What Daily Life Was Like Before History Began | Boring History

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Tonight, my sleepy friends, we 
Step Beyond written history into

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a time when daily life followed 
rhythms older than words 

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themselves before cities 
calendars or records. 

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People lived by memory and 
routine passing knowledge 

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quietly from one generation to 
the next. 

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If you enjoy these slow Journeys
into the distant past, you can 

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like the video subscribe. 
And let me know where you're 

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listening from and what time it 
is. 

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Now, dim the lights, let a fan 
or soft background noise. 

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Fill your room and let's begin. 
You wake before the sun though 

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you've never called it that 
there's no word for Sons 

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separate from sky or light or 
warmth. 

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Thing that brightens the world 
is simply part of how the world 

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works like your breath or the 
sound of wind through grass your

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eyes open because the darkness 
is shifted to that particular 

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grade that comes before, Dawn, a
change, you've recognized since 

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childhood without ever needing 
to name it. 

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The shelter around you is woven 
from branches and hide, and it 

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smells like smoke and people, 
and the particular mustiness of 

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dried grass that's been rained 
on and dried again, countless 

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time. 
Your sister sleeps nearby, her 

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breathing steady three other 
members of your band. 

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You don't think of them as a 
family because that word with 

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its neat boundaries doesn't 
exist. 

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Yet are also stirring one of 
them coughs that wet sound. 

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That means the cold season is 
settling into lungs, you 

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recognize it without alarm. 
It happened every year when the 

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leaves turn colors and fall 
away, you don't know what year 

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it is. 
Of course, you don't even know 

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what year is, not really. 
You understand that the warm 

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times come and go certain plants
appear and disappear. 

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And that animals move in 
patterns, you've learned to 

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anticipate, but the idea of 
counting these cycles of saying,

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this is the 19th time, the snow 
is comes, since I was born. 

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That particular kind of thinking
hasn't occurred to anyone yet. 

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You are by the Reckoning of a 
future. 

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You'll never see approximately 
24 years old but you have no 

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idea how old you are. 
And the concept would baffle 

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you. 
If someone could travel back and

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explain it, what you do know is 
that your body tells you things?

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You're not a child anymore. 
That much is obvious from the 

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way you move from the strength 
in your arms. 

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And from the fact that you 
remember the old woman who died,

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three cold seasons ago, and she 
remembered things from before 

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you were born, this creates a 
loose sense of time, there's 

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when I was small and now and the
understanding that you will 

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eventually become slow and 
wrinkled like the old woman was 

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Beyond that time is just the way
things flow like water moving 

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Downstream. 
You stand up and your knees make

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that small clicking sound. 
They've been making lately. 

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Outside the shelter the world is
emerging from Darkness. 

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The landscape is familiar. 
You've known these Hills and 

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that distant line of trees for 
your entire existence. 

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Your band doesn't wander 
randomly. 

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You move through a territory 
that your people have moved 

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through for longer than anyone 
can remember. 

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Following patterns set by 
ancestors whose names were. 

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Never recorded because names 
themselves are simpler than 

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they'll One Day become. 
There's a particular irony to 

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your morning that you'll never 
appreciate. 

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Your living in what future 
humans will call prehistory a 

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label that frames your entire 
existence as merely the opening 

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act before the real story 
begins. 

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But standing here feeling the 
cold air on your skin and 

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smelling the approach of rain 
you are not before history, 

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You're simply alive and your 
life feels as immediate and 

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important as any life that will 
ever be lived, your stomach 

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makes its familiar morning 
complaint. 

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And you respond the way you 
always do by thinking about 

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food. 
Thinking about food in your era 

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means something different than 
it will for your descendants. 

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You don't wonder what you're in 
the mood for or debate between 

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options. 
You think about where food is 

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which direction to walk and what
might be ready to eat. 

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The tall grass by the water, 
should have seeds. 

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Now yesterday you noticed the 
birds were thick there which 

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means the seeds are ripe. 
There are also Roots near the 

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rocky area, the kind, that a 
bitter, unless you pound them 

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and rinse them, but they fill 
your belly when you can't find 

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anything else. 
And if you're lucky though, you 

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don't think of it as luck more. 
As how things sometimes work 

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out, someone might spot an 
animal that can be brought down.

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You gather a carrying bag woven 
from plant fibers. 

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One of the few possessions you 
own, the bank took four days to 

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make, and you'll use it until it
falls apart. 

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Then make another one. 
The concept of having multiple 

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bags or of keeping the old one, 
as a backup doesn't occur to you

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things exist until they don't. 
And then you make new things, 

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three others. 
Come with you toward the 

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grassland, you don't announce a 
plan or assign roles. 

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Everyone simply knows through 
years of doing this same 

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activity, what needs to happen? 
You move quietly. 

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Not because you're hunting right
now but because moving quietly 

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is how you've always moved. 
Making unnecessary noises like 

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wasting food. 
It serves no purpose and might 

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cost you something. 
The walk takes you past a tree. 

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You've always liked though 
you've never articulated why, 

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it's just a tree that feels 
right. 

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That marks the point where the 
path Curves in this moment, 

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you're navigating through a 
landscape of feelings and 

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associations, rather than names 
and measurements that Boulder 

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isn't 300 yards from Camp. 
It's the boulder where someone 

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once saw a snake, the boulder 
that marks where the good Clay 

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is the boulder that just is You 
reach the grassland and yes, the

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seeds are ready. 
Everyone spreads out and begins 

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Gathering pulling the seed heads
into their bags. 

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With practiced efficiency, this 
is tedious work, the kind that 

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will occupy you for most of the 
morning, your hands move 

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automatically while your mind 
drifts. 

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But not far, you stay aware of 
everything, the wind direction, 

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the sounds of birds, and the 
movement of grass that might 

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indicate an animal passing 
through. 

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Here's something you do that, 
you'll distant descendants, will

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forget how to do you monitor 
about a dozen different sensory 

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inputs simultaneously without 
getting overwhelmed, the modern 

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human. 
Brain will evolve to filter out 

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most environmental information 
as background noise but yours 

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treats. 
All as potentially crucial. 

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That faint smell on, the Wind 
might mean whether changing that

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particular bird called might 
mean a predator. 

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The fact that the insects 
suddenly went quiet might mean 

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something is approaching. 
You gather seeds, and gather 

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seeds and gather more seeds. 
There's a meditative quality to 

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it, though. 
Meditation as a concept doesn't 

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exist, you're doing the thing 
that keeps you alive, the same 

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way your heartbeat, keeps you 
alive the sun, climbs higher 

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your bag. 
Grows heavier at some point, 

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measured not by clock. 
But by the fullness of your bag,

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and the position of the sun, and
the increasing warmth of the 

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day, you stop a young boy has 
been watching you work, and now 

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he tries to copy what you're 
doing. 

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He's, he's perhaps eight years 
old though. 

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Neither of you would know that. 
He simply a child who's getting 

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big enough to help but still 
needs to learn. 

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You don't give him instructions.
Not exactly. 

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You just do what you're doing 
and he watches and occasionally 

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you adjust his hands when he's 
doing it wrong. 

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This is the only education that 
exists observational and 

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correction. 
There are no schools know 

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teachers and no curricula 
everything. 

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You know, you learned by 
watching someone who learned by 

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watching someone else in a chain
that stretches back further than

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anyone could imagine you know 
which plants are poisonous 

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because someone once watched 
someone else die from eating 

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them and the knowledge was 
passed along through 

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demonstration and reaction, 
don't eat. 

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This isn't a sentence is a sound
of disgust combined with a 

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pushing away motion combined, 
with maybe invoking. 

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The memory of the person who 
died the boy is learning to 

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gather seeds but he's also 
learning a thousand other 

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things. 
How to move through the 

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landscape, how to read the 
signs, how to work without 

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complaint, when to rest and how 
to carry a heavy bag without 

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straining. 
Your back, none of these lessons

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are formal. 
They're just absorbed The Way 

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languages, absorbed the way 
walking is absorbed. 

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You remember, learning the same 
way, watching an older woman, 

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who is now dead. 
You remember her hands, 

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weathered and quick moving 
through the grass. 

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You remember the sound she made 
a kind of rhythmic and you 

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realize you're making the same 
sound now without having meant 

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to the knowledge lives in your 
body more, the more than your 

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mind, your hands know what to do
before you think about it. 

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Midday brings heat and everyone 
moves to the shade of a 

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scattered group of trees. 
You sit and eat some of the 

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seeds, you've gathered, cracking
them with your teeth. 

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They taste like they always 
taste nutty and dry and filling.

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No one speaks much. 
There's an easy silence that 

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comes from spending every day 
together from working. 

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In parallel, on tasks everyone 
understands. 

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An older man points at the sky, 
and you follow his gesture to 

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see birds circling high up. 
He makes a sound. 

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That means something like there,
or look or an animal died. 

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And you understand. 
Something large as died 

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somewhere. 
In that direction and scavenger 

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birds are marking the location. 
This is information. 

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You'll file away. 
If you get desperate for food, 

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you might go investigate though 
you'll have to compete with 

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other scavengers and the meat 
might be too far gone. 

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Because afternoon lengthens you 
head back toward the shelter 

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area. 
The camp isn't permanent not the

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way future. 
Humans will build permanent 

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structures but it's not 
completely temporary either. 

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Your band has used this location
for several warm Seasons. 

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Now, the shelters are rebuilt 
and reinforced rather than 

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constructed fresh each time. 
There's a fire pit with stones 

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arranged around it stones. 
That have been heated and cooled

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so many times. 
They've cracked and been 

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replaced and cracked. 
Again, the shelters themselves 

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are engineering Marvels though. 
You'd never think of them that 

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way they're made from branches. 
You've carefully selected for 

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their flexibility and strength 
bent and lashed together with 

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plant fiber cordage that you 
twisted during long evening's 

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hides a stretched across the 
frame. 

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Not randomly, positioned to shed
rain and block wind from the 

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direction at usually comes, you 
know, exactly how to build these

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structures because you've built 
the many times and you know 

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exactly where to place them 
because your people have been 

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placing them in locations like 
this. 

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For Generations, inside the main
shelter. 

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There's a particular smell that 
means home. 

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It's composed of smoke and human
scent and the hides and the 

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grass. 
You've piled for bedding and 

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something else. 
Something in definable that just

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means here as a pose to 
everywhere else. 

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You drop your seed bag near the 
others and stretch your back. 

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A woman is working on, scraping 
a hide, preparing it for use. 

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The process is long and requires
attention and she's been at it 

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for days, she'll continue being 
at it for days. 

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More, the stone tool she's using
was made by someone who died 

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before you were born. 
And it's been used by many hands

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since then. 
Tools are valuable, they take 

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time to make and represent 
accumulated knowledge. 

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This particular scraper has the 
right shape and the right Edge 

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and everyone treats it with 
casual care. 

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You sit near the fire pit and 
begin cracking seeds to remove 

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the hulls. 
This is more tedious work and 

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your mind drift again. 
You think about a dream you had 

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last night? 
Something about running through 

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water, dreams are important to 
you. 

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In ways that future humans will 
both understand and not 

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understand. 
You don't think dreams are 

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messages from God's. 
The concept of gods in that 

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sense doesn't quite exist, yet. 
But you do feel that dreams mean

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something that they're connected
to the real world. 

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In ways, you can't articulate. 
The starkness comes. 

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The fire is built up. 
Fire is so Central to your 

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existence that you can barely 
imagine life without it, though,

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your distant ancestors did live 
without it. 

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The knowledge of firemaking is 
pressure. 

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00:12:01,900 --> 00:12:06,400
You know, several methods, the 
bow drill striking certain rocks

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00:12:06,400 --> 00:12:08,600
together and using friction with
sticks. 

233
00:12:09,300 --> 00:12:11,800
You've practiced all of them 
because fire knowledge is 

234
00:12:11,800 --> 00:12:15,100
survival knowledge. 
Fire creates a bubble of light 

235
00:12:15,100 --> 00:12:19,600
and warmth in the darkness. 
Everyone gathers near it, not by

236
00:12:19,600 --> 00:12:21,900
command. 
But by natural inclination. 

237
00:12:22,600 --> 00:12:24,400
The night is when stories 
happen. 

238
00:12:25,100 --> 00:12:28,200
An older man begins talking. 
His voice settling into that 

239
00:12:28,200 --> 00:12:30,500
particular Rhythm. 
That means a story is being 

240
00:12:30,508 --> 00:12:33,900
told, you've heard this story 
before, you've heard it many 

241
00:12:33,900 --> 00:12:37,900
times, but that doesn't matter. 
The repetition is the point. 

242
00:12:37,900 --> 00:12:41,300
He tells about a time when the 
big animals were more numerous 

243
00:12:41,300 --> 00:12:45,200
about hunting a creature. 
So large, it fed the entire band

244
00:12:45,200 --> 00:12:49,400
for a full cycle of the moon, 
his hands move, as he talks 

245
00:12:49,400 --> 00:12:52,200
showing the size, the movement, 
and the danger. 

246
00:12:52,200 --> 00:12:56,300
The story contains practical 
information about hunting about 

247
00:12:56,300 --> 00:12:59,200
animal behavior and about 
courage and caution. 

248
00:13:00,000 --> 00:13:04,000
But it's not told, as a lesson, 
it's told, as a story and the 

249
00:13:04,000 --> 00:13:08,200
lesson sinks inside ways through
enjoyment, you add your own 

250
00:13:08,208 --> 00:13:10,700
story about finding a beehive 
last warm season. 

251
00:13:10,700 --> 00:13:14,600
You don't mention that, you got 
stung, multiple times, that's 

252
00:13:14,600 --> 00:13:16,700
implied. 
In the way, you gesture, you 

253
00:13:16,700 --> 00:13:19,700
talk about the sweetness, the 
way the honey, tasted like 

254
00:13:19,700 --> 00:13:22,500
nothing else tastes, and 
everyone listening makes 

255
00:13:22,500 --> 00:13:24,900
satisfied sounds. 
Because they remember that 

256
00:13:24,900 --> 00:13:26,900
honey. 
They tasted it too. 

257
00:13:26,900 --> 00:13:30,300
The story is partly about the 
honey but mostly about the 

258
00:13:30,300 --> 00:13:33,300
shared experience the 
confirmation that yes, this 

259
00:13:33,300 --> 00:13:35,300
happened. 
We were there and we tasted it 

260
00:13:35,300 --> 00:13:37,600
together. 
There's a story about a woman 

261
00:13:37,600 --> 00:13:40,100
who went crazy from eating the 
wrong mushroom. 

262
00:13:40,100 --> 00:13:44,500
A cautionary tale told with dark
humor There's a story about 

263
00:13:44,500 --> 00:13:48,200
fighting off a predator told 
with gestures so vivid you can 

264
00:13:48,200 --> 00:13:50,900
almost see the animal. 
There's a story about getting 

265
00:13:50,900 --> 00:13:54,500
lost and finding the way back 
about reading the land and about

266
00:13:54,500 --> 00:13:57,200
staying calm. 
These stories of your books, 

267
00:13:57,200 --> 00:14:00,000
your history, your school, and 
your entertainment. 

268
00:14:00,000 --> 00:14:03,700
Everything important is encoded 
in narrative and passed along 

269
00:14:03,700 --> 00:14:07,400
through repetition. 
Stories change slightly with 

270
00:14:07,400 --> 00:14:10,400
each telling details shift new 
elements appear. 

271
00:14:10,400 --> 00:14:14,400
Some parts are emphasized. 
While others fade, it's an oral 

272
00:14:14,400 --> 00:14:17,300
tradition before. 
Anyone knows to call it that a 

273
00:14:17,300 --> 00:14:19,100
living Library stored in human 
memory. 

274
00:14:20,300 --> 00:14:24,000
As the fire dies down to Embers,
people drift towards sleep. 

275
00:14:24,800 --> 00:14:26,200
There's no announcement of 
bedtime. 

276
00:14:26,200 --> 00:14:30,700
No clock to check you sleep when
darkness and tiredness a line 

277
00:14:30,700 --> 00:14:34,600
and you wake when your body 
decides it's time. this usually 

278
00:14:34,600 --> 00:14:37,000
means you sleep, much longer 
than your future descendants 

279
00:14:37,000 --> 00:14:41,000
will, perhaps nine, or ten 
hours, sometimes, more, but you 

280
00:14:41,000 --> 00:14:44,500
also wake frequently during the 
night A habit that kept your 

281
00:14:44,508 --> 00:14:47,800
ancestors alive when Predators 
proud in darkness. 

282
00:14:48,600 --> 00:14:52,300
You lie on your grass, bedding, 
wrapped in a Hyde, listening to 

283
00:14:52,300 --> 00:14:56,500
the sounds of others breathing. 
Someone is snoring, a wet 

284
00:14:56,500 --> 00:14:58,500
rattling sound. 
That's been part of the night 

285
00:14:58,500 --> 00:15:00,100
soundscape, for as long as you 
can remember. 

286
00:15:01,000 --> 00:15:03,000
Outside. 
You can hear the wind moving 

287
00:15:03,000 --> 00:15:06,900
through trees, a small, animal 
scurrying somewhere and the 

288
00:15:06,900 --> 00:15:10,800
distant call of a knight bird, 
your mind processes the day 

289
00:15:10,800 --> 00:15:14,300
without formal reflection. 
You don't think what did I 

290
00:15:14,300 --> 00:15:16,900
accomplish today? 
Well, what do I need to do 

291
00:15:16,900 --> 00:15:19,200
tomorrow? 
Your thoughts are more 

292
00:15:19,200 --> 00:15:22,300
immediate, the seeds gathered, 
the weight of them. 

293
00:15:22,300 --> 00:15:25,600
The feeling of satisfaction 
tomorrow exists. 

294
00:15:25,600 --> 00:15:28,900
Only as a vague continuation of 
the pattern, you'll wake up, 

295
00:15:28,908 --> 00:15:32,000
you'll be hungry, you'll find 
food and the cycle will repeat. 

296
00:15:33,000 --> 00:15:36,800
But tonight, you find yourself 
thinking about time in a way you

297
00:15:36,800 --> 00:15:40,800
rarely, do you remember when you
were small remembering specific 

298
00:15:40,800 --> 00:15:43,100
moments with a Clarity that 
surprises? 

299
00:15:43,100 --> 00:15:46,700
You, you remember falling into a
stream and the shock of cold 

300
00:15:46,700 --> 00:15:49,200
water. 
You remember the first time you 

301
00:15:49,200 --> 00:15:51,500
successfully started a fire by 
yourself? 

302
00:15:51,500 --> 00:15:55,600
You remember, when the old woman
died, how a body became still 

303
00:15:55,600 --> 00:15:59,600
and how everyone was quiet? 
These memories have no dates 

304
00:15:59,600 --> 00:16:01,400
attached to them, know three 
years ago? 

305
00:16:01,400 --> 00:16:06,600
Or when I was seven, they exist 
in a Lucy sequence before after 

306
00:16:06,600 --> 00:16:10,800
long before. 
And recently, Some memories of 

307
00:16:10,800 --> 00:16:13,300
vivid almost like experiencing 
them again. 

308
00:16:13,300 --> 00:16:17,400
Others are faded like, looking 
at something through smoke, you 

309
00:16:17,400 --> 00:16:20,300
don't know that memory works 
this way for everyone that the 

310
00:16:20,300 --> 00:16:23,700
brain naturally, prioritizes 
emotional moments over routine. 

311
00:16:23,700 --> 00:16:26,900
Once you just know that 
something stick and others, 

312
00:16:26,900 --> 00:16:31,300
don't you drift in that space 
between waking and sleeping and 

313
00:16:31,300 --> 00:16:35,000
your mind touches on the 
seasons, you've lived through 

314
00:16:35,000 --> 00:16:38,300
enough warm times and cold times
to recognize the pattern, 

315
00:16:38,300 --> 00:16:41,800
though, you couldn't say how 
many the warm season brings 

316
00:16:41,800 --> 00:16:45,100
certain plants, certain animals,
and certain activities. 

317
00:16:46,000 --> 00:16:50,300
The cold season brings scarcity.
Huddling together relying on 

318
00:16:50,300 --> 00:16:54,100
stored, food and winter hunting.
Right now, you're in the 

319
00:16:54,100 --> 00:16:57,900
transition time when warm is 
sliding toward cold, you know, 

320
00:16:57,900 --> 00:17:01,400
this from the angle of the Sun, 
the temperature of mornings, and

321
00:17:01,400 --> 00:17:03,300
the way certain birds of 
disappeared. 

322
00:17:03,300 --> 00:17:06,700
While others have appeared, your
body knows it from the feeling 

323
00:17:06,700 --> 00:17:09,700
in the air. 
A crispness, that means change 

324
00:17:09,700 --> 00:17:12,700
in a few more cycles of the 
Moon, though, you don't count 

325
00:17:12,700 --> 00:17:14,500
them. 
You'll need to move to the 

326
00:17:14,500 --> 00:17:17,400
winter location. 
It's a place more sheltered from

327
00:17:17,400 --> 00:17:19,800
wind close to a different set of
resources. 

328
00:17:19,800 --> 00:17:23,099
You've been to this Winterplace 
every cold season. 

329
00:17:23,099 --> 00:17:26,400
You can remember, you know 
exactly where the shelters will 

330
00:17:26,400 --> 00:17:29,400
be in the same spots. 
They're always built. 

331
00:17:29,400 --> 00:17:33,900
Using the same technique that 
have always worked the knowledge

332
00:17:33,900 --> 00:17:36,100
of when to move isn't written in
a calendar. 

333
00:17:36,100 --> 00:17:38,600
It's written in the world 
itself. 

334
00:17:39,800 --> 00:17:43,500
When the specific plant near 
Camp turns red, when the 

335
00:17:43,500 --> 00:17:47,200
specific animal begins, its 
migration, when the specific 

336
00:17:47,200 --> 00:17:51,000
quality of light appears, these 
are the markers. 

337
00:17:51,000 --> 00:17:54,400
You read the world, the way 
future humans will read clocks 

338
00:17:54,400 --> 00:17:59,100
but your reading is deeper more 
multi-sensory and more connected

339
00:17:59,100 --> 00:18:00,700
to the actual turning of the 
planet. 

340
00:18:00,700 --> 00:18:04,200
You think about the winter 
shelter about the extra hides 

341
00:18:04,200 --> 00:18:08,400
you'll need and about the stores
of seeds and dried meat. this 

342
00:18:08,400 --> 00:18:11,900
thinking isn't worried exactly, 
it's more like acknowledging 

343
00:18:11,900 --> 00:18:14,100
what needs to happen and 
trusting that it will happen 

344
00:18:14,100 --> 00:18:18,200
because it always has Your band 
has survived every winter for. 

345
00:18:18,200 --> 00:18:22,000
As long as anyone knows you'll 
survive this one too, by doing 

346
00:18:22,000 --> 00:18:26,900
what you've always done. 
You sleep and wake and sleep 

347
00:18:26,900 --> 00:18:32,300
again at some point deep in the 
night, you get up to urinate 

348
00:18:32,300 --> 00:18:36,400
outside the shelter. 
The stars are overwhelming more 

349
00:18:36,400 --> 00:18:38,900
stars than future. 
Humans will ever see through 

350
00:18:38,900 --> 00:18:42,100
their light polluted Skies, you 
don't know what stars are not 

351
00:18:42,100 --> 00:18:45,200
really. 
They're like in the sky constant

352
00:18:45,200 --> 00:18:47,900
and mysterious. 
Some people think they are 

353
00:18:47,900 --> 00:18:50,200
fires, others, think they're 
holes in the darkness. 

354
00:18:50,200 --> 00:18:52,300
You've never thought about it 
much. 

355
00:18:52,300 --> 00:18:55,900
They're just there as much a 
part of the night as breathing. 

356
00:18:56,600 --> 00:18:59,200
When you wake properly, it's to 
bird song and the gray light of 

357
00:18:59,200 --> 00:19:02,400
dawn another day, you feel it in
your body. 

358
00:19:02,400 --> 00:19:06,600
The slight stiffness, the hunger
already beginning, the Readiness

359
00:19:06,600 --> 00:19:09,900
to move someone is already up 
rekindling the fire. 

360
00:19:10,700 --> 00:19:13,800
Smoke Rises and sprayed carrying
its familiar scent. 

361
00:19:14,700 --> 00:19:16,700
You emerge from the shelter into
are. 

362
00:19:16,700 --> 00:19:18,200
That's cold enough to see your 
breath. 

363
00:19:18,200 --> 00:19:22,400
The world is the same as it was 
yesterday, the same Hills, the 

364
00:19:22,400 --> 00:19:26,800
same trees, the same sky. 
This sameness is comforting in 

365
00:19:26,800 --> 00:19:30,100
ways you don't think about. 
You exist in a world that 

366
00:19:30,100 --> 00:19:33,400
changes with Seasons, but 
doesn't fundamentally transform.

367
00:19:33,400 --> 00:19:36,800
There's no progress. 
No, innovation that will 

368
00:19:36,800 --> 00:19:40,000
revolutionize daily life and no 
sense that the future will be 

369
00:19:40,008 --> 00:19:44,700
different from the present. 
And yet, there is change your 

370
00:19:44,700 --> 00:19:46,800
older than you were children are
growing. 

371
00:19:46,800 --> 00:19:50,400
The old man who tells stories is
moving more slowly than he did. 

372
00:19:51,000 --> 00:19:55,400
New babies appear people, die 
the band shrinks and grows 

373
00:19:55,400 --> 00:19:58,000
knowledge. 
Accumulates in tiny increments 

374
00:19:58,000 --> 00:20:01,400
someone figures out a better way
to attach a stone to a handle. 

375
00:20:01,400 --> 00:20:05,600
Someone discovers new edible 
plant, and someone notices a 

376
00:20:05,600 --> 00:20:09,100
pattern in animal behavior. 
These changes are so gradual. 

377
00:20:09,100 --> 00:20:12,300
So subtle that they feel like no
change at all. 

378
00:20:12,300 --> 00:20:16,300
But over Generations over 100s 
and thousands of generations 

379
00:20:16,300 --> 00:20:20,100
they add up to something, your 
descendants will be so different

380
00:20:20,100 --> 00:20:22,400
from you that they'll barely 
recognize what you are. 

381
00:20:22,400 --> 00:20:27,300
But you'll never know that you 
exist in this moment in this 

382
00:20:27,300 --> 00:20:32,100
morning in this life The day 
unfolds, like days, always 

383
00:20:32,100 --> 00:20:35,200
unfold. 
There's food to gather water to 

384
00:20:35,200 --> 00:20:38,200
fetch and maintenance to perform
on shelters and tools. 

385
00:20:39,100 --> 00:20:41,900
Child comes to you with a cut on
their hand and you choose 

386
00:20:41,900 --> 00:20:44,600
certain leaves into a pulp and 
press it against the wound. 

387
00:20:44,600 --> 00:20:48,400
This is medicine though. 
You don't call it that you know,

388
00:20:48,400 --> 00:20:51,800
these leaves help you don't know
about infection or antiseptic 

389
00:20:51,800 --> 00:20:55,000
properties. 
You just know this Leaf, this 

390
00:20:55,000 --> 00:20:59,100
kind of wound. 
It helps two people go off to 

391
00:20:59,100 --> 00:21:00,700
check fishing traps in the 
Stream. 

392
00:21:00,700 --> 00:21:04,700
Others work on processing. 
The seeds from yesterday, you 

393
00:21:04,700 --> 00:21:08,300
take up a partially finished 
basket and continue weaving your

394
00:21:08,300 --> 00:21:10,500
hands, remembering the pattern 
without conscious thought. 

395
00:21:11,300 --> 00:21:13,600
The basket grows slowly strand 
by strand. 

396
00:21:13,600 --> 00:21:17,200
It will take days to finish and 
then you'll use it for years 

397
00:21:17,200 --> 00:21:19,900
until it wears out. 
There's a particular 

398
00:21:19,900 --> 00:21:23,400
satisfaction to this work that 
your descendants will often miss

399
00:21:23,400 --> 00:21:25,400
in their efficiently. 
Manufactured World. 

400
00:21:25,400 --> 00:21:29,500
Each object, you make carries 
your time, your attention and 

401
00:21:29,500 --> 00:21:32,800
your hands. 
You know exactly how this basket

402
00:21:32,800 --> 00:21:35,400
came into being because you were
there for every moment of its 

403
00:21:35,400 --> 00:21:37,600
creation. 
It's yours in a way that 

404
00:21:37,600 --> 00:21:40,900
transcends ownership. 
It's an extension of your skill 

405
00:21:40,900 --> 00:21:43,600
and patience. 
Midday brings a brief 

406
00:21:43,600 --> 00:21:46,800
excitement, someone spots a 
group of deer in the distance. 

407
00:21:46,800 --> 00:21:50,100
There's quick consultation 
through glances and gestures. 

408
00:21:50,100 --> 00:21:52,600
The decision is made to attempt 
to hunt. 

409
00:21:53,500 --> 00:21:56,400
You're not part of the hunting 
group today, others are better 

410
00:21:56,400 --> 00:22:00,400
positioned and more rested. 
You watch them prepare checking 

411
00:22:00,400 --> 00:22:04,800
their Spears spreading dirt, on 
their skin to reduce scent and 

412
00:22:04,800 --> 00:22:08,100
moving with that particular 
focused, intensity that hunting 

413
00:22:08,100 --> 00:22:12,700
requires They disappear into the
landscape and you return to your

414
00:22:12,700 --> 00:22:16,900
basket, the outcome of the Hunt 
is unknowable, it might succeed,

415
00:22:16,900 --> 00:22:20,600
bringing meat and celebration. 
It might fail, bringing nothing 

416
00:22:20,600 --> 00:22:24,500
but tired Hunters. 
Both outcomes are familiar, you 

417
00:22:24,500 --> 00:22:26,700
don't hope for success or fear 
failure. 

418
00:22:26,700 --> 00:22:29,800
You simply wait to see what 
happens the way you. 

419
00:22:29,800 --> 00:22:32,300
Wait to see if rain will come or
if the sun will shine. 

420
00:22:32,300 --> 00:22:35,800
The afternoon is warm enough. 
That you shed, your outer hide 

421
00:22:35,800 --> 00:22:39,900
covering your skin is whether 
from constant exposure to Sun 

422
00:22:39,900 --> 00:22:43,700
and wind darker than it was when
you were young and marked with 

423
00:22:43,708 --> 00:22:47,300
small scars from a lifetime of 
close contact with thorns and 

424
00:22:47,300 --> 00:22:51,300
stones and tools. 
Each car has a story though. 

425
00:22:51,300 --> 00:22:54,200
You don't think about the much. 
They're just the map of your 

426
00:22:54,200 --> 00:22:58,000
life written on your body. 
A young woman approaches you 

427
00:22:58,000 --> 00:22:59,900
with a stone. 
She wants to Fashion into a 

428
00:22:59,900 --> 00:23:03,000
tool, you examine it. 
Turning it in your hands. 

429
00:23:03,000 --> 00:23:07,500
Feeling its weight and texture. 
See the possibility inside it, 

430
00:23:07,500 --> 00:23:10,600
the sharp edge that will emerge 
if you strike it correctly. 

431
00:23:11,400 --> 00:23:15,000
This knowledge is hard to 
explain, it's partly visual, 

432
00:23:15,000 --> 00:23:17,800
partly tactile and partly 
something else entirely. 

433
00:23:18,700 --> 00:23:21,500
You've shaped so many stones 
that your hands know what to do.

434
00:23:21,500 --> 00:23:25,200
You demonstrate striking with 
another stone at just the right 

435
00:23:25,208 --> 00:23:26,700
angle. 
Flake. 

436
00:23:26,700 --> 00:23:31,800
Splits off leaving a fresh Edge.
The young woman, tries a strike 

437
00:23:31,800 --> 00:23:33,400
is too timid and nothing 
happens. 

438
00:23:33,400 --> 00:23:36,200
You adjust a grip and show her 
the motion again. 

439
00:23:36,200 --> 00:23:39,700
She tries again. 
This time a flake comes off, 

440
00:23:39,700 --> 00:23:41,700
though. 
It is not quite the right size 

441
00:23:41,700 --> 00:23:44,500
you nod. 
She is learning this teaching 

442
00:23:44,500 --> 00:23:47,300
happens. 
Constantly woven into every day.

443
00:23:48,200 --> 00:23:51,500
Knowledge flows from experience 
to inexperience through 

444
00:23:51,500 --> 00:23:55,700
demonstration and practice. 
There are no tests no grades and

445
00:23:55,700 --> 00:23:58,700
no measurements of competence 
your competent. 

446
00:23:58,700 --> 00:24:01,200
When you can, do the things 
successfully enough to survive. 

447
00:24:01,200 --> 00:24:04,400
Everything else is just 
variation in skill. 

448
00:24:04,400 --> 00:24:07,400
The hunters return as the sun is
lowering. 

449
00:24:07,400 --> 00:24:11,100
They have meat not a full deer 
but a young animal. 

450
00:24:11,100 --> 00:24:14,500
They managed to separate from 
the group Everyone gathers to 

451
00:24:14,500 --> 00:24:18,500
help with the processing, this 
is skilled work. knowing where 

452
00:24:18,500 --> 00:24:22,400
to cut, how to remove the hide, 
without damaging it, which parts

453
00:24:22,400 --> 00:24:27,000
to eat first and what to save, 
Every bit is used because waste 

454
00:24:27,000 --> 00:24:29,800
is Unthinkable. 
The hide will become clothing or

455
00:24:29,800 --> 00:24:32,900
shelter covering the sinews will
become chord. 

456
00:24:32,900 --> 00:24:36,800
The bones will become tools. 
Even the stomach will be used as

457
00:24:36,800 --> 00:24:39,400
water. 
Container the successful hunt 

458
00:24:39,400 --> 00:24:43,200
means a feast tonight though you
don't call it that you just have

459
00:24:43,200 --> 00:24:46,000
meat to cook and eat and 
everyone is pleased. 

460
00:24:46,000 --> 00:24:50,000
The fire is built higher and 
chunks of meter placed on Stones

461
00:24:50,000 --> 00:24:54,400
near the Flames to cook. 
Smell is in toxic rich, and 

462
00:24:54,400 --> 00:24:56,800
savory, and satisfying. 
In a primal way. 

463
00:24:57,500 --> 00:24:59,800
You sit near the fire waiting 
for the meat to cook. 

464
00:24:59,800 --> 00:25:02,000
The heat feels good on your 
face. 

465
00:25:02,900 --> 00:25:05,700
Around you, others are all so 
waiting and there's an 

466
00:25:05,700 --> 00:25:07,900
anticipation in the air. 
That's different from normal 

467
00:25:07,900 --> 00:25:11,800
evening's. 
Meet doesn't come every day when

468
00:25:11,800 --> 00:25:14,200
it does. 
It's special though you'd never 

469
00:25:14,200 --> 00:25:16,900
articulate that way when the 
meter is ready. 

470
00:25:16,900 --> 00:25:20,600
Everyone eats there's no ritual 
of gratitude no blessing of the 

471
00:25:20,600 --> 00:25:23,200
food and no formal 
acknowledgment of the animal 

472
00:25:23,200 --> 00:25:25,600
that died those Concepts will 
come later. 

473
00:25:25,600 --> 00:25:29,600
Right now, there's just eating 
and the satisfaction of full 

474
00:25:29,600 --> 00:25:32,900
bellies and the grease on your 
fingers that you lick clean. 

475
00:25:33,900 --> 00:25:37,100
The children eat until they're 
drowsy, then curl up near the 

476
00:25:37,108 --> 00:25:39,800
fire. 
Adults, continue eating more 

477
00:25:39,800 --> 00:25:42,000
slowly savoring. 
The abundance. 

478
00:25:42,000 --> 00:25:46,100
Someone makes a joke, a gesture.
And a sound that refers to the 

479
00:25:46,100 --> 00:25:47,900
time. 
One of the hunters tripped and 

480
00:25:47,900 --> 00:25:51,800
fell during a Pursuit. 
Everyone laughs, having seen or 

481
00:25:51,800 --> 00:25:55,100
heard about the incident. 
The hunter who fell laughs too. 

482
00:25:55,100 --> 00:25:58,800
Unbothered mistakes happen. 
Life continues. 

483
00:25:59,800 --> 00:26:03,100
As the meal wines down the 
storytelling begins again. 

484
00:26:03,100 --> 00:26:07,000
Tonight the successful hunt 
becomes part of the narrative. 

485
00:26:07,000 --> 00:26:10,600
The person telling it emphasizes
different details than what 

486
00:26:10,600 --> 00:26:13,900
actually happened, making it 
more dramatic and more coherent.

487
00:26:14,800 --> 00:26:19,400
This is how all stories evolve 
shape by repetition by what 

488
00:26:19,400 --> 00:26:22,400
makes a good narrative and by 
what lessons need to be 

489
00:26:22,400 --> 00:26:27,700
reinforced you, listen, full and
warm feeling the satisfaction of

490
00:26:27,700 --> 00:26:30,100
a good day. 
The meeting your stomach, the 

491
00:26:30,100 --> 00:26:32,200
fires heat, the voice of your 
band. 

492
00:26:32,200 --> 00:26:34,700
These are the simple elements of
contentment. 

493
00:26:34,700 --> 00:26:37,500
You don't think about happiness 
as a concept. 

494
00:26:37,500 --> 00:26:41,000
You just feel it in your body in
the moment. 

495
00:26:42,100 --> 00:26:45,700
Later when the fire is burned, 
lower and several people have 

496
00:26:45,700 --> 00:26:47,800
already gone to sleep. 
You find yourself in 

497
00:26:47,800 --> 00:26:49,300
conversation with an older 
woman. 

498
00:26:49,300 --> 00:26:53,800
Conversation is perhaps too 
strong a word, your exchanging 

499
00:26:53,800 --> 00:26:57,200
sounds and gestures 
communicating in The Limited way

500
00:26:57,200 --> 00:27:00,300
of available to you. 
But there's meaning passing 

501
00:27:00,300 --> 00:27:03,800
between you understood. 
If not fully articulated. 

502
00:27:03,800 --> 00:27:07,300
She's remembering someone who 
died long ago before you were 

503
00:27:07,300 --> 00:27:09,400
born. 
She creates an image with her 

504
00:27:09,400 --> 00:27:13,500
hands and face, someone who is 
very tall who laughed in a 

505
00:27:13,500 --> 00:27:15,900
particular way, who was killed 
at finding water. 

506
00:27:15,900 --> 00:27:19,000
You understand? 
She sharing a memory, keeping 

507
00:27:19,000 --> 00:27:22,400
someone alive in the only way 
possible through remembering and

508
00:27:22,400 --> 00:27:25,300
telling this is how your people 
deal with death. 

509
00:27:25,300 --> 00:27:28,300
There are no Graves marked with 
names and dates. 

510
00:27:28,300 --> 00:27:32,800
No, written records. 
And no photographs the Dead live

511
00:27:32,800 --> 00:27:35,400
on only in memory. 
And when the last person who 

512
00:27:35,400 --> 00:27:39,000
remembers them dies, they 
Disappear Completely This seems 

513
00:27:39,000 --> 00:27:42,200
natural to you. 
You don't mourn the absolute 

514
00:27:42,200 --> 00:27:44,500
loss of memory because you don't
know that memory could be 

515
00:27:44,500 --> 00:27:47,400
preserved. 
Any other way, the woman's eyes 

516
00:27:47,400 --> 00:27:49,300
are distant seeing something you
can't see. 

517
00:27:50,300 --> 00:27:53,300
She makes a sound that conveys 
sadness, but also acceptance. 

518
00:27:54,300 --> 00:27:57,900
This is part of life the way 
seasons are part of time, it 

519
00:27:57,900 --> 00:28:01,300
comes to everyone and there's no
fighting it only acknowledging 

520
00:28:01,300 --> 00:28:03,100
it. 
You think about the old woman 

521
00:28:03,100 --> 00:28:05,000
who died, several cold seasons 
ago? 

522
00:28:05,000 --> 00:28:08,900
The one who taught you to gather
seeds, you can still see her 

523
00:28:08,900 --> 00:28:11,200
hands and still hear the humming
sound she made. 

524
00:28:12,000 --> 00:28:15,700
As long as you're alive, she's 
not entirely gone, but someday 

525
00:28:15,700 --> 00:28:18,200
you'll die and then her memory 
will die too. 

526
00:28:18,200 --> 00:28:20,800
Unless you've passed it to 
someone younger this thought 

527
00:28:20,800 --> 00:28:24,500
doesn't frighten you. 
It's just how things work you 

528
00:28:24,500 --> 00:28:27,100
sleep. 
Again deeply this time your 

529
00:28:27,100 --> 00:28:30,100
belly full and your body tired 
in the satisfying way that comes

530
00:28:30,100 --> 00:28:33,700
from good work. 
When you wake, it's to another 

531
00:28:33,700 --> 00:28:35,100
morning. 
Another day. 

532
00:28:36,100 --> 00:28:39,500
The sun rises, the birds sing 
and the world continues. 

533
00:28:39,500 --> 00:28:43,100
Its ancient pattern you'll 
gather food today or work on 

534
00:28:43,100 --> 00:28:44,800
tools or help with shelter 
maintenance. 

535
00:28:44,800 --> 00:28:49,200
The specifics will vary slightly
from yesterday but the essential

536
00:28:49,200 --> 00:28:53,300
Rhythm will be the same and 
tomorrow will be like to day and

537
00:28:53,300 --> 00:28:56,500
the day after will be like to 
tomorrow stretching forward in 

538
00:28:56,500 --> 00:28:58,600
an endless procession of similar
days. 

539
00:28:59,800 --> 00:29:02,800
Except that nothing is truly 
endless. 

540
00:29:03,900 --> 00:29:08,000
Some day though, you'll never 
know this, your descendants will

541
00:29:08,000 --> 00:29:10,400
invent writing. 
He'll start recording their 

542
00:29:10,400 --> 00:29:12,900
memories in marks that can 
Outlast human life. 

543
00:29:13,600 --> 00:29:17,900
They'll begin to count years to 
Mark time and to build calendars

544
00:29:17,900 --> 00:29:20,200
and clocks. 
They'll name the days and 

545
00:29:20,200 --> 00:29:23,600
measure the hours imposing human
structure on the natural flow of

546
00:29:23,600 --> 00:29:25,600
time. 
They'll look back at you and 

547
00:29:25,608 --> 00:29:29,600
call this prehistory as if your 
life was somehow less real than 

548
00:29:29,600 --> 00:29:33,500
theirs, but sitting here feeling
the morning, sun on your skin 

549
00:29:33,500 --> 00:29:37,100
and knowing that today you need 
to check the fishing traps and 

550
00:29:37,100 --> 00:29:40,000
later, you'll work on repairing 
a tear in the shelter covering 

551
00:29:40,000 --> 00:29:44,300
your life feels completely real.
It's the only life, you know, 

552
00:29:44,300 --> 00:29:48,500
the only life there is you stand
and stretch feeling your body, 

553
00:29:48,500 --> 00:29:51,500
wake up. 
Another person is already up. 

554
00:29:51,500 --> 00:29:53,800
Rekindling the fire from last 
night's Embers. 

555
00:29:54,600 --> 00:29:57,600
You join the city close to the 
growing warmth? 

556
00:29:57,600 --> 00:29:59,700
No. 
Words are exchanged. 

557
00:29:59,700 --> 00:30:03,500
None are needed. 
You both know what the day 

558
00:30:03,500 --> 00:30:07,600
requires, what work aways and 
what tasks need attention. 

559
00:30:08,700 --> 00:30:12,200
As the days continue to flow, 
one into another, you begin to 

560
00:30:12,200 --> 00:30:14,400
notice the signs of changing 
seasons. 

561
00:30:14,400 --> 00:30:16,700
Growing stronger, the mornings 
are colder. 

562
00:30:16,700 --> 00:30:20,800
The leaves are turning colors, 
the birds that sang All Through 

563
00:30:20,800 --> 00:30:24,100
the warm seasonally leaving 
replaced by different birds with

564
00:30:24,100 --> 00:30:28,100
different calls soon, it will be
time to move to the Winter Camp.

565
00:30:28,100 --> 00:30:31,600
You've done this movement so 
many times, it's automatic but 

566
00:30:31,600 --> 00:30:33,100
they're still preparation 
required. 

567
00:30:33,800 --> 00:30:37,400
Shelters need to be dismantled 
or left a Decay tools and 

568
00:30:37,400 --> 00:30:40,600
stored, food need to be 
transported, the journey itself 

569
00:30:40,600 --> 00:30:42,200
needs to happen on the right 
day. 

570
00:30:42,200 --> 00:30:45,900
Not too early while the warm 
Seasons resources are still 

571
00:30:45,900 --> 00:30:49,100
available, but not too late 
before the cold becomes 

572
00:30:49,100 --> 00:30:52,400
dangerous. 
No one announces the decision to

573
00:30:52,400 --> 00:30:55,500
move, it emerges from 
Collective, understanding from 

574
00:30:55,500 --> 00:30:58,000
reading the same signs. 
And from knowing that when 

575
00:30:58,000 --> 00:31:00,100
certain conditions are line, 
it's time. 

576
00:31:00,100 --> 00:31:03,600
One morning, people simply begin
packing and that's how, you 

577
00:31:03,600 --> 00:31:07,100
know, today is the day. 
You fold up the hides from your 

578
00:31:07,100 --> 00:31:11,400
shelter, roll up your sleeping 
materials and gather your few 

579
00:31:11,400 --> 00:31:13,400
possessions into bundles, that 
can be carried. 

580
00:31:14,200 --> 00:31:16,400
The work is practiced and 
efficient. 

581
00:31:16,400 --> 00:31:19,700
Everything you own is portable, 
because everything must be 

582
00:31:19,700 --> 00:31:22,100
carried. 
There's no accumulation of 

583
00:31:22,100 --> 00:31:24,800
objects, no storage of 
unnecessary items. 

584
00:31:24,800 --> 00:31:30,100
Life is light by necessity. 
The band begins walking in the 

585
00:31:30,100 --> 00:31:32,500
early afternoon, moving through 
a landscape. 

586
00:31:32,500 --> 00:31:36,300
You know, by heart the children 
are excited by the change, 

587
00:31:36,300 --> 00:31:40,200
running ahead and then circling 
back the adults move steadily 

588
00:31:40,200 --> 00:31:43,400
conserving. 
Energy carrying loads. 

589
00:31:44,100 --> 00:31:46,800
You walk in the middle of the 
group, your bundle balanced, on 

590
00:31:46,800 --> 00:31:49,100
your back held by a strap across
your forehead. 

591
00:31:49,100 --> 00:31:52,600
The journey takes you through 
different terrain across a 

592
00:31:52,600 --> 00:31:56,600
stream through a stretch of 
forest over Hills, you know, 

593
00:31:56,600 --> 00:32:01,300
every Landmark, every turn This 
path has been walked by your 

594
00:32:01,300 --> 00:32:04,900
people for Generations, Beyond 
counting your feet, press into 

595
00:32:04,900 --> 00:32:06,900
the same Earth. 
Your ancestors pressed into 

596
00:32:06,900 --> 00:32:09,800
following the same route for the
same reasons. 

597
00:32:10,600 --> 00:32:12,600
By evening, you reach the Winter
Camp location. 

598
00:32:12,600 --> 00:32:16,700
It's exactly as you remembered 
sheltered by Hills. 

599
00:32:16,700 --> 00:32:19,800
Near reliable water and 
positioned to catch whatever 

600
00:32:19,800 --> 00:32:22,300
winter sun, manages to penetrate
the clouds. 

601
00:32:22,300 --> 00:32:26,300
The remnants of last year's 
shelters are still here whether 

602
00:32:26,300 --> 00:32:29,400
and partially collapsed, but 
providing a foundation to build 

603
00:32:29,400 --> 00:32:32,300
upon Everyone sets to work 
immediately. 

604
00:32:32,300 --> 00:32:35,900
Using the remaining daylight, 
you cut, fresh branches, 

605
00:32:35,900 --> 00:32:39,500
reinforce old structures and 
clear space for new shelter's. 

606
00:32:39,500 --> 00:32:43,700
The work is hard but familiar. 
Your body knows what to do. 

607
00:32:43,700 --> 00:32:47,100
Your hands moving through tasks,
they performed many times 

608
00:32:47,100 --> 00:32:50,100
before. 
As Darkness Falls, the new Fire 

609
00:32:50,100 --> 00:32:51,900
is lit. 
In the winter camps, fire pit. 

610
00:32:51,900 --> 00:32:55,400
It Feels Like Coming Home. 
Even though you've been home, 

611
00:32:55,400 --> 00:32:59,300
wherever your band has been This
is the winter home and it has 

612
00:32:59,300 --> 00:33:01,800
its own feeling, its own 
associations. 

613
00:33:01,800 --> 00:33:04,500
You've survived many cold 
Seasons here. 

614
00:33:04,500 --> 00:33:09,900
You'll survive another one. 
Fire crackles sending Sparks up 

615
00:33:09,900 --> 00:33:13,300
into the dark sky around. 
You people are settling in, 

616
00:33:13,300 --> 00:33:17,200
arranging their sleeping spaces,
and checking that everything is 

617
00:33:17,200 --> 00:33:19,300
secure. 
The first night in the winter 

618
00:33:19,300 --> 00:33:21,900
camp is always a little 
unsettled with everyone 

619
00:33:21,900 --> 00:33:25,100
adjusting to the new location. 
But by tomorrow, it will feel 

620
00:33:25,100 --> 00:33:27,800
normal. 
You sit by the fire and eat some

621
00:33:27,808 --> 00:33:29,900
dried meat left over from the 
recent hunt. 

622
00:33:29,900 --> 00:33:32,700
The stars are visible through 
gaps in the clouds. 

623
00:33:32,700 --> 00:33:35,600
Those mysterious lights that 
watch over the world. 

624
00:33:36,600 --> 00:33:39,700
You want to briefly what they 
are, then let the wandering go. 

625
00:33:40,600 --> 00:33:44,100
Some things are unknowable and 
that's acceptable tomorrow. 

626
00:33:44,100 --> 00:33:47,500
You'll begin the winter routine.
Checking the different food 

627
00:33:47,500 --> 00:33:51,000
sources available in this area. 
Maintaining the shelter against 

628
00:33:51,000 --> 00:33:54,500
cold and snow and staying alive 
through the scarce season. 

629
00:33:54,500 --> 00:33:57,500
You've done it before you'll do 
it again. 

630
00:33:57,500 --> 00:34:00,600
And if you survive this winter, 
the warm season will come back 

631
00:34:00,600 --> 00:34:05,500
as it all was does and the cycle
will continue. this is your life

632
00:34:05,500 --> 00:34:09,300
Gathering, and eating working 
and sleeping moving through 

633
00:34:09,300 --> 00:34:13,800
Seasons surviving It's not a 
life that will be remembered 

634
00:34:13,800 --> 00:34:17,400
your name, such as it is a 
sound. 

635
00:34:17,400 --> 00:34:20,199
People make to get your 
attention will be forgotten 

636
00:34:20,199 --> 00:34:22,199
within a generational, two of 
your death. 

637
00:34:22,900 --> 00:34:25,699
Nothing. 
You do will be recorded no one 

638
00:34:25,699 --> 00:34:28,500
in the distant. 
Future will know you existed but

639
00:34:28,500 --> 00:34:32,199
right now sitting by this fire 
feeling the heat on your face 

640
00:34:32,199 --> 00:34:36,699
and the cold at your back. 
You exist, completely You're 

641
00:34:36,699 --> 00:34:39,300
alive in ways that your 
descendants with all their 

642
00:34:39,300 --> 00:34:43,500
technology and complexity will 
struggle to understand your 

643
00:34:43,500 --> 00:34:47,100
present in your body, connected 
to your environment embedded in 

644
00:34:47,100 --> 00:34:50,000
your community and living each 
moment as it comes. 

645
00:34:50,000 --> 00:34:52,800
This is life before history 
began. 

646
00:34:52,800 --> 00:34:57,300
This is human existence in its 
oldest simplest and most 

647
00:34:57,300 --> 00:35:01,700
enduring form and in the great 
sweep of time in the millions of

648
00:35:01,708 --> 00:35:05,100
years of human evolution. 
This is how most humans have 

649
00:35:05,100 --> 00:35:08,300
lived, most of their lives. 
Not making history. 

650
00:35:09,300 --> 00:35:14,700
Simply living day by day, season
by season, in the endless 

651
00:35:14,700 --> 00:35:18,000
present that defines existence 
itself. 

652
00:35:18,000 --> 00:35:23,100
The fire burns down to Embers, 
the Stars wheel overhead, you 

653
00:35:23,100 --> 00:35:27,700
sleep and wake and sleep again. 
And in the morning you'll rise 

654
00:35:27,700 --> 00:35:31,600
to face another day, another 
gathering of food and another 

655
00:35:31,600 --> 00:35:34,900
continuation of the pattern. 
Because this is what it means to

656
00:35:34,900 --> 00:35:37,600
be human before. 
Anyone knew to call it anything 

657
00:35:37,600 --> 00:35:44,100
at all, Picture this. 
It's a crisp morning in May 16 

658
00:35:44,100 --> 00:35:46,800
and you're a respectable citizen
of Salem, Massachusetts. 

659
00:35:47,900 --> 00:35:50,500
Maybe you're a farmer, a 
merchant or a Craftsman. 

660
00:35:50,500 --> 00:35:53,600
Someone who's managed to stay 
out of trouble and earn a decent

661
00:35:53,608 --> 00:35:55,100
living. 
In this Puritan Community, 

662
00:35:55,100 --> 00:35:58,800
you're probably thinking about 
the day ahead, but wondering if 

663
00:35:58,800 --> 00:36:01,600
your crops Will Survive the late
spring Frost when there's a 

664
00:36:01,600 --> 00:36:04,500
knock at your door. 
Standing on your threshold is 

665
00:36:04,500 --> 00:36:06,700
the town. 
Constable looking unusually 

666
00:36:06,700 --> 00:36:08,800
serious. 
He's not here about your 

667
00:36:08,800 --> 00:36:11,800
neighbor's wandering pig, or a 
dispute over property lines 

668
00:36:11,800 --> 00:36:14,200
know. 
Today, he's carrying a list of 

669
00:36:14,208 --> 00:36:17,500
names and unfortunately, for 
you, yours is on it. 

670
00:36:17,500 --> 00:36:21,100
You've been selected to serve on
a special court jury to hear 

671
00:36:21,100 --> 00:36:24,000
cases involving witchcraft, 
congratulations. 

672
00:36:24,000 --> 00:36:27,000
You've just won the colonial 
equivalent of the world's worst 

673
00:36:27,000 --> 00:36:29,700
Lottery. 
Now, you might think jury duty 

674
00:36:29,700 --> 00:36:32,400
sounds like a Civic honor, a 
chance to serve your community 

675
00:36:32,400 --> 00:36:35,800
and uphold Justice after all, 
you're a God fearing person who 

676
00:36:35,800 --> 00:36:39,300
believes in doing what's right? 
But as the Constable explains 

677
00:36:39,300 --> 00:36:42,500
your duties and not begins 
forming in your stomach, this 

678
00:36:42,500 --> 00:36:45,200
isn't going to be like deciding 
whether someone stole a chicken 

679
00:36:45,200 --> 00:36:48,600
or fail to pay their debts. 
You're going to be determining, 

680
00:36:48,600 --> 00:36:52,200
whether your neighbors, people, 
you've known for years are in 

681
00:36:52,200 --> 00:36:55,500
League with the Devil Himself. 
The weight of this 

682
00:36:55,500 --> 00:36:58,500
responsibility, settles on your 
shoulders, like a heavy, Woolen 

683
00:36:58,500 --> 00:37:02,100
cloak in your Puritan World, 
which craft isn't just a crime. 

684
00:37:02,100 --> 00:37:06,100
It's the ultimate sin, a 
betrayal of God that threatens 

685
00:37:06,100 --> 00:37:07,900
the very fabric of your 
community. 

686
00:37:08,800 --> 00:37:12,100
The Bible is clear, Thou shalt 
not suffer a witch to live. 

687
00:37:13,000 --> 00:37:16,100
If you find someone guilty, 
you're essentially signing their

688
00:37:16,100 --> 00:37:18,600
death warrant. 
You find them innocent when 

689
00:37:18,600 --> 00:37:21,400
they're actually guilty, you 
might be allowing Satan's 

690
00:37:21,400 --> 00:37:23,900
influence to spread through your
town, like a plague. 

691
00:37:24,900 --> 00:37:27,600
As you stand there in your 
doorway, listening to the 

692
00:37:27,600 --> 00:37:31,100
constables words, you realize 
your peaceful life is about to 

693
00:37:31,100 --> 00:37:34,000
become incredibly complicated. 
You can't. 

694
00:37:34,000 --> 00:37:38,800
Exactly refuse jury services 
mandatory and besides, what 

695
00:37:38,800 --> 00:37:41,700
would people think if you try to
get out of it, would they wonder

696
00:37:41,700 --> 00:37:45,400
if you had something to hide in 
Salem suspicion, spreads, faster

697
00:37:45,400 --> 00:37:48,100
than gossip and gossips spreads 
faster than fire. 

698
00:37:48,100 --> 00:37:51,000
The Constable hands. 
You a notice with the date and 

699
00:37:51,008 --> 00:37:54,000
time of the first trial, you'll 
be joining eight other men of 

700
00:37:54,008 --> 00:37:57,500
good standing to form the jury, 
the trials will be held at the 

701
00:37:57,500 --> 00:38:00,600
Salem townhouse and you're 
expected to be there, bright and

702
00:38:00,600 --> 00:38:03,700
early. 
As he walks away you can't help 

703
00:38:03,700 --> 00:38:06,800
but notice how his shoulders 
seem tense, how he avoids, 

704
00:38:06,800 --> 00:38:09,100
making eye contact with the 
neighbors who peek out from 

705
00:38:09,100 --> 00:38:12,500
behind their curtains. 
You close the door and lean 

706
00:38:12,500 --> 00:38:15,400
against it, trying to process. 
What just happened? 

707
00:38:15,400 --> 00:38:18,700
Your wife looks at you with 
concern and you have to break 

708
00:38:18,700 --> 00:38:20,500
the news that your summer is 
about to become. 

709
00:38:20,500 --> 00:38:24,400
Very, very interesting, She 
doesn't say much but you can see

710
00:38:24,400 --> 00:38:27,500
the worry in her eyes. 
Everyone in Salem knows that 

711
00:38:27,500 --> 00:38:28,600
strange things have been 
happening. 

712
00:38:28,600 --> 00:38:32,800
Young girls having fits 
accusations flying arrests being

713
00:38:32,800 --> 00:38:35,100
made. 
What started, as Whispers has 

714
00:38:35,100 --> 00:38:38,500
grown into a full-blown crisis, 
the irony isn't lost on you. 

715
00:38:38,500 --> 00:38:41,500
Here, you are chosen to help, 
determine the truth about 

716
00:38:41,500 --> 00:38:44,000
Witchcraft and you're not even 
entirely sure what which craft 

717
00:38:44,000 --> 00:38:46,600
looks like. 
Sure, you've heard the stories 

718
00:38:46,600 --> 00:38:49,500
people flying through the air 
turning into animals making 

719
00:38:49,500 --> 00:38:52,300
pacts with the Devil. 
But you've never actually seen 

720
00:38:52,300 --> 00:38:55,500
any of this yourself. 
Most of what, you know, comes 

721
00:38:55,500 --> 00:38:59,000
from sermons gossip and the 
occasional pamphlet that makes 

722
00:38:59,000 --> 00:39:01,000
its way to Salem from Boston or 
Europe. 

723
00:39:01,800 --> 00:39:04,600
As you prepare for bed that 
night, you can't shake the 

724
00:39:04,600 --> 00:39:07,500
feeling that your life has just 
taken a turn into Uncharted 

725
00:39:07,500 --> 00:39:10,700
Territory tomorrow. 
You'll begin a journey that will

726
00:39:10,700 --> 00:39:14,700
test not just your judgment, but
your courage, your face, and 

727
00:39:14,700 --> 00:39:16,600
your ability to sleep soundly at
night. 

728
00:39:17,400 --> 00:39:19,900
Because, once you've looked into
the eyes of an accused witch and

729
00:39:19,900 --> 00:39:23,600
decided their fate, there's no 
going back to the simpletons of 

730
00:39:23,608 --> 00:39:26,000
your old life. 
The morning of your first trial 

731
00:39:26,000 --> 00:39:28,700
arrives with an unseasonable 
chill, that seems to seep into 

732
00:39:28,700 --> 00:39:31,800
your bones. 
You've barely slept tossing and 

733
00:39:31,800 --> 00:39:33,600
turning as you wondered what the
day would bring. 

734
00:39:34,700 --> 00:39:37,800
As you walk towards the Salem, 
townhouse, you notice other jury

735
00:39:37,800 --> 00:39:39,600
members making their way through
the streets. 

736
00:39:40,300 --> 00:39:43,200
Some walk with purpose, others 
seem to drag their feet. 

737
00:39:43,900 --> 00:39:46,900
Everyone looks a bit pale and 
you wonder if you look as 

738
00:39:46,900 --> 00:39:50,100
nervous as they do. 
The townhouse is buzzing with 

739
00:39:50,100 --> 00:39:52,400
activity. 
When you arrive people have 

740
00:39:52,400 --> 00:39:55,600
gathered from all over Salem in 
the surrounding areas, drawn by 

741
00:39:55,600 --> 00:39:59,400
a mixture of curiosity, fear and
that peculiar human fascination 

742
00:39:59,400 --> 00:40:02,300
with witnessing someone else's 
potential downfall. 

743
00:40:03,300 --> 00:40:06,600
The atmosphere is Electric in 
the worst possible way like the 

744
00:40:06,600 --> 00:40:10,200
air before a thunderstorm heavy 
with anticipation and Dread. 

745
00:40:10,900 --> 00:40:13,900
You take your place in the jury 
box and that's when you first 

746
00:40:13,900 --> 00:40:15,900
notice, just how many eyes are 
on you. 

747
00:40:16,800 --> 00:40:20,500
It's not just the spectators, 
it's the judges, the ministers, 

748
00:40:20,500 --> 00:40:24,100
the town of officials and most 
unnerving of all the accusers 

749
00:40:24,100 --> 00:40:26,600
themselves. 
These are the young women and 

750
00:40:26,600 --> 00:40:29,700
girls who stranger fiction, 
started this whole mess and 

751
00:40:29,700 --> 00:40:31,200
they're watching you with an 
intensity. 

752
00:40:31,200 --> 00:40:34,700
That makes your skin crawl. 
The first case is called and 

753
00:40:34,700 --> 00:40:38,200
your shocked to see it. 
Someone you know Sarah Goode, a 

754
00:40:38,200 --> 00:40:39,700
woman you've seen around town 
for years. 

755
00:40:39,700 --> 00:40:43,400
She's never been popular. 
Admittedly she is poor, she begs

756
00:40:43,400 --> 00:40:46,000
for food and she has a sharp 
tongue when people refuse her 

757
00:40:46,000 --> 00:40:50,600
but a witch The accusation seems
almost surreal as you watch her 

758
00:40:50,600 --> 00:40:52,500
being led into the courtroom in 
Chains. 

759
00:40:52,500 --> 00:40:55,800
What strikes you immediately is 
how the whole process feels like

760
00:40:55,800 --> 00:40:58,000
theater. 
But theater, where the audience 

761
00:40:58,000 --> 00:41:02,000
participation might get you 
killed The accusers, begin their

762
00:41:02,000 --> 00:41:04,400
performance and it really does 
feel like a performance. 

763
00:41:04,400 --> 00:41:09,000
They rise, they scream and they 
claimed to see good Specter 

764
00:41:09,000 --> 00:41:10,700
tormenting them right there in 
the courtroom. 

765
00:41:11,500 --> 00:41:15,000
The judge is not Gravely, the 
ministers, quote scripture and 

766
00:41:15,000 --> 00:41:17,600
the crowd murmurs with a mixture
of horror and Fascination. 

767
00:41:17,600 --> 00:41:21,900
You find yourself in an 
impossible position on one hand,

768
00:41:21,900 --> 00:41:24,600
you're supposed to be an 
impartial juror, weighing 

769
00:41:24,600 --> 00:41:28,400
evidence and seeking truth. 
On the other hand, everyone in 

770
00:41:28,400 --> 00:41:30,800
that courtroom seems to have 
already decided that witchcraft 

771
00:41:30,800 --> 00:41:34,700
is real, that these accusers are
legitimate victims and that your

772
00:41:34,700 --> 00:41:37,100
job is simply to confirm what 
everyone already believes. 

773
00:41:37,900 --> 00:41:40,700
The pressure is suffocating, the
worst part is the way the 

774
00:41:40,700 --> 00:41:42,500
accusers react to your very 
presents. 

775
00:41:43,700 --> 00:41:46,300
When you shift in your seat or 
lean forward to hear testimony 

776
00:41:46,300 --> 00:41:49,200
better, they sometimes cry out 
that you're affecting them. 

777
00:41:49,200 --> 00:41:51,400
Somehow are you in League with 
the accused? 

778
00:41:51,400 --> 00:41:55,400
Are you a witch yourself the 
paranoia in the room is so 

779
00:41:55,400 --> 00:41:58,700
thick, you could cut it with a 
knife and you realize that even 

780
00:41:58,700 --> 00:42:02,700
as a juror you're not safe from 
suspicion as the day wears on, 

781
00:42:02,700 --> 00:42:05,900
you begin to understand that 
this isn't really about evidence

782
00:42:05,900 --> 00:42:09,400
in any conventional sense. 
The main proof being offered is 

783
00:42:09,400 --> 00:42:13,100
spectral evidence testimony. 
That the accused person Spirit 

784
00:42:13,100 --> 00:42:15,500
or Specter was seen committing 
malicious Acts. 

785
00:42:16,200 --> 00:42:19,500
But here's the problem only the 
accusers can see these specters 

786
00:42:19,500 --> 00:42:22,800
you're being asked to convict 
someone based on testimony about

787
00:42:22,800 --> 00:42:25,600
invisible actions, that only 
certain people claimed to 

788
00:42:25,600 --> 00:42:27,900
witness. 
The judges seemed convinced that

789
00:42:27,908 --> 00:42:31,700
spectral evidence is valid 
citing learned treatises and 

790
00:42:31,700 --> 00:42:35,000
Theological arguments. 
But you can't shake the feeling 

791
00:42:35,000 --> 00:42:37,400
that something is fundamentally 
wrong with this logic. 

792
00:42:38,200 --> 00:42:41,100
If only the accusers can see the
evidence, how can you verify it?

793
00:42:41,100 --> 00:42:43,000
How can you cross-examine a 
ghost? 

794
00:42:43,008 --> 00:42:45,900
How can you determine if what 
they're seeing is real or 

795
00:42:45,900 --> 00:42:48,800
imagined? 
making matters worse your 

796
00:42:48,800 --> 00:42:51,700
beginning to notice patterns in 
the accusation that trouble you 

797
00:42:52,300 --> 00:42:54,200
The accused tend to be people 
who don't fit in. 

798
00:42:54,200 --> 00:42:57,100
Well, the poor, the 
argumentative, the eccentric, 

799
00:42:57,900 --> 00:43:00,000
Meanwhile the accusers are 
mostly young women from 

800
00:43:00,000 --> 00:43:03,000
prominent families and their 
accusations carry a normal 

801
00:43:03,000 --> 00:43:05,100
weight. 
You start to wonder if there 

802
00:43:05,100 --> 00:43:07,800
might be social and economic 
factors at play here that have 

803
00:43:07,800 --> 00:43:09,300
nothing to do with the 
supernatural. 

804
00:43:10,400 --> 00:43:12,900
But expressing these doubts 
would be incredibly dangerous, 

805
00:43:12,900 --> 00:43:16,500
the judges ministers and 
Community leaders, all seem 

806
00:43:16,500 --> 00:43:19,900
United in their belief that 
Salem is under attack by Satan 

807
00:43:19,900 --> 00:43:22,400
himself. 
To question, the proceedings 

808
00:43:22,400 --> 00:43:26,400
might be seen as questioning 
God's will or worse as evidence 

809
00:43:26,400 --> 00:43:29,000
that you yourself are influenced
by dark Forces. 

810
00:43:29,000 --> 00:43:32,800
Your trapped between your 
growing skepticism and you'll 

811
00:43:32,800 --> 00:43:35,100
need to appear as a full 
Orthodox member of the 

812
00:43:35,100 --> 00:43:38,600
community. 
As the first day ends and you 

813
00:43:38,600 --> 00:43:41,500
walk home through the Twilight. 
You realize that being on this 

814
00:43:41,500 --> 00:43:44,000
jury isn't just about 
determining guilt or innocence. 

815
00:43:44,000 --> 00:43:47,900
It's about navigating a social 
and political Minefield where 

816
00:43:47,900 --> 00:43:50,100
one wrong step could make you 
the next Target. 

817
00:43:51,000 --> 00:43:53,800
The comfortable certainties of 
your old life, feel like a 

818
00:43:53,800 --> 00:43:56,800
distant memory, replaced by the 
constant stress of trying to do 

819
00:43:56,800 --> 00:43:59,100
the right thing, when you're not
even sure what the right thing 

820
00:43:59,100 --> 00:44:01,900
is anymore, by your third day. 
In the jury box, you've 

821
00:44:01,900 --> 00:44:04,200
developed what you privately 
call the Salem. 

822
00:44:04,200 --> 00:44:07,500
Stare that Halo. 
I'd look of someone who seen too

823
00:44:07,500 --> 00:44:10,800
much and slept too little. 
The accusers of elevated to the 

824
00:44:10,800 --> 00:44:12,700
status of stars in this somber 
theater. 

825
00:44:12,700 --> 00:44:15,500
Allowing you to witness their 
increasingly dramatic 

826
00:44:15,500 --> 00:44:16,900
performance. 
Is up close. 

827
00:44:18,400 --> 00:44:20,400
Today's main accuser is Abigail 
Williams. 

828
00:44:20,400 --> 00:44:22,800
Reverend Parris is 11 year old 
niece. 

829
00:44:22,800 --> 00:44:26,800
She's small for her age, with 
sharp features and eyes that 

830
00:44:26,800 --> 00:44:30,000
seemed to take in everything. 
When Abigail points at the 

831
00:44:30,000 --> 00:44:33,200
accused and screams that she can
see their Specter pinching and 

832
00:44:33,200 --> 00:44:36,200
choking her, the entire 
courtroom becomes silent. 

833
00:44:36,200 --> 00:44:40,100
You find yourself studying her 
face, trying to determine if her

834
00:44:40,100 --> 00:44:43,700
terror is genuine or performed 
and the fact that you can't tell

835
00:44:43,700 --> 00:44:47,900
makes your stomach churn What's 
particularly unsettling, is how 

836
00:44:47,900 --> 00:44:50,100
the accusers seem to feed off 
each other's energy. 

837
00:44:50,900 --> 00:44:54,300
When one girl starts having fits
the others quickly, follow suit.

838
00:44:54,300 --> 00:44:57,800
As if Supernatural Affliction 
were contagious, they convulse 

839
00:44:57,800 --> 00:45:00,900
they shriek and to see yellow 
birds perched on the accused 

840
00:45:00,900 --> 00:45:04,100
fingers or black dogs lurking in
the corners of the courtroom. 

841
00:45:05,200 --> 00:45:08,800
The judges treat each Outburst 
as crucial evidence scribbling 

842
00:45:08,800 --> 00:45:11,500
notes furiously and asking 
probing questions about the 

843
00:45:11,500 --> 00:45:15,400
exact nature of what the girls 
are experiencing you notice that

844
00:45:15,400 --> 00:45:17,300
the accusers never seem to be 
afflicted. 

845
00:45:17,300 --> 00:45:20,200
When there are outside the 
courtroom, they walk in looking 

846
00:45:20,200 --> 00:45:23,500
perfectly normal chat quietly 
with their families and even 

847
00:45:23,500 --> 00:45:27,000
smile occasionally But the 
moment, the proceedings begin, 

848
00:45:27,000 --> 00:45:30,300
they transform into tortured 
victims of Supernatural? 

849
00:45:30,300 --> 00:45:32,600
Assault. 
It's like watching someone flip 

850
00:45:32,600 --> 00:45:35,800
a switch and you can't help but 
wonder if that's exactly what's 

851
00:45:35,800 --> 00:45:38,800
happening. 
The social dynamics in the 

852
00:45:38,808 --> 00:45:41,300
courtroom are becoming clearer 
to you with each passing day. 

853
00:45:42,200 --> 00:45:45,000
The accusers come from families 
within influence and standing in

854
00:45:45,000 --> 00:45:48,000
the community when they speak in
portent men. 

855
00:45:48,000 --> 00:45:52,100
Listen when they cry out in 
pain, those same men spring into

856
00:45:52,100 --> 00:45:54,100
action. 
You're watching young, women 

857
00:45:54,100 --> 00:45:56,900
wheeled a kind of power that 
would normally be Unthinkable in

858
00:45:56,900 --> 00:46:00,700
puritan society and they seem to
understand exactly how to use 

859
00:46:00,700 --> 00:46:03,400
it. 
Meanwhile, the accused were 

860
00:46:03,400 --> 00:46:06,500
almost always marginalized 
individuals, the impoverished, 

861
00:46:06,500 --> 00:46:08,800
the argumentative and the 
unconventional. 

862
00:46:09,600 --> 00:46:12,300
Often after spending weeks in 
the miserable conditions of 

863
00:46:12,300 --> 00:46:15,400
Salem jail, the arrive looking 
Haggard and frightened. 

864
00:46:15,400 --> 00:46:18,300
They're given little opportunity
to defend themselves, 

865
00:46:18,300 --> 00:46:21,400
effectively, and when they do 
speak, their words are often 

866
00:46:21,400 --> 00:46:24,300
twisted and used against them. 
If they maintained their 

867
00:46:24,300 --> 00:46:27,700
innocence, they are accused of 
lying if they confess 

868
00:46:27,700 --> 00:46:29,500
authorities. 
Asked them to identify their 

869
00:46:29,500 --> 00:46:31,900
accomplices. 
You're starting to realize. 

870
00:46:31,900 --> 00:46:34,800
That confession might actually 
be the safest route for the 

871
00:46:34,800 --> 00:46:38,100
accused even if they're 
innocent, those who can Fest are

872
00:46:38,100 --> 00:46:40,900
often spared execution. 
While those who maintain their 

873
00:46:40,900 --> 00:46:43,000
innocence are more likely to 
face the Gallows. 

874
00:46:43,000 --> 00:46:46,500
It's a perverse system that 
seems to reward false confession

875
00:46:46,500 --> 00:46:48,900
while punishing truthful 
Declaration of Innocence 

876
00:46:50,000 --> 00:46:53,500
Pressure on you, as a Jura, is 
intensified after each day's 

877
00:46:53,500 --> 00:46:55,400
testimony. 
Your expected to discuss the 

878
00:46:55,400 --> 00:46:58,300
case with your fellow jurors. 
But these conversations feel 

879
00:46:58,300 --> 00:47:01,200
more like exercises in group 
Conformity than genuine, 

880
00:47:01,200 --> 00:47:05,200
deliberation anyone who 
expresses too much skepticism is

881
00:47:05,200 --> 00:47:07,700
met with sharp, looks and 
pointed questions about their 

882
00:47:07,700 --> 00:47:11,500
own spiritual State. 
The message is clear on us, 

883
00:47:11,500 --> 00:47:13,700
Christians believe, in the 
reality of Witchcraft, and The 

884
00:47:13,708 --> 00:47:16,700
credibility of the accusers. 
What's making you lose? 

885
00:47:16,700 --> 00:47:18,600
Sleep? 
Is the growing realization that 

886
00:47:18,600 --> 00:47:21,800
your part of system that seems 
to design to produce guilty 

887
00:47:21,800 --> 00:47:24,200
verdicts regardless of actual 
guilt or innocence. 

888
00:47:25,000 --> 00:47:28,400
The Rules of Evidence favor, the
accusers, the judges are clearly

889
00:47:28,400 --> 00:47:31,300
biased and the community 
pressure is enormous. 

890
00:47:31,300 --> 00:47:35,300
You're supposed to be seeking 
truth and justice but it feels 

891
00:47:35,300 --> 00:47:37,800
more like your participating in 
a ritual that's already 

892
00:47:37,800 --> 00:47:40,600
predetermined. 
Its outcome, the worst part is 

893
00:47:40,600 --> 00:47:43,200
when you catch yourself getting 
caught up in the Hysteria, 

894
00:47:44,000 --> 00:47:47,400
During particularly dramatic 
testimony, you sometimes find 

895
00:47:47,400 --> 00:47:50,500
yourself believing or at least 
wanting to believe that, what 

896
00:47:50,508 --> 00:47:53,900
your witnessing is real 
Supernatural, activity, the 

897
00:47:53,900 --> 00:47:57,400
alternative that this is all 
elaborate deception or Master 

898
00:47:57,400 --> 00:48:00,000
delusion is almost too 
disturbing to contemplate. 

899
00:48:00,000 --> 00:48:02,600
It would mean that your 
community has lost its 

900
00:48:02,600 --> 00:48:05,600
Collective mind and that you're 
complicit in a series of 

901
00:48:05,608 --> 00:48:09,100
terrible Injustice. 
As you walk home after another 

902
00:48:09,100 --> 00:48:12,200
day of accusation and 
Supernatural claims you can't 

903
00:48:12,200 --> 00:48:14,200
help but notice how the town has
changed. 

904
00:48:14,200 --> 00:48:18,100
People view each other with 
suspicion conversations halt, 

905
00:48:18,100 --> 00:48:21,000
when strangers approach, and 
everyone appears to be cautious.

906
00:48:21,000 --> 00:48:24,900
The sense of community that once
held Salem together, is 

907
00:48:24,900 --> 00:48:27,700
dissolving replaced by fear and 
mistrust. 

908
00:48:27,700 --> 00:48:31,600
And you as a member of the jury 
a right in the middle of it all 

909
00:48:31,600 --> 00:48:35,000
trying to maintain your sanity 
and your conscience in a world 

910
00:48:35,000 --> 00:48:38,200
seems to have lost both three 
weeks into your jury service. 

911
00:48:38,200 --> 00:48:41,100
You've learned to recognize the 
sound of accusation before they 

912
00:48:41,100 --> 00:48:44,100
are even spoken. 
There's a particular rustling in

913
00:48:44,100 --> 00:48:47,100
the courtroom a collective 
intake of breath and then the 

914
00:48:47,100 --> 00:48:49,300
pointed finger that could seal 
someone's fate. 

915
00:48:49,900 --> 00:48:53,100
Today that finger is pointing at
someone who makes your blood run

916
00:48:53,100 --> 00:48:56,300
cold Martha. 
Corey, a woman you've known for 

917
00:48:56,300 --> 00:48:58,800
over a decade. 
Martha has always been a bit 

918
00:48:58,800 --> 00:49:01,200
outspoken. 
Questioning, certain aspects of 

919
00:49:01,200 --> 00:49:02,400
the witch trials from the 
beginning. 

920
00:49:02,400 --> 00:49:05,200
She's made the mistake of 
suggesting that the accusers 

921
00:49:05,200 --> 00:49:08,400
might not be entirely reliable. 
That perhaps the community was 

922
00:49:08,400 --> 00:49:10,800
getting carried away with 
Supernatural explanations. 

923
00:49:10,800 --> 00:49:12,400
For what might have natural 
causes. 

924
00:49:12,400 --> 00:49:16,300
Now, she's standing in the dock 
accused of the very witchcraft, 

925
00:49:16,300 --> 00:49:19,400
she questioned and you can see 
the cruel irony isn't lost on 

926
00:49:19,400 --> 00:49:21,800
her. 
The accusers are in fine formed 

927
00:49:21,800 --> 00:49:25,400
today, writhing and screaming as
they claim Martha's Specter as 

928
00:49:25,400 --> 00:49:27,300
attacking them. 
That you remember, Martha from 

929
00:49:27,300 --> 00:49:30,600
church from Community Gatherings
and from the time she has helped

930
00:49:30,600 --> 00:49:32,400
neighbors during illness or 
hardship. 

931
00:49:32,400 --> 00:49:34,000
She sharp tongue. 
Yes. 

932
00:49:34,000 --> 00:49:38,600
And not always diplomatic but 
evil a servant of Satan, the 

933
00:49:38,600 --> 00:49:40,800
disconnect between the woman you
know and the monster being 

934
00:49:40,800 --> 00:49:42,400
described in court is so 
jarring. 

935
00:49:42,400 --> 00:49:45,000
It makes you dizzy. 
What's particularly disturbing 

936
00:49:45,000 --> 00:49:48,000
is how the accusers seem to know
exactly which buttons to push. 

937
00:49:48,900 --> 00:49:51,300
They claim Martha's Specter 
appear to them in clothing. 

938
00:49:51,300 --> 00:49:54,100
That matches what she's wearing 
in court details. 

939
00:49:54,100 --> 00:49:56,300
They couldn't possibly have 
known unless they'd seen her 

940
00:49:56,300 --> 00:49:59,900
that morning, they described her
house, a habits, and her 

941
00:49:59,900 --> 00:50:03,000
relationships with neighbors. 
You're also noticing how the 

942
00:50:03,000 --> 00:50:05,400
accusations seem to follow 
patterns of social tension. 

943
00:50:06,400 --> 00:50:08,000
Martha. 
Corey had disagreements with 

944
00:50:08,000 --> 00:50:10,200
some of the accusers families 
over Church matters. 

945
00:50:10,200 --> 00:50:13,300
She had been critical of 
Reverend Parris questioning, his

946
00:50:13,300 --> 00:50:16,300
salary and his methods. 
She'd spoken out against the 

947
00:50:16,300 --> 00:50:19,200
witch trials themselves. 
Now, she's being accused by the 

948
00:50:19,200 --> 00:50:22,700
very people, she criticized. 
The Coincidence is too 

949
00:50:22,700 --> 00:50:24,900
convenient to ignore but 
pointing it out, would be 

950
00:50:24,900 --> 00:50:28,000
incredibly dangerous, the 
evidence against Martha is the 

951
00:50:28,000 --> 00:50:31,200
same spectral testimony, you've 
been hearing for weeks, but 

952
00:50:31,200 --> 00:50:33,900
today it feels different. 
Maybe it's because, you know, 

953
00:50:33,900 --> 00:50:36,400
her personally, or maybe it's 
because you've been watching 

954
00:50:36,400 --> 00:50:39,600
this process long enough to see 
the patterns, but the whole 

955
00:50:39,600 --> 00:50:42,100
thing feels like, an elaborate 
performance designed to 

956
00:50:42,108 --> 00:50:46,000
eliminate someone who has become
inconvenient, During the lunch 

957
00:50:46,000 --> 00:50:48,100
break, you overhear 
conversations Among The 

958
00:50:48,100 --> 00:50:49,700
Spectators that kill you to the 
bone. 

959
00:50:49,700 --> 00:50:51,900
People are discussing Martha's 
guilt. 

960
00:50:51,900 --> 00:50:54,700
As if it's already been proven 
debating, whether she should be 

961
00:50:54,700 --> 00:50:57,900
hanged or pressed to death. 
summer, even wandering aloud 

962
00:50:57,900 --> 00:51:00,800
about her family members 
suggesting that witchcraft might

963
00:51:00,800 --> 00:51:04,300
run in bloodlines The 
presumption of Innocents, a 

964
00:51:04,300 --> 00:51:07,500
Cornerstone of Justice seems to 
have been completely abandoned. 

965
00:51:08,400 --> 00:51:11,300
When Court resumes, you watch 
Martha attempted to defend 

966
00:51:11,300 --> 00:51:14,100
herself and it's heartbreaking. 
Every word. 

967
00:51:14,100 --> 00:51:17,300
She says is Twisted against her 
when she maintains her 

968
00:51:17,300 --> 00:51:19,800
innocence. 
She is accused of lying when she

969
00:51:19,800 --> 00:51:21,500
questions The accusers 
credibility. 

970
00:51:21,500 --> 00:51:24,300
She is accused of trying to 
undermine God's work. 

971
00:51:24,900 --> 00:51:27,800
When she grows frustrated with 
the proceedings, her anger is 

972
00:51:27,800 --> 00:51:30,800
cited as evidence of her evil 
nature, it's like watching 

973
00:51:30,800 --> 00:51:33,300
someone drown, while being told 
their struggles are proof. 

974
00:51:33,308 --> 00:51:35,700
They can't swim. 
The other jurors are watching 

975
00:51:35,700 --> 00:51:38,800
you as much as they're watching 
the proceedings, you can feel 

976
00:51:38,800 --> 00:51:41,200
their eyes on you during the 
most dramatic moments. 

977
00:51:41,200 --> 00:51:44,400
Gauging your reactions. 
Checking to see if you're 

978
00:51:44,400 --> 00:51:46,900
displaying the proper level of 
horror and conviction. 

979
00:51:48,000 --> 00:51:51,700
The social pressure is enormous 
not just to find defendants 

980
00:51:51,700 --> 00:51:55,100
guilty, but to be seen as 
someone who finds them guilty 

981
00:51:55,100 --> 00:51:58,200
for the right reasons with the 
right level of religious fervor.

982
00:51:58,800 --> 00:52:01,300
Your beginning to understand 
that the witch trials aren't 

983
00:52:01,300 --> 00:52:04,500
really about witchcraft at all. 
There are about power, social 

984
00:52:04,500 --> 00:52:06,600
control, and the settling of old
scores. 

985
00:52:07,400 --> 00:52:10,200
The accusers of stumbled onto a 
method of wielding enormous 

986
00:52:10,200 --> 00:52:13,300
influence and the community 
leaders are using the crisis to 

987
00:52:13,300 --> 00:52:16,100
reinforce their Authority and 
eliminate troublemakers. 

988
00:52:17,000 --> 00:52:19,000
The supernatural elements. 
Provide perfect. 

989
00:52:19,000 --> 00:52:21,400
Cover for what? 
Essentially, a political Purge. 

990
00:52:22,300 --> 00:52:24,500
As Martha is Led away to a white
sentencing. 

991
00:52:24,500 --> 00:52:26,400
You catch her eye for just a 
moment. 

992
00:52:26,400 --> 00:52:30,400
There's no evil there. 
No Malice just confusion and 

993
00:52:30,400 --> 00:52:33,900
sadness. 
She looks like what she is a 

994
00:52:33,900 --> 00:52:37,500
middle-aged woman who spoke her 
mind once to offer and now faces

995
00:52:37,500 --> 00:52:40,300
death for it. 
The weight of your 

996
00:52:40,300 --> 00:52:42,500
responsibility as a juror feels 
crushing. 

997
00:52:43,100 --> 00:52:45,700
You Hold This Woman's life in 
your hands and you're beginning 

998
00:52:45,708 --> 00:52:48,200
to realize that the system 
you're part of is designed to 

999
00:52:48,208 --> 00:52:51,700
take that life regardless of her
actual guilt or innocence. 

1000
00:52:52,800 --> 00:52:55,400
Walking home that evening. 
You can't shake the feeling that

1001
00:52:55,408 --> 00:52:58,600
Salem has become a place where 
being different being outspoken 

1002
00:52:58,600 --> 00:53:02,300
or simply being unlucky. 
Can be a death sentence and you 

1003
00:53:02,300 --> 00:53:05,200
whether you like it or not, a 
one of the people making those 

1004
00:53:05,200 --> 00:53:07,900
sentences possible fast forward 
five weeks in. 

1005
00:53:07,900 --> 00:53:10,300
You've now developed a nervous 
habit of checking your own 

1006
00:53:10,300 --> 00:53:12,100
behavior. 
For anything that might be 

1007
00:53:12,100 --> 00:53:15,500
construed a suspicious, do you 
react appropriately when the 

1008
00:53:15,500 --> 00:53:17,900
accusers have their fits? 
Are you asking the wrong 

1009
00:53:17,900 --> 00:53:20,000
question? 
Have you engaged in any 

1010
00:53:20,000 --> 00:53:23,200
questionable conversations? 
Celebs paranoia is beginning to 

1011
00:53:23,200 --> 00:53:26,700
consume you a realization nearly
as terrifying as the trials 

1012
00:53:26,700 --> 00:53:29,500
themselves? 
Today's case involves a man 

1013
00:53:29,500 --> 00:53:32,700
named John Proctor and his 
situation perfectly illustrates 

1014
00:53:32,700 --> 00:53:35,300
The Impossible logic that's 
taken over your community. 

1015
00:53:36,300 --> 00:53:39,100
To make the mistake of publicly 
criticizing the accusers, 

1016
00:53:39,100 --> 00:53:42,200
calling them frauds and 
suggesting that they should be 

1017
00:53:42,200 --> 00:53:45,800
for their lives. 
His wife, Elizabeth has already 

1018
00:53:45,800 --> 00:53:49,400
been accused and arrested now. 
John himself is in the dock and 

1019
00:53:49,400 --> 00:53:50,700
the accusers are claiming. 
He's been. 

1020
00:53:50,700 --> 00:53:54,000
Tormenting them for months. 
The evidence against Proctor is 

1021
00:53:54,000 --> 00:53:58,000
particularly absurd, even buy 
Salem standards the accusers 

1022
00:53:58,000 --> 00:53:59,300
claim. 
His Specter has been visiting 

1023
00:53:59,300 --> 00:54:02,400
them, forcing them to sign the 
devil's book and torturing them 

1024
00:54:02,400 --> 00:54:04,700
when they refused. 
But here's the thing, that makes

1025
00:54:04,700 --> 00:54:07,400
your head spin Proctor has been 
in jail for weeks. 

1026
00:54:08,200 --> 00:54:11,200
If the accusers are still being 
tormented by his Specter and 

1027
00:54:11,200 --> 00:54:14,200
he's locked in a Cell. 
What exactly is preventing this 

1028
00:54:14,200 --> 00:54:18,300
alleged Supernatural activity. 
The judges seem untroubled by 

1029
00:54:18,300 --> 00:54:21,800
this logical inconsistency, but 
it's keeping you awake at night.

1030
00:54:22,500 --> 00:54:25,300
What's worse is watching, how 
Proctor's attempts to defend 

1031
00:54:25,300 --> 00:54:28,000
himself a twisted into evidence 
of his guilt? 

1032
00:54:28,700 --> 00:54:30,900
When he points out the 
contradiction in the accusers, 

1033
00:54:30,900 --> 00:54:33,800
testimony he is accused of 
trying to confuse the court with

1034
00:54:33,800 --> 00:54:36,500
Satan's logic. 
When he maintains his innocence,

1035
00:54:36,500 --> 00:54:39,800
he's accused of prideful 
stubbornness when he shows 

1036
00:54:39,800 --> 00:54:43,700
anger, the Injustice of the 
proceedings, his anger is cited 

1037
00:54:43,700 --> 00:54:47,400
as evidence of his evil nature. 
It's like watching someone try 

1038
00:54:47,400 --> 00:54:50,000
to prove their not wet while 
being pushed deeper underwater, 

1039
00:54:50,000 --> 00:54:53,400
the accusers, have refined their
performance to an art form. 

1040
00:54:53,400 --> 00:54:56,900
They've learned exactly how to 
time their Outburst for maximum 

1041
00:54:56,900 --> 00:54:58,900
effect. 
How to coordinate their 

1042
00:54:58,900 --> 00:55:01,900
afflictions to support each 
other's claims, and how to 

1043
00:55:01,900 --> 00:55:04,900
direct their accusations toward 
the most vulnerable targets. 

1044
00:55:04,900 --> 00:55:09,100
Today, they're putting on a 
particularly elaborate showing 

1045
00:55:09,100 --> 00:55:12,700
to see Proctor right there in 
the courtroom mimicking, their 

1046
00:55:12,700 --> 00:55:14,300
movements and mocking their 
pain. 

1047
00:55:15,100 --> 00:55:18,600
You find yourself studying the 
faces of the other jurors trying

1048
00:55:18,600 --> 00:55:22,200
to read their thoughts. 
Some seem genuinely convinced by

1049
00:55:22,200 --> 00:55:25,300
what they're seeing others. 
Look troubled, but stay silent. 

1050
00:55:26,100 --> 00:55:29,000
A few appear to be going through
the motions saying what they 

1051
00:55:29,000 --> 00:55:31,200
think they're supposed to say 
while keeping their real 

1052
00:55:31,200 --> 00:55:34,000
thoughts hidden. 
The atmosphere of fear and 

1053
00:55:34,000 --> 00:55:36,400
suspicion has made honest 
communication. 

1054
00:55:36,400 --> 00:55:39,800
Almost impossible, the judges 
continue to treat spectral 

1055
00:55:39,800 --> 00:55:42,700
evidence as if it were as 
reliable as fingerprints or DNA.

1056
00:55:42,700 --> 00:55:45,700
They ask detailed questions 
about the appearance and 

1057
00:55:45,700 --> 00:55:49,500
behavior of, specters, that only
the accusers can see recording 

1058
00:55:49,500 --> 00:55:52,300
their answers as if they were 
documenting observable, facts. 

1059
00:55:53,100 --> 00:55:54,800
You keep wanting to ask the 
obvious question. 

1060
00:55:55,700 --> 00:55:58,200
A devil can create false 
Spectators to deceive people? 

1061
00:55:58,200 --> 00:56:00,300
How do we know these Visions are
real? 

1062
00:56:01,300 --> 00:56:04,000
But asking that question would 
be tantamount to confessing your

1063
00:56:04,000 --> 00:56:07,500
own lack of faith. 
During a particularly intense 

1064
00:56:07,500 --> 00:56:10,500
moment of testimony, one of the 
accusers suddenly points 

1065
00:56:10,500 --> 00:56:14,200
directly at you and screams that
she can see your Specter 

1066
00:56:14,200 --> 00:56:18,000
whispering to the accused the 
courtroom Falls silent and you 

1067
00:56:18,000 --> 00:56:21,100
feel every eye in the room 
focusing on you, your heart 

1068
00:56:21,100 --> 00:56:23,500
pounds so hard, you're sure 
everyone can hear it. 

1069
00:56:24,500 --> 00:56:27,500
For a terrifying moment, you 
realize you could be next that 

1070
00:56:27,500 --> 00:56:30,000
your position as a juror 
provides, no protection against 

1071
00:56:30,000 --> 00:56:33,500
the Machinery of accusation. 
The judge quickly intervenes 

1072
00:56:33,500 --> 00:56:35,900
suggesting that the accuser must
be mistaken. 

1073
00:56:35,900 --> 00:56:39,200
That the devil is trying to 
confuse her by creating false 

1074
00:56:39,200 --> 00:56:42,300
Visions, but the moment has 
shaken you to your core. 

1075
00:56:43,000 --> 00:56:46,000
If you are a member of the jury 
can be accused, then literally 

1076
00:56:46,000 --> 00:56:49,000
No One Is Safe. 
The realization that you're 

1077
00:56:49,000 --> 00:56:51,800
sitting in Judgment of others 
while being potentially one 

1078
00:56:51,800 --> 00:56:55,100
accusation away from the doc 
yourself is almost too much to 

1079
00:56:55,100 --> 00:56:57,900
bear. 
The worst part is that you're 

1080
00:56:57,900 --> 00:57:00,100
starting to understand why some 
people confess to Witchcraft 

1081
00:57:00,100 --> 00:57:04,300
even when they're innocent. 
Pressure is so intense, the 

1082
00:57:04,300 --> 00:57:06,500
logic so twisted and the 
alternative. 

1083
00:57:06,500 --> 00:57:09,700
So terrible that false 
confession, begins to seem like 

1084
00:57:09,700 --> 00:57:12,800
the only rational choice. 
If maintaining your innocence 

1085
00:57:12,800 --> 00:57:16,500
means facing death while 
confessing mean survival what 

1086
00:57:16,500 --> 00:57:18,800
would you choose the question 
haunts you? 

1087
00:57:18,800 --> 00:57:20,200
Because you don't know the 
answer. 

1088
00:57:20,200 --> 00:57:23,400
You Glimpse Elizabeth in the 
gallery as they lead Procter 

1089
00:57:23,400 --> 00:57:26,400
away to await his verdict. 
She is pregnant which is 

1090
00:57:26,400 --> 00:57:29,700
temporarily saved her from 
execution but you can see the 

1091
00:57:29,700 --> 00:57:32,900
desperation in her eyes. 
Her husband is probably going to

1092
00:57:32,900 --> 00:57:35,800
die for the crime of speaking, 
truth to power and there's 

1093
00:57:35,800 --> 00:57:39,500
nothing she can do to save him. 
Your part of the system that's 

1094
00:57:39,500 --> 00:57:42,400
destroying this family and that 
knowledge sits in your stomach, 

1095
00:57:42,400 --> 00:57:45,400
like a stone two months in to 
your service, you've stopped 

1096
00:57:45,400 --> 00:57:48,400
counting the number of people 
you've helped condemned the 

1097
00:57:48,400 --> 00:57:50,700
exact number feels less 
important than the weight of 

1098
00:57:50,708 --> 00:57:53,500
their Collective presence, which
seems to follow you everywhere. 

1099
00:57:54,200 --> 00:57:57,300
You see their faces when you 
close your eyes, hear their 

1100
00:57:57,300 --> 00:57:59,100
final words when the house is 
quiet. 

1101
00:57:59,800 --> 00:58:03,400
Feel their absence in the spaces
they used to occupy around town.

1102
00:58:04,600 --> 00:58:08,900
Today brings a particularly 
difficult case, Rebecca nurse a 

1103
00:58:08,900 --> 00:58:10,700
woman. 
So universally respected that 

1104
00:58:10,700 --> 00:58:12,700
her accusation has sent 
shockwaves through the 

1105
00:58:12,700 --> 00:58:17,500
community. 71 years old, deeply 
religious and known for her 

1106
00:58:17,500 --> 00:58:19,300
charitable works and gentle 
nature. 

1107
00:58:20,100 --> 00:58:23,800
If Rebecca nurse can be a witch,
the logic goes then anyone can 

1108
00:58:23,800 --> 00:58:27,000
be The accusation has forced 
Salem to confront the 

1109
00:58:27,000 --> 00:58:30,000
possibility that evil can hide 
behind the most innocent faces, 

1110
00:58:30,000 --> 00:58:32,600
which somehow make everyone 
seemed more dangerous. 

1111
00:58:33,700 --> 00:58:36,400
The accusers seem to understand 
the significance of this case 

1112
00:58:36,400 --> 00:58:38,200
and they're pulling out all the 
stops. 

1113
00:58:38,200 --> 00:58:40,900
Their performance is a more 
dramatic than usual. 

1114
00:58:40,900 --> 00:58:44,600
Their claims more outrageous. 
They're saying Rebecca's Specter

1115
00:58:44,600 --> 00:58:47,200
has been tormenting them for 
months appearing in their 

1116
00:58:47,200 --> 00:58:51,500
bedrooms at night pinching and 
trying to force them to sign the

1117
00:58:51,500 --> 00:58:54,500
Devils book. 
Watching this frail elderly 

1118
00:58:54,500 --> 00:58:57,100
woman being accused of such 
energetic, Supernatural, 

1119
00:58:57,100 --> 00:59:00,200
terrorism would be almost 
comical if the consequences were

1120
00:59:00,200 --> 00:59:03,600
so deadly serious. 
What's particularly disturbing 

1121
00:59:03,600 --> 00:59:05,900
is how the community is split, 
over Rebecca's case. 

1122
00:59:06,600 --> 00:59:08,600
Her family and close friends. 
Maintained her innocence 

1123
00:59:08,600 --> 00:59:11,800
passionately While others seemed
relieved to finally have an 

1124
00:59:11,800 --> 00:59:14,100
explanation for various 
misfortunes, they've attributed 

1125
00:59:14,100 --> 00:59:18,200
to Supernatural causes Old 
grudges and property disputes 

1126
00:59:18,200 --> 00:59:20,800
are being reframed as evidence 
of malevolent witchcraft. 

1127
00:59:20,800 --> 00:59:25,100
You're watching Salem's social 
fabric tear itself, apart one 

1128
00:59:25,100 --> 00:59:28,200
accusation at a time the 
evidence against Rebecca is the 

1129
00:59:28,200 --> 00:59:30,200
same spectral. 
Testimony, you've been hearing 

1130
00:59:30,200 --> 00:59:32,400
for weeks but her case 
highlights. 

1131
00:59:32,400 --> 00:59:34,800
The fundamental absurdity of the
entire system. 

1132
00:59:35,700 --> 00:59:38,800
If this woman who has spent her 
entire life, serving God and 

1133
00:59:38,800 --> 00:59:42,500
helping others can be credibly 
accused of serving Satan, then 

1134
00:59:42,500 --> 00:59:45,900
the accusations have become 
meaningless, either the accusers

1135
00:59:45,900 --> 00:59:49,000
lying or the entire concept of 
judging people by their 

1136
00:59:49,000 --> 00:59:50,700
character and actions is 
worthless. 

1137
00:59:51,600 --> 00:59:54,100
During deliberations, you find 
yourself in the uncomfortable 

1138
00:59:54,100 --> 00:59:57,200
position of being one of the few
jurors who seems troubled by the

1139
00:59:57,200 --> 01:00:00,500
case, the other seem convinced 
that the accusers wouldn't lie 

1140
01:00:00,500 --> 01:00:03,000
about something. 
So serious, that the consistency

1141
01:00:03,000 --> 01:00:04,900
of their testimony proves its 
truth. 

1142
01:00:04,900 --> 01:00:07,900
And that Rebecca's very 
respectability, might be a 

1143
01:00:07,900 --> 01:00:09,500
cunning disguise for her evil 
nature. 

1144
01:00:10,400 --> 01:00:13,300
The logic is so Twisted that it 
makes your head spin but 

1145
01:00:13,300 --> 01:00:15,400
questioning it to openly would 
be dangerous. 

1146
01:00:15,400 --> 01:00:18,300
You're also dealing with the 
personal cost of your jury 

1147
01:00:18,300 --> 01:00:20,400
service. 
Your family is suffering from 

1148
01:00:20,400 --> 01:00:23,500
your constant stress and 
distraction your wife looks at 

1149
01:00:23,500 --> 01:00:26,600
you with increasing concern. 
Your children seem afraid of 

1150
01:00:26,600 --> 01:00:29,700
your dark moods, and your work 
is suffering from your inability

1151
01:00:29,700 --> 01:00:32,400
to concentrate. 
The Witch Trials aren't just 

1152
01:00:32,400 --> 01:00:35,300
destroying the accused, they're 
taking a toll on everyone 

1153
01:00:35,300 --> 01:00:38,500
involved in the process. 
The worst part is that you're 

1154
01:00:38,500 --> 01:00:40,800
beginning to see how the trials 
have become, self-perpetuating 

1155
01:00:40,800 --> 01:00:45,500
each conviction validates, the 
accusers credibility, making the

1156
01:00:45,500 --> 01:00:49,200
next accusation more likely to 
be believed each execution. 

1157
01:00:49,200 --> 01:00:52,000
Demonstrates the community's 
commitment to fighting Satan, 

1158
01:00:52,000 --> 01:00:54,900
making it harder to admit. 
That mistakes might have been 

1159
01:00:54,900 --> 01:00:58,700
made the system has gained a 
momentum of its own and you're 

1160
01:00:58,700 --> 01:01:00,500
not sure. 
Anyone has the power to stop at 

1161
01:01:00,500 --> 01:01:03,000
any more. 
When the jury finally reaches 

1162
01:01:03,000 --> 01:01:06,300
its verdict in Rebecca's case, 
you feel something inside you 

1163
01:01:06,300 --> 01:01:09,700
break, you've just helped 
condemn a woman whose only crime

1164
01:01:09,700 --> 01:01:12,700
was being vulnerable to 
accusation in a community that 

1165
01:01:12,700 --> 01:01:16,200
has lost its moral compass. 
The weight of that decision will

1166
01:01:16,200 --> 01:01:18,300
stay with you for the rest of 
your life and you know, it 

1167
01:01:18,300 --> 01:01:21,500
you've crossed a line that can 
never be uncrossed and 

1168
01:01:21,500 --> 01:01:24,400
participated in an injustice 
that can never be undone. 

1169
01:01:25,500 --> 01:01:27,600
As you watch Rebecca, receive 
her sentence. 

1170
01:01:27,600 --> 01:01:30,500
You see something in her eyes 
that will haunt you forever. 

1171
01:01:30,500 --> 01:01:36,000
Not anger, or fear but pity She 
gazes at you and the other 

1172
01:01:36,000 --> 01:01:39,100
jurors with the same compassion,
she might show to Lost Children 

1173
01:01:39,100 --> 01:01:41,200
and you realize she knows 
something. 

1174
01:01:41,200 --> 01:01:45,700
You're just starting to grasp 
The Witch Trials haven't just 

1175
01:01:45,700 --> 01:01:48,500
claimed innocent victims. 
They've corrupted, everyone 

1176
01:01:48,500 --> 01:01:51,400
involved in them. 
You came into this believing you

1177
01:01:51,400 --> 01:01:54,300
were serving justice but you've 
become complicit in its 

1178
01:01:54,308 --> 01:01:57,200
opposite. 
Walking home through the Salem 

1179
01:01:57,200 --> 01:02:00,900
streets, you notice how empty 
they've become people, hurry 

1180
01:02:00,900 --> 01:02:02,700
past each other without making 
eye contact. 

1181
01:02:02,700 --> 01:02:06,400
Afraid that any interaction 
might be misinterpreted any 

1182
01:02:06,400 --> 01:02:08,700
conversation might provide 
ammunition for future 

1183
01:02:08,700 --> 01:02:11,700
accusations. 
The community that once held you

1184
01:02:11,700 --> 01:02:13,800
together has dissolved into a 
collection of frightened 

1185
01:02:13,800 --> 01:02:16,200
individuals. 
Each trying to avoid becoming 

1186
01:02:16,200 --> 01:02:19,200
the next Target and you've 
helped create this atmosphere of

1187
01:02:19,200 --> 01:02:23,200
Terror one verdict at a time. 
Three months of passed since you

1188
01:02:23,200 --> 01:02:25,800
first, took your seat in the 
jury box and sell them. 

1189
01:02:25,800 --> 01:02:27,700
Barely resembles the town you 
want new. 

1190
01:02:28,600 --> 01:02:30,900
The Witch Trials have 
transformed into a mechanism 

1191
01:02:30,900 --> 01:02:34,900
that consumes individuals 
relationships and Sanity with 

1192
01:02:34,900 --> 01:02:37,800
equal efficiency. 
You've lost count of how many 

1193
01:02:37,800 --> 01:02:40,600
verdicts you've delivered, but 
your body keeps score in 

1194
01:02:40,608 --> 01:02:43,300
Sleepless. 
Nights stress induced headaches 

1195
01:02:43,300 --> 01:02:46,200
and a persistent knot in your 
stomach that never seems to 

1196
01:02:46,200 --> 01:02:49,600
loosen. 
The most recent case, concerns 

1197
01:02:49,600 --> 01:02:52,500
Mary easty. 
Sister of Rebecca nurse. 

1198
01:02:52,500 --> 01:02:55,600
Who circumstances encapsulate? 
All the negative aspects of the 

1199
01:02:55,600 --> 01:02:58,300
trials? 
Mary has maintained her 

1200
01:02:58,300 --> 01:03:01,200
innocence throughout the 
proceedings, but she's also done

1201
01:03:01,200 --> 01:03:03,500
something that shows remarkable 
courage and wisdom. 

1202
01:03:03,500 --> 01:03:05,500
She's written a petition to the 
court. 

1203
01:03:05,500 --> 01:03:08,400
Not asking for her life, but 
pleading for the trials, to be 

1204
01:03:08,408 --> 01:03:12,500
conducted more carefully to 
prevent future Injustice, her 

1205
01:03:12,500 --> 01:03:14,600
petition, Hans you because it's 
so reasonable. 

1206
01:03:14,600 --> 01:03:18,900
Measured and obviously correct. 
Mary acknowledges that 

1207
01:03:18,900 --> 01:03:21,500
witchcraft exists, but 
questions, whether the current 

1208
01:03:21,500 --> 01:03:24,600
methods of detecting it are 
reliable, He points out the 

1209
01:03:24,600 --> 01:03:28,100
inconsistencies in spectral 
evidence, the dangers of massive

1210
01:03:28,100 --> 01:03:31,200
stereo, and the possibility that
innocent people are dying for 

1211
01:03:31,200 --> 01:03:32,400
crimes. 
They didn't commit. 

1212
01:03:33,500 --> 01:03:35,900
Everything you've been thinking,
but haven't dared to say, 

1213
01:03:35,900 --> 01:03:39,400
allowed reading her petition. 
You realize you've been 

1214
01:03:39,400 --> 01:03:41,300
witnessing the destruction of 
everything. 

1215
01:03:41,300 --> 01:03:44,800
You want to believed about, 
Justice, community, and Truth. 

1216
01:03:45,900 --> 01:03:49,000
The trials have not shielded 
Salem from Evil instead. 

1217
01:03:49,000 --> 01:03:50,900
They've Unleashed a distinct 
form of evil. 

1218
01:03:50,900 --> 01:03:54,400
One, that divides neighbors and 
uses accusations as a weapon of 

1219
01:03:54,408 --> 01:03:57,700
mass Devastation, the very 
people who are supposed to be 

1220
01:03:57,700 --> 01:04:00,300
fighting. 
Satan have become instruments of

1221
01:04:00,300 --> 01:04:03,400
a different kind of Darkness. 
You're not the only one who is 

1222
01:04:03,400 --> 01:04:06,000
beginning to see the truth. 
Some of the other jurors are 

1223
01:04:06,000 --> 01:04:09,000
showing signs of Doubt though. 
Their careful not to express it 

1224
01:04:09,000 --> 01:04:11,000
openly. 
There are whispered 

1225
01:04:11,000 --> 01:04:13,400
conversations about the growing 
implausibility of the 

1226
01:04:13,400 --> 01:04:17,300
accusations, quiet concerns 
about the accuser's motivations 

1227
01:04:17,300 --> 01:04:20,500
and troubled questions about the
reliability of spectral 

1228
01:04:20,500 --> 01:04:23,500
evidence. 
But by now, you're also deep in 

1229
01:04:23,500 --> 01:04:25,400
the system that backing out 
seems impossible. 

1230
01:04:25,400 --> 01:04:28,700
The social cost of changing 
course, would be enormous 

1231
01:04:28,700 --> 01:04:31,500
admitting the trials are wrong. 
Would mean acknowledging, that 

1232
01:04:31,500 --> 01:04:35,000
innocent people have died that 
the community has been deceived 

1233
01:04:35,000 --> 01:04:37,500
and that everyone involved in 
the proceedings has been 

1234
01:04:37,508 --> 01:04:39,400
complicit in a massive 
Injustice. 

1235
01:04:39,400 --> 01:04:43,200
It's easier to keep moving 
forward to maintain the fiction 

1236
01:04:43,200 --> 01:04:46,100
that what you're doing is 
necessary and right then to 

1237
01:04:46,100 --> 01:04:49,200
confront the alternative. 
But Mary East is petition has 

1238
01:04:49,200 --> 01:04:52,500
forced you to confront that 
alternative She is going to die,

1239
01:04:52,500 --> 01:04:54,800
you can see it in the judges 
faces. 

1240
01:04:54,800 --> 01:04:57,900
Hear it in the accusers 
testimony and feel it in the 

1241
01:04:57,900 --> 01:05:00,800
courtrooms atmosphere. 
But she is using her final 

1242
01:05:00,800 --> 01:05:03,600
moments to try to prevent others
from suffering the same fate. 

1243
01:05:04,300 --> 01:05:06,400
Her courage makes your 
complicity feel even more 

1244
01:05:06,400 --> 01:05:09,700
shameful. 
As you deliberate Marys case 

1245
01:05:09,700 --> 01:05:12,900
your struck by the realization 
that you've become part of a 

1246
01:05:12,908 --> 01:05:17,300
system that values Conformity 
over truth, fear over Justice 

1247
01:05:17,300 --> 01:05:21,400
and accusation over evidence. 
You came into this believing. 

1248
01:05:21,400 --> 01:05:23,300
You are serving, God and 
community. 

1249
01:05:24,300 --> 01:05:27,000
But you've instead served the 
darker, impulses of human 

1250
01:05:27,000 --> 01:05:31,000
nature, the desire to blame 
others for our problems to find 

1251
01:05:31,000 --> 01:05:34,700
simple explanations for complex 
issues and to maintain social 

1252
01:05:34,700 --> 01:05:37,100
order through fear rather than 
Justice. 

1253
01:05:37,100 --> 01:05:40,500
The verdict in Mary's case is 
predetermined, just like all the

1254
01:05:40,500 --> 01:05:44,600
others, the jury's role has 
become purely ceremonial a way 

1255
01:05:44,600 --> 01:05:47,600
of legitimizing decisions that 
have already been made by judges

1256
01:05:47,600 --> 01:05:50,800
who believe in the accusers 
infallibility and the reality of

1257
01:05:50,800 --> 01:05:54,000
spectral evidence, you're not 
engaging in a deliberative 

1258
01:05:54,000 --> 01:05:57,800
process instead your merely 
validating A system that is 

1259
01:05:57,800 --> 01:06:01,700
completely disconnected from 
actual Justice, When Mary Easter

1260
01:06:01,700 --> 01:06:04,700
is finally executed something in
Salem's Collective, 

1261
01:06:04,700 --> 01:06:08,600
Consciousness seems to shift. 
Her dignity and death, her 

1262
01:06:08,600 --> 01:06:11,400
reasoned petition, and the 
growing employers, ability of 

1263
01:06:11,408 --> 01:06:15,100
the accusation begin to create 
cracks in the certainty that has

1264
01:06:15,100 --> 01:06:18,200
driven the trials. 
People start asking questions, 

1265
01:06:18,200 --> 01:06:19,600
they should have asked months 
ago. 

1266
01:06:19,600 --> 01:06:22,500
Noticing inconsistence is they 
should have seen from the 

1267
01:06:22,500 --> 01:06:24,300
beginning. 
However, you come to this 

1268
01:06:24,300 --> 01:06:27,200
realization too late. 
You've already been part of 

1269
01:06:27,200 --> 01:06:30,600
condemning at least 20 people to
death and no amount of later 

1270
01:06:30,600 --> 01:06:33,400
wisdom can undo. 
That fact, you'll spend the rest

1271
01:06:33,400 --> 01:06:36,200
of your life knowing that when 
your community lost its mind, 

1272
01:06:36,200 --> 01:06:40,300
you went along with the madness.
When Justice needed Defenders, 

1273
01:06:40,300 --> 01:06:42,100
you were too frightened to speak
up. 

1274
01:06:42,100 --> 01:06:46,000
When innocent people needed your
courage, you chose your safety. 

1275
01:06:46,000 --> 01:06:49,900
Instead, The Witch Trials will 
eventually end discredited and 

1276
01:06:49,900 --> 01:06:52,500
abandoned by the same people who
once supported them 

1277
01:06:52,500 --> 01:06:56,300
enthusiastically, The accusers 
will recount or be forgotten. 

1278
01:06:56,300 --> 01:06:59,700
The judges will quietly distance
themselves from the proceedings 

1279
01:06:59,700 --> 01:07:02,600
and the community will try to 
move on as if nothing happened. 

1280
01:07:02,600 --> 01:07:05,600
But for you, there will be no 
moving on. 

1281
01:07:05,600 --> 01:07:08,400
You'll carry the weight of those
verdicts forever. 

1282
01:07:08,400 --> 01:07:11,500
A reminder of how easily 
Ordinary People can become 

1283
01:07:11,500 --> 01:07:13,600
complicit in extraordinary. 
Evil. 

1284
01:07:14,700 --> 01:07:17,300
Years later. 
When historians study the sailor

1285
01:07:17,300 --> 01:07:21,000
in which trials, they'll focus 
on the accusers, the judges and 

1286
01:07:21,000 --> 01:07:24,400
the victims, But, you know, the 
real story includes people like 

1287
01:07:24,400 --> 01:07:27,900
you ordinary citizens, who were 
swept up in events beyond their 

1288
01:07:27,900 --> 01:07:30,500
control and forced to make 
impossible choices. 

1289
01:07:30,500 --> 01:07:34,300
You would just trying to do your
civic duty to serve your 

1290
01:07:34,300 --> 01:07:38,100
community and uphold Justice. 
Instead, you found yourself 

1291
01:07:38,100 --> 01:07:40,900
embroiled in one of the most 
tumultuous periods in American 

1292
01:07:40,900 --> 01:07:44,100
history, serving as a stark 
reminder, that. 

1293
01:07:44,100 --> 01:07:46,500
Good intentions can lead to dire
consequences. 

1294
01:07:47,700 --> 01:07:50,500
The trials taught you, that 
courage isn't just about facing 

1295
01:07:50,500 --> 01:07:52,900
physical danger. 
It's about standing up for 

1296
01:07:52,900 --> 01:07:54,500
truth. 
When everyone around you is 

1297
01:07:54,500 --> 01:07:58,000
abandoned, it justice isn't just
about following procedures. 

1298
01:07:58,000 --> 01:08:00,800
It's about questioning those 
procedures when they produce 

1299
01:08:00,800 --> 01:08:03,900
unjust results. 
Community is about protecting 

1300
01:08:03,900 --> 01:08:07,700
the vulnerable, even when it's 
inconvenient or dangerous, you 

1301
01:08:07,700 --> 01:08:10,600
fail those tests and Salem 
failed them too. 

1302
01:08:10,600 --> 01:08:14,300
The witch trials, succeeded in 
their stated goal of rooting out

1303
01:08:14,300 --> 01:08:16,500
evil. 
But the evil they found was in 

1304
01:08:16,500 --> 01:08:19,100
the hearts of the accusers and 
the complicity of people like 

1305
01:08:19,100 --> 01:08:21,000
you. 
That's a lesson worth 

1306
01:08:21,000 --> 01:08:24,100
remembering even if it's one you
learn too late to do any good. 

1307
01:08:27,399 --> 01:08:31,100
Now imagine yourself sitting in 
your favorite armchair, in 1939,

1308
01:08:31,100 --> 01:08:36,200
cup of tea on the side table as 
the world prepares to undergo 

1309
01:08:36,200 --> 01:08:40,000
unprecedented transformations. 
But the people who are about to 

1310
01:08:40,000 --> 01:08:42,399
change, it had no idea. 
They were writing the most 

1311
01:08:42,399 --> 01:08:47,600
expensive recipe ever the recipe
required approximately 130,000 

1312
01:08:47,600 --> 01:08:51,800
individuals, a duration of three
years and sufficient funds to 

1313
01:08:51,800 --> 01:08:55,500
establish a modest Nation. 
It all started because some very

1314
01:08:55,500 --> 01:08:59,100
smart people, got very worried 
Imagine the feeling you get when

1315
01:08:59,100 --> 01:09:01,800
you realize you left the stove 
on and imagine that feeling 

1316
01:09:01,800 --> 01:09:04,000
multiplied by the entire future 
of civilization. 

1317
01:09:05,500 --> 01:09:08,300
That's roughly what Leo silard 
felt when he heard that German 

1318
01:09:08,300 --> 01:09:11,000
scientists had figured out how 
to split uranium atoms. 

1319
01:09:11,800 --> 01:09:14,500
Salad was a genius who could 
probably calculate the 

1320
01:09:14,500 --> 01:09:16,700
trajectory of falling toast in 
his pajamas. 

1321
01:09:16,700 --> 01:09:19,899
But even he couldn't foresee the
consequences of his concern. 

1322
01:09:19,899 --> 01:09:23,500
The amusing thing about salad is
that he was the kind of guy who 

1323
01:09:23,500 --> 01:09:26,399
would patent an idea for a 
nuclear reactor, then 

1324
01:09:26,399 --> 01:09:28,600
immediately realize it might be 
dangerous and try to keep it 

1325
01:09:28,600 --> 01:09:31,500
secret. 
It's like inventing dynamite and

1326
01:09:31,500 --> 01:09:35,200
then Whispering the recipe. 
He spent most of 1939 pacing 

1327
01:09:35,200 --> 01:09:38,000
around New York, likely 
frightening, pigeons with his 

1328
01:09:38,000 --> 01:09:40,700
intense expression. 
Trying to persuade anyone who 

1329
01:09:40,700 --> 01:09:43,899
would listen that America needed
to outpace Germany in the atomic

1330
01:09:43,899 --> 01:09:46,300
race. 
You can't just walk into the 

1331
01:09:46,300 --> 01:09:49,500
White House and say, hey, we 
need to build a massive bomb. 

1332
01:09:49,500 --> 01:09:52,899
Well, you can try, but they'll 
probably escort you out rather 

1333
01:09:52,899 --> 01:09:55,700
quickly. 
So, silly did what any 

1334
01:09:55,700 --> 01:09:58,700
reasonable person would do, he 
got, Einstein to write a letter.

1335
01:09:58,700 --> 01:10:03,100
Apparently, even in 1939, name 
recognition held significant 

1336
01:10:03,100 --> 01:10:06,300
importance, Einstein, who 
probably just wanted to work on 

1337
01:10:06,300 --> 01:10:08,100
his theories. 
In peace, found himself 

1338
01:10:08,100 --> 01:10:10,900
accidentally becoming the 
Godfather of the atomic age. 

1339
01:10:11,800 --> 01:10:14,900
He later recognized the irony 
give and that he was a pacifist 

1340
01:10:14,900 --> 01:10:17,400
who had previously expressed a 
preference for being a light, 

1341
01:10:17,408 --> 01:10:21,300
housekeeper, over a physicist. 
Rosevelt got the letter in 

1342
01:10:21,300 --> 01:10:24,900
October 1939, right around the 
time, he was dealing with a 

1343
01:10:24,900 --> 01:10:26,700
dozen of other world ending 
problems. 

1344
01:10:26,700 --> 01:10:28,500
You have to admire the man's 
ability. 

1345
01:10:28,500 --> 01:10:32,000
To prioritize most of us, get 
overwhelmed choosing what to 

1346
01:10:32,000 --> 01:10:35,100
watch on streaming services, but
FDR was juggling potential, 

1347
01:10:35,100 --> 01:10:38,700
nuclear weapons, a World War and
probably wondering if his 

1348
01:10:38,700 --> 01:10:40,600
morning coffee was strong enough
for any of this. 

1349
01:10:41,400 --> 01:10:44,400
The initial response was about 
as enthusiastic as you'd expect 

1350
01:10:44,400 --> 01:10:48,100
from a government bureaucracy, 
they formed a committee, nothing

1351
01:10:48,100 --> 01:10:50,700
conveys, the urgency of a 
world-changing, scientific 

1352
01:10:50,700 --> 01:10:53,200
breakthrough, more effectively 
than the formation of a 

1353
01:10:53,200 --> 01:10:55,500
committee. 
The Iranian committee as they 

1354
01:10:55,508 --> 01:10:58,000
called it met a few times, 
allocated. 

1355
01:10:58,000 --> 01:11:01,400
A wapping 6,000 dollars for 
research, and probably spent 

1356
01:11:01,400 --> 01:11:04,100
more on coffee than uranium. 
It was the governmental 

1357
01:11:04,100 --> 01:11:06,300
equivalent of putting a Band-Aid
on a volcano. 

1358
01:11:07,300 --> 01:11:09,500
But here's where the story gets 
intriguing in. 

1359
01:11:09,500 --> 01:11:12,700
That uniquely American Way. 
While the committee was busy 

1360
01:11:12,700 --> 01:11:15,000
being committed like Pearl, 
Harbor happened. 

1361
01:11:15,000 --> 01:11:19,100
Suddenly the abstract concept of
maybe we should look into this 

1362
01:11:19,100 --> 01:11:21,700
Atomic thing. 
Became we need this Atomic thing

1363
01:11:21,700 --> 01:11:24,600
yesterday and will build it 
bigger than anyone has ever 

1364
01:11:24,600 --> 01:11:28,200
built anything. 
And to General Leslie, Groves, a

1365
01:11:28,200 --> 01:11:30,600
man who had just finished 
building the Pentagon and was 

1366
01:11:30,608 --> 01:11:33,400
probably looking forward to a 
comfortable quiet desk job. 

1367
01:11:33,400 --> 01:11:37,600
He instead, he got handed the 
Manhattan Project which was like

1368
01:11:37,600 --> 01:11:40,000
being asked to organize the 
world's most dangerous science 

1369
01:11:40,000 --> 01:11:43,200
fair with unlimited funding and 
a deadline, that could determine

1370
01:11:43,200 --> 01:11:46,600
the fate of democracy. 
Groves was the kind of military 

1371
01:11:46,600 --> 01:11:49,100
mind who could look at an 
impossible task, and 

1372
01:11:49,100 --> 01:11:50,800
immediately. 
Start figuring out how to make 

1373
01:11:50,800 --> 01:11:54,300
it slightly less impossible, one
spreadsheet at a time. 

1374
01:11:54,308 --> 01:11:57,700
The beautiful absurdity of the 
Manhattan Project was already 

1375
01:11:57,700 --> 01:12:01,000
becoming clear. 
You had theoretical physicists 

1376
01:12:01,000 --> 01:12:03,400
who could barely balance their 
checkbooks being asked to create

1377
01:12:03,400 --> 01:12:05,900
the most practical and 
devastating weapon in history. 

1378
01:12:05,900 --> 01:12:09,400
While military men who 
understood Logistics had to wrap

1379
01:12:09,400 --> 01:12:12,100
their heads around Concepts that
sounded like they belonged in 

1380
01:12:12,100 --> 01:12:15,500
comic books and so began the 
most improbable collaboration in

1381
01:12:15,500 --> 01:12:18,900
human history where the marriage
of pure science and applied 

1382
01:12:18,900 --> 01:12:20,700
paranoia would reshape 
everything. 

1383
01:12:20,700 --> 01:12:23,900
Now, you might think that 
assembling the world's greatest 

1384
01:12:23,900 --> 01:12:27,400
scientific Minds would be like 
organizing a really intellectual

1385
01:12:27,400 --> 01:12:29,300
dinner party. 
You'd be wrong. 

1386
01:12:30,000 --> 01:12:31,700
It was more like trying to hurt 
cats. 

1387
01:12:31,700 --> 01:12:34,500
If the cats were Nobel Prize 
winners with strong opinions 

1388
01:12:34,500 --> 01:12:38,100
about quantum mechanics, and an 
alarming tendency to argue about

1389
01:12:38,100 --> 01:12:40,600
theoretical physics at 
inappropriate volume's. 

1390
01:12:41,400 --> 01:12:45,400
General Grove's practical heart 
approached, this challenge the 

1391
01:12:45,400 --> 01:12:48,500
way, any good military man? 
Would he made lists? 

1392
01:12:48,500 --> 01:12:53,200
Lots of lists of scientists list
of locations list of things they

1393
01:12:53,200 --> 01:12:56,300
need and probably a list of 
reasons why this was either the 

1394
01:12:56,300 --> 01:12:58,100
best or worst assignment of his 
career. 

1395
01:12:59,200 --> 01:13:02,300
He realized pretty quickly that 
managing brilliant people was 

1396
01:13:02,300 --> 01:13:05,300
like, managing regular people 
except they could prove you 

1397
01:13:05,300 --> 01:13:08,400
wrong with math. 
The first real breakthrough 

1398
01:13:08,400 --> 01:13:10,500
came, when someone suggested, 
they were recruit Robert 

1399
01:13:10,500 --> 01:13:12,300
Oppenheimer to lead the 
scientific effort. 

1400
01:13:13,100 --> 01:13:15,400
Now, Oppenheimer was an 
interesting choice. 

1401
01:13:15,400 --> 01:13:18,300
He was brilliant. 
Absolutely, but he was also the 

1402
01:13:18,300 --> 01:13:21,800
kind of guy who quoted Sanskrit 
at cocktail parties and had a 

1403
01:13:21,808 --> 01:13:24,700
habit of making everyone around 
him feel slightly undereducated.

1404
01:13:24,700 --> 01:13:28,600
He was like that friend who can 
discuss wine literature and 

1405
01:13:28,600 --> 01:13:32,600
nuclear physics with equal 
fluency except instead of being 

1406
01:13:32,600 --> 01:13:35,500
annoying at dinner parties. 
He was about to become the most 

1407
01:13:35,500 --> 01:13:39,400
famous scientists in America. 
What made Oppenheimer, perfect 

1408
01:13:39,400 --> 01:13:41,100
for the job. 
Wasn't just his scientific 

1409
01:13:41,100 --> 01:13:43,500
credentials though. 
Those were impressive enough. 

1410
01:13:43,500 --> 01:13:46,900
It was his ability to translate 
between the language of pure 

1411
01:13:46,900 --> 01:13:49,500
science and the language of we 
need results. 

1412
01:13:49,500 --> 01:13:52,900
Now please, he could talk to a 
theoretical physicist about 

1413
01:13:52,900 --> 01:13:56,100
quantum mechanics in the morning
and explain to a general why 

1414
01:13:56,100 --> 01:13:57,600
they needed more funding in the 
afternoon. 

1415
01:13:57,600 --> 01:14:01,200
All while maintaining the kind 
of cool demeanor that suggested.

1416
01:14:01,200 --> 01:14:03,800
He found the whole thing 
intellectually fascinating 

1417
01:14:03,800 --> 01:14:07,300
rather than terrifying. 
You can't run a massive 

1418
01:14:07,300 --> 01:14:09,600
scientific project from 
University offices, and 

1419
01:14:09,600 --> 01:14:13,400
borrowed, Laboratories, they 
needed space and not just any 

1420
01:14:13,400 --> 01:14:17,000
space. 
They needed secret space, really

1421
01:14:17,000 --> 01:14:20,000
secret space. 
Kind of secret space where you 

1422
01:14:20,000 --> 01:14:22,800
could accidentally change the 
world without anyone noticing 

1423
01:14:22,800 --> 01:14:27,200
until it was too late. 
Enter Los Alamos, New Mexico, a 

1424
01:14:27,200 --> 01:14:28,900
location. 
So remote that it made the 

1425
01:14:28,900 --> 01:14:31,000
middle of nowhere look like 
downtown Manhattan. 

1426
01:14:31,000 --> 01:14:34,700
It was perfect in the way that 
only truly imperfect places can 

1427
01:14:34,700 --> 01:14:37,600
be perfect. 
The site was isolated enough. 

1428
01:14:37,600 --> 01:14:40,400
That any accidental explosions 
would mostly just bother the 

1429
01:14:40,400 --> 01:14:43,900
local Wildlife, but accessible 
enough that they could actually 

1430
01:14:43,900 --> 01:14:46,900
transport equipment and people 
without requiring pack mules. 

1431
01:14:47,700 --> 01:14:50,700
The original plan was to house, 
maybe 30 scientists there. 

1432
01:14:50,700 --> 01:14:54,500
This was a bit like planning, a 
small dinner party and having it

1433
01:14:54,500 --> 01:14:57,000
turned into a wedding reception 
for 500 people. 

1434
01:14:57,900 --> 01:15:00,500
By the end of the project, Los 
Alamos had grown from a sleepy 

1435
01:15:00,500 --> 01:15:04,000
Ranch School into a secret City 
with its own post office school 

1436
01:15:04,000 --> 01:15:07,100
system and probably the highest 
concentration of advanced 

1437
01:15:07,100 --> 01:15:10,900
degrees per square mile in human
history but Los Alamos was just 

1438
01:15:10,900 --> 01:15:14,000
one piece of the puzzle. 
The Manhattan Project ended up 

1439
01:15:14,000 --> 01:15:16,100
requiring an entire secret 
infrastructure. 

1440
01:15:16,100 --> 01:15:19,400
Spread across the country. 
They built massive facilities in

1441
01:15:19,400 --> 01:15:22,600
Oak Ridge, Tennessee, where they
would separate uranium Isotopes,

1442
01:15:22,600 --> 01:15:25,300
using methods that were equal 
parts, brilliant and Brute 

1443
01:15:25,300 --> 01:15:29,600
Force, They constructed another 
enormous complex in Hanford, 

1444
01:15:29,600 --> 01:15:32,700
Washington for producing 
plutonium, because apparently 

1445
01:15:32,700 --> 01:15:35,100
one type of nuclear material 
wasn't enough for their 

1446
01:15:35,108 --> 01:15:38,700
ambitious plans, the logistics 
alone were mind-boggling. 

1447
01:15:38,700 --> 01:15:41,308
Try explaining to your 
accountant that you need to 

1448
01:15:41,316 --> 01:15:44,600
build several cities from 
scratch hire tens of thousands 

1449
01:15:44,600 --> 01:15:47,800
of people and consume more 
electricity than some entire 

1450
01:15:47,800 --> 01:15:50,000
States. 
All for a project, you can't 

1451
01:15:50,000 --> 01:15:53,600
actually tell anyone about the 
Tennessee Valley Authority found

1452
01:15:53,600 --> 01:15:57,100
itself powering what looked like
the industrial equivalent of a 

1453
01:15:57,100 --> 01:16:00,500
small Alien Invasion and they 
just had to trust that someone 

1454
01:16:00,500 --> 01:16:02,800
somewhere knew what they were 
doing. 

1455
01:16:04,100 --> 01:16:06,600
The security measures were so 
elaborate they boarded on 

1456
01:16:06,600 --> 01:16:08,400
comedy. 
Workers at Oak. 

1457
01:16:08,400 --> 01:16:10,900
Ridge were told they were 
helping with the war effort but 

1458
01:16:10,900 --> 01:16:13,200
most had no idea what they were 
actually producing. 

1459
01:16:14,000 --> 01:16:17,100
Some thought they were making 
Industrial Equipment, others 

1460
01:16:17,100 --> 01:16:19,100
assumed it was, some kind of 
super fuel. 

1461
01:16:19,800 --> 01:16:22,300
A few probably suspected. 
They were involved in something 

1462
01:16:22,300 --> 01:16:25,200
important but the 
compartmentalization was so 

1463
01:16:25,200 --> 01:16:27,900
thorough that you could work on 
the Manhattan Project for three 

1464
01:16:27,900 --> 01:16:31,100
years and still have only the 
vaguest idea what you'd actually

1465
01:16:31,100 --> 01:16:34,000
accomplished. 
Meanwhile, back at Los Alamos. 

1466
01:16:34,000 --> 01:16:36,900
Oppenheimer was facing the 
unique challenge of creating a 

1467
01:16:36,908 --> 01:16:40,100
functional Community where the 
residents included, some of the 

1468
01:16:40,100 --> 01:16:43,700
most brilliant and temperamental
people on the planet, all living

1469
01:16:43,700 --> 01:16:47,000
in temporary housing in the 
middle of the desert working on 

1470
01:16:47,000 --> 01:16:49,700
something that might either end 
the war or accidentally end, 

1471
01:16:49,700 --> 01:16:53,300
everything else it was like 
summer camp for adults if some 

1472
01:16:53,300 --> 01:16:56,100
are Camp, involved nuclear 
physics and the fate of 

1473
01:16:56,100 --> 01:16:58,200
Civilization. 
Now here's where things get 

1474
01:16:58,200 --> 01:17:00,800
really interesting in the 
special way that only 

1475
01:17:00,800 --> 01:17:02,600
theoretical physics can be 
interesting. 

1476
01:17:02,600 --> 01:17:05,800
You're dealing with people who 
spend their days thinking about 

1477
01:17:05,800 --> 01:17:07,600
things so small you can't see 
them. 

1478
01:17:07,600 --> 01:17:11,100
Even with the most powerful 
microscopes yet these invisible 

1479
01:17:11,100 --> 01:17:14,400
things contain enough energy to 
level cities, it's like 

1480
01:17:14,400 --> 01:17:17,000
discovering that dust bunnies 
under your couch could power 

1481
01:17:17,000 --> 01:17:19,500
your entire neighborhood. 
If only, you could figure out 

1482
01:17:19,500 --> 01:17:20,900
how To convince them to 
cooperate. 

1483
01:17:20,900 --> 01:17:24,200
The basic concept of nuclear 
fission sounds almost simple. 

1484
01:17:24,200 --> 01:17:27,800
When you say it quickly, you 
take a uranium, atom, you split 

1485
01:17:27,800 --> 01:17:31,400
it, and it releases energy. 
But saying that is like saying 

1486
01:17:31,400 --> 01:17:34,200
baking a cake when you're 
actually trying to construct a 

1487
01:17:34,200 --> 01:17:36,800
12 tier wedding cake. 
While blindfolded using 

1488
01:17:36,800 --> 01:17:39,800
ingredients, you've never seen 
before and following a recipe 

1489
01:17:39,800 --> 01:17:42,100
written in a language that was 
just invented yesterday. 

1490
01:17:43,400 --> 01:17:46,100
The first challenge was getting 
the right kind of uranium 

1491
01:17:46,100 --> 01:17:50,800
natural, uranium is mostly 
uranium 238, which is about as 

1492
01:17:50,800 --> 01:17:52,900
useful for making bombs as a 
chocolate teapot. 

1493
01:17:52,900 --> 01:17:57,900
What they needed was uranium 
235, which makes up less than 1%

1494
01:17:57,900 --> 01:18:00,900
of natural uranium. 
It's like needing to separate 

1495
01:18:00,900 --> 01:18:04,500
red M&Ms from a swimming pool 
full of mixed M&Ms. Except the 

1496
01:18:04,500 --> 01:18:07,200
M&M's are invisible. 
They're trying to kill you and 

1497
01:18:07,200 --> 01:18:09,700
you can only tell them apart 
using methods, that hadn't been 

1498
01:18:09,700 --> 01:18:13,100
invented yet. 
The scientists at Oak Ridge 

1499
01:18:13,100 --> 01:18:14,500
approached. 
This problem with the kind of 

1500
01:18:14,500 --> 01:18:17,200
methodical determination that 
only comes from having 

1501
01:18:17,200 --> 01:18:20,400
absolutely no choice. 
They tried several different 

1502
01:18:20,400 --> 01:18:23,400
separation methods, including 
one that involved, giant 

1503
01:18:23,400 --> 01:18:27,100
electromagnets called calutron. 
These machines were enormous and

1504
01:18:27,100 --> 01:18:30,500
consumed so much electricity 
that they basically turned the 

1505
01:18:30,500 --> 01:18:33,900
separation of uranium Isotopes, 
in to an industrial process. 

1506
01:18:33,900 --> 01:18:37,300
That could be seen from space if
satellites had existed then 

1507
01:18:37,300 --> 01:18:40,700
however, uranium was not the 
soul option of available 

1508
01:18:40,700 --> 01:18:43,200
nuclear. 
Reactors could create plutonium 

1509
01:18:43,200 --> 01:18:48,000
an element absent in nature. 
Plutonium was like, uranium's 

1510
01:18:48,000 --> 01:18:51,500
more complicated cousin, 
potentially more powerful but 

1511
01:18:51,500 --> 01:18:54,200
also more difficult to work with
and with a personality that 

1512
01:18:54,200 --> 01:18:56,600
could charitably be described as
temperamental. 

1513
01:18:57,300 --> 01:19:00,500
Creating plutonium required 
building nuclear reactors, which

1514
01:19:00,500 --> 01:19:02,600
brought its own special set of 
challenges. 

1515
01:19:03,500 --> 01:19:05,900
First reactor was built under 
the football stadium at the 

1516
01:19:05,900 --> 01:19:08,700
University of Chicago because 
apparently someone thought that 

1517
01:19:08,700 --> 01:19:11,400
the best place to test 
Humanities first controlled 

1518
01:19:11,400 --> 01:19:14,400
nuclear chain reaction was 
directly underneath a major 

1519
01:19:14,400 --> 01:19:17,400
American city. 
The physicists in charge of this

1520
01:19:17,400 --> 01:19:20,700
experiment in Rica fairy was 
reportedly betting on whether 

1521
01:19:20,700 --> 01:19:23,700
the reaction would stop when 
they wanted it to which shows 

1522
01:19:23,700 --> 01:19:25,400
how well they understood what 
they were doing. 

1523
01:19:26,300 --> 01:19:27,900
Fairy. 
Incidentally was the kind of 

1524
01:19:27,900 --> 01:19:30,900
scientist who could calculate 
complex physics problems in his 

1525
01:19:30,900 --> 01:19:33,100
head while other people were 
still looking for their 

1526
01:19:33,100 --> 01:19:35,700
calculators. 
He was also famous for his 

1527
01:19:35,700 --> 01:19:39,000
ability to estimate almost 
anything, give him a few minutes

1528
01:19:39,000 --> 01:19:41,500
and some basic information. 
And he could tell you 

1529
01:19:41,500 --> 01:19:44,800
approximately how many piano 
tuners lived in Chicago, or how 

1530
01:19:44,800 --> 01:19:47,700
much energy would be released by
various theoretical nuclear 

1531
01:19:47,700 --> 01:19:50,500
explosions. 
This skill turned out to be 

1532
01:19:50,500 --> 01:19:53,500
surprisingly useful when dealing
with weapons that released more 

1533
01:19:53,500 --> 01:19:56,900
energy than anyone had ever 
handled before the Chicago 

1534
01:19:56,900 --> 01:19:59,700
reactor worked. 
Thankfully without accidentally 

1535
01:19:59,700 --> 01:20:03,100
eliminating the Midwest and it 
provided the proof of concept 

1536
01:20:03,100 --> 01:20:05,700
needed to build much larger 
reactors at Hanford. 

1537
01:20:07,000 --> 01:20:09,900
These reactors were designed to 
produce plutonium on an 

1538
01:20:09,900 --> 01:20:12,700
industrial scale. 
Turning the abstract concept of 

1539
01:20:12,700 --> 01:20:15,700
artificially created elements 
into something measured in 

1540
01:20:15,708 --> 01:20:18,300
tonnes rather than microscopic 
quantities. 

1541
01:20:19,000 --> 01:20:21,800
However, obtaining nuclear 
material was only half the 

1542
01:20:21,800 --> 01:20:24,100
challenge. 
The other half was figuring out 

1543
01:20:24,108 --> 01:20:27,400
how to make it explode in a 
controlled predictable, way that

1544
01:20:27,400 --> 01:20:30,000
would release all that energy at
exactly the right moment. 

1545
01:20:31,000 --> 01:20:33,700
This step turned out to be 
significantly more complicated 

1546
01:20:33,700 --> 01:20:37,000
than anyone had anticipated. 
Like the difference between 

1547
01:20:37,000 --> 01:20:39,900
lighting a candle and conducting
a symphony, orchestra made 

1548
01:20:39,900 --> 01:20:43,500
entirely of Fire. 
The simplest design called gun 

1549
01:20:43,500 --> 01:20:47,000
type worked by shooting, one 
piece of uranium in to another 

1550
01:20:47,000 --> 01:20:50,500
piece of uranium rapidly. 
It was elegant in its Simplicity

1551
01:20:50,500 --> 01:20:53,600
like Nuclear Physics designed by
someone who really understood 

1552
01:20:53,600 --> 01:20:56,300
hammers. 
But this method only worked with

1553
01:20:56,300 --> 01:21:00,300
uranium 235 and they didn't have
enough for more than one bomb. 

1554
01:21:01,700 --> 01:21:04,500
The plutonium bomb required, a 
completely different approach 

1555
01:21:04,500 --> 01:21:08,400
called implosion which involves 
around a ball of plutonium with 

1556
01:21:08,400 --> 01:21:11,300
conventional explosives and 
detonating them all at. 

1557
01:21:11,300 --> 01:21:14,600
Exactly the same moment 
compressing the plutonium until 

1558
01:21:14,600 --> 01:21:18,200
it reached critical mass. 
Achieving this required such 

1559
01:21:18,200 --> 01:21:21,100
Precision that it would make 
Swiss watchmakers nervous. 

1560
01:21:21,100 --> 01:21:24,900
If the timing was off by even a 
few microseconds, the result 

1561
01:21:24,900 --> 01:21:28,000
would be an expensive dud 
instead of a nuclear explosion. 

1562
01:21:29,300 --> 01:21:32,000
This was the kind of problem 
that kept brilliant people awake

1563
01:21:32,000 --> 01:21:34,800
at night, staring at the ceiling
and wondering if they were about

1564
01:21:34,800 --> 01:21:37,800
to change the world or just 
create the most elaborate 

1565
01:21:37,800 --> 01:21:41,900
failure in scientific history. 
By the summer of 1945 Los 

1566
01:21:41,900 --> 01:21:43,500
Alamos. 
Scientists have been engaged in 

1567
01:21:43,500 --> 01:21:46,300
the world's most expensive 
science project for over two 

1568
01:21:46,300 --> 01:21:50,400
years despite possessing, 
numerous theories calculations 

1569
01:21:50,400 --> 01:21:53,400
and mathematical equations. 
They remained uncertain. 

1570
01:21:53,400 --> 01:21:57,300
If any of them would truly 
function It's akin to dedicating

1571
01:21:57,300 --> 01:22:01,400
three years to the construction 
of a car, only to discover that 

1572
01:22:01,400 --> 01:22:03,500
you've never actually attempted 
to operate the key. 

1573
01:22:04,600 --> 01:22:07,600
The gun type uranium bomb was 
simple enough, that they felt 

1574
01:22:07,600 --> 01:22:09,400
confident it would work without 
testing. 

1575
01:22:10,300 --> 01:22:13,200
This level of confidence in an 
untested, nuclear weapon was 

1576
01:22:13,200 --> 01:22:17,200
either remarkably bold or 
extremely naive, depending on 

1577
01:22:17,200 --> 01:22:20,700
how you looked at it. 
However, the plutonium implosion

1578
01:22:20,700 --> 01:22:22,600
bomb presented a distinct 
challenge. 

1579
01:22:23,500 --> 01:22:25,900
It was so complex and 
temperamental that betting the 

1580
01:22:25,900 --> 01:22:28,900
war on it without a test would 
have been like performing brain 

1581
01:22:28,900 --> 01:22:30,800
surgery. 
Based on a cookbook, you'd ring 

1582
01:22:30,800 --> 01:22:33,600
yourself. 
So they decided to conduct a 

1583
01:22:33,600 --> 01:22:36,600
test which presented its own 
unique set of challenges. 

1584
01:22:37,500 --> 01:22:40,100
What would be the most suitable 
location to test a nuclear 

1585
01:22:40,100 --> 01:22:42,200
weapon? 
You cannot simply head to the 

1586
01:22:42,200 --> 01:22:45,200
nearby firing range and hope for
a favorable outcome. 

1587
01:22:45,200 --> 01:22:47,300
You need somewhere remote 
enough. 

1588
01:22:47,300 --> 01:22:49,900
That if something goes 
spectacularly wrong you won't 

1589
01:22:49,900 --> 01:22:52,300
accidentally eliminate half of 
civilization. 

1590
01:22:52,300 --> 01:22:54,500
Before you've had a chance to 
use your weapon on the enemy. 

1591
01:22:55,400 --> 01:22:58,800
They chose a site in the New 
Mexico desert about 200 miles 

1592
01:22:58,800 --> 01:23:00,500
south of Los Alamos called 
Trinity. 

1593
01:23:00,500 --> 01:23:04,500
The name was oppenheimer's 
Choice inspired by a John Donne 

1594
01:23:04,500 --> 01:23:07,000
poem because apparently even 
when you're about to test 

1595
01:23:07,000 --> 01:23:09,900
Humanity's first nuclear weapon,
you still have time for 

1596
01:23:09,900 --> 01:23:14,000
literature. 
The site was flat empty and Far 

1597
01:23:14,000 --> 01:23:17,000
Enough from major population 
centers that any unexpected 

1598
01:23:17,000 --> 01:23:19,900
consequences would mostly affect
lizards and tumbleweeds. 

1599
01:23:21,200 --> 01:23:23,600
Preparing for the test was like 
planning the world's most 

1600
01:23:23,600 --> 01:23:26,400
dangerous camping trip. 
They had to transport an 

1601
01:23:26,400 --> 01:23:29,700
incredibly delicate and 
expensive nuclear device across 

1602
01:23:29,700 --> 01:23:32,500
desert roads that were barely 
suitable for regular 

1603
01:23:32,500 --> 01:23:35,300
automobiles. 
Then assemble it in a temporary 

1604
01:23:35,300 --> 01:23:38,300
laboratory that had been built 
in the middle of nowhere. 

1605
01:23:39,100 --> 01:23:42,400
The bomb itself was nicknamed, 
the gadget with the kind of 

1606
01:23:42,400 --> 01:23:45,200
casual understatement that 
suggested, they were discussing 

1607
01:23:45,200 --> 01:23:48,000
a new kitchen. 
Appliance rather than a weapon 

1608
01:23:48,000 --> 01:23:50,900
that could level a city, the 
scientists and military 

1609
01:23:50,900 --> 01:23:53,500
personnel involved in the tests.
Were dealing with unprecedented 

1610
01:23:53,500 --> 01:23:56,500
questions. 
How far away did you need to be 

1611
01:23:56,500 --> 01:23:58,400
to observe a nuclear explosion 
safely. 

1612
01:23:58,400 --> 01:24:02,200
Nobody knew because nobody had 
ever observed a nuclear 

1613
01:24:02,200 --> 01:24:05,000
explosion before. 
They made their best guesses 

1614
01:24:05,000 --> 01:24:07,800
based on calculations and hope 
they weren't catastrophically 

1615
01:24:07,800 --> 01:24:10,100
wrong. 
Some of the scientists brought 

1616
01:24:10,100 --> 01:24:13,800
suntan lotion as if protecting 
against nuclear radiation, was 

1617
01:24:13,800 --> 01:24:15,400
similar to preventing a mild 
sunburn. 

1618
01:24:16,600 --> 01:24:19,000
The test was scheduled for the 
early morning hours of July, 

1619
01:24:19,000 --> 01:24:24,100
16th, 1945, partly for security 
reasons, and partly, because 

1620
01:24:24,100 --> 01:24:26,800
someone thought it would be 
easier to see the explosion 

1621
01:24:26,800 --> 01:24:31,100
against the pre-dawn sky. 
As the countdown approached, the

1622
01:24:31,100 --> 01:24:33,700
level of tension at the site was
probably measurable with 

1623
01:24:33,700 --> 01:24:36,800
scientific instruments. 
These were people who had spent 

1624
01:24:36,800 --> 01:24:39,800
years of their lives working 
toward this moment and they were

1625
01:24:39,800 --> 01:24:42,400
about to find out if they'd 
created a revolutionary weapon 

1626
01:24:42,400 --> 01:24:46,100
or the world's most expensive 
firework Oppenheimer and the 

1627
01:24:46,108 --> 01:24:49,100
other key scientists gathered at
control bunker about six miles 

1628
01:24:49,100 --> 01:24:52,300
from Ground Zero, which seemed 
like a safe distance Until you 

1629
01:24:52,300 --> 01:24:55,800
realize that nobody actually 
knew what constituted a safe 

1630
01:24:55,800 --> 01:24:59,500
distance from Humanity's first 
nuclear explosion, they lay down

1631
01:24:59,500 --> 01:25:02,000
on the ground, facing away from 
the blast site with 

1632
01:25:02,000 --> 01:25:04,700
instructions, to look, only 
after the initial flash had 

1633
01:25:04,700 --> 01:25:07,400
passed, it was like being told 
to watch the world's most 

1634
01:25:07,400 --> 01:25:12,100
important Sunrise through your 
eyelids at 5:29 a.m. the gadget 

1635
01:25:12,100 --> 01:25:15,400
detonated with a force 
equivalent to about 21,000 tons 

1636
01:25:15,400 --> 01:25:18,400
of TNT. 
For a brief moment, the 

1637
01:25:18,400 --> 01:25:21,300
explosion created temperatures 
comparable to the surface of the

1638
01:25:21,300 --> 01:25:23,800
Sun and light brighter than the 
sun itself. 

1639
01:25:24,800 --> 01:25:28,900
The Flash was visible from over 
160 miles away, and the sound of

1640
01:25:28,900 --> 01:25:31,400
the explosion Was Heard nearly 
100 miles distant. 

1641
01:25:32,400 --> 01:25:35,700
Several observers reported that 
for a few seconds, it was as if 

1642
01:25:35,708 --> 01:25:39,300
there were two sons in the sky, 
the mushroom cloud, Rose to over

1643
01:25:39,300 --> 01:25:42,600
40,000 feet and the heat from 
the explosion turned. 

1644
01:25:42,600 --> 01:25:45,400
The desert sand into a greenish 
glass that they later called 

1645
01:25:45,400 --> 01:25:47,700
trinitite. 
Steel tower. 

1646
01:25:47,700 --> 01:25:50,600
That held the bomb vaporized 
along with everything else 

1647
01:25:50,600 --> 01:25:54,700
within a substantial radius of 
ground zero in the space of a 

1648
01:25:54,700 --> 01:25:56,300
few seconds. 
The theoretical had become 

1649
01:25:56,300 --> 01:26:00,200
devastatingly real Oppenheimer 
later said that as he watched 

1650
01:26:00,200 --> 01:26:03,300
the explosion aligned from the 
paugava came to mind. 

1651
01:26:03,300 --> 01:26:07,400
Now, I am become death destroyer
of worlds. 

1652
01:26:07,400 --> 01:26:10,400
It was the kind of literary 
reference that seemed almost 

1653
01:26:10,400 --> 01:26:13,900
absurdly intellectual given the 
circumstances, but it captured 

1654
01:26:13,900 --> 01:26:15,600
the magnitude of what they had 
just witnessed. 

1655
01:26:16,600 --> 01:26:19,400
They had successfully created a 
weapon that could destroy entire

1656
01:26:19,400 --> 01:26:22,800
cities in an instant. 
The test was a complete success 

1657
01:26:22,800 --> 01:26:26,400
which meant that the Manhattan 
Project had achieved its primary

1658
01:26:26,400 --> 01:26:29,200
goal, they had beaten Germany to
the atomic bomb. 

1659
01:26:30,000 --> 01:26:32,500
Of course by this point Germany 
had already surrendered. 

1660
01:26:32,500 --> 01:26:35,700
So the original motivation for 
the project was somewhat moot. 

1661
01:26:36,500 --> 01:26:39,200
But there was still Japan to 
consider and the war in the 

1662
01:26:39,200 --> 01:26:43,200
Pacific was far from over. 
As the mushroom cloud dissipated

1663
01:26:43,200 --> 01:26:46,600
over the New Mexico desert, the 
scientists and military 

1664
01:26:46,600 --> 01:26:49,500
personnel at Trinity began 
grappling with the implications 

1665
01:26:49,500 --> 01:26:52,200
of what they had. 
Just accomplished, they had 

1666
01:26:52,200 --> 01:26:54,100
unlocked a portal that would 
never reopen. 

1667
01:26:54,100 --> 01:26:56,600
Now, comes the part of the 
story, where things get 

1668
01:26:56,600 --> 01:26:59,000
complicated in ways that make 
quantum physics look 

1669
01:26:59,000 --> 01:27:01,600
straightforward. 
You have this incredibly 

1670
01:27:01,600 --> 01:27:05,800
powerful weapon that works 
exactly as advertised a war that

1671
01:27:05,800 --> 01:27:09,200
still raging in the Pacific and 
a bunch of very smart people. 

1672
01:27:09,200 --> 01:27:12,400
Suddenly realizing that creating
the thing was actually the easy 

1673
01:27:12,400 --> 01:27:15,900
part The real challenge lay and 
deciding what to do with it. 

1674
01:27:16,800 --> 01:27:19,700
President Truman who had 
inherited both the presidency 

1675
01:27:19,700 --> 01:27:22,900
and the Manhattan Project from 
Roosevelt found himself in the 

1676
01:27:22,900 --> 01:27:25,200
position of having to make 
decisions about weapons. 

1677
01:27:25,200 --> 01:27:29,200
He barely understood imagine 
being given the keys to a weapon

1678
01:27:29,200 --> 01:27:32,200
that could destroy cities and 
being told to learn how to use 

1679
01:27:32,200 --> 01:27:35,300
it in a few weeks. 
Truman was a practical man who 

1680
01:27:35,300 --> 01:27:37,400
preferred straightforward 
problems with straightforward 

1681
01:27:37,400 --> 01:27:40,900
Solutions but there was nothing 
straightforward about Atomic 

1682
01:27:40,900 --> 01:27:43,200
weapons. 
The military estimates for the 

1683
01:27:43,208 --> 01:27:47,400
invasion of Japan were extremely
sobering operation downfall as 

1684
01:27:47,400 --> 01:27:50,400
it was known, had the potential 
to cause over a million American

1685
01:27:50,400 --> 01:27:53,400
casualties and several million 
Japanese deaths. 

1686
01:27:54,100 --> 01:27:57,100
These were abstract numbers on a
strategic planning document. 

1687
01:27:57,100 --> 01:28:01,300
They represented real people 
families and entire communities.

1688
01:28:02,200 --> 01:28:05,400
The alternative was using Atomic
weapons against Japanese cities,

1689
01:28:05,400 --> 01:28:08,900
which would also kill enormous 
numbers of civilians but might 

1690
01:28:08,900 --> 01:28:11,400
end the war quickly enough to 
prevent an even larger 

1691
01:28:11,400 --> 01:28:14,200
catastrophe. 
It's the kind of decision that 

1692
01:28:14,200 --> 01:28:17,200
would keep anyone awake at 
night, the kind of moral 

1693
01:28:17,200 --> 01:28:19,400
calculation that has no clearly.
Right answer. 

1694
01:28:19,400 --> 01:28:23,500
Do you choose the option that 
kills fewer people overall, but 

1695
01:28:23,500 --> 01:28:26,500
involves using weapons of 
unprecedented destructive power.

1696
01:28:27,200 --> 01:28:29,200
Or do you choose the 
conventional Invasion? 

1697
01:28:29,200 --> 01:28:32,300
That might ultimately cost more 
lives but doesn't cross the 

1698
01:28:32,300 --> 01:28:36,900
threshold into nuclear warfare. 
Some of the scientists involved 

1699
01:28:36,900 --> 01:28:40,000
in the Manhattan Project were 
seriously reconsidering their 

1700
01:28:40,000 --> 01:28:44,500
involvement in its creation? 
Leo silard, who had started the 

1701
01:28:44,500 --> 01:28:47,000
whole thing with his worries 
about German Atomic research. 

1702
01:28:47,000 --> 01:28:50,200
Now, found himself trying to 
stop the use of the weapons. 

1703
01:28:50,200 --> 01:28:53,200
He had helped create he and 
several other scientists 

1704
01:28:53,200 --> 01:28:55,400
petition Truman to demonstrate 
the bomb's power. 

1705
01:28:55,400 --> 01:28:58,700
Without using it against 
populated areas, perhaps by 

1706
01:28:58,700 --> 01:29:01,900
detonating it over an 
uninhabited area where Japanese 

1707
01:29:01,900 --> 01:29:04,200
leaders could Witnesses 
destructive potential. 

1708
01:29:05,100 --> 01:29:07,800
But military planners argued 
that a demonstration might not 

1709
01:29:07,800 --> 01:29:11,300
be convincing enough to force 
Japanese surrender, especially 

1710
01:29:11,300 --> 01:29:13,100
if the bond fail to detonate 
properly. 

1711
01:29:14,400 --> 01:29:17,100
They had exactly two. 
Operational, Atomic weapons. 

1712
01:29:17,100 --> 01:29:22,100
Little boy, the uranium bomb and
fat, man, the plutonium bomb and

1713
01:29:22,100 --> 01:29:24,800
using one for a demonstration, 
would leave them with only one 

1714
01:29:24,800 --> 01:29:28,600
weapon for actual combat use. 
It was like having two bullets 

1715
01:29:28,600 --> 01:29:31,000
and wandering, whether to file 
one into the air, as a warning 

1716
01:29:31,000 --> 01:29:33,900
shot. 
The decision-making process was 

1717
01:29:33,900 --> 01:29:36,400
complicated by the fact that 
many of the people involved 

1718
01:29:36,400 --> 01:29:39,700
still didn't fully understand 
what they were dealing with. the

1719
01:29:39,700 --> 01:29:42,500
long-term effects of radiation 
exposure won't well, understood 

1720
01:29:43,300 --> 01:29:46,100
The political implications of 
introducing nuclear weapons to 

1721
01:29:46,100 --> 01:29:47,700
Warfare, hadn't been fully 
considered. 

1722
01:29:48,700 --> 01:29:51,300
They were making decisions about
the future of human conflict 

1723
01:29:51,300 --> 01:29:55,300
with incomplete information and 
under enormous time pressure, 

1724
01:29:55,300 --> 01:29:58,600
Japanese resistance was fierce 
and showed no signs of 

1725
01:29:58,600 --> 01:30:01,100
diminishing. 
The battle of Okinawa had 

1726
01:30:01,100 --> 01:30:04,000
demonstrated the terrible cost 
of invading fortified Japanese 

1727
01:30:04,000 --> 01:30:07,300
positions, and intelligence 
suggested that the Japanese were

1728
01:30:07,300 --> 01:30:10,300
preparing to defend their home 
islands with even greater 

1729
01:30:10,300 --> 01:30:13,200
determination. 
Kamikaze attacks were increasing

1730
01:30:13,200 --> 01:30:16,300
in frequency and intensity. 
From a purely military 

1731
01:30:16,300 --> 01:30:19,600
perspective, anything that could
end the war quickly was worth 

1732
01:30:19,600 --> 01:30:22,900
serious consideration. 
On the other hand, several 

1733
01:30:22,900 --> 01:30:25,800
high-ranking military officials 
questioned whether Atomic 

1734
01:30:25,800 --> 01:30:29,000
weapons were necessary at all. 
Some argued that Japan was 

1735
01:30:29,000 --> 01:30:31,600
already on the verge of 
surrender due to Conventional 

1736
01:30:31,600 --> 01:30:35,100
bombing Naval blockade and the 
Soviet entry into the war 

1737
01:30:35,100 --> 01:30:37,600
against Japan. 
Others suggested that the 

1738
01:30:37,600 --> 01:30:40,700
primary motivation for using the
bombs was not to defeat Japan 

1739
01:30:40,700 --> 01:30:44,700
but to demonstrate American 
nuclear capability to the Soviet

1740
01:30:44,700 --> 01:30:47,200
Union. 
Thereby initiating the Cold War.

1741
01:30:48,400 --> 01:30:52,000
Target selection process was 
grimly, methodically military 

1742
01:30:52,000 --> 01:30:55,300
planners wanted cities that were
militarily, significant but had 

1743
01:30:55,300 --> 01:30:58,300
not been heavily damaged by 
conventional bombing so that the

1744
01:30:58,300 --> 01:31:01,000
effects of the atomic weapon 
could be clearly observed and 

1745
01:31:01,000 --> 01:31:03,600
documented. 
They also wanted targets that 

1746
01:31:03,600 --> 01:31:06,600
would have maximum psychological
impact on Japanese leadership. 

1747
01:31:07,500 --> 01:31:11,900
The final Target list included. 
Hiroshima, kakura Nagata and 

1748
01:31:11,900 --> 01:31:14,900
Nagasaki Kyoto was initially on 
the list as well. 

1749
01:31:14,900 --> 01:31:17,900
But Secretary of War, Henry 
Stimson, reportedly removed it 

1750
01:31:17,900 --> 01:31:20,700
from consideration because he 
had visited the city and 

1751
01:31:20,700 --> 01:31:23,400
appreciated, its cultural and 
historical significance. 

1752
01:31:24,400 --> 01:31:27,000
It's one of those small human 
moments that had enormous 

1753
01:31:27,000 --> 01:31:29,800
consequences. 
A single person's aesthetic 

1754
01:31:29,800 --> 01:31:33,500
sensibility potentially saving a
city and its hundreds of 

1755
01:31:33,508 --> 01:31:35,600
thousands of inhabitants from 
nuclear destruction. 

1756
01:31:37,400 --> 01:31:40,400
As the decision deadline 
approached Truman was receiving 

1757
01:31:40,400 --> 01:31:43,700
advice from multiple directions,
much of it contradictory 

1758
01:31:43,700 --> 01:31:47,300
military commanders wanted to 
use the weapons to save American

1759
01:31:47,300 --> 01:31:49,300
lives. 
There was a divide among 

1760
01:31:49,300 --> 01:31:52,200
scientists between those seeking
to demonstrate the bombs power 

1761
01:31:52,200 --> 01:31:56,600
and those advocating for its 
decisive use. political advisors

1762
01:31:56,600 --> 01:31:59,300
were thinking about post-war 
relationships with both Japan 

1763
01:31:59,300 --> 01:32:03,200
and the Soviet Union in the end 
Truman, made the decision that 

1764
01:32:03,200 --> 01:32:06,200
he believed would end the war, 
most quickly, and save the most 

1765
01:32:06,208 --> 01:32:09,800
lives overall whether he was 
right or wrong as a question 

1766
01:32:09,800 --> 01:32:13,500
that historians and ethicist 
continue to debate today, But in

1767
01:32:13,500 --> 01:32:17,100
the summer of 1945, with 
incomplete information and 

1768
01:32:17,100 --> 01:32:20,700
enormous pressure, he chose to 
authorize the use of atomic 

1769
01:32:20,700 --> 01:32:23,600
weapons, against Japan. 
It was a decision that would 

1770
01:32:23,600 --> 01:32:26,000
define, not just the end of 
World War Two, but the beginning

1771
01:32:26,000 --> 01:32:30,600
of the nuclear age on the 
morning of August, 6th, 1945 the

1772
01:32:30,600 --> 01:32:34,900
crew of the Enola, Gay, a B-29 
bomber named after the Pilot's 

1773
01:32:34,900 --> 01:32:38,300
mother took off from tinian 
Island carrying little boy, the 

1774
01:32:38,300 --> 01:32:41,500
uranium bomb that had never been
tested, but was expected to work

1775
01:32:41,500 --> 01:32:43,400
based on theoretical 
calculations. 

1776
01:32:43,400 --> 01:32:46,700
It's important to take a moment 
to appreciate the surreal nature

1777
01:32:46,700 --> 01:32:48,900
of this moment. 
They were piloting. 

1778
01:32:48,900 --> 01:32:52,400
An untested nuclear weapon over 
the Pacific, Ocean relying on 

1779
01:32:52,408 --> 01:32:55,100
three years of theoretical 
physics, and Engineering to 

1780
01:32:55,100 --> 01:32:57,600
perform precisely as intended at
The crucial moment. 

1781
01:32:58,700 --> 01:33:01,400
Colonel, Paul. 
Tibbets the pilot probably had 

1782
01:33:01,400 --> 01:33:04,000
the strangest job description in
military history that morning. 

1783
01:33:04,700 --> 01:33:07,700
He was essentially a delivery 
driver except his package could 

1784
01:33:07,700 --> 01:33:11,000
destroy an entire city and his 
routing included flying over 

1785
01:33:11,000 --> 01:33:14,300
enemy territory while carrying 
the most expensive and dangerous

1786
01:33:14,300 --> 01:33:18,100
Cargo in human history. 
The crew had been told, they 

1787
01:33:18,100 --> 01:33:21,100
were carrying a very powerful 
bomb, but most didn't know they 

1788
01:33:21,100 --> 01:33:23,400
were about to witness the first 
use of nuclear weapons. 

1789
01:33:23,400 --> 01:33:27,700
In Warfare Hiroshima was chosen 
as the primary target partly 

1790
01:33:27,700 --> 01:33:30,400
because it was an important 
military Center and partly 

1791
01:33:30,400 --> 01:33:33,100
because it had been largely 
spared from conventional bombing

1792
01:33:33,100 --> 01:33:36,300
making it ideal for observing 
the effects of atomic weapons. 

1793
01:33:37,300 --> 01:33:41,100
The city had about 350,000. 
People going about their morning

1794
01:33:41,100 --> 01:33:44,600
routines unaware that they were 
about to witness a historic 

1795
01:33:44,600 --> 01:33:47,900
moment. 
At 8:15 a.m. local time. 

1796
01:33:47,900 --> 01:33:51,600
Little boy, detonated about 
1,900 feet above the city 

1797
01:33:51,600 --> 01:33:55,000
center, the explosion created a 
fireball with temperatures 

1798
01:33:55,000 --> 01:33:56,800
exceeding. 
Those at the center of the sun, 

1799
01:33:56,800 --> 01:33:59,700
followed by a Shockwave that 
destroyed virtually everything 

1800
01:33:59,700 --> 01:34:02,900
within a 1-mile radius The 
mushroom cloud. 

1801
01:34:02,900 --> 01:34:06,900
Rose to over 60,000 feet and the
Flash of light was visible for 

1802
01:34:06,900 --> 01:34:10,000
miles. 
Suddenly a bustling Metropolis, 

1803
01:34:10,000 --> 01:34:12,600
transformed into the epicenter 
of the nuclear era. 

1804
01:34:13,400 --> 01:34:15,900
The immediate destruction was 
almost incomprehensible 

1805
01:34:15,900 --> 01:34:19,600
building, simply vanished, 
people who were close to the 

1806
01:34:19,600 --> 01:34:22,700
hyper Center of vaporized. 
So quickly that their Shadows 

1807
01:34:22,700 --> 01:34:25,900
were burned into concrete and 
Stone Surfaces, the intense 

1808
01:34:25,900 --> 01:34:29,600
heat, the crushing force of the 
Shockwave, all the collapse of 

1809
01:34:29,600 --> 01:34:34,000
buildings killed, others Tens of
thousands died immediately and 

1810
01:34:34,000 --> 01:34:36,000
tens of thousands. 
More would die in the following 

1811
01:34:36,000 --> 01:34:38,900
days and weeks from radiation 
sickness Burns and injuries. 

1812
01:34:40,100 --> 01:34:43,300
Back in Washington, the news of 
Hiroshima has destruction was 

1813
01:34:43,300 --> 01:34:47,000
received with a mixture of 
relief satisfaction and growing 

1814
01:34:47,000 --> 01:34:49,200
awareness of what had just been 
Unleashed. 

1815
01:34:50,000 --> 01:34:53,000
Truman announced the attack 
publicly explaining that the 

1816
01:34:53,000 --> 01:34:56,200
United States had developed a 
new and revolutionary increase 

1817
01:34:56,200 --> 01:35:00,500
in destruction and warning, 
Japan to surrender or face A 

1818
01:35:00,500 --> 01:35:03,600
Reign of Ruin from the air, the 
like of which has never been 

1819
01:35:03,600 --> 01:35:06,300
seen on this Earth. 
But Japan did not immediately 

1820
01:35:06,300 --> 01:35:08,700
surrender. 
The Japanese government was 

1821
01:35:08,700 --> 01:35:10,900
still processing, the 
implications of what had 

1822
01:35:10,900 --> 01:35:13,100
happened to Hiroshima, when 
three days later. 

1823
01:35:13,100 --> 01:35:17,400
Another B-29 took off from 
tinian carrying fat, man, the 

1824
01:35:17,400 --> 01:35:20,300
plutonium bomb that had been 
successfully tested at Trinity. 

1825
01:35:21,100 --> 01:35:24,700
The original Target was kakura 
but cloud cover forced the crew 

1826
01:35:24,700 --> 01:35:27,500
to divert to their secondary 
Target Nagasaki. 

1827
01:35:29,400 --> 01:35:32,700
Nagasaki was a port city with 
significant military industry, 

1828
01:35:32,700 --> 01:35:38,400
home to about 240,000 people. 
fat man detonated at 11:02 a.m. 

1829
01:35:38,400 --> 01:35:42,400
on August 9th, creating another 
mushroom cloud, and another zone

1830
01:35:42,400 --> 01:35:46,100
of complete devastation, The 
bomb was actually more powerful 

1831
01:35:46,100 --> 01:35:49,400
than little boy that the hilly 
terrain of Nagasaki limited, the

1832
01:35:49,400 --> 01:35:52,600
destruction somewhat compared to
the flat geography of Hiroshima.

1833
01:35:53,300 --> 01:35:56,800
The two atomic bombings killed 
over 200,000 people, most of 

1834
01:35:56,800 --> 01:36:00,300
them civilians and demonstrated 
that the United States possessed

1835
01:36:00,300 --> 01:36:02,600
weapons of unprecedented 
destructive power. 

1836
01:36:03,400 --> 01:36:06,300
More importantly, from a 
strategic perspective, they 

1837
01:36:06,300 --> 01:36:08,600
showed that America could 
produce these weapons and was 

1838
01:36:08,600 --> 01:36:12,100
willing to use them. 
The message to both Japan and 

1839
01:36:12,100 --> 01:36:15,200
the rest of the world was 
unmistakable, the rules of 

1840
01:36:15,200 --> 01:36:17,200
warfare had fundamentally 
changed. 

1841
01:36:18,400 --> 01:36:20,200
Emperor. 
Hirohito announced Japan's, 

1842
01:36:20,200 --> 01:36:25,300
surrender on August 15th, 1945, 
citing, a new and most cruel 

1843
01:36:25,300 --> 01:36:27,900
bomb as one of the factors in 
his decision. 

1844
01:36:29,000 --> 01:36:32,300
The war was over, but the 
nuclear age had begun, the 

1845
01:36:32,300 --> 01:36:35,100
scientists and Engineers who had
worked on the Manhattan Project 

1846
01:36:35,100 --> 01:36:38,400
found themselves. 
Grappling with the reality that 

1847
01:36:38,400 --> 01:36:41,800
their theoretical calculations 
had translated into actual human

1848
01:36:41,800 --> 01:36:43,800
destruction, on an unprecedented
scale. 

1849
01:36:44,600 --> 01:36:47,300
Some like, Oppenheimer will 
haunted by what they had helped 

1850
01:36:47,300 --> 01:36:50,900
create others, argued that the 
bombs had actually saved lives 

1851
01:36:50,900 --> 01:36:54,300
by ending the war quickly and 
preventing a costly invasion of 

1852
01:36:54,300 --> 01:36:57,000
Japan. 
Whether the atomic bombings were

1853
01:36:57,000 --> 01:37:00,300
necessary or Justified remains a
topic of debate, but it is 

1854
01:37:00,300 --> 01:37:03,500
undeniable that they represented
a significant shift in human 

1855
01:37:03,500 --> 01:37:06,800
history. 
The Manhattan Project had 

1856
01:37:06,800 --> 01:37:09,700
succeeded in its primary 
objective, it had created 

1857
01:37:09,700 --> 01:37:13,700
weapons powerful enough to end 
World War 2, but it also created

1858
01:37:13,700 --> 01:37:16,900
something else a world where the
complete destruction of 

1859
01:37:16,900 --> 01:37:20,000
civilization was now 
theoretically possible, whether 

1860
01:37:20,000 --> 01:37:22,600
the stakes of international 
conflict, had been raised beyond

1861
01:37:22,600 --> 01:37:26,900
anything previously imaginable. 
As the aftermath of Hiroshima 

1862
01:37:26,900 --> 01:37:30,500
and Nagasaki receded, the 
scientists who had dedicated 

1863
01:37:30,500 --> 01:37:34,500
three years to their clandestine
work, came to understand that 

1864
01:37:34,500 --> 01:37:36,300
their efforts were far from 
concluded. 

1865
01:37:36,300 --> 01:37:39,500
They had solved the technical 
challenge of nuclear weapons, 

1866
01:37:39,500 --> 01:37:42,800
but they had also created 
political ethical, and strategic

1867
01:37:42,800 --> 01:37:45,900
challenges that would define 
international relations for 

1868
01:37:45,900 --> 01:37:49,200
generations to come. 
The atomic age had arrived and 

1869
01:37:49,200 --> 01:37:52,500
there was no going back when the
celebration parade ended and the

1870
01:37:52,500 --> 01:37:54,400
newspaper. 
Stopped running headlines about 

1871
01:37:54,400 --> 01:37:57,500
the miracle weapons, that had 
ended the war, the people who 

1872
01:37:57,500 --> 01:38:00,000
had created those weapons found 
themselves dealing with the 

1873
01:38:00,000 --> 01:38:03,600
peculiar kind of Hangover. 
It wasn't the sort you get from 

1874
01:38:03,600 --> 01:38:06,800
too much champagne at a victory 
party, but the kind that comes 

1875
01:38:06,800 --> 01:38:10,400
from realizing you fundamentally
changed the world and aren't 

1876
01:38:10,400 --> 01:38:11,400
entirely. 
Sure. 

1877
01:38:11,400 --> 01:38:16,000
Whether you should feel proud or
terrified, the Manhattan Project

1878
01:38:16,000 --> 01:38:19,400
had been such a massive 
all-consuming effort that many 

1879
01:38:19,400 --> 01:38:22,000
of the scientists involved. 
Hadn't really had time to think 

1880
01:38:22,000 --> 01:38:24,000
about what would happen after 
they succeeded. 

1881
01:38:24,900 --> 01:38:27,800
It's akin to devoting three 
years to the construction of a 

1882
01:38:27,800 --> 01:38:30,700
race car, only to abruptly, 
discover you don't know where to

1883
01:38:30,700 --> 01:38:33,100
steer it. 
They had sold the technical 

1884
01:38:33,100 --> 01:38:36,800
problem of nuclear weapons with 
brilliant efficiency, but they 

1885
01:38:36,800 --> 01:38:38,600
had inadvertently created 
problems. 

1886
01:38:38,600 --> 01:38:41,000
That were much more complicated 
than mere physics. 

1887
01:38:41,800 --> 01:38:44,900
Oppenheimer who had led the 
scientific effort at Los Alamos 

1888
01:38:44,900 --> 01:38:48,100
found himself in the strange 
position of being simultaneously

1889
01:38:48,100 --> 01:38:52,100
celebrated as a hero and viewed 
with suspicion as a potential 

1890
01:38:52,100 --> 01:38:55,100
security risk. 
He had become the most famous 

1891
01:38:55,100 --> 01:38:58,200
scientists in America. 
The father of the atomic bomb, 

1892
01:38:58,200 --> 01:39:01,800
but he was also, someone who 
quoted Sanskrit, poetry and had 

1893
01:39:01,800 --> 01:39:04,500
complicated, political views 
that made government officials 

1894
01:39:04,500 --> 01:39:07,100
nervous. 
Challenging to be a national 

1895
01:39:07,100 --> 01:39:08,700
icon. 
When you keep reminding people 

1896
01:39:08,700 --> 01:39:10,900
that the thing that made you 
famous could also destroy 

1897
01:39:10,900 --> 01:39:13,600
civilization. 
The other scientists went to 

1898
01:39:13,600 --> 01:39:16,700
universities and research 
institutions taking with them 

1899
01:39:16,700 --> 01:39:19,200
the knowledge of how to build 
nuclear weapons and the burden 

1900
01:39:19,200 --> 01:39:20,800
of knowing what those weapons 
could do. 

1901
01:39:21,900 --> 01:39:24,600
Some through themselves into 
peaceful applications of nuclear

1902
01:39:24,600 --> 01:39:28,000
technology hoping to balance the
destructive potential of their 

1903
01:39:28,000 --> 01:39:30,400
work with beneficial uses for 
atomic energy. 

1904
01:39:30,400 --> 01:39:34,300
Others became advocates for 
nuclear disarmament arguing that

1905
01:39:34,300 --> 01:39:36,300
the weapons. 
They had helped create were two 

1906
01:39:36,300 --> 01:39:38,100
dangerous for Any Nation to 
possess. 

1907
01:39:39,100 --> 01:39:41,900
But the most significant change 
was in how countries thought 

1908
01:39:41,900 --> 01:39:43,800
about war and international 
relations. 

1909
01:39:43,800 --> 01:39:47,200
The atomic bomb had made the 
concept of total Victory 

1910
01:39:47,200 --> 01:39:50,100
obsolete because it now 
potentially meant total 

1911
01:39:50,100 --> 01:39:51,500
Destruction for everyone 
involved. 

1912
01:39:51,500 --> 01:39:54,100
It was like to discovering that 
winning an argument. 

1913
01:39:54,108 --> 01:39:56,400
Could result in both, 
participants being struck by 

1914
01:39:56,408 --> 01:40:00,200
lightning, The traditional logic
of warfare where you could 

1915
01:40:00,200 --> 01:40:02,200
defeat your enemies without 
destroying yourself. 

1916
01:40:02,200 --> 01:40:05,100
No longer applied when nuclear 
weapons were involved. 

1917
01:40:06,000 --> 01:40:09,000
The Soviet Union which had been 
America's Ally during the war 

1918
01:40:09,000 --> 01:40:12,300
immediately began working on its
own nuclear weapons program. 

1919
01:40:12,300 --> 01:40:15,800
Joseph Stalin was not the sort 
of leader who was comfortable 

1920
01:40:15,800 --> 01:40:17,200
with other countries having 
weapons. 

1921
01:40:17,200 --> 01:40:19,700
He didn't possess specially 
weapons. 

1922
01:40:19,700 --> 01:40:23,300
That could level entire cities. 
The race to develop nuclear 

1923
01:40:23,300 --> 01:40:26,100
weapons became the foundation of
what would be called the Cold 

1924
01:40:26,100 --> 01:40:28,900
War. 
Decades long standoff between 

1925
01:40:28,900 --> 01:40:32,300
superpowers armed with enough 
nuclear weapons to destroy each 

1926
01:40:32,300 --> 01:40:34,800
other. 
Many times over the scientists 

1927
01:40:34,800 --> 01:40:36,200
who had worked on the Manhattan 
Project. 

1928
01:40:36,200 --> 01:40:40,600
Watched this development with a 
mixed of resignation and horror 

1929
01:40:40,600 --> 01:40:43,300
many thought that nuclear 
weapons would be. 

1930
01:40:43,300 --> 01:40:47,000
So obviously bad that no sane 
leader would want to make more. 

1931
01:40:47,800 --> 01:40:50,400
In Stead, they discovered that 
human nature was more 

1932
01:40:50,400 --> 01:40:53,600
complicated than nuclear physics
and that the existence of 

1933
01:40:53,600 --> 01:40:56,400
nuclear weapons seem to make 
other countries want nuclear 

1934
01:40:56,400 --> 01:41:00,500
weapons even more desperately. 
Nuclear testing became a regular

1935
01:41:00,500 --> 01:41:04,100
occurrence with both the United 
States and the Soviet Union 

1936
01:41:04,100 --> 01:41:07,800
detonating increasingly powerful
weapons in remote locations 

1937
01:41:07,800 --> 01:41:11,200
around the world. 
Hydrogen bomb developed in the 

1938
01:41:11,200 --> 01:41:14,200
early 1950s made the weapons 
used against Japan. 

1939
01:41:14,200 --> 01:41:17,400
Looks small by comparison. 
It was comparable to the 

1940
01:41:17,400 --> 01:41:21,100
difference between a firecracker
and a volcano with both having 

1941
01:41:21,100 --> 01:41:25,100
the potential to destroy human 
civilization if misused The 

1942
01:41:25,100 --> 01:41:28,100
legacy of the Manhattan Project 
extended far beyond military 

1943
01:41:28,100 --> 01:41:31,400
applications nuclear power. 
Plants began generating 

1944
01:41:31,400 --> 01:41:35,200
electricity nuclear medicine, 
revolutionized cancer treatment 

1945
01:41:35,200 --> 01:41:38,800
and radioactive isotopes became 
essential tools for scientific 

1946
01:41:38,800 --> 01:41:41,300
research. 
The same knowledge that had 

1947
01:41:41,300 --> 01:41:43,500
created the most destructive 
weapons in history. 

1948
01:41:43,500 --> 01:41:47,000
Also led to innovations that 
saved lives and advanced human 

1949
01:41:47,000 --> 01:41:48,600
understanding of the natural 
world. 

1950
01:41:49,600 --> 01:41:52,400
But perhaps the most lasting 
Legacy of the Manhattan Project 

1951
01:41:52,400 --> 01:41:55,300
was the way it changed, how we 
think about the relationship 

1952
01:41:55,300 --> 01:42:00,200
between science and Society. 
Before, 1945, most people 

1953
01:42:00,200 --> 01:42:03,900
viewed, scientific researchers 
inherently beneficial, a pure 

1954
01:42:03,900 --> 01:42:06,400
pursuit of knowledge that 
inevitably led to human 

1955
01:42:06,400 --> 01:42:10,100
progress. 
After Hiroshima and Nagasaki it 

1956
01:42:10,100 --> 01:42:11,700
became clear that scientific 
knowledge. 

1957
01:42:11,700 --> 01:42:15,200
Could be used for purposes that 
were anything but beneficial and

1958
01:42:15,200 --> 01:42:17,700
that scientists had 
responsibilities that extended 

1959
01:42:17,700 --> 01:42:21,700
beyond their Laboratories The 
Manhattan Project demonstrated 

1960
01:42:21,700 --> 01:42:25,100
that given enough resources, 
brilliant people and sufficient 

1961
01:42:25,100 --> 01:42:28,400
motivation, humans could solve 
almost any technical problem. 

1962
01:42:29,400 --> 01:42:32,300
But it also showed that solving 
technical problems was often 

1963
01:42:32,300 --> 01:42:34,600
easier than dealing with the 
consequences of those Solutions.

1964
01:42:34,600 --> 01:42:39,000
The scientists had successfully 
built nuclear weapons, but they 

1965
01:42:39,000 --> 01:42:42,100
had also built a world where the
continued existence of human 

1966
01:42:42,100 --> 01:42:45,100
civilization depended on the 
wisdom and Restraint of 

1967
01:42:45,100 --> 01:42:48,100
political leaders. 
As you settle in for sleep 

1968
01:42:48,100 --> 01:42:51,300
tonight it's worth remembering 
that the story of the Manhattan 

1969
01:42:51,300 --> 01:42:55,300
Project is ultimately a story 
about human beings trying to 

1970
01:42:55,308 --> 01:42:59,100
solve an unprecedented problem. 
Under enormous pressure making 

1971
01:42:59,100 --> 01:43:02,100
decisions with incomplete 
information and dealing with 

1972
01:43:02,100 --> 01:43:04,300
consequences. 
They couldn't fully anticipate 

1973
01:43:05,400 --> 01:43:08,400
The scientists engineers and 
military personnel. 

1974
01:43:08,400 --> 01:43:11,600
Involved were not fundamentally 
different from people today. 

1975
01:43:11,600 --> 01:43:15,000
They were just people trying to 
do their jobs in extraordinary. 

1976
01:43:15,000 --> 01:43:18,700
Circumstances, the atomic age 
that began in the New Mexico. 

1977
01:43:18,700 --> 01:43:24,000
Desert in 1945 is still with us 
today and probably always will 

1978
01:43:24,000 --> 01:43:27,600
be the knowledge of how to split
atoms and release enormous 

1979
01:43:27,600 --> 01:43:30,600
amounts of energy. 
Cannot be uninvented, and the 

1980
01:43:30,600 --> 01:43:33,000
weapons created during the 
Manhattan Project of shape 

1981
01:43:33,000 --> 01:43:35,300
international relations, for 
over 70 years. 

1982
01:43:36,300 --> 01:43:38,200
Perhaps that's not entirely a 
bad thing. 

1983
01:43:38,200 --> 01:43:42,000
The existence of nuclear weapons
has made large-scale Wars 

1984
01:43:42,000 --> 01:43:44,200
between major Powers extremely 
risky. 

1985
01:43:44,200 --> 01:43:47,500
Creating a strange kind of peace
through the threat of mutual 

1986
01:43:47,500 --> 01:43:50,000
destruction. 
It's not the most comforting 

1987
01:43:50,000 --> 01:43:53,200
foundation for international 
stability, but it has worked so 

1988
01:43:53,200 --> 01:43:59,600
far. 
You wake Before Dawn in a small 

1989
01:43:59,600 --> 01:44:05,200
rented room above a cafe and Al 
southern France, it's 1888 and 

1990
01:44:05,200 --> 01:44:08,300
the pre-dawn Darkness carries 
the smell of yesterday's coffee 

1991
01:44:08,300 --> 01:44:12,800
grounds and turpentine, your 
name is Vincent van Gogh, there 

1992
01:44:12,800 --> 01:44:14,100
were almost, nobody knows it 
yet. 

1993
01:44:14,100 --> 01:44:17,300
And your feet, hit the cold 
floorboards with the same 

1994
01:44:17,300 --> 01:44:22,700
purpose they've had for years. 
Today, you will paint the ritual

1995
01:44:22,700 --> 01:44:25,600
begins in silence. 
You don't like the lamp 

1996
01:44:25,600 --> 01:44:27,800
immediately because your eyes 
need to adjust naturally. 

1997
01:44:27,800 --> 01:44:31,900
The way a Baker's hands need to 
learn doe before the oven warms 

1998
01:44:32,500 --> 01:44:35,300
You've discovered that rushing 
this transition from sleep to 

1999
01:44:35,300 --> 01:44:39,900
wakefulness produces painting. 
That feel hurried disconnected 

2000
01:44:39,900 --> 01:44:43,100
from the pulse of actual seeing.
So you sit on the edge of your 

2001
01:44:43,100 --> 01:44:46,500
narrow bed, listening to the 
town slowly, remember itself. 

2002
01:44:47,400 --> 01:44:51,900
Shutter creaking open somewhere 
a dog's distant bark, the first 

2003
01:44:51,900 --> 01:44:56,000
cartwheels grinding against 
cobblestones your room measures,

2004
01:44:56,000 --> 01:44:59,400
roughly 12 feet by 10 feet. 
You know, this, because you've 

2005
01:44:59,400 --> 01:45:02,200
painted it and painting, 
something means measuring it 

2006
01:45:02,200 --> 01:45:05,500
with your eyes, a thousand 
times, the walls of the color of

2007
01:45:05,500 --> 01:45:09,400
old cream stained here and there
with accidentals of paint from, 

2008
01:45:09,400 --> 01:45:13,000
when you've gestured to 
enthusiastically, Your bed has a

2009
01:45:13,000 --> 01:45:15,600
simple. 
Wooden frame two chairs, sit 

2010
01:45:15,600 --> 01:45:18,500
against one wall. 
They can seats worn smooth, 

2011
01:45:18,500 --> 01:45:20,900
above them. 
Hangs a small mirror. 

2012
01:45:20,900 --> 01:45:23,800
You rarely look into not from 
vanity or its opposite. 

2013
01:45:24,600 --> 01:45:27,400
But because your face is never 
interested you the way other 

2014
01:45:27,400 --> 01:45:30,700
phases do. 
You're not the subject, the 

2015
01:45:30,700 --> 01:45:34,300
world is the morning light, when
it finally arrives, doesn't 

2016
01:45:34,300 --> 01:45:36,600
burst through your window, like 
a trumpet announcement. 

2017
01:45:36,600 --> 01:45:41,300
It seeps in gradually the way 
watercolor bleeds across wet 

2018
01:45:41,300 --> 01:45:44,500
paper, you've learned that. 
This is how most real things 

2019
01:45:44,500 --> 01:45:49,100
happen not with drama but with 
patience the light touches your 

2020
01:45:49,100 --> 01:45:53,000
wash basin first then creeps 
across to your shoes which 

2021
01:45:53,000 --> 01:45:56,600
you've left by the door caked 
with yesterday's dried mud from 

2022
01:45:56,600 --> 01:45:59,600
the fields. 
You don't own many shoes, you 

2023
01:45:59,600 --> 01:46:02,700
wear them until they fall apart,
then you patch them, then you 

2024
01:46:02,700 --> 01:46:05,900
wear them some more. 
Money spent on unnecessary 

2025
01:46:05,900 --> 01:46:08,300
shoes, is money not spent on 
paint. 

2026
01:46:09,100 --> 01:46:13,000
You stand and stretch feeling 
your spine, crack in three 

2027
01:46:13,000 --> 01:46:16,000
distinct, places your 35 years 
old though. 

2028
01:46:16,000 --> 01:46:18,500
Your body. 
Sometimes feels older years of 

2029
01:46:18,500 --> 01:46:22,800
poor nutrition walking miles 
every day, sleeping in cheap 

2030
01:46:22,800 --> 01:46:26,600
rooms with thin mattresses. 
These things, accumulate in your

2031
01:46:26,608 --> 01:46:30,100
joints like interest on a debt. 
But your hands are steady. 

2032
01:46:30,108 --> 01:46:32,900
That's what matters. 
Your hands are strong. 

2033
01:46:32,900 --> 01:46:36,100
And certainly even when your 
mind isn't the morning of 

2034
01:46:36,100 --> 01:46:39,400
delusions are practical almost 
military in their efficiently, 

2035
01:46:39,400 --> 01:46:44,000
cold water, from the basins on 
your face, scrubbing, away sleep

2036
01:46:44,000 --> 01:46:46,900
and yesterday's paint. 
That somehow always end up on 

2037
01:46:46,900 --> 01:46:48,400
your temples and behind your 
ears. 

2038
01:46:49,300 --> 01:46:52,500
You've stopped questioning how 
paint migrates to these unlikely

2039
01:46:52,500 --> 01:46:55,700
places artists are always 
slightly decorated with their 

2040
01:46:55,700 --> 01:47:00,500
work, like bakers with flour or 
blacksmiths with soot, you dry 

2041
01:47:00,500 --> 01:47:03,000
your face with a rough towel, 
then, run your fingers through 

2042
01:47:03,000 --> 01:47:06,900
your red hair, which sticks up 
in several directions and will 

2043
01:47:06,900 --> 01:47:09,000
continue to do. 
So, regardless of your efforts, 

2044
01:47:09,000 --> 01:47:12,500
vanity about grooming seems 
absurd when you're about to 

2045
01:47:12,500 --> 01:47:16,000
spend 10 hours staring at 
sunflowers, Breakfast is 

2046
01:47:16,000 --> 01:47:19,400
whatever is available which 
usually isn't much today. 

2047
01:47:19,400 --> 01:47:22,200
It's bread from two days ago, 
harder now. 

2048
01:47:22,200 --> 01:47:24,100
But still edible when torn into 
pieces. 

2049
01:47:24,100 --> 01:47:27,000
You eat it standing by the 
window looking out at the 

2050
01:47:27,000 --> 01:47:30,300
street, below the baker across 
the way is opening his shutters 

2051
01:47:30,300 --> 01:47:34,400
a woman in a dark dress sweeps, 
her doorstep with brisk 

2052
01:47:34,400 --> 01:47:38,000
irritated Strokes as if the dust
is personally offended. 

2053
01:47:38,000 --> 01:47:40,800
Her a cat slides along a wall 
like liquid. 

2054
01:47:41,600 --> 01:47:45,000
You memorize these things 
without trying. your brain has 

2055
01:47:45,000 --> 01:47:48,200
become a collection box for 
visual information constantly 

2056
01:47:48,200 --> 01:47:52,400
Gathering material even during 
the supposedly Idol moments the 

2057
01:47:52,400 --> 01:47:55,800
coffee when you make it taste 
like burnt Earth and Desperation

2058
01:47:56,600 --> 01:47:59,000
You've never been good at 
cooking and coffee. 

2059
01:47:59,000 --> 01:48:03,200
Making is a subset of that 
larger failure, but it's hot and

2060
01:48:03,200 --> 01:48:05,600
it contains caffeine which means
it fulfills. 

2061
01:48:05,600 --> 01:48:08,200
Its function. 
You've learned not to demand 

2062
01:48:08,200 --> 01:48:10,300
that things, be more than they 
are coffee. 

2063
01:48:10,300 --> 01:48:13,200
Should taste good, but it 
doesn't have to painting should 

2064
01:48:13,200 --> 01:48:16,100
sell, but it doesn't have to 
not, everything needs to be 

2065
01:48:16,100 --> 01:48:18,200
perfect. 
Most things just need to be 

2066
01:48:18,208 --> 01:48:20,500
done. 
While you drink, you review, 

2067
01:48:20,500 --> 01:48:23,600
your mental inventory of 
supplies, titanium white is 

2068
01:48:23,600 --> 01:48:27,100
running low Prussian Blue has 
maybe three more paintings in 

2069
01:48:27,100 --> 01:48:29,600
the tube. 
The linseed oil needs replacing 

2070
01:48:29,600 --> 01:48:31,100
soon. 
Chrome, yellow. 

2071
01:48:31,100 --> 01:48:34,600
Your beloved yellow, your 
sunshine and paste form is 

2072
01:48:34,600 --> 01:48:37,800
adequate for now. 
You calculate costs in your head

2073
01:48:37,800 --> 01:48:40,200
matching them against the 
monthly allowance. 

2074
01:48:40,200 --> 01:48:41,800
Your brother Theo sends from 
Paris. 

2075
01:48:41,800 --> 01:48:45,300
The mathematics are always 
depressing, so you don't Linger 

2076
01:48:45,300 --> 01:48:46,900
on them. 
You'll make it work. 

2077
01:48:46,900 --> 01:48:50,700
You always make it work even if 
it means eating less bread next 

2078
01:48:50,700 --> 01:48:54,600
week, the light is stronger. 
Now turning the walls golden. 

2079
01:48:54,600 --> 01:48:58,000
This is the moment you've been 
waiting for without realizing 

2080
01:48:58,000 --> 01:48:59,800
you were waiting. 
The moment. 

2081
01:48:59,800 --> 01:49:03,600
When the day declares its color 
intention today, we'll be 

2082
01:49:03,600 --> 01:49:07,300
warmed. 
You can already tell Shadows 

2083
01:49:07,300 --> 01:49:08,900
will have purple in them by 
afternoon. 

2084
01:49:09,900 --> 01:49:12,200
This guy will be that particular
shade of blue. 

2085
01:49:12,200 --> 01:49:16,700
That only exists in Proverbs as 
if God mixed ultramarine with 

2086
01:49:16,700 --> 01:49:19,700
hope and spread it overhead like
a blessing. 

2087
01:49:20,500 --> 01:49:23,600
You finish your coffee and set 
the cup on the small table. 

2088
01:49:23,600 --> 01:49:27,600
Then you stand still for a 
moment, feeling your body settle

2089
01:49:27,600 --> 01:49:31,100
into readiness. 
Your shoulders, drop your 

2090
01:49:31,100 --> 01:49:34,400
breathing slows. 
This is the transition point, 

2091
01:49:34,400 --> 01:49:39,400
the threshold between being a 
person who sleeps and eats and a

2092
01:49:39,400 --> 01:49:43,400
person who sees and create it's 
a shift, you've practiced so 

2093
01:49:43,400 --> 01:49:46,600
many times, it's become 
automatic like a priest, 

2094
01:49:46,600 --> 01:49:49,900
entering a church or a soldier 
picking up a rifle, this is what

2095
01:49:49,900 --> 01:49:52,600
you do. 
This is who you are, you reach 

2096
01:49:52,600 --> 01:49:56,500
for your coat, a brown jacket. 
That's seen better years as you 

2097
01:49:56,500 --> 01:49:59,000
shrug it on. 
You feel the weight of brushes 

2098
01:49:59,000 --> 01:50:02,500
in the inside pocket, a 
reassuring pressure against your

2099
01:50:02,500 --> 01:50:05,100
ribs, your fingers check 
automatically? 

2100
01:50:05,100 --> 01:50:07,600
Yes, the small Sketchbook is 
still there. 

2101
01:50:08,400 --> 01:50:11,900
A stub of graphite wrapped in 
string your portable memory for 

2102
01:50:11,900 --> 01:50:13,800
when oil and canvas aren't 
practical. 

2103
01:50:14,700 --> 01:50:17,400
Everything you need is accounted
for everything. 

2104
01:50:17,400 --> 01:50:19,900
Necessary is present before 
leaving. 

2105
01:50:19,900 --> 01:50:21,500
You glanced once more around the
room. 

2106
01:50:21,500 --> 01:50:24,100
It's not much this temporary 
home but it's yours. 

2107
01:50:25,100 --> 01:50:27,400
The bed where you collapse, 
after 12 hour, painting 

2108
01:50:27,400 --> 01:50:30,900
sessions, the chairs, where you 
sit and write long letters to 

2109
01:50:30,900 --> 01:50:33,700
Theo, trying to explain what 
you're seeing, what your 

2110
01:50:33,700 --> 01:50:37,200
attempting and why it matters. 
The mirror that reflects a man 

2111
01:50:37,208 --> 01:50:41,000
who looks perpetually surprised 
by his own face, the window that

2112
01:50:41,000 --> 01:50:42,800
frames the world like a 
painting. 

2113
01:50:42,800 --> 01:50:46,100
You haven't started yet, then 
you open the door and step into 

2114
01:50:46,100 --> 01:50:48,700
the morning, ready to do what, 
you've always done. 

2115
01:50:48,700 --> 01:50:52,000
Look at ordinary things. 
Until they become extraordinary.

2116
01:50:52,000 --> 01:50:55,600
Then try to capture that 
transformation on canvas before 

2117
01:50:55,600 --> 01:50:58,900
the magic evaporates. 
It's not a mystical process. 

2118
01:50:58,900 --> 01:51:00,500
It's work. 
It's practice. 

2119
01:51:00,500 --> 01:51:04,700
It's, what happens when you show
up every single day, even when 

2120
01:51:04,700 --> 01:51:07,800
you don't feel like it. 
Even when the previous day's 

2121
01:51:07,800 --> 01:51:11,400
painting was terrible, even when
nobody's buying and nobody's 

2122
01:51:11,400 --> 01:51:13,600
watching and nobody particularly
cares. 

2123
01:51:13,600 --> 01:51:17,000
The street outside smells like 
horse manure and flowering, 

2124
01:51:17,000 --> 01:51:20,100
Jasmine, an oddly Pleasant 
combination, that you've come to

2125
01:51:20,108 --> 01:51:24,000
associate with purpose, you turn
left toward the fields, toward 

2126
01:51:24,000 --> 01:51:27,100
the light, Toward whatever today
will show you if your patient 

2127
01:51:27,100 --> 01:51:30,000
enough to see it. 
The walk to your painting spot 

2128
01:51:30,000 --> 01:51:34,400
isn't exercise, its education. 
You've covered this route dozens

2129
01:51:34,400 --> 01:51:38,000
of time but it's never the same 
twice because light is never the

2130
01:51:38,000 --> 01:51:42,900
same twice and like changes 
everything it touches today, the

2131
01:51:42,900 --> 01:51:45,800
morning Suns from the East, 
turning the Yellowstone 

2132
01:51:45,800 --> 01:51:49,800
buildings into blocks of butter 
Shadows pool in doorways. 

2133
01:51:49,800 --> 01:51:52,400
Like spilling. 
You notice these things the way 

2134
01:51:52,400 --> 01:51:57,300
a musician notices pitch 
automatically constantly unable 

2135
01:51:57,300 --> 01:52:01,100
to turn it off even if you want 
it to Your pace is steady but 

2136
01:52:01,100 --> 01:52:03,900
not hurried. 
Hurrying, makes you miss things.

2137
01:52:03,900 --> 01:52:07,100
You learn this years ago when 
you were trying to be a minister

2138
01:52:07,100 --> 01:52:11,600
rushing between appointments and
pastoral visits and realized you

2139
01:52:11,600 --> 01:52:15,000
were moving through the world 
without actually seeing it now. 

2140
01:52:15,000 --> 01:52:18,700
You move deliberately your eyes 
scanning left to right up and 

2141
01:52:18,700 --> 01:52:20,900
down, taking in the whole visual
field. 

2142
01:52:20,900 --> 01:52:23,400
Like a camera with an impossibly
wide lens. 

2143
01:52:24,500 --> 01:52:27,100
And old woman sits on a low 
stool, outside her house 

2144
01:52:27,100 --> 01:52:31,300
peeling, potatoes into a tin 
base and her hands move with the

2145
01:52:31,308 --> 01:52:34,100
efficiency of someone who's 
performed this task 10,000 

2146
01:52:34,100 --> 01:52:37,300
times. 
Potato skins fall in Long, 

2147
01:52:37,300 --> 01:52:41,200
spirals Brown and cream. 
You note the curve of her back, 

2148
01:52:41,200 --> 01:52:44,200
the angle of a wrists and the 
way the light catches, the blade

2149
01:52:44,200 --> 01:52:46,600
of a knife, you don't stop to 
sketch. 

2150
01:52:46,600 --> 01:52:49,000
Her stopping would make a 
self-conscious and would change 

2151
01:52:49,008 --> 01:52:51,900
the naturalness of the scene, 
but you file away the image 

2152
01:52:51,900 --> 01:52:56,400
later, maybe next week, maybe 
next year, a painting will need 

2153
01:52:56,400 --> 01:52:59,700
an old woman's hands, and you'll
remember these hands the 

2154
01:52:59,700 --> 01:53:01,800
streets, narrow. 
As you leave the Town Center, 

2155
01:53:01,800 --> 01:53:05,300
the buildings, lean toward each 
other overhead, creating a 

2156
01:53:05,300 --> 01:53:07,700
tunnel of Shade that's 10 
degrees cooler than the sunny 

2157
01:53:07,700 --> 01:53:11,500
patches, your boots. 
Those perpetually muddy boots, 

2158
01:53:11,500 --> 01:53:14,700
click against the cobblestones 
with a rhythm, that's almost 

2159
01:53:14,700 --> 01:53:16,700
musical. 
Click click click, click. 

2160
01:53:16,700 --> 01:53:19,900
Click like a metronome, keeping 
time for a very slow song. 

2161
01:53:19,900 --> 01:53:22,600
You pass the blacksmith shop 
already hot. 

2162
01:53:22,600 --> 01:53:26,700
Despite the early hour The Smith
himself a man with four arms. 

2163
01:53:26,700 --> 01:53:30,200
Like, hams is working the 
Bellows, the forge glows, orange

2164
01:53:30,200 --> 01:53:33,600
red, and you paused, despite 
yourself because that particular

2165
01:53:33,600 --> 01:53:39,200
quality of light, incandescent 
dangerous alive is one of the 

2166
01:53:39,200 --> 01:53:41,100
hardest things to capture on 
canvas. 

2167
01:53:42,000 --> 01:53:43,800
How do you paint light? 
That's also heat. 

2168
01:53:43,800 --> 01:53:47,100
How do you make a viewer? 
Feel warmth from a cold layer of

2169
01:53:47,100 --> 01:53:49,500
paint? 
These are the questions that 

2170
01:53:49,500 --> 01:53:52,300
wake you at 3 in the morning and
refused to let you return to 

2171
01:53:52,308 --> 01:53:54,900
sleep. 
Smith nods at you. 

2172
01:53:54,908 --> 01:53:57,900
You nod back. 
He thinks you're odd. 

2173
01:53:57,900 --> 01:54:02,000
You can tell everyone thinks 
you're odd You've heard The 

2174
01:54:02,000 --> 01:54:05,700
Whispers seen the side, long 
glances, the crazy Dutch 

2175
01:54:05,700 --> 01:54:09,200
painter, who stares at things 
too long, who talks to himself 

2176
01:54:09,200 --> 01:54:12,500
while working who once cut off 
part of his own ear during a 

2177
01:54:12,500 --> 01:54:14,700
crisis, you still can't fully 
explain. 

2178
01:54:14,700 --> 01:54:18,200
Even to yourself. 
But the Smith is polite and 

2179
01:54:18,200 --> 01:54:22,000
politeness is enough, you don't 
need friendship from everyone, 

2180
01:54:22,000 --> 01:54:24,900
you meet, you need light, and 
form and color. 

2181
01:54:24,900 --> 01:54:29,400
And those things don't care if 
your popular Beyond The Smith's 

2182
01:54:29,400 --> 01:54:31,000
shop, the building start to thin
out. 

2183
01:54:31,800 --> 01:54:35,100
Garden's appear, then small 
plots of vegetables, then open 

2184
01:54:35,100 --> 01:54:37,100
field, stretching towards the 
horizon. 

2185
01:54:37,100 --> 01:54:41,400
This is where your heading to 
the edge of civilization where 

2186
01:54:41,400 --> 01:54:44,000
human Arrangement gives way to 
Natural chaos. 

2187
01:54:44,900 --> 01:54:47,200
You've always felt more 
comfortable here in the 

2188
01:54:47,200 --> 01:54:50,700
transitional zones. 
Not quite Town, not quite 

2189
01:54:50,700 --> 01:54:54,300
Countryside, places where 
anything might happen where the 

2190
01:54:54,300 --> 01:54:55,600
rules are still being 
negotiated. 

2191
01:54:57,000 --> 01:55:00,000
The Earth Beneath Your Feet 
changes from Stone to packed. 

2192
01:55:00,000 --> 01:55:03,000
Dirt to soft to soil. 
You can feel the difference 

2193
01:55:03,000 --> 01:55:05,400
through your boot Souls the way 
a sailor. 

2194
01:55:05,400 --> 01:55:07,900
Feels the mood of the sea, 
through the deck of a ship. 

2195
01:55:08,700 --> 01:55:11,200
The ground here is red, orange 
and iron-rich. 

2196
01:55:11,900 --> 01:55:14,100
The color of rust and clay and 
dried blood. 

2197
01:55:14,100 --> 01:55:17,800
It stains, everything it touches
your boots. 

2198
01:55:17,800 --> 01:55:21,700
Your trouser, cuffs your hands. 
When you sit in the fields and 

2199
01:55:21,700 --> 01:55:24,600
steady yourself against the 
Earth, you've tried to mix this 

2200
01:55:24,600 --> 01:55:28,600
exact color in paint burnt 
sienna with a touch of cadmium 

2201
01:55:28,600 --> 01:55:32,200
orange and maybe some raw Umber 
But you've never quite matched. 

2202
01:55:32,200 --> 01:55:34,800
It. 
Nature's palette is always more 

2203
01:55:34,800 --> 01:55:37,100
complex than anything you can 
mix on your own. 

2204
01:55:37,100 --> 01:55:41,300
Birds wheel overhead dark shapes
against the brightening sky. 

2205
01:55:42,300 --> 01:55:43,900
Swallows. 
You think though, you're not 

2206
01:55:43,908 --> 01:55:46,000
particularly good at identifying
species. 

2207
01:55:46,000 --> 01:55:50,800
They move with such confidence 
of such certainty of purpose. 

2208
01:55:51,700 --> 01:55:54,400
You envy them. 
This sometimes they never seem 

2209
01:55:54,400 --> 01:55:57,200
to doubt which direction to fly,
or whether they're flying 

2210
01:55:57,200 --> 01:56:00,400
matters, they simply fly because
flying is what they do. 

2211
01:56:00,400 --> 01:56:04,500
And that's enough. 
Fields open before you like a 

2212
01:56:04,500 --> 01:56:07,900
green and gold Sea weed. 
Mostly with occasional 

2213
01:56:07,900 --> 01:56:10,100
interruptions of poppies, 
though. 

2214
01:56:10,100 --> 01:56:12,500
Shocking red. 
Punctuation marks that make the 

2215
01:56:12,500 --> 01:56:16,100
whole landscape vibrate. 
You've painted poppies more 

2216
01:56:16,100 --> 01:56:19,300
times than you can count but you
still have not captured what 

2217
01:56:19,300 --> 01:56:23,700
they actually do to a field. 
They don't just add color, they 

2218
01:56:23,700 --> 01:56:27,900
add violence urgency and a kind 
of visual shouting that demands 

2219
01:56:27,900 --> 01:56:31,400
attention. 
Filled without poppies is a 

2220
01:56:31,400 --> 01:56:35,500
sentence without passion. 
A field with poppies is a 

2221
01:56:35,500 --> 01:56:37,600
sentence ending in an 
exclamation point. 

2222
01:56:37,600 --> 01:56:40,600
You walk along the edge of a 
wheat field, running your hand, 

2223
01:56:40,600 --> 01:56:44,300
through the tops of the grain. 
Stalks, they're dry and Whisper 

2224
01:56:44,300 --> 01:56:47,700
Soft, like the sound of Secrets 
being shared, the wheat is 

2225
01:56:47,700 --> 01:56:50,500
nearly ready for Harvest. 
You can tell by the weight of 

2226
01:56:50,508 --> 01:56:53,300
the seed, heads in the way they 
bow toward Earth as if praying. 

2227
01:56:54,000 --> 01:56:58,100
In a week, maybe two men will 
come with Sighs and reduce all 

2228
01:56:58,100 --> 01:57:00,700
this gold to stubble. 
The thought makes you walk 

2229
01:57:00,700 --> 01:57:03,400
faster. 
You need to paint this before it

2230
01:57:03,400 --> 01:57:04,900
disappears. 
Everything. 

2231
01:57:04,900 --> 01:57:07,900
Beautiful is temporary 
everything worth looking at will

2232
01:57:07,900 --> 01:57:11,600
eventually be gone your painting
spot today as a slight rise. 

2233
01:57:11,600 --> 01:57:13,900
Overlooking, the fields near a 
Twisted. 

2234
01:57:13,900 --> 01:57:16,300
Olive Tree that you've painted 
before, but never quite 

2235
01:57:16,300 --> 01:57:18,900
captured, the tree has 
character. 

2236
01:57:18,900 --> 01:57:21,500
That's the only way to describe 
it is. 

2237
01:57:21,500 --> 01:57:24,400
It's been shaped by wind and 
drought and time into something 

2238
01:57:24,400 --> 01:57:26,600
that looks half dead, but 
refuses to give up. 

2239
01:57:27,500 --> 01:57:29,300
Gray, green leaves. 
Shimmer in the breeze. 

2240
01:57:29,300 --> 01:57:32,300
The trunk is nulled like an 
arthritic hand. 

2241
01:57:33,300 --> 01:57:36,500
Love this tree, you love it the 
way you love your brother, Theo 

2242
01:57:36,500 --> 01:57:39,800
uncomplicated and deep and 
without needing reasons. 

2243
01:57:40,600 --> 01:57:42,900
You set down your canvas and 
painting supplies. 

2244
01:57:42,900 --> 01:57:46,500
Arranging them with the care of 
a surgeon preparing instruments.

2245
01:57:46,500 --> 01:57:49,700
The easel goes here. 
Facing Northeast to catch the 

2246
01:57:49,700 --> 01:57:53,100
changing light. 
Canvas a rough weave. 

2247
01:57:53,100 --> 01:57:55,800
You stretch yourself because 
professional stretching costs 

2248
01:57:55,800 --> 01:57:57,900
money. 
You don't have Fits onto the 

2249
01:57:57,900 --> 01:58:01,700
easel with a satisfying. 
Click your paintbox opens, like 

2250
01:58:01,700 --> 01:58:05,300
a small Treasure Chest. 
Revealing tubes, squeezed flat. 

2251
01:58:05,300 --> 01:58:08,600
At the bottom colors are changed
by temperature cools. 

2252
01:58:08,600 --> 01:58:11,800
On the left, warms on the right,
your palate. 

2253
01:58:11,800 --> 01:58:15,400
A rectangular board warns, 
smooth and stained with 100. 

2254
01:58:15,400 --> 01:58:17,800
Previous paintings rests on your
left. 

2255
01:58:17,800 --> 01:58:22,400
Forearm brushes go in your right
hand, a cluster of bristles like

2256
01:58:22,400 --> 01:58:27,400
a small bouquet But before you 
start painting, you sit this is 

2257
01:58:27,400 --> 01:58:30,000
important. 
You've learned that beginning to

2258
01:58:30,000 --> 01:58:34,200
quickly produces work, that's 
enthusiastic but superficial you

2259
01:58:34,200 --> 01:58:36,000
need to let the place settle in 
to you. 

2260
01:58:36,000 --> 01:58:38,900
You need to let your eyes 
adjust, not just to the light, 

2261
01:58:38,900 --> 01:58:43,100
but to the specific personality 
of this particular morning every

2262
01:58:43,100 --> 01:58:45,800
day has its own character, its 
own mood. 

2263
01:58:46,500 --> 01:58:49,800
Today, feels contemplative. 
The light is soft. 

2264
01:58:50,600 --> 01:58:54,600
Shadows, gentle a day, for 
careful observation rather than 

2265
01:58:54,600 --> 01:58:58,600
dramatic gesture. 
You watch the wheat moving waves

2266
01:58:58,600 --> 01:59:02,700
responding to breezes, you can't
feel from this distance, the 

2267
01:59:02,700 --> 01:59:07,400
motion is Hypnotic and calming, 
you let your mind empty becoming

2268
01:59:07,400 --> 01:59:10,700
nothing but a pair of eyes, a 
recording device for the world's

2269
01:59:10,700 --> 01:59:14,000
visual information. 
This is the closest you come to 

2270
01:59:14,000 --> 01:59:16,500
meditation, though, you'd never 
call it that. 

2271
01:59:17,400 --> 01:59:22,300
Simply looking looking until you
see a farmer appears in the 

2272
01:59:22,300 --> 01:59:26,000
middle distance, a dark figure 
against the gold, he's examining

2273
01:59:26,000 --> 01:59:28,600
something in the field. 
Bending down, straightening up, 

2274
01:59:28,600 --> 01:59:33,100
moving in, that slow, considered
way, that farmers, have people 

2275
01:59:33,100 --> 01:59:36,200
who know that rushing 
accomplishes, nothing the crops 

2276
01:59:36,200 --> 01:59:39,100
grow on their own schedule, 
regardless of human impatience, 

2277
01:59:39,100 --> 01:59:42,700
you watching for 10 minutes, 15 
memorizing, the shape. 

2278
01:59:42,700 --> 01:59:46,000
He makes the way his body 
relates to the landscape around 

2279
01:59:46,000 --> 01:59:47,900
him. 
You won't paint him today. 

2280
01:59:47,900 --> 01:59:49,700
He'll be gone before you're 
ready. 

2281
01:59:49,700 --> 01:59:52,900
But you'll remember him. 
He'll appear in some future, 

2282
01:59:52,900 --> 01:59:55,600
painting. 
A tiny figure giving scaled to 

2283
01:59:55,600 --> 01:59:59,100
an endless field. 
A human presence making nature 

2284
01:59:59,100 --> 02:00:02,300
comprehensive The farmer 
straightens one. 

2285
02:00:02,300 --> 02:00:06,800
Final time then walks away 
disappearing behind a distant 

2286
02:00:06,800 --> 02:00:09,300
line of trees. 
You're alone again with the 

2287
02:00:09,300 --> 02:00:12,300
fields and the sky and the tree 
that refuses to die. 

2288
02:00:13,100 --> 02:00:15,800
The light is shifted slightly in
the time you've been sitting. 

2289
02:00:15,800 --> 02:00:19,400
What was gentle. 
As becoming assertive, the 

2290
02:00:19,400 --> 02:00:21,900
Shadows are sharper. 
The colors are warmer. 

2291
02:00:21,900 --> 02:00:25,600
It's time to begin. 
You stand, feeling your knees 

2292
02:00:25,600 --> 02:00:29,000
crack again. 
Then you pick up a brush, load 

2293
02:00:29,000 --> 02:00:33,100
it with thinned paint and make 
the first mark on the canvas, a 

2294
02:00:33,100 --> 02:00:35,500
single line defining the 
Horizon. 

2295
02:00:35,500 --> 02:00:39,500
It's a small gesture barely 
noticeable but it's everything. 

2296
02:00:40,600 --> 02:00:44,000
It's the moment when possibility
becomes actuality when the blank

2297
02:00:44,000 --> 02:00:47,200
canvas stops being frightening 
and becomes, simply a problem to

2298
02:00:47,200 --> 02:00:51,500
solve you've begun the rest will
follow because the rest always 

2299
02:00:51,500 --> 02:00:55,000
follows, you just have to keep 
going one brush stroke after 

2300
02:00:55,000 --> 02:00:58,300
another until the day runs out 
or the painting is finished, 

2301
02:00:58,300 --> 02:01:02,300
whichever comes first. 
First hour of painting is always

2302
02:01:02,300 --> 02:01:05,900
a conversation with doubt. 
Your hand moves automatically 

2303
02:01:05,900 --> 02:01:10,700
blocking in the major shapes sky
here, filled their tree in the 

2304
02:01:10,700 --> 02:01:13,700
middle distance but your mind, 
questioned everything. 

2305
02:01:14,700 --> 02:01:17,800
Is the horizon line too high too
low. 

2306
02:01:17,800 --> 02:01:20,200
Should the wheat be more yellow 
or more gold? 

2307
02:01:20,800 --> 02:01:23,000
Does that olive tree look like 
an olive tree or like a child 

2308
02:01:23,008 --> 02:01:25,500
scribble? 
These questions don't paralyze 

2309
02:01:25,500 --> 02:01:28,900
you anymore, but they're always 
present like a background hum. 

2310
02:01:28,900 --> 02:01:31,500
You've learned to work through. 
You paint standing up. 

2311
02:01:31,500 --> 02:01:35,000
Always standing. 
You tried painting seated once 

2312
02:01:35,000 --> 02:01:38,700
years ago and found it made you 
timid Something about being at 

2313
02:01:38,700 --> 02:01:41,500
eye level with the canvas, gave 
you permission to be too 

2314
02:01:41,500 --> 02:01:44,400
careful, too. 
Precious standing forces. 

2315
02:01:44,400 --> 02:01:48,500
You to engage physically, your 
whole body, participates legs 

2316
02:01:48,500 --> 02:01:52,900
for balance, core for stability,
shoulders for large gestures and

2317
02:01:52,900 --> 02:01:56,800
wrists for fine control. 
Painting isn't just a hand 

2318
02:01:56,808 --> 02:01:59,500
activity. 
It's a full body commitment to 

2319
02:01:59,500 --> 02:02:02,500
transferring what you see, onto 
a surface that will never fully 

2320
02:02:02,500 --> 02:02:05,800
cooperate. 
The paint goes on in layers 

2321
02:02:05,800 --> 02:02:08,100
though. 
Not the neat, patient layers 

2322
02:02:08,100 --> 02:02:12,500
that academic painters. 
Use your layers are messy urgent

2323
02:02:12,500 --> 02:02:15,100
and built up quickly. 
While the light still holds its 

2324
02:02:15,100 --> 02:02:18,500
current quality, you've learned 
that light moves faster than 

2325
02:02:18,500 --> 02:02:21,600
paint dries. 
So you work wet on, wet colors, 

2326
02:02:21,600 --> 02:02:24,600
bleeding into each other, on the
canvas, the same way they blend 

2327
02:02:24,600 --> 02:02:27,400
in nature. 
This technique frustrates our 

2328
02:02:27,400 --> 02:02:30,400
teachers who want clean edges 
and proper procedures, but those

2329
02:02:30,400 --> 02:02:31,800
teachers aren't here in the 
field. 

2330
02:02:31,800 --> 02:02:34,400
Watching how yellow wheat 
transitions to blue shadow 

2331
02:02:34,400 --> 02:02:36,600
nature, doesn't have clean 
edges. 

2332
02:02:36,600 --> 02:02:39,500
Nature is all transition, all 
great, gradation. 

2333
02:02:39,500 --> 02:02:41,700
All one thing becoming another 
thing. 

2334
02:02:41,700 --> 02:02:44,300
Your brushwork is distinctive 
though. 

2335
02:02:44,300 --> 02:02:48,000
You don't think about it, while 
working. short directional 

2336
02:02:48,000 --> 02:02:51,400
Strokes, that follow the form of
whatever your painting, the 

2337
02:02:51,400 --> 02:02:55,500
wheat grows upward, so your 
brushstrokes grow upward, the 

2338
02:02:55,500 --> 02:02:59,000
wind moves rightward, so your 
brushstrokes lean right toward 

2339
02:03:00,100 --> 02:03:03,100
People who see your paintings. 
Sometimes comment on how visible

2340
02:03:03,100 --> 02:03:06,500
the brush work is how they can 
see each individual Mark. 

2341
02:03:06,500 --> 02:03:09,200
You made this bothers the more 
than it bothers you. 

2342
02:03:10,200 --> 02:03:11,900
You're not trying to hide your 
process. 

2343
02:03:11,900 --> 02:03:15,100
You're not trying to create a 
smooth photographic allusion. 

2344
02:03:15,100 --> 02:03:18,000
You're trying to capture the 
energy of seeing itself. 

2345
02:03:18,000 --> 02:03:20,400
The way, the eye moves across a 
scene. 

2346
02:03:20,400 --> 02:03:24,100
Constantly collecting 
information constantly in motion

2347
02:03:24,100 --> 02:03:30,000
the Morning, Light strengthens 
and with it comes Heat by 10:00 

2348
02:03:30,000 --> 02:03:31,900
sweat is running down your 
temples. 

2349
02:03:31,900 --> 02:03:34,700
Mixing with the inevitable paint
smudges on your face. 

2350
02:03:34,700 --> 02:03:38,300
You don't notice when you're 
painting your body becomes 

2351
02:03:38,300 --> 02:03:42,400
secondary just the mechanism 
that moves the brushes hunger, 

2352
02:03:42,400 --> 02:03:47,000
thirst, physical discomfort. 
These things registered dimly 

2353
02:03:47,000 --> 02:03:49,100
like news from a distant 
country. 

2354
02:03:49,100 --> 02:03:50,900
You're not particularly 
interested in. 

2355
02:03:51,700 --> 02:03:54,700
You'll deal with your body's 
needs later right now there's 

2356
02:03:54,700 --> 02:03:57,800
only the canvas and the field 
and the gradually narrowing gap 

2357
02:03:57,800 --> 02:03:59,400
between what you see and what 
you're making. 

2358
02:03:59,400 --> 02:04:03,100
You step back periodically to 
assess your progress. 

2359
02:04:03,100 --> 02:04:06,800
This is crucial working too 
close for too long. 

2360
02:04:06,800 --> 02:04:08,800
Produces paintings of fall 
apart. 

2361
02:04:08,800 --> 02:04:12,300
When viewed from a normal 
distance The stepping back is 

2362
02:04:12,300 --> 02:04:14,800
also dangerous because it allows
to creep in. 

2363
02:04:15,700 --> 02:04:18,800
From 6 feet away. 
Every mistake becomes obvious 

2364
02:04:18,800 --> 02:04:22,600
that Shadows to purple that 
highlight is too bright. 

2365
02:04:22,600 --> 02:04:26,600
The wheat looks flat and 
lifeless, the tree looks like 

2366
02:04:26,600 --> 02:04:29,000
it's floating rather than 
growing from Earth. 

2367
02:04:30,000 --> 02:04:32,400
Catalog. 
These failures methodically then

2368
02:04:32,400 --> 02:04:34,500
step forward again and start 
correcting them. 

2369
02:04:34,500 --> 02:04:38,800
This is the work not the 
inspired moments but the patient

2370
02:04:38,800 --> 02:04:42,400
revision. 
Make a mistakes, recognizing 

2371
02:04:42,400 --> 02:04:46,200
them, fixing them over and over 
until the painting is either 

2372
02:04:46,200 --> 02:04:48,800
finished or ruined which 
sometimes amounts to the same 

2373
02:04:48,800 --> 02:04:52,100
thing around noon, you permit 
yourself a break. 

2374
02:04:52,800 --> 02:04:55,600
You set down your brushes and 
sit in the shade of the Olive 

2375
02:04:55,600 --> 02:04:57,700
Tree. 
You've been painting, your legs 

2376
02:04:57,700 --> 02:05:00,800
are stiff from standing your 
right shoulder aches. 

2377
02:05:00,800 --> 02:05:04,000
From holding the palate, your 
eyes are tired from the bright 

2378
02:05:04,000 --> 02:05:06,700
light. 
These are good pains earned 

2379
02:05:06,700 --> 02:05:11,000
pains they mean you've worked 
really worked, not just dabbled 

2380
02:05:11,000 --> 02:05:15,400
lunches, whatever you brought 
from the room today and apple 

2381
02:05:15,400 --> 02:05:19,200
and more of that terrible bread,
you eat slowly not because the 

2382
02:05:19,200 --> 02:05:21,700
food is good, but because 
slowing down is necessary. 

2383
02:05:22,500 --> 02:05:25,700
Your mind is still moving at 
painting speed processing, 

2384
02:05:25,700 --> 02:05:27,600
colors and shapes and 
relationships. 

2385
02:05:27,600 --> 02:05:31,500
You need to let it settle. 
You need to let your eyes rest. 

2386
02:05:31,500 --> 02:05:35,100
So you sit and chew and watch 
the field from the perspective 

2387
02:05:35,100 --> 02:05:36,900
of idleness, rather than 
purpose. 

2388
02:05:38,200 --> 02:05:40,300
The field doesn't care whether 
your painting it or not. 

2389
02:05:40,308 --> 02:05:43,200
It's beautiful regardless of 
your attention. 

2390
02:05:44,100 --> 02:05:47,100
This is a comforting thought, 
the world doesn't need you to 

2391
02:05:47,100 --> 02:05:50,100
paint it. 
The world is fine on its own you

2392
02:05:50,100 --> 02:05:53,000
paint because you need to not 
because the world requires it. 

2393
02:05:53,000 --> 02:05:57,200
A lizard emerges from beneath a 
nearby Rock freezes for a moment

2394
02:05:57,208 --> 02:06:01,700
in that peculiar lizard weigh 
utterly still as if playing a 

2395
02:06:01,700 --> 02:06:05,200
game of hide and seek with 
death, then Darts Away in a blur

2396
02:06:05,200 --> 02:06:08,600
of green. 
You smile quick movements are 

2397
02:06:08,600 --> 02:06:11,000
almost impossible to paint 
because there are over before 

2398
02:06:11,000 --> 02:06:13,600
you can analyze them, 
photography is better at 

2399
02:06:13,600 --> 02:06:17,800
capturing speed but photography,
misses everything else, the 

2400
02:06:17,800 --> 02:06:20,100
weight of the air, the quality 
of the light to the emotional, 

2401
02:06:20,100 --> 02:06:23,700
Resonance of a moment, you'll 
take the limitations of painting

2402
02:06:23,700 --> 02:06:25,300
over the limitations of 
Photography. 

2403
02:06:25,300 --> 02:06:28,800
Any day after eating, you don't 
immediately resume painting. 

2404
02:06:28,800 --> 02:06:32,700
In Stead, you take out your 
small Sketchbook and the 

2405
02:06:32,700 --> 02:06:35,600
graphite stub painting as for 
Colour and light. 

2406
02:06:35,600 --> 02:06:38,400
But sketching is for 
understanding structure. 

2407
02:06:38,400 --> 02:06:42,900
You draw the Olive Tree quickly,
Loosely not trying for accuracy,

2408
02:06:42,900 --> 02:06:47,000
but trying to feel How the tree 
grows how its branches relate to

2409
02:06:47,000 --> 02:06:50,800
its trunk and how the whole 
thing balances despite appearing

2410
02:06:50,800 --> 02:06:56,000
ready to topple over. 
Drawing is thinking drawing is 

2411
02:06:56,000 --> 02:06:59,200
learning to see. 
You feel two pages with versions

2412
02:06:59,200 --> 02:07:01,100
of the tree. 
Each one slightly different, 

2413
02:07:01,100 --> 02:07:04,600
each one teaching you something 
new about how gnarled would 

2414
02:07:04,600 --> 02:07:07,600
occupy space. 
The afternoon light is different

2415
02:07:07,600 --> 02:07:10,800
from the Morning Light. 
Harsher, less forgiving. 

2416
02:07:11,700 --> 02:07:16,300
Shadows shrink into themselves 
colors bleach out slightly as if

2417
02:07:16,308 --> 02:07:19,700
the Sun is a kind of acid eating
away at saturation. 

2418
02:07:19,700 --> 02:07:23,600
You return to the canvas with 
this awareness, adjusting your 

2419
02:07:23,600 --> 02:07:27,000
palate, adding more white to 
your mixtures and cooling, the 

2420
02:07:27,000 --> 02:07:30,300
yellow slightly. 
Every hour of the day requires 

2421
02:07:30,300 --> 02:07:33,100
different colors. 
This is why painting Outdoors is

2422
02:07:33,100 --> 02:07:35,600
both harder and more honest than
painting in a studio. 

2423
02:07:36,500 --> 02:07:41,200
The studio light stays constant 
nature, never stays still your 

2424
02:07:41,200 --> 02:07:44,000
back is hurting. 
Now a dull ache between your 

2425
02:07:44,000 --> 02:07:46,400
shoulder blades from the 
prolonged standing and reaching 

2426
02:07:46,400 --> 02:07:50,600
you ignore it. 
Pain is just information and 

2427
02:07:50,600 --> 02:07:52,700
this particular information 
isn't urgent. 

2428
02:07:53,600 --> 02:07:56,100
Worked through worse through 
cold rain. 

2429
02:07:56,100 --> 02:07:59,200
That numbs your fingers through 
headaches that made your vision 

2430
02:07:59,200 --> 02:08:02,100
blur through days, when 
depression, set on your 

2431
02:08:02,100 --> 02:08:03,500
shoulders, like a physical 
weight. 

2432
02:08:04,500 --> 02:08:08,400
This is just a back ache. 
This is nothing I made after 

2433
02:08:08,400 --> 02:08:11,200
noon, the painting has reached 
that critical stage where it 

2434
02:08:11,200 --> 02:08:14,500
could go either way. 
Is either about to come together

2435
02:08:14,500 --> 02:08:17,900
or about to fall apart. 
You've been here hundreds of 

2436
02:08:17,900 --> 02:08:21,000
times before and it never gets 
less nerve-wracking. 

2437
02:08:21,000 --> 02:08:25,500
The Temptation is to overwork it
to keep fussing with details, 

2438
02:08:25,500 --> 02:08:28,900
until you've killed whatever 
life, the painting had But 

2439
02:08:28,900 --> 02:08:30,800
you've also learned that 
stopping too soon. 

2440
02:08:30,808 --> 02:08:34,700
Leaves it unfinished, 
incomplete, the trick is knowing

2441
02:08:34,700 --> 02:08:38,400
when to push and when to step 
away, This knowledge doesn't 

2442
02:08:38,400 --> 02:08:41,900
come from Rules. 
It comes from failure from 

2443
02:08:41,900 --> 02:08:44,700
ruining enough paintings that 
you start to recognize the 

2444
02:08:44,700 --> 02:08:48,100
warning signs. 
You work more carefully now with

2445
02:08:48,100 --> 02:08:51,800
smaller brushes and more precise
touches a highlight on a wheat, 

2446
02:08:51,800 --> 02:08:54,700
stalk here, a deeper Shadow 
under the tree there. 

2447
02:08:55,400 --> 02:08:58,700
A few Strokes to suggest distant
mountains, purple against the 

2448
02:08:58,700 --> 02:09:01,900
Blue Sky. 
Each addition is a small risk 

2449
02:09:01,900 --> 02:09:04,100
each. 
Mark could be the one that 

2450
02:09:04,100 --> 02:09:07,300
pushes the painting from almost 
good to actually good, or from, 

2451
02:09:07,300 --> 02:09:10,500
almost good to ruined. 
You try not to think about this.

2452
02:09:10,500 --> 02:09:13,000
While working thinking, makes 
you tentative. 

2453
02:09:13,000 --> 02:09:15,100
You need to stay loose and 
confident. 

2454
02:09:15,100 --> 02:09:19,000
Even when you're not feeling 
confident at all, the sun is 

2455
02:09:19,000 --> 02:09:20,800
starting. 
Its descent toward the Horizon. 

2456
02:09:20,800 --> 02:09:24,000
When you finally set down your 
brushes, the painting isn't 

2457
02:09:24,000 --> 02:09:26,400
finished. 
Your paintings are never really 

2458
02:09:26,400 --> 02:09:28,400
finished but it's done for 
today. 

2459
02:09:29,400 --> 02:09:31,500
The light has changed too much 
to continue. 

2460
02:09:31,500 --> 02:09:35,900
What you are seeing three hours 
ago, no longer exists tomorrow, 

2461
02:09:35,900 --> 02:09:38,600
we'll bring different light 
different colors and different 

2462
02:09:38,600 --> 02:09:41,600
challenges, you'll return. 
Then if the weather holds and 

2463
02:09:41,600 --> 02:09:44,700
continue the conversation with 
the canvas, you clean your 

2464
02:09:44,700 --> 02:09:48,200
brushes methodically, wiping 
them on a rag until most of the 

2465
02:09:48,200 --> 02:09:51,600
painters removed then dipping 
them in turpentine and working 

2466
02:09:51,600 --> 02:09:56,400
the bristles against your palm. 
This is meditative work calming 

2467
02:09:56,400 --> 02:10:00,100
after the intensity of painting,
your brushes are your tools and 

2468
02:10:00,100 --> 02:10:03,800
tools need respect a brush 
properly cared for will last 

2469
02:10:03,800 --> 02:10:06,700
years. 
A neglected brush dies in 

2470
02:10:06,700 --> 02:10:09,200
months. 
You can't afford to replace 

2471
02:10:09,200 --> 02:10:11,500
brushes off often. 
So you treat them like the 

2472
02:10:11,500 --> 02:10:14,500
valuable instruments. 
They are the walk back to town 

2473
02:10:14,500 --> 02:10:18,100
is slower than the morning walk.
Your body is tired now, 

2474
02:10:18,100 --> 02:10:20,900
genuinely tired, rather than 
just stiff. 

2475
02:10:21,700 --> 02:10:24,000
Your eyes ache from squinting in
the bright light. 

2476
02:10:24,000 --> 02:10:27,300
Your hands are covered in paint.
Despite your best efforts, 

2477
02:10:27,300 --> 02:10:31,200
emerald green under your nails. 
Yellow okra on your knuckles and

2478
02:10:31,200 --> 02:10:34,600
Crimson Lake on your wrists. 
You look like you've been in a 

2479
02:10:34,600 --> 02:10:38,000
fight with a rainbow, this 
pleases you more than it should.

2480
02:10:38,000 --> 02:10:40,300
The town is busier in the late 
afternoon. 

2481
02:10:40,300 --> 02:10:44,200
People finishing workshops 
closing children playing in the 

2482
02:10:44,200 --> 02:10:46,400
streets. 
You move through this activity 

2483
02:10:46,400 --> 02:10:50,300
like a ghost present but 
separate, you'll still half in 

2484
02:10:50,300 --> 02:10:53,300
the field. 
Half in the painting, not quite 

2485
02:10:53,300 --> 02:10:58,700
ready to be fully human again. 
This transition takes time you 

2486
02:10:58,700 --> 02:11:02,600
learned years ago, not to rush 
it, not to try to snap back into

2487
02:11:02,600 --> 02:11:05,600
social normalcy. 
Immediately, after hours of 

2488
02:11:05,600 --> 02:11:10,100
solitary Focus, your mind needs 
to decompress to remember how to

2489
02:11:10,100 --> 02:11:12,700
exist in a world of words rather
than colors. 

2490
02:11:13,400 --> 02:11:17,300
By the time you reach your room,
duskers Gathering, the sky has 

2491
02:11:17,300 --> 02:11:20,800
turned that particular shade of 
violet blue that only exists for

2492
02:11:20,800 --> 02:11:23,100
about 20 minutes, each evening a
color. 

2493
02:11:23,100 --> 02:11:26,000
So fleeting and perfect that 
you're always tempted to run 

2494
02:11:26,000 --> 02:11:27,900
back outside and try to capture 
it. 

2495
02:11:28,900 --> 02:11:31,900
But your body won't cooperate. 
You're done for the day 

2496
02:11:31,900 --> 02:11:33,600
tomorrow. 
Is for that color. 

2497
02:11:33,600 --> 02:11:36,300
Tomorrow's for everything you 
didn't finish today. 

2498
02:11:37,100 --> 02:11:40,600
Your room feel smaller after a 
day Outdoors the walls closer 

2499
02:11:40,600 --> 02:11:43,200
and the ceiling lower. 
You like the oil. 

2500
02:11:43,200 --> 02:11:46,700
Lamp carefully because oil cost 
money and must be rationed. 

2501
02:11:46,700 --> 02:11:50,000
And it's warm glow, pushes back 
the encroaching Darkness. 

2502
02:11:51,100 --> 02:11:54,100
The light is different from 
daylight softener and more gold 

2503
02:11:54,100 --> 02:11:56,600
and turning. 
Everything it touches slightly 

2504
02:11:56,600 --> 02:11:59,900
Amber you've painted by 
Lamplight before though. 

2505
02:11:59,900 --> 02:12:03,600
You prefer natural light. 
Lamplight, flattens things and 

2506
02:12:03,600 --> 02:12:06,800
removes the subtle gradation, 
that make forms feel solid. 

2507
02:12:06,800 --> 02:12:09,800
You poor water from the pitcher 
into the base and wash your 

2508
02:12:09,800 --> 02:12:12,500
hands watching. 
The paint dissolve and swirl 

2509
02:12:12,500 --> 02:12:16,300
greens and yellows and blues. 
Creating temporary abstract 

2510
02:12:16,300 --> 02:12:19,100
patterns before Vanishing down 
the drain. 

2511
02:12:19,900 --> 02:12:24,600
The water turns gray then murky.
Brown you scrub your nails with 

2512
02:12:24,600 --> 02:12:27,900
a small brush, dig paint from 
beneath them and rinse. 

2513
02:12:27,900 --> 02:12:31,200
Again, your hands never come 
completely clean anymore. 

2514
02:12:31,200 --> 02:12:35,700
There's always paint somewhere 
in the creases of your knuckles.

2515
02:12:35,700 --> 02:12:38,500
Around the beds of your nails. 
Staining the calluses on your 

2516
02:12:38,500 --> 02:12:41,700
palms. 
You've accepted this artist 

2517
02:12:41,700 --> 02:12:44,100
hands are meant to carry 
evidence of their work. 

2518
02:12:44,100 --> 02:12:46,900
Dinner is simple, because dinner
is always simple. 

2519
02:12:46,900 --> 02:12:51,600
Tonight is from the cafe 
downstairs vegetable, probably 

2520
02:12:51,600 --> 02:12:53,500
with chunks of bread for 
dipping. 

2521
02:12:55,100 --> 02:12:59,400
Cafe owner Madame ginu knows 
your financial situation without

2522
02:12:59,400 --> 02:13:02,400
you having to explain it. 
She charges you less than she 

2523
02:13:02,400 --> 02:13:05,600
should and occasionally the soup
is thicker than it ought to be 

2524
02:13:05,608 --> 02:13:09,100
with extra vegetables that were 
on the menu, you've painted her 

2525
02:13:09,100 --> 02:13:13,100
portrait twice as partial 
payment, She hung one in the 

2526
02:13:13,100 --> 02:13:15,000
cafe. 
The other she keeps in her 

2527
02:13:15,000 --> 02:13:17,800
private rooms, which feels like 
a greater compliment than money 

2528
02:13:17,800 --> 02:13:20,300
could be. 
You eat at the small table by 

2529
02:13:20,300 --> 02:13:23,600
the window, watching the street 
below as Darkness, completes his

2530
02:13:23,600 --> 02:13:27,500
takeover of the Town shops of 
clothes shutters are being 

2531
02:13:27,508 --> 02:13:31,300
fastened. 
A few people hurry past heading 

2532
02:13:31,300 --> 02:13:34,000
home to families, and warm 
kitchens and conversations about

2533
02:13:34,000 --> 02:13:37,500
normal things. 
The weather the Harvest, the 

2534
02:13:37,500 --> 02:13:40,000
neighbor's new baby, you don't 
envy them. 

2535
02:13:40,000 --> 02:13:42,300
Exactly. 
But sometimes you wonder what 

2536
02:13:42,300 --> 02:13:45,500
that life feels like the life of
someone who isn't compelled to 

2537
02:13:45,500 --> 02:13:49,500
transform seeing into painting, 
who can simply look at a sunset 

2538
02:13:49,500 --> 02:13:51,400
without needing to analyze its 
colors. 

2539
02:13:51,400 --> 02:13:54,400
After eating, you clear the 
table and prepare for your 

2540
02:13:54,400 --> 02:13:57,300
second work session of the Day 
writing to Theo. 

2541
02:13:57,300 --> 02:14:01,000
Your brother, in Paris, your 
financial supporter, your 

2542
02:14:01,000 --> 02:14:05,100
friend, your anchor to sanity, 
you owe him more than money can 

2543
02:14:05,100 --> 02:14:07,300
repay. 
The least you can do is write 

2544
02:14:07,300 --> 02:14:10,900
regularly keeping him, informed 
of your progress, your 

2545
02:14:10,900 --> 02:14:14,400
struggles, and your small 
victories, these letters have 

2546
02:14:14,400 --> 02:14:17,800
become a kind of Journal, a way 
of processing, your thoughts 

2547
02:14:17,800 --> 02:14:20,900
about art and life and the 
impossible task of trying to be 

2548
02:14:20,900 --> 02:14:24,600
both. 
Your range paper pen and ink 

2549
02:14:24,600 --> 02:14:27,600
with the same care. 
You gave your painting supplies 

2550
02:14:27,600 --> 02:14:30,600
this morning. 
The paper is cheap, slightly 

2551
02:14:30,600 --> 02:14:33,300
rough, but adequate, the pain is
functional. 

2552
02:14:33,300 --> 02:14:36,500
The ink is black and ordinary, 
but your handwriting gives it 

2553
02:14:36,500 --> 02:14:40,000
character. 
Quick, angular and urgent. 

2554
02:14:40,700 --> 02:14:44,600
You write the way you paint with
energy, rather than Elegance 

2555
02:14:44,600 --> 02:14:47,100
Theo has learned to decipher 
your script. 

2556
02:14:47,100 --> 02:14:49,900
Though, it takes effort, you've 
apologized for this. 

2557
02:14:49,900 --> 02:14:53,300
He's told you not to worry 
content matters, more than 

2558
02:14:53,308 --> 02:14:55,600
presentation. 
You begin. 

2559
02:14:55,600 --> 02:15:01,700
As always with dear Theo and 
then the words flow tonight. 

2560
02:15:01,700 --> 02:15:04,400
You write about the Wheatfield 
about the Olive Tree that 

2561
02:15:04,400 --> 02:15:07,900
defeats every attempt to capture
its essential character and 

2562
02:15:07,900 --> 02:15:10,900
about how the afternoon like 
changed the color of everything 

2563
02:15:10,900 --> 02:15:14,200
and required you to completely 
remix your palate. 

2564
02:15:14,200 --> 02:15:18,100
You write about practical 
matters, paint supplies, running

2565
02:15:18,100 --> 02:15:21,900
low, a new canvas. 
You need to stretch the rent you

2566
02:15:21,900 --> 02:15:25,900
at the end of the month, you 
write about the fear that you're

2567
02:15:25,900 --> 02:15:30,100
wasting his money, wasting his 
faith, in you and producing work

2568
02:15:30,100 --> 02:15:32,400
that nobody wants. 
And nobody will remember. 

2569
02:15:33,500 --> 02:15:36,900
You also write about Hope about 
the moment this morning when the

2570
02:15:36,900 --> 02:15:40,900
light hit the wheat, just right?
And you saw really saw how 

2571
02:15:40,900 --> 02:15:44,200
yellow and gold and green could 
exist in the same space without 

2572
02:15:44,200 --> 02:15:47,800
conflict about the joy of making
a brush stroke that captures 

2573
02:15:47,800 --> 02:15:51,200
exactly the curve of a tree 
branch about the conviction. 

2574
02:15:51,200 --> 02:15:54,700
Stubborn and probably foolish 
that what you're doing matters 

2575
02:15:54,700 --> 02:15:58,100
that these paintings are fields 
and flowers and ordinary people 

2576
02:15:58,100 --> 02:16:01,600
will mean something. 
To someone someday the letters 

2577
02:16:01,600 --> 02:16:04,600
to Theo are the only place you 
allow yourself complete honesty 

2578
02:16:04,600 --> 02:16:08,600
with other people you perform 
normalcy or at least try to. 

2579
02:16:08,600 --> 02:16:11,700
But the owner knows, the full 
extent of your struggles. 

2580
02:16:11,700 --> 02:16:16,400
The mental crisis, the financial
desperation, the social 

2581
02:16:16,400 --> 02:16:21,500
isolation and the Relentless 
self-criticism, he knows and he 

2582
02:16:21,500 --> 02:16:24,700
supports you any way. 
This knowledge is, what keeps 

2583
02:16:24,700 --> 02:16:27,300
you going on the days when 
nothing seems worth continuing? 

2584
02:16:28,100 --> 02:16:29,800
You write for an hour, may be 
more. 

2585
02:16:30,700 --> 02:16:32,799
The lamp flickers occasionally 
threatening to die. 

2586
02:16:32,799 --> 02:16:37,000
But hold steady your hand cramps
slightly from gripping the pain 

2587
02:16:37,000 --> 02:16:41,400
but you ignore it there's still 
more to say Thoughts about color

2588
02:16:41,400 --> 02:16:45,100
theory, you've been developing 
observations about how peasants 

2589
02:16:45,100 --> 02:16:48,299
move through Landscapes and 
questions about painters in 

2590
02:16:48,299 --> 02:16:49,900
Paris and what they're working 
on. 

2591
02:16:49,900 --> 02:16:52,799
You're curious about the art 
world but also grateful to be 

2592
02:16:52,799 --> 02:16:55,900
removed from it. 
Competition makes you anxious 

2593
02:16:55,900 --> 02:16:58,700
other painters. 
Success feels like commentary on

2594
02:16:58,708 --> 02:17:02,200
your failure. 
Better to be here in all working

2595
02:17:02,200 --> 02:17:06,000
in isolation measuring yourself 
only against your previous work 

2596
02:17:06,900 --> 02:17:10,100
When you finally set down the 
pen, several pages are covered 

2597
02:17:10,100 --> 02:17:12,900
with your dense. 
Urgent script, you'll post this 

2598
02:17:12,900 --> 02:17:17,100
letter tomorrow and in a week or
so Theo's reply will arrive full

2599
02:17:17,100 --> 02:17:20,100
of encouragement, and practical 
advice, and small bits of money.

2600
02:17:20,100 --> 02:17:23,000
The correspondence between you 
and your brother is the most 

2601
02:17:23,000 --> 02:17:26,100
important work. 
You do more important than any 

2602
02:17:26,100 --> 02:17:29,000
single painting. 
It's what keeps you connected to

2603
02:17:29,000 --> 02:17:31,299
the world? 
What reminds you that someone 

2604
02:17:31,299 --> 02:17:34,100
believes in, what you're 
attempting, you fold the letter 

2605
02:17:34,100 --> 02:17:37,500
carefully and set it to decide. 
Then you lean back in your chair

2606
02:17:37,500 --> 02:17:40,200
and rub your eyes. 
Feeling the full weight of the 

2607
02:17:40,200 --> 02:17:43,100
days. 
Exhaustion your body aches. 

2608
02:17:43,100 --> 02:17:47,900
In a dozen places your mind 
feels pleasantly empty, run out 

2609
02:17:47,900 --> 02:17:52,200
like a sponge this is good. 
Tiredness earned tiredness. 

2610
02:17:53,299 --> 02:17:55,700
You've worked hard today, 
physically in the field, 

2611
02:17:55,700 --> 02:17:58,600
intellectually in the letter 
tomorrow. 

2612
02:17:58,600 --> 02:18:02,700
You'll do it again, and the day 
after that, and the day after 

2613
02:18:02,700 --> 02:18:06,700
that, this is your life. 
Now, this rhythm of work and 

2614
02:18:06,700 --> 02:18:10,700
rest and work again, it's not 
the life, you imagined, as a 

2615
02:18:10,708 --> 02:18:14,500
young man, but it's the one 
you've built and it's yours. 

2616
02:18:16,100 --> 02:18:19,299
before sleeping, you allow 
yourself for small ritual, 

2617
02:18:19,299 --> 02:18:22,900
reviewing today's paintings, 
You've been doing this for 

2618
02:18:22,900 --> 02:18:26,200
months, a private exhibition for
an audience of one? 

2619
02:18:27,000 --> 02:18:28,900
The painting from today leans 
against the wall. 

2620
02:18:28,900 --> 02:18:31,900
Still wet colors. 
Glowing slightly in the 

2621
02:18:31,907 --> 02:18:33,600
Lamplight. 
You study it. 

2622
02:18:33,600 --> 02:18:36,600
Critically cataloging its 
failures and occasional 

2623
02:18:36,600 --> 02:18:38,900
successes. 
The wheat is better than 

2624
02:18:38,900 --> 02:18:41,000
yesterday's wheat, but still not
quite right. 

2625
02:18:41,799 --> 02:18:45,500
The sky needs more complexity. 
The olive tree looks stiff and 

2626
02:18:45,500 --> 02:18:49,400
unconvincing but there are 
moments a few brush Strokes 

2627
02:18:49,400 --> 02:18:52,799
where you captured something 
true but paint transcended paint

2628
02:18:52,799 --> 02:18:56,000
and became wheat. 
Became White became the actual 

2629
02:18:56,000 --> 02:18:59,799
feeling of standing in a field 
on a summer afternoon, you'll do

2630
02:18:59,799 --> 02:19:02,900
better tomorrow. 
You always think this and it's 

2631
02:19:02,900 --> 02:19:06,600
usually true. 
Progress is incremental, barely 

2632
02:19:06,600 --> 02:19:09,500
noticeable day today, but 
visible, when you compare 

2633
02:19:09,500 --> 02:19:13,000
paintings from months ago to 
painting from today, you'll 

2634
02:19:13,000 --> 02:19:17,000
learning slowly how to see and 
how to translate seeing into 

2635
02:19:17,000 --> 02:19:21,000
something others can experience.
This learning never stops. 

2636
02:19:21,799 --> 02:19:23,799
You'll die not knowing 
everything you want to know 

2637
02:19:23,799 --> 02:19:27,100
about painting. 
This should depress you but 

2638
02:19:27,100 --> 02:19:30,400
somehow it doesn't the 
impossibility of Mastery is what

2639
02:19:30,400 --> 02:19:34,200
makes the work worth doing you 
extinguish the lamp and darkness

2640
02:19:34,200 --> 02:19:36,900
swallows the room, you undress 
in the dark. 

2641
02:19:36,900 --> 02:19:40,100
No point wasting matches and 
climb into bed. 

2642
02:19:40,100 --> 02:19:43,600
The sheets are rough. 
Wash so many times they've 

2643
02:19:43,600 --> 02:19:47,600
become as thin as paper. 
The mattress is Lumpy none of 

2644
02:19:47,600 --> 02:19:51,700
this matters within minutes. 
You're a sleep dreaming in 

2645
02:19:51,700 --> 02:19:54,000
colors. 
Your subconscious mind, 

2646
02:19:54,000 --> 02:19:56,700
continuing the work. 
Your conscious mind has paused 

2647
02:19:56,700 --> 02:19:59,700
tomorrow before Dawn, you'll 
wake and begin again. 

2648
02:19:59,700 --> 02:20:04,100
The ritual will repeat coffee 
walking painting letters sleep. 

2649
02:20:04,100 --> 02:20:08,600
It's a simple life, a narrow 
life but it's the life that 

2650
02:20:08,600 --> 02:20:11,800
allows you to do the work. 
You meant to do everything else.

2651
02:20:11,800 --> 02:20:18,400
Comfort wealth, Fame? 
Connection is secondary to that.

2652
02:20:19,300 --> 02:20:22,700
Your painting The World Is. 
You See It hoping that someday 

2653
02:20:22,700 --> 02:20:25,300
someone will look at your 
paintings and see it too. 

2654
02:20:26,200 --> 02:20:28,800
That hope is enough. 
It has to be enough. 

2655
02:20:28,800 --> 02:20:32,700
It's all you have six months 
pass in this rhythm. 

2656
02:20:33,600 --> 02:20:37,000
Autumn arrives, bringing 
different light cooler, 

2657
02:20:37,000 --> 02:20:41,000
temperatures and changed colors.
The wheat fields are stubble 

2658
02:20:41,000 --> 02:20:44,700
now, harvested down to short, 
stalks that crunch under your 

2659
02:20:44,700 --> 02:20:47,000
boots. 
You paint the aftermath of 

2660
02:20:47,000 --> 02:20:50,800
harvest interested in how the 
land looks stripped and exposed 

2661
02:20:50,800 --> 02:20:53,900
vulnerable in its bare nests. 
The olive trees. 

2662
02:20:53,900 --> 02:20:56,500
Remain still Twisted still gray 
green. 

2663
02:20:56,500 --> 02:21:01,100
Still refusing to be adequately 
captured on canvas your stack of

2664
02:21:01,108 --> 02:21:05,200
finished paintings. 
Grows 20 canvases lean against 

2665
02:21:05,200 --> 02:21:10,400
the walls of your room, then 30 
then 40 there everywhere under 

2666
02:21:10,400 --> 02:21:13,600
the bed behind the door arranged
in Rows 3. 

2667
02:21:13,600 --> 02:21:15,600
Deep against every available 
wall. 

2668
02:21:15,600 --> 02:21:20,000
The room smells perpetually of 
linseed oil and turpentine a 

2669
02:21:20,000 --> 02:21:24,200
sharp chemical smell that you've
stopped noticing Madam ji new 

2670
02:21:24,208 --> 02:21:27,200
complains, occasionally that the
fumes are seeping into the cafe 

2671
02:21:27,200 --> 02:21:29,800
below making the coffee. 
Tastes strange. 

2672
02:21:29,800 --> 02:21:32,100
You apologize, but don't change 
anything. 

2673
02:21:33,000 --> 02:21:34,600
Where else would you store the 
paintings? 

2674
02:21:34,600 --> 02:21:35,700
There's no. 
Where else? 

2675
02:21:35,700 --> 02:21:38,700
This room is your studio, your 
gallery. 

2676
02:21:38,700 --> 02:21:42,400
And your archived the painting 
itself has become less agonizing

2677
02:21:42,400 --> 02:21:45,600
or perhaps you've simply grown 
accustomed to the agony. 

2678
02:21:46,300 --> 02:21:49,500
Your hand knows certain gestures
now without your brain needing 

2679
02:21:49,500 --> 02:21:54,900
to direct them. sky goes on in 
Broad horizontal Strokes cypress

2680
02:21:54,900 --> 02:21:58,200
trees, require vertical, slashes
of dark green and near black 

2681
02:21:59,100 --> 02:22:02,200
Faces need, careful, 
construction, eyes position, 

2682
02:22:02,200 --> 02:22:06,200
just so and mouth suggesting 
emotion without becoming 

2683
02:22:06,200 --> 02:22:08,800
cartoons. 
These aren't rules you learned 

2684
02:22:08,800 --> 02:22:11,700
from teachers. 
These are conclusions drawn from

2685
02:22:11,700 --> 02:22:16,000
failure from painting. 
The same subjects over and over 

2686
02:22:16,000 --> 02:22:19,400
until your hand remembered what 
your mind kept forgetting. 

2687
02:22:20,200 --> 02:22:22,500
You've developed a routine for 
materials management. 

2688
02:22:22,500 --> 02:22:25,900
Every Sunday, you stretch 
canvases, six or seven. 

2689
02:22:25,900 --> 02:22:29,200
At a time, enough for the coming
week, the process is meditative 

2690
02:22:30,300 --> 02:22:33,200
Cutting canvas from the bolt, 
wrapping it around wooden 

2691
02:22:33,200 --> 02:22:35,500
stretcher bars. 
Pulling it tight, securing it 

2692
02:22:35,500 --> 02:22:39,500
with tax, then applying a thin 
layer of primer your hands. 

2693
02:22:39,500 --> 02:22:42,700
Perform these tasks while your 
mind wanders thinking about 

2694
02:22:42,700 --> 02:22:45,200
painting. 
You haven't started yet colors. 

2695
02:22:45,200 --> 02:22:47,200
You haven't tried and 
techniques. 

2696
02:22:47,200 --> 02:22:50,300
You want to experiment with? 
The physical work of 

2697
02:22:50,300 --> 02:22:53,900
preparation, freeze, your brain 
for planning money Remains the 

2698
02:22:53,900 --> 02:22:57,300
constant problem, the aascend, 
what he can, but it's never 

2699
02:22:57,308 --> 02:22:59,800
quite enough. 
You ration paint carefully 

2700
02:22:59,800 --> 02:23:04,400
mixing colors to make tubes last
longer scraping pallets cleans. 

2701
02:23:04,400 --> 02:23:07,700
So, no, paint goes to waste, 
you've learned to be frugal with

2702
02:23:07,700 --> 02:23:12,300
everything except canvas cheap, 
canvas produces poor results. 

2703
02:23:12,300 --> 02:23:16,300
So you spend money there, and 
economize elsewhere, eating less

2704
02:23:16,300 --> 02:23:19,800
walking instead of taking the 
train and wearing the same 

2705
02:23:19,800 --> 02:23:21,900
clothes until they literally 
fall apart. 

2706
02:23:21,900 --> 02:23:25,700
Your appearance has become 
somewhat disreputable, you know,

2707
02:23:25,700 --> 02:23:30,300
this people look at you, oddly, 
the redhead madman with paint 

2708
02:23:30,300 --> 02:23:32,100
under his nails and holes in his
jacket. 

2709
02:23:32,100 --> 02:23:37,400
Let them look their opinions. 
Don't buy paint winter arrives, 

2710
02:23:37,400 --> 02:23:40,400
bringing complications. 
The fields are less interesting 

2711
02:23:40,400 --> 02:23:45,700
now, mostly mud and vegetation. 
The light is weaker grayer. 

2712
02:23:45,700 --> 02:23:49,000
You paint indoors. 
More often still life's. 

2713
02:23:49,500 --> 02:23:53,300
Portraits your own room rendered
from different angles, you paint

2714
02:23:53,300 --> 02:23:56,300
your empty Chair by Lamplight. 
Trying to capture The Melancholy

2715
02:23:56,300 --> 02:23:58,500
of furniture waiting for someone
who isn't coming. 

2716
02:23:59,400 --> 02:24:02,300
The painting depresses you while
you're making it but the 

2717
02:24:02,300 --> 02:24:06,200
depression feels necessary. 
Honest not, everything needs to 

2718
02:24:06,200 --> 02:24:08,200
be cheerful. 
Sadness is also worth 

2719
02:24:08,200 --> 02:24:11,700
documenting the social isolation
intensifies. 

2720
02:24:11,700 --> 02:24:14,200
During winter, people stay 
indoors. 

2721
02:24:14,200 --> 02:24:17,700
The streets are empty. 
You go days without speaking to 

2722
02:24:17,700 --> 02:24:21,600
anyone except Madame Janu and 
the occasional shopkeeper this 

2723
02:24:21,600 --> 02:24:23,000
should bother you more than it 
does. 

2724
02:24:23,800 --> 02:24:26,500
Humans are supposed to need 
other humans and are supposed to

2725
02:24:26,500 --> 02:24:28,300
require conversation and 
connection. 

2726
02:24:28,300 --> 02:24:31,900
But you've discovered that 
Solitude while lonely provides 

2727
02:24:31,900 --> 02:24:35,900
clarity when you're alone, you 
can hear your own thoughts. 

2728
02:24:36,700 --> 02:24:39,400
When you're alone, the world 
doesn't interrupt itself with 

2729
02:24:39,400 --> 02:24:43,100
opinions and expectations, 
loneliness is the price of 

2730
02:24:43,100 --> 02:24:45,800
focus. 
And you've decided, it's a price

2731
02:24:45,800 --> 02:24:50,000
worth paying You paint through a
bout of illness in January. 

2732
02:24:50,000 --> 02:24:54,300
Some kind of flu that leaves you
weak and feverish but not. 

2733
02:24:54,300 --> 02:24:58,300
So incapacitated that you can't 
work you paint with shaking 

2734
02:24:58,300 --> 02:25:01,700
hands producing strange, 
distorted images that you'll 

2735
02:25:01,700 --> 02:25:04,300
later look at and wonder if 
they're terrible or brilliant. 

2736
02:25:05,400 --> 02:25:08,400
Probably terrible. 
But the act of painting while 

2737
02:25:08,400 --> 02:25:10,600
sick teaches you, something 
about your commitment. 

2738
02:25:10,600 --> 02:25:13,500
You're not doing this because 
it's Pleasant or easy. 

2739
02:25:13,500 --> 02:25:16,100
You're doing it because you 
can't not do it. 

2740
02:25:17,100 --> 02:25:20,400
The compulsion to paint is 
deeper than health deeper than 

2741
02:25:20,400 --> 02:25:24,500
comfort and possibly deeper than
sanity by February. 

2742
02:25:24,500 --> 02:25:28,100
You've been painting, seriously 
for nearly seven years, seven 

2743
02:25:28,100 --> 02:25:32,000
years, of daily work, thousands 
of hours at the easel, hundreds 

2744
02:25:32,000 --> 02:25:35,000
of completed paintings, and what
do you have to show for it? 

2745
02:25:35,000 --> 02:25:39,700
A room full of unsold canvases? 
A brother who believes in you 

2746
02:25:39,700 --> 02:25:43,100
but might be diluted. 
A handful of people in Paris who

2747
02:25:43,100 --> 02:25:47,000
think you have potential but not
enough to buy your work like 

2748
02:25:47,000 --> 02:25:51,500
conventional measures, you're a 
failure. 35 years old living in 

2749
02:25:51,500 --> 02:25:53,700
poverty producing art that 
nobody wants. 

2750
02:25:54,800 --> 02:25:56,800
But you've also learned 
something that conventional 

2751
02:25:56,800 --> 02:26:00,100
measures don't capture, you've 
learned that work itself. 

2752
02:26:00,100 --> 02:26:04,700
Can be the reward that the act 
of seeing clearly of translating

2753
02:26:04,700 --> 02:26:07,700
what you see in to paint of 
solving the endless problems 

2754
02:26:07,700 --> 02:26:11,500
that every canvas presents. 
This is valuable regardless of 

2755
02:26:11,500 --> 02:26:14,900
whether anyone else appreciates 
it, you're not painting to 

2756
02:26:14,900 --> 02:26:18,300
become famous your painting 
because painting is how you make

2757
02:26:18,300 --> 02:26:21,700
sense of the world, how you pin 
down fleeting moments and 

2758
02:26:21,700 --> 02:26:24,900
preserve them and how you 
participate in life rather than 

2759
02:26:24,900 --> 02:26:29,500
just observing it Bring returns 
and with it comes Renewed 

2760
02:26:29,500 --> 02:26:36,300
Energy, the fields green up. 
Flowers appear, irises, poppies 

2761
02:26:36,300 --> 02:26:39,900
and wildflowers, you can't name 
you paint them all with 

2762
02:26:39,900 --> 02:26:43,100
something approaching Joy, which
is a rare emotion for you. 

2763
02:26:43,900 --> 02:26:47,300
Usually you work through anxiety
or determination or sheer 

2764
02:26:47,300 --> 02:26:49,400
stubbornness but spring is 
forgiving. 

2765
02:26:50,300 --> 02:26:53,700
Brings suggests possibilities 
spring, makes you think that 

2766
02:26:53,700 --> 02:26:56,900
maybe possibly things could work
out? 

2767
02:26:57,700 --> 02:27:01,100
Not fame or Fortune. 
You've given up on those but 

2768
02:27:01,100 --> 02:27:04,500
something smaller, and more 
important understanding 

2769
02:27:04,500 --> 02:27:08,000
connection, the feeling that 
what you're seeing matters to 

2770
02:27:08,000 --> 02:27:11,600
someone besides yourself. 
You paint orchards in bloom, 

2771
02:27:11,600 --> 02:27:15,100
trying to capture the Paradox of
delicate blossoms on rough 

2772
02:27:15,100 --> 02:27:18,300
Twisted, branches, you paint 
feels full of wheat. 

2773
02:27:18,300 --> 02:27:23,100
Again, this year's crop taller 
and greener than last year's you

2774
02:27:23,100 --> 02:27:26,100
paint people working Farmers 
laborers. 

2775
02:27:26,100 --> 02:27:30,100
Women in Garden's because work 
is sacred and deserves 

2776
02:27:30,100 --> 02:27:32,700
documentation. 
These people who spend their 

2777
02:27:32,700 --> 02:27:36,400
days, bending and lifting and 
cultivating aren't subjects for 

2778
02:27:36,408 --> 02:27:39,200
pity. 
Their living, honestly doing 

2779
02:27:39,200 --> 02:27:42,300
what needs doing. 
You try to show that in your 

2780
02:27:42,308 --> 02:27:44,600
painting's, try to give them 
dignity. 

2781
02:27:44,600 --> 02:27:48,600
Without sentimentality, your 
Technique continues of evolving,

2782
02:27:48,600 --> 02:27:52,300
you're using thicker paint now, 
applying it in rough textured 

2783
02:27:52,300 --> 02:27:56,400
layers that catch the Light This
approach is called impasto, 

2784
02:27:56,400 --> 02:27:58,100
though. 
You didn't know that when you 

2785
02:27:58,100 --> 02:28:01,700
started doing it, you just found
that thick paint better captured

2786
02:28:01,700 --> 02:28:04,900
the physicality of what you are 
seeing Fields, aren't smooth, 

2787
02:28:04,900 --> 02:28:07,200
trees aren't smooth faces aren't
smooth. 

2788
02:28:07,200 --> 02:28:09,500
Why should your paintings be 
smooth? 

2789
02:28:09,500 --> 02:28:13,400
The texture of the paint becomes
part of the meaning, a physical 

2790
02:28:13,400 --> 02:28:16,600
manifestation of the energy 
required to see and record. 

2791
02:28:17,400 --> 02:28:20,700
You write to Theo about these 
developments, trying to explain 

2792
02:28:20,700 --> 02:28:24,000
what your attempting, your 
written, explanations always 

2793
02:28:24,000 --> 02:28:28,500
feel inadequate, painting is 
visual language and verbal 

2794
02:28:28,500 --> 02:28:31,400
language can only approximate 
what brush and color can say 

2795
02:28:31,400 --> 02:28:34,500
directly. 
But you try anyway because Theo 

2796
02:28:34,500 --> 02:28:38,200
is in Paris rounded by theories 
and movements and debates and 

2797
02:28:38,200 --> 02:28:40,800
you want to understand that what
you're doing here in provincial,

2798
02:28:40,800 --> 02:28:44,400
all is also part of those large 
conversations, you're not 

2799
02:28:44,408 --> 02:28:47,700
isolated from the art world. 
You're just approaching it from 

2800
02:28:47,700 --> 02:28:50,100
a different direction working 
through problems. 

2801
02:28:50,100 --> 02:28:52,200
On your own terms. 
Rather than following, 

2802
02:28:52,200 --> 02:28:56,100
fashionable Solutions, summer 
arrives with its familiar heat 

2803
02:28:56,100 --> 02:28:58,400
and brilliant. 
Light your painting. 

2804
02:28:58,400 --> 02:29:01,800
Now, the new were a year ago. 
You can see the Improvement. 

2805
02:29:01,800 --> 02:29:05,400
When you compare old paintings 
to new ones, the colors are more

2806
02:29:05,400 --> 02:29:09,200
confident, the compositions are 
stronger, the brushwork is more 

2807
02:29:09,200 --> 02:29:12,500
assured. 
This is what, practice does not 

2808
02:29:12,500 --> 02:29:16,400
overnight transformation, but 
gradual, almost imperceptible 

2809
02:29:16,400 --> 02:29:20,000
refinement. 
You'll still not satisfied and 

2810
02:29:20,000 --> 02:29:22,700
still see the gap between what 
you want to achieve and what you

2811
02:29:22,700 --> 02:29:27,300
actually achieve. 
But the Gap is narrowing slowly 

2812
02:29:27,300 --> 02:29:30,000
painfully. 
The Gap is narrowing. 

2813
02:29:31,100 --> 02:29:32,700
You don't think much about 
Legacy. 

2814
02:29:33,400 --> 02:29:37,100
Legacy implies future and you're
too focused on the present. 

2815
02:29:37,100 --> 02:29:41,000
Today's painting, this 
afternoon's light, the exact 

2816
02:29:41,000 --> 02:29:43,900
color of Shadows under olive 
trees at 4 in the evening. 

2817
02:29:43,900 --> 02:29:47,800
But occasionally usually late at
night, when you can't sleep, you

2818
02:29:47,800 --> 02:29:49,500
wonder what will happen to all 
these paintings. 

2819
02:29:49,500 --> 02:29:54,500
The stack keeps growing 40, 
canvases become sick, 60, which 

2820
02:29:54,500 --> 02:29:57,400
becomes 80. 
They can't all stay in your room

2821
02:29:57,400 --> 02:30:00,000
forever eventually. 
Something will have to be done 

2822
02:30:00,000 --> 02:30:02,600
with them. 
They are talks about exhibitions

2823
02:30:02,600 --> 02:30:05,500
and about getting your work in 
front of critics and buyers. 

2824
02:30:06,500 --> 02:30:09,800
You want to believe him but 
belief requires energy, you 

2825
02:30:09,800 --> 02:30:13,100
don't have the art world. 
Seems impossibly far away 

2826
02:30:13,100 --> 02:30:17,300
impossibly sophisticated and 
full of people who know things, 

2827
02:30:17,300 --> 02:30:19,200
you don't know, and who speak a 
language. 

2828
02:30:19,208 --> 02:30:22,600
You've never learned. 
You're just a painter who looks 

2829
02:30:22,600 --> 02:30:24,900
at Fields? 
What do you have to offer people

2830
02:30:24,900 --> 02:30:27,000
who spend their time in 
galleries, arguing about 

2831
02:30:27,000 --> 02:30:30,100
symbolism and technique? 
But then, you think about the 

2832
02:30:30,100 --> 02:30:33,200
act of looking at self and 
something shifts. 

2833
02:30:33,200 --> 02:30:37,600
Everyone looks at fields at 
trees at the sky. 

2834
02:30:37,600 --> 02:30:41,300
But most people look without 
seeing their eyes registering 

2835
02:30:41,300 --> 02:30:43,300
information without their brains
processing. 

2836
02:30:43,300 --> 02:30:47,100
Meaning you've trained yourself 
to do the opposite to look until

2837
02:30:47,100 --> 02:30:51,800
looking become seeing to notice 
the 10,000 small details, that 

2838
02:30:51,800 --> 02:30:54,000
make one feel different. 
From another field. 

2839
02:30:54,000 --> 02:30:56,300
One afternoon different from 
another afternoon. 

2840
02:30:56,300 --> 02:31:00,400
This skill, this learned 
attentiveness is your actual 

2841
02:31:00,400 --> 02:31:05,800
subject, not wheat, not trees. 
But the act of paying attention 

2842
02:31:05,800 --> 02:31:08,700
of being present with what's in 
front of you. 

2843
02:31:08,700 --> 02:31:11,500
If someone looks at your 
painting of a wheat field and 

2844
02:31:11,500 --> 02:31:14,600
really sees the wheat sees how 
it moves and catches light and 

2845
02:31:14,600 --> 02:31:18,400
existence in Space, the new 
something valuable, you've 

2846
02:31:18,400 --> 02:31:21,700
taught them to look, not your 
painting specifically, but at 

2847
02:31:21,700 --> 02:31:25,200
everything at the world, they 
move through without noticing. 

2848
02:31:25,200 --> 02:31:27,700
This is the Legacy or building 
those. 

2849
02:31:27,700 --> 02:31:31,200
You didn't realize it until just
now tonight, right? 

2850
02:31:31,200 --> 02:31:33,700
In by Lamplight. 
While the town's sleeps around 

2851
02:31:33,700 --> 02:31:37,900
you, you're making instruction 
manuals for seeing the thought, 

2852
02:31:37,900 --> 02:31:41,000
is almost overwhelming, not 
because it's grandiose. 

2853
02:31:41,000 --> 02:31:43,900
You don't think you're creating 
great art, but because it's 

2854
02:31:43,900 --> 02:31:47,900
humble and enormous, at the same
time, every person who looks 

2855
02:31:47,900 --> 02:31:50,800
closely at one of your paintings
and then goes outside and looks 

2856
02:31:50,800 --> 02:31:53,200
closely at actual wheat has been
changed. 

2857
02:31:54,000 --> 02:31:57,700
Change slightly almost 
imperceptibly but changed. 

2858
02:31:57,700 --> 02:32:00,100
They can't unsee. 
What they've learned to see. 

2859
02:32:00,100 --> 02:32:02,800
This is education in the deepest
sense. 

2860
02:32:02,800 --> 02:32:07,500
This is why you paint you get 
out of bed, unable to sleep now 

2861
02:32:07,500 --> 02:32:10,800
and like the lamp. 
Painting stacked around the room

2862
02:32:10,800 --> 02:32:13,600
regard, you with their fixed 
unblinking stairs. 

2863
02:32:14,300 --> 02:32:20,300
So many fields so many trees, so
many skies from one angle, they 

2864
02:32:20,300 --> 02:32:23,600
look repetitive and obsessive 
the same subject so over and 

2865
02:32:23,600 --> 02:32:25,700
over. 
But from another angle their 

2866
02:32:25,700 --> 02:32:29,300
variations on a theme 
investigations into how light 

2867
02:32:29,300 --> 02:32:31,800
and weather and time of day 
alter everything they touch, 

2868
02:32:31,800 --> 02:32:35,200
you're not repeating yourself, 
you're refining yourself. 

2869
02:32:36,100 --> 02:32:38,200
Each painting is practiced for 
seeing more. 

2870
02:32:38,200 --> 02:32:42,400
Clearly understanding more 
deeply you think about painters 

2871
02:32:42,400 --> 02:32:45,700
of the past Rembrandt Vermeer 
and the Masters, whose work 

2872
02:32:45,700 --> 02:32:49,800
you've studied in museums and 
books, their dead now, centuries

2873
02:32:49,800 --> 02:32:54,100
dead, but their seeing persists,
when you look at a Rembrandt 

2874
02:32:54,100 --> 02:32:56,700
portrait, you're not just seeing
painter range on canvas. 

2875
02:32:56,700 --> 02:33:00,200
You're seeing through 
Rembrandt's eyes, experiencing 

2876
02:33:00,200 --> 02:33:03,400
his particular way of noticing 
light and Shadow, and human 

2877
02:33:03,400 --> 02:33:05,200
character. 
The man died. 

2878
02:33:05,200 --> 02:33:08,900
But his seeing continues passed 
down through generations. 

2879
02:33:08,900 --> 02:33:13,600
Like inherited wealth, this is 
immortality not of the body, but

2880
02:33:13,600 --> 02:33:16,200
a vision. 
Your paintings, do this? 

2881
02:33:16,200 --> 02:33:18,200
Well, someone 100 years from 
now. 

2882
02:33:18,200 --> 02:33:20,600
Look at your wheat fields and 
see wheat the way you see it? 

2883
02:33:21,300 --> 02:33:24,000
The possibility seems absurd and
necessary. 

2884
02:33:24,000 --> 02:33:27,200
At the same time, you paint as 
if the answer is, yes. 

2885
02:33:27,200 --> 02:33:31,400
As if future, seeing depends on 
present work, this is Faith. 

2886
02:33:31,400 --> 02:33:35,800
You suppose not religious Faith.
You've Lost That lost it years 

2887
02:33:35,800 --> 02:33:39,000
ago when you tried and failed to
be a minister but creative 

2888
02:33:39,000 --> 02:33:42,300
Faith, the belief that making 
something with complete honesty,

2889
02:33:42,300 --> 02:33:45,600
and attention will matter. 
Even if you can't see how, or 

2890
02:33:45,600 --> 02:33:50,100
when, or to whom, Morning comes 
gradually the way it always 

2891
02:33:50,100 --> 02:33:52,300
does. 
You've been awake all night 

2892
02:33:52,300 --> 02:33:55,700
thinking and occasionally 
sketching working through these 

2893
02:33:55,700 --> 02:33:59,200
ideas about seeing and Legacy in
the strange mathematics of 

2894
02:33:59,200 --> 02:34:02,500
attention that turns looking 
into seeing and seeing into 

2895
02:34:02,500 --> 02:34:06,500
painting and painting into 
instruction, your exhausted, but

2896
02:34:06,500 --> 02:34:10,000
all so energized. 
Thoughts of clarified, something

2897
02:34:10,000 --> 02:34:11,600
you'd felt but couldn't 
articulate. 

2898
02:34:12,700 --> 02:34:16,500
You know, why you paint now not 
to become famous, not to make 

2899
02:34:16,500 --> 02:34:20,100
money, but to preserve ways of 
seeing to document. 

2900
02:34:20,100 --> 02:34:23,700
The infinite variety of light 
falling on ordinary things, to 

2901
02:34:23,700 --> 02:34:27,800
insist that Wheatfields matter 
and olive trees matter and the 

2902
02:34:27,800 --> 02:34:31,200
exact color of sky at dusk 
matters. 

2903
02:34:31,200 --> 02:34:35,800
You make coffee terrible coffee 
as always and stand at the 

2904
02:34:35,800 --> 02:34:40,000
window watching the street wake 
up. the baker opens, his 

2905
02:34:40,000 --> 02:34:44,600
shutters, the woman's sweeps, 
her doorstep, cat Hunt's 

2906
02:34:44,600 --> 02:34:47,100
Shadows. 
These are the same small events,

2907
02:34:47,100 --> 02:34:50,000
you see every morning, but this 
morning, they feel different 

2908
02:34:50,000 --> 02:34:53,300
more precious. 
Every ordinary moment is worth 

2909
02:34:53,300 --> 02:34:56,200
preserving, because every 
ordinary moment is unrepeatable.

2910
02:34:57,000 --> 02:35:00,600
Today's light will never exist. 
Again, today's shadows will 

2911
02:35:00,600 --> 02:35:05,200
never fall this exact way again.
This morning is unique singular 

2912
02:35:05,200 --> 02:35:09,500
and gone as soon as it arrives. 
The only way to keep it is to 

2913
02:35:09,500 --> 02:35:12,300
paint it. 
You finish your coffee gather 

2914
02:35:12,300 --> 02:35:14,500
your materials and head out into
the early light. 

2915
02:35:14,500 --> 02:35:19,300
Your painting spot is waiting 
the field, the tree The Horizon,

2916
02:35:19,300 --> 02:35:22,600
that's both barrier and 
Invitational you set up. 

2917
02:35:22,600 --> 02:35:25,900
Your easel with practice, 
efficiency, preparing to spend 

2918
02:35:25,900 --> 02:35:28,600
another day. 
Doing what you do, looking until

2919
02:35:28,600 --> 02:35:30,900
you see seeing until you 
understand. 

2920
02:35:30,900 --> 02:35:34,900
And understanding, until you can
paint, the work is repetitive 

2921
02:35:34,900 --> 02:35:38,200
and endless and exactly what you
need to be doing. 

2922
02:35:38,200 --> 02:35:42,200
Not because anyone's asking for 
it, not because anyone's paying 

2923
02:35:42,200 --> 02:35:45,600
for it, but Because this is your
way of participating in the 

2924
02:35:45,600 --> 02:35:48,200
world. 
Your method of saying, yes to 

2925
02:35:48,200 --> 02:35:52,000
existence and your small 
contribution to the vast project

2926
02:35:52,000 --> 02:35:56,600
of human seeing The first 
brushstroke goes on the canvas, 

2927
02:35:56,600 --> 02:36:00,800
like a whisper becoming a shout 
it's just paint just pigment 

2928
02:36:00,800 --> 02:36:04,300
mixed with oil but it's also 
everything attention made 

2929
02:36:04,300 --> 02:36:08,200
visible looking made permanent 
this specific morning in this 

2930
02:36:08,200 --> 02:36:12,000
specific Place captured and held
you work steadily through the 

2931
02:36:12,000 --> 02:36:15,600
morning, watching the light 
change, adjusting your colors to

2932
02:36:15,600 --> 02:36:18,000
match what's actually there 
rather than what you think 

2933
02:36:18,000 --> 02:36:21,800
should be there, this is the 
discipline, trusting your eyes, 

2934
02:36:21,800 --> 02:36:24,600
over your assumptions, letting 
reality and struck, you rather 

2935
02:36:24,600 --> 02:36:29,000
than imposing your ideas on 
reality hours, pass the sun 

2936
02:36:29,008 --> 02:36:33,300
climbs, your back, aches. 
Your eyes water from squinting, 

2937
02:36:33,300 --> 02:36:36,800
your palate becomes a muddy mess
of mixed colors. 

2938
02:36:36,800 --> 02:36:40,700
These are good signs. 
They mean, you're working really

2939
02:36:40,700 --> 02:36:43,800
working, not just playing at 
painting by early afternoon. 

2940
02:36:43,800 --> 02:36:48,100
The canvas has transformed from 
black potential to something. 

2941
02:36:48,100 --> 02:36:52,000
Actual not finished never 
finished but present. 

2942
02:36:53,100 --> 02:36:57,600
Field exists when nothing 
existed before like Falls were 

2943
02:36:57,600 --> 02:37:00,500
only white canvas weighted. 
You've made something from 

2944
02:37:00,500 --> 02:37:03,100
nothing using nothing but 
attention and paint. 

2945
02:37:03,100 --> 02:37:05,900
It's A Small Miracle repeated 
daily. 

2946
02:37:05,900 --> 02:37:08,100
Never losing its power to 
surprise. 

2947
02:37:08,100 --> 02:37:12,400
You, you clean your brushes 
pack, your materials, and start 

2948
02:37:12,400 --> 02:37:16,100
the walk back to town tonight. 
You'll write to Theo telling him

2949
02:37:16,100 --> 02:37:19,200
about today's work about the 
thoughts that kept you awake 

2950
02:37:19,200 --> 02:37:22,900
last night, and about why you 
continue, even when continuation

2951
02:37:22,900 --> 02:37:26,400
seems pointless, Tomorrow, 
you'll return to the field and 

2952
02:37:26,400 --> 02:37:28,500
begin again and the day after 
that. 

2953
02:37:29,400 --> 02:37:32,700
And the day after that, this is 
the pattern that defines you 

2954
02:37:32,700 --> 02:37:38,800
now, work and rest, and work 
again, seeing and painting and 

2955
02:37:38,800 --> 02:37:42,300
seeing again, building a legacy,
not of Fame. 

2956
02:37:42,300 --> 02:37:45,400
But of attention, one brush 
stroke at a time. 

2957
02:37:45,408 --> 02:37:49,400
One painting at a time. 
One moment of careful. 

2958
02:37:49,400 --> 02:37:52,200
Looking at a time, the 
Wheatfield you painted today 

2959
02:37:52,200 --> 02:37:54,900
will be harvested. 
Soon, the light will change. 

2960
02:37:54,900 --> 02:37:58,300
Winter will come again. 
You'll keep painting through all

2961
02:37:58,300 --> 02:38:00,100
of it. 
Documenting. 

2962
02:38:00,100 --> 02:38:02,200
The endless variation of 
ordinary life. 

2963
02:38:02,200 --> 02:38:04,500
Insisting. 
That nothing is true. 

2964
02:38:04,500 --> 02:38:07,200
Ordinary. 
If you look closely enough This 

2965
02:38:07,200 --> 02:38:09,400
is your life. 
Now this is your work. 

2966
02:38:09,400 --> 02:38:13,900
This is what you'll leave behind
When You're Gone not monuments 

2967
02:38:13,900 --> 02:38:18,100
or Mansions but paintings that 
teach people how to see if even 

2968
02:38:18,100 --> 02:38:21,000
one person looks at one of your 
paintings and then looks at the 

2969
02:38:21,000 --> 02:38:24,100
world with the new eyes, then 
everything was worth it. 

2970
02:38:24,100 --> 02:38:27,900
Every morning of cold coffee 
every afternoon of aching back, 

2971
02:38:27,900 --> 02:38:31,600
every night of doubt and fear 
and stubborn foolish. 

2972
02:38:31,600 --> 02:38:35,300
Hope your Vincent van Gogh and 
you're painting the world. 

2973
02:38:35,300 --> 02:38:37,600
As you see it, the world doesn't
care. 

2974
02:38:37,600 --> 02:38:41,700
The world will continue with or 
without your paintings, but 

2975
02:38:41,700 --> 02:38:45,000
you'll make them anyway because 
making them is how you live, how

2976
02:38:45,000 --> 02:38:48,100
you participate, and how you 
say, thank you to light and 

2977
02:38:48,100 --> 02:38:50,300
color and the infinite variety 
of seeing. 

2978
02:38:50,300 --> 02:38:55,200
This is enough, this has to be 
enough and on good days on days.

2979
02:38:55,200 --> 02:38:58,100
Like today when the light is 
perfect, and your hand is steady

2980
02:38:58,100 --> 02:39:00,800
and the painting almost matches 
what you saw. 

2981
02:39:00,800 --> 02:39:04,500
It is enough. 
It's more than enough, it's 

2982
02:39:04,500 --> 02:39:09,800
everything. 
Imagine passing through a hefty,

2983
02:39:09,800 --> 02:39:12,700
wooden gate with iron hinges 
that Creak like a long time, 

2984
02:39:12,700 --> 02:39:16,300
friend clearing their throat. 
A medieval Garden that has been 

2985
02:39:16,308 --> 02:39:19,400
waiting for centuries to reveal 
its secrets to you is something 

2986
02:39:19,400 --> 02:39:21,700
truly remarkable that you've 
just entered. 

2987
02:39:21,700 --> 02:39:26,600
It might be 1250 or 1350 here 
time seems to move more slowly. 

2988
02:39:26,600 --> 02:39:29,300
The air is centered with 
lavender and damp Earth. 

2989
02:39:29,300 --> 02:39:33,400
And each path seems to be 
whispering slow down your safe. 

2990
02:39:33,400 --> 02:39:36,800
Now, in an era known for plagues
and the occasional Dragon 

2991
02:39:36,800 --> 02:39:38,900
sighting. 
Well, that last one was mostly 

2992
02:39:38,900 --> 02:39:40,200
in the stories but you never 
know. 

2993
02:39:40,200 --> 02:39:42,600
You might ask. 
Why anyone would bother 

2994
02:39:42,600 --> 02:39:46,000
designing elaborate Gardens the 
responses incredibly 

2995
02:39:46,000 --> 02:39:48,900
straightforward humans, have 
always required breathing 

2996
02:39:48,900 --> 02:39:53,000
spaces, medieval Garden's were 
meticulously planned Havens. 

2997
02:39:53,000 --> 02:39:54,700
That could literally save your 
sanity. 

2998
02:39:54,700 --> 02:39:58,500
Not just lovely places. 
Take a moment to imagine life in

2999
02:39:58,500 --> 02:40:01,200
the Middle. 
Ages your crammed into cities 

3000
02:40:01,200 --> 02:40:03,700
with dark narrow streets, that 
lets face. 

3001
02:40:03,700 --> 02:40:07,300
It smell like things, you'd 
rather not recognize you have to

3002
02:40:07,300 --> 02:40:09,600
avoid suspicious puddles Dodge 
horses. 

3003
02:40:09,600 --> 02:40:12,700
And hope the person selling you 
bread hasn't been experimenting 

3004
02:40:12,700 --> 02:40:14,500
with using sawdust instead of 
flour. 

3005
02:40:14,800 --> 02:40:18,100
By Nightfall, your nervous 
system is more tightly wound 

3006
02:40:18,100 --> 02:40:21,200
than the drawbridge of a castle.
Imagine now, finding a secret 

3007
02:40:21,200 --> 02:40:24,600
garden in a castle Courtyard, or
Behind the Walls of a monastery.

3008
02:40:24,600 --> 02:40:27,300
It's like walking into a warm 
kitchen after a thunderstorm 

3009
02:40:27,300 --> 02:40:31,200
suddenly the cobblestones that 
seemed to take offense at your 

3010
02:40:31,208 --> 02:40:33,900
ankles are replaced by neat 
Pathways beneath your feet. 

3011
02:40:34,600 --> 02:40:37,400
Instead of flag snapping, 
urgently in the wind flowers, 

3012
02:40:37,400 --> 02:40:41,100
not in soft breezes the only 
sounds are bees humming, their 

3013
02:40:41,108 --> 02:40:44,600
old working songs and the water 
trickles rather than rushes. 

3014
02:40:44,600 --> 02:40:47,900
The need for specially designed 
areas to help people relax was 

3015
02:40:47,900 --> 02:40:50,100
recognized by medieval Garden 
designers. 

3016
02:40:50,100 --> 02:40:51,900
Something we're still learning 
today. 

3017
02:40:52,700 --> 02:40:55,500
They were using centuries of 
meticulous observation about 

3018
02:40:55,500 --> 02:40:58,800
what truly makes people feel at 
ease rather than psychology 

3019
02:40:58,800 --> 02:41:02,300
textbooks which are not yet, 
been created these Gardens 

3020
02:41:02,300 --> 02:41:04,300
adhered to the enclosed Embrace 
concept. 

3021
02:41:04,300 --> 02:41:08,900
Every Serene medieval Garden was
in circled by buildings, Hedges 

3022
02:41:08,900 --> 02:41:12,200
or walls giving the impression 
that one was being held rather 

3023
02:41:12,200 --> 02:41:15,000
than left open. 
You were entering a protective 

3024
02:41:15,000 --> 02:41:17,600
cocoon where the chaos of the 
outside world couldn't follow 

3025
02:41:17,600 --> 02:41:19,100
you. 
Not just a garden. 

3026
02:41:19,100 --> 02:41:22,700
Enclosure was also useful. 
Medieval Garden's required 

3027
02:41:22,700 --> 02:41:25,400
protection from straggling 
animals, think attempting to 

3028
02:41:25,408 --> 02:41:27,600
meditate while chasing a 
determined goat away. 

3029
02:41:27,600 --> 02:41:30,600
Severe weather, and the odd 
Bandit who might be more 

3030
02:41:30,600 --> 02:41:32,700
concerned with your turnips than
your spiritual health. 

3031
02:41:32,700 --> 02:41:37,600
The cycle impact, however, was 
even more significant, your mind

3032
02:41:37,600 --> 02:41:40,800
stops looking for far off 
dangers and becomes focused on 

3033
02:41:40,800 --> 02:41:42,900
the here. 
And now when you are unable to 

3034
02:41:42,900 --> 02:41:45,600
see past the garden's 
boundaries, every design 

3035
02:41:45,600 --> 02:41:47,400
featured water as a key 
component. 

3036
02:41:48,200 --> 02:41:51,700
Not tumbling waterfalls or 
flamboyant fountains which were 

3037
02:41:51,700 --> 02:41:54,100
added later when people felt 
that Leisure had to be more 

3038
02:41:54,100 --> 02:41:56,800
thrilling. 
Water in a medieval Garden 

3039
02:41:56,800 --> 02:41:59,900
flowed slowly. 
And purposefully rainwater could

3040
02:41:59,900 --> 02:42:03,100
be collected in a simple stone 
Basin, which would serve as a 

3041
02:42:03,108 --> 02:42:05,400
drinking area for birds and a 
mirror for clouds. 

3042
02:42:06,300 --> 02:42:08,800
Water flowed along raised beds 
in tiny channels. 

3043
02:42:08,800 --> 02:42:12,400
Creating the softest sound 
imaginable, like rain on leaves,

3044
02:42:12,400 --> 02:42:16,100
or a lullaby to the ground. 
The pathways themselves were 

3045
02:42:16,100 --> 02:42:19,800
psychological engineering. 
Masterpieces medieval Garden 

3046
02:42:19,800 --> 02:42:22,500
paths were intended for 
wandering in contrast to 

3047
02:42:22,500 --> 02:42:25,500
contemporary Gardens where paths
frequently lead to designated 

3048
02:42:25,500 --> 02:42:27,800
locations. 
They were never hurried. 

3049
02:42:27,800 --> 02:42:31,200
But in Stead curved gently 
offering fresh views at every 

3050
02:42:31,200 --> 02:42:33,700
bend it may appear to be a rose 
bush. 

3051
02:42:33,700 --> 02:42:37,000
But as you approach it you'll 
find a tiny herb garden behind 

3052
02:42:37,000 --> 02:42:40,300
it which leads to a sunny area 
where you can sit and watch 

3053
02:42:40,300 --> 02:42:42,300
butterflies compete for the best
flowers. 

3054
02:42:42,300 --> 02:42:46,100
These designs were hazard. 
Although they would have scoffed

3055
02:42:46,100 --> 02:42:49,600
at such a pretentious title, the
first landscape, therapists were

3056
02:42:49,600 --> 02:42:51,400
the designers of medieval Garden
Gardens. 

3057
02:42:51,400 --> 02:42:56,000
They were just individuals who 
realized that time Beauty safety

3058
02:42:56,000 --> 02:42:59,700
and gentle stimulation or all 
necessary for the human Spirit 

3059
02:42:59,700 --> 02:43:03,500
to unfold a ton of time. 
You'll find that each component 

3060
02:43:03,500 --> 02:43:05,800
had a purpose as you get 
comfortable, exploring these 

3061
02:43:05,800 --> 02:43:07,200
Gardens during our journey 
together. 

3062
02:43:08,000 --> 02:43:11,200
The herbs won't only used to 
season soup, depending on your 

3063
02:43:11,200 --> 02:43:14,400
needs, they release sense that 
could increase energy or reduce 

3064
02:43:14,400 --> 02:43:17,100
anxiety. 
In addition to being lovely, the

3065
02:43:17,100 --> 02:43:20,100
flowers Hughes and forms, were 
selected to soothe weary eyes, 

3066
02:43:20,100 --> 02:43:23,200
and promote the kind of gentle 
concentration that allows your 

3067
02:43:23,200 --> 02:43:26,600
mind to relax, even the upkeep 
of these Gardens was planned 

3068
02:43:26,600 --> 02:43:29,700
with Tranquility in mind, in 
contrast to contemporary 

3069
02:43:29,700 --> 02:43:32,200
Landscaping, which necessitates 
loud, machinery. 

3070
02:43:32,200 --> 02:43:35,500
And last minute weekend labor, 
medieval Gardens, develop their 

3071
02:43:35,500 --> 02:43:37,600
beauty gradually seasoned by 
season. 

3072
02:43:38,400 --> 02:43:41,300
Pruning. 
Weeding watering all gentle 

3073
02:43:41,300 --> 02:43:44,700
repetitive tasks that allow your
thoughts to settle like sediment

3074
02:43:44,700 --> 02:43:48,000
in a peaceful Pond became a kind
of moving meditation. 

3075
02:43:48,000 --> 02:43:51,100
As you fall asleep to night 
picture yourself as the 

3076
02:43:51,100 --> 02:43:53,600
garden's. 
Caretaker as you check on young 

3077
02:43:53,600 --> 02:43:57,200
seedlings, feel the morning dew,
on your fingertips, here, the 

3078
02:43:57,200 --> 02:44:00,300
gratifying of your blade cutting
overly eager herbs. 

3079
02:44:01,400 --> 02:44:03,300
Imagine yourself sitting on a 
plain. 

3080
02:44:03,300 --> 02:44:06,400
Wooden bench in the evening 
light watching the last piece of

3081
02:44:06,400 --> 02:44:09,000
the day, visit flowers that 
appear to Glow in the golden 

3082
02:44:09,000 --> 02:44:12,900
hour in your fantasy, Medieval 
World your awakened to the sound

3083
02:44:12,900 --> 02:44:15,000
of bells, ringing throughout the
countryside. 

3084
02:44:15,000 --> 02:44:18,000
Not the startling clatter of 
contemporary life. 

3085
02:44:18,000 --> 02:44:21,400
But the soft bronze voices that 
have been calling people to 

3086
02:44:21,400 --> 02:44:24,100
prayer for centuries. 
You're now in a monastery 

3087
02:44:24,100 --> 02:44:27,700
Garden, the Pinnacle of the art 
of tranquil design for good 

3088
02:44:27,700 --> 02:44:30,600
reason, monastic communities, 
were the world's best gardeners 

3089
02:44:30,600 --> 02:44:34,200
during the Middle Ages through 
prayer meditation and what they 

3090
02:44:34,200 --> 02:44:36,700
referred to. 
As Opus manual, the work of 

3091
02:44:36,700 --> 02:44:38,900
hands. 
These individuals had devoted 

3092
02:44:38,900 --> 02:44:41,000
their lives to discovering a 
connection with God. 

3093
02:44:41,800 --> 02:44:44,000
They learned that certain 
physical settings could either 

3094
02:44:44,000 --> 02:44:47,300
help or hinder their spiritual 
objectives and they Incorporated

3095
02:44:47,300 --> 02:44:49,700
these insights into the design 
of their Garden's. 

3096
02:44:49,700 --> 02:44:52,200
As soon as you enter the 
monastery, you'll notice how 

3097
02:44:52,200 --> 02:44:54,500
different the atmosphere is from
the outside world. 

3098
02:44:54,500 --> 02:44:58,900
Not only is it quieter, but the 
air itself seems to have aquired

3099
02:44:58,900 --> 02:45:01,700
patients. 
The garden unfolds in front of 

3100
02:45:01,700 --> 02:45:05,600
you, in sections, each serving, 
a distinct function, but all 

3101
02:45:05,600 --> 02:45:07,900
being bound together. 
By the same overarching idea, 

3102
02:45:07,900 --> 02:45:11,300
everything in this place, is 
there to restore the health of 

3103
02:45:11,300 --> 02:45:14,100
the human soul. 
The physical Garden where 

3104
02:45:14,100 --> 02:45:15,900
therapeutic herbs are grown in 
tidy. 

3105
02:45:15,900 --> 02:45:18,300
Raised beds is the first space. 
You come across. 

3106
02:45:18,300 --> 02:45:22,300
However, don't picture stare all
rows, like the outdoor area of a

3107
02:45:22,300 --> 02:45:26,100
contemporary Pharmacy. 
An artist of color texture and 

3108
02:45:26,100 --> 02:45:29,300
scent is evident in the 
arrangement of these plants. 

3109
02:45:29,900 --> 02:45:32,700
Even their most utilitarian 
plantings were beautiful to 

3110
02:45:32,700 --> 02:45:36,000
behold because the monastery 
gardeners recognize that healing

3111
02:45:36,000 --> 02:45:40,700
starts with the census alongside
tidy time, borders chamomile, 

3112
02:45:40,700 --> 02:45:44,400
grows in silvery green, Mounds 
in purple ranks, that appear to 

3113
02:45:44,400 --> 02:45:47,100
glitter in the morning. 
Light lavender stands at 

3114
02:45:47,100 --> 02:45:49,900
attention. 
Wherever it is permitted, mint, 

3115
02:45:49,900 --> 02:45:53,500
grows producing, cool, green 
carpets, that smell good 

3116
02:45:53,500 --> 02:45:56,600
whenever you touch them. 
The real magic occurs when you 

3117
02:45:56,600 --> 02:45:59,400
discover that in fact, walking 
among these plants causes your 

3118
02:45:59,400 --> 02:46:02,300
breathing to slow. 
Down the visual effect is 

3119
02:46:02,300 --> 02:46:05,700
calming certain sense have 
direct Pathways to the nervous 

3120
02:46:05,700 --> 02:46:07,800
system. 
A discovery made by medieval 

3121
02:46:07,800 --> 02:46:11,800
monks that modern aromatherapy 
is still catching up to Its true

3122
02:46:11,800 --> 02:46:15,800
that lavender reduces anxiety. 
In fact, Rose Marie can help 

3123
02:46:15,800 --> 02:46:19,200
with mental Clarity. 
Mint actually improves mood and 

3124
02:46:19,200 --> 02:46:21,900
aids in digestion. 
However they did more than 

3125
02:46:21,900 --> 02:46:24,900
simply cultivate these plants, 
they placed them along the 

3126
02:46:24,900 --> 02:46:27,500
Garden Path so that people would
naturally and unconsciously 

3127
02:46:27,500 --> 02:46:30,500
experience their benefits. 
It was not because medieval 

3128
02:46:30,500 --> 02:46:33,600
people lacked imagination, that 
monastic Gardens were laid out 

3129
02:46:33,600 --> 02:46:35,600
according to rigid geometric 
patterns. 

3130
02:46:36,400 --> 02:46:39,300
These geometric patterns 
functioned as a kind of visual 

3131
02:46:39,300 --> 02:46:42,700
meditation your mind would 
naturally settle into the same 

3132
02:46:42,700 --> 02:46:44,800
Serene Rhythm. 
If your, I followed the neat 

3133
02:46:44,800 --> 02:46:49,300
patterns squares within squares 
circles intersected by crosses 

3134
02:46:49,300 --> 02:46:51,900
and rectangles divided by 
diagonal paths. 

3135
02:46:51,900 --> 02:46:54,300
Beyond Aesthetics, geometric 
garden. 

3136
02:46:54,300 --> 02:46:57,700
Design has a profoundly 
fulfilling quality, it is easier

3137
02:46:57,700 --> 02:47:00,100
for your internal state to 
achieve equilibrium when you're 

3138
02:47:00,100 --> 02:47:02,800
external environment is well, 
organized and balanced. 

3139
02:47:03,600 --> 02:47:06,700
Through daily practice the monks
were able to determine this. 

3140
02:47:06,700 --> 02:47:10,100
They discovered they could enter
and stay in meditative States, 

3141
02:47:10,100 --> 02:47:13,100
more quickly and for longer 
after spending hours in prayer 

3142
02:47:13,100 --> 02:47:16,800
and reflection in Garden's with 
solid geometric underpinning, a 

3143
02:47:16,800 --> 02:47:20,300
well-off founded placed where 
several paths met was the focal 

3144
02:47:20,300 --> 02:47:23,200
point of the majority of 
Monastery Gardens this. 

3145
02:47:23,200 --> 02:47:26,400
Had symbolic and cycle 
significance, in addition, to 

3146
02:47:26,400 --> 02:47:29,700
being pragmatic all the access 
to water was undoubtedly 

3147
02:47:29,700 --> 02:47:32,100
crucial. 
In almost all spiritual 

3148
02:47:32,100 --> 02:47:36,300
Traditions, water as a symbol of
Life, rebirth, and purification.

3149
02:47:37,200 --> 02:47:39,900
Having it at the center of the 
garden, served as a conscious or

3150
02:47:39,900 --> 02:47:42,900
unconscious reminder to guests. 
That they were in a space 

3151
02:47:42,900 --> 02:47:45,800
devoted to Renewal the water 
features were intended to 

3152
02:47:45,800 --> 02:47:48,800
stimulate your senses without 
overpowering them, which is 

3153
02:47:48,800 --> 02:47:51,500
where the subtle Genius of 
medieval garden design as was 

3154
02:47:51,500 --> 02:47:55,600
displayed Water trickling slowly
from a carved spout, into a 

3155
02:47:55,608 --> 02:47:59,400
basin in a basic Stone. 
Well could produce the softest 

3156
02:47:59,400 --> 02:48:02,500
sound possible enough to drown 
out distracting sounds outside? 

3157
02:48:02,500 --> 02:48:05,400
The garden walls, but not enough
to draw attention to itself. 

3158
02:48:05,400 --> 02:48:08,300
In order to maximize 
psychological benefits, the 

3159
02:48:08,300 --> 02:48:10,500
seating areas in the monastery 
Gardens were positioned 

3160
02:48:10,500 --> 02:48:14,600
strategically Wooden benches 
were placed facing either West 

3161
02:48:14,600 --> 02:48:19,600
for evening reflection as the 
day came to an end or east for 

3162
02:48:19,600 --> 02:48:22,500
more morning meditation in the 
light of the sunrise, they were 

3163
02:48:22,500 --> 02:48:25,300
placed next to her beds where 
the scent would be most potent 

3164
02:48:25,300 --> 02:48:28,900
in the hottest hours of the day 
or nestled into alcoves created 

3165
02:48:28,900 --> 02:48:31,400
by carefully. 
Trained fruit trees sitting in 

3166
02:48:31,400 --> 02:48:34,200
one of these locations you would
observe how the garden seems to 

3167
02:48:34,200 --> 02:48:36,200
envelop you with without making 
you feel crowded. 

3168
02:48:37,100 --> 02:48:39,700
Though the surrounding Hedges or
walls provide, privacy and 

3169
02:48:39,708 --> 02:48:42,800
security, they aren't so high 
that you feel confined. 

3170
02:48:43,700 --> 02:48:46,600
As the Sun Passes overhead, you 
can see the sky. 

3171
02:48:46,600 --> 02:48:49,800
Watch the clouds, move and take 
in the shifting patterns of 

3172
02:48:49,800 --> 02:48:52,400
light and Shadow. 
Feels like a soft. 

3173
02:48:52,400 --> 02:48:55,700
Verdant hug Monastery. 
Garden's, maintenance philosophy

3174
02:48:55,700 --> 02:48:57,400
was a reflection of their 
spiritual mission. 

3175
02:48:58,300 --> 02:49:01,400
Slowly and deliberately the work
was done as a kind of Prayer. 

3176
02:49:02,100 --> 02:49:05,100
Weeding was an opportunity to 
exercise patience and attention 

3177
02:49:05,100 --> 02:49:07,600
to detail. 
Not a task to be hurried 

3178
02:49:07,600 --> 02:49:09,900
through. 
Watering was an opportunity to 

3179
02:49:09,900 --> 02:49:12,600
observe and appreciate the needs
and growth of each individual 

3180
02:49:12,600 --> 02:49:15,300
plant. 
In addition to providing basic 

3181
02:49:15,300 --> 02:49:18,500
plant care, this method, 
produced Garden's, that exuded 

3182
02:49:18,500 --> 02:49:22,800
serenity Spaces are quite a 
distinct energy quality when 

3183
02:49:22,800 --> 02:49:25,700
they are maintained with love 
and meditation as opposed to 

3184
02:49:25,700 --> 02:49:29,200
speed and efficiency. 
This phenomenon is frequently 

3185
02:49:29,200 --> 02:49:32,000
mentioned by contemporary 
visitors to restore Monastery 

3186
02:49:32,000 --> 02:49:34,700
Gardens. 
There is an unmistakably Serene 

3187
02:49:34,700 --> 02:49:37,400
quality to these areas that 
transcend, their aesthetic 

3188
02:49:37,400 --> 02:49:40,200
appeal, in ways, we have, mostly
forgotten the monks. 

3189
02:49:40,200 --> 02:49:42,500
Also had an understanding of 
seasonal rhythms. 

3190
02:49:42,500 --> 02:49:45,300
Their Gardens were planned to 
offer, various forms of 

3191
02:49:45,308 --> 02:49:47,800
aesthetic, appeal and 
practicality all year long. 

3192
02:49:48,700 --> 02:49:51,500
The delicate blossoms of fruit 
trees in the new green of fresh 

3193
02:49:51,500 --> 02:49:55,300
herbs arrived with spring. 
Harvest to a plentiful and the 

3194
02:49:55,300 --> 02:49:57,500
center of blooming plants, 
filled the air during the 

3195
02:49:57,500 --> 02:49:59,900
summer. 
Autumn brought vibrant foliage 

3196
02:49:59,900 --> 02:50:03,400
and the joy of collecting seeds 
for planting the following year.

3197
02:50:04,500 --> 02:50:06,500
With the sharp lines of the 
geometric design. 

3198
02:50:06,500 --> 02:50:09,800
Clearly visible and Evergreen 
herbs offering patches of Life 

3199
02:50:09,800 --> 02:50:13,000
against the snow even winter had
its own Stern Beauty. 

3200
02:50:13,000 --> 02:50:16,400
Imagine how the light of the day
gradually Fades and how the air 

3201
02:50:16,400 --> 02:50:19,900
cools and carries the mix of 
herbs as you settle into evening

3202
02:50:19,900 --> 02:50:23,700
prayer in this Monastery Garden.
You discover that you have spent

3203
02:50:23,700 --> 02:50:27,300
the entire day in this verdant 
Haven without ever feeling 

3204
02:50:27,300 --> 02:50:31,400
rushed anxious or out of sync 
with the cycles of life itself. 

3205
02:50:31,400 --> 02:50:34,400
When the bells ring once more 
summoning, the community to 

3206
02:50:34,400 --> 02:50:37,800
Vespers your exchanging, your 
modest Monastery self for 

3207
02:50:37,800 --> 02:50:41,000
something far more opulent this 
morning, a castle Garden 

3208
02:50:41,000 --> 02:50:42,800
intended for medieval 
aristocracy. 

3209
02:50:42,800 --> 02:50:46,400
However, don't anticipate. 
The extravagant extravagance of 

3210
02:50:46,400 --> 02:50:49,900
later, centuries. 
Subtly sophisticated medieval 

3211
02:50:49,900 --> 02:50:52,700
Noble Gardens were designed to 
provide ideal settings for the 

3212
02:50:52,700 --> 02:50:55,800
kinds of Pursuits that kept a 
risk to Kratts sane, amidst the 

3213
02:50:55,800 --> 02:50:59,000
demands of political life. 
The unusual living quarters of 

3214
02:50:59,000 --> 02:51:01,400
medieval Aristocrats resembled a
goldfish Bowl. 

3215
02:51:02,200 --> 02:51:05,100
From servants to rival, families
to visiting diplomats who 

3216
02:51:05,100 --> 02:51:08,500
reported back to foreign courts.
Everyone was continuously 

3217
02:51:08,500 --> 02:51:12,400
watching criticizing and 
analyzing their lives, there was

3218
02:51:12,408 --> 02:51:15,600
hardly any privacy and Leisure 
had to be carefully planned in 

3219
02:51:15,600 --> 02:51:18,400
between Court, rituals 
tournaments, and The NeverEnding

3220
02:51:18,400 --> 02:51:21,200
negotiations that prevented 
kingdoms from falling into 

3221
02:51:21,200 --> 02:51:24,500
Anarchy, their Gardens, which 
were created a special to offer 

3222
02:51:24,500 --> 02:51:25,900
the kinds of tranquil 
experience. 

3223
02:51:25,900 --> 02:51:28,600
That would be practically 
impossible to find elsewhere in 

3224
02:51:28,600 --> 02:51:31,900
medieval Society, turned into 
vital pressure valves. 

3225
02:51:31,900 --> 02:51:35,000
However, these were not merely 
enlarged, monastic, Gardens 

3226
02:51:35,000 --> 02:51:38,600
Noble, Guardians needed to do 
more than just impress guests. 

3227
02:51:38,600 --> 02:51:42,200
The needed to offer useful 
advantages in a real escape from

3228
02:51:42,200 --> 02:51:45,500
the bus of the outside world. 
You can see how the garden areas

3229
02:51:45,500 --> 02:51:48,500
are shrewdly tucked into areas 
that might otherwise go on used 

3230
02:51:48,500 --> 02:51:51,000
as you stroll through the 
Castle's main Courtyard. 

3231
02:51:52,000 --> 02:51:55,500
Every inch of protected interior
space was valuable because 

3232
02:51:55,500 --> 02:51:57,900
medieval castles were 
constructed primarily for 

3233
02:51:57,900 --> 02:52:02,600
defense and then for comfort. 
Working like puzzle solvers, the

3234
02:52:02,600 --> 02:52:06,500
garden designers created, lovely
Havens in small Courtyards with 

3235
02:52:06,500 --> 02:52:10,000
no military. 
Use a long walls and in strange 

3236
02:52:10,000 --> 02:52:11,900
Corners. 
One of the most clever features 

3237
02:52:11,900 --> 02:52:15,800
is what the medievals called a 
pleasantly, a private outdoor 

3238
02:52:15,800 --> 02:52:18,100
space intended for leisure and 
small parties. 

3239
02:52:18,100 --> 02:52:22,600
Imagine a square or rectangular 
area surrounded by dense Hedges 

3240
02:52:22,600 --> 02:52:25,700
or low walls with thoughtfully, 
placed sight lines, that 

3241
02:52:25,700 --> 02:52:29,200
preserve views of the Castle's 
most appealing features or far 

3242
02:52:29,200 --> 02:52:31,300
off Landscapes. 
While obstructing views from the

3243
02:52:31,300 --> 02:52:34,500
crowded main Courtyards. 
These spaces were decorated to 

3244
02:52:34,500 --> 02:52:37,900
resemble outdoor living rooms 
backrests and seating were 

3245
02:52:37,900 --> 02:52:41,200
provided by raised beds, which 
were frequently topped with Turf

3246
02:52:41,200 --> 02:52:44,500
benches, which were essentially 
Earth and grass sofas that were 

3247
02:52:44,500 --> 02:52:47,000
surprisingly cozy and 
unmistakably different. 

3248
02:52:48,100 --> 02:52:50,300
Depending on when the gardens 
owner wanted to escape from 

3249
02:52:50,300 --> 02:52:53,700
public responsibilities wooden 
benches were positioned to 

3250
02:52:53,700 --> 02:52:55,600
benefit from morning, sunlight, 
or afternoon. 

3251
02:52:55,600 --> 02:52:59,300
Shade Noble Garden's, plant 
selections, demonstrated a deep 

3252
02:52:59,300 --> 02:53:03,300
comprehension of social dynamics
and psychology. roses were 

3253
02:53:03,300 --> 02:53:05,600
important because of their 
symbolic meaning in addition to 

3254
02:53:05,600 --> 02:53:10,200
their beauty, Roses stood, for 
love Purity and the transient 

3255
02:53:10,200 --> 02:53:13,400
nature of Earthly Beauty. 
According to the medievals who 

3256
02:53:13,400 --> 02:53:17,000
interpreted everything. 
Roses were a continual reminder 

3257
02:53:17,000 --> 02:53:19,200
that there was Beauty and life 
worth stopping to appreciate 

3258
02:53:19,200 --> 02:53:22,100
like poetry growing right 
outside your window. 

3259
02:53:22,100 --> 02:53:25,400
The way these roses were 
cultivated however was the truly

3260
02:53:25,400 --> 02:53:28,700
ingenious aspect. 
Medieval gardeners trained roses

3261
02:53:28,700 --> 02:53:31,400
as climbers and Ramblers. 
Weaving them through wooden 

3262
02:53:31,400 --> 02:53:34,700
Frameworks to create living 
walls and shaded alcoves in 

3263
02:53:34,700 --> 02:53:37,300
contrast to Modern rose bushes 
that bloom once. 

3264
02:53:37,300 --> 02:53:39,800
And then look rather ordinary 
for the rest of the year. 

3265
02:53:39,800 --> 02:53:43,300
Picture yourself, sitting 
beneath an arbor with hundreds 

3266
02:53:43,300 --> 02:53:46,900
of tiny highly fragrant roses 
that formed a natural canopy 

3267
02:53:46,900 --> 02:53:49,600
above you and petals that 
occasionally fell like 

3268
02:53:49,600 --> 02:53:52,400
fragrance. 
Snow in castle settings, herb, 

3269
02:53:52,400 --> 02:53:54,100
Garden's, fulfilled, three 
functions. 

3270
02:53:54,100 --> 02:53:58,400
They were useful, aesthetically 
pleasing, and instructive noble.

3271
02:53:58,400 --> 02:54:01,000
Families were supposed to know 
how to run the home cook and 

3272
02:54:01,000 --> 02:54:03,400
practice medicine. 
The herb garden offered 

3273
02:54:03,400 --> 02:54:05,500
practical and soothing 
opportunities for Hands-On 

3274
02:54:05,500 --> 02:54:08,400
learning. 
Identifying the various mints, 

3275
02:54:08,400 --> 02:54:11,200
which is surprisingly difficult 
to, and strangely, meditative 

3276
02:54:11,200 --> 02:54:15,300
knowing, which herbs aid in 
digestion, or just taking in the

3277
02:54:15,300 --> 02:54:17,400
complex sentence that changed 
throughout the day. 

3278
02:54:17,400 --> 02:54:20,200
As plants released, various 
aromatic compounds in response 

3279
02:54:20,200 --> 02:54:22,600
to temperature and Sun could all
take up an afternoon. 

3280
02:54:22,600 --> 02:54:26,400
Although more or Nate than those
found in monasteries water 

3281
02:54:26,400 --> 02:54:29,400
features in Noble Garden's were 
still created with psychological

3282
02:54:29,400 --> 02:54:32,700
comfort in mind. 
The family's coat of arms could 

3283
02:54:32,700 --> 02:54:34,700
be carved into a raised Stone 
Basin. 

3284
02:54:34,700 --> 02:54:37,800
That was supplied with water 
from the Castle's main Supply 

3285
02:54:37,800 --> 02:54:40,800
via a tiny Channel. 
Although the visual effect was 

3286
02:54:40,800 --> 02:54:44,000
more advanced, the sound was 
still subdued because medieval 

3287
02:54:44,000 --> 02:54:47,600
people had not yet developed the
noisy Fountain of session that 

3288
02:54:47,600 --> 02:54:50,900
would define later periods. 
These water features provided 

3289
02:54:50,900 --> 02:54:53,600
focal points for casual 
get-togethers and reflection. 

3290
02:54:54,400 --> 02:54:57,300
Since medieval Aristocrats 
lacked modern day coffee shops, 

3291
02:54:57,300 --> 02:55:01,000
and living rooms garden, water, 
features offered Serene, lovely 

3292
02:55:01,000 --> 02:55:03,600
settings in which challenging 
discussions could take place 

3293
02:55:03,600 --> 02:55:06,900
without creating tension. 
Moving water seems to promote 

3294
02:55:06,900 --> 02:55:08,700
honesty. 
While discouraging conflict 

3295
02:55:08,700 --> 02:55:12,000
medieval Garden designers were 
well aware of this and took 

3296
02:55:12,000 --> 02:55:14,700
advantage of it. 
Unlike Monastery, Gardens where 

3297
02:55:14,700 --> 02:55:18,500
paths and courage solitary 
meditation, Castle, Garden paths

3298
02:55:18,500 --> 02:55:21,900
were ideal for two, personal 
conversations wide enough for 

3299
02:55:21,900 --> 02:55:26,000
companions to walk side by side.
But not so wide that the area 

3300
02:55:26,000 --> 02:55:29,800
felt formal or intimidating. 
The paths in Noble Gardens were 

3301
02:55:29,800 --> 02:55:32,000
made for what we might call 
Therapeutic strolling. 

3302
02:55:32,000 --> 02:55:34,200
These Pathways frequently 
included. 

3303
02:55:34,200 --> 02:55:36,700
What medieval designers referred
to as viewing mounts. 

3304
02:55:36,700 --> 02:55:40,400
Tiny man-made Hills made by 
piling up dirt, and covering it 

3305
02:55:40,400 --> 02:55:42,800
with turf. 
More significantly. 

3306
02:55:42,800 --> 02:55:45,900
Climbing to the top of a viewing
Mount offered a mild form of 

3307
02:55:45,908 --> 02:55:48,500
exercise, that might help 
release the tension that had 

3308
02:55:48,500 --> 02:55:50,900
built up from long days of 
sitting through Court ceremonies

3309
02:55:50,900 --> 02:55:53,500
or Council meetings. 
It also gave you a new 

3310
02:55:53,508 --> 02:55:56,600
perspective on the garden and 
the surrounding area Noble 

3311
02:55:56,600 --> 02:55:59,600
Gardens, displayed a remarkable 
level of sophistication in their

3312
02:55:59,600 --> 02:56:02,500
seasonal planning. 
In addition to ensuring that 

3313
02:56:02,500 --> 02:56:05,800
there is always something lovely
or intriguing Garden designers. 

3314
02:56:05,800 --> 02:56:08,500
Planned, planting schedules to 
ensure that the garden would 

3315
02:56:08,500 --> 02:56:11,400
offer a variety of psychological
advantages, all year long. 

3316
02:56:11,400 --> 02:56:13,700
The emphasis on Hope and 
rebirth. 

3317
02:56:13,700 --> 02:56:17,000
In Spring plantings was ideal 
for acclimating to the long 

3318
02:56:17,000 --> 02:56:20,100
gloomy, winter months when 
everyone was cooped up inside. 

3319
02:56:20,900 --> 02:56:23,800
The social activities that were 
vital to our aristocratic life 

3320
02:56:23,800 --> 02:56:26,600
was supported by the abundance 
and celebration that summer 

3321
02:56:26,600 --> 02:56:29,900
Gardens provided. 
Plants in Autumn Garden's gave 

3322
02:56:29,900 --> 02:56:33,000
Nobles a sense of preparation 
and achievement, which helped 

3323
02:56:33,000 --> 02:56:35,500
them adopt the planning 
mentality needed to survive the 

3324
02:56:35,500 --> 02:56:37,300
winter. 
What could be referred to as 

3325
02:56:37,300 --> 02:56:41,200
emergency relaxation? 
Features elements created a 

3326
02:56:41,200 --> 02:56:43,600
special to offer prompt stress 
relief during political crises 

3327
02:56:43,600 --> 02:56:46,400
were also present in medieval 
castle Gardens. 

3328
02:56:47,300 --> 02:56:50,300
The maze or Labyrinth was a 
favorite, but not the difficult 

3329
02:56:50,300 --> 02:56:52,000
puzzle. 
Mazes of later, eras. 

3330
02:56:52,700 --> 02:56:55,700
With that single paths, winding 
an intricate patterns, but never

3331
02:56:55,700 --> 02:56:59,000
offering choices or dead ends 
medieval labyrinths were 

3332
02:56:59,000 --> 02:57:00,800
intended to be walking 
meditations. 

3333
02:57:01,500 --> 02:57:04,400
When you needed to solve, 
complicated problems, you could 

3334
02:57:04,400 --> 02:57:07,400
walk the Labyrinth and the 
intricate pattern and rhythmic 

3335
02:57:07,400 --> 02:57:09,800
movement would frequently 
encouraged solutions to come to 

3336
02:57:09,800 --> 02:57:12,400
you organically. 
Imagine yourself sitting on one 

3337
02:57:12,400 --> 02:57:15,500
of those Turf benches in your 
make-believe Castle Garden as 

3338
02:57:15,500 --> 02:57:18,900
evening draws near and the 
center of plants that bloom at 

3339
02:57:18,900 --> 02:57:21,100
night starts to fill the air 
here. 

3340
02:57:21,100 --> 02:57:24,200
The meticulous design of the 
garden, somehow absorbs, the 

3341
02:57:24,208 --> 02:57:27,700
political tensions of the day. 
You can rest fully tonight 

3342
02:57:27,700 --> 02:57:30,700
surrounded by beauty that has 
been specifically designed to 

3343
02:57:30,700 --> 02:57:33,600
Foster human piece. 
But tomorrow will present new 

3344
02:57:33,600 --> 02:57:37,100
challenges your learning about 
the horses, conclusive or 

3345
02:57:37,100 --> 02:57:39,400
enclosed Garden. 
One of the most advanced 

3346
02:57:39,400 --> 02:57:41,300
inventions in medieval gardening
tonight. 

3347
02:57:42,200 --> 02:57:45,200
This was not just any walled 
area with plants rather. 

3348
02:57:45,200 --> 02:57:48,600
It was a thoughtfully planned 
setting intended to produce. 

3349
02:57:48,600 --> 02:57:51,500
What could be referred to as 
perfect psychological conditions

3350
02:57:51,500 --> 02:57:54,400
for human flourishing. 
A thorough understanding of how 

3351
02:57:54,400 --> 02:57:56,900
environmental boundaries impact 
mental state led to the 

3352
02:57:56,908 --> 02:57:59,000
development of the enclosed 
Garden concept. 

3353
02:57:59,800 --> 02:58:02,700
People in the Middle Ages lived?
In constant, fear of danger, 

3354
02:58:02,700 --> 02:58:06,900
that might lurk outside of their
familiar boundaries anywhere at 

3355
02:58:06,900 --> 02:58:10,700
any time, there could be Bandits
Untamed, animals, hostile armies

3356
02:58:10,700 --> 02:58:15,100
and unexplained illnesses every 
element of daily life, including

3357
02:58:15,100 --> 02:58:18,800
the layout of serene areas was 
influenced by this persistent 

3358
02:58:18,800 --> 02:58:21,600
low-level anxiety. 
Imagine yourself walking through

3359
02:58:21,600 --> 02:58:24,000
a small gate or doorway into an 
enclosed Garden. 

3360
02:58:24,800 --> 02:58:28,000
The changeover is purposeful and
dramatic your surrounded by 

3361
02:58:28,000 --> 02:58:31,300
walls, that Define and Safeguard
a smaller more manageable 

3362
02:58:31,300 --> 02:58:34,900
Universe one moment and then 
you're in the open world with 

3363
02:58:34,900 --> 02:58:37,300
its boundless Horizons and 
possible dangers. 

3364
02:58:37,300 --> 02:58:41,000
The next your nervous system. 
Literally lets out a sigh of 

3365
02:58:41,000 --> 02:58:44,200
relief as a result of the 
profound and instantaneous 

3366
02:58:44,200 --> 02:58:47,000
psychological shift, medieval 
Garden designers. 

3367
02:58:47,000 --> 02:58:50,300
However, went beyond the basic 
enclosure, they realized that 

3368
02:58:50,300 --> 02:58:52,700
Walls by themselves. 
Could feel more like prisons 

3369
02:58:52,700 --> 02:58:56,300
than like freedoms, making the 
enclosure feel more like an 

3370
02:58:56,300 --> 02:58:57,700
Embrace than a prison was the 
trick. 

3371
02:58:58,500 --> 02:59:01,300
They achieved this by paying 
close attention to sight lines 

3372
02:59:01,300 --> 02:59:04,800
proportions and what we might 
refer to as controlled openings 

3373
02:59:04,800 --> 02:59:07,900
a sense of protected space where
you could not be surprised or 

3374
02:59:07,908 --> 02:59:10,800
threatened was provided by the 
walls of the most successful in 

3375
02:59:10,800 --> 02:59:14,200
closed Gardens which adhere to 
what contemporary environmental 

3376
02:59:14,200 --> 02:59:16,900
psychologists refer to as the 
Prospect and refuge. 

3377
02:59:16,900 --> 02:59:19,700
Principal though medieval 
designers would have simply 

3378
02:59:19,700 --> 02:59:22,300
referred to it as feeling safe 
while seeing Beauty. 

3379
02:59:23,100 --> 02:59:25,500
However, the garden also 
featured thoughtfully designed 

3380
02:59:25,500 --> 02:59:30,000
opportunities Sky views, far off
Landscapes or garden elements, 

3381
02:59:30,000 --> 02:59:32,600
that allowed your thoughts to 
roam without straying from the 

3382
02:59:32,600 --> 02:59:36,100
safety zone Gates or Windows in 
the walls that framed views like

3383
02:59:36,100 --> 02:59:38,000
living paintings. 
Could create these opportunities

3384
02:59:38,000 --> 02:59:42,400
picture yourself, perched on a 
stone bench gazing, through an 

3385
02:59:42,400 --> 02:59:45,200
arched aperture that ideally 
frames a view of the Castle's 

3386
02:59:45,200 --> 02:59:48,600
Towers or a far-off hillside. 
Your body stays securely 

3387
02:59:48,600 --> 02:59:51,500
contained, while your I can 
travel to these far off views 

3388
02:59:51,500 --> 02:59:54,100
meeting the human need for 
spatial variety. 

3389
02:59:54,100 --> 02:59:57,800
The enclosed Gardens plant, 
choices were Exquisite examples 

3390
02:59:57,800 --> 03:00:00,600
of sensory design. 
Each plant was picked for its 

3391
03:00:00,608 --> 03:00:03,800
ability to enhance the gardens 
overall psychological ambience, 

3392
03:00:03,800 --> 03:00:05,900
in addition to its aesthetic 
value. 

3393
03:00:07,000 --> 03:00:09,200
Lavender offered a soothing 
scent and delicate. 

3394
03:00:09,200 --> 03:00:11,800
Silver leaves that glistened in 
any kind of light. 

3395
03:00:12,600 --> 03:00:15,600
The strong enlightening Aroma of
Rose Marie, could clear mental 

3396
03:00:15,600 --> 03:00:18,100
Haze and boost alertness without
making people anxious. 

3397
03:00:18,900 --> 03:00:21,700
Plants in the mint, family 
offered, refreshing sense and 

3398
03:00:21,700 --> 03:00:23,300
cooling effects that could help 
cool. 

3399
03:00:23,300 --> 03:00:26,100
Even the hottest summer days, 
what we might refer to as 

3400
03:00:26,100 --> 03:00:29,000
layered fragrances, plant 
combinations, that released 

3401
03:00:29,000 --> 03:00:32,300
distinct sense at various times 
of day and in various weather 

3402
03:00:32,300 --> 03:00:36,200
conditions were common in, 
medieval and closed Gardens the 

3403
03:00:36,200 --> 03:00:38,900
center of wet herbs, may be 
green and Dewey in the morning. 

3404
03:00:38,900 --> 03:00:42,300
Mingled with the honey, sweet 
Aroma of flowers, opening to the

3405
03:00:42,300 --> 03:00:46,200
sun aromatic plants such as a 
regular and time would release 

3406
03:00:46,200 --> 03:00:48,100
their strongest sense in the 
midday Heat. 

3407
03:00:48,900 --> 03:00:52,400
Night-blooming plants with their
enigmatic and frequently more 

3408
03:00:52,400 --> 03:00:54,900
complex sense, would emerge in 
the evening. 

3409
03:00:54,900 --> 03:00:58,100
These Gardens ground planning 
adhere to principles that seem 

3410
03:00:58,100 --> 03:01:01,600
to work almost magically, the 
walkways were both, intimately, 

3411
03:01:01,600 --> 03:01:04,100
intimate and sufficiently wide 
for comfortable walking. 

3412
03:01:04,900 --> 03:01:07,200
Since you could never see the 
entire Garden at once. 

3413
03:01:07,200 --> 03:01:11,000
They gently curved to evoke a 
sense of Discovery, there was 

3414
03:01:11,008 --> 03:01:13,500
always something new to discover
around every corner. 

3415
03:01:13,500 --> 03:01:17,800
However, everything happened at 
natural and secure pace and the 

3416
03:01:17,808 --> 03:01:21,100
curves were never abrupt enough 
to cause surprise or fear in 

3417
03:01:21,100 --> 03:01:24,100
closed garden water management 
reached new artistic Heights. 

3418
03:01:25,100 --> 03:01:27,700
Drop of water could be 
meticulously regulated and 

3419
03:01:27,700 --> 03:01:30,500
synchronized because these were 
in closed spaces. 

3420
03:01:31,300 --> 03:01:33,900
In order to produce various 
sounds and visual effects 

3421
03:01:33,900 --> 03:01:37,300
throughout the garden, designers
device systems that would allow 

3422
03:01:37,300 --> 03:01:40,500
water to move slowly through the
area appearing and disappearing.

3423
03:01:40,500 --> 03:01:44,100
He may first see water as a soft
spring that emerges from a 

3424
03:01:44,100 --> 03:01:47,300
carved Stone Face in one wall. 
Then follow its path. 

3425
03:01:47,300 --> 03:01:50,600
As it feeds various plant beds 
via tiny channels before 

3426
03:01:50,600 --> 03:01:53,400
gathering in a central Basin to 
reflect the sky and Light. 

3427
03:01:54,200 --> 03:01:57,200
From the first soft bubbling of 
the spring to the soft trickling

3428
03:01:57,200 --> 03:01:59,900
through the channels to the 
almost silent filling of the 

3429
03:01:59,900 --> 03:02:03,100
last Basin, the sound of this 
water would change as it 

3430
03:02:03,100 --> 03:02:06,600
travels, the cycle, significance
of what we might refer to, as 

3431
03:02:06,600 --> 03:02:10,100
controlled Wilderness within 
enclosed spaces, was also 

3432
03:02:10,100 --> 03:02:11,900
recognized by medieval 
designers. 

3433
03:02:12,700 --> 03:02:15,400
These Gardens featured sections 
where plants were permitted to 

3434
03:02:15,400 --> 03:02:18,600
grow in more organic patterns, 
despite their meticulous 

3435
03:02:18,600 --> 03:02:21,700
planning and upkeep. 
Herbs that had been left to 

3436
03:02:21,700 --> 03:02:25,000
self-seed and spread could be 
found in a corner, resulting in 

3437
03:02:25,008 --> 03:02:27,100
patches. 
That felt wild and impromptu, 

3438
03:02:27,100 --> 03:02:30,600
but were totally safe. 
A basic psychological need of 

3439
03:02:30,600 --> 03:02:33,900
humans, was met by this harmony 
between naturalness and control.

3440
03:02:33,900 --> 03:02:37,300
We need a certain amount of 
surprise natural beauty to keep 

3441
03:02:37,300 --> 03:02:40,800
our minds active and interested,
but we also need order and 

3442
03:02:40,800 --> 03:02:44,600
predictability for security. 
both were simultaneously offered

3443
03:02:44,600 --> 03:02:47,400
by enclosed Gardens, which 
offered areas of delightful, 

3444
03:02:47,400 --> 03:02:49,900
unpredictability along with 
general order and safety 

3445
03:02:49,900 --> 03:02:53,100
enclosed Garden's featured, a 
specially, elaborate seating 

3446
03:02:53,100 --> 03:02:56,300
arrangements, there were several
seating options to accommodate 

3447
03:02:56,300 --> 03:03:00,700
various social settings and 
moods Cool isolated places to 

3448
03:03:00,700 --> 03:03:04,700
reflect were provided by Stone 
benches, set into the walls, for

3449
03:03:04,700 --> 03:03:08,200
Extended Stays wooden benches 
placed in bright spots, offered 

3450
03:03:08,200 --> 03:03:11,200
warmth and comfort. 
The most private and cozy. 

3451
03:03:11,200 --> 03:03:13,200
Seating was provided by Turf 
benches. 

3452
03:03:13,200 --> 03:03:16,400
Those amazing earth and grass 
Creations from the Middle Ages 

3453
03:03:16,400 --> 03:03:19,800
that were ideal for reading, 
taking naps or having quiet 

3454
03:03:19,800 --> 03:03:22,000
discussion. 
The placement of the seating 

3455
03:03:22,000 --> 03:03:25,000
sections was done to capitalize 
on the various seasons and times

3456
03:03:25,000 --> 03:03:27,600
of day. 
In order to enjoy the softer 

3457
03:03:27,600 --> 03:03:31,000
early Sun morning seats faced 
East, the locations of the 

3458
03:03:31,000 --> 03:03:33,700
midday seats were chosen to 
provide shade during the hottest

3459
03:03:33,700 --> 03:03:37,000
times of the day seats in the 
evening faced West to watch the 

3460
03:03:37,000 --> 03:03:39,600
sunset. 
In order to harness any 

3461
03:03:39,600 --> 03:03:42,600
available warmth from the Low 
Winter Sun, winter seats were 

3462
03:03:42,600 --> 03:03:46,300
placed in alcoves facing south 
enclosed Gardens seasonal. 

3463
03:03:46,300 --> 03:03:48,700
Development was thoughtfully 
planned to offer psychological 

3464
03:03:48,700 --> 03:03:52,300
support all year long. 
After enduring the harsh winters

3465
03:03:52,300 --> 03:03:55,700
of the Middle Ages people 
needed, hope, and renewal, which

3466
03:03:55,700 --> 03:03:59,000
Spring plantings offered. 
Summertime designs offered 

3467
03:03:59,000 --> 03:04:02,400
celebration, and plenty plants 
in autumnal Garden's. 

3468
03:04:02,400 --> 03:04:06,200
Conveyed a sense of preparation 
and harvest evergreen trees and 

3469
03:04:06,200 --> 03:04:08,600
intriguing. 
Architectural elements were 

3470
03:04:08,600 --> 03:04:11,700
included in the design to add 
Beauty and interest even during 

3471
03:04:11,700 --> 03:04:14,700
the winter months. 
Most significantly medieval 

3472
03:04:14,700 --> 03:04:17,200
enclosed Guardians, were 
intended to be places for what 

3473
03:04:17,200 --> 03:04:19,200
we might refer to as productive 
solitude. 

3474
03:04:19,900 --> 03:04:22,200
These were not places where you 
could hide from the outside 

3475
03:04:22,200 --> 03:04:25,100
world forever, but rather places
where you could temporarily 

3476
03:04:25,100 --> 03:04:28,800
withdraw, regain your emotional 
and mental balance, and then 

3477
03:04:28,800 --> 03:04:31,500
resume your daily activities 
with fresh vitality and 

3478
03:04:31,500 --> 03:04:34,000
perspective. 
Imagine yourself falling asleep 

3479
03:04:34,000 --> 03:04:36,700
in your own little enclosed 
garden with walls. 

3480
03:04:36,700 --> 03:04:40,000
That feel protective rather than
limiting and breathing in air 

3481
03:04:40,000 --> 03:04:42,000
that is centered with herbs. 
That have been carefully 

3482
03:04:42,000 --> 03:04:44,300
selected to encourage relaxation
and tranquility. 

3483
03:04:45,500 --> 03:04:48,200
The boundaries of the garden, 
create a perfect little world 

3484
03:04:48,200 --> 03:04:50,900
where you can just enjoy being 
in an area, created, 

3485
03:04:50,900 --> 03:04:52,400
specifically for your 
well-being. 

3486
03:04:52,400 --> 03:04:55,500
When you wake up this morning, 
you'll find something amazing. 

3487
03:04:56,200 --> 03:04:59,400
Centuries before the terms 
environmental aromatherapy, were

3488
03:04:59,400 --> 03:05:02,200
coined medieval. 
People were engaging in a highly

3489
03:05:02,208 --> 03:05:04,800
developed form of it. 
In addition to being 

3490
03:05:04,800 --> 03:05:07,700
aesthetically pleasing, their 
Gardens were meticulously 

3491
03:05:07,700 --> 03:05:11,000
planned sensory experiences that
used the sense and qualities of 

3492
03:05:11,000 --> 03:05:14,800
plants to affect mental physical
and emotional states. 

3493
03:05:14,800 --> 03:05:18,500
Medieval Garden, designers, Drew
inspiration from a fascinating 

3494
03:05:18,500 --> 03:05:20,800
blend of traditional knowledge 
passed down through the 

3495
03:05:20,800 --> 03:05:24,900
generations, key observation and
what they dubbed, the doctrine 

3496
03:05:24,900 --> 03:05:27,700
of signatures. 
The idea that a plants growth 

3497
03:05:27,700 --> 03:05:31,000
patterns sent or appearance 
could reveal its medicinal uses 

3498
03:05:31,000 --> 03:05:34,000
their practical outcomes were 
frequently, remarkably 

3499
03:05:34,000 --> 03:05:36,800
effective, even though some of 
their theories now seem 

3500
03:05:36,800 --> 03:05:39,100
charmingly Antiquated an early 
morning. 

3501
03:05:39,100 --> 03:05:41,600
Stroll through a medieval herb 
garden would reveal what is 

3502
03:05:41,600 --> 03:05:44,900
essentially a living Pharmacy 
but one that has been created 

3503
03:05:44,900 --> 03:05:48,600
with a psychologist awareness of
human needs and an artist sense 

3504
03:05:48,600 --> 03:05:51,300
of Aesthetics. 
Every plant was placed to 

3505
03:05:51,300 --> 03:05:54,100
provide the greatest possible 
therapeutic benefit to Garden. 

3506
03:05:54,100 --> 03:05:57,900
Visitors in addition to ideal 
growing conditions along 

3507
03:05:57,900 --> 03:06:00,400
Pathways where people would 
naturally brush against it, 

3508
03:06:00,400 --> 03:06:05,200
chamomile was planted, it has 
tiny daisy-like flowers and a 

3509
03:06:05,200 --> 03:06:09,600
sweet Apple like sent. 
Although medieval gardeners were

3510
03:06:09,600 --> 03:06:12,200
aware that the aroma of 
chamomile could reduce anxiety 

3511
03:06:12,200 --> 03:06:15,900
and encouraged sound sleep. 
They also recognize that the 

3512
03:06:15,908 --> 03:06:19,500
psychological impact was greater
when the scent was inadvertently

3513
03:06:19,500 --> 03:06:22,700
inhaled rather than 
intentionally Something about 

3514
03:06:22,700 --> 03:06:25,500
finding a healing sent by 
accident is more potent than 

3515
03:06:25,500 --> 03:06:28,700
actively seeking it out. 
In addition to its lovely purple

3516
03:06:28,700 --> 03:06:32,300
blooms and unique scent. 
Lavender was prized in medieval 

3517
03:06:32,300 --> 03:06:35,500
Gardens for its incredibly 
consistent calming properties. 

3518
03:06:36,300 --> 03:06:39,400
The biochemistry of how 
lavenders linear lul and lynel 

3519
03:06:39,400 --> 03:06:43,500
acetate compounds actually slow 
down nervous system activity was

3520
03:06:43,500 --> 03:06:46,600
unknown to Medieval people. 
But they were aware of the 

3521
03:06:46,600 --> 03:06:49,600
effects. 
In order to promote peaceful 

3522
03:06:49,600 --> 03:06:53,300
sleep, lavender was planted. 
Close to places where people sat

3523
03:06:53,300 --> 03:06:56,700
along walkways that led to 
private areas and particularly 

3524
03:06:56,700 --> 03:07:00,500
close to Windows in bedrooms, 
lavender's placement in Garden's

3525
03:07:00,500 --> 03:07:03,600
demonstrated, a sophisticated 
understanding of scent dispersal

3526
03:07:04,600 --> 03:07:07,500
Medieval gardeners planted 
lavender and sunny locations 

3527
03:07:07,500 --> 03:07:10,400
where afternoon heat would 
optimize its therapeutic 

3528
03:07:10,400 --> 03:07:13,900
benefits because they knew that 
the plant releases its strongest

3529
03:07:13,900 --> 03:07:15,700
fragrance, during the warmest 
part of the day. 

3530
03:07:15,700 --> 03:07:18,600
Additionally, they placed 
lavender bushes where people 

3531
03:07:18,600 --> 03:07:20,900
might unintentionally brush 
against them while strolling 

3532
03:07:20,900 --> 03:07:22,900
because they knew that bruised. 
Lavender. 

3533
03:07:22,900 --> 03:07:26,000
Releases, even more scent, 
almost like a garden guardian. 

3534
03:07:26,000 --> 03:07:29,000
Rosemary was placed close to 
Gates and entrances, so that 

3535
03:07:29,000 --> 03:07:31,500
it's potent. 
Calming scent could assist 

3536
03:07:31,500 --> 03:07:34,400
guests and shifting from the 
disorganized state of everyday 

3537
03:07:34,400 --> 03:07:36,500
life. 
To the concentrated awareness 

3538
03:07:36,500 --> 03:07:38,300
required for appreciating a 
garden. 

3539
03:07:39,100 --> 03:07:41,600
According to contemporary 
research, medieval people, 

3540
03:07:41,600 --> 03:07:43,900
thought, Rosemary improved, 
mental, Clarity and memory. 

3541
03:07:43,900 --> 03:07:47,600
It is true that compounds found 
in Rose Marie can enhance 

3542
03:07:47,600 --> 03:07:49,300
alertness and cognitive 
function. 

3543
03:07:49,300 --> 03:07:53,000
However, this is where the 
genius of medieval garden design

3544
03:07:53,000 --> 03:07:56,100
was displayed Rose. 
Marie was also planted alongside

3545
03:07:56,100 --> 03:07:58,200
soothing herbs like chamomile 
and lavender. 

3546
03:07:59,000 --> 03:08:02,200
The end effect was a 
well-balanced experience that 

3547
03:08:02,200 --> 03:08:04,900
could improve mental Clarity 
without causing over stimulation

3548
03:08:04,900 --> 03:08:07,900
or anxiety. 
In these Gardens, you felt more 

3549
03:08:07,900 --> 03:08:10,800
at ease and could think more 
clearly two things that are 

3550
03:08:10,800 --> 03:08:14,200
surprisingly hard to combine the
most adaptable medicinal plants 

3551
03:08:14,200 --> 03:08:17,700
in medieval Garden's came from 
the mint family, various mints 

3552
03:08:17,700 --> 03:08:19,900
were used to achieve various 
physical and psychological 

3553
03:08:19,900 --> 03:08:22,200
effects. 
Without the potency of 

3554
03:08:22,208 --> 03:08:26,100
peppermint spearmint provided 
mild digestive support and a 

3555
03:08:26,100 --> 03:08:29,600
revitalizing mental boost. 
The sweeter softer Center. 

3556
03:08:29,600 --> 03:08:32,500
Apple mint was ideal for 
unwinding in the evening, in the

3557
03:08:32,500 --> 03:08:34,700
damp spots. 
Next to garden water features 

3558
03:08:34,700 --> 03:08:37,900
where it's cooling qualities. 
Could intensify the revitalizing

3559
03:08:37,900 --> 03:08:41,400
effects of flowing water water, 
mint, flourished, medieval 

3560
03:08:41,400 --> 03:08:44,300
gardeners also recognized a fact
that contemporary aromatherapy 

3561
03:08:44,300 --> 03:08:47,700
is rediscovering. 
Combinations of plants rather 

3562
03:08:47,700 --> 03:08:50,500
than individual species 
frequently produced the most 

3563
03:08:50,508 --> 03:08:53,700
potent, therapeutic fragrances 
in their Gardens. 

3564
03:08:53,700 --> 03:08:56,100
They established what? 
We might refer to as fragrance 

3565
03:08:56,100 --> 03:08:58,200
neighborhoods. 
By assembling plants whose 

3566
03:08:58,200 --> 03:09:01,100
fragrances would complement one 
another and offer supplementary 

3567
03:09:01,100 --> 03:09:04,500
medicinal advantages. 
A standard calming Corner might 

3568
03:09:04,500 --> 03:09:07,400
include rows for emotional 
support camera for mild 

3569
03:09:07,400 --> 03:09:11,100
sedation, lavender for anxiety 
relief and maybe a dash of mint 

3570
03:09:11,100 --> 03:09:14,500
for freshness. 
Because each plant releases a 

3571
03:09:14,500 --> 03:09:16,700
different amount of fragrance in
response to temperature and 

3572
03:09:16,708 --> 03:09:19,500
humidity changes. 
These plants would be arranged 

3573
03:09:19,500 --> 03:09:22,100
so that their distinct sense 
would naturally blend to create 

3574
03:09:22,100 --> 03:09:26,000
complex subtle scent experiences
that could change throughout the

3575
03:09:26,000 --> 03:09:28,400
day. 
In medieval Gardens roses, had 

3576
03:09:28,408 --> 03:09:31,900
uses far beyond Aesthetics, 
various types were selected 

3577
03:09:31,900 --> 03:09:35,200
based on their distinct sense 
and purported impact on health 

3578
03:09:35,200 --> 03:09:38,400
and happiness with their 
powerful complex scent. 

3579
03:09:38,400 --> 03:09:42,300
Damask roses were thought to 
uplift the soul and fortify the 

3580
03:09:42,300 --> 03:09:46,100
heart in difficult times Alba, 
roses were believed to promote 

3581
03:09:46,100 --> 03:09:49,200
rational thinking and clear 
mental confusion because of 

3582
03:09:49,200 --> 03:09:52,400
their fresher, clean Ascent 
roses were planted, along 

3583
03:09:52,400 --> 03:09:54,900
Pathways that people might walk.
When resolving difficult 

3584
03:09:54,900 --> 03:09:58,400
emotions and medieval rose 
gardens were frequently created 

3585
03:09:58,400 --> 03:10:02,100
as emotional support systems. 
Perfect environment for 

3586
03:10:02,100 --> 03:10:04,900
processing and healing emotions 
was created by the combination 

3587
03:10:04,900 --> 03:10:08,600
of therapeutic fragrant. 
Lovely visual stimulation and 

3588
03:10:08,600 --> 03:10:10,900
Mild. 
Physical exercise medieval 

3589
03:10:10,900 --> 03:10:13,000
Garden Gardens seasonal 
fragrance, progression was 

3590
03:10:13,000 --> 03:10:15,300
thoughtfully planned to promote,
mental well-being. 

3591
03:10:15,300 --> 03:10:18,300
All year long. 
Fresh green fragrances that 

3592
03:10:18,300 --> 03:10:20,900
could alleviate winter 
depression, and promote mental 

3593
03:10:20,900 --> 03:10:23,700
Rejuvenation with a focus of 
spring gardens. 

3594
03:10:23,700 --> 03:10:27,700
Early herbs such as young 
Rosemary and mint offered 

3595
03:10:27,700 --> 03:10:31,000
astringent, energizing sense 
that might help dispel the 

3596
03:10:31,000 --> 03:10:33,300
mental sluggishness. 
That frequently accompanied the 

3597
03:10:33,308 --> 03:10:36,600
dark months with several plants 
blooming at once to create 

3598
03:10:36,600 --> 03:10:40,100
intricate multi-layered scent 
environments, summer Gardens, 

3599
03:10:40,100 --> 03:10:42,600
provided, the most complete 
fragrance experience is, 

3600
03:10:42,600 --> 03:10:46,200
however, these weren't 
overpowering sensory attacks 

3601
03:10:46,200 --> 03:10:49,900
medieval gardeners recognize the
value of restraint and balance. 

3602
03:10:50,900 --> 03:10:53,400
There were peaceful spots with 
delicate scents and even the 

3603
03:10:53,400 --> 03:10:57,500
most ornate summer garden places
where overstimulated sensors 

3604
03:10:57,500 --> 03:11:00,500
could relax warming. 
Grounding sense from Autumn 

3605
03:11:00,500 --> 03:11:01,900
Garden. 
Gardens could ease the cycle. 

3606
03:11:01,900 --> 03:11:06,300
Transition to Winter the rich 
complex sense of late, blooming 

3607
03:11:06,300 --> 03:11:10,300
herbs such as origana and Sage 
seemed to capture the joy of 

3608
03:11:10,300 --> 03:11:13,000
harvest. 
These plants were frequently 

3609
03:11:13,000 --> 03:11:15,900
placed close to places where 
people could sit and think back 

3610
03:11:15,900 --> 03:11:18,700
on the events of the Year while 
mentally getting ready for the 

3611
03:11:18,700 --> 03:11:21,900
reflective winter months. 
Medieval herb gardens also 

3612
03:11:21,900 --> 03:11:24,100
served as therapeutic 
environments for their upkeep 

3613
03:11:24,100 --> 03:11:27,800
herb harvesting, required 
methodical slow attention to 

3614
03:11:27,800 --> 03:11:30,600
timing, plant conditions and 
appropriate methods. 

3615
03:11:31,500 --> 03:11:34,600
Spaces filled with concentrated 
fragrances from drying herbs 

3616
03:11:34,600 --> 03:11:39,000
could benefit from aromatherapy 
for weeks since Disturbed herb, 

3617
03:11:39,000 --> 03:11:40,900
plants released their fragrances
as you worked. 

3618
03:11:40,900 --> 03:11:43,600
Even weeding herb. 
Gardens was more enjoyable than 

3619
03:11:43,600 --> 03:11:46,500
other Garden maintenance. 
The significance of a personal 

3620
03:11:46,500 --> 03:11:49,300
connection to medicinal plants 
is another thing that medieval 

3621
03:11:49,300 --> 03:11:52,800
people understood that we are 
still learning about They urged 

3622
03:11:52,800 --> 03:11:56,200
Garden visitors to form bonds 
with individual plants learning 

3623
03:11:56,200 --> 03:11:59,200
about their unique growth. 
Patterns best times to harvest 

3624
03:11:59,200 --> 03:12:02,700
them and distinctive scent 
patterns, the therapeutic 

3625
03:12:02,700 --> 03:12:05,400
effects were enhanced by the 
individualized attention. 

3626
03:12:05,400 --> 03:12:08,900
The benefits of a plant seemed 
to be more potent when you know 

3627
03:12:08,900 --> 03:12:10,600
it. 
Well, imagine yourself 

3628
03:12:10,600 --> 03:12:13,300
surrounded by carefully, 
selected and arranged plants. 

3629
03:12:13,300 --> 03:12:16,000
That will support your health as
evening, descends on your 

3630
03:12:16,000 --> 03:12:17,500
make-believe, medieval herb 
garden. 

3631
03:12:17,500 --> 03:12:21,800
A delicate combination of scents
permeates the air calming, the 

3632
03:12:21,800 --> 03:12:24,700
stresses of the day, and 
preparing your mind for a good 

3633
03:12:24,708 --> 03:12:27,300
night's sleep. 
Every breath brings you 

3634
03:12:27,300 --> 03:12:30,000
compounds that have been used 
for thousands of years to help 

3635
03:12:30,000 --> 03:12:33,500
people find health and peace. 
These compounds were arranged by

3636
03:12:33,508 --> 03:12:36,600
gardeners who realized that 
healing occurs most effectively 

3637
03:12:36,600 --> 03:12:39,000
in settings that are beautiful 
and thoughtfully designed. 

3638
03:12:39,000 --> 03:12:42,300
You're studying one of the most 
intriguing facets of medieval 

3639
03:12:42,300 --> 03:12:45,200
gardening this morning, the 
creation of spaces that have the

3640
03:12:45,200 --> 03:12:48,500
power to literally alter human 
perception, through the use of 

3641
03:12:48,500 --> 03:12:53,000
geometric patterns, and symbolic
designs Plants were not arranged

3642
03:12:53,000 --> 03:12:55,600
haphazardly or in accordance 
with contemporary aesthetic 

3643
03:12:55,600 --> 03:12:57,500
standards by medieval Garden 
designers. 

3644
03:12:58,200 --> 03:13:01,100
Their work was based on a deep 
understanding of how spiritual 

3645
03:13:01,100 --> 03:13:04,300
awareness, and mental state are 
influenced by visual patterns. 

3646
03:13:04,300 --> 03:13:06,300
In the world of the medieval 
people. 

3647
03:13:06,300 --> 03:13:09,600
Everything was thought to have 
symbolic, meaning, rather than 

3648
03:13:09,600 --> 03:13:13,300
being merely ornamental choices 
numbers shapes colors, and 

3649
03:13:13,300 --> 03:13:16,900
spatial relationships were seen 
as stepping stones to a greater 

3650
03:13:16,900 --> 03:13:19,800
comprehension of natural, 
Harmony and divine order. 

3651
03:13:20,900 --> 03:13:23,800
This symbolic language was 
employed by Garden designers to 

3652
03:13:23,800 --> 03:13:26,600
create areas that could lead 
guests to particular spiritual 

3653
03:13:26,600 --> 03:13:29,600
and cycle States. 
You would instantly notice the 

3654
03:13:29,600 --> 03:13:32,300
sense of balance and Justice 
that seems to emanate from the 

3655
03:13:32,300 --> 03:13:34,300
layout itself. 
If you were to walk into a 

3656
03:13:34,308 --> 03:13:37,700
medieval Garden that was created
using sacred geometric 

3657
03:13:37,700 --> 03:13:41,700
principles, Pathways that follow
mathematical proportions, found 

3658
03:13:41,700 --> 03:13:44,100
in nature. 
The same ratios that are present

3659
03:13:44,100 --> 03:13:46,900
in human bodies, flower petals 
and sea shells. 

3660
03:13:46,900 --> 03:13:50,500
Would entice your attention. 
Your mind would perceive these 

3661
03:13:50,500 --> 03:13:53,800
patterns as essentially, 
reliable and harmonious, even if

3662
03:13:53,800 --> 03:13:56,800
you are not familiar with the 
technical specifics, the square 

3663
03:13:56,800 --> 03:13:59,500
formed by intersecting Pathways 
into four smaller. 

3664
03:13:59,500 --> 03:14:02,100
Squares was the most popular 
geometric foundation for 

3665
03:14:02,100 --> 03:14:05,200
medieval Gardens. 
The four elements Earth. 

3666
03:14:06,100 --> 03:14:09,100
Air Fire and Water, the Four 
Seasons, the four, cardinal 

3667
03:14:09,100 --> 03:14:12,100
directions, and the four rivers 
of paradise mentioned in 

3668
03:14:12,100 --> 03:14:14,400
biblical texts were all 
represented by this pattern, 

3669
03:14:14,400 --> 03:14:16,900
which is known as a 
quadripartite design. 

3670
03:14:18,200 --> 03:14:19,700
Beyond its symbolic 
significance. 

3671
03:14:19,700 --> 03:14:22,900
However, this design had useful 
cycle effects. 

3672
03:14:22,900 --> 03:14:25,600
Quadrati Gardens offered a 
visual order. 

3673
03:14:25,600 --> 03:14:28,800
That was both simple enough to 
be instantly understandable and 

3674
03:14:28,800 --> 03:14:30,500
complex enough to be 
fascinating. 

3675
03:14:31,300 --> 03:14:34,600
The overall pattern was easy for
your mind to understand giving 

3676
03:14:34,600 --> 03:14:38,100
you a sense of control. 
However, there was space for 

3677
03:14:38,100 --> 03:14:39,800
variation and surprise within 
each. 

3678
03:14:39,800 --> 03:14:43,400
Quadrant human psychological 
needs appear to be well, served 

3679
03:14:43,400 --> 03:14:46,600
by this blend of controlled 
variation and predictable 

3680
03:14:46,600 --> 03:14:49,000
structure. 
Geometrically designed Garden 

3681
03:14:49,000 --> 03:14:51,600
Gardens had Pathways that were 
more than just ways to get from 

3682
03:14:51,600 --> 03:14:54,600
one place to another. 
They served as what we might 

3683
03:14:54,600 --> 03:14:59,000
refer, to as contemplation 
guides physical objects that by 

3684
03:14:59,000 --> 03:15:02,000
merely walking could induce 
meditative States in your mind. 

3685
03:15:02,800 --> 03:15:05,800
Special features such as a 
fountain, and especially lovely 

3686
03:15:05,800 --> 03:15:08,900
plant or a religious sculpture 
that encouraged pause and 

3687
03:15:08,900 --> 03:15:12,200
contemplation were frequently 
used to Mark, the intersections 

3688
03:15:12,200 --> 03:15:14,400
where Pathways crossed medieval 
Garden. 

3689
03:15:14,400 --> 03:15:16,800
Designers realized something 
that contemporary meditation, 

3690
03:15:16,800 --> 03:15:19,900
instructors have rediscovered. 
That beautiful visual 

3691
03:15:19,900 --> 03:15:22,300
stimulation. 
Coupled with repetitive rhythmic

3692
03:15:22,300 --> 03:15:25,600
movement can create deeply 
calming and restorative Altered 

3693
03:15:25,600 --> 03:15:28,500
States of consciousness. 
Became a kind of moving 

3694
03:15:28,500 --> 03:15:30,200
meditation to follow the 
geometric. 

3695
03:15:30,200 --> 03:15:33,700
Paths of a medieval garden with 
their predictable, curves into 

3696
03:15:33,700 --> 03:15:36,800
sections, geometric Gardens, 
with circular features had 

3697
03:15:36,800 --> 03:15:38,500
unique cycle. 
Purposes. 

3698
03:15:38,500 --> 03:15:42,100
Curved alcoves round fountains 
and circular herb. 

3699
03:15:42,100 --> 03:15:45,200
Beds, offered visual respite 
from the overall geometric 

3700
03:15:45,200 --> 03:15:48,700
Frameworks angular precision. 
More significantly. 

3701
03:15:48,700 --> 03:15:51,800
However, in medieval symbolic 
thinking circles, stood for 

3702
03:15:51,800 --> 03:15:53,300
wholeness Harmony and 
perfection. 

3703
03:15:54,200 --> 03:15:56,400
It was thought that 
incorporating circular elements 

3704
03:15:56,400 --> 03:15:59,200
into garden design. 
Would Aid guests in achieving 

3705
03:15:59,200 --> 03:16:01,400
spiritual integration and 
psychological wholeness. 

3706
03:16:01,400 --> 03:16:05,900
What we might refer to as sacred
proportion systems, mathematical

3707
03:16:05,900 --> 03:16:08,000
relationships, thought to 
reflect Divine Harmony. 

3708
03:16:08,800 --> 03:16:12,500
We're incorporated into the most
elaborate medieval Gardens the 

3709
03:16:12,500 --> 03:16:15,700
golden ratio which can be found 
in everything from Nautilus 

3710
03:16:15,700 --> 03:16:18,700
shells to sunflower seeds. 
Spirals was frequently used to 

3711
03:16:18,708 --> 03:16:21,700
establish the connections 
between various Garden sections,

3712
03:16:21,700 --> 03:16:24,900
even when visitors were unable 
to consciously pinpoint, the 

3713
03:16:24,900 --> 03:16:28,100
reason these proportional 
systems produced Gardens that 

3714
03:16:28,100 --> 03:16:30,500
felt enigmatically fulfilling to
experience. 

3715
03:16:30,500 --> 03:16:34,100
Your mind would react with a 
sense of calm and righteousness 

3716
03:16:34,100 --> 03:16:37,100
that seem to come from the 
surroundings rather than, from 

3717
03:16:37,100 --> 03:16:39,700
any deliberate effort on your 
part, as your eye move through 

3718
03:16:39,700 --> 03:16:43,100
areas that felt harmonious and 
well-balanced geometric. 

3719
03:16:43,100 --> 03:16:46,800
Gardens featured equally complex
color schemes, based on 

3720
03:16:46,800 --> 03:16:49,800
observed, psychological effects 
and symbolic association's 

3721
03:16:49,800 --> 03:16:52,700
medieval designers employed, 
what they dubbed, color 

3722
03:16:52,700 --> 03:16:56,400
harmonies, White flowers were 
frequently planted in central 

3723
03:16:56,400 --> 03:16:59,400
areas or along main routes 
because they symbolized Purity 

3724
03:16:59,400 --> 03:17:02,900
and spiritual illumination. 
Red flowers were placed where 

3725
03:17:02,900 --> 03:17:05,800
their emotional intensity could 
be appreciated without 

3726
03:17:05,800 --> 03:17:07,900
overpowering. 
The Tranquil atmosphere of the 

3727
03:17:07,900 --> 03:17:11,800
garden symbolizing both Earthly,
passion and divine love. 

3728
03:17:11,800 --> 03:17:15,100
Despite being comparatively 
uncommon, in medieval Garden's 

3729
03:17:15,100 --> 03:17:18,500
blue flowers were prized for 
their purported capacity to 

3730
03:17:18,500 --> 03:17:22,500
Foster, introspection and 
spiritual understanding They 

3731
03:17:22,500 --> 03:17:25,200
were frequently placed in 
peaceful Nooks or beside 

3732
03:17:25,200 --> 03:17:27,100
walkways. 
That led to places of prayer 

3733
03:17:27,100 --> 03:17:30,200
where they're calming Hue might 
assist guests in turning, their 

3734
03:17:30,200 --> 03:17:33,600
attention from Material worries,
to spiritual ones, keeping up 

3735
03:17:33,600 --> 03:17:36,900
geometric Gardens was a kind of 
spiritual exercise in and of 

3736
03:17:36,900 --> 03:17:39,600
itself. 
Regular patient attention was 

3737
03:17:39,600 --> 03:17:42,200
necessary to maintain the 
patterns Clarity and accuracy. 

3738
03:17:42,200 --> 03:17:45,300
The gardeners who cared for 
these areas frequently. 

3739
03:17:45,300 --> 03:17:47,800
Referred to their labor as a 
kind of meditation or prayer. 

3740
03:17:48,600 --> 03:17:50,600
Replanting to maintain color 
Arrangements. 

3741
03:17:50,600 --> 03:17:54,200
Weeding to preserve the clarity 
of planted patterns and trimming

3742
03:17:54,200 --> 03:17:57,400
Hedges to maintain clean. 
Geometric lines, all became 

3743
03:17:57,400 --> 03:18:00,100
opportunities to practice. 
The kind of focused attention 

3744
03:18:00,100 --> 03:18:02,800
that medieval people associated 
with Spiritual Development 

3745
03:18:02,800 --> 03:18:05,000
geometric. 
Guardians were designed with 

3746
03:18:05,000 --> 03:18:08,400
seasonal changes in mind to 
preserve the key patterns while 

3747
03:18:08,400 --> 03:18:10,500
offering year-round diversity 
and interest. 

3748
03:18:11,400 --> 03:18:14,600
The linear features of the 
garden such as the bulbs, placed

3749
03:18:14,600 --> 03:18:17,400
along the edge of the pathways 
to produce, clear lines of color

3750
03:18:17,400 --> 03:18:19,700
could be highlighted with spring
planting. 

3751
03:18:20,800 --> 03:18:23,700
While keeping their fundamental 
boundaries, some are planting 

3752
03:18:23,700 --> 03:18:26,300
could fill in the geometric 
shape with a profusion of 

3753
03:18:26,300 --> 03:18:30,100
growth, even as their foliage 
changed color, plants that 

3754
03:18:30,100 --> 03:18:31,900
offered strong. 
Structural elements, could be 

3755
03:18:31,900 --> 03:18:35,100
found in Autumn Garden's. 
In order to maintain the 

3756
03:18:35,100 --> 03:18:38,000
geometric patterns, even when 
the majority of the plants were 

3757
03:18:38,000 --> 03:18:41,600
inactive, Winter Gardens relied 
on Hardscape components and 

3758
03:18:41,600 --> 03:18:44,800
Evergreen plants. 
The psychological significance 

3759
03:18:44,800 --> 03:18:46,500
of what we might refer to as 
pattern. 

3760
03:18:46,500 --> 03:18:50,500
Completion was also recognized 
by medieval Garden designers, 

3761
03:18:50,500 --> 03:18:54,100
who produced geometric designs 
that encouraged guests to 

3762
03:18:54,100 --> 03:18:57,200
actively perceive the patterns, 
rather than merely passively 

3763
03:18:57,200 --> 03:19:00,300
observing them. 
The entire geometric pattern, 

3764
03:19:00,300 --> 03:19:03,000
may not be immediately apparent.
When you first enter a garden 

3765
03:19:03,000 --> 03:19:06,100
instead, you may need to 
navigate through different 

3766
03:19:06,100 --> 03:19:08,900
sections and observe the area 
from different perspectives 

3767
03:19:08,900 --> 03:19:12,400
before the entire pattern 
becomes clear to you important 

3768
03:19:12,400 --> 03:19:16,100
cycle purposes were fulfilled by
this gradual pattern recognition

3769
03:19:16,100 --> 03:19:18,400
process. 
It was a gentle fulfilling 

3770
03:19:18,400 --> 03:19:21,200
puzzle with a clear solution 
that kept your mind active. 

3771
03:19:22,100 --> 03:19:25,600
Garden patterns could be fully 
comprehended and appreciated in 

3772
03:19:25,600 --> 03:19:28,600
contrast to the intricate and 
frequently intractable issues of

3773
03:19:28,600 --> 03:19:31,900
every day, medieval life. 
A sense of emotional and 

3774
03:19:31,900 --> 03:19:34,200
intellectual relief, that was 
hard to find elsewhere, was 

3775
03:19:34,200 --> 03:19:37,000
brought on by this experience of
understanding and completion, 

3776
03:19:37,000 --> 03:19:39,500
the geometric garden designs 
symbolic. 

3777
03:19:39,500 --> 03:19:42,100
Meaning also gave guests. 
What we might refer to, as 

3778
03:19:42,100 --> 03:19:45,800
contemplation Frameworks 
organized approaches to 

3779
03:19:45,800 --> 03:19:47,500
considering life's more profound
issues. 

3780
03:19:48,600 --> 03:19:51,400
A garden that is themed around 
the number four could Inspire 

3781
03:19:51,400 --> 03:19:54,000
contemplation of the four 
seasons of spiritual growth. 

3782
03:19:54,000 --> 03:19:58,400
The four stages of life or the 
four virtues through garden 

3783
03:19:58,400 --> 03:20:00,200
design. 
These ideas were made tangible 

3784
03:20:00,200 --> 03:20:02,800
and approachable rather than 
being abstract philosophical 

3785
03:20:02,800 --> 03:20:06,300
Concepts, geometric, Gardens 
Maze, and Labyrinth features had

3786
03:20:06,300 --> 03:20:10,300
specific purposes. 
Since they could engender fear 

3787
03:20:10,300 --> 03:20:12,300
rather than Serenity. 
True. 

3788
03:20:12,300 --> 03:20:16,000
Mazes with their numerous paths 
and dead ends were less 

3789
03:20:16,000 --> 03:20:18,100
prevalent in Serene medieval 
Gardens. 

3790
03:20:19,000 --> 03:20:22,400
But because of their meditative 
properties, labyrinths single 

3791
03:20:22,400 --> 03:20:24,500
path patterns that wound in 
intricate. 

3792
03:20:24,500 --> 03:20:26,900
Yet, predictable ways toward a 
central goal will. 

3793
03:20:26,900 --> 03:20:30,000
Like, it took just the right 
amount of mental focus to 

3794
03:20:30,000 --> 03:20:33,300
navigate, elaborate keeping your
conscious mind busy while 

3795
03:20:33,300 --> 03:20:35,500
allowing deeper levels of 
awareness to emerge. 

3796
03:20:36,500 --> 03:20:39,600
What medieval people referred to
as contemplative prayer? 

3797
03:20:39,600 --> 03:20:43,300
And what we might recognize as a
type of walking meditation were 

3798
03:20:43,300 --> 03:20:45,800
made possible by the rhythmic 
movement and the visual interest

3799
03:20:45,800 --> 03:20:49,000
of the winding path. 
What medieval designers referred

3800
03:20:49,000 --> 03:20:52,600
to as Paradise features elements
created specially to evoke the 

3801
03:20:52,600 --> 03:20:56,100
biblical Garden of Eden or other
sacred Landscapes were found in 

3802
03:20:56,100 --> 03:20:58,400
the most ornate geometric 
Guardians. 

3803
03:20:58,400 --> 03:21:01,900
These could include particular 
plant combinations mentioned in 

3804
03:21:01,900 --> 03:21:04,900
religious texts or fountains to 
form the four rivers of 

3805
03:21:04,900 --> 03:21:08,100
paradise. 
However, even these highly 

3806
03:21:08,100 --> 03:21:11,300
symbolic components were 
incorporated into designs that 

3807
03:21:11,300 --> 03:21:14,000
placed more emphasis on 
psychological calm and comfort 

3808
03:21:14,000 --> 03:21:16,100
than on Purely symbolic 
accuracy. 

3809
03:21:16,100 --> 03:21:19,100
Observe how the Shadows 
highlight the patterns that lead

3810
03:21:19,100 --> 03:21:22,700
your eye and mind to peace as 
evening lights, starts to slope 

3811
03:21:22,700 --> 03:21:24,600
across your imagined, geometric 
Garden. 

3812
03:21:25,400 --> 03:21:28,500
Lines of light and Shadow reveal
mathematical relationships, that

3813
03:21:28,500 --> 03:21:31,700
appeared abstract during the day
serving as a reminder that the 

3814
03:21:31,708 --> 03:21:34,000
same principles that give 
flowers and seashells their 

3815
03:21:34,000 --> 03:21:36,500
beauty. 
All influence the areas where 

3816
03:21:36,500 --> 03:21:39,500
people can find the most 
Tranquility as our tour of 

3817
03:21:39,500 --> 03:21:41,200
medieval Gardens comes to an end
tonight. 

3818
03:21:41,200 --> 03:21:44,600
You find yourself sitting in a 
garden that reflects all we have

3819
03:21:44,600 --> 03:21:47,600
learned together. 
Place where Noble sophistication

3820
03:21:47,600 --> 03:21:51,200
meets Monastery, wisdom, where 
geometric Precision Embraces 

3821
03:21:51,200 --> 03:21:54,400
natural beauty and where each 
element has been thoughtful, 

3822
03:21:54,400 --> 03:21:57,800
chosen to Foster human piece. 
The surrounding Guardian, is a 

3823
03:21:57,800 --> 03:22:00,500
representation of centuries 
worth of knowledge about what 

3824
03:22:00,500 --> 03:22:03,100
people require in order to 
flourish spiritually and 

3825
03:22:03,100 --> 03:22:05,500
emotionally. 
Despite lacking access to 

3826
03:22:05,500 --> 03:22:08,500
contemporary psychology 
textbooks and environmental 

3827
03:22:08,500 --> 03:22:10,900
science. 
Research, medieval Garden 

3828
03:22:10,900 --> 03:22:14,200
designers, created methods and 
ideas that are still remarkably 

3829
03:22:14,200 --> 03:22:17,000
successful today. 
Their Guardians were more than 

3830
03:22:17,000 --> 03:22:19,900
just lovely setting. 
They were therapeutic Havens, 

3831
03:22:19,900 --> 03:22:22,900
designed by individuals, who 
recognize the power of outward 

3832
03:22:22,900 --> 03:22:24,500
Beauty to alter in her 
experience. 

3833
03:22:24,500 --> 03:22:27,800
You can see how every element 
we've come across during our 

3834
03:22:27,800 --> 03:22:30,300
exploration fulfill several 
functions at once. 

3835
03:22:31,100 --> 03:22:34,500
In addition to offering physical
security, the wall surrounding 

3836
03:22:34,500 --> 03:22:37,200
these Gardens establish 
psychological barriers, that 

3837
03:22:37,200 --> 03:22:40,300
help your mind focus on the Here
and Now, rather than constantly 

3838
03:22:40,300 --> 03:22:41,700
looking for threats in the 
future. 

3839
03:22:43,200 --> 03:22:45,900
In addition to being 
aesthetically pleasing, the 

3840
03:22:45,900 --> 03:22:49,000
geometric Pathways lead your 
body through soft, rhythmic 

3841
03:22:49,000 --> 03:22:52,500
motions that naturally create 
meditative States, in addition 

3842
03:22:52,500 --> 03:22:54,800
to producing beautiful sounds 
and visual interest. 

3843
03:22:54,800 --> 03:22:57,900
The water features, we have 
found offer the psychological 

3844
03:22:57,900 --> 03:23:02,100
advantages of being near flowing
water such as enhanced Focus, 

3845
03:23:02,100 --> 03:23:06,100
lowered, stress hormones, and 
that inexplicable feeling of 

3846
03:23:06,100 --> 03:23:08,700
Rejuvenation, that people seem 
to experience when they are near

3847
03:23:08,708 --> 03:23:12,600
Water, Despite their ignorance 
of negative ions and the 

3848
03:23:12,608 --> 03:23:16,500
neurological effects of specific
sound frequencies medieval 

3849
03:23:16,500 --> 03:23:19,000
people notice that people felt 
better when they were near 

3850
03:23:19,000 --> 03:23:21,700
flowing water. 
So they plan their Garden's 

3851
03:23:21,700 --> 03:23:24,800
accordingly, perhaps the most 
advanced knowledge of all can be

3852
03:23:24,808 --> 03:23:27,100
found in the plant choices, made
for medieval Gardens. 

3853
03:23:28,000 --> 03:23:30,400
These gardeners were aware of 
the scents that could reduce 

3854
03:23:30,400 --> 03:23:34,700
anxiety enhancement Clarity and 
facilitate the shift from 

3855
03:23:34,700 --> 03:23:37,800
wakefulness to sleep. 
They selected plants that would 

3856
03:23:37,800 --> 03:23:40,500
offer the appropriate sensory 
experience during the seasons 

3857
03:23:40,500 --> 03:23:42,700
when people most needed them 
because they were aware of 

3858
03:23:42,700 --> 03:23:45,600
seasonal psychology, perhaps 
more significantly, though, 

3859
03:23:45,600 --> 03:23:48,300
medieval Garden designers, 
recognized that pieces, more 

3860
03:23:48,300 --> 03:23:51,600
than simply the absence of 
stress or conflict something, we

3861
03:23:51,600 --> 03:23:54,800
occasionally overlooked in our 
contemporary World, true. 

3862
03:23:54,800 --> 03:23:57,400
Peace is a positive state that 
must be actively created and 

3863
03:23:57,400 --> 03:23:59,700
maintained through careful, 
attention to environment 

3864
03:23:59,700 --> 03:24:03,600
relationships and daily 
practices medieval Gardens, were

3865
03:24:03,600 --> 03:24:07,000
intended to promote, peace each 
component combined to help 

3866
03:24:07,000 --> 03:24:09,900
guests transition from whatever 
state they were in to one of 

3867
03:24:09,900 --> 03:24:14,000
true, peace and rejuvenation. 
Without strain or effort, the 

3868
03:24:14,000 --> 03:24:16,100
shift occurred, gradually and 
organically. 

3869
03:24:17,000 --> 03:24:19,700
Simply by spending time in a 
thoughtfully designed setting, 

3870
03:24:19,700 --> 03:24:22,300
you would find that your natural
ability for peace, would 

3871
03:24:22,300 --> 03:24:25,600
reassert itself, and that the 
tensions and worries of the day 

3872
03:24:25,600 --> 03:24:29,200
would dissolve as you entered. 
These Gardens medieval Garden 

3873
03:24:29,200 --> 03:24:31,700
maintenance ideas. 
Also contain Timeless lessons. 

3874
03:24:31,700 --> 03:24:35,900
These areas were cared for with 
love patience and what the 

3875
03:24:35,900 --> 03:24:37,900
medievals referred to, as right 
intention. 

3876
03:24:37,900 --> 03:24:41,000
The desire to bring about 
healing and Beauty rather than 

3877
03:24:41,000 --> 03:24:44,700
efficiency or maximum output. 
The gardeners who cared for 

3878
03:24:44,700 --> 03:24:47,000
these areas were aware that 
their own mental States during 

3879
03:24:47,000 --> 03:24:48,600
work, had an impact on the 
outcome. 

3880
03:24:49,400 --> 03:24:53,300
Compared to Gardens tended with 
meditative care Gardens tended 

3881
03:24:53,300 --> 03:24:55,000
with hurried frustration felt 
different. 

3882
03:24:55,000 --> 03:24:59,400
This idea applies to all facets 
of creating tranquil spaces not 

3883
03:24:59,400 --> 03:25:01,900
just gardening. 
Beyond just physical 

3884
03:25:01,900 --> 03:25:04,100
Arrangements, the energy and 
intention. 

3885
03:25:04,100 --> 03:25:06,200
We put into any space making 
activity. 

3886
03:25:06,200 --> 03:25:09,700
Whether we're setting up a room 
cooking or just planning our 

3887
03:25:09,708 --> 03:25:13,800
daily schedule influences. 
The outcome important lessons 

3888
03:25:13,800 --> 03:25:16,300
about the interplay between 
structure and freedom were also 

3889
03:25:16,300 --> 03:25:20,500
imparted by medieval Gardens. 
They weren't wild unruly places 

3890
03:25:20,500 --> 03:25:22,700
but they also weren't strict or 
repressive. 

3891
03:25:22,700 --> 03:25:26,700
They offered Dependable Beauty 
well-defined boundaries and 

3892
03:25:26,700 --> 03:25:29,800
predictable patterns but there 
was also space for growth 

3893
03:25:29,800 --> 03:25:34,900
surprise and organic variation. 
Human psychological well-being, 

3894
03:25:34,900 --> 03:25:38,200
appears to depend on this 
harmony between spontaneity and 

3895
03:25:38,200 --> 03:25:41,600
order in our contemporary world.
We frequently vacillate between 

3896
03:25:41,600 --> 03:25:44,300
two extremes, either. 
We give up on structure, 

3897
03:25:44,300 --> 03:25:48,100
completely and hope that freedom
alone will bring peace or we 

3898
03:25:48,100 --> 03:25:50,500
attempt to control every element
of our surroundings and 

3899
03:25:50,500 --> 03:25:53,300
schedules. 
Medieval Garden's offer a 

3900
03:25:53,300 --> 03:25:56,500
compromise, building pillars, 
that support rather than impede,

3901
03:25:56,500 --> 03:25:58,300
our native ability to be happy 
and peaceful. 

3902
03:25:58,300 --> 03:26:01,400
Another Timeless lesson is 
provided by the seasonal 

3903
03:26:01,400 --> 03:26:03,900
awareness incorporated into 
medieval garden design. 

3904
03:26:04,700 --> 03:26:07,100
Recognizing that people have 
different needs at different 

3905
03:26:07,100 --> 03:26:09,900
times and Seasons. 
These Gardens were created to 

3906
03:26:09,900 --> 03:26:13,300
offer a variety of gifts, 
throughout the year. after long 

3907
03:26:13,300 --> 03:26:17,000
Winters, when people most needed
encouragement Spring Gardens 

3908
03:26:17,000 --> 03:26:20,800
provided hope and renewal Some 
are Gardens supported the active

3909
03:26:20,800 --> 03:26:22,700
growing season with celebration 
and plenty. 

3910
03:26:23,800 --> 03:26:27,300
As the year, came to a close 
Autumn Gardens provided a time 

3911
03:26:27,300 --> 03:26:28,700
for contemplation and 
preparation. 

3912
03:26:29,600 --> 03:26:32,300
During the reflective months, 
Winter Gardens, offered 

3913
03:26:32,300 --> 03:26:35,200
structure, and peaceful Beauty. 
The way we think about bringing 

3914
03:26:35,200 --> 03:26:37,800
peace into our own lives, may 
change as a result of this 

3915
03:26:37,800 --> 03:26:40,200
seasonal approach to the 
surroundings and activities. 

3916
03:26:40,200 --> 03:26:44,100
We might learn to modify our 
peacemaking techniques to fit 

3917
03:26:44,100 --> 03:26:46,800
with seasonal, psychological 
needs, and natural rhythms, 

3918
03:26:46,800 --> 03:26:49,600
rather than relying on the same 
tactics to function, 

3919
03:26:49,600 --> 03:26:51,100
consistently throughout the 
year. 

3920
03:26:51,100 --> 03:26:54,300
Important insights can also be 
gained from the social aspects 

3921
03:26:54,300 --> 03:26:57,900
of medieval Garden's, these were
places intended to Foster both 

3922
03:26:57,900 --> 03:27:00,800
community and Solitude, not just
private Havens. 

3923
03:27:00,800 --> 03:27:04,100
They offered gathering places 
where people could congregate in

3924
03:27:04,100 --> 03:27:07,000
lovely, Serene surroundings as 
well as peaceful alcoves were. 

3925
03:27:07,000 --> 03:27:09,900
People could find time to 
themselves The Garden's 

3926
03:27:09,900 --> 03:27:12,800
demonstrated that fostering an 
environment free from stress and

3927
03:27:12,800 --> 03:27:16,400
conflict is what true. 
Peace is all about not isolating

3928
03:27:16,400 --> 03:27:18,800
oneself from others. 
Perhaps most importantly 

3929
03:27:18,800 --> 03:27:22,300
medieval Garden showed that 
usefulness and Beauty A Partners

3930
03:27:22,300 --> 03:27:25,700
rather than mutually exclusive 
every lovely feature in these 

3931
03:27:25,700 --> 03:27:28,500
Gardens had a functional 
function as well, whether it was

3932
03:27:28,508 --> 03:27:31,700
to improve growing, Conditions, 
Supply, medicinal plants, 

3933
03:27:31,700 --> 03:27:35,000
control water, flow, or promote,
mental well-being, in people. 

3934
03:27:36,300 --> 03:27:39,800
This combination of usefulness 
and Beauty offers ideas for how 

3935
03:27:39,800 --> 03:27:41,700
we could approach all of our 
life's decisions. 

3936
03:27:41,700 --> 03:27:45,300
Final wisdom worth passing down 
is provided by the timing 

3937
03:27:45,300 --> 03:27:47,700
principles ingrained in medieval
garden design. 

3938
03:27:48,600 --> 03:27:51,400
Through repeated, exposure to 
thoughtfully Designed sensory 

3939
03:27:51,400 --> 03:27:54,600
experiences these Gardens 
gradually and gradually worked 

3940
03:27:54,600 --> 03:27:57,200
their calming Magic. 
They were intended to bring 

3941
03:27:57,200 --> 03:28:00,400
about the kind of profound 
long-lasting change that occurs 

3942
03:28:00,400 --> 03:28:02,500
when people regularly spend time
in settings. 

3943
03:28:02,500 --> 03:28:05,200
That encourage their best 
traits, rather than for 

3944
03:28:05,200 --> 03:28:07,400
temporary solutions or instant 
transformation. 

3945
03:28:07,400 --> 03:28:09,300
Imagine yourself carrying 
forward. 

3946
03:28:09,300 --> 03:28:11,700
The fundamental ideas we've 
learned as you get ready to 

3947
03:28:11,700 --> 03:28:15,000
leave, this fictional medieval 
garden and head back to your own

3948
03:28:15,000 --> 03:28:19,000
time and place the significant 
of safety and enclosure the 

3949
03:28:19,000 --> 03:28:22,000
ability of natural beauty to 
alter mood and Consciousness. 

3950
03:28:22,000 --> 03:28:25,000
The importance of geometric 
order mixed with Organic 

3951
03:28:25,000 --> 03:28:27,700
variety. 
And the fundamental human need 

3952
03:28:27,700 --> 03:28:30,100
for areas created, specially to 
Foster peace. 

3953
03:28:30,100 --> 03:28:32,900
The medieval Garden Keepers, had
a profound understanding 

3954
03:28:32,900 --> 03:28:35,900
establishing. 
Peace, in particular locations 

3955
03:28:35,900 --> 03:28:39,000
is the first step toward 
establishing peace globally and 

3956
03:28:39,000 --> 03:28:40,400
people naturally become more 
peaceful. 

3957
03:28:40,400 --> 03:28:44,800
When they regularly have access 
to truly peaceful setting The 

3958
03:28:44,800 --> 03:28:48,200
gardens were investments in 
human potential areas created to

3959
03:28:48,200 --> 03:28:51,900
support individuals, in becoming
the most Serene astute and 

3960
03:28:51,900 --> 03:28:53,600
affectionate versions of 
themselves. 

3961
03:28:53,600 --> 03:28:57,500
The scent of medieval lavender 
the sound of water. 

3962
03:28:57,500 --> 03:29:01,000
Gently trickling through Stone 
channels and the Fulfillment 

3963
03:29:01,000 --> 03:29:04,400
that comes from spending time in
places, created with unending 

3964
03:29:04,400 --> 03:29:07,700
attention to human flourishing 
should all accompany you as you 

3965
03:29:07,700 --> 03:29:11,100
drift off to sleep tonight. 
Even though these Gardens are 

3966
03:29:11,100 --> 03:29:14,400
only in our imaginations right 
now, anyone who wants to bring 

3967
03:29:14,400 --> 03:29:17,700
Beauty order and peace to their 
own region of the world can 

3968
03:29:17,700 --> 03:29:20,800
always benefit from their 
wisdom, some Human Experience is

3969
03:29:20,800 --> 03:29:23,600
beauty peace. 
The healing power of well kept 

3970
03:29:23,600 --> 03:29:26,900
Gardens transcend time and 
connect us across, centuries to 

3971
03:29:26,900 --> 03:29:30,500
the basic needs and joys that 
make us human these bells that 

3972
03:29:30,500 --> 03:29:33,800
called medieval people to prayer
ring One Last Time across your 

3973
03:29:33,800 --> 03:29:36,300
imagined landscape. 
But they are not calling you to 

3974
03:29:36,300 --> 03:29:38,700
any specific religious practice 
dreams. 

3975
03:29:38,700 --> 03:29:40,200
Sweet dreams in your peaceful 
garden. 

3976
03:29:43,400 --> 03:29:46,700
Now if you will imagine that 
your great-great-great times, 

3977
03:29:46,700 --> 03:29:49,700
1000 grandmother is sitting 
around a fire some 40,000 years 

3978
03:29:49,700 --> 03:29:53,300
ago and she has just created the
most groundbreaking technology 

3979
03:29:53,300 --> 03:29:56,500
of her era know. 
It won't be the wheel for 

3980
03:29:56,500 --> 03:29:59,800
another 35,000 years. 
She has discovered a way to 

3981
03:29:59,800 --> 03:30:03,900
leave meaningful marks on Cave. 
Walls prior to this point, human

3982
03:30:03,900 --> 03:30:06,000
knowledge was like water 
attempting to survive. 

3983
03:30:06,000 --> 03:30:09,800
In a sieve entire library of 
knowledge, just vanished into 

3984
03:30:09,800 --> 03:30:12,200
the Smoky. 
Prehistoric are whenever an 

3985
03:30:12,200 --> 03:30:15,100
elder passed away. 
Imagine having no other way to 

3986
03:30:15,100 --> 03:30:17,500
transmit that knowledge than 
through the delicate telephone 

3987
03:30:17,500 --> 03:30:20,600
game of human memory. 
Imagine being the one who knew, 

3988
03:30:20,600 --> 03:30:22,600
exactly, which berries wouldn't 
kill you. 

3989
03:30:23,200 --> 03:30:25,300
Which animal tracks meant dinner
vs. 

3990
03:30:25,300 --> 03:30:28,300
Which meant you were about to 
become dinner or how to track, 

3991
03:30:28,300 --> 03:30:30,300
Mammoth migration patterns 
across Seasons. 

3992
03:30:30,300 --> 03:30:33,500
Remember, your forefathers 
weren't sluggish. 

3993
03:30:33,500 --> 03:30:37,800
Their brains were identical to 
ours in every way including 

3994
03:30:37,800 --> 03:30:41,100
their ability to think 
abstractly and solve challenging

3995
03:30:41,100 --> 03:30:43,400
problems. 
They simply did not have the 

3996
03:30:43,400 --> 03:30:47,100
convenience of filing systems, 
Post-it notes or even the most 

3997
03:30:47,100 --> 03:30:50,500
basic written reminder. 
They created extremely complex, 

3998
03:30:50,500 --> 03:30:54,100
oral Traditions transforming 
vital survival knowledge into 

3999
03:30:54,100 --> 03:30:57,600
stories song songs and rituals 
that could be remembered for 

4000
03:30:57,600 --> 03:31:00,000
weeks on end much like 
particularly memorable 

4001
03:31:00,000 --> 03:31:02,700
commercial Jingles. 
These oral Traditions were 

4002
03:31:02,700 --> 03:31:04,700
amazing examples of human 
creativity. 

4003
03:31:05,900 --> 03:31:08,900
Poetry that mask created as 
Heroes Journeys and included 

4004
03:31:08,900 --> 03:31:11,900
intricate Geographic details. 
There were songs that 

4005
03:31:11,900 --> 03:31:14,800
communicated water source 
locations over great distances, 

4006
03:31:14,800 --> 03:31:18,200
children were tall which plants 
to stay away from through 

4007
03:31:18,200 --> 03:31:21,200
stories that incorporated the 
knowledge into enduring Tales of

4008
03:31:21,200 --> 03:31:23,700
Fantastical animals, and 
perilous Adventures. 

4009
03:31:24,700 --> 03:31:27,400
Each person carried a wealth of 
knowledge, essential to the 

4010
03:31:27,400 --> 03:31:30,900
survival of their Community 
transforming the human mind into

4011
03:31:30,900 --> 03:31:33,900
a living Library. 
However, even the most talented 

4012
03:31:33,900 --> 03:31:37,000
Storyteller couldn't be 
everywhere at once and memories 

4013
03:31:37,000 --> 03:31:40,200
bless them, have a way of adding
their own artistic flourishes 

4014
03:31:40,200 --> 03:31:43,000
over time. 
To understand the difficulty are

4015
03:31:43,000 --> 03:31:45,700
ancestors faced in preserving 
precise information across 

4016
03:31:45,700 --> 03:31:48,400
Generations. 
Try playing telephone at dinner 

4017
03:31:48,400 --> 03:31:51,300
party over time. 
The recipe for a life-saving 

4018
03:31:51,300 --> 03:31:54,700
medication could evolve into a 
tale of magical medicinal herbs.

4019
03:31:54,700 --> 03:31:57,700
That could only be grown during 
a full moon, the first 

4020
03:31:57,700 --> 03:32:00,100
breakthrough occurred when 
someone understood that a hand 

4021
03:32:00,100 --> 03:32:03,100
print on a cave wall, could mean
more than just Uno was here. 

4022
03:32:03,100 --> 03:32:06,900
It could mean unhealth, even 
when she wasn't there, let's 

4023
03:32:06,900 --> 03:32:09,800
call her owner because history, 
forgot to record her name which 

4024
03:32:09,800 --> 03:32:11,900
is deliciously. 
Ironic, when you think about it,

4025
03:32:11,900 --> 03:32:15,900
the ability to make the absent 
present in part permanent to the

4026
03:32:15,900 --> 03:32:18,400
transient and build a bridge 
across time. 

4027
03:32:18,400 --> 03:32:21,400
So that one moment could speak 
to another was the Pinnacle of 

4028
03:32:21,400 --> 03:32:25,900
magic, consider, the mental leap
that this signified una needed 

4029
03:32:25,900 --> 03:32:29,000
to realize that a static Mark 
could represent a moving person 

4030
03:32:29,000 --> 03:32:31,400
that a flat image could 
represent a three-dimensional 

4031
03:32:31,400 --> 03:32:34,800
person and that a permanent 
symbol could represent a 

4032
03:32:34,800 --> 03:32:38,900
transient human presence. 
Without any prior examples to 

4033
03:32:38,900 --> 03:32:42,200
guide her, she was effectively 
creating the idea of symbolic 

4034
03:32:42,200 --> 03:32:44,900
representation from the ground 
up cave walls. 

4035
03:32:44,900 --> 03:32:47,800
Quickly, evolved into the first 
social media sites ever used by 

4036
03:32:47,800 --> 03:32:52,400
humans images of horses bison, 
and the occasional self-portrait

4037
03:32:52,400 --> 03:32:55,000
of a cave artists, who was quite
proud of their hunting skills, 

4038
03:32:55,000 --> 03:32:58,700
but interspersed with hand 
stencils, But these weren't just

4039
03:32:58,708 --> 03:33:01,500
old Instagram posts. 
They were the first attempts by 

4040
03:33:01,508 --> 03:33:05,900
Humanity to say this happened, 
we were here, this matters. 

4041
03:33:05,900 --> 03:33:10,100
Remember us not only with the 
caves at lascaux Chauvet and 

4042
03:33:10,100 --> 03:33:13,000
Altamira galleries, but they 
also represented the first 

4043
03:33:13,000 --> 03:33:15,200
attempts by humans to 
communicate permanently. 

4044
03:33:16,100 --> 03:33:19,300
The painters their realize, 
something profound pictures 

4045
03:33:19,300 --> 03:33:21,800
could have deeper meaning than 
just their visual impact. 

4046
03:33:22,700 --> 03:33:25,200
Information about hunting 
methods, seasonal, migration 

4047
03:33:25,200 --> 03:33:27,900
patterns, all the religious 
beliefs that governed, the 

4048
03:33:27,900 --> 03:33:31,400
relationship between humans and 
animals, may be included in a 

4049
03:33:31,400 --> 03:33:33,000
painting, depicting a bison 
hunt. 

4050
03:33:33,000 --> 03:33:35,400
This is where things start to 
get intriguing though. 

4051
03:33:35,400 --> 03:33:38,800
Simple representation wasn't 
enough for those early artists. 

4052
03:33:38,800 --> 03:33:43,100
They started to symbolize an 
abstract, zigzag line could 

4053
03:33:43,100 --> 03:33:48,200
stand for lightning water or a 
River's course, the Sun, the 

4054
03:33:48,200 --> 03:33:51,800
moon or the idea of completeness
could all be represented by a 

4055
03:33:51,800 --> 03:33:57,000
circle dots could stand for 
seeds stars or the concept of 

4056
03:33:57,000 --> 03:34:00,800
plurality. 
Before you knew it, people are 

4057
03:34:00,800 --> 03:34:03,300
discovered the groundbreaking 
notion that symbols could stand 

4058
03:34:03,300 --> 03:34:06,300
for Concepts ideas, and Abstract
relationships. 

4059
03:34:06,300 --> 03:34:09,500
In addition, to tangible 
objects, it's similar to when 

4060
03:34:09,500 --> 03:34:12,800
your dog discovers that the word
walk can actually call forth, 

4061
03:34:12,800 --> 03:34:16,400
leashes excitement and the 
prospect of Adventure in 

4062
03:34:16,400 --> 03:34:19,200
addition, to describing the 
activity of moving on four legs.

4063
03:34:19,200 --> 03:34:22,900
However, our ancestors received 
the foundation of civilization, 

4064
03:34:22,900 --> 03:34:26,300
in stead of tail, wagging. 
These early symbol systems were 

4065
03:34:26,300 --> 03:34:29,200
not writing as we know it today 
because they could not capture 

4066
03:34:29,200 --> 03:34:31,300
the full complexity of spoken 
language. 

4067
03:34:31,300 --> 03:34:35,300
However, this realization by 
humans was the pivotal First 

4068
03:34:35,300 --> 03:34:38,200
Step demonstrating, that 
meaning, could be permanently 

4069
03:34:38,200 --> 03:34:42,000
encoded and decoded by other 
Minds, even though, separated by

4070
03:34:42,000 --> 03:34:47,900
great time and space in ancient 
Mesopotamia around 3,200 BCE the

4071
03:34:47,900 --> 03:34:50,900
Samaritans attacking a problem 
that would make any contemporary

4072
03:34:50,900 --> 03:34:53,300
accountant. 
Cry with recognition, how to 

4073
03:34:53,300 --> 03:34:56,800
keep track of, who owes what to 
whom when your economy is twice 

4074
03:34:56,800 --> 03:34:59,200
as dramatic, and more 
complicated than A soap opera 

4075
03:34:59,200 --> 03:35:02,500
family, tree agriculture, may 
seem straightforward but it's 

4076
03:35:02,508 --> 03:35:05,400
actually a highly intricate 
system of resource management, 

4077
03:35:05,400 --> 03:35:08,200
seasonal planning and economic 
coordination. 

4078
03:35:08,200 --> 03:35:10,100
That the Sumerians had 
perfected. 

4079
03:35:10,900 --> 03:35:15,000
The temples collected offerings 
from worshipers provided daily 

4080
03:35:15,000 --> 03:35:18,400
rations to priests and workers 
organized labor, gangs for 

4081
03:35:18,400 --> 03:35:21,000
large-scale construction 
projects and oversaw 

4082
03:35:21,000 --> 03:35:24,100
cross-continental trade networks
that brought silver from 

4083
03:35:24,100 --> 03:35:28,300
Anatolia, lapis lazuli, from 
Afghanistan, and cedar wood from

4084
03:35:28,308 --> 03:35:30,800
Lebanon. 
Try using just your memory and a

4085
03:35:30,800 --> 03:35:33,800
few knots in string to keep 
track of all that something had 

4086
03:35:33,800 --> 03:35:36,800
to give because the Sumerian 
economy, had expanded Beyond 

4087
03:35:36,800 --> 03:35:38,400
human memories ability to 
control. 

4088
03:35:39,500 --> 03:35:42,100
They would have to discover a 
method to expand, human memory 

4089
03:35:42,100 --> 03:35:44,600
beyond the confines of the 
individual mind. 

4090
03:35:44,600 --> 03:35:47,500
Well, they would have to reduce 
their society to the level of a 

4091
03:35:47,500 --> 03:35:50,200
small village. 
The protagonist of our tail is 

4092
03:35:50,200 --> 03:35:52,200
an anonymous. 
Sumerian bureaucrat, who was 

4093
03:35:52,200 --> 03:35:54,900
most likely the archetypal 
counterpart of the person in 

4094
03:35:54,900 --> 03:35:56,400
your workplace. 
Who remembers. 

4095
03:35:56,400 --> 03:36:00,200
Everyone's birthdays organizes 
the Supply Closet without being 

4096
03:36:00,200 --> 03:36:02,900
asked, and actually reads the 
terms and conditions. 

4097
03:36:03,600 --> 03:36:06,400
This administrative Wiz thought 
there has to be a better way. 

4098
03:36:06,400 --> 03:36:09,900
After observing the disarray of 
record, keeping the initial 

4099
03:36:09,900 --> 03:36:14,900
attempts were exquisitely, basic
tiny tokens made of clay each 

4100
03:36:14,900 --> 03:36:16,900
signifying. 
A certain amount of a particular

4101
03:36:16,900 --> 03:36:19,300
good. 
A sheep is worth one token. 

4102
03:36:19,300 --> 03:36:22,900
A bushel of Bali is worth 
another and an oil jar is worth 

4103
03:36:22,900 --> 03:36:26,100
a third. 
To represent real transactions. 

4104
03:36:26,100 --> 03:36:28,200
These tokens could be 
transferred, counted. 

4105
03:36:28,200 --> 03:36:30,900
And stored you could give 
someone 10 sheep tokens. 

4106
03:36:30,900 --> 03:36:34,400
If you owed them 10 sheep and 
the debt was noted in a way that

4107
03:36:34,400 --> 03:36:37,200
was more flexible than engraving
marks on Stone but more 

4108
03:36:37,200 --> 03:36:40,600
permanent than memory tokens, 
however had their own issues. 

4109
03:36:40,600 --> 03:36:44,500
They were tiny challenging to 
store securely and prone to 

4110
03:36:44,500 --> 03:36:47,400
being misplaced. 
The discovery was made that it 

4111
03:36:47,400 --> 03:36:48,900
was possible to permanently 
record. 

4112
03:36:48,900 --> 03:36:52,100
The meaning of the tokens by 
pressing them into clay tablets 

4113
03:36:52,100 --> 03:36:56,000
rather than storing them loose. 
The tangible tokens turned into 

4114
03:36:56,000 --> 03:36:58,400
Clay impressions and writing 
appeared out of nowhere. 

4115
03:36:58,400 --> 03:37:01,500
They developed cuneiform, which 
is a system of wedge-shaped 

4116
03:37:01,500 --> 03:37:05,100
marks the pressed into clay 
tablets using a reed stylus. 

4117
03:37:06,000 --> 03:37:09,700
The literal meaning of cuneiform
is wedge-shaped which Reveals 

4118
03:37:09,700 --> 03:37:13,500
All About Sumerian priorities. 
They were pragmatic individuals 

4119
03:37:13,500 --> 03:37:16,700
who named their writing system 
after the marks shape rather 

4120
03:37:16,700 --> 03:37:20,600
than after Cosmic principles or 
Gods, the Sumerian soon realized

4121
03:37:20,600 --> 03:37:22,800
they were onto something more 
significant than livestock 

4122
03:37:22,800 --> 03:37:26,700
inventories even though it began
beautifully simple, one sheep 

4123
03:37:26,700 --> 03:37:31,100
equals one Mark 10, sheep equals
10 marks and 50, sheep equals a 

4124
03:37:31,100 --> 03:37:33,100
different Mark that meant many 
sheep. 

4125
03:37:33,900 --> 03:37:35,700
In the future. 
The system could represent the 

4126
03:37:35,700 --> 03:37:39,300
sounds of words that referred to
things in addition to quantities

4127
03:37:39,300 --> 03:37:41,700
of things. 
Imagine the moment when a 

4128
03:37:41,700 --> 03:37:43,900
scribe, like he working through 
the night with flickering 

4129
03:37:43,900 --> 03:37:47,800
Lamplight, discovered that the 
symbol for Bali could also stand

4130
03:37:47,800 --> 03:37:51,200
for the sound. 
She Because that was how Bali 

4131
03:37:51,200 --> 03:37:54,400
was pronounced in Sumerian. 
It was like learning that Lego 

4132
03:37:54,400 --> 03:37:58,000
blocks could create not just 
spaceships and castles but whole

4133
03:37:58,000 --> 03:38:00,700
worlds of emotion, abstract, 
thought and Imagination. 

4134
03:38:01,900 --> 03:38:05,100
All of a sudden you could write 
abstract Concepts like Shepherd 

4135
03:38:05,100 --> 03:38:08,300
by fusing the symbol for Bali 
for the sound. 

4136
03:38:08,300 --> 03:38:12,200
She with the symbol for man? 
After this phonetic Discovery 

4137
03:38:12,200 --> 03:38:15,900
cuneiform evolved from a basic 
accounting system to a complete 

4138
03:38:15,900 --> 03:38:19,000
writing system that could 
represent any spoken idea. 

4139
03:38:19,900 --> 03:38:22,500
The ramifications were 
astounding, you could write not 

4140
03:38:22,500 --> 03:38:26,300
just 10 sheep, but the shepherd,
who tends 10 sheep is my 

4141
03:38:26,300 --> 03:38:28,200
brother. 
And he lives beyond the hill 

4142
03:38:28,200 --> 03:38:31,800
where the barley grows tall in 
the spring rains for the first 

4143
03:38:31,800 --> 03:38:34,500
time in human history. 
At First, Look, the clay 

4144
03:38:34,500 --> 03:38:36,100
tablets. 
That emerged from the discovery 

4145
03:38:36,100 --> 03:38:39,400
are delightfully ordinary. 
These old sheets conceal the 

4146
03:38:39,400 --> 03:38:41,900
seeds of literature, lore and 
human expression. 

4147
03:38:41,900 --> 03:38:45,200
But the majority of them read, 
like the most dull email in box 

4148
03:38:45,200 --> 03:38:48,800
in the world received three, 
bushels of barley from Manila, 

4149
03:38:48,800 --> 03:38:52,700
Barney due to Sheep, by the new 
moon witnessed by. 

4150
03:38:52,700 --> 03:38:55,900
Unammo one of the most 
prestigious occupations in human

4151
03:38:55,900 --> 03:38:58,600
history, was that of the scribes
who produced these tablets. 

4152
03:38:59,400 --> 03:39:02,400
Acquiring knowledge of cuneiform
was akin to mastering an ancient

4153
03:39:02,400 --> 03:39:05,600
language, accounting software 
and artistic technique. 

4154
03:39:05,600 --> 03:39:08,700
All at once, there were 
intricate grammatical rules to 

4155
03:39:08,700 --> 03:39:11,900
learn hundreds of symbols to 
commit to memory and 

4156
03:39:11,900 --> 03:39:15,900
Professional Standards to uphold
These individuals knew they were

4157
03:39:15,900 --> 03:39:18,400
engaging in Magic because they 
were the first to actually 

4158
03:39:18,400 --> 03:39:21,800
solidify thoughts and turn 
spoken words into permanent 

4159
03:39:21,800 --> 03:39:24,000
objects. 
Is it understandable that they 

4160
03:39:24,000 --> 03:39:26,400
developed a sense of 
Professional Pride that bordered

4161
03:39:26,400 --> 03:39:29,200
on overconfidence? 
They were the Defenders of 

4162
03:39:29,200 --> 03:39:33,200
civilization itself contracts 
laws, literature and history 

4163
03:39:33,200 --> 03:39:35,200
would all be impossible without 
scribes. 

4164
03:39:35,200 --> 03:39:38,800
They served as a tangible link 
between their societies memory. 

4165
03:39:38,800 --> 03:39:42,300
And Eternity, young men spent 
years copying classical, texts 

4166
03:39:42,300 --> 03:39:45,300
honing their handwriting and 
acquiring the sophisticated 

4167
03:39:45,300 --> 03:39:46,600
legal and mathematical 
knowledge. 

4168
03:39:46,600 --> 03:39:49,300
Necessary for professional 
administration at Sumerian 

4169
03:39:49,300 --> 03:39:52,300
scribes schools which resembled 
medieval monasteries. 

4170
03:39:53,700 --> 03:39:56,300
They preserved this tale of 
friendship, mortality in the 

4171
03:39:56,300 --> 03:39:59,600
pursuit of meaning for future 
Generations, like copying the 

4172
03:39:59,600 --> 03:40:02,700
Epic of Gilgamesh. 
Humanity's first, Monumental 

4173
03:40:02,700 --> 03:40:06,600
literary Masterpiece, thousands 
of time's the ancient Egyptians 

4174
03:40:06,600 --> 03:40:09,500
were creating their own method 
of permanent communication while

4175
03:40:09,500 --> 03:40:12,100
the Sumerians were busy 
refining, their wedge-shaped 

4176
03:40:12,100 --> 03:40:15,800
filing system, And because they 
were Egyptians, they decided to 

4177
03:40:15,800 --> 03:40:19,200
make it utterly beautiful. 
Wife settle for something that 

4178
03:40:19,200 --> 03:40:20,800
works. 
When you can make something that

4179
03:40:20,800 --> 03:40:23,900
will Amaze for 5,000 years. 
Around the same time as 

4180
03:40:23,900 --> 03:40:27,700
cuneiform hieroglyphics 
appeared, however, Egyptian 

4181
03:40:27,700 --> 03:40:30,400
hieroglyphs, resembled the most 
intricate picture book in the 

4182
03:40:30,400 --> 03:40:33,500
world where a Sumerian writing 
appeared as though someone had 

4183
03:40:33,500 --> 03:40:35,800
been piercing clay with a very 
methodical Fork. 

4184
03:40:36,900 --> 03:40:40,400
Every symbol was a miniature 
artwork eyes that followed you 

4185
03:40:40,400 --> 03:40:43,900
with age-old wisdom, birds that 
appeared ready to take flight 

4186
03:40:43,900 --> 03:40:47,400
and human figures that posed 
with such dignity that even 

4187
03:40:47,400 --> 03:40:49,900
grocery lists appeared to be 
statements of cosmic 

4188
03:40:49,900 --> 03:40:52,600
significance. 
The definition of hieroglyph, 

4189
03:40:52,600 --> 03:40:54,600
which literally translates to 
Sacred. 

4190
03:40:54,600 --> 03:40:57,500
Carving provides all the 
information you require about 

4191
03:40:57,500 --> 03:40:59,700
the Egyptians perspective on 
their writing system. 

4192
03:41:00,500 --> 03:41:02,300
This was more than just useful 
communication. 

4193
03:41:02,300 --> 03:41:06,400
It was a gift from God, a 
conduit between the world of the

4194
03:41:06,400 --> 03:41:09,300
Gods and the mortal world, a 
means of engaging with the 

4195
03:41:09,300 --> 03:41:12,500
Eternal through writing, 
according to Egyptian creation 

4196
03:41:12,500 --> 03:41:14,300
myths. 
The Ibis headed god of wisdom, 

4197
03:41:14,300 --> 03:41:18,000
Thoth created hieroglyphs after 
noticing the footprints. 

4198
03:41:18,000 --> 03:41:19,900
That birds made in the mud along
the Nile. 

4199
03:41:20,700 --> 03:41:23,400
The idea that writing started 
because someone noticed that 

4200
03:41:23,400 --> 03:41:26,100
movement could leave permanent 
traces and that life could 

4201
03:41:26,100 --> 03:41:27,600
inscribe itself on the 
landscape. 

4202
03:41:27,600 --> 03:41:29,900
Is a lovely one. 
Regardless of whether you 

4203
03:41:29,900 --> 03:41:33,300
believe, in divine inspiration, 
Thoth who is said to have 

4204
03:41:33,300 --> 03:41:36,700
invented writing and functioned 
as the Scribe of the Gods was so

4205
03:41:36,700 --> 03:41:39,700
revered by Egyptian scribes that
they have their own Patron 

4206
03:41:39,700 --> 03:41:42,500
deity. 
Imagine working in a profession.

4207
03:41:42,500 --> 03:41:44,900
So, esteemed that it was 
believed the gods themselves 

4208
03:41:44,900 --> 03:41:48,900
practiced it The instruction of 
dwarf from ancient Egypt to 

4209
03:41:48,900 --> 03:41:51,100
search that scribes are the best
at what they do. 

4210
03:41:52,100 --> 03:41:54,500
There is no trade without a 
director except that Of The 

4211
03:41:54,500 --> 03:41:56,700
Scribe. 
He is the director. 

4212
03:41:56,700 --> 03:41:59,400
However, the intricacy of 
hieroglyphs would make 

4213
03:41:59,400 --> 03:42:01,500
contemporary computer, 
programmers cry. 

4214
03:42:02,200 --> 03:42:05,500
Depending on the situation, the 
same symbol May stand for a word

4215
03:42:05,500 --> 03:42:09,400
sound or concept. 
A picture of a house could stand

4216
03:42:09,400 --> 03:42:13,900
for house the sound PR or 
something related to domestic 

4217
03:42:13,900 --> 03:42:17,900
life in general. 
In addition to literacy reading 

4218
03:42:17,900 --> 03:42:20,600
hieroglyphs required, a sort of 
visual puzzle, solving that 

4219
03:42:20,600 --> 03:42:23,800
required years of practice, and 
a mind that could suspend 

4220
03:42:23,800 --> 03:42:27,100
several possible meanings and 
the context clarified, the 

4221
03:42:27,100 --> 03:42:29,700
intended, meaning with typical 
Egyptian Flair. 

4222
03:42:29,700 --> 03:42:33,600
The Egyptians came up with three
distinct writing systems each 

4223
03:42:33,600 --> 03:42:37,000
tailored to a particular set of 
Social contexts and purposes. 

4224
03:42:38,000 --> 03:42:41,400
In order to impress the gods and
future Generations, Egyptians 

4225
03:42:41,400 --> 03:42:45,300
used hieroglyphs for important 
religious or Monumental texts. 

4226
03:42:46,200 --> 03:42:49,000
For common religious and 
administrative documents higher 

4227
03:42:49,000 --> 03:42:52,500
attic, which means Priestly 
refers to hire a glyphs written 

4228
03:42:52,500 --> 03:42:55,600
in cursive, which are quicker to
write while still retaining the 

4229
03:42:55,600 --> 03:42:57,300
dignity required for official 
business. 

4230
03:42:58,500 --> 03:43:02,400
Later Egyptian writing adopted 
demotic, which means of the 

4231
03:43:02,400 --> 03:43:05,200
people for both personal and 
professional correspondence, 

4232
03:43:05,200 --> 03:43:08,700
it's similar to using different 
writing systems for grocery 

4233
03:43:08,700 --> 03:43:12,900
lists office memos and wedding 
invitations realistic maybe not 

4234
03:43:12,900 --> 03:43:15,100
in terms of Effectiveness 
classy. 

4235
03:43:15,100 --> 03:43:18,700
Of course the Egyptians realized
that different forms of 

4236
03:43:18,700 --> 03:43:21,100
communication required. 
Varying degrees of aesthetic 

4237
03:43:21,100 --> 03:43:24,000
appeal that the medium was an 
integral part of the message and

4238
03:43:24,000 --> 03:43:26,600
that writing was about honoring 
information rather than merely 

4239
03:43:26,600 --> 03:43:30,000
preserving it in ancient Egypt, 
becoming a scribe was akin to 

4240
03:43:30,008 --> 03:43:32,800
joining a sacred order. 
In addition to learning how to 

4241
03:43:32,800 --> 03:43:35,500
write young boys. 
And sometimes girls, though, 

4242
03:43:35,500 --> 03:43:38,400
this was uncommon would spend 
years in scribble schools, 

4243
03:43:38,400 --> 03:43:41,800
learning how to mix inks, 
prepare Papyrus and make the 

4244
03:43:41,800 --> 03:43:44,600
Exquisite Reed pens that enabled
hieroglyphic writing. 

4245
03:43:45,500 --> 03:43:48,600
They practiced by learning 
grammar and Mathematics copying 

4246
03:43:48,600 --> 03:43:51,900
classical texts, and honing, the
exact hand eye, coordination 

4247
03:43:51,900 --> 03:43:54,600
needed to produce beautiful and 
readable symbols. 

4248
03:43:54,600 --> 03:43:58,500
In addition to writing, Egyptian
scribes served as the Pharos 

4249
03:43:58,500 --> 03:44:02,900
administrators of the Empire 
Lauren forces and historians. 

4250
03:44:03,600 --> 03:44:06,400
They oversaw the intricate 
irrigation systems that enabled 

4251
03:44:06,400 --> 03:44:10,100
Egyptian, agriculture plan the 
enormous building projects that 

4252
03:44:10,100 --> 03:44:12,600
produced the temples and 
pyramids and kept up the 

4253
03:44:12,600 --> 03:44:15,600
Diplomatic correspondence that 
allowed Egypt to remain in touch

4254
03:44:15,600 --> 03:44:19,200
with the outside world Egyptian 
writing was as beautiful as its 

4255
03:44:19,200 --> 03:44:22,600
instruments. 
Papyrus was a smooth flexible 

4256
03:44:22,600 --> 03:44:25,500
writing surface, that could be 
rolled into Scrolls for 

4257
03:44:25,500 --> 03:44:27,300
convenient storage and 
transportation. 

4258
03:44:27,300 --> 03:44:31,400
It was made from the pith of 
Papyrus plants, which grew along

4259
03:44:31,400 --> 03:44:34,300
the Nile, the delicate curves 
and fine lines. 

4260
03:44:34,300 --> 03:44:37,500
That characterized hieroglyphic 
writing were made possible by 

4261
03:44:37,500 --> 03:44:41,500
Reed pens which were carved from
Marsh plants and precisely 

4262
03:44:41,500 --> 03:44:44,700
shaped to hold ink. 
Rich blacks and Vivid. 

4263
03:44:44,700 --> 03:44:47,800
Reds could be produced with ink 
made from soot and plant gums, 

4264
03:44:47,800 --> 03:44:49,600
which would stay readable and 
clear. 

4265
03:44:49,600 --> 03:44:52,600
For Millennia, most 
significantly, though Egyptian 

4266
03:44:52,600 --> 03:44:54,200
writing was intended to be 
permanent. 

4267
03:44:54,900 --> 03:44:58,000
Egyptian hieroglyphs were carved
into stone temples and tombs 

4268
03:44:58,000 --> 03:45:00,700
with the express purpose of 
remaining forever. 

4269
03:45:00,700 --> 03:45:04,200
Whereas Sumerian cuneiform 
tablets were prone to Breaking 

4270
03:45:04,200 --> 03:45:07,000
or crumbling and many other 
ancient writing systems have 

4271
03:45:07,000 --> 03:45:10,400
completely vanished. 
The Egyptians held that writing 

4272
03:45:10,400 --> 03:45:13,100
could Grant him mortality. 
And that a part of oneself 

4273
03:45:13,100 --> 03:45:15,500
persisted in the world. 
As long as one's name could be, 

4274
03:45:15,508 --> 03:45:18,100
read our story. 
Now, takes a turn, that would be

4275
03:45:18,108 --> 03:45:20,600
proudly featured in any Underdog
Sports film. 

4276
03:45:20,600 --> 03:45:23,600
A small group of people in the 
Eastern Mediterranean, were on 

4277
03:45:23,608 --> 03:45:26,100
the verge of unintentionally 
revolutionizing human 

4278
03:45:26,100 --> 03:45:28,800
communication forever. 
While the Egyptians were 

4279
03:45:28,800 --> 03:45:32,300
perfecting, their beautiful 
complexity and the Mesopotamians

4280
03:45:32,300 --> 03:45:34,100
were growing their empire based 
on wedges. 

4281
03:45:34,100 --> 03:45:37,200
The Phoenicians were academics. 
They were Traders. 

4282
03:45:37,200 --> 03:45:40,500
They were the equivalent of that
friend who always knows where to

4283
03:45:40,508 --> 03:45:42,300
get the best bargains in the 
ancient world. 

4284
03:45:43,200 --> 03:45:46,400
Except instead of selling cheap 
electronics, they dealt in 

4285
03:45:46,400 --> 03:45:49,800
purple dye that was worth more 
than gold Cedar would so fine 

4286
03:45:49,800 --> 03:45:53,100
that it was used in King's 
temples and silver, so pure that

4287
03:45:53,100 --> 03:45:55,100
it became the Benchmark for 
Value throughout the 

4288
03:45:55,108 --> 03:45:58,700
Mediterranean. 
They required a portable easily 

4289
03:45:58,700 --> 03:46:00,500
learned and effective writing 
system. 

4290
03:46:00,500 --> 03:46:03,300
Cuneiform required too much. 
Specialized equipment 

4291
03:46:03,300 --> 03:46:06,700
hieroglyphs were too complicated
for Fast, Business records. 

4292
03:46:06,700 --> 03:46:10,000
And to be honest, they had no 
time for either. 

4293
03:46:10,000 --> 03:46:13,100
When there were fortunes to be 
made in every port from Spain to

4294
03:46:13,100 --> 03:46:15,500
the Black Sea living in a 
practical era. 

4295
03:46:15,500 --> 03:46:19,800
The Phoenicians were pragmatic 
individuals their cities Tyre 

4296
03:46:19,800 --> 03:46:23,700
sidon and byblos were arrested 
on Slender coastal plains with 

4297
03:46:23,700 --> 03:46:26,700
their faces toward the sea and 
their backs to the mountains. 

4298
03:46:27,600 --> 03:46:30,000
They had to trade in order to 
survive because they couldn't 

4299
03:46:30,000 --> 03:46:32,200
produce enough food to sustain 
large populations. 

4300
03:46:33,100 --> 03:46:35,600
Additionally, contracts, 
correspondence and record 

4301
03:46:35,600 --> 03:46:39,100
keeping that were comprehensible
despite linguistic and cultural 

4302
03:46:39,100 --> 03:46:41,800
barriers were necessary for 
successful trade. 

4303
03:46:41,800 --> 03:46:44,800
Therefore, the most elegant Act 
of simplification in human 

4304
03:46:44,800 --> 03:46:47,500
history was carried out by a 
brilliant Phoenician, Merchants 

4305
03:46:47,500 --> 03:46:52,000
around 1200 BCE, let's imagine 
him as the ancient equivalent of

4306
03:46:52,000 --> 03:46:55,100
someone who unintentionally 
revolutionizes storage 

4307
03:46:55,100 --> 03:46:58,200
technology and finds a better 
way to organize their garage, 

4308
03:46:58,200 --> 03:47:01,700
the Phoenicians produced only 22
symbols Each of which 

4309
03:47:01,700 --> 03:47:05,200
represented a single continent 
sound as opposed to 100s of 

4310
03:47:05,200 --> 03:47:07,800
symbols. 
That represented words sounds 

4311
03:47:07,800 --> 03:47:11,500
and Concepts. 
That's all No, images of birds 

4312
03:47:11,500 --> 03:47:15,200
that depending on the context 
could mean bird fly or freedom. 

4313
03:47:15,800 --> 03:47:18,700
There are no abstract ideas that
take years of study to grasp. 

4314
03:47:18,700 --> 03:47:21,800
There was no Divine symbolism, 
that linked writing to Cosmic 

4315
03:47:21,800 --> 03:47:24,800
laws any word in their language 
could be represented by 

4316
03:47:24,800 --> 03:47:28,700
combining just 22 basic marks. 
It was incredibly useful. 

4317
03:47:29,600 --> 03:47:32,800
Instead of the years needed to 
learn Kenai form or hieroglyphs 

4318
03:47:32,800 --> 03:47:36,100
a Merchants child, could learn 
the entire system in months. 

4319
03:47:36,700 --> 03:47:39,400
The symbols were easy enough to 
paint onto wooden boards, 

4320
03:47:39,400 --> 03:47:42,600
scratch into Pottery, or swiftly
carve into stone. 

4321
03:47:43,500 --> 03:47:46,500
The most revolutionary aspect of
the system was its adaptability 

4322
03:47:46,500 --> 03:47:49,900
and logic, which allowed it to 
be, used to write entirely 

4323
03:47:49,900 --> 03:47:52,600
different languages. 
The Phoenician alphabet was 

4324
03:47:52,600 --> 03:47:55,300
straightforward effective and 
highly adaptable. 

4325
03:47:55,300 --> 03:47:58,500
Making it comparable to the 
Swiss army knife of writing 

4326
03:47:58,500 --> 03:48:01,200
systems. 
Once you mastered, the 22 

4327
03:48:01,200 --> 03:48:03,300
letters. 
You could write any word you 

4328
03:48:03,300 --> 03:48:06,000
could pronounce because each 
letter stood for a distinct 

4329
03:48:06,000 --> 03:48:09,500
sound, there was no need for 
costly materials, or specialized

4330
03:48:09,500 --> 03:48:11,800
training. 
No, need to memorize hundreds of

4331
03:48:11,808 --> 03:48:14,800
symbols and no need for 
complicated grammar rules. 

4332
03:48:14,800 --> 03:48:18,400
Encoded in the writing system 
itself, it's likely that the 

4333
03:48:18,400 --> 03:48:21,100
Phoenicians were unaware that 
they had just given Humanity the

4334
03:48:21,100 --> 03:48:24,500
secret to wide-spread literacy. 
There are only goals were to 

4335
03:48:24,508 --> 03:48:28,000
improve business records, 
expedite correspondence, and 

4336
03:48:28,000 --> 03:48:32,100
shorten the time needed to train
new scribes, however, Venetian 

4337
03:48:32,100 --> 03:48:34,600
Traders brought their alphabet 
to every port where they 

4338
03:48:34,600 --> 03:48:37,200
conducted business. 
And it quickly spread like, the 

4339
03:48:37,200 --> 03:48:40,600
most popular viral video in the 
ancient world, the Phoenicians 

4340
03:48:40,600 --> 03:48:44,300
system only marked consonant 
sound leaving Readers to infer 

4341
03:48:44,300 --> 03:48:46,800
vowels from Context. 
It would be like reading 

4342
03:48:46,800 --> 03:48:50,500
beateats s and knowing it means 
by the house. 

4343
03:48:51,600 --> 03:48:54,100
This worked well in Semitic 
languages like Phoenicians and 

4344
03:48:54,100 --> 03:48:57,000
Hebrew, where the consonants 
carry, the majority of the 

4345
03:48:57,000 --> 03:49:00,600
meaning, but it was problematic 
for Greek where vowel sounds 

4346
03:49:00,600 --> 03:49:02,000
were essential for 
comprehension. 

4347
03:49:02,800 --> 03:49:05,600
Greek Traders commented. 
This is brilliant, but it could 

4348
03:49:05,600 --> 03:49:08,900
use some improvements, thus the 
Greeks added vowels to The 

4349
03:49:08,900 --> 03:49:11,800
Phoenician alphabet, which may 
be the most significant change 

4350
03:49:11,800 --> 03:49:15,000
in writing history. 
The Greeks, use those letters to

4351
03:49:15,000 --> 03:49:17,800
stand in for vowel, sounds 
because some Phoenician 

4352
03:49:17,800 --> 03:49:21,400
consonants were not present in 
Greek, the Greek Alpha and our 

4353
03:49:21,400 --> 03:49:23,100
letter. 
A was derived from The 

4354
03:49:23,100 --> 03:49:26,800
Phoenician aleph, the Greek 
beta, and our letter b and so 

4355
03:49:26,800 --> 03:49:28,700
forth. 
Vowels were added to the 

4356
03:49:28,700 --> 03:49:32,100
alphabet, making it much more 
accurate and simpler to learn 

4357
03:49:32,100 --> 03:49:34,200
readers. 
Could see the precise 

4358
03:49:34,200 --> 03:49:37,800
pronunciation of words rather 
than having to guess the missing

4359
03:49:37,800 --> 03:49:40,700
vowel sounds Because of its 
accuracy. 

4360
03:49:40,700 --> 03:49:43,900
The Greek alphabet was ideal for
recording, not only business 

4361
03:49:43,900 --> 03:49:47,200
transactions, but also intricate
literary works like poetry and 

4362
03:49:47,200 --> 03:49:49,300
philosophy. 
Where precise wording was 

4363
03:49:49,300 --> 03:49:52,300
crucial through their 
interactions with Greek colonies

4364
03:49:52,300 --> 03:49:54,900
in southern Italy. 
The Romans came into contact 

4365
03:49:54,900 --> 03:49:58,300
with the Greek, alphabet, and 
recognized its potential for use

4366
03:49:58,300 --> 03:50:00,300
in law and administration right 
away. 

4367
03:50:01,400 --> 03:50:04,200
By standardizing the alphabet 
throughout their empire and 

4368
03:50:04,200 --> 03:50:06,300
using it to produce the 
administrative and legal 

4369
03:50:06,300 --> 03:50:08,700
documents that bound their 
enormous territories together. 

4370
03:50:08,700 --> 03:50:12,000
Roman efficiency, transformed 
the alphabet into an instrument 

4371
03:50:12,000 --> 03:50:16,900
of Empire and that Latin script 
perfected and refined by Roman 

4372
03:50:16,900 --> 03:50:19,300
scribes. 
And bureaucrats it is currently 

4373
03:50:19,300 --> 03:50:23,100
being read by you. 
The 26 letters that you see on 

4374
03:50:23,100 --> 03:50:26,100
your keyboard, the direct 
descendants of those 22, 

4375
03:50:26,100 --> 03:50:29,400
Phoenician consonants, they were
altered by Greek creativity, and

4376
03:50:29,400 --> 03:50:32,400
Roman pragmatism and were passed
down through centuries and 

4377
03:50:32,408 --> 03:50:35,100
continents to reach the page or 
screen in front of you. 

4378
03:50:35,100 --> 03:50:38,100
The success of the alphabet was 
neither inevitable, nor 

4379
03:50:38,100 --> 03:50:41,900
instantaneous, Co-existed with 
various writing systems for 

4380
03:50:41,900 --> 03:50:44,300
centuries, each with unique 
benefits. 

4381
03:50:45,100 --> 03:50:47,300
For more than a millennium 
following, the invention of the 

4382
03:50:47,308 --> 03:50:50,600
alphabet California continued to
be the language of scholarship 

4383
03:50:50,600 --> 03:50:54,100
and diplomacy in Mesopotamia. 
Up until the Roman era 

4384
03:50:54,100 --> 03:50:57,200
hieroglyphs were still utilized 
in Egypt for religious and 

4385
03:50:57,200 --> 03:50:59,900
ceremonial purposes. 
The fact that Chinese 

4386
03:50:59,900 --> 03:51:02,700
character's on their own and are
still in use today. 

4387
03:51:02,700 --> 03:51:05,000
Shows that there are other 
options for solving the writing 

4388
03:51:05,000 --> 03:51:06,800
problem. 
Besides the alphabet one 

4389
03:51:06,800 --> 03:51:09,700
significant benefit of the 
alphabet however, was that it 

4390
03:51:09,700 --> 03:51:11,900
significantly reduced the 
barrier to literacy. 

4391
03:51:12,900 --> 03:51:15,700
A person could become 
functionally literate in months 

4392
03:51:15,700 --> 03:51:18,500
as a supposed to years of 
learning, hundreds, or thousands

4393
03:51:18,500 --> 03:51:22,500
of symbols. 
As a result writing, was no 

4394
03:51:22,500 --> 03:51:25,100
longer the sole domain of 
affluent Elites and professional

4395
03:51:25,100 --> 03:51:28,900
scribes. 
Soldiers Artisans merchants and 

4396
03:51:28,900 --> 03:51:31,100
eventually common. 
People could all learn to read 

4397
03:51:31,100 --> 03:51:33,800
and write writing remained the 
domain of specialist. 

4398
03:51:33,800 --> 03:51:36,300
For approximately a millennium, 
following the adoption of the 

4399
03:51:36,300 --> 03:51:38,900
alphabet. 
But these Specialists were far 

4400
03:51:38,900 --> 03:51:41,200
more numerous than in the past 
books. 

4401
03:51:41,200 --> 03:51:43,800
Were rare expensive and 
handwritten. 

4402
03:51:43,800 --> 03:51:47,300
They were like owning an 
original Picasso except that the

4403
03:51:47,300 --> 03:51:50,700
Picasso was a copy of 
Aristotle's, ethical ideas and 

4404
03:51:50,700 --> 03:51:53,700
it took a monk, three years to 
make while surviving in a Cold 

4405
03:51:53,700 --> 03:51:56,700
Stone Monastery on bread. 
And we kale based on the Latin 

4406
03:51:56,700 --> 03:52:00,200
words Manus, which means hand 
and scriptus, which means 

4407
03:52:00,200 --> 03:52:02,700
written this was the era of the 
manuscript. 

4408
03:52:03,600 --> 03:52:07,200
Letter by letter word by word 
Page by Page each book was 

4409
03:52:07,200 --> 03:52:10,900
literally by hand. 
A single book was worth months 

4410
03:52:10,900 --> 03:52:13,600
or years of human labor due to 
the labor intensive nature of 

4411
03:52:13,608 --> 03:52:17,700
the process, making each volume 
extremely valuable the 

4412
03:52:17,700 --> 03:52:20,200
improbable stewards of human 
knowledge turned out to be 

4413
03:52:20,200 --> 03:52:23,800
medieval monasteries. 
Imagine brother Benedict bent 

4414
03:52:23,800 --> 03:52:27,300
over his writing desk in a 
scriptorium, a special room used

4415
03:52:27,300 --> 03:52:30,400
for copying manuscripts 
carefully, copying the writings 

4416
03:52:30,400 --> 03:52:33,600
of ancient philosophers as his 
back ached from hours of 

4417
03:52:33,600 --> 03:52:37,100
painstaking exacting work and 
his fingers gradually turned 

4418
03:52:37,100 --> 03:52:40,500
blue from the cold. 
In their meticulously copied 

4419
03:52:40,500 --> 03:52:42,900
books. 
These monks preserved everything

4420
03:52:42,900 --> 03:52:46,200
from agricultural methods to 
mathematical theorems to 

4421
03:52:46,200 --> 03:52:49,500
theological arguments making 
them more than just scribes. 

4422
03:52:49,500 --> 03:52:52,900
They were the first backup hard 
drives of human civilization. 

4423
03:52:52,900 --> 03:52:56,100
It was almost Supernatural, how 
much work it took to create a 

4424
03:52:56,100 --> 03:52:59,200
medieval manuscript. 
Initially you needed parchment 

4425
03:52:59,200 --> 03:53:02,300
or Vellum, which required weeks 
of meticulous, preparation, 

4426
03:53:02,300 --> 03:53:06,600
using the skins of dozens of 
animals such as goats sheep or 

4427
03:53:06,600 --> 03:53:10,600
cars, To produce a smooth, 
long-lasting writing surface, 

4428
03:53:10,600 --> 03:53:15,000
the Skins needed to be soaked 
scraped stretched and lime 

4429
03:53:15,000 --> 03:53:18,800
treated. 300 sheep skins could 
be needed for one Bible. 

4430
03:53:18,800 --> 03:53:22,100
The creation of inks followed 
some of which called for 

4431
03:53:22,100 --> 03:53:25,100
substance is more unusual than 
anything found in a contemporary

4432
03:53:25,100 --> 03:53:28,800
chemistry set. 
Gum arabic ion sulfate and Oak 

4433
03:53:28,800 --> 03:53:32,900
Galls growth produced by wasp. 
Larvae were used to make black 

4434
03:53:32,900 --> 03:53:35,600
ink. 
Cinnabar, red Oaker were used to

4435
03:53:35,600 --> 03:53:37,800
make the red ink that was used 
for chapter headings and 

4436
03:53:37,800 --> 03:53:41,300
significant passages. 
Real gold leaf was ground with 

4437
03:53:41,300 --> 03:53:44,700
gum and honey to create gold ink
which was saved for the most 

4438
03:53:44,700 --> 03:53:48,600
valuable writing the writing 
itself, necessitated specific 

4439
03:53:48,600 --> 03:53:52,100
instruments and methods to hold 
ink and create accurate marks 

4440
03:53:52,100 --> 03:53:55,100
quill pens, which were fashioned
from the flight feathers of 

4441
03:53:55,100 --> 03:53:57,900
geese or swans. 
Had to be precisely cut and 

4442
03:53:57,900 --> 03:54:00,900
shape. 
Sand was used to block excess 

4443
03:54:00,900 --> 03:54:04,300
income, speed drying and the 
scribes desk was angled to 

4444
03:54:04,300 --> 03:54:07,400
avoiding pooling. 
However, the illumination. 

4445
03:54:07,400 --> 03:54:10,100
The addition of ornamental 
elements that transformed every 

4446
03:54:10,100 --> 03:54:13,200
page into a work of art was 
where the true Artistry was 

4447
03:54:13,200 --> 03:54:15,800
found. 
Detail initial letters, that 

4448
03:54:15,800 --> 03:54:19,200
could include whole Mitchell 
Landscapes marginal decorations 

4449
03:54:19,200 --> 03:54:22,300
that told visual stories and 
full page illustrations, that 

4450
03:54:22,300 --> 03:54:26,000
Infuse text with Rich details. 
And vibrant colors were all 

4451
03:54:26,000 --> 03:54:29,200
characteristics of illuminated 
manuscripts among the most 

4452
03:54:29,200 --> 03:54:31,600
Exquisite items ever made by 
human hands. 

4453
03:54:31,600 --> 03:54:34,700
Are the most well, known 
illuminated manuscripts such as 

4454
03:54:34,700 --> 03:54:39,600
the Book of Kells or the trail 
to bury hundreds of hours of 

4455
03:54:39,600 --> 03:54:42,100
Labor by talented artists 
employing methods that took 

4456
03:54:42,100 --> 03:54:44,400
decades to perfect a represented
on each page. 

4457
03:54:45,300 --> 03:54:46,600
The pigments were made from 
Vellum. 

4458
03:54:46,600 --> 03:54:47,900
So fine, it was almost 
translucent. 

4459
03:54:47,900 --> 03:54:52,400
Gold Leaf applied with brushes 
made from single hairs and Lapis

4460
03:54:52,400 --> 03:54:54,000
Lazuli imported from 
Afghanistan. 

4461
03:54:54,000 --> 03:54:57,800
It sounds romantic to say that 
each book was unique, but it 

4462
03:54:57,800 --> 03:55:00,300
also means that each one cost 
enough to wipe out a small 

4463
03:55:00,308 --> 03:55:02,400
Kingdom. 
A complete collection of 

4464
03:55:02,400 --> 03:55:05,200
Aristotle's writings could cost 
more than a small farm. 

4465
03:55:05,200 --> 03:55:08,900
A single Bible could cost as 
much as a house and even basic 

4466
03:55:08,900 --> 03:55:11,700
prayer books were luxury items. 
Only the wealthy could afford 

4467
03:55:11,700 --> 03:55:15,200
because of this scarcity. 
The majority of people continue 

4468
03:55:15,200 --> 03:55:18,600
to rely on memory oral tradition
and the occasional helpful 

4469
03:55:18,600 --> 03:55:21,500
neighbor who could read while 
the wealthy and the clergy 

4470
03:55:21,500 --> 03:55:23,600
continued to enjoy the privilege
of literacy. 

4471
03:55:23,600 --> 03:55:27,500
However, something significant 
was taking place, even in this, 

4472
03:55:27,500 --> 03:55:30,400
secluded realm of handwritten 
books, In a way. 

4473
03:55:30,408 --> 03:55:34,500
Never seen before, knowledge was
becoming portable from Monastery

4474
03:55:34,500 --> 03:55:37,700
to Monastery, a manuscript could
spread Concepts across centuries

4475
03:55:37,700 --> 03:55:40,600
and continents. 
These meticulously reproduced 

4476
03:55:40,600 --> 03:55:43,600
books brought the writings of 
Greek philosophers who had been 

4477
03:55:43,600 --> 03:55:46,800
preserved by Islamic scholars 
during the Dark Ages in Europe, 

4478
03:55:46,800 --> 03:55:50,700
back to Christian Europe. 
through Thomas aquinas's work, 

4479
03:55:50,700 --> 03:55:54,700
Aristotle's physics, which was 
translated from Greek to Arabic,

4480
03:55:54,700 --> 03:55:58,000
to Latin, had an impact on 
Christian theology, during the 

4481
03:55:58,000 --> 03:56:01,400
Middle Ages, Ptolemy's 
geography, which has been 

4482
03:56:01,408 --> 03:56:04,800
reproduced and recouped for 
centuries served as a guide for 

4483
03:56:04,800 --> 03:56:07,500
the exploration Expeditions that
brought Europeans to the new 

4484
03:56:07,500 --> 03:56:09,500
world. 
The scribes and monks who 

4485
03:56:09,508 --> 03:56:11,700
produced these manuscripts 
established a culture of 

4486
03:56:11,708 --> 03:56:13,200
knowledge preservation of their 
own. 

4487
03:56:13,200 --> 03:56:16,700
Each book became a dialogue 
across time as a result of the 

4488
03:56:16,700 --> 03:56:19,800
marginalia comments and 
observations in the margins that

4489
03:56:19,800 --> 03:56:22,500
they added. 
Reading a medieval manuscript 

4490
03:56:22,500 --> 03:56:25,200
today is similar to listening to
a group of academics who are 

4491
03:56:25,200 --> 03:56:28,200
centuries apart debate the same 
text adding their own 

4492
03:56:28,200 --> 03:56:30,700
interpretations and insights 
while also agreeing and 

4493
03:56:30,700 --> 03:56:33,100
disagreeing. 
While some of these side remarks

4494
03:56:33,100 --> 03:56:35,800
are academic and somber. 
Others are surprisingly, 

4495
03:56:35,800 --> 03:56:39,300
relatable and human. 
The whether it's raining heavily

4496
03:56:39,300 --> 03:56:41,800
outside. 
The scriptorium complaints about

4497
03:56:41,800 --> 03:56:45,400
the cold, my hand is numb from 
writing and even drawings of 

4498
03:56:45,400 --> 03:56:49,100
cats which it seems medieval 
monks found just as adorable as 

4499
03:56:49,100 --> 03:56:51,400
we do today. 
Can all be found in medieval 

4500
03:56:51,400 --> 03:56:54,900
manuscripts new types of books 
with distinct functions also 

4501
03:56:54,900 --> 03:56:56,500
emerge during the manuscript 
era. 

4502
03:56:57,300 --> 03:57:00,500
Both clergy and lay people 
adopted the sultan as they go to

4503
03:57:00,500 --> 03:57:04,400
prayer book because it contained
the 150 biblical Farms. 

4504
03:57:05,000 --> 03:57:07,400
Among the most popular 
manuscripts for affluent, people

4505
03:57:07,400 --> 03:57:10,400
were books of hours which 
contained prayers for various 

4506
03:57:10,400 --> 03:57:13,600
times of the day. 
Through their descriptions of 

4507
03:57:13,600 --> 03:57:17,200
mythical and real animals 
bestiaries Blended natural 

4508
03:57:17,200 --> 03:57:20,700
history with moral teaching in 
ways that were both entertaining

4509
03:57:20,700 --> 03:57:24,500
and instructive when universe is
first appeared in the 12th 

4510
03:57:24,500 --> 03:57:26,300
century. 
They brought with them new 

4511
03:57:26,300 --> 03:57:29,400
production, techniques and 
demands for books, multiple 

4512
03:57:29,400 --> 03:57:32,000
copies of the same text could be
produced more quickly. 

4513
03:57:32,000 --> 03:57:36,300
Thanks to the PCS system which 
divided text into sections. 

4514
03:57:36,300 --> 03:57:38,700
That could be copied by multiple
scribes at once. 

4515
03:57:39,400 --> 03:57:42,500
Although it's still took months 
to produce a single book, this 

4516
03:57:42,500 --> 03:57:44,700
was the Medieval equivalent of 
mass production. 

4517
03:57:44,700 --> 03:57:48,000
China had been subtly 
transforming, the very medium of

4518
03:57:48,000 --> 03:57:51,400
writing while Europe continued 
to treat books as Priceless 

4519
03:57:51,400 --> 03:57:54,200
artifacts that needed the 
sacrifice of whole herds of 

4520
03:57:54,200 --> 03:57:56,800
sheep. 
Making paper from plant. 

4521
03:57:56,800 --> 03:57:59,100
Fibers was a technique that 
would eventually change the 

4522
03:57:59,100 --> 03:58:01,400
world. 
And it was perfected by a court,

4523
03:58:01,400 --> 03:58:06,100
official named Cai Lun around 
105 CE during the nasty, when 

4524
03:58:06,100 --> 03:58:08,400
you take into account the 
Alternatives, that dominated 

4525
03:58:08,400 --> 03:58:12,000
writing surfaces for centuries. 
This invention may not seem like

4526
03:58:12,000 --> 03:58:15,000
a game changer. 
Imagine attempting to transport 

4527
03:58:15,000 --> 03:58:18,400
a library of clay tablets on a 
journey, they were both heavy 

4528
03:58:18,400 --> 03:58:20,800
and brittle. 
Although Stone was permanent, it

4529
03:58:20,800 --> 03:58:23,200
was not practical for 
inscription other than the most 

4530
03:58:23,200 --> 03:58:26,300
significant ones. 
The Pirates was costly to make 

4531
03:58:26,300 --> 03:58:29,600
and transport and it required 
particular plants that only 

4532
03:58:29,600 --> 03:58:33,600
thrived in particular climates. 
Parchment was extremely costly 

4533
03:58:33,600 --> 03:58:36,600
and required animal skins. 
A single book could require 

4534
03:58:36,600 --> 03:58:40,900
hundreds of animal skins Rags 
bark, bamboo mulberry, trees, 

4535
03:58:40,900 --> 03:58:43,200
and pretty much. 
Any other plant fiber could be 

4536
03:58:43,208 --> 03:58:46,400
used to make paper. 
This made it possible to produce

4537
03:58:46,400 --> 03:58:50,500
writing materials in large 
quantities locally and at a low 

4538
03:58:50,500 --> 03:58:52,500
cost. 
The cost of the information 

4539
03:58:52,500 --> 03:58:55,500
written on the writing. 
Surface became insignificant for

4540
03:58:55,500 --> 03:58:59,600
the first time in human history.
Plant fibers were soaked beaten 

4541
03:58:59,600 --> 03:59:03,000
into pulp combined with water 
and then lifted out on screens 

4542
03:59:03,000 --> 03:59:05,700
to form, thin sheets that 
eventually dried into paper. 

4543
03:59:06,700 --> 03:59:10,100
Kailens method was elegantly 
straightforward, the method 

4544
03:59:10,100 --> 03:59:12,900
became so wide in China. 
That paper was used for more 

4545
03:59:12,900 --> 03:59:15,500
than just writing. 
It was all used for packaging 

4546
03:59:15,500 --> 03:59:18,700
decoration and even clothing 
papers served as a medium for 

4547
03:59:18,700 --> 03:59:22,200
art decoration and even money 
for the Chinese who used it for 

4548
03:59:22,200 --> 03:59:25,500
more than just writing. 
Centuries before the rest of the

4549
03:59:25,500 --> 03:59:27,800
world realized that you could 
use something other than piece 

4550
03:59:27,800 --> 03:59:30,800
of metal to represent value, 
they created paper money. 

4551
03:59:31,600 --> 03:59:34,800
Chinese Traders were using 
exquisitely designed paper notes

4552
03:59:34,800 --> 03:59:38,100
backed by Imperial authority to 
pay for goods while European 

4553
03:59:38,100 --> 03:59:41,200
Merchants continued to carry 
bags of gold and silver coins. 

4554
03:59:41,200 --> 03:59:44,500
Additionally, new forms of 
artistic expression were made 

4555
03:59:44,500 --> 03:59:48,000
possible by Chinese. 
Papermaking Writing itself was 

4556
03:59:48,000 --> 03:59:51,200
regarded as a visual art form 
when calligraphy the art of 

4557
03:59:51,200 --> 03:59:53,600
beautiful writing Advanced to 
new heights. 

4558
03:59:54,400 --> 03:59:57,600
Chinese poets produced versus 
that were Exquisite to look at 

4559
03:59:57,600 --> 04:00:00,900
as they were to read with the 
ink flow and brushwork adding to

4560
04:00:00,900 --> 04:00:03,500
the poem's meaning. 
This type of creative. 

4561
04:00:03,500 --> 04:00:06,700
Experimentation was made 
feasible and affordable by paper

4562
04:00:06,700 --> 04:00:09,600
along trade routes the 
technology gradually spread. 

4563
04:00:09,600 --> 04:00:13,500
Thanks to Traders diplomats and 
tourists who saw its potential 

4564
04:00:14,700 --> 04:00:18,800
Around 750 CE it made its way to
the Islamic world. 

4565
04:00:18,800 --> 04:00:22,900
Most likely via Chinese pose 
taken during the battle of 

4566
04:00:22,900 --> 04:00:25,700
talas. 
With the same further as those 

4567
04:00:25,700 --> 04:00:28,200
who had been attempting to 
preserve library on pricey, 

4568
04:00:28,200 --> 04:00:31,700
animal hides, Islamic scholars 
and administrators embraced. 

4569
04:00:31,700 --> 04:00:34,300
Paper paper books. 
Flooded The Great Library of 

4570
04:00:34,300 --> 04:00:38,000
Baghdad Cairo and Cordoba 
establishing educational hubs 

4571
04:00:38,000 --> 04:00:42,000
that preserved and advanced 
ancient knowledge, Greek Persian

4572
04:00:42,000 --> 04:00:45,600
Sanskrit and other works were 
translated into Arabic and 

4573
04:00:45,600 --> 04:00:48,800
printed as paper books at the 
house of wisdom in Baghdad which

4574
04:00:48,800 --> 04:00:50,400
developed into a translation 
hub. 

4575
04:00:51,200 --> 04:00:54,200
Cheat paper made this enormous 
translation project possible 

4576
04:00:54,200 --> 04:00:57,400
saving classical education that 
might have been lost forever 

4577
04:00:57,400 --> 04:01:01,100
otherwise Islamic papermakers 
improved upon Chinese processes 

4578
04:01:01,100 --> 04:01:04,500
and created new ones that were 
appropriate for various climates

4579
04:01:04,500 --> 04:01:08,600
and the materials at hand From 
Spain to Central Asia, they set 

4580
04:01:08,600 --> 04:01:11,800
up paper mills across their 
lands establishing a production 

4581
04:01:11,800 --> 04:01:14,400
Network that made books more 
widely available and more 

4582
04:01:14,400 --> 04:01:17,400
reasonably priced than ever. 
Before in the 12th century 

4583
04:01:17,400 --> 04:01:19,200
paper. 
Finally made its way to Europe 

4584
04:01:19,200 --> 04:01:22,300
where it encountered, the kind 
of opposition usually reserved 

4585
04:01:22,300 --> 04:01:25,500
for National Security threats. 
Safeguard their business 

4586
04:01:25,500 --> 04:01:29,000
parchment manufacturers 
organized, strong guilds, and 

4587
04:01:29,000 --> 04:01:31,200
pushed policy makers to limit 
the use of paper. 

4588
04:01:31,200 --> 04:01:34,600
Despite the fact that many paper
manuscripts have fared better 

4589
04:01:34,600 --> 04:01:37,500
than parchment ones. 
In terms of survival religious, 

4590
04:01:37,500 --> 04:01:40,700
authorities were concerned that 
paper books might not be robust 

4591
04:01:40,700 --> 04:01:43,800
enough to preserve sacred texts 
in certain locations. 

4592
04:01:43,800 --> 04:01:46,400
Using paper for official 
documents is outright 

4593
04:01:46,400 --> 04:01:48,600
prohibited, the Holy Roman 
Emperor. 

4594
04:01:48,600 --> 04:01:51,400
Frederick the second insisted 
that only parchment was 

4595
04:01:51,400 --> 04:01:54,600
appropriate for significant 
legal records, declaring, in 

4596
04:01:54,608 --> 04:01:58,100
1231 That official documents 
written on paper would be deemed

4597
04:01:58,100 --> 04:02:00,800
invalid. 
This opposition to paper was 

4598
04:02:00,800 --> 04:02:04,100
partially cultural reflecting 
long held ideas about the 

4599
04:02:04,100 --> 04:02:06,700
appropriate materials for 
significant writing and 

4600
04:02:06,700 --> 04:02:10,100
partially economic as the 
production of parchment was a 

4601
04:02:10,100 --> 04:02:12,600
significant industry that 
employs thousands of people, 

4602
04:02:12,600 --> 04:02:16,600
however, paper had a compelling 
Advantage, it was inexpensive. 

4603
04:02:17,500 --> 04:02:20,100
Parchment was unable to keep up 
with the growing number of 

4604
04:02:20,108 --> 04:02:23,200
universities in Europe and the 
resulting demand for books. 

4605
04:02:23,900 --> 04:02:26,600
Throughout their studies. 
The University student may 

4606
04:02:26,600 --> 04:02:28,900
require access to dozens of 
different texts. 

4607
04:02:29,500 --> 04:02:32,200
More animal, skins were needed 
for even a small Library than 

4608
04:02:32,200 --> 04:02:35,700
most areas could provide in the 
13th and 14th centuries. 

4609
04:02:35,700 --> 04:02:38,200
Paper mill started to appear all
over Europe. 

4610
04:02:38,200 --> 04:02:41,200
They were frequently constructed
next to rivers, that could 

4611
04:02:41,200 --> 04:02:44,000
Supply electricity for the 
equipment that was used to 

4612
04:02:44,000 --> 04:02:47,900
grind, plant fibers into pulp. 
These Mills evolved into hubs of

4613
04:02:47,908 --> 04:02:50,900
technological advancement 
creating novel methods for 

4614
04:02:50,900 --> 04:02:53,400
creating various kinds of paper 
with various uses. 

4615
04:02:53,400 --> 04:02:56,900
It would take centuries to fully
comprehend how the economics of 

4616
04:02:56,900 --> 04:02:59,300
knowledge changed as a result of
the cheap papers of 

4617
04:02:59,300 --> 04:03:01,900
availability. 
For the first time writing 

4618
04:03:01,900 --> 04:03:05,800
supplies were reasonably priced 
allowing people to try out novel

4619
04:03:05,800 --> 04:03:08,900
written Expressions because 
paper made writing more 

4620
04:03:08,900 --> 04:03:12,400
affordable personal letters 
increased in frequency, business

4621
04:03:12,400 --> 04:03:15,300
records became more details and 
governments became more 

4622
04:03:15,300 --> 04:03:18,100
bureaucratic. 
Johannes Gutenberg was arguably 

4623
04:03:18,100 --> 04:03:21,900
the most irritated metal work in
Minds Germany and perhaps all of

4624
04:03:21,900 --> 04:03:25,700
Europe by the 1440s. 
He had invested years and a lot 

4625
04:03:25,708 --> 04:03:29,400
of money into creating a system 
of movable type, which consisted

4626
04:03:29,400 --> 04:03:32,100
of separate metal letters that 
could be rearranged to print 

4627
04:03:32,100 --> 04:03:35,600
various texts. 
However, each prototype, he 

4628
04:03:35,600 --> 04:03:38,500
created brought with it, new 
problems, that seem to arise 

4629
04:03:38,500 --> 04:03:40,000
more quickly than he could 
resolve them. 

4630
04:03:40,000 --> 04:03:43,700
The intricacy of the technical 
issues was astounding, the 

4631
04:03:43,700 --> 04:03:46,700
printing would be uneven with 
some letters, pressing harder 

4632
04:03:46,700 --> 04:03:49,100
into the paper than others. 
If the letters weren't all 

4633
04:03:49,100 --> 04:03:52,500
precisely the same height, To 
account for the inherent 

4634
04:03:52,500 --> 04:03:55,300
proportions of various letters, 
they also needed to have 

4635
04:03:55,300 --> 04:03:58,600
slightly different widths. 
For example, our I should be 

4636
04:03:58,608 --> 04:04:02,300
narrower than a w. but both had 
to line up precisely with every 

4637
04:04:02,300 --> 04:04:05,400
other letter in the alphabet, 
the type required, a carefully, 

4638
04:04:05,400 --> 04:04:08,900
formulated metal alloy, If it 
were too soft pressure would 

4639
04:04:08,900 --> 04:04:12,100
cause the letters to distort, 
they would chip or shatter, if 

4640
04:04:12,100 --> 04:04:14,900
they were too hard. 
The alloy needed to be able to 

4641
04:04:14,900 --> 04:04:18,400
capture fine details, be robust 
enough to print thousands of 

4642
04:04:18,400 --> 04:04:21,300
copies and be affordable enough 
to make the system as a whole 

4643
04:04:21,300 --> 04:04:24,900
profitable to transfer from 
metal to paper without smearing 

4644
04:04:24,900 --> 04:04:27,800
or fading, the ink needed to be 
precisely the correct 

4645
04:04:27,800 --> 04:04:31,000
consistency. 
Metal type on paper, just didn't

4646
04:04:31,000 --> 04:04:34,100
work with traditional manuscript
Inc which was made for quill 

4647
04:04:34,100 --> 04:04:37,600
pens on parchment in order to 
stick to metal and transfer 

4648
04:04:37,600 --> 04:04:41,200
smoothly to paper Gutenberg had 
to create a completely new kind 

4649
04:04:41,200 --> 04:04:45,200
of ink that was oil-based rather
than water-based a Pages whole 

4650
04:04:45,200 --> 04:04:47,900
surface required, precisely the 
correct amount of pressure from 

4651
04:04:47,900 --> 04:04:50,800
the Press itself. 
Some letters would print lightly

4652
04:04:50,800 --> 04:04:52,700
or not at all if there was 
insufficient pressure. 

4653
04:04:53,600 --> 04:04:57,100
Excessive pressure could cause 
the paper to tear or the type to

4654
04:04:57,100 --> 04:04:58,700
be pushed. 
So deeply into the paper that 

4655
04:04:58,700 --> 04:05:01,800
holds would form. 
However, the economic issue was 

4656
04:05:01,800 --> 04:05:05,700
arguably the most difficult. 
with no Assurance of return, 

4657
04:05:05,700 --> 04:05:09,100
starting a printing business 
required, a significant upfront 

4658
04:05:09,100 --> 04:05:12,700
investment in supplies, 
machinery and trained labor, 

4659
04:05:13,700 --> 04:05:17,800
Single misaligned letter, a 
batch of 40 ink or a paper issue

4660
04:05:17,800 --> 04:05:20,200
could destroy hundreds of copies
and cause the business to go 

4661
04:05:20,200 --> 04:05:22,600
bankrupt. 
Gutenberg's Brilliance lay not 

4662
04:05:22,600 --> 04:05:24,800
only in his individual solutions
to these issues. 

4663
04:05:24,800 --> 04:05:28,200
But also in his realization, 
that printing was an entirely 

4664
04:05:28,200 --> 04:05:32,000
new method of book production. 
Manuscripts were copied one at a

4665
04:05:32,008 --> 04:05:35,500
time by medieval scribes who 
worked for months on each copy. 

4666
04:05:35,500 --> 04:05:38,800
After the initial setup was 
finished printing. 

4667
04:05:38,800 --> 04:05:41,300
Produced a template that could 
create hundreds of identical 

4668
04:05:41,300 --> 04:05:43,200
copies. 
There was significant. 

4669
04:05:43,200 --> 04:05:46,600
Ramifications of this transition
from artisanal to industrial 

4670
04:05:46,600 --> 04:05:49,200
production that went well beyond
the printing shop. 

4671
04:05:50,200 --> 04:05:53,500
Printed books were identical 
rather than distinct each with 

4672
04:05:53,500 --> 04:05:56,700
its own unique qualities and 
possible mistakes because 

4673
04:05:56,700 --> 04:05:59,500
everyone else reading the same 
book would find the same text in

4674
04:05:59,500 --> 04:06:01,900
the same place scholars in 
different cities. 

4675
04:06:01,900 --> 04:06:05,400
Could now, refer to particular 
pages and lines naturally, the 

4676
04:06:05,400 --> 04:06:07,900
Bible was the first book that 
good and Berg decided to print 

4677
04:06:08,700 --> 04:06:11,500
However this was a wise business
move, as well as a religious 

4678
04:06:11,500 --> 04:06:13,700
one. 
The one book that was sure to 

4679
04:06:13,700 --> 04:06:16,900
have a sizable and steady Market
was the Bible, every Church 

4680
04:06:16,900 --> 04:06:21,100
required copies affluent, people
desired their own copies and the

4681
04:06:21,100 --> 04:06:24,000
text was sufficiently uniformed 
to eliminate any doubts 

4682
04:06:24,000 --> 04:06:25,800
regarding its veracity or 
correctness. 

4683
04:06:25,800 --> 04:06:29,800
The Gutenberg Bible, which was 
finished around 1455 and is 

4684
04:06:29,800 --> 04:06:32,300
still regarded as one of the 
most Exquisite books ever 

4685
04:06:32,300 --> 04:06:34,700
created. 
Demonstrated that hand 

4686
04:06:34,700 --> 04:06:38,300
illumination could compete with 
mechanical reproduction in terms

4687
04:06:38,300 --> 04:06:42,000
of artistic quality Gutenberg 
created books, that fuse, the 

4688
04:06:42,000 --> 04:06:44,700
Elegance of traditional 
manuscript art with the accuracy

4689
04:06:44,700 --> 04:06:47,600
of printing by hiring. 
Talented artists to add 

4690
04:06:47,600 --> 04:06:50,600
decorative elements to each copy
more significantly though. 

4691
04:06:50,600 --> 04:06:53,700
The good and Berg Bible, proved 
that books could be produced in 

4692
04:06:53,700 --> 04:06:56,200
large quantities without 
compromising their quality. 

4693
04:06:57,500 --> 04:07:01,200
Handed decorations. 
Each of the 180 copies was 

4694
04:07:01,200 --> 04:07:05,800
unique despite having the same 
text and layout resulting in a 

4695
04:07:05,800 --> 04:07:08,300
hybrid form that connected 
medieval craftsmanship and 

4696
04:07:08,300 --> 04:07:11,300
contemporary industry with the 
rapidity of a particularly 

4697
04:07:11,300 --> 04:07:14,100
potent plague. 
But with far greater advantages,

4698
04:07:14,100 --> 04:07:18,700
the printing press spread 
throughout Europe by 1500 more 

4699
04:07:18,700 --> 04:07:23,200
than 250 cities ranging from 
Stockholm to Naples and Lisbon 

4700
04:07:23,200 --> 04:07:27,200
to Moscow had printing presses. 
Millions of books were being 

4701
04:07:27,200 --> 04:07:30,800
produced by these presses every 
year changing, Europe from a 

4702
04:07:30,800 --> 04:07:33,700
place where books were rare and 
valuable to one, where printed 

4703
04:07:33,700 --> 04:07:35,500
materials were becoming widely 
available. 

4704
04:07:35,500 --> 04:07:40,000
The ramifications for society, 
were profound, the simultaneous 

4705
04:07:40,000 --> 04:07:43,000
existence of identical copies of
the same text in several 

4706
04:07:43,000 --> 04:07:45,500
locations was unprecedented in 
human history. 

4707
04:07:46,500 --> 04:07:49,000
With the assurance that their 
peers would be reading the same 

4708
04:07:49,000 --> 04:07:51,700
words academics. 
Could now participate in 

4709
04:07:51,700 --> 04:07:54,300
authentic, intellectual 
discourse by citing particular 

4710
04:07:54,300 --> 04:07:57,900
passages and page numbers, 
scholarly discourse became more 

4711
04:07:57,900 --> 04:08:01,900
cumulative, more collaborative 
and more precise after being 

4712
04:08:01,900 --> 04:08:06,100
nailed to a Wittenberg Church 
door in 1517, Martin, Luther's 

4713
04:08:06,100 --> 04:08:08,100
95. 
The Seas were reprinted and 

4714
04:08:08,100 --> 04:08:11,600
disseminated throughout Germany,
in a matter of weeks translated 

4715
04:08:11,600 --> 04:08:14,400
into several languages in a 
matter of months, and then 

4716
04:08:14,400 --> 04:08:16,000
dispersed throughout Europe in a
year. 

4717
04:08:17,000 --> 04:08:20,000
Luther's accusations of church. 
Corruption might have remained a

4718
04:08:20,000 --> 04:08:22,400
local theological dispute in the
absence of printing. 

4719
04:08:23,100 --> 04:08:25,600
Their invention of printing 
served as the Catalyst for the 

4720
04:08:25,600 --> 04:08:28,200
Protestant Reformation, which 
fundamentally altered 

4721
04:08:28,200 --> 04:08:30,800
Christianity in Europe. 
Researchers on different 

4722
04:08:30,800 --> 04:08:33,900
continents could now instantly 
share, scientific discoveries, 

4723
04:08:34,800 --> 04:08:38,500
Within months of its publication
in derivation e-bus in 1543, 

4724
04:08:38,500 --> 04:08:42,500
Copernicus is groundbreaking 
theory that the Earth revolved 

4725
04:08:42,500 --> 04:08:45,500
around the Sun was known to 
astronomers all over Europe. 

4726
04:08:46,300 --> 04:08:49,400
Published in the humani corporis
Fabrica that same year. 

4727
04:08:49,400 --> 04:08:52,000
The salius is precise 
anatomical. 

4728
04:08:52,000 --> 04:08:55,600
Illustrations provided medical 
students worldwide with access 

4729
04:08:55,600 --> 04:08:58,600
to intricate illustrations that 
were previously limited to a 

4730
04:08:58,600 --> 04:09:01,600
small number of hand-drawn 
manuscripts in both subtle and 

4731
04:09:01,608 --> 04:09:04,500
Revolutionary Ways, the printing
press democratized knowledge 

4732
04:09:04,500 --> 04:09:07,900
with less expensive bindings, a 
farmer's son. 

4733
04:09:07,900 --> 04:09:11,300
Could now own the same books as 
a nobleman instead of competing 

4734
04:09:11,300 --> 04:09:14,500
based on the wealth of their 
Patron ideas could do so on 

4735
04:09:14,500 --> 04:09:17,400
their own Merit. 
Simply being able to reproduce 

4736
04:09:17,400 --> 04:09:21,100
text at low cost and disseminate
it, widely enabled, the 

4737
04:09:21,100 --> 04:09:24,300
Protestant Reformation, the 
Scientific Revolution and the 

4738
04:09:24,300 --> 04:09:28,100
enlightenment, however, printing
gave rise to new kinds of 

4739
04:09:28,108 --> 04:09:30,600
control. 
And inequality, even though the 

4740
04:09:30,600 --> 04:09:33,800
cost of books decreased their 
production still required a 

4741
04:09:33,800 --> 04:09:36,800
large investment. 
By determining which texts were 

4742
04:09:36,808 --> 04:09:39,700
worthy of being printed and 
which Concepts merited. 

4743
04:09:39,700 --> 04:09:42,800
Wide-spread dissemination 
Publishers, took on the role of 

4744
04:09:42,800 --> 04:09:46,400
new information Gatekeepers 
Governments implemented, license

4745
04:09:46,400 --> 04:09:49,500
in programs, censorship and 
printing, press control. 

4746
04:09:49,500 --> 04:09:52,700
After realizing the power of 
printing, the spread of 

4747
04:09:52,708 --> 04:09:55,700
protestant text through printing
prompted the Catholic Church to 

4748
04:09:55,700 --> 04:09:59,000
create the index Libra and 
prohibitorum a list of books 

4749
04:09:59,000 --> 04:10:02,700
that Catholics were prohibited 
from reading Realizing that 

4750
04:10:02,700 --> 04:10:05,500
controlling the presses meant, 
controlling the information flow

4751
04:10:05,500 --> 04:10:08,000
governments across Europe, set 
up official, printers and 

4752
04:10:08,000 --> 04:10:10,100
mandated, licenses for printing 
businesses. 

4753
04:10:10,100 --> 04:10:13,400
It was impossible to fully 
regulate printing in spite of 

4754
04:10:13,408 --> 04:10:16,800
these control attempts, 
Smugglers transported, banned 

4755
04:10:16,800 --> 04:10:19,700
texts across borders, 
underground, presses produced 

4756
04:10:19,700 --> 04:10:22,500
books that were prohibited and 
the sheer volume of printed 

4757
04:10:22,500 --> 04:10:24,700
material. 
Made complete censorship in 

4758
04:10:24,700 --> 04:10:27,900
practicable Since mass 
communication had escaped, it 

4759
04:10:27,900 --> 04:10:31,200
would never be able to be reined
in in the 17th and 18th. 

4760
04:10:31,200 --> 04:10:34,500
Centuries, something 
extraordinary occurred, common 

4761
04:10:34,500 --> 04:10:37,800
people started reading for 
enjoyment, not for Religious 

4762
04:10:37,800 --> 04:10:41,400
Education, not for work-related 
reasons, but just because 

4763
04:10:41,400 --> 04:10:45,100
reading was now a fun 
inexpensive and socially 

4764
04:10:45,100 --> 04:10:47,700
acceptable Pastime. 
In addition to reflecting 

4765
04:10:47,700 --> 04:10:49,500
broader shifts in European 
Society. 

4766
04:10:49,500 --> 04:10:52,500
This change was partially 
brought about by the printing 

4767
04:10:52,500 --> 04:10:56,200
press, which made books more 
affordable and accessible more 

4768
04:10:56,200 --> 04:10:59,400
people had free time and 
disposable income as a result of

4769
04:10:59,400 --> 04:11:03,000
growing prosperity. 
A cities grew more populated, 

4770
04:11:03,000 --> 04:11:06,000
bookshops lending, libraries and
literary discussions became 

4771
04:11:06,000 --> 04:11:10,400
commonplace as literacy rates. 
Increased more people were able 

4772
04:11:10,400 --> 04:11:12,400
to read the increasingly 
accessible books. 

4773
04:11:12,400 --> 04:11:15,600
Most significantly though author
started producing content 

4774
04:11:15,600 --> 04:11:17,300
especially for this new 
readership. 

4775
04:11:18,100 --> 04:11:21,100
Published in 1719, Daniel 
defoe's Robinson. 

4776
04:11:21,100 --> 04:11:25,400
Crusoe was Adventure fiction for
merchants shopkeepers Artisans 

4777
04:11:25,400 --> 04:11:30,100
and anybody else with a few free
hours and the cost of a book It 

4778
04:11:30,100 --> 04:11:33,600
was not written for academics or
Aristocrats written in simple 

4779
04:11:33,600 --> 04:11:35,000
terms that anyone could 
understand. 

4780
04:11:35,000 --> 04:11:38,400
And appreciate the book told the
tale of an average man, dealing 

4781
04:11:38,400 --> 04:11:41,300
with extraordinary 
circumstances, the 18th century.

4782
04:11:41,300 --> 04:11:45,400
Social media platforms, were 
coffee shops, more than 3,000 

4783
04:11:45,400 --> 04:11:47,900
coffee shops in London, 
functioned as Gathering spots, 

4784
04:11:47,900 --> 04:11:51,500
where people congregated to read
newspapers, talk about pamphlets

4785
04:11:51,500 --> 04:11:54,200
and debate, the concepts that 
were being discussed in print, 

4786
04:11:54,200 --> 04:11:57,200
these were places where common 
people could engage in the 

4787
04:11:57,200 --> 04:12:00,500
intellectual life of their era. 
Debating politics science, 

4788
04:12:00,500 --> 04:12:03,900
literature and philosophy, over 
coffee cups, and Clay tobacco 

4789
04:12:03,900 --> 04:12:05,800
pipes. 
They were not official 

4790
04:12:05,800 --> 04:12:08,400
educational institutions, every 
coffee shop. 

4791
04:12:08,400 --> 04:12:11,900
Had its own personality and 
customer base after becoming the

4792
04:12:11,900 --> 04:12:15,400
epicenter of Maritime Insurance,
Lloyd's Coffee House changed, 

4793
04:12:15,400 --> 04:12:19,200
its name to Lloyds of London, 
Publishers and booksellers came 

4794
04:12:19,200 --> 04:12:22,200
to the chapter Coffee House. 
Jonathan's Coffee House 

4795
04:12:22,200 --> 04:12:24,000
developed into a hub for stock 
trading. 

4796
04:12:24,000 --> 04:12:27,000
While Wills was well known for 
its literary discussions. 

4797
04:12:27,000 --> 04:12:30,800
The coffee shop served as a hub 
for social networks business 

4798
04:12:30,800 --> 04:12:34,700
transactions, and the formation 
of public opinion, a literary 

4799
04:12:34,700 --> 04:12:37,100
genre that was ideal for this. 
New reading culture, was the 

4800
04:12:37,100 --> 04:12:40,300
novel novels told stories about 
people like the readers 

4801
04:12:40,300 --> 04:12:43,800
themselves in contrast to 
philosophical treatises or epic 

4802
04:12:43,800 --> 04:12:46,100
poems. 
Which required specialized 

4803
04:12:46,100 --> 04:12:50,300
knowledge or classical education
to fully appreciate They looked 

4804
04:12:50,300 --> 04:12:53,400
at the moral dilemmas of daily 
life, the social dynamics of 

4805
04:12:53,400 --> 04:12:57,000
modern society and the inner 
lives of Regular People, the 

4806
04:12:57,000 --> 04:13:00,400
popularity of Samuel, 
Richardson's 1740 novel, Pamela 

4807
04:13:00,400 --> 04:13:03,500
was so great that readers wrote 
fan letters to the fictional 

4808
04:13:03,500 --> 04:13:06,900
heroine sent the author ideas 
for new plot points and 

4809
04:13:06,900 --> 04:13:09,700
convening groups to debate the 
moral decisions and motivations 

4810
04:13:09,700 --> 04:13:12,500
of the characters. 
Individuals were developing 

4811
04:13:12,500 --> 04:13:15,500
emotional bonds with fictional 
characters in ways that any 

4812
04:13:15,500 --> 04:13:18,500
contemporary fiction. 
Reader would recognize Pamela 

4813
04:13:18,500 --> 04:13:20,900
became a literary phenomenon as 
a result of its success. 

4814
04:13:22,500 --> 04:13:25,600
The 18th century equivalent of 
appointment, television was 

4815
04:13:25,600 --> 04:13:29,500
created by Richardson subsequent
publication of Clarissa and even

4816
04:13:29,500 --> 04:13:32,200
longer novel that was released 
in installments over a year. 

4817
04:13:33,100 --> 04:13:35,800
As each new book came out 
reader's scheduled their months 

4818
04:13:35,800 --> 04:13:38,800
in advance congregating, in 
coffee shops, and private 

4819
04:13:38,800 --> 04:13:41,300
residences to talk about the 
most recent events, in 

4820
04:13:41,300 --> 04:13:44,600
Clarissa's heartbreaking, Tale 
in previously, unheard of 

4821
04:13:44,600 --> 04:13:48,000
numbers, women began to produce 
and consume this new literary 

4822
04:13:48,000 --> 04:13:50,700
culture. 
Because the novel was regarded. 

4823
04:13:50,700 --> 04:13:54,400
As a new literary form, devoid 
of long-standing masculine 

4824
04:13:54,400 --> 04:13:57,100
traditions and because women 
were acknowledged for their 

4825
04:13:57,100 --> 04:13:59,800
unique understanding of the 
emotional and domestic themes 

4826
04:13:59,800 --> 04:14:03,000
that novels addressed. 
It was one of the few literary 

4827
04:14:03,000 --> 04:14:05,700
genres in which female authors 
could compete on an equal 

4828
04:14:05,700 --> 04:14:09,900
footing with men in the late. 
17th century, aphro Bayon, often

4829
04:14:09,900 --> 04:14:11,900
regarded as the first 
professional English woman 

4830
04:14:11,900 --> 04:14:15,000
writer proved that women could 
produce fiction that was 

4831
04:14:15,000 --> 04:14:18,800
profitable. 
Eliza Haywood Fanny, Bernie and 

4832
04:14:18,800 --> 04:14:22,400
Radcliffe and Jane Austen who 
mastered the craft of social 

4833
04:14:22,400 --> 04:14:25,400
comedy and produced some of the 
most enduring characters in 

4834
04:14:25,400 --> 04:14:27,500
English. 
Literature were among the many 

4835
04:14:27,500 --> 04:14:30,200
female novelists who flourished 
in the 18th century. 

4836
04:14:30,200 --> 04:14:34,200
These female writers acknowledge
the Social Challenges, emotional

4837
04:14:34,200 --> 04:14:37,100
complexity and intelligence of 
women while riding for female 

4838
04:14:37,100 --> 04:14:39,700
readers. 
Their novels directly addressed.

4839
04:14:39,700 --> 04:14:41,800
The issues of their female 
readership by examining 

4840
04:14:41,800 --> 04:14:45,700
marriage, finance's, family, 
Dynamics and social 

4841
04:14:45,700 --> 04:14:49,300
expectations. 
Instead of being passive objects

4842
04:14:49,300 --> 04:14:52,900
of male attention, they crafted 
heroines who were active agents 

4843
04:14:52,900 --> 04:14:55,900
in their own stories, knowledge 
and entertainment spread more 

4844
04:14:55,900 --> 04:14:58,700
quickly, as a result of feedback
loops produced by the growth of 

4845
04:14:58,700 --> 04:15:02,100
literacy and reading culture. 
Larger, bookmarks. 

4846
04:15:02,100 --> 04:15:03,800
Resulted from an increase in 
readers. 

4847
04:15:03,800 --> 04:15:07,000
There were more specialized 
Publications in larger markets 

4848
04:15:07,000 --> 04:15:10,100
more specialized Publications, 
allowed for more accurate 

4849
04:15:10,100 --> 04:15:12,500
targeting of particular, 
communities and interests 

4850
04:15:12,500 --> 04:15:16,000
magazines started to appear with
the purpose of providing 

4851
04:15:16,000 --> 04:15:18,900
specific audiences, with 
frequent doses, of opinion, 

4852
04:15:18,900 --> 04:15:23,400
information and entertainment. 
One of the first popular 

4853
04:15:23,400 --> 04:15:27,100
general, interest magazines. 
The gentleman's magazine was 

4854
04:15:27,100 --> 04:15:31,400
established in 1731 and combined
news literature science and 

4855
04:15:31,400 --> 04:15:35,300
commentary in a monthly format. 
Soon after came Magazine's for 

4856
04:15:35,300 --> 04:15:38,500
women kids and people with 
particular interests or 

4857
04:15:38,500 --> 04:15:41,900
occupations, reading became even
more accessible and communal 

4858
04:15:41,900 --> 04:15:44,200
with the circulation of 
libraries readers. 

4859
04:15:44,200 --> 04:15:46,900
Could check out books from the 
library return them when they 

4860
04:15:46,900 --> 04:15:49,700
were done and choose new ones 
from the collection for a 

4861
04:15:49,700 --> 04:15:54,000
subscription fee, Through the 
creation of reader communities, 

4862
04:15:54,000 --> 04:15:56,600
that exchange recommendations 
and discussed what they had 

4863
04:15:56,600 --> 04:15:59,300
read. 
This system made pricey novels 

4864
04:15:59,300 --> 04:16:02,600
accessible to those who couldn't
afford to buy them, Reading had 

4865
04:16:02,600 --> 04:16:04,600
become so wide. 
Spread by the end of the 18th 

4866
04:16:04,600 --> 04:16:07,700
century that social critics 
began to worry that it might 

4867
04:16:07,700 --> 04:16:10,400
jeopardize moral order and 
social stability. 

4868
04:16:11,300 --> 04:16:14,300
Young people were accused of 
reading too much fiction and 

4869
04:16:14,300 --> 04:16:17,200
ignoring their practical 
obligations especially young 

4870
04:16:17,200 --> 04:16:19,700
women. 
Novels were accused of fostering

4871
04:16:19,700 --> 04:16:23,300
dangerous, Notions of social 
equality fostering, female 

4872
04:16:23,300 --> 04:16:26,500
Independence, and generating a 
rational expectations about 

4873
04:16:26,500 --> 04:16:30,500
romance later, panics about 
radio television video games and

4874
04:16:30,500 --> 04:16:33,900
social media, or striking 
similarities to these fears 

4875
04:16:33,900 --> 04:16:35,700
about the consequences of 
reading fiction. 

4876
04:16:36,900 --> 04:16:39,600
Every new Mass entertainment 
medium has been charged with 

4877
04:16:39,600 --> 04:16:43,000
destroying Traditional Values. 
Corrupting young people and 

4878
04:16:43,000 --> 04:16:46,200
eroding social ties. 
Perhaps the first instance of 

4879
04:16:46,200 --> 04:16:49,600
moral panic over mass media was 
the reading of the 18th century,

4880
04:16:49,600 --> 04:16:52,900
which established trends that 
would be replicated with every 

4881
04:16:52,900 --> 04:16:56,200
new communication technology 
writing and reading became 

4882
04:16:56,200 --> 04:16:58,100
industrial processes in the 19th
century. 

4883
04:16:58,100 --> 04:17:02,000
An information once a limited 
resource accessible, only to the

4884
04:17:02,000 --> 04:17:05,400
elite became a mass produced 
good that was accessible to all 

4885
04:17:05,400 --> 04:17:09,700
societal levels. 
The same steam engines and 

4886
04:17:09,700 --> 04:17:12,300
mechanical advancements, that 
were transforming Transportation

4887
04:17:12,300 --> 04:17:16,100
manufacturing and every other 
facet of economic life. 

4888
04:17:16,100 --> 04:17:19,600
Also drove, this change books 
and newspapers could be produced

4889
04:17:19,600 --> 04:17:21,400
more quickly than anyone had 
thought possible. 

4890
04:17:21,400 --> 04:17:24,700
Thanks to steam powered 
printing, presses with skilled 

4891
04:17:24,700 --> 04:17:28,100
operators putting in long hours,
the old-fashioned hand operated 

4892
04:17:28,100 --> 04:17:30,100
printing press which had hardly 
change. 

4893
04:17:30,100 --> 04:17:33,800
Since gutenberg's day, could 
possibly produce 300 pages every

4894
04:17:33,800 --> 04:17:36,000
day. 
With little assistance, from 

4895
04:17:36,000 --> 04:17:39,900
humans steam, powered presses 
could generate 3,000 pages per 

4896
04:17:39,900 --> 04:17:42,100
hour. 
The same need for an expensive 

4897
04:17:42,100 --> 04:17:43,800
materials that was 
revolutionizing. 

4898
04:17:43,800 --> 04:17:47,600
Textile production also drove 
the mechanization and efficiency

4899
04:17:47,600 --> 04:17:51,600
of paper making The handmade 
sheets that had restricted paper

4900
04:17:51,600 --> 04:17:54,800
production for centuries. 
Could be replaced by continuous 

4901
04:17:54,800 --> 04:17:57,200
roles of paper of consistent, 
quality and thickness. 

4902
04:17:57,200 --> 04:18:00,900
Thanks to the Foreigner machine,
which was created in the early 

4903
04:18:00,900 --> 04:18:04,200
1800s. 
Rag started to give away to Wood

4904
04:18:04,200 --> 04:18:07,200
pulp as the main raw material 
for paper, which increased its 

4905
04:18:07,200 --> 04:18:10,300
affordability and availability 
for the first time in human 

4906
04:18:10,300 --> 04:18:13,500
history, the dissemination of 
knowledge was not hampered by 

4907
04:18:13,500 --> 04:18:15,500
the physical creation of reading
materials. 

4908
04:18:16,200 --> 04:18:18,700
At prices, lower enough for 
working-class, families, to 

4909
04:18:18,700 --> 04:18:21,900
afford, books, and newspapers 
Publishers could print, as many 

4910
04:18:21,900 --> 04:18:23,500
copies as the market would 
demand. 

4911
04:18:23,500 --> 04:18:26,100
The first real mass media was 
thus produced. 

4912
04:18:26,900 --> 04:18:30,000
Newspapers evolved from pricey 
weekly indulgences that were 

4913
04:18:30,000 --> 04:18:33,200
mostly read by professionals and
Merchants to inexpensive 

4914
04:18:33,200 --> 04:18:36,000
everyday essentials that were 
accessible to all societal 

4915
04:18:36,000 --> 04:18:38,700
classes. 
By the 1830s. 

4916
04:18:38,700 --> 04:18:42,300
America's Penny press was 
printing, one cent newspapers 

4917
04:18:42,300 --> 04:18:46,700
that were jam-packed with local 
news, Sensational stories, and 

4918
04:18:46,700 --> 04:18:49,100
advertisements, meant to reach 
as many people as possible. 

4919
04:18:49,100 --> 04:18:52,000
Compared to the commercial and 
political newspapers of the 

4920
04:18:52,000 --> 04:18:54,300
previous Century. 
The content of these Penny 

4921
04:18:54,300 --> 04:18:58,300
papers was very different The 
penny press reported on crime, 

4922
04:18:58,300 --> 04:19:02,000
accidents, human interest, 
stories, and entertainment, 

4923
04:19:02,000 --> 04:19:05,400
rather than politics 
international trade, and topics 

4924
04:19:05,400 --> 04:19:09,100
of interest to affluent readers.
They were the forerunners of 

4925
04:19:09,100 --> 04:19:12,100
contemporary tabloid journalism 
which was created to be 

4926
04:19:12,100 --> 04:19:15,100
interesting readable and 
accessible to those with little 

4927
04:19:15,100 --> 04:19:18,000
free time or education. 
When ships arrived with the 

4928
04:19:18,008 --> 04:19:21,000
newest edition of the old 
curiosity shop or Great 

4929
04:19:21,000 --> 04:19:24,500
Expectations readers on both 
sides of the Atlantic lined up 

4930
04:19:24,508 --> 04:19:27,500
at docks, making Charles 
Dickens, possibly, the first 

4931
04:19:27,500 --> 04:19:30,900
True Media celebrity. 
His novels was serialized in 

4932
04:19:30,900 --> 04:19:33,900
magazines, which created the 
19th century equivalent of 

4933
04:19:33,900 --> 04:19:36,800
appointment television. 
People devoted their entire 

4934
04:19:36,800 --> 04:19:39,300
month to learning the fate of 
their favorite fictional 

4935
04:19:39,300 --> 04:19:41,300
characters. 
And Dickens earnings from 

4936
04:19:41,300 --> 04:19:44,400
writing allowed him to live like
a King novels published in 

4937
04:19:44,400 --> 04:19:47,700
serial form, gave rise to new 
kinds of authorial response and 

4938
04:19:47,700 --> 04:19:51,200
reader interaction. 
Dickens is renowned for all 

4939
04:19:51,200 --> 04:19:53,800
trink plot points in response to
read a responses to previous 

4940
04:19:53,800 --> 04:19:56,800
chapter. 
Dickinson's changed his plans 

4941
04:19:56,800 --> 04:20:00,100
for other characters in the old 
curiosity, shop after readers, 

4942
04:20:00,100 --> 04:20:02,600
expressed dissatisfaction with 
little nails fate. 

4943
04:20:03,600 --> 04:20:06,900
A more responsive and Democratic
form of literature was produced 

4944
04:20:06,900 --> 04:20:10,300
by this direct feedback, loop 
between writers and readers as 

4945
04:20:10,300 --> 04:20:13,008
education. 
Grew basic literacy, cease to be

4946
04:20:13,016 --> 04:20:16,300
an elite achievement and instead
became a practical necessity. 

4947
04:20:17,200 --> 04:20:20,300
Workers who could follow written
instructions, read, simple 

4948
04:20:20,300 --> 04:20:23,300
instructions and comprehend, 
basic contracts and legal 

4949
04:20:23,300 --> 04:20:26,200
documents were needed during the
Industrial Revolution. 

4950
04:20:26,200 --> 04:20:31,100
Commercial activities, railroad 
operations and factory work all 

4951
04:20:31,100 --> 04:20:34,100
required literacy skills that 
were previously optional for the

4952
04:20:34,100 --> 04:20:37,300
majority of people the majority 
of industrialized nations 

4953
04:20:37,300 --> 04:20:40,100
implemented, public education 
systems in the 19th century, 

4954
04:20:40,100 --> 04:20:43,100
with the goal of creating 
literate workers who could 

4955
04:20:43,100 --> 04:20:47,200
navigate an increasingly complex
economy, Using standardized 

4956
04:20:47,200 --> 04:20:50,100
techniques that could be used on
a large scale, children learn to

4957
04:20:50,108 --> 04:20:52,500
read, and write quickly. 
And effectively, most 

4958
04:20:52,500 --> 04:20:55,200
significantly, though writing 
started to accelerate in ways 

4959
04:20:55,200 --> 04:20:58,600
that radically altered, the 
nature of communication, Written

4960
04:20:58,600 --> 04:21:01,200
messages could be sent to cross 
continents in a matter of 

4961
04:21:01,208 --> 04:21:04,900
minutes, thanks to the telegraph
which was created in the 1840s 

4962
04:21:04,900 --> 04:21:08,200
informational was able to spread
more quickly than its creators 

4963
04:21:08,200 --> 04:21:10,500
for the first time. 
Since humans invented writing 

4964
04:21:10,500 --> 04:21:14,500
government journalism, and 
business, were all significantly

4965
04:21:14,500 --> 04:21:18,200
impacted by this acceleration. 
Markets, thousands of miles 

4966
04:21:18,200 --> 04:21:21,000
apart, could coordinate their 
stock prices, nearly 

4967
04:21:21,000 --> 04:21:23,800
instantaneous, news reporting 
was possible from remote 

4968
04:21:23,800 --> 04:21:27,000
locations. 
In real time military leaders 

4969
04:21:27,000 --> 04:21:29,000
could coordinate operations over
large areas. 

4970
04:21:29,900 --> 04:21:33,000
By uniting previously, disparate
areas into a cohesive 

4971
04:21:33,000 --> 04:21:36,200
Communication System. 
The telegraph produced the first

4972
04:21:36,200 --> 04:21:39,900
genuinely worldwide Information.
Network new writing styles that 

4973
04:21:39,900 --> 04:21:42,300
were geared toward economy and 
speed were necessary for 

4974
04:21:42,300 --> 04:21:45,600
telegraph communication. 
Messages had to be clear and 

4975
04:21:45,600 --> 04:21:47,800
succinct because every word cost
money. 

4976
04:21:47,800 --> 04:21:51,000
Other writing styles were 
impacted by the telegram style 

4977
04:21:51,000 --> 04:21:54,600
which pushed for directness and 
efficiency The headlines of 

4978
04:21:54,600 --> 04:21:57,800
newspapers became more witty 
business letters, became more 

4979
04:21:57,800 --> 04:22:01,100
targeted, the clipped 
cost-effective style, originally

4980
04:22:01,100 --> 04:22:03,900
created for telegraph, 
communication started to be 

4981
04:22:03,900 --> 04:22:05,600
adopted, even in private 
correspondence. 

4982
04:22:05,600 --> 04:22:09,400
The act of writing itself was 
mechanized with the invention of

4983
04:22:09,400 --> 04:22:13,700
the typewriter in the 1870s. 
Expert type is could create more

4984
04:22:13,700 --> 04:22:18,200
readable text used, less space, 
and produce clean, identical 

4985
04:22:18,200 --> 04:22:21,000
copies of documents more quickly
than any handwriter. 

4986
04:22:21,000 --> 04:22:24,800
The typewriter gave women their 
first widespread office job 

4987
04:22:24,800 --> 04:22:27,800
opportunity and the sound of 
typing became the background 

4988
04:22:27,800 --> 04:22:29,400
music of contemporary office 
work. 

4989
04:22:29,400 --> 04:22:32,700
Additionally, typewriting 
standardized written documents 

4990
04:22:32,700 --> 04:22:36,800
appearance in ways that had 
unanticipated repercussions, The

4991
04:22:36,800 --> 04:22:39,500
handwriting on handwritten 
documents provided insight into 

4992
04:22:39,500 --> 04:22:41,700
the author's. 
Social class, educational 

4993
04:22:41,700 --> 04:22:44,800
attainment, emotional state, and
personal traits. 

4994
04:22:46,200 --> 04:22:49,200
Due to the anonymity and 
consistency of type documents. 

4995
04:22:49,200 --> 04:22:53,000
Written communication became 
more democratic, an ideas could 

4996
04:22:53,000 --> 04:22:55,700
be evaluated without regard to 
the personal traits of their 

4997
04:22:55,700 --> 04:22:59,600
authors writing, was not only 
altered by the 20th century, but

4998
04:22:59,600 --> 04:23:02,800
it was also multiplied, 
exponentially resulting, in an 

4999
04:23:02,800 --> 04:23:05,400
information environment. 
So complex and Rich that it 

5000
04:23:05,400 --> 04:23:07,400
would have been overwhelming to 
earlier, centuries. 

5001
04:23:08,200 --> 04:23:11,400
However, each new technology 
seemed to increase the desire 

5002
04:23:11,400 --> 04:23:13,900
for more written content, rather
than replace written 

5003
04:23:13,900 --> 04:23:16,800
communication despite their 
apparent threats to written 

5004
04:23:16,800 --> 04:23:19,900
communication radio, and 
television, actually increase 

5005
04:23:19,900 --> 04:23:22,900
the demand for written 
materials, people wanted to read

5006
04:23:22,900 --> 04:23:25,600
more in-depth articles in 
newspapers and magazines after 

5007
04:23:25,600 --> 04:23:27,500
hearing fascinating news on the 
radio. 

5008
04:23:28,500 --> 04:23:31,400
Watches of Television looked for
books written by authors they 

5009
04:23:31,400 --> 04:23:34,600
had heard on talk shows. 
Instead of taking the place of 

5010
04:23:34,600 --> 04:23:38,300
the others, each new medium seem
to enhance them the development 

5011
04:23:38,300 --> 04:23:41,900
of offset printing in the early 
1900s greatly reduced, the cost,

5012
04:23:41,900 --> 04:23:44,400
and increase the versatility of 
high-quality reproduction. 

5013
04:23:45,400 --> 04:23:48,000
Any image or text that could be 
photographed, could be 

5014
04:23:48,000 --> 04:23:51,600
reproduced using offset printing
as a traditional Letterpress 

5015
04:23:51,600 --> 04:23:54,600
printing, which required the 
manual setting of individual 

5016
04:23:54,600 --> 04:23:57,800
pieces of metal type. 
This allowed Publishers to 

5017
04:23:57,800 --> 04:24:01,400
experiment with new layouts and 
visual designs magazines to 

5018
04:24:01,400 --> 04:24:04,700
include photographs, alongside 
texts and books to include 

5019
04:24:04,700 --> 04:24:08,100
diagrams and illustrations. 
With magazines, catering to 

5020
04:24:08,100 --> 04:24:11,400
every imaginable interest and 
demographic, their variety and 

5021
04:24:11,400 --> 04:24:15,300
circulation skyrocketed. 
Through breathtaking photography

5022
04:24:15,300 --> 04:24:18,300
and readable Pros, about far-off
locales and fascinating 

5023
04:24:18,300 --> 04:24:21,900
cultures, National Geographic 
brought the world into American 

5024
04:24:21,900 --> 04:24:24,700
homes. 
Photojournalism was invented by 

5025
04:24:24,700 --> 04:24:27,700
Life Magazine which used 
pictures and thoughtfully chosen

5026
04:24:27,700 --> 04:24:30,900
text to tell stories. 
While Ladies Home Journal 

5027
04:24:30,900 --> 04:24:34,200
sparked a national dialogue, 
among women about fashion social

5028
04:24:34,200 --> 04:24:37,500
issues and domestic life, 
Popular Science helped, make 

5029
04:24:37,500 --> 04:24:39,700
technical advancements 
understandable to a wide 

5030
04:24:39,700 --> 04:24:42,300
audience, Publishers like 
penguin in Britain and 

5031
04:24:42,308 --> 04:24:44,800
pocketbooks in America. 
Led the paperback Revolution, 

5032
04:24:44,800 --> 04:24:48,300
which made books more accessible
and portable than ever before. 

5033
04:24:48,300 --> 04:24:52,200
Complete novels collections of 
poetry, or non-fiction could be 

5034
04:24:52,200 --> 04:24:54,300
published in paperback books, 
the cost. 

5035
04:24:54,300 --> 04:24:57,600
No more than a magazine. 
All of a sudden, serious 

5036
04:24:57,600 --> 04:25:00,800
literature was as disposable as 
magazines and as easily 

5037
04:25:00,800 --> 04:25:04,100
accessible as newspapers, new 
literary communities and reading

5038
04:25:04,100 --> 04:25:07,500
habits were spawned by this 
accessibility in individuals, 

5039
04:25:07,500 --> 04:25:10,300
could afford to gamble on on 
proven writers or Uncharted 

5040
04:25:10,300 --> 04:25:13,200
Territory. 
Book stopped being significant 

5041
04:25:13,200 --> 04:25:16,200
Investments and instead became 
impulsive purchases. 

5042
04:25:17,100 --> 04:25:19,500
Millions of people were exposed 
to authors and genres. 

5043
04:25:19,500 --> 04:25:21,900
They might not have otherwise 
come across in traditional 

5044
04:25:21,900 --> 04:25:24,400
bookstores. 
Thanks to the paperback Rack in 

5045
04:25:24,400 --> 04:25:27,300
pharmacies and airports over the
course of the industrialized 

5046
04:25:27,300 --> 04:25:30,200
World typewriters went from 
being a luxury piece of office 

5047
04:25:30,200 --> 04:25:33,300
equipment to become everyday 
household objects, that were 

5048
04:25:33,300 --> 04:25:37,400
used in homes, schools and small
businesses ordinary. 

5049
04:25:37,400 --> 04:25:39,400
People were able to create 
documents that looked 

5050
04:25:39,400 --> 04:25:42,600
professional in their homes. 
For the first time in ways that 

5051
04:25:42,600 --> 04:25:44,400
would have astounded medieval 
scribes. 

5052
04:25:44,400 --> 04:25:47,700
Who spent years honing, their 
handwriting, the typewriter 

5053
04:25:47,700 --> 04:25:51,700
democratized neat readable 
writing the nature of private 

5054
04:25:51,700 --> 04:25:53,500
correspondence. 
Was also altered by the 

5055
04:25:53,500 --> 04:25:56,800
widespread of availability of 
typewriters for Speed and 

5056
04:25:56,800 --> 04:25:59,100
Clarity. 
Letters could be typed while 

5057
04:25:59,100 --> 04:26:01,500
retaining the unique writing 
style of each individual. 

5058
04:26:02,400 --> 04:26:05,000
Standardized format and 
appearance for business letters,

5059
04:26:05,000 --> 04:26:08,100
led to the development of 
templates and conventions, that 

5060
04:26:08,100 --> 04:26:11,300
continue to shape formal 
correspondence today, the speed 

5061
04:26:11,300 --> 04:26:12,500
and reach of written 
communication. 

5062
04:26:12,500 --> 04:26:14,600
However, were undergoing a true 
Revolution. 

5063
04:26:15,900 --> 04:26:19,300
With the Advent of the airmail, 
service in the 1920s, and 1930s 

5064
04:26:19,300 --> 04:26:22,800
letters, could now be sent to 
cross oceans in a matter of days

5065
04:26:22,800 --> 04:26:26,200
as a post to weeks. 
International trade and 

5066
04:26:26,200 --> 04:26:29,000
cooperation were made possible 
at a speed that would have seen 

5067
04:26:29,000 --> 04:26:30,700
miraculous to earlier 
Generations. 

5068
04:26:30,700 --> 04:26:34,000
A business letter sent from New 
York on Monday could arrive in 

5069
04:26:34,000 --> 04:26:37,300
London, by Thursday newspapers 
were able to instantly share 

5070
04:26:37,300 --> 04:26:39,900
stories across continents. 
Thanks to teleprinting. 

5071
04:26:42,000 --> 04:26:44,600
More integrated, Global 
awareness of current events 

5072
04:26:44,600 --> 04:26:47,100
could result from the 
simultaneous, publication of the

5073
04:26:47,100 --> 04:26:50,300
same news story in newspapers 
from Tokyo to New York. 

5074
04:26:51,200 --> 04:26:53,700
Reports from the front lines, 
could be filed by War 

5075
04:26:53,700 --> 04:26:55,400
correspondents and published the
following day. 

5076
04:26:55,400 --> 04:26:58,600
In local newspapers, due to the 
extraordinary demand for 

5077
04:26:58,600 --> 04:27:01,300
communication and information 
brought about by World War Two. 

5078
04:27:01,300 --> 04:27:05,100
Many of these Trends were 
accelerated improvements. 

5079
04:27:05,100 --> 04:27:08,500
In information processing, 
Printing and Telecommunications 

5080
04:27:08,500 --> 04:27:11,800
were driven by military 
requirements, markets for new, 

5081
04:27:11,800 --> 04:27:13,500
kinds of Publications and 
Reporting. 

5082
04:27:13,500 --> 04:27:15,800
Techniques were opened by the 
demand for news. 

5083
04:27:16,600 --> 04:27:19,700
Millions of people were exposed 
to writers and Concepts that 

5084
04:27:19,700 --> 04:27:21,400
they might not have otherwise 
come across. 

5085
04:27:21,400 --> 04:27:25,000
Thanks to the pocket sized books
that soldiers carried perhaps no

5086
04:27:25,000 --> 04:27:28,000
single publishing initiative in 
history has contributed more to 

5087
04:27:28,000 --> 04:27:30,500
the democratization of 
literature than the answer 

5088
04:27:30,500 --> 04:27:33,500
Services additions, which were 
small paperback books, sent to 

5089
04:27:33,508 --> 04:27:35,200
American soldiers during World 
War 2. 

5090
04:27:36,100 --> 04:27:39,700
These books were printed on 
inexpensive paper made to fit in

5091
04:27:39,700 --> 04:27:43,000
uniform pockets, and given away 
for free to all active military 

5092
04:27:43,000 --> 04:27:45,800
personnel. 
They created a reading program 

5093
04:27:45,800 --> 04:27:49,100
that transcended all social and 
educational boundaries by 

5094
04:27:49,100 --> 04:27:51,700
including everything from 
technical manuals to popular 

5095
04:27:51,700 --> 04:27:54,200
novels to classical literature 
expanded. 

5096
04:27:54,200 --> 04:27:56,800
Expectations and tastes in 
literature were brought back by 

5097
04:27:56,800 --> 04:28:00,100
veterans from the war. the 
greatest expansion of higher 

5098
04:28:00,100 --> 04:28:03,700
education in American history 
was made possible by the g bill 

5099
04:28:03,700 --> 04:28:06,700
which offered educational 
benefits to returning veterans, 

5100
04:28:07,500 --> 04:28:10,000
The explosion of collagen 
enrollment opened up in almost 

5101
04:28:10,000 --> 04:28:12,800
new markets for serious 
non-fiction academic, 

5102
04:28:12,800 --> 04:28:16,300
Publications and textbooks, the 
first truly Mass literate 

5103
04:28:16,300 --> 04:28:19,600
Society in human history was 
brought about by the post-war 

5104
04:28:19,600 --> 04:28:22,400
economic boom. 
Instead of being exceptional, 

5105
04:28:22,400 --> 04:28:26,300
college education, became the 
norm, everyone could now afford 

5106
04:28:26,300 --> 04:28:28,100
literature. 
Thanks to paperback, books 

5107
04:28:28,100 --> 04:28:30,500
Public, Library's developed into
Community. 

5108
04:28:30,500 --> 04:28:33,700
Hubs, were anyone seeking 
information from any social or 

5109
04:28:33,700 --> 04:28:36,200
economic background? 
Could obtain it for free new 

5110
04:28:36,200 --> 04:28:38,800
reading and writing habits were 
brought about by Suburban 

5111
04:28:38,800 --> 04:28:41,300
development? 
On their daily commutes 

5112
04:28:41,300 --> 04:28:45,000
commuters used busses and trains
as makeshift reading rooms where

5113
04:28:45,000 --> 04:28:47,400
they read paperback novels, 
periodicals and newspapers. 

5114
04:28:48,700 --> 04:28:51,500
Because most suburban homes had 
a den or family room with 

5115
04:28:51,500 --> 04:28:55,000
built-in bookcases middle-class,
people were accustomed to owning

5116
04:28:55,000 --> 04:28:58,000
and displaying books, social 
critics started to worry about 

5117
04:28:58,000 --> 04:29:01,000
information overload, by the 
1960s because written 

5118
04:29:01,000 --> 04:29:04,900
communication had become so 
commonplace books, magazines and

5119
04:29:04,900 --> 04:29:07,700
newspapers were all over the 
place with all the written 

5120
04:29:07,700 --> 04:29:11,500
material being produced daily, 
how could anyone keep up in his 

5121
04:29:11,500 --> 04:29:15,500
1970 book, Future Shock? 
Alvin Toffler made the case that

5122
04:29:15,500 --> 04:29:18,500
the amount of information and 
the rate of change were becoming

5123
04:29:18,500 --> 04:29:21,700
too much for the average person 
to handle psychologically, the 

5124
04:29:21,700 --> 04:29:25,000
explosion of information in the 
1960s was a gentle Prelude to 

5125
04:29:25,000 --> 04:29:27,200
what was to come. 
But no one could have predicted 

5126
04:29:27,200 --> 04:29:29,000
that. 
It was only the beginning in the

5127
04:29:29,008 --> 04:29:33,600
1940s and 1950s computers looked
like a normal calculators with 

5128
04:29:33,600 --> 04:29:35,200
text processing as an 
afterthought. 

5129
04:29:36,300 --> 04:29:39,900
These compact devices which were
packed with Magnetic drums and 

5130
04:29:39,900 --> 04:29:43,600
vacuum tubes were made mainly 
for mathematical computations 

5131
04:29:43,600 --> 04:29:47,100
used in large-scale data 
processing military applications

5132
04:29:47,100 --> 04:29:50,300
and scientific research. 
The notion that they could 

5133
04:29:50,300 --> 04:29:53,900
transform human communication 
seemed as unrealistic as the 

5134
04:29:53,900 --> 04:29:56,600
notion that locomotive might one
day be employed for space 

5135
04:29:56,600 --> 04:29:58,700
travel. 
Punched cards were fed into 

5136
04:29:58,700 --> 04:30:02,200
these devices by early computer 
operators who then had to wait 

5137
04:30:02,200 --> 04:30:05,800
hours or even days for the 
results to print compared to 

5138
04:30:05,800 --> 04:30:09,300
typewriters writing on computers
was slower and more difficult. 

5139
04:30:09,300 --> 04:30:12,500
And it took months to acquire 
the specialized knowledge of 

5140
04:30:12,500 --> 04:30:14,900
operating systems and 
programming languages needed. 

5141
04:30:15,900 --> 04:30:19,200
Text processing, was viewed as a
trivial use of computing, power 

5142
04:30:19,200 --> 04:30:22,100
by the few individuals who 
worked with computers, who are 

5143
04:30:22,100 --> 04:30:25,400
highly skilled technicians and 
scientists, however, computers 

5144
04:30:25,400 --> 04:30:28,100
had a huge advantage over all 
earlier writing Technologies. 

5145
04:30:28,100 --> 04:30:31,500
They could transmit edit and 
copy text without any physical 

5146
04:30:31,500 --> 04:30:34,500
restrictions. 
A computer-generated document 

5147
04:30:34,500 --> 04:30:37,400
was made up of electrical or 
magnetic signal patterns. 

5148
04:30:37,400 --> 04:30:40,300
That could be precisely 
duplicated as many times as 

5149
04:30:40,300 --> 04:30:41,800
necessary without losing 
quality. 

5150
04:30:43,100 --> 04:30:45,800
It was possible to make changes 
without having to retype whole 

5151
04:30:45,800 --> 04:30:49,000
pages. 
Electronically, stored searched 

5152
04:30:49,000 --> 04:30:52,200
and retrieved text could be done
with speed and accuracy, that 

5153
04:30:52,200 --> 04:30:55,000
physical documents could not 
match the Revolutionary. 

5154
04:30:55,000 --> 04:30:57,700
Potential of computerized 
writing became apparent in the 

5155
04:30:57,700 --> 04:31:01,800
1960s and 1970s with the 
development of word processing 

5156
04:31:01,800 --> 04:31:05,000
software. 
Previously unheard of ease and 

5157
04:31:05,008 --> 04:31:09,100
efficiency, authors could alter 
text on screen rearranging 

5158
04:31:09,100 --> 04:31:13,200
paragraphs, fixing mistakes, and
updating content, without having

5159
04:31:13,200 --> 04:31:18,000
to retype entire documents. 
By doing away with the tiresome 

5160
04:31:18,000 --> 04:31:21,400
mechanical parts of writing, 
such as retyping rearranging and

5161
04:31:21,400 --> 04:31:24,900
proofreading, several drafts. 
Authors were free to concentrate

5162
04:31:24,900 --> 04:31:28,400
on ideas and content rather than
the actual Act of writing this 

5163
04:31:28,400 --> 04:31:31,000
power was brought to Common 
desks in homes and offices 

5164
04:31:31,000 --> 04:31:34,300
across the developed world in 
the 1980s with the Advent of 

5165
04:31:34,300 --> 04:31:37,800
personal computers, in addition 
to being sufficiently powerful, 

5166
04:31:37,800 --> 04:31:41,000
to manage complex, word 
processing data management, and 

5167
04:31:41,000 --> 04:31:44,700
communication tasks computers, 
such as the Apple 2, Commodore 

5168
04:31:44,700 --> 04:31:48,800
64, and IBM PC were reasonably 
priced for individual homes and 

5169
04:31:48,800 --> 04:31:50,800
small. 
Enterprises in addition to 

5170
04:31:50,800 --> 04:31:54,300
making editing as simple as 
typing word processing programs.

5171
04:31:54,300 --> 04:31:58,200
Like wordstar wordperfect and 
eventually Microsoft Word added 

5172
04:31:58,200 --> 04:32:00,900
capabilities that were 
previously unattainable with 

5173
04:32:00,900 --> 04:32:04,600
mechanical writing instruments. 
Spell checking automatically 

5174
04:32:04,600 --> 04:32:08,000
detected typos. 
Find and replace features could 

5175
04:32:08,000 --> 04:32:10,500
instantly make Global changes to
lengthy documents. 

5176
04:32:11,200 --> 04:32:14,800
With the help of numerous fonts 
and formatting choices, authors 

5177
04:32:14,800 --> 04:32:17,300
were able to manipulate the text
appearance in ways that were 

5178
04:32:17,300 --> 04:32:19,400
previously exclusive to 
professional Publishers, 

5179
04:32:19,400 --> 04:32:22,300
professional quality. 
Documents could now be produced 

5180
04:32:22,300 --> 04:32:23,900
at home. 
Thanks to personal printers. 

5181
04:32:23,900 --> 04:32:27,700
Anyone with a computer could now
create documents that looked as 

5182
04:32:27,700 --> 04:32:29,800
professional as those from 
specialized print shops. 

5183
04:32:29,800 --> 04:32:33,500
Thanks to dot matrix printers, 
which were followed by inkjet 

5184
04:32:33,500 --> 04:32:36,500
and Laser Printers. 
As revolutionary as the original

5185
04:32:36,500 --> 04:32:39,400
printing invention, the 
democratization of document 

5186
04:32:39,400 --> 04:32:42,000
production made publishing 
accessible to anyone with a 

5187
04:32:42,000 --> 04:32:46,000
computer however, networking 
which linked individual PCS into

5188
04:32:46,000 --> 04:32:49,100
Global Communication networks 
was the true Revolution. 

5189
04:32:50,200 --> 04:32:53,100
Originally restricted to users 
of the same computer system. 

5190
04:32:53,100 --> 04:32:56,800
Electronic mail developed into a
Global Communication tool that 

5191
04:32:56,800 --> 04:32:59,400
could link anyone with computer 
access to anybody else. 

5192
04:32:59,400 --> 04:33:02,400
Anywhere in the world, written 
communication became 

5193
04:33:02,400 --> 04:33:06,400
instantaneous and interactive 
with email instead of days or 

5194
04:33:06,400 --> 04:33:09,700
weeks, you could compose a 
message, send it to someone on 

5195
04:33:09,700 --> 04:33:12,599
the other side of the globe and 
get a response in a matter of 

5196
04:33:12,599 --> 04:33:15,700
minutes or hours. 
While maintaining the accuracy 

5197
04:33:15,700 --> 04:33:18,800
and permanent that set writing 
apart from speech, written 

5198
04:33:18,800 --> 04:33:22,599
communication started to catch 
up to conversational speed, more

5199
04:33:22,599 --> 04:33:24,800
sophisticated forms of 
computer-mediated communication,

5200
04:33:24,800 --> 04:33:28,000
were made possible by the 
protocols and standards that 

5201
04:33:28,000 --> 04:33:31,400
made e-mail possible. 
Anyone with system access could 

5202
04:33:31,400 --> 04:33:34,300
read the messages, that users 
posted on bulletin board systems

5203
04:33:34,300 --> 04:33:38,000
BBS, Global discussion forum 
centered on particular. 

5204
04:33:38,000 --> 04:33:40,700
Topics of Interest were 
established by Usenet newsgroups

5205
04:33:41,400 --> 04:33:44,099
these early online communities 
showed that new kinds of social 

5206
04:33:44,099 --> 04:33:47,700
interaction that relied solely 
on written communication could 

5207
04:33:47,700 --> 04:33:49,500
be supported by computer 
networks. 

5208
04:33:49,500 --> 04:33:52,800
The largest library in human 
history was created almost 

5209
04:33:52,800 --> 04:33:56,400
instantly after the worldwide. 
Web was made available to the 

5210
04:33:56,400 --> 04:33:58,300
general public in the early 
1990s. 

5211
04:33:58,300 --> 04:34:02,599
You could access millions of 
documents from any computer with

5212
04:34:02,599 --> 04:34:05,200
an internet connection. 
Eliminating, the need to 

5213
04:34:05,200 --> 04:34:07,000
physically visit places to find 
information. 

5214
04:34:08,300 --> 04:34:11,099
Most of the obstacles that had 
previously restricted access to 

5215
04:34:11,099 --> 04:34:14,800
information and publication were
removed by the internet, which 

5216
04:34:14,800 --> 04:34:17,000
turned every computer into a 
printing press. 

5217
04:34:17,000 --> 04:34:20,099
And every person into a 
potential publisher, the markup 

5218
04:34:20,099 --> 04:34:24,300
language used to create web 
pages, HTML, was flexible enough

5219
04:34:24,300 --> 04:34:27,599
to support complex multimedia, 
presentation while still being 

5220
04:34:27,599 --> 04:34:29,900
easier enough for anyone to 
learn and publish online. 

5221
04:34:30,800 --> 04:34:33,900
Since the majority of early 
websites were text-based, the 

5222
04:34:33,900 --> 04:34:36,599
internet was essentially a huge 
collection of links documents 

5223
04:34:36,599 --> 04:34:40,200
that could be read searched and 
linked to one another in ways 

5224
04:34:40,200 --> 04:34:42,500
that were not possible with 
traditional books and papers. 

5225
04:34:42,500 --> 04:34:45,400
No one completely foresaw the 
consequences of this 

5226
04:34:45,400 --> 04:34:50,099
democratization of publishing 
Publishers editors Librarians, 

5227
04:34:50,099 --> 04:34:52,500
journalists and other 
traditional information, 

5228
04:34:52,500 --> 04:34:55,599
Gatekeepers, suddenly found 
themselves in competition with 

5229
04:34:55,599 --> 04:34:58,700
anyone with an internet 
connection and something to say.

5230
04:34:59,599 --> 04:35:02,599
Information grew exponentially 
in quantity and accessibility 

5231
04:35:02,599 --> 04:35:05,300
but its quality and 
dependability became 

5232
04:35:05,300 --> 04:35:08,000
increasingly erratic. 
The challenge of locating 

5233
04:35:08,000 --> 04:35:09,800
information. 
In this enormous Digital 

5234
04:35:09,800 --> 04:35:13,500
Library, was resolved by search 
engines, web specific search 

5235
04:35:13,500 --> 04:35:16,800
engines like Alta Vista, and 
Yahoo replaced early, search 

5236
04:35:16,800 --> 04:35:20,900
tools, like Archie, and gopher. 
And finally, Google The entire 

5237
04:35:20,900 --> 04:35:22,500
Corpus of human written 
knowledge. 

5238
04:35:22,500 --> 04:35:25,500
Could be searched in a matter of
seconds from any location in the

5239
04:35:25,500 --> 04:35:27,500
world. 
Thanks to Google's page rank 

5240
04:35:27,500 --> 04:35:30,900
algorithm, which could sift 
through billions of web pages to

5241
04:35:30,900 --> 04:35:34,000
find the most pertinent results 
for any query Universal. 

5242
04:35:34,000 --> 04:35:37,900
Search ability had significant 
ramifications researchers, could

5243
04:35:37,900 --> 04:35:41,099
locate pertinent information, 
nearly instantly rather than 

5244
04:35:41,099 --> 04:35:43,900
spending hours in libraries 
searching through card catalogs 

5245
04:35:43,900 --> 04:35:46,900
and indexes. 
Writers had access to more 

5246
04:35:46,900 --> 04:35:49,300
sources than the greatest 
Scholars of early centuries. 

5247
04:35:49,300 --> 04:35:52,200
Could have hoped for rather than
depending on their own 

5248
04:35:52,200 --> 04:35:54,099
collections or institutional 
Holdings. 

5249
04:35:54,099 --> 04:35:57,800
Any writing projects, research 
phase was shortened from weeks 

5250
04:35:57,800 --> 04:35:59,500
or months to a few hours or 
days. 

5251
04:35:59,500 --> 04:36:02,900
Additionally, digital text 
opened up new avenues for 

5252
04:36:02,900 --> 04:36:04,700
multimedia and interactive 
writing. 

5253
04:36:05,599 --> 04:36:08,200
Authors were able to produce 
nonlinear documents, with 

5254
04:36:08,200 --> 04:36:10,800
hypertext links that readers 
could navigate based on their 

5255
04:36:10,800 --> 04:36:14,900
own needs and interests. 
Compared to traditional print 

5256
04:36:14,900 --> 04:36:17,200
media websites. 
Could create richer and more 

5257
04:36:17,200 --> 04:36:21,300
captivating reading experiences 
by fusing text with images audio

5258
04:36:21,300 --> 04:36:25,700
and video websites email, and 
forums that mirrored traditional

5259
04:36:25,700 --> 04:36:27,700
publishing models were 
transplanted to digital 

5260
04:36:27,700 --> 04:36:29,900
platforms. 
And the early internet was 

5261
04:36:29,900 --> 04:36:32,700
largely used for publishing and 
consuming relatively formal 

5262
04:36:32,700 --> 04:36:35,700
written content. 
However, the emergence of a new 

5263
04:36:35,707 --> 04:36:38,599
generation of online platforms, 
at the turn of the 21st century,

5264
04:36:38,599 --> 04:36:41,800
drastically altered, the nature 
of digital communication 

5265
04:36:41,800 --> 04:36:45,700
unexpectedly, social media 
sites, like Friendster Myspace, 

5266
04:36:45,700 --> 04:36:48,800
and eventually Facebook restored
writing as a means of 

5267
04:36:48,800 --> 04:36:51,500
communication. 
People started writing, quick 

5268
04:36:51,500 --> 04:36:55,700
concise answers to each other's 
posts comments and updates in 

5269
04:36:55,700 --> 04:36:58,000
place of formal documents or 
well-written letters. 

5270
04:36:58,000 --> 04:37:01,300
Instead of publishing 
information, these platforms 

5271
04:37:01,300 --> 04:37:03,900
were made to promote social 
interaction and they were 

5272
04:37:03,900 --> 04:37:06,700
successful in developing new 
written communication formats 

5273
04:37:06,700 --> 04:37:09,400
that resembled speech more than 
conventional writing. 

5274
04:37:09,400 --> 04:37:12,300
People's use of written 
language, was significantly 

5275
04:37:12,300 --> 04:37:14,700
impacted by this return to 
conversational writing. 

5276
04:37:15,500 --> 04:37:18,700
Emotional connection, an 
instantaneous expression, took 

5277
04:37:18,700 --> 04:37:22,599
precedence over formal grammar. 
In ways that traditional texts 

5278
04:37:22,599 --> 04:37:25,700
could not a motor on an 
acronyms, evolved into a new 

5279
04:37:25,707 --> 04:37:28,700
type of written shorthand that 
could express emotion and tone. 

5280
04:37:29,400 --> 04:37:32,700
Because people started writing 
as they spoke using slang, 

5281
04:37:32,700 --> 04:37:35,599
informal constructions and 
interruptions. 

5282
04:37:35,599 --> 04:37:37,700
That would not have been 
appropriate in more formal, 

5283
04:37:37,700 --> 04:37:40,099
written settings, the line 
between spoken and written 

5284
04:37:40,099 --> 04:37:43,500
language started to blur. 
When Facebook's timeline feature

5285
04:37:43,500 --> 04:37:47,099
was launched in 2011, it gave 
rise to a new genre of 

5286
04:37:47,099 --> 04:37:50,700
autobiographical writing in 
which users shared brief posts 

5287
04:37:50,700 --> 04:37:52,400
with photos of their everyday 
activities. 

5288
04:37:53,400 --> 04:37:55,700
This was a more immediate and 
impromptu form of 

5289
04:37:55,700 --> 04:37:59,099
self-documentation that captured
every day moments and Casual 

5290
04:37:59,099 --> 04:38:02,500
thoughts in ways that earlier 
Generations would have deemed to

5291
04:38:02,500 --> 04:38:06,300
insignificant record rather than
the meticulously planned 

5292
04:38:06,300 --> 04:38:10,000
self-presentation of traditional
autobiography by restricting 

5293
04:38:10,000 --> 04:38:15,200
post to 140 characters later 
increased to 280 Twitter, which 

5294
04:38:15,200 --> 04:38:18,300
was launched in 2006 took 
conversational writing to the 

5295
04:38:18,308 --> 04:38:21,500
next level. 
Stream concision was required by

5296
04:38:21,500 --> 04:38:25,200
this restriction, which prompted
the creation of new brevity 

5297
04:38:25,200 --> 04:38:29,000
optimized, forms of writing. 
Twitter users developed a poetic

5298
04:38:29,000 --> 04:38:33,000
form that prioritized wit 
insight and emotional impact 

5299
04:38:33,000 --> 04:38:36,000
over conventional literary 
elaboration by learning to 

5300
04:38:36,000 --> 04:38:38,400
convey the most meaning in the 
least amount of space. 

5301
04:38:38,400 --> 04:38:41,400
Additionally, the character 
limit altered the Cadence of 

5302
04:38:41,400 --> 04:38:44,599
written correspondence. 
Twitter users posted short 

5303
04:38:44,599 --> 04:38:46,900
updates throughout the day 
rather than writing long 

5304
04:38:46,900 --> 04:38:49,700
messages that were sent 
occasionally resulting, in a 

5305
04:38:49,700 --> 04:38:53,000
constant flow of written content
that was more akin to ongoing 

5306
04:38:53,000 --> 04:38:55,200
conversation than traditional 
correspondence. 

5307
04:38:56,000 --> 04:38:58,500
Millions of users were able to 
engage in simultaneous 

5308
04:38:58,500 --> 04:39:02,000
conversations about current 
affairs, individual experiences 

5309
04:39:02,000 --> 04:39:05,400
and cultural phenomena on the 
platform which evolved into a 

5310
04:39:05,400 --> 04:39:07,800
global chat room. 
Beginning as a straightforward 

5311
04:39:07,800 --> 04:39:10,400
method of sending quick 
messages, between mobile phones 

5312
04:39:10,400 --> 04:39:14,099
in the 1990s, text messaging, 
Rose to prominence as a written 

5313
04:39:14,099 --> 04:39:16,099
communication method in the 
early 2000s. 

5314
04:39:17,000 --> 04:39:20,800
Similar to Twitter SMS. Messages
were restricted to 160 

5315
04:39:20,800 --> 04:39:23,599
characters and emphasized, 
private communication over 

5316
04:39:23,599 --> 04:39:25,900
public broadcasting. 
There are linguistic, 

5317
04:39:25,900 --> 04:39:29,200
conventions, abbreviations and 
cultural norms specific to 

5318
04:39:29,200 --> 04:39:33,500
texting. 
The terms, LOL laugh allowed BRB

5319
04:39:33,500 --> 04:39:37,200
be right back and TTYL talk to 
you later. 

5320
04:39:37,200 --> 04:39:40,800
Became widely used. 
The way people formed written 

5321
04:39:40,800 --> 04:39:43,700
thoughts was altered by 
predictive text and autocorrect 

5322
04:39:43,700 --> 04:39:46,400
features which occasionally 
resulted in misunderstandings 

5323
04:39:46,400 --> 04:39:49,700
but also made composition 
faster, mobile technology. 

5324
04:39:49,700 --> 04:39:53,000
Also changed the physical act of
writing texting could be done 

5325
04:39:53,000 --> 04:39:56,100
with thumbs on small screens 
while walking taking public 

5326
04:39:56,100 --> 04:39:59,000
transit or doing other 
activities, whereas traditional 

5327
04:39:59,000 --> 04:40:01,600
writing had been done with pens 
on paper, or fingers on 

5328
04:40:01,600 --> 04:40:05,600
keyboards writing, was genuinely
portable and incorporated into 

5329
04:40:05,600 --> 04:40:09,600
everyday life in previously, 
Unthinkable ways with the 2007 

5330
04:40:09,600 --> 04:40:12,500
release of the iPhone 
smartphones further expanded the

5331
04:40:12,500 --> 04:40:15,100
accessibility and versatility of
mobile writing. 

5332
04:40:15,800 --> 04:40:18,400
Every phone became a portable 
writing and Publishing tool. 

5333
04:40:18,400 --> 04:40:22,400
Thanks to touchscreen, keyboards
voice to text capabilities and 

5334
04:40:22,400 --> 04:40:26,200
constant internet connectivity. 
The amount and speed of written 

5335
04:40:26,200 --> 04:40:29,200
communication increased 
dramatically, as a result of 

5336
04:40:29,200 --> 04:40:32,200
people being able to create and 
share written content at any 

5337
04:40:32,200 --> 04:40:34,200
time. 
And from any location in 

5338
04:40:34,200 --> 04:40:37,700
Instagram, which debuted in 
2010, created new storytelling 

5339
04:40:37,700 --> 04:40:40,600
formats by fusing textual and 
visual communication. 

5340
04:40:41,400 --> 04:40:44,500
Users posted pictures with 
captions, that varied from brief

5341
04:40:44,500 --> 04:40:47,900
summaries to in-depth stories. 
People's writing about their 

5342
04:40:47,900 --> 04:40:51,200
experience as impacted by a new 
kind of categorization and 

5343
04:40:51,200 --> 04:40:54,700
search ability brought about by 
the platforms hashtag system. 

5344
04:40:54,700 --> 04:40:58,200
Perhaps most significantly 
however, social media brought 

5345
04:40:58,200 --> 04:41:01,000
writing back into the mainstream
in ways not seen since 

5346
04:41:01,000 --> 04:41:03,200
prehistoric. 
Cultures, oral traditions 

5347
04:41:04,300 --> 04:41:06,900
Writing had been a solitary act 
for the majority of human 

5348
04:41:06,900 --> 04:41:09,800
history producing a document 
that would later be read by 

5349
04:41:09,808 --> 04:41:14,000
others, writing became 
instantaneous interactive and 

5350
04:41:14,000 --> 04:41:17,600
collaborative with social media.
Responding to each other's posts

5351
04:41:17,600 --> 04:41:19,800
within minutes or seconds of 
their publication. 

5352
04:41:19,800 --> 04:41:22,900
People could collaborate in real
time, fostering conversations 

5353
04:41:22,900 --> 04:41:26,500
across various platforms and 
time zones, new kinds of group 

5354
04:41:26,500 --> 04:41:29,400
meaning making were spawned by 
the comment sections that sprang

5355
04:41:29,400 --> 04:41:32,400
up beneath news articles, blog 
entries and social media posts 

5356
04:41:32,400 --> 04:41:35,800
hundreds of responses to a 
single post could challenge 

5357
04:41:35,800 --> 04:41:39,000
expand or totally 
recontextualize. 

5358
04:41:39,000 --> 04:41:42,300
The original message as readers 
began to co-create, meaning 

5359
04:41:42,300 --> 04:41:44,100
through their responses and 
interactions. 

5360
04:41:44,100 --> 04:41:46,600
The line between author and 
reader became less. 

5361
04:41:46,600 --> 04:41:49,800
Clear, new types of collective 
authorship were also spawned by 

5362
04:41:49,800 --> 04:41:51,700
the collaborative nature of 
digital writing. 

5363
04:41:52,500 --> 04:41:56,100
When Wikipedia was first 
launched in 2001, it showed that

5364
04:41:56,100 --> 04:41:59,600
volunteer contributors could 
collaborate online to create and

5365
04:41:59,600 --> 04:42:01,300
maintain extensive reference 
works. 

5366
04:42:02,200 --> 04:42:04,900
Through a collaborative writing 
and editing process, that would 

5367
04:42:04,900 --> 04:42:07,300
not have been feasible without 
digital technology. 

5368
04:42:07,300 --> 04:42:11,400
The encyclopedia expanded to 
include millions of articles in 

5369
04:42:11,400 --> 04:42:14,300
hundreds of languages, 
traditional beliefs regarding 

5370
04:42:14,300 --> 04:42:16,800
authorship or authority and 
quality control in written. 

5371
04:42:16,800 --> 04:42:19,700
Work were called into question 
by wicker, pedias success. 

5372
04:42:20,500 --> 04:42:24,000
Wikipedia used peer review and 
crowdsourcing to produce content

5373
04:42:24,000 --> 04:42:26,600
that was frequently more up to 
date and thorough than 

5374
04:42:26,600 --> 04:42:29,500
traditional reference works. 
Despite occasionally, being less

5375
04:42:29,500 --> 04:42:32,200
trustworthy than professional 
editors and expert, authors, 

5376
04:42:32,200 --> 04:42:35,500
social media and digital 
communication have produced an 

5377
04:42:35,500 --> 04:42:38,600
unprecedented amount of writing.
Humans were creating more 

5378
04:42:38,600 --> 04:42:41,600
written material every day by 
the 2010s, than had been 

5379
04:42:41,600 --> 04:42:44,200
contained in all of the ancient 
world's libraries put together. 

5380
04:42:45,300 --> 04:42:47,700
Although, the majority of this 
writing was conversational 

5381
04:42:47,700 --> 04:42:52,000
transient and informal. 
Status updates comments, text 

5382
04:42:52,000 --> 04:42:55,000
messages, tweets, it marked a 
significant change. 

5383
04:42:55,000 --> 04:42:56,600
In the way people use written 
language. 

5384
04:42:56,600 --> 04:42:59,900
You are living through the most 
significant change in writing 

5385
04:42:59,900 --> 04:43:01,300
since the creation of the 
alphabet. 

5386
04:43:01,300 --> 04:43:05,300
So keep this in mind as you curl
up with your blankets and feel 

5387
04:43:05,300 --> 04:43:09,000
your eyelids getting heavier. 
What is taking place in your 

5388
04:43:09,000 --> 04:43:11,800
immediate surroundings is as 
revolutionary as anything that 

5389
04:43:11,800 --> 04:43:14,300
took place in gutenberg's 
printing shop, medieval 

5390
04:43:14,300 --> 04:43:17,900
monasteries or ancient Phoenicia
these days, artificial 

5391
04:43:17,900 --> 04:43:20,800
intelligence can produce text 
that looks human and his 

5392
04:43:20,800 --> 04:43:24,400
frequently identical to content 
written by humans. poetry 

5393
04:43:24,400 --> 04:43:28,000
business letters, technical 
documentation, and even 

5394
04:43:28,000 --> 04:43:30,900
intricate conversations are all 
possible with large language 

5395
04:43:30,900 --> 04:43:33,800
models like GPT and its 
Offspring, which show an 

5396
04:43:33,800 --> 04:43:37,600
awareness of context subtlety 
and emotional nuances, The 

5397
04:43:37,600 --> 04:43:40,300
distinction between machine and 
human writing is becoming more 

5398
04:43:40,300 --> 04:43:42,700
and more hazy. 
People can now write by 

5399
04:43:42,700 --> 04:43:44,700
speaking. 
Instead of typing thanks to 

5400
04:43:44,700 --> 04:43:47,600
advancements in voice, 
recognition, software, that can 

5401
04:43:47,608 --> 04:43:50,300
now convert speech to text with 
astounding accuracy. 

5402
04:43:51,300 --> 04:43:55,500
While walking driving or doing 
other tasks writers can compose 

5403
04:43:55,500 --> 04:43:59,000
text at the speed of speech with
Dragon NaturallySpeaking, Siri 

5404
04:43:59,000 --> 04:44:03,000
dictation, and Google Voice 
typing writing, which involves 

5405
04:44:03,000 --> 04:44:06,100
moving a pan across paper or 
fingers across a keyboard is 

5406
04:44:06,100 --> 04:44:09,500
becoming a less necessary. 
Activity text can be instantly 

5407
04:44:09,500 --> 04:44:12,500
translated between languages 
using real-time translation. 

5408
04:44:12,500 --> 04:44:15,600
Algorithms, removing the 
barriers that have divided human

5409
04:44:15,600 --> 04:44:19,400
communities for millennia One 
can write in their native tongue

5410
04:44:19,400 --> 04:44:22,200
and have it instantly understood
by readers anywhere in the 

5411
04:44:22,208 --> 04:44:23,800
world. 
Thanks to Google Translate and 

5412
04:44:23,800 --> 04:44:27,000
similar Services which can 
handle dozens of languages with 

5413
04:44:27,000 --> 04:44:30,300
increasing sophistication new 
types of spatial writing in 

5414
04:44:30,300 --> 04:44:31,900
which text is embedded in 
three-dimensional. 

5415
04:44:31,900 --> 04:44:35,400
Environments, a starting to be 
made possible by augmented 

5416
04:44:35,400 --> 04:44:38,100
reality and virtual reality 
Technologies. 

5417
04:44:39,600 --> 04:44:42,800
Future authors May create text 
that floats in space, reacts to 

5418
04:44:42,800 --> 04:44:45,800
movement and changes depending 
on the reader's perspective and 

5419
04:44:45,800 --> 04:44:49,100
interaction as an alternative to
write on flat surfaces. 

5420
04:44:49,100 --> 04:44:51,700
Although they are still in the 
experimental stage. 

5421
04:44:51,700 --> 04:44:54,800
Brain computer interface is 
raise the prospect of direct 

5422
04:44:54,800 --> 04:44:58,000
neural control, over text 
composition people may 

5423
04:44:58,000 --> 04:45:00,500
eventually be able to think 
words that are automatically 

5424
04:45:00,500 --> 04:45:03,300
translated into written 
communication rather than 

5425
04:45:03,300 --> 04:45:06,900
speaking typing or writing by 
hand, the permanence and 

5426
04:45:06,908 --> 04:45:09,400
accuracy of writing could be 
paired with the quickness and 

5427
04:45:09,400 --> 04:45:12,600
closeness of thought, despite 
all of these technological 

5428
04:45:12,600 --> 04:45:15,900
advancements, writings primary 
function hasn't changed since 

5429
04:45:15,900 --> 04:45:20,300
the first cave paintings were 
created 40,000 years ago, We 

5430
04:45:20,300 --> 04:45:23,600
continue to use writing to leave
behind traces of our existence 

5431
04:45:23,600 --> 04:45:26,400
that will outlive our actual 
physical presence in the world. 

5432
04:45:26,400 --> 04:45:30,800
Preserve thoughts, exchange 
ideas and connect with other 

5433
04:45:30,800 --> 04:45:34,700
Minds across time and space. 
The essential human activity of 

5434
04:45:34,708 --> 04:45:38,600
making the absent present. 
Giving thoughts permanents and 

5435
04:45:38,600 --> 04:45:41,100
connecting with other people 
through symbols and meaning, as 

5436
04:45:41,100 --> 04:45:44,500
shared by the cave painter, who 
left a hand print in showcase 

5437
04:45:44,500 --> 04:45:48,900
and the social media user, who 
posts a status update today in 

5438
04:45:48,900 --> 04:45:52,000
reality, the story of writing is
the story of human connection 

5439
04:45:52,000 --> 04:45:55,400
and the tenacious will to 
transcend the boundaries of 

5440
04:45:55,400 --> 04:45:58,500
personal awareness. 
From Sumerian cuneiform to 

5441
04:45:58,500 --> 04:46:02,400
contemporary digital text, every
writing system aims to address 

5442
04:46:02,400 --> 04:46:05,900
the same fundamental issue. 
How can we communicate our 

5443
04:46:05,900 --> 04:46:07,800
thoughts to those who aren't 
there in person? 

5444
04:46:07,800 --> 04:46:11,000
How can we ensure that our 
thoughts and be on our own 

5445
04:46:11,000 --> 04:46:13,200
death? 
From those initial symbolic 

5446
04:46:13,200 --> 04:46:15,900
inscriptions on Cave walls, we 
have come a long way. 

5447
04:46:16,700 --> 04:46:19,200
The greatest Scholars of 
antiquity could not have 

5448
04:46:19,200 --> 04:46:21,600
predicted, the amount of written
knowledge available to a child 

5449
04:46:21,608 --> 04:46:24,600
learning to read today. 
Professional scribes in 

5450
04:46:24,600 --> 04:46:26,400
medieval. 
Monasteries are not as quick at 

5451
04:46:26,400 --> 04:46:28,100
writing as the teen texting 
friends. 

5452
04:46:28,800 --> 04:46:31,300
Compared to the most powerful 
rulers of previous centuries, 

5453
04:46:31,300 --> 04:46:34,200
the office worker writing an 
email has greater access to 

5454
04:46:34,200 --> 04:46:35,800
information and communication 
tools. 

5455
04:46:35,800 --> 04:46:40,000
However, the magic is 
essentially unchanged the same 

5456
04:46:40,000 --> 04:46:43,300
miracle that astounded our 
ancestors and still astounds us 

5457
04:46:43,300 --> 04:46:46,500
when we pause to consider. 
It is happening to you as you 

5458
04:46:46,500 --> 04:46:50,100
read these words right now, 
ideas generated in one mind of 

5459
04:46:50,100 --> 04:46:52,800
being replicated in another mind
across time. 

5460
04:46:52,800 --> 04:46:55,100
And space using only marks on a 
Surface. 

5461
04:46:55,100 --> 04:47:00,100
He had a printed page, a digital
screen, a Papyrus scroll, a cave

5462
04:47:00,100 --> 04:47:03,300
wall or a clay tablet. 
The Wonder endures despite 

5463
04:47:03,300 --> 04:47:07,000
changes in technology, although,
the particular tools change over

5464
04:47:07,000 --> 04:47:11,100
time, the basic human desire to 
connect communicate and share 

5465
04:47:11,100 --> 04:47:15,600
Consciousness, never changes. 
From ancient pictographs to 

5466
04:47:15,600 --> 04:47:19,000
contemporary Emoji writing in 
all its forms symbolizes 

5467
04:47:19,000 --> 04:47:22,000
Humanity's, continuous effort to
go beyond the confines of 

5468
04:47:22,000 --> 04:47:25,000
personal experience and 
establish a common meaning 

5469
04:47:25,000 --> 04:47:28,500
across the enormous gaps that 
divide different Minds every 

5470
04:47:28,500 --> 04:47:31,600
text message, email and comment 
you send contributes to the 

5471
04:47:31,600 --> 04:47:34,000
extensive dialogue. 
That people have been having via

5472
04:47:34,000 --> 04:47:35,800
writing for more than 5,000 
years. 

5473
04:47:36,800 --> 04:47:39,800
Not only are you utilizing 
technology but you are also 

5474
04:47:39,800 --> 04:47:42,700
engaging in one of the oldest 
and most fundamental human 

5475
04:47:42,700 --> 04:47:46,000
Endeavors which has been updated
with contemporary instruments 

5476
04:47:46,000 --> 04:47:48,100
while maintaining its Timeless 
objectives. 

5477
04:47:48,100 --> 04:47:51,100
Today's kids will grow up in a 
world where voice recognition 

5478
04:47:51,100 --> 04:47:54,100
replaces typing. 
Artificial intelligence helps 

5479
04:47:54,100 --> 04:47:57,200
with writing real-time 
translation eliminates language 

5480
04:47:57,200 --> 04:48:00,400
barriers and new technologies 
that we can hardly fathom will 

5481
04:48:00,400 --> 04:48:03,000
continue to revolutionize the 
way people write and 

5482
04:48:03,000 --> 04:48:06,500
communicate, however, they will 
continue to use writing for the 

5483
04:48:06,500 --> 04:48:08,800
same purposes. 
That humans have always used it 

5484
04:48:08,800 --> 04:48:13,300
for memory preservation, 
knowledge, exchange creative, 

5485
04:48:13,300 --> 04:48:16,500
expression, relationship, 
building and Bridging the Gap 

5486
04:48:16,500 --> 04:48:19,500
between two, different 
consciousnesses one, word at a 

5487
04:48:19,500 --> 04:48:22,200
time, billions of people 
worldwide are writing the future

5488
04:48:22,200 --> 04:48:25,100
of writing to today. 
The great human endeavor of 

5489
04:48:25,100 --> 04:48:27,900
making thoughts permanent and 
shareable involves, everyone 

5490
04:48:27,900 --> 04:48:31,500
scientist recording, new 
discoveries students taking 

5491
04:48:31,500 --> 04:48:35,300
notes and class poets, writing 
verses journalist covering 

5492
04:48:35,300 --> 04:48:37,800
current affairs. 
Friends communicating over 

5493
04:48:37,800 --> 04:48:40,800
great, distances lovers, 
expressing their feelings, 

5494
04:48:40,800 --> 04:48:44,000
children learning their first 
letters and the elderly 

5495
04:48:44,000 --> 04:48:47,000
preserving family stories. 
Remember that you are a part of 

5496
04:48:47,000 --> 04:48:49,300
this amazing. 
Continuous story as you close 

5497
04:48:49,300 --> 04:48:52,500
your eyes to night, and allow 
these thoughts to find a home in

5498
04:48:52,500 --> 04:48:54,900
the Cozy space as between waking
and sleeping. 

5499
04:48:55,900 --> 04:48:59,300
You're connected to every human 
being who has ever struggled to 

5500
04:48:59,300 --> 04:49:03,200
share an idea, preserve a 
thought or reach across time to 

5501
04:49:03,208 --> 04:49:06,300
touch another Mind through the 
book, you're reading the device 

5502
04:49:06,300 --> 04:49:09,300
you're using and the act of 
absorbing these ideas through 

5503
04:49:09,300 --> 04:49:12,500
written symbols, the same, or 
that has enthralled people. 

5504
04:49:12,500 --> 04:49:15,300
Since we first realized that 
marks could have meaning is 

5505
04:49:15,300 --> 04:49:18,500
being felt by a child learning 
to recognize their first letters

5506
04:49:18,500 --> 04:49:21,100
somewhere tonight. 
When they learn that, the 

5507
04:49:21,100 --> 04:49:23,800
squiggles on the page can tell 
them stories about far away, 

5508
04:49:23,800 --> 04:49:27,100
places and made up friends. 
Their eyes enlarged from 

5509
04:49:27,100 --> 04:49:30,200
medieval apprentices learning to
form letters with quill pens to 

5510
04:49:30,200 --> 04:49:33,000
children in one room. 
School houses, the Borussia 

5511
04:49:33,000 --> 04:49:35,800
copying letters. 
On slate boards, they are 

5512
04:49:35,800 --> 04:49:37,800
continuing a tradition that 
dates back to ancient. 

5513
04:49:37,800 --> 04:49:40,400
Sumerian school children, 
practicing their cuneiform on 

5514
04:49:40,400 --> 04:49:43,100
clay tablets. 
A writer is working on a story 

5515
04:49:43,100 --> 04:49:45,300
that could be read for centuries
to come somewhere tonight. 

5516
04:49:46,200 --> 04:49:48,900
Picking every word with the same
care that unites all 

5517
04:49:48,900 --> 04:49:52,100
storytellers who have ever 
attempted to permanently depict 

5518
04:49:52,100 --> 04:49:55,100
Human Experience. 
Even though they are writing on 

5519
04:49:55,100 --> 04:49:58,300
a computer, they are performing 
the same, fundamental tasks, as 

5520
04:49:58,300 --> 04:50:01,900
the unnamed author of Gilgamesh.
The scribes who documented King,

5521
04:50:01,900 --> 04:50:05,100
Arthur stories, all the 
innumerable bars who turned oral

5522
04:50:05,100 --> 04:50:07,400
Traditions into written works 
tonight. 

5523
04:50:07,400 --> 04:50:10,700
A scientist is adding their 
observations to the extensive 

5524
04:50:10,700 --> 04:50:13,200
body of human knowledge that 
started with Mesopotamian 

5525
04:50:13,200 --> 04:50:16,200
astronomers recording the motion
of planets and stars 

5526
04:50:16,200 --> 04:50:18,400
documenting. 
A discovery that has the 

5527
04:50:18,400 --> 04:50:21,500
potential to fundamentally alter
our understanding of the world. 

5528
04:50:22,400 --> 04:50:26,000
The lab notebook or digital file
will become part of the Legacy 

5529
04:50:26,000 --> 04:50:28,400
that includes the research notes
of Marie Curie. 

5530
04:50:28,400 --> 04:50:31,500
The sketches of Leonardo da 
Vinci and the Journal of 

5531
04:50:31,508 --> 04:50:34,600
Charles, Darwin from the beagle,
in a tradition that includes. 

5532
04:50:34,600 --> 04:50:37,800
Victorian love letters. 
Sent across continents, medieval

5533
04:50:37,800 --> 04:50:40,700
courtly letters and wartime 
correspondents that kept 

5534
04:50:40,700 --> 04:50:44,000
relationships, strong over years
of separation lovers who are 

5535
04:50:44,000 --> 04:50:47,100
separated by distance, ascending
each other messages, that 

5536
04:50:47,100 --> 04:50:49,400
bridge, the gap between their 
hearts somewhere tonight. 

5537
04:50:50,500 --> 04:50:53,800
Whether the medium is video 
calls or text messages, the 

5538
04:50:53,800 --> 04:50:55,800
impulse is the same for all 
people. 

5539
04:50:55,800 --> 04:50:58,400
Who have ever attempted to stay 
in touch via written 

5540
04:50:58,400 --> 04:51:01,100
communication. 
In the same spirit that inspired

5541
04:51:01,100 --> 04:51:03,800
ancient Chronicles to document, 
the exploits of kings and 

5542
04:51:03,800 --> 04:51:06,000
heroes. 
A grandparent is somewhere 

5543
04:51:06,000 --> 04:51:08,800
tonight recording family. 
Tales for grandchildren who have

5544
04:51:08,808 --> 04:51:13,900
not yet been born conserving, 
memories and wisdom fundamental 

5545
04:51:13,900 --> 04:51:16,600
purpose of these family. 
Histories is the same as that of

5546
04:51:16,608 --> 04:51:20,500
the great historical works of 
Gibbon Herodotus or any other 

5547
04:51:20,500 --> 04:51:23,800
Chronicle of Human Experience. 
Even though they may never be 

5548
04:51:23,800 --> 04:51:28,000
published or readily somewhere 
tonight, a student is engaged in

5549
04:51:28,000 --> 04:51:30,500
the same process of acquiring 
and preserving knowledge. 

5550
04:51:30,500 --> 04:51:33,300
That has propelled human 
learning since the founding of 

5551
04:51:33,300 --> 04:51:36,600
the first schools in ancient 
Mesopotamia, taking notes that 

5552
04:51:36,600 --> 04:51:38,700
will Aid them in developing 
their understanding of the 

5553
04:51:38,700 --> 04:51:41,200
world. 
The computer files and notebooks

5554
04:51:41,200 --> 04:51:43,600
represent the most recent 
development in Humanities 

5555
04:51:43,600 --> 04:51:47,400
continuous Endeavor to transmit 
Knowledge from one generation to

5556
04:51:47,400 --> 04:51:49,600
the next. 
Someone is writing in a diary 

5557
04:51:49,600 --> 04:51:52,500
somewhere tonight, documenting, 
the minutiae of everyday 

5558
04:51:52,500 --> 04:51:55,100
existence that will eventually 
give historians a better 

5559
04:51:55,100 --> 04:51:58,800
understanding of how we lived 
what we valued and what we were 

5560
04:51:58,800 --> 04:52:01,200
concerned about. 
They are carrying on the 

5561
04:52:01,200 --> 04:52:04,700
tradition of Samuel peeps, who 
chronicled life in London in the

5562
04:52:04,700 --> 04:52:08,600
17th century and Frank, who 
chronicled her experiences 

5563
04:52:08,600 --> 04:52:12,000
during World War 2 and in 
numerable others, who recognize 

5564
04:52:12,000 --> 04:52:14,900
that ordinary life. 
When Faithfully documented 

5565
04:52:14,900 --> 04:52:18,600
gradually transforms into the 
extraordinary somewhere tonight,

5566
04:52:18,600 --> 04:52:22,800
a poet is carrying on Humanity's
oldest literary tradition by 

5567
04:52:22,800 --> 04:52:26,000
trying to find the perfect words
to convey an emotion or 

5568
04:52:26,000 --> 04:52:28,800
experience that has never been 
sufficiently conveyed before. 

5569
04:52:29,800 --> 04:52:33,500
They are part of the same 
tradition as Homer sappho Lie by

5570
04:52:33,500 --> 04:52:37,300
Rumi Shakespeare and all other 
poets who have attempted to use 

5571
04:52:37,300 --> 04:52:39,800
language to create Beauty. 
And meaning, even though they 

5572
04:52:39,800 --> 04:52:43,200
may share their work on social 
media, instead of performing it 

5573
04:52:43,200 --> 04:52:46,600
in Royal courts, all of these 
individuals along with Millions,

5574
04:52:46,600 --> 04:52:50,200
more a contributing, their words
to the extensive dialogue that 

5575
04:52:50,200 --> 04:52:52,100
started. 
When the first human decided 

5576
04:52:52,100 --> 04:52:55,900
that thoughts were too valuable 
to rely solely on memory. 

5577
04:52:57,000 --> 04:53:00,000
This means that the story of 
writing is not yet complete 

5578
04:53:00,000 --> 04:53:03,500
every research paper, Love 
Letter grocery list. 

5579
04:53:03,500 --> 04:53:07,100
And status update adds to The 
Continuous, human endeavor of 

5580
04:53:07,100 --> 04:53:10,000
making the transient permanent 
and the invisible visible. 

5581
04:53:10,000 --> 04:53:13,100
Not only are you reading this 
story, dear reader, but you are 

5582
04:53:13,108 --> 04:53:14,900
also contributing to its 
creation. 

5583
04:53:14,900 --> 04:53:18,800
Each time you send a message, 
write an email, write a note or 

5584
04:53:18,800 --> 04:53:21,900
Express an idea in writing 
you're taking part in one of the

5585
04:53:21,900 --> 04:53:24,200
greatest Cooperative Endeavors 
in human history. 

5586
04:53:25,000 --> 04:53:27,600
You are contributing your voice 
to a dialogue that has been 

5587
04:53:27,608 --> 04:53:30,800
going on for thousands of years 
and will continue for thousands 

5588
04:53:30,800 --> 04:53:34,400
more just as we can hardly. 
Imagine what writing technology 

5589
04:53:34,400 --> 04:53:35,700
is. 
Our great grandchildren will 

5590
04:53:35,700 --> 04:53:38,300
take for granted the Lasko cave 
painters. 

5591
04:53:38,300 --> 04:53:41,000
Could never have imagined 
smartphones and social media. 

5592
04:53:41,900 --> 04:53:45,200
However, despite all 
technological advancements, the 

5593
04:53:45,200 --> 04:53:48,500
basic human urges that drive 
writing the need to remember. 

5594
04:53:48,500 --> 04:53:52,300
Communicate, share preserve and 
create remain constant. 

5595
04:53:52,300 --> 04:53:55,800
Allow yourself to feel a part of
this enormous human endeavor as 

5596
04:53:55,800 --> 04:53:58,600
you go to sleep tonight, you 
might dream of future 

5597
04:53:58,600 --> 04:54:02,600
Technologies in ancient scribes 
of writers at glowing screens 

5598
04:54:02,600 --> 04:54:05,700
and storytellers around 
campfires of children, learning 

5599
04:54:05,700 --> 04:54:08,100
their letters and Elders. 
Keeping their memories alive. 

5600
04:54:08,100 --> 04:54:11,800
They are a part of your story 
and you are part of theirs. 

5601
04:54:11,800 --> 04:54:13,800
Rest. 
Well, and dream of all the 

5602
04:54:13,800 --> 04:54:16,100
stories that have not. 
Yet been told all the 

5603
04:54:16,100 --> 04:54:18,800
discoveries that have not yet 
been documented, all the 

5604
04:54:18,800 --> 04:54:22,200
connections that have not yet 
been made and all the ideas that

5605
04:54:22,200 --> 04:54:25,000
have not yet been able to move 
from page to page in your mind. 

5606
04:54:26,200 --> 04:54:30,100
You dear reader, dear writer, 
dear participant in this ancient

5607
04:54:30,100 --> 04:54:33,500
and continuing Human Adventure 
will contribute to the writing 

5608
04:54:33,500 --> 04:54:35,600
of the greatest chapters of the 
writing story. 

5609
04:54:35,600 --> 04:54:37,800
Good night. 
And I hope your words are heard 

5610
04:54:37,800 --> 04:54:44,000
tomorrow. 
The day my old name died began 

5611
04:54:44,000 --> 04:54:46,700
with crows on the battlements 
and ended with a circlet of 

5612
04:54:46,700 --> 04:54:48,500
hammered gold. 
Pressing a red welt into my 

5613
04:54:48,500 --> 04:54:51,500
brow. 
I had lived 17 Winters as a 

5614
04:54:51,500 --> 04:54:53,400
foster. 
Son Arthur was fit. 

5615
04:54:53,400 --> 04:54:56,400
Only to muck stalls at directors
Holdings in the Welsh marches. 

5616
04:54:56,400 --> 04:55:00,800
Yet here, I stood in a chill 
sunrise at Carlyle, wind off the

5617
04:55:00,808 --> 04:55:04,200
ask tasting of iron filings 
while Lords who had never met me

5618
04:55:04,200 --> 04:55:08,500
raise Spears in a clay. 
The Herald's trumpeted pendre 

5619
04:55:08,500 --> 04:55:10,800
and my ribs fluttered like a 
quails. 

5620
04:55:10,800 --> 04:55:14,700
I will not pretend the cheering 
felt Noble if it felt terrifying

5621
04:55:14,700 --> 04:55:17,600
as though a roaring sea had 
broken through the courtyard 

5622
04:55:17,600 --> 04:55:20,600
gate. 
So Kay whispered hold the sword 

5623
04:55:20,600 --> 04:55:22,300
higher brother, they need to see
you. 

5624
04:55:23,100 --> 04:55:27,700
My arm shook under the hilt, 
surprising heft Excalibur Merlin

5625
04:55:27,700 --> 04:55:29,300
called it. 
Caldwell folk the hard. 

5626
04:55:29,300 --> 04:55:32,100
Bright Cleaver had looked 
weightless in the stone, but 

5627
04:55:32,100 --> 04:55:34,800
wielded, it was equal to a 
plowshare in wet, clay. 

5628
04:55:35,700 --> 04:55:38,300
The sunlight ran down, the 
Fuller, the onlookers strained 

5629
04:55:38,300 --> 04:55:42,100
forward, hedge Knights Inn 
patched, male Sleek Barons whose

5630
04:55:42,100 --> 04:55:44,100
Rings smelled of Civic and 
Barefoot children. 

5631
04:55:44,100 --> 04:55:47,700
Craneing between guard Shields, 
one could map the fractures in 

5632
04:55:47,700 --> 04:55:51,400
Britain by their faces angles 
tight-lipped beside downtrodden 

5633
04:55:51,400 --> 04:55:55,000
Romano, British magistrates 
cimrai Hill Kings glaring at 

5634
04:55:55,000 --> 04:55:57,300
northumbrian envoys. 
All of them. 

5635
04:55:57,300 --> 04:55:59,900
Watch the orphan who had slipped
a sword from an anvil. 

5636
04:55:59,900 --> 04:56:04,700
When were the men could not? 
That first week passed in 

5637
04:56:04,700 --> 04:56:08,600
parchment dust and the Clack of 
tally sticks, my new councilors 

5638
04:56:08,600 --> 04:56:13,000
educated me mercilessly grain 
levies were overdue in the Wye 

5639
04:56:13,000 --> 04:56:15,100
Valley. 
Mercy on Raiders had burned, the

5640
04:56:15,100 --> 04:56:18,100
monastery of ilford and the 
Royalton Winchester lacked 

5641
04:56:18,100 --> 04:56:21,100
silver for coin dies, I listened
numb. 

5642
04:56:21,100 --> 04:56:24,800
And when I spoke it was mostly 
to ask why, why did assault tax 

5643
04:56:24,800 --> 04:56:28,000
vary between counties? 
Why did we tie the fish to Rome?

5644
04:56:28,000 --> 04:56:30,800
When Rome was ashes? 
Each reason, produced new 

5645
04:56:30,800 --> 04:56:33,100
corridors of ignorance for me to
explore and Secret. 

5646
04:56:34,200 --> 04:56:37,800
Night brought no truce Merlin 
maddeningly, Serene met me in 

5647
04:56:37,800 --> 04:56:40,000
the candlelit, library of the 
old, Roman Basilica. 

5648
04:56:40,000 --> 04:56:43,000
He smelled of peat smoke and 
elderflower wine. 

5649
04:56:43,900 --> 04:56:46,700
The crown is a mask off. 
Arthur he told me while aligning

5650
04:56:46,700 --> 04:56:50,800
Dusty Scrolls about irrigation. 
Wear it too Loosely and it slips

5651
04:56:50,808 --> 04:56:52,800
where it too tightly and it 
blinds. 

5652
04:56:54,100 --> 04:56:56,900
I wanted instruction not 
metaphor but his lessons 

5653
04:56:56,900 --> 04:56:59,300
remained riddles. 
He had not taught me to retrieve

5654
04:56:59,300 --> 04:57:02,600
Excalibur for his Amusement. 
He met me to retrieve a future. 

5655
04:57:02,600 --> 04:57:06,000
No one else dared picture. 
Sleep refused me. 

5656
04:57:06,900 --> 04:57:10,000
I lay in the Solar on wolfskin, 
blankets, listening to the wind 

5657
04:57:10,000 --> 04:57:13,100
whistle through Arrow, slits, 
revisiting the moment, the 

5658
04:57:13,100 --> 04:57:17,900
blades, slid free, the scrape of
metal echoed, In My Memory, akin

5659
04:57:17,900 --> 04:57:22,400
to a key reluctantly unlocking, 
a locked childhood, my pulse 

5660
04:57:22,400 --> 04:57:25,800
quickened, until his Dawn and 
with Dawn came fresh petitions, 

5661
04:57:25,800 --> 04:57:29,500
a widow from gwent begged, 
remission of scutch a gaulish 

5662
04:57:29,500 --> 04:57:32,400
Mason offered to rebuild the 
Roman bridge and Venter if I 

5663
04:57:32,400 --> 04:57:36,200
would guarantee free toll for 
pilgrims, I granted both half 

5664
04:57:36,200 --> 04:57:40,600
from pity half because they cost
only my signature, On the 7th 

5665
04:57:40,600 --> 04:57:43,600
day, I mounted a nervous, mayor 
and rode, the perimeter of care 

5666
04:57:43,600 --> 04:57:47,300
owns out of Palisade alone. 
Frost clunked a dead bracket and

5667
04:57:47,300 --> 04:57:50,400
missed curled between apple 
stumps where Orchards had been 

5668
04:57:50,408 --> 04:57:54,500
raised for Siege Timbers. 
I thought this is my acreage of 

5669
04:57:54,500 --> 04:57:59,500
Sorrow to 10 yet. 
I also saw promise Fields were 

5670
04:57:59,500 --> 04:58:02,300
spring barley could route of 
giving peace, kills. 

5671
04:58:02,300 --> 04:58:05,000
That might fire roof tiles, 
instead of sling-stones. 

5672
04:58:05,700 --> 04:58:09,200
By the time I reigned in the sun
had melted the frost into silver

5673
04:58:09,200 --> 04:58:13,700
rivulets, hope I realized was a 
crop that required cultivation 

5674
04:58:13,700 --> 04:58:17,600
as deliberate as wheat. 
Before even song, I convened a 

5675
04:58:17,600 --> 04:58:21,200
rookie of blacksmiths scribes 
and two Abbotts who smelled of 

5676
04:58:21,200 --> 04:58:24,400
Vellum glue. 
I invited them to speak first 

5677
04:58:24,400 --> 04:58:27,800
Keen to hear sentences and 
clouded by flattery they were 

5678
04:58:27,800 --> 04:58:31,300
shocked into plainness. 
Smith's wanted charcoal quotas 

5679
04:58:31,300 --> 04:58:34,700
scribes wanted tariffs on 
imported Papyrus lowered and 

5680
04:58:34,700 --> 04:58:36,900
abbots wanted safe conduct for 
pilgrims. 

5681
04:58:36,900 --> 04:58:39,000
I promised, nothing recorded 
everything. 

5682
04:58:40,100 --> 04:58:43,000
When the assembly disbanded sir,
case, slapped my shoulder. 

5683
04:58:43,900 --> 04:58:47,600
You looked like a king, he lied.
I felt more like a bucket 

5684
04:58:47,600 --> 04:58:49,300
catching leaks in a storm 
patched roof. 

5685
04:58:50,100 --> 04:58:53,500
Still that night is rain drum. 
The shutters I wrote a single 

5686
04:58:53,500 --> 04:58:56,000
line into my ledger. 
A throne is not a chair. 

5687
04:58:56,000 --> 04:58:58,300
But a question asked daily in 
that admission. 

5688
04:58:58,300 --> 04:59:01,800
I finally understood what Merlin
had meant, the mask must never 

5689
04:59:01,800 --> 04:59:03,700
Harden. 
The wearer must keep adjusting 

5690
04:59:03,700 --> 04:59:05,700
the fit or risk seeing nothing 
at all. 

5691
04:59:07,100 --> 04:59:09,100
By the time the crows returned 
to the battlements. 

5692
04:59:09,100 --> 04:59:10,900
I was ready to ask another 
question. 

5693
04:59:10,900 --> 04:59:15,200
What councils smelled of damp 
wool, horse sweat and candle 

5694
04:59:15,200 --> 04:59:17,800
Grease. 
How is convened, on a ridge? 

5695
04:59:17,800 --> 04:59:20,800
Above the veil of Dort, where 
Saxon banners, glittered like 

5696
04:59:20,800 --> 04:59:22,500
rows of wet scales in the 
distance. 

5697
04:59:23,300 --> 04:59:26,300
Gawain sketched deployment arcs 
with a charcoal knob on his 

5698
04:59:26,308 --> 04:59:30,900
bucklers inside archers here. 
Heavy Spears there, while lady 

5699
04:59:30,900 --> 04:59:34,000
Gwen heifer, read out casualty 
projections, from a carved 

5700
04:59:34,000 --> 04:59:36,600
tablet. 
In that moment, I saw the round 

5701
04:59:36,600 --> 04:59:40,900
table, not as Furniture, but as 
an algebra variables shifting 

5702
04:59:40,900 --> 04:59:44,700
until valet equaled Victory. 
With minimum unknowns, we fought

5703
04:59:44,700 --> 04:59:48,800
at first light horse crunching 
under Greaves trumpets, blew a 

5704
04:59:48,800 --> 04:59:50,800
sour brassy note that made my 
teeth hurt. 

5705
04:59:50,800 --> 04:59:55,200
I led calidad Cavalry Wing, 200 
destriers snorting Steam. 

5706
04:59:56,100 --> 04:59:57,900
Galway in, brilliant and 
Reckless. 

5707
04:59:57,900 --> 05:00:01,700
Angled the Infantry Phalanx 15 
degrees off the expected access 

5708
05:00:01,700 --> 05:00:05,000
the Saxons, Miss read The Faint 
plunging. 

5709
05:00:05,000 --> 05:00:07,500
Into our kill pocket. 
Where marshy ground devoured 

5710
05:00:07,500 --> 05:00:11,300
their footing the real Slaughter
though occurred at the Ford of 

5711
05:00:11,300 --> 05:00:15,600
barn K blocked it with a shield 
wall three men thick forcing 

5712
05:00:15,600 --> 05:00:18,400
enemy cohorts East, where our 
Slingers perched among Leaf, 

5713
05:00:18,400 --> 05:00:23,300
bear, olders Stones whistled, 
helmets dented by noon, the 

5714
05:00:23,300 --> 05:00:27,700
river was pinkish yet Triumph 
tasted metallic I walked among 

5715
05:00:27,700 --> 05:00:29,600
the Fallen wearing a surgeon's 
Grimace. 

5716
05:00:29,600 --> 05:00:32,500
Instructing Squires to bind the 
wounded, regardless of 

5717
05:00:32,500 --> 05:00:35,700
Allegiance. 
A captured Saxon boy. 

5718
05:00:35,700 --> 05:00:38,300
No older than 12. 
Tried to spit at me but produced

5719
05:00:38,300 --> 05:00:41,500
only blood holding his gaze. 
I ordered bandages. 

5720
05:00:41,500 --> 05:00:45,400
Mercy is harder than steel. 
It resists tempering and bends 

5721
05:00:45,400 --> 05:00:47,800
toward fatigue. 
My captain muttered. 

5722
05:00:47,800 --> 05:00:50,500
I was naive. 
I reminded them that a 

5723
05:00:50,500 --> 05:00:53,100
terrorized enemy often regroups 
in the dark while a respected 

5724
05:00:53,100 --> 05:00:54,800
one. 
Hesitates before we crossing the

5725
05:00:54,800 --> 05:00:58,800
border Afterward we quartered in
a half ruined Roman Amphitheater

5726
05:00:58,800 --> 05:01:01,800
nearby. 
The curved seating became crude 

5727
05:01:01,800 --> 05:01:04,500
barracks. 
Rain filtered through collapsed 

5728
05:01:04,500 --> 05:01:07,200
vaults pooling in the arena 
where Gladiators once bled, 

5729
05:01:07,200 --> 05:01:10,500
under Imperial Applause. 
I addressed the fighters from 

5730
05:01:10,500 --> 05:01:14,100
the old Emperor's box, what we 
win in fear, we lose and Seasons

5731
05:01:14,100 --> 05:01:18,600
to come rule by respect and we 
plant, Hedges, no sword can 

5732
05:01:18,600 --> 05:01:23,300
sheer Some nodded some scoffed, 
but the words lodged like seeds,

5733
05:01:23,300 --> 05:01:25,400
the campaign dragged into 
winter. 

5734
05:01:26,300 --> 05:01:30,300
We learned to move on Frozen 
Ground, sledging supplies on 

5735
05:01:30,300 --> 05:01:34,300
Oxnard. 
My gauntlets cracked from the 

5736
05:01:34,300 --> 05:01:36,500
cold. 
The smell of pine pitch. 

5737
05:01:36,500 --> 05:01:41,700
Replaced blossom in my memory. 
On Solstice Eve snow swirling 

5738
05:01:41,700 --> 05:01:45,000
like ghosts feathers. 
I found Merlin Alone by a ruined

5739
05:01:45,000 --> 05:01:50,100
Milestone reciting a fragment of
Virgil about husbandry Even 

5740
05:01:50,100 --> 05:01:53,900
Empires, he murmured beginners 
fences to keep goats from eating

5741
05:01:53,900 --> 05:01:57,700
winter, wheat. 
I laughed despite fatigue, he 

5742
05:01:57,700 --> 05:01:59,600
never preached. 
He implied. 

5743
05:02:00,900 --> 05:02:04,000
By Spring piece, chatter reached
us from Saxon invoice. 

5744
05:02:04,000 --> 05:02:08,500
I drafted, terms on scrape, 
sheepskin a boundary set at the 

5745
05:02:08,500 --> 05:02:10,800
Limestone Ridge, hostages 
exchanged. 

5746
05:02:10,800 --> 05:02:13,900
But treated as honored guests, 
an intermarriage encouraged to 

5747
05:02:13,900 --> 05:02:17,000
weld, Bloodlines bristled 
wanting. 

5748
05:02:17,000 --> 05:02:21,500
A punitive March when heifer 
ever pragmatic pointed out. 

5749
05:02:21,500 --> 05:02:25,300
We lacked Surplus grain to feed 
Concord households, the council 

5750
05:02:25,300 --> 05:02:27,200
split until I invoked the 
fording. 

5751
05:02:27,200 --> 05:02:30,500
Seen how are Mercy had softened 
Saxon resolve? 

5752
05:02:30,500 --> 05:02:33,600
Reluctantly they consented 
signing. 

5753
05:02:33,600 --> 05:02:36,600
The treaty took place in a smoky
Timber Hall north of the new 

5754
05:02:36,600 --> 05:02:39,200
border. 
Both sides, brought bards to 

5755
05:02:39,208 --> 05:02:43,100
witness a classed, four arms 
with the eldrid, a war cautious 

5756
05:02:43,100 --> 05:02:47,300
Alderman, whose beard to Mead, 
he muttered, your sword could 

5757
05:02:47,300 --> 05:02:51,900
have drunk deeper I replied but 
your grandchildren will sip 

5758
05:02:51,900 --> 05:02:53,500
cider. 
In Orchards, we did not burn. 

5759
05:02:54,400 --> 05:02:55,700
His belly laugh. 
Rattled. 

5760
05:02:55,700 --> 05:02:59,800
Roof beams alliances sometimes 
germinating unexpected, soil. 

5761
05:03:00,500 --> 05:03:04,000
In the months after the veil of 
Dortmund under truce, I 

5762
05:03:04,000 --> 05:03:07,500
requisitioned stone masons to 
repair Weirs reopened, Roman 

5763
05:03:07,500 --> 05:03:10,400
calls ways and established a 
bilingual Toll House. 

5764
05:03:10,400 --> 05:03:13,400
Where Ernst while enemies 
haggled over salt weight using 

5765
05:03:13,400 --> 05:03:17,200
standardized counter stones 
Commerce often clenches, what 

5766
05:03:17,200 --> 05:03:21,400
diplomacy initiates seeing Saxon
Traders bow to simeri, Clark's 

5767
05:03:21,400 --> 05:03:24,200
over tariffs receipts thrilled 
me as much as any martial cheer 

5768
05:03:24,200 --> 05:03:28,800
privately arrested nightmare's. 
Blood slick reads dying boys 

5769
05:03:28,800 --> 05:03:31,500
with accents. 
I barely understood and my crown

5770
05:03:31,500 --> 05:03:34,800
dipped in Gore. 
When Wi-Fi found me, pacing 

5771
05:03:34,800 --> 05:03:39,300
ramparts and prayer. 
I preferred ledgers it walks 

5772
05:03:39,300 --> 05:03:43,000
lost plowshares orphaned 
stipends and force the numbers 

5773
05:03:43,000 --> 05:03:45,400
to speak. 
They said moderation was cheaper

5774
05:03:45,400 --> 05:03:46,900
than Triumph. 
They never lied. 

5775
05:03:48,000 --> 05:03:50,500
One damp morning while all over 
the quartermaster complained 

5776
05:03:50,500 --> 05:03:53,500
about dwindling pitch reserves, 
a courier arrived bearing. 

5777
05:03:53,500 --> 05:03:57,500
A wreath of rivers from hildred 
to the king who water's piece. 

5778
05:03:58,400 --> 05:04:01,000
I pinned it in the council 
chamber above our campaign map, 

5779
05:04:01,000 --> 05:04:05,000
some mocked The Rustic token, 
others touched it like a relic 

5780
05:04:05,000 --> 05:04:07,300
for me. 
It represented both a reminder 

5781
05:04:07,300 --> 05:04:10,800
that swords and battles and a 
recognition that agreements and 

5782
05:04:10,800 --> 05:04:12,700
Wars. 
Thus my second year of kingship 

5783
05:04:12,700 --> 05:04:15,700
closed, not with the coronation 
Feast, but with an accounting 

5784
05:04:15,700 --> 05:04:18,200
Ledger and a wreath made by a 
former foe. 

5785
05:04:18,200 --> 05:04:21,100
I slept soundly that night for 
the first time since lifting. 

5786
05:04:21,100 --> 05:04:23,300
The blade Camelot was never 
marble. 

5787
05:04:23,300 --> 05:04:27,600
It was coarse Sandstone sweating
like an scaffolding like old 

5788
05:04:27,600 --> 05:04:30,000
knees. 
Yet visitors entering its 

5789
05:04:30,000 --> 05:04:33,800
magnificent Hall, felt something
rare, a geometry of Fellowship. 

5790
05:04:34,800 --> 05:04:38,700
Roundtables, contrary to gossip 
a terrible for hierarchy and 

5791
05:04:38,700 --> 05:04:42,500
perfect for Canada. 
My Smith's forged a 30-seat 

5792
05:04:42,500 --> 05:04:44,800
monster from Oak and riveted 
iron bands. 

5793
05:04:44,800 --> 05:04:48,900
It smelled of resin and Reign on
the day we slided into place. 

5794
05:04:48,900 --> 05:04:52,300
The crack it made across the 
flagstone like a Nell, talling 

5795
05:04:52,300 --> 05:04:55,100
for privilege. 
Within a month debates at that 

5796
05:04:55,100 --> 05:04:58,400
board range from Maritime 
tariffs to where the owls could 

5797
05:04:58,400 --> 05:05:01,400
predict Frost. 
So better for all the ring, 

5798
05:05:01,400 --> 05:05:04,900
thickness, charts, Dame, rianon 
cross checking dockets from 

5799
05:05:04,900 --> 05:05:09,100
Cornish ports, laughter flared, 
daggers flashed into tabletops 

5800
05:05:09,100 --> 05:05:13,200
for emphasis but each voice 
found equal purchase I learned 

5801
05:05:13,200 --> 05:05:16,800
to moderate like a choir Master 
coaxing Melody from an opinion. 

5802
05:05:17,900 --> 05:05:21,000
Court politics. 
I discovered is less dual than 

5803
05:05:21,000 --> 05:05:24,900
duet themes. 
Offered harmonies tested Discord

5804
05:05:24,900 --> 05:05:29,200
resolved or embraced as 
Counterpoint Social experiments,

5805
05:05:29,200 --> 05:05:31,000
however, breed social 
consequences. 

5806
05:05:31,000 --> 05:05:34,500
My Baron's grumbled that 
Franklin Farmers now sucked 

5807
05:05:34,500 --> 05:05:37,500
alongside them during Harvest 
councils one sneered that 

5808
05:05:37,500 --> 05:05:40,500
peasants of manure a replied 
sweetly. 

5809
05:05:40,500 --> 05:05:45,300
So does the Earth, we all depend
upon The retorted silent respect

5810
05:05:45,300 --> 05:05:49,400
and Silent enemies soon. 
Anonymous leaflets with still 

5811
05:05:49,400 --> 05:05:52,400
tacky ink. 
Accused me of hobnobbing with 

5812
05:05:52,400 --> 05:05:55,800
swine herds while. 
I neglected Noble Bloodlines I 

5813
05:05:55,800 --> 05:05:58,400
left the pamphlets tacked to 
gate-posts nothing. 

5814
05:05:58,400 --> 05:06:02,600
Dang slender like daylight. 
Domestic Alliance is formed in 

5815
05:06:02,600 --> 05:06:04,800
subtler. 
Currents when we Forrest 

5816
05:06:04,800 --> 05:06:07,000
established a guild of 
herbalists recruiting peasant 

5817
05:06:07,000 --> 05:06:08,700
women whose willow bark 
tinctures. 

5818
05:06:08,700 --> 05:06:13,100
Outperformed monastic craft 
nights wounded in jousts, found 

5819
05:06:13,100 --> 05:06:15,400
themselves with policies, 
prepared by hands. 

5820
05:06:15,400 --> 05:06:18,900
They want to dismissed Heeling, 
unlike War proved in different 

5821
05:06:18,900 --> 05:06:21,700
pedigree. 
Watching the queen, Neil beside 

5822
05:06:21,700 --> 05:06:25,400
a Tanner's daughter grinding. 
Sage into Salve reminded me. 

5823
05:06:25,400 --> 05:06:28,800
Governance can bloom at ground. 
Level, evening's rippled with 

5824
05:06:28,800 --> 05:06:31,800
soft softer. 
Intrigues, minstrels sang Breton

5825
05:06:31,800 --> 05:06:36,100
lays jugglers, tossed iron 
apples, Lance Lot brighter on 

5826
05:06:36,100 --> 05:06:39,100
new steel LED sparring. 
Exhibitions that Drew 

5827
05:06:39,100 --> 05:06:42,100
appreciative gasps. 
My admiration for him was a 

5828
05:06:42,108 --> 05:06:45,600
delicate balance. 
I felt pride in having a fierce 

5829
05:06:45,600 --> 05:06:49,500
comrade, but also unease at the 
way Gwen Heath Falls eyes Shone 

5830
05:06:49,500 --> 05:06:52,100
like Moonlight. 
When Lancelot bowed I told 

5831
05:06:52,100 --> 05:06:54,100
myself trust is stronger than 
jealousy. 

5832
05:06:54,100 --> 05:06:57,000
My heart argued. 
Otherwise, in Sleepless, 

5833
05:06:57,000 --> 05:07:00,700
Whispers, I commissioned a 
scriptorium hiring Greek 

5834
05:07:00,700 --> 05:07:04,100
copyists formerly, marooned in 
Exeter, by piracy they 

5835
05:07:04,100 --> 05:07:07,000
illuminated legal codices, with 
Celadon, inks rendering 

5836
05:07:07,000 --> 05:07:11,300
statutes, almost luminous, 
literacy rates, crept upward, a 

5837
05:07:11,300 --> 05:07:14,000
stewards demanded to read 
decrees rather than memorize 

5838
05:07:14,000 --> 05:07:16,200
them. 
When a reef from Devon 

5839
05:07:16,200 --> 05:07:19,000
petitioned, for the right to 
cite code, in a land dispute and

5840
05:07:19,000 --> 05:07:23,800
one the cheers in the hall out, 
Sean, any tournament raw words? 

5841
05:07:23,800 --> 05:07:26,800
Became both weapons and Shields 
and every child who learned to 

5842
05:07:26,800 --> 05:07:30,000
etch letters into wax inherited 
a small amount of power 

5843
05:07:30,000 --> 05:07:34,700
religion, that Restless Fox 
proud our Hen House, ROMs 

5844
05:07:34,700 --> 05:07:38,100
emissaries urged higher tithes, 
Druids insisted the Spring 

5845
05:07:38,100 --> 05:07:42,500
Equinox, remain a feast day. 
My compromise dual calendars 

5846
05:07:42,500 --> 05:07:45,300
duel. 
The offerings did not fully 

5847
05:07:45,300 --> 05:07:49,400
satisfy the sect, but they 
helped to prevent riots Unity. 

5848
05:07:49,400 --> 05:07:53,200
I learned is not homogeneity. 
It is The Artful overlap of 

5849
05:07:53,200 --> 05:07:56,800
dissimilar circles. 
Merlin called it interlaced 

5850
05:07:56,800 --> 05:08:00,600
sovereignty like Celtic knotwork
where strands Meat part and meet

5851
05:08:00,600 --> 05:08:03,500
again without severing. 
Still friction sparked. 

5852
05:08:03,500 --> 05:08:06,200
When a night struck a surf for 
stepping on his cloak. 

5853
05:08:06,200 --> 05:08:09,700
I hold the offender before the 
round table and find him triple 

5854
05:08:09,700 --> 05:08:13,100
the annual grain tribute. 
He collected Outrage roared 

5855
05:08:13,100 --> 05:08:17,200
among old families, peasants 
toasted inside a Lofts Justice 

5856
05:08:17,200 --> 05:08:18,900
though. 
Blind is rarely silent. 

5857
05:08:19,700 --> 05:08:22,200
Between crises, I sought quiet 
with Gwen with far in the 

5858
05:08:22,200 --> 05:08:25,100
orchard Courtyard where our 
first Apple crop dangled. 

5859
05:08:25,100 --> 05:08:31,400
She confessed fear of plague 
Invasion and her childlessness I

5860
05:08:31,400 --> 05:08:34,700
confessed fear of a kingdom 
boyed by my Charisma rather than

5861
05:08:34,700 --> 05:08:38,700
structural strength. 
Charisma dies when she said, so 

5862
05:08:38,700 --> 05:08:43,500
King's We resolved to embed 
redundancies delegate treasury 

5863
05:08:43,500 --> 05:08:46,100
to 3 Coast stewards, rotate 
militia. 

5864
05:08:46,100 --> 05:08:48,400
Captain's quarterly and copy 
archives. 

5865
05:08:48,400 --> 05:08:51,900
Scrolls in triplicate, we 
decided to govern by scaffolding

5866
05:08:51,900 --> 05:08:56,100
not by personality one, Amber 
dusk Troubadours, rehearsed to 

5867
05:08:56,100 --> 05:08:58,900
Ballard calling me. 
Rex, condemned Rex futurists, 

5868
05:08:58,900 --> 05:09:02,600
The Once and Future King the 
phrase sent a cold shiver along 

5869
05:09:02,600 --> 05:09:05,200
my spine. 
Legends petrified living men 

5870
05:09:05,200 --> 05:09:08,600
into symbols, symbols risk, 
shattering under inquiry. 

5871
05:09:08,600 --> 05:09:12,000
I walked out before they could 
finish and spent the night in 

5872
05:09:12,000 --> 05:09:14,900
the Smithy helping sharp and 
sighs for Harvest volunteers. 

5873
05:09:15,800 --> 05:09:19,000
Sparks bit my sleeves, iron rang
in my bones. 

5874
05:09:19,800 --> 05:09:22,500
Real kingship. 
I reminded myself smelled not of

5875
05:09:22,500 --> 05:09:24,300
incense but of hot metal and 
tough questions. 

5876
05:09:25,200 --> 05:09:27,300
As Autumn fog. 
Muffled Camelot, I watched 

5877
05:09:27,300 --> 05:09:30,500
Raven's pinwheel over parapets, 
they're called sounded like 

5878
05:09:30,500 --> 05:09:32,900
quarrels from a distance like 
council at close range. 

5879
05:09:32,900 --> 05:09:36,700
I listened for patterns, hoping 
that amidst the cause and 

5880
05:09:36,700 --> 05:09:39,400
Council squabbles. 
I could still discern the rhythm

5881
05:09:39,400 --> 05:09:42,600
of the realm chaotic diverse and
vibrant love. 

5882
05:09:42,600 --> 05:09:45,000
When braided with rulership 
phrase at stress points. 

5883
05:09:45,000 --> 05:09:48,200
I learned the truth, the night, 
when we found to return from 

5884
05:09:48,200 --> 05:09:51,800
Vespers Lantern in hand, I 
combed The Cloisters until dawn 

5885
05:09:51,800 --> 05:09:53,400
finding only Footprints and 
Stone. 

5886
05:09:53,400 --> 05:09:56,700
Cold beeswax. 
She reappeared at Sunrise cloak 

5887
05:09:56,700 --> 05:09:58,700
damp. 
Claiming prayer had carried her 

5888
05:09:58,708 --> 05:10:01,500
Beyond time. 
I believed her until a squire. 

5889
05:10:01,500 --> 05:10:04,200
Whispered of Lance. 
Lots horse seemed tethered near 

5890
05:10:04,200 --> 05:10:07,500
the aqueduct ruins jealousy, can
outpace any charger. 

5891
05:10:08,500 --> 05:10:11,600
That morning, I presided over 
petitions with iron politeness 

5892
05:10:11,600 --> 05:10:13,100
Butch. 
Parchment edges. 

5893
05:10:13,100 --> 05:10:16,700
Shredded, under my grip rumors 
possess a multi-faceted nature. 

5894
05:10:16,700 --> 05:10:20,300
A spilled cup in the refectory. 
Became proof of an adulterous 

5895
05:10:20,300 --> 05:10:22,900
packed. 
A misfiled stable roster, 

5896
05:10:22,900 --> 05:10:24,800
mutated into clandestine 
Rendezvous. 

5897
05:10:24,800 --> 05:10:28,400
I addressed none directly hoping
discretion might starve 

5898
05:10:28,400 --> 05:10:33,700
speculation instead it Lancelot 
avoided my gaze during Lance 

5899
05:10:33,700 --> 05:10:36,000
drills. 
When we found busy at herself in

5900
05:10:36,000 --> 05:10:39,700
the herb garden eyes. 
Rimmed red Merlin sensing 

5901
05:10:39,700 --> 05:10:43,300
fracture suggested, a pilgrimage
to Saint Albans for conjugal 

5902
05:10:43,300 --> 05:10:47,200
renewal, I nearly laughed. 
Miracles of the Sacred spring 

5903
05:10:47,200 --> 05:10:51,000
would not meant brittle. 
Trust War interrupted Scandal 

5904
05:10:51,000 --> 05:10:54,300
pictish, raids harried. 
Our Northern Garrison's, forcing

5905
05:10:54,300 --> 05:10:56,800
A muster at Hadrian's broken 
wall. 

5906
05:10:58,200 --> 05:11:00,900
In frigid drizzle. 
I marched alongside Lancelot 

5907
05:11:00,900 --> 05:11:03,800
sharing campfire. 
Silence as men sharp and sea axe

5908
05:11:03,800 --> 05:11:08,700
blades on the eve of Engagement.
He finally spoke My loyalty is 

5909
05:11:08,700 --> 05:11:11,200
yours. 
He whispered, his voice is Roar 

5910
05:11:11,200 --> 05:11:14,100
as peat smoke. 
I wish he had said, affection or

5911
05:11:14,100 --> 05:11:17,200
even desire words that might 
name the shadow between us 

5912
05:11:17,200 --> 05:11:20,100
instead. 
Loyalty that slippery, coin, 

5913
05:11:20,100 --> 05:11:23,600
rolled into darkness. 
Battle against the picks proved 

5914
05:11:23,600 --> 05:11:26,800
brutal, but brief their 
skirmishes scattered. 

5915
05:11:26,800 --> 05:11:29,700
After our heavy horse, flanked 
them through Misty Birch copses 

5916
05:11:30,500 --> 05:11:32,600
The victory did not alleviate. 
My emotions. 

5917
05:11:32,600 --> 05:11:35,200
On return. 
I found Gwen wife are pale and 

5918
05:11:35,200 --> 05:11:37,800
fevered. 
She had miscarried a secret 

5919
05:11:37,800 --> 05:11:38,900
child. 
I'd never known. 

5920
05:11:38,900 --> 05:11:42,800
She carried grief. 
Welded a strangely wept together

5921
05:11:42,800 --> 05:11:45,500
beneath quilts, while rain 
scratched, the shutters like 

5922
05:11:45,500 --> 05:11:48,900
quills scripting tragedy special
for a while. 

5923
05:11:48,900 --> 05:11:52,300
Drowned beneath shared loss. 
Caught however has no patience 

5924
05:11:52,300 --> 05:11:55,500
for the private morning. 
Accused as soon hissed that the 

5925
05:11:55,500 --> 05:11:59,400
Lost Bay bore, not Pendragon 
blood, but lancelots inferior. 

5926
05:11:59,400 --> 05:12:03,400
I convened, a closed tribunal 
Gawain Morgan and Damian as a 

5927
05:12:03,400 --> 05:12:07,000
adjudicators evidence. 
Proved vaporous testimony 

5928
05:12:07,000 --> 05:12:10,600
colored by Envy the panel. 
Dismissed charges yet. 

5929
05:12:10,600 --> 05:12:12,400
Acquittal cannot erase 
insinuation. 

5930
05:12:12,400 --> 05:12:16,500
Lancelot requested leave for 
solitary Penance Gwen. 

5931
05:12:16,500 --> 05:12:19,500
Hua prayed daily in the Chapel's
darkest Niche. 

5932
05:12:19,500 --> 05:12:23,600
A hairline crack in the kingdoms
found like frost under paint. 

5933
05:12:24,500 --> 05:12:28,000
Politics sensed weakness 
Mordred, my nephew, fostered at 

5934
05:12:28,000 --> 05:12:31,600
court began, cultivating 
malcontents, dispossessed, 

5935
05:12:31,600 --> 05:12:36,200
Barons and debt burden Merchants
his rhetoric my galatian, 

5936
05:12:36,200 --> 05:12:40,100
reforms Arthur feeds peasant 
Stars chivalry. 

5937
05:12:40,900 --> 05:12:42,400
Listening from behind a 
tapestry. 

5938
05:12:42,400 --> 05:12:46,000
I recognized hunger in his tone 
not for justice, but for my 

5939
05:12:46,000 --> 05:12:50,100
Throne betrayal by Blood weighed
heavier than adultery is Rumer 

5940
05:12:50,100 --> 05:12:52,900
yet. 
I hesitated public reprimand 

5941
05:12:52,900 --> 05:12:56,100
might matter him. 
I sought Merlin's council at 

5942
05:12:56,100 --> 05:12:58,300
midnight, under a sky braised by
Aurora. 

5943
05:12:59,100 --> 05:13:01,500
He traced constellations in the 
frost on the parapet. 

5944
05:13:02,300 --> 05:13:04,300
A king must prune to save the 
orchard. 

5945
05:13:04,300 --> 05:13:08,400
He said, but not all blossoms. 
You severe weeds his riddles, 

5946
05:13:08,400 --> 05:13:10,800
once Charming now. 
Exhausted me. 

5947
05:13:10,800 --> 05:13:14,000
I snapped speak by us. 
Speak plainly. 

5948
05:13:14,000 --> 05:13:16,800
He touched my shoulder. 
Waitlist pitying. 

5949
05:13:17,600 --> 05:13:20,800
Find the true route. 
He answered or rot will climb 

5950
05:13:20,800 --> 05:13:24,500
trunk and fruit alike. 
The next day I ordered a 

5951
05:13:24,500 --> 05:13:27,900
tournament to channel courtly 
aggression jousts, clanged 

5952
05:13:27,900 --> 05:13:32,400
banners snapped and the populace
roared approval, Lancelot newly 

5953
05:13:32,400 --> 05:13:35,400
returned unseated, every 
Challenger until only Mordred 

5954
05:13:35,400 --> 05:13:39,100
remained Their final pass ended 
in a splintering collision. 

5955
05:13:39,100 --> 05:13:43,400
Mordred toppled, lancelot's 
Lance buried in Turf, cheers 

5956
05:13:43,400 --> 05:13:45,700
erupted. 
But Mordred, Rose grinning blood

5957
05:13:45,700 --> 05:13:48,100
on his lip, behold your 
Champion. 

5958
05:13:48,100 --> 05:13:51,400
He called to the stands, friend,
to Queen and King alike. 

5959
05:13:52,200 --> 05:13:56,200
Applause, faltered suspicion, 
rekindled, the acclaimed seemed 

5960
05:13:56,200 --> 05:13:59,000
to Exile, Lance Lot as he bowed 
stiffly and left the field. 

5961
05:13:59,900 --> 05:14:02,800
That evening, I stared into a 
silver base in watching, 

5962
05:14:02,800 --> 05:14:05,700
Torchlight Ripple across water, 
like molten doubt. 

5963
05:14:06,400 --> 05:14:09,700
Choices presented themselves. 
Like Duelists, expose the affair

5964
05:14:09,700 --> 05:14:12,800
and risk civil fracture swallow,
pride, and risk. 

5965
05:14:12,800 --> 05:14:15,700
Moral, Decay, or punish rumor 
and risk tyranny. 

5966
05:14:15,700 --> 05:14:20,200
None felt Royal all felt human 
in the end, I chose delay 

5967
05:14:20,200 --> 05:14:24,000
believe in time could cauterize 
wounds history, would call that 

5968
05:14:24,000 --> 05:14:27,000
indecision yet. 
In that moment, I was still the 

5969
05:14:27,000 --> 05:14:31,000
boy of 17 a crown to Big 
calculating that. 

5970
05:14:31,000 --> 05:14:36,500
Love even bruised was lighted to
Bear the bloodshed A clasp, the 

5971
05:14:36,500 --> 05:14:40,100
circlet straighten, my spine and
prepared for whatever Scabbard 

5972
05:14:40,100 --> 05:14:42,600
Destiny would draw next. 
Not every Saga. 

5973
05:14:42,600 --> 05:14:46,100
Rule is wrought in steel. 
Many unfold in Bali. 

5974
05:14:46,800 --> 05:14:49,600
Three Summers after the picture 
Fair, drought crisped the 

5975
05:14:49,600 --> 05:14:53,500
Midlands streams, shrank to 
Pebble staircases and sheep 

5976
05:14:53,500 --> 05:14:57,100
nibbled dust. 
My Granary ledgers bled, red 

5977
05:14:57,100 --> 05:14:59,500
ink. 
Famine is a slower blade than 

5978
05:14:59,500 --> 05:15:02,500
War but kills us. 
Surely I summoned economists 

5979
05:15:02,500 --> 05:15:05,600
though we lack that word for 
emergency Council. 

5980
05:15:06,600 --> 05:15:10,000
Go away in pragmatic as ever 
advise seizing Surplus from 

5981
05:15:10,000 --> 05:15:13,300
hoarding Barons. 
When Wi-Fi proposed seed grants 

5982
05:15:13,300 --> 05:15:16,500
and communal Mills Lancelot 
recently returned from 

5983
05:15:16,500 --> 05:15:20,200
self-imposed Exile offered to a 
skort relief convoys. 

5984
05:15:20,200 --> 05:15:25,000
A midst of squabbling among 
named Galion arrived. 

5985
05:15:25,000 --> 05:15:28,600
Bearing Tales of a relic, a 
chalice reputed to refill in 

5986
05:15:28,600 --> 05:15:32,400
exhaustively a Grail. 
He claimed it lay hidden in the 

5987
05:15:32,408 --> 05:15:35,700
ruined Valley of Anar guarded by
faith rather than fortification.

5988
05:15:36,500 --> 05:15:39,100
Hungry people, overhearing 
seized upon myth. 

5989
05:15:39,100 --> 05:15:42,600
The way parched lips. 
Cling to Dream Water soon. 

5990
05:15:42,600 --> 05:15:46,200
Pilgrims clogged Crossroads, 
abandoning plows and Plumb lines

5991
05:15:46,200 --> 05:15:48,800
to search. 
Holy gullies, grain yields 

5992
05:15:48,800 --> 05:15:52,300
plummeted further. 
I recognize danger, scarcity 

5993
05:15:52,300 --> 05:15:56,200
breeds credulity credulity 
baguettes chaos yet. 

5994
05:15:56,200 --> 05:15:57,700
I also recognize narrative 
power. 

5995
05:15:57,700 --> 05:16:01,500
Merlin once said, stories are 
scaffolds humans climb to reach 

5996
05:16:01,500 --> 05:16:03,500
outcomes. 
Reason alone cannot fetch. 

5997
05:16:04,100 --> 05:16:08,100
So I sanctioned and exploratory 
Quest not to chase Miracles but 

5998
05:16:08,100 --> 05:16:10,700
to restore Focus. 
Lancelot would lead. 

5999
05:16:10,700 --> 05:16:15,000
Galion would guide I would 
underwrite supplies behind 

6000
05:16:15,000 --> 05:16:17,600
closed doors. 
I told them returned with truth.

6001
05:16:17,600 --> 05:16:21,700
Knot Talisman truth sells dear 
in famine. 

6002
05:16:22,300 --> 05:16:25,500
They departed in Midsomer while 
I remain to wrestle spreadsheets

6003
05:16:25,500 --> 05:16:28,700
of oats versus population. 
I dispatched Riders to 

6004
05:16:28,700 --> 05:16:32,000
confiscate hordes at Cost Plus 
10% a fair premium. 

6005
05:16:32,900 --> 05:16:37,600
Baron's bought cayenne forced 
wagons rolled at night. 

6006
05:16:37,600 --> 05:16:40,700
I walked in cognito through 
Village alehouses, listening to 

6007
05:16:40,700 --> 05:16:43,300
Whispers some cursed me as a 
grainy Thief. 

6008
05:16:43,300 --> 05:16:47,800
Others blessed me for flatbread,
still warm in Ash and approval. 

6009
05:16:47,800 --> 05:16:51,500
I learned is never unanimous. 
Effective policy quarts, equal, 

6010
05:16:51,500 --> 05:16:56,500
praise and score. organized 
spinning circles, where Idle 

6011
05:16:56,500 --> 05:17:00,100
Hands produced linen to trade 
for imported Rye, The queen who 

6012
05:17:00,100 --> 05:17:01,800
wants orchestrated loot 
recitals. 

6013
05:17:01,800 --> 05:17:04,100
Now Bartered thread counts 
against caloric. 

6014
05:17:04,100 --> 05:17:07,900
Yield Her eyes, lost some 
brightness, but gained 

6015
05:17:07,900 --> 05:17:10,900
steadiness partnership. 
We discovered a new could 

6016
05:17:10,900 --> 05:17:14,000
transcend Romance. 
In Autumn requesting party 

6017
05:17:14,000 --> 05:17:17,300
returned, gaunt, Mud Street and 
empty-handed. 

6018
05:17:17,300 --> 05:17:20,600
They found no Grail. 
Instead they discovered a 

6019
05:17:20,600 --> 05:17:23,500
collapsed Monastery Library 
where architectural fragments 

6020
05:17:23,500 --> 05:17:26,500
indicated that Roman aqueduct 
channels had rerouted spring 

6021
05:17:26,500 --> 05:17:29,100
water underground Galleon. 
Wept. 

6022
05:17:29,100 --> 05:17:32,100
His faith. 
Cracked Lancelot knelt. 

6023
05:17:33,500 --> 05:17:35,900
Slab of marble etched with Latin
reading. 

6024
05:17:35,900 --> 05:17:38,200
Aqua duct of vivifi, cut drawn 
water. 

6025
05:17:38,200 --> 05:17:40,300
Brings life was prophet before 
me. 

6026
05:17:41,100 --> 05:17:44,400
We found an engineering Marvel. 
He murdered not a miracle. 

6027
05:17:46,000 --> 05:17:49,000
I hugged him publicly declaring 
the inscription, a holy message,

6028
05:17:49,000 --> 05:17:53,000
directing us to practical 
salvation We mobilize Masons to 

6029
05:17:53,000 --> 05:17:54,900
rehabilitate those Subterranean 
channels. 

6030
05:17:55,800 --> 05:17:59,000
When water surface, again in 
frosted Fields Galleon 

6031
05:17:59,000 --> 05:18:01,600
proclaimed, its sign enough, 
pilgrims returned to plows, 

6032
05:18:01,600 --> 05:18:06,000
barley germinated in resurrected
soil, famine abated, not by 

6033
05:18:06,000 --> 05:18:09,700
chalice, but by Limestone, 
leveraged and labor, still 

6034
05:18:09,700 --> 05:18:11,600
barred sang of a Grail 
uncovered. 

6035
05:18:11,600 --> 05:18:14,400
Hope prefers cup imagery to 
culverts. 

6036
05:18:14,400 --> 05:18:18,400
I let the myths stand. 
If people sleep easier, 

6037
05:18:18,400 --> 05:18:19,900
believing Providence favored 
them. 

6038
05:18:19,908 --> 05:18:23,600
Let them dream. 
The grain crisis taught me 

6039
05:18:23,600 --> 05:18:26,200
economy not. 
Mix is theology wrapped in 

6040
05:18:26,200 --> 05:18:30,100
numbers to feed bodies, we must 
first feed belief belief that 

6041
05:18:30,108 --> 05:18:33,800
tomorrow's loaf exists without 
that Trust coin Hoards Vault 

6042
05:18:33,800 --> 05:18:36,100
upward like drawbridge's cutting
off circulation. 

6043
05:18:37,300 --> 05:18:40,900
The Roundtable issued, the first
bred depository notes parchment.

6044
05:18:40,900 --> 05:18:44,100
Chits guaranteeing a fixed 
ration, redeemable in any County

6045
05:18:44,100 --> 05:18:47,500
Granary some Scholars called it.
Proto currently. 

6046
05:18:47,500 --> 05:18:49,700
Peasants called it Arthur's 
word. 

6047
05:18:49,700 --> 05:18:53,800
In either tongue famine loosened
its grip during the Harvest 

6048
05:18:53,800 --> 05:18:55,500
Festival. 
I addressed the gathered throng 

6049
05:18:55,500 --> 05:18:59,600
beneath bundled Chiefs stacked 
like copper obelisks The Grail. 

6050
05:18:59,600 --> 05:19:03,000
We sought I said, proved to be 
the will to work together. 

6051
05:19:04,300 --> 05:19:07,500
Skeptical grunts mixed with 
cheers but I sensed a new tone 

6052
05:19:07,500 --> 05:19:10,200
in the crowd. 
A spark of Civic confidence. 

6053
05:19:10,200 --> 05:19:14,300
Legends, may spark action yet 
outcomes, a rooted in the 

6054
05:19:14,300 --> 05:19:16,800
tangible. 
My realm learned that year, how 

6055
05:19:16,800 --> 05:19:19,800
infrastructure can mask Raiders 
a miracle if narrated properly? 

6056
05:19:21,000 --> 05:19:24,000
When the Revels subsided Gwen 
heifer and I walked the orchard 

6057
05:19:24,000 --> 05:19:27,500
path and lanterns, we spoke no 
word of Lance Lot or 

6058
05:19:27,500 --> 05:19:30,400
miscarriage. 
Only of next year's seed strains

6059
05:19:30,400 --> 05:19:32,300
and the color of dawn on 
ripening grain. 

6060
05:19:32,300 --> 05:19:35,400
We discovered that piece was as 
quotidian and delicate. 

6061
05:19:35,400 --> 05:19:38,900
As spider silk, woven across 
plow farros easily broken, 

6062
05:19:38,900 --> 05:19:42,100
readily revoir. 
In my journal. 

6063
05:19:42,100 --> 05:19:45,000
I recorded the observation that 
a king is half Granary Clark and

6064
05:19:45,000 --> 05:19:48,200
half Storyteller forget either 
half and the kingdom, starves 

6065
05:19:48,200 --> 05:19:52,000
Merlin later, read the line 
chuckled and pronounced it. 

6066
05:19:52,000 --> 05:19:55,200
The truest magic I would ever 
wield Prosperity irritates 

6067
05:19:55,200 --> 05:19:59,000
complacent adversaries, five 
Winters after the drought Norse 

6068
05:19:59,000 --> 05:20:03,300
long ships knifed into 7 Esters 
disgorging Warriors armored in 

6069
05:20:03,300 --> 05:20:05,100
Bear. 
Pelts, their raids threatened, 

6070
05:20:05,100 --> 05:20:09,300
our trade arteries, I mobilized 
a coalition simmer Slingers, 

6071
05:20:09,300 --> 05:20:12,500
anglian Bowman, and Saxon 
auxiliaries Bound by the old 

6072
05:20:12,500 --> 05:20:16,400
Dortmund, treaty, even Mordred 
aging into statement like 

6073
05:20:16,400 --> 05:20:20,200
gravity, pledged spearmen our 
muster at different Club was the

6074
05:20:20,200 --> 05:20:23,300
largest Britain had seen in 
generation's on the eve of 

6075
05:20:23,300 --> 05:20:24,800
battle. 
A red storm, birthed, 

6076
05:20:24,800 --> 05:20:28,700
Thunderhead anvils that blotted 
out Stars superstitious murmurs 

6077
05:20:28,700 --> 05:20:31,600
surged. 
A army around Beacon fires and 

6078
05:20:31,600 --> 05:20:35,100
spoke not of divine mandate. 
But of shared markets, shared 

6079
05:20:35,100 --> 05:20:39,300
marriages and shared bread, who 
here eats Grain Mill Beyond his 

6080
05:20:39,300 --> 05:20:43,000
Parish hands Rose who Drinks 
cider pressed by folk with 

6081
05:20:43,000 --> 05:20:47,900
foreign grandmothers more hands.
Then you already fight together 

6082
05:20:47,900 --> 05:20:50,400
every Harvest tomorrow. 
Only formalizes. 

6083
05:20:50,400 --> 05:20:52,800
What you practice silence? 
A thoughtful. 

6084
05:20:52,800 --> 05:20:56,700
One answered combat exploded. 
At dawn Norse, Berserkers 

6085
05:20:56,700 --> 05:20:59,500
bellowed under horn blasts, 
rushing our Vanguard like River 

6086
05:20:59,500 --> 05:21:01,800
ice. 
My Center buckled. 

6087
05:21:01,800 --> 05:21:05,100
I wrote the perimeter rallying 
foot arches into wedge 

6088
05:21:05,100 --> 05:21:07,500
formation. 
Bed of are redirected reserves 

6089
05:21:07,500 --> 05:21:09,400
through Willow scrubbed flank 
their Shield wall. 

6090
05:21:10,100 --> 05:21:13,600
The rain slicked, the Helms and 
the clay sucked, the boots, I 

6091
05:21:13,600 --> 05:21:16,100
witnessed death up. 
Close a flute Voice page 

6092
05:21:16,100 --> 05:21:19,300
skewered through lungs. 
A pictish mercenary slipping on 

6093
05:21:19,300 --> 05:21:22,500
entrails and a priest clutching,
a splintered crucifix, like a 

6094
05:21:22,500 --> 05:21:25,400
cudgel. 
Wars indiscriminate apps. 

6095
05:21:25,400 --> 05:21:29,400
Tight never altered mid melee. 
I locked eyes with the Norse. 

6096
05:21:29,400 --> 05:21:34,500
Yall a giant crowned, by a raven
Helm, he charged excretion 

6097
05:21:34,500 --> 05:21:37,300
against my shield. 
Driving me backwards until X 

6098
05:21:37,300 --> 05:21:38,900
Caliber caught the half and 
shared it. 

6099
05:21:39,600 --> 05:21:42,500
Spark showered. 
His Helms skewed, it exposing 

6100
05:21:42,500 --> 05:21:46,600
startled, blue irises. 
Before I could finish a Saxon 

6101
05:21:46,600 --> 05:21:51,200
Ally intercepted with a spear 
thrust, the Yale victory pivoted

6102
05:21:51,200 --> 05:21:53,300
in that. 
Flicker a coalition's blade 

6103
05:21:53,300 --> 05:21:55,500
saving a king who wants viewed. 
Saxon's only. 

6104
05:21:55,500 --> 05:22:00,000
As for men, irony tastes 
metallic indeed by dusk 

6105
05:22:00,000 --> 05:22:02,800
surviving enemies fled toward 
the surf, leaving behind a 

6106
05:22:02,800 --> 05:22:07,100
silence filled with death, our 
deadly interlaced, no regard for

6107
05:22:07,100 --> 05:22:10,200
ethnicity. 
Just Stillness I ordered a 

6108
05:22:10,200 --> 05:22:13,500
shared burial mound. 
No segregation by tribe and 

6109
05:22:13,500 --> 05:22:15,000
inscribed a lintel. 
They? 

6110
05:22:15,000 --> 05:22:18,000
So defense weeked tomorrow? 
Some scoffed at the 

6111
05:22:18,008 --> 05:22:20,600
sentimentality yet. 
I needed living Minds to 

6112
05:22:20,600 --> 05:22:23,800
remember costs. 
That night huddled under rain, 

6113
05:22:23,800 --> 05:22:27,400
patched canvas, I felt an old 
wound near my ribs throb like a 

6114
05:22:27,400 --> 05:22:31,000
metronome Gwen Haifa sat beside 
me her hand. 

6115
05:22:31,000 --> 05:22:34,200
Steadying the poultice we said, 
little understanding 

6116
05:22:34,200 --> 05:22:36,600
conversation with garnish, 
exhaustion with regret. 

6117
05:22:37,300 --> 05:22:40,100
Help Beyond tent walls. 
Bard tuned, Liars to. 

6118
05:22:40,100 --> 05:22:44,100
We Victory into oral tapestry. 
Before grief cooled, Legend 

6119
05:22:44,100 --> 05:22:49,000
Works fastest on Fresh blood. 
Mordred approached a dawn. 

6120
05:22:49,000 --> 05:22:51,500
Helmet underarm expression, 
unreadable. 

6121
05:22:52,300 --> 05:22:55,200
Congratulated me yet. 
Something in his posture too 

6122
05:22:55,200 --> 05:22:57,700
straight to silence. 
Troubled, me. 

6123
05:22:58,500 --> 05:23:00,800
Rumor later whispered he covered
in the admiration. 

6124
05:23:00,800 --> 05:23:03,600
My Battlefield. 
Survival commanded I made a 

6125
05:23:03,600 --> 05:23:06,000
mental note. 
Watch the nephew who smile 

6126
05:23:06,000 --> 05:23:10,000
revealed more than warmth. 
We returned to Camelot trailing 

6127
05:23:10,000 --> 05:23:12,300
wagons of wounded. 
Cheers greeted us. 

6128
05:23:12,300 --> 05:23:15,900
But is quickly, flicked to 
casualty carts triumphs age 

6129
05:23:15,900 --> 05:23:19,400
rapidly when widows count. 
Absences I declared a fortnite 

6130
05:23:19,400 --> 05:23:21,800
of mourning before any 
celebration and the court 

6131
05:23:21,800 --> 05:23:24,900
accepted this decision, however,
Merchants were concerned about 

6132
05:23:24,900 --> 05:23:28,600
the potential loss of Revenue. 
In Council, we moved to fortify 

6133
05:23:28,600 --> 05:23:32,400
Suey, beacons, create River, 
patrols and negotiate neutrality

6134
05:23:32,400 --> 05:23:36,700
packs with Danish settlements. 
Strategy, matured not conquer 

6135
05:23:36,700 --> 05:23:38,900
but discourage the Kingdom's 
fabric. 

6136
05:23:38,900 --> 05:23:42,800
Now, densely woven discouraged, 
single thread, repairs Weeks 

6137
05:23:42,800 --> 05:23:45,800
Later, Merlin gaunt, coffrin 
visited my solar. 

6138
05:23:45,800 --> 05:23:49,200
He traced campaign maps with a 
shaking finger pronouncing, the 

6139
05:23:49,200 --> 05:23:54,200
realm near its Zenith, I asked 
what follows zenith He answered 

6140
05:23:54,200 --> 05:23:57,700
Shadow unless vigilance berms 
like a second Dawn. 

6141
05:23:57,700 --> 05:24:01,300
He then placed a raven feather 
on my desk Ravens. 

6142
05:24:01,300 --> 05:24:05,600
Remember kindness, but Feast on 
complacency he said departing 

6143
05:24:05,600 --> 05:24:09,000
before I frame to response. 
I stared long at that feather. 

6144
05:24:09,700 --> 05:24:12,100
Had complacency already nested 
in my Council. 

6145
05:24:12,800 --> 05:24:16,900
Mordred stiff, congratulations 
repay played Gwen wife files 

6146
05:24:16,900 --> 05:24:18,900
lingering sadness. 
Remained unresolved. 

6147
05:24:18,900 --> 05:24:23,200
Lance Lots loyalty persisted yet
felt fragile Victory. 

6148
05:24:23,200 --> 05:24:26,700
Paradoxical highlighted the 
fractures that success at only 

6149
05:24:26,700 --> 05:24:30,000
partially sealed. 
Victory similar to forge steel 

6150
05:24:30,000 --> 05:24:32,800
is hard yet susceptible to 
Hidden cracks caused by the 

6151
05:24:32,800 --> 05:24:35,600
quenching process. 
Still, I slept that night 

6152
05:24:35,600 --> 05:24:38,900
content that the real endured on
the window ledge. 

6153
05:24:38,900 --> 05:24:40,800
The Raven feather quivered in 
the breeze. 

6154
05:24:41,700 --> 05:24:43,900
I dreamed. 
I planted it in soil, and it 

6155
05:24:43,900 --> 05:24:47,100
sprouted into a black leaf tree,
casting complicated shade. 

6156
05:24:47,900 --> 05:24:51,300
When I woke Dawn pulled gold on 
the horizon in different yet 

6157
05:24:51,300 --> 05:24:54,800
generous the kingdom breathed, 
for now, peace unraveled, three 

6158
05:24:54,800 --> 05:24:58,900
years later, not by Foreign sale
but by domestic ambition Mordred

6159
05:24:58,900 --> 05:25:02,200
bolstered by disaffected Nobles.
And Whispers of my failing 

6160
05:25:02,200 --> 05:25:05,300
Vigor, declared the realm should
move from sentimental roundness 

6161
05:25:05,300 --> 05:25:09,100
to firm, straight lines, his 
manifestos crisp Vellum, 

6162
05:25:09,100 --> 05:25:12,300
Goulding to cried my tolerance, 
as weakness and my mixed 

6163
05:25:12,300 --> 05:25:15,000
councils as Corruption of 
lineage older. 

6164
05:25:15,000 --> 05:25:19,000
Knight Shrugged, younger 
captains listened momentum tilts

6165
05:25:19,000 --> 05:25:21,600
kingdoms. 
I confronted Mordred in the 

6166
05:25:21,600 --> 05:25:24,500
council Hall. 
The air smelled of damp rushes 

6167
05:25:24,500 --> 05:25:27,700
and old Tallow he argued 
succession law claiming pain 

6168
05:25:27,700 --> 05:25:31,500
Dragon blood in titled him to 
Regency while I convalesced from

6169
05:25:31,500 --> 05:25:34,500
Battle for Teague. 
My anger sharpened, my voice 

6170
05:25:34,500 --> 05:25:36,400
leading me to label him as an 
oathbreaker. 

6171
05:25:36,400 --> 05:25:40,300
Yet, I hesitated to order an 
arrest family and precedent 

6172
05:25:40,300 --> 05:25:43,500
Tangled my judgment. 
That hesitation granted him 

6173
05:25:43,500 --> 05:25:47,800
Knight with 300 Lancers. 
The treasuries reserve gold and 

6174
05:25:47,800 --> 05:25:51,300
a captive. 
When Wi-Fi The pursuit 

6175
05:25:51,300 --> 05:25:53,500
culminated at Cameron's, missed 
shrouded. 

6176
05:25:53,500 --> 05:25:55,700
Plane. 
The rain fell heavily. 

6177
05:25:55,700 --> 05:25:59,700
Our armies formed up under a 
slate Sky, transforming, the 

6178
05:25:59,700 --> 05:26:03,300
round table ideal into a 
geometric horror before the 

6179
05:26:03,300 --> 05:26:04,900
charge. 
I attempted parley. 

6180
05:26:04,900 --> 05:26:09,200
I offered Exile, and a stipend. 
In our morika Mordred laughed 

6181
05:26:09,200 --> 05:26:12,700
calling me a relic. 
We clashed battle consumed 

6182
05:26:12,700 --> 05:26:16,500
vision and hearing until only 
pulse remained I found Mordred, 

6183
05:26:16,500 --> 05:26:21,100
amid Briar thickets red plume 
soaked, words failed swords, 

6184
05:26:21,100 --> 05:26:24,000
spoke his style mirrored mine 
tempered by resentment. 

6185
05:26:24,000 --> 05:26:27,300
We traded blows until Excalibur 
cleaved his shield. 

6186
05:26:27,300 --> 05:26:31,400
He lunged at me wielding iron, 
in both fists and stabbed my 

6187
05:26:31,400 --> 05:26:36,000
thigh pain detonated by my eyes,
but I pivoted Excalibur upward 

6188
05:26:36,000 --> 05:26:39,500
into his queer ass, the sword 
lodged in bone, his breath 

6189
05:26:39,500 --> 05:26:41,500
exited like extinguished 
Bellows. 

6190
05:26:41,500 --> 05:26:46,000
He whispered round ends here, 
then collapsed pulling my 

6191
05:26:46,000 --> 05:26:48,600
balance with him. 
Tore the Blade free but I 

6192
05:26:48,608 --> 05:26:53,300
staggered as my thigh wound 
gushed warmth into the mud chaos

6193
05:26:53,300 --> 05:26:57,400
ebbed by dusk. 
Both armies leaderless with Drew

6194
05:26:57,400 --> 05:27:00,800
in wounded whimpers. 
I lay under thorny, Hawthorne 

6195
05:27:00,800 --> 05:27:04,200
raining. 
The wound Gwen wife are found 

6196
05:27:04,200 --> 05:27:06,600
the hours later face, streaked 
with Ash. 

6197
05:27:06,600 --> 05:27:10,600
She pressed Linen in tears. 
Mixing with blood like blurred 

6198
05:27:10,600 --> 05:27:12,500
her voice. 
Sounded like surf on a distant 

6199
05:27:12,500 --> 05:27:14,300
Shore. 
I felt softness. 

6200
05:27:14,300 --> 05:27:17,700
Perhaps Lance Lots, cloak cover 
me someone wept. 

6201
05:27:17,700 --> 05:27:20,000
The old Bratton lament reserved 
for Harvest deaths. 

6202
05:27:20,000 --> 05:27:24,400
They fired me to Avalon's marshy
Isle accompanied by Merlin and 

6203
05:27:24,400 --> 05:27:29,900
three cloaked priestesses night,
heron shrieked overhead, In a 

6204
05:27:29,908 --> 05:27:31,700
read Rift. 
Hospice, I hovered between sleep

6205
05:27:31,700 --> 05:27:34,700
and Echo. 
Merlin murmured Kings. 

6206
05:27:34,700 --> 05:27:37,600
Do not die. 
They redistribute into stories. 

6207
05:27:39,000 --> 05:27:41,900
I wanted to ask about grain 
reserves and treaty renewal 

6208
05:27:41,900 --> 05:27:46,400
mundane legacies, but speech, 
faltered, when, with our 

6209
05:27:46,400 --> 05:27:49,400
squeezed, my hand, the first 
uncomplicated gesture in years. 

6210
05:27:49,400 --> 05:27:53,700
Dawn's Haze, I instructed bed of
are to return Excalibur to the 

6211
05:27:53,708 --> 05:27:57,400
lake twice. 
He bought unwilling to discard 

6212
05:27:57,400 --> 05:28:00,600
Legend the third time. 
He hurled the blade into the 

6213
05:28:00,600 --> 05:28:03,800
Mist a silver arm. 
They say, Rose to claim it. 

6214
05:28:04,600 --> 05:28:08,000
I never witnessed it yet. 
I believe some objects deserve 

6215
05:28:08,000 --> 05:28:10,800
Mythic custody once human hands.
Exhausted them. 

6216
05:28:10,800 --> 05:28:14,800
Breathe in, I recalled frost on 
my first Crown morning. 

6217
05:28:14,800 --> 05:28:18,500
The wreath of reads from Eldred.
The grain, vouchers children, 

6218
05:28:18,500 --> 05:28:22,000
scribbling letters Saxon Traders
bowing at toll houses. 

6219
05:28:22,000 --> 05:28:25,700
When wife's herb Gilbert and 
Lance Lot spear snapping on 

6220
05:28:25,700 --> 05:28:29,300
Mordred Shield, none of it is 
perfect but all of it is real. 

6221
05:28:29,300 --> 05:28:32,400
I hope to history would keep it 
at least fragments intact. 

6222
05:28:33,100 --> 05:28:36,400
As the Skylight brightened, I 
released when we first fingers. 

6223
05:28:37,300 --> 05:28:39,900
He kissed my temple murmuring, 
forgiveness, neither of us, 

6224
05:28:39,900 --> 05:28:42,200
fully understood Merlin 
whispered. 

6225
05:28:42,200 --> 05:28:46,300
The final riddle. 
The Once and Future King, not a 

6226
05:28:46,300 --> 05:28:50,000
promise of bodily return, but a 
warning that any generation may 

6227
05:28:50,000 --> 05:28:51,800
need to wear responsibility in. 
You. 

6228
05:28:51,800 --> 05:28:56,000
I exhaled tasting Apple Blossom 
carried on a salt Breeze. 

6229
05:28:56,000 --> 05:29:00,200
When Consciousness lifted, I saw
not Gates of paradise but a vast

6230
05:29:00,200 --> 05:29:03,400
Round Table of faceless figures 
debating drought relief and 

6231
05:29:03,400 --> 05:29:05,600
treaty clauses. 
I smiled. 

6232
05:29:05,600 --> 05:29:10,600
Work continues. 
The vision receded silence 

6233
05:29:10,600 --> 05:29:14,300
arrived. 
Coda Chronicle of The Ledger 

6234
05:29:14,300 --> 05:29:16,300
King monks. 
Who recorded the camera and ruin

6235
05:29:16,300 --> 05:29:19,900
would later puzzle over the 
scarcity of gold loot Gwen. 

6236
05:29:19,900 --> 05:29:22,700
Heifer, had secretly donated 
treasury bars to rebuild the 

6237
05:29:22,708 --> 05:29:26,500
hamlets that had been displayed 
Lancelot vanished into Hermitage

6238
05:29:26,500 --> 05:29:30,600
copying agricultural treatises 
for posterity the round table 

6239
05:29:30,600 --> 05:29:34,000
burned in a later seed, yet, 
charcoal shards, discovered 

6240
05:29:34,000 --> 05:29:36,300
centuries later, or scratches of
early property. 

6241
05:29:36,300 --> 05:29:40,500
Law Legends took shape in other 
places transforming, my identity

6242
05:29:40,500 --> 05:29:43,300
into a romantic ideal that is 
acceptable. 

6243
05:29:44,900 --> 05:29:47,800
Let's songbirds have the shiny 
fragments while archivists told 

6244
05:29:47,800 --> 05:29:50,600
the ledgers. 
If you ambitious reader seek 

6245
05:29:50,600 --> 05:29:54,300
guidance from my experience's 
consider this King ship 

6246
05:29:54,300 --> 05:29:57,600
parenting project management 
marriage and citizenship all 

6247
05:29:57,600 --> 05:30:01,600
require a similar approaches 
unlocked center of gravity 

6248
05:30:01,600 --> 05:30:03,200
forward. 
One question. 

6249
05:30:03,200 --> 05:30:06,200
Always ahead. 
What does the next Dawn require 

6250
05:30:06,200 --> 05:30:08,900
ask each morning crown or no 
crown? 

6251
05:30:09,700 --> 05:30:12,700
Then lift, whatever sword Ledger
or Ladle, the work demands. 

6252
05:30:12,700 --> 05:30:15,700
And remember grain sometimes 
matters more than Grails.