 02:16:17,800
happened. 
The gods were skilled at 

2390
02:16:17,800 --> 02:16:21,600
ignoring uncomfortable truths 
and one more gods in discretion 

2391
02:16:21,600 --> 02:16:24,200
could have been added to a list 
that was already impressively 

2392
02:16:24,200 --> 02:16:26,500
long. 
But something kept him in your 

2393
02:16:26,500 --> 02:16:28,700
ternheim, through anger Boulders
pregnant. 

2394
02:16:28,700 --> 02:16:32,600
See watching her belly swell 
with new life feeling. 

2395
02:16:32,600 --> 02:16:35,200
Something he couldn't quite name
and didn't entirely trust. 

2396
02:16:35,200 --> 02:16:37,500
Perhaps it was fear of what was 
coming. 

2397
02:16:38,400 --> 02:16:41,700
Perhaps it was fascination with 
the sheer or acidity of creating

2398
02:16:41,700 --> 02:16:44,900
life when your own existence 
felt so uncertain. 

2399
02:16:46,100 --> 02:16:49,200
Or perhaps and this is the most 
generous interpretation. 

2400
02:16:49,200 --> 02:16:53,000
It was a genuine desire to be 
present for the birth of his 

2401
02:16:53,000 --> 02:16:56,299
children, to be something other 
than the trickster. 

2402
02:16:56,299 --> 02:16:59,799
For once to be simply a father 
to beings, who might not yet 

2403
02:16:59,799 --> 02:17:01,700
know enough to be disappointed 
in him. 

2404
02:17:01,700 --> 02:17:04,100
The births. 
When they came were, like, 

2405
02:17:04,108 --> 02:17:05,900
nothing in the usual order of 
things. 

2406
02:17:05,900 --> 02:17:09,400
The first child came into the 
world as winter deepened, over 

2407
02:17:09,400 --> 02:17:12,200
your two and High. 
When the cold pressed down, like

2408
02:17:12,200 --> 02:17:15,400
a physical weight and the Stars 
seemed close enough to touch 

2409
02:17:16,500 --> 02:17:20,299
Anger Boda labored in her Hall 
of bone and fur and discovered 

2410
02:17:20,299 --> 02:17:23,000
that all his cleverness was 
useless in the face of this most

2411
02:17:23,000 --> 02:17:27,100
ancient ordinary of processes. 
He could do nothing, but wait 

2412
02:17:27,100 --> 02:17:30,600
and waiting had never been 
something he excelled at. 

2413
02:17:30,600 --> 02:17:34,200
When the baby finally emerged 
wrapped in caul and blood and 

2414
02:17:34,200 --> 02:17:38,500
possibility, he looked down at 
his first born son, and felt his

2415
02:17:38,508 --> 02:17:42,000
heart constrict in a way that 
should have been impossible for 

2416
02:17:42,000 --> 02:17:44,700
someone who prided himself on 
emotional detachment. 

2417
02:17:46,200 --> 02:17:51,600
Child was perfect. small and 
helpless in the whale, newborns 

2418
02:17:51,600 --> 02:17:56,500
are The tiny fists that clenched
and unclenched, as if already 

2419
02:17:56,500 --> 02:17:59,400
learning to hold on to things in
a world that would try to take 

2420
02:17:59,400 --> 02:18:02,100
everything away. 
They named him fenrir. 

2421
02:18:02,100 --> 02:18:05,200
And in the beginning, he was 
simply a baby. 

2422
02:18:05,208 --> 02:18:09,799
He cried when he was hungry, 
slept when he was tired and 

2423
02:18:09,799 --> 02:18:13,500
regarded, the world with a 
solemn curiosity of all new, 

2424
02:18:13,500 --> 02:18:16,000
arrivals trying to understand 
the strange Place. 

2425
02:18:16,000 --> 02:18:18,799
They've landed in. 
But even from the start there 

2426
02:18:18,799 --> 02:18:20,600
were signs for those who knew 
how to read them. 

2427
02:18:20,600 --> 02:18:24,200
His eyes were too knowing for an
infant's, his grip on your 

2428
02:18:24,200 --> 02:18:25,799
finger stronger than it should 
have been. 

2429
02:18:25,799 --> 02:18:29,200
And when he looked at you, it 
felt like being assessed by 

2430
02:18:29,200 --> 02:18:31,299
something that was already 
deciding, whether you were 

2431
02:18:31,299 --> 02:18:35,700
friend or food, he grew faster 
than any normal child, his baby 

2432
02:18:35,700 --> 02:18:39,900
fat melting away within weeks to
reveal, lean muscle, and a coat 

2433
02:18:39,900 --> 02:18:42,600
of fur that shouldn't have 
emerged for months if he'd been 

2434
02:18:42,600 --> 02:18:45,400
a normal wolf, which he very 
clearly wasn't. 

2435
02:18:46,200 --> 02:18:48,700
By the time fenera was, what 
should have been three months 

2436
02:18:48,700 --> 02:18:51,200
old? 
He was the size of a large dog. 

2437
02:18:51,200 --> 02:18:56,200
And by six months, he was larger
than any wolf that had ever run 

2438
02:18:56,200 --> 02:18:58,100
through the forests of any 
world. 

2439
02:18:59,000 --> 02:19:03,500
His teeth when he yawned were 
already the size of daggers and 

2440
02:19:03,500 --> 02:19:06,799
his howls echoed across yacht 
and Haim and ways that made even

2441
02:19:06,799 --> 02:19:10,799
Giants, pause in their work and 
looked toward the Horizon with 

2442
02:19:10,799 --> 02:19:13,500
expressions of unease. 
But here's what you need to 

2443
02:19:13,500 --> 02:19:17,100
understand. 
Despite all this fenrir was 

2444
02:19:17,100 --> 02:19:21,200
still just a child. 
He wanted to play to be petted 

2445
02:19:21,200 --> 02:19:24,200
and to curl up next to his 
mother and listen to her voice. 

2446
02:19:24,200 --> 02:19:27,700
She told him stories about the 
world before his birth. 

2447
02:19:28,500 --> 02:19:31,400
He was gentle with the smaller 
creatures, that lived around the

2448
02:19:31,400 --> 02:19:35,700
boat as Hall and once I watched 
him, spend an entire afternoon 

2449
02:19:35,700 --> 02:19:39,299
carefully, not squashing a mouse
that had wandered into his paws.

2450
02:19:40,200 --> 02:19:43,900
The wolf child's tail would wag 
when either parent came near and

2451
02:19:43,900 --> 02:19:47,100
his greatest joy seemed to be 
the simple moments of Family 

2452
02:19:47,100 --> 02:19:49,600
togetherness. 
The second birth came, only 

2453
02:19:49,600 --> 02:19:53,100
months later the time in your 
high made such measurements 

2454
02:19:53,100 --> 02:19:56,500
almost meaningless. 
This child emerged, even more 

2455
02:19:56,500 --> 02:19:59,800
impossible than the first and 
when anger border laid him 

2456
02:19:59,800 --> 02:20:01,200
against her chest for the first 
time. 

2457
02:20:01,200 --> 02:20:04,700
She looked up at him with eyes 
that held equal parts, love and 

2458
02:20:04,700 --> 02:20:07,200
Tara Yeoman Gander they named 
him. 

2459
02:20:07,200 --> 02:20:11,300
The world's serpent, though. 
He started out small enough to 

2460
02:20:11,308 --> 02:20:14,700
fit in cupped Palms. 
He was beautiful in the way that

2461
02:20:14,700 --> 02:20:17,700
reptiles can be. 
Beautiful perfectly designed for

2462
02:20:17,700 --> 02:20:21,800
his purpose with scales that 
caught the light like Opals and 

2463
02:20:21,800 --> 02:20:24,500
eyes that were older than 
anything had a right to be. 

2464
02:20:25,500 --> 02:20:29,400
Unlike fenrir who was warm and 
mammalian in his affections 

2465
02:20:29,400 --> 02:20:34,700
Yurman gandwa was cool to the 
touch contemplative with a 

2466
02:20:34,700 --> 02:20:38,300
Stillness, that suggested depths
beneath, depths he grew even 

2467
02:20:38,300 --> 02:20:41,700
faster than his brother. 
His body lengthening in coils 

2468
02:20:41,700 --> 02:20:45,000
that soon filled the hall and 
then spilled outside wrapping 

2469
02:20:45,000 --> 02:20:47,500
around the foundation like a 
living boundary marker. 

2470
02:20:48,800 --> 02:20:51,000
Within a year or what passed for
a year. 

2471
02:20:51,800 --> 02:20:55,800
He was longer than any snake or 
dragon in mythology his body 

2472
02:20:55,800 --> 02:20:59,000
stretching so far that you could
see the beginning but never 

2473
02:20:59,000 --> 02:21:03,100
quite follow him to his end. 
He moved like water when he 

2474
02:21:03,100 --> 02:21:07,400
wanted to the grace that made, 
you forget how utterly alien he 

2475
02:21:07,400 --> 02:21:11,700
was and when he was still, he 
might mistake him for a peculiar

2476
02:21:11,700 --> 02:21:14,300
rock formation, until one of 
those opal. 

2477
02:21:14,300 --> 02:21:19,800
Eyes opened to regard with cool 
interest in play, like fenrir 

2478
02:21:19,800 --> 02:21:22,100
did, but he had his own way of 
showing affection. 

2479
02:21:23,000 --> 02:21:26,200
He would rest his massive head 
on anger's lap as she sat by the

2480
02:21:26,200 --> 02:21:30,000
fire, his breaths slow, and even
radiating. 

2481
02:21:30,000 --> 02:21:33,200
A sense of peace that seemed to 
spread through the entire Hall. 

2482
02:21:33,900 --> 02:21:37,100
He liked it when she would Trace
patterns on his scales and tell 

2483
02:21:37,100 --> 02:21:40,400
him stories, not the grand sagas
of gods and heroes. 

2484
02:21:40,400 --> 02:21:44,400
But smaller quieter tales about 
observation and patience. 

2485
02:21:44,400 --> 02:21:49,000
And the Long View that serpents 
naturally, understood the third 

2486
02:21:49,000 --> 02:21:53,100
child came last and her birth 
was the strangest of all the 

2487
02:21:53,100 --> 02:21:56,000
labor was long and difficult. 
And there were moments when I 

2488
02:21:56,008 --> 02:21:59,600
wondered if anger Boda would 
survive it, But finally, the 

2489
02:21:59,600 --> 02:22:03,400
baby emerged, and when they 
cleaned her and raped her and 

2490
02:22:03,400 --> 02:22:06,100
Furs, they saw that she was 
split perfectly down the middle,

2491
02:22:06,100 --> 02:22:09,500
one side living and lovely. 
The other side, showing the 

2492
02:22:09,500 --> 02:22:13,100
marks of death and Decay that 
usually only came after a life 

2493
02:22:13,108 --> 02:22:15,200
had ended. 
They named her hell. 

2494
02:22:15,200 --> 02:22:18,300
And she was perhaps the most 
remarkable of all the children 

2495
02:22:18,300 --> 02:22:19,700
though. 
The least obviously. 

2496
02:22:19,700 --> 02:22:23,800
Monstrous Her living side was as
beautiful as her mother was 

2497
02:22:23,800 --> 02:22:27,000
beautiful. 
Strong featured and fears that 

2498
02:22:27,000 --> 02:22:29,900
eyes that saw straight through 
pretense to the truth 

2499
02:22:29,900 --> 02:22:32,900
underneath. 
Her death touch side was not 

2500
02:22:32,900 --> 02:22:37,300
grotesque in the way you might 
imagine but rather peaceful like

2501
02:22:37,300 --> 02:22:41,500
a person sleeping deeply with 
skin, the color of old parchment

2502
02:22:41,500 --> 02:22:45,200
and an eye that saw into rails. 
No living person. 

2503
02:22:45,200 --> 02:22:48,900
Should perceive unlike her 
brother's hell, grew at a normal

2504
02:22:48,900 --> 02:22:51,300
Pace, though. 
What was normal about anything 

2505
02:22:51,300 --> 02:22:53,000
concerning this family was 
debatable. 

2506
02:22:53,900 --> 02:22:57,800
But she aged like a human child 
would, which meant she stayed 

2507
02:22:57,800 --> 02:23:01,800
small and vulnerable far longer 
than fenrir for your mungan 

2508
02:23:01,800 --> 02:23:04,000
Dior? 
This seemed to bring out 

2509
02:23:04,000 --> 02:23:06,200
protective instincts in her 
brothers that you wouldn't 

2510
02:23:06,200 --> 02:23:09,400
expect from being who were 
already becoming Legends even in

2511
02:23:09,400 --> 02:23:14,000
their infancy. fenrir would curl
his enormous body around her 

2512
02:23:14,000 --> 02:23:17,400
when she slept, Providing warmth
and security. 

2513
02:23:18,400 --> 02:23:21,600
Yeoman gandur would create 
living walls with his coils. 

2514
02:23:21,600 --> 02:23:24,800
Keeping anything potentially 
dangerous away from his sister 

2515
02:23:24,800 --> 02:23:27,900
for a short time and it was 
heartbreakingly short. 

2516
02:23:27,900 --> 02:23:31,600
They were simply a family, 
unconventional, certainly 

2517
02:23:31,600 --> 02:23:34,100
Impossible by any reasonable 
standard. 

2518
02:23:35,300 --> 02:23:39,100
But a family nonetheless finding
joy, in each other's company in 

2519
02:23:39,100 --> 02:23:41,800
a hall at the edge of 
civilization, where the rules 

2520
02:23:41,800 --> 02:23:43,600
that governed everyone else's 
lives. 

2521
02:23:43,600 --> 02:23:47,000
Didn't quite seem to apply 
Engelbert would sit by the fire 

2522
02:23:47,000 --> 02:23:50,000
in the evening's Helen. 
Her lap while fenrir sprawled 

2523
02:23:50,000 --> 02:23:53,200
nearby and human Gander, coiled 
around them all like a living 

2524
02:23:53,208 --> 02:23:56,400
Fortress. 
Would tell stories he was always

2525
02:23:56,400 --> 02:23:59,100
good with stories. 
And for those moments, he could 

2526
02:23:59,100 --> 02:24:01,600
almost forget that this could 
not last that. 

2527
02:24:01,600 --> 02:24:04,500
The world beyond their Hall was 
watching and worrying and 

2528
02:24:04,500 --> 02:24:07,800
preparing to take action. 
But she had always been too 

2529
02:24:07,800 --> 02:24:11,000
clever, not to know the truth 
and anger Boda was too wise to 

2530
02:24:11,000 --> 02:24:15,700
protect otherwise These children
however beloved however innocent

2531
02:24:15,700 --> 02:24:18,400
in the cells were prophecy made 
flesh. 

2532
02:24:19,300 --> 02:24:22,200
They're very existence, was a 
threat to the order of things 

2533
02:24:22,200 --> 02:24:26,600
and Order, especially divine 
order has never been kind to 

2534
02:24:26,600 --> 02:24:28,700
threats. 
The gods learned about the 

2535
02:24:28,700 --> 02:24:30,800
children, the way God's always 
learn about things. 

2536
02:24:30,800 --> 02:24:34,700
They prefer not to know through 
Ravens and rumors through 

2537
02:24:34,700 --> 02:24:38,200
prophecies that emerged in 
dreams, through the norns. 

2538
02:24:38,200 --> 02:24:41,000
Weaving with Expressions, That 
Grew Grimmer with each passing 

2539
02:24:41,000 --> 02:24:44,500
day. 
At first, the news was met with 

2540
02:24:44,500 --> 02:24:47,300
disbelief. 
Had gotten himself into walk 

2541
02:24:47,300 --> 02:24:51,100
with situations before but this 
seemed excessive even for him. 

2542
02:24:52,000 --> 02:24:55,900
Three children, each more 
impossible than the last born of

2543
02:24:55,900 --> 02:24:58,400
the Union that should never have
happened in the first place, 

2544
02:24:58,400 --> 02:25:03,500
then the disbelief turned to 
concern and concern ripened into

2545
02:25:03,500 --> 02:25:06,200
fear. 
Because Prophet is began to 

2546
02:25:06,200 --> 02:25:10,200
surface old predictions that 
suddenly made new and terrible 

2547
02:25:10,200 --> 02:25:13,000
scents. 
The wolf who would Devour the 

2548
02:25:13,000 --> 02:25:15,800
son? 
The serpent, who would poison 

2549
02:25:15,800 --> 02:25:18,500
the sky? 
The maiden, who would receive 

2550
02:25:18,500 --> 02:25:20,500
the dead when the final battle 
came. 

2551
02:25:21,400 --> 02:25:25,500
These were just children, they 
were ending form and breathe. 

2552
02:25:26,100 --> 02:25:31,100
Walking proof that Ragnarok 
Ragnarok was not some distant 

2553
02:25:31,100 --> 02:25:34,700
theoretical event, but an 
approaching reality with baby 

2554
02:25:34,700 --> 02:25:38,000
teeth and scales. 
Odin called a council, which was

2555
02:25:38,000 --> 02:25:41,500
never a good sign when God's 
gather formerly to discuss 

2556
02:25:41,500 --> 02:25:44,000
problems. 
It usually means someone's life 

2557
02:25:44,000 --> 02:25:46,000
is about to get significantly 
worse. 

2558
02:25:46,700 --> 02:25:49,800
Thor, argued for immediate 
action, because Thor solution to

2559
02:25:49,808 --> 02:25:52,400
most problems involved, hit them
with his hammer until they 

2560
02:25:52,400 --> 02:25:55,700
stopped being problems. 
Freya, counseled compassion 

2561
02:25:55,700 --> 02:25:58,500
suggesting that children, 
shouldn't be punished for 

2562
02:25:58,500 --> 02:26:00,500
prophecies about things they 
hadn't done yet. 

2563
02:26:01,300 --> 02:26:04,000
Tyr. 
The God of Justice pointed out 

2564
02:26:04,000 --> 02:26:06,300
the justice and prevention made 
uncomfortable. 

2565
02:26:06,300 --> 02:26:10,400
Bedfellows, this was a situation
where they needed to choose 

2566
02:26:10,400 --> 02:26:13,300
which principal mattered more 
they sent for him. 

2567
02:26:13,300 --> 02:26:17,300
And he came reluctantly leaving 
his family in Yota and high with

2568
02:26:17,300 --> 02:26:21,400
promises, he must have known. 
Even then he couldn't keep in 

2569
02:26:21,400 --> 02:26:23,800
asgard's. 
Great Hall with all the gods 

2570
02:26:23,800 --> 02:26:27,400
assembled in judgment. 
He faced questions, he had no 

2571
02:26:27,400 --> 02:26:31,100
good answers for Yes. 
The children existed. 

2572
02:26:31,800 --> 02:26:35,800
Yes, they were growing powerful.
Yes, he suppose the prophecies 

2573
02:26:35,800 --> 02:26:39,400
might apply to them though. 
Prophecies were notoriously open

2574
02:26:39,400 --> 02:26:42,800
to interpretation and everyone 
was overreacting. 

2575
02:26:42,800 --> 02:26:46,300
This argument went about as well
as you'd expect when you're 

2576
02:26:46,300 --> 02:26:48,900
trying to convince people that 
their existential Terror. 

2577
02:26:48,900 --> 02:26:52,000
Might be premature Odin 
pronounced judgment with the 

2578
02:26:52,000 --> 02:26:54,600
weight of someone who had 
foreseen this moment and hated 

2579
02:26:54,600 --> 02:26:58,500
every part of it. 
The children could not remain in

2580
02:26:58,500 --> 02:27:01,000
your ternheim free and growing 
stronger. 

2581
02:27:01,000 --> 02:27:05,300
They had to be separated 
contained and placed where they 

2582
02:27:05,308 --> 02:27:09,600
could not fulfill the prophecies
that everyone now agreed, hung 

2583
02:27:09,600 --> 02:27:14,100
over them like storm clouds over
a picnic. it was for the good of

2584
02:27:14,100 --> 02:27:18,800
all the world's Odin said, and 
maybe he even believed it Gods 

2585
02:27:18,800 --> 02:27:20,300
of very good at convincing 
themselves. 

2586
02:27:20,300 --> 02:27:22,100
That terrible things are 
necessary. 

2587
02:27:22,100 --> 02:27:25,800
The separation happened on a 
gray morning when the sky seemed

2588
02:27:25,800 --> 02:27:27,600
to reflect the mood of everyone 
involved. 

2589
02:27:28,500 --> 02:27:32,500
Gods came to Yota high in force,
not quite an army, but not quite

2590
02:27:32,500 --> 02:27:36,200
not an army, either led by Odin 
himself, because some orders 

2591
02:27:36,200 --> 02:27:38,300
can't be delegated without 
seeming cowardly. 

2592
02:27:38,300 --> 02:27:42,600
Anger about a form. 
Of course, she was a giant and a

2593
02:27:42,600 --> 02:27:45,000
mother, which made her 
approximately as dangerous as 

2594
02:27:45,000 --> 02:27:47,900
anything in creation, when 
protecting her children. 

2595
02:27:48,900 --> 02:27:52,200
But there were many gods and 
only one of her and they had 

2596
02:27:52,200 --> 02:27:54,900
come prepared with bindings and 
spells and the kind of 

2597
02:27:54,900 --> 02:27:58,600
overwhelming force that leaves 
no room for defiance to matter. 

2598
02:27:58,600 --> 02:28:02,000
Fenrir fought too though. 
He was still young enough that 

2599
02:28:02,000 --> 02:28:05,000
fighting mostly meant biting and
Howling and trying to position 

2600
02:28:05,000 --> 02:28:07,200
himself between his family and 
the Invaders. 

2601
02:28:07,900 --> 02:28:10,800
He managed to bloody a few minor
Gods before they got magical 

2602
02:28:10,800 --> 02:28:14,000
chains, around him chains. 
That wouldn't have held a normal

2603
02:28:14,000 --> 02:28:17,000
wolf for more than moments. 
But that had been forged 

2604
02:28:17,000 --> 02:28:21,800
specifically for him, woven with
magic and prophecy and the kind 

2605
02:28:21,800 --> 02:28:24,600
of desperate Ingenuity that 
comes from Fear. 

2606
02:28:25,800 --> 02:28:29,900
Even boundary a struggled, his 
eyes, finding his mother's 

2607
02:28:29,900 --> 02:28:32,000
across the chaos, seeing 
something. 

2608
02:28:32,000 --> 02:28:34,500
In her expression that broke 
what remained of his puppy 

2609
02:28:34,500 --> 02:28:37,400
heart. 
They took him first dragging him

2610
02:28:37,400 --> 02:28:41,000
away, still bound, still 
fighting howling, and a voice, 

2611
02:28:41,008 --> 02:28:44,300
that carried across all of Yoda 
and high and made even the 

2612
02:28:44,300 --> 02:28:46,200
Giants. 
Pause in what ever they were 

2613
02:28:46,200 --> 02:28:49,600
doing to listen. 
And remember, The gods brought 

2614
02:28:49,600 --> 02:28:53,200
him to a place called Ling. 
Vie an island in the middle of a

2615
02:28:53,200 --> 02:28:56,800
lake called Amsterdam where 
water so dark, it looked like 

2616
02:28:56,800 --> 02:29:00,200
liquid night, laped Shores that 
nothing living visited. 

2617
02:29:01,400 --> 02:29:04,100
There they chained him with 
bonds called gleipnir. 

2618
02:29:04,900 --> 02:29:08,400
Thinner, silk and strong as the 
roots of mountains made from 

2619
02:29:08,400 --> 02:29:12,300
impossible things. 
The sound of a cat's footfall, 

2620
02:29:12,300 --> 02:29:17,100
the beard of a woman, the roots 
of a mountain, the sinews of a 

2621
02:29:17,100 --> 02:29:21,600
bear, the breadth of a fish and 
the spittle of a bird fenrir 

2622
02:29:21,600 --> 02:29:24,600
would live there on that Lonely 
Island bound and isolated 

2623
02:29:24,600 --> 02:29:26,900
growing larger and more bitter 
as the years passed. 

2624
02:29:27,700 --> 02:29:29,600
The gods told himself, this was 
Mercy. 

2625
02:29:30,400 --> 02:29:31,600
He could have killed him after 
all. 

2626
02:29:31,600 --> 02:29:34,500
They told themselves, he would 
be well cared for that. 

2627
02:29:34,500 --> 02:29:36,100
Someone would bring him food and
water. 

2628
02:29:37,400 --> 02:29:39,600
What they didn't tell themselves
was what it might do. 

2629
02:29:39,600 --> 02:29:43,400
To a social creature to live 
entirely alone without touch or 

2630
02:29:43,400 --> 02:29:47,300
companionship with nothing but 
chains and prophecy for company.

2631
02:29:47,300 --> 02:29:51,900
You're Munga, they handled it 
differently though. 

2632
02:29:51,900 --> 02:29:56,300
No more kindly the serpent had 
grown so large that transporting

2633
02:29:56,300 --> 02:30:00,000
him anywhere seemed impossible. 
So instead, they threw him into 

2634
02:30:00,000 --> 02:30:03,700
the sea, cast him from The 
Cliffs of Asgard down into the 

2635
02:30:03,700 --> 02:30:06,200
Waters of midgard. 
Like something broken being 

2636
02:30:06,200 --> 02:30:09,700
tossed away. 
He fell through clouds and are 

2637
02:30:09,700 --> 02:30:12,500
that never felt anything like in
pass through before. 

2638
02:30:13,400 --> 02:30:17,100
Hit the ocean with an impact 
that created waves, that reached

2639
02:30:17,100 --> 02:30:21,400
Shores hundreds of miles away, 
the serpent sank, into the cold 

2640
02:30:21,400 --> 02:30:24,800
deep where sunlight had never 
quite figured out how to reach 

2641
02:30:24,800 --> 02:30:28,800
and there he continued to grow. 
He grew until his body and 

2642
02:30:28,800 --> 02:30:32,700
circled all of midgard grew, 
until he held his own tail, in 

2643
02:30:32,700 --> 02:30:37,300
his mouth, in an endless loop of
scale and muscle and patient 

2644
02:30:37,300 --> 02:30:40,200
rage. 
Sailors would sometimes Glimpse 

2645
02:30:40,200 --> 02:30:42,900
him When Storms turned the sea 
transparent for brief moments 

2646
02:30:42,900 --> 02:30:46,200
and they would tell stories 
about the world serpent who 

2647
02:30:46,200 --> 02:30:49,300
waited in the depths for a day 
when the prophecies would 

2648
02:30:49,300 --> 02:30:51,700
finally come true and he could 
rise to meet them. 

2649
02:30:51,700 --> 02:30:56,700
She took last and packed her 
fate was strangest of all. she 

2650
02:30:56,700 --> 02:31:00,500
was still a child small and 
frightened clutching at anger, 

2651
02:31:00,500 --> 02:31:03,400
Boda skirts as the gods 
deliberated, what to do with a 

2652
02:31:03,408 --> 02:31:07,600
girl who was half alive and half
dead an entirely too close to 

2653
02:31:07,600 --> 02:31:11,900
the Mysteries that separated one
state from the other Odin looked

2654
02:31:11,900 --> 02:31:15,000
at her for a long time. 
His one I seeing things that 

2655
02:31:15,000 --> 02:31:18,200
others couldnt seeing 
possibilities and problems and 

2656
02:31:18,200 --> 02:31:22,500
prophecies yet Unwritten finally
he made his decision. she would 

2657
02:31:22,500 --> 02:31:25,200
not be imprisoned like her 
brother, or Exile like the other

2658
02:31:26,000 --> 02:31:28,500
Instead, she would be given a 
realm to rule. 

2659
02:31:29,200 --> 02:31:33,000
Niplheim, the realm of the Dead.
Were those who died of illness 

2660
02:31:33,000 --> 02:31:37,200
or old age would come to rest. 
It sounded like a gift the way 

2661
02:31:37,208 --> 02:31:40,800
Odin presented it like they were
giving her purpose and Authority

2662
02:31:40,800 --> 02:31:42,900
beyond what any child her age 
should expect. 

2663
02:31:44,500 --> 02:31:47,900
Hell was already wise Beyond her
years Splitters? 

2664
02:31:47,900 --> 02:31:51,100
She was between life and death 
and she understood what they 

2665
02:31:51,108 --> 02:31:54,200
were really doing. 
Isolating her from the living 

2666
02:31:54,200 --> 02:31:56,900
placing her. 
Where her strange nature, would 

2667
02:31:56,900 --> 02:32:00,500
be appropriate and keeping her 
contained through responsibility

2668
02:32:00,500 --> 02:32:03,200
rather than chains. 
She went with without fighting 

2669
02:32:03,200 --> 02:32:06,800
because what would fighting have
accomplished which she looked 

2670
02:32:06,800 --> 02:32:10,500
back once at her mother and 
anger, Boda saw in that look all

2671
02:32:10,500 --> 02:32:12,300
the future. 
Hell would have without her 

2672
02:32:12,300 --> 02:32:15,500
family around her. 
All the centuries of ruling over

2673
02:32:15,500 --> 02:32:18,200
the dead while being neither, 
quite living or quite dead 

2674
02:32:18,200 --> 02:32:20,500
herself. 
And all the loneliness that 

2675
02:32:20,500 --> 02:32:23,900
awaited in those gray Halls 
beneath the Earth watched all of

2676
02:32:23,900 --> 02:32:27,800
this happened. 
Bound by his oath to Odin unable

2677
02:32:27,800 --> 02:32:30,400
to intervene with without 
breaking bonds, that held the 

2678
02:32:30,400 --> 02:32:34,600
very fabric of divine Society 
together. his children were 

2679
02:32:34,600 --> 02:32:39,400
taken scattered to Wind and Sea 
and underworld separated from 

2680
02:32:39,400 --> 02:32:42,300
each other and from the family 
that loved them, despite every 

2681
02:32:42,300 --> 02:32:45,700
prophecy that said they 
shouldn't Stood there in his 

2682
02:32:45,708 --> 02:32:49,200
golden Halls of Asgard. 
Still technically one of the 

2683
02:32:49,200 --> 02:32:53,300
Gods still technically honored 
and respected and felt something

2684
02:32:53,300 --> 02:32:56,100
inside him cracking ways that 
would have consequences. 

2685
02:32:56,100 --> 02:32:59,100
No one could yet imagine anger a
Boda. 

2686
02:32:59,100 --> 02:33:01,600
They left alone in her Hall of 
Bones because what more could 

2687
02:33:01,600 --> 02:33:04,800
they take from her? 
She sat by her fire, which had 

2688
02:33:04,800 --> 02:33:08,300
always burn with strange colors,
and she wept tears that froze 

2689
02:33:08,300 --> 02:33:11,700
before they hit the ground. 
The gods had taken her children,

2690
02:33:11,700 --> 02:33:16,300
the prophecies remained in 
somewhere in the fabric of Fate 

2691
02:33:16,300 --> 02:33:19,300
itself. 
Something shifted like a locked 

2692
02:33:19,300 --> 02:33:23,300
tumbling into place like a story
finally finding its proper 

2693
02:33:23,300 --> 02:33:26,800
tragic shape after the 
separation Asgard tried to 

2694
02:33:26,808 --> 02:33:30,300
return to its previous rhythm of
Feasts and hunts and comfortable

2695
02:33:30,300 --> 02:33:34,700
certainly But something had 
changed in the golden Halls 

2696
02:33:34,700 --> 02:33:38,100
attention that wouldn't quite 
dissipate like Morning Mist 

2697
02:33:38,100 --> 02:33:40,500
under sunlight. 
The gods are done what they 

2698
02:33:40,508 --> 02:33:44,300
thought necessary and they tried
very hard to convince themselves

2699
02:33:44,300 --> 02:33:46,300
this meant, they had prevented 
disaster. 

2700
02:33:47,200 --> 02:33:49,800
They were very good at 
self-deception, when they needed

2701
02:33:49,800 --> 02:33:52,700
to be. 
Practically a requirement for 

2702
02:33:52,700 --> 02:33:56,700
divine status, but the Norms can
continue weaving and their 

2703
02:33:56,700 --> 02:34:00,500
expressions never softened and 
in the world treating drill 

2704
02:34:00,500 --> 02:34:03,800
itself, which connected all the 
Realms in its vast structure of 

2705
02:34:03,800 --> 02:34:06,900
trunk and branch and root. 
There was a sense of 

2706
02:34:06,900 --> 02:34:10,700
anticipation as if the tree that
held everything, together was 

2707
02:34:10,700 --> 02:34:14,700
bracing itself for what would 
inevitably come the prophecy is 

2708
02:34:14,708 --> 02:34:17,900
about Ragnarok, were old older 
than most of the Gods 

2709
02:34:17,900 --> 02:34:20,700
themselves. 
They spoke of a final battle 

2710
02:34:20,700 --> 02:34:23,600
when everything that held the 
world together would come apart,

2711
02:34:23,600 --> 02:34:25,800
like a tapestry, pulled its 
threads. 

2712
02:34:26,700 --> 02:34:30,000
Fire and Ice would meet the 
dead, would rise. 

2713
02:34:30,000 --> 02:34:34,300
The bonds that held monsters 
would snap and the carefully 

2714
02:34:34,300 --> 02:34:36,900
maintained order that the gods 
had spent ages. 

2715
02:34:36,900 --> 02:34:39,600
Building would collapse into 
chaos and violence. 

2716
02:34:40,900 --> 02:34:43,900
It was the Norse version of the 
apocalypse and what made it 

2717
02:34:43,900 --> 02:34:48,300
particularly unsettling was its 
specificity This wasn't vague 

2718
02:34:48,300 --> 02:34:51,700
religious speculation. 
It was a detailed roadmap of 

2719
02:34:51,700 --> 02:34:53,200
exactly how everything would 
end. 

2720
02:34:53,200 --> 02:34:55,800
The wolf would break his chains 
on that day. 

2721
02:34:55,800 --> 02:35:00,300
Fenrir grown massive with 
isolation and rage, which shake 

2722
02:35:00,300 --> 02:35:03,700
off the bonds of great near like
they were spider silk and run 

2723
02:35:03,700 --> 02:35:05,500
free. 
For the first time since his 

2724
02:35:05,500 --> 02:35:09,600
imprisonment He would chase the 
sun across the sky, and this 

2725
02:35:09,600 --> 02:35:12,700
time, there would be no Escape 
for that bright. 

2726
02:35:12,700 --> 02:35:15,200
Orb, that had risen Faithfully 
every morning. 

2727
02:35:15,200 --> 02:35:19,900
Since the dawn of time, the wolf
would swallow the sun and the 

2728
02:35:19,908 --> 02:35:23,500
world would fall into darkness. 
That no torch could penetrate, 

2729
02:35:23,500 --> 02:35:26,300
the serpent would rise from the 
ocean depths. 

2730
02:35:27,100 --> 02:35:30,400
Human gandur having grown. 
So large that he literally 

2731
02:35:30,400 --> 02:35:33,000
encompassed. 
The world would release his own 

2732
02:35:33,000 --> 02:35:36,600
tail from his mouth and surged 
upward through Waters that had 

2733
02:35:36,600 --> 02:35:40,200
contained him for so long. 
He would spew Venom that would 

2734
02:35:40,200 --> 02:35:42,400
poison. 
The very are creating a toxic 

2735
02:35:42,400 --> 02:35:44,600
fog that would spread across all
the lands. 

2736
02:35:45,700 --> 02:35:49,500
Guy itself would turn green with
his poison and things would die 

2737
02:35:49,500 --> 02:35:52,300
simply from breathing. 
The dead would March under 

2738
02:35:52,300 --> 02:35:56,200
hell's command. 
From niplheim that gray realm 

2739
02:35:56,200 --> 02:35:59,500
beneath the Earth would come and
army of those who had passed 

2740
02:35:59,500 --> 02:36:02,600
from the world of the living, 
not the Glorious Dead, who 

2741
02:36:02,600 --> 02:36:05,400
dwelled in Valhalla, but the 
ordinary dead. 

2742
02:36:05,400 --> 02:36:08,700
Those who had died in their beds
of age or sickness. 

2743
02:36:09,700 --> 02:36:12,300
Those who had never held weapons
or sought battle. 

2744
02:36:12,300 --> 02:36:15,800
They would rise at Hills call 
because even the boundary 

2745
02:36:15,800 --> 02:36:19,200
between life and death would 
fail and Ragnarok came on that 

2746
02:36:19,200 --> 02:36:20,900
day. 
He would break free from a 

2747
02:36:20,900 --> 02:36:22,800
punishment. 
The gods would later impose on 

2748
02:36:22,808 --> 02:36:25,300
him for his role in another 
God's death. 

2749
02:36:26,100 --> 02:36:29,700
He would be bound in a cave with
Venom dripping onto his face 

2750
02:36:29,700 --> 02:36:33,800
reternity or at least until the 
end of everything whichever came

2751
02:36:33,800 --> 02:36:39,000
first as it turned out, When 
Ragnarok began those bonds, two 

2752
02:36:39,000 --> 02:36:42,800
would snap and he would lead an 
army of Giants against the gods 

2753
02:36:42,800 --> 02:36:46,600
who had once called him friend. 
Fighting alongside the children,

2754
02:36:46,600 --> 02:36:49,700
they had taken from him, the 
prophecies described the battle 

2755
02:36:49,700 --> 02:36:52,700
in detail which would have been 
impressive if it weren't. 

2756
02:36:52,700 --> 02:36:57,200
So utterly depressing Thor would
face your Munda in their final 

2757
02:36:57,208 --> 02:37:00,500
confrontation and though the 
Thunder God would manage to kill

2758
02:37:00,500 --> 02:37:03,500
the serpent. 
He would only take nine steps 

2759
02:37:03,500 --> 02:37:06,000
before the Venom finally killed 
him in turn. 

2760
02:37:06,700 --> 02:37:10,900
Odin would face fenrir in single
combat and the Wolf would do 

2761
02:37:10,900 --> 02:37:13,800
what he'd been prophesied to do 
since before he was born. 

2762
02:37:14,700 --> 02:37:18,600
He would Devour the all father. 
Swallowing the king of the Gods 

2763
02:37:18,600 --> 02:37:22,400
as Darkness swallowed, the Sun, 
the fires of muspelheim, would 

2764
02:37:22,400 --> 02:37:25,900
consume what remained burning 
through all the world's like a 

2765
02:37:25,900 --> 02:37:29,700
fever that couldn't be broken. 
The world tree itself would burn

2766
02:37:29,700 --> 02:37:33,800
and when it finally fell nothing
would remain but a waste of Ash 

2767
02:37:33,800 --> 02:37:38,000
and regret it was by any 
standard a deeply unpleasant set

2768
02:37:38,000 --> 02:37:41,200
of predictions and the gods 
spent considerable time and 

2769
02:37:41,200 --> 02:37:44,000
energy trying to figure out if 
there was any way around them. 

2770
02:37:44,700 --> 02:37:47,100
This is where things got 
philosophically, interesting. 

2771
02:37:47,100 --> 02:37:51,200
If you cared about such things 
which most of the Gods didn't 

2772
02:37:51,200 --> 02:37:53,700
because philosophy had never 
stopped anyone from getting 

2773
02:37:53,700 --> 02:37:56,600
eaten by a wolf or poisoned by a
serpent. 

2774
02:37:56,600 --> 02:38:01,300
The problem was this Taking 
action to prevent the prophecies

2775
02:38:01,300 --> 02:38:04,400
with a Gods actually ensuring 
they came true. 

2776
02:38:05,300 --> 02:38:08,800
If they hadn't imprisoned 
fenrir, would he have any reason

2777
02:38:08,800 --> 02:38:10,700
to hate them enough to devour 
Odin? 

2778
02:38:11,400 --> 02:38:15,000
If they hadn't thrown your gun 
into the sea, would he have 

2779
02:38:15,000 --> 02:38:16,800
grown large enough to threaten 
the world? 

2780
02:38:17,600 --> 02:38:20,800
If they hadn't given held 
dominion over the dead, would 

2781
02:38:20,800 --> 02:38:24,000
she have an army to raise when 
the final battle came and if 

2782
02:38:24,000 --> 02:38:26,900
they hadn't taken his children 
away, would he have any 

2783
02:38:26,900 --> 02:38:29,100
motivation to lead Giants 
against them when the world 

2784
02:38:29,100 --> 02:38:31,400
ended? 
But it was too late now for such

2785
02:38:31,400 --> 02:38:34,000
questions. 
The children were separated 

2786
02:38:34,000 --> 02:38:37,600
growing in their isolation and 
with each passing year, they 

2787
02:38:37,600 --> 02:38:40,100
were becoming less like the 
innocent beings they had been 

2788
02:38:40,100 --> 02:38:43,600
and more like the monster's the 
professors required, them to be,

2789
02:38:43,600 --> 02:38:47,800
it was like a self-fulfilling 
prophecy speedrun and everyone 

2790
02:38:47,800 --> 02:38:50,100
was trapped in roles. 
They couldn't escape even if 

2791
02:38:50,100 --> 02:38:52,400
they wanted to. 
You might wonder what the 

2792
02:38:52,400 --> 02:38:54,400
children themselves thought 
about all this. 

2793
02:38:55,200 --> 02:38:58,200
Whether they had any choice in 
the matter, whether they might 

2794
02:38:58,200 --> 02:39:00,000
have chosen differently if given
the option. 

2795
02:39:00,900 --> 02:39:02,900
But prophecy doesn't care much 
about choice. 

2796
02:39:03,800 --> 02:39:05,500
That's the terrible thing about 
it. 

2797
02:39:05,500 --> 02:39:08,900
The aspect that makes it 
fundamentally unfair in ways 

2798
02:39:08,900 --> 02:39:13,100
that even Gods couldn't quite 
address The future was already 

2799
02:39:13,100 --> 02:39:16,200
written and all any of them 
could do was move toward it, 

2800
02:39:16,200 --> 02:39:18,300
like actors hitting their marks 
in a play. 

2801
02:39:18,300 --> 02:39:20,500
Whose ending had been determined
before? 

2802
02:39:20,500 --> 02:39:24,100
The first line was spoken. 
Fenrir alone on his Island. 

2803
02:39:24,100 --> 02:39:28,000
Grew large and bitter. 
He had loved his family once had

2804
02:39:28,000 --> 02:39:30,900
been gentle with that Mouse and 
had wagged his tail. 

2805
02:39:30,900 --> 02:39:34,300
When his father came home, but 
isolation is poison of its own 

2806
02:39:34,300 --> 02:39:38,100
sort and chains, leave marks 
that go deeper than flesh. 

2807
02:39:38,900 --> 02:39:41,600
He thought about Prophecy in the
long hours of his imprisonment 

2808
02:39:41,600 --> 02:39:44,500
and about the role everyone 
assumed he would play. 

2809
02:39:45,500 --> 02:39:47,500
And perhaps part of him began to
think. 

2810
02:39:48,400 --> 02:39:50,200
If everyone believes, I'm a 
monster. 

2811
02:39:50,200 --> 02:39:54,400
If they've treated me like a 
monster since I was a child, if 

2812
02:39:54,400 --> 02:39:56,800
they've imprisoned me for 
crimes, I haven't committed yet.

2813
02:39:56,800 --> 02:40:00,900
Well, maybe when the chains 
finally break, I'll give them 

2814
02:40:00,900 --> 02:40:05,200
exactly the monster. 
They expected Yeoman Khan Circle

2815
02:40:05,200 --> 02:40:08,900
the world in his endless loop 
growing larger with each passing

2816
02:40:08,900 --> 02:40:10,800
century. 
Patient. 

2817
02:40:10,800 --> 02:40:13,700
In the way that only truly cold 
blooded creatures can be 

2818
02:40:13,700 --> 02:40:17,000
patient. 
He remembered his mother's Hall 

2819
02:40:17,000 --> 02:40:21,100
remembered his sister small hand
touching his scales and 

2820
02:40:21,100 --> 02:40:23,000
remembered his brothers 
protective warmth. 

2821
02:40:23,600 --> 02:40:27,800
He remembered and he waited and 
his waiting had the quality of 

2822
02:40:27,808 --> 02:40:31,900
something inevitable. 
Not eager exactly but ready. 

2823
02:40:32,800 --> 02:40:35,200
When the time came, he would 
rise. 

2824
02:40:35,900 --> 02:40:39,800
The prophecy said, so, and for a
being who had been cast into the

2825
02:40:39,800 --> 02:40:42,800
ocean like garbage, there was 
something almost comforting 

2826
02:40:42,800 --> 02:40:46,600
about certainty, even if that 
certainty was about Universal 

2827
02:40:46,600 --> 02:40:50,000
destruction, hell in her, gray 
hauls, learned, the art of 

2828
02:40:50,008 --> 02:40:52,900
ruling the dead, and it changed 
her in ways that would have 

2829
02:40:52,900 --> 02:40:54,700
concerned. 
Anyone who cared enough to 

2830
02:40:54,700 --> 02:40:58,700
visit, which no one did. 
The living were afraid of death 

2831
02:40:58,700 --> 02:41:00,800
and the dead were much for 
conversation. 

2832
02:41:01,900 --> 02:41:05,700
She existed between states, 
governing a realm where nothing 

2833
02:41:05,700 --> 02:41:08,900
ever really changed. 
Whether there was no joy but 

2834
02:41:08,900 --> 02:41:12,200
also no suffering. 
Just an endless grey 

2835
02:41:12,200 --> 02:41:16,300
continuation that wasn't quite 
anything at all. she thought of 

2836
02:41:16,300 --> 02:41:19,400
her mother sometimes and 
wondered if anger, Boda still 

2837
02:41:19,408 --> 02:41:23,200
lived in her Hall of bones in 
high, she thought of her 

2838
02:41:23,200 --> 02:41:26,500
brothers and wondered if they 
remembered her, or if time and 

2839
02:41:26,508 --> 02:41:30,300
isolation had raced, even though
those memories Mostly though, 

2840
02:41:30,300 --> 02:41:33,600
she prepared. 
Is the prophecy said the dead 

2841
02:41:33,600 --> 02:41:37,000
would Mark and held at learned 
that being prepared was the only

2842
02:41:37,000 --> 02:41:40,500
form of control of available to 
her time passed in the nine 

2843
02:41:40,500 --> 02:41:44,100
worlds, the way it always does. 
Steadily in differently, like 

2844
02:41:44,100 --> 02:41:47,900
water wearing away, Stone years.
Became decades. 

2845
02:41:48,700 --> 02:41:52,200
Decades stretched into centuries
and the gods grew comfortable 

2846
02:41:52,200 --> 02:41:54,800
with their solutions to the 
problem of Prophecy. 

2847
02:41:55,500 --> 02:41:59,500
Fenrir was bound. 
Your mungaru was in the sea. 

2848
02:42:00,100 --> 02:42:04,100
hell, presided over the dead and
Ragnarok remained firmly in the 

2849
02:42:04,108 --> 02:42:08,200
category of future problems were
worried about later except the 

2850
02:42:08,200 --> 02:42:11,900
norns kept weaving and their 
thread was running out the signs

2851
02:42:11,900 --> 02:42:16,600
began subtly the way endings 
often do Winter's grew longer 

2852
02:42:16,600 --> 02:42:19,700
and harsher stretching beyond 
their traditional boundaries 

2853
02:42:19,700 --> 02:42:23,100
until spring seemed like a 
memory rather than something 

2854
02:42:23,100 --> 02:42:27,000
that would actually return. 
The Norse called it thimble 

2855
02:42:27,000 --> 02:42:31,100
winter, the great winter. 
Three years of cold with no 

2856
02:42:31,100 --> 02:42:34,500
summer between them where snow 
fell even in, what should have 

2857
02:42:34,500 --> 02:42:37,800
been the warmest months and the 
sun seemed to have forgotten how

2858
02:42:37,800 --> 02:42:41,700
to provide warmth even when it 
appeared in midgard, humans 

2859
02:42:41,700 --> 02:42:44,500
huddled around fires and watched
their supplies dwindle 

2860
02:42:44,500 --> 02:42:46,600
wandering. 
What they had done to anger the 

2861
02:42:46,608 --> 02:42:48,800
gods. 
They didn't know that the gods 

2862
02:42:48,800 --> 02:42:51,500
had nothing to do with it. 
That this was simply the 

2863
02:42:51,500 --> 02:42:55,300
universe preparing itself for 
transitional way a body Shivers 

2864
02:42:55,300 --> 02:42:58,000
before a fever breaks crops 
failed. 

2865
02:42:58,600 --> 02:43:02,400
Animals disappeared into forests
and didn't return families 

2866
02:43:02,400 --> 02:43:06,100
turned on each other as 
resources became scarce and the 

2867
02:43:06,100 --> 02:43:07,900
social bonds that held 
communities together. 

2868
02:43:07,900 --> 02:43:11,700
Began to fray like old rope 
under too much strain, wolves 

2869
02:43:11,700 --> 02:43:14,600
appeared in unusual numbers more
than anyone could remember 

2870
02:43:14,600 --> 02:43:17,900
seeing and they were bold in 
ways that normal wolves never 

2871
02:43:17,900 --> 02:43:22,400
were They came close to Villages
watching with eyes that seemed 

2872
02:43:22,400 --> 02:43:25,600
to understand too much as if 
they were waiting for something.

2873
02:43:26,500 --> 02:43:29,200
some people swore they could 
hear howling in the distance 

2874
02:43:29,200 --> 02:43:33,500
every night a sound that came 
from no direction and every 

2875
02:43:33,500 --> 02:43:37,800
direction at once, A call that 
their own dogs would answer with

2876
02:43:37,800 --> 02:43:40,100
whims of fear rather than 
challenge. 

2877
02:43:40,100 --> 02:43:44,100
The ocean grew Restless in ways 
that confused even experienced 

2878
02:43:44,100 --> 02:43:48,100
Sailors waves rose without wind 
to drive them and the water 

2879
02:43:48,100 --> 02:43:51,300
itself seemed to be shifting. 
Moving with patterns, that 

2880
02:43:51,300 --> 02:43:55,100
suggested something massive was 
stirring in depths no human had 

2881
02:43:55,100 --> 02:43:57,300
ever plumed. 
Ships. 

2882
02:43:57,300 --> 02:43:59,000
That ventured too far from 
Shore. 

2883
02:43:59,000 --> 02:44:03,700
Sometimes reported seeing coils 
breaking the surface coils too. 

2884
02:44:03,700 --> 02:44:07,400
Large to belong to any known 
creature covered in scales that 

2885
02:44:07,400 --> 02:44:09,400
caught the Dying Light like 
disease. 

2886
02:44:09,400 --> 02:44:13,500
Jewels in NFL the change before 
anyone else. 

2887
02:44:13,500 --> 02:44:16,900
The dead who came to her realm 
arrived with stories of the 

2888
02:44:16,900 --> 02:44:20,800
world of falling apart of chaos,
spreading, like infection 

2889
02:44:20,800 --> 02:44:24,400
through societies that had 
seemed stable for Generations. 

2890
02:44:25,800 --> 02:44:29,300
She stood in her Hall of Grace 
Stone and felt the boundaries 

2891
02:44:29,300 --> 02:44:34,200
between her realm and the world 
above thinning, weakening and 

2892
02:44:34,200 --> 02:44:36,900
becoming permeable in ways they 
had never been before. 

2893
02:44:38,000 --> 02:44:40,200
It would be easy. 
Now to send the dead back up 

2894
02:44:40,200 --> 02:44:43,700
into the light easy to March, 
them across the boundary, that 

2895
02:44:43,700 --> 02:44:47,700
had always seemed so absolute. 
She thought of her brothers whom

2896
02:44:47,700 --> 02:44:50,300
she hadn't seen since childhood 
and wondered. 

2897
02:44:50,300 --> 02:44:55,000
If they felt it too, this sense 
of something approaching the 

2898
02:44:55,000 --> 02:44:57,100
story. 
Finally, moving towards its 

2899
02:44:57,100 --> 02:45:01,000
climax, after an impossibly long
middle section on the island of 

2900
02:45:01,000 --> 02:45:04,200
Ling, vieira's that held him 
beginning to weaken. 

2901
02:45:05,000 --> 02:45:07,500
Light near that thin ribbon that
had held him for. 

2902
02:45:07,500 --> 02:45:11,700
So, long was starting to stretch
in ways, it never had before, it

2903
02:45:11,700 --> 02:45:14,900
was still strong, the magic 
woven into, it was old and 

2904
02:45:14,900 --> 02:45:18,200
Powerful. 
But even old magic eventually 

2905
02:45:18,200 --> 02:45:20,100
wears down under constant 
pressure. 

2906
02:45:20,900 --> 02:45:23,500
He had been pulling against 
these bonds every day for 

2907
02:45:23,500 --> 02:45:29,500
centuries and now, finally, he 
could feel them responding feel 

2908
02:45:29,500 --> 02:45:32,500
the giving them that suggested 
Freedom might actually be 

2909
02:45:32,500 --> 02:45:35,200
possible. 
He lifted his massive head, and 

2910
02:45:35,200 --> 02:45:39,000
howled, a sound that carried 
across water, and land through 

2911
02:45:39,000 --> 02:45:42,900
Realms and dimensions reaching 
ears that had been waiting to 

2912
02:45:42,900 --> 02:45:46,600
hear it. 
It was a howl of anticipation of

2913
02:45:46,600 --> 02:45:48,900
Rage that had been building for 
so long. 

2914
02:45:48,900 --> 02:45:51,700
It had become something almost 
pure and of something else too. 

2915
02:45:51,700 --> 02:45:55,100
I kind of terrible joy and 
finally being able to move 

2916
02:45:55,100 --> 02:45:57,700
toward the destiny. 
Everyone had always said was his

2917
02:45:57,700 --> 02:46:01,800
in the ocean, your munganda 
released his tail from his mouth

2918
02:46:01,800 --> 02:46:04,600
for the first time since he'd 
been large enough to catch it. 

2919
02:46:05,300 --> 02:46:09,000
The world serpent on coiled. 
And as he did, the Seas began to

2920
02:46:09,000 --> 02:46:12,900
rise. 
TS formed spontaneously rushing 

2921
02:46:12,900 --> 02:46:16,000
towards Shores that had no 
warning and no time to prepare 

2922
02:46:16,900 --> 02:46:20,200
The serpents massive body 
created current that disrupted 

2923
02:46:20,200 --> 02:46:22,600
weather patterns across the 
entire world. 

2924
02:46:22,600 --> 02:46:27,300
And when he finally surfaced 
truly, surfaced bringing his 

2925
02:46:27,300 --> 02:46:31,200
full length up with sky and sea 
met Sailors, who saw him went 

2926
02:46:31,200 --> 02:46:33,500
mad from the sheer impossibility
of his size. 

2927
02:46:33,500 --> 02:46:37,600
He rose toward Asgard told, the 
home of the Gods who are thrown 

2928
02:46:37,600 --> 02:46:41,600
him away and he rose Venom 
dripped from fangs the size of 

2929
02:46:41,600 --> 02:46:46,600
towers. where it fell into the 
water fish died instantly and 

2930
02:46:46,600 --> 02:46:52,000
floated to the surface in vast 
carpets of silver death where it

2931
02:46:52,000 --> 02:46:55,500
touched land vegetation 
withered, as if winter had 

2932
02:46:55,500 --> 02:46:59,500
compressed itself into single 
devastating moments, The air 

2933
02:46:59,500 --> 02:47:04,700
itself began to Taste of Poison 
metallic and wrong, making every

2934
02:47:04,700 --> 02:47:07,700
breath a risk in Asgard, the 
gods finally. 

2935
02:47:07,700 --> 02:47:10,200
Had to acknowledge what? 
They'd been trying to ignore for

2936
02:47:10,200 --> 02:47:14,300
months or years or centuries. 
Depending on how you measured 

2937
02:47:14,300 --> 02:47:17,100
Divine denial. 
The prophecy wasn't something, 

2938
02:47:17,100 --> 02:47:20,200
they had prevented or postponed.
It was here. 

2939
02:47:20,200 --> 02:47:24,000
Now inevitable as gravity or 
grief. 

2940
02:47:25,000 --> 02:47:28,400
Heimdall, The Watchmen of the 
Gods, lifted the gallon, to his 

2941
02:47:28,400 --> 02:47:31,000
lips and blue sending out a 
sound. 

2942
02:47:31,000 --> 02:47:35,600
That reached every corner of 
every realm, a warning, a call 

2943
02:47:35,600 --> 02:47:39,100
to arms, and an admission that 
everything they tried to prevent

2944
02:47:39,100 --> 02:47:42,000
was happening. 
Anyway, Odin sat on his throne 

2945
02:47:42,000 --> 02:47:44,600
and felt something. 
He hadn't felt in ages. 

2946
02:47:44,600 --> 02:47:50,100
Genuine fear, not the mild 
concern that a company is minor 

2947
02:47:50,100 --> 02:47:53,300
problems, but the Deep 
existential Terror of knowing 

2948
02:47:53,300 --> 02:47:56,100
that your own end is approaching
and there's nothing left to do 

2949
02:47:56,100 --> 02:47:58,400
but meet it with whatever 
dignity you can muster. 

2950
02:47:59,400 --> 02:48:02,700
He had seen this moment in his 
vision's, countless times and 

2951
02:48:02,700 --> 02:48:05,100
played it out. 
In his mind, trying to find some

2952
02:48:05,100 --> 02:48:08,000
way to change the outcome. 
And he had failed. 

2953
02:48:08,000 --> 02:48:11,200
All his wisdom, all his 
sacrifices. 

2954
02:48:11,200 --> 02:48:14,900
He had a knife and knowledge and
hung himself from the world and 

2955
02:48:14,900 --> 02:48:19,100
nine days to learn the runes. 
and none of it had been enough 

2956
02:48:19,100 --> 02:48:22,700
to change what was coming Thor 
stood in the courtyard of Asgard

2957
02:48:22,700 --> 02:48:27,000
the only are in his hand and for
once he wasn't confident He was 

2958
02:48:27,000 --> 02:48:30,300
Brave certainly and he would 
fight because fighting was what 

2959
02:48:30,300 --> 02:48:33,600
he did, but even Thor could 
sense that this was different 

2960
02:48:33,600 --> 02:48:35,800
from every battle lead ever 
fought before. 

2961
02:48:35,800 --> 02:48:39,500
This wasn't about winning. 
This was about meeting your fate

2962
02:48:39,500 --> 02:48:41,900
head on because there was 
literally no other option 

2963
02:48:41,900 --> 02:48:46,800
available. fires of muspelheim, 
that realm of primordial flame 

2964
02:48:46,800 --> 02:48:50,900
that existed at the edge of 
creation, began to spread The 

2965
02:48:50,900 --> 02:48:54,300
fire giant Serta, who had been 
waiting since the beginning of 

2966
02:48:54,300 --> 02:48:58,400
time for this exact moment, LED 
his forces across the Rainbow 

2967
02:48:58,400 --> 02:49:01,700
Bridge by Frost and the 
Beautiful art that connected 

2968
02:49:01,700 --> 02:49:04,400
Asgard to the other Realms 
burned under their feet. 

2969
02:49:05,200 --> 02:49:08,400
Collapsing into nothing like a 
dream at morning, from 

2970
02:49:08,400 --> 02:49:12,500
jotunheim, the frost giant 
ancient enemies of the Gods 

2971
02:49:12,500 --> 02:49:16,000
marching in formation that 
suggested this had been planned 

2972
02:49:16,000 --> 02:49:18,200
for longer than anyone wanted to
contemplate. 

2973
02:49:19,000 --> 02:49:22,000
They had waited through 
centuries of uneasy peace and 

2974
02:49:22,000 --> 02:49:25,700
now the waiting was over. 
They came across the broken 

2975
02:49:25,700 --> 02:49:29,700
remains of by Frost climbing 
through spaces between worlds 

2976
02:49:29,700 --> 02:49:33,700
that should have been impossible
driven by old hatreds and older 

2977
02:49:33,700 --> 02:49:37,100
promises and from a cave, where 
he'd been bound as punishment 

2978
02:49:37,100 --> 02:49:38,700
for crimes that seemed almost 
Petty. 

2979
02:49:38,700 --> 02:49:42,700
Now, in comparison to what was 
happening, he emerged, The 

2980
02:49:42,700 --> 02:49:46,200
Bindings that had held him 
snapped like dead Vines and he 

2981
02:49:46,200 --> 02:49:49,100
stood in the light for the first
time in years, that had felt 

2982
02:49:49,100 --> 02:49:52,100
like eternities. 
His wife had stayed with him 

2983
02:49:52,100 --> 02:49:54,400
through it. 
All catching the Venom that 

2984
02:49:54,400 --> 02:49:57,600
would have dripped onto his face
in a bowl emptying it when it 

2985
02:49:57,600 --> 02:49:59,900
grew full and returning to catch
more. 

2986
02:50:00,800 --> 02:50:04,400
Now she stood beside him as he 
looked towards Asgard toward the

2987
02:50:04,400 --> 02:50:07,900
realm that had once included him
and then cast him out. 

2988
02:50:08,600 --> 02:50:11,400
And his expression was 
unreadable, he thought of his 

2989
02:50:11,400 --> 02:50:15,500
children scattered across the 
nine, worlds fulfilling 

2990
02:50:15,500 --> 02:50:17,700
prophecies, that might never 
have come true. 

2991
02:50:17,700 --> 02:50:21,800
If the gods had simply left them
alone, He thought of anger 

2992
02:50:21,800 --> 02:50:25,400
Bodega, probably still alone in 
her Hall in your turn High 

2993
02:50:25,400 --> 02:50:28,500
having lost everything to fear 
and prophecy. 

2994
02:50:29,300 --> 02:50:32,600
He thought of all the times he 
tried to fit in with the gods to

2995
02:50:32,600 --> 02:50:36,600
be accepted as one of them, only
to be reminded again, and again,

2996
02:50:36,600 --> 02:50:40,100
that he was other different not 
quite trustworthy. 

2997
02:50:40,100 --> 02:50:43,600
And then he began walking toward
the final battle because 

2998
02:50:43,600 --> 02:50:47,100
prophecy pulled him forward like
a current and because sometimes 

2999
02:50:47,100 --> 02:50:51,300
being a father means honoring 
your children, even when She 

3000
02:50:51,308 --> 02:50:54,100
when everyone else has turned 
them into monsters. 

3001
02:50:54,100 --> 02:50:57,000
The armies met on a plane called
vigrid. 

3002
02:50:57,800 --> 02:51:00,800
The vast empty space, that 
existed for no other purpose 

3003
02:51:00,800 --> 02:51:02,600
than to hold the ending of all 
things. 

3004
02:51:03,400 --> 02:51:07,900
On one side to the gods and the 
einherjar those Warriors who had

3005
02:51:07,900 --> 02:51:10,900
died gloriously in battle and 
spent their afterlife training 

3006
02:51:10,900 --> 02:51:12,900
in Valhalla for exactly this 
moment. 

3007
02:51:13,800 --> 02:51:17,800
They were Brave and skilled and 
utterly doomed, but they formed 

3008
02:51:17,800 --> 02:51:20,100
ranks anyway. 
Because what else do you do when

3009
02:51:20,100 --> 02:51:22,900
the world is ending except stand
in the place where you're 

3010
02:51:22,900 --> 02:51:24,900
supposed to stand on the other 
side? 

3011
02:51:24,900 --> 02:51:26,600
Stood everyone and everything 
else. 

3012
02:51:26,600 --> 02:51:31,200
Giants of frost and fire. 
The dead raised from hell's 

3013
02:51:31,200 --> 02:51:35,700
realm monsters freed from their 
prisons and beings that had 

3014
02:51:35,700 --> 02:51:39,100
crawled out from the spaces 
between worlds where even Gods 

3015
02:51:39,100 --> 02:51:43,000
didn't like to look too closely.
And somewhere in that massive 

3016
02:51:43,000 --> 02:51:46,800
chaos and old hatred three 
figures stood out, fenrir 

3017
02:51:46,800 --> 02:51:51,700
finally free larger than 
mountains with further seemed to

3018
02:51:51,708 --> 02:51:53,800
absorb a light rather than 
reflecting it. 

3019
02:51:54,700 --> 02:51:59,400
His mouth hung open wide enough 
to stretch from Earth to Sky and

3020
02:51:59,400 --> 02:52:02,400
in his eyes was the accumulated 
Rage of centuries of 

3021
02:52:02,408 --> 02:52:06,000
imprisonment your Munga coiled, 
the edge of the battlefield. 

3022
02:52:06,000 --> 02:52:09,600
So large that he seemed less 
like a creature and more like a 

3023
02:52:09,600 --> 02:52:14,100
feature of the landscape itself.
His Venom creating a toxic fog 

3024
02:52:14,100 --> 02:52:17,400
that drifted across the plane, 
and made everything it touched 

3025
02:52:17,400 --> 02:52:21,300
wither and Hell smaller than her
brothers leading an army of the 

3026
02:52:21,300 --> 02:52:23,800
Dead with an expression. 
That was neither cruel, nor 

3027
02:52:23,800 --> 02:52:26,800
kind. 
But simply determined a ruler 

3028
02:52:26,800 --> 02:52:29,500
doing what she had always known.
She would have to do when this 

3029
02:52:29,500 --> 02:52:33,600
day, finally came the battle 
when it began was everything. 

3030
02:52:33,600 --> 02:52:37,900
The prophecies had promised and 
worse Thought charged German 

3031
02:52:37,900 --> 02:52:41,300
Gunder with mjolnir raised high 
and their Collision sent 

3032
02:52:41,300 --> 02:52:44,100
shockwaves that cracked the 
Earth and shattered the sky. 

3033
02:52:45,600 --> 02:52:48,200
They had fought before in dreams
and visions. 

3034
02:52:49,100 --> 02:52:53,300
But this was real and final, 
each blowing the weight of 

3035
02:52:53,300 --> 02:52:57,900
Destiny and determination. 
The Thunder Gods Hammer struck 

3036
02:52:57,900 --> 02:53:02,000
scales that had never known 
vulnerability and the serpent 

3037
02:53:02,000 --> 02:53:06,400
fangs drove toward flesh, that 
had always been too strong to 

3038
02:53:06,400 --> 02:53:10,900
pierce Odin face fenrir and all 
his wisdom meant nothing against

3039
02:53:10,900 --> 02:53:12,800
the simple fact of the wolf's 
hunger. 

3040
02:53:13,600 --> 02:53:18,200
Not hunger for food, but for 
justice for recognition for all 

3041
02:53:18,208 --> 02:53:23,600
the years stolen from him. 
The wolf charged and owed in 

3042
02:53:23,600 --> 02:53:26,000
fought with spear and spell and 
desperate courage. 

3043
02:53:26,000 --> 02:53:29,600
But the prophecy was very 
specific about how this 

3044
02:53:29,600 --> 02:53:31,800
encounter would end and 
prophecy. 

3045
02:53:31,800 --> 02:53:35,600
It turned out was stronger than 
any weapon across the 

3046
02:53:35,600 --> 02:53:39,900
battlefield. 
God's fell giant fell Warriors 

3047
02:53:39,900 --> 02:53:43,700
from Valhalla fell, and the dead
raised from hell's realm fell. 

3048
02:53:43,700 --> 02:53:46,700
Again, returning to the Oblivion
they briefly left. 

3049
02:53:47,500 --> 02:53:49,900
FaceTime doll. 
The Watchmen who had first 

3050
02:53:49,900 --> 02:53:53,400
spotted him sneaking into Asgard
all those ages ago and they 

3051
02:53:53,400 --> 02:53:55,400
killed each other in a mutual 
Annihilation. 

3052
02:53:55,400 --> 02:53:59,200
That felt somehow appropriate 
for two beings who had always 

3053
02:53:59,200 --> 02:54:01,200
been defined by their opposition
to each other. 

3054
02:54:02,000 --> 02:54:06,700
Fires Fred certain as blade cut 
through reality itself, and 

3055
02:54:06,700 --> 02:54:09,000
everything. 
It touched burned with flames, 

3056
02:54:09,000 --> 02:54:11,700
that couldn't be quenched 
because they were burning the 

3057
02:54:11,700 --> 02:54:15,000
concept of things rather than 
just their physical forms. 

3058
02:54:15,700 --> 02:54:19,300
The world tree igles which had 
stood since the beginning and 

3059
02:54:19,300 --> 02:54:22,600
connected all the Realms and its
vast structure began to burn. 

3060
02:54:22,600 --> 02:54:26,300
And as it burned, the world's 
themselves started to come 

3061
02:54:26,300 --> 02:54:30,900
apart, Thor struck human gun 
during final blow and the 

3062
02:54:30,900 --> 02:54:33,800
serpent died. 
His massive body collapsing 

3063
02:54:33,800 --> 02:54:36,400
across the battlefield like a 
mountain range, suddenly 

3064
02:54:36,400 --> 02:54:40,500
deciding to lie down. but the 
Venom in those last moments, 

3065
02:54:40,500 --> 02:54:43,600
poured out in quantities that 
even Thor's legendary 

3066
02:54:43,600 --> 02:54:46,800
Constitution couldn't withstand 
Thunder. 

3067
02:54:46,800 --> 02:54:50,600
God, took nine steps away from 
his dead enemy and then he too 

3068
02:54:50,600 --> 02:54:52,800
fell. 
Poisoned Beyond even Divine 

3069
02:54:52,800 --> 02:54:56,900
Healing fenrir devoured, Odin. 
And then Odin's, son. 

3070
02:54:56,900 --> 02:55:00,600
Vida, in a moment of grief 
driven, Fury drove a blade, 

3071
02:55:00,600 --> 02:55:04,600
through the wolf's heart. 
The great Beast fell and in his 

3072
02:55:04,600 --> 02:55:07,500
last moments perhaps he thought 
of his mother's Hall. 

3073
02:55:08,200 --> 02:55:11,300
A playing with his siblings of a
time before prophecy. 

3074
02:55:11,300 --> 02:55:14,500
Had determined that he would be 
a monster or perhaps he thought 

3075
02:55:14,500 --> 02:55:17,900
nothing at all and simply went 
into the darkness that all 

3076
02:55:17,900 --> 02:55:22,700
creatures even prophesied. 
Ones must finally face the fire 

3077
02:55:22,700 --> 02:55:27,600
consumed, everything that 
remained gods and Giants heroes 

3078
02:55:27,600 --> 02:55:30,900
are monsters all the elaborate 
structures of meaning and 

3079
02:55:30,900 --> 02:55:33,200
purpose that had held the nine 
worlds together. 

3080
02:55:34,100 --> 02:55:39,300
All of it burned till there was 
nothing left but Ash and silents

3081
02:55:39,300 --> 02:55:42,800
and the memory of things that 
would never be a game. 

3082
02:55:42,800 --> 02:55:45,600
It was by any measure a 
thoroughly successful 

3083
02:55:45,600 --> 02:55:48,200
apocalypse. 
The prophecy had been fulfilled 

3084
02:55:48,200 --> 02:55:51,400
in every detail. 
The ending had come exactly. 

3085
02:55:51,400 --> 02:55:55,200
As predicted everything that the
gods had tried to prevent had 

3086
02:55:55,200 --> 02:55:57,900
happened. 
Anyway, right on schedule, like 

3087
02:55:57,900 --> 02:56:01,500
a train that arrives, precisely,
when the timetable says it will,

3088
02:56:01,500 --> 02:56:04,500
regardless of how desperately 
you wish it would be delayed. 

3089
02:56:04,500 --> 02:56:08,000
And then, in the silence after 
everything had ended something 

3090
02:56:08,000 --> 02:56:10,300
new began. 
Here's something the prophecies 

3091
02:56:10,300 --> 02:56:12,200
didn't emphasize though. 
It was always there. 

3092
02:56:12,200 --> 02:56:15,700
If you read carefully Ragnarok, 
wasn't just an ending. 

3093
02:56:15,700 --> 02:56:20,200
It was also a clearing away a 
burning off of Old growth to 

3094
02:56:20,200 --> 02:56:21,600
make room for what would come 
after. 

3095
02:56:22,900 --> 02:56:25,500
The Norse understood something 
that many apocalyptic 

3096
02:56:25,500 --> 02:56:29,100
Traditions, forgot. 
That destruction and creation 

3097
02:56:29,100 --> 02:56:33,100
are two sides of the same 
process like breathing in and 

3098
02:56:33,100 --> 02:56:36,400
breathing out the fires 
eventually burn themselves out 

3099
02:56:36,400 --> 02:56:39,300
because even magical Flames, run
out of fuel when they've 

3100
02:56:39,300 --> 02:56:41,100
consumed everything. 
Combustible. 

3101
02:56:41,900 --> 02:56:44,900
The Venom dissipated its potency
fading. 

3102
02:56:44,900 --> 02:56:48,900
Once there was nothing left to 
Poise and The darkness that had 

3103
02:56:48,900 --> 02:56:53,100
swallowed the sun began slowly 
to thin from beneath the waves 

3104
02:56:53,100 --> 02:56:56,500
that are drowned so much of the 
old world Newland began to 

3105
02:56:56,500 --> 02:57:00,000
emerge. 
It Rose slowly incrementally, 

3106
02:57:00,000 --> 02:57:04,300
like bread rising in an oven or 
like hope returning to people 

3107
02:57:04,300 --> 02:57:07,300
who would give up on it. 
This land was different from 

3108
02:57:07,300 --> 02:57:12,100
what had been before. 
Softer somehow more gentle as if

3109
02:57:12,108 --> 02:57:13,600
the Earth itself had learned 
something. 

3110
02:57:13,600 --> 02:57:16,300
From watching everything burn, 
and decided to try a different 

3111
02:57:16,308 --> 02:57:21,800
approach, the sun, which fenrir 
had swallowed was gone. but the 

3112
02:57:21,800 --> 02:57:25,300
sun had a daughter and she 
emerged into the new Sky 

3113
02:57:25,300 --> 02:57:29,000
tentatively like a child 
stepping into a room where 

3114
02:57:29,000 --> 02:57:32,300
something terrible had happened 
and isn't sure if it's safe yet,

3115
02:57:33,300 --> 02:57:37,200
her liked was gentler than her 
mother's had been less harsh. 

3116
02:57:38,000 --> 02:57:40,800
Kind of sunlight that makes you 
want to lie and grass and watch 

3117
02:57:40,800 --> 02:57:43,600
clouds rather than accomplished 
anything, particularly 

3118
02:57:43,600 --> 02:57:46,000
ambitious. 
And here's where the story gets 

3119
02:57:46,000 --> 02:57:49,700
interesting, where it stops 
being about ending's, and starts

3120
02:57:49,700 --> 02:57:53,000
being about the peculiar 
resilience of existence itself. 

3121
02:57:54,200 --> 02:57:58,500
Not all the gods died at 
Ragnarok, some survived the 

3122
02:57:58,500 --> 02:58:01,900
younger ones, mostly the ones 
who been smart enough to hide 

3123
02:58:01,900 --> 02:58:05,300
rather, than fight or lucky 
enough to be in the right place.

3124
02:58:05,300 --> 02:58:09,800
When the fires came through, 
Vdara and Valley sons of Odin 

3125
02:58:09,800 --> 02:58:12,800
emerged from wherever they 
sheltered to see a world. 

3126
02:58:12,800 --> 02:58:15,300
That was utterly changed from 
the one they'd known. 

3127
02:58:16,100 --> 02:58:19,900
Modi and magni Thor's Sons found
their fathers Hammer lying in 

3128
02:58:19,908 --> 02:58:22,200
the ash where nothing should 
have survived. 

3129
02:58:22,900 --> 02:58:25,600
And they lifted it together, 
because neither was quite strong

3130
02:58:25,600 --> 02:58:28,600
enough alone, these survivors 
looked at the new land with 

3131
02:58:28,600 --> 02:58:32,000
mixed feelings. 
Relief at being alive. 

3132
02:58:32,000 --> 02:58:35,100
Certainly grief for everyone who
hadn't made it. 

3133
02:58:35,900 --> 02:58:39,900
But also something else. 
A sense of possibility of 

3134
02:58:39,900 --> 02:58:43,700
freedom from the old prophecies 
and old patterns that had bound 

3135
02:58:43,700 --> 02:58:45,800
everyone into roles, they 
couldn't escape. 

3136
02:58:47,100 --> 02:58:51,000
The great story had ended, which
meant new stories could begin 

3137
02:58:51,000 --> 02:58:54,100
stories that weren't already 
written in the weaving of the 

3138
02:58:54,100 --> 02:58:56,700
Norms. 
Two humans survived as well. 

3139
02:58:56,700 --> 02:58:59,300
Having hidden themselves in the 
trunk of Idris El. 

3140
02:58:59,300 --> 02:59:02,200
During the worst of the 
destruction sheltered by the 

3141
02:59:02,200 --> 02:59:06,400
tree even as it burned. 
Their names were lift and lift 

3142
02:59:06,400 --> 02:59:09,900
Tressa, which meant life. 
And eager for life. 

3143
02:59:10,700 --> 02:59:14,100
And they merge into the new 
world hungry and frightened but 

3144
02:59:14,100 --> 02:59:16,100
alive. 
Which was more than could be 

3145
02:59:16,100 --> 02:59:19,400
said, for most of creation. 
They found that the new Earth 

3146
02:59:19,400 --> 02:59:22,100
grew food without needing to be 
planted or tended. 

3147
02:59:22,100 --> 02:59:25,700
That water was clean and 
plentiful and that the harsh 

3148
02:59:25,700 --> 02:59:29,300
requirements of survival, that 
had dominated the old world 

3149
02:59:29,300 --> 02:59:32,300
didn't apply here with the same 
cruel intensity. 

3150
02:59:33,600 --> 02:59:36,600
It was as if the universe had 
decided to be kind of this time 

3151
02:59:36,600 --> 02:59:39,900
around to give life a better 
chance than it, had received 

3152
02:59:39,900 --> 02:59:43,900
before the surviving gods and 
the surviving humans met on a 

3153
02:59:43,900 --> 02:59:46,900
Green Field where as guarded 
once stood and they looked at 

3154
02:59:46,900 --> 02:59:50,000
each other, with none of the old
hierarchies or expectations in 

3155
02:59:50,000 --> 02:59:52,700
place. 
The gods weren't quite Gods 

3156
02:59:52,700 --> 02:59:56,100
anymore, not in the old sense, 
not with all their power and 

3157
02:59:56,100 --> 02:59:59,400
certainty. 
Humans weren't quite the same 

3158
02:59:59,400 --> 03:00:02,500
humans who had huddled in fear 
before Divine judgment. 

3159
03:00:03,300 --> 03:00:06,200
They were all survivors now, all
trying to figure out what came 

3160
03:00:06,200 --> 03:00:08,700
next in a world where the old 
rules have been burned away. 

3161
03:00:08,700 --> 03:00:12,900
They talked actually talked 
rather than the gods proclaiming

3162
03:00:12,900 --> 03:00:16,900
and humans obeying, they shared 
the food that grew wild and 

3163
03:00:16,900 --> 03:00:20,300
plentiful in this newer. 
They told stories about what had

3164
03:00:20,300 --> 03:00:23,700
been lost, not trying to 
resurrect it, but honoring it 

3165
03:00:23,700 --> 03:00:25,800
the way you want to memory 
acknowledging. 

3166
03:00:25,800 --> 03:00:29,400
That it mattered even though it 
was gone and in their talking a 

3167
03:00:29,400 --> 03:00:31,700
question emerged, that no one 
wanted to ask, but the 

3168
03:00:31,700 --> 03:00:35,200
eventually had to be voiced What
about s's children? 

3169
03:00:35,200 --> 03:00:38,300
Because here's the thing about 
prophecy once. 

3170
03:00:38,300 --> 03:00:43,200
It's fulfilled it over. 
Then Rhea had devoured, Odin, 

3171
03:00:43,200 --> 03:00:44,200
exactly. 
As predicted. 

3172
03:00:44,200 --> 03:00:48,200
Your Munga had risen and 
poisoned the sky right on 

3173
03:00:48,200 --> 03:00:51,500
schedule hellard commanded the 
dead at Ragnarok. 

3174
03:00:51,500 --> 03:00:54,500
Just as for Toledo. 
He had done everything that 

3175
03:00:54,500 --> 03:00:57,400
prophecy required of them 
playing their parts in the 

3176
03:00:57,408 --> 03:01:00,300
ending of all things with 
devastating accuracy. 

3177
03:01:00,300 --> 03:01:03,400
So what happened to them? 
Now fenrir was dead. 

3178
03:01:03,400 --> 03:01:07,700
Killed by vidar's blade and his 
body had burned with everything 

3179
03:01:07,700 --> 03:01:10,900
else. 
But in the new world in the 

3180
03:01:10,908 --> 03:01:14,600
forest That Grew without any 
one, planting them wolves ran 

3181
03:01:14,600 --> 03:01:17,100
free. 
And sometimes when you looked at

3182
03:01:17,100 --> 03:01:20,400
them carefully, you'd see eyes 
that seemed more knowing than 

3183
03:01:20,400 --> 03:01:21,400
animal eyes. 
Should be. 

3184
03:01:22,400 --> 03:01:24,500
Consciousness. 
That suggested something more 

3185
03:01:24,500 --> 03:01:29,100
than simple Beast. that really 
lived on in his children or 

3186
03:01:29,100 --> 03:01:33,800
perhaps the idea of fenrir 
Freedom from chains, recognition

3187
03:01:33,800 --> 03:01:37,800
after isolation, had become part
of the new world's fabric human 

3188
03:01:37,800 --> 03:01:39,800
gone. 
Does body had been too large to 

3189
03:01:39,800 --> 03:01:43,500
burn completely and his bones 
formed, new mountain ranges in 

3190
03:01:43,500 --> 03:01:46,400
the fresh Earth. 
Creating geography where none 

3191
03:01:46,400 --> 03:01:50,100
had existed before? 
his Venom had soaked into the 

3192
03:01:50,100 --> 03:01:53,400
ground but in stead of 
poisoning, it it somehow 

3193
03:01:53,400 --> 03:01:57,100
enriched the soil, making things
grow with unusual, vigor, 

3194
03:01:58,600 --> 03:02:02,700
Sailors on the new Seas reported
seeing serpents, sometimes much 

3195
03:02:02,700 --> 03:02:05,700
smaller than the world. 
Serpent had been, but with the 

3196
03:02:05,700 --> 03:02:10,500
same opal scales and the same 
patient knowing gays, Perhaps 

3197
03:02:10,500 --> 03:02:14,000
the serpent had survived in some
diminished form, or perhaps his 

3198
03:02:14,000 --> 03:02:17,000
Essence, a divided into 
countless smaller versions of 

3199
03:02:17,000 --> 03:02:20,900
himself, no single one, large 
enough to threaten the world, 

3200
03:02:20,900 --> 03:02:23,600
but all of them, carrying his 
memory forward. 

3201
03:02:23,600 --> 03:02:26,000
Hell was the most mysterious 
case. 

3202
03:02:26,800 --> 03:02:28,800
Her Realm of the Dead had been 
emptied. 

3203
03:02:28,800 --> 03:02:32,600
When the dead marched at 
Ragnarok, a niplheim itself, had

3204
03:02:32,600 --> 03:02:36,600
been transformed by the fires 
and the renewal Some said she 

3205
03:02:36,600 --> 03:02:40,300
still existed somewhere still 
ruling over, whatever remained 

3206
03:02:40,300 --> 03:02:43,300
of death, in this new world 
where everything seemed brighter

3207
03:02:43,300 --> 03:02:46,100
and More Alive. 
Others said she had been 

3208
03:02:46,100 --> 03:02:50,400
released from her duty free 
finally, to be simply herself 

3209
03:02:50,400 --> 03:02:55,000
rather than the goddess of the 
Dead living somewhere in the new

3210
03:02:55,000 --> 03:02:57,000
lands under a name. 
No one would recognize. 

3211
03:02:57,000 --> 03:03:00,800
But sometimes in the evening 
when the sun's daughter was 

3212
03:03:00,800 --> 03:03:04,400
setting and the world fell into 
that peculiar Twilight between 

3213
03:03:04,400 --> 03:03:07,100
day and night. 
People would see a figure 

3214
03:03:07,100 --> 03:03:11,800
walking alone half in light and 
half in Shadow half seemingly 

3215
03:03:11,800 --> 03:03:16,100
alive and half seemingly 
something else. the figure never

3216
03:03:16,100 --> 03:03:19,700
approached anyone never spoke 
and just walked through the new 

3217
03:03:19,700 --> 03:03:23,500
world observing it with an 
expression that suggested both 

3218
03:03:23,500 --> 03:03:27,100
familiarity and wonder like 
someone returning to a place, 

3219
03:03:27,100 --> 03:03:30,000
they'd lived in childhood, and 
finding it both changed and 

3220
03:03:30,000 --> 03:03:33,700
somehow the same as fate was 
equally unclear. 

3221
03:03:34,700 --> 03:03:38,200
He had died in his battle with 
Heimdall but death in the old 

3222
03:03:38,200 --> 03:03:42,200
world, didn't necessarily mean 
death in the new. some claim to 

3223
03:03:42,208 --> 03:03:45,500
see him in the faces of 
tricksters, and shapeshifters in

3224
03:03:45,500 --> 03:03:48,700
the clever solutions to 
Impossible problems and in the 

3225
03:03:48,700 --> 03:03:51,900
laughter that erupts when 
someone manages to find humor in

3226
03:03:51,900 --> 03:03:56,200
Desperate situations, Perhaps, 
he too had survived in some 

3227
03:03:56,200 --> 03:04:02,000
form, or perhaps the idea of him
change, complexity the refusal 

3228
03:04:02,000 --> 03:04:05,700
to fit neatly into expected 
categories, had become part of 

3229
03:04:05,700 --> 03:04:08,700
the new world's Foundation 
engilberta, who had lost 

3230
03:04:08,700 --> 03:04:10,500
everything. 
When the gods took her children 

3231
03:04:10,500 --> 03:04:13,800
would lived alone in her haul, 
through all the years of waiting

3232
03:04:13,800 --> 03:04:16,600
and prophecy. 
No one knew what had happened to

3233
03:04:16,600 --> 03:04:18,800
her. 
Yacht and he had been 

3234
03:04:18,800 --> 03:04:21,400
transformed. 
Like everywhere else and her 

3235
03:04:21,408 --> 03:04:26,300
Hall of Bones was probably gone 
burned or transformed or simply 

3236
03:04:26,300 --> 03:04:31,400
reclaimed by whatever wild magic
now shaped the realms. but 

3237
03:04:31,400 --> 03:04:35,300
sometimes in Wild places where 
the New Order hadn't quite taken

3238
03:04:35,300 --> 03:04:40,000
hold Travelers reported meeting 
a giant test, who asked a news 

3239
03:04:40,000 --> 03:04:43,500
of three children describing 
them as they had been in infancy

3240
03:04:43,500 --> 03:04:47,800
rather than as the legendary 
beings they'd become Those who 

3241
03:04:47,800 --> 03:04:51,100
encountered her said, she seemed
simultaneously grieving and at 

3242
03:04:51,100 --> 03:04:53,600
peace? 
As if she'd finally accepted a 

3243
03:04:53,600 --> 03:04:55,700
loss that had defined her 
existence for so long. 

3244
03:04:55,700 --> 03:04:58,700
The survivors built new 
settlements in the new world, 

3245
03:04:58,700 --> 03:05:00,900
but they built them differently 
this time. 

3246
03:05:01,800 --> 03:05:04,900
Instead of the great halls and 
elaborate hierarchies of the old

3247
03:05:04,900 --> 03:05:09,400
world, they created communities 
that were smaller more flexible 

3248
03:05:09,400 --> 03:05:12,300
and more focused on cooperation 
than competition. 

3249
03:05:13,300 --> 03:05:16,100
They remembered how the old 
order had ended and decided to 

3250
03:05:16,100 --> 03:05:19,000
try something else. 
Something that didn't require 

3251
03:05:19,000 --> 03:05:22,400
prophecies about destruction to 
keep everyone moving forward, 

3252
03:05:22,400 --> 03:05:26,000
the gods who survived didn't try
to recreate Asgard. 

3253
03:05:26,000 --> 03:05:29,700
What would be the point, the old
Asgard had been built on 

3254
03:05:29,700 --> 03:05:33,500
certainty that no longer existed
on the assumption that divine 

3255
03:05:33,500 --> 03:05:35,500
order was Superior to all other 
possibilities. 

3256
03:05:36,700 --> 03:05:39,200
The new Gods. 
If you could even call them that

3257
03:05:39,200 --> 03:05:42,700
anymore, lived among the humans 
contributing what they could, 

3258
03:05:42,700 --> 03:05:44,800
but not claiming authority over 
everything. 

3259
03:05:45,800 --> 03:05:49,600
It was a more modest approach to
Divinity but also perhaps a more

3260
03:05:49,600 --> 03:05:53,600
honest, one magic, still existed
in the new world but it was 

3261
03:05:53,600 --> 03:05:57,100
gentler and more integrated into
daily life rather than being 

3262
03:05:57,100 --> 03:06:00,200
something rare and dramatic that
only Heroes and gods could 

3263
03:06:00,200 --> 03:06:03,500
access. 
Children learned small spells 

3264
03:06:03,500 --> 03:06:07,100
alongside their letters useful 
magic for growing things or 

3265
03:06:07,100 --> 03:06:09,500
finding lost items or comforting
fears. 

3266
03:06:09,500 --> 03:06:13,600
It was Democratic magic 
accessible to anyone willing to 

3267
03:06:13,600 --> 03:06:16,800
learn and it changed the 
fundamental nature of what was 

3268
03:06:16,800 --> 03:06:19,100
possible. 
The new world had problems. 

3269
03:06:19,100 --> 03:06:23,800
Of course, existence always does
But they were different problems

3270
03:06:23,800 --> 03:06:25,900
smaller in scale more 
manageable. 

3271
03:06:26,500 --> 03:06:28,100
There were no prophecies hanging
over. 

3272
03:06:28,100 --> 03:06:31,600
Everyone's heads, no sense that 
everything was building toward 

3273
03:06:31,600 --> 03:06:35,200
inevitable catastrophe. 
People could make mistakes 

3274
03:06:35,200 --> 03:06:37,300
without it leading to Universal 
destruction. 

3275
03:06:38,200 --> 03:06:40,100
Gods could be wrong without its 
shattering. 

3276
03:06:40,100 --> 03:06:44,500
The foundations of reality. 
It was uncertain in ways, the 

3277
03:06:44,500 --> 03:06:47,900
old world had never been, but 
that uncertain tools meant 

3278
03:06:47,900 --> 03:06:52,700
Freedom meant possibility and 
meant that tomorrow didn't have 

3279
03:06:52,700 --> 03:06:55,000
to be just like today unless you
chose to make it. 

3280
03:06:55,000 --> 03:06:58,500
So as the first generation of 
the new world grew old and 

3281
03:06:58,500 --> 03:07:01,500
prepared to pass on their 
memories to their children, they

3282
03:07:01,500 --> 03:07:03,400
told stories about what had been
lost. 

3283
03:07:04,100 --> 03:07:08,200
They spoke of great halls and 
mighty gods of prophecies and 

3284
03:07:08,200 --> 03:07:10,500
battles of monsters who were 
all. 

3285
03:07:10,500 --> 03:07:13,300
So children, who had never been 
given a fair chance. 

3286
03:07:14,200 --> 03:07:17,200
They told these stories not to 
make their descendants long for 

3287
03:07:17,200 --> 03:07:19,800
what had been. 
But to help them understand how 

3288
03:07:19,800 --> 03:07:22,900
they'd arrived at where they 
were to honor the cost of 

3289
03:07:22,908 --> 03:07:26,100
renewal to remember that 
creation requires destruction, 

3290
03:07:26,100 --> 03:07:29,200
that new growth needs old things
to burn away first. 

3291
03:07:29,200 --> 03:07:33,400
And sometimes on particularly 
quiet nights when the wind 

3292
03:07:33,400 --> 03:07:37,000
carried voices from far away, 
people thought they could hear 

3293
03:07:37,000 --> 03:07:40,600
three sounds. 
A wolf howling somewhere in the 

3294
03:07:40,600 --> 03:07:44,400
distant forests. 
A serpent hiss from Deep beneath

3295
03:07:44,400 --> 03:07:47,200
the waves and quiet footsteps of
someone. 

3296
03:07:47,200 --> 03:07:48,900
Walking alone through the 
Twilight. 

3297
03:07:48,900 --> 03:07:53,200
Observing the new world with 
eyes that had seen both life and

3298
03:07:53,200 --> 03:07:57,200
death and found wisdom in the 
space between a prophecy of 

3299
03:07:57,208 --> 03:07:59,400
Ragnarok. 
Had come true exactly. 

3300
03:07:59,400 --> 03:08:03,700
As foretold, the world had 
ended, and then because ending's

3301
03:08:03,700 --> 03:08:07,300
are never quite as final as they
seem the world had begun again, 

3302
03:08:07,300 --> 03:08:11,100
different. 
But, somehow familiar carrying 

3303
03:08:11,100 --> 03:08:14,000
forward the best of what had 
been while leaving behind the 

3304
03:08:14,000 --> 03:08:16,400
worst. 
It was in its own way. 

3305
03:08:16,400 --> 03:08:20,200
The happiest ending possible for
a story about apocalypse, not 

3306
03:08:20,200 --> 03:08:23,300
because nothing was lost. 
But because what came after made

3307
03:08:23,300 --> 03:08:27,100
the Lost means, something other 
than simple tragedy, as you lie 

3308
03:08:27,100 --> 03:08:30,100
here in your own warm bed in a 
world that hasn't ended and 

3309
03:08:30,100 --> 03:08:33,200
probably won't anytime soon. 
You might think about the 

3310
03:08:33,200 --> 03:08:35,500
strange comfort of the Old Norse
myths. 

3311
03:08:36,600 --> 03:08:38,500
They didn't promise that 
everything would be fine 

3312
03:08:38,500 --> 03:08:41,000
forever. 
They didn't pretend that holding

3313
03:08:41,000 --> 03:08:44,300
onto the past was possible, or 
even desirable they look 

3314
03:08:44,300 --> 03:08:48,500
straight at the reality that all
things, end gods, and worlds, 

3315
03:08:48,500 --> 03:08:52,000
Empires and certainties, even 
the stories we tell ourselves 

3316
03:08:52,000 --> 03:08:55,000
about Who We Are. 
And they found a way to make 

3317
03:08:55,000 --> 03:08:57,800
peace with that. 
Truth Ragnarok wasn't really 

3318
03:08:57,800 --> 03:09:00,100
about a battle or a wolf, or a 
serpent. 

3319
03:09:00,800 --> 03:09:04,100
It was about change about the 
way old orders eventually 

3320
03:09:04,100 --> 03:09:07,100
collapse under their own 
contradictions and about how 

3321
03:09:07,100 --> 03:09:09,000
attempts to prevent change 
often. 

3322
03:09:09,000 --> 03:09:13,400
The very catastrophes, they're 
trying to avoid The gods took 

3323
03:09:13,400 --> 03:09:16,200
away our children to prevent a 
prophecy and in doing. 

3324
03:09:16,200 --> 03:09:18,600
So they guaranteed that prophecy
would come true. 

3325
03:09:18,600 --> 03:09:22,400
They created the monster's. 
They feared by treating innocent

3326
03:09:22,400 --> 03:09:25,600
children, as if they were 
already monstrous, but the story

3327
03:09:25,600 --> 03:09:28,800
doesn't end there which is 
perhaps its most important 

3328
03:09:28,800 --> 03:09:31,600
lesson. 
After the destruction came 

3329
03:09:31,600 --> 03:09:34,300
something new. 
Something that incorporated 

3330
03:09:34,300 --> 03:09:37,300
lessons from what had failed 
while trying approaches that had

3331
03:09:37,300 --> 03:09:41,100
never been attempted before. 
The new world wasn't perfect. 

3332
03:09:41,100 --> 03:09:45,000
The stories, make that clear. 
but it was possible in ways the 

3333
03:09:45,000 --> 03:09:48,700
old world had stopped, being you
live in your own time of change 

3334
03:09:48,700 --> 03:09:51,500
where old certain teas are 
crumbling and new possibilities 

3335
03:09:51,500 --> 03:09:55,100
are emerging in ways that can 
feel both exciting and 

3336
03:09:55,100 --> 03:09:59,100
terrifying The north, who told 
these stories would have 

3337
03:09:59,108 --> 03:10:02,600
understood your anxiety, your 
sense of being caught between 

3338
03:10:02,600 --> 03:10:05,900
what was and what might be. 
They would have told you, that 

3339
03:10:05,900 --> 03:10:09,200
this is how transitional always 
feels that the pause between one

3340
03:10:09,200 --> 03:10:10,500
world. 
And the next is always 

3341
03:10:10,500 --> 03:10:13,700
uncomfortable and that 
discomfort is not a sign, you're

3342
03:10:13,700 --> 03:10:16,400
doing something wrong, but 
simply a sign that you're alive 

3343
03:10:16,400 --> 03:10:19,500
during interesting times. 
They might also have told you 

3344
03:10:19,500 --> 03:10:22,500
that trying to hold onto the 
past too tightly trying to 

3345
03:10:22,500 --> 03:10:24,600
prevent change through force or 
fear. 

3346
03:10:24,600 --> 03:10:28,500
Usually, just makes the eventual
transformation more violent when

3347
03:10:28,500 --> 03:10:32,000
it finally comes. 
That the children we Exile out 

3348
03:10:32,000 --> 03:10:36,000
of fear of what they might 
become often do become exactly 

3349
03:10:36,000 --> 03:10:38,800
what we feared, not because it 
was inevitable. 

3350
03:10:38,800 --> 03:10:42,800
But because isolation and chains
create rage, that wouldn't have 

3351
03:10:42,800 --> 03:10:46,400
existed otherwise and they would
have assured you that even after

3352
03:10:46,400 --> 03:10:49,100
Everything Burns. 
Even after the prophecies come 

3353
03:10:49,100 --> 03:10:52,500
true and the world, you knew 
ends life finds a Way Forward. 

3354
03:10:53,400 --> 03:10:56,100
Not back to what was that's 
never possible. 

3355
03:10:56,100 --> 03:10:59,600
But towards something new, that 
carries the memory of what came 

3356
03:10:59,600 --> 03:11:03,200
before while also being 
genuinely, different, genuinely 

3357
03:11:03,200 --> 03:11:06,100
fresh and genuinely alive with 
possibility. 

3358
03:11:06,100 --> 03:11:10,800
So rest easy in your comfortable
bed in your warm room in your 

3359
03:11:10,800 --> 03:11:14,000
continuing world. 
The wolves are just wolves 

3360
03:11:14,000 --> 03:11:16,700
tonight. 
The serpents are safely, small 

3361
03:11:16,700 --> 03:11:20,600
and far away, and death remains 
in its proper place rather than 

3362
03:11:20,600 --> 03:11:24,600
walking among the living. 
Tomorrow will come as it always 

3363
03:11:24,600 --> 03:11:26,400
does. 
And it will bring its own 

3364
03:11:26,400 --> 03:11:30,000
challenges and changes, its own 
small endings, and New 

3365
03:11:30,000 --> 03:11:35,200
Beginnings, but for now, in this
moment, you can simply be still.

3366
03:11:36,100 --> 03:11:38,500
You can let go of the days 
worries and the future's 

3367
03:11:38,500 --> 03:11:43,100
uncertainties, you can breathe 
slowly and deeply feeling your 

3368
03:11:43,100 --> 03:11:46,300
body, sinking into the mattress.
Feeling sleep. 

3369
03:11:46,300 --> 03:11:49,800
Begin to gather at the edges of 
your Consciousness like a gentle

3370
03:11:49,800 --> 03:11:52,600
tide coming in. 
Of sea of Ragnarok. 

3371
03:11:52,600 --> 03:11:54,800
Came true. 
And the world was remade. 

3372
03:11:55,800 --> 03:11:57,100
But that's not your story 
tonight. 

3373
03:11:57,900 --> 03:12:01,300
Tonight, your story is simply 
about rest about letting 

3374
03:12:01,300 --> 03:12:05,300
Consciousness Fade Into dreams 
about trusting that you'll wake 

3375
03:12:05,300 --> 03:12:06,800
again to a world that's still 
here. 

3376
03:12:07,600 --> 03:12:10,000
Still turning still full of 
possibilities. 

3377
03:12:10,000 --> 03:12:14,600
You haven't imagined yet sleep. 
Well, Dream of new worlds, 

3378
03:12:14,600 --> 03:12:17,900
growing from old ashes of 
children, who are loved rather 

3379
03:12:17,900 --> 03:12:22,000
than feared of chains breaking 
not into violence, but into 

3380
03:12:22,000 --> 03:12:25,800
freedom of endings that are 
really beginning wearing a 

3381
03:12:25,800 --> 03:12:28,700
particularly dramatic costume. 
And when you wake tomorrow, 

3382
03:12:28,700 --> 03:12:32,100
you'll find the world. 
Still here waiting for whatever 

3383
03:12:32,100 --> 03:12:34,700
story you choose to add to its 
ongoing narrative. 

3384
03:12:34,700 --> 03:12:39,000
A narrative that like all the 
best stories is still being 

3385
03:12:39,000 --> 03:12:41,700
written. 
Still being reimagined, still 

3386
03:12:41,700 --> 03:12:51,100
discovering what it might become
All right. 

3387
03:12:51,100 --> 03:12:54,000
Yo everyone. 
Tonight's journey is into a 

3388
03:12:54,000 --> 03:12:56,900
story that unfolded not with 
grand speeches or public 

3389
03:12:56,900 --> 03:12:59,400
battles. 
But through carefully, chosen 

3390
03:12:59,400 --> 03:13:04,000
details, quiet determination. 
And an understanding that beauty

3391
03:13:04,000 --> 03:13:06,700
could be its own form of power 
tonight. 

3392
03:13:06,700 --> 03:13:10,300
You'll discover how one woman, 
transformed the way American saw

3393
03:13:10,300 --> 03:13:13,900
themselves and their history 
working, not from headlines, but

3394
03:13:13,900 --> 03:13:18,100
from the shadows of chandeliers,
the weight of antique chairs and

3395
03:13:18,100 --> 03:13:21,400
the simple Act of choosing which
paintings would hang on walls. 

3396
03:13:21,400 --> 03:13:25,800
That belong to everyone stepping
into the early 1960s, when 

3397
03:13:25,800 --> 03:13:29,100
America was young and restless 
searching for his own reflection

3398
03:13:29,100 --> 03:13:32,700
in the mirror of the world. 
And if you will your standing in

3399
03:13:32,700 --> 03:13:36,700
a Manhattan apartment on a 
winter afternoon in 19401, and 

3400
03:13:36,700 --> 03:13:38,800
the light coming through the 
tall Windows, has that 

3401
03:13:38,800 --> 03:13:41,400
particular quality that only 
happens? 

3402
03:13:41,400 --> 03:13:45,400
When snow reflects the sun 
upward into rooms that normally 

3403
03:13:45,400 --> 03:13:48,300
live in Shadow? 
Yes, smells faintly a furniture 

3404
03:13:48,300 --> 03:13:49,900
polish. 
And the paper of new books. 

3405
03:13:49,900 --> 03:13:53,100
And if you listen carefully, you
can hear someone turning pages 

3406
03:13:53,100 --> 03:13:56,600
in the Next Room. 
Jacqueline Bouvier is 12 years 

3407
03:13:56,600 --> 03:13:59,400
old and she's reading about 
Marie Antoinette again. 

3408
03:13:59,400 --> 03:14:02,700
Not the simplified version, they
teach in school where everything

3409
03:14:02,700 --> 03:14:06,400
reduces to cake and gear to 
teams, but the complicated 

3410
03:14:06,400 --> 03:14:08,300
truth. 
Founded volumes her mother 

3411
03:14:08,300 --> 03:14:10,000
borrowed from the library, at 
her request. 

3412
03:14:10,000 --> 03:14:13,400
She's fascinated by something 
most people, Miss entirely. 

3413
03:14:14,400 --> 03:14:17,600
Before the Revolution. 
Before everything fell apart, 

3414
03:14:17,600 --> 03:14:21,100
Marie Antoinette had quietly. 
Commissioned some of the most 

3415
03:14:21,100 --> 03:14:24,900
beautiful Furniture ever made 
the young girl traces, her 

3416
03:14:24,900 --> 03:14:27,700
finger over an illustration of a
writing desk with legs that 

3417
03:14:27,700 --> 03:14:31,600
curve, like flower stems and 
something clicks into place in 

3418
03:14:31,600 --> 03:14:33,700
her mind about the relationship 
between objects. 

3419
03:14:33,700 --> 03:14:36,800
And the people who live among 
them, her mother, Janet calls 

3420
03:14:36,800 --> 03:14:39,600
this attention to detail, but 
it's more than that. 

3421
03:14:39,600 --> 03:14:43,000
It's an understanding that the 
physical world tells stories 

3422
03:14:43,000 --> 03:14:46,000
about the people who shape it. 
And that those stories matter 

3423
03:14:46,000 --> 03:14:48,000
more than most adults seem to 
realize. 

3424
03:14:48,000 --> 03:14:51,400
When you visit someone's home, 
you're not just seeing their 

3425
03:14:51,400 --> 03:14:53,000
Furniture. 
You're reading their 

3426
03:14:53,000 --> 03:14:56,400
autobiography written in the 
language of choices made and 

3427
03:14:56,400 --> 03:15:00,100
objects kept the Bouvier 
household runs on a particular. 

3428
03:15:00,100 --> 03:15:02,300
Kind of order. 
That feels less like rules and 

3429
03:15:02,300 --> 03:15:06,300
more like choreography. 
Meals happen at specific times, 

3430
03:15:06,300 --> 03:15:10,000
clothes are pressed. 
Just so books are returned to 

3431
03:15:10,000 --> 03:15:12,900
their proper places on shelves, 
arranged by both subject and 

3432
03:15:12,900 --> 03:15:15,400
size. 
Young, Jackie, learns to read 

3433
03:15:15,400 --> 03:15:17,800
rooms the way other children. 
Learn to read faces 

3434
03:15:17,800 --> 03:15:21,900
understanding that the placement
of a vest or the choice of a 

3435
03:15:21,900 --> 03:15:24,300
lampshade communicates. 
Something about the person who 

3436
03:15:24,300 --> 03:15:28,200
put it there her father Jack 
Bouvier has a different kind of 

3437
03:15:28,200 --> 03:15:30,700
influence. 
He's the sort of man who knows 

3438
03:15:30,700 --> 03:15:32,500
everyone in the room before he 
enters it. 

3439
03:15:32,500 --> 03:15:36,100
You can make waiters laugh and 
dormant feel important with just

3440
03:15:36,100 --> 03:15:39,700
a few words, he teaches his 
daughter, something her mother's

3441
03:15:39,700 --> 03:15:44,100
order, can't quite capture, the 
performance of Grace, the way 

3442
03:15:44,100 --> 03:15:47,200
charm can open doors that remain
closed to force. 

3443
03:15:47,200 --> 03:15:51,400
She watches him navigate social 
situations like a dancer, moving

3444
03:15:51,400 --> 03:15:55,400
through, a crowded floor, never 
bumping into anyone always 

3445
03:15:55,400 --> 03:15:59,400
knowing exactly where to step 
next, but it's during summers at

3446
03:15:59,400 --> 03:16:02,000
the family's property in East 
Hampton that something deeper 

3447
03:16:02,000 --> 03:16:05,300
takes root your walking with A 
through grass that reaches your 

3448
03:16:05,300 --> 03:16:08,900
knees passed, hydrangea bushes, 
heavy with blooms the size of 

3449
03:16:08,900 --> 03:16:11,200
your head and she is pointing 
out details. 

3450
03:16:11,200 --> 03:16:14,700
You wouldn't normally notice the
way the light changes color as 

3451
03:16:14,700 --> 03:16:17,700
it filters through different 
leaves have the same motion 

3452
03:16:17,700 --> 03:16:20,100
looks completely different 
depending on whether you're 

3453
03:16:20,100 --> 03:16:21,800
standing or sitting when you 
view it. 

3454
03:16:21,800 --> 03:16:24,300
She's building a vocabulary for 
beauty. 

3455
03:16:24,300 --> 03:16:28,200
That doesn't rely on the words. 
Other people use developing her 

3456
03:16:28,200 --> 03:16:31,800
own language for describing. 
What makes one thing, lovely and

3457
03:16:31,800 --> 03:16:34,800
another merely adequate. 
Is Porter's School. 

3458
03:16:34,808 --> 03:16:38,200
In Connecticut, her teachers 
noticed something unusual most 

3459
03:16:38,200 --> 03:16:40,800
students approach literature as 
an assignment to be completed. 

3460
03:16:40,800 --> 03:16:44,000
But Jackie reads like someone 
searching for instruction 

3461
03:16:44,000 --> 03:16:47,200
manuals on how to live. 
She copies passages into 

3462
03:16:47,200 --> 03:16:50,700
notebooks not because she has to
but because she wants to keep 

3463
03:16:50,700 --> 03:16:54,700
certain sentences close the way 
you might keep photographs of 

3464
03:16:54,700 --> 03:16:58,300
places you've loved her French 
teacher, watches her practice 

3465
03:16:58,300 --> 03:17:01,300
pronunciation with the kind of 
focus usually reserved for 

3466
03:17:01,308 --> 03:17:04,600
religious devotion. 
Understanding that this teenage 

3467
03:17:04,600 --> 03:17:08,300
girl already knows something 
important language isn't just 

3468
03:17:08,300 --> 03:17:12,300
about communication. 
It's about access to other ways 

3469
03:17:12,300 --> 03:17:16,000
of seeing the summer she spends 
and France after her junior year

3470
03:17:16,000 --> 03:17:18,800
at Vassar shifts. 
Everything slightly sideways 

3471
03:17:18,800 --> 03:17:23,200
your city with her in a cafe in 
Grenoble, watching her watch the

3472
03:17:23,200 --> 03:17:26,500
way French women tie, their 
scarves, hold their cigarettes 

3473
03:17:26,500 --> 03:17:30,100
and gesture with their hands 
while talking she's not trying 

3474
03:17:30,100 --> 03:17:33,100
to become French. 
She's too smart for that kind of

3475
03:17:33,100 --> 03:17:36,400
simple imitation but she is 
absorbing something about the 

3476
03:17:36,400 --> 03:17:40,100
French relationship with style 
the way they treat presentation 

3477
03:17:40,100 --> 03:17:44,300
as a form of respect rather than
vanity she notices how French 

3478
03:17:44,300 --> 03:17:48,100
museums display their Creating 
rooms that feel like 

3479
03:17:48,100 --> 03:17:51,700
conversations between centuries 
rather than warehouses for old 

3480
03:17:51,700 --> 03:17:54,100
things. 
She sees how French families 

3481
03:17:54,100 --> 03:17:57,400
treat mealtimes as sacred 
intervals in the day, not 

3482
03:17:57,400 --> 03:17:59,300
interruptions to more important 
work. 

3483
03:17:59,300 --> 03:18:02,400
Most of all she observes, how 
the French seemed to believe 

3484
03:18:02,400 --> 03:18:06,500
that beauty isn't frivolous or 
superficial but essential Kind 

3485
03:18:06,500 --> 03:18:09,300
of nourishment is necessary as 
food or sleep. 

3486
03:18:09,300 --> 03:18:12,600
By the time she meets John. 
Kennedy at a dinner party in 

3487
03:18:12,608 --> 03:18:15,200
1951. 
She is assembled a particular 

3488
03:18:15,200 --> 03:18:17,700
set of skills that don't appear 
on any resume. 

3489
03:18:18,800 --> 03:18:22,000
She can look at a room and know 
within seconds what's wrong with

3490
03:18:22,000 --> 03:18:25,700
it and how to fix it. 
She can make small talk in three

3491
03:18:25,700 --> 03:18:28,200
languages. 
While simultaneously cataloging 

3492
03:18:28,200 --> 03:18:30,700
everything from the quality of 
the Civil War, to the way the 

3493
03:18:30,700 --> 03:18:32,900
host and Hostess in tracked with
their staff. 

3494
03:18:32,900 --> 03:18:36,800
She understands that surfaces 
aren't shallow, they're the 

3495
03:18:36,800 --> 03:18:39,700
first chapter of every story. 
The thing that determines 

3496
03:18:39,700 --> 03:18:43,000
whether anyone will bother 
reading further, The 12 year old

3497
03:18:43,008 --> 03:18:45,700
girl reading about Marie 
Antoinette in that Manhattan. 

3498
03:18:45,700 --> 03:18:47,800
Apartment has become a young 
woman. 

3499
03:18:47,800 --> 03:18:51,300
Who knows that changing health 
things look is one way of 

3500
03:18:51,300 --> 03:18:54,400
changing, how people think about
them and that this kind of 

3501
03:18:54,400 --> 03:18:59,000
change, though, subtle can be 
more lasting than the kind that 

3502
03:18:59,000 --> 03:19:01,200
announces itself with trumpets 
and headlines. 

3503
03:19:01,200 --> 03:19:04,000
You're walking into the White 
House for the first time as 

3504
03:19:04,000 --> 03:19:08,400
first lady in January, 1961, and
the first thing that strikes you

3505
03:19:08,400 --> 03:19:10,000
isn't the history of the grand 
year. 

3506
03:19:10,700 --> 03:19:12,700
Is the overwhelming sense of 
neglect? 

3507
03:19:12,700 --> 03:19:16,800
Yes, smells like old heating 
systems and carpet that seem too

3508
03:19:16,800 --> 03:19:19,800
many decades of shoes. 
The furniture looks like what 

3509
03:19:19,800 --> 03:19:23,300
you'd find in a moderately 
successful hotel from the 1920s.

3510
03:19:24,100 --> 03:19:28,000
Generic pieces chosen for 
durability rather than beauty or

3511
03:19:28,000 --> 03:19:29,800
meaning. 
The paintings on the walls could

3512
03:19:29,800 --> 03:19:33,400
be from anywhere bought in bulk.
Perhaps telling no particular 

3513
03:19:33,400 --> 03:19:38,200
story about the nation that paid
for them Jackie, Kennedy stands 

3514
03:19:38,200 --> 03:19:41,300
in the center of the green room 
and you can see her face doing 

3515
03:19:41,300 --> 03:19:44,000
something complicated. 
She's not disgusted. 

3516
03:19:44,000 --> 03:19:45,900
Exactly. 
But she certainly disappointed 

3517
03:19:45,900 --> 03:19:47,900
more than that. 
She's puzzled. 

3518
03:19:47,900 --> 03:19:51,100
This is the house that supposed 
to represent American 

3519
03:19:51,100 --> 03:19:54,100
achievement to the world and it 
looks like nobody with any 

3520
03:19:54,100 --> 03:19:56,300
Authority is actually thought 
about what its representing. 

3521
03:19:57,500 --> 03:20:01,400
The curtains, a sun faded the 
upholstery is warning ways that 

3522
03:20:01,400 --> 03:20:03,700
suggest it wasn't particularly 
nice to begin with. 

3523
03:20:04,700 --> 03:20:08,200
Some of the antique furniture 
and there isn't much has been 

3524
03:20:08,200 --> 03:20:10,400
painted over with modern colors.
That hide. 

3525
03:20:10,400 --> 03:20:13,500
The original would she makes a 
decision right there, that will 

3526
03:20:13,500 --> 03:20:15,400
consume the next three years of 
her life. 

3527
03:20:16,200 --> 03:20:19,300
The White House needs to become 
what it's supposed to be and 

3528
03:20:19,300 --> 03:20:22,500
she's going to make that happen.
Whether anyone helps her or not.

3529
03:20:22,500 --> 03:20:26,100
The first problem is that almost
none of the furniture, or art 

3530
03:20:26,100 --> 03:20:28,200
actually belongs to the White 
House permanently. 

3531
03:20:29,000 --> 03:20:32,900
Previous, first families have 
bought things used them and take

3532
03:20:32,900 --> 03:20:35,700
them home when they left. 
The house has no real 

3533
03:20:35,700 --> 03:20:38,000
collection. 
No institutional memory, 

3534
03:20:38,000 --> 03:20:40,800
built-in objects. 
It's more like a rental property

3535
03:20:40,800 --> 03:20:43,300
that various tenants have 
decorated, according to their 

3536
03:20:43,300 --> 03:20:47,100
temporary tastes leaving behind.
Only what they didn't want badly

3537
03:20:47,100 --> 03:20:50,900
enough to pack, Jackie starts 
making phone calls, she reaches 

3538
03:20:50,900 --> 03:20:53,500
out to wealthy families who 
might have furniture Gathering 

3539
03:20:53,500 --> 03:20:56,600
dust in their attics. 
Original American pieces made by

3540
03:20:56,600 --> 03:21:00,200
Master Craftsmen in the 1800s 
that have been replaced by 

3541
03:21:00,200 --> 03:21:03,600
modern conveniences, she 
contacts historians who 

3542
03:21:03,600 --> 03:21:05,100
specialize in presidential 
history. 

3543
03:21:05,100 --> 03:21:08,300
Asking what kinds of objects 
would have been in the White 

3544
03:21:08,300 --> 03:21:10,300
House during its most 
significant moments. 

3545
03:21:10,300 --> 03:21:12,800
She writes letters to museum 
directors. 

3546
03:21:12,800 --> 03:21:16,200
Essentially asking if they have 
anything they'd be willing to 

3547
03:21:16,200 --> 03:21:19,200
loan indefinitely to the 
nation's most important house 

3548
03:21:20,100 --> 03:21:23,800
The response surprises, everyone
except her Americans. 

3549
03:21:23,800 --> 03:21:26,300
It turns out are sitting on 
Treasure, troves of historical 

3550
03:21:26,300 --> 03:21:29,100
furniture and art that they've 
forgotten to Value properly. 

3551
03:21:29,100 --> 03:21:32,600
A family in Philadelphia has a 
desk that belonged to a 

3552
03:21:32,600 --> 03:21:35,600
Revolutionary War General stored
in a barn because it doesn't 

3553
03:21:35,600 --> 03:21:39,200
match their current Decor a 
woman in Boston has paintings of

3554
03:21:39,200 --> 03:21:42,100
early American Landscapes that 
have been hanging in her guest 

3555
03:21:42,100 --> 03:21:45,400
room Gathering dust because 
nobody ever uses that room. 

3556
03:21:45,400 --> 03:21:49,000
A collector in Virginia has been
storing a set of chairs made for

3557
03:21:49,008 --> 03:21:52,100
James Monroe, waiting for 
someone who would appreciate 

3558
03:21:52,100 --> 03:21:54,600
them properly. 
You're watching her work in a 

3559
03:21:54,608 --> 03:21:56,700
makeshift office. 
She set up in the White House 

3560
03:21:56,700 --> 03:21:59,100
and the organization is 
meticulous. 

3561
03:22:00,000 --> 03:22:03,900
She's created files for every 
room with photographs of what it

3562
03:22:03,900 --> 03:22:06,300
looks like now and sketches of 
what it could become. 

3563
03:22:06,300 --> 03:22:10,800
She's compiled list of furniture
style by period cross-reference 

3564
03:22:10,800 --> 03:22:12,400
with which presidents were in 
office. 

3565
03:22:12,400 --> 03:22:15,200
When those Style's were popular 
she is tracking down the 

3566
03:22:15,200 --> 03:22:18,900
provenance of every piece that 
donors offer making sure nothing

3567
03:22:18,900 --> 03:22:21,800
fake or historically 
questionable ends up on display.

3568
03:22:22,800 --> 03:22:27,200
This isn't redecorating. 
It's detective work archaeology 

3569
03:22:27,200 --> 03:22:29,700
and educational all happening 
simultaneously. 

3570
03:22:29,700 --> 03:22:34,400
The work has a funny quality to 
it, too because the White House 

3571
03:22:34,400 --> 03:22:37,900
staff on quite sure what to make
of this young first lady who 

3572
03:22:37,900 --> 03:22:40,400
keeps asking them to move heavy 
ferniture around. 

3573
03:22:40,400 --> 03:22:43,100
So she can see how different a 
rangements feel. 

3574
03:22:44,000 --> 03:22:49,200
The chief Usher JB West finds 
himself in the unusual position 

3575
03:22:49,200 --> 03:22:52,000
of Hosting, what amounts to an 
ongoing Furniture audition, 

3576
03:22:52,000 --> 03:22:55,700
where chairs and tables are 
brought in assess and either 

3577
03:22:55,700 --> 03:22:58,800
accepted into the permanent 
collection or politely declined 

3578
03:22:58,800 --> 03:23:01,900
one afternoon. 
Jackie rejects a supposedly 

3579
03:23:01,900 --> 03:23:05,500
historical table because she's 
noticed the screws of the wrong 

3580
03:23:05,500 --> 03:23:08,400
kind for the period. 
It's supposed to be from and 

3581
03:23:08,400 --> 03:23:10,400
West realizes. 
He's dealing with someone who's 

3582
03:23:10,400 --> 03:23:13,100
done her homework. 
She creates the White House, 

3583
03:23:13,100 --> 03:23:17,100
historical Association, giving 
the restoration project a formal

3584
03:23:17,100 --> 03:23:20,600
structure and credibility. 
She convinces Congress to pass 

3585
03:23:20,600 --> 03:23:23,800
legislation making the White 
House, a museum, which means 

3586
03:23:23,800 --> 03:23:25,600
future. 
First families, can't simply 

3587
03:23:25,600 --> 03:23:29,000
redecorate according to their 
personal preferences and haul 

3588
03:23:29,000 --> 03:23:29,800
away. 
The good stuff. 

3589
03:23:29,800 --> 03:23:34,900
When they leave, she recruit 
experts, curators historians and

3590
03:23:34,900 --> 03:23:38,300
decorative Arts Specialists to 
serve on committees. 

3591
03:23:38,300 --> 03:23:41,600
That will guide the restoration 
and protect it from anyone's 

3592
03:23:41,600 --> 03:23:45,800
impulses to modernize or 
simplify The Blue Room becomes a

3593
03:23:45,800 --> 03:23:49,000
study in careful, color theory 
with walls painted in the 

3594
03:23:49,000 --> 03:23:51,100
specific shade. 
That was popular during the 

3595
03:23:51,100 --> 03:23:54,700
1820s furnished, with pieces, 
that would have been considered 

3596
03:23:54,700 --> 03:23:56,800
fashionable. 
When James Monroe was pressed, 

3597
03:23:56,800 --> 03:23:59,900
and the Red Room receives 
curtains made from the same kind

3598
03:23:59,900 --> 03:24:02,200
of silk, that would have hung 
there in 18660. 

3599
03:24:02,900 --> 03:24:06,500
The red not the bright modern 
shade but the deeper richer tone

3600
03:24:06,500 --> 03:24:10,300
that natural dies produced the 
state dining room gets chairs 

3601
03:24:10,300 --> 03:24:13,000
that were actually made for the 
White House in the 19th century.

3602
03:24:13,000 --> 03:24:16,300
Found in a government Warehouse 
where they'd been sent when 

3603
03:24:16,300 --> 03:24:19,700
someone decided they looked too 
old fashioned, your standing 

3604
03:24:19,700 --> 03:24:22,800
with her in the newly restored. 
Diplomatic reception room and 

3605
03:24:22,800 --> 03:24:24,500
she's explaining the wallpaper 
to you. 

3606
03:24:24,500 --> 03:24:28,300
It's a reproduction of an 1830s 
design showing American 

3607
03:24:28,300 --> 03:24:32,600
Landscapes, Niagara Falls, 
Boston, Harbor and Natural 

3608
03:24:32,600 --> 03:24:35,400
Bridge in Virginia. 
The original paper was founded 

3609
03:24:35,400 --> 03:24:39,100
in a house in Maryland and 
experts spent months analyzing 

3610
03:24:39,100 --> 03:24:41,600
it to understand the printing 
technique and colors. 

3611
03:24:41,600 --> 03:24:44,800
Well enough to recreate it 
accurately, she's not just 

3612
03:24:44,800 --> 03:24:48,400
hanging pretty wallpaper, she's 
creating an immersive historical

3613
03:24:48,400 --> 03:24:52,300
experience where every surface 
tells visitors something true 

3614
03:24:52,300 --> 03:24:55,000
about American history. 
The funny moments come 

3615
03:24:55,000 --> 03:24:58,400
frequently, usually involving 
the intersection of her vision 

3616
03:24:58,400 --> 03:25:02,200
with practical, White House 
operations, the staff learns to 

3617
03:25:02,200 --> 03:25:05,200
hide Furniture, their 
particularly attached to because

3618
03:25:05,200 --> 03:25:08,600
Jackie has a habit of wandering 
through service areas and 

3619
03:25:08,600 --> 03:25:11,500
suddenly declaring that a piece 
they've been using in a basement

3620
03:25:11,500 --> 03:25:13,900
office would be perfect for the 
second floor. 

3621
03:25:13,900 --> 03:25:17,500
One Carpenter makes the mistake 
of showing her a storage room 

3622
03:25:17,500 --> 03:25:20,500
full of old frames and she 
spends the next three hours 

3623
03:25:20,500 --> 03:25:25,100
going through every single one. 
Emerging Victorious with frames 

3624
03:25:25,100 --> 03:25:26,600
that. 
Turn out to be original to the 

3625
03:25:26,600 --> 03:25:29,300
building. 
Perfect for the paintings. 

3626
03:25:29,300 --> 03:25:32,800
She's acquiring. 
By the time CBS Television comes

3627
03:25:32,800 --> 03:25:35,900
to film a special tour of the 
restored, White House in 

3628
03:25:35,900 --> 03:25:39,100
February 1962. 
The transformation is 

3629
03:25:39,100 --> 03:25:41,800
remarkable. 
More than 50 million people, 

3630
03:25:41,800 --> 03:25:43,900
watched Jackie guide them 
through rooms that. 

3631
03:25:43,900 --> 03:25:46,400
Now tell coherent stories about 
American history and 

3632
03:25:46,400 --> 03:25:49,600
craftsmanship, she doesn't 
narrate like a tour, guide, 

3633
03:25:49,600 --> 03:25:53,400
reciting memorized facts. 
She shares details like someone 

3634
03:25:53,400 --> 03:25:55,200
who's genuinely excited about 
what? 

3635
03:25:55,200 --> 03:25:58,900
She's learned pointing out the 
subtle curve in a chair leg or 

3636
03:25:58,900 --> 03:26:02,900
the way light hits a particular 
painting at certain times of 

3637
03:26:02,900 --> 03:26:04,900
day. 
The restoration isn't about 

3638
03:26:04,908 --> 03:26:08,500
luxury or showing off wealth. 
It's about claiming that America

3639
03:26:08,500 --> 03:26:12,000
has a visual culture worth 
preserving and celebrating that 

3640
03:26:12,000 --> 03:26:14,800
the nation's history exists. 
Not just in documents and 

3641
03:26:14,800 --> 03:26:18,100
battlefields but in the objects 
people made and used. 

3642
03:26:18,100 --> 03:26:22,100
She's arguing through careful 
Arrangement and selection that 

3643
03:26:22,100 --> 03:26:24,800
taking care of. 
Beautiful, things isn't shallow,

3644
03:26:24,800 --> 03:26:28,600
it's a form of respecting, the 
people who made them and the 

3645
03:26:28,600 --> 03:26:31,600
history they represent, you're 
watching her a just a flower 

3646
03:26:31,600 --> 03:26:35,000
arrangement in the entrance 
hall, moving individual stems 

3647
03:26:35,000 --> 03:26:37,200
until the composition balances 
exactly. 

3648
03:26:37,200 --> 03:26:39,500
Right. 
And you realize she's applying 

3649
03:26:39,500 --> 03:26:41,300
the same attention to detail 
here. 

3650
03:26:41,300 --> 03:26:44,400
That she learned as a 12 year 
old, studying, French furniture.

3651
03:26:44,400 --> 03:26:47,500
The difference is that now, 
she's working at a scale that 

3652
03:26:47,500 --> 03:26:50,000
will influence how millions of 
people think about American 

3653
03:26:50,000 --> 03:26:53,700
history, and she's doing it one 
carefully, chosen chair at a 

3654
03:26:53,700 --> 03:26:56,000
time. 
Your city in a receiving line, 

3655
03:26:56,000 --> 03:26:58,900
US state dinner, and you're 
watching, something remarkable 

3656
03:26:58,900 --> 03:27:01,200
happened that most people don't 
even notice. 

3657
03:27:01,200 --> 03:27:05,100
The guest of honor tonight is 
the president of Pakistan and 

3658
03:27:05,100 --> 03:27:08,400
Jackie Kennedy is speaking to 
him in French, not because he is

3659
03:27:08,400 --> 03:27:11,400
French, but because French is 
the Diplomatic language. 

3660
03:27:11,400 --> 03:27:14,700
They share the neutral. 
Ground were a first lady from 

3661
03:27:14,700 --> 03:27:17,900
America and a president. 
From Pakistan, can meet his 

3662
03:27:17,900 --> 03:27:21,200
equals and conversation she's 
asking him about muggle 

3663
03:27:21,200 --> 03:27:24,700
architecture and his face lights
up with the particular pleasure,

3664
03:27:24,700 --> 03:27:27,600
people feel when someone from 
far away, cares about something 

3665
03:27:27,600 --> 03:27:31,400
specific from their culture, not
just the obvious tourist 

3666
03:27:31,400 --> 03:27:34,900
destinations, but the deeper 
Artistic traditions. 

3667
03:27:34,900 --> 03:27:38,700
This is cultural diplomacy but 
it doesn't announce itself that 

3668
03:27:38,700 --> 03:27:41,500
way there are no formal 
negotiations happening. 

3669
03:27:41,500 --> 03:27:44,500
No treaties being signed 
instead. 

3670
03:27:44,500 --> 03:27:47,700
There's just a moment of genuine
connection over shared 

3671
03:27:47,700 --> 03:27:51,000
appreciation for how humans have
expressed Beauty through 

3672
03:27:51,000 --> 03:27:54,500
buildings and that moment 
creates a warmth that will 

3673
03:27:54,500 --> 03:27:58,000
linger long after the dinner 
ends influencing how this 

3674
03:27:58,000 --> 03:28:01,700
foreign leader thinks about 
Americans and their capacity for

3675
03:28:01,700 --> 03:28:05,000
understanding The Wider World, 
Jackie has figured out something

3676
03:28:05,000 --> 03:28:07,100
that most political figures Mis 
entirely. 

3677
03:28:07,900 --> 03:28:11,300
Culture is its own form of power
and sometimes showing people 

3678
03:28:11,300 --> 03:28:14,900
that you value, what they value,
accomplishes more than any 

3679
03:28:14,900 --> 03:28:18,400
amount of political pressure, 
she prepares for State visits, 

3680
03:28:18,400 --> 03:28:20,800
the way students prepare for 
final exams. 

3681
03:28:20,800 --> 03:28:24,400
Reading about each country's 
history art literature and music

3682
03:28:24,400 --> 03:28:27,200
looking for authentic 
connections rather than 

3683
03:28:27,200 --> 03:28:30,300
superficial compliments to 
deploy, you're in the white 

3684
03:28:30,300 --> 03:28:31,900
house. 
Kitchen watching preparations 

3685
03:28:31,900 --> 03:28:35,000
for a dinner, honoring, French 
minister of culture on Dre 

3686
03:28:35,000 --> 03:28:38,700
Melrose and the attention to 
detail is almost absurd. 

3687
03:28:38,700 --> 03:28:41,600
The menu has been crafted to 
honor French cullinary 

3688
03:28:41,600 --> 03:28:43,600
Traditions. 
While incorporating American 

3689
03:28:43,600 --> 03:28:47,200
ingredients creating a 
conversation in food about the 

3690
03:28:47,200 --> 03:28:50,000
relationship between the two 
countries, the wines are 

3691
03:28:50,000 --> 03:28:54,100
American chosen specifically to 
demonstrate that American 

3692
03:28:54,100 --> 03:28:56,300
Vineyards. 
Can produce quality that stands 

3693
03:28:56,300 --> 03:29:00,400
beside French standards a table 
settings, mix French, porcelain 

3694
03:29:00,400 --> 03:29:03,800
with American silver, every 
four, complete placed to suggest

3695
03:29:03,800 --> 03:29:06,800
that these two cultures can sit 
comfortably side by side. 

3696
03:29:07,800 --> 03:29:09,900
But the real magic happens in 
the guest list. 

3697
03:29:09,900 --> 03:29:13,300
Jackie is invited, America, 
artists, writers and musicians 

3698
03:29:13,300 --> 03:29:15,700
not just politicians and 
diplomats. 

3699
03:29:15,700 --> 03:29:19,600
She's creating an environment 
where Leonard Bernstein might 

3700
03:29:19,600 --> 03:29:22,600
find himself talking with a 
visiting conductor from Vienna. 

3701
03:29:23,300 --> 03:29:26,000
We're an American painter, could
discuss technique with a 

3702
03:29:26,000 --> 03:29:29,200
sculptor from Italy. 
She's using the White House as a

3703
03:29:29,200 --> 03:29:31,800
kind of cultural crossroads 
demonstrating. 

3704
03:29:31,800 --> 03:29:35,000
That America has its own 
artistic Traditions worth taking

3705
03:29:35,000 --> 03:29:38,300
seriously while remaining, 
genuinely, curious about 

3706
03:29:38,300 --> 03:29:41,500
traditionals from elsewhere, the
funny moments emerged from 

3707
03:29:41,508 --> 03:29:44,800
cultural misunderstandings that 
her preparation helps avoid 

3708
03:29:44,800 --> 03:29:47,500
before a state visit from the 
leader of Tunisia. 

3709
03:29:47,500 --> 03:29:50,900
She learns that certain flowers,
have religious significance, 

3710
03:29:50,900 --> 03:29:53,200
that would make them 
inappropriate for table 

3711
03:29:53,200 --> 03:29:55,400
Arrangements. 
She discovers that the 

3712
03:29:55,408 --> 03:29:58,600
traditional greeting gesture in 
one Asian country, looks 

3713
03:29:58,600 --> 03:30:01,200
remarkably like a gesture. 
That means something quite 

3714
03:30:01,200 --> 03:30:04,300
different in another. 
And she make sure protocol 

3715
03:30:04,300 --> 03:30:07,900
officers brief the president. 
So nobody accidentally causes a 

3716
03:30:07,900 --> 03:30:11,600
fence, she becomes a kind of 
cultural translator creating 

3717
03:30:11,600 --> 03:30:14,800
Bridges between her husband's 
political objectives and the 

3718
03:30:14,800 --> 03:30:18,100
deeper human connections that 
make those objectives achievable

3719
03:30:18,100 --> 03:30:23,000
her trip to India and Pakistan 
in 1962, becomes a masterclass 

3720
03:30:23,000 --> 03:30:25,800
in this approach. 
The traveling with her watching,

3721
03:30:25,800 --> 03:30:29,100
how she moves through each 
encounter, she doesn't feign 

3722
03:30:29,100 --> 03:30:31,200
interest. 
She's genuinely curious about 

3723
03:30:31,200 --> 03:30:33,600
everything from classical. 
Dance forms to the techniques. 

3724
03:30:33,600 --> 03:30:36,800
Used in miniature painting, she 
asked questions that reveal, 

3725
03:30:36,800 --> 03:30:40,200
she's done her homework, 
understanding enough to inquire 

3726
03:30:40,200 --> 03:30:44,100
about specific details rather 
than offering vague praise when 

3727
03:30:44,100 --> 03:30:46,800
she visits schools. 
She doesn't just wave and smile.

3728
03:30:46,800 --> 03:30:50,000
She sits with students and asks 
about what they're learning 

3729
03:30:50,000 --> 03:30:53,300
demonstrating. 
Respect for Education as a 

3730
03:30:53,300 --> 03:30:55,700
universal value that crosses all
borders. 

3731
03:30:55,700 --> 03:30:58,800
The photographs from this trip, 
tell their own story. 

3732
03:30:59,700 --> 03:31:04,300
She is riding an elephant and 
ceremonial dress and somehow 

3733
03:31:04,300 --> 03:31:07,100
she's managed to make it. 
Look both dignified and natural.

3734
03:31:07,100 --> 03:31:10,300
As if riding elephants is 
simply, what one does, when 

3735
03:31:10,300 --> 03:31:13,800
visiting places where elephants 
are important, there she is at 

3736
03:31:13,808 --> 03:31:17,800
the Taj Mahal and her face shows
genuine Wonder rather than the 

3737
03:31:17,800 --> 03:31:19,600
practice expression of a special
appreciation. 

3738
03:31:19,600 --> 03:31:23,500
The people watching these images
around the world, see someone 

3739
03:31:23,500 --> 03:31:26,300
who's willing to participate 
respectfully and other cultures,

3740
03:31:26,300 --> 03:31:30,400
traditions, and that willingness
creates warmth toward America 

3741
03:31:30,400 --> 03:31:34,500
that no amount of political 
speeches, could manufacture back

3742
03:31:34,500 --> 03:31:36,700
at the White House? 
She transformed State dinners 

3743
03:31:36,700 --> 03:31:39,900
from formal obligations into 
events that people actually want

3744
03:31:39,900 --> 03:31:42,100
to attend. 
You're at a dinner, honoring 

3745
03:31:42,100 --> 03:31:45,800
Nobel Prize winners and she's 
placed a physicist next to a 

3746
03:31:45,800 --> 03:31:49,300
poet and a novelist next to an 
economist creating unexpected 

3747
03:31:49,300 --> 03:31:51,600
conversations. 
That wouldn't happen in more 

3748
03:31:51,600 --> 03:31:53,200
conventional seating 
arrangements. 

3749
03:31:53,200 --> 03:31:57,300
She's invited Pablo's to perform
bringing one of the world's 

3750
03:31:57,300 --> 03:31:59,600
greatest selling out of semi 
Rhett. 

3751
03:31:59,700 --> 03:32:03,300
Filled with people who will 
remember this evening for the 

3752
03:32:03,300 --> 03:32:05,900
rest of their lives. 
The Diplomatic Corps in 

3753
03:32:05,900 --> 03:32:09,000
Washington starts, to notice 
that invitations to White House 

3754
03:32:09,000 --> 03:32:13,400
events have become genuinely 
desirable, not just obligatory 

3755
03:32:13,400 --> 03:32:16,900
and ambassadors discovered that 
these aren't stuffy Formal 

3756
03:32:16,900 --> 03:32:19,900
Affairs where everyone makes 
careful, small talk and leaves 

3757
03:32:19,900 --> 03:32:22,400
early. 
Their evenings were interesting 

3758
03:32:22,400 --> 03:32:25,500
things actually happen, where 
you might hear extraordinary 

3759
03:32:25,500 --> 03:32:28,600
music, or meet someone who 
changes, how you think about 

3760
03:32:28,600 --> 03:32:31,600
something, the White House 
becomes a place where culture is

3761
03:32:31,608 --> 03:32:34,300
taken seriously as its own form 
of national strength. 

3762
03:32:34,300 --> 03:32:38,100
Not just decoration for 
political business, she uses 

3763
03:32:38,100 --> 03:32:41,200
fashion the same way. 
Understanding that what she 

3764
03:32:41,200 --> 03:32:44,700
wears to State occasions, sends 
messages about American style 

3765
03:32:44,700 --> 03:32:47,400
and values. 
Her clothes are elegant, but not

3766
03:32:47,400 --> 03:32:51,700
ostentatious modern, but not 
flashy demonstrating that 

3767
03:32:51,700 --> 03:32:54,300
Americans can appreciate 
sophistication without 

3768
03:32:54,300 --> 03:32:56,400
abandoning their Democratic 
principles. 

3769
03:32:56,400 --> 03:32:59,700
When she wears American 
designers to official events. 

3770
03:32:59,700 --> 03:33:03,600
She's making a quiet argument 
that American fashion can stand 

3771
03:33:03,600 --> 03:33:05,500
confidently beside European 
tradition. 

3772
03:33:05,500 --> 03:33:08,800
You're watching her prepare for 
a dinner with the president of 

3773
03:33:08,800 --> 03:33:13,000
France and she chose an address 
in a shade of blue that somehow 

3774
03:33:13,000 --> 03:33:16,200
manages to honor the French flag
while remaining distinctly 

3775
03:33:16,200 --> 03:33:18,100
American in its cut and 
simplicity. 

3776
03:33:18,100 --> 03:33:21,900
It's a small thing, this choice 
of color. but it communicates 

3777
03:33:21,900 --> 03:33:24,600
thoughtfulness about the 
relationship between nations 

3778
03:33:24,600 --> 03:33:28,500
through the language of 
clothing, French, you take these

3779
03:33:28,500 --> 03:33:31,300
details? 
Seriously notice and appreciate 

3780
03:33:31,300 --> 03:33:33,800
the gesture the restoration 
work. 

3781
03:33:33,800 --> 03:33:36,600
She's done on the White House 
becomes its own form of cultural

3782
03:33:36,600 --> 03:33:40,400
diplomacy foreign leaders 
touring the renovated rooms, see

3783
03:33:40,400 --> 03:33:42,700
that Americans value, history 
and craftsmanship. 

3784
03:33:42,700 --> 03:33:46,500
And that the nation isn't only 
interested in modern progress, 

3785
03:33:46,500 --> 03:33:49,500
but also in preserving and 
honoring its past. 

3786
03:33:49,500 --> 03:33:52,800
She's created an environment 
that argues visually for 

3787
03:33:52,800 --> 03:33:56,100
American cultural maturity. 
Demonstrating that the 

3788
03:33:56,100 --> 03:33:59,700
relatively Young Nation has 
developed, its own Traditions 

3789
03:33:59,700 --> 03:34:02,700
worth maintaining and 
celebrating her approach to 

3790
03:34:02,700 --> 03:34:05,400
these diplomatic and cultural 
efforts has a quality of 

3791
03:34:05,408 --> 03:34:07,400
restraint. 
That makes them more powerful. 

3792
03:34:07,400 --> 03:34:10,500
She doesn't give speeches about 
the importance of cultural 

3793
03:34:10,500 --> 03:34:14,100
exchange, she simply creates 
environments where cultural 

3794
03:34:14,100 --> 03:34:16,900
exchange happens. 
Naturally she doesn't announce 

3795
03:34:16,900 --> 03:34:19,400
that she studying, French, 
literature or Indian history, 

3796
03:34:19,400 --> 03:34:22,500
she just knows enough to ask 
good questions and make 

3797
03:34:22,500 --> 03:34:25,900
meaningful connections. 
She lets the work speak for 

3798
03:34:25,900 --> 03:34:28,000
itself. 
Understanding that the most 

3799
03:34:28,000 --> 03:34:31,200
effective diplomacy often 
happens in the space is between 

3800
03:34:31,200 --> 03:34:34,700
official conversations in 
moments of genuine, human 

3801
03:34:34,700 --> 03:34:37,800
connection over shared 
appreciation, for beauty or 

3802
03:34:37,800 --> 03:34:40,200
ideas. 
Your standing with her in the 

3803
03:34:40,200 --> 03:34:43,500
White House Garden at dusk after
a state dinner as ended and the 

3804
03:34:43,500 --> 03:34:45,900
guests of left. 
She's looking at the Roses, 

3805
03:34:45,900 --> 03:34:49,200
she's had planted varieties. 
Chosen not just for their 

3806
03:34:49,200 --> 03:34:52,200
beauty, but for their historical
connections, to American 

3807
03:34:52,200 --> 03:34:56,300
Presidents families, even here, 
in this quiet moment with no 

3808
03:34:56,300 --> 03:34:59,500
cameras or audiences. 
She's thinking about how to use 

3809
03:34:59,500 --> 03:35:03,100
Beauty and history to tell 
stories about who Americans are 

3810
03:35:03,100 --> 03:35:06,300
and what they value. 
The diplomacy continues, even 

3811
03:35:06,300 --> 03:35:09,700
when nobody's watching built 
into the very landscape of the 

3812
03:35:09,700 --> 03:35:11,300
place. 
She's transformed into something

3813
03:35:11,300 --> 03:35:14,300
that represents the nation at 
its most thoughtful and 

3814
03:35:14,300 --> 03:35:16,200
welcoming. 
You're in a room full of 

3815
03:35:16,200 --> 03:35:18,400
reporters. 
And there's a question hanging 

3816
03:35:18,400 --> 03:35:21,400
in the air about something 
personal something that pokes at

3817
03:35:21,400 --> 03:35:24,900
the boundary between public 
interest and private life, the 

3818
03:35:24,900 --> 03:35:28,300
watch Jackie Kennedy's face, do 
something subtle, not quite a 

3819
03:35:28,300 --> 03:35:31,900
smile, not quite a wall going 
up, but something that politely 

3820
03:35:31,900 --> 03:35:34,300
redirects the conversation back 
to territory. 

3821
03:35:34,300 --> 03:35:36,700
She's willing to discuss the 
reporters. 

3822
03:35:36,700 --> 03:35:40,000
Don't feel shut down but somehow
the personal question has been 

3823
03:35:40,000 --> 03:35:43,100
answered without actually being 
answered and the interview 

3824
03:35:43,100 --> 03:35:45,400
continues smoothly. 
Towards safer ground. 

3825
03:35:45,400 --> 03:35:49,500
This is restraint as a form of 
power and she's developed it 

3826
03:35:49,500 --> 03:35:51,900
into something like an art form 
in an era. 

3827
03:35:51,900 --> 03:35:54,700
When television is making 
everything more visible when 

3828
03:35:54,700 --> 03:35:57,300
cameras want to follow 
president's families into rooms 

3829
03:35:57,300 --> 03:36:01,100
that previous generations, would
have considered private He's 

3830
03:36:01,100 --> 03:36:03,600
figured out how to maintain 
boundaries without seeming cold 

3831
03:36:03,600 --> 03:36:06,400
or unfriendly. 
She understands something 

3832
03:36:06,400 --> 03:36:09,100
important. 
You can't control everything 

3833
03:36:09,100 --> 03:36:12,200
people say about you, but you 
can control what you give them 

3834
03:36:12,200 --> 03:36:15,500
to work with. 
The challenge is unique to her 

3835
03:36:15,500 --> 03:36:18,300
generation of first ladies 
Eleanor Roosevelt had to 

3836
03:36:18,300 --> 03:36:21,600
navigate radio and newspapers 
but television is different. 

3837
03:36:21,600 --> 03:36:24,900
More immediate, more intimate 
and more hungry for content. 

3838
03:36:25,700 --> 03:36:29,900
Cameras want to see everything. 
How she raises her children, how

3839
03:36:29,900 --> 03:36:32,500
she decorates her private rooms,
watch what she eats for 

3840
03:36:32,500 --> 03:36:35,100
breakfast, and how she spends 
her weekends? 

3841
03:36:35,100 --> 03:36:38,700
She needs to feed this appetite 
enough to maintain public 

3842
03:36:38,700 --> 03:36:42,100
interest without surrendering 
the Privacy that makes Family 

3843
03:36:42,100 --> 03:36:44,200
Life. 
Bearable, you're watching her 

3844
03:36:44,200 --> 03:36:47,100
with Caroline and John in the 
white house and there's a 

3845
03:36:47,100 --> 03:36:50,100
careful choreography to what the
cameras are allowed to capture 

3846
03:36:50,100 --> 03:36:54,200
official photographs show, Sweet
Moments children playing in the 

3847
03:36:54,200 --> 03:36:57,000
over office family time. 
That looks casual but is 

3848
03:36:57,000 --> 03:37:00,100
actually quite controlled what 
the cameras don't see, is 

3849
03:37:00,100 --> 03:37:03,200
everything else. 
The normal chaos of children 

3850
03:37:03,200 --> 03:37:07,000
being children, the difficult 
moments, and the private family 

3851
03:37:07,000 --> 03:37:09,300
dynamics. 
That every household experience,

3852
03:37:09,300 --> 03:37:11,800
is that that would become 
tabloid fodder. 

3853
03:37:11,800 --> 03:37:15,400
If revealed she is created a 
kind of protective bubble around

3854
03:37:15,400 --> 03:37:19,000
her children understanding that 
they didn't choose this exposure

3855
03:37:19,000 --> 03:37:22,400
and deserve as much normal 
childhood as circumstances. 

3856
03:37:22,400 --> 03:37:25,300
Permit. 
Caroline attends, a small school

3857
03:37:25,300 --> 03:37:29,000
that Ikea is essentially created
at the White House bringing in 

3858
03:37:29,000 --> 03:37:31,200
other children. 
So her daughter is an isolated 

3859
03:37:31,200 --> 03:37:33,600
but also isn't on display at a 
regular school. 

3860
03:37:33,600 --> 03:37:37,000
Where every moment might become 
news, it's a compromise between 

3861
03:37:37,000 --> 03:37:40,200
the demands of public life and 
the needs of a child who just 

3862
03:37:40,200 --> 03:37:44,200
wants to play without cameras, 
documenting, every scraped knee,

3863
03:37:44,200 --> 03:37:48,100
and lost tooth. the funny thing 
is how she uses photography to 

3864
03:37:48,100 --> 03:37:51,600
protect privacy by allowing 
certain carefully, managed 

3865
03:37:51,600 --> 03:37:55,400
images, she satisfies some of 
the Public's curiosity and 

3866
03:37:55,400 --> 03:37:59,308
reduces the value of intrusive 
Paparazzi shots A full 

3867
03:37:59,316 --> 03:38:02,600
photographers Capture Moments 
that show the family as warm and

3868
03:38:02,600 --> 03:38:06,000
relatable creating a narrative 
that fills the space where 

3869
03:38:06,000 --> 03:38:07,800
speculation might otherwise 
grow. 

3870
03:38:07,800 --> 03:38:10,800
Its a sophisticated 
understanding of media 

3871
03:38:10,800 --> 03:38:13,800
relationships, give people 
enough of what they want that 

3872
03:38:13,800 --> 03:38:15,900
they're less desperate to find 
what you're hiding. 

3873
03:38:16,900 --> 03:38:20,100
Her own public appearances, 
follow similar principles, she 

3874
03:38:20,100 --> 03:38:23,100
gives in to views but their 
limited and carefully prepared. 

3875
03:38:24,000 --> 03:38:26,400
She peers at official functions.
But always with clear, 

3876
03:38:26,400 --> 03:38:29,600
boundaries about what 
appropriate to discuss when she 

3877
03:38:29,600 --> 03:38:33,000
does speak publicly her words, 
chosen for their Precision, 

3878
03:38:33,000 --> 03:38:35,500
saying exactly what she means to
say. 

3879
03:38:35,500 --> 03:38:38,500
And nothing more. 
She's learned that in politics. 

3880
03:38:38,500 --> 03:38:43,200
Vagueness can be useful, but so 
can specificity knowing which to

3881
03:38:43,200 --> 03:38:46,800
use when is part of the skill. 
Your listening to her, being 

3882
03:38:46,800 --> 03:38:49,400
interviewed about the White 
House, restoration and she's 

3883
03:38:49,400 --> 03:38:53,300
doing something interesting. 
She's genuinely enthusiastic and

3884
03:38:53,300 --> 03:38:56,900
knowledgeable sharing details 
that demonstrate her expertise, 

3885
03:38:56,900 --> 03:38:59,000
but she never makes it about 
herself. 

3886
03:39:00,000 --> 03:39:03,800
Focus stays on the history, the 
Craftsman who made the furniture

3887
03:39:03,800 --> 03:39:06,300
and the donors who've 
contributed pieces. 

3888
03:39:06,300 --> 03:39:09,800
She's the narrator of this 
story, not its hero. 

3889
03:39:09,800 --> 03:39:13,100
And that modesty makes her more 
likeable while. 

3890
03:39:13,100 --> 03:39:16,000
Also deflecting attention from 
her personal life onto the 

3891
03:39:16,000 --> 03:39:19,500
project itself. 
Pressure on her appearance is 

3892
03:39:19,500 --> 03:39:23,000
constant and intense. 
Every outfit is analyzed every 

3893
03:39:23,000 --> 03:39:24,000
hairstyle. 
Discussed. 

3894
03:39:24,000 --> 03:39:26,900
And every public appearance 
dissected for what her choices. 

3895
03:39:26,900 --> 03:39:30,600
Might mean, she handles this by 
developing a consistent style, 

3896
03:39:30,600 --> 03:39:34,700
that's elegant, but not flashy. 
Becoming almost a living logo of

3897
03:39:34,700 --> 03:39:38,300
American Grace. 
The consistency is strategic. 

3898
03:39:38,300 --> 03:39:41,800
When you look essentially the 
same at every official function,

3899
03:39:41,800 --> 03:39:46,000
individual appearances, become 
less newsworthy, and the focus 

3900
03:39:46,000 --> 03:39:49,200
can shift to what you're doing 
rather than what you're wearing.

3901
03:39:49,200 --> 03:39:52,700
But there's a cost to this 
restraint that you can sometimes

3902
03:39:52,700 --> 03:39:56,000
see if your paying attention. 
You're watching her at a 

3903
03:39:56,000 --> 03:39:58,000
campaign event during the 1960 
election. 

3904
03:39:58,000 --> 03:40:02,300
And for just a moment when she 
thinks nobody's looking the face

3905
03:40:02,300 --> 03:40:06,100
shows, for tea, the constant 
performance of Grace, The 

3906
03:40:06,100 --> 03:40:09,500
NeverEnding requirement to look 
poised and say the right things,

3907
03:40:09,500 --> 03:40:12,500
the knowledge that every gesture
will be analyzed. 

3908
03:40:13,300 --> 03:40:16,300
It's exhausting in ways that 
aren't visible in the official 

3909
03:40:16,300 --> 03:40:19,000
photographs. 
She protects this weariness from

3910
03:40:19,000 --> 03:40:22,600
public view, understanding that 
showing vulnerability, might be 

3911
03:40:22,600 --> 03:40:26,300
interpreted as weakness or 
dissatisfaction, she's trapped 

3912
03:40:26,300 --> 03:40:28,900
between an older generation. 
That believed, first ladies 

3913
03:40:28,900 --> 03:40:32,200
should be nearly invisible and a
new generation that wants to 

3914
03:40:32,200 --> 03:40:35,600
know everything about everyone. 
She's creating a middle part. 

3915
03:40:36,200 --> 03:40:40,100
Visible enough to satisfy modern
expectations, restrained enough 

3916
03:40:40,100 --> 03:40:43,000
to maintain dignity and privacy 
the White House. 

3917
03:40:43,000 --> 03:40:45,800
Social secretary, learns to 
navigate, Jackie's, boundaries 

3918
03:40:45,800 --> 03:40:49,300
understanding, which events, the
first lady will attend and which

3919
03:40:49,300 --> 03:40:54,000
shall skip Which photographs are
acceptable and which cross the 

3920
03:40:54,000 --> 03:40:56,300
line? 
There's a careful gatekeeping 

3921
03:40:56,300 --> 03:40:59,200
happening protecting her from 
becoming Overexposed. 

3922
03:40:59,200 --> 03:41:01,900
While ensuring she remains 
enough in the public eye to 

3923
03:41:01,900 --> 03:41:05,200
satisfy political requirements. 
It's a delicate balance that 

3924
03:41:05,200 --> 03:41:08,500
requires constant adjustment 
reading public, mood while 

3925
03:41:08,500 --> 03:41:12,100
maintaining personal limits, 
you're in a receiving line, at a

3926
03:41:12,100 --> 03:41:15,000
state dinner, watching her Greek
guests after guests with what 

3927
03:41:15,000 --> 03:41:19,300
looks like genuine warmth, and 
it probably is genuine for the 

3928
03:41:19,308 --> 03:41:22,300
first 20 people. 
By the time you get to guess 

3929
03:41:22,308 --> 03:41:25,400
number 80, the warmth is still 
there on the surface, but you 

3930
03:41:25,408 --> 03:41:28,900
can see that she's running on 
reserves performing graciousness

3931
03:41:28,900 --> 03:41:32,800
through sheer will and training.
She's learned to Pace herself to

3932
03:41:32,800 --> 03:41:36,200
conserve energy for the moments 
that matter most and to make 

3933
03:41:36,200 --> 03:41:40,700
every interaction feel special 
even when she had 100 identical 

3934
03:41:40,700 --> 03:41:44,500
interactions that evening, her 
relationship with the Press is 

3935
03:41:44,500 --> 03:41:48,800
Complicated by this restraint, 
reporters want access once 

3936
03:41:48,800 --> 03:41:52,000
stories, and want the That will 
make their articles, 

3937
03:41:52,000 --> 03:41:55,900
interesting, she gives them just
enough providing occasional 

3938
03:41:55,900 --> 03:41:59,700
controlled access that creates 
positive stories while denying 

3939
03:41:59,700 --> 03:42:02,400
the kind of unlimited access. 
That would turn her family's 

3940
03:42:02,400 --> 03:42:05,800
life into a daily soap, opera 
some reporters, appreciate the 

3941
03:42:05,800 --> 03:42:09,500
professionalism others chafe at 
the restrictions frustrated, by 

3942
03:42:09,500 --> 03:42:11,500
their inability, to get the 
intimate details. 

3943
03:42:11,500 --> 03:42:14,500
That sell papers. 
She's particularly protective 

3944
03:42:14,500 --> 03:42:17,700
about political matters, 
understanding that a first 

3945
03:42:17,700 --> 03:42:21,500
ladies public opinions on policy
could create problems for her 

3946
03:42:21,500 --> 03:42:24,500
husband's Administration. 
When asked about controversial 

3947
03:42:24,500 --> 03:42:29,300
issues, she redirects to save 
topics culture history, and 

3948
03:42:29,300 --> 03:42:33,400
children is not that she lacks 
opinions, but she has made a 

3949
03:42:33,400 --> 03:42:36,200
calculation that expressing them
publicly serves, no useful 

3950
03:42:36,200 --> 03:42:39,100
purpose and creates potential 
complications. 

3951
03:42:39,100 --> 03:42:43,000
The restraint here is strategic 
protecting her husband's 

3952
03:42:43,000 --> 03:42:45,300
political flexibility. 
While maintaining her own 

3953
03:42:45,300 --> 03:42:48,300
influence, through quieter to 
channels, you're setting with 

3954
03:42:48,300 --> 03:42:52,500
her in a private moment rare and
And she's talking about the 

3955
03:42:52,500 --> 03:42:54,200
price of this constant 
performance. 

3956
03:42:54,200 --> 03:42:57,900
She doesn't complain. 
Exactly, that's not her style. 

3957
03:42:57,900 --> 03:43:01,500
But she acknowledges that living
in history, Spotlight requires 

3958
03:43:01,500 --> 03:43:05,500
giving up kinds of spontaneity 
and privacy that Ordinary People

3959
03:43:05,500 --> 03:43:07,800
take for. 
Granted she can't take her 

3960
03:43:07,800 --> 03:43:10,600
children to a park. 
Without it becoming news, she 

3961
03:43:10,600 --> 03:43:13,500
can't have a bad day without it 
being interpreted as 

3962
03:43:13,500 --> 03:43:16,200
significant. 
She can't make a minor mistake 

3963
03:43:16,200 --> 03:43:18,800
without it being magnified into 
a major story. 

3964
03:43:18,800 --> 03:43:22,200
The restraints you practice is 
becomes part of a legacy 

3965
03:43:22,200 --> 03:43:26,100
demonstrating a kind of dignity 
that influences how future. 

3966
03:43:26,100 --> 03:43:29,300
First lady is navigate The 
Impossible position of being 

3967
03:43:29,300 --> 03:43:31,500
both private citizens and public
figures. 

3968
03:43:31,500 --> 03:43:34,900
She shows that it's possible to 
maintain mystery while remaining

3969
03:43:34,900 --> 03:43:38,200
approachable to protect your 
family while serving the public 

3970
03:43:38,200 --> 03:43:40,700
and to be both visible and 
restrained. 

3971
03:43:40,700 --> 03:43:44,600
It's a complicated dance and she
is figured out the steps better 

3972
03:43:44,600 --> 03:43:48,200
than almost anyone before her 
creating a template that will 

3973
03:43:48,200 --> 03:43:51,100
influence how public figures 
manage privacy for Jenner. 

3974
03:43:51,400 --> 03:43:58,300
On a November afternoon in 1963 
watching, something that doesn't

3975
03:43:58,300 --> 03:44:01,800
make sense that your brain keeps
trying to reject as impossible. 

3976
03:44:02,600 --> 03:44:05,900
The president has been shot. 
The president is dead. 

3977
03:44:05,900 --> 03:44:09,400
The words come through the 
television speaker, but they 

3978
03:44:09,400 --> 03:44:11,000
sound like they're in a foreign 
language. 

3979
03:44:11,000 --> 03:44:14,000
Like, if you just listen more 
carefully, they'll rearrange 

3980
03:44:14,000 --> 03:44:15,800
themselves into something that 
can be true. 

3981
03:44:15,800 --> 03:44:20,000
Jacqueline Kennedy is 34 years 
old and in the space of a few 

3982
03:44:20,008 --> 03:44:22,100
hours, her life has split into 
before. 

3983
03:44:22,100 --> 03:44:25,300
And after with such violence 
that the division will never 

3984
03:44:25,300 --> 03:44:27,800
fully heal. 
You see her on the television 

3985
03:44:27,800 --> 03:44:29,700
and there's blood on her pink 
suit. 

3986
03:44:30,400 --> 03:44:33,500
The president's blood your mind 
supplies reluctantly. 

3987
03:44:34,400 --> 03:44:36,000
And she's refused to change out 
of it. 

3988
03:44:36,000 --> 03:44:39,200
She wants people to see what 
they've done though, who exactly

3989
03:44:39,200 --> 03:44:43,400
they are is not clear yet and 
maybe it never will be what 

3990
03:44:43,400 --> 03:44:47,000
happens over the next four days 
become a kind of Master Class in

3991
03:44:47,000 --> 03:44:49,600
how to transform private grief 
into public comfort. 

3992
03:44:50,400 --> 03:44:53,600
How to help a nation mourn when 
your own mourning is a womb that

3993
03:44:53,600 --> 03:44:56,100
still bleeding. 
She makes decisions in those 

3994
03:44:56,100 --> 03:44:59,000
days that shape how Americans 
will remember this moment for 

3995
03:44:59,000 --> 03:45:02,400
the rest of the century and she 
makes them while carrying a 

3996
03:45:02,400 --> 03:45:04,300
weight of personal loss that 
would break. 

3997
03:45:04,300 --> 03:45:08,000
Most people, you're watching her
play on the funeral and she's 

3998
03:45:08,000 --> 03:45:11,000
thinking about Abraham Lincoln. 
Not because the two 

3999
03:45:11,000 --> 03:45:14,300
assassinations are alike in 
their circumstances, but because

4000
03:45:14,300 --> 03:45:17,600
Lincoln's funeral created 
template for how America Mourns 

4001
03:45:17,600 --> 03:45:20,400
its fall and leaders. 
She remembers the photographs 

4002
03:45:20,400 --> 03:45:24,000
she seen horse strong case on 
the riderless horse with boots 

4003
03:45:24,000 --> 03:45:27,400
reversed in the stirrups. 
The long slow procession through

4004
03:45:27,400 --> 03:45:29,400
streets lined with grieving 
citizens. 

4005
03:45:29,400 --> 03:45:33,400
She's going to recreate that, 
not because she's thinking about

4006
03:45:33,400 --> 03:45:36,500
history and this moment, but 
because history offers a 

4007
03:45:36,500 --> 03:45:40,300
structured to hold grief that 
might otherwise become shapeless

4008
03:45:40,300 --> 03:45:44,000
and over. 
Planning happens in fragments in

4009
03:45:44,000 --> 03:45:46,700
moments, snatched between waves 
of shock and sorrow. 

4010
03:45:47,600 --> 03:45:51,500
She specific about details that 
might seem trivial to others but

4011
03:45:51,500 --> 03:45:55,100
matter immensely to her. 
The case on should be the same 

4012
03:45:55,100 --> 03:45:58,500
one that carried Franklin, D 
Roosevelt, the music should 

4013
03:45:58,500 --> 03:46:01,600
include the Navy. 
Hymn the burial should be at 

4014
03:46:01,600 --> 03:46:04,900
Arlington, where rows of white 
markers testify to other 

4015
03:46:04,900 --> 03:46:08,300
sacrifices for the nation. 
She's creating a ritual that 

4016
03:46:08,300 --> 03:46:10,200
will help millions of people 
process. 

4017
03:46:10,200 --> 03:46:12,800
What feels unprocessable and 
she's doing it. 

4018
03:46:12,800 --> 03:46:15,700
While her own children needed to
explain why their father won't 

4019
03:46:15,700 --> 03:46:19,100
be coming home your standing on 
a street corner, in Washington 

4020
03:46:19,100 --> 03:46:24,000
as the funeral procession passes
and the silences extraordinary 

4021
03:46:24,800 --> 03:46:28,000
Hundreds of thousands of people 
have come to witness this and 

4022
03:46:28,000 --> 03:46:31,500
nobody speaking about a whisper,
the only sounds or horses, 

4023
03:46:31,500 --> 03:46:35,300
hooves on pavement, the wheels 
of the case on and the muffled 

4024
03:46:35,300 --> 03:46:38,900
drums, that Mark time for the 
slope March, and there's Jackie 

4025
03:46:38,900 --> 03:46:42,700
walking behind the case on 
leading A procession of world 

4026
03:46:42,700 --> 03:46:44,700
leaders who've come to pay 
respects. 

4027
03:46:44,700 --> 03:46:47,500
She's wearing a black veil and 
beneath it. 

4028
03:46:47,500 --> 03:46:51,800
Her face is composed in a way 
that looks almost peaceful as if

4029
03:46:51,800 --> 03:46:55,600
she is found some private place 
inside herself where grief can 

4030
03:46:55,600 --> 03:46:59,600
co-exist with Duty the image of 
her lighting, the Eternal Flame 

4031
03:46:59,600 --> 03:47:02,800
at the grave side becomes one of
the most powerful photographs of

4032
03:47:02,808 --> 03:47:05,200
the decade. 
You can see in that gesture. 

4033
03:47:05,200 --> 03:47:08,500
Something about permanents in 
the face of loss about creating 

4034
03:47:08,500 --> 03:47:10,800
markers that will Outlast 
individual memory. 

4035
03:47:10,800 --> 03:47:14,500
She is thinking about people who
will visit this grave 50 years 

4036
03:47:14,500 --> 03:47:18,400
from now, 100 years from now. 
And she's giving them a focal 

4037
03:47:18,400 --> 03:47:21,300
point for reflection. 
A place where the symbol of the 

4038
03:47:21,300 --> 03:47:25,500
Eternal Flame suggests that some
lights don't go out, even when 

4039
03:47:25,500 --> 03:47:27,600
the people who carried them are 
gone. 

4040
03:47:27,600 --> 03:47:30,700
What she's doing in these days 
is creating what will come to be

4041
03:47:30,700 --> 03:47:33,500
called Camelot a way of 
remembering the Kennedy 

4042
03:47:33,500 --> 03:47:36,900
administration that emphasizes 
its Grace and promise, rather 

4043
03:47:36,900 --> 03:47:40,000
than its incompleteness and 
tragedy a week after the 

4044
03:47:40,008 --> 03:47:42,100
funeral. 
She invites a journalist to her 

4045
03:47:42,100 --> 03:47:45,000
home and talks about how her 
husband loved the musical 

4046
03:47:45,000 --> 03:47:48,800
Camelot, How we would play the 
original cast recording before 

4047
03:47:48,800 --> 03:47:51,900
bed and had a particular 
affection for the lines about 

4048
03:47:51,900 --> 03:47:56,800
one brief Shining Moment. 
You're listening to this 

4049
03:47:56,800 --> 03:47:59,600
interview and you understand 
that she's consciously shaping 

4050
03:47:59,600 --> 03:48:02,600
memory, creating a narrative 
that will give people Something 

4051
03:48:02,600 --> 03:48:06,500
Beautiful to hold on to rather 
than just grief and questions 

4052
03:48:06,500 --> 03:48:09,200
without answers. 
Some will later criticized this 

4053
03:48:09,200 --> 03:48:12,600
as myth, making as a false 
history that obscures, more 

4054
03:48:12,600 --> 03:48:14,700
complex truths about the Kennedy
president. 

4055
03:48:14,700 --> 03:48:19,300
See, but in the moment, what 
she's offering is Comfort a way 

4056
03:48:19,300 --> 03:48:22,000
to remember that feel 
sustainable that allows for 

4057
03:48:22,000 --> 03:48:24,500
morning without becoming mayor 
in despair. 

4058
03:48:24,500 --> 03:48:27,500
The Camelot frame gives people 
permission to grieve for what 

4059
03:48:27,500 --> 03:48:29,700
might have been rather than 
getting stuck in. 

4060
03:48:29,700 --> 03:48:34,000
What was it transforms a 
president, he cut into a symbol 

4061
03:48:34,000 --> 03:48:37,600
of possibility letting Americans
project their hopes onto. 

4062
03:48:37,600 --> 03:48:40,900
What might have happened if 
those thousand days have become 

4063
03:48:40,900 --> 03:48:44,300
a Year's, it's not entirely 
Fair, no president. 

4064
03:48:44,300 --> 03:48:46,300
He could live up to the 
idealized version, she's 

4065
03:48:46,300 --> 03:48:48,700
creating, but fairness isn't the
point. 

4066
03:48:48,700 --> 03:48:52,100
The point is helping a nation 
wounded by violence. 

4067
03:48:52,100 --> 03:48:55,300
Find a way to move forward, 
without simply moving on. 

4068
03:48:55,800 --> 03:48:58,300
You're watching her with 
Caroline and John in the months 

4069
03:48:58,300 --> 03:49:01,800
after the assassination and the 
public rarely sees this part. 

4070
03:49:02,700 --> 03:49:04,500
She she's trying to maintain 
some normalcy for children, 

4071
03:49:04,500 --> 03:49:07,900
who've lost their father and 
their home simultaneously, who 

4072
03:49:07,900 --> 03:49:10,500
have watched their mother become
an icon of grief in addition to 

4073
03:49:10,500 --> 03:49:13,200
being their mother. 
She reads them stories about 

4074
03:49:13,200 --> 03:49:15,800
their father, creating a 
narrative that will let them 

4075
03:49:15,800 --> 03:49:18,700
know him as more than just 
photographs and public memory. 

4076
03:49:19,600 --> 03:49:23,500
She's protecting their right to 
mourn privately while the nation

4077
03:49:23,500 --> 03:49:26,500
Mourns publicly. 
The funny thing, though, funny 

4078
03:49:26,500 --> 03:49:30,300
isn't quite the right word. 
Is how her Grace under this 

4079
03:49:30,300 --> 03:49:33,500
impossible pressure becomes its 
own form of comfort to others. 

4080
03:49:34,500 --> 03:49:37,500
People who've lost loved ones. 
Find something in her example 

4081
03:49:37,500 --> 03:49:39,500
that helps them bear their own 
grief. 

4082
03:49:39,500 --> 03:49:43,000
She's demonstrating that it's 
possible to be broken and still 

4083
03:49:43,000 --> 03:49:47,500
function to carry loss and still
create meaning and to mourn 

4084
03:49:47,500 --> 03:49:50,800
deeply, while continuing to care
for others who need you, she is 

4085
03:49:50,808 --> 03:49:53,800
not trying to be an example. 
She's just trying to survive, 

4086
03:49:53,800 --> 03:49:57,800
but the example happens. 
Anyway, letters pour in from 

4087
03:49:57,800 --> 03:50:00,900
around the world, millions of 
them from people who want to 

4088
03:50:00,900 --> 03:50:03,000
express their sympathy and their
admiration. 

4089
03:50:03,000 --> 03:50:06,000
You're in a room where some of 
these letters are being sorted 

4090
03:50:06,000 --> 03:50:09,800
and the pile, never seems to get
smaller, they come from heads of

4091
03:50:09,800 --> 03:50:12,600
state, and from school, children
from veterans. 

4092
03:50:12,600 --> 03:50:15,200
And from people who've never 
been interested in politics. 

4093
03:50:15,200 --> 03:50:18,600
But felt moved by the dignity 
with which she is carried. 

4094
03:50:18,600 --> 03:50:21,000
This burden, she won't read most
of them. 

4095
03:50:21,000 --> 03:50:24,300
There aren't enough hours in a 
lifetime, but knowing they 

4096
03:50:24,300 --> 03:50:27,800
exist, offers its own kind of 
comfort evidence that the 

4097
03:50:27,800 --> 03:50:30,300
private suffering has been 
witnessed and honored. 

4098
03:50:30,300 --> 03:50:33,600
She makes a decision to leave 
Washington understanding that 

4099
03:50:33,600 --> 03:50:36,400
she can't re Build a life in a 
city, where every street corner 

4100
03:50:36,400 --> 03:50:37,900
holds memories of what's been 
lost. 

4101
03:50:37,900 --> 03:50:41,600
She moves to New York creating 
distance from the political 

4102
03:50:41,600 --> 03:50:45,500
world that's continued without 
her husband starting over in a 

4103
03:50:45,508 --> 03:50:48,100
place where she can be something
other than history's Widow. 

4104
03:50:48,100 --> 03:50:51,500
But the image from those 
November days, the composed face

4105
03:50:51,500 --> 03:50:54,900
Beneath The Veil, The steady 
walk behind the case, and the 

4106
03:50:54,900 --> 03:50:59,600
Hand lighting, the eternal flame
that image, persists, Coming 

4107
03:50:59,600 --> 03:51:02,600
shorthand for a kind of strength
that doesn't announce itself. 

4108
03:51:02,600 --> 03:51:07,100
But simply endures you're in New
York City in 1964. 

4109
03:51:07,100 --> 03:51:10,600
And Jackie Kennedy is learning 
to be someone other than a first

4110
03:51:10,600 --> 03:51:13,300
lady the apartment. 
She's chosen on Fifth Avenue, 

4111
03:51:13,308 --> 03:51:16,700
Overlook Central Park. 
Offering views that change with 

4112
03:51:16,700 --> 03:51:20,900
the seasons bare branches in 
Winter, explosive Green in 

4113
03:51:20,900 --> 03:51:23,600
Spring and the gold and fade of 
Autumn. 

4114
03:51:23,600 --> 03:51:26,500
It's deliberately far from 
Washington's political 

4115
03:51:26,500 --> 03:51:29,400
landscape, a fresh start in a 
city. 

4116
03:51:29,400 --> 03:51:32,700
That's used to celebrate, his 
and knows how to let them blend 

4117
03:51:32,700 --> 03:51:35,600
into crowds. 
The transition is harder than 

4118
03:51:35,600 --> 03:51:38,600
anyone from outside, might guess
for three years. 

4119
03:51:38,600 --> 03:51:43,000
Every day had structure provided
by official schedules, social 

4120
03:51:43,000 --> 03:51:46,500
secretaries and staff, who 
manage the logistics of life. 

4121
03:51:46,500 --> 03:51:49,000
Now, she's responsible for 
ordinary things. 

4122
03:51:49,000 --> 03:51:52,700
Making sure there's food in the 
apartment, arranging Caroline 

4123
03:51:52,700 --> 03:51:55,600
school schedule, and figuring 
out how to move through the 

4124
03:51:55,600 --> 03:51:59,200
world as a private citizen, 
whose one of the most recognized

4125
03:51:59,300 --> 03:52:02,300
Of people on Earth you're with 
her on a relatively ordinary 

4126
03:52:02,300 --> 03:52:05,700
afternoon walking through the 
city and you notice how she's 

4127
03:52:05,700 --> 03:52:08,200
developed techniques for 
navigating public space. 

4128
03:52:09,000 --> 03:52:11,900
She wears large sunglasses, that
hide much of her face. 

4129
03:52:11,900 --> 03:52:15,400
She moves quickly with purpose 
signaling to passes by that 

4130
03:52:15,400 --> 03:52:18,100
she's busy rather than 
unavailable for conversation. 

4131
03:52:18,100 --> 03:52:20,300
She's learning, which 
restaurants have private 

4132
03:52:20,300 --> 03:52:24,200
entrances, which stalls will let
her shop after hours, and which 

4133
03:52:24,200 --> 03:52:26,900
parks are busy enough that she 
can disappear into the crowd, 

4134
03:52:26,900 --> 03:52:30,400
but not so crowded that. 
She'll be constantly recognized 

4135
03:52:30,400 --> 03:52:32,600
the work. 
She begins to do is different 

4136
03:52:32,600 --> 03:52:36,200
from anything she's done before,
she takes a job as an editor at 

4137
03:52:36,200 --> 03:52:39,700
Viking press later moving to 
Doubleday and she's genuinely 

4138
03:52:39,700 --> 03:52:43,400
good at it, your watching her 
editor manuscript and the mark 

4139
03:52:43,400 --> 03:52:45,400
she makes on the page is show 
real skill. 

4140
03:52:45,400 --> 03:52:49,700
She can see where a narrative, 
drags where a description needs 

4141
03:52:49,700 --> 03:52:52,300
sharpening and where an author 
has been too close to their 

4142
03:52:52,300 --> 03:52:55,500
material to notice repetition 
she is applying the same 

4143
03:52:55,500 --> 03:52:57,700
attention to detail. 
She brought to the White House 

4144
03:52:57,700 --> 03:53:01,400
restoration but now she shaping 
words and of rooms. 

4145
03:53:02,200 --> 03:53:05,400
A colleague's learned to treat 
her like any other editor, which

4146
03:53:05,400 --> 03:53:08,200
is what she wants. 
There are moments of humor in 

4147
03:53:08,200 --> 03:53:11,000
the office when someone forgets 
who she is and starts to gossip 

4148
03:53:11,000 --> 03:53:14,600
about recent political events, 
Then catches herself 

4149
03:53:14,600 --> 03:53:17,400
mid-sentence. 
Realizing she's talking to 

4150
03:53:17,400 --> 03:53:20,100
someone who lived the history. 
They're discussing as gossip, 

4151
03:53:20,100 --> 03:53:23,300
she's gracious about these 
moments understanding that. 

4152
03:53:23,300 --> 03:53:26,600
People need time to adjust to 
her presence to learn how to be 

4153
03:53:26,600 --> 03:53:28,700
natural around. 
Someone, whose face has been on 

4154
03:53:28,700 --> 03:53:31,500
More Magazine covers than, they 
could count the book. 

4155
03:53:31,500 --> 03:53:34,300
She chooses to work on reveal 
interests that were always 

4156
03:53:34,300 --> 03:53:37,400
there, but couldn't be fully 
explored during her White House 

4157
03:53:37,400 --> 03:53:39,600
years. 
She edits books about 

4158
03:53:39,600 --> 03:53:43,500
photography about ballet and 
about historical preservation. 

4159
03:53:43,500 --> 03:53:48,000
She works on Memoirs of artists 
and writers, helping them shape,

4160
03:53:48,000 --> 03:53:49,800
their stories for public 
consumption. 

4161
03:53:50,600 --> 03:53:54,300
She's drawn to projects about 
beauty and culture but also to 

4162
03:53:54,300 --> 03:53:57,500
stories about people who have 
overcome difficulties and who've

4163
03:53:57,500 --> 03:54:00,600
rebuilt after loss. 
The work is Meaningful to her. 

4164
03:54:00,600 --> 03:54:04,200
In ways that go beyond the 
professional satisfaction, it's 

4165
03:54:04,200 --> 03:54:06,900
a connection to the world of 
ideas and creativity that 

4166
03:54:06,900 --> 03:54:10,200
politics only occasionally 
touches you're at a publishing 

4167
03:54:10,200 --> 03:54:12,700
party with her. 
And she's talking with an author

4168
03:54:12,700 --> 03:54:15,700
whose biography she's been 
editing and there's a quality to

4169
03:54:15,700 --> 03:54:17,700
the conversation. 
That's different from political 

4170
03:54:17,700 --> 03:54:20,600
small talk. 
This is a genuine exchange of 

4171
03:54:20,600 --> 03:54:24,500
ideas questioning about 
historical interpretation and 

4172
03:54:24,500 --> 03:54:27,400
discussion of how to balance 
accuracy with readability. 

4173
03:54:27,400 --> 03:54:31,100
She is intellectually engaged in
ways that the role of first lady

4174
03:54:31,100 --> 03:54:34,100
for all its importance didn't 
always allow her. 

4175
03:54:34,100 --> 03:54:37,200
Children are growing up in this 
new life and she is fiercely 

4176
03:54:37,200 --> 03:54:39,500
protective of their privacy, 
Caroline. 

4177
03:54:39,500 --> 03:54:42,600
Attends, a prestigious Manhattan
school but Jackie's made it 

4178
03:54:42,608 --> 03:54:45,500
clear to other parents and to 
the school administration that 

4179
03:54:45,500 --> 03:54:47,900
her daughter should be treated 
like any other student. 

4180
03:54:47,900 --> 03:54:49,800
No special. 
Privileges. 

4181
03:54:50,600 --> 03:54:53,600
No extra attention. 
When photographers try to catch 

4182
03:54:53,600 --> 03:54:57,500
pictures of the children, she 
confronts them directly asking 

4183
03:54:57,500 --> 03:55:00,300
them to imagine how they feel if
their own children couldn't play

4184
03:55:00,300 --> 03:55:03,200
without cameras. 
Documenting every moment the 

4185
03:55:03,200 --> 03:55:05,900
work of being Jacqueline Kennedy
separate from being Jackie, 

4186
03:55:05,900 --> 03:55:10,000
Kennedy Onassis that comes later
involves finding ways to honor 

4187
03:55:10,000 --> 03:55:12,000
what came before while building 
something new. 

4188
03:55:12,000 --> 03:55:16,100
She establishes a foundation to 
support the Arts channeling. 

4189
03:55:16,100 --> 03:55:19,500
The public's continued interest 
in her toward causes that matter

4190
03:55:19,500 --> 03:55:21,900
to her. 
She writes letters to donors and

4191
03:55:21,900 --> 03:55:24,400
Foundations, applying the 
Diplomatic skills. 

4192
03:55:24,400 --> 03:55:27,800
She learned during State visits 
to the work of fundraising and 

4193
03:55:27,800 --> 03:55:32,400
advocacy, She still using a 
Fame, but now she's directing it

4194
03:55:32,400 --> 03:55:35,700
rather than being directed by 
it, with her, at a fundraising 

4195
03:55:35,700 --> 03:55:38,800
Gala, for historic preservation.
And she is giving a speech 

4196
03:55:38,800 --> 03:55:42,300
that's characteristically, 
modest, but effective She talks 

4197
03:55:42,300 --> 03:55:44,500
about the importance of 
maintaining buildings that 

4198
03:55:44,500 --> 03:55:46,800
connect present generations to 
the Past. 

4199
03:55:47,600 --> 03:55:50,600
About how physical space is hold
memories and meaning, that can't

4200
03:55:50,600 --> 03:55:54,100
be recreated if they're lost. 
She's applying lessons from the 

4201
03:55:54,108 --> 03:55:57,500
White House, restoration to a 
broader context arguing for 

4202
03:55:57,500 --> 03:56:00,200
preservation as a public good 
rather than a luxury. 

4203
03:56:00,200 --> 03:56:04,300
The crowd responds warmly and 
afterwards checks are written. 

4204
03:56:04,300 --> 03:56:06,900
That will save building shall 
never personally visit but whose

4205
03:56:06,900 --> 03:56:09,400
survival. 
She's helped ensure the funny 

4206
03:56:09,400 --> 03:56:12,200
moments in this new life. 
Often involve the disconnect 

4207
03:56:12,200 --> 03:56:15,400
between her Public Image and her
private interests. 

4208
03:56:15,400 --> 03:56:19,300
She loves watching television, 
especially coverage of sporting 

4209
03:56:19,300 --> 03:56:22,200
events. 
She follows tennis closely and 

4210
03:56:22,200 --> 03:56:24,600
becomes an avid fan of 
professional cycling. 

4211
03:56:24,600 --> 03:56:27,200
She enjoys going to the movies 
though. 

4212
03:56:27,200 --> 03:56:29,700
She has to time it carefully to 
avoid crowds, that might 

4213
03:56:29,700 --> 03:56:32,400
recognize her. 
She reads, voraciously 

4214
03:56:32,400 --> 03:56:35,900
everything from dense, 
historical biographies to 

4215
03:56:35,900 --> 03:56:39,700
trashy, novels finding pleasure 
in the Escape, that books, 

4216
03:56:39,700 --> 03:56:42,400
provide these ordinary 
enjoyments exist. 

4217
03:56:42,400 --> 03:56:46,600
Alongside the extraordinary fact
of who she is, creating a life 

4218
03:56:46,600 --> 03:56:51,000
that simultaneously normal and 
utterly unique her Friendship 

4219
03:56:51,000 --> 03:56:54,200
Circle, expands to include 
people from outside politics, 

4220
03:56:54,200 --> 03:56:58,400
artists, writers, musicians, and
people who value her for her 

4221
03:56:58,400 --> 03:57:01,500
mind and Company rather than her
connections to power. 

4222
03:57:01,500 --> 03:57:05,300
You're at a dinner party at her 
apartment and the conversation 

4223
03:57:05,300 --> 03:57:07,900
ranges from recent. 
Exhibitions at the Metropolitan 

4224
03:57:07,900 --> 03:57:12,200
Museum to gossip about the 
publishing industry to someone's

4225
03:57:12,200 --> 03:57:15,800
recent trip to Cambodia, she's 
created a social world that 

4226
03:57:15,800 --> 03:57:18,800
feeds her intellectual interests
while maintaining the Privacy. 

4227
03:57:18,800 --> 03:57:23,000
She needs to feel like herself. 
The relationship with our 

4228
03:57:23,000 --> 03:57:25,500
children deepens in ways that 
were harder during the White 

4229
03:57:25,500 --> 03:57:29,000
House years without the constant
demands of official duties. 

4230
03:57:29,000 --> 03:57:32,100
She has time to be present in 
ordinary ways, helping with 

4231
03:57:32,100 --> 03:57:35,400
homework, taking them to 
appointments and being there. 

4232
03:57:35,400 --> 03:57:38,700
When they come home from school,
she's building normal rhythms 

4233
03:57:38,700 --> 03:57:41,600
that were impossible when every 
day was scheduled months in 

4234
03:57:41,600 --> 03:57:45,100
advance, and private family time
had to be carved out of public 

4235
03:57:45,100 --> 03:57:47,400
obligation. 
You're in the apartment on a 

4236
03:57:47,408 --> 03:57:50,300
quiet evening and she's looking 
through photographs from the 

4237
03:57:50,300 --> 03:57:52,600
White House years. 
Organizing them for the 

4238
03:57:52,600 --> 03:57:55,800
Presidential Library. 
She's creating a different kind 

4239
03:57:55,800 --> 03:57:58,300
of Legacy. 
Now, one that's about preserving

4240
03:57:58,300 --> 03:58:01,700
accurate memory, rather than 
shaping public perception, the 

4241
03:58:01,700 --> 03:58:02,800
work is bitter. 
Sweet. 

4242
03:58:03,700 --> 03:58:06,400
Each photograph holds both the 
warmth of good memories and the 

4243
03:58:06,400 --> 03:58:10,000
sharp pain of the loss, but it's
important to her that history 

4244
03:58:10,000 --> 03:58:13,300
has access to authentic records 
rather than just official 

4245
03:58:13,300 --> 03:58:15,700
narratives. 
She maintains connections to 

4246
03:58:15,700 --> 03:58:19,100
wash Washington, but on her own 
terms attending events that 

4247
03:58:19,100 --> 03:58:21,500
matter to her. 
While declining invitations to 

4248
03:58:21,500 --> 03:58:25,300
everything else, she's learned 
that she can pick and choose but

4249
03:58:25,300 --> 03:58:27,900
people will accept her absence 
because they're grateful when 

4250
03:58:27,900 --> 03:58:30,900
she does appear. 
She's created boundaries that 

4251
03:58:30,900 --> 03:58:33,400
allow her to engage with 
political and cultural life 

4252
03:58:33,400 --> 03:58:36,300
without being consumed by it the
years pass. 

4253
03:58:36,300 --> 03:58:39,600
And gradually Jackie Kennedy 
becomes a person who exists 

4254
03:58:39,600 --> 03:58:43,500
primarily in history books, and 
photographs rather than in daily

4255
03:58:43,500 --> 03:58:47,100
news coverage. 
She becomes Jackie Onassis after

4256
03:58:47,100 --> 03:58:50,700
her marriage to Aristotle. 
Onassis adding another chapter 

4257
03:58:50,700 --> 03:58:53,800
to a life that's already 
contained more chapters than 

4258
03:58:53,800 --> 03:58:55,300
most people could imagine 
living. 

4259
03:58:55,300 --> 03:58:58,300
But underneath the various 
public identities, she's 

4260
03:58:58,300 --> 03:59:01,700
building something more 
fundamental, Private life that 

4261
03:59:01,700 --> 03:59:04,500
belongs to her. 
Filled with work, she finds 

4262
03:59:04,500 --> 03:59:08,300
meaningful friendship, she 
values and the ordinary 

4263
03:59:08,300 --> 03:59:11,900
pleasures of existence that 
aren't documented, or analyzed 

4264
03:59:11,900 --> 03:59:14,400
or judged by audiences. 
Who feel, they have a moment on 

4265
03:59:14,400 --> 03:59:17,300
her story. 
You're, in a library years after

4266
03:59:17,300 --> 03:59:19,800
the events you've been following
and you're looking at how 

4267
03:59:19,800 --> 03:59:23,200
history has processed 
Jacqueline, Kennedy's Legacy the

4268
03:59:23,200 --> 03:59:28,200
books are numerous biographies, 
analyzes coffee table volumes 

4269
03:59:28,200 --> 03:59:32,300
focused on her style and serious
academic Works examining her 

4270
03:59:32,300 --> 03:59:35,500
cultural influence, each one 
captures, something true. 

4271
03:59:35,500 --> 03:59:39,500
But incomplete like photographs 
that freeze individual moments 

4272
03:59:39,500 --> 03:59:41,500
without quite catching the 
motion between them. 

4273
03:59:42,200 --> 03:59:46,100
What's interesting is what 
persists, and what fades the 

4274
03:59:46,100 --> 03:59:47,300
clothing that seemed so 
important. 

4275
03:59:47,300 --> 03:59:51,100
At the time, the pillbox hats, 
the simple dresses, the specific

4276
03:59:51,100 --> 03:59:55,700
shade of her lipstick These 
become period details markers of

4277
03:59:55,700 --> 03:59:58,400
an errors aesthetic, rather than
timeless style. 

4278
03:59:58,400 --> 04:00:02,400
But something else Remains the 
idea that beauty and culture 

4279
04:00:02,400 --> 04:00:05,700
matter that, how we present 
ourselves and our institutions 

4280
04:00:05,700 --> 04:00:09,500
isn't superficial, but 
communicate something essential 

4281
04:00:09,500 --> 04:00:12,000
about our values. 
You're walking through the White

4282
04:00:12,000 --> 04:00:15,900
House in the present day 
decades, after she left it and 

4283
04:00:15,900 --> 04:00:19,700
every room she restored still 
carries her influence later 

4284
04:00:19,700 --> 04:00:21,400
first. 
Ladies of made their own changes

4285
04:00:21,400 --> 04:00:24,900
and added their own touches 
Fundamental approaches 

4286
04:00:24,900 --> 04:00:28,200
established treating the White 
House as a museum of American 

4287
04:00:28,200 --> 04:00:30,400
History. 
Rather than just a residents 

4288
04:00:30,400 --> 04:00:34,300
continues, the guidebooks 
visitors receive reference her 

4289
04:00:34,300 --> 04:00:37,200
work, the nonprofit. 
She established still raises 

4290
04:00:37,200 --> 04:00:40,700
funds for preservation. 
She created a structure that 

4291
04:00:40,700 --> 04:00:44,800
outlasted her tenure ensuring 
that no single person could 

4292
04:00:44,800 --> 04:00:47,800
dismantle what she built. 
The cultural diplomacy. 

4293
04:00:47,800 --> 04:00:51,700
She practiced has become 
standard almost unremarkable in 

4294
04:00:51,700 --> 04:00:54,900
its normalization. 
Modern, first ladies, routinely,

4295
04:00:54,900 --> 04:00:58,100
promote, American Arts abroad, 
invite artists to the White 

4296
04:00:58,100 --> 04:01:01,200
House and use State dinners as 
opportunities for cultural 

4297
04:01:01,200 --> 04:01:03,200
exchange. 
It's so common. 

4298
04:01:03,200 --> 04:01:05,700
Now that it's easy to forget, 
there was a time when this 

4299
04:01:05,700 --> 04:01:09,000
wasn't automatic, when someone 
had to demonstrate that it was 

4300
04:01:09,008 --> 04:01:12,500
valuable and possible. 
She created a template that 

4301
04:01:12,500 --> 04:01:15,400
became a tradition, the talking 
with someone who works in 

4302
04:01:15,400 --> 04:01:19,400
historic preservation and they 
mentioned almost casually how 

4303
04:01:19,400 --> 04:01:23,100
Jackie Kennedy's work changed, 
American attitudes toward Old 

4304
04:01:23,100 --> 04:01:26,000
buildings before her restoration
of the White House. 

4305
04:01:26,000 --> 04:01:29,200
There was an assumption that 
progress meant replacing old 

4306
04:01:29,200 --> 04:01:32,500
things with new ones. 
That historical building should 

4307
04:01:32,500 --> 04:01:35,700
make way for modern development.
She demonstrated that 

4308
04:01:35,700 --> 04:01:38,000
preservation could be Forward 
Thinking rather than 

4309
04:01:38,000 --> 04:01:41,200
backward-looking that 
maintaining connections to the 

4310
04:01:41,200 --> 04:01:43,700
Past could co-exist with 
embracing the future. 

4311
04:01:43,700 --> 04:01:47,700
The funny thing about her 
privacy campaigns, her Fierce 

4312
04:01:47,700 --> 04:01:51,000
protection of her children. 
Her refusal to let cameras into 

4313
04:01:51,000 --> 04:01:54,200
every corner of her life is how 
precious they look. 

4314
04:01:54,200 --> 04:01:57,800
Now, in an age, where privacy is
becoming increasingly difficult 

4315
04:01:57,800 --> 04:02:01,300
to maintain where social media 
encourages constant 

4316
04:02:01,300 --> 04:02:04,700
self-exposure. 
Her insistence on boundaries 

4317
04:02:04,700 --> 04:02:08,300
seems not outdated but 
sophisticated she understood 

4318
04:02:08,300 --> 04:02:12,000
something about the corrosive 
effects of total visibility that

4319
04:02:12,000 --> 04:02:14,000
many people are only beginning 
to recognize. 

4320
04:02:14,000 --> 04:02:17,300
You're watching a documentary 
about the Kennedy administration

4321
04:02:17,300 --> 04:02:21,500
and the narrator is discussing, 
Camelot the mythology Jackie 

4322
04:02:21,500 --> 04:02:25,200
created in the days after the 
assassination, the documentary 

4323
04:02:25,200 --> 04:02:28,900
is careful to note the gap 
between myth and reality to 

4324
04:02:28,900 --> 04:02:32,300
point out policies and actions 
that complicate the idealized 

4325
04:02:32,300 --> 04:02:35,000
narrative. 
But even as it deconstructs, the

4326
04:02:35,000 --> 04:02:37,900
myth, the documentary can't 
quite Escape it. 

4327
04:02:38,600 --> 04:02:42,100
Those Thousand Days continue to 
Shimmer with a special quality, 

4328
04:02:42,100 --> 04:02:45,900
a sense of possibility that 
persists, despite all the 

4329
04:02:45,900 --> 04:02:49,800
evidence of limitation and 
failure that historical analysis

4330
04:02:49,800 --> 04:02:52,500
provides. 
The generation of Americans who 

4331
04:02:52,500 --> 04:02:55,700
were children when Kennedy was 
present, who watched Jackie 

4332
04:02:55,700 --> 04:02:57,200
light? 
The eternal flame on their 

4333
04:02:57,200 --> 04:03:00,500
television sets, carry something
of her influence in how they 

4334
04:03:00,500 --> 04:03:04,100
think about leadership and loss.
They learned from her example, 

4335
04:03:04,100 --> 04:03:08,000
that grief can be born with 
dignity that public duty can 

4336
04:03:08,000 --> 04:03:12,000
coexist with private pain and 
that it's possible to create 

4337
04:03:12,000 --> 04:03:14,900
meaning in the face of tragedy. 
These aren't lessons. 

4338
04:03:14,900 --> 04:03:18,600
You can really teach, they have 
to be demonstrated lived in full

4339
04:03:18,600 --> 04:03:22,100
View and embodied rather than 
explained, you're in a 

4340
04:03:22,108 --> 04:03:24,000
bookstore. 
You notice how many different 

4341
04:03:24,000 --> 04:03:27,200
kinds of books are influence 
without necessarily mentioning 

4342
04:03:27,200 --> 04:03:30,000
her name? 
Books about interior design, 

4343
04:03:30,000 --> 04:03:33,900
that emphasizes historical 
accuracy books about fashion, 

4344
04:03:33,900 --> 04:03:37,000
that argue for Elegance. 
Over trendiness books, about 

4345
04:03:37,008 --> 04:03:39,700
parenting that discuss 
protecting children's privacy. 

4346
04:03:40,600 --> 04:03:42,900
It's about grief. 
That acknowledge the necessity 

4347
04:03:42,900 --> 04:03:45,200
of both private feeling and 
public composure. 

4348
04:03:45,200 --> 04:03:49,700
She created ripples that moved 
outward into culture affecting. 

4349
04:03:49,700 --> 04:03:52,800
How people think about numerous 
subjects that might seem 

4350
04:03:52,800 --> 04:03:57,200
disconnected from the story of a
first lady from the 1960s, her 

4351
04:03:57,200 --> 04:04:00,300
work as Neda, which might have 
seemed like a footnote more 

4352
04:04:00,300 --> 04:04:02,900
public accomplishments has its 
own legacy. 

4353
04:04:04,200 --> 04:04:07,300
The book shepherded into 
publication remaining print, 

4354
04:04:07,300 --> 04:04:10,100
introducing new readers to 
subjects. 

4355
04:04:10,100 --> 04:04:13,600
She cared about her colleagues. 
Remember her as genuinely good 

4356
04:04:13,600 --> 04:04:17,200
at the work, not just a famous 
name attached to projects for 

4357
04:04:17,200 --> 04:04:20,100
publicity purposes. 
She proved that someone who 

4358
04:04:20,100 --> 04:04:23,500
lived at the center of political
history could find satisfaction 

4359
04:04:23,500 --> 04:04:25,400
inquire to professional 
accomplishments. 

4360
04:04:25,400 --> 04:04:28,700
The relationship between privacy
and public service that she 

4361
04:04:28,700 --> 04:04:32,200
navigated reluctantly 
imperfectly. 

4362
04:04:32,200 --> 04:04:36,500
But ultimately successfully 
continues to be relevant for 

4363
04:04:36,500 --> 04:04:38,600
anyone who lives partially in 
public view. 

4364
04:04:38,600 --> 04:04:41,700
She showed that it's possible to
maintain mystery without being 

4365
04:04:41,700 --> 04:04:46,000
dishonest to be reserved with 
being cold and to protect what's

4366
04:04:46,000 --> 04:04:47,400
intimate. 
While still connecting 

4367
04:04:47,400 --> 04:04:50,400
meaningfully with audiences who 
feel invested in your story. 

4368
04:04:50,400 --> 04:04:53,600
You're looking at photographs of
the Eternal Flame at Arlington 

4369
04:04:53,600 --> 04:04:55,700
in. 
You realize, it's still burning 

4370
04:04:55,700 --> 04:04:59,300
just as she intended visitors, 
come constantly, leaving 

4371
04:04:59,300 --> 04:05:02,300
flowers, standing, quietly, and 
thinking their own thoughts 

4372
04:05:02,300 --> 04:05:04,900
about loss and Legacy. 
And the moment in history that 

4373
04:05:04,900 --> 04:05:09,400
changed everything she created 
that place that focal point for 

4374
04:05:09,400 --> 04:05:12,200
reflection in the midst of her 
own unbearable loss. 

4375
04:05:12,200 --> 04:05:15,400
And it continues serving the 
purpose, she imagined for it, 

4376
04:05:16,100 --> 04:05:18,500
Quiet Legacy is perhaps the most
powerful one. 

4377
04:05:18,500 --> 04:05:22,500
The demonstration that influence
doesn't always require force 

4378
04:05:22,500 --> 04:05:26,100
that change can happen through 
careful, attention to detail, 

4379
04:05:26,100 --> 04:05:29,600
and that beauty and Grace of 
their own forms of power. 

4380
04:05:29,600 --> 04:05:33,800
She never wrote The Definitive 
book, explaining her approach or

4381
04:05:33,800 --> 04:05:35,600
gave speeches outlining her 
philosophy. 

4382
04:05:36,500 --> 04:05:40,400
She simply did the work made the
choices and demonstrated through

4383
04:05:40,400 --> 04:05:42,200
action what she believed 
mattered. 

4384
04:05:42,200 --> 04:05:45,100
You're thinking about the 12 
year old girl reading about 

4385
04:05:45,100 --> 04:05:47,200
Marie Antoinette in that 
Manhattan apartment. 

4386
04:05:47,200 --> 04:05:50,800
Tracing her finger over 
illustrations of beautiful 

4387
04:05:50,800 --> 04:05:53,700
Furniture, beginning to 
understand the relationship 

4388
04:05:53,700 --> 04:05:58,200
between objects and the people 
who live among them and you're 

4389
04:05:58,200 --> 04:06:00,600
thinking about the woman, she 
became who took that 

4390
04:06:00,600 --> 04:06:04,200
understanding and applied it at 
a scale that influenced millions

4391
04:06:04,200 --> 04:06:06,800
of people's relationships with 
their own history and culture. 

4392
04:06:06,800 --> 04:06:10,400
The connection between those two
moments childhood. 

4393
04:06:10,400 --> 04:06:13,700
Fascination and adult 
accomplishment is what makes the

4394
04:06:13,700 --> 04:06:16,800
story feel hero. 
Like a life lived with 

4395
04:06:16,800 --> 04:06:19,000
intention. 
Even in circumstances, that 

4396
04:06:19,000 --> 04:06:21,500
often spun Beyond any 
individuals control. 

4397
04:06:21,500 --> 04:06:24,200
The Legacy isn't simple or 
uncomplicated. 

4398
04:06:25,600 --> 04:06:29,500
She was a person of her time 
with limitations and blind spots

4399
04:06:29,500 --> 04:06:32,500
and moments when she failed to 
live up to her own standards. 

4400
04:06:32,500 --> 04:06:35,800
But what Remains What? 
Persists are after all the 

4401
04:06:35,808 --> 04:06:40,000
analysis and criticism and 
revisionist history is the fact 

4402
04:06:40,000 --> 04:06:43,600
of transformation. 
She changed how Americans 

4403
04:06:43,600 --> 04:06:46,700
thought about their visual 
culture, their relationship to 

4404
04:06:46,700 --> 04:06:50,600
history and their capacity for 
Grace under impossible pressure.

4405
04:06:50,600 --> 04:06:53,900
She did this not through 
speeches, or legislation or 

4406
04:06:53,900 --> 04:06:56,800
political maneuvering, but 
through the accumulation of 

4407
04:06:56,800 --> 04:07:01,100
careful choices about beauty, 
dignity, and meaning your 

4408
04:07:01,100 --> 04:07:03,500
closing. 
Your eyes now ready for sleep. 

4409
04:07:03,500 --> 04:07:07,600
And the image that remains is 
not of grand public moments, but

4410
04:07:07,600 --> 04:07:11,900
of something quieter a woman 
looking at a room and seeing not

4411
04:07:11,900 --> 04:07:15,600
just what is but what could be 
understanding that the gap 

4412
04:07:15,600 --> 04:07:18,400
between those two visions? 
Could be bridged through 

4413
04:07:18,400 --> 04:07:22,400
patient, attention to detail 
through respect for history and 

4414
04:07:22,400 --> 04:07:25,600
through the belief that beauty 
matters and how we live among 

4415
04:07:25,600 --> 04:07:29,200
objects and images and memories 
shapes, who we become that 

4416
04:07:29,200 --> 04:07:32,200
understanding passed from one 
generation to the next, through 

4417
04:07:32,200 --> 04:07:36,500
example, rather than instruction
is, perhaps the truest Legacy of

4418
04:07:36,500 --> 04:07:40,100
all away of seeing that persists
long after the specific 

4419
04:07:40,100 --> 04:07:42,300
accomplishments that 
demonstrated It have been 

4420
04:07:42,308 --> 04:07:45,800
catalogued and analyzed and 
filed away in history's. 

4421
04:07:45,800 --> 04:07:48,800
Careful records. 
And with that thought, you let 

4422
04:07:48,800 --> 04:07:52,300
the story settle that the 
details blur into the 

4423
04:07:52,300 --> 04:07:55,700
comfortable, Darkness behind 
your eyelids carrying with you 

4424
04:07:55,700 --> 04:07:59,900
into sleep, the gentle reminder 
that Legacy isn't always loud 

4425
04:07:59,900 --> 04:08:02,500
that influence, often Works in 
Whispers. 

4426
04:08:02,500 --> 04:08:06,500
And that sometimes the most 
lasting changes are the ones 

4427
04:08:06,500 --> 04:08:10,700
that happen so gradually. 
So carefully, so quietly that 

4428
04:08:10,700 --> 04:08:13,600
you only recognize them years 
later, when you look around and 

4429
04:08:13,600 --> 04:08:17,000
realize the world has shifted 
slightly on its axis, becoming 

4430
04:08:17,000 --> 04:08:20,200
something just a little more 
beautiful, a little more 

4431
04:08:20,200 --> 04:08:23,600
thoughtful, a little more aware 
of the connections between past 

4432
04:08:23,600 --> 04:08:27,900
and present. between objects and
meaning and between the choices 

4433
04:08:27,900 --> 04:08:38,200
we make and the world, those 
choices create Alexander 

4434
04:08:38,200 --> 04:08:42,800
Hamilton was born around, 
January 11th, 1755 or 1757 

4435
04:08:42,800 --> 04:08:46,100
given. 
Conflicting records in Nevis a 

4436
04:08:46,100 --> 04:08:48,200
small island in the Caribbean's 
Leeward chain. 

4437
04:08:48,200 --> 04:08:52,000
His father James, Hamilton hail 
from Scotland and drifted 

4438
04:08:52,000 --> 04:08:54,700
financially. 
While his mother, Rachel Fossett

4439
04:08:54,700 --> 04:08:56,500
was a strange from a prior 
marriage. 

4440
04:08:57,300 --> 04:09:00,200
Social stigma, dog. 
The family as Hamilton was 

4441
04:09:00,200 --> 04:09:03,200
deemed, illegitimate childhood 
brought precarious, living 

4442
04:09:03,200 --> 04:09:06,100
conditions amid the sugar-based 
economy, relied on enslaved, 

4443
04:09:06,100 --> 04:09:09,200
labor. 
Still the bright Caribbean, Sun,

4444
04:09:09,200 --> 04:09:11,700
and bustle of Ireland, trade 
shaped his early impressions of 

4445
04:09:11,700 --> 04:09:14,700
Commerce and hierarchy. 
By the time, Hamilton reached 

4446
04:09:14,700 --> 04:09:17,300
adolescence familial hardships 
worsened. 

4447
04:09:17,800 --> 04:09:20,800
His father left compounding, the
family's instability. 

4448
04:09:20,800 --> 04:09:25,300
Then a fever came to his mother 
when he was around 11 orphaned 

4449
04:09:25,300 --> 04:09:28,800
Hamilton found Refuge with local
Merchants who recognized a keen 

4450
04:09:28,800 --> 04:09:30,800
mind behind the boys formal, but
urgent letters. 

4451
04:09:30,800 --> 04:09:33,500
He took a clock in job at 
Beekman and Kruger's. 

4452
04:09:33,500 --> 04:09:36,700
Trading firm absorbing the 
mechanics of shipping manifests,

4453
04:09:36,700 --> 04:09:39,300
currently exchange and 
negotiation. 

4454
04:09:40,200 --> 04:09:43,700
Observers noted a precocious 
skill in accountancy and a car 

4455
04:09:43,708 --> 04:09:46,700
under pressure When Storms 
disrupted, cargo arrivals. 

4456
04:09:46,700 --> 04:09:49,700
This apprenticeship would lay 
the groundwork for Hamilton's 

4457
04:09:49,700 --> 04:09:51,500
later Mastery of financial 
systems. 

4458
04:09:52,200 --> 04:09:54,900
A crucial moment arrived. 
When Hamilton Pender Vivid 

4459
04:09:54,900 --> 04:09:59,100
letter describing A hurricane's,
Devastation his prose published 

4460
04:09:59,100 --> 04:10:01,800
in a local paper. 
So impressed leading citizens 

4461
04:10:01,800 --> 04:10:04,100
that they raise funds to send 
him to Mainland. 

4462
04:10:04,100 --> 04:10:07,400
Colonies for Education, the 
budding writer sets sail. 

4463
04:10:07,400 --> 04:10:11,400
Eventually Landing in British 
North America there precisely 

4464
04:10:11,400 --> 04:10:13,700
how you're a range for the 
schooling remains partly 

4465
04:10:13,700 --> 04:10:16,300
obscure. 
By the time he stepped onto 

4466
04:10:16,300 --> 04:10:19,700
Mainland soil, Hamilton 
possessed, an unshakable resolve

4467
04:10:19,700 --> 04:10:23,000
to escape the constraints of 
colonial class, Prejudice and 

4468
04:10:23,000 --> 04:10:25,100
prove his intellect in a broader
Arena. 

4469
04:10:25,800 --> 04:10:29,000
He enrolled at King's College 
later, Columbia University in 

4470
04:10:29,000 --> 04:10:32,300
New York City. 
Political tensions soared as 

4471
04:10:32,300 --> 04:10:34,900
Britain, impose new taxes and 
cracked down on Colonial 

4472
04:10:34,900 --> 04:10:37,800
resistance. 
Hamilton originally cautious 

4473
04:10:37,800 --> 04:10:41,100
soon, found himself stirred by 
pamphlets on natural rights. 

4474
04:10:42,000 --> 04:10:44,900
He contributed Anonymous essays 
defending Colonial, protests 

4475
04:10:44,900 --> 04:10:47,900
revealing a knack for political 
writing spite. 

4476
04:10:47,900 --> 04:10:50,900
His youthful status readers 
found, his arguments chrisp 

4477
04:10:50,900 --> 04:10:54,200
blending logic with moral 
further, however, the outbreak 

4478
04:10:54,200 --> 04:10:57,200
of open Conflict at Lexington 
and Concord disrupted studies at

4479
04:10:57,200 --> 04:10:59,900
King's College. 
Hamilton though, short of 

4480
04:10:59,900 --> 04:11:03,500
stature was physically active 
and spirited He joined a 

4481
04:11:03,500 --> 04:11:06,600
volunteer artillery company 
drilling near City Square's. 

4482
04:11:07,300 --> 04:11:09,700
Even a shot from British ships, 
threatened Manhattan. 

4483
04:11:09,700 --> 04:11:14,000
He balanced academics with 
preparing for possible war in 

4484
04:11:14,000 --> 04:11:17,100
1776. 
Amid, the swirl of confusion 

4485
04:11:17,100 --> 04:11:20,700
over Independence, Hamilton left
formal schooling to commit, 

4486
04:11:20,700 --> 04:11:24,600
fully to the Patriot cause some 
peers found in bold to do so, 

4487
04:11:24,600 --> 04:11:28,300
but Hamilton believed in forging
a new order that might reward 

4488
04:11:28,300 --> 04:11:31,500
Merit over birth. 
After forming an artillery unit 

4489
04:11:31,500 --> 04:11:34,600
Hamilton, exhibited discipline 
and quick strategic. 

4490
04:11:34,600 --> 04:11:38,400
Thinking at the disastrous 
Battle of Long Island is unit. 

4491
04:11:38,400 --> 04:11:42,100
Helps secure a retreat. 
The next month's through mere 

4492
04:11:42,100 --> 04:11:44,300
collapses, he drew the notice of
key figures. 

4493
04:11:45,100 --> 04:11:49,900
During the harsh winter of 1776 
to 1777 with the Army battered 

4494
04:11:49,900 --> 04:11:52,700
Hamilton's diligence and 
orchestrating supplies, and 

4495
04:11:52,700 --> 04:11:55,700
maintaining morale stood out. 
General George Washington, 

4496
04:11:55,700 --> 04:11:59,300
recognized these talents 
inviting Hamilton to serve as an

4497
04:11:59,308 --> 04:12:03,000
aid to come an assignment that 
while staff bound gave Hamilton 

4498
04:12:03,000 --> 04:12:06,400
unprecedented exposure. 
To high level decision-making in

4499
04:12:06,400 --> 04:12:09,000
Washington's Camp. 
Hamilton became indispensable 

4500
04:12:09,000 --> 04:12:12,500
drafting letters, shaping policy
briefs and forging alliances 

4501
04:12:12,500 --> 04:12:15,500
with other officers. 
He gleaned Leadership Lessons 

4502
04:12:15,500 --> 04:12:17,700
From the General's balancing of 
caution and dare in. 

4503
04:12:17,700 --> 04:12:20,600
Yet, Hamilton always seeking 
direct action. 

4504
04:12:20,600 --> 04:12:24,900
Occasionally chafed, at staff 
duties, yearn to lead troops on 

4505
04:12:24,900 --> 04:12:28,000
the battlefield tensions, with 
senior officers, sometimes 

4506
04:12:28,000 --> 04:12:30,900
flared. 
Once Hamilton fell out with 

4507
04:12:30,900 --> 04:12:34,000
washing for a perceived slight 
over tardiness, but they have 

4508
04:12:34,000 --> 04:12:38,300
eventually reconciled despite 
these briefs the Synergy between

4509
04:12:38,300 --> 04:12:41,600
them grew, hankered in mutual 
respect for diligence and 

4510
04:12:41,600 --> 04:12:45,700
strategy. 
Throughout 1777 to 1778. 

4511
04:12:45,700 --> 04:12:48,600
Hamilton's writing skill 
extended to political 

4512
04:12:48,600 --> 04:12:51,300
commentary. 
He published essays advocating 

4513
04:12:51,300 --> 04:12:54,000
for a stronger Central 
authority, to unify the war 

4514
04:12:54,000 --> 04:12:58,000
effort, the rickety Continental 
Congress lacking stable finance 

4515
04:12:58,000 --> 04:12:59,500
and overshadowed by state 
autonomy. 

4516
04:12:59,500 --> 04:13:03,200
Troubled him, he believed only a
robust National structure, could

4517
04:13:03,200 --> 04:13:06,000
defeat Britain this conviction 
would later inform his 

4518
04:13:06,000 --> 04:13:09,900
championing of a Federal 
Constitution Meanwhile in the 

4519
04:13:09,900 --> 04:13:13,600
media War, he juggled mission 
after mission for Washington, 

4520
04:13:13,600 --> 04:13:17,800
coordinating intelligence 
planning for Combined Franco 

4521
04:13:17,800 --> 04:13:21,500
American operations. 
And refining Supply, requests by

4522
04:13:21,500 --> 04:13:25,300
1779 Hamilton, stood at the 
intersection of military and 

4523
04:13:25,300 --> 04:13:28,900
political Realms forging. 
The identity of an intellect who

4524
04:13:28,900 --> 04:13:31,600
saw National success hinged upon
structure and cohesive 

4525
04:13:31,600 --> 04:13:35,500
governance. 
In early, 1780, Alexander 

4526
04:13:35,500 --> 04:13:38,600
Hamilton encountered, Elizabeth 
Schuyler daughter of General. 

4527
04:13:38,600 --> 04:13:42,800
Philip Schuyler a prominent New 
York, family patriarch. their 

4528
04:13:42,800 --> 04:13:46,800
courtship Blossom swiftly 
Elizabeth often called Eliza 

4529
04:13:46,800 --> 04:13:50,100
shared Hamilton's patriotic 
further and admired his Restless

4530
04:13:50,100 --> 04:13:54,400
intellect They married in 
December, 1780 forging a 

4531
04:13:54,400 --> 04:13:56,400
partnership that would steady 
Hamilton through tumultuous 

4532
04:13:56,400 --> 04:14:00,300
times the Skylar connection. 
Also raised his social standing 

4533
04:14:00,300 --> 04:14:03,400
giving him a link to one of the 
colonies influential Clans. 

4534
04:14:03,400 --> 04:14:06,900
Some whispered that Hamilton a 
once penniless immigrant had 

4535
04:14:06,900 --> 04:14:10,900
upped but he dismissed such 
insinuations cherishing Eliza's 

4536
04:14:10,900 --> 04:14:14,500
steadfast support. 
Meanwhile Hamilton's yearning 

4537
04:14:14,500 --> 04:14:17,800
for field command. 
Lingard, he finally saw the 

4538
04:14:17,800 --> 04:14:22,000
action that the siege of 
Yorktown in 1781 leading a 

4539
04:14:22,000 --> 04:14:26,100
knight assault on British. 
Redoubts this bold for a brief, 

4540
04:14:26,100 --> 04:14:28,200
gave him the battlefield 
credibility. 

4541
04:14:28,200 --> 04:14:31,400
He had long craved after 
Yorktown success. 

4542
04:14:32,200 --> 04:14:35,300
The wars momentum shifted. 
Peace negotiations. 

4543
04:14:35,300 --> 04:14:37,700
Advanced. 
Coleman dating in, Britain's 

4544
04:14:37,700 --> 04:14:39,700
formal acknowledgment of 
American independence. 

4545
04:14:40,900 --> 04:14:43,800
With the conflict winding down 
Hamilton resigned from 

4546
04:14:43,800 --> 04:14:47,100
Washington's staff. 
Now, his energy is turned to the

4547
04:14:47,100 --> 04:14:48,600
new nation's post-war 
reconstruction. 

4548
04:14:48,600 --> 04:14:52,000
He recognized that Independents 
alone, didn't guarantee 

4549
04:14:52,000 --> 04:14:55,100
Prosperity, a more cohesive 
Union was necessary. 

4550
04:14:55,100 --> 04:14:59,100
Back in civilian life, Hamilton 
studied law intensively. 

4551
04:14:59,100 --> 04:15:03,800
Passing the bar in 1782 settling
in New York, he found a city 

4552
04:15:03,800 --> 04:15:07,300
grappling with war debts, local 
fashionism attention between 

4553
04:15:07,300 --> 04:15:09,100
wealthy merchants and populist 
artists. 

4554
04:15:10,100 --> 04:15:12,700
Hamilton opened a law practice 
specializing in commercial 

4555
04:15:12,700 --> 04:15:16,300
disputes, revealing a knack for 
clarifying intricate financial 

4556
04:15:16,300 --> 04:15:19,100
matters. 
Through these cases, he saw 

4557
04:15:19,100 --> 04:15:21,800
firsthand how the Articles of 
Confederation left the national 

4558
04:15:21,800 --> 04:15:24,500
government too, weak to regulate
trade or impose taxes. 

4559
04:15:25,200 --> 04:15:28,000
Leaving States in disarray and 
stifling economic growth. 

4560
04:15:28,700 --> 04:15:31,200
He started writing articles 
calling for a stronger Central 

4561
04:15:31,200 --> 04:15:34,400
Authority overshadowing. 
The patchwork of state-based 

4562
04:15:34,400 --> 04:15:38,000
Solutions in 1786. 
Shays Rebellion in Western 

4563
04:15:38,000 --> 04:15:41,100
Massachusetts alarmed, many 
national figures, including 

4564
04:15:41,100 --> 04:15:44,700
Hamilton that Revolt by indebted
Farmers demonstrated that 

4565
04:15:44,700 --> 04:15:47,100
unchecked local. 
Unrest, could threaten broader 

4566
04:15:47,100 --> 04:15:50,700
stability, Hamilton used it as 
fodder to argue that the current

4567
04:15:50,700 --> 04:15:53,400
Confederation risked fracturing 
under internal stress. 

4568
04:15:53,400 --> 04:15:57,500
He joined with others such as 
James Madison to push for a 

4569
04:15:57,500 --> 04:16:00,400
convention that would revise the
Articles although the Annapolis 

4570
04:16:00,400 --> 04:16:04,500
convention of 1786 was sparsely 
attended, it led to the more 

4571
04:16:04,500 --> 04:16:06,500
definitive Philadelphia 
Convention of 1787. 

4572
04:16:08,100 --> 04:16:10,300
Hamilton arrived in Philadelphia
with. 

4573
04:16:10,300 --> 04:16:13,200
Well, hone conviction. 
He believes the new government 

4574
04:16:13,200 --> 04:16:15,900
needed. 
Robust Powers the capacity, tax 

4575
04:16:15,900 --> 04:16:19,500
regulate commerce, maintain, an 
army and ensure domestic peace 

4576
04:16:19,500 --> 04:16:23,000
Yeti faced considerable 
skepticism from delegates, who 

4577
04:16:23,000 --> 04:16:27,000
feared monarchy indeed 
Hamilton's personal proposal at 

4578
04:16:27,000 --> 04:16:29,400
the convention. 
Favoring lifetime terms for 

4579
04:16:29,400 --> 04:16:32,900
executives, and Senators seem 
too close to monarchy for many. 

4580
04:16:34,000 --> 04:16:36,900
Realizing the group's mood 
Hamilton set aside. 

4581
04:16:36,900 --> 04:16:39,900
Those extremes he worked at 
broker compromises. 

4582
04:16:39,900 --> 04:16:44,200
Although overshadowed by Madison
systematic plan, Hamilton's 

4583
04:16:44,200 --> 04:16:47,100
rhetorical skill and one-on-one 
lobbying helped shape the final 

4584
04:16:47,100 --> 04:16:50,900
Constitution. 
After four taxing months, the 

4585
04:16:50,900 --> 04:16:54,900
Constitution was signed in 
September 1787, yet ratification

4586
04:16:54,900 --> 04:16:57,800
required. 
Each State's approval, sensing a

4587
04:16:57,800 --> 04:16:59,000
fierce debate. 
Hamilton. 

4588
04:16:59,000 --> 04:17:02,000
Collaborated with Madison and 
John Jay to Penn The Federalist 

4589
04:17:02,000 --> 04:17:03,400
Papers under the pseudonym 
Publius. 

4590
04:17:04,300 --> 04:17:07,600
Hamilton wrote the majority 
depicting proposed structures 

4591
04:17:07,600 --> 04:17:11,300
like the Presidente Senate and 
Judiciary and addressing 

4592
04:17:11,300 --> 04:17:14,700
Anti-Federalists. 
Fears His essays emphasized 

4593
04:17:14,700 --> 04:17:17,700
checks and balances the 
necessity of a central authority

4594
04:17:17,700 --> 04:17:21,700
to manage Commerce and defense. 
and the improbability of tyranny

4595
04:17:21,700 --> 04:17:25,400
under the new system, These 
Federalist essays profoundly 

4596
04:17:25,400 --> 04:17:28,800
influenced, the ratification 
discourse marking Hamilton as a 

4597
04:17:28,800 --> 04:17:31,600
top tier constitutional, 
interpreter with the 

4598
04:17:31,600 --> 04:17:35,300
Constitution ratified in 1788, 
Hamilton died in a new 

4599
04:17:35,308 --> 04:17:37,600
challenge, forging actual 
governments. 

4600
04:17:39,100 --> 04:17:42,200
When George Washington became 
the first president taped 

4601
04:17:42,200 --> 04:17:44,100
Hamilton as Secretary of the 
Treasury. 

4602
04:17:44,100 --> 04:17:47,400
Hamilton embracing, the role 
discovered, an untapped 

4603
04:17:47,400 --> 04:17:50,000
opportunity to establish a 
National Financial system. 

4604
04:17:50,800 --> 04:17:53,500
He inherited a war debt that 
threatened the new nation's 

4605
04:17:53,500 --> 04:17:55,700
credit. 
In a flurry of reports to 

4606
04:17:55,700 --> 04:17:58,100
Congress, he proposed the 
federal Assumption of State 

4607
04:17:58,100 --> 04:18:00,800
debts, the issuance of new 
government bonds and the 

4608
04:18:00,808 --> 04:18:03,800
creation of a National Bank. 
These measures aim to unify 

4609
04:18:03,800 --> 04:18:06,100
finances spurring economic 
confidence. 

4610
04:18:06,100 --> 04:18:09,500
However, they ignited, Fierce 
opposition led by Thomas 

4611
04:18:09,500 --> 04:18:13,100
Jefferson and James Madison, who
deemed them, expansions of 

4612
04:18:13,100 --> 04:18:15,300
federal power to the detriment 
of State. 

4613
04:18:15,300 --> 04:18:19,200
Autonomy, despite pushback, 
Hamilton's financial plan, 

4614
04:18:19,200 --> 04:18:22,700
largely prevailed in Congress. 
And carefully negotiated with 

4615
04:18:22,700 --> 04:18:26,100
Southerners trading, the idea of
placing the national capital on 

4616
04:18:26,100 --> 04:18:29,400
the Potomac for their backing on
debt assumption, the bank of the

4617
04:18:29,400 --> 04:18:33,800
United States authorized in 1791
Consolidated. 

4618
04:18:33,800 --> 04:18:38,200
Federal financial might and 
fostered stable currently This 

4619
04:18:38,200 --> 04:18:41,600
forging of a national economy 
was overshadowed by ideological.

4620
04:18:41,600 --> 04:18:45,000
Splits what some labeled 
Hamilton's acceptance of 

4621
04:18:45,000 --> 04:18:49,600
Consolidated, Authority, even 
quasi Monarch called forms, but 

4622
04:18:49,600 --> 04:18:51,800
Hamilton believed it was 
essential for a dynamic 

4623
04:18:51,800 --> 04:18:56,400
Republic. by the early 1790s, he
had become a central figure in 

4624
04:18:56,400 --> 04:19:00,900
Washington's cabinet driving a 
vision of an industrial Robusta 

4625
04:19:00,900 --> 04:19:04,400
America rivalries with Jefferson
however, would soon erupt 

4626
04:19:04,400 --> 04:19:08,500
shaping the political landscape 
for years to come Secretary of 

4627
04:19:08,500 --> 04:19:11,300
the Treasury. 
Alexander Hamilton found himself

4628
04:19:11,300 --> 04:19:14,200
entwined in ideological 
showdowns with Thomas Jefferson,

4629
04:19:14,200 --> 04:19:18,400
then Secretary of State. 
Jefferson envisaged, an agrarian

4630
04:19:18,400 --> 04:19:22,000
Republic of independent Farmers,
with limited Federal intrusion 

4631
04:19:22,000 --> 04:19:26,300
Hamilton, conversely believed, 
commas industry, and robust 

4632
04:19:26,300 --> 04:19:29,200
National structures would anchor
the nation's progress. 

4633
04:19:30,100 --> 04:19:32,900
Both men recognized George 
Washington, as a stabilizing 

4634
04:19:32,900 --> 04:19:36,400
presence, yet their friction, 
fueled early factional lines 

4635
04:19:36,400 --> 04:19:40,000
Federalists, rallied around 
Hamilton while Jefferson's 

4636
04:19:40,000 --> 04:19:43,200
faction later the Democratic 
Republicans grew around his 

4637
04:19:43,200 --> 04:19:45,000
agrarian, limited government 
stance. 

4638
04:19:46,100 --> 04:19:49,300
Foreign policy, stoked further 
tension the French Revolution 

4639
04:19:49,300 --> 04:19:54,500
launched in 1789, escalated into
European War by the early 1790s 

4640
04:19:54,500 --> 04:19:56,600
France pressed for us 
assistance. 

4641
04:19:56,600 --> 04:20:01,100
Citing the 1778 Alliance 
Hamilton mindful of Britain as a

4642
04:20:01,100 --> 04:20:03,900
crucial trading partner and 
believing the US lacked 

4643
04:20:03,900 --> 04:20:06,900
resources. 
Urged, neutrality, Jefferson 

4644
04:20:06,900 --> 04:20:09,200
more sympathetic to 
revolutionary ideals. 

4645
04:20:09,200 --> 04:20:12,900
Favorite measured, support for 
France, washing and adopted a 

4646
04:20:12,900 --> 04:20:16,400
policy of the official 
neutrality in 1793 endorsing 

4647
04:20:16,400 --> 04:20:21,200
Hamilton's pragmatic approach. 
This decision, outraged Ardent, 

4648
04:20:21,200 --> 04:20:23,800
francophiles in the public, but 
secured commercial ties with 

4649
04:20:23,800 --> 04:20:26,600
Britain. 
Meanwhile, Hamilton Advanced 

4650
04:20:26,600 --> 04:20:29,300
domestic policies that 
integrated States deeper into 

4651
04:20:29,300 --> 04:20:32,500
the federal system. 
He introduced excise taxes, 

4652
04:20:32,500 --> 04:20:35,900
including one on Whiskey aiming 
to bolster federal revenue. 

4653
04:20:36,700 --> 04:20:40,900
In 1794 this whiskey, tax 
incited unrest among Frontier 

4654
04:20:40,900 --> 04:20:44,100
farmers in Western Pennsylvania.
Culminating in the so called 

4655
04:20:44,100 --> 04:20:47,600
Whiskey Rebellion. 
Hamilton urged Washington to a 

4656
04:20:47,600 --> 04:20:50,100
certain National Authority. 
And the president dispatched 

4657
04:20:50,100 --> 04:20:53,500
militia to quell the Revolt, the
rebellious Farmers dispersed 

4658
04:20:53,500 --> 04:20:56,800
with without major Bloodshed 
Hamilton's critics though, 

4659
04:20:56,800 --> 04:21:00,200
branded him a tyrant accusing 
him of trampling local freedoms.

4660
04:21:00,200 --> 04:21:03,000
Hamilton argued, that only firm 
in forcement. 

4661
04:21:03,000 --> 04:21:06,000
Proved the Constitution's, 
viability over the old feeble 

4662
04:21:06,000 --> 04:21:08,900
Articles of Confederation 
clashes, over the bank of the 

4663
04:21:08,900 --> 04:21:10,900
United States. 
Further deepened, the Hamilton 

4664
04:21:10,900 --> 04:21:13,600
Jefferson. 
Divide Jefferson viewed the bank

4665
04:21:13,600 --> 04:21:17,500
as constitutionally suspect not 
enumerated in the founding 

4666
04:21:17,500 --> 04:21:21,100
document Hamilton invoked. 
The Constitution's necessary and

4667
04:21:21,100 --> 04:21:24,800
proper clause contending that 
the bank was an implied power of

4668
04:21:24,808 --> 04:21:26,900
vital for the government's 
Financial operations. 

4669
04:21:27,700 --> 04:21:30,400
Washington sided with Hamilton 
signing. 

4670
04:21:30,400 --> 04:21:34,100
The bank bill into law, this 
incident set a precedent for 

4671
04:21:34,100 --> 04:21:37,000
broad constitutional 
interpretation to Jefferson's 

4672
04:21:37,000 --> 04:21:40,000
alarm the dispute laid, the 
ideological foundation for the 

4673
04:21:40,000 --> 04:21:43,700
two-party system with Hamilton's
Federalists championing, implied

4674
04:21:43,700 --> 04:21:46,700
federal powers and Jefferson's 
Republicans insisting on 

4675
04:21:46,700 --> 04:21:49,700
narrower interpretations by 
1795. 

4676
04:21:49,700 --> 04:21:53,300
Hamilton having established a 
stable Financial footing 

4677
04:21:53,300 --> 04:21:56,900
resigned as treasury secretary 
returning to New York City's 

4678
04:21:56,900 --> 04:22:00,000
legal sphere. 
He continued to provide discreet

4679
04:22:00,000 --> 04:22:03,100
advice to Washington, drafting 
speeches and shaping policy 

4680
04:22:03,100 --> 04:22:07,200
directions in 1796 Washington 
Farewell Address, partly 

4681
04:22:07,200 --> 04:22:10,500
authored by Hamilton warned 
against parties in Tangled and 

4682
04:22:10,500 --> 04:22:13,900
foreign alliance's. 
Ironically, Hamilton himself was

4683
04:22:13,900 --> 04:22:17,800
a Primark of pots and lines the 
presidential election that year 

4684
04:22:17,800 --> 04:22:21,800
saw John Adams, a federalist 
defeat Jefferson Hamilton who 

4685
04:22:21,800 --> 04:22:25,200
harbored doubts about atoms 
endeavored to exert influence on

4686
04:22:25,200 --> 04:22:26,800
the administration from hidden 
position. 

4687
04:22:27,700 --> 04:22:29,500
But friction with Adams soon, 
spiraled. 

4688
04:22:29,500 --> 04:22:31,700
Culminating in an irreparable 
Rift. 

4689
04:22:32,600 --> 04:22:36,600
During Adams is President C, the
US found itself in a Quasi War 

4690
04:22:36,600 --> 04:22:40,300
with revolutionary France. 
Hamilton who believed in a 

4691
04:22:40,300 --> 04:22:43,200
robust offense, spurred, the 
creation of a provisional army 

4692
04:22:43,200 --> 04:22:45,300
with himself as an influential 
Major General. 

4693
04:22:45,900 --> 04:22:49,400
He hoped to unify Federalist 
power but Adams seeking to 

4694
04:22:49,400 --> 04:22:51,900
maintain peace. 
Eventually negotiated with 

4695
04:22:51,900 --> 04:22:54,200
France. 
This scotched Hamilton's 

4696
04:22:54,200 --> 04:22:56,100
Ambitions for an expanded 
military role. 

4697
04:22:56,100 --> 04:22:59,600
The Federalist Party, thus split
between atoms, Loyalists and 

4698
04:22:59,600 --> 04:23:02,500
Hamilton's faction. 
Meanwhile, the Alien and 

4699
04:23:02,500 --> 04:23:06,600
Sedition Acts championed by some
Federalists stifled free speech 

4700
04:23:06,600 --> 04:23:09,400
and outrage. 
Republicans Hamilton had mixed 

4701
04:23:09,400 --> 04:23:13,500
feelings recognizing the acts as
overreaching but not vigorously,

4702
04:23:13,500 --> 04:23:16,600
condemning them The 
controversies fuel Jefferson's 

4703
04:23:16,600 --> 04:23:18,700
eventual victory in the 1800 
election. 

4704
04:23:20,100 --> 04:23:23,400
That election turned bitter 
Hamilton disliked, both 

4705
04:23:23,400 --> 04:23:26,700
Jefferson and his Party's 
candidate, Aaron Burr. 

4706
04:23:26,700 --> 04:23:30,200
Whom he deemed unprincipled. 
When the Electoral College 

4707
04:23:30,200 --> 04:23:33,100
produced a tie between Jefferson
and Burr, the House of 

4708
04:23:33,100 --> 04:23:36,700
Representatives had to choose 
Hamilton Lobby for Jefferson 

4709
04:23:36,700 --> 04:23:39,100
feeling. 
He was at least consistent while

4710
04:23:39,100 --> 04:23:40,900
Burr was Dangerously 
opportunistic. 

4711
04:23:41,700 --> 04:23:44,800
Jefferson's win ended. 
The Federalist grip on power 

4712
04:23:44,800 --> 04:23:47,700
despite undermining his nominal 
Ally Burr. 

4713
04:23:47,700 --> 04:23:50,300
Hamilton saw it as the less 
harmful option. 

4714
04:23:50,300 --> 04:23:55,400
The feud with Burr was set to 
escalate post 1800 Hamilton 

4715
04:23:55,400 --> 04:23:56,900
retreated. 
Partially from National 

4716
04:23:56,900 --> 04:23:58,900
politics. 
He resumed law. 

4717
04:23:58,900 --> 04:24:02,200
Founded the New York evening. 
Post to promote Federalist 

4718
04:24:02,200 --> 04:24:05,100
ideals and wrote further 
editorials criticizing 

4719
04:24:05,100 --> 04:24:08,600
Jefferson's presidency. 
He also scolded John Adams in a 

4720
04:24:08,600 --> 04:24:11,800
notorious pamphlet. 
Fracturing Federalist Unity 

4721
04:24:11,800 --> 04:24:14,600
further. 
Meanwhile tensions with Burr. 

4722
04:24:14,600 --> 04:24:18,900
Simmered in 1804 Burr by then 
vice president, ran for governor

4723
04:24:18,900 --> 04:24:22,100
of New York. 
Hamilton openly opposed burs 

4724
04:24:22,100 --> 04:24:25,800
bid, claiming he was unfit, but 
lost blaming Hamilton for 

4725
04:24:25,800 --> 04:24:28,000
scurrilous remarks, that cost 
him the election. 

4726
04:24:29,000 --> 04:24:32,900
Their acronym, peaked in 
personal insults culminating and

4727
04:24:32,900 --> 04:24:34,900
demands for an apology that 
Hamilton Shrugged off. 

4728
04:24:36,100 --> 04:24:39,700
The stage was set for a final 
confrontation, a duel that would

4729
04:24:39,700 --> 04:24:41,700
reverberate across the nation's 
Consciousness. 

4730
04:24:41,700 --> 04:24:48,000
Thus by 1803 to 1804 Hamilton's 
storied career in compass the 

4731
04:24:48,000 --> 04:24:51,300
forging of National Finance. 
The creation of a stable federal

4732
04:24:51,300 --> 04:24:55,000
government, deep personal 
rivalries, and the impetus for 

4733
04:24:55,000 --> 04:24:58,800
fractions Party politics. 
Well, overshadowed by his Feud 

4734
04:24:58,800 --> 04:25:01,700
with Burr, his broader impact on
shaping early, American 

4735
04:25:01,700 --> 04:25:05,200
governance, was vast, the 
looming conflict with Burr in a 

4736
04:25:05,200 --> 04:25:07,000
Weehawken Jewel, might 
overshadow many achievements. 

4737
04:25:07,000 --> 04:25:10,400
But it also exemplified the 
periods intense code of honor 

4738
04:25:10,400 --> 04:25:13,800
revealing how personal Pride 
could overshadow reason in The 

4739
04:25:13,800 --> 04:25:17,000
Early Republic. 
On the morning of July 11th, 

4740
04:25:17,000 --> 04:25:22,000
1804 Alexander Hamilton, and 
Aaron Burr meta to Dueling 

4741
04:25:22,000 --> 04:25:26,000
ground in Weehawken, New Jersey 
perched, above the Hudson River.

4742
04:25:26,900 --> 04:25:29,700
Jewels were technically illegal 
in both New York and New Jersey 

4743
04:25:29,700 --> 04:25:32,400
but we Hawken was a known 
neutral ground. 

4744
04:25:32,400 --> 04:25:36,400
The tradition demanded, formal 
rituals seconds, oversaw, 

4745
04:25:36,400 --> 04:25:38,200
loaded, pistols, ensuring 
fairness. 

4746
04:25:38,900 --> 04:25:41,600
Hamilton though, an accomplished
Marksman in the Revolutionary 

4747
04:25:41,600 --> 04:25:45,500
War Harvard, moral qualms about 
dueling in letters to Confidant.

4748
04:25:45,500 --> 04:25:48,600
He expressed an intention not to
fire at burb but to throw away 

4749
04:25:48,600 --> 04:25:51,300
his shot hoping to meet the code
of honor without a lethal 

4750
04:25:51,300 --> 04:25:54,700
outcome Burr, vexed by 
Hamilton's public sites 

4751
04:25:54,700 --> 04:25:58,500
approached the confrontation 
more aggressively as a counts, 

4752
04:25:58,500 --> 04:26:01,200
differ on the precise sequence. 
We rely on the second 

4753
04:26:01,200 --> 04:26:03,800
conflicting. 
Recollections, one shot rang 

4754
04:26:03,800 --> 04:26:06,200
out. 
Then another Hamilton was struck

4755
04:26:06,200 --> 04:26:08,500
in the lower abdomen. 
The bullet lodging near his 

4756
04:26:08,500 --> 04:26:13,100
spine Burr, apparently unharmed 
realized Hamilton was fatally. 

4757
04:26:13,100 --> 04:26:17,300
Wounded Hamilton was carried 
back across the river delirious 

4758
04:26:17,300 --> 04:26:20,700
and in agony. 
By the next afternoon July 12th.

4759
04:26:20,700 --> 04:26:25,700
He died at a friend's house, 
newsreader with accusations of 

4760
04:26:25,700 --> 04:26:28,300
murder. 
Even many of Burr's allies found

4761
04:26:28,300 --> 04:26:31,000
his act. 
Reprehensible shock reverberated

4762
04:26:31,000 --> 04:26:36,200
Nationwide, Hamilton was just 
47, a Founding Father, the Chief

4763
04:26:36,200 --> 04:26:39,500
Architect of federal finance, 
and a voice for a strong union 

4764
04:26:39,500 --> 04:26:43,100
that he fell in a personal duel 
seemed tragic, borderline 

4765
04:26:43,100 --> 04:26:47,100
barbaric, Burr faced immediate 
scorn and though inducted for 

4766
04:26:47,100 --> 04:26:50,100
murder. 
He Slipped Away his political 

4767
04:26:50,100 --> 04:26:52,800
career never recovered The Duel.
Also propelled. 

4768
04:26:52,800 --> 04:26:55,800
A reevaluation of such honor 
bound Traditions public 

4769
04:26:55,800 --> 04:26:59,200
condemnation swelled though 
dueling remained embedded in 

4770
04:26:59,200 --> 04:27:02,200
certain subcultures for decades 
to come in the immediate 

4771
04:27:02,200 --> 04:27:05,200
aftermath Hamilton's family 
faced Financial insecurity. 

4772
04:27:05,200 --> 04:27:08,900
His estate was less robust than 
many assumed reflecting that 

4773
04:27:08,900 --> 04:27:11,700
Hamilton had poured resources 
into speculative deals and 

4774
04:27:11,700 --> 04:27:14,700
lifestyle. 
Morning, featherless Champion 

4775
04:27:14,700 --> 04:27:17,500
him as a martyr to principal 
ignoring, the messy politics 

4776
04:27:17,500 --> 04:27:21,100
that led him to that, fateful 
ground eulogies To His Brilliant

4777
04:27:21,100 --> 04:27:25,300
managerial Acumen and unwavering
patriotism critics. 

4778
04:27:25,300 --> 04:27:28,300
While acknowledging his 
achievements pointed out, how is

4779
04:27:28,300 --> 04:27:31,600
ambition and personal Feud shake
to harsh style that fanned party

4780
04:27:31,600 --> 04:27:34,600
rancor. 
Nonetheless, the sense of a 

4781
04:27:34,600 --> 04:27:38,200
towering figure losing too soon.
Overshadowed those critiques in 

4782
04:27:38,200 --> 04:27:40,800
the short term. 
His funeral in New York, Drew 

4783
04:27:40,800 --> 04:27:44,100
massive crowds processions in 
black with the city's shipping 

4784
04:27:44,100 --> 04:27:46,600
at half mast. 
Showcased, Hamilton's local 

4785
04:27:46,600 --> 04:27:49,500
significance. 
People recalled, his rise from 

4786
04:27:49,500 --> 04:27:52,500
impoverished Caribbean youth to 
key founding Statesman. 

4787
04:27:53,200 --> 04:27:55,100
Hush fell over. 
The city's usual clamor. 

4788
04:27:55,100 --> 04:27:58,100
This wave of Sorrow. 
Ironically, softened, some of 

4789
04:27:58,100 --> 04:28:00,100
the political vitriol that a dog
him in life. 

4790
04:28:01,000 --> 04:28:05,000
Over time though party lines 
continue to shift and the nation

4791
04:28:05,000 --> 04:28:08,700
turned to new challenges from 
the War of 1812 to expansion's 

4792
04:28:08,700 --> 04:28:12,000
West. 
Hamilton's memory lodged in 

4793
04:28:12,000 --> 04:28:14,800
history as the brilliant, but 
intense figure overshadowed by 

4794
04:28:14,800 --> 04:28:18,100
The Final Duel. 
In that Gloom and essential 

4795
04:28:18,100 --> 04:28:21,400
question, remained how to 
interpret Hamilton's lasting 

4796
04:28:21,400 --> 04:28:23,900
impact. 
As the immediate swirl of grief,

4797
04:28:23,900 --> 04:28:28,600
ease intellectuals examined, his
extensive writing's reports on 

4798
04:28:28,600 --> 04:28:31,200
Public Credit. 
The Federalist essays and 

4799
04:28:31,200 --> 04:28:34,500
personal letters. 
They recognize that the federal 

4800
04:28:34,500 --> 04:28:37,400
government stable Finance is 
owed much to Hamilton's early 

4801
04:28:37,400 --> 04:28:40,600
Frameworks, The Constitution's, 
broad interpretation that 

4802
04:28:40,600 --> 04:28:43,000
spurred the bank of the United 
States shaped future 

4803
04:28:43,000 --> 04:28:44,400
developments in federal 
Authority. 

4804
04:28:45,300 --> 04:28:48,500
The tension he introduced with 
Jefferson over implied powers, 

4805
04:28:48,500 --> 04:28:50,900
would remain a fixture in legal 
debates for centuries? 

4806
04:28:51,900 --> 04:28:54,400
At the personal level, 
Hamilton's, family, endured, 

4807
04:28:54,400 --> 04:28:57,700
heartbreak the Eliza Hamilton 
survived decades longer. 

4808
04:28:58,400 --> 04:29:01,100
Dedicating herself to preserving
his papers and championing 

4809
04:29:01,100 --> 04:29:04,000
philanthropic work. 
She co-founded charitable 

4810
04:29:04,000 --> 04:29:07,700
societies, including an 
orphanage in New York, perhaps 

4811
04:29:07,700 --> 04:29:10,800
reflecting her empathy for 
fatherless children mindful of 

4812
04:29:10,808 --> 04:29:12,900
Hamilton's own orphaned 
beginnings. 

4813
04:29:13,700 --> 04:29:16,900
Over time Eliza's curation of 
Hamilton's letters and 

4814
04:29:16,900 --> 04:29:18,900
manuscripts. 
Cheered, that his role in 

4815
04:29:18,900 --> 04:29:22,000
founding the nation wouldn't 
fade without her stewardship. 

4816
04:29:22,000 --> 04:29:25,700
Many of his insights might have 
been lost overshadowed by the 

4817
04:29:25,700 --> 04:29:30,100
swirl of other founding figures.
Meanwhile Aaron Burr slunk from 

4818
04:29:30,100 --> 04:29:32,200
public life. 
Well though, he briefly 

4819
04:29:32,200 --> 04:29:36,100
re-emerged in conspiratorial 
escapades in the west Coleman 88

4820
04:29:36,100 --> 04:29:39,500
in a high-profile treason trial 
that Fiasco, further tarnished 

4821
04:29:39,500 --> 04:29:43,600
his name over the 19th century, 
Birds memory was entwined with 

4822
04:29:43,600 --> 04:29:46,400
villainy while Hamilton became 
the heroic victim. 

4823
04:29:47,200 --> 04:29:52,200
This moral narrative though, 
over simplified, found residents

4824
04:29:52,200 --> 04:29:56,200
in society, seeking tidy lessons
about the cost of personal feuds

4825
04:29:56,200 --> 04:29:59,300
among Statesman. 
Hence, the jewels tragedy 

4826
04:29:59,300 --> 04:30:01,700
overshadowed Hamilton's, final 
years of potential. 

4827
04:30:02,500 --> 04:30:07,100
He left behind partial drafts of
essays a life, cut short and a 

4828
04:30:07,100 --> 04:30:08,800
legacy that historians would 
piece together. 

4829
04:30:09,600 --> 04:30:11,600
The subsequent swirl of politics
saw. 

4830
04:30:11,600 --> 04:30:14,900
The Federalist Party fade 
overshadowed by Jeffersonian and

4831
04:30:14,908 --> 04:30:18,600
Jacksonian movements. yet as the
new Republic faced Wars and 

4832
04:30:18,608 --> 04:30:21,500
expansions Hamilton's 
institutional Frameworks, 

4833
04:30:21,500 --> 04:30:25,300
endured Shaping how the union 
Finance conflicts and integrated

4834
04:30:25,300 --> 04:30:28,900
new territories over time? 
The memory of Hamilton Grew From

4835
04:30:28,900 --> 04:30:32,100
the dust of partisan fights in a
near legend of the unsilence of 

4836
04:30:32,108 --> 04:30:36,100
all voice for a strong union, a 
testament to help brilliant can 

4837
04:30:36,100 --> 04:30:39,700
shine even after tragic demise 
Hamilton's reputation 

4838
04:30:39,700 --> 04:30:43,000
experience, both highs and lows 
as the 19th century unfolded 

4839
04:30:43,000 --> 04:30:46,200
early. 
In the 1800s supporters, who 

4840
04:30:46,200 --> 04:30:50,000
revered his Federalist Vision 
Champion him as an intellectual 

4841
04:30:50,000 --> 04:30:53,100
Giant. 
While Jeffersonian loyalists 

4842
04:30:53,100 --> 04:30:54,700
found him. 
Dangerously elitist. 

4843
04:30:55,700 --> 04:30:58,700
The War of 1812 under scored the
value of robust, Federal 

4844
04:30:58,700 --> 04:31:01,600
finance's, an echo of Hamilton's
arguments. 

4845
04:31:01,600 --> 04:31:05,000
However, the rise in tide of 
Jacksonian Democracy in the 

4846
04:31:05,008 --> 04:31:08,500
1820s and 30s, resurrected 
negative images of Hamilton as 

4847
04:31:08,500 --> 04:31:10,600
the father of a financial 
aristocracy. 

4848
04:31:11,300 --> 04:31:13,800
His preference for a central 
bank and Industrial growth, 

4849
04:31:13,800 --> 04:31:16,100
clashed with The Agrarian 
populism. 

4850
04:31:16,100 --> 04:31:19,600
That saw big government as 
suspect in historical writing of

4851
04:31:19,600 --> 04:31:22,400
the mid-1800s. 
Hamilton was overshadowed by 

4852
04:31:22,400 --> 04:31:25,900
Washington, soldierly aura. 
Jefferson's philosophical 

4853
04:31:25,900 --> 04:31:28,100
romance and the dramatic 
expansion. 

4854
04:31:28,100 --> 04:31:32,500
Shaping the continent his ideas 
about manufacturing shaped by 

4855
04:31:32,508 --> 04:31:36,300
the reading adamson's talk. 
And Smith's Works found fresh 

4856
04:31:36,300 --> 04:31:37,900
appreciation in some northern 
states. 

4857
04:31:37,900 --> 04:31:41,400
Pushing early industrialization 
that the memory of his direct 

4858
04:31:41,400 --> 04:31:44,900
political battles had received. 
Meanwhile his widow allies are 

4859
04:31:44,900 --> 04:31:47,500
persistently, championed her 
husband's Memory Care, 

4860
04:31:47,500 --> 04:31:51,700
organizing his letters, she 
lived until 1854, bridging 

4861
04:31:51,700 --> 04:31:54,400
errors, from the founding to the
eve of sectional crisis over 

4862
04:31:54,400 --> 04:31:57,300
slavery. 
As the Civil War approached, 

4863
04:31:57,300 --> 04:32:00,700
some Northern intellectuals, 
rediscovered Hamilton's emphasis

4864
04:32:00,700 --> 04:32:03,700
on a strong union. 
Seeing him as a prophet of 

4865
04:32:03,700 --> 04:32:07,000
National Authority. 
They noted that had Hamilton's 

4866
04:32:07,000 --> 04:32:10,400
brand of federal, cohesion, 
fully blossomed, perhaps State's

4867
04:32:10,400 --> 04:32:12,400
rights doctor's. 
Fueling secession might have 

4868
04:32:12,400 --> 04:32:15,500
been curtail early writers of 
vote. 

4869
04:32:15,500 --> 04:32:18,500
Hamilton as the founder, who 
best grasped, the necessity of a

4870
04:32:18,500 --> 04:32:21,600
controlling Center that could 
override local fractiousness. 

4871
04:32:22,800 --> 04:32:25,300
Opponents of such 
interpretations pointed out that

4872
04:32:25,300 --> 04:32:28,400
Hamilton's Frameworks, never 
explicitly addressed the moral 

4873
04:32:28,400 --> 04:32:32,200
contradiction of slavery. 
Indeed, Hamilton personally, 

4874
04:32:32,200 --> 04:32:35,600
opposed enslavement but parted 
from radical anti-slavery moves 

4875
04:32:35,600 --> 04:32:39,400
his stance overshadowed by 
political pragmatism after the 

4876
04:32:39,400 --> 04:32:42,500
Civil War industrial capitalism 
boomed. 

4877
04:32:42,500 --> 04:32:45,200
Prompting new appreciation for 
Hamilton's foresight about 

4878
04:32:45,200 --> 04:32:48,500
Manufacturing. 
Gilded Age finances, admired him

4879
04:32:48,500 --> 04:32:51,200
as the original champion of a 
stable currency in Big Business 

4880
04:32:51,200 --> 04:32:55,000
critics, including agrarian 
populists in. 

4881
04:32:55,000 --> 04:32:57,700
Turn, damned him for setting a 
pattern, favoring Capital over 

4882
04:32:57,700 --> 04:33:00,700
farmers. 
Debate over monetary policy 

4883
04:33:00,700 --> 04:33:02,900
frequently, referenced 
Hamilton's original Central 

4884
04:33:02,900 --> 04:33:05,500
Bank. 
Specially regarding gold versus 

4885
04:33:05,500 --> 04:33:07,800
silver standards in the late. 
19th century. 

4886
04:33:08,700 --> 04:33:12,000
Some saw him as the father of 
stable credit others as the 

4887
04:33:12,000 --> 04:33:16,500
father of corporate overreach 
this relit, his legacy fueling a

4888
04:33:16,500 --> 04:33:20,599
fresh wave of scholarly interest
in the 20th century historian, 

4889
04:33:20,599 --> 04:33:24,400
systematically uncovered more of
Hamilton's personal writings, 

4890
04:33:24,400 --> 04:33:27,400
they found a figure Often 
overshadowed by his own towering

4891
04:33:27,400 --> 04:33:30,300
intense City. 
Riven by internal anxiety, is 

4892
04:33:30,300 --> 04:33:33,900
about identity and acceptance 
Borneo legitimate and lacking 

4893
04:33:33,900 --> 04:33:36,200
wealth. 
He sawed through brilliant 

4894
04:33:36,200 --> 04:33:39,599
alone, that personal Dimension 
gave a new angle. 

4895
04:33:40,300 --> 04:33:43,099
Hamilton wasn't merely an aloof 
elitist, but a man. 

4896
04:33:43,099 --> 04:33:46,400
Forging personal progress in a 
world dominated by landed 

4897
04:33:46,400 --> 04:33:49,800
aristocracy. 
Simultaneously, the renewed 

4898
04:33:49,800 --> 04:33:52,300
scholarship dissected how The 
Federalist Papers shaped the 

4899
04:33:52,300 --> 04:33:54,400
Supreme Court's approach to 
constitutional interpretation. 

4900
04:33:55,500 --> 04:33:59,500
Cultural depictions varied in 
some plays Hamilton was the 

4901
04:33:59,500 --> 04:34:03,700
stiff proud foiled to the warm 
Jefferson in textbooks. 

4902
04:34:03,700 --> 04:34:07,200
He appeared as the founder of 
the American Financial system. 

4903
04:34:08,000 --> 04:34:11,099
overshadowing, the fact that he 
also practiced law with further,

4904
04:34:11,700 --> 04:34:15,500
Championed reforms in local 
governance and penned scathing 

4905
04:34:15,500 --> 04:34:17,200
critiques of political 
adversaries. 

4906
04:34:17,200 --> 04:34:22,099
Hollywood took scant interest 
overshadowed by the flamboyant 

4907
04:34:22,099 --> 04:34:23,500
stories of the war of 
independence. 

4908
04:34:23,500 --> 04:34:26,500
All the Civil War Hamilton's 
presence. 

4909
04:34:26,500 --> 04:34:29,800
Mostly stuck to academic circles
until the wave of musicals or 

4910
04:34:29,800 --> 04:34:32,700
pop culture references in the 
21st century suddenly 

4911
04:34:32,700 --> 04:34:35,000
catapulted, him back in to 
mainstream conversation. 

4912
04:34:36,000 --> 04:34:39,599
In that modern reimagining, a 
more complex, portrait emerges, 

4913
04:34:39,599 --> 04:34:43,000
the Visionary, who overcame 
humble Origins shaped 

4914
04:34:43,000 --> 04:34:45,900
institutions. 
But self-destructed in a lethal 

4915
04:34:45,900 --> 04:34:49,200
Feud This duel narrative, 
resonates with a public 

4916
04:34:49,200 --> 04:34:52,300
intrigued by Underdog success, 
stories and cautionary tales 

4917
04:34:52,300 --> 04:34:55,800
about ambition. 
Meanwhile, historians continue 

4918
04:34:55,800 --> 04:34:59,200
on raveling his personal letters
for glimpses of how he wrestled 

4919
04:34:59,200 --> 04:35:02,500
with his private identity 
overshadowing, any single label 

4920
04:35:02,500 --> 04:35:06,500
like nationalist or elitist. 
They see him, the Deep tension 

4921
04:35:06,500 --> 04:35:09,300
between moral convictions and 
the messy realm of real-world 

4922
04:35:09,300 --> 04:35:12,700
politics, consequently 
Hamilton's Legacy stands as a 

4923
04:35:12,707 --> 04:35:16,000
testament, to a Founder whose 
Brilliance forged the Frameworks

4924
04:35:16,000 --> 04:35:19,200
of American Finance. 
Ushering, in a strong union that

4925
04:35:19,200 --> 04:35:23,000
could handle crises from 1812 to
Beyond his life. 

4926
04:35:23,000 --> 04:35:26,599
Truncated by a bullet, in a 
duel, exemplifies the era's 

4927
04:35:26,599 --> 04:35:30,099
precarious, Norms of Honor Yet 
the institutional Frameworks, he

4928
04:35:30,099 --> 04:35:33,900
championed endured over 
shadowing, a femoral parties and

4929
04:35:33,900 --> 04:35:37,099
feuds as American Commerce and 
governance matured. 

4930
04:35:37,099 --> 04:35:41,500
Many of his ideas about credit 
outsystems minted, currency and 

4931
04:35:41,500 --> 04:35:45,099
regulated trade blossomed. 
Therefore though, overshadowed 

4932
04:35:45,099 --> 04:35:49,000
and certain historical arcs 
Hamilton's imprint remains woven

4933
04:35:49,000 --> 04:35:52,099
into the fabric of the modern 
American state regime, the 

4934
04:35:52,099 --> 04:35:55,500
intangible line from rebellious 
colony to global economic power.

4935
04:35:55,500 --> 04:35:59,099
Alexander Hamilton's Journey 
might Echo as one of Unstoppable

4936
04:35:59,099 --> 04:36:02,300
curiosity and drive born into 
adversity. 

4937
04:36:02,300 --> 04:36:05,200
He harnessed his intellect to 
climb political and financial 

4938
04:36:05,200 --> 04:36:07,400
Summits. 
His story under schools, how 

4939
04:36:07,400 --> 04:36:10,000
Relentless learning and a 
willingness to challenge and 

4940
04:36:10,000 --> 04:36:12,900
Trent Norms can yield 
transformative results. 

4941
04:36:12,900 --> 04:36:17,400
And yet it also warns of how 
personal vendettas and impulsive

4942
04:36:17,400 --> 04:36:20,900
decisions like The Final Duel 
can overshadow, even the 

4943
04:36:20,900 --> 04:36:24,500
grandest achievements. 
The interplay of success and 

4944
04:36:24,500 --> 04:36:27,700
tragedy and Hamilton's life 
offers a cautionary Dimension 

4945
04:36:27,700 --> 04:36:30,099
about letting rivalry overshadow
reason. 

4946
04:36:31,200 --> 04:36:34,200
One, dimension, often overlooked
is Hamilton's approach to social

4947
04:36:34,200 --> 04:36:37,700
Mobility. 
He believed in meritocracy, that

4948
04:36:37,700 --> 04:36:41,200
Talent not lineage should Define
one station. 

4949
04:36:42,000 --> 04:36:44,900
His views clashed with the 
prevailing aristocratic mores 

4950
04:36:44,900 --> 04:36:48,099
that granted advantage to 
established families in 

4951
04:36:48,099 --> 04:36:51,200
championing, a strong central 
government Hamilton believed it 

4952
04:36:51,200 --> 04:36:53,599
would break. 
Local oligarchies allowing new 

4953
04:36:53,599 --> 04:36:56,900
men of skill to advance. 
That conviction shaped his 

4954
04:36:56,900 --> 04:36:59,500
financial blueprint. 
Ensuring that the nation's 

4955
04:36:59,500 --> 04:37:03,000
credit system, extended Beyond a
handful of wealthy Planters yet.

4956
04:37:03,000 --> 04:37:06,000
It also invited accusations of 
favoritism toward banking. 

4957
04:37:06,000 --> 04:37:09,500
Elites ironically suggesting 
that merits still found 

4958
04:37:09,500 --> 04:37:13,200
expression, primarily among 
well-connected City, financiers 

4959
04:37:13,200 --> 04:37:16,500
another lesson. 
Known angle is how Hamilton 

4960
04:37:16,500 --> 04:37:19,599
viewed foreign policy. 
He favored Commerce base 

4961
04:37:19,599 --> 04:37:23,300
alliances, but distrusted in 
tangling, the US in ideological 

4962
04:37:23,300 --> 04:37:25,800
battles. 
While acknowledging Britain as a

4963
04:37:25,800 --> 04:37:28,599
trade partner, despite the 
rancor left from the revolution.

4964
04:37:28,599 --> 04:37:32,200
He saw stable trade routes as 
essential for revenue and Global

4965
04:37:32,200 --> 04:37:35,500
standing. 
Jefferson and Madison criticized

4966
04:37:35,500 --> 04:37:38,400
the strategy as an over cozy 
approach with a recent foe. 

4967
04:37:39,000 --> 04:37:42,099
But Hamilton saw post-war 
British power as a practical 

4968
04:37:42,099 --> 04:37:46,300
anchor for commercial expansion.
In this sense, his realism, 

4969
04:37:46,300 --> 04:37:50,099
overshadowed older, resentments,
that stance was a Harbinger for 

4970
04:37:50,099 --> 04:37:53,000
how modern States weigh economic
tires against historic 

4971
04:37:53,000 --> 04:37:56,200
grievances. 
Additionally, Hamilton's 

4972
04:37:56,200 --> 04:37:58,800
personal style at Social 
Gatherings and in Daily 

4973
04:37:58,800 --> 04:38:01,200
interactions reveals a man who 
could be both charmingly 

4974
04:38:01,200 --> 04:38:05,200
eloquent and abrasively direct. 
Contemporaries described him as 

4975
04:38:05,200 --> 04:38:08,000
intense with a quick mind, that 
occasionally battered 

4976
04:38:08,000 --> 04:38:10,900
conversation partners he thrived
on intellectual debate. 

4977
04:38:10,900 --> 04:38:13,800
Some say, he embraced 
confrontation to refine ideas 

4978
04:38:13,800 --> 04:38:15,599
yet. 
This habit might have 

4979
04:38:15,599 --> 04:38:19,000
contributed to the accumulation 
of enemies culminating in the 

4980
04:38:19,000 --> 04:38:22,800
Fateful spat with ber. 
In an era where honor was a 

4981
04:38:22,800 --> 04:38:26,700
Cornerstone of social standing. 
Hamilton's cutting wit proved a 

4982
04:38:26,700 --> 04:38:29,099
dangerous asset at home 
Hamilton. 

4983
04:38:29,099 --> 04:38:31,800
And Eliza raise to Growing 
family though. 

4984
04:38:31,800 --> 04:38:34,800
Tragedies struck the death of 
their son, Philip in a duel. 

4985
04:38:34,800 --> 04:38:37,700
Reminiscent of his father's. 
Fierce approached, a personal 

4986
04:38:37,700 --> 04:38:40,599
disputes, This sorrow weighed 
heavily on Hamilton, 

4987
04:38:40,599 --> 04:38:43,599
intensifying his reflection on 
the code of honor. 

4988
04:38:44,300 --> 04:38:47,500
Paradoxically he still ended up 
abiding by that same code 

4989
04:38:47,500 --> 04:38:51,700
accepting Burr's challenge, The 
Duality of a brilliant mind 

4990
04:38:51,700 --> 04:38:54,700
trapped by the period. 
Social norms emerges starkly in 

4991
04:38:54,700 --> 04:38:56,900
these personal heartbreaks for 
modern readers. 

4992
04:38:56,900 --> 04:38:59,500
The scenario. 
Underscores, how societal 

4993
04:38:59,500 --> 04:39:02,900
expectations can override 
individual caution, even for a 

4994
04:39:02,900 --> 04:39:06,599
pragmatic Statesman Examining 
Hamilton's religious evolution 

4995
04:39:06,599 --> 04:39:11,099
is another nuanced topic. 
Late in life, particularly after

4996
04:39:11,099 --> 04:39:14,000
Philip's death. 
He re-engaged with spiritual 

4997
04:39:14,000 --> 04:39:17,599
considerations. 
While not as devout as John Jay 

4998
04:39:17,599 --> 04:39:20,599
or Patrick Henry Hamilton 
expressed, his belief that moral

4999
04:39:20,599 --> 04:39:22,800
Frameworks were crucial to 
staple governments. 

5000
04:39:23,500 --> 04:39:26,300
Some Scholars, see a nearer to 
Christian Orthodoxy in his final

5001
04:39:26,300 --> 04:39:29,300
years overshadowing, the early 
secular aura. 

5002
04:39:30,000 --> 04:39:32,500
This dimension of moral or 
religious introspection is 

5003
04:39:32,500 --> 04:39:34,400
overshadowed. 
In many popular accounts that 

5004
04:39:34,400 --> 04:39:37,500
focus on battles of Finance or 
parties and ship. 

5005
04:39:38,400 --> 04:39:42,000
Lastly, the robust myth-making 
around Hamilton in the 21st 

5006
04:39:42,000 --> 04:39:45,100
century, particularly following 
a certain successful musical 

5007
04:39:45,100 --> 04:39:48,000
reflects how malleable 
historical figures can become 

5008
04:39:48,000 --> 04:39:50,700
for decades overshadowed in 
public memory. 

5009
04:39:50,700 --> 04:39:54,500
Hamilton found new admirers in 
Thorold, by his Underdog 

5010
04:39:54,500 --> 04:39:58,600
narrative, the musical Drew from
historical sources, but adapted 

5011
04:39:58,600 --> 04:40:01,300
the for modern, audience's 
highlighting, themes of 

5012
04:40:01,300 --> 04:40:04,300
immigration ambition and the 
forging of identity. 

5013
04:40:05,400 --> 04:40:07,800
Meanwhile professional 
historians maintain a more 

5014
04:40:07,800 --> 04:40:11,600
measured stance acknowledging, 
the genius behind the bank and 

5015
04:40:11,600 --> 04:40:13,900
The Federalist Papers, but also 
the moral complexities 

5016
04:40:13,900 --> 04:40:16,900
involvement in a scandalous 
Reynolds Affair. 

5017
04:40:16,900 --> 04:40:20,500
The backing of harsh policies 
like the Alien and Sedition Acts

5018
04:40:20,500 --> 04:40:23,800
and the overshadowed complicity 
in a system that tolerated 

5019
04:40:23,800 --> 04:40:27,600
slavery, hence Hamilton's life, 
embodies many contradictions, 

5020
04:40:28,300 --> 04:40:31,500
Hamilton was a brilliant 
champion of American Finance and

5021
04:40:31,500 --> 04:40:34,400
immigrants, success story, and a
defender of robust National 

5022
04:40:34,400 --> 04:40:37,200
institutions yet. 
He was also entangled in 

5023
04:40:37,200 --> 04:40:40,500
political vendettas, personal 
heartbreak, and moral. 

5024
04:40:40,500 --> 04:40:44,100
Ambiguity is the lethal code of 
personal honor of the era. 

5025
04:40:44,100 --> 04:40:46,900
Brought him down from the 
Pinnacle of policy influence. 

5026
04:40:47,800 --> 04:40:49,600
Contemporary. 
Observers can glean from his 

5027
04:40:49,600 --> 04:40:52,400
Saga. 
How Vision intellect and 

5028
04:40:52,400 --> 04:40:54,300
determination can reshape a 
society. 

5029
04:40:55,100 --> 04:40:58,200
While cautioning, that 
untempered ambition and rivalry 

5030
04:40:58,200 --> 04:41:02,300
overshadowing, even the grandest
legacies in the modern Mosaic of

5031
04:41:02,300 --> 04:41:05,500
American History. 
Alexander Hamilton occupies, a 

5032
04:41:05,500 --> 04:41:08,100
unique niche. 
Straddling Realms of Finance, 

5033
04:41:08,100 --> 04:41:12,900
politics and personal drama. 
Behind the scenes, he shaped the

5034
04:41:12,908 --> 04:41:15,400
national domain by delivering 
pragmatic, solutions, to 

5035
04:41:15,400 --> 04:41:17,800
fundamental questions about, 
governance and economy. 

5036
04:41:18,600 --> 04:41:21,800
Yet his flamboyant final act, 
the duel with Aaron Burr. 

5037
04:41:21,800 --> 04:41:24,000
Long overshadowed, the breadth 
of his achievements? 

5038
04:41:25,100 --> 04:41:28,500
Over the past two centuries, the
perception of Hamilton has 

5039
04:41:28,500 --> 04:41:31,400
fluctuated between critical 
weariness and near heroic 

5040
04:41:31,400 --> 04:41:34,900
adulation leading to a 
reexamination that highlights 

5041
04:41:34,900 --> 04:41:39,200
his full complexity. 
For many decades Hamilton served

5042
04:41:39,200 --> 04:41:41,300
as a reference point for strong 
central governments. 

5043
04:41:42,000 --> 04:41:45,400
In debates about tariffs, 
internal improvements and the 

5044
04:41:45,400 --> 04:41:48,700
role of a National Bank, 
legislators invoke his name. 

5045
04:41:49,500 --> 04:41:51,100
The hamiltonian Visions 
signified. 

5046
04:41:51,100 --> 04:41:54,000
A dynamic industrializing. 
America. 

5047
04:41:54,000 --> 04:41:56,800
That invests in large-scale 
infrastructure and cultivates. 

5048
04:41:56,800 --> 04:42:00,700
A robust bond market. 
Penance retorted that such 

5049
04:42:00,700 --> 04:42:02,500
policies undercut, local 
autonomy. 

5050
04:42:03,400 --> 04:42:05,900
King Jeffersonian concerns about
overreach. 

5051
04:42:06,600 --> 04:42:08,700
This cyclical debate recurs 
whenever the nation. 

5052
04:42:08,700 --> 04:42:12,100
Confronts a crisis or looks to 
expand Federal influence. 

5053
04:42:12,100 --> 04:42:15,400
Be it in responding to economic 
depression, or modern Financial 

5054
04:42:15,400 --> 04:42:19,300
bailouts among Scholars, 
Hamilton's contribution to the 

5055
04:42:19,300 --> 04:42:21,400
Federalist remains a crowning 
literary feat. 

5056
04:42:22,400 --> 04:42:25,100
Essays like Federalist number 78
shape, the judiciaries 

5057
04:42:25,100 --> 04:42:28,600
conceptual role championing 
judicial Independence, and the 

5058
04:42:28,600 --> 04:42:33,000
power of constitutional review 
Federalist number 84 argued that

5059
04:42:33,000 --> 04:42:36,000
enumerating rights might risk. 
Constraining them though. 

5060
04:42:36,000 --> 04:42:38,500
Ironically the Bill of Rights 
was soon, appended to the 

5061
04:42:38,500 --> 04:42:41,500
constitution in any way. 
Such Works left a lasting 

5062
04:42:41,500 --> 04:42:44,700
intellectual deposit frequently,
cited and Supreme Court 

5063
04:42:44,700 --> 04:42:47,100
decisions. 
The interplay between Hamilton's

5064
04:42:47,100 --> 04:42:49,600
preference for strong federal 
courts, and modern jurisprudence

5065
04:42:49,600 --> 04:42:52,400
reveals the longevity of his 
influence. 

5066
04:42:53,000 --> 04:42:56,700
Public interests sword. 
A new in the 21st century with a

5067
04:42:56,700 --> 04:42:59,900
popular musical, recasting 
Hamilton as a hip Scrappy 

5068
04:42:59,900 --> 04:43:01,600
immigrant shaping, the nation's 
destiny. 

5069
04:43:01,600 --> 04:43:05,400
That retelling blending hip hop,
and historical references 

5070
04:43:05,400 --> 04:43:07,900
stoked. 
Fresh curiosity about details of

5071
04:43:07,900 --> 04:43:10,400
his Caribbean, youth. 
The Heartbreak of losing his 

5072
04:43:10,400 --> 04:43:13,200
mother and the unexpected 
mentorship from Merchants. 

5073
04:43:13,200 --> 04:43:16,800
It also reintroduced figures 
like John Laurens, Hercules, 

5074
04:43:16,800 --> 04:43:19,700
Mulligan, or Elizabeth Schuyler 
to mainstream conversation. 

5075
04:43:20,600 --> 04:43:23,300
This phenomenon demonstrates, 
how historical figures can be 

5076
04:43:23,308 --> 04:43:26,200
revived and reinterpreted to 
speak to current cultural 

5077
04:43:26,200 --> 04:43:29,800
dialogues about immigration 
representation and the forging 

5078
04:43:29,800 --> 04:43:33,600
of American identity that said 
the musicals creative Liberties 

5079
04:43:33,600 --> 04:43:35,600
overshadow. 
Certain complexities, for 

5080
04:43:35,600 --> 04:43:39,200
instance, the Deep potentials 
around slavery or Hamilton's 

5081
04:43:39,200 --> 04:43:40,600
relationship with Haitian 
Independence. 

5082
04:43:41,700 --> 04:43:44,600
Yet it undeniably catapulted him
back in to the public eye. 

5083
04:43:45,300 --> 04:43:49,100
Critically modern reflection 
contends with Hamilton stance on

5084
04:43:49,100 --> 04:43:51,900
slavery. 
They personally not an owner of 

5085
04:43:51,900 --> 04:43:54,500
large plantations. 
He married into a family that 

5086
04:43:54,500 --> 04:43:56,100
benefited from enslaved. 
Labor. 

5087
04:43:57,000 --> 04:43:59,800
You opposed the international 
slave trade, but was less vocal 

5088
04:43:59,800 --> 04:44:02,900
about immediate abolition. 
Some historians, see him as 

5089
04:44:02,900 --> 04:44:05,200
moderately anti-slavery and 
principle yet. 

5090
04:44:05,200 --> 04:44:08,800
Overshadowed by the era's 
political constraints This mild 

5091
04:44:08,800 --> 04:44:12,400
stance differs from the fur of 
an abolitionist highlighting 

5092
04:44:12,400 --> 04:44:15,500
that even bright Minds can 
compromise on pressing moral 

5093
04:44:15,500 --> 04:44:18,000
issues for perceived political 
necessity. 

5094
04:44:19,100 --> 04:44:21,800
Another puzzle is how Hamilton 
would respond to the subsequent,

5095
04:44:21,800 --> 04:44:25,400
expansions he died before 
industrialization truly took 

5096
04:44:25,400 --> 04:44:27,700
flight or the question of 
slavery, overtook National 

5097
04:44:27,700 --> 04:44:31,100
politics, would he have 
advocated for federal solutions 

5098
04:44:31,100 --> 04:44:33,100
to keep the union intact in the 
1850s? 

5099
04:44:33,100 --> 04:44:36,800
Or would he have favored more 
localized pragmatic deals? 

5100
04:44:37,500 --> 04:44:40,100
The count of factual is 
tantalizing that unanswerable. 

5101
04:44:40,800 --> 04:44:43,800
Like many Founders, his ideas 
form the skeleton for future 

5102
04:44:43,800 --> 04:44:47,100
developments, but subsequent 
Generations, molded them to new 

5103
04:44:47,100 --> 04:44:50,800
contexts. 
Finally, Hamilton's, personal 

5104
04:44:50,800 --> 04:44:53,400
letters uncovered in archives 
over time. 

5105
04:44:53,400 --> 04:44:57,200
Reveal the emotional complexity 
Behind The Confident public 

5106
04:44:57,200 --> 04:45:02,400
Persona he could be warm witty 
or scathing anxious about 

5107
04:45:02,400 --> 04:45:06,400
respect and standing. 
Specter of Orphan Hood, never 

5108
04:45:06,400 --> 04:45:09,500
fully left him. 
A sense of precariousness 

5109
04:45:09,500 --> 04:45:12,900
pervaded his ambition. 
He engaged in verbal battles 

5110
04:45:12,900 --> 04:45:16,800
with the Press establishing, a 
partisan strategy, the Reynolds 

5111
04:45:16,800 --> 04:45:19,300
Affair in which he admitted to 
an extramarital relationship 

5112
04:45:19,300 --> 04:45:21,700
tarnished. 
His moral standing yet 

5113
04:45:21,700 --> 04:45:25,300
underscored his willingness to 
publicly confess in a swirl of 

5114
04:45:25,300 --> 04:45:28,500
political blackmail. 
All these episodes, illustrator 

5115
04:45:28,500 --> 04:45:30,400
founder who was no pristine 
statue. 

5116
04:45:30,400 --> 04:45:34,400
But a flawed participant in the 
messy birth of a republic in 

5117
04:45:34,400 --> 04:45:38,000
some Alexander, Hamilton's, 
Odyssey stands as an emblem of 

5118
04:45:38,000 --> 04:45:41,500
America's early audacity someone
forging National Frameworks with

5119
04:45:41,500 --> 04:45:45,400
unstoppable further, bridging 
personal adversity and political

5120
04:45:45,400 --> 04:45:47,500
upheaval. 
He hammered out Financial 

5121
04:45:47,500 --> 04:45:49,900
Machinery, that stabilized or 
precarious Union. 

5122
04:45:49,900 --> 04:45:52,700
Wrote constitutional 
commentaries that guided 

5123
04:45:52,700 --> 04:45:56,900
centuries of legal thought and 
valiantly served in war only to 

5124
04:45:56,900 --> 04:46:00,000
be undone by personal Vendetta 
in a misguided duel. 

5125
04:46:00,700 --> 04:46:03,500
This story resonates with 
universal themes of ambition, 

5126
04:46:03,500 --> 04:46:07,600
principal rivalry, and the 
subtle interplay of personal and

5127
04:46:07,600 --> 04:46:10,200
public Realms. 
Hamilton's imprint endures in 

5128
04:46:10,200 --> 04:46:13,800
the institution, he shaped the 
arguments, he Advanced and the 

5129
04:46:13,808 --> 04:46:16,200
persistent puzzle of how 
brilliant mine can fall. 

5130
04:46:16,200 --> 04:46:19,300
Victim to Bullet summoned by the
code of honor with confusing 

5131
04:46:19,300 --> 04:46:29,600
reasoning. 
Sleep wasn't quite the 

5132
04:46:29,600 --> 04:46:32,500
uninterrupted, eight our luxury.
You once knew in another life, 

5133
04:46:32,500 --> 04:46:36,600
instead you dozed fitfully 
between the sounds of night. 

5134
04:46:37,200 --> 04:46:40,800
The distant howl that made your 
spine, tingle the rustle of 

5135
04:46:40,808 --> 04:46:44,600
something large, moving through 
the brush outside and the gentle

5136
04:46:44,600 --> 04:46:47,100
snoring of your cave mates, 
curled around the dying. 

5137
04:46:47,100 --> 04:46:50,900
Embers of last night's fire. 
Your bed is a carefully arranged

5138
04:46:50,900 --> 04:46:53,300
pile of Furs and dried grasses 
position. 

5139
04:46:53,300 --> 04:46:56,200
Just far enough from the cave 
mouth to avoid the morning. 

5140
04:46:56,200 --> 04:46:58,100
Chill. 
But close enough to make a quick

5141
04:46:58,100 --> 04:46:59,900
Escape if needed. 
Yes. 

5142
04:46:59,900 --> 04:47:02,700
Escape plans were part of 
interior decorating back. 

5143
04:47:02,700 --> 04:47:06,200
Then, the stone beneath you has 
been worn Smooth by countless 

5144
04:47:06,200 --> 04:47:09,900
nights of human body seeking 
comfort and honestly it's not 

5145
04:47:09,900 --> 04:47:12,100
terrible. 
Once you pile on enough Mammoth 

5146
04:47:12,100 --> 04:47:16,200
High, Stretching your arms 
carefully because that shoulder 

5147
04:47:16,200 --> 04:47:18,600
you wrenched wrestling, a 
particularly stubborn root 

5148
04:47:18,600 --> 04:47:21,800
vegetable last week. 
Still protests You notice the 

5149
04:47:21,800 --> 04:47:23,400
familiar ache in your lower 
back. 

5150
04:47:24,300 --> 04:47:27,500
Living in the Paleolithic era 
was essentially a continuous low

5151
04:47:27,500 --> 04:47:30,700
intensity exercise regimen that 
would leave modern Fitness 

5152
04:47:30,700 --> 04:47:33,400
Enthusiast feeling both envious 
and exhausted. 

5153
04:47:34,300 --> 04:47:37,300
Fire pit still glows faintly in 
the center of your cave home. 

5154
04:47:37,300 --> 04:47:40,100
Keeping it alive through the 
night was everyone's 

5155
04:47:40,100 --> 04:47:43,900
responsibility because starting 
a new fire from scratch was 

5156
04:47:43,900 --> 04:47:47,500
about as fun as performing 
surgery with stone tools, which 

5157
04:47:47,500 --> 04:47:50,400
come to think of it. 
Sometimes happened you pad over 

5158
04:47:50,400 --> 04:47:52,600
on bare feet that have 
developed, Souls tougher than 

5159
04:47:52,608 --> 04:47:55,300
any boot leather. 
Adding a few small branches to 

5160
04:47:55,300 --> 04:47:58,800
coax the Flames back to life. 
The morning ritual begins with 

5161
04:47:58,800 --> 04:48:01,500
checking your body for new 
aches, Cuts or mysterious 

5162
04:48:01,500 --> 04:48:05,100
bruises that appeared overnight.
Living near nature, often 

5163
04:48:05,100 --> 04:48:07,800
results in it leaving its mark 
on your shin or forearm. 

5164
04:48:07,800 --> 04:48:10,900
Today's inventory reveals a 
scratch on your thumb from 

5165
04:48:10,900 --> 04:48:13,900
yesterday's Flint, knapping 
session and a tender spot on 

5166
04:48:13,900 --> 04:48:16,300
your hip where you missed judge 
the height of a boulder. 

5167
04:48:17,100 --> 04:48:20,600
This is a common occurrence, 
your stomach announces itself 

5168
04:48:20,600 --> 04:48:23,300
with a rumble that Echoes 
slightly off the cave walls. 

5169
04:48:24,000 --> 04:48:26,900
Breakfast isn't waiting in a 
refrigerator mainly because 

5170
04:48:26,900 --> 04:48:30,100
refrigerators won't be invented 
for another 40,000 years or so, 

5171
04:48:30,100 --> 04:48:34,000
instead your morning meal 
depends entirely on yesterday's 

5172
04:48:34,000 --> 04:48:37,700
success at Gathering hunting or 
the ancient art of convincing 

5173
04:48:37,700 --> 04:48:39,200
someone else to share their 
food. 

5174
04:48:39,200 --> 04:48:42,600
You peer outside the cave 
entrance, squinting against the 

5175
04:48:42,600 --> 04:48:45,400
growing daylight. 
The world stretches out before 

5176
04:48:45,400 --> 04:48:49,200
you in Endless, green broken by 
Rocky outcroppings and the 

5177
04:48:49,208 --> 04:48:51,400
distant glimmer of the river 
that serves as your 

5178
04:48:51,400 --> 04:48:53,800
neighborhood's. 
Main Street grocery store and 

5179
04:48:53,800 --> 04:48:56,200
Community Center all rolled into
one. 

5180
04:48:56,800 --> 04:49:00,400
The air carries the center of 
pine resin damp Earth and 

5181
04:49:00,400 --> 04:49:03,300
something that might be Smoke 
From Another group's fire miles 

5182
04:49:03,300 --> 04:49:05,700
away. 
Where the prediction was a 

5183
04:49:05,700 --> 04:49:08,700
survival skill back then, not 
casual conversation. 

5184
04:49:09,400 --> 04:49:12,300
You scan the sky with the 
intensity of a meteorologist. 

5185
04:49:12,300 --> 04:49:15,300
Reading Cloud patterns like a 
morning newspaper. 

5186
04:49:16,000 --> 04:49:19,600
Those whispy streaks to the West
suggest wind later which could 

5187
04:49:19,600 --> 04:49:22,800
mean Rain by evening. 
Thought makes you mentally 

5188
04:49:22,800 --> 04:49:24,800
catalog. 
The caves water containers, 

5189
04:49:24,800 --> 04:49:28,400
mostly animal, bladders, and 
carefully shaped gourds that 

5190
04:49:28,400 --> 04:49:32,200
took weeks to perfect. 
Sound from deeper in the cave, 

5191
04:49:32,200 --> 04:49:33,900
indicates your companions are 
stirring. 

5192
04:49:34,800 --> 04:49:38,000
There's grack who snoring, could
wake the dead and occasionally 

5193
04:49:38,000 --> 04:49:40,000
did wake the living at 
inconvenient moments? 

5194
04:49:40,000 --> 04:49:43,500
He's already sitting up running 
thick fingers through hair. 

5195
04:49:43,500 --> 04:49:46,500
That defies any attempt at 
styling, not that styling 

5196
04:49:46,500 --> 04:49:50,300
products were readily available.
Beside him mirror stretches like

5197
04:49:50,300 --> 04:49:53,000
a cat. 
Her movements graceful, despite 

5198
04:49:53,000 --> 04:49:56,700
sleeping on Stone and fur. 
The day ahead holds the usual 

5199
04:49:56,700 --> 04:49:59,100
answer. 
Certainly food needs to be found

5200
04:49:59,100 --> 04:50:02,300
tools require maintenance and 
Somewhere Out There 

5201
04:50:02,300 --> 04:50:05,200
opportunities and dangers 
waiting equal measure. 

5202
04:50:06,200 --> 04:50:09,800
But first, there is the simple 
joy of living in a world where 

5203
04:50:09,800 --> 04:50:12,900
each Sunrise feels like a tiny 
triumphs against the challenges,

5204
04:50:12,900 --> 04:50:16,500
your feet, find their way to the
cave entrance, and you stand 

5205
04:50:16,500 --> 04:50:19,400
there for a moment breathing in 
the morning are that tastes 

5206
04:50:19,400 --> 04:50:20,800
cleaner than anything you could 
imagine. 

5207
04:50:22,100 --> 04:50:25,100
The sun climbs, higher 
promising, warmth later and 

5208
04:50:25,100 --> 04:50:28,400
somewhere in the distance, a 
bird calls with the kind of pure

5209
04:50:28,400 --> 04:50:31,600
joy, that makes you remember. 
Why being alive even in the 

5210
04:50:31,600 --> 04:50:35,600
Stone Age, has its moments of 
absolute perfection finding 

5211
04:50:35,600 --> 04:50:38,600
breakfast in the Paleolithic era
was like playing the world's 

5212
04:50:38,600 --> 04:50:41,600
most consequential Treasure Hunt
game where the treasure was 

5213
04:50:41,600 --> 04:50:43,700
edible and losing meant going 
hungry. 

5214
04:50:44,700 --> 04:50:48,300
You step outside the cave bare 
feet, immediately registering 

5215
04:50:48,300 --> 04:50:50,700
the temperature and texture of 
the ground information. 

5216
04:50:50,700 --> 04:50:53,800
Your modern brain would dismiss 
that your ancient instincts 

5217
04:50:53,800 --> 04:50:56,600
catalog automatically, The 
morning. 

5218
04:50:56,600 --> 04:51:00,300
Due as settled on everything 
turning spider, webs in Toledo, 

5219
04:51:00,300 --> 04:51:03,800
masterpieces and making certain 
rocks, slippery enough to turn a

5220
04:51:03,800 --> 04:51:05,900
casual stroll into an impromptu 
tumbling session. 

5221
04:51:06,800 --> 04:51:09,400
Having experienced this lesson 
first hand, several times. 

5222
04:51:09,400 --> 04:51:13,100
You now walk with a measured 
gate, understanding that gravity

5223
04:51:13,100 --> 04:51:15,100
Remains the Same in the stone 
ages as it does. 

5224
04:51:15,100 --> 04:51:18,200
Everywhere else. 
Your stomach rumbles again, more

5225
04:51:18,200 --> 04:51:20,900
insistently. 
This time, you've noticed that 

5226
04:51:20,900 --> 04:51:23,800
the human digestive system 
doesn't care about the 

5227
04:51:23,800 --> 04:51:25,800
historical significance of your 
situation. 

5228
04:51:25,800 --> 04:51:29,900
It's simply craves food. 
Ideally as soon as possible. 

5229
04:51:29,900 --> 04:51:33,000
This morning's breakfast menu 
depends entirely on your 

5230
04:51:33,000 --> 04:51:35,200
knowledge of what's edible 
versus what's decorative. 

5231
04:51:35,200 --> 04:51:38,300
Versus what's deadly? 
It's like being a contestant on 

5232
04:51:38,300 --> 04:51:41,600
the world's most dangerous 
cooking show. 20 yards from the 

5233
04:51:41,600 --> 04:51:43,600
cave, you spot a cluster of 
berry bushes. 

5234
04:51:43,600 --> 04:51:46,500
That wasn't there yesterday 
actually they were there 

5235
04:51:46,500 --> 04:51:49,200
yesterday but your brain is 
still learning to see food 

5236
04:51:49,200 --> 04:51:51,500
sources instead of just green 
stuff. 

5237
04:51:52,400 --> 04:51:55,100
The berries are small and dark 
purple and past the preliminary 

5238
04:51:55,100 --> 04:51:57,400
tests. 
Birds have been eating them 

5239
04:51:57,400 --> 04:51:59,500
without falling over and they 
smell, right? 

5240
04:51:59,500 --> 04:52:03,500
You taste one carefully letting 
the flavor register fully before

5241
04:52:03,500 --> 04:52:05,700
committing to a handful. 
They are sweet. 

5242
04:52:05,700 --> 04:52:08,500
Slightly tart and have a texture
that suggests. 

5243
04:52:08,500 --> 04:52:11,700
They won't cause immediate 
digestive Rebellion success. 

5244
04:52:12,600 --> 04:52:16,100
Gathering enough to satisfy your
hunger, you remain vigilant for 

5245
04:52:16,100 --> 04:52:19,600
potential opportunities. 
Breakfast in the Stone Age was 

5246
04:52:19,600 --> 04:52:22,600
often a progressive meal eaten 
as you found it, rather than 

5247
04:52:22,600 --> 04:52:24,100
sitting down to a prepared 
plate. 

5248
04:52:25,100 --> 04:52:27,700
Near the berry bushes. 
A cluster of what you've learned

5249
04:52:27,700 --> 04:52:29,700
at. 
Edible roots, pokes through the 

5250
04:52:29,700 --> 04:52:31,400
soil. 
Digging them up. 

5251
04:52:31,408 --> 04:52:34,600
Requires the sharp stick you 
carved last week, an Excavating 

5252
04:52:34,600 --> 04:52:37,400
route, turns out to be excellent
exercise for muscle groups. 

5253
04:52:37,400 --> 04:52:41,200
You didn't know existed. 
The roots are starchy filling 

5254
04:52:41,200 --> 04:52:43,300
and tastes vaguely, like 
potatoes. 

5255
04:52:43,300 --> 04:52:45,700
If potatoes had been designed by
someone, who'd only heard a 

5256
04:52:45,700 --> 04:52:47,200
rough description of what food 
should taste. 

5257
04:52:47,200 --> 04:52:49,900
Like a flash of movement catches
your eye. 

5258
04:52:49,900 --> 04:52:52,600
A rabbit is frozen in the 
peculiar way. 

5259
04:52:52,600 --> 04:52:54,700
That rabbits pretend to be 
invisible by remaining. 

5260
04:52:54,700 --> 04:52:58,200
Absolutely, still your hand 
moves slowly towards the 

5261
04:52:58,208 --> 04:53:00,700
throwing stick tucked into your 
woven grass belt. 

5262
04:53:01,500 --> 04:53:03,700
Wrap, it would be a protein 
upgrade to this morning's 

5263
04:53:03,700 --> 04:53:07,300
vegetarian fare but hunting 
requires a combination of skill 

5264
04:53:07,300 --> 04:53:11,000
luck and the kind of patients 
that doesn't come naturally when

5265
04:53:11,000 --> 04:53:13,000
your stomach is demanding 
immediate attention. 

5266
04:53:14,000 --> 04:53:16,700
The throwing stick is a Marvel 
of Stone Age, engineering 

5267
04:53:16,700 --> 04:53:19,800
basically a carefully balanced 
wooden projectile that you've 

5268
04:53:19,800 --> 04:53:21,600
practiced with until your 
shoulder aches. 

5269
04:53:21,600 --> 04:53:25,800
The wrap it remains motionless 
probably calculating its odds of

5270
04:53:25,808 --> 04:53:28,200
Escape vs the energy cost of 
sudden movement. 

5271
04:53:29,100 --> 04:53:32,200
You shift your weight slowly 
raising the stick with movement,

5272
04:53:32,200 --> 04:53:34,700
smooth enough, not to trigger 
the rabbits flight response, 

5273
04:53:34,700 --> 04:53:38,500
then a branch cracks somewhere 
behind you probably cracked 

5274
04:53:38,500 --> 04:53:41,200
stumbling around looking for his
breakfast and the rabbit 

5275
04:53:41,200 --> 04:53:45,200
vanishes and a blur of brown fur
and indignation your throwing 

5276
04:53:45,200 --> 04:53:48,900
sticks sails through empty air 
and lands with a disappointed 

5277
04:53:48,900 --> 04:53:52,300
thud against a tree trunk, so 
much for upgraded protein. 

5278
04:53:53,600 --> 04:53:57,500
He retrieved the stick mentally 
adding practice hunting in areas

5279
04:53:57,500 --> 04:54:01,100
with fewer clumsy companions to 
your growing list of survival 

5280
04:54:01,100 --> 04:54:03,900
improvements. 
The berries and Roots will have 

5281
04:54:03,900 --> 04:54:07,500
to suffice for now supplemented 
by the memory of yesterday's 

5282
04:54:07,500 --> 04:54:08,900
successful. 
Fishing Expedition. 

5283
04:54:10,000 --> 04:54:12,800
Walking back toward the cave, 
you notice Mirror Has discovered

5284
04:54:12,800 --> 04:54:15,600
a bird's nest with eggs. 
The kind of find that makes 

5285
04:54:15,600 --> 04:54:19,200
everyone's morning. 
Significantly brighter eggs are 

5286
04:54:19,200 --> 04:54:21,700
perfect food packages. 
Assuming you can convince their 

5287
04:54:21,700 --> 04:54:24,200
parents that you need them more 
than the unhatched occupants. 

5288
04:54:24,200 --> 04:54:28,000
Do the negotiation typically 
involves quick hands and faster.

5289
04:54:28,000 --> 04:54:31,100
Feet is when the parents are 
larger birds with strong 

5290
04:54:31,100 --> 04:54:34,400
opinions about egg ownership, 
the morning meal shapes up to be

5291
04:54:34,400 --> 04:54:38,000
a combination of your berries 
and Roots, shared eggs and some 

5292
04:54:38,000 --> 04:54:40,900
leftover fish that crack managed
not to eat entirely yesterday. 

5293
04:54:40,900 --> 04:54:44,500
It's not exactly a gourmet 
breakfast but it contains 

5294
04:54:44,500 --> 04:54:47,700
calories nutrients and the 
satisfaction of having 

5295
04:54:47,700 --> 04:54:50,500
successfully gathered at 
yourself from a world that 

5296
04:54:50,500 --> 04:54:52,000
doesn't deliver food to your 
door. 

5297
04:54:52,800 --> 04:54:55,900
Sitting on a sun warmed. 
Rock outside the cave, you eat 

5298
04:54:55,900 --> 04:54:59,900
slowly save savoring flavors. 
That are simple direct and 

5299
04:54:59,900 --> 04:55:01,900
somehow more satisfying, the new
expected. 

5300
04:55:02,800 --> 04:55:05,300
Food tastes like work, like 
success. 

5301
04:55:05,300 --> 04:55:08,500
Like the peculiar Pride that 
comes from feeding yourself 

5302
04:55:08,500 --> 04:55:12,000
through knowledge and effort 
rather than convenient your 

5303
04:55:12,000 --> 04:55:13,500
stomach settles in to 
contentment. 

5304
04:55:13,500 --> 04:55:16,400
And the day ahead seems more 
manageable with breakfast 

5305
04:55:16,400 --> 04:55:19,900
accomplished. 
The sun rises higher warming, 

5306
04:55:19,900 --> 04:55:23,000
the rocks, and your shoulders. 
Somewhere in the distance. 

5307
04:55:23,000 --> 04:55:25,800
You can hear the river calling 
with Promises of fish and the 

5308
04:55:25,800 --> 04:55:28,800
kind of morning bath that wakes 
up every nerve ending at once. 

5309
04:55:28,800 --> 04:55:32,400
After breakfast, your attention,
turns to the Daily maintenance 

5310
04:55:32,400 --> 04:55:34,700
tasks that keeps Stone Age. 
Life functional. 

5311
04:55:35,300 --> 04:55:38,600
Your toolkit needs inspection 
and in a world where the nearest

5312
04:55:38,600 --> 04:55:40,900
hardware store won't exist for 
several Millennia. 

5313
04:55:40,900 --> 04:55:44,300
Tool maintenance isn't optional,
its survival. 

5314
04:55:45,100 --> 04:55:48,000
You settle onto a Flat Rock that
serves as your workbench 

5315
04:55:48,000 --> 04:55:51,100
spreading out your collection of
implements with the care of a 

5316
04:55:51,100 --> 04:55:54,600
surge in a instruments. 
There's the knife you chip from 

5317
04:55:54,600 --> 04:55:57,800
Flint to weeks ago, its Edge 
still sharp enough to slice 

5318
04:55:57,800 --> 04:56:00,500
through high but showing tiny 
Nicks from yesterday's route, 

5319
04:56:00,500 --> 04:56:03,400
digging Expedition. 
You've bound the spear tip which

5320
04:56:03,400 --> 04:56:06,600
required three attempts to 
perfect, to its wooden shaft 

5321
04:56:06,600 --> 04:56:09,400
with such meticulous in Europe 
that it almost appears 

5322
04:56:09,400 --> 04:56:12,000
decorative. 
Flint, knapping the art of 

5323
04:56:12,008 --> 04:56:15,600
striking stone with stone to 
create sharp edges requires the 

5324
04:56:15,600 --> 04:56:18,900
kind of focused attention. 
That makes meditation look like 

5325
04:56:18,900 --> 04:56:22,700
multitasking you chose a piece 
of flint testing its weight and 

5326
04:56:22,708 --> 04:56:25,300
dense City with fingers that 
have learned to read Stone, like

5327
04:56:25,300 --> 04:56:28,400
others, read books. 
The Hammerstone fits perfectly 

5328
04:56:28,400 --> 04:56:32,100
in your palm its surface warned,
Smooth by countless impacts. 

5329
04:56:32,800 --> 04:56:36,700
The first strike sends a small 
chip flying landing near your 

5330
04:56:36,700 --> 04:56:39,500
feet with a tiny click. 
Success. 

5331
04:56:39,500 --> 04:56:43,200
You turn the Flint slightly, 
visualizing the blade hidden 

5332
04:56:43,200 --> 04:56:46,500
inside the Raw, Stone waiting, 
to be revealed through patient. 

5333
04:56:46,500 --> 04:56:51,400
Precise work. 
Strike turn, examine strike, 

5334
04:56:51,400 --> 04:56:55,900
turn examine the Rhythm becomes 
almost hypnotic. 

5335
04:56:55,900 --> 04:56:58,800
Each impact. 
Calculated to remove exactly the

5336
04:56:58,800 --> 04:57:01,700
right amount of material. 
Somewhere around the 15th, 

5337
04:57:01,700 --> 04:57:05,400
strike your concentration, 
waivers for just a moment, and 

5338
04:57:05,400 --> 04:57:07,600
the Hammerstone catches, the 
Flint at the wrong angle, 

5339
04:57:07,600 --> 04:57:11,500
instead of a clean chip, a large
chunk breaks away, taking half 

5340
04:57:11,500 --> 04:57:15,000
your emerging Blade with it. 
Flint now looks less like a 

5341
04:57:15,008 --> 04:57:18,000
future tool and more like 
evidence of why patients isn't 

5342
04:57:18,000 --> 04:57:20,200
just a virtue. 
It's a requirement. 

5343
04:57:20,200 --> 04:57:23,600
You set the ruined to side and 
reach for another piece. 

5344
04:57:23,600 --> 04:57:26,200
Reminding yourself. 
That failure is just another 

5345
04:57:26,200 --> 04:57:30,000
word for practice. 
The second attempt goes better 

5346
04:57:30,000 --> 04:57:33,200
partly because you've already 
made today's mistake and partly 

5347
04:57:33,200 --> 04:57:35,100
because your hands. 
Remember the proper rhythm. 

5348
04:57:36,200 --> 04:57:39,800
Gradually a serviceable blade 
emerges from the Royal Stone its

5349
04:57:39,800 --> 04:57:42,200
Edge sharpened enough to make 
your respected immediately. 

5350
04:57:43,100 --> 04:57:46,100
Tool maintenance extends Beyond 
just making new implements. 

5351
04:57:46,100 --> 04:57:49,600
Your spare shaft is developed a 
small crack near The Binding. 

5352
04:57:50,300 --> 04:57:52,600
The kind of floor that could 
turn a hunting trip into a 

5353
04:57:52,608 --> 04:57:54,100
disaster. 
If left unattended. 

5354
04:57:54,900 --> 04:57:56,400
You unwrap the sin, you 
carefully. 

5355
04:57:56,400 --> 04:57:59,700
It's too valuable to waste and 
examine the crack more closely. 

5356
04:57:59,700 --> 04:58:03,400
The split runs with the wood 
grain which is positive news 

5357
04:58:03,400 --> 04:58:06,800
across grain crack would mean 
starting over with a new shaft. 

5358
04:58:06,800 --> 04:58:11,000
You select a thin strip of wet, 
hide and wrap it tightly around 

5359
04:58:11,000 --> 04:58:13,500
the damaged area. 
Pulling the wood fibers back 

5360
04:58:13,500 --> 04:58:16,500
together. 
Once it dries, the hide will 

5361
04:58:16,500 --> 04:58:19,600
shrink creating a repair 
stronger than the original wood.

5362
04:58:20,300 --> 04:58:23,300
It's the Stone Age. 
Equivalent of duct tape, minus 

5363
04:58:23,300 --> 04:58:26,500
the adhesive and the tape fire 
maintenance demands, its 

5364
04:58:26,500 --> 04:58:29,700
attention. 
The coals from last night of 

5365
04:58:29,700 --> 04:58:32,800
settled into a bed of Embers, 
perfect for cooking but needing 

5366
04:58:32,800 --> 04:58:36,800
encouragement to Flame up again.
You add small kindling, dry 

5367
04:58:36,800 --> 04:58:40,600
grass thin Twigs strips of birch
bark, that catch fire. 

5368
04:58:40,600 --> 04:58:42,000
Like they were designed for the 
purpose. 

5369
04:58:43,000 --> 04:58:46,200
The Flames respond eagerly 
crackling to life with the kind 

5370
04:58:46,200 --> 04:58:49,000
of enthusiasm that makes you 
appreciate Humanity's ancient 

5371
04:58:49,000 --> 04:58:51,100
partnership with control 
combustion. 

5372
04:58:52,100 --> 04:58:55,300
Keeping the fire alive was a 
community responsibility that 

5373
04:58:55,300 --> 04:58:57,200
rotated among the caves 
inhabitants. 

5374
04:58:58,100 --> 04:59:00,900
Today is your turn to be the 
fire keeper, which means feeding

5375
04:59:00,900 --> 04:59:04,100
it regularly banking the coals 
for cooking and most 

5376
04:59:04,100 --> 04:59:06,100
importantly, never letting it 
die completely. 

5377
04:59:07,300 --> 04:59:11,000
Starting a fire from scratch. 
Using flint and steel, or rather

5378
04:59:11,000 --> 04:59:14,100
flint and iron pyrite. 
Since steel won't be invented 

5379
04:59:14,100 --> 04:59:18,600
for quite a while is possible, 
but exhausting you practice the 

5380
04:59:18,600 --> 04:59:21,800
Fire Starting technique anyway 
because redundancy keeps you 

5381
04:59:21,800 --> 04:59:24,300
alive. 
Strike Flint against pyrite, 

5382
04:59:24,300 --> 04:59:28,100
directing the Sparks into a nest
of the finest driest hinder. 

5383
04:59:28,100 --> 04:59:32,200
You can prepare Cedar bark 
worked into soft fibers Birch, 

5384
04:59:32,200 --> 04:59:36,000
fungus, and dried grass. 
So fine, it's almost powder, the

5385
04:59:36,000 --> 04:59:39,500
Sparks catch glowing like tiny 
stars in the Tinder nest. 

5386
04:59:40,300 --> 04:59:43,800
Gentle breath, Coke's them into 
flame and suddenly you have fire

5387
04:59:43,800 --> 04:59:46,300
created from nothing, but skill 
and persistence. 

5388
04:59:47,100 --> 04:59:49,800
Success, gives you a quiet 
satisfaction that's hard to 

5389
04:59:49,800 --> 04:59:52,500
describe. 
In a world where most things are

5390
04:59:52,500 --> 04:59:55,200
uncertain being able to create 
Fire On Demand. 

5391
04:59:55,200 --> 04:59:59,100
Feels like having superpowers, 
which from the perspective of 

5392
04:59:59,100 --> 05:00:01,900
any other animal. 
You supposed it is Your 

5393
05:00:01,900 --> 05:00:04,800
morning's work spreads out 
around, you newly sharpened 

5394
05:00:04,800 --> 05:00:09,300
tools, repair weapons, a healthy
fire and the kind of competence 

5395
05:00:09,300 --> 05:00:12,200
that builds confidence. 
These aren't glamorous tasks, 

5396
05:00:12,200 --> 05:00:14,700
but they form the foundation 
that makes everything else 

5397
05:00:14,700 --> 05:00:17,700
possible. 
Every sharp edge, every strong 

5398
05:00:17,700 --> 05:00:21,000
binding, and every glowing coal 
represents the difference 

5399
05:00:21,000 --> 05:00:22,900
between thriving and merely 
surviving. 

5400
05:00:23,700 --> 05:00:26,900
The sun has climbed higher while
you worked and the warmth feels 

5401
05:00:26,900 --> 05:00:30,400
good on your shoulders. 
In the distance, you can hear 

5402
05:00:30,400 --> 05:00:33,400
water running over rocks. 
The river calling with Promises 

5403
05:00:33,400 --> 05:00:35,900
of fish and the kind of cooling 
bath that makes hot work. 

5404
05:00:35,900 --> 05:00:39,300
While the river beckons with the
sound of water, moving over 

5405
05:00:39,300 --> 05:00:42,900
Stones, a constant murmur that 
serves as the soundtrack to your

5406
05:00:42,908 --> 05:00:45,100
daily life. 
You gather your fishing 

5407
05:00:45,100 --> 05:00:49,400
equipment, a spear with a 
particularly point a, net woven 

5408
05:00:49,400 --> 05:00:52,600
from plant fibers that took 
weeks to complete and the kind 

5409
05:00:52,600 --> 05:00:54,400
of optimism that comes from 
successful. 

5410
05:00:54,400 --> 05:00:58,200
Fishing experience is mixed with
realistic, expectations about 

5411
05:00:58,200 --> 05:01:00,700
fish Behavior. 
The walk to your favorite 

5412
05:01:00,700 --> 05:01:03,600
fishing spot takes you through 
terrain, that changes subtly 

5413
05:01:03,600 --> 05:01:06,700
with each day's weather today. 
The path has become slightly 

5414
05:01:06,700 --> 05:01:10,400
muddy due to yesterday's brief 
Reign causing footing to become 

5415
05:01:10,400 --> 05:01:13,100
uncertain in areas where the 
clay soil has turned into a 

5416
05:01:13,100 --> 05:01:15,700
slippery surface. 
You've learned to read these 

5417
05:01:15,700 --> 05:01:18,600
conditions automatically 
adjusting your gate to have the 

5418
05:01:18,600 --> 05:01:22,100
kind of spectacular fall that 
looks amusing in hindsight, but 

5419
05:01:22,100 --> 05:01:25,100
feels considerably less funny 
when you're picking mud out of 

5420
05:01:25,108 --> 05:01:28,400
uncomfortable places. 
Your fishing spot is a bend in 

5421
05:01:28,400 --> 05:01:31,300
the river where the current 
slows and deepens creating a 

5422
05:01:31,300 --> 05:01:32,900
natural pool were fish tent 
together. 

5423
05:01:33,700 --> 05:01:36,000
The locational. 
So offers a large flat rock that

5424
05:01:36,000 --> 05:01:39,500
serves as your observation post 
position perfectly for both, 

5425
05:01:39,500 --> 05:01:41,700
seeing into the water and 
maintaining the kind of 

5426
05:01:41,700 --> 05:01:44,400
motionless patients, that 
successful fishing requires. 

5427
05:01:45,900 --> 05:01:48,300
Settling onto the rock. 
You peer into the water with the

5428
05:01:48,300 --> 05:01:49,900
focused attention of a 
meditation. 

5429
05:01:49,900 --> 05:01:52,700
Master. 
The surface mirrors, the skiing 

5430
05:01:52,700 --> 05:01:55,400
clouds yet beneath that 
reflection is a completely 

5431
05:01:55,400 --> 05:01:58,500
different world fish move 
through their domain with the 

5432
05:01:58,500 --> 05:02:02,000
Casual confidence of creatures 
who belong exactly where they 

5433
05:02:02,000 --> 05:02:04,900
are unaware that you're studying
their patterns with the 

5434
05:02:04,900 --> 05:02:08,300
intensity of a behavioral 
scientist a large trout. 

5435
05:02:08,300 --> 05:02:10,800
You've learned to distinguish 
species by their movement 

5436
05:02:10,800 --> 05:02:14,300
patterns and prefer depths holds
position near the far Bank. 

5437
05:02:14,300 --> 05:02:17,600
Its fins making tiny adjustments
to maintain its place in the 

5438
05:02:17,608 --> 05:02:20,500
current its perfectly positioned
for a spear throw. 

5439
05:02:20,500 --> 05:02:23,600
Assuming you can manage the 
complex physics of refraction 

5440
05:02:23,600 --> 05:02:27,400
water resistance and the fish's 
likely Escape Route all while 

5441
05:02:27,400 --> 05:02:28,700
maintaining the balance 
necessary. 

5442
05:02:28,700 --> 05:02:31,100
Not to fall off your rock in to 
the river. 

5443
05:02:31,100 --> 05:02:33,900
You raise the spear slowly 
muscles. 

5444
05:02:33,900 --> 05:02:36,500
Remembering the thousands of 
practice throws that have taught

5445
05:02:36,500 --> 05:02:38,800
your arms, the proper Ark and 
release point. 

5446
05:02:40,400 --> 05:02:44,200
The fish remains steady focused 
on something Upstream that might

5447
05:02:44,200 --> 05:02:45,800
be food drifting down with the 
current. 

5448
05:02:46,800 --> 05:02:50,000
This is the moment when patience
and preparation meet opportunity

5449
05:02:50,000 --> 05:02:53,300
assuming your aim is improved 
since yesterday somewhat 

5450
05:02:53,300 --> 05:02:56,400
embarrassing performance. 
The spear leaves your hand, with

5451
05:02:56,400 --> 05:02:59,900
the smooth motion of long, 
practice, cutting through air, 

5452
05:02:59,900 --> 05:03:03,900
and then water with barely a 
splash. success appears certain 

5453
05:03:03,900 --> 05:03:07,200
for a moment, then physics 
asserts itself in the form of 

5454
05:03:07,200 --> 05:03:10,500
water refraction and your spare 
passes harmlessly beneath the 

5455
05:03:10,508 --> 05:03:14,800
fish, which vanishes in a swirl 
of indignant motion that somehow

5456
05:03:14,800 --> 05:03:18,300
manages to look, reproachful, 
Retrieving the spear requires 

5457
05:03:18,300 --> 05:03:20,500
wading into water that 
shockingly cold. 

5458
05:03:20,500 --> 05:03:23,700
Despite the warm air, the river 
bottom is a collection of smooth

5459
05:03:23,700 --> 05:03:26,400
Stones, Some steady and reliable
others. 

5460
05:03:26,400 --> 05:03:29,900
Perfectly designed to shift, 
unexpectedly and send Wade. 

5461
05:03:29,900 --> 05:03:33,700
As sprawling into deeper water, 
you move carefully, your feet. 

5462
05:03:33,700 --> 05:03:36,700
Testing each step before 
committing your full weight, the

5463
05:03:36,700 --> 05:03:40,700
spear has lodged between two 
rocks in deeper, watering a Wade

5464
05:03:40,700 --> 05:03:42,500
that brings the river level to 
mid-thigh. 

5465
05:03:43,200 --> 05:03:45,900
The cold is invigorating in the 
way that makes you immediately 

5466
05:03:45,900 --> 05:03:48,100
understand why? 
Some people voluntarily take 

5467
05:03:48,100 --> 05:03:50,700
cold showers while 
simultaneously making you 

5468
05:03:50,700 --> 05:03:53,700
question their sanity. 
Your muscles tents against the 

5469
05:03:53,700 --> 05:03:56,700
temperature, and retrieving the 
spear become a matter of quick, 

5470
05:03:56,700 --> 05:03:58,800
efficiency, rather than careful 
technique. 

5471
05:04:00,000 --> 05:04:03,500
Back on your rock, you settle in
for another attempt water 

5472
05:04:03,500 --> 05:04:05,800
dripping from your legs onto Sun
warmed Stone. 

5473
05:04:05,800 --> 05:04:08,300
The net offers different 
possibilities. 

5474
05:04:08,300 --> 05:04:12,100
Let's Precision required but 
demanding perfect timing, and 

5475
05:04:12,100 --> 05:04:13,700
the ability to read fish 
Behavior. 

5476
05:04:13,700 --> 05:04:15,200
Well, enough to predict their 
movements. 

5477
05:04:15,200 --> 05:04:18,800
You study the water again, 
looking for the subtle signs 

5478
05:04:18,800 --> 05:04:20,800
that indicate where fish are 
likely to swim. 

5479
05:04:21,700 --> 05:04:24,100
School of smaller fish moves 
through the shallows. 

5480
05:04:24,100 --> 05:04:27,100
Their bodies flashing silver as 
they turn in unison. 

5481
05:04:27,600 --> 05:04:30,200
Their following, some underwater
logic, that makes perfect sense 

5482
05:04:30,200 --> 05:04:32,300
to them and appears completely 
random to you. 

5483
05:04:32,300 --> 05:04:36,000
The net requires positioning 
Downstream from their path, then

5484
05:04:36,000 --> 05:04:39,700
patience, while they swim into 
range, You slip into the water 

5485
05:04:39,700 --> 05:04:43,400
again, moving with exaggerated 
care to avoid sending vibrations

5486
05:04:43,400 --> 05:04:45,800
through the riverbed that would 
scatter your targets. 

5487
05:04:46,900 --> 05:04:49,400
The fish continue their 
mysterious choreography, 

5488
05:04:49,400 --> 05:04:52,600
occasionally coming 
tantalizingly close to your nets

5489
05:04:52,600 --> 05:04:54,900
range before veering away. 
As if they've suddenly 

5490
05:04:54,900 --> 05:04:56,700
remembered important 
appointments elsewhere. 

5491
05:04:57,400 --> 05:04:59,200
Finally, the schools wandering 
path. 

5492
05:04:59,200 --> 05:05:00,800
Brings them directly toward your
position. 

5493
05:05:01,600 --> 05:05:04,200
You raise the net slowly waiting
for the moment. 

5494
05:05:04,200 --> 05:05:07,300
When the maximum number of fish 
occupy, the minimum amount of 

5495
05:05:07,300 --> 05:05:11,300
space The technique, 
necessitates precise timing, if 

5496
05:05:11,300 --> 05:05:14,300
you act to early, the fish will 
scatter and if you act too late,

5497
05:05:14,300 --> 05:05:15,500
they will have already passed 
through. 

5498
05:05:16,400 --> 05:05:19,500
Now, the net sweeps through 
water and fish with satisfying 

5499
05:05:19,500 --> 05:05:23,100
efficiently and suddenly your 
holding breakfast, lunch, and 

5500
05:05:23,100 --> 05:05:25,100
possibly dinner in woven plant 
fibers. 

5501
05:05:26,000 --> 05:05:29,000
The fish flip and struggle with 
understandable urgency and you 

5502
05:05:29,000 --> 05:05:31,500
wait quickly to shore to 
transfer them, to the woven 

5503
05:05:31,500 --> 05:05:33,500
basket that serves as your 
portable container. 

5504
05:05:34,200 --> 05:05:36,800
Success. 
Tastes like cold river water and

5505
05:05:36,800 --> 05:05:39,400
feels like the quiet 
satisfaction of having fed 

5506
05:05:39,400 --> 05:05:40,900
yourself through skill and 
patience. 

5507
05:05:41,500 --> 05:05:43,900
The morning's fishing has 
provided enough protein for the 

5508
05:05:43,900 --> 05:05:47,100
day plus extra to share with 
your cavemen who may have had 

5509
05:05:47,100 --> 05:05:49,600
less luck with their own food 
Gathering expeditions. 

5510
05:05:50,300 --> 05:05:53,400
Walking back toward the cave 
basket of fish and one hand and 

5511
05:05:53,400 --> 05:05:56,500
wet fishing gear in the other. 
You reflect on the peculiar 

5512
05:05:56,500 --> 05:05:58,600
satisfaction of having succeeded
at something. 

5513
05:05:58,600 --> 05:06:01,900
Your ancestors would recognize 
and approval of There's 

5514
05:06:01,900 --> 05:06:04,600
something deeply right about 
providing food through your own 

5515
05:06:04,600 --> 05:06:07,600
efforts, even when those efforts
occasionally involve falling 

5516
05:06:07,600 --> 05:06:10,700
into cold water, while chasing 
fish, that seemed to mock your 

5517
05:06:10,700 --> 05:06:13,900
hunting skills, the afternoon 
sun has reached that perfect 

5518
05:06:13,900 --> 05:06:15,600
angle, where it warms without 
burning. 

5519
05:06:16,600 --> 05:06:18,700
Your successful fishing 
Expedition has left. 

5520
05:06:18,700 --> 05:06:21,400
You feeling confident enough to 
venture further from the cave 

5521
05:06:21,400 --> 05:06:24,400
than usual. 
Today seems like an ideal time 

5522
05:06:24,400 --> 05:06:28,300
to explore the valley Beyond The
Ridge where rumor delivered by a

5523
05:06:28,300 --> 05:06:30,500
traveling group. 
Last week suggests, there might 

5524
05:06:30,508 --> 05:06:33,500
be fruit trees and possibly 
deposits of the particularly 

5525
05:06:33,500 --> 05:06:35,000
good. 
Flint, that makes Superior 

5526
05:06:35,000 --> 05:06:37,900
tools. 
You gather exploration supplies 

5527
05:06:37,900 --> 05:06:40,000
with the methodical care of 
someone who has learned that 

5528
05:06:40,000 --> 05:06:43,100
preparation prevents most 
disasters, an improvisation 

5529
05:06:43,100 --> 05:06:46,400
handles the rest. 
Your pack consists of a large 

5530
05:06:46,400 --> 05:06:48,400
hide bag. 
Containing water in a bladder 

5531
05:06:48,400 --> 05:06:51,500
dried meat from last week's 
successful hunt, the 

5532
05:06:51,500 --> 05:06:53,900
multi-purpose knife. 
That's sharp enough to be useful

5533
05:06:53,900 --> 05:06:56,200
but not so precious you'd weep 
if you lost it. 

5534
05:06:56,800 --> 05:06:59,200
And cordage woven from plant 
fibers, that serves 

5535
05:06:59,200 --> 05:07:02,400
approximately 600 different 
functions in Stone Age life. 

5536
05:07:03,400 --> 05:07:06,000
The ridge requires a climb that 
would be considered moderate 

5537
05:07:06,000 --> 05:07:09,100
exercise in modern terms, but 
feels more like a full body 

5538
05:07:09,100 --> 05:07:11,000
workout. 
When you're carrying supplies 

5539
05:07:11,000 --> 05:07:13,600
and watching for loose rocks, 
that could turn an afternoon 

5540
05:07:13,600 --> 05:07:17,000
hike into a medical emergency, 
your route follows, what might 

5541
05:07:17,000 --> 05:07:19,500
charitably be called a path, 
really? 

5542
05:07:19,500 --> 05:07:22,100
Just a series of animal tracks 
connected by your own 

5543
05:07:22,100 --> 05:07:24,600
optimistic. 
Assumptions about the best way 

5544
05:07:24,600 --> 05:07:28,700
up steep Terrain. 
Halfway up the ridge, you pores 

5545
05:07:28,700 --> 05:07:31,300
to catch your breath and 
immediately understand why your 

5546
05:07:31,308 --> 05:07:34,100
ancestors developed such 
impressive cardiovascular 

5547
05:07:34,100 --> 05:07:37,000
systems. 
Every activity in Paleolithic 

5548
05:07:37,000 --> 05:07:40,700
life was essentially a fitness 
program designed by someone with

5549
05:07:40,700 --> 05:07:43,900
a sadistic sense of humor and a 
deep commitment to building 

5550
05:07:43,900 --> 05:07:45,700
character through physical 
challenge. 

5551
05:07:46,500 --> 05:07:49,300
The view from The Ridge Top 
makes the climb worthwhile. 

5552
05:07:49,800 --> 05:07:53,000
The Valleys below you like a 
green carpet dotted with Silver 

5553
05:07:53,000 --> 05:07:55,600
Streams and dark patches that 
might be Groves of the fruit 

5554
05:07:55,600 --> 05:07:58,600
trees. 
You'll see In the distance smoke

5555
05:07:58,600 --> 05:08:02,000
rises from what's probably 
another group's fire, reminding 

5556
05:08:02,000 --> 05:08:04,800
you that you're not alone in 
this vast landscape just 

5557
05:08:04,800 --> 05:08:07,400
temporarily out of the shouting 
range of your neighbors 

5558
05:08:07,400 --> 05:08:10,500
descending, into the valley 
proves trickier than the ascent 

5559
05:08:10,500 --> 05:08:13,700
gravity, assists your progress 
with the kind of helpful. 

5560
05:08:13,700 --> 05:08:17,200
Enthusiasm that occasionally 
threatens to turn a controlled 

5561
05:08:17,200 --> 05:08:19,000
descent into an uncontrolled 
tumble. 

5562
05:08:19,600 --> 05:08:22,700
You pick your way, carefully 
down the slope using trees and 

5563
05:08:22,700 --> 05:08:24,900
rock outcroppings as handholds 
and try. 

5564
05:08:24,900 --> 05:08:27,600
Not to think about how much 
easier going down is than 

5565
05:08:27,600 --> 05:08:30,200
climbing. 
Back up will be The valley floor

5566
05:08:30,200 --> 05:08:33,200
reveals itself to be a mixed of 
opportunity and complexity. 

5567
05:08:34,000 --> 05:08:38,000
Yes, there are fruit trees. 
Several varieties you recognize,

5568
05:08:38,000 --> 05:08:40,800
and a few that require the kind 
of careful testing that 

5569
05:08:40,800 --> 05:08:42,900
determines whether their food or
decoration. 

5570
05:08:43,700 --> 05:08:45,900
The good news is many trees are 
heavy with ripe fruit. 

5571
05:08:45,900 --> 05:08:48,700
The challenging news. 
Is that your apparently not the 

5572
05:08:48,700 --> 05:08:51,800
first to discover this resource 
Fresh Tracks in the software 

5573
05:08:51,800 --> 05:08:54,400
near the largest fruit Grove. 
Tell a story that makes your 

5574
05:08:54,400 --> 05:08:58,400
survival instincts pay clothes 
for attention The large paw 

5575
05:08:58,400 --> 05:09:02,100
prints, indicating a predator 
rather than prey are so recent, 

5576
05:09:02,100 --> 05:09:06,300
that their age is remain Sharp. 
Bear most likely and probably 

5577
05:09:06,300 --> 05:09:09,100
still in the area since Bears 
tend to stay near excellent food

5578
05:09:09,100 --> 05:09:11,200
sources until they've exhausted 
them completely. 

5579
05:09:12,200 --> 05:09:14,800
This scenario creates what you 
might call a tactical situation,

5580
05:09:14,800 --> 05:09:18,300
the fruit represents valuable 
calories and nutrients. 

5581
05:09:18,300 --> 05:09:20,200
That would improve everyone's 
diet significantly. 

5582
05:09:22,100 --> 05:09:24,700
The bear represents the kind of 
conversation partner, who 

5583
05:09:24,700 --> 05:09:28,000
settles disagreements through 
methods that don't typically end

5584
05:09:28,000 --> 05:09:31,700
well for the smaller participant
wisdom, suggests Retreat. 

5585
05:09:31,700 --> 05:09:35,900
Hunger, suggests negotiation 
Pride suggests, you're probably 

5586
05:09:35,900 --> 05:09:39,400
overthinking the whole situation
you compromised by gathering 

5587
05:09:39,400 --> 05:09:42,400
fruit from trees on the 
periphery of the Grove working 

5588
05:09:42,400 --> 05:09:45,100
quickly. 
But quietly is tuned for any 

5589
05:09:45,100 --> 05:09:47,600
sound that might indicate your 
about to have an unexpected 

5590
05:09:47,600 --> 05:09:49,500
encounter with the local bear 
population. 

5591
05:09:50,600 --> 05:09:53,500
Every Fallen branch that cracks 
Under Foot sounds like a gunshot

5592
05:09:53,500 --> 05:09:57,300
in the afternoon Stillness and 
every rustle of leaves brings a 

5593
05:09:57,300 --> 05:10:00,300
momentary pause to listen for 
approaching footsteps, that 

5594
05:10:00,300 --> 05:10:01,700
weigh considerably more than 
yours. 

5595
05:10:03,100 --> 05:10:05,500
The fruit Gathering goes well 
until you reach for a 

5596
05:10:05,500 --> 05:10:08,000
particularly promising, cluster 
growing just out of easy, reach 

5597
05:10:08,000 --> 05:10:11,100
stretching toward it requires 
shifting, your weight onto a 

5598
05:10:11,100 --> 05:10:12,700
branch. 
That seemed sturdy enough when 

5599
05:10:12,700 --> 05:10:15,000
you tested it. 
But apparently has strong 

5600
05:10:15,000 --> 05:10:17,200
opinions about supporting human 
body weight. 

5601
05:10:18,200 --> 05:10:21,600
The branch surrenders with a 
sharp crack that Echoes through 

5602
05:10:21,600 --> 05:10:24,500
the Grove like a dinner. 
Bell ringing for every Predator 

5603
05:10:24,500 --> 05:10:27,900
within miles. 
You land in a heap of bruised 

5604
05:10:27,900 --> 05:10:31,200
dignity and Scattered fruit 
momentarily, more concerned 

5605
05:10:31,200 --> 05:10:34,900
about the noise than the impact.
The growth falls into the kind 

5606
05:10:34,900 --> 05:10:37,700
of absolute silence that 
suggests every creature with 

5607
05:10:37,700 --> 05:10:41,400
ears is now listening intently 
to determine what just announced

5608
05:10:41,400 --> 05:10:44,100
its presence. 
So dramatically After several 

5609
05:10:44,100 --> 05:10:46,500
heartbeats of holding your 
breath and straining your ears. 

5610
05:10:46,500 --> 05:10:50,100
You can include that immediate 
danger seems unlikely Gathering 

5611
05:10:50,100 --> 05:10:52,800
the scattered fruit with hands. 
Trembling slightly from 

5612
05:10:52,800 --> 05:10:56,100
adrenaline rather than injury. 
You come to the conclusion that 

5613
05:10:56,100 --> 05:10:58,600
discretion is a crucial aspect 
of fruit Gathering. 

5614
05:10:59,500 --> 05:11:01,700
Your pack now can contains 
enough fruit to supplement 

5615
05:11:01,700 --> 05:11:04,400
several meals? 
Plus the kind of story that will

5616
05:11:04,400 --> 05:11:07,400
improve with each retelling 
around the evening fire, the 

5617
05:11:07,400 --> 05:11:10,600
discovery of the Flint deposits 
proves anti-climactic, after the

5618
05:11:10,600 --> 05:11:14,300
fruit tree Adventure, yes, the 
stone is excellent quality. 

5619
05:11:14,300 --> 05:11:16,400
Better than what you've been 
working with. 

5620
05:11:16,400 --> 05:11:19,700
Yes there's enough to supply 
your tool making needs for 

5621
05:11:19,700 --> 05:11:24,100
months and yes it's located in 
an easy to access outcropping 

5622
05:11:24,100 --> 05:11:26,900
that doesn't require negotiating
with large carnivores. 

5623
05:11:27,700 --> 05:11:31,300
You gather several Prime pieces 
of Flint testing each for 

5624
05:11:31,300 --> 05:11:34,400
quality and selecting those most
likely to produce Superior 

5625
05:11:34,400 --> 05:11:36,800
tools. 
The additional weight in your 

5626
05:11:36,800 --> 05:11:39,600
pack reminds you that the return
Journey will be more challenging

5627
05:11:39,600 --> 05:11:42,900
than the trip down, but a good 
Flint is worth the extra effort.

5628
05:11:43,700 --> 05:11:46,800
The afternoon light has begun 
its slow slide toward evening. 

5629
05:11:46,800 --> 05:11:49,900
By the time you start the 
return, climb your pack. 

5630
05:11:49,900 --> 05:11:52,400
Now, heavy with fruit and stone 
makes the ascent feel like a 

5631
05:11:52,408 --> 05:11:55,500
full body strength, training 
session, designed by someone who

5632
05:11:55,500 --> 05:11:59,000
believes suffering, builds 
character each step up the ridge

5633
05:11:59,000 --> 05:12:02,100
requires deliberate effort and 
you find yourself developing a 

5634
05:12:02,100 --> 05:12:05,800
new appreciation for the concept
of pack weight distribution, the

5635
05:12:05,800 --> 05:12:07,500
return to your cave feels like 
coming home. 

5636
05:12:07,500 --> 05:12:10,700
After a successful Adventure, 
your pack heavy with the days 

5637
05:12:10,700 --> 05:12:14,000
discoveries and your body 
pleasantly worn out from useful 

5638
05:12:14,000 --> 05:12:16,600
exertion. 
The late afternoon, light 

5639
05:12:16,600 --> 05:12:19,900
filters, through the trees with 
that gold and quality, that 

5640
05:12:19,900 --> 05:12:22,400
makes everything look like. 
It's been painted by someone who

5641
05:12:22,400 --> 05:12:24,600
understands the beauty of 
natural illumination. 

5642
05:12:25,700 --> 05:12:27,800
Your cavemen have been busy 
during your absence. 

5643
05:12:27,800 --> 05:12:31,200
Mira has constructed what 
appears to be a fish drying rack

5644
05:12:31,200 --> 05:12:35,100
from carefully arranged branches
and several of yesterday's catch

5645
05:12:35,100 --> 05:12:38,200
in neat rows. 
Slowly transforming into 

5646
05:12:38,200 --> 05:12:41,000
preserved protein that will last
much longer than fresh fish. 

5647
05:12:42,200 --> 05:12:44,900
Crack has been working on 
something involving a great deal

5648
05:12:44,900 --> 05:12:47,700
of scraped hide. 
And what looks like sinew though

5649
05:12:47,700 --> 05:12:50,100
his projects often remain 
mysterious until they reach 

5650
05:12:50,100 --> 05:12:53,000
completion. 
The fruit, you've gathered 

5651
05:12:53,000 --> 05:12:56,600
creates immediate excitement. 
Fresh fruit has been scarce 

5652
05:12:56,600 --> 05:12:59,500
lately and the variety you've 
brought back include several 

5653
05:12:59,500 --> 05:13:01,300
types that none of you have 
tasted before. 

5654
05:13:01,300 --> 05:13:05,300
This leads to the careful ritual
of testing new foods, small 

5655
05:13:05,300 --> 05:13:07,600
amounts. 
First attention paid to flavor 

5656
05:13:07,600 --> 05:13:10,900
and any immediate reactions, 
then waiting to see if your 

5657
05:13:10,900 --> 05:13:13,000
digestive system approves of the
innovation. 

5658
05:13:13,600 --> 05:13:16,100
The unknown fruits, turn out to 
be pleasantly sweet with a 

5659
05:13:16,100 --> 05:13:19,100
slightly tart finish and your 
stomach accepts them without 

5660
05:13:19,100 --> 05:13:22,900
protest. 
Cess dinner will be considerably

5661
05:13:22,900 --> 05:13:26,200
more intriguing than usual. 
The remaining fruit can be dried

5662
05:13:26,200 --> 05:13:30,100
using techniques that transform 
perishable food into long-term 

5663
05:13:30,100 --> 05:13:32,800
storage solutions, your Flint, 
Discovery. 

5664
05:13:32,800 --> 05:13:37,000
Generates a different kind of 
enthusiasm grack examined. 

5665
05:13:37,000 --> 05:13:40,600
Each piece with the focused 
attention of an expert testing 

5666
05:13:40,600 --> 05:13:43,200
density and grain structure with
techniques, you're still 

5667
05:13:43,208 --> 05:13:47,200
learning Good, Flint means 
better tools which means more 

5668
05:13:47,200 --> 05:13:50,400
successful hunting and Gathering
which means improved odds of 

5669
05:13:50,408 --> 05:13:52,300
thriving rather than merely 
surviving. 

5670
05:13:53,200 --> 05:13:55,300
His evening approaches, the 
ritual of fire. 

5671
05:13:55,300 --> 05:13:59,000
Building begins today's fire 
will be larger than usual partly

5672
05:13:59,000 --> 05:14:00,800
for cooking. 
The varied Foods, you've all 

5673
05:14:00,800 --> 05:14:03,600
gathered partly for the social 
warmth that comes from sitting 

5674
05:14:03,600 --> 05:14:07,200
around Flames while sharing the 
days experiences you add a 

5675
05:14:07,200 --> 05:14:09,300
portion of fuel. 
And soon the cave, entrance 

5676
05:14:09,300 --> 05:14:12,100
glows with cheerful light 
pushing back, the growing 

5677
05:14:12,100 --> 05:14:15,800
Darkness outside cooking in the 
Stone, Age requires timing 

5678
05:14:15,800 --> 05:14:19,500
attention and acceptance, that 
Precision isn't always possible.

5679
05:14:20,400 --> 05:14:22,800
The fish cooked quickly on hot 
Stones, placed near the fire, 

5680
05:14:22,800 --> 05:14:25,300
their flesh. 
Turning from translucent to 

5681
05:14:25,300 --> 05:14:28,300
opaque with the kind of 
straightforward honesty, that 

5682
05:14:28,300 --> 05:14:31,600
makes you trust the process 
routes require longer cooking. 

5683
05:14:31,600 --> 05:14:35,100
They are buried in coal and 
covered with more coal until the

5684
05:14:35,100 --> 05:14:37,500
hard starts become something 
approaching tender. 

5685
05:14:38,300 --> 05:14:41,900
Fruit needs no cooking but some 
of it gets wrapped in leaves and

5686
05:14:41,900 --> 05:14:45,000
placed near the fires Edge, 
where gentle heat, concentrates 

5687
05:14:45,000 --> 05:14:47,700
the flavors and creates 
something resembling A Primitive

5688
05:14:47,700 --> 05:14:50,400
desert. 
The result tastes like 

5689
05:14:50,400 --> 05:14:53,700
concentrated summer, sweet and 
warm, and satisfying. 

5690
05:14:53,700 --> 05:14:56,800
In ways that make you understand
why humans developed such 

5691
05:14:56,800 --> 05:14:58,600
elaborate relationships with 
food preparation. 

5692
05:14:59,900 --> 05:15:02,500
Meal time in your small 
community follows informal. 

5693
05:15:02,500 --> 05:15:05,000
Protocols, that balanced 
individual needs with group 

5694
05:15:05,000 --> 05:15:09,600
Harmony Everyone shares the food
based on their contributions and

5695
05:15:09,600 --> 05:15:11,200
needs. 
Today's successful. 

5696
05:15:11,200 --> 05:15:13,900
Fishing Expedition earns you a 
larger portion of the evening 

5697
05:15:13,900 --> 05:15:15,300
meal. 
While your fruit. 

5698
05:15:15,300 --> 05:15:17,900
Discovery means everyone enjoys 
flavors, that wouldn't otherwise

5699
05:15:17,900 --> 05:15:20,800
have been available the 
conversation, that accompanies 

5700
05:15:20,800 --> 05:15:23,400
dinner revolves around the day's
experiences challenges, and 

5701
05:15:23,400 --> 05:15:27,400
discoveries crack describes his 
hide working project which is 

5702
05:15:27,400 --> 05:15:29,800
apparently intended to become a 
more comfortable sleeping 

5703
05:15:29,800 --> 05:15:32,200
Arrangement. 
An innovation that everyone 

5704
05:15:32,200 --> 05:15:36,800
endorses enthusiastically Mere 
explains her fish drying 

5705
05:15:36,800 --> 05:15:40,100
technique, learned from a group 
they encountered several weeks 

5706
05:15:40,100 --> 05:15:43,200
ago, who came from a region 
where preservation methods had 

5707
05:15:43,200 --> 05:15:45,400
evolved to handle seasonal 
variations in food. 

5708
05:15:45,400 --> 05:15:49,200
Availability, Your adventure in 
the fruit Grove gets recounted 

5709
05:15:49,200 --> 05:15:52,500
with the kind of embellishment 
that turns a minor mishap into 

5710
05:15:52,500 --> 05:15:55,900
an entertaining story. 
The branch breaking incident 

5711
05:15:55,900 --> 05:15:59,200
becomes slightly more dramatic 
in the telling the Bear Tracks, 

5712
05:15:59,200 --> 05:16:03,600
slightly fresher and your Escape
slightly more narrow this is how

5713
05:16:03,600 --> 05:16:07,800
oral tradition begins not with 
deliberate exaggeration, but 

5714
05:16:07,800 --> 05:16:10,500
with the natural tendency to 
make experience his more 

5715
05:16:10,500 --> 05:16:14,200
engaging when sharing them with 
others, as full Darkness, 

5716
05:16:14,200 --> 05:16:18,100
settles out the cave entrance, 
the Fire becomes the center of 

5717
05:16:18,100 --> 05:16:21,700
your small world. 
It's light creates a circle of 

5718
05:16:21,700 --> 05:16:24,800
warmth and safety. 
That makes the vast night seemed

5719
05:16:24,800 --> 05:16:28,400
manageable rather than 
threatening Flames danced with 

5720
05:16:28,400 --> 05:16:31,400
hypnotic patterns that capture 
attention in ways that 

5721
05:16:31,400 --> 05:16:34,500
television won't manage to 
duplicate for several thousand 

5722
05:16:34,500 --> 05:16:37,000
years. 
The evenings work continues 

5723
05:16:37,000 --> 05:16:39,500
around the fire. 
You begin shaping, one of the 

5724
05:16:39,500 --> 05:16:42,300
new Flint pieces into what will 
eventually become a superior 

5725
05:16:42,300 --> 05:16:45,200
knife. 
A careful chip by chip process 

5726
05:16:45,200 --> 05:16:48,600
made easier by good light, and 
comfortable seating on, fur 

5727
05:16:48,600 --> 05:16:52,100
covered rocks. 
Mera works on cordage twisting, 

5728
05:16:52,100 --> 05:16:55,000
plant fibers into strong, rope 
using technique that require 

5729
05:16:55,000 --> 05:16:58,100
consistent, tension and rhythm. 
Crack continues. 

5730
05:16:58,100 --> 05:17:01,000
His hide project scraping and 
softening the material with 

5731
05:17:01,000 --> 05:17:02,700
tools. 
Designed specifically for the 

5732
05:17:02,700 --> 05:17:05,800
purpose. 
The work requires patience but 

5733
05:17:05,800 --> 05:17:09,300
produces results that make the 
effort worth while soft durable 

5734
05:17:09,300 --> 05:17:13,000
material that insulates better 
than woven grass and last longer

5735
05:17:13,000 --> 05:17:15,900
than most Alternatives available
to Stone Age Crafts People. 

5736
05:17:15,900 --> 05:17:20,400
The fire settles into steady 
coals as the night deepens and 

5737
05:17:20,400 --> 05:17:23,500
conversation gradually gives way
to the quiet satisfaction of 

5738
05:17:23,500 --> 05:17:25,800
useful work accomplished in Good
Company. 

5739
05:17:26,600 --> 05:17:28,900
Tomorrow will bring new 
challenges and opportunities. 

5740
05:17:28,900 --> 05:17:33,200
But tonight offers the simple 
pleasure of warmth food and the 

5741
05:17:33,200 --> 05:17:35,800
security that comes from being 
part of a group that works 

5742
05:17:35,800 --> 05:17:40,300
together successfully Outside 
the cave night, sounds begin, 

5743
05:17:40,300 --> 05:17:43,700
their ancient chorus owls 
calling across the valley, the 

5744
05:17:43,700 --> 05:17:46,400
distance splash of something, 
large, moving through the river,

5745
05:17:46,400 --> 05:17:49,500
the rustle of small creatures 
going about their nocturnal 

5746
05:17:49,500 --> 05:17:52,200
business. 
The sounds aren't threatening 

5747
05:17:52,200 --> 05:17:53,900
when heard from the safety of 
your file. 

5748
05:17:53,900 --> 05:17:57,400
It cave there simply the 
soundtrack of a world that 

5749
05:17:57,400 --> 05:18:01,300
continues its complex business, 
regardless of human concerns the

5750
05:18:01,300 --> 05:18:03,600
transition from active evening 
to restful night. 

5751
05:18:03,600 --> 05:18:07,200
Happens gradually in your Stone 
Age World marked, not by clocks 

5752
05:18:07,200 --> 05:18:10,500
or schedules but by the natural 
rhythm of fire settling into 

5753
05:18:10,500 --> 05:18:13,600
coals and bodies growing heavy 
with the days accumulated. 

5754
05:18:13,600 --> 05:18:17,700
Fatigue, The work around the 
fire continues but at the 

5755
05:18:17,700 --> 05:18:20,400
relaxed pace of people who 
understand that sometimes are 

5756
05:18:20,400 --> 05:18:22,800
improved by patients rather than
hurried completion. 

5757
05:18:23,800 --> 05:18:26,700
Your Flint knapping project has 
progressed to the delicate stage

5758
05:18:26,700 --> 05:18:29,300
where each strike must be 
precisely calculated. 

5759
05:18:30,000 --> 05:18:33,500
The emerging blade shows, 
promise straight edge, good 

5760
05:18:33,500 --> 05:18:35,700
thickness. 
The kind of balance that will 

5761
05:18:35,700 --> 05:18:39,900
make it useful for details work.
The rhythm of stone striking, 

5762
05:18:39,900 --> 05:18:42,900
Stone creates a gentle 
percussion that blends with the 

5763
05:18:42,900 --> 05:18:46,200
soft sounds of your companions 
activities and the crackling 

5764
05:18:46,200 --> 05:18:49,600
Whisper of the dying fire. 
Mirrors. 

5765
05:18:49,600 --> 05:18:51,900
Cordage work has produced 
several arm lengths, of strong 

5766
05:18:51,900 --> 05:18:55,200
rope Twisted with the consistent
tension that comes from 

5767
05:18:55,200 --> 05:18:58,600
practiced hands and focused. 
Attention, she tests each 

5768
05:18:58,600 --> 05:19:02,100
section by pulling against it 
with a full strength nodding 

5769
05:19:02,100 --> 05:19:04,700
with satisfaction when the 
fibers hold without stretching 

5770
05:19:04,700 --> 05:19:08,100
or breaking. 
Good, rope means better, Nets, 

5771
05:19:08,100 --> 05:19:11,300
stronger bindings and countless 
other applications that make 

5772
05:19:11,300 --> 05:19:15,100
daily life more manageable. 
Cracks hide preparation has 

5773
05:19:15,100 --> 05:19:17,900
reached the stage where the 
material needs to rest overnight

5774
05:19:17,900 --> 05:19:19,600
before the final softening 
process. 

5775
05:19:20,600 --> 05:19:23,100
He rolls at carefully in places 
it, where morning, due won't 

5776
05:19:23,100 --> 05:19:26,000
reach but are can continue to 
circulate around it. 

5777
05:19:26,800 --> 05:19:29,000
His movements have the 
unhurried, Precision of someone 

5778
05:19:29,000 --> 05:19:32,200
whose learned that Russian this 
particular process leads to 

5779
05:19:32,200 --> 05:19:34,100
disappointing results and wasted
effort. 

5780
05:19:35,300 --> 05:19:38,400
Fire has settled into the 
perfect state for banking hot 

5781
05:19:38,400 --> 05:19:40,000
coals. 
That will retain heat through 

5782
05:19:40,000 --> 05:19:42,900
the night, while being easily, 
coaxed back to Flame when 

5783
05:19:42,900 --> 05:19:46,600
morning comes the cold 
carefully, covering them with a 

5784
05:19:46,600 --> 05:19:48,600
layer of Ash that will insulate 
with without smothering. 

5785
05:19:48,600 --> 05:19:51,500
Then surrounding the whole 
arrangement with stones, that 

5786
05:19:51,500 --> 05:19:54,600
will radiate absorbed heat long 
after the Flames disappear. 

5787
05:19:55,600 --> 05:19:58,100
Your sleeping area beckons with 
the promise of rest. 

5788
05:19:58,100 --> 05:20:00,600
After a day, filled with 
successful activities. 

5789
05:20:01,500 --> 05:20:04,800
The Furs have been arranged for 
maximum comfort with extra 

5790
05:20:04,800 --> 05:20:06,500
padding beneath your hip and 
shoulder. 

5791
05:20:07,300 --> 05:20:09,900
Pressure points that determine 
whether you wake refreshed or 

5792
05:20:09,900 --> 05:20:12,500
spend the night shifting 
position in search of elusive 

5793
05:20:12,500 --> 05:20:15,600
comfort. 
As you settle into your sleeping

5794
05:20:15,600 --> 05:20:19,300
Arrangement, the days experience
is Replay in your mind with the 

5795
05:20:19,308 --> 05:20:21,200
satisfaction that comes from 
time. 

5796
05:20:21,200 --> 05:20:24,800
Well, spent The morning 
successful fishing, the 

5797
05:20:24,800 --> 05:20:27,600
afternoon's, fruit and Flint 
discoveries and the evenings 

5798
05:20:27,600 --> 05:20:31,200
productive work around the fire.
Each activity connected to the 

5799
05:20:31,200 --> 05:20:33,900
others in the Seamless Web of 
interdependence that 

5800
05:20:33,900 --> 05:20:38,200
characterizes Donate Life. 
The sound of your companions 

5801
05:20:38,200 --> 05:20:40,700
settling into their sleeping 
Arrangements, create a 

5802
05:20:40,700 --> 05:20:42,600
comfortable background of 
familiar noises. 

5803
05:20:43,400 --> 05:20:47,100
Soft movements as Furs or 
adjusted, the quiet breathing, 

5804
05:20:47,100 --> 05:20:51,000
that indicates relaxation and 
the occasional contented sigh 

5805
05:20:51,000 --> 05:20:54,000
that suggest everyone is pleased
with the days accomplishments. 

5806
05:20:55,200 --> 05:20:58,900
Sounds of security of belonging 
to a group that functions well 

5807
05:20:58,900 --> 05:21:01,700
together. 
Outside the cave, the Night 

5808
05:21:01,700 --> 05:21:05,400
World continues, its ancient 
patterns, an owl calls from 

5809
05:21:05,400 --> 05:21:08,000
somewhere across the valley. 
His voice carrying clearly 

5810
05:21:08,000 --> 05:21:11,600
through are, that's grown cool 
and still, The River Murders. 

5811
05:21:11,600 --> 05:21:15,600
Its constant song a liquid 
soundtrack that says reliable as

5812
05:21:15,600 --> 05:21:19,300
sunrise and equally soothing 
Somewhere in the distance, a 

5813
05:21:19,300 --> 05:21:22,700
wolf howls, not the threatening 
sound of nearby danger, but the 

5814
05:21:22,700 --> 05:21:25,200
distant communication of 
creatures going about their own 

5815
05:21:25,200 --> 05:21:28,300
business in, their territory. 
The darkness beyond your cave. 

5816
05:21:28,300 --> 05:21:31,100
Entrance isn't entity. 
It's full of life, following 

5817
05:21:31,100 --> 05:21:35,100
rhythms older than human memory.
Nocturnal Hunters, pursue, 

5818
05:21:35,100 --> 05:21:38,800
nocturnal prey night, blooming, 
plants release, fragrances that 

5819
05:21:38,800 --> 05:21:42,200
attract night flying insects, 
and the complex web of 

5820
05:21:42,200 --> 05:21:45,600
relationships that sustains this
ecosystem continues without 

5821
05:21:45,600 --> 05:21:49,400
pause or fanfare. 
From your perspective enveloped 

5822
05:21:49,400 --> 05:21:53,400
in warm furs with a banked fire 
nearby and trusted companions 

5823
05:21:53,400 --> 05:21:56,200
within reach the night. 
Feels protective rather than 

5824
05:21:56,200 --> 05:21:59,600
threatening Your cave has become
home in the most fundamental 

5825
05:21:59,600 --> 05:22:02,200
sense. 
A place where you belong, where 

5826
05:22:02,200 --> 05:22:05,300
you're safe, where you can rest 
without constant vigilance 

5827
05:22:05,300 --> 05:22:07,600
sleep. 
Approaches with the gentle 

5828
05:22:07,600 --> 05:22:11,400
inevitability of Tides or 
Seasons natural processes that 

5829
05:22:11,400 --> 05:22:13,500
don't require your participation
or permission. 

5830
05:22:13,500 --> 05:22:17,700
Your breathing deepens matching 
the slow rhythm of complete 

5831
05:22:17,700 --> 05:22:20,700
relaxation. 
The days minor aches and 

5832
05:22:20,708 --> 05:22:24,000
tensions dissolve into the kind 
of profound rest that comes from

5833
05:22:24,000 --> 05:22:27,400
physical work. 
Fresh air and the satisfaction 

5834
05:22:27,400 --> 05:22:29,900
of having lived fully within 
your circumstances. 

5835
05:22:30,800 --> 05:22:34,100
Dreams, when they come a filled 
with the textures and colors of 

5836
05:22:34,100 --> 05:22:37,200
your waking world. 
The sound of running water over 

5837
05:22:37,200 --> 05:22:40,200
smooth Stones, sunlight 
filtering through leaves, and 

5838
05:22:40,200 --> 05:22:43,000
the satisfying weight of 
well-made tools in your hands 

5839
05:22:43,000 --> 05:22:46,700
all contribute to these dreams. 
These aren't the anxious 

5840
05:22:46,700 --> 05:22:49,500
disconnected fragments that 
trouble more complex Minds. 

5841
05:22:49,500 --> 05:22:51,800
There are the peaceful 
processing of a life lived in 

5842
05:22:51,808 --> 05:22:54,000
harmony with immediate tangible 
realities. 

5843
05:22:54,000 --> 05:22:58,700
The fire settles deeper into 
coals radiating steady warmth 

5844
05:22:58,700 --> 05:23:00,900
that makes the caves are 
comfortable throughout the 

5845
05:23:00,900 --> 05:23:03,500
night. 
The bank heat will last until 

5846
05:23:03,500 --> 05:23:06,800
morning, ready to kill into 
flame, when the new day begins 

5847
05:23:06,800 --> 05:23:08,800
its cycle of challenges and 
opportunities. 

5848
05:23:08,800 --> 05:23:12,200
Tomorrow will bring its own, 
whether its own possibilities 

5849
05:23:12,200 --> 05:23:15,800
for success and failure, and its
own moments of satisfaction and 

5850
05:23:15,800 --> 05:23:18,700
frustration. 
But tonight offers the perfect 

5851
05:23:18,700 --> 05:23:22,000
rest that prepares mind and body
for whatever comes next. 

5852
05:23:22,900 --> 05:23:26,000
Your breathing slows to match 
the rhythm of deep sleep and the

5853
05:23:26,000 --> 05:23:29,000
last conscious thought is 
gratitude for the simple 

5854
05:23:29,000 --> 05:23:31,700
completeness of a day. 
Well, lived in Humanity's most 

5855
05:23:31,700 --> 05:23:35,300
essential mode. 
The night Embraces you with the 

5856
05:23:35,300 --> 05:23:38,700
vast Stillness of a world where 
artificial light hasn't yet. 

5857
05:23:38,700 --> 05:23:41,800
Pushed back the darkness, where 
silence isn't broken by 

5858
05:23:41,800 --> 05:23:45,300
mechanical, sounds where rest 
comes naturally, when the sunset

5859
05:23:45,300 --> 05:23:49,600
and work resumes when it rises, 
This is sleep as it was designed

5860
05:23:49,600 --> 05:23:53,200
to be. 
Profound restorative and 

5861
05:23:53,200 --> 05:23:55,200
perfectly aligned with the 
natural world. 

5862
05:23:55,200 --> 05:23:58,300
That remains your home your 
challenge and your endless 

5863
05:23:58,300 --> 05:24:02,300
source of both struggle and 
wonder, In the depths of night, 

5864
05:24:02,300 --> 05:24:05,800
your cave becomes a pocket of 
human warmth in the vast, 

5865
05:24:05,800 --> 05:24:09,200
coolness of the world. 
The banked fire glows like a 

5866
05:24:09,208 --> 05:24:12,400
gentle heartbeat steady and 
reassuring. 

5867
05:24:13,800 --> 05:24:16,600
Your breathing synchronizes with
the ancient rhythms that have 

5868
05:24:16,600 --> 05:24:18,700
guided human rest for countless 
Generations. 

5869
05:24:18,700 --> 05:24:24,000
Slow deep peaceful. 
Breaths that carry away the days

5870
05:24:24,000 --> 05:24:26,800
tension and prepare your body 
for tomorrow's Adventures. 

5871
05:24:27,500 --> 05:24:30,300
The first beneath you hold the 
days, accumulated warmth, 

5872
05:24:30,300 --> 05:24:33,600
creating a cocoon of comfort 
that makes the stone floor. 

5873
05:24:33,600 --> 05:24:37,000
Feel almost luxurious your 
muscles, relax, completely 

5874
05:24:37,000 --> 05:24:40,300
releasing the subtle tensions 
that come from constant 

5875
05:24:40,300 --> 05:24:44,100
awareness, constant Readiness 
and constant engagement with the

5876
05:24:44,108 --> 05:24:46,800
world that demands your full 
attention during waking hours. 

5877
05:24:47,700 --> 05:24:50,900
Sleep when it finally claims, 
you completely is the kind of 

5878
05:24:50,908 --> 05:24:55,100
rest that modern humans rarely 
experienced uninterrupted by 

5879
05:24:55,100 --> 05:24:59,200
artificial lights, electronic 
sounds or the mental chatter of 

5880
05:24:59,200 --> 05:25:02,600
complex schedules and Abstract 
worries, its sleep. 

5881
05:25:02,600 --> 05:25:06,400
That serves its fundamental 
purpose, complete restoration of

5882
05:25:06,400 --> 05:25:09,500
body and mind preparing you for 
another day of the most 

5883
05:25:09,500 --> 05:25:13,800
essential human activities, 
finding food, creating shelter, 

5884
05:25:13,800 --> 05:25:16,200
making tools. 
And maintaining the 

5885
05:25:16,200 --> 05:25:19,700
relationships that make 
survival, not just possible, but

5886
05:25:19,700 --> 05:25:23,500
meaningful. 
The night passes peacefully 

5887
05:25:23,500 --> 05:25:26,600
around your small community. 
Each of you settled into the 

5888
05:25:26,600 --> 05:25:29,400
kind of deep rest that comes 
from Days, filled with 

5889
05:25:29,400 --> 05:25:32,600
purposeful activity, an evening 
spent in productive 

5890
05:25:32,600 --> 05:25:35,700
companionship. 
Outside the natural world 

5891
05:25:35,700 --> 05:25:39,200
persists in its nocturnal 
activities while within your 

5892
05:25:39,200 --> 05:25:41,600
cave. 
Three humans Slumber peacefully 

5893
05:25:41,600 --> 05:25:45,900
rooted in the ancient rhythms of
Earth and Sky seasons, and 

5894
05:25:45,900 --> 05:25:50,100
weather, work, and rest. 
Tomorrow will bring new 

5895
05:25:50,100 --> 05:25:53,500
challenges, new discoveries, and
new opportunities to exercise. 

5896
05:25:53,500 --> 05:25:57,100
The skills and knowledge that 
keep you thriving in Humanity's 

5897
05:25:57,100 --> 05:26:01,100
most fundamental environment. 
but tonight offers the perfect 

5898
05:26:01,100 --> 05:26:05,600
gift of complete rest, deep 
sleep and the profound peace 

5899
05:26:05,600 --> 05:26:08,400
that comes from a life lived in 
harmony with the natural world 

5900
05:26:08,400 --> 05:26:19,800
that remains now and always your
truest home Imagine this, it's 

5901
05:26:19,800 --> 05:26:22,400
1890 and you're walking through 
a sicilian Village. 

5902
05:26:22,400 --> 05:26:25,900
The first thing that hits, you 
isn't the Mediterranean Breeze 

5903
05:26:25,900 --> 05:26:29,000
or the smell of wild herbs. 
It's the fact that everyone 

5904
05:26:29,000 --> 05:26:32,600
within three miles knows exactly
who you are, where you're going 

5905
05:26:32,600 --> 05:26:34,300
and probably what you had for 
breakfast. 

5906
05:26:35,300 --> 05:26:38,100
An old Sicily. 
Privacy was as rare as snow in 

5907
05:26:38,100 --> 05:26:40,300
August, you'd wake up in your 
Stone House. 

5908
05:26:41,200 --> 05:26:44,100
When I say Stone I mean real 
rocks that the Mason put 

5909
05:26:44,100 --> 05:26:46,600
together with anything. 
He could find like his 

5910
05:26:46,600 --> 05:26:49,600
grandmother's secret recipe that
may or may not have had goat 

5911
05:26:49,600 --> 05:26:51,900
cheese in it. 
The walls were thick enough to 

5912
05:26:51,900 --> 05:26:54,400
stop a cannonball, which was 
good, because your neighbor's 

5913
05:26:54,400 --> 05:26:56,800
rooster sounded like an opera 
singer, having a terrible day, 

5914
05:26:58,500 --> 05:27:00,900
Today your bed was not really 
what we'd call comfortable. 

5915
05:27:00,900 --> 05:27:04,500
Imagine sleeping on a mound of 
grain sacks filled with things 

5916
05:27:04,500 --> 05:27:08,100
like corn husks wool that still 
smelled like a sheep and 

5917
05:27:08,100 --> 05:27:10,600
sometimes even a few surprises 
that made you think the previous

5918
05:27:10,600 --> 05:27:12,800
owner had been keeping his 
winter vegetables under there. 

5919
05:27:12,800 --> 05:27:16,200
But you know what? 
You could have slept standing up

5920
05:27:16,200 --> 05:27:18,600
against a cactus after working 
for 14 hours straight. 

5921
05:27:19,400 --> 05:27:21,600
The morning ritual was simple 
and gorgeous. 

5922
05:27:21,600 --> 05:27:24,400
You would wander into the 
kitchen, which was also the 

5923
05:27:24,400 --> 05:27:27,400
living room dining area and barn
for the family goat on chilly 

5924
05:27:27,400 --> 05:27:29,200
nights. 
Your wife would have already 

5925
05:27:29,208 --> 05:27:31,800
started the fire as people in 
the town believed that if you 

5926
05:27:31,800 --> 05:27:34,500
weren't married by the age of 
25, it meant something was wrong

5927
05:27:34,500 --> 05:27:37,000
with you. 
And by fire, I mean, a real wood

5928
05:27:37,000 --> 05:27:39,800
burning stove that needed the 
talents of a NASA engineer and 

5929
05:27:39,800 --> 05:27:41,400
the patience of a saint to work,
right? 

5930
05:27:42,100 --> 05:27:46,000
There was bread for breakfast, 
always bread if the Harvest was 

5931
05:27:46,000 --> 05:27:48,700
good and the Saints were smiling
a tomato or cheese might be 

5932
05:27:48,700 --> 05:27:51,100
undiscovered. 
The bread was a Wonder of 

5933
05:27:51,108 --> 05:27:53,800
medieval science. 
It was so dense that he could 

5934
05:27:53,800 --> 05:27:55,800
use it as a foundation stone 
yet. 

5935
05:27:55,800 --> 05:27:57,500
It was also the best thing you'd
ever tasted. 

5936
05:27:58,400 --> 05:28:00,600
Your local Baker, who 
undoubtedly learned his 

5937
05:28:00,600 --> 05:28:03,200
professional from someone who 
might have known Julius Caesar 

5938
05:28:03,200 --> 05:28:05,800
had hands that could make bread 
and water do magic. 

5939
05:28:05,800 --> 05:28:08,800
You'd go outside after breakfast
and breathing air. 

5940
05:28:08,800 --> 05:28:10,900
That was so clean and almost 
washed your lungs. 

5941
05:28:10,900 --> 05:28:14,300
Women beat laundering against 
rocks to the rhythm of ancient 

5942
05:28:14,300 --> 05:28:16,600
percussion, and children played 
games. 

5943
05:28:16,600 --> 05:28:19,800
That always seem to involve 
running at full volume and 

5944
05:28:19,800 --> 05:28:22,100
somewhere. 
In the distance, two men were 

5945
05:28:22,100 --> 05:28:24,300
having a philosophical argument 
about whether their 

5946
05:28:24,300 --> 05:28:27,700
grandfather's donkey was fast of
the neighbor's grandfather's 

5947
05:28:27,700 --> 05:28:31,800
donkey, This argument had been 
going on for about 30 years. 

5948
05:28:31,800 --> 05:28:35,600
The roadways, if you could call 
them, that were more like 

5949
05:28:35,600 --> 05:28:39,200
suggestions, scratched into rock
by feet, Hooves, and the odd 

5950
05:28:39,200 --> 05:28:42,600
cartwheel over the years, they 
walked around Hills and olive 

5951
05:28:42,600 --> 05:28:45,200
trees, like water flows 
downhill, which means they had 

5952
05:28:45,200 --> 05:28:47,500
no logic at all. 
But they always took you where 

5953
05:28:47,500 --> 05:28:49,900
you wanted to go. 
It was like trying to solve a 

5954
05:28:49,908 --> 05:28:54,100
three-dimensional puzzle made by
someone with a six of humor and 

5955
05:28:54,100 --> 05:28:56,600
a clear dislike for straight 
lines to go around the village. 

5956
05:28:56,600 --> 05:28:59,700
Your house was surrounded by 
other houses that appeared like 

5957
05:28:59,700 --> 05:29:01,700
they had sprouted out of the 
hillside itself. 

5958
05:29:02,500 --> 05:29:05,800
These winding paths made sure 
you would run into at least 17 

5959
05:29:05,800 --> 05:29:07,800
individuals. 
Before you could buy a loaf of 

5960
05:29:07,800 --> 05:29:12,200
bread, this was on purpose in 
Sicily, Community wasn't simply 

5961
05:29:12,200 --> 05:29:14,800
a pleasant thought it was a way 
to stay alive. 

5962
05:29:16,000 --> 05:29:19,500
When the next drought Invasion 
or Locust plague struck you and 

5963
05:29:19,500 --> 05:29:20,600
your neighbors would need each 
other. 

5964
05:29:20,600 --> 05:29:23,000
Now let's speak about your 
employment. 

5965
05:29:24,000 --> 05:29:26,600
In the past working, Sicily, 
wasn't so much about getting 

5966
05:29:26,600 --> 05:29:29,300
ahead in your profession. 
As it was about getting mother 

5967
05:29:29,300 --> 05:29:32,600
nature to cooperate for one more
season if you were lucky enough 

5968
05:29:32,600 --> 05:29:36,200
to own property by land, I mean 
a plot about the size of a 

5969
05:29:36,200 --> 05:29:38,800
modern parking space that was 
supposed to support a family of 

5970
05:29:38,800 --> 05:29:40,700
eight. 
You were basically a 

5971
05:29:40,700 --> 05:29:43,600
professional Gambler playing 
against the weather but bugs and

5972
05:29:43,600 --> 05:29:47,300
the strange changes in soil. 
Chemistry, a modern Gardener 

5973
05:29:47,300 --> 05:29:49,000
would cry for you. 
If they saw your farming 

5974
05:29:49,000 --> 05:29:52,600
implements, imagine a plow that 
looked like it had been made by 

5975
05:29:52,600 --> 05:29:55,000
someone who had only heard about
plows, and have never seen one 

5976
05:29:55,000 --> 05:29:57,600
in person. 
The donkey pulled it. 

5977
05:29:57,600 --> 05:30:01,100
And the only thing that seemed 
to qualify for the task was its 

5978
05:30:01,100 --> 05:30:04,300
amazing ability to show 
existential misery through are 

5979
05:30:04,300 --> 05:30:08,500
positioning This donkey lets 
call him Giuseppe because they 

5980
05:30:08,500 --> 05:30:11,500
were all named Giuseppe had 
something to say about every 

5981
05:30:11,500 --> 05:30:12,800
Furrow, and wasn't afraid to say
it. 

5982
05:30:13,600 --> 05:30:16,300
People who understood that flat 
ground was meant for others in 

5983
05:30:16,300 --> 05:30:18,200
different regions. 
Transformed, the fields into 

5984
05:30:18,200 --> 05:30:21,800
Hillside you'd work on these 
terrorist plots that stuck to 

5985
05:30:21,800 --> 05:30:25,100
the side of Hills like a stone 
masons fever dream. 

5986
05:30:25,900 --> 05:30:28,300
There were paths between each 
level, that would make your calf

5987
05:30:28,300 --> 05:30:31,700
muscle, strong enough to break. 
Walnuts every morning, you would

5988
05:30:31,708 --> 05:30:35,800
climb up and down these old 
steps with tools seeds, hope and

5989
05:30:35,800 --> 05:30:38,400
occasionally Giuseppe's angry 
feelings when he thought the 

5990
05:30:38,400 --> 05:30:41,100
labor was too easy for him. 
But here's where it gets 

5991
05:30:41,100 --> 05:30:43,600
intriguing. 
Sicilians have turned, making 

5992
05:30:43,600 --> 05:30:46,200
due into an art form, that would
make modern recyclers. 

5993
05:30:46,200 --> 05:30:47,800
Look like amateurs, who waste 
things. 

5994
05:30:48,600 --> 05:30:52,000
Nothing. 
Absolutely nothing was ever 

5995
05:30:52,000 --> 05:30:54,400
thrown away. 
Did the broken pottery? 

5996
05:30:54,400 --> 05:30:57,300
Catch your eye. 
It was perfect for storing olive

5997
05:30:57,300 --> 05:30:59,700
oil is that old shirt still in 
use. 

5998
05:30:59,700 --> 05:31:03,000
It can be used for cleaning 
purposes as patches for a 

5999
05:31:03,000 --> 05:31:05,800
friend's old clothing or even as
a source of fire fuel. 

6000
05:31:06,600 --> 05:31:09,300
Giuseppe meticulously collected 
the items he added to the 

6001
05:31:09,308 --> 05:31:12,100
landscape every day, 
transforming them into Treasures

6002
05:31:12,100 --> 05:31:15,000
for the garden. 
Your wife, on the other hand ran

6003
05:31:15,000 --> 05:31:16,600
a household that worked like a 
small Factory. 

6004
05:31:16,600 --> 05:31:20,100
She would get up before, Dawn to
Milk, The Goat, Who had her own 

6005
05:31:20,108 --> 05:31:23,400
ideas about how to start the day
and made them known by moving 

6006
05:31:23,400 --> 05:31:26,900
her Hooves in certain ways. 
Then came the bread-making, 

6007
05:31:26,900 --> 05:31:30,600
which was more like conducting a
symphony of yeast timing and 

6008
05:31:30,600 --> 05:31:33,700
prayer than cooking. 
The dough would rise in wooden 

6009
05:31:33,700 --> 05:31:36,100
bowls that had been in the 
family for so long that they 

6010
05:31:36,100 --> 05:31:39,600
almost had family names. 
Lunch was a time when Sicilian 

6011
05:31:39,600 --> 05:31:41,400
showed that, they knew something
deeper about life. 

6012
05:31:41,400 --> 05:31:44,900
You can't work well on an empty 
stomach, you can't appreciate 

6013
05:31:44,900 --> 05:31:46,300
food. 
Well, if you're in a hurry, 

6014
05:31:47,100 --> 05:31:49,200
Everyone in the Hamlet would 
stop what they were doing for 

6015
05:31:49,200 --> 05:31:52,800
two hours and congregate around 
tables rocks or any other flat 

6016
05:31:52,800 --> 05:31:56,300
surface they could find the food
could have been modest like 

6017
05:31:56,300 --> 05:31:59,600
bread olives and whatever 
veggies that the local animals 

6018
05:31:59,600 --> 05:32:02,800
hadn't devoured yet, but people 
ate it with such care and 

6019
05:32:02,800 --> 05:32:04,500
enjoyment, that it became a 
celebration. 

6020
05:32:05,400 --> 05:32:07,000
The afternoon, brought new 
problems. 

6021
05:32:07,000 --> 05:32:09,900
If you weren't tending to the 
crops, you might have been 

6022
05:32:09,900 --> 05:32:12,200
repairing. 
Something that was broken in a 

6023
05:32:12,208 --> 05:32:15,800
world composed of stone wood and
hope this happened about every 

6024
05:32:15,800 --> 05:32:18,900
15 minutes. 
Your concept on repairs was 

6025
05:32:18,900 --> 05:32:21,300
simple. 
If something is broken, use 

6026
05:32:21,300 --> 05:32:25,400
everything you have to fix it, 
if it breaks again, fix it 

6027
05:32:25,400 --> 05:32:27,100
again. 
But this time with more 

6028
05:32:27,100 --> 05:32:30,400
determination. 
If it breaks again, make it part

6029
05:32:30,400 --> 05:32:32,900
of the design and act like it 
was always meant to work that 

6030
05:32:32,900 --> 05:32:35,000
way. 
The way people lived in your 

6031
05:32:35,000 --> 05:32:38,200
community was more complicated 
than a spider web made by an 

6032
05:32:38,200 --> 05:32:39,500
architect, who couldn't make up 
his mind. 

6033
05:32:39,500 --> 05:32:42,200
Everyone knew everyone else, but
more significantly. 

6034
05:32:42,200 --> 05:32:45,100
Everyone knew everything about 
everyone else. 

6035
05:32:45,100 --> 05:32:48,300
Even things that hadn't happened
yet, but surely would because, 

6036
05:32:48,300 --> 05:32:51,800
as your neighbor would remark it
runs in the family. 

6037
05:32:53,500 --> 05:32:55,100
The Village. 
Well, was the core of this 

6038
05:32:55,100 --> 05:32:57,900
communication Network? 
It was the source of water. 

6039
05:32:57,900 --> 05:33:01,300
The News headquarters and an 
unofficial courtroom where 

6040
05:33:01,300 --> 05:33:04,500
people could settle conflicts 
from severe property problems to

6041
05:33:04,500 --> 05:33:07,500
heated arguments about whose 
grandmother cooked tomato sauce.

6042
05:33:07,500 --> 05:33:11,100
You'd come with your water jug 
and leave with it along with 

6043
05:33:11,100 --> 05:33:14,200
full reports on three pregnants,
two family fights. 

6044
05:33:14,200 --> 05:33:17,500
One iffy romance in 
comprehensive weather, forecast 

6045
05:33:17,500 --> 05:33:19,900
from someone who's great uncle 
was said to have been able to 

6046
05:33:19,908 --> 05:33:22,400
tell when it was going to rain 
by watching how his chickens 

6047
05:33:22,400 --> 05:33:24,700
walked. 
In this social order, the 

6048
05:33:24,700 --> 05:33:26,600
priests of the community had a 
special role. 

6049
05:33:26,600 --> 05:33:30,500
He was a spiritual guide, a 
mediator and amateur, 

6050
05:33:30,500 --> 05:33:33,300
meteorologist and a Secret 
Keeper, who would have made a 

6051
05:33:33,300 --> 05:33:36,700
government spy envious. 
He had somehow learned the Fine 

6052
05:33:36,700 --> 05:33:38,900
Art of knowing everything while 
seeming to know nothing. 

6053
05:33:38,900 --> 05:33:42,000
He could give a sermon that 
spoke directly to the moral 

6054
05:33:42,000 --> 05:33:43,700
shortcomings. 
You had been struggling with all

6055
05:33:43,700 --> 05:33:45,800
week without ever looking you in
the eye. 

6056
05:33:46,800 --> 05:33:48,100
Then There Were The Village 
Elders. 

6057
05:33:48,100 --> 05:33:50,600
They were old enough to 
remember, when things were 

6058
05:33:50,600 --> 05:33:53,000
different, but not so ancient. 
That people could comfortably 

6059
05:33:53,000 --> 05:33:56,100
dismiss what they thought, they 
would sit outside their houses, 

6060
05:33:56,100 --> 05:34:00,300
like, living libraries giving 
counsel criticism and sometimes 

6061
05:34:00,300 --> 05:34:03,200
deep knowledge. 
But you had to be careful to 

6062
05:34:03,200 --> 05:34:06,000
tell the difference between the 
wisdom and the stories that had 

6063
05:34:06,000 --> 05:34:09,000
become better with each telling 
over the preceding 40 years. 

6064
05:34:09,000 --> 05:34:12,300
While everything was going on, 
your kids were getting an 

6065
05:34:12,300 --> 05:34:15,200
education that no school could 
equal, they'd learn useful. 

6066
05:34:15,200 --> 05:34:17,600
Things like how to get a chicken
to lay eggs, where you want 

6067
05:34:17,600 --> 05:34:19,700
them, how to read the weather in
clouds. 

6068
05:34:19,700 --> 05:34:22,400
And how to cope with a 
complicated social dynamics of a

6069
05:34:22,400 --> 05:34:25,100
place where your third cousins 
choice to plant beans, in stead 

6070
05:34:25,100 --> 05:34:28,800
of wheat, could change your 
family's winter food supply, but

6071
05:34:28,800 --> 05:34:32,300
maybe most significantly kids 
would learn how to tell stories.

6072
05:34:33,600 --> 05:34:36,900
As the sun sank behind Hills 
that had seen, many families, 

6073
05:34:36,900 --> 05:34:39,800
struggle, and succeed. 
Someone would start a story 

6074
05:34:39,800 --> 05:34:42,200
every night. 
It could have been the time 

6075
05:34:42,200 --> 05:34:45,500
great-grandfather outsmarted, 
the tax collector, the winter 

6076
05:34:45,500 --> 05:34:48,300
when the whole village lived on 
nothing but olives and sheer 

6077
05:34:48,300 --> 05:34:51,200
stubbornness or the strange 
Merchants, who came one day with

6078
05:34:51,200 --> 05:34:54,600
spices that made everyone's food
tastes like it had been blessed 

6079
05:34:54,600 --> 05:34:56,700
by Angels. 
These stories were more than 

6080
05:34:56,700 --> 05:34:59,000
just fun. 
They were guides for how to live

6081
05:34:59,000 --> 05:35:03,500
every story had a lesson about 
bravery intelligence, the value 

6082
05:35:03,500 --> 05:35:06,600
of community and the fact that 
you should never ever trust 

6083
05:35:06,600 --> 05:35:08,500
someone who says they can make 
you rich quickly. 

6084
05:35:08,500 --> 05:35:12,200
The story showed you that life 
would be hard but also beautiful

6085
05:35:12,200 --> 05:35:14,500
and let the hard and the 
Beautiful were often. 

6086
05:35:14,500 --> 05:35:17,400
The same thing seemed from 
various points of view in your 

6087
05:35:17,400 --> 05:35:20,600
community, marriage was 
primarily focused on creating a 

6088
05:35:20,600 --> 05:35:23,800
partnership capable of handling.
Any challenges life presented, 

6089
05:35:23,800 --> 05:35:27,300
rather than being centered 
around love which was scarce 

6090
05:35:27,300 --> 05:35:30,100
involved. 
Long negotiations, between 

6091
05:35:30,100 --> 05:35:32,400
families. 
There are background checks that

6092
05:35:32,400 --> 05:35:34,000
would make modern security 
agencies. 

6093
05:35:34,000 --> 05:35:37,400
Look, undesirable and careful 
thought about practical matters.

6094
05:35:37,400 --> 05:35:41,300
Like whose land bordered whose 
who had the healthier goats. and

6095
05:35:41,308 --> 05:35:43,900
whether the potential Brides 
mother knew any advantageous 

6096
05:35:43,900 --> 05:35:47,500
ways to treat common illnesses, 
People today have a hard time 

6097
05:35:47,500 --> 05:35:50,000
understanding, how complicated 
your relationship with food 

6098
05:35:50,000 --> 05:35:52,000
Wars. 
You lived in a place where 

6099
05:35:52,000 --> 05:35:55,000
wealth and scarcity were like 
elderly lovers who have been 

6100
05:35:55,000 --> 05:35:57,400
battling for ages but couldn't 
bear to be a part. 

6101
05:35:58,200 --> 05:36:01,300
One season might yield crops so 
large, you'd think you were in 

6102
05:36:01,300 --> 05:36:04,600
an agricultural Paradise. 
While the next might be so lean,

6103
05:36:04,600 --> 05:36:07,400
you'd enjoy the subtle taste and
bread made of Hope and ground 

6104
05:36:07,400 --> 05:36:10,200
acorns. 
But what was wonderful was that 

6105
05:36:10,200 --> 05:36:13,100
Sicilians had come up with a way
to convert any meal into a 

6106
05:36:13,100 --> 05:36:15,300
party? 
With just three ingredients. 

6107
05:36:15,300 --> 05:36:19,800
Wild Greens a little olive oil 
and some garlic, your wife could

6108
05:36:19,800 --> 05:36:21,700
create a dish that would Delight
your palate. 

6109
05:36:21,700 --> 05:36:25,500
It wasn't about using strange 
spices or complicated methods. 

6110
05:36:25,500 --> 05:36:28,500
It was about giving each 
ingredient the care and respect 

6111
05:36:28,500 --> 05:36:32,700
it needed for example, look at 
your olive trees, these were 

6112
05:36:32,700 --> 05:36:35,100
simply plants. 
They were family members with 

6113
05:36:35,100 --> 05:36:38,000
their personalities, history, 
and even mood disorders, from 

6114
05:36:38,000 --> 05:36:40,900
time to time your great 
grandfather, learned to walk, 

6115
05:36:40,900 --> 05:36:44,100
when certain trees were making 
oil, Those trees would keep 

6116
05:36:44,100 --> 05:36:46,900
making oil long after your great
grandchildren were old enough to

6117
05:36:46,908 --> 05:36:49,900
Grumble about the Harvest. 
The trees were all different. 

6118
05:36:49,900 --> 05:36:53,500
This one made oil early. 
That one was stubborn but made 

6119
05:36:53,500 --> 05:36:56,700
the sweetest oil and the old 
Behemoth on the hill had whether

6120
05:36:56,700 --> 05:36:58,400
three droughts and the 
landslide. 

6121
05:36:58,400 --> 05:37:01,000
But still made enough olives to 
feed the family through the 

6122
05:37:01,000 --> 05:37:03,600
winter. 
During the harvest season, the 

6123
05:37:03,600 --> 05:37:05,100
Hamlet. 
Transformed into a scene, 

6124
05:37:05,100 --> 05:37:08,700
resembling ordered, pandemonium 
everyone assisted each other 

6125
05:37:08,700 --> 05:37:11,500
since olives, don't wait for the
right time and a family that 

6126
05:37:11,500 --> 05:37:13,700
tried to pick them all alone 
would still be picking when the 

6127
05:37:13,700 --> 05:37:17,400
next Seasons Flowers came out 
You'd work from dawn until your 

6128
05:37:17,400 --> 05:37:20,000
hands were purple from Olive 
stains and your back hurt. 

6129
05:37:20,000 --> 05:37:22,600
Like, it had been redesigned by 
someone who hated how people 

6130
05:37:22,600 --> 05:37:27,100
stand But the work paid off in 
ways that went beyond the oils 

6131
05:37:27,100 --> 05:37:29,600
usefulness. 
The rhythm of the Harvest was 

6132
05:37:29,600 --> 05:37:33,000
quite fulfilling, it was like 
reaching picking and tossing the

6133
05:37:33,000 --> 05:37:35,700
fruit into baskets that seemed 
to fill up with magic. 

6134
05:37:36,700 --> 05:37:39,000
The talks that took place 
throughout these lengthy days, 

6135
05:37:39,000 --> 05:37:41,000
formed friendships that would 
last a lifetime. 

6136
05:37:41,800 --> 05:37:44,600
People worked out their 
problems, fell in love and 

6137
05:37:44,600 --> 05:37:47,700
either settled old arguments or 
turn them into legendary feuds. 

6138
05:37:47,700 --> 05:37:50,900
That would Fascinate future 
Generations, you produced wine 

6139
05:37:50,900 --> 05:37:54,000
using a similar method. 
The great screw on vines that 

6140
05:37:54,000 --> 05:37:57,400
ran down slopes in designs that 
made it look like the person who

6141
05:37:57,400 --> 05:37:59,700
planted them. 
Either knew a lot about the land

6142
05:37:59,700 --> 05:38:03,300
or had been sipping their wine 
while planning, each family 

6143
05:38:03,300 --> 05:38:06,100
developed their unique methods, 
learning from both their 

6144
05:38:06,100 --> 05:38:07,900
mistakes and successes over the 
years. 

6145
05:38:08,800 --> 05:38:12,400
Some batches got so famous that 
they became local Legends making

6146
05:38:12,400 --> 05:38:16,200
wine was a mix of chemistry art 
and religion, you would crush 

6147
05:38:16,200 --> 05:38:19,300
the great sometimes with your 
foot and sometimes with a wooden

6148
05:38:19,300 --> 05:38:22,900
press you that the wine would 
taste like the fruit, the 

6149
05:38:22,900 --> 05:38:25,800
weather that year the mood of 
the soil and your hopes for the 

6150
05:38:25,800 --> 05:38:28,900
months ahead when this purple 
liquid would warm winter evening

6151
05:38:28,900 --> 05:38:33,400
and make ordinary meals feel 
like celebration Another kind of

6152
05:38:33,408 --> 05:38:36,900
art was preservation. 
Your lady knew how to preserve 

6153
05:38:36,900 --> 05:38:39,500
food in a way, that would 
impress even the smartest food 

6154
05:38:39,500 --> 05:38:43,100
experts today. 
She dried pickled salted and 

6155
05:38:43,100 --> 05:38:46,200
stored vegetables with the 
meticulous, care of someone who 

6156
05:38:46,200 --> 05:38:48,700
understood that the difference 
between having enough food and 

6157
05:38:48,700 --> 05:38:52,200
being hungry could hinge on 
accurately estimating, how many 

6158
05:38:52,200 --> 05:38:55,800
tomatoes, the family would need 
to last until spring. the 

6159
05:38:55,800 --> 05:38:59,000
pantry, which was really just a 
cool dark part of your Stone 

6160
05:38:59,000 --> 05:39:01,900
House was set up like a military
supply Depot. 

6161
05:39:02,600 --> 05:39:05,400
Peppers dangled from the rafters
like decorations that you could 

6162
05:39:05,400 --> 05:39:07,600
eat. 
There were clay containers with 

6163
05:39:07,600 --> 05:39:11,300
olive oil, preserved, lemons and
strange mixtures that your wife 

6164
05:39:11,300 --> 05:39:14,400
swore could treat anything from 
a headache to a broken heart. 

6165
05:39:15,200 --> 05:39:18,700
They carefully stored sacks of 
grain paying close attention to 

6166
05:39:18,700 --> 05:39:22,200
the moisture temperature and the
continuing fight against rodents

6167
05:39:22,200 --> 05:39:24,200
that thought your food storage 
was their Buffet. 

6168
05:39:25,000 --> 05:39:27,500
Your daily life was shaped by 
rhythms that were older than 

6169
05:39:27,500 --> 05:39:30,400
written history. 
Rhythms that linked you to every

6170
05:39:30,400 --> 05:39:33,700
generation that had ever worked 
in this tough magnificent 

6171
05:39:33,700 --> 05:39:36,500
country. 
He wouldn't wake up to alarms, 

6172
05:39:36,500 --> 05:39:39,300
instead, you'd wake up to the 
sky, getting lighter above 

6173
05:39:39,300 --> 05:39:42,600
mountains, that had seen Empires
rise and fall conquerors. 

6174
05:39:42,600 --> 05:39:45,500
Come and go, and people who just
wanted to produce their food and

6175
05:39:45,500 --> 05:39:49,000
raise their kids in peace. 
Weather wasn't simply something 

6176
05:39:49,000 --> 05:39:51,600
that occurred to you. 
It was your business partner, 

6177
05:39:51,600 --> 05:39:54,300
your enemy and your 
unpredictable companion, who 

6178
05:39:54,300 --> 05:39:56,800
might make or ruin your year, 
depending on how it felt. 

6179
05:39:56,800 --> 05:40:00,300
You could discern signs that 
meteorologists would be jealous 

6180
05:40:00,300 --> 05:40:04,000
of how the Morning Light, hit 
the hills, how the wind changed 

6181
05:40:04,000 --> 05:40:07,700
between valleys and how insects 
and birds acted as if they knew 

6182
05:40:07,700 --> 05:40:10,000
things that humans wouldn't 
understand for another 100 

6183
05:40:10,000 --> 05:40:13,100
years, your neighbor, the one 
with the philosophical donkey 

6184
05:40:13,100 --> 05:40:15,400
possessed, meteorological 
knowledge. 

6185
05:40:15,400 --> 05:40:18,500
That was almost other worldly. 
He could tell it would rain 

6186
05:40:18,500 --> 05:40:21,100
three days ahead of time by how 
his chickens organized 

6187
05:40:21,100 --> 05:40:24,100
themselves in the yard. 
He'd tell you when to plant by 

6188
05:40:24,100 --> 05:40:27,800
watching which wildflowers 
flowered first, his forcast was 

6189
05:40:27,800 --> 05:40:31,300
so good that people from nearby 
towns would come to him only to 

6190
05:40:31,300 --> 05:40:34,900
obtain His Four cast But knowing
how the Earth operated meant 

6191
05:40:34,900 --> 05:40:36,900
more than just being able to 
anticipate the weather. 

6192
05:40:37,600 --> 05:40:41,000
You lived in a place where cores
and consequence were clear in 

6193
05:40:41,000 --> 05:40:44,200
ways that people who lived in 
cities would never see if you 

6194
05:40:44,200 --> 05:40:47,000
plant at the wrong moment. 
Your family will go hungry. 

6195
05:40:47,000 --> 05:40:50,200
If you don't pay attention to 
the indicators of plant disease,

6196
05:40:50,200 --> 05:40:52,600
your neighbor's crops will 
suffer too. 

6197
05:40:52,600 --> 05:40:56,800
When you waste water during dry 
spells, everyone suffers. 

6198
05:40:56,800 --> 05:40:59,800
This person was not being 
politically aware of the 

6199
05:40:59,800 --> 05:41:02,500
environment. 
It was just a matter of life and

6200
05:41:02,500 --> 05:41:06,200
death local Craftsmen made your 
tools so that they fit your 

6201
05:41:06,200 --> 05:41:10,600
hands as well as your skin. 
For example, a man's plow or a 

6202
05:41:10,608 --> 05:41:12,700
woman's Loom had to suit their 
hands properly. 

6203
05:41:14,200 --> 05:41:16,900
The blacksmith in the hamlet, 
wasn't just a person who fixed 

6204
05:41:16,900 --> 05:41:19,100
things. 
He was an artist who could look 

6205
05:41:19,100 --> 05:41:22,300
at a piece of Twisted Metal and 
see what kind of tool it wanted 

6206
05:41:22,300 --> 05:41:24,900
to be. 
He would heat iron in forges 

6207
05:41:24,900 --> 05:41:27,400
that gleamed, like parts of the 
Sun that had been caught. 

6208
05:41:28,100 --> 05:41:30,300
And then he would shape the 
metal with hammers that made 

6209
05:41:30,300 --> 05:41:32,100
sounds that could be heard 
throughout the valley. 

6210
05:41:33,000 --> 05:41:35,700
The rhythm of seasonal work 
generated a calendar that was 

6211
05:41:35,700 --> 05:41:37,600
more reliable than anything 
written down. 

6212
05:41:38,400 --> 05:41:41,800
In the spring, it was time to 
prune plant and carefully 

6213
05:41:41,800 --> 05:41:45,100
encouraged New Growth while. 
Keeping it safe from late frosts

6214
05:41:45,100 --> 05:41:47,300
that could ruin months of 
planning in a single night. 

6215
05:41:48,200 --> 05:41:51,200
During the summer farmers were 
responsible for monitoring their

6216
05:41:51,200 --> 05:41:54,600
crops managing their water, 
resources and preparing for 

6217
05:41:54,600 --> 05:41:58,500
Harvest harvesting and storing 
food and celebrating the years 

6218
05:41:58,500 --> 05:42:01,200
success in the sellers and 
pantries took place in the fall.

6219
05:42:02,400 --> 05:42:05,100
During winter, you had the 
opportunity to make repairs 

6220
05:42:05,100 --> 05:42:09,000
strategize and spend extended 
evening, sharing stories and 

6221
05:42:09,000 --> 05:42:11,700
transferring skills. 
The way you lived, your holy 

6222
05:42:11,700 --> 05:42:14,200
life fit. 
Well with the way you farmed you

6223
05:42:14,200 --> 05:42:16,100
would pray for rain when your 
crops needed it. 

6224
05:42:16,100 --> 05:42:19,600
Praise God for excellent 
harvests and ask for protection 

6225
05:42:19,600 --> 05:42:21,500
when things were perilous and 
everything. 

6226
05:42:21,500 --> 05:42:25,500
You had worked for was at stake.
The Village feast days were on 

6227
05:42:25,500 --> 05:42:29,300
important days for farming. 
Thus the celebrations honored, 

6228
05:42:29,300 --> 05:42:31,000
both spiritual and practical 
Customs. 

6229
05:42:31,000 --> 05:42:34,100
The church was The Villages, 
most beautiful building. 

6230
05:42:34,100 --> 05:42:37,600
It was made of the same local 
Stone as your house, but 

6231
05:42:37,600 --> 05:42:40,600
centuries of Craftsmen turned it
into something that made you 

6232
05:42:40,608 --> 05:42:42,400
feel good. 
Every time you saw it. 

6233
05:42:43,700 --> 05:42:46,300
Saints peered down from 
paintings made by painters who 

6234
05:42:46,300 --> 05:42:49,500
knew that the faces of the 
Saints needed to show the hopes 

6235
05:42:49,500 --> 05:42:52,500
and struggles of the people who 
would pray to them through years

6236
05:42:52,500 --> 05:42:56,200
of Joy and Pain. 
Your priest, had the hard job of

6237
05:42:56,200 --> 05:42:58,900
finding a balance between 
long-term and short-term needs. 

6238
05:42:58,900 --> 05:43:01,500
He would deliver sermons on 
spiritual salvation. 

6239
05:43:01,500 --> 05:43:04,800
While simultaneously monitoring 
families struggling to provide 

6240
05:43:04,800 --> 05:43:07,700
for their children and requiring
the silence support of the 

6241
05:43:07,708 --> 05:43:11,400
community, he would marry people
baptized them and bury them. 

6242
05:43:11,400 --> 05:43:14,500
Marking the end of their lives 
in the Embrace of community 

6243
05:43:14,500 --> 05:43:17,700
tradition and the harsh beauty 
of the Sicilian environment. 

6244
05:43:17,700 --> 05:43:21,700
In your Universe, family wasn't 
just a group of people who lived

6245
05:43:21,700 --> 05:43:24,400
together. 
It was a business, a support 

6246
05:43:24,400 --> 05:43:28,100
network, an entertainment 
committee, and a quality control

6247
05:43:28,100 --> 05:43:31,800
Department, all rolled into one 
complicated careering and often 

6248
05:43:31,800 --> 05:43:35,500
frustrating organization that 
ran every area of Every Day. 

6249
05:43:35,500 --> 05:43:38,500
Life, Your kids weren't just the
Next Generation. 

6250
05:43:38,500 --> 05:43:42,600
They were your retirement plan, 
your insurance policy, and your 

6251
05:43:42,600 --> 05:43:46,800
way of living on in a world that
judge in decades and centuries. 

6252
05:43:46,800 --> 05:43:50,100
Instead of quarterly reports 
your family's house. 

6253
05:43:50,100 --> 05:43:52,200
Undoubtedly sheltered three or 
four generations. 

6254
05:43:52,200 --> 05:43:55,900
Each of whom made their own 
changes repairs and upgrades 

6255
05:43:56,700 --> 05:43:59,700
Over time, the house became a 
physical record of your family's

6256
05:43:59,700 --> 05:44:02,200
history that corner where the 
wall was a different color. 

6257
05:44:02,900 --> 05:44:05,100
Great, grandfather added onto 
the kitchen there because 

6258
05:44:05,100 --> 05:44:08,600
great-grandmothers cooking was 
so outstanding that neighbors 

6259
05:44:08,600 --> 05:44:10,600
started coming over for supper 
without being invited. 

6260
05:44:10,600 --> 05:44:14,100
The floor in the main room isn't
even that was in the winter. 

6261
05:44:14,100 --> 05:44:17,000
When Uncle Antonio put his wine 
barrels inside and forgot that 

6262
05:44:17,000 --> 05:44:20,500
would expand when it gets wet. 
Your kids acquired 

6263
05:44:20,500 --> 05:44:23,300
responsibility, not through 
instruction, but through 

6264
05:44:23,300 --> 05:44:26,800
practical experience. 
By the time they were seven, 

6265
05:44:26,800 --> 05:44:29,900
they would be in charge of 
critical tasks like feeding, the

6266
05:44:29,900 --> 05:44:33,400
chickens retrieving eggs and 
maintaining the fragile 

6267
05:44:33,400 --> 05:44:36,100
diplomatic ties that were needed
to keep the family goats giving 

6268
05:44:36,100 --> 05:44:39,000
milk. 
By the time they were 10, they 

6269
05:44:39,000 --> 05:44:41,600
would know enough about farming 
to tell when plants were sick, 

6270
05:44:41,600 --> 05:44:43,500
guess what? 
The weather would be like and 

6271
05:44:43,500 --> 05:44:46,100
figure out exactly how much 
grain the family would need to 

6272
05:44:46,100 --> 05:44:49,800
get through to the next Harvest.
But being a kid, wasn't all 

6273
05:44:49,800 --> 05:44:52,800
about work and duty. 
Kids in Sicily were great at 

6274
05:44:52,800 --> 05:44:55,200
finding fun. 
Things to do with items that 

6275
05:44:55,200 --> 05:44:59,200
adults left lying around, they 
would use Stones sticks and 

6276
05:44:59,200 --> 05:45:01,500
their imaginations to play 
complicated games. 

6277
05:45:01,500 --> 05:45:05,000
That might turn a hill into a 
war, a kingdom or an ocean, full

6278
05:45:05,000 --> 05:45:07,300
of pirates. 
They would make toys out of 

6279
05:45:07,300 --> 05:45:10,700
scraps of fabric, build tiny 
communities out of Pebbles and 

6280
05:45:10,700 --> 05:45:13,500
clay and learn how to tell 
stories that would help them 

6281
05:45:13,500 --> 05:45:15,900
when they grew up and had to 
pass on Traditions to the Next 

6282
05:45:15,900 --> 05:45:19,000
Generation. 
Unwritten rules, which were 

6283
05:45:19,000 --> 05:45:22,100
stronger than any written laws, 
dictated how neighbor's treated 

6284
05:45:22,100 --> 05:45:26,100
one another, you would help with
the Harvest lent tools be there 

6285
05:45:26,100 --> 05:45:29,200
for people when they were sick 
or going through a hard time and

6286
05:45:29,200 --> 05:45:32,100
take part in the complicated 
social discussion that keep a 

6287
05:45:32,100 --> 05:45:35,900
small community running. 
However, rivalry is competitions

6288
05:45:35,900 --> 05:45:38,900
and fights could last for 
decades and be enjoyable for 

6289
05:45:38,900 --> 05:45:40,700
everyone else who was not 
directly involved. 

6290
05:45:40,700 --> 05:45:43,400
Your town had its own court 
system. 

6291
05:45:43,400 --> 05:45:46,300
That worked on its own, no 
matter who was in charge of the 

6292
05:45:46,300 --> 05:45:48,500
government at the time. 
Village Elders. 

6293
05:45:48,500 --> 05:45:49,500
Settled. 
Disagreements. 

6294
05:45:49,500 --> 05:45:51,900
Because they knew that the 
purpose wasn't to figure out who

6295
05:45:51,900 --> 05:45:55,200
was right and who was wrong. 
But to find solutions that let 

6296
05:45:55,200 --> 05:45:57,000
everyone keep living and working
together. 

6297
05:45:57,800 --> 05:45:59,900
Most of the time punishments 
were useful. 

6298
05:45:59,900 --> 05:46:03,900
For example, if you broke 
something, you would fix it and 

6299
05:46:03,900 --> 05:46:07,400
then some to make up for the 
trouble you caused. if one were 

6300
05:46:07,400 --> 05:46:10,600
to disseminate harmful rumors, 
it may be necessary to engage in

6301
05:46:10,600 --> 05:46:13,500
activities that would occupy 
one's time and prevent further 

6302
05:46:13,500 --> 05:46:17,200
gossip, The town also had its 
own economy centered on trade 

6303
05:46:17,200 --> 05:46:20,500
Mutual Duty and the idea that 
what goes around comes around, 

6304
05:46:20,500 --> 05:46:23,900
sometimes literally. 
You could swap olive oil for 

6305
05:46:23,900 --> 05:46:27,100
wheat, Ada neighbor with their 
harvest, in exchange, for help 

6306
05:46:27,100 --> 05:46:29,800
with your own building project 
will give wine for a wedding 

6307
05:46:29,800 --> 05:46:32,900
celebration knowing that when 
your daughter got married, the 

6308
05:46:32,900 --> 05:46:35,200
community would give generously 
to her celebration. 

6309
05:46:36,400 --> 05:46:38,500
Marriage wasn't just the joining
of two people. 

6310
05:46:38,500 --> 05:46:42,000
It was the joining of two 
family, businesses complete with

6311
05:46:42,000 --> 05:46:43,700
negotiations. 
That would make current 

6312
05:46:43,700 --> 05:46:47,700
corporate lawyers proud People 
discussed dowries changed 

6313
05:46:47,700 --> 05:46:50,400
property lines and planned for 
future Generations. 

6314
05:46:50,400 --> 05:46:54,600
Like military leaders might But 
beyond all the Practical reasons

6315
05:46:54,600 --> 05:46:57,500
was, the understanding that 
successful marriages made 

6316
05:46:57,500 --> 05:47:00,800
partnership strong enough to get
through any problems that might 

6317
05:47:00,800 --> 05:47:03,600
come up in Sicily. 
Women in your village, had a 

6318
05:47:03,600 --> 05:47:06,000
real, but often hidden influence
on the community. 

6319
05:47:06,000 --> 05:47:09,600
They oversaw the household, 
budgets made medical choices, 

6320
05:47:09,600 --> 05:47:13,300
set up marriages and kept the 
social networks going that let 

6321
05:47:13,300 --> 05:47:15,300
people share information and 
solve problems. 

6322
05:47:15,300 --> 05:47:18,900
A woman who was known for being 
wise and making beneficial 

6323
05:47:18,900 --> 05:47:21,300
decisions. 
Might sway Village decisions. 

6324
05:47:21,300 --> 05:47:25,300
Just as much as a male did. 
However, she might accomplish it

6325
05:47:25,300 --> 05:47:27,700
by talking to people at the, 
well, in stead of an official 

6326
05:47:27,700 --> 05:47:31,100
gatherings in the Town Square. 
As night falls, over your 

6327
05:47:31,100 --> 05:47:34,200
village, the old Stones turn 
gold, as they have seen many 

6328
05:47:34,200 --> 05:47:37,400
sunsets just like this one. 
You feel like you are part of 

6329
05:47:37,408 --> 05:47:39,900
something bigger than anyone 
life or generation. 

6330
05:47:40,600 --> 05:47:43,300
Fire in your heart, burns wood 
from trees, your grandfather 

6331
05:47:43,300 --> 05:47:46,800
planted, it warms a house that 
was built by hands that learned 

6332
05:47:46,800 --> 05:47:49,900
how to do things from Craftsman,
whose names are no longer known,

6333
05:47:49,900 --> 05:47:51,900
but whose work is still strong 
and true. 

6334
05:47:52,800 --> 05:47:56,300
As the day comes to an end, your
kids come together, their faces 

6335
05:47:56,300 --> 05:47:59,500
lit by the firelight. 
The ties them to every child who

6336
05:47:59,500 --> 05:48:01,200
has ever listened to stories in 
this room. 

6337
05:48:01,900 --> 05:48:03,900
The stories, you tell them 
aren't just for fun. 

6338
05:48:03,900 --> 05:48:06,600
There were a legacy that passes 
on knowledge, gained through 

6339
05:48:06,600 --> 05:48:10,400
generations of success and 
failure, happiness, and sadness,

6340
05:48:10,400 --> 05:48:13,700
and plenty. 
And want each story teaches, 

6341
05:48:13,700 --> 05:48:17,500
bravery intelligence 
determination and Community 

6342
05:48:17,500 --> 05:48:21,500
better than any school. 
The community, relaxes into its 

6343
05:48:21,500 --> 05:48:24,800
nightly routines, which have 
been the same for hundreds of 

6344
05:48:24,800 --> 05:48:27,100
years? 
Outside your massive stone 

6345
05:48:27,100 --> 05:48:30,300
walls, a woman sings while she 
spins wool. 

6346
05:48:30,300 --> 05:48:33,700
Her voice can be heard in the 
tiny alleys which are full of 

6347
05:48:33,700 --> 05:48:37,300
children, going home for dinner.
The fragrance of bread baking in

6348
05:48:37,300 --> 05:48:39,300
communal. 
Ovens mixes with the smell of 

6349
05:48:39,308 --> 05:48:43,200
wood smoke and plants growing 
wild on slopes that seemed to 

6350
05:48:43,200 --> 05:48:46,700
glow from inside. 
Your neighbors are doing their 

6351
05:48:46,700 --> 05:48:50,300
own nightly routines like taking
care of animals, fixing tools 

6352
05:48:50,300 --> 05:48:53,900
making plans for the next day's 
labor, and sharing meals that 

6353
05:48:53,900 --> 05:48:56,700
turn simple Foods into 
celebrations of survival and 

6354
05:48:56,700 --> 05:48:59,300
community. 
The two old men are still 

6355
05:48:59,300 --> 05:49:01,900
arguing about their 
grandfather's donkeys and their 

6356
05:49:01,900 --> 05:49:04,800
dispute has gotten more 
complicated to include extensive

6357
05:49:04,800 --> 05:49:09,100
comparisons of the donkeys, 
intelligence endurance and moral

6358
05:49:09,100 --> 05:49:11,300
character that will make future 
Generations. 

6359
05:49:11,300 --> 05:49:16,300
Laugh for decades of the Hamlet,
makes his rounds at night, not 

6360
05:49:16,300 --> 05:49:18,900
as an official duty. 
But as a friend and neighbor, 

6361
05:49:18,900 --> 05:49:21,700
who knows that spiritual care 
frequently means helping out in 

6362
05:49:21,700 --> 05:49:24,200
other ways. 
He might help someone make a 

6363
05:49:24,200 --> 05:49:27,100
tough choice. 
Settle a small argument or just 

6364
05:49:27,100 --> 05:49:29,300
have a glass of wine with 
someone who needs companionship.

6365
05:49:29,300 --> 05:49:33,500
His presence is like thread 
through fabric weaving through 

6366
05:49:33,500 --> 05:49:36,900
the community and making links 
that hold everyone together when

6367
05:49:36,900 --> 05:49:40,600
they're strength isn't enough. 
Star shine above mountains that 

6368
05:49:40,600 --> 05:49:45,100
have protected your people from 
invasions plagues famines and 

6369
05:49:45,100 --> 05:49:47,200
all the other things that test 
human strength. 

6370
05:49:47,200 --> 05:49:50,400
You remember that, you are part 
of a chain, that goes back to 

6371
05:49:50,400 --> 05:49:53,800
ancestors whose names, you will 
never know, but whose blood runs

6372
05:49:53,800 --> 05:49:56,800
through your veins, their 
hardships made your life 

6373
05:49:56,800 --> 05:49:59,600
possible, just like your 
struggles are making life 

6374
05:49:59,600 --> 05:50:01,600
possible for kids. 
Who have not been born yet. 

6375
05:50:02,400 --> 05:50:04,300
The knowledge of Your World 
Isn't in books. 

6376
05:50:04,300 --> 05:50:07,100
It's in how you read the 
weather, how you keep food 

6377
05:50:07,100 --> 05:50:10,400
fresh, the stories, you tell the
songs you sing and the people 

6378
05:50:10,408 --> 05:50:12,800
you meet. 
Its wisdom that comes from 

6379
05:50:12,800 --> 05:50:17,000
experience is tested by need and
is confirmed by the fact that 

6380
05:50:17,000 --> 05:50:19,400
you're here doing well in a 
location. 

6381
05:50:19,400 --> 05:50:22,600
That asks a lot of its people 
and provides them Beauty 

6382
05:50:22,600 --> 05:50:25,600
community and a deep sense of 
belonging. 

6383
05:50:26,600 --> 05:50:28,500
Your Sicily isn't just a place 
on a map. 

6384
05:50:28,508 --> 05:50:31,800
It's a way of living. 
That knows how seasons and souls

6385
05:50:31,800 --> 05:50:34,700
are connected. 
How individual effort can help a

6386
05:50:34,700 --> 05:50:37,600
community survive and how daily 
work is necessary. 

6387
05:50:37,600 --> 05:50:40,500
But also spiritual, when it's 
shared with others through meals

6388
05:50:40,500 --> 05:50:45,000
stories and struggles, that 
become Victory is As you go off 

6389
05:50:45,000 --> 05:50:47,800
to sleep, in your old house, 
surrounded by the Tranquil sound

6390
05:50:47,800 --> 05:50:51,400
of a community at rest, you feel
positive about the work, you've 

6391
05:50:51,400 --> 05:50:54,500
done the connections, you've 
taken care of and the 

6392
05:50:54,500 --> 05:50:55,900
Traditions. 
You've kept alive. 

6393
05:50:55,900 --> 05:50:59,200
Tomorrow will bring new 
problems, new chances and new 

6394
05:50:59,200 --> 05:51:00,900
stories to contribute to the 
collection. 

6395
05:51:00,900 --> 05:51:05,000
That makes up your people. 
But to night, you are surrounded

6396
05:51:05,000 --> 05:51:09,200
by Community tradition and the 
lasting beauty of a life lived 

6397
05:51:09,200 --> 05:51:12,400
in accordance with the rhythms 
of the soil, the seasons, and 

6398
05:51:12,400 --> 05:51:15,000
the human heart that Finds Its 
home in the endless dance 

6399
05:51:15,000 --> 05:51:16,500
between struggle and 
celebration. 

6400
05:51:16,500 --> 05:51:18,900
That is the heart of the 
Sicilian character. 

6401
05:51:20,300 --> 05:51:22,100
The fire turns into brilliant 
Embers. 

6402
05:51:22,100 --> 05:51:25,800
Your kids breathing slows as 
they fall asleep and the old 

6403
05:51:25,800 --> 05:51:29,200
Hills outside your window. 
Stand guard over dreams. 

6404
05:51:29,200 --> 05:51:33,000
That tie you to every generation
that has ever lived on this wild

6405
05:51:33,000 --> 05:51:33,900
beautiful Island.