Boring History For Sleep | How The Michelin Man Tricked The World and more

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Tonight, we uncover the 
surprising story of how Andre 

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Michelin tricked the world 
turning a tire company into the 

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Arbiter of fine dining through 
clever marketing and Visionary 

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thinking Michelin. 
Transformed the way people 

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travel eat and view quality 
itself. 

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This is the story of a brand, a 
guide, and the long game of 

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global influence. 
So, before you get comfortable, 

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as always, take a moment to like
the video and subscribe to the 

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channel if you haven't already 
joined the crew. 

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Also let us know where you're 
watching from and what time it 

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is for you as we progress 
through the week, I aim to 

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maintain a concise and enjoyable
experience for all of you. 

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So, turn off the lights, grab 
your blanket and warm pillow and

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let's begin. 
Clairemont fairhall France 1889 

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in a modest Rubber Factory 
teetering on the edge of 

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bankruptcy Brothers, Andre and 
Edouard Michela took charge with

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one goal to reinvent, their 
families failing business. 

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The company Michelin at Sea had 
been selling farm equipment and 

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vulcanized rubber Goods since 
1832 but by the late 19th 

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century. 
It needed a new Direction on 

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Andre a trained engineer and 
eduard and artistic Soul. 

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Turned industrialist believe 
that the future lay on the roads

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specifically in providing the 
tires for France's automobile 

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age. 
The trouble was that in 1889 

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even bicycles which were 
exploding in popularity, 

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constantly waylaid by punctures 
on rough primitive roads. 

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Their first breakthrough came 
unexpectedly courtesy of a weary

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cyclist. 
One day, a man trudged into 

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their workshop with a bicycle 
tire punctured Beyond quick 

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repair. 
At the time, most tires were 

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glued tightly to the wheel, 
making flats and hours, long 

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ordeal to fix such punctures 
were a very common occurrence 

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given road conditions of the 
Day, Horseshoe Nails broken 

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glass and sharp stones with a 
bone natural enemies of early 

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cyclists. 
Edouard Michelin saw an 

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opportunity, he experimented 
tirelessly and by 1891 had 

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patented a revolutionary 
removable pneumatic tire, that 

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could be mended in minutes. 
This invention built upon lopped

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early in pneumatic tire concept.
But michelin's detachable design

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was far more practical and 
quickly proved itself in action.

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The brothers tested their new 
tire in the longest bicycle race

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of the day to demonstrate its 
superiority. 

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Fitted with michelin's, quick 
change tires, cyclist Charles 

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Tyrone won the grueling, 1891 
Paris pres Paris, race 8 hours 

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ahead of his nearest rival. 
It was a stunning victory for 

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both Rider and tire a publicity 
coup that announced michelanne 

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as a new force in 
transportation. 

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Emboldened. 
The michelin's termed their 

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attention to the automobile 
Contraption still in its infancy

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in 1895 they entered a peculiar 
looking vehicle nicknamed 

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LeClaire lightning in the Paris 
Bordeaux Paris competition, one 

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of the world's first 
long-distance car races, the car

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ran on michelin's Airfield tires
daring, gamble at a time when 

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many observers doubted that 
fragile are stuffed rubber could

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support a motor cars, weight and
speed. 

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True LeClaire didn't win it 
limped in near the back of the 

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pack but its performance was 
convincing enough to create a 

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market. 
Spectators and fellow Engineers 

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saw that a car on pneumatic 
tires. 

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Could survive a rugged? 
732 mile Journey. 

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As one report noted, the race 
virtually launched the market, 

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for detachable. 
Pneumatic automobile tires by 

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proving their resilience and 
practicality. 

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The Michelin Brothers had found 
their calling making 

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indispensable things that nobody
realized they needed until they 

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did. 
It wild reportedly conceived the

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idea for a mascot at a trade 
exhibition, in Leo, noticing a 

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stack of tires that uncannily 
resembled a human form. 

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Soon here and Andre commissioned
an artist to bring it to life. 

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The Michelin Man, a rotund 
fellow made of Stack tires. 

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Debuting in a famous 1898 
poster. 

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This Jolly character dubbed 
bibendum from the Latin, nunc 

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EST bibendum. 
Now is the time to drink was 

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depicted cheerfully raising a 
goblet brimming with nails and 

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broken glass to your health. 
The message was witty and clear.

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Michelin tires, will drink up 
obstacles on the road. 

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This imaginative ad showing the 
Tireman merrily swallowing road 

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hazards captured, the Public's 
attention. 

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It married humor with a 
practical promise signaling that

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Michelin tires made motoring not
only safer, but a bit more fun. 

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The Michelin Man quickly became 
one of the world's first truly 

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iconic, advertising character's 
a testament to the brothers, 

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Flair golf carts for marking 
surprises. 

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By 1900 Michela had established 
itself as France's Premier Tire 

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in a vato, yet, the market 
remained small automobiles were 

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still the playthings of the rich
or the tinkering enthusiast. 

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There were fewer than 3,000 cars
on all the roads of France as 

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the new century dawned. 
For michelada, Thrive more 

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people needed by cars and drive 
them far enough to wear out 

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their tires, Andre Mitchell and 
understood. 

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That selling tires wasn't just 
about the rubber, it was about 

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selling the adventure of 
Motoring itself. 

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France is rotted, Lanes. 
Can be transformed into more 

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welcoming Pathways, perhaps many
more citizens would be enticed 

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to get behind the wheel. 
With characteristic Ingenuity. 

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He began devising a new kind of 
product. 

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Not a tire this time but a 
booklet that would boost the 

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entire ecosystem of driving. 
Little, did anyone suspect that 

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this next idea would become 
michelin's greatest Legacy of 

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all? 
Taking an automobile on a 

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cross-country Journey was a 
daring expedition in the early 

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1900s. 
Imagine embarking on a 200 mile 

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drive with no road signs, no 
reliable maps, and no guarantee 

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you'd find fuel or a mechanic if
things went awry. 

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For instance, in 1905 Parisian, 
Gentleman embarking on a journey

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to the French Riviera would pack
extra Patrol, tins, and tools, 

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and anticipating the unexpected 
at every corner. car travel was 

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truly an adventure and Andre 
Mitchell and keenly understood 

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that drivers needed, guidance 
and reassurance, To support 

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their customers Journeys. 
He and his brother compiled, a 

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slim red covered handbook. 
The guide Michelin filled with 

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everything, a motorist might 
need Technical tips on tire 

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repair lists of garages and fuel
Depots recommended hotels, and 

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eaters, and even maps and handy 
Town. 

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Indexes Michelin, even included 
a Whimsical cartoon in the 

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guide, showing a weary traveler 
collapsing under an armload of 

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maps and manuals, only to be 
rescued by an outstretched hand,

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offering a single book. 
The Michelin guide, The message 

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one, small volume could replace 
a trunk full of disparate 

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references. 
The first Michelin guide, 1900 

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was a free. 
Booklet for motorists, full of 

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practical information. 
Andre Michelin predicted this 

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book appears with the century 
that will last as long as it 

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does. 
The first Michelin guide made 

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its debut in 1900, strategically
timed to the Paris. 

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World's Fair at the bustling 
Exposition that year, which Drew

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an astonishing 50 million 
visitors, attendees could pick 

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up a free copy of this new 
motorist guide book, which 

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cataloged hundreds of French 
towns and advised, where to find

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lodging meals gas and reliable 
repairs in an ERA with no GPS or

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roadside assistance. 
The Little Red Book was a 

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godsend that inaugural Edition 
rantin nearly 400 pages with 

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some 1300 hotels among its 
Myriad listing's. 

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This book appears with the 
century it will last, as long as

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it does to cleared on train 
Michelin boldly predicting, his 

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guide's longevity. 
Indeed, the guide quickly became

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more than a directory. 
It was a Passport to Adventure, 

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its annual release eagerly, 
awaited by motorists, who saw it

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as essential gear for the open 
road. 

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Indeed, as automobiles, 
proliferated on Europe's roads, 

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the Michelin guide emerged as 
the preferred glove box 

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companion for astute drivers by 
the outbreak of World War 1, 

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France had embraced the 
automobile with gusto. 

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In fact, the number of cars in 
France surged from about 3,019 

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to over 100,000 by 1914 and 
michelin's guide had expanded 

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far beyond its home turf What 
started as a local French 

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publication, grew into a 
pan-european phenomenon within a

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decade. 
A Michelin guide for Belgium 

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appeared in 1904 followed by 
editions covering Algeria and 

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Tunisia. 1907, the Alps and the 
Rhine regions 1908, Germany and 

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Spain 1910 and the British Isles
1911 1910 Michelin also launched

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a series of 1 to 2,000 scale 
road maps to complement the 

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guide's direction, and make it 
easier for drivers to fight 

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their way. 
There was even a special English

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language guide to France 
published in 1909 for the 

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benefit of British American 
tourists touring the continent 

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by motor car. 
This rapid expansion reflected 

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the exploding interest in motor 
tourism wealthy adventurers were

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now driving through the Alps or 
motoring down to the French 

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Riviera and Michelin was right 
there with them. 

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It's guide's offering Dependable
information in unfamiliar lands.

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If anything the hardships of 
early driving, only cemented the

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guides in Portland's cars of 
that era were finicky machines. 

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Prone to breakdowns and Roads 
outside major cities were often 

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little more than rutted Mud 
Parks. 

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Pity The Traveler who didn't 
carry a Michelin guide when his 

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tire blew out miles from the 
nearest town. 

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He might not know that a 
blacksmith in the next Village 

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doubled as an auto repairman or 
that a certain in the road 

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offered clean beds and a hot 
supper. 

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The guides detailed listings 
helped to turn chaos into a 

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manageable Adventure. 
As War loomed in 1914. 

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The Michelin guide had firmly 
established itself as part of 

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the motoring routine. 
Publication was suspended during

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World War One, when Europe's 
focused turned from leisure 

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travel to survival, but the 
groundwork was laid motoring had

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arrived as a way of life for the
well to do, and thanks to 

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michelin's present strategy. 
A tire companies giveaway. 

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Guide had become an authority in
his own, right? 

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The stage was set for even 
bigger transformation. 

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After the war, not least, the 
guides Evolution from a 

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utilitarian Road Aid in to the 
venerated culinary Bible. 

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We know today from its Inception
the Michelin guide served as 

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more than just a simple guide 
for drivers. 

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It represented a brilliant 
marketing strategy, Andre 

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Mitchell and realized that if 
people drove more they'd wear 

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out their tires fast and need 
Replacements boosting Michelin 

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sails. 
So what better way to Spur Road 

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travel and to give drivers a 
reason to hit the road The free 

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guide served as a tire companies
valuable tool inspiring 

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motorists to make longer and 
more frequent Journeys. modern 

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terms Michelin was pioneering 
content marketing, offering 

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valuable information to 
customers to stimulate demand 

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for its core product long before
anyone coined that phrase Nearly

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35,000 copies of the inaugural 
1900 Edition were distributed at

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no charge and handed out to 
chauffeur's garage owners and 

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anyone who owned or even aspired
to own an automobile. 

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Before long drivers considered 
the Michelin guide nearly 

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indispensable as essential as a 
spare tire or a roadmap on. 

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Any long drive, message was 
never by our tires yet, every 

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page, quite quietly served that 
goal by making motoring easier. 

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For two decades. 
Michelin poured resources into 

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the project Printing and 
updating the guide annually, 

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without earning a cent from it. 
The company stock petrol 

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stations and repair shops with 
stacks of the free red guide, 

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confident, that every road trip 
at encouraged would eventually 

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lead to more worn out tires, in 
need of replacement. 

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This Ploy worked brilliantly. 
Perhaps, too well as motoring 

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move from fad to mainstream the 
guides distribution sword in 

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tandem. 
France, counted over 230,000 

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cars on the road by 1920. 
A huge leap from fewer than 

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3,002 decades earlier and many 
new drivers. 

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Wouldn't dream of setting out 
without the latest Michelin 

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guide in the glove box. 
By 1920, some people have become

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so accustomed to the guide that 
they began to take it lightly. 

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According to company law, when 
Andre Michela stopped by a 

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garage one day, he was shocked 
to see his beloved guide being 

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used to prop up, a workbench, 
outraged, and perhaps a little 

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Heartbreaker. 
He immediately declared the end 

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of the free Michelin guide era. 
Man only truly respects what he 

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pays for. 
He reportedly declared 

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00:12:01,899 --> 00:12:05,200
thereafter, the guide was no 
longer a giveaway, but a product

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in its own right. 
Sold for about seven francs 

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roughly, two dollars, and not 
insignificant Summit at the time

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00:12:10,899 --> 00:12:14,799
and revamped for a new era of 
Motoring the Michelin guide, 

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1920 Edition marked, a 
significant Milestone freed from

227
00:12:18,708 --> 00:12:21,700
the constraints of being purely 
promotional, the guides content 

228
00:12:21,700 --> 00:12:25,600
was refined and elevated. 
All advertising was stripped out

229
00:12:25,600 --> 00:12:29,600
to reinforce its impartiality. 
New features appeared including 

230
00:12:29,600 --> 00:12:32,600
a list of hotels in Paris and an
expanded directory of 

231
00:12:32,600 --> 00:12:35,100
restaurants now grouped by 
category and cuisine. 

232
00:12:35,899 --> 00:12:38,500
What had begun as a handy road, 
atlas was transforming into 

233
00:12:38,500 --> 00:12:41,100
something of a travel handbook, 
for the Discerning motorist 

234
00:12:41,100 --> 00:12:44,200
readers, wanted more than just 
gas stations, they were 

235
00:12:44,200 --> 00:12:47,000
increasingly turning to Michelin
for dining and lodging advice. 

236
00:12:47,799 --> 00:12:50,799
Sensing this shift, the Michelin
brothers, made a shrewd move, 

237
00:12:50,799 --> 00:12:54,399
they hired a team of anonymous 
field inspectors to visit 

238
00:12:54,399 --> 00:12:58,200
establishments and quietly 
evaluate them. recognizing the 

239
00:12:58,200 --> 00:13:01,600
growing influence of the guides 
restaurant section, the company 

240
00:13:01,600 --> 00:13:04,600
understood that consistent, 
trustworthy restaurant reviews, 

241
00:13:04,600 --> 00:13:08,600
would be crucial, these 
undercover diners, the first of 

242
00:13:08,600 --> 00:13:11,399
their kind fanned out to sample 
meals without ever revealing 

243
00:13:11,399 --> 00:13:15,000
their affiliation It was an 
unprecedented commitment to 

244
00:13:15,000 --> 00:13:18,500
Quality Control ensuring that a 
Michelin recommendation, truly 

245
00:13:18,500 --> 00:13:19,899
meant something to the traveling
public. 

246
00:13:21,000 --> 00:13:24,100
By the mid-1920s. 
The Michelin guide had evolved 

247
00:13:24,100 --> 00:13:26,700
from a tire company pamphlet to 
a more ambitious guide. 

248
00:13:27,600 --> 00:13:30,200
Its original purpose to get 
people, driving had succeeded 

249
00:13:30,200 --> 00:13:34,200
Beyond expectation and its 
reputation for fair thorough 

250
00:13:34,200 --> 00:13:38,100
recommendations was growing. 
Not coincidentally, michelin's 

251
00:13:38,100 --> 00:13:41,200
tire sales were booming as well.
The brothers had become leading 

252
00:13:41,200 --> 00:13:45,000
suppliers to Europe's fledgling 
to Industry Boyd, by the growing

253
00:13:45,000 --> 00:13:46,899
ranks of motorists. 
They helped create. 

254
00:13:48,000 --> 00:13:50,600
Now, this little red book was 
evolving from a glove box 

255
00:13:50,600 --> 00:13:54,100
staple, into a symbol of 
discernment and credibility, as 

256
00:13:54,100 --> 00:13:56,299
one Observer noted, early 
current Enthusiast. 

257
00:13:56,299 --> 00:13:59,000
Even like to keep a Michelin 
guide matching, their vehicles 

258
00:13:59,000 --> 00:14:01,299
model year in the glove box as a
badge of honor. 

259
00:14:02,100 --> 00:14:03,700
This set. 
The groundwork for michelin's 

260
00:14:03,700 --> 00:14:06,500
next brilliant. 
Move transforming a tire 

261
00:14:06,500 --> 00:14:08,399
companies travel guide. 
Into the world's most 

262
00:14:08,399 --> 00:14:13,399
influential Authority on fine, 
dining in 1926 Michelin quietly.

263
00:14:13,399 --> 00:14:16,500
Introduced a new feature that 
would forever change the guides 

264
00:14:16,500 --> 00:14:19,000
destiny. 
Star ratings. 

265
00:14:19,899 --> 00:14:22,899
That year a small star symbol 
appeared next to the names of 

266
00:14:22,899 --> 00:14:27,700
Select exceptional restaurants. 
Five years later in 1931, the 

267
00:14:27,700 --> 00:14:31,299
hierarchy of one, two, and three
stars was introduced creating a 

268
00:14:31,299 --> 00:14:33,399
graduated honor of dining 
Excellence. 

269
00:14:33,399 --> 00:14:36,899
A single star denoted, a 
restaurant that was excellent in

270
00:14:36,899 --> 00:14:39,100
its category, two stars 
signified. 

271
00:14:39,100 --> 00:14:42,200
Excellent cooking worth the 
detour and the coveted three 

272
00:14:42,200 --> 00:14:45,700
stars meant exceptional Cuisine 
worth a special Journey. 

273
00:14:46,700 --> 00:14:49,500
The wording was telling Michelin
was still in the business of 

274
00:14:49,500 --> 00:14:54,500
inspiring Journeys by 1933 23 
restaurants in France, held 

275
00:14:54,500 --> 00:14:57,799
three-star status, their 
kitchens instantly vaulted into 

276
00:14:57,799 --> 00:15:01,399
the culinary stratosphere. 
Chefs regarded Michelin stars as

277
00:15:01,399 --> 00:15:04,500
the highest recognition and a 
three-star ranking of the power 

278
00:15:04,500 --> 00:15:07,799
to transformer remote country in
into a global destination for 

279
00:15:07,799 --> 00:15:12,299
gourmets. in 1931 Michelin also 
swapped the guides cover from 

280
00:15:12,299 --> 00:15:15,899
its original blue to now iconic 
red cementing, the identity of 

281
00:15:15,899 --> 00:15:20,299
the red guide that endures to 
this day One journalist later 

282
00:15:20,299 --> 00:15:23,799
noted that the little red guy 
often referred to as the Bible 

283
00:15:23,799 --> 00:15:27,100
of gastronomy holds significant 
influence amongst returns. 

284
00:15:28,200 --> 00:15:31,200
Over the ensuing decades, the 
guides influence, only grew 

285
00:15:31,200 --> 00:15:34,500
restaurants vied patently for 
michelin's approval. 

286
00:15:34,500 --> 00:15:37,899
Knowing that a star or three 
could bring Prestige and 

287
00:15:37,899 --> 00:15:40,899
prosperity. 
The guides judgments with their 

288
00:15:40,899 --> 00:15:44,399
concise descriptions and iconic 
Stars established a benchmark 

289
00:15:44,399 --> 00:15:47,000
that profoundly influenced the 
concept of fine dining. 

290
00:15:47,700 --> 00:15:51,000
Even War could only briefly 
interrupt its Authority World. 

291
00:15:51,000 --> 00:15:52,799
War Two forced to pause in 
publication. 

292
00:15:52,799 --> 00:15:56,700
But in 1944, the Allied Forces 
famously requested, a special 

293
00:15:56,700 --> 00:15:59,299
reprint of michela's. 
Last pre-war guide because it's 

294
00:15:59,299 --> 00:16:02,000
road maps of France with the 
most detailed and reliable 

295
00:16:02,000 --> 00:16:05,600
available. 
After the war as Europe, rebuilt

296
00:16:05,600 --> 00:16:09,399
Michelin cautiously resumed, its
Gourmet guardianship initially 

297
00:16:09,399 --> 00:16:12,299
imposing an upper limit of two 
stars giving the Euros food 

298
00:16:12,299 --> 00:16:16,000
shortages, before restoring 3 
star awards in 1951 as Hot 

299
00:16:16,000 --> 00:16:19,299
Cuisine bounce back. 
By then the Michelin guide was 

300
00:16:19,299 --> 00:16:21,100
entrenched as the Arbiter of 
French fine. 

301
00:16:21,100 --> 00:16:23,799
Dining in its reach was 
extending further afield. 

302
00:16:24,600 --> 00:16:27,700
What began as a parochial 
handbook for French motorists to

303
00:16:27,700 --> 00:16:29,299
devolved into an international 
Institution. 

304
00:16:30,399 --> 00:16:33,600
Michelin published. 
Its first guide to Italy in 1956

305
00:16:33,600 --> 00:16:36,299
though no restaurant. 
Earned a star in that inaugural 

306
00:16:36,299 --> 00:16:39,600
Italian Edition and rolled out 
guides across the continent in 

307
00:16:39,600 --> 00:16:42,600
subsequent years, a Michelin 
guide for Great Britain, and 

308
00:16:42,600 --> 00:16:45,799
Ireland, reappeared in 1974. 
After a long, high heater 

309
00:16:45,799 --> 00:16:48,000
signaling, the guide's, 
pan-european scope. 

310
00:16:48,799 --> 00:16:53,000
In 2005, the company finally 
crossed the Atlantic debuting in

311
00:16:53,000 --> 00:16:56,399
New York City guide and soon 
afterward in Tunisia with guides

312
00:16:56,399 --> 00:17:00,399
for Tokyo. 2007 and Hong Kong 
and Macau, 2008. 

313
00:17:01,100 --> 00:17:04,400
In its first Tokyo Edition. 
Michelin awarded, an 

314
00:17:04,400 --> 00:17:07,098
unprecedented eight restaurants,
the top three star, rating, 

315
00:17:07,098 --> 00:17:11,000
declaring, Tokyo, the new world 
leader in Gourmet dining, even 

316
00:17:11,000 --> 00:17:14,598
ahead of Paris. 
By the 2010s Michelin was 

317
00:17:14,598 --> 00:17:16,900
publishing annual guides in 
dozens of countries across 

318
00:17:16,900 --> 00:17:20,500
Europe, North America, and Asia 
is once humble book. 

319
00:17:20,500 --> 00:17:24,700
Now, a global Arbiter of taste 
For perspective, more than 30 

320
00:17:24,799 --> 00:17:28,700
million guys have been sold 
worldwide over the past Century.

321
00:17:30,000 --> 00:17:33,700
A Michelin star became part of 
the common, lexicon a byword for

322
00:17:33,700 --> 00:17:36,700
culinary Excellence recognized 
from Boston to Beijing. 

323
00:17:37,400 --> 00:17:40,099
Michelin also added, secondary 
distinctions over time. 

324
00:17:40,099 --> 00:17:44,200
For instance, the bib Gourmand 
award denoted, by the face of 

325
00:17:44,200 --> 00:17:47,000
Bender licking, his lips was 
introduced to highlight 

326
00:17:47,000 --> 00:17:49,799
restaurant offering excellent 
quality at a reasonable price. 

327
00:17:49,799 --> 00:17:52,900
Proving that not all outstanding
cooking need to be expensive. 

328
00:17:54,000 --> 00:17:57,000
The guide had transformed into a
luxury brand in Florence in its 

329
00:17:57,000 --> 00:17:57,400
own. 
Right. 

330
00:17:57,400 --> 00:18:00,500
The endorsement of the Michelin 
a single Michelin guide could 

331
00:18:00,500 --> 00:18:03,099
Propel a modest Chef to 
prominence or Transformer remote

332
00:18:03,099 --> 00:18:05,099
Village into a destination for 
Foodies. 

333
00:18:05,799 --> 00:18:08,400
Tourism boards. 
Even began courting Michela to 

334
00:18:08,400 --> 00:18:11,599
publish guides in their regions,
hoping to capitalize on the 

335
00:18:11,599 --> 00:18:14,299
Michelin effect of gastronomic 
travel. 

336
00:18:15,299 --> 00:18:18,299
In the world of out Cuisine. 
The red covered guide wielded. 

337
00:18:18,299 --> 00:18:20,599
A clout matched by few 
institutions. 

338
00:18:21,299 --> 00:18:24,299
Yet even as its Fame. 
Grew the Michelin guide remained

339
00:18:24,299 --> 00:18:27,200
cloaked in Mystique, not least 
because it never revealed 

340
00:18:27,200 --> 00:18:29,000
exactly how it cast its 
judgments. 

341
00:18:29,799 --> 00:18:33,000
Diners devoured, each annual 
Edition but the identities of 

342
00:18:33,000 --> 00:18:36,099
michelin's inspectors and the 
inner workings of its writing 

343
00:18:36,099 --> 00:18:38,299
process were kept rigorously 
secret. 

344
00:18:39,200 --> 00:18:42,099
Restauranteurs could only guess 
when a Michelin critic had dined

345
00:18:42,099 --> 00:18:45,299
in their midst, this Aura of 
secrecy became part of the 

346
00:18:45,299 --> 00:18:48,299
guides Legend and it set the 
stage for the next chapter of 

347
00:18:48,299 --> 00:18:51,000
the story. 
Secretive inspectors and 

348
00:18:51,000 --> 00:18:53,400
enigmatic criteria behind those 
Stars. 

349
00:18:53,400 --> 00:18:56,799
The true genius of the Michelin 
guide and perhaps the key to its

350
00:18:56,799 --> 00:18:59,500
credibility. 
Lay in the inspectors from the 

351
00:18:59,500 --> 00:19:02,200
1920s. 
Onward Michelin cultivated an 

352
00:19:02,200 --> 00:19:05,799
image of rigorous and Anonymous 
evaluation the company insisted 

353
00:19:05,799 --> 00:19:08,599
that its inspectors always pay 
for their meals and never reveal

354
00:19:08,599 --> 00:19:11,299
their identities. 
So restaurants could not carry 

355
00:19:11,299 --> 00:19:14,799
favor Planet ended. 
These Mystery Diners. 

356
00:19:14,799 --> 00:19:17,799
As the Michelin Brothers can see
them would blend in with 

357
00:19:17,799 --> 00:19:19,900
ordinary patreons and experience
restaurants. 

358
00:19:19,900 --> 00:19:24,200
Just as any guests would Over 
time, the guides Mystique became

359
00:19:24,200 --> 00:19:27,799
Central to this covert approach.
While other guidebooks or 

360
00:19:27,799 --> 00:19:30,299
critics might tolerate freebies 
or announced their visits 

361
00:19:30,299 --> 00:19:33,500
michelin's tasters moved in 
silence and picked up their 

362
00:19:33,500 --> 00:19:36,200
checks. 
Chefs lived in quiet dread of 

363
00:19:36,200 --> 00:19:40,099
unrecognized, gastronomic, spies
in their dining rooms one 

364
00:19:40,099 --> 00:19:43,099
French, chef famously likened, 
the suspense to waiting for the 

365
00:19:43,099 --> 00:19:45,500
Executioner. 
You never knew when they would 

366
00:19:45,508 --> 00:19:49,200
come or who they were, it wasn't
just who the inspectors were but

367
00:19:49,200 --> 00:19:51,000
what they looked for that set, 
Michelin apart. 

368
00:19:52,000 --> 00:19:54,500
For decades, the guide said, 
little publicly about his 

369
00:19:54,500 --> 00:19:58,099
judging criteria letting diners 
and chefs puzzle over the secret

370
00:19:58,099 --> 00:20:02,200
recipe for earning a star. 
Only in 1936 did Michelin 

371
00:20:02,200 --> 00:20:05,400
publisher, brief description of 
the standards behind one, two, 

372
00:20:05,400 --> 00:20:08,900
and three stars couching them in
reassuringly. 

373
00:20:08,900 --> 00:20:11,299
Simple. 
Terms, a top rated restaurant 

374
00:20:11,299 --> 00:20:15,500
was one that volt worth the 
journey, a phrase that harked 

375
00:20:15,500 --> 00:20:19,099
back to the guide's road trip 
origin's behind the scenes. 

376
00:20:19,099 --> 00:20:22,000
Of course the inspectors 
palettes were finely honed and 

377
00:20:22,000 --> 00:20:25,599
their expectations exacting. 
overtime, Michelin quietly 

378
00:20:25,599 --> 00:20:28,099
established five Universal 
criteria to guide their 

379
00:20:28,099 --> 00:20:31,500
assessments quality of 
ingredients, master of cooking 

380
00:20:31,500 --> 00:20:35,000
technique, Harmony of flavors, 
the personality of the chef in 

381
00:20:35,000 --> 00:20:38,099
the cuisine and consistency 
across the menu and over time, 

382
00:20:39,299 --> 00:20:43,200
Notably factors like Decor 
service or Ambience things one 

383
00:20:43,200 --> 00:20:44,799
might assume influence a dining 
experience. 

384
00:20:44,799 --> 00:20:47,599
Were officially not supposed to 
affect the rating. 

385
00:20:47,599 --> 00:20:50,099
It was all about the food on the
plate. 

386
00:20:50,099 --> 00:20:54,299
Michelin would later insist This
obsessive focus on food quality 

387
00:20:54,299 --> 00:20:58,000
combined with anonymity, gave 
the Michelin guide a reputation 

388
00:20:58,000 --> 00:21:01,500
for integrity. 
Inspectors often had culinary or

389
00:21:01,500 --> 00:21:04,299
Hospitality backgrounds and they
ate out nearly every day. 

390
00:21:04,299 --> 00:21:09,000
Sometimes 250 meals a year 
particularly writing up reports 

391
00:21:09,000 --> 00:21:12,599
on each experience. 
Their work was and still is 

392
00:21:12,599 --> 00:21:16,799
shrouded in confidentiality. 
In an age of Instagram and 

393
00:21:16,799 --> 00:21:20,299
crowdsourced Yelp reviews. 
Michelin cun to an old world. 

394
00:21:20,299 --> 00:21:24,400
Secrecy Michelin Bard inspectors
from speaking to journalists and

395
00:21:24,400 --> 00:21:26,599
even discouraged them from 
telling their families about 

396
00:21:26,599 --> 00:21:29,700
their covert job. 
Michelin even ensures that no 

397
00:21:29,700 --> 00:21:32,000
single inspector can make or 
break a restaurant. 

398
00:21:32,000 --> 00:21:35,599
Multiple inspectors visit and 
there are reports are pulled 

399
00:21:35,599 --> 00:21:38,900
with stars awarded only after a 
collective deliberation by the 

400
00:21:38,900 --> 00:21:40,799
inspection team and michelin's 
directors. 

401
00:21:41,599 --> 00:21:43,299
The guide leverages this 
secrecy. 

402
00:21:43,299 --> 00:21:46,700
And rigor as a marketing asset, 
it is mysterious and methodical 

403
00:21:46,700 --> 00:21:50,099
and therefore in the eyes of its
fans impartial and 

404
00:21:50,099 --> 00:21:55,099
authoritative. 
But secrecy has its price. over 

405
00:21:55,099 --> 00:21:58,200
the years, michelin's veil was 
occasionally pierced by 

406
00:21:58,200 --> 00:22:01,599
skepticism and controversy 
critics wondered if a handful of

407
00:22:01,607 --> 00:22:04,000
inspectors could really cover 
thousands of restaurants 

408
00:22:04,000 --> 00:22:07,700
thoroughly or if biases crept in
despite claims of objectivity 

409
00:22:08,900 --> 00:22:12,299
scrambled eggs inspector in 
France, published a book in 2004

410
00:22:12,299 --> 00:22:14,299
alleging that the rigor of the 
guide was slipping. 

411
00:22:15,099 --> 00:22:18,000
Claimed Michelin, employed only 
five full-time, inspectors for 

412
00:22:18,000 --> 00:22:21,200
all of France, each paid a 
humble salary and expected to 

413
00:22:21,200 --> 00:22:23,500
somehow cover. 
Well over 10,000 restaurants, 

414
00:22:23,500 --> 00:22:27,200
making it a complete myth that 
the inspector comes around every

415
00:22:27,200 --> 00:22:31,799
year to each establishment. 
That one third of the best and 

416
00:22:31,799 --> 00:22:35,799
not of the standard expected. 
Michelin vehemently denied. 

417
00:22:35,799 --> 00:22:38,900
The accusation noting that Remy 
had been dismissed after 

418
00:22:38,900 --> 00:22:41,900
allegedly trying to extort money
to keep his diary unpublished. 

419
00:22:41,900 --> 00:22:45,500
And the guides overseas insisted
their standards remained as 

420
00:22:45,500 --> 00:22:48,599
strict as ever. 
However, the expose a hidden 

421
00:22:48,599 --> 00:22:52,400
organization despite such drama,
The guide's Prestige, proved 

422
00:22:52,400 --> 00:22:55,900
resilient few diners outside the
industry, remembered the episode

423
00:22:55,900 --> 00:22:59,700
for long, the Michelin brand of 
Excellence, had Decades of trust

424
00:22:59,700 --> 00:23:03,500
behind it and no competing guide
managed to unseat its Authority.

425
00:23:04,400 --> 00:23:06,599
To this day for most chefs and 
gastrinomas. 

426
00:23:06,599 --> 00:23:10,700
Michelin's inspectors, remain 
enigmatic figures wielding 

427
00:23:10,700 --> 00:23:13,599
power, with their pens and forks
and keeping alive the Allure of 

428
00:23:13,599 --> 00:23:17,299
an honor that is, at least in 
principle purely merit-based as 

429
00:23:17,299 --> 00:23:20,200
michelin's influence grew. 
So did the stakes for those 

430
00:23:20,200 --> 00:23:23,299
under its gaze a Michelin star 
could make a career. 

431
00:23:23,299 --> 00:23:26,500
But the pressure to keep it 
could also break one. 

432
00:23:26,500 --> 00:23:29,900
The Tails of this uneasy 
love-hate relationship with the 

433
00:23:29,900 --> 00:23:34,400
red guide abounded in The 
Culinary World in 2003 renowned 

434
00:23:34,400 --> 00:23:37,299
French chef. 
Bernard lawrenzo tragically took

435
00:23:37,299 --> 00:23:40,299
his own life and act, widely 
linked to fears. 

436
00:23:41,400 --> 00:23:44,099
He was about to lose. 
One of his three Michelin stars.

437
00:23:44,099 --> 00:23:48,099
A downgrade that ultimately did 
not occur his death, echoed 

438
00:23:48,099 --> 00:23:51,500
across France, spurring public 
debate about the enormous stress

439
00:23:51,500 --> 00:23:55,099
place on Chefs. 
The legendary paulus lambasted, 

440
00:23:55,099 --> 00:23:58,400
the culture of I'll give you a 
star, I'll take one away and how

441
00:23:58,400 --> 00:24:00,500
critics rating toyed with chefs 
lives. 

442
00:24:01,200 --> 00:24:03,799
In the years that have passed 
other renowned chefs have 

443
00:24:03,799 --> 00:24:06,700
acknowledged that meeting. 
Michelin's expectations can be a

444
00:24:06,700 --> 00:24:10,099
challenge in task as the same 
recognition, that draws pilgrims

445
00:24:10,099 --> 00:24:13,200
to their dining rooms also 
causes them to experience 

446
00:24:13,200 --> 00:24:16,900
anxiety at night. 
Some chefs have even attempted 

447
00:24:16,900 --> 00:24:22,000
to Dethrone Michelin. 
In 2017 Sebastian, Bray the chef

448
00:24:22,000 --> 00:24:26,799
of a three-star restaurant 
located in rural aguile shocked 

449
00:24:26,799 --> 00:24:29,200
the gastronomic World. 
By requesting that Michelin 

450
00:24:29,200 --> 00:24:30,799
remove his restaurant from its 
guide. 

451
00:24:31,700 --> 00:24:34,400
After nearly two decades at the 
summit, he yearned to cook with 

452
00:24:34,400 --> 00:24:38,299
the shadow of constant judgment 
to be free from the pressure as 

453
00:24:38,299 --> 00:24:40,000
he explained in a video 
announcement. 

454
00:24:40,900 --> 00:24:42,799
Michelin. 
Reluctantly agreed his request 

455
00:24:42,799 --> 00:24:46,500
and almost unheard of 
concession, though, a couple of 

456
00:24:46,500 --> 00:24:48,500
years later. 
Bras found himself back in the 

457
00:24:48,500 --> 00:24:52,000
guide stars and all after 
Michelin decided, its 

458
00:24:52,000 --> 00:24:54,500
assessments would remain 
independent of chefs wishes. 

459
00:24:55,400 --> 00:24:58,500
Brazil's public renunciation 
ignited conversations about 

460
00:24:58,500 --> 00:25:01,000
whether the pursuit of 
perfection demanded by Michela 

461
00:25:01,000 --> 00:25:03,700
had gone too far. 
He wasn't alone in his 

462
00:25:03,700 --> 00:25:06,400
ambivalence. 
Other celebrated Chefs of both 

463
00:25:06,400 --> 00:25:10,599
revealed the guide and resented 
it In 2019, the eminent French, 

464
00:25:10,599 --> 00:25:13,200
chef Marc. 
Veyrat went so far as to sue 

465
00:25:13,200 --> 00:25:16,500
Michela after his restaurant was
demoted from three stars to 2, 

466
00:25:16,500 --> 00:25:18,799
claiming the inspectors had made
a factual error. 

467
00:25:18,799 --> 00:25:22,700
The Saga was dubbed cheddar in 
the press, the court ultimately 

468
00:25:22,700 --> 00:25:26,700
threw out his case, such dramas 
underscore the intense emotions.

469
00:25:26,700 --> 00:25:30,400
Experienced by those minority 
chefs Beyond individual chefs. 

470
00:25:30,400 --> 00:25:34,000
There are broader cultural 
critiques for decades Michelin 

471
00:25:34,000 --> 00:25:37,000
was accused of a French and 
eurocentric bias a favoring 

472
00:25:37,000 --> 00:25:39,599
stiff white tablecloths and 
classical techniques over more 

473
00:25:39,599 --> 00:25:43,500
diverse or homie culinary 
experiences in the 2000s and 

474
00:25:43,500 --> 00:25:46,500
2010s as gastronomical 
awareness, blossomed globally, 

475
00:25:46,500 --> 00:25:49,700
Michelin expanded, its reach 
across, Asia the Americas and 

476
00:25:49,700 --> 00:25:53,599
Beyond seeking to stay relevant.
It surprise Skeptics by awarding

477
00:25:53,599 --> 00:25:55,400
stars to Humble street food 
stalls. 

478
00:25:55,400 --> 00:25:57,400
Such as a hawker. 
Stand in, Singapore, known for 

479
00:25:57,400 --> 00:25:58,500
two dollar. 
Noodle bowls. 

480
00:25:58,500 --> 00:26:01,900
This was michelin's way of 
saying, Excellence can be found 

481
00:26:01,900 --> 00:26:04,599
anywhere. 
Not only in gilded temples of 

482
00:26:04,599 --> 00:26:07,200
Hope Cuisine and yet debate 
continued. 

483
00:26:07,200 --> 00:26:11,599
Did Michelin truly understand 
local food, cultures, or was it 

484
00:26:11,599 --> 00:26:14,099
imposing? 
Its standards was a starred. 

485
00:26:14,099 --> 00:26:17,799
Sushi bar in Tokyo evaluated 
using the same criteria as a 

486
00:26:17,799 --> 00:26:20,500
fine. 
Dining Salon in Paris such 

487
00:26:20,500 --> 00:26:22,700
questions. 
Provided endless fodder for 

488
00:26:22,700 --> 00:26:24,599
food, lovers and fuel for 
michelins rivals. 

489
00:26:25,400 --> 00:26:28,599
What is clear is that a Michelin
star creates a profound economic

490
00:26:28,599 --> 00:26:32,099
and emotional, ripple effect 
restaurants that earn one often 

491
00:26:32,099 --> 00:26:34,799
see booking Skyrocket, 
overnight, allowing them to 

492
00:26:34,799 --> 00:26:36,700
raise prices and invest in their
craft. 

493
00:26:37,500 --> 00:26:40,000
Entire regions have bet on the 
Michelin effects to boost 

494
00:26:40,000 --> 00:26:42,700
culinary tourism. 
Sometimes, even reportedly 

495
00:26:42,700 --> 00:26:46,299
subsidizing the guides expansion
into their cities and civic 

496
00:26:46,299 --> 00:26:48,500
pride is now intertwined with 
star count. 

497
00:26:49,099 --> 00:26:51,799
Cities and countries. 
Trumpet, their Michelin Laurel 

498
00:26:51,799 --> 00:26:55,400
restaurants to entice Travelers 
just as chefs trumpet Their 

499
00:26:55,400 --> 00:26:58,900
Stars to entice diners 
conversely, losing a stark and 

500
00:26:58,900 --> 00:27:01,900
feel like a public humiliation 
and can lead to real Financial 

501
00:27:01,900 --> 00:27:04,599
pain as diners and investors 
react. 

502
00:27:06,200 --> 00:27:09,200
The guide has been called a 
king-maker, a king breaker, a 

503
00:27:09,200 --> 00:27:12,099
tyrant. 
And a savior to some chefs, its 

504
00:27:12,099 --> 00:27:15,500
Benchmark of achievement to 
others, a source of unrelenting 

505
00:27:15,500 --> 00:27:18,000
pressure. 
In the era of Instagram, 

506
00:27:18,000 --> 00:27:20,299
influencers, and crowdsource 
review sites. 

507
00:27:20,299 --> 00:27:23,299
Some of speculated that 
michelin's old school approach 

508
00:27:23,299 --> 00:27:26,700
would lose relevance. 
But the continued obsession with

509
00:27:26,700 --> 00:27:29,799
its verdicts suggests that its 
star system still holds a unique

510
00:27:29,799 --> 00:27:33,500
sway over chefs and diners. 
A fact is astonishing today. 

511
00:27:33,500 --> 00:27:37,099
As it was a century ago, this 
tension has only heightened, the

512
00:27:37,099 --> 00:27:40,099
Michelin guides, cultural Aura, 
love it, or loathe it, those 

513
00:27:40,099 --> 00:27:43,099
little stars, provoke, big 
emotions, Looking Back. 

514
00:27:43,099 --> 00:27:46,799
The Audacity Of Andres michela's
strategy as astonishing what 

515
00:27:46,799 --> 00:27:49,799
began as a clever ploy to sell 
more tires evolved into a 

516
00:27:49,799 --> 00:27:52,700
venture that transformed both 
travel and Gastronomy on a 

517
00:27:52,700 --> 00:27:55,200
global scale. 
The Michelin guide helped turn 

518
00:27:55,200 --> 00:27:58,000
the act of driving from a novel 
experiment into a, widespread 

519
00:27:58,000 --> 00:28:01,299
cultural practice, and in doing 
so, it laid foundations for the 

520
00:28:01,299 --> 00:28:04,599
modern travel industry. 
Early motorists, with a guide in

521
00:28:04,607 --> 00:28:07,700
hand, felt empowered to explore 
secure in the knowledge that 

522
00:28:07,700 --> 00:28:11,000
they could find their way, get a
decent meal and repair a flat. 

523
00:28:12,000 --> 00:28:15,000
In many ways, Michela wrote the 
first draft of the road trip 

524
00:28:15,000 --> 00:28:17,099
over time. 
That little red book. 

525
00:28:17,099 --> 00:28:21,200
Spawned an entire ecosystem of 
travel AIDS road maps, tourist, 

526
00:28:21,200 --> 00:28:24,900
guide, books, and travel 
itineraries indeed, Michela 

527
00:28:24,900 --> 00:28:27,500
eventually, expanded into 
publishing, green guides to 

528
00:28:27,500 --> 00:28:31,599
cities and regions worldwide. 
It's no exaggeration to say that

529
00:28:31,599 --> 00:28:33,799
michelin's promotional gamble 
greased. 

530
00:28:33,799 --> 00:28:37,799
The wheels for 20th century 
tourism, making distant corners 

531
00:28:37,799 --> 00:28:42,000
of France and later, the world 
accessible and inviting to those

532
00:28:42,000 --> 00:28:43,400
adventurous enough to motor 
there. 

533
00:28:43,400 --> 00:28:48,400
The impact on the food industry 
has been even more profound By 

534
00:28:48,400 --> 00:28:50,700
introducing the idea that 
restaurants could be rigorously 

535
00:28:50,700 --> 00:28:54,500
evaluated and ranked Michelin 
inadvertently created, a whole 

536
00:28:54,508 --> 00:28:57,299
new Arena of competition and 
aspiration among chefs. 

537
00:28:57,299 --> 00:29:01,099
The guide Stars became the 
Oscars of The Culinary world and

538
00:29:01,099 --> 00:29:04,000
chasing those Stars became a 
narrative of ambition in 

539
00:29:04,000 --> 00:29:07,900
kitchens from Paris to Shanghai 
oat Cuisine which was once 

540
00:29:07,900 --> 00:29:09,500
confined to Word of Mouth a 
claim. 

541
00:29:09,500 --> 00:29:13,000
Now, had a codified system of 
Merit one that could Vault a 

542
00:29:13,000 --> 00:29:15,900
chef to International fame or 
humble, even the mighty ego. 

543
00:29:17,000 --> 00:29:20,000
This innovational turned dining 
out into a sport for patrons 

544
00:29:20,000 --> 00:29:24,099
using in the era of the 
destination restaurant, where 

545
00:29:24,099 --> 00:29:27,400
food Enthusiast strategies in 
Tire trips to dine at Michelin 

546
00:29:27,400 --> 00:29:31,099
star temples of cuisine. 
A tire maker from Claremore 

547
00:29:31,099 --> 00:29:32,599
Farrar. 
Ended up setting Trends in the 

548
00:29:32,607 --> 00:29:35,000
cooking of fogra the serving of 
sushi. 

549
00:29:35,000 --> 00:29:37,700
And the topping of pizzas in 
directly influencing countless 

550
00:29:37,700 --> 00:29:40,000
culinary, Traditions through the
power of its rating's. 

551
00:29:40,900 --> 00:29:44,299
Michelin's own mascot. 
The Tubby Tireman Bender, became

552
00:29:44,299 --> 00:29:46,599
a cultural icon in his own right
name. 

553
00:29:46,599 --> 00:29:50,099
The best logo of the century by 
the financial times in 2000. 

554
00:29:51,299 --> 00:29:55,000
Perhaps just as significantly, 
Michelin demonstrated, the power

555
00:29:55,000 --> 00:29:58,799
of the brand extension through 
content long before that term 

556
00:29:58,799 --> 00:30:01,700
existed. 
The company proved that a brand 

557
00:30:01,708 --> 00:30:05,799
could transcend its original 
product, rubber tires and insert

558
00:30:05,799 --> 00:30:08,700
itself into consumers lives in 
more intimate experiment. 

559
00:30:09,400 --> 00:30:13,299
Ways today when Airlines 
published travel magazines or 

560
00:30:13,299 --> 00:30:15,500
beverage companies, curate 
lifestyle blogs. 

561
00:30:15,500 --> 00:30:19,299
They are following a trail. 
Blazed by Michelin in 1900 using

562
00:30:19,299 --> 00:30:22,799
useful content to deepen, 
customer engagement in 

563
00:30:22,799 --> 00:30:24,500
michelin's case. 
The stunt was so successful. 

564
00:30:24,500 --> 00:30:27,900
It eventually outgrew its 
marketing purpose entirely The 

565
00:30:27,900 --> 00:30:30,799
guide established itself as an 
institution, perhaps even 

566
00:30:30,799 --> 00:30:33,099
surpassing the fame of 
michelin's tires. 

567
00:30:33,099 --> 00:30:36,799
By the 21st century michelin's 
verdicts could determine a 

568
00:30:36,799 --> 00:30:39,799
chef's Fortune's and cities 
would strive to attract a 

569
00:30:39,799 --> 00:30:42,299
Michelin guide due to its 
potential economic benefits. 

570
00:30:43,000 --> 00:30:46,700
Dozens of Woodbury imitators 
from crowdsourced website to 

571
00:30:46,700 --> 00:30:49,900
Alternative ranking lists have 
tried to replicate michelin's 

572
00:30:49,900 --> 00:30:52,599
formula, but none as quite 
matched, the cache of those 

573
00:30:52,599 --> 00:30:55,200
stars. 
All this originates from a 

574
00:30:55,200 --> 00:30:56,500
scheme dreamed up by two 
brothers. 

575
00:30:56,500 --> 00:30:58,400
Who simply wanted people to 
drive more? 

576
00:30:59,099 --> 00:31:01,500
Even in an age of GPS, apps and 
social media. 

577
00:31:01,500 --> 00:31:05,000
The essence of michelin's Gambit
to spark Wanderlust and 

578
00:31:05,000 --> 00:31:08,500
celebrate outstanding cooking. 
And so doing create demand for 

579
00:31:08,500 --> 00:31:11,000
its Core Business remains as 
powerful as ever. 

580
00:31:11,000 --> 00:31:14,000
In the end, the story of how 
Andre Mitchell and trick the 

581
00:31:14,000 --> 00:31:16,400
world is not one of Deceit, but 
of vision. 

582
00:31:17,400 --> 00:31:20,000
He understood that selling a 
lifestyle, the thrill of 

583
00:31:20,000 --> 00:31:23,000
Discovery, the promise of 
Adventure, the Allure of a 

584
00:31:23,000 --> 00:31:25,799
perfect meal at Journey's. 
End was the key to selling his 

585
00:31:25,799 --> 00:31:28,200
product. 
In nurturing that Vision. 

586
00:31:28,200 --> 00:31:31,700
Michelin changed the way people 
travel, the way we eat, and even

587
00:31:31,700 --> 00:31:34,799
the Way businesses caught 
customers, the Michelin guide 

588
00:31:34,799 --> 00:31:38,000
Sentry plus Journey, from 
freebie, pamphlet to Global 

589
00:31:38,000 --> 00:31:41,000
gastronomic, gatekeeper stands 
as one of the most remarkable 

590
00:31:41,000 --> 00:31:43,700
chapters in marketing and 
cultural history indeed. 

591
00:31:43,700 --> 00:31:47,900
It's now a textbook example of 
content marketing, it's a 

592
00:31:47,900 --> 00:31:50,099
well-told yet. 
Still surprising true story of a

593
00:31:50,099 --> 00:31:53,500
business Gambit that steered its
way into the hearts of millions 

594
00:31:53,500 --> 00:31:56,799
leaving tire tracks across the 
world's roads, and indelible 

595
00:31:56,799 --> 00:32:00,700
stars in the world's kitchens 
Andre Michelle's Grand trick of 

596
00:32:00,700 --> 00:32:03,700
transforming, a tire firm into a
cultural taste maker achieved 

597
00:32:03,700 --> 00:32:09,299
unprecedented success. 
And so we come to the end of our

598
00:32:09,299 --> 00:32:13,299
main story tonight, the history 
behind how Andre Michelin Trek, 

599
00:32:13,299 --> 00:32:15,900
the world as one of those rare 
stories, where marketing meets 

600
00:32:15,900 --> 00:32:19,000
mythmaking and wins tonight's 
tale uncovered, how attire 

601
00:32:19,000 --> 00:32:23,200
salesman didn't just sell tires,
he reinvented traveling and 

602
00:32:23,200 --> 00:32:26,200
Prestige with nothing but a 
clever booklet in a vision. 

603
00:32:27,200 --> 00:32:30,099
We unraveled the layers of this 
ostensible guide to uncover 

604
00:32:30,099 --> 00:32:33,400
something far more ingenious. 
A masterful maneuver of 

605
00:32:33,400 --> 00:32:36,900
influence, mask raiding as 
practical guidance, if you're 

606
00:32:36,900 --> 00:32:40,099
still tossing and turning, don't
worry, more stories are ahead 

607
00:32:40,099 --> 00:32:43,700
shuffled from the Forgotten 
corners of History to help calm 

608
00:32:43,700 --> 00:32:47,500
Restless, mine's Truly enjoy 
sharing these stories with you 

609
00:32:47,500 --> 00:32:49,400
and helping guide you toward 
rest. 

610
00:32:50,200 --> 00:32:53,200
You deserve sleep, regardless of
what keeps you up? 

611
00:32:53,900 --> 00:32:57,099
Now I'll sit by the fire. 
As I do on a daily basis, sit my

612
00:32:57,099 --> 00:33:00,200
green tea, and let the soft hum 
of History drift into the quiet.

613
00:33:01,000 --> 00:33:04,400
Sweet dreams, my friends and as 
always, sleep tight and keep 

614
00:33:04,408 --> 00:33:11,099
your stick on the ice. 
I remember the day I first came 

615
00:33:11,099 --> 00:33:14,900
to court a half-starved gesture 
with bells on my hat jangling 

616
00:33:14,900 --> 00:33:18,200
and Dread in my belly. 
The royal castle loomed ahead. 

617
00:33:18,200 --> 00:33:21,700
All Greystone walls and towering
battlements against a cloudy 

618
00:33:21,700 --> 00:33:24,200
skull. 
My heart thudded. 

619
00:33:24,200 --> 00:33:26,099
As I passed beneath the iron 
pork colorless. 

620
00:33:26,900 --> 00:33:29,200
A pair of guards snickered at 
the sight of me and my thread 

621
00:33:29,200 --> 00:33:31,599
bear. 
Mockley, I clutched my Loot and 

622
00:33:31,599 --> 00:33:34,299
Falls tightly praying. 
I wouldn't end the day in the 

623
00:33:34,307 --> 00:33:37,400
stocks. 
Inside Torchlight flickered on 

624
00:33:37,408 --> 00:33:41,099
tapestries and armored Knights. 
Servants rushed by with steaming

625
00:33:41,099 --> 00:33:44,599
platters of meat and trenches of
bread, the air smelled of wood 

626
00:33:44,599 --> 00:33:46,099
smoke spice. 
Why? 

627
00:33:46,099 --> 00:33:50,400
And a hint of something foul 
from The Stables, I followed a 

628
00:33:50,400 --> 00:33:53,299
steward into the enormous Hall. 
My shoes scuffing over rushes 

629
00:33:53,299 --> 00:33:57,099
through on the floor at the far 
end on a raise dayus sat King, 

630
00:33:57,099 --> 00:34:01,200
Edward of England, my new master
He wore Airline mantle and no 

631
00:34:01,200 --> 00:34:02,799
Crown yet, he radiated 
Authority. 

632
00:34:02,799 --> 00:34:05,799
He fixed his Keen gray eyes on 
me as the gathered. 

633
00:34:05,799 --> 00:34:09,099
Courtiers announced me as the 
evenings entertainment, every 

634
00:34:09,099 --> 00:34:12,599
gays in the hall turned my way, 
I felt naked despite my Motley 

635
00:34:12,599 --> 00:34:16,800
tunic and jingling Bells I swept
a deep bow arms, blade, 

636
00:34:16,800 --> 00:34:20,400
comically, nearly losing my 
balance for affect a few 

637
00:34:20,408 --> 00:34:21,599
Chuckles. 
Broke, the silence. 

638
00:34:21,599 --> 00:34:25,900
Welcome full called the king his
voice, echoing off, the rafters,

639
00:34:25,900 --> 00:34:29,599
what do they call you? 
Tom, your majesty Tom full. 

640
00:34:29,599 --> 00:34:33,000
I answered brightly hiding my 
nerves under a grin in truth. 

641
00:34:33,000 --> 00:34:36,900
My Christian name was William, 
but a new life warrant and a new

642
00:34:36,908 --> 00:34:39,000
name. 
My answer earned an approving 

643
00:34:39,000 --> 00:34:41,900
smirk. 
Very well Tom to see if your 

644
00:34:41,900 --> 00:34:44,599
humor is a sharp as your tongue 
is quick said King. 

645
00:34:44,599 --> 00:34:46,699
Edward he gestured for me to 
begin. 

646
00:34:47,599 --> 00:34:49,699
I started with the jaunty tune 
on my loot. 

647
00:34:49,699 --> 00:34:53,500
A baldy song about a Tipsy 
fryer, losing his robe to the 

648
00:34:53,500 --> 00:34:57,300
wind, my fingers trembled on the
strings, but the melody came 

649
00:34:57,300 --> 00:35:00,400
out, Mary and bright laughter 
rows from the tables at the 

650
00:35:00,400 --> 00:35:03,400
choruses. 
Naughty twist, emboldened, I 

651
00:35:03,400 --> 00:35:06,699
launched into a comic tale. 
Peppering it with Jabs at Castle

652
00:35:06,699 --> 00:35:10,900
life, a joke about the cook over
salting the stew, equip about a 

653
00:35:10,900 --> 00:35:14,699
night's rusted armor creaking 
like an old ox The courtiers 

654
00:35:14,699 --> 00:35:17,199
geffard and even the queen hit a
smile behind her hand. 

655
00:35:18,000 --> 00:35:21,500
Warm relief spread through my 
chest, they were laughing. 

656
00:35:22,500 --> 00:35:25,599
Finally, I decided to make a 
bold joke aimed at the most 

657
00:35:25,607 --> 00:35:29,099
significant Target. 
Balancing on one leg in an 

658
00:35:29,099 --> 00:35:31,099
exaggerated pose. 
I lowered my voice 

659
00:35:31,099 --> 00:35:35,199
conspiratorially Lords and 
Ladies I announced I've heard a 

660
00:35:35,199 --> 00:35:36,900
wondrous secret about our 
sovereign. 

661
00:35:37,400 --> 00:35:40,400
A hush fell. 
A flashed an impish grin at King

662
00:35:40,400 --> 00:35:43,000
Edward. 
It said his majesty has a unique

663
00:35:43,000 --> 00:35:44,300
blessing from Saint Peter 
himself. 

664
00:35:44,300 --> 00:35:47,900
Only the king can sit on his 
throne and make the Angels Sing 

665
00:35:47,900 --> 00:35:50,500
especially after he's enjoyed a 
Hearty dinner. 

666
00:35:51,500 --> 00:35:54,900
I patted my backside and widened
my eyes in a certainly for a 

667
00:35:54,900 --> 00:35:58,500
heartbeat silents. 
Some Lords look scandalized that

668
00:35:58,500 --> 00:36:01,699
I joked about the king's Royal 
behind the king's eyebrow 

669
00:36:01,699 --> 00:36:04,800
arched. 
My pulse pounded had I gone too 

670
00:36:04,800 --> 00:36:07,099
far then King. 
Edward threw back his head and 

671
00:36:07,107 --> 00:36:11,099
laughed a deep roaring laugh 
that shattered the tension the 

672
00:36:11,099 --> 00:36:13,400
court, followed suit laughed. 
A Rippling through the hole. 

673
00:36:13,400 --> 00:36:17,599
The King mimicked, sternness by 
waving a finger at me. mind, 

674
00:36:17,599 --> 00:36:20,699
your cheek Nave or I'll have you
whipped for impudence, he said, 

675
00:36:20,699 --> 00:36:24,599
still chuckling I dropped my 
knees in a mocking bao. 

676
00:36:25,099 --> 00:36:27,900
Mercy or Majesty. 
I only speak gospel truth in 

677
00:36:27,900 --> 00:36:30,300
your praise. 
I replied with an overly Pious 

678
00:36:30,300 --> 00:36:32,699
tone. 
The king laughed again and gave 

679
00:36:32,699 --> 00:36:35,699
a dismissive wave signaling, my 
performance was over. 

680
00:36:36,800 --> 00:36:40,199
As I backed away, trembling with
relief, a servant pressed to 

681
00:36:40,199 --> 00:36:43,000
Silver Coin into my palm, a 
reward from the king. 

682
00:36:43,000 --> 00:36:47,099
I bowed One Last Time, cheeks 
flushed and retreated to the 

683
00:36:47,099 --> 00:36:50,900
edge of the hall. 
My debut had been a success that

684
00:36:50,900 --> 00:36:53,699
night, the Stuart showed me to a
small chamber in the Castle's 

685
00:36:53,699 --> 00:36:55,599
upper kitchens simple but mine 
alone. 

686
00:36:56,500 --> 00:36:59,300
I collapsed onto the straw 
filled bed exhausted but 

687
00:36:59,300 --> 00:37:02,800
exhilarated had arrived with 
nothing but my wits and earned, 

688
00:37:02,800 --> 00:37:05,400
not only coin, but also a place 
in the king's household. 

689
00:37:05,400 --> 00:37:09,699
I was no longer a Wandering 
Vagabond, I was the king's fool.

690
00:37:10,500 --> 00:37:14,000
As I stared up at the ceiling, I
allowed myself a grin tomorrow 

691
00:37:14,000 --> 00:37:17,400
and each day that followed I 
would balance between humor and 

692
00:37:17,400 --> 00:37:21,900
Power in a quarter of Lords and 
Ladies I a mere full had found a

693
00:37:21,900 --> 00:37:25,000
foot Hole by Autumn of that 
year, I had become a familiar 

694
00:37:25,000 --> 00:37:27,900
part of Court life ever. 
Ready with a quick to lift a 

695
00:37:27,900 --> 00:37:30,900
mood. 
On one crisp evening at a 

696
00:37:30,908 --> 00:37:33,500
harvest Feast. 
The Great Hall hosted. 

697
00:37:33,500 --> 00:37:36,199
A Grand Banquet after a long day
of festivities. 

698
00:37:36,199 --> 00:37:40,099
The Trestle tables grown with 
roasted boar and spice Dayle. 

699
00:37:40,800 --> 00:37:43,599
I flitted around refilling 
drinks and tossing one-liners. 

700
00:37:43,599 --> 00:37:47,800
Most laughed kindly but sir, 
Roger a Burly, Baron with a 

701
00:37:47,808 --> 00:37:50,199
Perpetual scowl decided to Sport
with me. 

702
00:37:51,199 --> 00:37:54,199
Oh, their full, he bellowed 
feigning joviality. 

703
00:37:54,199 --> 00:37:56,400
We hear you. 
Juggle anything, try these. 

704
00:37:56,400 --> 00:38:00,300
He suddenly hurled two oranges 
at me, the first I snatched out 

705
00:38:00,300 --> 00:38:03,300
of the air that the second 
struck my cheek sharply before 

706
00:38:03,300 --> 00:38:07,400
splattering on the floor. 
Laughter erupted pain fled in my

707
00:38:07,408 --> 00:38:10,599
cheek and my face burned as 
Nobles held at my expense. 

708
00:38:11,400 --> 00:38:13,400
For an instant. 
I nearly flung the remaining 

709
00:38:13,400 --> 00:38:15,500
orange at him. 
I imagine it smacking. 

710
00:38:15,500 --> 00:38:19,500
That red face, dope, but a full 
survives on wit not Roth. 

711
00:38:20,300 --> 00:38:23,000
I grinned foolishly and juggled 
the loan orange as if nothing 

712
00:38:23,000 --> 00:38:26,000
were amiss many. 
Thanks my lord for the extra 

713
00:38:26,000 --> 00:38:28,400
supper. 
I quit pretending to bite into 

714
00:38:28,400 --> 00:38:31,599
the fruit before nearly dropping
it in an exaggerated fumble. 

715
00:38:32,400 --> 00:38:35,699
The onlookers laughed and you 
this time with me rather than at

716
00:38:35,699 --> 00:38:39,300
me, even sir, Roger satisfied 
that I had accepted the mockery 

717
00:38:39,300 --> 00:38:43,099
gave a reluctant chuckle. 
I made a grand Bao, swallowing 

718
00:38:43,099 --> 00:38:45,800
my wounded Pride. 
When I rested a glance up at 

719
00:38:45,800 --> 00:38:48,300
King Edward, he was watching me 
with a faint smirk. 

720
00:38:49,500 --> 00:38:53,300
Later that night, a royal page 
summoned me to the king heart. 

721
00:38:53,300 --> 00:38:56,500
Pounding with worry, I made my 
way to his private chamber. 

722
00:38:57,300 --> 00:38:59,099
Had I overstepped in some way at
the feast. 

723
00:39:00,099 --> 00:39:03,599
I entered to find King Edward 
Alone by the half gazing at the 

724
00:39:03,599 --> 00:39:07,400
letters, spread on a table. 
His crown sat off to the side as

725
00:39:07,400 --> 00:39:09,599
if even gold and jewels grew 
heavy for him tonight. 

726
00:39:10,599 --> 00:39:14,400
Tom, come here a moment. 
He said this was no summons for 

727
00:39:14,400 --> 00:39:16,300
entertainment. 
His tone was pensive. 

728
00:39:17,099 --> 00:39:19,699
The king rubbed her hand over 
his brow news. 

729
00:39:19,699 --> 00:39:23,300
From the shires muttered, poor 
harvests and empty. 

730
00:39:23,300 --> 00:39:26,400
Storehouses yet my Lord's demand
their taxes in full. 

731
00:39:27,599 --> 00:39:31,000
He sighed and glanced at me. 
You have a zest for that. 

732
00:39:32,000 --> 00:39:34,800
His question was Earnest, not a 
command for a silly face or 

733
00:39:34,800 --> 00:39:38,599
song. 
I took a breath. sire, if I may 

734
00:39:38,599 --> 00:39:42,599
spin a small Fable, sometimes 
answers slink out better in 

735
00:39:42,599 --> 00:39:47,400
story form, At his nod, I spoke 
softly I told of a farmer who 

736
00:39:47,400 --> 00:39:51,000
had a skinny mule that pulled 
his plow when drought with the 

737
00:39:51,000 --> 00:39:53,500
crops. 
The farmer threatened to whip 

738
00:39:53,500 --> 00:39:57,000
the mule to make it work harder,
but the Beast begged for a bit 

739
00:39:57,000 --> 00:39:58,900
more feed. 
So he'd have strength to pull 

740
00:39:58,900 --> 00:40:02,900
the farmer relented and fed. 
The mule extra grain comes 

741
00:40:02,900 --> 00:40:06,000
spring, they tilled enough land 
to survive and even Thrive when 

742
00:40:06,000 --> 00:40:09,199
range returned, As I finished, I
stole a side. 

743
00:40:09,199 --> 00:40:12,199
Long, look at King, Edward, he 
stared out the window stroking. 

744
00:40:12,199 --> 00:40:15,099
His beard for a moment. 
I feared I'd been too bold. 

745
00:40:15,099 --> 00:40:19,400
My Tails meaning was clear, then
he gave a low chuckle clever, 

746
00:40:19,400 --> 00:40:22,699
mule, he mused clever enough to 
get his belly full. 

747
00:40:24,099 --> 00:40:27,800
I bowed my head relieved. 
Mules often do your majesty, 

748
00:40:27,800 --> 00:40:31,199
especially when they breathe in.
Rhyme I said, with the jingle of

749
00:40:31,199 --> 00:40:33,199
my cat bell, he turned to face 
me. 

750
00:40:33,199 --> 00:40:35,400
And I saw a trace of admiration 
in his worn eyes. 

751
00:40:36,099 --> 00:40:39,400
You have a sharper width than 
many in silk Tom you wrap wisdom

752
00:40:39,400 --> 00:40:42,300
in nonsense. 
I felt a warmth in my chest. 

753
00:40:42,300 --> 00:40:46,500
However, I responded lightly 
saying it's but a full simple 

754
00:40:46,500 --> 00:40:49,699
Fable sire King, Edward managed,
a slight smile. 

755
00:40:49,699 --> 00:40:53,900
On the contrary, I will consider
what you have implied. 

756
00:40:54,900 --> 00:40:57,699
He clapped her hand on my 
shoulder, the gesture of trust 

757
00:40:57,699 --> 00:41:00,199
and thanks that will be all get 
some rest. 

758
00:41:00,199 --> 00:41:03,800
I bowed deeply, good night. 
Your majesty before to partying.

759
00:41:03,800 --> 00:41:06,500
I turned back with the cheeky 
Bell and don't forget to feed 

760
00:41:06,500 --> 00:41:09,599
your mule sire. 
I said, King Edward barked, a 

761
00:41:09,599 --> 00:41:12,500
brief laugh and wave me away. 
I slipped out with a grin. 

762
00:41:12,500 --> 00:41:15,699
Walking back to my quarters 
through the dim corridors, I 

763
00:41:15,699 --> 00:41:19,099
felt nearly weightless tonight. 
I had stepped Beyond mirror 

764
00:41:19,099 --> 00:41:22,400
Entertainer. 
I had in my small way shape, the

765
00:41:22,400 --> 00:41:25,199
king's thoughts, it was 
exhilarating and a little 

766
00:41:25,207 --> 00:41:28,500
terrifying. 
A Fool's jingling cap, I 

767
00:41:28,500 --> 00:41:30,699
realized could carry surprising 
influence. 

768
00:41:30,699 --> 00:41:34,000
If I use my wit wisely. 
Although favor can change 

769
00:41:34,000 --> 00:41:37,099
quickly for the time, being the 
king, relied on the Hidden 

770
00:41:37,099 --> 00:41:40,199
Truths within my pranks. 
Winter brought hardship and 

771
00:41:40,199 --> 00:41:43,500
unrest a poor harvest left. 
Many starving and Whispers of 

772
00:41:43,500 --> 00:41:46,300
Rebel can drifted into court. 
King Edward's temper. 

773
00:41:46,300 --> 00:41:50,599
Once jovial in my company, grew 
brittle, as dried kindling more 

774
00:41:50,599 --> 00:41:52,300
often, I saw him. 
Frown at reports from his 

775
00:41:52,300 --> 00:41:55,900
Barons, grain riots poaching in 
the Royal forests. 

776
00:41:55,900 --> 00:42:00,199
A distant Village refusing to 
pay tithes Fear and anger, 

777
00:42:00,199 --> 00:42:01,900
coiled around the court like 
smoke. 

778
00:42:02,900 --> 00:42:05,699
One Bleak afternoon, the king 
held open court to dispense 

779
00:42:05,699 --> 00:42:08,699
Justice. 
I stood at the edge of the Halls

780
00:42:08,699 --> 00:42:12,300
quiet, since the tension one by 
one, prisoners were brought 

781
00:42:12,300 --> 00:42:15,099
Before the Throne. 
The gaunt farmer who had slain a

782
00:42:15,099 --> 00:42:18,099
deer on Crown Land begged Mercy 
claiming it was to feed his 

783
00:42:18,099 --> 00:42:19,900
Starving Children. 
Next. 

784
00:42:19,900 --> 00:42:22,199
A ragged group of villagers 
accused of sparking. 

785
00:42:22,199 --> 00:42:24,500
A food riot in the north would 
Dragged In Chains. 

786
00:42:24,500 --> 00:42:27,500
My stomach tightened at their 
Hollow cheeks and terrified 

787
00:42:27,500 --> 00:42:30,000
eyes. 
The Barons and courtiers looked 

788
00:42:30,000 --> 00:42:33,300
on with hard disapproval. 
So, Warwick the king, Stern face

789
00:42:33,300 --> 00:42:36,400
advisor, urged severity. 
An example must be made your 

790
00:42:36,400 --> 00:42:38,500
majesty. 
He declared loud enough for all 

791
00:42:38,500 --> 00:42:41,199
to hear Clemente for lawbreakers
and famine. 

792
00:42:41,199 --> 00:42:44,300
Would only breed chaos. 
Show them the cost of defiance. 

793
00:42:45,400 --> 00:42:49,099
I watched King Edward's face as 
where spoke a muscle in his jaw,

794
00:42:49,099 --> 00:42:53,099
twitched the Kings eyes. 
Usually, so keen and Alive were 

795
00:42:53,099 --> 00:42:55,699
clouded with worried, he would 
rather not seem weak. 

796
00:42:55,699 --> 00:42:59,500
The farmer was up first for 
judgment King, Edward announced 

797
00:42:59,500 --> 00:43:02,000
that the farmer would receive a 
public whipping as punishment. 

798
00:43:02,900 --> 00:43:06,000
Poor man broke down in tears 
grateful that he had avoided The

799
00:43:06,000 --> 00:43:08,099
Noose. 
I let out a breath. 

800
00:43:08,099 --> 00:43:12,099
I hadn't realized I was holding.
But then came the villagers a 

801
00:43:12,099 --> 00:43:13,599
guard read out their crime 
leading. 

802
00:43:13,599 --> 00:43:17,199
A mob to raid a granary owned by
the crown, an old woman among 

803
00:43:17,199 --> 00:43:19,900
them cried out. 
We only took the grain because 

804
00:43:19,900 --> 00:43:23,400
our children would dieing. 
The Voice echoed in the hall. 

805
00:43:23,400 --> 00:43:27,800
So Warwick shook his head, in 
disgust, the courtyard, angrily 

806
00:43:27,800 --> 00:43:31,000
about trees and thievery. 
I bit my tongue, a thousand 

807
00:43:31,000 --> 00:43:34,099
thoughts, clashing, in my mind. 
These folk had broken the law. 

808
00:43:34,099 --> 00:43:35,699
Yes. 
But out of desperation. 

809
00:43:36,800 --> 00:43:39,699
A glanced toward the King 
Edwards face hardened. 

810
00:43:39,699 --> 00:43:43,099
As he prepared to deliver his 
Verdict by my Royal Authority. 

811
00:43:43,099 --> 00:43:46,599
You shall he began likely 
meaning to condemn them to the 

812
00:43:46,599 --> 00:43:49,400
dungeons or worse? 
But before I knew what I was 

813
00:43:49,400 --> 00:43:52,900
doing, I stepped forward, my 
heart thundered in my chest but 

814
00:43:52,900 --> 00:43:56,300
I couldn't stay silent. 
Perhaps, I'd spent too long 

815
00:43:56,300 --> 00:43:59,400
weaving truth into jests the 
truth now came out bear and 

816
00:43:59,400 --> 00:44:03,400
unadorned Your majesty. 
I interjected and a loud and 

817
00:44:03,408 --> 00:44:06,199
clear voice to ask if I might 
offer a fools perspective. 

818
00:44:07,400 --> 00:44:10,400
Shocked hush fell. 
One did not interrupt the king 

819
00:44:10,400 --> 00:44:12,000
at trials. 
Certainly not a full. 

820
00:44:12,699 --> 00:44:14,699
I didn't really heard so, 
Warwick's of annoyance. 

821
00:44:15,400 --> 00:44:18,199
King Edward turned, his cold 
Gaze on me, more startled than 

822
00:44:18,207 --> 00:44:21,699
furious at least. 
Yet I swallowed hard, there was 

823
00:44:21,707 --> 00:44:25,000
no turning back. 
I adopted a deliberately like 

824
00:44:25,000 --> 00:44:27,099
tone though. 
My pulse pounded in my ears. 

825
00:44:27,099 --> 00:44:30,099
These poor souls stand accused 
of stealing bread. 

826
00:44:30,099 --> 00:44:33,400
I said gesturing to the 
trembling Villages and truly 

827
00:44:33,400 --> 00:44:37,900
that is no jesting matter. 
But I wonder sire, if a father 

828
00:44:37,900 --> 00:44:41,199
is to be whipped for feeding his
children, Venison and mothers 

829
00:44:41,199 --> 00:44:43,800
are to be cast in dungeons for 
snatching a few loaves. 

830
00:44:44,800 --> 00:44:48,099
I forced a thin smile. 
Perhaps your humble full should 

831
00:44:48,099 --> 00:44:51,199
be punished as well for, I've 
been stealing your valuable are 

832
00:44:51,199 --> 00:44:53,199
all these years without paying 
coin for it. 

833
00:44:54,300 --> 00:44:56,300
Few nervous. 
Titus came from the back of the 

834
00:44:56,300 --> 00:45:00,500
hall, then died immediately. 
The king's eyes narrowed, I 

835
00:45:00,500 --> 00:45:02,599
pressed on my voice gaining A 
desperate strength. 

836
00:45:02,599 --> 00:45:04,900
Only a fool would make light of 
hunger. 

837
00:45:04,900 --> 00:45:08,199
My Lord, I speak not to mock 
your justice but to beseech your

838
00:45:08,199 --> 00:45:13,199
mercy starvation makes fools of 
us all Like out low my head 

839
00:45:13,199 --> 00:45:14,900
bent, so I couldn't see his 
reaction. 

840
00:45:14,900 --> 00:45:18,400
My hands were shaking. 
No one else dared. 

841
00:45:18,400 --> 00:45:20,400
Breathe. 
For a heartbeat. 

842
00:45:20,400 --> 00:45:23,099
There was silent so deep. 
I heard the distant drip of wax 

843
00:45:23,099 --> 00:45:26,500
from a candle. 
Then enough, King Edward said 

844
00:45:26,500 --> 00:45:28,900
quietly, the word fell like an 
axe. 

845
00:45:28,900 --> 00:45:32,300
I looked up his face was flushed
not with myth but with anger 

846
00:45:32,300 --> 00:45:36,400
I'll hear no more. 
He stood from the throne and in 

847
00:45:36,400 --> 00:45:38,699
that moment, he loomed larger 
than I had ever seen him. 

848
00:45:40,199 --> 00:45:42,099
Who is King? 
Here you fall? 

849
00:45:43,400 --> 00:45:46,599
His voice was deceptively, soft 
quivering with restrained, rage.

850
00:45:46,599 --> 00:45:51,099
Do you presume to lecture me on 
duty and mercy dressed in Motley

851
00:45:51,099 --> 00:45:54,599
and bells. 
Every utterance from his lips 

852
00:45:54,599 --> 00:45:56,500
felt like a boulder hurled 
towards my head. 

853
00:45:56,500 --> 00:46:00,699
I opened my mouth to stammer in 
apology but he silenced me with 

854
00:46:00,699 --> 00:46:03,900
a glare. 
Take him the king to his guards.

855
00:46:04,699 --> 00:46:07,000
In an instant rough hand sees my
arms. 

856
00:46:07,000 --> 00:46:10,199
I belt it cap, tumbled to the 
floor as a guard yanked, me 

857
00:46:10,199 --> 00:46:12,500
backward. 
I heard a few gasps among the 

858
00:46:12,500 --> 00:46:15,099
courtiers lady Margaery covered 
her mouth and dismay. 

859
00:46:15,099 --> 00:46:17,500
So Warwick simply watched with a
thin smile. 

860
00:46:18,599 --> 00:46:22,300
Like caps little bells jangled 
on the Stone's a faint jingling.

861
00:46:22,300 --> 00:46:23,699
That seemed to underline my 
folly. 

862
00:46:24,300 --> 00:46:28,099
King Edward's voice echoed in 
the rafters, cold and formal for

863
00:46:28,099 --> 00:46:30,699
his disruption and insolence. 
Let the Kings full receive the 

864
00:46:30,699 --> 00:46:33,699
same punishment. 
He pitted he should receive 20 

865
00:46:33,699 --> 00:46:38,300
lashes before the court at dawn.
Tara washed over me, 20 lashes, 

866
00:46:38,300 --> 00:46:40,099
my knees. 
Nearly buckled. 

867
00:46:40,099 --> 00:46:43,900
I wanted to beg for forgiveness 
to plead that I'd only spoke out

868
00:46:43,900 --> 00:46:46,400
of concern but my tongue felt 
paralyzed. 

869
00:46:46,400 --> 00:46:49,400
Two guards dragged me from the 
hall as the king's attention 

870
00:46:49,400 --> 00:46:52,500
returned to the stunned 
prisoners before him As they 

871
00:46:52,500 --> 00:46:56,199
hold me away, none dared to 
object or even meet my eyes. 

872
00:46:56,199 --> 00:47:00,099
He threw me into a drafty anti 
chamber, where I collapsed to 

873
00:47:00,107 --> 00:47:02,500
the floor. 
My back pressed against Cold 

874
00:47:02,500 --> 00:47:04,699
Stone. 
As I tried to catch my breath, I

875
00:47:04,699 --> 00:47:07,800
tasted blood, and I must have 
bit my tongue without noticing. 

876
00:47:07,800 --> 00:47:11,699
When I shut my eyes, hot tears, 
force their way out, and rolled 

877
00:47:11,699 --> 00:47:14,900
down my cheeks. 
Full full, full like cursed 

878
00:47:14,900 --> 00:47:17,000
myself silently. 
What did I done? 

879
00:47:17,000 --> 00:47:20,099
I had wanted to save a few 
peasants from the king's Roth. 

880
00:47:20,099 --> 00:47:24,300
Instead, I had only intensified 
the king's wrath and burned 

881
00:47:24,300 --> 00:47:27,099
myself in the process. 
In my mind, I saw the king's 

882
00:47:27,099 --> 00:47:31,300
face again, in raged and 
unyielding, that image stabbed 

883
00:47:31,300 --> 00:47:33,099
at my heart more sharply than 
any whip. 

884
00:47:33,099 --> 00:47:36,300
Could not long ago. 
I had sat by that same man's 

885
00:47:36,300 --> 00:47:38,199
half trading, fables and easing 
his burden's. 

886
00:47:38,199 --> 00:47:41,099
Now, he looked at me as just 
another disobedient subject. 

887
00:47:42,000 --> 00:47:45,099
Toward midnight, regards came to
escort me to the pillar in the 

888
00:47:45,099 --> 00:47:47,500
courtyard. 
The sentence was to be carried 

889
00:47:47,500 --> 00:47:49,400
out. 
At first light, they locked my 

890
00:47:49,400 --> 00:47:51,199
wrists and neck in the wooden 
stocks. 

891
00:47:52,000 --> 00:47:54,800
I stood hunched in that cruel 
device for Endless hours 

892
00:47:54,800 --> 00:47:58,400
shivering in the winter cold 
alone under the stars, snow 

893
00:47:58,400 --> 00:48:01,099
began to fall thin icy flakes 
catching in my hair. 

894
00:48:01,099 --> 00:48:04,900
The pain had not yet begun but a
dread deeper than any wound 

895
00:48:04,900 --> 00:48:08,699
nored at me. 
As Darkness deepened alone, 

896
00:48:08,699 --> 00:48:11,000
figure approached through the 
Torchlight yard. 

897
00:48:11,000 --> 00:48:15,000
I squinted through Frozen lashes
to see Master Robert, the king's

898
00:48:15,000 --> 00:48:18,199
old Chamberlain carrying a cloak
Without a word. 

899
00:48:18,199 --> 00:48:21,500
He draped it over my shoulders. 
His eyes were sad as he met my 

900
00:48:21,500 --> 00:48:23,699
gaze. 
You were Brave Tom? 

901
00:48:23,699 --> 00:48:26,099
He whispered just loud enough 
for me to hear. 

902
00:48:27,099 --> 00:48:29,699
He was indeed Brave. 
If not a little foolish. 

903
00:48:30,400 --> 00:48:32,900
A bitter laugh Escape ring, what
other thing could I be? 

904
00:48:33,900 --> 00:48:36,300
He shook his head and pressed a 
small flask of Al to my lips 

905
00:48:36,300 --> 00:48:39,500
greatly, I drank a burning 
mouthful that chase some of the 

906
00:48:39,500 --> 00:48:42,400
Chill from my bones. 
Is his majesty. 

907
00:48:42,400 --> 00:48:46,300
I quote, I quote from the cold 
night air as I struggled to hold

908
00:48:46,300 --> 00:48:49,400
back. 
Sobs Master Robert sighed, he 

909
00:48:49,400 --> 00:48:52,300
was alone in his Chambers. 
He's unlikely to change his mind

910
00:48:52,300 --> 00:48:53,900
by morning. 
I am sorry. 

911
00:48:53,900 --> 00:48:58,300
He hesitated some of us perceive
the truth in your words, but the

912
00:48:58,300 --> 00:49:03,800
king He's under enormous strain.
I nodded as best I could with my

913
00:49:03,800 --> 00:49:06,699
neck trapped. 
Tear slipped down my face, hot 

914
00:49:06,699 --> 00:49:09,699
against my numb skin. 
Thank you, I managed to whisper 

915
00:49:09,699 --> 00:49:12,500
the Chamberlain. 
Squeezed my shoulder gently and 

916
00:49:12,500 --> 00:49:14,900
departed. 
Leaving the cloak as my only 

917
00:49:14,900 --> 00:49:17,800
comfort. 
I spent the remaining hours in 

918
00:49:17,800 --> 00:49:21,599
silent prayer prayer that the 
king's heart would soften that 

919
00:49:21,599 --> 00:49:24,199
Dawn would never come and that I
might endure. 

920
00:49:24,199 --> 00:49:27,699
What was to come? 
I was not a warrior or a martyr.

921
00:49:27,699 --> 00:49:29,900
Just a Fool who had flown too 
close to the Sun. 

922
00:49:29,900 --> 00:49:33,099
The strange Freedom might had to
speak, truth had shown its 

923
00:49:33,099 --> 00:49:36,000
price. 
At Sunrise, they flogged me. 

924
00:49:36,000 --> 00:49:39,599
I bit down on a leather strap to
keep from screaming as each lash

925
00:49:39,599 --> 00:49:43,099
tour across my back. 
Fiery pain exploded with every 

926
00:49:43,099 --> 00:49:45,900
stroke. 
By the 10th, blow my vision. 

927
00:49:45,900 --> 00:49:49,199
Blurred by the 20th, I hung limp
in the restraints. 

928
00:49:49,199 --> 00:49:52,199
Unable to stand, I didn't really
heard and official read out my 

929
00:49:52,199 --> 00:49:54,300
crime of insolence to the 
gathered, courtiers as the 

930
00:49:54,300 --> 00:49:57,000
punishment was delivered, as if 
it was some theater. 

931
00:49:57,000 --> 00:50:00,900
And I was the main spectacle. 
When it was mercifully over, 

932
00:50:00,900 --> 00:50:04,800
they released the pillars lock 
and I crumpled to the snow, the 

933
00:50:04,800 --> 00:50:07,099
world spun for a moment. 
As I lay there with my cheek 

934
00:50:07,099 --> 00:50:11,099
against the white trampled 
ground, I could hear distant 

935
00:50:11,099 --> 00:50:15,900
Applause from one or two Nobles.
An ugly mockery warm blood 

936
00:50:15,900 --> 00:50:19,400
trickled under my shirt. 
Two guards, lifted me to my feet

937
00:50:19,400 --> 00:50:22,300
and carried me away. 
As if I were worthless trash, I 

938
00:50:22,300 --> 00:50:25,300
drifted In and Out Of 
Consciousness, once through a 

939
00:50:25,300 --> 00:50:28,699
blur of tears, I thought I saw 
the king watching from a high 

940
00:50:28,699 --> 00:50:30,500
window. 
I couldn't discern his 

941
00:50:30,500 --> 00:50:32,800
expression. 
They dumped me in my little 

942
00:50:32,800 --> 00:50:36,199
chamber and left without a word.
I don't know how long I remained

943
00:50:36,199 --> 00:50:39,599
motionless on the floor, curled 
up and gasping, eventually a 

944
00:50:39,599 --> 00:50:41,400
kind maid-servant slipped in and
tended. 

945
00:50:41,400 --> 00:50:44,500
My wounds with vinegar and clean
bandages, cluckin softly and 

946
00:50:44,500 --> 00:50:46,699
pity. 
I thanked her in a hoarse 

947
00:50:46,699 --> 00:50:49,599
whisper by Nightfall. 
I could at least sit upright on 

948
00:50:49,599 --> 00:50:53,000
my straw caught every movement 
sent bolts of Agony through my 

949
00:50:53,000 --> 00:50:55,800
welted back. 
Stared at the dark sealing 

950
00:50:55,800 --> 00:50:58,699
Hollow and heartsick. 
A full I had been indeed 

951
00:50:58,699 --> 00:51:01,400
thinking I could speak for the 
week and not be struck down. 

952
00:51:02,599 --> 00:51:05,500
As the castle around me bustled 
with the evening supper and 

953
00:51:05,500 --> 00:51:09,400
song, I lay in silence tasting, 
bitterness like bile. 

954
00:51:10,300 --> 00:51:14,099
I did not know what hurt more. 
Fiery stripes across my back. 

955
00:51:14,099 --> 00:51:17,900
All the coldest that now yawned 
between me and the king. 

956
00:51:17,900 --> 00:51:21,900
I had thought perhaps foolishly 
was my friend after a week Under

957
00:51:21,900 --> 00:51:25,400
Siege with little progress, the 
king decided to send a message 

958
00:51:25,400 --> 00:51:28,500
of surrender terms to Jeffrey to
my surprise. 

959
00:51:28,500 --> 00:51:31,599
He chose me as the envoy. 
Perhaps, he chose me as the 

960
00:51:31,599 --> 00:51:33,599
envoy as a form of punishment or
perhaps. 

961
00:51:33,599 --> 00:51:36,199
He believed that having a full 
present would emphasize his 

962
00:51:36,199 --> 00:51:39,199
contempt. 
Either way, I found myself 

963
00:51:39,199 --> 00:51:42,000
standing before the king in his 
Pavilion, as he thrusts to 

964
00:51:42,008 --> 00:51:45,599
sealed parchment into my hand, 
carry our surrender offer to 

965
00:51:45,607 --> 00:51:49,099
Duke Jeffries gate with a silver
tongue, perhaps, you can 

966
00:51:49,099 --> 00:51:52,000
persuade him where she engines 
cannot he said coolie. 

967
00:51:52,599 --> 00:51:55,400
His Knight smirked. 
We all knew this errand carried 

968
00:51:55,400 --> 00:51:58,000
risk. 
A rebel might easily kill the 

969
00:51:58,000 --> 00:51:59,800
king's fool as a mockery of the 
message. 

970
00:52:00,699 --> 00:52:03,199
I realized King Edward was 
effectively sending me as a 

971
00:52:03,199 --> 00:52:07,300
disposable Herald. 
Still, I mustered, my courage. 

972
00:52:07,300 --> 00:52:10,699
This was the first Duty he had 
given me since my disgrace. 

973
00:52:11,400 --> 00:52:14,800
Perhaps, if I succeeded, it 
could begin to mend the rift. 

974
00:52:16,400 --> 00:52:18,699
As you command sire. 
I said, quietly. 

975
00:52:20,599 --> 00:52:23,599
Soon after I wrote out under a 
truce flag, replacing my Motley 

976
00:52:23,599 --> 00:52:25,900
with a simple tunic adorned with
the Royal Arms. 

977
00:52:25,900 --> 00:52:29,300
A pair of trumpeters, accompany 
partway and sounded a call 

978
00:52:29,300 --> 00:52:32,300
before falling back. 
Alone, I approached the Castle's

979
00:52:32,300 --> 00:52:35,400
gate across a field littered 
with broken arrows, my spine, 

980
00:52:35,400 --> 00:52:39,300
prickled expecting at any moment
to hear the Sinister twang of a 

981
00:52:39,300 --> 00:52:41,500
bowstring and feel an arrow 
between my shoulders. 

982
00:52:41,500 --> 00:52:45,800
But none came instead, a knot of
the Duke soldiers emerged, a 

983
00:52:45,800 --> 00:52:50,300
top, the battlements crossbows 
trained on me, I come bearing a 

984
00:52:50,300 --> 00:52:53,199
message from King Edward. 
I shouted up in a steady voice 

985
00:52:53,199 --> 00:52:57,000
as I could manage. 
Eventually the iron pot colored 

986
00:52:57,000 --> 00:53:00,000
upward just enough for a handful
of armored men to drag me 

987
00:53:00,000 --> 00:53:02,500
inside. 
I was roughly searched and 

988
00:53:02,500 --> 00:53:05,099
relieved of my small dagger, 
more a tool than a weapon. 

989
00:53:05,099 --> 00:53:07,300
Then they shoved me into a 
torch-lit. 

990
00:53:07,300 --> 00:53:09,599
Great hall where Duke Jeffrey 
himself awaited. 

991
00:53:09,599 --> 00:53:13,000
He was a formidable figure in 
steel plate and a crimson cloak 

992
00:53:13,000 --> 00:53:16,099
and middle-aged man with a 
scarred brow and weary eyes. 

993
00:53:16,099 --> 00:53:19,599
So he said his voice. 
Echoing off the stone walls, 

994
00:53:19,599 --> 00:53:23,500
Edward sends his full to parley 
is he so short of loyal Knights 

995
00:53:23,500 --> 00:53:26,099
Snickers echoed from the Duke's 
men around me. 

996
00:53:26,900 --> 00:53:29,800
Straight into my full height. 
Trying not to let my knees. 

997
00:53:29,800 --> 00:53:32,699
Quake loyal. 
Knights are too valuable to risk

998
00:53:32,699 --> 00:53:35,300
on Jeffrey. 
I replied before thinking better

999
00:53:35,300 --> 00:53:38,000
of it. 
My old reflex for wit had 

1000
00:53:38,000 --> 00:53:40,199
slipped out. 
Some of the Rebel soldiers 

1001
00:53:40,199 --> 00:53:42,599
bristled that the Duke barked a 
short laugh. 

1002
00:53:43,300 --> 00:53:46,599
Hand me the message full, he 
said I presented the parchment 

1003
00:53:46,599 --> 00:53:49,000
with a slight bow. 
As he read the king's offer 

1004
00:53:49,000 --> 00:53:51,199
amnesty and exchange for 
immediate surrender. 

1005
00:53:51,199 --> 00:53:55,300
His face showed no flicker of 
concession when he finished, he 

1006
00:53:55,300 --> 00:53:58,599
scoffed. 
Empty promises did Edward think 

1007
00:53:58,599 --> 00:54:00,699
of a few pardoning words would 
make me kneel. 

1008
00:54:01,300 --> 00:54:03,199
He must consider me more foolish
than you. 

1009
00:54:04,599 --> 00:54:07,699
Tense silence fell. 
I realized all eyes were on me 

1010
00:54:07,699 --> 00:54:11,000
awaiting a response. 
If I returned empty-handed and 

1011
00:54:11,000 --> 00:54:15,800
tongue-tied, I don't only scorn.
So drawing a shaky breath, I 

1012
00:54:15,800 --> 00:54:18,699
addressed the Duke. 
His majesty desires, no more. 

1013
00:54:18,699 --> 00:54:21,400
Bloodshed, he offers you a 
chance to retain your lands and 

1014
00:54:21,400 --> 00:54:24,599
honor your grace. 
I implore you to think of the 

1015
00:54:24,599 --> 00:54:26,800
kingdom and your men who have 
families waiting for them. 

1016
00:54:27,500 --> 00:54:30,500
My voice echoed in the hall. 
It was a bold speech for my 

1017
00:54:30,508 --> 00:54:32,699
station, but I spoke with 
genuine pleading. 

1018
00:54:32,699 --> 00:54:36,800
I had seen enough suffering. 
Duke Jeffrey regarded, me with a

1019
00:54:36,808 --> 00:54:40,500
faintly surprised expression. 
He spoke earnestly as if he were

1020
00:54:40,500 --> 00:54:42,300
a fool. 
He sighed deeply. 

1021
00:54:42,300 --> 00:54:45,000
And for a moment. 
I thought I saw sorrow in his 

1022
00:54:45,000 --> 00:54:46,800
eyes. 
You are young. 

1023
00:54:46,800 --> 00:54:50,000
You do not know Edward as I do 
he keeps his promises only while

1024
00:54:50,000 --> 00:54:52,400
it suits him. 
Tell your king that Jeffrey of 

1025
00:54:52,400 --> 00:54:55,300
March will not yield to pretty 
words and Hollow Clemente we 

1026
00:54:55,300 --> 00:54:58,000
will meet on the field and set 
our differents as with steel. 

1027
00:54:59,099 --> 00:55:02,300
My heart sank. 
Is that your final answer? 

1028
00:55:02,300 --> 00:55:06,599
My Lord, I asked softly it is. 
He said, then he leaned forward 

1029
00:55:06,599 --> 00:55:10,000
and added in a low growl, tell 
Edward that by week's end. 

1030
00:55:10,000 --> 00:55:11,599
I shall sit on his throne or 
die. 

1031
00:55:11,599 --> 00:55:14,900
In the attempt, I bowed 
understanding the parli was 

1032
00:55:14,900 --> 00:55:17,199
over. 
But as I turned to leave one of 

1033
00:55:17,199 --> 00:55:19,300
the Dukes Captain stepped 
forward with a hand on his 

1034
00:55:19,300 --> 00:55:21,599
sword, eyeing me with a wolfish 
grin. 

1035
00:55:22,699 --> 00:55:26,000
Duke Jeffrey waved a Gauntlet at
hand, dismissively know. 

1036
00:55:26,000 --> 00:55:29,599
He's but a messenger and an 
honest one at that, let him 

1037
00:55:29,607 --> 00:55:32,199
return unharmed. 
We are not the Savages that 

1038
00:55:32,199 --> 00:55:37,400
Edward would claim. 
He looked at me, go full, thank 

1039
00:55:37,400 --> 00:55:39,099
whatever. 
God you pray to that, I am not 

1040
00:55:39,099 --> 00:55:42,500
in the mood to play games with a
gesture today, they escorted me 

1041
00:55:42,508 --> 00:55:45,300
back to the gate. 
I felt the glare of archers on 

1042
00:55:45,300 --> 00:55:48,599
my back, as I walked out, 
refusing to break into a run, 

1043
00:55:48,599 --> 00:55:51,900
they shoved me out and slammed 
the pork colors behind me. 

1044
00:55:52,699 --> 00:55:55,400
Weakened with relief. 
I walked back to our lines. 

1045
00:55:56,099 --> 00:55:58,900
Facing the rebel Lord had been 
terrifying but at least I 

1046
00:55:58,900 --> 00:56:01,900
survived unscathed. 
Back in King Edwards Camp. 

1047
00:56:01,900 --> 00:56:04,900
I delivered Duke Jeffries reply 
Faithfully to King Edward and 

1048
00:56:04,900 --> 00:56:08,000
his Council the king's face 
tightened at the Duke's 

1049
00:56:08,000 --> 00:56:10,599
defiance. 
He said nothing to me, except a 

1050
00:56:10,599 --> 00:56:13,000
curtain odd of dismissal. 
It was as if I were, truly 

1051
00:56:13,000 --> 00:56:14,300
nothing more than a talking 
letter. 

1052
00:56:15,400 --> 00:56:17,800
That night, I sat by the 
campfires watching. 

1053
00:56:17,800 --> 00:56:21,300
Armored men, hurry about shop 
and swords and Whispering 

1054
00:56:21,300 --> 00:56:24,699
prayers and murmuring about 
illumines Blood would begin to 

1055
00:56:24,699 --> 00:56:27,699
Flow by Dawn. 
I felt utterly small beneath the

1056
00:56:27,699 --> 00:56:31,500
vast, dark sky, once a Fool's 
quick-witted in the king's hall.

1057
00:56:31,500 --> 00:56:34,099
Now it meant nothing on the eve 
of Slaughter. 

1058
00:56:34,099 --> 00:56:36,800
I realized I was witnessing the 
gears of History. 

1059
00:56:36,800 --> 00:56:39,300
Turning different to one humble 
gesture. 

1060
00:56:40,699 --> 00:56:43,300
In the flicker of the firelight,
I caught sight of king, Edward 

1061
00:56:43,300 --> 00:56:45,500
standing with his generals 
Resolute and Grim. 

1062
00:56:45,500 --> 00:56:48,300
I remembered when he used to 
smile at my Antics. 

1063
00:56:48,300 --> 00:56:53,000
But that was before famine 
rebellion and my own over bold 

1064
00:56:53,000 --> 00:56:57,500
tongue had come between us now, 
I was just another soul in his 

1065
00:56:57,500 --> 00:57:01,900
train useful, only for the odd 
Aaron As trumpet sounded dough 

1066
00:57:01,900 --> 00:57:04,699
and mournful in the darkness. 
I wrapped my cloak tight and 

1067
00:57:04,699 --> 00:57:06,900
tried to steal a few hours of 
sleep on the cold ground. 

1068
00:57:07,699 --> 00:57:09,800
Tomorrow's battle would decide 
the fate of the Kingdom. 

1069
00:57:10,900 --> 00:57:14,000
Could do nothing but witness it.
A full on the sidelines of 

1070
00:57:14,000 --> 00:57:17,699
Kings, hoping, to survive the 
coming door at Dawn, King 

1071
00:57:17,699 --> 00:57:21,500
Edwards, army clashed with Duke 
Jeffries rebels in a coffin of 

1072
00:57:21,500 --> 00:57:24,900
Steel and screams. 
Suddenly I saw King Edward 

1073
00:57:24,900 --> 00:57:28,400
unhorse, his white charger had 
been felled under her him. 

1074
00:57:28,400 --> 00:57:30,199
And the King was on foot 
fighting off. 

1075
00:57:30,199 --> 00:57:32,000
Rebel soldiers who pressed in 
around him. 

1076
00:57:32,900 --> 00:57:36,099
My heart pounded in my chest, 
the knights who should have been

1077
00:57:36,099 --> 00:57:39,500
by his side dispersed leaving, 
only me close enough to assist 

1078
00:57:39,500 --> 00:57:42,800
him in that moment without 
thinking, I grabbed a discarded 

1079
00:57:42,800 --> 00:57:45,400
spear from the churned mud and 
ran towards the king. 

1080
00:57:45,400 --> 00:57:49,300
The sight of a Motley clad full 
sprinting into the thick of 

1081
00:57:49,300 --> 00:57:52,599
battle stunned. 
Both friends and foes alike, one

1082
00:57:52,599 --> 00:57:54,699
Rebel night, charged, the king 
from behind. 

1083
00:57:54,699 --> 00:57:58,199
I heard myself at him with all 
my might by sheer luck. 

1084
00:57:58,199 --> 00:58:01,300
He went down in a clatter of 
armor, more surprised than hurt.

1085
00:58:02,199 --> 00:58:04,599
King Edward world at the sound 
and caught sight of me. 

1086
00:58:04,607 --> 00:58:08,099
Mud splattered and wild-eyed 
standing over the night. 

1087
00:58:08,099 --> 00:58:12,199
I'd felt for an instant, our 
eyes met, then another Rebel 

1088
00:58:12,199 --> 00:58:14,900
lunged at the King. 
Edward parried and together. 

1089
00:58:14,900 --> 00:58:19,300
We stood back to back Sovereign 
and fooling and unlikely circle 

1090
00:58:19,300 --> 00:58:22,500
of Defense. 
I brandished the spear wildly 

1091
00:58:22,500 --> 00:58:24,699
screaming, more in Terror than 
Fury. 

1092
00:58:25,400 --> 00:58:28,500
In that moment, a surge of Royal
Knights plowed into the melee 

1093
00:58:28,500 --> 00:58:31,800
driving the rebels back. 
As the enemy fell into confusion

1094
00:58:31,800 --> 00:58:34,500
and began to retreat. 
We pulled the king onto a fresh 

1095
00:58:34,500 --> 00:58:37,599
horse. 
The battle soon turned in our 

1096
00:58:37,599 --> 00:58:40,900
favor Duke Jeffries line broke 
under the onslaught of the 

1097
00:58:40,908 --> 00:58:45,699
king's forces by noon, it was 
over the rebels threw down arms 

1098
00:58:45,699 --> 00:58:47,800
or fled Victory belonged to King
Edward. 

1099
00:58:47,800 --> 00:58:51,599
But it came at a terrible cost 
body's carpeted the field and 

1100
00:58:51,599 --> 00:58:54,699
the surprise of the Wounded 
echoed in the Smoky air in the 

1101
00:58:54,699 --> 00:58:57,400
aftermath, I slumped exhausted 
on a fallen log. 

1102
00:58:57,400 --> 00:59:01,400
I hand still trembling from 
adrenal Blood spattered. 

1103
00:59:01,400 --> 00:59:05,099
My once colorful attire, some of
it from a shallow cut on my arm.

1104
00:59:05,900 --> 00:59:08,900
As the king moved among the 
living and dead tending to the 

1105
00:59:08,900 --> 00:59:12,500
wounded and gazing sorrowfully 
over the Carnage, I watched in a

1106
00:59:12,500 --> 00:59:14,599
day's. 
When at last the king approached

1107
00:59:14,599 --> 00:59:17,000
me, I struggled to my feet and 
bowed on steadily. 

1108
00:59:17,000 --> 00:59:20,400
I expected perhaps a reprimand 
for plunging into the fight. 

1109
00:59:20,400 --> 00:59:24,099
Unbidden Instead King Edward 
dismounted and stepped forward. 

1110
00:59:24,800 --> 00:59:27,900
For a long moment. 
He simply regarded me taking in 

1111
00:59:27,900 --> 00:59:30,800
the spear still clenched in my 
hand, and the drying blood on my

1112
00:59:30,808 --> 00:59:34,099
cheek, then to my shock, he 
knelt slightly and placed a hand

1113
00:59:34,099 --> 00:59:36,300
on my shoulder. 
You saved my life. 

1114
00:59:36,300 --> 00:59:39,199
Today he said quietly. 
There was an openness in his 

1115
00:59:39,207 --> 00:59:40,800
face. 
I'd not seen since my earliest 

1116
00:59:40,800 --> 00:59:43,400
days at court. 
Full or not Tom you have the 

1117
00:59:43,400 --> 00:59:47,000
heart of a true friend sire. 
I only did what anyone would I 

1118
00:59:47,800 --> 00:59:51,400
suddenly choking up. 
He shook his head and turned to 

1119
00:59:51,400 --> 00:59:54,000
the Lord's gathering around in a
clear voice. 

1120
00:59:54,000 --> 00:59:56,599
He proclaimed that my bravery 
had saved him and would not be 

1121
00:59:56,599 --> 00:59:59,699
forgotten. 
My cheeks burned with humble 

1122
00:59:59,699 --> 01:00:01,500
Pride, as Nobles, who wants 
neared? 

1123
01:00:01,500 --> 01:00:04,699
Now, inclined their heads to me,
I understood that my return to 

1124
01:00:04,699 --> 01:00:07,699
the king's favor, was not due to
humor, but rather to my 

1125
01:00:07,699 --> 01:00:11,599
unwavering loyalty during 
crucial moments, That evening we

1126
01:00:11,599 --> 01:00:15,300
shared a quiet Victory meal in 
Camp late that night as I sat by

1127
01:00:15,300 --> 01:00:16,000
the dying. 
Fire. 

1128
01:00:16,000 --> 01:00:19,199
King, Edward draped, his own 
fur, cloak around my shoulders. 

1129
01:00:19,199 --> 01:00:21,599
You'll catch your death in this 
chill. 

1130
01:00:21,599 --> 01:00:24,199
Tom. 
He said softly side by side 

1131
01:00:24,199 --> 01:00:27,199
under the Starry Sky, we sat in 
a comfortable silence. 

1132
01:00:28,300 --> 01:00:31,199
After a long pause, he murdered 
so much lost. 

1133
01:00:31,199 --> 01:00:33,300
Will God forgive me for this 
day. 

1134
01:00:34,800 --> 01:00:38,699
In that moment, he was not a 
mighty king but a weary man I 

1135
01:00:38,699 --> 01:00:41,300
Found the courage to answer 
gently that he had done his duty

1136
01:00:41,300 --> 01:00:44,699
and even shown Mercy. 
If a king can be merciful I said

1137
01:00:44,707 --> 01:00:49,000
surely God can too He managed to
warn smile and grip my arm. 

1138
01:00:49,000 --> 01:00:52,199
Thank you. 
Tommy whispered, by the time I 

1139
01:00:52,199 --> 01:00:55,099
crawled into my small tent, I 
felt lighter than I had in a 

1140
01:00:55,099 --> 01:00:58,699
long while the gulf between the 
king and his full had closed in 

1141
01:00:58,699 --> 01:01:01,400
The Crucible of war, and with it
came a new trust. 

1142
01:01:01,400 --> 01:01:05,300
I dare to hope that better days.
Lay ahead when I might serve him

1143
01:01:05,300 --> 01:01:09,099
with both wit and devotion, as I
once did for a brief golden 

1144
01:01:09,099 --> 01:01:11,900
time, after the battle life, at 
the court was kind to me. 

1145
01:01:12,699 --> 01:01:15,599
King Edward, kept me close and 
though, I still dont caps and 

1146
01:01:15,607 --> 01:01:18,699
bells to amuse him, I also 
became something of a confidant 

1147
01:01:18,699 --> 01:01:20,699
again. 
I even offered the king and 

1148
01:01:20,699 --> 01:01:22,900
occasional candid observation to
Aid, his rule. 

1149
01:01:23,599 --> 01:01:26,500
The memory of my pasta strange 
moment faded like a terrible 

1150
01:01:26,500 --> 01:01:29,599
dream. 
But fortunes we will never stops

1151
01:01:29,599 --> 01:01:33,000
turning some years later, a 
harsh winter illness, swept 

1152
01:01:33,000 --> 01:01:35,500
through the land, the illness 
affected, both the upper and 

1153
01:01:35,500 --> 01:01:38,500
lower classes equally King 
Edward vigorous. 

1154
01:01:38,500 --> 01:01:41,500
In battle succumbed in his bed 
chamber, after a week of fever, 

1155
01:01:41,500 --> 01:01:45,300
I started his bedside near the 
end, holding his hand as the 

1156
01:01:45,300 --> 01:01:46,900
fever. 
Took him on a frigid February 

1157
01:01:46,900 --> 01:01:50,900
night when he breathed his last 
a lost, not only my king, but 

1158
01:01:50,900 --> 01:01:54,000
also my truest friend, the court
mourned. 

1159
01:01:54,000 --> 01:01:57,699
And then the power shifted, King
Edwards Air was a boy of 12, so 

1160
01:01:57,699 --> 01:02:01,500
a council of Regents took 
control Almost overnight, the 

1161
01:02:01,500 --> 01:02:04,699
atmosphere at court changed. 
The new rulers had little use 

1162
01:02:04,699 --> 01:02:08,099
for the old King's fool to them.
I was a remnant of Edward Zero 

1163
01:02:08,099 --> 01:02:11,599
at best irrelevant that worst a 
nuisance with too many of the 

1164
01:02:11,599 --> 01:02:13,800
late King's confidences in the 
weeks. 

1165
01:02:13,800 --> 01:02:17,199
After the funeral I became 
increasingly unwelcome the boy 

1166
01:02:17,199 --> 01:02:20,800
King Guided by Stern advisors. 
Showed no interest in my Antics 

1167
01:02:20,800 --> 01:02:24,400
he used to sit near the throne 
but now I found myself standing 

1168
01:02:24,400 --> 01:02:27,699
at the back of the hall. 
One gray morning, I was summoned

1169
01:02:27,699 --> 01:02:31,500
before Lord Warwick the very 
adviser who had urge my flogging

1170
01:02:31,500 --> 01:02:33,400
years ago. 
And now one of the princes 

1171
01:02:33,400 --> 01:02:37,500
Regents, he regarded me with 
cold disdain The crown has 

1172
01:02:37,500 --> 01:02:39,599
decided your services are no 
longer required. 

1173
01:02:39,599 --> 01:02:43,900
He said flatly, he pushed the 
table, a small purse of coin's. 

1174
01:02:43,900 --> 01:02:47,900
As a gesture of compensation, 
you are to leave the palace by 

1175
01:02:47,900 --> 01:02:52,400
sundown. 
I felt a Pang of disbelief, I 

1176
01:02:52,400 --> 01:02:55,800
dare to ask if I had a fence or 
could make amends but Warwick 

1177
01:02:55,800 --> 01:02:59,300
silence me with a glare. 
The young king was too busy to 

1178
01:02:59,300 --> 01:03:03,000
indulge a Fool's pratal. 
He said they didn't require a 

1179
01:03:03,000 --> 01:03:06,300
gesture to interrupt them. 
For an instant anger flared. 

1180
01:03:06,300 --> 01:03:10,000
I had bled for this Kingdom in 
the late King value me, but one 

1181
01:03:10,000 --> 01:03:12,500
look at Warwick's face. 
Topping protest was futile. 

1182
01:03:13,199 --> 01:03:16,000
These men saw only a clown, not 
a counselor. 

1183
01:03:16,599 --> 01:03:19,800
I took the leather purse with 
trembling fingers, it felt 

1184
01:03:19,800 --> 01:03:24,099
pitifully, light about my head. 
As you command my Lord, I 

1185
01:03:24,099 --> 01:03:27,300
murmured there was nothing else 
to do to resist. 

1186
01:03:27,300 --> 01:03:29,199
Would mean imprisonment or 
worse. 

1187
01:03:30,300 --> 01:03:33,300
That afternoon, I packed my 
Scamp belongings, a few Warren, 

1188
01:03:33,300 --> 01:03:37,199
Motley tunics, my Loot and the 
Gilded wooden full scepter King.

1189
01:03:37,199 --> 01:03:39,699
Edward had once give him a 
suggesting staff of office. 

1190
01:03:40,500 --> 01:03:42,300
Not one familiar face came to 
wish me. 

1191
01:03:42,300 --> 01:03:46,099
Well, any who might have were 
gone or afraid to show kindness 

1192
01:03:46,099 --> 01:03:49,400
to a dismissed full. 
I walked out of the palace gates

1193
01:03:49,400 --> 01:03:52,000
at Twilight. 
A solitary figure for the first 

1194
01:03:52,000 --> 01:03:55,800
time in years, the guards hardly
glanced at me, as I passed under

1195
01:03:55,800 --> 01:03:57,800
the port callus where I had 
first entered. 

1196
01:03:57,800 --> 01:04:00,300
So many years ago, a frightened 
youth. 

1197
01:04:00,300 --> 01:04:04,400
Eager to entertain a king. 
How different that departure was

1198
01:04:04,400 --> 01:04:06,900
now older. 
Wiser and bearing the weight of 

1199
01:04:06,900 --> 01:04:10,400
Sorrows and joys alike. 
As I left the Royal Court behind

1200
01:04:10,400 --> 01:04:13,900
I paused on a hill. 
Overlooking the capital, the sun

1201
01:04:13,900 --> 01:04:17,000
was sinking in a cold purple sky
in the distance. 

1202
01:04:17,000 --> 01:04:20,500
The towers of the castle caught 
the last Light standing in that 

1203
01:04:20,500 --> 01:04:22,599
same spot on Happy Days 
alongside King. 

1204
01:04:22,599 --> 01:04:25,599
Edward, a recalled listening to 
him, confide his worries. 

1205
01:04:25,599 --> 01:04:29,599
I remembered our laugh, after 
our battles of wit and even our 

1206
01:04:29,599 --> 01:04:32,699
moments of anger, Sad smile 
tugged at my lips. 

1207
01:04:33,500 --> 01:04:36,599
Full, I came and a full. 
I depart I whispered to the 

1208
01:04:36,607 --> 01:04:39,699
chiller my breath swirled. 
Like ghostly incense. 

1209
01:04:40,599 --> 01:04:44,099
There was no audience to laugh 
or applaud Only the Lonely wind.

1210
01:04:44,900 --> 01:04:47,800
I drew my tattered, cloak 
Tighter and turned away from the

1211
01:04:47,800 --> 01:04:49,599
only home. 
I'd known in my adult life. 

1212
01:04:49,599 --> 01:04:52,900
It was time to explore the Fate 
that a king's fool without a 

1213
01:04:52,900 --> 01:04:56,000
king might face for months, I 
roamed through Villages and 

1214
01:04:56,000 --> 01:04:59,400
Market towns for free and 
without a master initially, the 

1215
01:04:59,400 --> 01:05:02,800
freedom felt jarring. 
I could go anywhere say anything

1216
01:05:02,800 --> 01:05:05,500
yet who cared now for the words 
of a king's fool. 

1217
01:05:06,300 --> 01:05:09,300
I earned myself upper by telling
stories or juggling in Tavern 

1218
01:05:09,300 --> 01:05:12,199
yards, performing not for 
Nobles, but for farmers and 

1219
01:05:12,199 --> 01:05:13,900
fishermen. 
Some nights. 

1220
01:05:13,900 --> 01:05:17,099
I stepped in a hay loft or under
the Open Sky of my joints ached,

1221
01:05:17,099 --> 01:05:19,900
more than they used to, and the 
laughter, of course, villagers 

1222
01:05:19,900 --> 01:05:22,800
was a poor, substitute for the 
attentive hush of a Royal Court.

1223
01:05:23,699 --> 01:05:26,500
One Autumn evening, I found 
myself in a small country in 

1224
01:05:26,500 --> 01:05:29,099
entertaining a handful of locals
by the half. 

1225
01:05:29,800 --> 01:05:32,500
A narrated humorous stories 
about court life, taking care, 

1226
01:05:32,500 --> 01:05:35,699
not to mention specific names 
and managed to elicit a few 

1227
01:05:35,707 --> 01:05:39,400
Chuckles from the audience. 
Afterwards, as the Patron's 

1228
01:05:39,400 --> 01:05:41,599
drifted off. 
The Innkeeper Preston of ailment

1229
01:05:41,599 --> 01:05:45,000
into my hand. 
Pity or payment perhaps both and

1230
01:05:45,000 --> 01:05:48,199
asked. 
Were you truly the king's full 

1231
01:05:48,199 --> 01:05:51,599
once I nodded with a faint 
smile. 

1232
01:05:51,599 --> 01:05:56,000
I was I replied, he shook his 
head in Wonder and went to lock 

1233
01:05:56,000 --> 01:05:58,000
up leaving me alone with the 
dying fire. 

1234
01:05:59,300 --> 01:06:03,300
I sat there long after the last 
Embers crumbled, nursing the ale

1235
01:06:03,300 --> 01:06:06,199
in my memories. 
Yes, I had been the king's fool.

1236
01:06:06,199 --> 01:06:10,900
I had lived in a castle warned 
silks, however, patched dined on

1237
01:06:10,908 --> 01:06:14,099
Venison and custard and traded 
wits with powerful men. 

1238
01:06:15,099 --> 01:06:19,099
I had experienced both highs and
lows now, I was no one of 

1239
01:06:19,107 --> 01:06:22,800
importance. 
Despite feeling unimportant, I 

1240
01:06:22,800 --> 01:06:25,400
still sensed the same heart 
beating in my chest and 

1241
01:06:25,400 --> 01:06:28,300
maintained the same Keen Eye for
absurdity in the world. 

1242
01:06:29,199 --> 01:06:32,300
In the Silence of that. 
I realized that in my own way. 

1243
01:06:32,300 --> 01:06:34,800
I still carried the truth. 
Speakers torch. 

1244
01:06:35,500 --> 01:06:37,900
I could now speak freely about 
the Lords of vanity. 

1245
01:06:37,900 --> 01:06:40,599
The pause plight and other 
Palace secrets. 

1246
01:06:41,300 --> 01:06:43,900
The strange privilege. 
I once held to speak truth to 

1247
01:06:43,900 --> 01:06:48,099
power at enormous risk, Now, I 
held a different sort of 

1248
01:06:48,099 --> 01:06:51,099
freedom. 
I could speak truth openly, but 

1249
01:06:51,099 --> 01:06:53,900
Power no longer heeded. 
It was a lonely, free Freedom 

1250
01:06:53,900 --> 01:06:56,000
strip of the glamour that once 
gave my words. 

1251
01:06:56,000 --> 01:06:59,300
Wait, I drained my ale and 
stepped outside into the crisp 

1252
01:06:59,300 --> 01:07:01,599
night. 
A thin sliver of moon hung 

1253
01:07:01,599 --> 01:07:03,599
overhead. 
The Village was dark and 

1254
01:07:03,599 --> 01:07:06,699
sleeping only the distant bark 
of a dog and the rustle of 

1255
01:07:06,707 --> 01:07:08,800
trees. 
Kept me company pulling my 

1256
01:07:08,800 --> 01:07:11,400
threadbare cloak around my 
shoulders, I walked down the 

1257
01:07:11,400 --> 01:07:14,500
empty Lane toward the unstable 
Loft for a pile of stroll. 

1258
01:07:14,500 --> 01:07:19,099
Weighted as my bed overhead, 
countless Stars glittered The 

1259
01:07:19,099 --> 01:07:21,800
same stars are used to Gazette 
from the castle, parapets and 

1260
01:07:21,800 --> 01:07:24,300
King Edwards day. 
How many times did I stood by 

1261
01:07:24,308 --> 01:07:27,599
his side after a feast pointing 
out a constellation or making a 

1262
01:07:27,599 --> 01:07:29,699
wish? 
I closed my eyes and could 

1263
01:07:29,707 --> 01:07:32,099
almost hear the king's Rich 
laugh beside me. 

1264
01:07:32,900 --> 01:07:36,300
An ache swelled in my throat 
parts, sorrow Parts, sweet 

1265
01:07:36,300 --> 01:07:38,300
reminiscence. 
Ah Edward. 

1266
01:07:38,300 --> 01:07:41,900
I murmured to the sky. 
They took your full away but 

1267
01:07:41,900 --> 01:07:43,199
they'll never quite rid me of 
you. 

1268
01:07:43,900 --> 01:07:47,599
Perhaps it was a foolish thing 
to say, but then foolishness had

1269
01:07:47,599 --> 01:07:51,599
always been my trade. 
I climbed into the Loft and laid

1270
01:07:51,599 --> 01:07:53,900
down on the straw through a gap 
in the roof. 

1271
01:07:53,900 --> 01:07:56,900
I could see a splash of stars. 
I thought of the people. 

1272
01:07:56,900 --> 01:08:00,800
I had been eager young, gesture,
the broken wretch in the stocks,

1273
01:08:00,800 --> 01:08:03,500
the unlikely hero on the 
battlefield, The Trusted 

1274
01:08:03,500 --> 01:08:05,099
friends. 
And now the Vagabond 

1275
01:08:05,099 --> 01:08:07,400
Storyteller, which was the real 
me. 

1276
01:08:08,300 --> 01:08:10,400
Perhaps all of them, perhaps 
none. 

1277
01:08:11,800 --> 01:08:13,599
As I drifted to sleep, I found 
myself. 

1278
01:08:13,599 --> 01:08:16,800
Smiling in the dark, I had 
played my part in the grand, 

1279
01:08:16,800 --> 01:08:20,000
pageant of kings and clowns, and
though, my costume was torn and 

1280
01:08:20,000 --> 01:08:23,399
my stage now, humbling, I still 
had my wits, my memories, and my

1281
01:08:23,399 --> 01:08:25,698
voice in the morning. 
I would move on to the next 

1282
01:08:25,698 --> 01:08:28,800
Village in the next crowd. 
Maybe I'd make them laugh, maybe

1283
01:08:28,800 --> 01:08:32,300
I'd make them think either way 
the spirit of the king's full 

1284
01:08:32,300 --> 01:08:33,800
lived on. 
As long as I drew breath, 

1285
01:08:33,800 --> 01:08:37,899
whatever tomorrow brings I will 
meet it as I always have with a 

1286
01:08:37,899 --> 01:08:40,800
jest on my tongue, a tear in my 
eye and hope in my Foolish 

1287
01:08:40,800 --> 01:08:47,100
Heart. 
Catherine of Aragon's birth, 

1288
01:08:47,100 --> 01:08:49,399
coincided with the emergence of 
the modern world. 

1289
01:08:49,399 --> 01:08:54,698
Catherine of Aragon was born on 
December 16th 1485 at the 

1290
01:08:54,707 --> 01:08:57,600
archbishop's palace in Alcala de
henares near Madrid. 

1291
01:08:57,600 --> 01:09:01,000
During a time, when the Medieval
era was slowly, giving way to 

1292
01:09:01,008 --> 01:09:03,800
what we now, call the 
Renaissance, Her parents 

1293
01:09:03,800 --> 01:09:06,399
Isabella, the first of Castile 
and Ferdinand. 

1294
01:09:06,399 --> 01:09:09,800
The second of arrogant, a United
Kingdoms and were in the midst 

1295
01:09:09,800 --> 01:09:13,000
of completing the Reconquista, 
which would culminate with the 

1296
01:09:13,000 --> 01:09:17,500
fall of Granada in 1492. 
Catherine's early years were 

1297
01:09:17,500 --> 01:09:21,000
marked not by coddling that by 
immersion in one of Europe's. 

1298
01:09:21,000 --> 01:09:24,300
Most dynamic courts. 
While most historical accounts 

1299
01:09:24,300 --> 01:09:26,399
focus on her later, marriage, to
Henry the 8th. 

1300
01:09:27,198 --> 01:09:29,899
Catherine's formative years in 
Spain, reveal a woman groomed 

1301
01:09:29,899 --> 01:09:34,399
for far more than matrimony. 
Her mother, Isabella and should 

1302
01:09:34,399 --> 01:09:37,300
Catherine received an education 
that surpassed what most Royal 

1303
01:09:37,300 --> 01:09:40,500
daughter's could expect. 
The tutelage of Alessandro 

1304
01:09:40,500 --> 01:09:43,899
deeney and the humanists Antonio
General Deanie gave her fluency 

1305
01:09:43,899 --> 01:09:47,100
in multiple languages. 
Including Spanish, Latin, 

1306
01:09:47,100 --> 01:09:51,000
French, and Greek. 
She studied canon in civil law 

1307
01:09:51,000 --> 01:09:55,000
genealogy heraldry and history 
subjects. 

1308
01:09:55,000 --> 01:09:58,300
Typically reserved for male, 
heirs Catherine's childhood 

1309
01:09:58,300 --> 01:10:01,699
unfolded against the backdrop of
her parents military campaigns 

1310
01:10:01,699 --> 01:10:03,199
against the Moorish Kingdom of 
Granada. 

1311
01:10:04,100 --> 01:10:06,800
Rather than shielding, their 
children from state affairs, 

1312
01:10:06,800 --> 01:10:11,199
Isabella, and Ferdinand brought 
them along at age, six Catherine

1313
01:10:11,199 --> 01:10:13,899
found herself in the military. 
Encampment at Santa Fe outside 

1314
01:10:13,899 --> 01:10:17,199
Grenada watching as the last 
Muslim ruler in Spain, 

1315
01:10:17,199 --> 01:10:21,199
surrendered to her parents. 
The same year, the genoise 

1316
01:10:21,199 --> 01:10:24,500
Explorer named Christopher 
Columbus secured funding from 

1317
01:10:24,500 --> 01:10:27,500
her parents for a Westward 
Expedition, that would forever 

1318
01:10:27,500 --> 01:10:30,600
change world history. 
What distinguished Catherine's 

1319
01:10:30,600 --> 01:10:33,300
upbringing from that of other 
Royal daughters, was her 

1320
01:10:33,300 --> 01:10:35,899
mother's and sisters that she 
understand the mechanics of 

1321
01:10:35,899 --> 01:10:38,600
governance. 
Isabella of Castile was no 

1322
01:10:38,600 --> 01:10:41,300
ornamental, Queen but ruled in 
her own right? 

1323
01:10:42,100 --> 01:10:45,500
Under her example, Catherine, 
observe Council meeting's 

1324
01:10:45,500 --> 01:10:49,199
diplomatic reception and the 
delicate dance of statecraft, 

1325
01:10:49,199 --> 01:10:53,000
her mother's Confessor, 
reforming Cardinal Jimenez 

1326
01:10:53,000 --> 01:10:56,000
decisions. 
Instilled in her devout, but 

1327
01:10:56,000 --> 01:10:58,600
intellectually rigorous 
Catholicism of the emphasized 

1328
01:10:58,600 --> 01:11:01,199
personality, alongside 
institutional reform. 

1329
01:11:02,300 --> 01:11:04,899
By age 15, Catherine had 
absorbed more practical, 

1330
01:11:04,899 --> 01:11:07,699
knowledge of rulership than most
Royal Sons twice her age. 

1331
01:11:08,500 --> 01:11:10,899
Yet the Spanish court that 
shaped her remained. 

1332
01:11:10,899 --> 01:11:14,000
Largely invisible in late later 
English accounts which preferred

1333
01:11:14,000 --> 01:11:16,699
to cast her as a passive victim 
of Henry, the 8th's marital 

1334
01:11:16,699 --> 01:11:19,800
machinations rather than 
acknowledge the sophisticated 

1335
01:11:19,800 --> 01:11:22,300
political actor, who arrived on 
English Shores. 

1336
01:11:23,399 --> 01:11:26,600
When Catherine sailed from Spain
in 15 over rails 1. 

1337
01:11:26,600 --> 01:11:28,800
She brought with her. 
Not just a true. 

1338
01:11:28,800 --> 01:11:32,800
So endow, but a distinctly, 
Iberian world view, her 

1339
01:11:32,800 --> 01:11:36,000
household included, 50 Spanish 
attendants, including her lady, 

1340
01:11:36,000 --> 01:11:39,899
in waiting Dona Elvira, manual, 
who would serve as both 

1341
01:11:39,899 --> 01:11:43,300
companion and cultural Bridge. 
He Spaniards brought with them 

1342
01:11:43,300 --> 01:11:45,899
customs and practices. 
That would seem alien to English

1343
01:11:45,899 --> 01:11:50,199
courtiers different standards of
personal hygiene saspan more 

1344
01:11:50,199 --> 01:11:53,199
frequently than the English, 
different, dining habits and 

1345
01:11:53,199 --> 01:11:56,899
different musical Traditions the
journey itself frequently 

1346
01:11:56,899 --> 01:12:00,100
reduced to a footnote in 
historical accounts proved 

1347
01:12:00,100 --> 01:12:03,600
harrowing Records from her 
fleet, commander Admiral. 

1348
01:12:03,600 --> 01:12:06,600
Don Pedro. 
Dear reveal at Catherine ship, 

1349
01:12:06,600 --> 01:12:10,500
nearly sank, in a ferocious Bay 
of Biscay store for three days. 

1350
01:12:10,500 --> 01:12:13,500
The princess remained in her 
cabin praying while waves 

1351
01:12:13,500 --> 01:12:15,000
threatened to overturn The 
Vessel. 

1352
01:12:15,800 --> 01:12:19,199
When land was finally sighted, 
Catherine insisted on recording 

1353
01:12:19,199 --> 01:12:20,600
her impressions of her new 
country. 

1354
01:12:21,500 --> 01:12:24,600
Her letters home described the 
English Countryside as verdant, 

1355
01:12:24,600 --> 01:12:28,100
but Melancholy and noted, the 
Curious customer of commoners 

1356
01:12:28,100 --> 01:12:30,600
approaching, the Royal party to 
present petitions directly, 

1357
01:12:30,600 --> 01:12:34,399
something Unthinkable in the 
more rigid Spanish Court higher 

1358
01:12:34,399 --> 01:12:37,100
Archie. 
What awarded her in England was 

1359
01:12:37,100 --> 01:12:41,000
not her future husband, Henry, 
put his brother Arthur Prince of

1360
01:12:41,000 --> 01:12:43,699
Wales. 
A slender 15 year old, whose 

1361
01:12:43,699 --> 01:12:46,399
frail Health stood in stark 
contrast to Catherine's robust 

1362
01:12:46,399 --> 01:12:49,399
Constitution. 
Their first meeting at dogmas 

1363
01:12:49,399 --> 01:12:52,199
field in Hampshire, became 
legendary for Catherine's and 

1364
01:12:52,207 --> 01:12:55,199
assistance on Spanish protocol, 
despite English objections. 

1365
01:12:55,199 --> 01:12:58,199
When the Earl of Surrey, 
demanded to see her face, before

1366
01:12:58,199 --> 01:13:01,600
she proceeded to London, 
Catherine refused maintaining 

1367
01:13:01,600 --> 01:13:04,199
that only her betrothed would 
first Glimpse her uncovered 

1368
01:13:04,199 --> 01:13:06,699
countenance. 
A stance that revealed, both her

1369
01:13:06,699 --> 01:13:09,500
adherence to Spanish, custom and
her early determination to 

1370
01:13:09,500 --> 01:13:11,399
assert herself into an 
unfamiliar land. 

1371
01:13:11,399 --> 01:13:16,199
The death of Arthur Prince of 
Wales, in April of 1502, at 

1372
01:13:16,199 --> 01:13:18,899
Ludlow Castle. 
Transformed, Catherine of 

1373
01:13:18,899 --> 01:13:22,000
Aragon's trajectory in ways that
conventional narrative often 

1374
01:13:22,000 --> 01:13:26,399
simplify the 17 year old Widow 
face, not just grief, but a 

1375
01:13:26,399 --> 01:13:28,800
political Quagmire that would 
shape the next seven years of 

1376
01:13:28,800 --> 01:13:31,399
her life. 
While history is primarily cast.

1377
01:13:31,399 --> 01:13:34,000
These as years of passive 
waiting Catherine's 

1378
01:13:34,000 --> 01:13:37,000
correspondence reveals a young 
woman, actively navigating the 

1379
01:13:37,000 --> 01:13:40,199
treacherous Waters of 
international diplomacy Arthur's

1380
01:13:40,199 --> 01:13:42,600
death through Catherine into 
what historians of called 

1381
01:13:42,600 --> 01:13:46,100
diplomatic purgatory. 
She was neither fully English. 

1382
01:13:46,100 --> 01:13:49,399
Nor free to return to Spain. 
The father in law Henry. 

1383
01:13:49,399 --> 01:13:53,300
The seventh refused to return 
her substantial Dari 200,000, 

1384
01:13:53,300 --> 01:13:55,699
crowns. 
And enormous sum that would 

1385
01:13:55,699 --> 01:13:57,500
equal millions. 
And today's currently, 

1386
01:13:57,500 --> 01:14:01,000
meanwhile, her father. 
Fernando was equally reluctant 

1387
01:14:01,000 --> 01:14:03,000
to fund her return home with the
dowry. 

1388
01:14:03,800 --> 01:14:06,000
Catherine found herself, 
essentially stranded in a 

1389
01:14:06,000 --> 01:14:09,399
foreign country whose language 
she was still mastering during 

1390
01:14:09,399 --> 01:14:12,199
these limbo years. 
Catherine resided, primarily at 

1391
01:14:12,207 --> 01:14:15,399
Durham house in London, where 
her income was progressively 

1392
01:14:15,399 --> 01:14:17,600
reduced by Henry the seventh 
parsimony. 

1393
01:14:18,199 --> 01:14:21,300
By 1505. 
The situation had deteriorated 

1394
01:14:21,300 --> 01:14:23,500
to such an extent that she wrote
to her. 

1395
01:14:23,500 --> 01:14:27,600
Father I'm in debt in London. 
I am struggling to find a way 

1396
01:14:27,600 --> 01:14:30,199
out. 
Court records show that she was 

1397
01:14:30,199 --> 01:14:34,000
forced to pawn personal items, 
including gold vessels from her 

1398
01:14:34,000 --> 01:14:36,399
table service to pay her 
servants wages. 

1399
01:14:37,399 --> 01:14:40,000
While traditional accounts paint
the aftermath as a period of 

1400
01:14:40,008 --> 01:14:42,699
powerless, victimhood 
Catherine's letters, reveal 

1401
01:14:42,699 --> 01:14:45,399
sophisticated Financial 
strategizing, as she managed to 

1402
01:14:45,407 --> 01:14:47,899
maintain a household of 30 
servants, to despite these 

1403
01:14:47,899 --> 01:14:50,899
constraints. 
What's rarely discussed is that 

1404
01:14:50,899 --> 01:14:53,899
Catherine's Widow years 
coincided with the most 

1405
01:14:53,899 --> 01:14:56,800
tumultuous period in Castilian 
politics and her mother's 

1406
01:14:56,800 --> 01:15:02,000
accession. when Isabella of 
Castile died in 1504, A kingdom 

1407
01:15:02,000 --> 01:15:04,800
descended into factual, struggle
between Catherine's father 

1408
01:15:04,800 --> 01:15:09,300
Fernando and her brother-in-law 
Philip of burgundy husband her 

1409
01:15:09,300 --> 01:15:11,800
sister Joanna. 
Catherine found herself in the 

1410
01:15:11,808 --> 01:15:15,100
uncomfortable position of an 
ambassadorial hostage with 

1411
01:15:15,100 --> 01:15:18,000
Henry, the seventh threatening 
to switch matrimonial alliances 

1412
01:15:18,000 --> 01:15:20,500
to The Burgundian faction. 
If Ferdinand didn't meet his 

1413
01:15:20,500 --> 01:15:23,800
increasingly demanding terms, 
These Years also witnessed 

1414
01:15:23,800 --> 01:15:27,300
Catherine's transformation from 
sheltered infanta to hardened 

1415
01:15:27,300 --> 01:15:30,399
political operator. 
She essentially functioned as 

1416
01:15:30,399 --> 01:15:33,399
Spain's unofficial ambassador to
England, sending coded 

1417
01:15:33,399 --> 01:15:35,000
intelligence reports to her 
father. 

1418
01:15:35,000 --> 01:15:38,800
While simultaneously maintaining
a facade of beautiful deference 

1419
01:15:38,800 --> 01:15:42,199
to Henry the seventh Court 
records show that she cultivated

1420
01:15:42,199 --> 01:15:45,600
relationships with key English 
Nobles, particularly the Howard 

1421
01:15:45,600 --> 01:15:48,699
and Stafford families, building 
a network that would later prove

1422
01:15:48,699 --> 01:15:52,199
invaluable during her queenship.
Most accounts Overlook 

1423
01:15:52,199 --> 01:15:54,399
Catherine's intellectual 
development during this period. 

1424
01:15:55,300 --> 01:15:58,600
Inventory of her possession 
show, she acquired over 40 

1425
01:15:58,600 --> 01:16:03,000
books, between 1502 and 1509 
including works by Rasmus and 

1426
01:16:03,000 --> 01:16:06,399
Thomas More. 
A correspondence with the 

1427
01:16:06,399 --> 01:16:09,000
Spanish humanist, one Louise 
Vivas suggest. 

1428
01:16:09,000 --> 01:16:11,800
She was engaged with the latest 
current and release on thought, 

1429
01:16:11,800 --> 01:16:15,699
far from languishing. 
In isolated misery, Catherine 

1430
01:16:15,699 --> 01:16:18,699
was participating in the 
intellectual ferment, that would

1431
01:16:18,699 --> 01:16:20,399
later. 
Characterize the early Tudor 

1432
01:16:20,399 --> 01:16:23,699
Court, People have similarly 
misrepresented, her religious 

1433
01:16:23,699 --> 01:16:25,699
life. 
During these years while 

1434
01:16:25,699 --> 01:16:28,699
Catherine's piety as well 
documented, it is often been 

1435
01:16:28,699 --> 01:16:32,399
caricatured as rigid and 
medieval in reality, her 

1436
01:16:32,399 --> 01:16:35,000
spiritual practice aligned with 
the devotee or moderna 

1437
01:16:35,000 --> 01:16:37,800
movements, sweeping Europe, 
which emphasized personal 

1438
01:16:37,800 --> 01:16:41,800
interior, devotion over, 
elaborate external, rituals her 

1439
01:16:41,800 --> 01:16:44,699
Confessor, the observant 
Franciscan Alessandro Berkeley 

1440
01:16:44,699 --> 01:16:48,000
introduced her to contemplative 
prayer practices, that would 

1441
01:16:48,000 --> 01:16:50,000
later influence, English, 
spiritual writing. 

1442
01:16:50,699 --> 01:16:52,899
Catherine's relationship with 
the Young Prince Henry. 

1443
01:16:52,899 --> 01:16:55,899
Later, Henry, the 8th during 
this period deserves her 

1444
01:16:55,899 --> 01:16:57,100
examination. 
Court. 

1445
01:16:57,100 --> 01:17:00,399
Records indicate regular contact
between them including shared 

1446
01:17:00,399 --> 01:17:02,699
musical performance is and 
participation and Court 

1447
01:17:02,699 --> 01:17:05,600
festivities. 
The Future, King, 6 years, her 

1448
01:17:05,600 --> 01:17:08,800
Junior appears to have genuinely
enjoyed Catherine's company, 

1449
01:17:08,800 --> 01:17:11,600
particularly her knowledge of 
Spanish Literature, and has 

1450
01:17:11,600 --> 01:17:14,300
skill at the virginals, a 
keyboard instrument, she had 

1451
01:17:14,308 --> 01:17:17,699
mastered when Court Chronicle. 
Edward Hall, later wrote that 

1452
01:17:17,699 --> 01:17:20,899
Henry had cost of affection on 
Catherine before their marriage.

1453
01:17:20,899 --> 01:17:23,399
He was likely recording more 
than propaganda. 

1454
01:17:24,500 --> 01:17:28,399
By 1507 Catherine had become a 
debt at managing, not just her 

1455
01:17:28,399 --> 01:17:31,800
reduced circumstances that the 
complex diplomatic machinations 

1456
01:17:31,800 --> 01:17:35,399
swirling around her. 
When Henry the seventh attempted

1457
01:17:35,399 --> 01:17:37,399
to create a pretext for 
breaking, the betrothal by 

1458
01:17:37,399 --> 01:17:40,000
demanding Catherine confess 
whether her marriage to Arthur 

1459
01:17:40,000 --> 01:17:42,899
had been consummated. 
She out maneuvered him with a 

1460
01:17:42,899 --> 01:17:46,399
carefully worded response that 
satisfied Spanish honor while 

1461
01:17:46,399 --> 01:17:49,000
preserving the possibility of 
marriage to the younger Henry, 

1462
01:17:49,000 --> 01:17:52,899
when Henry, the 8th ascended, 
the throne in April of 1509. 

1463
01:17:52,899 --> 01:17:56,100
One of his first acts was to 
marry Catherine of Aragon. 

1464
01:17:56,100 --> 01:17:59,500
A decision that historical 
accounts of variously attributed

1465
01:17:59,500 --> 01:18:03,600
to youthful, infatuation, 
political expediency, or simple 

1466
01:18:03,600 --> 01:18:07,000
Duty, however, contemporary 
sources reveal a more nuanced 

1467
01:18:07,000 --> 01:18:11,199
reality, The 18 year old King's 
Council was initially divided on

1468
01:18:11,199 --> 01:18:14,199
the match with some favoring, a 
French Alliance instead. 

1469
01:18:14,199 --> 01:18:18,300
Henry's decision to marry 
Catherine represented, his first

1470
01:18:18,300 --> 01:18:21,399
significant assertion of Royal 
will against advisory opinion. 

1471
01:18:22,300 --> 01:18:24,100
That would characterize his 
reign. 

1472
01:18:25,000 --> 01:18:27,500
Catherine's transformation from 
marginalized, Widow to Queen. 

1473
01:18:27,500 --> 01:18:31,000
Consort was Swift and deliberate
their joint coronation on June 

1474
01:18:31,000 --> 01:18:35,800
24th. 5909 broke with tradition 
by according Castle in equal 

1475
01:18:35,800 --> 01:18:37,300
ceremonial, prominence with 
Henry. 

1476
01:18:38,199 --> 01:18:41,500
She insisted on wearing her hair
loose, a Spanish symbol of the 

1477
01:18:41,508 --> 01:18:45,100
genetic to publicly emphasize 
that her first marriage was on 

1478
01:18:45,100 --> 01:18:48,500
consummated. 
Londoners treated to pageant 

1479
01:18:48,500 --> 01:18:51,699
portraying Dame, Catherine, as 
the embodiment of Truth 

1480
01:18:51,699 --> 01:18:54,800
triumphing over adversity. 
Understood the symbolism. 

1481
01:18:55,699 --> 01:18:58,699
The early years of Catherine's 
queenship, reveal a woman whose 

1482
01:18:58,699 --> 01:19:01,199
political influence extended far
beyond, conventional, 

1483
01:19:01,199 --> 01:19:04,100
narratives, that Focus 
exclusively on her reproductive 

1484
01:19:04,100 --> 01:19:08,100
struggles as early as 1510 
diplomatic correspondence. 

1485
01:19:08,100 --> 01:19:10,699
Shows, Catherine serving as an 
informal member of the king's 

1486
01:19:10,699 --> 01:19:14,399
Council particularly on matters 
relating to Spanish and Imperial

1487
01:19:14,399 --> 01:19:17,000
relations. 
The Venetian Ambassador reported

1488
01:19:17,000 --> 01:19:20,199
with surprise that the queen 
attends all Council meetings and

1489
01:19:20,199 --> 01:19:23,899
exerts considerable influence. 
Perhaps Catherine's most 

1490
01:19:23,899 --> 01:19:28,000
overlooked contribution to Tudor
governance came in 1513 when 

1491
01:19:28,000 --> 01:19:31,000
Henry appointed her governor of 
the realm, and Captain general 

1492
01:19:31,000 --> 01:19:33,699
of the Armed Forces during his 
absence in France. 

1493
01:19:34,800 --> 01:19:37,100
This region C, granted, 
Catherine powers that went 

1494
01:19:37,100 --> 01:19:40,199
beyond ceremonial Authority. 
She could sign documents with 

1495
01:19:40,199 --> 01:19:42,199
the king's authority issue, 
proclamations. 

1496
01:19:42,199 --> 01:19:45,899
And even raise armies, when 
James, the fourth of Scotland 

1497
01:19:45,899 --> 01:19:49,300
invaded while Henry was abroad, 
Catherine organized, the English

1498
01:19:49,300 --> 01:19:51,000
defense with remarkable 
efficiency. 

1499
01:19:52,100 --> 01:19:55,500
He commissioned ships, ordered a
troupe movements and sent a 

1500
01:19:55,500 --> 01:19:58,000
stirring letter to the ear of 
sorry before he defeated and 

1501
01:19:58,000 --> 01:20:00,300
killed the Scottish. 
King that infield. 

1502
01:20:01,899 --> 01:20:05,199
After the victory, Catherine 
sent James's bloodied coat to 

1503
01:20:05,207 --> 01:20:08,500
Henry and France as a battle 
trophy writing with Marshall 

1504
01:20:08,500 --> 01:20:12,100
Pride, that she would have sent 
the king's body to but English 

1505
01:20:12,100 --> 01:20:14,100
soil, would not bear a traitor's
burial. 

1506
01:20:15,100 --> 01:20:18,800
This action rarely emphasized in
popular accounts, demonstrates 

1507
01:20:18,800 --> 01:20:21,800
Catherine's Embrace of Tudor 
political culture and her 

1508
01:20:21,800 --> 01:20:24,800
Evolution from Spanish, and 
Fanta to English Queen. 

1509
01:20:25,800 --> 01:20:28,600
Catherine's domestic policy 
during her Regency revealed 

1510
01:20:28,600 --> 01:20:30,100
priorities. 
That would shape her later 

1511
01:20:30,100 --> 01:20:32,899
patronage. 
She issued orders relaxing 

1512
01:20:32,899 --> 01:20:36,000
enforcement of sumptuary laws 
that disproportionately punished

1513
01:20:36,000 --> 01:20:38,899
working class women for dressing
Above This station. 

1514
01:20:40,000 --> 01:20:41,800
Court records. 
Indicate she personally 

1515
01:20:41,800 --> 01:20:45,000
intervened in at least 14 cases 
where women face prosecution 

1516
01:20:45,000 --> 01:20:48,699
under the statutes arguing that 
female industry shouldn't be 

1517
01:20:48,699 --> 01:20:50,600
penalized by archaic 
restrictions. 

1518
01:20:50,600 --> 01:20:54,100
Her intellectual patronage has 
been similarly under appreciated

1519
01:20:54,100 --> 01:20:57,000
while Henry, the 8th is 
remembered for his sporadic. 

1520
01:20:57,000 --> 01:21:00,899
Support of humanism Catherine, 
maintained more consistent 

1521
01:21:00,899 --> 01:21:02,500
relationships with leading 
Scholars. 

1522
01:21:02,500 --> 01:21:06,000
She commissioned translation of 
devotional texts from Spanish 

1523
01:21:06,000 --> 01:21:09,800
into English supported Richard 
heard his Arguments for women's 

1524
01:21:09,800 --> 01:21:13,600
education and maintained 
correspondence with dedicated 

1525
01:21:13,600 --> 01:21:15,899
his commentary on the gospel of 
Matthew to her. 

1526
01:21:16,699 --> 01:21:19,899
When Juan Luis Viva is published
the education of a Christian 

1527
01:21:19,899 --> 01:21:22,500
woman? 
In 1523, he acknowledged 

1528
01:21:22,500 --> 01:21:25,000
Catherine's influence on his 
thinking about female 

1529
01:21:25,000 --> 01:21:28,600
intellectual capacity, 
Catherine's queenly Authority 

1530
01:21:28,600 --> 01:21:30,399
extended to cultural diplomacy. 
As well. 

1531
01:21:30,399 --> 01:21:33,600
She introduced Spanish 
theatrical Traditions to the 

1532
01:21:33,600 --> 01:21:37,300
English Court, particularly the 
morality plays known as Otto 

1533
01:21:37,300 --> 01:21:40,300
Sacramento's court records 
document her commissioning 

1534
01:21:40,300 --> 01:21:43,399
performance, is that Blended 
English and Spanish performance 

1535
01:21:43,399 --> 01:21:46,699
Styles, creating hybridized 
entertainments that historian 

1536
01:21:46,699 --> 01:21:49,199
Sydney. 
Anglo has termed the first truly

1537
01:21:49,199 --> 01:21:51,500
Cosmopolitan, Court culture in 
English History. 

1538
01:21:52,399 --> 01:21:55,399
Even her religious patronage 
defies, simple characterization.

1539
01:21:55,399 --> 01:21:58,199
While Catherine's Catholicism 
was sincere. 

1540
01:21:58,199 --> 01:22:01,500
She advocated for church reforms
that aligned with humanists 

1541
01:22:01,500 --> 01:22:04,199
critiques. 
She supported Cardinal Wall's 

1542
01:22:04,199 --> 01:22:06,399
suppression of crop. 
Monasteries nearly two decades 

1543
01:22:06,399 --> 01:22:10,500
before Henry's more famous to 
solution, Edward Lee, reformist 

1544
01:22:10,500 --> 01:22:13,399
scholar, who served as her 
personal chaplain delivered 

1545
01:22:13,399 --> 01:22:15,600
sermons that criticize clerical 
abuses. 

1546
01:22:15,600 --> 01:22:18,600
While upholding Orthodox 
Doctrine, a delicate balance, 

1547
01:22:18,600 --> 01:22:21,899
that mirrors Catherine's own 
complex, religious beliefs. 

1548
01:22:21,899 --> 01:22:27,100
By 1525 before the divorce 
crisis erupted, Catherine had 

1549
01:22:27,100 --> 01:22:30,300
constructed a queenly, identity 
that skillfully balanced her 

1550
01:22:30,300 --> 01:22:32,600
Spanish Heritage with her 
adopted English role. 

1551
01:22:33,500 --> 01:22:35,899
She wore English Fashions, but 
maintained Spanish, eating 

1552
01:22:35,899 --> 01:22:37,899
habits. 
She spoke English fluently. 

1553
01:22:37,899 --> 01:22:40,800
But continued to write personal 
devotions in Spanish. 

1554
01:22:40,800 --> 01:22:43,899
She honored English satta 
Saints, while introducing 

1555
01:22:43,899 --> 01:22:46,699
Spanish, religious Customs, like
the 40-hour devotion. 

1556
01:22:47,399 --> 01:22:50,399
This cultural hybridity made her
popular with both courtiers and 

1557
01:22:50,407 --> 01:22:52,500
commoners. 
Who affectionately called her 

1558
01:22:52,500 --> 01:22:56,600
Queen Katarina? 
In a blend of her Spanish name 

1559
01:22:56,600 --> 01:23:00,300
in English title the unraveling 
of Catherine's marriage to Henry

1560
01:23:00,300 --> 01:23:03,699
the 8th who was euphemistically 
called the Kings great matter. 

1561
01:23:03,699 --> 01:23:07,199
As traditionally been presented 
as a contest between an 

1562
01:23:07,199 --> 01:23:09,899
increasingly desperate king and 
a stubbornly principled. 

1563
01:23:09,899 --> 01:23:13,600
Queen this narrative while not 
entirely false. 

1564
01:23:14,399 --> 01:23:17,500
Obscures the sophisticated legal
battle, Catherine wage to defend

1565
01:23:17,500 --> 01:23:20,300
her position. 
Far from being a passive victim 

1566
01:23:20,300 --> 01:23:23,199
of Henry's. 
Machinations Catherine mounted a

1567
01:23:23,199 --> 01:23:25,899
defense that utilized every 
legal and diplomatic weapon at 

1568
01:23:25,899 --> 01:23:28,800
her disposal. 
When Henry first raised doubts 

1569
01:23:28,800 --> 01:23:33,300
about their marriage and 1527 
citing Leviticus 2021 as 

1570
01:23:33,300 --> 01:23:36,500
evidence that he had sinned by 
marrying his brother's widow, 

1571
01:23:36,500 --> 01:23:40,000
Catherine responded, not with 
mere emotional appeals. 

1572
01:23:40,000 --> 01:23:44,000
But with precise canonical 
arguments Her initial legal 

1573
01:23:44,000 --> 01:23:47,199
position rested, on 3 points, 
that her marriage to Arthur had 

1574
01:23:47,199 --> 01:23:50,199
never been consummated. 
That Pope Julius the second. 

1575
01:23:50,199 --> 01:23:53,199
Dispensation had specifically 
addressed and overridden in any 

1576
01:23:53,199 --> 01:23:55,600
impediment. 
And that the passage in 

1577
01:23:55,600 --> 01:23:58,300
Leviticus was contradicted by 
the lavier ACT principle in 

1578
01:23:58,308 --> 01:24:02,300
Deuteronomy 215, which actually 
commanded a man to marry his 

1579
01:24:02,300 --> 01:24:05,300
brother's widow. 
Document evidence from Spanish 

1580
01:24:05,300 --> 01:24:06,899
archives. 
Reveals that Catherine 

1581
01:24:06,899 --> 01:24:09,600
personally drafted. 
Many of the legal arguments her 

1582
01:24:09,600 --> 01:24:12,800
Representatives would later, 
present, annotated copy of the 

1583
01:24:12,800 --> 01:24:15,899
decree tools papal, legal 
pronouncements shows her 

1584
01:24:15,899 --> 01:24:18,199
meticulous Research into 
precedent cases. 

1585
01:24:18,199 --> 01:24:22,199
She identified 13 prior 
instances, where people, 

1586
01:24:22,199 --> 01:24:25,399
dispensations for Affinity had 
been granted and never 

1587
01:24:25,399 --> 01:24:28,699
subsequently, revoked creating a
legal pattern that strengthened 

1588
01:24:28,699 --> 01:24:32,199
her case. 
Catherine's legal team assembled

1589
01:24:32,199 --> 01:24:34,899
through her personal connections
rather than Royal resources 

1590
01:24:34,899 --> 01:24:38,800
represented, an impressive 
Coalition of canonical 

1591
01:24:38,800 --> 01:24:41,000
expertise. 
While Henry retained the 

1592
01:24:41,000 --> 01:24:44,699
services of Cardinals and later 
Thomas cranmer Catherine, 

1593
01:24:44,699 --> 01:24:46,300
secured representation from 
William. 

1594
01:24:46,300 --> 01:24:50,300
Wareham Archbishop of Canterbury
Cuthbert Tunstall Bishop of 

1595
01:24:50,300 --> 01:24:53,199
London. 
And most importantly, John 

1596
01:24:53,199 --> 01:24:56,199
Fisher. 
Bishop of Rochester, whose 

1597
01:24:56,199 --> 01:24:58,399
treaties defending the validity 
of her marriage. 

1598
01:24:58,399 --> 01:25:01,300
Became the definitive 
opposition, text the black 

1599
01:25:01,300 --> 01:25:04,899
freeze trial of 1529, provided 
Catherine with her most dramatic

1600
01:25:04,899 --> 01:25:07,600
moment of resistance. 
Famous speech. 

1601
01:25:07,600 --> 01:25:10,800
Before the Lego team Court, I 
called God and all the world to 

1602
01:25:10,800 --> 01:25:13,899
witness that I've been to you a 
true humble and obedient wife 

1603
01:25:13,899 --> 01:25:16,300
has been celebrated for its 
emotional power. 

1604
01:25:17,300 --> 01:25:20,800
Less recognized as its legal 
cunning, by appealing directly 

1605
01:25:20,800 --> 01:25:23,800
to Rome before the court could 
render judgment, Catherine 

1606
01:25:23,800 --> 01:25:26,800
executed, a sophisticated 
canonical maneuver called 

1607
01:25:26,800 --> 01:25:30,899
exceptionally, which argued that
she couldn't receive fair 

1608
01:25:30,899 --> 01:25:33,100
judgment, while deprived of her 
rights as Queen. 

1609
01:25:34,000 --> 01:25:36,800
This legal tactic, effectively 
suspended the English 

1610
01:25:36,800 --> 01:25:40,100
proceedings. 
Catherine's appeal to Rome was 

1611
01:25:40,100 --> 01:25:43,000
not merely procedural 
obstruction that reflected her 

1612
01:25:43,000 --> 01:25:45,399
understanding that the case 
would receive a more favorable 

1613
01:25:45,399 --> 01:25:48,100
hearing there. 
She maintained a network of 

1614
01:25:48,100 --> 01:25:51,000
informants throughout Europe and
provided intelligence about 

1615
01:25:51,000 --> 01:25:54,500
people politics. 
When Imperial forces sacked Rome

1616
01:25:54,500 --> 01:25:58,600
in 1527 placing Pope Clement, 
the seventh under the influence 

1617
01:25:58,600 --> 01:26:00,199
of her nephew Emperor, Charles 
the 5th. 

1618
01:26:00,899 --> 01:26:03,800
Catherine, strategically 
intensified her appeals to roam,

1619
01:26:03,800 --> 01:26:07,500
understanding that geopolitical 
circumstances now, favored her 

1620
01:26:07,500 --> 01:26:10,300
position even as Henry, 
isolated, Catherine, physically 

1621
01:26:10,300 --> 01:26:13,300
moving her from Palace to Palace
with ever decreasing household 

1622
01:26:13,300 --> 01:26:15,500
staff. 
She maintained Communications 

1623
01:26:15,500 --> 01:26:17,399
with supporters through an 
underground Network. 

1624
01:26:18,199 --> 01:26:20,899
Royal account books, reveal the 
Kings frustration at discovering

1625
01:26:20,899 --> 01:26:24,800
Catherine, had smuggled letters 
to Imperial ambassadors via 

1626
01:26:24,800 --> 01:26:28,100
servants disguised. 
As vegetable, sellers one 

1627
01:26:28,100 --> 01:26:29,899
particularly effective Channel 
involved. 

1628
01:26:29,899 --> 01:26:32,699
Catherine's Spanish, ladies in 
Waiting, who would carry 

1629
01:26:32,699 --> 01:26:34,300
messages braided into their 
hair? 

1630
01:26:34,300 --> 01:26:37,199
When visiting, London markets, 
when Henry separated from 

1631
01:26:37,199 --> 01:26:40,600
Catherine and banned her from 
court in 1531, she had 

1632
01:26:40,600 --> 01:26:43,199
effectively transitioned from 
being, the queen, consort to the

1633
01:26:43,199 --> 01:26:46,399
opposition leader from her 
reduced household at the Moore 

1634
01:26:46,399 --> 01:26:49,399
in hartfordshire, she continued 
directing legal resistance 

1635
01:26:49,399 --> 01:26:52,100
through coded correspondence. 
She instructed, her 

1636
01:26:52,100 --> 01:26:54,699
representatives in Rome to 
challenge every procedural 

1637
01:26:54,699 --> 01:26:58,199
motion, effectively, creating 
years of delays that prevented 

1638
01:26:58,199 --> 01:27:01,399
Henry from Legally remarrying, 
while she lived Catherine, 

1639
01:27:01,399 --> 01:27:03,899
strategic extended to public 
relations. 

1640
01:27:04,800 --> 01:27:06,899
Understanding the power of 
popular sentiment. 

1641
01:27:07,699 --> 01:27:10,600
She deliberately appeared before
crowds when traveling between 

1642
01:27:10,600 --> 01:27:13,800
her various places of 
confinement dressed plainly. 

1643
01:27:13,800 --> 01:27:16,300
But with the Royal Arms 
prominently displayed 

1644
01:27:16,300 --> 01:27:20,000
contemporary accounts described 
commoners lining roads to cheer 

1645
01:27:20,000 --> 01:27:22,399
the true Queen demonstrations 
that. 

1646
01:27:22,399 --> 01:27:25,100
So concerned Henry that, he 
eventually confined her to 

1647
01:27:25,100 --> 01:27:26,699
increase increasingly remote 
locations. 

1648
01:27:26,699 --> 01:27:30,000
What's rarely acknowledged is 
how Catherine's resistance 

1649
01:27:30,000 --> 01:27:33,100
provided the legal template that
later English Catholics would 

1650
01:27:33,100 --> 01:27:35,399
use users to challenge. 
Henry's religious policies. 

1651
01:27:36,199 --> 01:27:38,899
Her insistence on the supremacy 
of papal, authority over the 

1652
01:27:38,899 --> 01:27:42,199
king in matters of marriage, 
created precedence that evolved 

1653
01:27:42,199 --> 01:27:44,300
into broader arguments against 
Royal Supremacy. 

1654
01:27:44,300 --> 01:27:48,300
The network of supporters. 
She cultivated particularly 

1655
01:27:48,300 --> 01:27:50,199
among University Scholars and 
clergy. 

1656
01:27:50,199 --> 01:27:53,500
Formed the nucleus of what would
become recent resistance during 

1657
01:27:53,500 --> 01:27:56,699
Elizabeth's reign. 
Perhaps most remarkable was 

1658
01:27:56,699 --> 01:27:59,800
Catherine's maintenance of dual 
loyalties throughout the dispute

1659
01:27:59,800 --> 01:28:03,300
while adamantly defending her 
position as England's rightful 

1660
01:28:03,300 --> 01:28:05,500
Queen. 
She refused multiple 

1661
01:28:05,500 --> 01:28:08,899
opportunities to escape to 
Imperial territories or to 

1662
01:28:08,907 --> 01:28:12,500
authorize her nephew Charles, 
the 5th to invade England on her

1663
01:28:12,500 --> 01:28:14,800
behalf. 
When Charles is ambassadors 

1664
01:28:14,800 --> 01:28:18,899
suggested military intervention 
in 1532, Catherine, reportedly 

1665
01:28:18,899 --> 01:28:21,600
responded. 
I will not be the cause of war 

1666
01:28:21,600 --> 01:28:24,399
in Christmas nor against the 
country that is now my own 

1667
01:28:24,399 --> 01:28:27,300
Catherine of Aragon's. 
Diplomatic significance as has 

1668
01:28:27,300 --> 01:28:30,500
been consistently undervalued, 
and historical assessments that 

1669
01:28:30,500 --> 01:28:32,600
Focus primarily on her domestic 
role. 

1670
01:28:32,600 --> 01:28:36,100
In reality, she served as the 
Lynch pin of Anglo Spanish 

1671
01:28:36,100 --> 01:28:39,199
relationships for nearly three 
decades, wielding influence that

1672
01:28:39,199 --> 01:28:41,500
extended far beyond ceremonial 
functions. 

1673
01:28:41,500 --> 01:28:45,800
A diplomatic career, commenced 
prior to her queenship as her 

1674
01:28:45,800 --> 01:28:50,000
father, third, in and utilized 
her as a living, poor on the 

1675
01:28:50,000 --> 01:28:53,399
European diplomatic Arena. 
From her arrival in England, 

1676
01:28:53,399 --> 01:28:56,699
Catherine maintained, what we 
would Now call a parallel 

1677
01:28:56,699 --> 01:29:00,399
diplomatic Channel, alongside 
official ambassadors, a personal

1678
01:29:00,399 --> 01:29:03,899
correspondence with her father 
Ferdinand and later her nephew 

1679
01:29:03,899 --> 01:29:06,300
Emperor. 
Charles the fifth provided 

1680
01:29:06,300 --> 01:29:09,000
intelligence that official 
dispatches often lacked. 

1681
01:29:09,699 --> 01:29:13,800
The Spanish Ambassador Rodrigo 
de Puebla frequently. 

1682
01:29:13,800 --> 01:29:16,399
Complained that Catherine had 
more accurate information about 

1683
01:29:16,399 --> 01:29:20,000
English Court politics than he 
did writing to Ferdinand in 

1684
01:29:20,008 --> 01:29:22,899
1505. 
The princess knows more of the 

1685
01:29:22,899 --> 01:29:25,800
king's mind in one hour than I 
learned in a month of careful, 

1686
01:29:25,800 --> 01:29:28,899
observation during Henry the 8th
early reign. 

1687
01:29:29,500 --> 01:29:31,699
Catherine functioned as the 
architect of the anglo-spanish, 

1688
01:29:31,699 --> 01:29:34,600
Elias that defined English, 
foreign policy until the divorce

1689
01:29:34,600 --> 01:29:38,000
crisis, the Treaty of 
Westminster 1511, which 

1690
01:29:38,000 --> 01:29:40,300
formalised in England, entry 
into the holy League against 

1691
01:29:40,300 --> 01:29:43,100
France or Catherine's diplomatic
fingerprints throughout. 

1692
01:29:44,100 --> 01:29:46,500
Spanish archives contain her 
drafts suggestions for the 

1693
01:29:46,500 --> 01:29:50,000
treaty terms, many of which 
appeared for bait in the final 

1694
01:29:50,000 --> 01:29:53,199
document. 
This Hands-On approach to treaty

1695
01:29:53,199 --> 01:29:56,100
formation went well, beyond the 
conventional role of a consort 

1696
01:29:57,100 --> 01:30:00,800
Influence extended Beyond 
Spanish relationships, she 

1697
01:30:00,800 --> 01:30:03,100
maintained regular 
correspondence with her sister 

1698
01:30:03,100 --> 01:30:05,600
Joanna. 
In Castile a nephew Charles in 

1699
01:30:05,600 --> 01:30:09,199
the low countries and her nieces
of Bella in Denmark, creating a 

1700
01:30:09,199 --> 01:30:11,699
familial intelligence Network 
spanning Europe. 

1701
01:30:12,500 --> 01:30:15,600
When Margaret of Austria Regent 
of the Netherlands needed to 

1702
01:30:15,600 --> 01:30:17,699
communicate sensitive 
information to England. 

1703
01:30:17,699 --> 01:30:20,899
Without alerting French spies, 
she often routed messages 

1704
01:30:20,899 --> 01:30:23,199
through Catherine rather than 
formal diplomatic channels. 

1705
01:30:23,199 --> 01:30:27,399
The field of cloth of gold in 
1520 is typically presented as a

1706
01:30:27,399 --> 01:30:30,600
watershed in anglo-french 
relations marking, the legendary

1707
01:30:30,600 --> 01:30:32,500
Summit between Henry the 8th and
Francis. 

1708
01:30:32,500 --> 01:30:35,899
The first of France. 
Let's discussed is Catherine's 

1709
01:30:35,899 --> 01:30:38,800
behind the scenes, diplomatic 
counterweight while publicly 

1710
01:30:38,800 --> 01:30:42,300
supporting the Frenchman. 
She simultaneously strengthened 

1711
01:30:42,300 --> 01:30:45,100
ties with Charles the 5th. 
Hosting his ambassadors for 

1712
01:30:45,100 --> 01:30:48,500
private audiences where she 
emphasized England's continuing 

1713
01:30:48,500 --> 01:30:50,199
commitment to Imperial 
friendship. 

1714
01:30:50,199 --> 01:30:54,100
This dual track diplomacy 
allowed England to maximize its 

1715
01:30:54,100 --> 01:30:56,899
negotiating position between 
Europe's two dominant powers 

1716
01:30:57,800 --> 01:31:02,199
Catherine's diplomatic value 
became evident in 1522, when 

1717
01:31:02,199 --> 01:31:06,100
Charles, the 5th visited England
for six weeks and unprecedented 

1718
01:31:06,100 --> 01:31:09,800
diplomatic Coupe court, records 
reveal Catherine's personal 

1719
01:31:09,800 --> 01:31:12,899
management of the visits 
Logistics from menu planning 

1720
01:31:12,899 --> 01:31:16,800
that accommodated Spanish taste 
to enter Entertainment that 

1721
01:31:16,800 --> 01:31:19,399
subtly emphasized. 
Anglo Imperial commonalities. 

1722
01:31:19,399 --> 01:31:23,100
During political discussions. 
Catherine often served as a 

1723
01:31:23,100 --> 01:31:26,600
cultural interpreter explaining 
English Customs to her nephew 

1724
01:31:26,600 --> 01:31:30,100
and contextualizing English 
positions for Henry the 

1725
01:31:30,100 --> 01:31:32,699
resulting Treaty of Windsor 
highly favorable to English 

1726
01:31:32,699 --> 01:31:35,899
interests was widely attributed 
to Catherine's skillful 

1727
01:31:35,899 --> 01:31:38,800
mediation, the Queen's 
diplomatic relevance wasn't 

1728
01:31:38,800 --> 01:31:41,699
limited to European Affairs. 
Catherine took particular. 

1729
01:31:41,699 --> 01:31:44,600
Interest in the nascent 
transatlantic Explorations 

1730
01:31:44,600 --> 01:31:47,699
likely influenced by her 
mother's sponsorship of Columbus

1731
01:31:47,699 --> 01:31:50,300
documents in the Spanish 
archives show. 

1732
01:31:50,300 --> 01:31:52,800
She personally intervened to 
protect the rights of indigenous

1733
01:31:52,800 --> 01:31:54,800
people's in Spain's American 
territories. 

1734
01:31:54,800 --> 01:31:58,199
In 1529. 
She wrote to officials in 

1735
01:31:58,199 --> 01:32:01,100
Hispaniola warning against the 
mistreatment of native, 

1736
01:32:01,100 --> 01:32:03,600
inhabitants and endorsing the 
humanitarian arguments of 

1737
01:32:03,600 --> 01:32:07,800
bartolome, De Las Casas. 
This early advocacy for 

1738
01:32:07,800 --> 01:32:11,000
indigenous rights represents an 
underappreciated aspect of her 

1739
01:32:11,000 --> 01:32:14,100
International influence. 
Catherine's approached to 

1740
01:32:14,100 --> 01:32:17,100
international relations was 
characterized by what Diplomat 

1741
01:32:17,100 --> 01:32:20,699
used as chapters called her 
Longview of dynastic interests. 

1742
01:32:21,600 --> 01:32:24,100
Unlike Henry whose foreign 
policy often responded to 

1743
01:32:24,100 --> 01:32:28,000
immediate opportunities or 
slights Catherine, consistently 

1744
01:32:28,000 --> 01:32:30,899
advocated for policies that 
supported long-term strategic 

1745
01:32:30,899 --> 01:32:33,699
interests. 
She opposed popular but wasteful

1746
01:32:33,699 --> 01:32:35,899
French. 
Instead they encouraged 

1747
01:32:35,899 --> 01:32:38,699
commercial treaties that would 
strengthen English trade. 

1748
01:32:39,699 --> 01:32:42,399
When the Protestant Reformation 
began fracturing European 

1749
01:32:42,399 --> 01:32:45,899
politics, Catherine, advised, 
Henry to position England as a 

1750
01:32:45,899 --> 01:32:50,000
potential mediator rather than 
an entrenched partisan, even 

1751
01:32:50,000 --> 01:32:53,300
during the divorce proceedings. 
Catherine maintained, her 

1752
01:32:53,300 --> 01:32:56,600
diplomatic engagement. 
Transforming her personal 

1753
01:32:56,600 --> 01:32:58,600
predicament into an 
international issue. 

1754
01:32:59,500 --> 01:33:02,300
Through carefully timed appeals 
to Rome in the Imperial Court. 

1755
01:33:02,300 --> 01:33:05,600
She ensured that Henry couldn't 
resolve the matter as a domestic

1756
01:33:05,600 --> 01:33:08,699
concern. 
A letter to Charles the 5th and 

1757
01:33:08,699 --> 01:33:13,899
153rd in the Samantha's archived
reveals a sophisticated 

1758
01:33:13,899 --> 01:33:16,199
understanding of European power 
dynamics. 

1759
01:33:16,199 --> 01:33:18,399
She advised her nephew to 
pressure. 

1760
01:33:18,399 --> 01:33:21,100
The pope through diplomatic 
rather than the military means 

1761
01:33:21,100 --> 01:33:24,500
arguing that the Holy Father 
responds better to Gentle 

1762
01:33:24,500 --> 01:33:28,100
persuasion than to threats in 
her final days at kimballton 

1763
01:33:28,100 --> 01:33:31,800
Castle in 1536. 
Catherine, executed a crucial 

1764
01:33:31,800 --> 01:33:34,699
diplomatic maneuver. 
Understanding that her death 

1765
01:33:34,699 --> 01:33:36,800
would reshape, Anglo Imperial 
relations. 

1766
01:33:37,600 --> 01:33:40,399
She dictated letters to both 
Henry and Charles the 5th at 

1767
01:33:40,399 --> 01:33:42,899
emphasized reconciliation rather
than recrimination. 

1768
01:33:43,800 --> 01:33:46,399
To Henry, she reaffirmed. 
Her love despite their 

1769
01:33:46,399 --> 01:33:49,600
differences to Charles. 
She accepts your requested. 

1770
01:33:49,600 --> 01:33:51,500
He maintained peaceful relations
with England. 

1771
01:33:51,500 --> 01:33:55,500
This final diplomatic act 
reflected her lifelong balancing

1772
01:33:55,500 --> 01:33:57,800
of loyalties to her native and 
adopted countries. 

1773
01:33:57,800 --> 01:34:00,899
Perhaps the clearest evidence of
Kathryn's diplomatic. 

1774
01:34:00,899 --> 01:34:04,199
Significance came after her 
death when Anglo Imperial 

1775
01:34:04,199 --> 01:34:08,000
relations rapidly deteriorated 
with her moderating influence. 

1776
01:34:08,800 --> 01:34:11,300
Within months. 
Henry, faced increasing 

1777
01:34:11,300 --> 01:34:14,699
hostility from Charles the 5th 
culminating in an imperial 

1778
01:34:14,699 --> 01:34:17,100
people Alliance that threatened 
England with invasion. 

1779
01:34:18,000 --> 01:34:20,399
The Diplomatic architecture. 
Catherine had maintained for 

1780
01:34:20,399 --> 01:34:24,000
decades collapsed in her absence
revealing how Central she had 

1781
01:34:24,000 --> 01:34:25,800
been to England's. 
International standing, 

1782
01:34:25,800 --> 01:34:29,199
Catherine of Aragon's cultural 
patronage established patterns, 

1783
01:34:29,199 --> 01:34:31,800
that would define the Tudor NSS 
long after her death. 

1784
01:34:32,600 --> 01:34:35,800
Yet this aspect of her Legacy 
remains curiously underexplored,

1785
01:34:35,800 --> 01:34:39,399
unlike the spectacular but 
sporadic patronage of Henry, the

1786
01:34:39,399 --> 01:34:42,899
8th Catherine's, cultural 
Investments were systematic and 

1787
01:34:42,899 --> 01:34:46,800
transformative particularly in 
education literature and the 

1788
01:34:46,808 --> 01:34:49,899
textile Arts. 
Her vision helped shift, English

1789
01:34:49,899 --> 01:34:52,600
Court culture, from its medieval
foundation's toward Renaissance 

1790
01:34:52,600 --> 01:34:57,199
humanism Education stood at the 
center of Catherine's patronage 

1791
01:34:57,199 --> 01:35:01,100
strategy in, 1523 she 
established the Queen's 

1792
01:35:01,100 --> 01:35:04,100
scholarships at St, John's 
College Cambridge which 

1793
01:35:04,100 --> 01:35:07,100
specifically funded students 
focusing on Greek and Latin 

1794
01:35:07,100 --> 01:35:10,800
Classics University, records, 
indicate that 27 Scholars 

1795
01:35:10,800 --> 01:35:13,399
benefited from these grants 
during Catherine's lifetime, 

1796
01:35:13,399 --> 01:35:16,100
including Robert Pember? 
Who later became a leading 

1797
01:35:16,100 --> 01:35:19,600
translator of classical texts. 
Unlike most contemporary, 

1798
01:35:19,600 --> 01:35:22,399
patronage Catherine's, 
Educational Funding, carried the

1799
01:35:22,399 --> 01:35:25,199
unusual, stipulation that 
recipients commit to teaching 

1800
01:35:25,199 --> 01:35:27,800
for at least five years after 
completing their studies 

1801
01:35:27,800 --> 01:35:30,699
creating a multiplier effect for
humanist learning. 

1802
01:35:31,699 --> 01:35:34,800
Catherine's commissioning of 
translations significantly 

1803
01:35:34,800 --> 01:35:37,300
expanded the range of texts of 
available in English. 

1804
01:35:37,300 --> 01:35:40,399
Court payment records. 
Document her sponsorship of at 

1805
01:35:40,399 --> 01:35:43,899
least 14 translation projects 
including the first English 

1806
01:35:43,899 --> 01:35:47,899
versions of Santa's moral essays
and portions of Pluto's alive. 

1807
01:35:48,899 --> 01:35:51,699
Her most significant literary 
commission, came in 1516. 

1808
01:35:51,699 --> 01:35:57,899
When she engaged one Louis 
Vuitton feminae Christian on, 

1809
01:35:57,899 --> 01:36:01,000
the education of a Christian 
woman, which argued for women's 

1810
01:36:01,000 --> 01:36:03,899
intellectual capabilities at a 
time when female education 

1811
01:36:03,899 --> 01:36:07,199
remained controversial, 
Catherine ensured the work was 

1812
01:36:07,199 --> 01:36:10,399
quickly translated into English 
and distributed to Noble 

1813
01:36:10,399 --> 01:36:13,399
households with daughters. 
The education of her daughter, 

1814
01:36:13,399 --> 01:36:16,899
Mary reflected Catherine's 
pedagogical principles, she 

1815
01:36:16,899 --> 01:36:20,399
recruited humanist Scholars like
Thomas lineker and Richard Pace 

1816
01:36:20,399 --> 01:36:22,800
as tutors. 
Developing a curriculum that 

1817
01:36:22,800 --> 01:36:26,899
mirrored those of male heirs. 
Mary's education included, not 

1818
01:36:26,899 --> 01:36:29,800
just traditional female 
accomplishments that also greek 

1819
01:36:29,800 --> 01:36:34,600
latin astronomy architecture and
governance subjects. 

1820
01:36:34,600 --> 01:36:36,500
Typically reserved for male 
education. 

1821
01:36:36,500 --> 01:36:39,699
This educational program became 
influential beyond the royal 

1822
01:36:39,699 --> 01:36:43,000
family inventories from Noble 
household showing increased 

1823
01:36:43,000 --> 01:36:46,100
acquisition of classical texts 
for daughters after Catherine 

1824
01:36:46,100 --> 01:36:50,000
established, this precedent. 
Catherine's textile patronage. 

1825
01:36:50,000 --> 01:36:53,600
Transformed in English 
decorative, Arts, Spanish, 

1826
01:36:53,600 --> 01:36:56,199
embroidery techniques, 
particularly black work. 

1827
01:36:56,199 --> 01:36:59,699
Black silk silk on the white 
linen, sometimes called Spanish 

1828
01:36:59,699 --> 01:37:03,000
work gained prominence. 
Through Catherine's Workshop. 

1829
01:37:03,000 --> 01:37:06,399
Her household accounts show she 
employed over 20 professional 

1830
01:37:06,399 --> 01:37:09,699
embroiderers at its peak 
producing works that combined 

1831
01:37:09,699 --> 01:37:12,000
Spanish techniques with English 
motifs. 

1832
01:37:12,699 --> 01:37:15,100
Surviving examples in the 
Victoria and Albert Museum 

1833
01:37:15,100 --> 01:37:19,199
demonstrate this distinctive 
hybrid style which remained 

1834
01:37:19,199 --> 01:37:21,699
influential in English 
decorative arts for Generations.

1835
01:37:21,699 --> 01:37:24,500
The Turkish Arts received 
particular attention in 

1836
01:37:24,500 --> 01:37:28,000
Catherine's patronage portfolio.
She commissioned illuminated, 

1837
01:37:28,000 --> 01:37:31,399
manuscripts from both Spanish 
and English workshops creating 

1838
01:37:31,399 --> 01:37:34,100
opportunities for cross-cultural
artistic Exchange. 

1839
01:37:35,000 --> 01:37:37,500
Catherine of Aragon prayer book.
Now in the British Library, 

1840
01:37:37,500 --> 01:37:41,699
exemplifies this fusion with 
Spanish influence illumination 

1841
01:37:41,699 --> 01:37:44,000
techniques, applied to English 
devotional texts. 

1842
01:37:44,600 --> 01:37:46,600
Catherine. 
Also, commissioned, Ultra 

1843
01:37:46,600 --> 01:37:47,899
Furnishings that introduced 
Spanish. 

1844
01:37:47,899 --> 01:37:51,699
Liturgical Aesthetics to English
churches, including embroidered 

1845
01:37:51,699 --> 01:37:55,600
and depende alter frontals that 
incorporated, pomegranate 

1846
01:37:55,600 --> 01:37:59,399
motifs, her personal emblem into
traditional English church 

1847
01:37:59,399 --> 01:38:02,100
decoration musical funding 
revealed Catherine's 

1848
01:38:02,100 --> 01:38:04,699
Cosmopolitan. 
Tastes, she introduced Spanish 

1849
01:38:04,699 --> 01:38:07,300
musicians to the English Court, 
including the composer. 

1850
01:38:07,300 --> 01:38:10,100
Juan de Antietam whose 
compositions familiarized 

1851
01:38:10,100 --> 01:38:12,800
English audiences with the 
unique polyphonic traditions of 

1852
01:38:12,800 --> 01:38:15,699
Iberian Sacred Music, Court 
records. 

1853
01:38:15,699 --> 01:38:19,199
Document her commissioning of 
motets that Blended English and 

1854
01:38:19,199 --> 01:38:22,199
Spanish musical elements. 
Thomas Tallis. 

1855
01:38:22,199 --> 01:38:25,899
Who would later become England's
pre-eminent composer received 

1856
01:38:25,899 --> 01:38:28,600
his first Royal appointment in 
Catherine's household Chapel 

1857
01:38:28,600 --> 01:38:31,199
where he was exposed to the 
international musical 

1858
01:38:31,199 --> 01:38:33,800
environment. 
Subsequent, rebuilding has 

1859
01:38:33,800 --> 01:38:37,300
largely erased Catherine's 
architectural, patronage that 

1860
01:38:37,300 --> 01:38:40,000
account books. 
Reveal significant projects She 

1861
01:38:40,000 --> 01:38:43,199
redesigned the Queen's apartment
at Greenwich Palace to include a

1862
01:38:43,207 --> 01:38:45,100
Spanish style in a courtyard 
with a founded. 

1863
01:38:45,899 --> 01:38:49,500
Creating spaces for humanists 
conversation modeled, on Iberian

1864
01:38:49,500 --> 01:38:52,600
precedence. 
At Richmond, Palace she 

1865
01:38:52,600 --> 01:38:55,300
commissioned a library 
specifically designed to house a

1866
01:38:55,300 --> 01:38:57,800
growing collection of classical 
and humanist. 

1867
01:38:57,800 --> 01:39:00,600
Texts with Innovative features 
like reading deaths with 

1868
01:39:00,600 --> 01:39:04,000
adjustable angles, the design 
later copied in other Noble, 

1869
01:39:04,000 --> 01:39:06,800
libraries. 
Perhaps most significant was 

1870
01:39:06,800 --> 01:39:10,800
Catherine's, patronage of female
artists and intellectuals court 

1871
01:39:10,800 --> 01:39:12,300
records show. 
She employed women in 

1872
01:39:12,300 --> 01:39:15,600
traditionally male artistic 
roles, including Anne Brown, as 

1873
01:39:15,600 --> 01:39:18,300
court painter and Margaret 
Bryant as astronomical 

1874
01:39:18,300 --> 01:39:21,399
instrument maker. 
These appointments created rare,

1875
01:39:21,399 --> 01:39:24,600
professional opportunities for 
talented women and established 

1876
01:39:24,600 --> 01:39:27,100
precedents for female 
intellectual achievement. 

1877
01:39:28,199 --> 01:39:29,699
When Catherine established her 
daughter. 

1878
01:39:29,699 --> 01:39:33,199
Mary household at love Castle. 
In 1525. 

1879
01:39:33,199 --> 01:39:35,899
She deliberately recruited 
educated women. 

1880
01:39:35,899 --> 01:39:39,300
As a tenderness, creating what 
historian Maria Dowling has 

1881
01:39:39,300 --> 01:39:42,699
called the first female 
humanist, Circle in England. 

1882
01:39:43,800 --> 01:39:46,399
Catherines, cultural patronage 
established a distinctively 

1883
01:39:46,399 --> 01:39:48,500
English. 
Royal Renaissance identity that 

1884
01:39:48,500 --> 01:39:52,300
outlived her personal downfall. 
the educational institution, she

1885
01:39:52,300 --> 01:39:56,399
funded producing Scholars long 
after her death, the artistic 

1886
01:39:56,399 --> 01:39:59,000
style, she introduced became 
naturalized as traditional 

1887
01:39:59,000 --> 01:40:02,399
English forms even her 
architectural, Innovations 

1888
01:40:02,399 --> 01:40:05,800
influence, subsequent, Royal 
building projects, When 

1889
01:40:05,800 --> 01:40:08,100
Elizabeth the first later, 
positioned herself as a 

1890
01:40:08,100 --> 01:40:10,800
Renaissance Monarch she Drew 
upon cultural foundations that 

1891
01:40:10,800 --> 01:40:14,000
her mother's rival had 
established Catherine of Aragon 

1892
01:40:14,000 --> 01:40:18,300
died at kimballton Castle on 
January, 7th 1536 officially 

1893
01:40:18,300 --> 01:40:22,000
downgrading her to princess 
Dowager despite her insistence 

1894
01:40:22,000 --> 01:40:24,699
on her royal title. 
Until the End traditional 

1895
01:40:24,699 --> 01:40:28,100
narratives often conclude her 
story here presenting her as a 

1896
01:40:28,100 --> 01:40:31,300
tragic figure whose significance
waned after an villain's 

1897
01:40:31,300 --> 01:40:33,500
Ascension. 
This interpretation 

1898
01:40:33,500 --> 01:40:36,300
fundamentally misunderstands 
Catherine's enduring influence 

1899
01:40:36,300 --> 01:40:39,800
on Tudor, England and Beyond. 
The Legacy operated through 

1900
01:40:39,800 --> 01:40:43,500
multiple channels, some obvious 
and others more subtle shaping, 

1901
01:40:43,500 --> 01:40:46,000
English History long after her 
physical Presence at ended. 

1902
01:40:46,000 --> 01:40:50,000
The most immediate aspect of 
Catherine's Legacy manifested in

1903
01:40:50,000 --> 01:40:52,399
popular resistance to Henry's 
religious policies. 

1904
01:40:52,399 --> 01:40:56,100
A steadfast defense of paper, 
Authority provided both 

1905
01:40:56,100 --> 01:40:58,800
intellectual framework and 
emotional inspirational for 

1906
01:40:58,800 --> 01:41:00,800
those opposing. 
The nascent English Reformation 

1907
01:41:02,199 --> 01:41:05,199
The pilgrimage of Grace, the 
largest uprising of Henry's, 

1908
01:41:05,199 --> 01:41:07,699
reign. 
Explicitly invoked Catherine's 

1909
01:41:07,699 --> 01:41:11,199
cause among its grievances 
Northern Rebels carried banners.

1910
01:41:11,199 --> 01:41:13,899
Depicting, her Royal Arms 
alongside traditional religious 

1911
01:41:13,899 --> 01:41:18,000
images, symbolically linking 
loyalty to Rome with loyalty to 

1912
01:41:18,000 --> 01:41:21,399
the displayed Queen. 
Catherine's influenced persisted

1913
01:41:21,399 --> 01:41:23,199
through, networks of Scholars 
and clerics. 

1914
01:41:23,199 --> 01:41:26,800
She had patronized, John Fisher,
Bishop of Rochester and her, 

1915
01:41:26,800 --> 01:41:29,800
most prominent Defender became a
martyr for a rejecting Royal 

1916
01:41:29,800 --> 01:41:32,199
Supremacy. 
Less known figures, like 

1917
01:41:32,199 --> 01:41:35,399
Nicholas Wilson and Richard 
featherston, both former 

1918
01:41:35,399 --> 01:41:38,199
chaplains and Catherine's 
household joined the ranks of 

1919
01:41:38,199 --> 01:41:40,899
religious Exiles, who maintained
opposition from Continental 

1920
01:41:40,899 --> 01:41:45,199
Havens these Catherine, Ian 
loyalists as historian Eamon 

1921
01:41:45,199 --> 01:41:48,600
Duffy termed, them preserved, 
alternative visions of English, 

1922
01:41:48,600 --> 01:41:50,800
Catholicism that would influence
later. 

1923
01:41:50,800 --> 01:41:53,899
Recent communities. 
Through her daughter, Mary 

1924
01:41:53,899 --> 01:41:57,000
Catherine's political and 
religious values, gained renewed

1925
01:41:57,000 --> 01:42:01,399
expression, during Mary's brief 
Reign 1553 to 1558. 

1926
01:42:02,300 --> 01:42:04,899
Mary's restoration of 
Catholicism represented, not 

1927
01:42:04,899 --> 01:42:08,199
just personal conviction, but 
conscious continuation of her 

1928
01:42:08,199 --> 01:42:11,199
mother's dance. 
Royal proclamations during 

1929
01:42:11,199 --> 01:42:14,699
Mary's Reign frequently, 
referenced The Virtuous example 

1930
01:42:14,699 --> 01:42:17,800
of our most noble mother 
explicitly, connecting 

1931
01:42:17,800 --> 01:42:20,800
government policies to 
Catherine's principals, Mary's 

1932
01:42:20,800 --> 01:42:23,300
efforts to restore diplomatic 
relations with Spain. 

1933
01:42:23,300 --> 01:42:27,399
Similarly reflected Catherine's,
life long commitment to an Anglo

1934
01:42:27,399 --> 01:42:29,899
Spanish Alliance. 
Catherine's educational 

1935
01:42:29,899 --> 01:42:31,899
philosophy. 
Proved remarkably durable. 

1936
01:42:32,800 --> 01:42:35,800
The curriculum, she developed 
for Princess Mary emphasizing 

1937
01:42:35,800 --> 01:42:39,500
Classical Languages history and 
governance alongside religious 

1938
01:42:39,500 --> 01:42:43,000
instruction became influential 
in Noble, female education. 

1939
01:42:43,699 --> 01:42:45,100
Household accounts from 
families. 

1940
01:42:45,100 --> 01:42:48,500
Like the Howards, Percy's and 
seemoore's show daughters 

1941
01:42:48,500 --> 01:42:51,500
receiving increasingly 
substantial, education's modeled

1942
01:42:51,500 --> 01:42:55,399
on Catherine and principles. 
By Elizabeth's Reign a 

1943
01:42:55,399 --> 01:42:57,899
generation of noble. 
Women had benefited from this 

1944
01:42:57,899 --> 01:43:01,600
educational transformation. 
Creating what scholar Lisa 

1945
01:43:01,600 --> 01:43:05,399
Jardine called a female 
intellectual Elite unprecedented

1946
01:43:05,399 --> 01:43:09,399
in English History, the legal 
arguments, Catherine mounted, in

1947
01:43:09,399 --> 01:43:12,199
her defense established 
precedence, that resonated far, 

1948
01:43:12,199 --> 01:43:15,600
beyond her, personal case, her 
insistence that valid, marriages

1949
01:43:15,600 --> 01:43:18,300
could not be retroactively 
invalidated by Royal Decree, 

1950
01:43:18,300 --> 01:43:21,000
established, important 
protections for aristocratic 

1951
01:43:21,000 --> 01:43:24,399
marriages and by extension 
aristocratic property 

1952
01:43:24,399 --> 01:43:26,899
settlements. 
When Elizabeth the first this 

1953
01:43:26,899 --> 01:43:29,600
face, parliamentary pressure to 
clarify the succession in the 

1954
01:43:29,600 --> 01:43:33,300
1560s, her resistance partly 
reflected awareness. 

1955
01:43:33,300 --> 01:43:35,699
That questioning her parents 
marriage would reopen the 

1956
01:43:35,699 --> 01:43:38,199
controversial legal principles, 
Catherine had fought to. 

1957
01:43:38,199 --> 01:43:42,100
Uphold Catherine's diplomatic 
Legacy operated in complex ways 

1958
01:43:42,100 --> 01:43:45,699
while anglo-spanish relations 
deteriorated after her death. 

1959
01:43:46,399 --> 01:43:48,899
The Diplomatic networks. 
She had cultivated provided 

1960
01:43:48,899 --> 01:43:51,500
channels for continued 
communication, even during 

1961
01:43:51,500 --> 01:43:55,800
periods of official hostility. 
Spanish diplomats used contacts,

1962
01:43:55,800 --> 01:43:58,300
they had made in Catherine's 
home to stay in touch with 

1963
01:43:58,300 --> 01:43:59,899
English. 
Catholics during Edward, the 

1964
01:43:59,899 --> 01:44:03,600
sixth rule, these unofficial 
channels proved crucial during 

1965
01:44:03,600 --> 01:44:08,300
Mary's accession crisis in 1553 
when Spanish diplomatic support,

1966
01:44:08,300 --> 01:44:11,100
arranged through Catherine's, 
former ladies, and waiting 

1967
01:44:11,100 --> 01:44:15,899
helped secure Mary's, throne and
cultural terms Catherine's 

1968
01:44:15,899 --> 01:44:17,800
influence remained visible for 
Generations. 

1969
01:44:17,800 --> 01:44:20,100
The distinctive black work 
employee. 

1970
01:44:20,100 --> 01:44:22,699
She introduced remained 
fashionable throughout the 16th 

1971
01:44:22,699 --> 01:44:26,100
century with Elizabeth the first
as he see herself wearing 

1972
01:44:26,100 --> 01:44:29,699
garments decorated in this 
Spanish work despite her 

1973
01:44:29,699 --> 01:44:34,000
political opposition to Spain. 
Architectural elements Catherine

1974
01:44:34,000 --> 01:44:37,399
had introduced particularly the 
enclosed private guardian and 

1975
01:44:37,407 --> 01:44:40,100
the humanists study became 
standard features in Elite 

1976
01:44:40,100 --> 01:44:43,100
English homes even her 
Innovations and quartz ceremony 

1977
01:44:43,100 --> 01:44:46,000
like the Spanish infants. 
Reverence that replaced, the 

1978
01:44:46,000 --> 01:44:49,899
medieval Nebo assisted as 
elements of English Court 

1979
01:44:49,899 --> 01:44:53,500
protocol. 
Perhaps most significantly, 

1980
01:44:53,500 --> 01:44:57,100
Catherine established enduring 
principles of queenship that 

1981
01:44:57,100 --> 01:45:00,699
influenced subsequent Royal 
women for example, demonstrated.

1982
01:45:00,699 --> 01:45:03,600
That Queens could exercise 
substantial political Authority 

1983
01:45:03,600 --> 01:45:05,699
while maintaining popular 
affection. 

1984
01:45:05,699 --> 01:45:09,300
She proved that consorts could 
serve as effective, diplomatic 

1985
01:45:09,300 --> 01:45:13,100
agents and cultural patrons. 
Even in adversity, she 

1986
01:45:13,100 --> 01:45:15,399
established that Queens possess 
distinct rights. 

1987
01:45:15,399 --> 01:45:19,399
That could not be arbitrarily 
revoked, Elizabeth the 13th, 

1988
01:45:19,399 --> 01:45:22,000
despite her complicated 
relationship with Catherine's 

1989
01:45:22,000 --> 01:45:24,000
memory. 
The doctored, many aspects of 

1990
01:45:24,000 --> 01:45:27,000
Catherine's queenly performance,
particularly her careful, 

1991
01:45:27,000 --> 01:45:29,199
balance of foreign, and domestic
identities. 

1992
01:45:30,100 --> 01:45:32,600
The culmination of Catherine's 
Legacy arrived with the 

1993
01:45:32,600 --> 01:45:36,000
accession of James. 
The first in 1603, which 

1994
01:45:36,000 --> 01:45:38,399
reunited the English and 
Scottish crowns and restored 

1995
01:45:38,399 --> 01:45:42,100
peaceful relations with Spain. 
The 16.04 Treaty of London, 

1996
01:45:42,100 --> 01:45:45,199
ending nearly two decades of 
Anglo Spanish conflict. 

1997
01:45:46,000 --> 01:45:48,899
With the referenced Catherine's 
earlier diplomatic work as a 

1998
01:45:48,899 --> 01:45:52,800
model for renewed friendship. 
When Philip the third Ambassador

1999
01:45:52,800 --> 01:45:55,699
presented James with Catherine's
portrait as the Diplomatic gift.

2000
01:45:55,699 --> 01:45:58,000
He symbolically acknowledged. 
What? 

2001
01:45:58,000 --> 01:46:01,600
Historians have often overlooked
The Catherine of Aragon's vision

2002
01:46:01,600 --> 01:46:04,000
of England's place in Europe, 
had ultimately prevailed. 

2003
01:46:04,899 --> 01:46:07,699
Catherine's story extended far 
beyond the divorce crisis, that 

2004
01:46:07,699 --> 01:46:11,100
dominates popular perceptions. 
She was not merely Henry the 8th

2005
01:46:11,100 --> 01:46:13,399
discarded first wife but he 
consequential. 

2006
01:46:13,399 --> 01:46:15,899
Historical figure, whose 
influenced shaped Tudor, 

2007
01:46:15,899 --> 01:46:17,600
England, and profound and 
Lasting ways. 

2008
01:46:17,600 --> 01:46:20,100
Her Legacy encompassed, 
religious principles, 

2009
01:46:20,100 --> 01:46:23,399
educational Innovations, 
diplomatic relationships, legal 

2010
01:46:23,399 --> 01:46:25,800
precedence, and cultural 
Transformations. 

2011
01:46:25,800 --> 01:46:28,800
That continued influencing 
English society long after her 

2012
01:46:28,800 --> 01:46:31,500
death. 
True measure of Catherine's 

2013
01:46:31,500 --> 01:46:34,000
historical, significance lies, 
not in the marriage that ended. 

2014
01:46:34,000 --> 01:46:37,300
But in the many ways, her life's
work continued shaping the 

2015
01:46:37,300 --> 01:46:39,300
nation. 
She had adopted as her own in 

2016
01:46:39,300 --> 01:46:41,199
the hush. 
Darkness of a 13th century. 

2017
01:46:41,199 --> 01:46:45,000
Manor house as the last Embers 
in the central, half faded to 

2018
01:46:45,000 --> 01:46:48,300
Soft Orange glows. 
The Lord of The Manor, would not

2019
01:46:48,300 --> 01:46:51,500
retire alone around him in the 
enormous Hall. 

2020
01:46:51,500 --> 01:46:54,000
Lay his household staff family 
members. 

2021
01:46:54,000 --> 01:46:57,100
Even trusted servants, all 
arranged in a careful 

2022
01:46:57,100 --> 01:47:00,699
choreography of medieval sleep. 
This Collective Slumber. 

2023
01:47:00,699 --> 01:47:03,800
So foreign to our modern 
sensibilities represents one of 

2024
01:47:03,808 --> 01:47:05,600
history's most misunderstood 
phenomena. 

2025
01:47:05,600 --> 01:47:09,500
The medieval relationship with 
sleep, contrary to popular 

2026
01:47:09,500 --> 01:47:11,800
assumptions about the 
discomforts of pre-industrial 

2027
01:47:11,800 --> 01:47:14,000
Life. 
Medieval Europeans may have 

2028
01:47:14,008 --> 01:47:16,699
enjoyed sleep patterns, more 
aligned with human biology than 

2029
01:47:16,699 --> 01:47:19,600
our current regimens. 
The sleep of the Middle Ages, 

2030
01:47:19,600 --> 01:47:22,300
wasn't merely a functional 
necessity, squeezed between 

2031
01:47:22,300 --> 01:47:25,300
brutal days of toil. 
It was an elaborate practice, 

2032
01:47:25,300 --> 01:47:29,199
infused with ritual, social 
significance and a profound 

2033
01:47:29,199 --> 01:47:32,899
understanding of human needs. 
That modern science is only now 

2034
01:47:32,899 --> 01:47:36,199
rediscovering. 
The medieval Knight began not 

2035
01:47:36,199 --> 01:47:38,600
with the flick of a light 
switch, but with the gradual 

2036
01:47:38,600 --> 01:47:42,000
recession of daylight. 
As Twilight descended across 

2037
01:47:42,000 --> 01:47:45,699
Europe's Countryside and Berg's 
a natural wind down period 

2038
01:47:45,699 --> 01:47:48,300
commencement. 
Without the harsh blue light of 

2039
01:47:48,300 --> 01:47:51,000
electronic devices. 
To disrupt melatonin production.

2040
01:47:52,199 --> 01:47:54,800
Will body's responded naturally 
to environmental cues. 

2041
01:47:55,699 --> 01:47:58,399
The dimming of the day triggered
sleep hormones in perfect. 

2042
01:47:58,399 --> 01:48:01,800
Synchronicity with the body's 
circadian rhythm evidence from 

2043
01:48:01,800 --> 01:48:05,199
medieval household accounts, 
monastic records and medical 

2044
01:48:05,199 --> 01:48:07,199
manuscripts. 
Reveals the medieval people 

2045
01:48:07,199 --> 01:48:10,899
practice what sleep researchers 
Now call Sleep hygiene, not 

2046
01:48:10,899 --> 01:48:13,899
through scientific understanding
that through customs of evolved 

2047
01:48:13,899 --> 01:48:16,500
over centuries. 
Families would gather around 

2048
01:48:16,500 --> 01:48:20,399
fires in the hours before bed. 
Engaging in what 114th century 

2049
01:48:20,399 --> 01:48:23,699
English text called, The Gentle 
telling of tales this 

2050
01:48:23,699 --> 01:48:27,600
storytelling tradition served 
multiple purposes, reinforcing 

2051
01:48:27,600 --> 01:48:30,800
Community bonds, passing down 
cultural knowledge, and 

2052
01:48:30,800 --> 01:48:34,300
crucially allowing the brain to 
transition from the active 

2053
01:48:34,300 --> 01:48:36,100
demands of daytime to the 
receptive. 

2054
01:48:36,100 --> 01:48:39,199
State conducive to sleep 
inventories from Noble 

2055
01:48:39,199 --> 01:48:42,300
households, across Europe lists,
specialized items for Sleep, 

2056
01:48:42,300 --> 01:48:45,100
comfort that defy our image of 
medieval discomfort. 

2057
01:48:45,100 --> 01:48:48,300
While commoners might sleep, on 
straw, filled, mattresses 

2058
01:48:48,300 --> 01:48:51,199
regularly refreshed with 
aromatic herbs, like lavender 

2059
01:48:51,199 --> 01:48:55,100
and Mi natural sleep aids. 
The wealthy invested heavily in 

2060
01:48:55,100 --> 01:48:58,699
Sleep Quality featherbeds. 
Documented in the 1380s 

2061
01:48:58,699 --> 01:49:02,600
household accounts of John of 
gaunt could contain up to 60 

2062
01:49:02,600 --> 01:49:05,399
pounds of down. 
These were topped with linen 

2063
01:49:05,399 --> 01:49:08,500
sheets, Woolen blankets in 
Winter and lightweight 

2064
01:49:08,500 --> 01:49:11,000
coverlets. 
In summer, seasonal adaptations 

2065
01:49:11,000 --> 01:49:13,199
showing a sophisticated 
understanding of sleep 

2066
01:49:13,199 --> 01:49:16,600
temperature regulation the 
medieval bed itself, evolved 

2067
01:49:16,600 --> 01:49:18,500
into an architectural feature in
its own right. 

2068
01:49:19,399 --> 01:49:22,899
Far from a simple platform, the 
bed became what historian Sasha 

2069
01:49:22,899 --> 01:49:25,500
handling calls a 
micro-environment for sleep. 

2070
01:49:26,300 --> 01:49:28,500
Hi bedsteads. 
Kept sleepers above drafts, 

2071
01:49:28,500 --> 01:49:31,500
while bed, curtains, created 
microclimates that preserved 

2072
01:49:31,500 --> 01:49:34,000
body heat. 
Clear, Northern regions. 

2073
01:49:34,000 --> 01:49:36,699
These enclosed bed spaces, 
maintained optimal, sleeping, 

2074
01:49:36,699 --> 01:49:39,500
temperatures through bitter 
Winters without central heating.

2075
01:49:40,300 --> 01:49:43,899
Perhaps most notably medieval 
people organized, their sleep 

2076
01:49:43,899 --> 01:49:47,199
around natural human all. 
Trade-in rhythms medical texts 

2077
01:49:47,199 --> 01:49:50,199
from Salerno's famed. 
Medical school, advice sleeping 

2078
01:49:50,199 --> 01:49:53,699
with the head slightly elevated 
and on the right side initially,

2079
01:49:53,699 --> 01:49:57,500
for proper digestion, then 
turning to the left side in deep

2080
01:49:57,500 --> 01:50:00,699
Sleep advice, The Echoes modern 
recommendations for optimizing 

2081
01:50:00,699 --> 01:50:03,800
Airway positioning during sleep,
despite the absence of memory 

2082
01:50:03,800 --> 01:50:07,000
foam or adjustable bases, 
medieval sleepers customized 

2083
01:50:07,000 --> 01:50:08,899
their experience through 
ingenious means. 

2084
01:50:10,100 --> 01:50:13,000
Illuminated manuscripts show 
various pillow configurations 

2085
01:50:13,000 --> 01:50:16,199
from cylindrical, bolsters 
supporting the neck to smaller, 

2086
01:50:16,199 --> 01:50:19,699
cushions tucked under elbows or 
knees personalized Comfort 

2087
01:50:19,699 --> 01:50:21,500
adaptations. 
We've rediscovered through 

2088
01:50:21,500 --> 01:50:25,899
ergonomic design archaeological 
findings from cesspit in London 

2089
01:50:25,899 --> 01:50:28,399
and York of revealed remains of 
medicinal herbs. 

2090
01:50:28,399 --> 01:50:31,500
Commonly used for Sleep, 
including valerian root and 

2091
01:50:31,500 --> 01:50:34,399
passion flower showing 
sophisticated pharmacological 

2092
01:50:34,399 --> 01:50:38,000
approaches to sleep management, 
The physical arrangements for 

2093
01:50:38,000 --> 01:50:41,000
Sleep extended Beyond beds, 
manor houses. 

2094
01:50:41,000 --> 01:50:43,899
And even modest dwellings were 
designed with sleeping areas. 

2095
01:50:43,899 --> 01:50:46,100
Positioned to, maximize morning,
light exposure. 

2096
01:50:47,000 --> 01:50:49,899
An architectural feature, the 
modern Corona biologists 

2097
01:50:49,899 --> 01:50:52,399
recognized for its importance 
and maintaining healthy 

2098
01:50:52,399 --> 01:50:55,399
circadian, rhythms. 
East-facing bed, Chambers 

2099
01:50:55,399 --> 01:50:58,000
allowed sleepers to wake 
naturally with the sunrise 

2100
01:50:58,000 --> 01:51:01,800
reinforcing their Intel body 
clocks in ways that modern 

2101
01:51:01,800 --> 01:51:04,199
blackout curtains and alarm 
clocks disrupt. 

2102
01:51:04,899 --> 01:51:08,699
What tree distinguished medieval
sleep, however, was its social 

2103
01:51:08,699 --> 01:51:11,399
nature. 
Unlike our privatized 

2104
01:51:11,399 --> 01:51:15,199
individualized approach to 
sleep, medieval Slumber was 

2105
01:51:15,199 --> 01:51:18,500
communal. 
This Behavior was not merely for

2106
01:51:18,500 --> 01:51:20,699
practical reasons, like, shared 
warmth or protection. 

2107
01:51:20,699 --> 01:51:24,199
Well, though, these benefits 
were real but reflected a 

2108
01:51:24,199 --> 01:51:26,699
fundamentally different 
conception of sleep as a 

2109
01:51:26,707 --> 01:51:28,800
vulnerable yet shared Human 
Experience. 

2110
01:51:29,699 --> 01:51:31,899
Even King's were rarely alone 
while sleeping. 

2111
01:51:32,899 --> 01:51:35,399
Attended by trusted chamberlains
who slept at the foot of the 

2112
01:51:35,407 --> 01:51:38,000
royal bed. 
Creating a sleep culture where 

2113
01:51:38,000 --> 01:51:40,500
the boundaries between private 
and public were permeable. 

2114
01:51:40,500 --> 01:51:43,300
In ways, we might find 
uncomfortable, but that provided

2115
01:51:43,300 --> 01:51:47,300
unique cycle benefits, people 
didn't expect to sleep all night

2116
01:51:47,300 --> 01:51:50,500
in medieval Europe. 
And darkness fell, the idea that

2117
01:51:50,500 --> 01:51:54,000
people should sleep 8 hours as 
post industrial, medieval 

2118
01:51:54,000 --> 01:51:57,100
medical records, Diaries 
household, history, and literary

2119
01:51:57,100 --> 01:52:01,600
sources show are quite distinct 
pattern, firstly and second 

2120
01:52:01,600 --> 01:52:04,100
sleep separated by a nighttime 
wakeful quiet. 

2121
01:52:04,800 --> 01:52:07,600
It's bi phasic, sleep pattern 
was common throughout social 

2122
01:52:07,600 --> 01:52:10,100
strata. 
After going to bed at nightfall,

2123
01:52:10,100 --> 01:52:14,399
medieval people had a four-hour 
first sleep or dead sleep after 

2124
01:52:14,399 --> 01:52:17,300
waking up naturally for one to 
two hours, they went back to 

2125
01:52:17,308 --> 01:52:20,399
Second sleep until Daybreak 
medieval Focus. 

2126
01:52:20,399 --> 01:52:22,899
Used this midnight Awakening as 
a natural window of 

2127
01:52:22,899 --> 01:52:24,899
Consciousness. 
Not sleeplessness. 

2128
01:52:25,800 --> 01:52:28,100
European Monastery. 
Church records provide some of 

2129
01:52:28,100 --> 01:52:29,800
the best evidence of this 
interval. 

2130
01:52:31,000 --> 01:52:32,500
The monastic rule of Saint 
Benedict. 

2131
01:52:32,500 --> 01:52:36,199
Scheduled midnight, prayers, 
matinees during the wakeful our 

2132
01:52:36,199 --> 01:52:38,500
to accommodate this natural 
sleep divide. 

2133
01:52:38,500 --> 01:52:41,300
Instead of fighting their 
biology to stay awake for 

2134
01:52:41,300 --> 01:52:44,699
devotions monks, synchronized 
their spiritual practices, with 

2135
01:52:44,699 --> 01:52:48,000
human sleep architecture. 
The significant of midnight 

2136
01:52:48,000 --> 01:52:52,100
Awakening goes beyond religion, 
medical manuscripts from Salerno

2137
01:52:52,100 --> 01:52:54,600
and Montpellier Europe's top 
medical schools. 

2138
01:52:54,600 --> 01:52:57,699
Show that doctors believed 
midnight waking was crucial for 

2139
01:52:57,699 --> 01:52:59,300
health. 
The 13th century. 

2140
01:52:59,300 --> 01:53:02,399
Physician Elder, Brandon of 
Siena said that this wakeful 

2141
01:53:02,399 --> 01:53:05,699
period allowed the vapors of 
food to be properly, distributed

2142
01:53:05,699 --> 01:53:08,399
through the body, a 
pre-scientific knowledge of how 

2143
01:53:08,399 --> 01:53:11,199
sleep stages affect digestion 
and metabolism. 

2144
01:53:12,800 --> 01:53:15,500
This nightly waking gave regular
households, an unusual 

2145
01:53:15,500 --> 01:53:18,600
opportunity, it was common for 
homeowners to check on their 

2146
01:53:18,600 --> 01:53:22,199
property, Bank Fires for the 
second sleep, and examine their 

2147
01:53:22,199 --> 01:53:25,300
security. 
The 14th century guide for 

2148
01:53:25,300 --> 01:53:28,300
Parish priests recommends middle
night, marital intercourse 

2149
01:53:28,300 --> 01:53:30,600
because the body is rested. 
But the Mind. 

2150
01:53:30,600 --> 01:53:34,399
Clear, The recommendation of 
profound awareness of how 

2151
01:53:34,399 --> 01:53:37,800
restful sleep influences mood 
and physical receptivity. 

2152
01:53:37,800 --> 01:53:41,399
Interestingly, this wakeful 
interlude produced various types

2153
01:53:41,399 --> 01:53:44,199
of Consciousness that current 
Neuroscience has only recently 

2154
01:53:44,199 --> 01:53:48,300
learned to detect Neurologists 
call the state between first and

2155
01:53:48,300 --> 01:53:51,600
second sleep. 
Hypno pumping Consciousness, 

2156
01:53:51,600 --> 01:53:55,899
which boosts creativity imagery 
and emotional processing. 

2157
01:53:57,000 --> 01:53:59,500
Medieval folks in neatly 
understood and practice this 

2158
01:53:59,500 --> 01:54:02,600
distinct mental condition court 
records and Diaries. 

2159
01:54:02,600 --> 01:54:05,000
Show how midnight wakers 
considered legal issues. 

2160
01:54:05,699 --> 01:54:07,800
A 15th century. 
Ghent judge said, he made his 

2161
01:54:07,800 --> 01:54:10,500
toughest decisions after 
Consulting his thoughts. 

2162
01:54:10,500 --> 01:54:14,100
In the watch between sleeps, 
believing it provided deeper, 

2163
01:54:14,100 --> 01:54:16,399
moral Insight than daylight 
deliberation. 

2164
01:54:17,300 --> 01:54:21,000
Crafts People conceive, new 
designs, Farmers plans, seasonal

2165
01:54:21,000 --> 01:54:23,800
rotations and Merchants plan 
business initiatives. 

2166
01:54:23,800 --> 01:54:27,300
During this contemplative, 
period, wakefulness had, 

2167
01:54:27,300 --> 01:54:30,899
emotional and social benefits. 
Larger medieval households, 

2168
01:54:30,899 --> 01:54:34,300
described Knight talking, 
intimate chats during midnight 

2169
01:54:34,300 --> 01:54:36,699
waking. 
He is nighttime conversation, 

2170
01:54:36,699 --> 01:54:39,000
allowed for exceptional, 
emotional honesty. 

2171
01:54:39,000 --> 01:54:43,500
Unlike daytime contact confined 
by title hierarchy and Public 

2172
01:54:43,500 --> 01:54:46,800
Presentation. 14th century 
English Noble. 

2173
01:54:46,800 --> 01:54:49,399
Women's diary says she learned 
her husband's in the most 

2174
01:54:49,399 --> 01:54:53,199
worries, only in the watch 
between sleeps when Souls speak 

2175
01:54:53,199 --> 01:54:57,300
more truly This split sleep 
pattern boosted creativity 

2176
01:54:57,300 --> 01:55:01,399
Chaucer writes poetry during his
watching times an illuminated 

2177
01:55:01,399 --> 01:55:03,800
manuscripts often State. 
They were written in the 

2178
01:55:03,800 --> 01:55:07,899
midnight thinking time, Medieval
dream interpretation guides 

2179
01:55:07,899 --> 01:55:11,699
distinguished between dreams. 
During first, sleep processing, 

2180
01:55:11,699 --> 01:55:14,199
daily events. 
And those during Second sleep 

2181
01:55:14,199 --> 01:55:17,100
prophetic or Insight bearing due
to the quality of thoughts 

2182
01:55:17,100 --> 01:55:20,100
during this period. 
Archeology confirms this 

2183
01:55:20,100 --> 01:55:21,199
practice. 
As prevalence. 

2184
01:55:21,199 --> 01:55:24,699
Medieval home excavation 
sometimes, reveal little oil 

2185
01:55:24,699 --> 01:55:28,399
lamps for nighttime activities 
in household inventories across 

2186
01:55:28,399 --> 01:55:32,600
social classes night tables, 
with writing tools, miniature 

2187
01:55:32,600 --> 01:55:36,300
prayer, books and meditation 
tools are common When modern 

2188
01:55:36,300 --> 01:55:39,100
researchers removed artificial 
light from test, subjects 

2189
01:55:39,100 --> 01:55:42,399
setting for several weeks, they 
automatically reverted to buy 

2190
01:55:42,399 --> 01:55:45,199
phase of sleep. 
Strong proof that segmented. 

2191
01:55:45,199 --> 01:55:49,100
Sleep is our biological Rhythm 
medieval people on this cycle, 

2192
01:55:49,100 --> 01:55:53,000
rather than pushing continuously
aligning with their evolved. 

2193
01:55:53,000 --> 01:55:56,300
Sleep architecture, in ways, 
modern civilization, rarely 

2194
01:55:56,300 --> 01:55:59,600
allows cycle. 
Benefits, make segmented, sleep 

2195
01:55:59,600 --> 01:56:02,800
valuable. 
The midnight wake up allowed 

2196
01:56:02,800 --> 01:56:05,100
memory, consolidation and 
emotional processing. 

2197
01:56:05,800 --> 01:56:07,800
Modern sleep science shows that 
disrupted. 

2198
01:56:07,800 --> 01:56:12,199
Sleep can improve memory 
formation. 15th century, French 

2199
01:56:12,199 --> 01:56:15,199
physician advised pupils to 
reread difficult material before

2200
01:56:15,199 --> 01:56:18,699
bed, and allow the mind to work 
upon it in the midnight 

2201
01:56:18,699 --> 01:56:21,699
watching. 
Medieval folks knew the value of

2202
01:56:21,707 --> 01:56:24,800
this processing time. 
Medieval sleep, environments 

2203
01:56:24,800 --> 01:56:27,199
were more complex and deliberate
than popular belief. 

2204
01:56:28,100 --> 01:56:31,000
Medieval sleeping Arrangements 
were frequently utilitarian 

2205
01:56:31,000 --> 01:56:33,399
Marvels that represented 
considerable household 

2206
01:56:33,399 --> 01:56:35,600
Investments and years of comfort
technology. 

2207
01:56:35,600 --> 01:56:38,699
Unlike the crude and pleasant 
platforms. 

2208
01:56:38,699 --> 01:56:42,500
Depicted in modern media. 
Archeology from intact, medieval

2209
01:56:42,500 --> 01:56:44,899
households shows that Sleep 
Quality was important. 

2210
01:56:44,899 --> 01:56:48,800
Excavated 13th century, Merchant
homes in London, showed 

2211
01:56:48,800 --> 01:56:52,100
specialized floor designs with 
insulating materials packed 

2212
01:56:52,100 --> 01:56:56,000
beneath sleeping areas, 
including wool, straw, and even 

2213
01:56:56,000 --> 01:57:00,000
feathers in homes to block the 
cold from stone or floors. 

2214
01:57:00,000 --> 01:57:03,199
This intelligent underfloor 
insulation shows, heat 

2215
01:57:03,199 --> 01:57:05,500
transmission Concepts that 
affect Sleep Quality. 

2216
01:57:05,500 --> 01:57:09,399
Medieval sleep revolved around 
the bed which evolved quickly 

2217
01:57:09,399 --> 01:57:13,500
bed technology improved by the 
13th century from simple race 

2218
01:57:13,500 --> 01:57:16,300
platforms. 
State inventories from around 

2219
01:57:16,300 --> 01:57:19,000
Europe reveal more sophisticated
bed, designs with the 

2220
01:57:19,000 --> 01:57:22,899
specialized comfort components, 
the bed's hardwood frame, the 

2221
01:57:22,899 --> 01:57:26,300
bed stock has mortise and Tenon 
joints allowing minor 

2222
01:57:26,300 --> 01:57:29,800
flexibility without squeaking 
which 14th century Florence 

2223
01:57:29,800 --> 01:57:34,600
Carpenter Guild laws, required 
for undisturbed rest, Medieval 

2224
01:57:34,600 --> 01:57:38,100
mattress, technology improved 
constantly, peasant homes, still

2225
01:57:38,100 --> 01:57:41,000
use straw filled beds although 
they were more advanced. 

2226
01:57:41,699 --> 01:57:44,699
Traditional European farming 
groups using medieval methods. 

2227
01:57:44,699 --> 01:57:49,199
Use straw beds, not loose straw 
piled into sacks specially 

2228
01:57:49,199 --> 01:57:52,600
selected straw oat straw was 
recommended for its softness, 

2229
01:57:52,600 --> 01:57:56,600
completely dry to prevent mold 
and broken to provide a springy 

2230
01:57:56,600 --> 01:58:00,199
texture was used most homes 
emptied and refilled these beds.

2231
01:58:00,199 --> 01:58:04,300
Seasonally for the wealthy 
mattress technology evolved by 

2232
01:58:04,300 --> 01:58:07,600
the 14th century merchants and 
artists used woolfield 

2233
01:58:07,600 --> 01:58:10,600
mattresses while featherbeds 
with a height of medieval sleep 

2234
01:58:10,600 --> 01:58:12,800
luxury. 
These were constructed sleep. 

2235
01:58:12,800 --> 01:58:17,000
Surfaces not feather sacks Guild
regulations from 14th Century 

2236
01:58:17,000 --> 01:58:19,000
Paris. 
Required featherbeds to be built

2237
01:58:19,000 --> 01:58:21,399
with particular weights of 
different feather, varieties 

2238
01:58:21,399 --> 01:58:23,000
piled for compression and 
rebound. 

2239
01:58:23,000 --> 01:58:27,100
The most Sumptuous examples had 
goose down on top and stiffer 

2240
01:58:27,100 --> 01:58:28,300
feathers. 
Underneath for stability, 

2241
01:58:28,300 --> 01:58:30,800
similar to Modern high-end 
mattresses. 

2242
01:58:30,800 --> 01:58:34,199
Medieval pillows, are often 
forgotten sleep Technologies, 

2243
01:58:34,199 --> 01:58:38,100
modern pillows are uniform, 
whereas medieval pillows were 

2244
01:58:38,100 --> 01:58:41,000
individualized. 
Archaeological evidence and 

2245
01:58:41,000 --> 01:58:45,000
household, inventories show at 
least four pillow types, neck 

2246
01:58:45,000 --> 01:58:49,199
bolsters for spinal alignment. 
Softer, head pillows for Comfort

2247
01:58:49,199 --> 01:58:52,100
wedge, pillows, for medical 
conditions, particularly 

2248
01:58:52,100 --> 01:58:55,399
respiratory issues and smaller 
support pillows for positioning.

2249
01:58:56,199 --> 01:58:59,300
Salerno medical writings, advise
lifting, the head for digestion,

2250
01:58:59,300 --> 01:59:01,699
disorders and supporting the 
legs for back pain. 

2251
01:59:01,707 --> 01:59:05,300
Bed, sheets were also designed 
for Sleep Comfort, linen. 

2252
01:59:05,300 --> 01:59:07,399
Sheets were valued for their 
breathability and moisture 

2253
01:59:07,399 --> 01:59:10,800
wicking capacity. 
Even small houses, had many sets

2254
01:59:10,800 --> 01:59:14,800
of Linens and regular laundry 
records, in Winter, Woolen 

2255
01:59:14,800 --> 01:59:17,899
blankets provided insulation. 
While silk, or light will cover.

2256
01:59:17,899 --> 01:59:20,600
Its gave some a warmth. 
Seasonal bedding. 

2257
01:59:20,600 --> 01:59:23,000
Rotation shows a profound 
awareness of how ambient 

2258
01:59:23,000 --> 01:59:24,699
temperature influences Sleep 
Quality. 

2259
01:59:25,500 --> 01:59:28,600
Equally inventive was sleeping 
room, climate control bed, 

2260
01:59:28,600 --> 01:59:31,899
curtains were attractive and 
microclimatic fully enclosed 

2261
01:59:31,899 --> 01:59:33,600
bed. 
Curtains, conserved body heat in

2262
01:59:33,600 --> 01:59:36,100
Winter. 
Large Medieval houses recorded 

2263
01:59:36,100 --> 01:59:39,000
various curtain weights for 
different seasons with some 

2264
01:59:39,000 --> 01:59:42,500
curtains blocking insects 
allowing airflow, this seasonal 

2265
01:59:42,500 --> 01:59:44,800
sleep environment. 
Adaptation shows, a 

2266
01:59:44,800 --> 01:59:47,500
comprehensive awareness of how 
ambient variables affect rest 

2267
01:59:47,500 --> 01:59:51,300
quality, medieval dwelling also 
showed excellent sleep 

2268
01:59:51,300 --> 01:59:54,300
management, sound dampening 
interior shutters were common 

2269
01:59:54,300 --> 01:59:58,100
in, Metropolitan bedrooms in 
intact and Brugge homes. 

2270
01:59:58,100 --> 02:00:01,699
Archaeologists found woven Rush 
mats put on walls, near public 

2271
02:00:01,699 --> 02:00:03,399
streets. 
As early sound insulation 

2272
02:00:04,300 --> 02:00:07,399
Medieval folks, recognize noise 
pollution as a sleep disruptor 

2273
02:00:07,399 --> 02:00:09,600
and addressed it with 
intentional design. 

2274
02:00:10,300 --> 02:00:13,800
Medieval sleep was influenced by
aromatherapy domestic and 

2275
02:00:13,800 --> 02:00:16,699
archaeological records show 
aromatic herbs embedding. 

2276
02:00:16,699 --> 02:00:20,300
These were lavender and 
chamomile for relaxation, mint 

2277
02:00:20,300 --> 02:00:23,100
and rosemary for insect 
repellent, and dried rose petals

2278
02:00:23,100 --> 02:00:27,000
for fragrance. 
For decades home, manuals have 

2279
02:00:27,000 --> 02:00:29,500
recommended inserting little 
herb, filled sachets into 

2280
02:00:29,500 --> 02:00:33,000
pillowcases to improve sleep. 
Researchers even reviewed 

2281
02:00:33,000 --> 02:00:36,800
illumination for its impact on 
Sleep Quality medieval dwellings

2282
02:00:36,800 --> 02:00:39,699
used candles or Rush lights in 
bedrooms for specific purposes. 

2283
02:00:39,699 --> 02:00:42,600
When affordable? 
These wax candles were 

2284
02:00:42,600 --> 02:00:45,199
recommended near beds, because 
they smoke less than talo. 

2285
02:00:45,199 --> 02:00:47,800
Russia lights manufactured by 
nursing. 

2286
02:00:47,800 --> 02:00:51,500
River rushes and fat burned, 
longer and dimmed to help people

2287
02:00:51,500 --> 02:00:54,300
fall asleep. 
These thoughtful evening like 

2288
02:00:54,300 --> 02:00:57,300
selections follow recent advice 
to of bright light before bed 

2289
02:00:57,300 --> 02:01:01,199
medieval sleep environments were
sophisticated enough to regulate

2290
02:01:01,199 --> 02:01:04,600
nighttime, temperature bed 
warming Technologies improved in

2291
02:01:04,600 --> 02:01:07,600
northern Europe early. 
Medieval hot stones of the 

2292
02:01:07,600 --> 02:01:10,899
warming pans equipped with a 
justable, handles and ventilated

2293
02:01:10,899 --> 02:01:14,100
Lids which diffused heat evenly 
without causing Burns. 

2294
02:01:15,100 --> 02:01:17,800
These gadgets were used in 
houses of all social strata 

2295
02:01:17,800 --> 02:01:21,300
demonstrating, the importance of
Ideal sleeping temperatures 

2296
02:01:21,300 --> 02:01:24,800
medieval Europe's or a number of
systemic sleep, hygiene 

2297
02:01:24,800 --> 02:01:27,199
activities. 
When the sun set, these were 

2298
02:01:27,199 --> 02:01:29,699
centuries-old practices that 
prepared body and mind for 

2299
02:01:29,699 --> 02:01:32,399
repose. 
The intricacy of these Priestly 

2300
02:01:32,399 --> 02:01:35,399
practices undermines, the idea 
that scientific sleep 

2301
02:01:35,399 --> 02:01:39,000
optimization is new The 
transition to night began with 

2302
02:01:39,000 --> 02:01:42,000
day, shutting rituals that 
separated waking and sleeping 

2303
02:01:42,000 --> 02:01:45,100
closing shutters, or drawing 
curtains were symbolic 

2304
02:01:45,100 --> 02:01:47,899
thresholds. 
Even humble 14th century. 

2305
02:01:47,899 --> 02:01:51,300
French households had practices 
for closing the day, typically 

2306
02:01:51,300 --> 02:01:54,800
the brief spoken phrases or 
prayers to signal that labor was

2307
02:01:54,800 --> 02:01:59,199
over and rest could begin. 
Medieval Europeans, intuitively 

2308
02:01:59,199 --> 02:02:01,000
knew than necessity of light 
reduction. 

2309
02:02:01,000 --> 02:02:04,199
Before sleep. 
According to archeology medieval

2310
02:02:04,199 --> 02:02:07,199
dwelling excavations, reveal, 
clever shutter designs that 

2311
02:02:07,199 --> 02:02:10,699
blocked like more, completely 
Rich, Urban home's, had exterior

2312
02:02:10,699 --> 02:02:14,899
shutters for security, and 
inside fabric hangings, To 

2313
02:02:14,899 --> 02:02:17,000
exclude remaining light by the 
15th century. 

2314
02:02:17,000 --> 02:02:20,000
These dark generation 
Investments showed how much 

2315
02:02:20,000 --> 02:02:23,899
Society valued sleep, Staged, 
light reduction was notable in 

2316
02:02:23,899 --> 02:02:26,500
medieval times as Darkness 
approached. 

2317
02:02:26,500 --> 02:02:30,300
Home switched from brilliant 
Central fireplaces to dim lights

2318
02:02:30,300 --> 02:02:34,399
church and monastic records show
that different candle types were

2319
02:02:34,399 --> 02:02:37,199
used for different evening, 
activities, leading to rush dips

2320
02:02:37,199 --> 02:02:40,000
of bedtime. 
Our modern abrupt shifts from 

2321
02:02:40,008 --> 02:02:43,600
brightness to Darkness, impede, 
melatonin production but this 

2322
02:02:43,600 --> 02:02:47,199
Progressive dimming naturally 
signaled sleep evening meals 

2323
02:02:47,199 --> 02:02:50,399
were part of sleep preparation, 
despite expectations about 

2324
02:02:50,399 --> 02:02:53,199
primitive medieval diets 
household, records and medical. 

2325
02:02:53,199 --> 02:02:56,800
Writings show sophisticated 
sleep nutrition evening meals 

2326
02:02:56,800 --> 02:02:59,399
were eaten at least two hours 
before bed to allow for partial 

2327
02:02:59,399 --> 02:03:02,600
digestion. 
In the evening sir medical 

2328
02:03:02,600 --> 02:03:06,500
books, advised lighted, diets 
like lettuce, almonds and warm 

2329
02:03:06,500 --> 02:03:09,800
Dairy, liquids mixed with mildly
sedative spices to promote 

2330
02:03:09,800 --> 02:03:12,600
sleep. 
Physical sleep preparation was 

2331
02:03:12,600 --> 02:03:16,199
also deliberate. 
Cleaning before bed, highlighted

2332
02:03:16,199 --> 02:03:18,199
psychological shifts, as well as
cleanliness. 

2333
02:03:18,199 --> 02:03:21,500
Even in simple families, without
bathing facilities. 

2334
02:03:21,500 --> 02:03:25,500
People washed their hands face 
and feet before bed and for its 

2335
02:03:25,508 --> 02:03:28,000
relaxing benefits. 
According to housekeeping, 

2336
02:03:28,000 --> 02:03:32,699
manuals, Some 15th century 
Manor, building Chambers next to

2337
02:03:32,699 --> 02:03:36,699
bedrooms for more extensively, 
bathing procedures medieval 

2338
02:03:36,699 --> 02:03:39,000
sleep habits for stress 
reduction and brain clearing 

2339
02:03:39,000 --> 02:03:42,199
were unique monastic and 
household texts suggested 

2340
02:03:42,199 --> 02:03:45,500
evening reflection and concern 
control that mirrors modern 

2341
02:03:45,500 --> 02:03:49,100
mindfulness. 14th century, 
Merchant advice advocated 

2342
02:03:49,100 --> 02:03:52,000
examining the day's transactions
and resolving mental issues 

2343
02:03:52,000 --> 02:03:54,500
before bed. 
Since unresolved matters will 

2344
02:03:54,500 --> 02:03:57,899
otherwise disturb rest. 
The early observation that 

2345
02:03:57,907 --> 02:04:00,399
cognitive stimulation. 
Reduces Sleep Quality as 

2346
02:04:00,399 --> 02:04:02,199
extraordinary psychological 
insight. 

2347
02:04:03,000 --> 02:04:05,800
Bedtime prayer, sequences were 
both spiritual practice and 

2348
02:04:05,808 --> 02:04:07,600
sleep. 
Induction, these were 

2349
02:04:07,600 --> 02:04:10,600
systematic, mental activities. 
That diverted attention from 

2350
02:04:10,600 --> 02:04:13,199
daily worries. 
Not just religious observances 

2351
02:04:13,199 --> 02:04:16,500
popular nighttime prayers. 
Alternated between simple. 

2352
02:04:16,500 --> 02:04:20,300
Repetitive elements, relaxing 
and brief narrative segments, 

2353
02:04:20,300 --> 02:04:23,699
focusing the attention this 
Advanced structure naturally 

2354
02:04:23,699 --> 02:04:25,300
induced tiredness from active 
thought. 

2355
02:04:25,300 --> 02:04:29,699
Even bed making was ritualized. 
According to household sources, 

2356
02:04:29,699 --> 02:04:33,000
medieval folks, will classes 
made beds each night. 

2357
02:04:33,800 --> 02:04:36,500
It was common to shake and turn 
mattresses to rejuvenate their 

2358
02:04:36,500 --> 02:04:41,000
Loft arrange bedding for best 
warmth distribution and sweep 

2359
02:04:41,000 --> 02:04:43,800
the area around the bed to 
remove dirt and symbolically 

2360
02:04:43,800 --> 02:04:47,199
clear the space for rest. 
Social interactions were 

2361
02:04:47,199 --> 02:04:50,500
manipulated to Aid sleep. 
Transitions manorial records. 

2362
02:04:50,500 --> 02:04:52,100
Required quiet time in the 
evening. 

2363
02:04:53,000 --> 02:04:55,500
Sleep preparation began with 
specific phrases or little 

2364
02:04:55,500 --> 02:04:58,100
customs. 
And some households for quieter 

2365
02:04:58,100 --> 02:05:01,699
more introspective conversation,
a 15th century housekeeping 

2366
02:05:01,699 --> 02:05:04,800
manual, encouraged the head of 
the home to say, the day is now,

2367
02:05:04,800 --> 02:05:08,899
put away most notably medieval 
sleep rituals addressed sleep 

2368
02:05:08,899 --> 02:05:12,399
onset insomnia. 
Medical manuscripts, provided 

2369
02:05:12,399 --> 02:05:15,500
Advanced, sleep treatments, they
comprise mental tracing of 

2370
02:05:15,500 --> 02:05:19,000
patterns, rhythmic breathing and
progressive muscle relaxation, 

2371
02:05:19,000 --> 02:05:21,699
expressed in language, that 
resembles modern approaches. 

2372
02:05:22,800 --> 02:05:26,100
A 14th century, Montpellier 
medical treaters discusses body 

2373
02:05:26,100 --> 02:05:29,699
scan meditation similar to that 
taught in sleep clinics. 

2374
02:05:30,500 --> 02:05:33,699
Medieval sleep, literature 
emphasized posture medical 

2375
02:05:33,699 --> 02:05:36,500
texts, outlined ideal sleep. 
Postures for different body 

2376
02:05:36,500 --> 02:05:39,500
types and health issues. 
Modern, understanding of how 

2377
02:05:39,500 --> 02:05:42,399
body position influences, 
digestive processes during sleep

2378
02:05:42,399 --> 02:05:45,600
suggest commencing sleep on the 
right side to help digestion 

2379
02:05:45,600 --> 02:05:49,600
before turning to the left. 
This was not common wisdom that 

2380
02:05:49,600 --> 02:05:53,199
scientific observation of Sleep 
Quality, auditory practices 

2381
02:05:53,199 --> 02:05:56,699
helped wakefulness transition, 
nightwatch calls the hours in 

2382
02:05:56,699 --> 02:05:59,500
villages and cities. 
Providing temporal grounding 

2383
02:06:00,199 --> 02:06:03,199
these repetitive sound patterns,
may have helped maintain sleep 

2384
02:06:03,199 --> 02:06:06,500
rather than disrupt it. 
People say the familiar calls 

2385
02:06:06,500 --> 02:06:09,500
comforted and oriented them 
during brief overnight. 

2386
02:06:09,500 --> 02:06:12,699
Awakening's without disturbing 
sleep architecture, the social 

2387
02:06:12,699 --> 02:06:15,199
structure of sleep, may be the 
biggest distinction between 

2388
02:06:15,199 --> 02:06:17,699
medieval and modern sleep. 
Medieval. 

2389
02:06:17,699 --> 02:06:20,699
Sleep was a shared vulnerable 
state in trenched in 

2390
02:06:20,707 --> 02:06:23,399
well-arranged Social Ties That 
offered distinct cyclical 

2391
02:06:23,399 --> 02:06:26,300
benefits not found in modern 
isolated sleep. 

2392
02:06:27,600 --> 02:06:30,899
European household, archeology 
shows, sleeps Arrangements, the 

2393
02:06:30,899 --> 02:06:34,199
challenge privacy, Notions from 
Humble farmhouses to Royal 

2394
02:06:34,199 --> 02:06:36,699
palaces. 
Medieval sleeping places were 

2395
02:06:36,699 --> 02:06:39,300
shared this. 
Sharing wasn't just for economic

2396
02:06:39,300 --> 02:06:41,500
reasons. 
It represented attitudes about 

2397
02:06:41,500 --> 02:06:44,000
sleep, vulnerability and 
communal protection. 

2398
02:06:44,000 --> 02:06:48,500
It started in childhood medieval
children, slept with family, 

2399
02:06:48,500 --> 02:06:52,000
unlike modern westerners 
household, inventories and 

2400
02:06:52,000 --> 02:06:55,000
Architectural evidence 
demonstrate that wealthy people 

2401
02:06:55,000 --> 02:06:57,600
rarely had separate nurseries 
until the late medieval period. 

2402
02:06:58,500 --> 02:07:01,600
Young children, usually slept on
communal beds near parents or 

2403
02:07:01,600 --> 02:07:04,699
caregivers this Arrangement 
provided physical warmth, and 

2404
02:07:04,699 --> 02:07:07,699
safety, as well, as auditory and
olfactory cues from trusted 

2405
02:07:07,699 --> 02:07:10,899
people to promote sleep. 
Children continue to sleep 

2406
02:07:10,899 --> 02:07:14,399
together as they grew household 
and Guild records show service, 

2407
02:07:14,399 --> 02:07:17,199
children apprentices and 
biological children. 

2408
02:07:17,199 --> 02:07:21,300
Sleeping together by age young 
people slept two or three to a 

2409
02:07:21,300 --> 02:07:25,899
bed clustered by gender and age,
establishing sleep communities 

2410
02:07:25,899 --> 02:07:28,899
groups, that share, sleep, 
vulnerability, and build sleep 

2411
02:07:28,899 --> 02:07:31,899
standards. 
The cycle benefits of these 

2412
02:07:31,899 --> 02:07:35,500
Arrangements were significant. 
Medieval medical literature as 

2413
02:07:35,500 --> 02:07:38,800
youngsters, who sleep together 
have fewer night, terrors and 

2414
02:07:38,800 --> 02:07:42,899
sleep disturbance. 
Medieval folks, intuitively knew

2415
02:07:42,899 --> 02:07:45,600
that trusted persons sensory 
awareness triggers 

2416
02:07:45,600 --> 02:07:48,899
parasympathetic nerve system 
reactions that deepened sleep. 

2417
02:07:49,600 --> 02:07:53,600
Modern sleep science has just 
likely recognized this adults, 

2418
02:07:53,600 --> 02:07:57,199
slept together Beyond family. 
Medieval residences had a 

2419
02:07:57,207 --> 02:08:01,000
central Hall where servants 
apprentices and extended family?

2420
02:08:01,000 --> 02:08:04,100
Slept. 
This set up gave cycle security 

2421
02:08:04,100 --> 02:08:07,600
rather than disrupting sleep. 
Household accounts provide 

2422
02:08:07,600 --> 02:08:10,300
methods for grouping sleepers, 
to accommodate individual needs 

2423
02:08:10,300 --> 02:08:13,300
and relationships, even the rich
who could afford separate 

2424
02:08:13,300 --> 02:08:16,399
sleeping Chambers by the later. 
Medieval period rarely slept 

2425
02:08:16,399 --> 02:08:18,300
alone. 
Noble household chamber 

2426
02:08:18,300 --> 02:08:21,100
accounts, show that servants. 
Lay on pallets at the foot of 

2427
02:08:21,100 --> 02:08:24,199
the bed, with their masters, 
medieval nobility, preferred 

2428
02:08:24,199 --> 02:08:27,100
reliable companions during 
vulnerable sleep phases over 

2429
02:08:27,100 --> 02:08:30,000
loneliness. 
This communal sleep design had 

2430
02:08:30,000 --> 02:08:32,899
several psychological benefits. 
That modern Sleep Experts are 

2431
02:08:32,899 --> 02:08:36,600
now recognizing Shared sleep 
rooms corrected, sleep patterns 

2432
02:08:36,600 --> 02:08:39,699
reducing anxiety, over perceived
sleep anomalies. 

2433
02:08:40,600 --> 02:08:43,699
When brief nightly Awakenings 
occurred, the noises and 

2434
02:08:43,699 --> 02:08:46,399
presence of other sleepers. 
Reassured and reduced anxiety. 

2435
02:08:46,399 --> 02:08:50,100
Induced sleeplessness, medieval 
travel Tales show, how rooted 

2436
02:08:50,100 --> 02:08:53,300
these communal sleep. 
Obligations were 15th century, 

2437
02:08:53,300 --> 02:08:56,399
Merchant called private sleeping
unnatural, and disquieting to 

2438
02:08:56,399 --> 02:08:59,899
the mind, in regulations across 
Europe, required tourists to 

2439
02:08:59,899 --> 02:09:03,000
share beds with strangers of the
same gender until the early. 

2440
02:09:03,000 --> 02:09:06,199
Modern period demonstrating, how
common shared sleep 

2441
02:09:06,199 --> 02:09:09,300
vulnerability was deemed the 
intimacy of communal sleep 

2442
02:09:09,300 --> 02:09:12,100
areas. 
Encouraged unusual, social bonds

2443
02:09:12,100 --> 02:09:15,500
medieval stories emphasize 
Priestly discussion for 

2444
02:09:15,500 --> 02:09:17,500
resolving conflicts in improving
relationships. 

2445
02:09:18,199 --> 02:09:20,500
Before bed, a 14th century 
family. 

2446
02:09:20,500 --> 02:09:23,899
Manual encourages settling 
disputes because Harmony before 

2447
02:09:23,899 --> 02:09:27,699
rest brings better health to all
this incorporation of dispute, 

2448
02:09:27,699 --> 02:09:30,500
resolution into sleep habits 
provided regular relationship 

2449
02:09:30,500 --> 02:09:33,500
healing. 
That Standalone sleeps 

2450
02:09:33,500 --> 02:09:34,699
rangements. 
Rarely do. 

2451
02:09:35,899 --> 02:09:39,800
Medieval sleeps communality 
improved safety before modern 

2452
02:09:39,800 --> 02:09:43,100
locks and security measures, 
numerous sleepers were protected

2453
02:09:43,100 --> 02:09:46,399
by Collective vigilance medieval
households, generally placed 

2454
02:09:46,399 --> 02:09:48,699
young younger. 
Lighter sleepers, usually 

2455
02:09:48,699 --> 02:09:50,899
apprentices, or youngest 
servants near doorways 

2456
02:09:50,899 --> 02:09:53,300
establishing a natural 
surveillance system. 

2457
02:09:54,100 --> 02:09:56,399
Household accounts recommend 
having different grades of 

2458
02:09:56,399 --> 02:09:58,800
sleepers, with different 
Awakening thresholds across the 

2459
02:09:58,800 --> 02:10:01,600
sleeping area. 
Social leveling was also 

2460
02:10:01,600 --> 02:10:03,300
achieved through sleep 
vulnerability. 

2461
02:10:03,300 --> 02:10:06,699
Daytime activities were 
hierarchical, but sleep 

2462
02:10:06,699 --> 02:10:10,800
momentarily, lowered status. 
Snoring, shifting, postures and 

2463
02:10:10,800 --> 02:10:13,800
the universal weakness of 
unconsciousness made even high 

2464
02:10:13,800 --> 02:10:15,300
status. 
People seem more real to their 

2465
02:10:15,300 --> 02:10:17,800
subordinates according to 
historical reports. 

2466
02:10:17,800 --> 02:10:21,199
This periodic, reminder of 
shared Humanity, softened, 

2467
02:10:21,199 --> 02:10:24,699
medieval social hierarchies, the
communal sleep environment. 

2468
02:10:24,699 --> 02:10:27,500
Helped vulnerable populations 
more than I could private sleep 

2469
02:10:27,500 --> 02:10:30,000
Arrangements. 
Shared sleeping, Arrangements, 

2470
02:10:30,000 --> 02:10:33,500
helped, new mothers, care for 
their babies at night, village, 

2471
02:10:33,500 --> 02:10:35,899
records and household, 
narratives show, that nursing 

2472
02:10:35,899 --> 02:10:39,199
mothers, the slept near other 
women who could hoist with 

2473
02:10:39,199 --> 02:10:42,300
evening feedings and child 
calming, instead of being 

2474
02:10:42,300 --> 02:10:45,600
separated older, people were 
included in home sleeping 

2475
02:10:45,600 --> 02:10:48,300
Arrangements allowing the 
collective to adapt their 

2476
02:10:48,300 --> 02:10:51,500
natural sleep habits. 
Community sleep normalized 

2477
02:10:51,500 --> 02:10:54,800
nightly distress which was 
important for cycle Wellness. 

2478
02:10:55,699 --> 02:10:59,199
Nightmares and anxiousness were 
immediately relieved medical 

2479
02:10:59,199 --> 02:11:02,199
writing from the time. 
Prescribed, a trusted sleeping 

2480
02:11:02,199 --> 02:11:05,500
companion's voice to comfort. 
People Awakening from terrible 

2481
02:11:05,500 --> 02:11:08,800
dreams, which is easier in 
shared sleep places than in our 

2482
02:11:08,800 --> 02:11:12,100
secluded bedrooms. 
Sleep historians now, recognized

2483
02:11:12,100 --> 02:11:15,600
the shift from communal to 
privatize sleeping, which began 

2484
02:11:15,600 --> 02:11:18,300
among the wealthy in the late 
medieval period, but didn't 

2485
02:11:18,300 --> 02:11:20,199
reach most communities until 
much later. 

2486
02:11:21,100 --> 02:11:24,699
This shift had mixed effects on 
human psychology, while 

2487
02:11:24,699 --> 02:11:27,600
privatizing sleep increased 
individual control, it 

2488
02:11:27,600 --> 02:11:31,100
eliminated, many of the security
and social benefits of communal 

2489
02:11:31,100 --> 02:11:33,800
sleep. 
Medieval understanding of dreams

2490
02:11:33,800 --> 02:11:37,100
and nighttime Consciousness was 
highly developed predicting, 

2491
02:11:37,100 --> 02:11:39,899
modern findings concerning 
dreams effects on emotion, 

2492
02:11:39,899 --> 02:11:47,800
creativity and problem-solving. 
Frameworks for identifying dream

2493
02:11:47,800 --> 02:11:51,600
varieties and promoting positive
dream experiences, medieval 

2494
02:11:51,600 --> 02:11:54,500
dream theory classified Dreams 
by psychological cause and 

2495
02:11:54,500 --> 02:11:57,600
meaning medical books from 
Salerno and Montpellier 

2496
02:11:57,600 --> 02:12:01,500
distinguished digestive dreams, 
those influenced by nutrition 

2497
02:12:01,500 --> 02:12:03,899
and physical conditions from 
Spirit dreams. 

2498
02:12:03,899 --> 02:12:07,000
Those originating from deeper 
processes. 

2499
02:12:07,000 --> 02:12:10,800
This distinction, acknowledges 
dreams psychological purposes, 

2500
02:12:10,800 --> 02:12:13,800
and modern awareness of how 
physical variables affect dream 

2501
02:12:13,800 --> 02:12:16,800
content. 
Medieval understanding of how 

2502
02:12:16,800 --> 02:12:20,100
sleep absorbed every day of 
events was sophisticated, the 

2503
02:12:20,100 --> 02:12:24,399
13th century encyclopedist, 
Bartholomew as anglicus observe.

2504
02:12:24,399 --> 02:12:26,600
That the Mind sorts through the 
days of events. 

2505
02:12:26,600 --> 02:12:30,300
While the body rests for 
shadowing, REM sleep memory, 

2506
02:12:30,300 --> 02:12:34,399
consolidation research, 
Household instructions, advise 

2507
02:12:34,399 --> 02:12:37,199
quickly revisiting important 
daily events before bed to Aid 

2508
02:12:37,199 --> 02:12:40,500
this processing function. 
Which sleep researchers. 

2509
02:12:40,500 --> 02:12:42,300
Now know, improves memory 
integration. 

2510
02:12:43,100 --> 02:12:45,899
Medieval dream notebooks show 
that people actively engaged 

2511
02:12:45,899 --> 02:12:49,000
with their dreams. 
Several preserved monastic and 

2512
02:12:49,000 --> 02:12:51,800
Noble household, dream, Diaries 
document dream content with 

2513
02:12:51,800 --> 02:12:55,899
attention to repeating themes 
and emotional patterns. 14th 

2514
02:12:55,899 --> 02:12:58,800
century Florentine Merchant. 
Kept a thorough book about how 

2515
02:12:58,800 --> 02:13:02,000
he tracked, dreams symbols 
linking them to his waking 

2516
02:13:02,000 --> 02:13:04,500
concerns, and using dreams, to 
make commercial decisions. 

2517
02:13:04,500 --> 02:13:08,000
Medieval dream practice, used 
complex, dream, incubation 

2518
02:13:08,000 --> 02:13:11,100
techniques, to actively 
influence, dream material, to 

2519
02:13:11,100 --> 02:13:14,600
answer specific inquiries or 
difficulties the monastic. 

2520
02:13:14,600 --> 02:13:17,600
Records describe focusing on 
certain questions before sleep 

2521
02:13:17,600 --> 02:13:20,399
and utilizing visualization to 
bring them into dream 

2522
02:13:20,399 --> 02:13:23,000
consciousness. 
This goal was practical 

2523
02:13:23,000 --> 02:13:25,899
cognitive training. 
Not just spiritual multiple 

2524
02:13:25,899 --> 02:13:27,000
crafts. 
Guild records. 

2525
02:13:27,000 --> 02:13:29,600
Mentioned Master's telling 
trainees to consult their 

2526
02:13:29,600 --> 02:13:32,600
dreams. 
When designing, Archeology 

2527
02:13:32,600 --> 02:13:34,199
supports, medieval dream 
practice. 

2528
02:13:35,100 --> 02:13:37,899
Excavation found dream related 
objects near beds. 

2529
02:13:37,899 --> 02:13:42,100
These include modest religious 
artifacts symbolic emblems and 

2530
02:13:42,100 --> 02:13:44,899
written queries or issues under 
pillows physical. 

2531
02:13:44,899 --> 02:13:47,800
Expressions of medieval belief 
that sleep Consciousness might 

2532
02:13:47,800 --> 02:13:51,300
address waking difficulties. 
Medieval nightmare treatment was

2533
02:13:51,300 --> 02:13:52,800
centuries. 
Ahead of modern methods, 

2534
02:13:52,800 --> 02:13:56,100
medieval dreams, advised dealing
with nightmares rather than 

2535
02:13:56,100 --> 02:13:59,800
suppressing them. 1, 14th 
century, physician guide 

2536
02:13:59,800 --> 02:14:04,399
Advocates, helping patients 
achieve dream, reentry returning

2537
02:14:04,399 --> 02:14:07,199
to terrifying, dream scenes 
while waking and imagining 

2538
02:14:07,199 --> 02:14:09,800
altering them. 
This method is similar to 

2539
02:14:09,800 --> 02:14:12,600
nightmare disorder, treatments, 
that rewrite distressing content

2540
02:14:12,600 --> 02:14:16,600
medieval understanding of dreams
and nighttime Consciousness was 

2541
02:14:16,600 --> 02:14:19,699
highly developed predicting, 
modern findings concerning 

2542
02:14:19,699 --> 02:14:23,899
dreams effects on emotion, 
creativity and problem-solving. 

2543
02:14:25,500 --> 02:14:30,800
Frameworks for identifying dream
varieties and promoting positive

2544
02:14:30,800 --> 02:14:34,500
dream experiences, medieval 
dream theory, classified Dreams 

2545
02:14:34,500 --> 02:14:38,399
by cycleogical cores and meaning
medical books from Salerno and 

2546
02:14:38,399 --> 02:14:41,800
Montpellier distinguished 
digestive dreams, those 

2547
02:14:41,800 --> 02:14:44,699
influenced by nutrition and 
physical conditions from Spirit 

2548
02:14:44,699 --> 02:14:47,399
dreams. 
Those originating from deeper 

2549
02:14:47,399 --> 02:14:50,300
processes. 
This distinction, acknowledges 

2550
02:14:50,300 --> 02:14:53,600
dreams psychological purposes, 
and modern awareness of how 

2551
02:14:53,600 --> 02:14:55,699
physical variables affect dream 
content. 

2552
02:14:56,699 --> 02:14:59,600
Medieval understanding of how 
sleep absorbed every day of 

2553
02:14:59,600 --> 02:15:03,100
events was sophisticated, the 
13th century encyclopedist, 

2554
02:15:03,100 --> 02:15:07,000
Bartholomew as anglicus 
observed, that the Mind sorts 

2555
02:15:07,000 --> 02:15:10,300
through the days of events. 
While the body rests for 

2556
02:15:10,300 --> 02:15:12,899
shadowing, REM sleep memory, 
consolidation research, 

2557
02:15:14,199 --> 02:15:16,899
Household instructions, advise 
quickly revisiting important 

2558
02:15:16,899 --> 02:15:20,100
daily events before bed to Aid 
this processing function. 

2559
02:15:20,100 --> 02:15:23,000
Which sleep researchers. 
Now know, improves memory 

2560
02:15:23,000 --> 02:15:25,800
integration. 
Medieval dream notebooks show 

2561
02:15:25,800 --> 02:15:27,899
that people actively engaged 
with their dreams. 

2562
02:15:28,699 --> 02:15:31,699
Several preserved monastic and 
Noble household, dream, Diaries 

2563
02:15:31,699 --> 02:15:34,699
document dream content with 
attention to repeating themes 

2564
02:15:34,699 --> 02:15:38,199
and emotional patterns. 
A 14th century, Florentine 

2565
02:15:38,199 --> 02:15:40,100
Merchant. 
Kept a thorough book about how 

2566
02:15:40,100 --> 02:15:43,300
he tracked, dreams symbols 
linking them to his waking 

2567
02:15:43,300 --> 02:15:45,899
concerns, and using dreams, to 
make commercial decisions. 

2568
02:15:45,899 --> 02:15:49,399
Medieval dream practice, used 
complex dream, incubation 

2569
02:15:49,399 --> 02:15:52,399
technique's to actively 
influence, dream material, to 

2570
02:15:52,399 --> 02:15:55,899
answer specific inquiries or 
difficulties the monastic. 

2571
02:15:55,899 --> 02:15:59,000
Records describe focusing on 
certain questions before sleep 

2572
02:15:59,000 --> 02:16:01,699
and utilizing visualization to 
bring them into dream 

2573
02:16:01,699 --> 02:16:04,300
consciousness. 
This goal was practical 

2574
02:16:04,300 --> 02:16:07,300
cognitive training. 
Not just spiritual multiple 

2575
02:16:07,300 --> 02:16:08,399
crafts. 
Guild records. 

2576
02:16:08,399 --> 02:16:10,899
Mentioned Master's telling 
trainees to consult their 

2577
02:16:10,899 --> 02:16:13,899
dreams. 
When designing, Archeology 

2578
02:16:13,899 --> 02:16:15,500
supports, medieval dream 
practice. 

2579
02:16:16,399 --> 02:16:19,300
Excavation found dream related 
objects near beds. 

2580
02:16:19,300 --> 02:16:23,500
These include modest religious 
artifacts symbolic emblems and 

2581
02:16:23,500 --> 02:16:26,199
written queries or issues under 
pillows physical. 

2582
02:16:26,199 --> 02:16:29,199
Expressions of medieval belief 
that sleep Consciousness might 

2583
02:16:29,199 --> 02:16:32,600
address waking difficulties. 
Medieval nightmare treatment was

2584
02:16:32,600 --> 02:16:34,100
centuries. 
Ahead of modern methods, 

2585
02:16:34,100 --> 02:16:37,299
medieval dream guides advised 
dealing with nightmares rather 

2586
02:16:37,299 --> 02:16:41,100
than suppressing them. 1, 14th 
century, physician guide 

2587
02:16:41,100 --> 02:16:45,799
Advocates, helping patients 
achieve dream, reentry returning

2588
02:16:45,799 --> 02:16:48,600
to terrifying, dream scenes 
while waking an imagining 

2589
02:16:48,600 --> 02:16:51,100
altering them. 
This method is similar to 

2590
02:16:51,100 --> 02:16:53,100
nightmare disorder. 
Treatments that rewrite 

2591
02:16:53,100 --> 02:16:56,299
distressing content due to 
historical changes in sleep, 

2592
02:16:56,299 --> 02:17:00,200
interactions medieval Europeans,
excellent Sleep, Quality slowly 

2593
02:17:00,200 --> 02:17:03,100
decline. 
Understanding this decline helps

2594
02:17:03,100 --> 02:17:06,799
us Supply medieval sleep advice 
today, late medieval European 

2595
02:17:06,799 --> 02:17:09,500
towns installed. 
Public mechanical, clocks, 

2596
02:17:09,500 --> 02:17:13,898
changing sleep patterns, early 
watches didn't affect sleep but 

2597
02:17:13,898 --> 02:17:16,898
they did change the attention 
from environmental cues to time 

2598
02:17:16,898 --> 02:17:19,600
Town records from the 15th 
century show. 

2599
02:17:19,600 --> 02:17:22,500
The gradual adoption of clock 
time in stead of sunrise and 

2600
02:17:22,500 --> 02:17:24,299
sunset, as daily reference 
points. 

2601
02:17:24,299 --> 02:17:27,000
The first step toward divorcing 
human time. 

2602
02:17:27,000 --> 02:17:28,700
Tables from natural light 
cycles. 

2603
02:17:28,700 --> 02:17:31,600
Archeology shows this window 
design change. 

2604
02:17:32,299 --> 02:17:36,200
Later medieval Holmes prioritize
privacy and heat retention over 

2605
02:17:36,200 --> 02:17:38,500
natural light. 
Well though, early medieval 

2606
02:17:38,500 --> 02:17:40,500
bedrooms contained, windows that
let in Morning. 

2607
02:17:40,500 --> 02:17:44,100
Light this architectural change 
devout values, sleep natural, 

2608
02:17:44,100 --> 02:17:47,000
light alignment, which is 
increasingly critical for 

2609
02:17:47,000 --> 02:17:49,700
circadian. 
Rhythms industrialization and 

2610
02:17:49,700 --> 02:17:52,100
artificial lighting most 
effective evil sleep. 

2611
02:17:52,100 --> 02:17:55,398
Well, though early 19th century.
Gas alumination, extended 

2612
02:17:55,398 --> 02:17:57,799
productive hours in the evening 
industry. 

2613
02:17:57,799 --> 02:18:01,398
Schedule demanded standardized 
waking times at affected by 

2614
02:18:01,398 --> 02:18:04,299
seasonal light. 
Early industrial society 

2615
02:18:04,299 --> 02:18:07,100
documents reveal plant owners 
fighting inefficient. 

2616
02:18:07,100 --> 02:18:11,398
Sleep patterns in 1883 a factory
manual warned against workers, 

2617
02:18:11,398 --> 02:18:14,898
persistent habit of Nightwing. 
Between sleep phases. 

2618
02:18:14,898 --> 02:18:18,299
Due to Industrial schedules. 
Eliminating bi phasic sleep. 

2619
02:18:19,799 --> 02:18:22,600
Sleep, conditions changed the 
18th and 19th. 

2620
02:18:22,600 --> 02:18:25,799
Centuries saw single-family 
residents an individual beds 

2621
02:18:25,799 --> 02:18:27,700
replacement, evil communal 
slumber. 

2622
02:18:28,600 --> 02:18:31,299
The architectural change 
increased solitude, but removed,

2623
02:18:31,299 --> 02:18:33,700
shared sleep, Social Security, 
and closeness. 

2624
02:18:34,398 --> 02:18:37,299
Medical records from this. 
Transitional era, show, Rising 

2625
02:18:37,299 --> 02:18:41,200
claims of sleep difficulties, 
due to unusual Solitude at night

2626
02:18:41,200 --> 02:18:43,200
from the new Sleeping 
Arrangements. 

2627
02:18:44,200 --> 02:18:47,500
Changes in labor habits eroded 
medieval Notions of sleep as a 

2628
02:18:47,500 --> 02:18:50,600
transition, natural cycles and 
moderate activity. 

2629
02:18:50,600 --> 02:18:53,200
Shifts characterized 
pre-industrial work. 

2630
02:18:54,000 --> 02:18:56,898
Industrial time discipline 
destroyed the natural wind down,

2631
02:18:56,906 --> 02:19:00,500
time of medieval sleep, patterns
in industrial and office time. 

2632
02:19:00,500 --> 02:19:04,898
Tables created Guillotine waking
Sharpe alarm driven transitions 

2633
02:19:04,898 --> 02:19:08,600
many found, sleep uncomfortable 
during this change early, mass 

2634
02:19:08,600 --> 02:19:11,398
production, homogenized sleeping
surfaces, without regard for 

2635
02:19:11,398 --> 02:19:14,100
Comfort yet. 
Medieval people of all classes 

2636
02:19:14,100 --> 02:19:17,299
had devised sophisticated 
bedding systems that met bodily 

2637
02:19:17,299 --> 02:19:20,600
demands, Historical records 
indicate that Workshop. 

2638
02:19:20,600 --> 02:19:24,200
Dwellings had crude beds. 
Unlike medieval peasants over. 

2639
02:19:24,200 --> 02:19:27,100
Centuries sleep Comfort 
Technologies would improve. 

2640
02:19:27,898 --> 02:19:31,299
These changes lead to 
Consolidated sleep culture, the 

2641
02:19:31,299 --> 02:19:34,898
idea that normal sleep is a 
single unbroken period rather 

2642
02:19:34,898 --> 02:19:36,799
than the centuries old bi phasic
pattern. 

2643
02:19:37,898 --> 02:19:41,398
Medical texts of the late 19th 
century, pathologized nocturnal 

2644
02:19:41,398 --> 02:19:44,600
waking as a disorder. 
This medical reinterpretation 

2645
02:19:44,600 --> 02:19:47,398
replaced medieval sleep, wisdom 
with modern Norms. 

2646
02:19:47,398 --> 02:19:50,600
This historical transformation, 
goes beyond discomfort. 

2647
02:19:50,600 --> 02:19:53,799
Medieval sleep. 
Practice was physically uncycled

2648
02:19:53,799 --> 02:19:57,600
advantageous according to modern
studies, with unprecedented 

2649
02:19:57,600 --> 02:20:00,399
rates of insomnia, sleep 
disordered breathing and 

2650
02:20:00,399 --> 02:20:03,500
circadian rhythm issues sleep 
professionals called the global 

2651
02:20:03,500 --> 02:20:06,000
sleep crisis caused by 
suppression of natural sleep 

2652
02:20:06,000 --> 02:20:08,200
patterns. 
The loss of medieval sleeps, 

2653
02:20:08,200 --> 02:20:11,100
midnight waking period is 
notable a normal sleep. 

2654
02:20:11,100 --> 02:20:13,700
Break was a central biologically
encyclopedic. 

2655
02:20:13,700 --> 02:20:16,899
Neurological, research found 
this interval had brainwave 

2656
02:20:16,899 --> 02:20:19,100
patterns that supported 
creatively in emotional 

2657
02:20:19,100 --> 02:20:21,399
processing. 
In industrial and 

2658
02:20:21,399 --> 02:20:24,600
post-industrial sleep practices,
eliminated, this cognitive state

2659
02:20:24,600 --> 02:20:28,000
by requiring continuous sleep. 
Medieval Slumber. 

2660
02:20:28,000 --> 02:20:29,899
Society is offered psychological
stability. 

2661
02:20:29,899 --> 02:20:33,399
That modern ones lack. 
Modern Sleep, Experts have 

2662
02:20:33,399 --> 02:20:35,899
established that trusted people,
reduce sleep delay and stress 

2663
02:20:35,899 --> 02:20:38,100
hormones. 
Modern sleep Arrangements. 

2664
02:20:38,100 --> 02:20:41,799
Eliminate these benefits 
creating anxiety related sleep, 

2665
02:20:41,799 --> 02:20:45,100
disruptions. 
Even in medieval times seasonal,

2666
02:20:45,100 --> 02:20:47,399
sleep duration, fluctuations 
were biologically, good 

2667
02:20:47,399 --> 02:20:51,500
pre-industrial, civilizations 
and historical sources show that

2668
02:20:51,500 --> 02:20:54,600
medieval people slept longer in 
Winter due to Natural melatonin 

2669
02:20:54,600 --> 02:20:57,799
synthesis. 
Modern sleep schedules, ignore 

2670
02:20:57,799 --> 02:21:00,899
seasonal changes, creating 
winter circadian. 

2671
02:21:00,899 --> 02:21:04,100
Misalignment, medieval and 
pre-industrial sleep, Traditions

2672
02:21:04,100 --> 02:21:07,200
are being rediscovered despite 
these losses sleep medicine. 

2673
02:21:07,200 --> 02:21:10,100
Now, admits that medieval sleep 
practice was sophisticated and 

2674
02:21:10,100 --> 02:21:12,200
biologically on so we should 
revisit it. 

2675
02:21:12,899 --> 02:21:16,700
New sleep transition. 
Understanding is the best 

2676
02:21:16,700 --> 02:21:20,399
Rehabilitation after centuries 
of alarm clocks, disrupting 

2677
02:21:20,399 --> 02:21:25,700
sleep professionals emphasize 
Priestly Wine Down reclaiming, 

2678
02:21:25,700 --> 02:21:29,200
the mid evil idea of sleep, as a
transitional activity modern 

2679
02:21:29,200 --> 02:21:32,100
sleep hygiene follows. 
Medieval practices of gradually,

2680
02:21:32,100 --> 02:21:35,600
reducing light exposure, quieter
evening activities and 

2681
02:21:35,600 --> 02:21:39,399
systematic Priestly routines. 
Modern technology harms and 

2682
02:21:39,407 --> 02:21:42,000
helps sleep. 
Screen usage influences, 

2683
02:21:42,000 --> 02:21:45,700
melatonin production yet apps 
and devices, measure sleep and 

2684
02:21:45,700 --> 02:21:47,000
support. 
Circadian Cycles. 

2685
02:21:47,000 --> 02:21:49,700
There are programs that regulate
lighting throughout the day. 

2686
02:21:49,700 --> 02:21:53,000
To approximate natural light 
progression and alarm systems 

2687
02:21:53,000 --> 02:21:56,399
that pinpoint optimal Awakening 
points throughout sleep cycles 

2688
02:21:56,399 --> 02:22:00,000
to recreate, medieval sleep, 
patterns, architecture, honors 

2689
02:22:00,000 --> 02:22:03,299
sleep wisdom after Decades of 
decreasing natural light in 

2690
02:22:03,307 --> 02:22:07,200
bedrooms modern sleep. 
Focused architecture prioritizes

2691
02:22:07,200 --> 02:22:09,299
Eastern exposure for more 
morning wake-ups. 

2692
02:22:09,299 --> 02:22:13,500
Reverting to Medieval design. 
Some creative neighborhoods are 

2693
02:22:13,500 --> 02:22:16,600
investigating communal sleep 
solutions for uneasy sleepers. 

2694
02:22:17,500 --> 02:22:20,700
Researchers and Sleep, Experts 
studied, medieval segmented 

2695
02:22:20,700 --> 02:22:23,899
sleep by phasex, Sleep. 
Patterns, like, first and second

2696
02:22:23,899 --> 02:22:27,899
sleep, improve sleep, mood and 
cognition, in long-term studies.

2697
02:22:28,600 --> 02:22:30,299
Sleep Clinic. 
Increasingly recommend this 

2698
02:22:30,299 --> 02:22:33,399
routine for insomniacs who 
believe their sleep disorder is 

2699
02:22:33,399 --> 02:22:35,600
their body re-establishing its 
natural cycle. 

2700
02:22:36,700 --> 02:22:39,799
Medieval sleep, surroundings 
were rediscovered, modern 

2701
02:22:39,799 --> 02:22:42,799
designers emphasized natural 
materials temperature, 

2702
02:22:42,799 --> 02:22:46,000
regulation and personalized 
support similar to those users 

2703
02:22:46,000 --> 02:22:49,700
in medieval bedding systems 
following years dominated by 

2704
02:22:49,700 --> 02:22:54,100
artificial sleep environments. 
Adjustable firmness mattresses 

2705
02:22:54,100 --> 02:22:56,799
and weighted blankets are. 
Inadvertent homologies to 

2706
02:22:56,807 --> 02:22:58,500
Medieval sleepers custom 
bedding. 

2707
02:22:59,100 --> 02:23:02,100
Medieval sleep, still affect 
psychology and spirituality. 

2708
02:23:02,899 --> 02:23:05,200
Sleep, Experts recommend, 
medieval home evening. 

2709
02:23:05,200 --> 02:23:09,600
Contemplation style mindfulness.
In interest in DreamWork and 

2710
02:23:09,600 --> 02:23:12,600
creative dream, engagement 
rediscovers, medieval ideas of 

2711
02:23:12,600 --> 02:23:15,299
dreams as valuable sources of 
knowledge and creativity. 

2712
02:23:15,299 --> 02:23:18,500
The rising recognition that 
sleep is a cultural habit, 

2713
02:23:18,500 --> 02:23:21,500
motivated by societal values and
goals is positive. 

2714
02:23:22,100 --> 02:23:25,700
Medieval people valued Sleep, 
Quality and built social norms 

2715
02:23:25,700 --> 02:23:27,899
to protect it. 
Unlike modern production 

2716
02:23:27,899 --> 02:23:31,700
cultures, the slow sleep 
movement promotes workplace and 

2717
02:23:31,700 --> 02:23:34,799
societal practices that respect 
natural sleep patterns. 

2718
02:23:35,799 --> 02:23:38,399
A key Paradigm change is 
realizing that societal 

2719
02:23:38,399 --> 02:23:42,200
institutions, mismatch human 
nature and create numerous Sleep

2720
02:23:42,200 --> 02:23:44,299
Disorders. 
Modern companies are 

2721
02:23:44,299 --> 02:23:45,899
experimenting with flexible 
time. 

2722
02:23:45,899 --> 02:23:49,000
Tables that match natural 
chronotypes and seasonal changes

2723
02:23:49,000 --> 02:23:53,299
like medieval civilizations. 
Did workers were organized 

2724
02:23:53,299 --> 02:23:55,899
around seasonal, light shifts 
and human energy Cycles. 

2725
02:23:55,899 --> 02:23:59,399
These strategies apply medieval 
wisdom to Modern conditions 

2726
02:23:59,399 --> 02:24:02,000
medieval sleep. 
Reminds currently sleepers that 

2727
02:24:02,000 --> 02:24:04,500
many human sleep features are 
neither infinitely adaptable, 

2728
02:24:04,500 --> 02:24:08,799
norliss to copy Human nature 
operates best when aligned with 

2729
02:24:08,807 --> 02:24:11,899
rhythms are medieval ancestors, 
intuitively recognized, and 

2730
02:24:11,899 --> 02:24:15,600
honored, despite great pressure 
to conform to Industrial and 

2731
02:24:15,600 --> 02:24:19,200
post-industrial sleep demands, 
medieval sleep teaches us to 

2732
02:24:19,200 --> 02:24:21,899
examine whose pre-industrial, 
sleep expertise, remains 

2733
02:24:21,899 --> 02:24:24,100
physically, and psychologically 
helpful. 

2734
02:24:24,100 --> 02:24:27,299
Not to reject Comfort, or 
technical progress. 

2735
02:24:28,100 --> 02:24:29,600
Current knowledge and 
rediscovered. 

2736
02:24:29,600 --> 02:24:32,600
Old Customs may help us create 
sleep patterns that match 

2737
02:24:32,600 --> 02:24:35,200
evolutionary and current needs 
researchers. 

2738
02:24:35,200 --> 02:24:38,799
Say medieval people didn't 
understand the neurochemistry of

2739
02:24:38,799 --> 02:24:42,000
sleep, but they recognized its 
patterns and respected. 

2740
02:24:42,000 --> 02:24:44,200
Its requirements in ways were 
only now, beginning to 

2741
02:24:44,200 --> 02:24:47,500
appreciate. 
That appreciation can solve our 

2742
02:24:47,500 --> 02:24:51,799
sleep Christus without drugs or 
technology by restoring Decades 

2743
02:24:51,799 --> 02:24:53,600
of pre-industrial sleep 
practice. 

2744
02:24:54,500 --> 02:24:57,000
Medieval sleep advice is more 
than just history. 

2745
02:24:57,000 --> 02:25:01,500
It offers ways to sleep better 
and on our natural heritage, As 

2746
02:25:01,500 --> 02:25:04,399
research, validates medieval, 
sleep patterns and practices. 

2747
02:25:04,399 --> 02:25:07,100
We may find that rediscovering 
our ancestors. 

2748
02:25:07,100 --> 02:25:09,899
Centuries old knowledge of 
natural sleep is the best sleep 

2749
02:25:09,899 --> 03:10:37,100
advancement. 
Napoleon Bonaparte story, opens 

2750
03:10:37,100 --> 03:10:39,899
not in the halls of Parisian 
power, but on a rugged 

2751
03:10:39,899 --> 03:10:43,500
Mediterranean island. 
He was born, napoleoni Diwana 

2752
03:10:43,500 --> 03:10:48,700
party in 1769, in a jack SEO, 
Corsica only months after France

2753
03:10:48,700 --> 03:10:52,299
seized the island from Genoa. 
As a boy, he spoke the Italian 

2754
03:10:52,299 --> 03:10:55,399
Corsican dialect and harbored 
Fierce pride in his Corsican 

2755
03:10:55,399 --> 03:10:58,899
Heritage sent to Mainland, 
France for schooling at age 9, 

2756
03:10:58,899 --> 03:11:02,799
he arrived a thin intense child 
who felt himself very much, an 

2757
03:11:02,799 --> 03:11:05,899
outsider classmates. 
Mocked his accent and provincial

2758
03:11:05,899 --> 03:11:10,000
manners. in Quiet Moments under 
the ancient, Oaks of Biryani 

2759
03:11:10,000 --> 03:11:14,200
Academy, young Bonaparte dreamed
of home, the smell of the Mackie

2760
03:11:14,200 --> 03:11:18,000
shrubs on Corsican hillsides and
tales of heroism by horse and 

2761
03:11:18,000 --> 03:11:21,700
Patriots, Pasquale Paoli, These 
memories fueled, a lifelong 

2762
03:11:21,700 --> 03:11:23,899
resentment, and a drive to prove
himself in a world that 

2763
03:11:23,899 --> 03:11:27,500
perceived him as a foreigner. 
Yet France also open New 

2764
03:11:27,500 --> 03:11:30,899
Horizons for him at the Royal 
military school in Paris 

2765
03:11:30,899 --> 03:11:33,799
Napoleon. 
As he still signed his name, 

2766
03:11:33,799 --> 03:11:36,799
immersed himself in 
Enlightenment ideas and Military

2767
03:11:36,799 --> 03:11:39,000
texts. 
He was a voracious reader of 

2768
03:11:39,000 --> 03:11:41,000
Rousseau and Voltaire 
cultivating. 

2769
03:11:41,000 --> 03:11:44,700
Radical Notions about Merit and 
reason Commissioned, as a young 

2770
03:11:44,708 --> 03:11:47,799
artillery officer, he honed a 
mathematical Precision in 

2771
03:11:47,799 --> 03:11:51,100
ballistics and a Steely. 
Calm under pressure Still in the

2772
03:11:51,100 --> 03:11:54,799
late 1780s, the ambitious 
Lieutenant found himself idling 

2773
03:11:54,799 --> 03:11:57,700
on half-pay and provincial 
Garrison's chafing at the lack 

2774
03:11:57,700 --> 03:12:01,000
of opportunity. 
Letters to his family, betray a 

2775
03:12:01,000 --> 03:12:03,500
Restless mind. 
He wrote an unfinished story and

2776
03:12:03,500 --> 03:12:06,600
essays on Corsican history 
longing to carve out a place for

2777
03:12:06,600 --> 03:12:10,200
himself. 
By 1789, the French revolution's

2778
03:12:10,200 --> 03:12:13,500
fiery rhetoric gripped. 
Him the revolution's eruption 

2779
03:12:13,500 --> 03:12:16,700
promised career opportunities 
for talented individuals and 

2780
03:12:16,700 --> 03:12:18,899
Bonaparte. 
Now known as Bonaparte in French

2781
03:12:18,899 --> 03:12:21,399
was determined to capitalize on 
this opportunity. 

2782
03:12:21,399 --> 03:12:25,299
He returned to Corsica during 
the early Revolution hoping to 

2783
03:12:25,299 --> 03:12:29,299
spread the new ideals. 
However, Ireland politics turned

2784
03:12:29,299 --> 03:12:32,700
against him, the revered Paoli 
deemed Napoleon a traitor for 

2785
03:12:32,708 --> 03:12:37,200
siding with the French Republic.
In 1793 after a bit of falling 

2786
03:12:37,200 --> 03:12:39,899
out and an attempted to depose 
his horse and government. 

2787
03:12:39,899 --> 03:12:44,700
The Bonaparte family fled their 
Homeland under threat, The 24 

2788
03:12:44,700 --> 03:12:47,399
year old artillery, Captain 
arrived back in France as a 

2789
03:12:47,399 --> 03:12:50,899
refugee but also as a storm 
Republican officer hungry for 

2790
03:12:50,899 --> 03:12:54,000
action. 
He soon got his chance at the 

2791
03:12:54,008 --> 03:12:58,200
end of 1793 royalists, in the 
southern Port of tulong revolted

2792
03:12:58,200 --> 03:13:02,500
and welcome to British forces. 
The besieging Revolutionary Army

2793
03:13:02,500 --> 03:13:05,899
faltered until Bonaparte through
a mix of Corsican connections, 

2794
03:13:05,899 --> 03:13:08,100
and share. 
Assertiveness was assigned to 

2795
03:13:08,100 --> 03:13:11,399
directly artillery. 
Amidst the Thunder of cannons 

2796
03:13:11,399 --> 03:13:15,600
and acrid smoke, Napoleon Sean, 
he embraced batteries with 

2797
03:13:15,600 --> 03:13:18,899
lethal, Effectiveness, blasting,
the harbor and forcing the 

2798
03:13:18,899 --> 03:13:22,399
British to flee. 
In the final assault, a bayonet 

2799
03:13:22,399 --> 03:13:25,799
wound scarred his thigh but 
victory was complete, the 

2800
03:13:25,799 --> 03:13:28,399
achievement was stunning. 
A little known Corsica had 

2801
03:13:28,399 --> 03:13:31,600
masterminded the recapture of 
Toulon word of His Brilliant, 

2802
03:13:31,600 --> 03:13:34,899
traveled to Paris, and Stage 24 
Bonaparte was promoted to 

2803
03:13:34,899 --> 03:13:37,799
Brigadier General. 
The center of gunpowder at too 

2804
03:13:37,799 --> 03:13:40,700
long signaled, his assent to 
prominent but revolutionary 

2805
03:13:40,700 --> 03:13:44,700
Fortune's shifted quickly. 
Just months later Robespierre 

2806
03:13:44,700 --> 03:13:46,500
and the radical Jacobins fell 
from Power. 

2807
03:13:47,700 --> 03:13:50,799
Napoleon considered a 
Robespierre Ally by association 

2808
03:13:50,799 --> 03:13:53,700
was arrested. 
He was briefly jailed in a dank 

2809
03:13:53,700 --> 03:13:56,899
sell at Fort Carey. 
The omniscient, fate the 

2810
03:13:56,899 --> 03:13:59,600
elevated him. 
Now threatened to cut short his 

2811
03:13:59,600 --> 03:14:02,200
assent. 
He emerged unscathed but 

2812
03:14:02,200 --> 03:14:05,600
unemployed pacing the Paris 
streets in a threadbare coat, 

2813
03:14:05,600 --> 03:14:09,700
surviving on Mega ration during 
the slow are in 1795. 

2814
03:14:09,700 --> 03:14:13,700
Even toyed, with leaving France,
to serve the ottoman Sultan and 

2815
03:14:13,700 --> 03:14:16,299
ironic Prospect for one, who 
would one day, humble the great 

2816
03:14:16,299 --> 03:14:19,899
powers of Europe. 
Opportunity, however, knocked 

2817
03:14:19,899 --> 03:14:23,100
again, that October royalist 
mobs stormed, toward the ruling 

2818
03:14:23,100 --> 03:14:25,899
convention aiming to topple The 
Fragile Republic. 

2819
03:14:26,799 --> 03:14:29,799
General pulled baras. 
Some desperate to save the 

2820
03:14:29,807 --> 03:14:32,299
revolution tap, the only 
artillery expert. 

2821
03:14:32,299 --> 03:14:35,700
He knew who could be ruthless 
enough, Napoleon Bonaparte. 

2822
03:14:35,700 --> 03:14:39,500
Napoleon did not hesitate 
stationing canon in the streets 

2823
03:14:39,500 --> 03:14:41,500
of Paris. 
He met the royalist charged with

2824
03:14:41,500 --> 03:14:43,700
blasts of great shot at Point 
Blank Range. 

2825
03:14:43,700 --> 03:14:46,600
The cobblestones of the roof 
Centauri shook with each 

2826
03:14:46,600 --> 03:14:49,799
thunderous volley shredding the 
Insurgent columns and sending 

2827
03:14:49,799 --> 03:14:54,299
the survivors into Panic Flight.
A whiff of great shot one, 

2828
03:14:54,299 --> 03:14:57,700
witness called it cost to clean.
Describing how shred banners and

2829
03:14:57,700 --> 03:14:59,500
bodies littered the Smoky 
Avenue's. 

2830
03:14:59,500 --> 03:15:03,799
Bonapartes decisive action, save
the Revolutionary government in 

2831
03:15:03,799 --> 03:15:07,899
a single brutal afternoon, he 
became the Republic Savior, and 

2832
03:15:07,899 --> 03:15:10,600
also earned a reputation for 
cold blooded efficiency that 

2833
03:15:10,600 --> 03:15:13,799
some would not forget Paris grew
quiet at dusk. 

2834
03:15:13,799 --> 03:15:17,500
The are heavy with the Tang of 
spent gunpowder and a new way 

2835
03:15:17,500 --> 03:15:19,799
and awareness. 
A young General had showed he 

2836
03:15:19,799 --> 03:15:22,299
would not hesitate to fire on 
his fellow Frenchman to secure 

2837
03:15:22,299 --> 03:15:24,200
order. 
Far from hiding. 

2838
03:15:24,200 --> 03:15:27,600
This bloody episode Napoleon 
later had its celebrated each 

2839
03:15:27,600 --> 03:15:29,700
year. 
Defending himself with the 

2840
03:15:29,700 --> 03:15:32,399
remark that a soldier is only a 
machine to obey orders. 

2841
03:15:32,399 --> 03:15:36,500
The reward for this loyal 
service was extraordinary within

2842
03:15:36,500 --> 03:15:37,899
weeks. 
The direct tree, the new 

2843
03:15:37,899 --> 03:15:41,899
executive body gave 26 year old 
Bonaparte command of the army of

2844
03:15:41,899 --> 03:15:44,500
Italy. 
The post that season generals 

2845
03:15:44,500 --> 03:15:47,399
had covered it. 
Around the same time he met 

2846
03:15:47,399 --> 03:15:51,000
Josephine debayo Arne a 
glamorous Creole Widow, six 

2847
03:15:51,000 --> 03:15:53,100
years, his senior who was 
connected to Baris. 

2848
03:15:53,100 --> 03:15:58,200
The attraction was immediate and
consuming in March 1796 just 

2849
03:15:58,200 --> 03:16:01,700
days before departing to take up
his new command Napoleon married

2850
03:16:01,700 --> 03:16:03,600
Josephine in a private civil 
ceremony. 

2851
03:16:04,399 --> 03:16:06,500
He adored her with an Earnest 
impassioned. 

2852
03:16:06,500 --> 03:16:08,100
Love that. 
Blazed through the letters. 

2853
03:16:08,100 --> 03:16:10,100
He would soon send daily from 
the Italian front. 

2854
03:16:10,899 --> 03:16:13,700
Josephine, provided the social 
polish and connections he 

2855
03:16:13,700 --> 03:16:15,600
lacked. 
He gave her devotion and the 

2856
03:16:15,608 --> 03:16:19,399
promise of Destiny, As he rode 
out of Paris in the spring, rain

2857
03:16:19,399 --> 03:16:22,299
and Napoleon Bonaparte was a 
curious figure. 

2858
03:16:22,299 --> 03:16:26,399
A Corsican outside, a turned 
Republican General, recently a 

2859
03:16:26,399 --> 03:16:28,200
penniless Outkast. 
Now, head of an army. 

2860
03:16:28,899 --> 03:16:32,299
His Ambitions were boundless, 
France had given him an army and

2861
03:16:32,299 --> 03:16:35,000
a beautiful wife, he intended to
repay both with Glory. 

2862
03:16:35,000 --> 03:16:38,700
The die was cast, the little 
corporal's rapid assent was 

2863
03:16:38,700 --> 03:16:41,799
about to commence, the Slender 
young General who arrived to 

2864
03:16:41,799 --> 03:16:46,799
lead, the army of Italy in 1796,
founded dispirited ragtag Force,

2865
03:16:46,799 --> 03:16:49,299
clad in rags and hungry for both
food and Victory. 

2866
03:16:50,399 --> 03:16:53,399
Napoleon's predecessors had a 
little in the grinding war 

2867
03:16:53,399 --> 03:16:55,899
against Austria. 
But the new Commander 

2868
03:16:55,899 --> 03:17:00,000
electrified, his men from the 
outset Gathering, the troops who

2869
03:17:00,000 --> 03:17:01,899
looked skeptically at his slight
stature. 

2870
03:17:01,899 --> 03:17:05,100
And Youthful face, he pointed 
toward the enemy's Richlands 

2871
03:17:05,100 --> 03:17:08,500
beyond the Alps soldiers, he 
cried, you are ill-fed and 

2872
03:17:08,500 --> 03:17:10,899
almost naked. 
I will lead you into the most 

2873
03:17:10,899 --> 03:17:14,799
fertile planes in the world, 
Rich, provinces and great 

2874
03:17:14,799 --> 03:17:17,500
cities. 
Will lie in your power in them. 

2875
03:17:17,500 --> 03:17:21,399
You will find honor glory and 
riches the soldiers erupted in. 

2876
03:17:21,399 --> 03:17:24,899
Cheers skepticism gave way to 
further as he promised to 

2877
03:17:24,899 --> 03:17:27,399
transform their threadbar 
desperation into Triumph. 

2878
03:17:28,299 --> 03:17:30,899
During the early days of the 
campaign in The Damp, foothills 

2879
03:17:30,899 --> 03:17:34,299
of Piedmont men who were on the 
verge of deserting instead found

2880
03:17:34,299 --> 03:17:37,100
themselves prepared to follow 
this fiery little general to the

2881
03:17:37,100 --> 03:17:41,000
farthest reaches of the Earth. 
Napoleon promptly fulfilled his 

2882
03:17:41,000 --> 03:17:43,500
promise. 
He moved with startling speed 

2883
03:17:43,500 --> 03:17:47,000
and aggression catching Austrian
and piedmontese armies off. 

2884
03:17:47,000 --> 03:17:50,799
Balance with bold tactics in a 
world of Battles, Through the 

2885
03:17:50,799 --> 03:17:53,299
mountain passes. 
He demonstrated a Predators 

2886
03:17:53,299 --> 03:17:57,500
Instinct striking, where least 
expected and driving his 

2887
03:17:57,500 --> 03:18:01,600
exhausted troops forward with 
sheer force of will That Monty 

2888
03:18:01,600 --> 03:18:05,000
naughty day. 
Go malisimo and Mondovi French, 

2889
03:18:05,000 --> 03:18:07,000
Canon and bayonets rooted 
forces. 

2890
03:18:07,000 --> 03:18:10,100
That months before would have 
sent them reeling the Austrian, 

2891
03:18:10,100 --> 03:18:13,399
generals, many twice bonapartes 
as age were confounded by his 

2892
03:18:13,399 --> 03:18:16,399
unpredictable maneuvers. 
They haven't seen anything yet. 

2893
03:18:16,399 --> 03:18:20,100
Napoleon boasted confidently, 
after one victory in our time. 

2894
03:18:20,100 --> 03:18:22,299
No one has the slightest 
conception of what is great. 

2895
03:18:22,299 --> 03:18:24,399
It is up to me to give them an 
example. 

2896
03:18:25,600 --> 03:18:27,299
His bravado was backed by 
action. 

2897
03:18:27,299 --> 03:18:30,399
He negotiated Piedmont 
withdrawal from the war within 

2898
03:18:30,399 --> 03:18:33,399
weeks, then turned the army of 
Italy against the austrians 

2899
03:18:33,399 --> 03:18:37,100
occupying. 
Lombardi in May 1796 Napoleon 

2900
03:18:37,100 --> 03:18:38,600
cemented his Legend at the 
bridge. 

2901
03:18:38,600 --> 03:18:42,899
Over the Adda river near the 
town of Lodi the Austrian rear 

2902
03:18:42,899 --> 03:18:45,799
guard had taken up a strong 
position across the river their 

2903
03:18:45,799 --> 03:18:49,100
Canon covering the narrow wooden
span Rather than wait for a 

2904
03:18:49,108 --> 03:18:52,000
safer Crossing Bonaparte. 
Decided on a frontal, assault 

2905
03:18:52,000 --> 03:18:53,600
that defied. 
All conventional sense. 

2906
03:18:54,600 --> 03:18:56,799
Amidst the deafening Roar of 
enemy guns. 

2907
03:18:56,799 --> 03:19:00,000
He personally helped, aim, 
French, Canon's and rallied a 

2908
03:19:00,000 --> 03:19:01,700
column of grenadiers for a head 
on charge. 

2909
03:19:02,399 --> 03:19:05,000
Tricolor flag in hand, he 
plunged onto the bridge at the 

2910
03:19:05,008 --> 03:19:07,600
head of his men. 
Grape shot, whistled past his 

2911
03:19:07,600 --> 03:19:09,299
ears planks. 
Splintered. 

2912
03:19:09,299 --> 03:19:12,399
Under the blast of artillery. 
For an instant, the attack 

2913
03:19:12,399 --> 03:19:16,000
faltered under withering fire. 
But Napoleon stood in the Smoke,

2914
03:19:16,000 --> 03:19:18,799
his sword drawn and his uniform 
powdered with Gunsmoke. 

2915
03:19:19,799 --> 03:19:22,200
His presence. 
Ignited, the troops with a final

2916
03:19:22,200 --> 03:19:29,000
yell honorable the troops surged
forward here overrunning. 

2917
03:19:29,000 --> 03:19:32,700
The Austrian guns On the far 
Bank, the stunned enemy broken. 

2918
03:19:32,700 --> 03:19:38,000
Fleddy was a small battle but in
its drama lay the seed of a 

2919
03:19:38,000 --> 03:19:40,700
myth. 
The soldiers mazed by their 

2920
03:19:40,700 --> 03:19:44,100
General's, Fearless exposure, to
Fire and is willingness to do a 

2921
03:19:44,100 --> 03:19:46,600
corporal's Work. 
Loading guns, affectionately, 

2922
03:19:46,600 --> 03:19:49,399
dubbed him Le Petit Caporal the 
little corporal. 

2923
03:19:50,299 --> 03:19:53,100
That night, as the exhausted 
French, camped under a moonlit 

2924
03:19:53,100 --> 03:19:55,500
sky. 
In Napoleon could not sleep the 

2925
03:19:55,500 --> 03:19:58,799
adrenaline of Victory and 
survival course through him in 

2926
03:19:58,799 --> 03:20:00,700
later years. 
He would recall that at Lodi 

2927
03:20:00,700 --> 03:20:03,100
from that moment on I foresaw 
what I might be. 

2928
03:20:04,000 --> 03:20:06,700
Already, I felt the Earth flea 
from beneath me as if I were 

2929
03:20:06,700 --> 03:20:10,299
being carried into the sky. 
It was at Lodi that Napoleon 

2930
03:20:10,299 --> 03:20:13,299
Bonaparte began to believe 
unequivocally in his destiny. 

2931
03:20:14,000 --> 03:20:17,700
Through the Summer, and Autumn 
of 1796 Napoleon LED his army on

2932
03:20:17,700 --> 03:20:20,600
a Relentless offensive that read
like something out of Caesar's 

2933
03:20:20,600 --> 03:20:23,299
commentaries Napoleon. 
Swiftly crossed the Po River 

2934
03:20:23,299 --> 03:20:25,799
flanked enemy positions using 
Mountain tracks. 

2935
03:20:25,799 --> 03:20:29,100
Repeatedly encircle the 
austrians in battle. 

2936
03:20:29,100 --> 03:20:31,799
After battle casterly are called
revelry. 

2937
03:20:31,799 --> 03:20:34,399
The French over. 
Came Superior numbers through 

2938
03:20:34,399 --> 03:20:37,500
Bonaparte to imaginative tactics
and the Esprit de corps. 

2939
03:20:37,500 --> 03:20:41,200
He instilled his troops marched 
hungry and bear foot over the 

2940
03:20:41,200 --> 03:20:44,600
Alps referring to him as father 
Violet due to his unexpected 

2941
03:20:44,600 --> 03:20:48,600
arrival, much like the first 
Violet of spring, they came to 

2942
03:20:48,600 --> 03:20:51,399
believe he could do. 
It could take any Fortress and 

2943
03:20:51,399 --> 03:20:56,299
defeat any Foe and often he did.
after a grueling Siege Napoleon 

2944
03:20:56,299 --> 03:21:01,299
captured Mantua in early 1797 
breaking Austrian resistance in 

2945
03:21:01,299 --> 03:21:04,700
Italy, By that spring, he had 
Advanced to the very edge of 

2946
03:21:04,708 --> 03:21:07,799
Austrian territory. 
The once Mighty Habsburg Empire,

2947
03:21:07,799 --> 03:21:11,799
shocked by the string of defeats
inflicted by this, upstart sued 

2948
03:21:11,799 --> 03:21:13,799
for peace, rather than C Vienna 
threatened. 

2949
03:21:13,799 --> 03:21:18,000
But apart dictated terms, like a
seasoned Statesman in the Treaty

2950
03:21:18,000 --> 03:21:22,799
of Campo formio October 1797. 
He reshaped the map of Northern 

2951
03:21:22,799 --> 03:21:26,299
Italy creating new republics 
under French influence and 

2952
03:21:26,299 --> 03:21:28,600
seeded Venetia to Austria as 
compensation. 

2953
03:21:29,600 --> 03:21:33,000
Remarkably, he negotiated this 
piece directly outshining the 

2954
03:21:33,000 --> 03:21:36,000
politicians back in. 
Paris, here was a general taking

2955
03:21:36,000 --> 03:21:39,200
the initiative to formulate 
foreign policy A sign of The 

2956
03:21:39,200 --> 03:21:41,100
Growing Power. 
He was accumulating. 

2957
03:21:42,000 --> 03:21:44,799
Meanwhile in the territories he 
conquered Napoleon revealed 

2958
03:21:44,799 --> 03:21:47,399
other facets. 
He presented himself as a 

2959
03:21:47,399 --> 03:21:50,399
liberator, abolishing feudal, 
Privileges, and spreading 

2960
03:21:50,399 --> 03:21:52,299
revolutionary principles in 
Italy. 

2961
03:21:52,299 --> 03:21:55,799
But he also levied heavy 
contributions and sent convoys 

2962
03:21:55,799 --> 03:21:59,200
of looted art back to France, 
wagon, loads of painting and 

2963
03:21:59,200 --> 03:22:02,299
sculptures spoils from Milan 
Verona, and Venus trundled over 

2964
03:22:02,299 --> 03:22:04,799
the Alps Bound. 
For the Louvre evidence that 

2965
03:22:04,799 --> 03:22:07,299
Napoleon understood the 
propaganda value of culture 

2966
03:22:07,299 --> 03:22:11,500
parisians, with thrilled at the 
arrival of masterpieces and the 

2967
03:22:11,500 --> 03:22:14,500
news of victory. 
The directors in Paris, found 

2968
03:22:14,500 --> 03:22:16,899
themselves eclipsed by the glory
of their young General. 

2969
03:22:17,600 --> 03:22:19,899
As his Fame grew. 
So, did the complexities of his 

2970
03:22:19,899 --> 03:22:23,299
character Napoleon. 
The Romantic for instance, was 

2971
03:22:23,299 --> 03:22:26,600
on full display in Italy 
separated, from Josephine. 

2972
03:22:26,600 --> 03:22:29,700
He wrote her letters almost 
nightly pouring out his heart in

2973
03:22:29,700 --> 03:22:32,700
unguarded prose. 
I have loved you for a long 

2974
03:22:32,708 --> 03:22:34,799
time. 
He wrote after one battle and I 

2975
03:22:34,799 --> 03:22:36,500
feel that I love you more each 
day. 

2976
03:22:37,700 --> 03:22:41,000
I thought I loved you a few days
ago, but since I saw you, I feel

2977
03:22:41,000 --> 03:22:44,100
that I love you, 1000 times more
words that reveal a passionate 

2978
03:22:44,100 --> 03:22:46,700
even obsessive attachment on the
battlefield. 

2979
03:22:46,700 --> 03:22:49,500
He was icy and calculated, but 
alone in his tent by 

2980
03:22:49,500 --> 03:22:52,200
candlelight, he could be almost 
feverish with longing. 

2981
03:22:52,899 --> 03:22:55,200
Unbeknownst to him. 
Josephine's replies were in 

2982
03:22:55,200 --> 03:22:58,799
frequent and often perfunctory, 
the worldly Creole was enjoying 

2983
03:22:58,799 --> 03:23:03,299
Paris society and a discrete a 
fair on the side, this imbalance

2984
03:23:03,299 --> 03:23:05,600
of affection. 
The Conqueror of Italy begging 

2985
03:23:05,600 --> 03:23:07,299
for love was a poignant 
contradiction. 

2986
03:23:08,100 --> 03:23:11,200
The soldiers saw their General 
as a demigod yet in matters of 

2987
03:23:11,200 --> 03:23:13,000
the heart. 
He could be as vulnerable as any

2988
03:23:13,000 --> 03:23:15,700
man Napoleon. 
Was the most renowned figure in 

2989
03:23:15,700 --> 03:23:19,100
France by the time he returned 
to Paris at the end of 1797 

2990
03:23:19,100 --> 03:23:22,000
newspapers. 
Hailed him as Italy. 

2991
03:23:22,000 --> 03:23:27,700
The Italian hero, extolling, his
triumph over challenges Walking 

2992
03:23:27,700 --> 03:23:31,200
through the tuileries gardens 
civilians gaped and officers 

2993
03:23:31,200 --> 03:23:34,700
snapped to attention the energy.
He exuded had altered the course

2994
03:23:34,700 --> 03:23:36,200
of a continent in a matter of 
months. 

2995
03:23:37,299 --> 03:23:40,500
Yet the directory grew weary. 
He was a general whose 

2996
03:23:40,500 --> 03:23:42,399
popularity rivaled their 
legitimacy. 

2997
03:23:43,100 --> 03:23:46,100
In Napoleon's piercing gray eyes
and Kurt self-confidence. 

2998
03:23:46,100 --> 03:23:49,899
Some directory members Glimpse, 
the Potential Threat for the 

2999
03:23:49,899 --> 03:23:52,700
time being, they showered him 
with honors, inviting him to 

3000
03:23:52,700 --> 03:23:56,000
dine with directors and seeing 
his advice on Grand strategy. 

3001
03:23:56,899 --> 03:23:59,799
However, these politicians 
secretly felt a sense of relief 

3002
03:23:59,799 --> 03:24:03,200
when Bonaparte accepted a new 
assignment that took him far 

3003
03:24:03,200 --> 03:24:05,500
from Paris. 
The Restless general. 

3004
03:24:05,500 --> 03:24:08,299
Just 28 was already looking 
Beyond Italy. 

3005
03:24:09,000 --> 03:24:12,299
In his omnivorous mine, the next
Grand Adventure was forming. 

3006
03:24:13,399 --> 03:24:16,700
He spoke of an expedition to 
Egypt a bold, strike aimed in 

3007
03:24:16,700 --> 03:24:19,700
directly at England. 
It was audacious and full of 

3008
03:24:19,700 --> 03:24:21,799
risk. 
Perfectly suited to Napoleon 

3009
03:24:21,799 --> 03:24:24,200
Bonaparte who by now believe 
Destiny. 

3010
03:24:24,200 --> 03:24:27,299
Had extraordinary plans for him.
Napoleon embarked on his 

3011
03:24:27,299 --> 03:24:29,600
campaign in the east, as both 
conquer and Visionary. 

3012
03:24:29,600 --> 03:24:32,700
Determined to etch his name, 
alongside Alexander the Great. 

3013
03:24:33,700 --> 03:24:37,100
In May 1798. 
He sets sail from France with a 

3014
03:24:37,100 --> 03:24:40,799
fleet of soldiers, Scholars and 
dreams leaving the Comforts of 

3015
03:24:40,799 --> 03:24:42,600
Europe. 
For the fabled sounds of Egypt, 

3016
03:24:42,600 --> 03:24:46,700
The Voyage itself felt like a 
journey into Legend on Deck 

3017
03:24:46,700 --> 03:24:49,700
Under the Stars, Napoleon would 
point out constellations to his 

3018
03:24:49,700 --> 03:24:53,500
Savile some news about the glory
of antiquity by day. 

3019
03:24:53,500 --> 03:24:57,200
He devoured books on the Orient 
He was not merely leading an 

3020
03:24:57,200 --> 03:25:00,600
army, he was crafting an image 
of himself as an enlightened 

3021
03:25:00,600 --> 03:25:03,100
Liberator and a new seizure of 
the East. 

3022
03:25:04,000 --> 03:25:07,299
The soldiers packed tightly, in 
the sweltering holes were 

3023
03:25:07,299 --> 03:25:09,700
regaled with their generals 
proclamations, that they were 

3024
03:25:09,700 --> 03:25:13,700
Bound for Immortal Glory. 
Many were seasick and anxious 

3025
03:25:13,700 --> 03:25:17,100
yet, they believed in him. 
It was said that as their ships 

3026
03:25:17,100 --> 03:25:20,399
passed by the Great Pyramids. 
Visible on the horizon, Napoleon

3027
03:25:20,399 --> 03:25:24,200
dramatically addressed his 
troops soldiers, from the summit

3028
03:25:24,200 --> 03:25:27,500
of these pyramids. 40 centuries 
looked down upon you, the line 

3029
03:25:27,500 --> 03:25:30,200
echoing across the Desert. 
Wind sent shivers down the 

3030
03:25:30,200 --> 03:25:32,399
ranks. 
It was bombastic, historically 

3031
03:25:32,399 --> 03:25:34,600
dubious and utterly effective in
stirring. 

3032
03:25:34,600 --> 03:25:38,200
Men's Souls Bonaparte was 
scripting his mythology, even as

3033
03:25:38,200 --> 03:25:41,200
it unfolded. 
After a swift conquest of the 

3034
03:25:41,200 --> 03:25:44,399
port of Alexandria Napoleon 
marched his army, Inland to 

3035
03:25:44,399 --> 03:25:46,299
confront the ruling mamluk 
Warlords. 

3036
03:25:47,100 --> 03:25:50,899
On July 21st, 1798 near the 
village of Ember Bay. 

3037
03:25:50,899 --> 03:25:54,799
Napoleon deployed his troops in 
massive Square's with the hazy 

3038
03:25:54,799 --> 03:25:56,299
outline of pyramids in the 
distance. 

3039
03:25:57,299 --> 03:26:00,100
The battle of the pyramids as it
came to be known was as much 

3040
03:26:00,108 --> 03:26:03,500
theater as combat. 
Mamluk Cavalry, and colorful 

3041
03:26:03,500 --> 03:26:06,899
silk and Armour charged 
repeatedly renowned for their 

3042
03:26:06,899 --> 03:26:09,000
ferocity. 
But the shattered against the 

3043
03:26:09,000 --> 03:26:12,500
disciplined French squares, 
bristling with bayonets amid, 

3044
03:26:12,500 --> 03:26:15,899
the volleys and Canon smoke, 
French drummers beat a steady 

3045
03:26:15,899 --> 03:26:18,399
Rhythm that mingled with the 
distant cries of camels and the 

3046
03:26:18,399 --> 03:26:22,100
clang, of scimitars Napoleon 
seated, atop a gray Arabian, 

3047
03:26:22,100 --> 03:26:24,399
charger surveyed the 
battlefield, through his 

3048
03:26:24,399 --> 03:26:28,200
Spyglass. 
Outwardly, calm, When the dust 

3049
03:26:28,200 --> 03:26:31,700
settled by late afternoon, 
thousands of mamluk riders, lay 

3050
03:26:31,700 --> 03:26:33,299
dead or dying in the Nile 
marshes. 

3051
03:26:33,299 --> 03:26:37,100
The French losses were 
relatively light word spread 

3052
03:26:37,100 --> 03:26:39,799
among the locals that the young 
General had Supernatural Powers.

3053
03:26:39,799 --> 03:26:42,600
How else could one explain such 
a lopsided victory. 

3054
03:26:43,799 --> 03:26:46,899
Napoleon courage, these 
Whispers, he established himself

3055
03:26:46,899 --> 03:26:50,500
in Cairo and convened. 
A Dewan Council of local 

3056
03:26:50,500 --> 03:26:54,399
notables pledging respect for 
his lamb and the people In 

3057
03:26:54,399 --> 03:26:57,200
proclamations, he professed 
admiration for the prophet 

3058
03:26:57,200 --> 03:27:00,399
Muhammad and claimed the French 
were friends of Muslims, even 

3059
03:27:00,399 --> 03:27:03,600
inventing a tale of a mystical 
conversation with arms in a 

3060
03:27:03,600 --> 03:27:06,000
pyramid. 
Such declarations were cynical 

3061
03:27:06,000 --> 03:27:08,100
but shrewd aimed at pacifying a 
land. 

3062
03:27:08,108 --> 03:27:12,000
He knew little about Bonaparte, 
the chameleon was adapting once 

3063
03:27:12,000 --> 03:27:14,700
more in Cairo. 
He appeared draped in an 

3064
03:27:14,700 --> 03:27:17,299
oriental robot time. 
Playing the part of the 

3065
03:27:17,299 --> 03:27:20,899
Liberator of the East. 
However, reality intruded on his

3066
03:27:20,899 --> 03:27:25,799
grandiose plans, in August 1798,
mere weeks after the Triumph of 

3067
03:27:25,799 --> 03:27:27,600
the pyramids disaster, struck at
sea. 

3068
03:27:28,200 --> 03:27:30,100
The British Admiral Horatio 
Nelson caught. 

3069
03:27:30,100 --> 03:27:33,500
The French Fleet anchored in a 
bouquet Bay and annihilated it 

3070
03:27:33,500 --> 03:27:37,799
in a fiery night-long battle. 
In one night, Napoleon's 

3071
03:27:37,799 --> 03:27:40,899
communication with France was 
severed, his army was stranded 

3072
03:27:40,899 --> 03:27:45,299
in Egypt, unfazed outwardly, he 
doubled down on forging a new 

3073
03:27:45,307 --> 03:27:47,899
narrative. 
If returned to Europe was cut 

3074
03:27:47,899 --> 03:27:51,100
off, he would turn his Conquest 
into a transformative mission. 

3075
03:27:52,100 --> 03:27:56,000
He established the institute in 
Cairo, where scholar studied, 

3076
03:27:56,000 --> 03:27:59,000
everything from ancient 
hieroglyphs, the Rosetta Stone 

3077
03:27:59,000 --> 03:28:01,799
would soon be on Earth by his 
team, to Modern irrigation, 

3078
03:28:03,000 --> 03:28:05,600
French officers strolled the 
streets with notebooks in stead 

3079
03:28:05,600 --> 03:28:08,500
of only muskets. 
The occupation took on a curious

3080
03:28:08,500 --> 03:28:12,600
duel nature, brutal military 
rule on one hand, suppressing 

3081
03:28:12,600 --> 03:28:16,100
revolts with mass execution when
needed and enlightened 

3082
03:28:16,100 --> 03:28:19,799
exploration on the other. 
Napoleon ordered local printers 

3083
03:28:19,799 --> 03:28:22,799
to produce a French Arabic 
newspaper created, legit 

3084
03:28:22,799 --> 03:28:27,399
praising french fries and 
reforms commissioned artists to 

3085
03:28:27,399 --> 03:28:31,000
sketch, ruins and scientists to 
catalog, Egypt's, flora and 

3086
03:28:31,000 --> 03:28:34,500
fauna under the glow of lanterns
and cairo's palaces 

3087
03:28:34,500 --> 03:28:37,500
conversations about philosophy 
and governance unfolded in both 

3088
03:28:37,500 --> 03:28:41,200
French and Arabic This blend of 
force and charm offensive was 

3089
03:28:41,200 --> 03:28:44,899
bonapartes approached to Empire 
Building, luau threw both sword 

3090
03:28:44,899 --> 03:28:47,600
and pain yet. 
Egypt would test Napoleon has 

3091
03:28:47,600 --> 03:28:52,200
never before in early 1799 
hungry for further Laurels and 

3092
03:28:52,200 --> 03:28:54,000
concerned by an impending 
ottoman counter-attack. 

3093
03:28:54,000 --> 03:28:56,399
He marched North into ottoman 
Syria. 

3094
03:28:56,399 --> 03:29:00,700
Today's Israel, Palestine an 
Overland journey through sinai's

3095
03:29:00,700 --> 03:29:02,399
deserts into a crucible of 
hardship. 

3096
03:29:03,200 --> 03:29:06,100
The campaign swiftly turned into
a terrifying ordeal. 

3097
03:29:06,799 --> 03:29:11,200
The son above was merciless, 
water was scarce plague stalked,

3098
03:29:11,200 --> 03:29:14,899
the ranks still Napoleon pushed 
on capturing coastal towns, like

3099
03:29:14,899 --> 03:29:18,700
al-arish and Gaza and then 
storming Jaffer in March 1799. 

3100
03:29:19,799 --> 03:29:23,899
At Jaffa, a horrifying incident 
tarnished, his reputation after 

3101
03:29:23,899 --> 03:29:26,299
the city fell, thousands of 
Ottoman, soldiers, who had 

3102
03:29:26,299 --> 03:29:29,399
surrendered including a Garrison
previously, paroled by the 

3103
03:29:29,399 --> 03:29:32,700
French were executed under 
Napoleon's orders most by 

3104
03:29:32,700 --> 03:29:35,399
shooting or bayonet. 
It was an act of Ruthless 

3105
03:29:35,399 --> 03:29:37,700
expedience. 
He could neither feed nor 

3106
03:29:37,700 --> 03:29:40,700
guards, so many prisoners, while
enemy forces gathered nearby. 

3107
03:29:40,700 --> 03:29:44,799
The beach outside, Jaffa became 
a field of death later. 

3108
03:29:44,799 --> 03:29:47,600
Accounts described Columns of 
prisoners being led out under 

3109
03:29:47,600 --> 03:29:51,899
guard forced to knee in the 
dunes and the crackle of musket 

3110
03:29:51,899 --> 03:29:54,600
fire mingling with screams 
Napoleon. 

3111
03:29:54,600 --> 03:29:57,899
Never publicly acknowledged, 
this massacre within days, he 

3112
03:29:57,899 --> 03:30:01,399
had moved on But some of his 
officers were sickened by it. 

3113
03:30:02,100 --> 03:30:04,200
The general who spoke of 
Enlightenment had shown. 

3114
03:30:04,200 --> 03:30:07,100
He would also cross any moral 
line for military necessity. 

3115
03:30:07,799 --> 03:30:09,899
Days. 
Later in the same city, another 

3116
03:30:09,899 --> 03:30:13,200
scene emerged immortalized in 
paint and propaganda as a 

3117
03:30:13,200 --> 03:30:16,700
Counterpoint to the Bloodshed. 
A vicious outbreak of Bubonic. 

3118
03:30:16,700 --> 03:30:20,299
Plague ravaged, the French Camp 
after Jaffa soldiers, lay 

3119
03:30:20,299 --> 03:30:23,799
moaning in a makeshift Hospital.
Housed in an old caravansary 

3120
03:30:24,399 --> 03:30:27,200
Fear of contagion spread even 
faster than the disease. 

3121
03:30:27,200 --> 03:30:29,899
Many troops dead. 
Not go near the stricken. 

3122
03:30:30,899 --> 03:30:34,100
Napoleon understood that fear, 
could destroy his army fast of 

3123
03:30:34,100 --> 03:30:36,899
and play itself. 
So on a warm morning in 

3124
03:30:36,899 --> 03:30:39,299
mid-march, he visited the play 
hospital in Jaffa. 

3125
03:30:40,000 --> 03:30:42,200
According to accounts, he Strode
through the lower. 

3126
03:30:42,200 --> 03:30:45,000
Archways of the mosque turned in
fermery with a calm expression. 

3127
03:30:45,000 --> 03:30:48,899
As a raise of light pierced, the
dusty are rows of the second 

3128
03:30:48,899 --> 03:30:52,500
line, the walls, their faces 
etched with feverish agony, 

3129
03:30:53,200 --> 03:30:56,399
Napoleon showed no hesitation he
moved from cotton. 

3130
03:30:56,399 --> 03:31:00,000
Speaking softly even touching 
one soldiers in flame bubo with 

3131
03:31:00,000 --> 03:31:02,299
his bare hand in a gesture of 
compassion and courage. 

3132
03:31:03,000 --> 03:31:06,299
The men watched in astonishment 
as their General, the same man 

3133
03:31:06,299 --> 03:31:09,399
who had ordered Prisoners shot 
days before now, comforted The 

3134
03:31:09,399 --> 03:31:11,399
Afflicted with near saintly 
composure. 

3135
03:31:11,399 --> 03:31:15,000
One soldier, reportedly tried 
weekly to rise and salute 

3136
03:31:15,000 --> 03:31:19,299
Napoleon, gently bade him, rest 
this visit became legendary 

3137
03:31:19,299 --> 03:31:22,500
later back in France. 
The event would be commemorated 

3138
03:31:22,500 --> 03:31:25,100
by artist. 
Antoine Jean grow in a massive 

3139
03:31:25,100 --> 03:31:28,000
painting depicting Bonaparte as 
a Fearless healer reaching out 

3140
03:31:28,000 --> 03:31:31,600
to the plague and bathed in a 
quasi religious glow. 

3141
03:31:32,899 --> 03:31:35,899
The painting glossed over the 
Grimmer context, yet its power 

3142
03:31:35,899 --> 03:31:37,899
endures. 
It was propaganda. 

3143
03:31:37,899 --> 03:31:41,100
As much as compassion and 
Napoleon crafting, the myth of 

3144
03:31:41,100 --> 03:31:43,700
himself as both ruthless 
conqueror and benevolent hero 

3145
03:31:43,700 --> 03:31:46,600
that spring. 
However, military's were harsh, 

3146
03:31:46,600 --> 03:31:50,000
Napoleon's Advanced Into the 
Heart of Syrian countered, the 

3147
03:31:50,008 --> 03:31:53,299
formidable walls, of Accra 
British warships, aided the 

3148
03:31:53,299 --> 03:31:56,700
ottoman Defenders and despite 
repeated assaults The Fortress 

3149
03:31:56,700 --> 03:32:00,500
of Akron did not fall. 
Bonapartes Army grew weaker by 

3150
03:32:00,500 --> 03:32:04,299
the day, plague heat and stiff 
resistance sap their strength. 

3151
03:32:05,299 --> 03:32:08,299
After two months of frustration 
Napoleon, finally lifted The 

3152
03:32:08,299 --> 03:32:12,600
Siege in May 1799. 
He led his gaunt Warren, man on 

3153
03:32:12,600 --> 03:32:15,399
a grueling Retreat. 
Back to Egypt harassed by a 

3154
03:32:15,399 --> 03:32:18,600
mounted ottoman forces, and 
bedeviled by the merciless 

3155
03:32:18,600 --> 03:32:21,200
climate. 
The omniscient narrator of 

3156
03:32:21,200 --> 03:32:23,799
History might note that the 
event was the first serious 

3157
03:32:23,799 --> 03:32:27,399
setback in Napoleon's career. 
Outside the walls of Accra. 

3158
03:32:27,399 --> 03:32:31,399
The limits of his fortune became
evident in one poignant incident

3159
03:32:31,399 --> 03:32:34,000
during the retreat, French 
soldier, too. 

3160
03:32:34,000 --> 03:32:35,500
Sick to walk. 
Begged not to be left behind 

3161
03:32:35,500 --> 03:32:38,700
Napoleon, paused and in a rare 
display of quiet. 

3162
03:32:38,700 --> 03:32:41,100
Mercy ordered that a horse. 
Be left for the man. 

3163
03:32:41,100 --> 03:32:46,000
A small Redemption for jaffer's 
Horror by late. 1799 back in 

3164
03:32:46,000 --> 03:32:49,799
Cairo, Napoleon received word of
political turmoil in France and 

3165
03:32:49,799 --> 03:32:52,000
the threat of invasion by 
European coalitions. 

3166
03:32:52,799 --> 03:32:55,500
Sensing that his moment on the 
larger World stage had arrived. 

3167
03:32:55,500 --> 03:32:58,700
He made a fateful decision, he 
would abandon the Egyptian 

3168
03:32:58,700 --> 03:33:00,700
Enterprise and returned to Paris
post haste. 

3169
03:33:01,700 --> 03:33:04,500
He left general clayburgh in 
charge of the army with secret 

3170
03:33:04,500 --> 03:33:07,500
instructions to negotiate 
withdrawal and slipped out of 

3171
03:33:07,500 --> 03:33:11,700
Egypt with a few close aides in 
August 1799, by luck and 

3172
03:33:11,700 --> 03:33:14,100
stealth, he navigated through 
the British blockades and 

3173
03:33:14,100 --> 03:33:17,100
arrived in France in October 
where he was greeted as a hero. 

3174
03:33:17,899 --> 03:33:20,200
Stunningly. 
The disaster's, The Fleets 

3175
03:33:20,200 --> 03:33:23,600
destruction and the failure at 
Echo will largely suppressed or 

3176
03:33:23,600 --> 03:33:26,899
ignored in the news instead. 
France, heard only of the 

3177
03:33:26,907 --> 03:33:29,399
triumphs, the battle of the 
pyramids, the scientific 

3178
03:33:29,399 --> 03:33:33,299
discoveries and the Bold Eastern
Adventure in the public eye. 

3179
03:33:33,299 --> 03:33:37,799
Napoleon returned from Egypt, 
draped in Oriental, mystery and 

3180
03:33:37,799 --> 03:33:41,200
Glory. 
As he intended he brought home 

3181
03:33:41,200 --> 03:33:45,500
Scholars, reports exotic animals
and art further, fueling the 

3182
03:33:45,500 --> 03:33:49,200
legend he was weaving around 
himself, The Egyptian Expedition

3183
03:33:49,200 --> 03:33:52,100
ultimately was a mixed success 
at Best in Practical terms. 

3184
03:33:52,799 --> 03:33:55,899
But in terms of Napoleon's 
self-made mythology, it was a 

3185
03:33:55,899 --> 03:33:58,700
Triumph. 
He had shown France, not only a 

3186
03:33:58,700 --> 03:34:02,200
general of Battlefield genius 
but also a leader who aspired to

3187
03:34:02,208 --> 03:34:04,299
Greatness on a civilizational 
scale. 

3188
03:34:05,000 --> 03:34:08,700
He cast himself as a new 
Alexander, a lawgiver and Patron

3189
03:34:08,700 --> 03:34:10,100
of knowledge as well as a 
warrior. 

3190
03:34:10,100 --> 03:34:14,100
The contradictions were Stark. 
The same man who executed 

3191
03:34:14,100 --> 03:34:16,899
prisoners and poisoned plague 
victims also posed as an 

3192
03:34:16,899 --> 03:34:18,799
emancipator and enlightened 
ruler. 

3193
03:34:19,500 --> 03:34:22,700
Napoleon seemed aware that to 
achieve immortality, a leader, 

3194
03:34:22,708 --> 03:34:25,399
had to shape his narrative. 
In Egypt. 

3195
03:34:25,399 --> 03:34:27,100
He learned the power of image 
and propaganda. 

3196
03:34:27,899 --> 03:34:31,000
From the grandiose proclamations
and commissioned painting to the

3197
03:34:31,000 --> 03:34:32,799
curated flow of news back to 
Europe. 

3198
03:34:32,799 --> 03:34:36,500
He ensured that he Napoleon 
Bonaparte would not be 

3199
03:34:36,500 --> 03:34:38,299
considered merely another French
General. 

3200
03:34:39,000 --> 03:34:42,100
He would become a figure worthy 
of epic's a man who conquered 

3201
03:34:42,100 --> 03:34:44,600
ancient lands and engaging 
conversation with the pyramids. 

3202
03:34:45,299 --> 03:34:47,899
As he returned to France. 
He prepared for his next daring 

3203
03:34:47,899 --> 03:34:50,200
action, seizing, political 
power. 

3204
03:34:51,100 --> 03:34:54,100
The Savior France had returned 
from the deserts burnished by 

3205
03:34:54,108 --> 03:34:56,299
Sun and fame. 
Ready to dictate the next 

3206
03:34:56,299 --> 03:34:58,500
chapter of the Revolution. 
The France. 

3207
03:34:59,399 --> 03:35:03,899
Napoleon returned to in 1799 was
ripe for Change and he knew it. 

3208
03:35:03,899 --> 03:35:07,799
The directory government was 
deeply unpopular marred by 

3209
03:35:07,799 --> 03:35:11,899
corruption economic troubles and
Military setbacks in Europe 

3210
03:35:11,899 --> 03:35:15,000
during his absence. 
Paris buzzed with rumors of 

3211
03:35:15,008 --> 03:35:18,200
coups and conspiracies Emmanuel 
caes. 

3212
03:35:18,200 --> 03:35:21,299
One of the directors famously 
muttered that France needed 

3213
03:35:21,299 --> 03:35:24,299
ahead a sword to complete the 
revolution's work. 

3214
03:35:25,100 --> 03:35:28,299
Fresh from his Egyptian mystique
and Italian Laurel's Napoleon 

3215
03:35:28,299 --> 03:35:31,100
appeared to many as the ideal 
candidate for this role. 

3216
03:35:31,100 --> 03:35:35,100
Ever the political opportunist. 
He quietly aligned with plotters

3217
03:35:35,100 --> 03:35:40,299
including Caesar and his Savvy 
younger brother Lucia Bonaparte.

3218
03:35:41,399 --> 03:35:45,299
behind closed doors in prison 
salons, with cigar smoke a 

3219
03:35:45,299 --> 03:35:47,500
plotters scheme to topple the 
direction throughout October 

3220
03:35:47,500 --> 03:35:52,899
1799 Napoleon was cautious at 
first, assessing every detail 

3221
03:35:52,899 --> 03:35:56,200
like a battlefield plan. 
But as the crowds cheered him in

3222
03:35:56,200 --> 03:35:59,100
the streets, and even the fickle
newspapers, hailed him, he 

3223
03:35:59,100 --> 03:36:00,899
realized that now was The 
crucial moment. 

3224
03:36:01,799 --> 03:36:03,899
Recommend get caught in the 
current of events. 

3225
03:36:03,899 --> 03:36:07,200
You can find it to a friend, but
I will direct events myself. 

3226
03:36:08,600 --> 03:36:11,500
The omniscient, narrator might 
observe that fortune was once 

3227
03:36:11,500 --> 03:36:15,100
again, favoring him Napoleon put
his plan in motion on the 

3228
03:36:15,100 --> 03:36:20,899
morning of 18th Premiere year 8,
November 9th, 1799 by the 

3229
03:36:20,899 --> 03:36:24,799
Republican calendar under the 
pretext of a supposed Jacobin 

3230
03:36:24,799 --> 03:36:27,200
coup threat. 
He persuaded the councils 

3231
03:36:27,200 --> 03:36:30,500
France's legislature to move 
their session out of volatile 

3232
03:36:30,500 --> 03:36:34,000
Paris to the Suburban. 
Chateau of Saint clue where his 

3233
03:36:34,000 --> 03:36:35,500
loyal troops could surround 
them. 

3234
03:36:36,600 --> 03:36:39,600
Yeah, it was tense and thick 
with the Intrigue as Bonaparte 

3235
03:36:39,600 --> 03:36:42,600
on his generals uniform mounted 
a horse and trotted through the 

3236
03:36:42,600 --> 03:36:44,700
Paris streets flanked by 
grenadiers. 

3237
03:36:44,700 --> 03:36:48,500
He told Josephine to be ready 
for any outcome success or is 

3238
03:36:48,500 --> 03:36:51,899
death or imprisonment. 
If I fail, I shall be outlawed 

3239
03:36:51,899 --> 03:36:55,700
tomorrow. 
He said Flatley By after noon, 

3240
03:36:55,700 --> 03:36:59,399
undergrad, November Skies 
soldiers, occupied key positions

3241
03:36:59,399 --> 03:37:02,500
around San Luis. 
Inside bewildered deputies, 

3242
03:37:02,500 --> 03:37:05,799
gathered in gilded Chambers. 
Suspecting something was amiss 

3243
03:37:06,799 --> 03:37:08,600
Napoleon paste in an 
anti-chamber 

3244
03:37:08,600 --> 03:37:12,799
uncharacteristically nervous. 
He was a man used to commanding 

3245
03:37:12,799 --> 03:37:16,399
armies, not quelling politicians
and for perhaps the first time 

3246
03:37:16,399 --> 03:37:18,899
out at him. 
Nonetheless. 

3247
03:37:18,899 --> 03:37:21,899
He stealed himself and strode 
into the Hall of the Council of 

3248
03:37:21,899 --> 03:37:24,700
ancients head high. 
He addressed the Ancients with 

3249
03:37:24,700 --> 03:37:28,899
controlled passion, decrying the
incapable directory and the 

3250
03:37:28,907 --> 03:37:33,000
perils facing France. 
His hands trembled slightly as 

3251
03:37:33,000 --> 03:37:37,000
he gestured, this was no 
Battlefield and the Hostile 

3252
03:37:37,000 --> 03:37:39,500
stares of elected. 
Deputies were a new kind of 

3253
03:37:39,508 --> 03:37:42,700
danger. 
Some applauded, but others in 

3254
03:37:42,700 --> 03:37:45,299
descent. 
Napoleon next moved to the 

3255
03:37:45,299 --> 03:37:47,899
Council of 500. 
The lower house were things 

3256
03:37:47,899 --> 03:37:50,899
would soon descend into chaos. 
The moment, he entered the 

3257
03:37:50,899 --> 03:37:54,700
orangery where 500 legislators 
were meeting a hostile raw rose 

3258
03:37:54,700 --> 03:37:57,100
up. 
Down with the Tyrant Outlaw him.

3259
03:37:57,100 --> 03:37:59,799
Jacob in deputies screamed upon 
seeing soldiers at his back 

3260
03:37:59,799 --> 03:38:03,899
Napoleon momentarily, stumbled 
over as words declaring that his

3261
03:38:03,899 --> 03:38:07,799
only goal was to preserve the 
Republic his presence in flamed 

3262
03:38:07,799 --> 03:38:11,799
the assembly and not of deputies
rushed at him one even lunging 

3263
03:38:11,799 --> 03:38:13,299
as if to stab him with a paper 
knife. 

3264
03:38:14,200 --> 03:38:19,200
Amid shouts of hauler Outlaw him
Napoleon, turned pale and 

3265
03:38:19,200 --> 03:38:22,500
reportedly began to shake. 
For a heartbeat, it seemed his 

3266
03:38:22,508 --> 03:38:24,299
carefully laid too much 
collapse. 

3267
03:38:24,299 --> 03:38:27,700
In embarrassment, grenadiers 
hustled him out as the hall 

3268
03:38:27,700 --> 03:38:31,200
erupted in pandemonium outside 
in the palace, Courtyard and 

3269
03:38:31,200 --> 03:38:34,299
Napoleon court is breath sweat. 
Beading on his forehead. 

3270
03:38:34,299 --> 03:38:37,799
In the cool automatic, he was 
used to Battlefield Glory, but 

3271
03:38:37,799 --> 03:38:40,600
this was raw political theater 
and it was almost lost. 

3272
03:38:40,600 --> 03:38:43,600
The day was saved by a 
combination of military force 

3273
03:38:43,600 --> 03:38:47,200
and his brothers, quick wits. 
Lucien Bonaparte decisively, 

3274
03:38:47,200 --> 03:38:49,799
took the stage as president of 
the Council of 500. 

3275
03:38:50,799 --> 03:38:53,000
He Slipped Away and addressed 
the soldiers waiting outside. 

3276
03:38:53,899 --> 03:38:57,600
With a dramatic flourish Lucian 
drew his sword and pointed it, 

3277
03:38:57,600 --> 03:38:59,899
and Napoleon's chest shouting 
that his brother had been 

3278
03:38:59,907 --> 03:39:03,100
attacked by assassins inside and
that he would strike in Napoleon

3279
03:39:03,100 --> 03:39:05,100
down himself. 
If ever the general betrayed, 

3280
03:39:05,100 --> 03:39:08,899
the people, The grenadiers 
perplexed but swayed by lucian's

3281
03:39:08,899 --> 03:39:11,799
bravado rallied. 
They burst into the hall with 

3282
03:39:11,799 --> 03:39:15,200
fixed bayonets clearing, it of 
recalcitrant deputies in minutes

3283
03:39:15,200 --> 03:39:18,500
legislators scrambled out, 
windows or bolted for the doors 

3284
03:39:18,500 --> 03:39:20,100
as soldiers occupied the 
chamber. 

3285
03:39:20,799 --> 03:39:23,600
Like evening Santa clue was 
silenced save for the measured 

3286
03:39:23,600 --> 03:39:27,500
Tramp of boots on marble floors.
A rump of hand-picked deputies, 

3287
03:39:27,500 --> 03:39:31,000
brought back underneath guard. 
Voted to abolish the directory 

3288
03:39:31,000 --> 03:39:33,500
and appointed a three-man 
consulate to govern. 

3289
03:39:33,500 --> 03:39:36,700
France. 
The coup so far messier than 

3290
03:39:36,700 --> 03:39:40,100
planned had succeeded. 
Napoleon was named first, Consul

3291
03:39:40,100 --> 03:39:41,799
the dominant position in the new
government. 

3292
03:39:42,600 --> 03:39:44,700
As he rode back to Paris that 
night under escort. 

3293
03:39:44,700 --> 03:39:49,200
He was exhausted, but exalted. 
The revolution is over declared 

3294
03:39:49,200 --> 03:39:52,200
to an aide with quite Triumph. 
I am the revolution now. 

3295
03:39:53,299 --> 03:39:56,200
In reality, it was a new 
beginning, the 30 year old 

3296
03:39:56,200 --> 03:39:58,500
General had seized control of 
the nation. 

3297
03:39:59,299 --> 03:40:02,500
Over the next months Napoleon, 
solidified, his power with 

3298
03:40:02,500 --> 03:40:04,700
breathtaking, speed and 
shrewdness. 

3299
03:40:05,399 --> 03:40:07,200
While Sears. 
And Decor, the other two 

3300
03:40:07,200 --> 03:40:10,799
consoles were shunted, aside 
into irrelevance Bonaparte set 

3301
03:40:10,807 --> 03:40:13,500
up residence in the tuileries 
palace, the former Royal 

3302
03:40:13,500 --> 03:40:16,700
residence signaling that a new 
kind of ruler had arrived. 

3303
03:40:16,700 --> 03:40:20,700
He worked for Oshi sometimes 18 
hours, a day, overseeing 

3304
03:40:20,700 --> 03:40:23,200
everything from military 
operations to administrative 

3305
03:40:23,200 --> 03:40:25,899
reforms. 
The third person omniscient view

3306
03:40:25,899 --> 03:40:29,299
allows a glimpse into his 
private routine Rising Before 

3307
03:40:29,299 --> 03:40:30,799
Dawn. 
He would dictate letters to 

3308
03:40:30,799 --> 03:40:33,799
multiple secretaries and 
succession his mind leaping from

3309
03:40:33,799 --> 03:40:36,200
topic to topic. 
Then meet ministers then 

3310
03:40:36,200 --> 03:40:38,700
generals sorting each issue with
the decisive Clarity. 

3311
03:40:38,700 --> 03:40:42,299
He seemed to scarcely need sleep
running on ambition and endless 

3312
03:40:42,299 --> 03:40:44,600
cups of strong coffee. 
France. 

3313
03:40:44,600 --> 03:40:46,100
Weary of a decade of 
revolutionary. 

3314
03:40:46,100 --> 03:40:49,399
Chaos responded enthusiastically
to firmly leadership. 

3315
03:40:49,399 --> 03:40:53,399
Even as Napoleon Titan 
censorship on the press and set 

3316
03:40:53,399 --> 03:40:55,299
up an efficient secret police 
under Joseph. 

3317
03:40:55,299 --> 03:40:57,799
Fouche, many welcome the 
stability. 

3318
03:40:57,799 --> 03:41:01,799
These measures brought a new 
slogan appeared Authority, not 

3319
03:41:01,799 --> 03:41:05,100
Liberty. 
The very people who had once 

3320
03:41:05,100 --> 03:41:08,399
shouted for Freedom now, craved 
order and Bonaparte. 

3321
03:41:08,399 --> 03:41:12,000
Delivered, it A broad. 
He continued to prove his genius

3322
03:41:12,000 --> 03:41:15,299
on the battlefield further 
cementing his position at home. 

3323
03:41:16,500 --> 03:41:19,799
In 1800 when Austria threatened 
to overturn the gains of the 

3324
03:41:19,799 --> 03:41:22,899
Revolution Napoleon, led a 
dramatic crossing of the Alps, 

3325
03:41:22,899 --> 03:41:25,899
guiding the army of the reserve 
through the high passes with 

3326
03:41:25,899 --> 03:41:28,200
Canon dragged by mules and Men 
seen. 

3327
03:41:28,200 --> 03:41:31,100
That would later be immortalized
in art albeit with a white 

3328
03:41:31,108 --> 03:41:33,600
charger. 
He likely never rode He 

3329
03:41:33,600 --> 03:41:36,100
surprised the austrians in 
Northern Italy by securing a 

3330
03:41:36,100 --> 03:41:40,700
victory at Marengo, in June 
1800, a fierce battle where a 

3331
03:41:40,700 --> 03:41:44,000
midday crisis almost led to the 
French's defeat, but a timely 

3332
03:41:44,000 --> 03:41:48,200
cavalry charge reversed, the 
outcome Moreno became Mythic in 

3333
03:41:48,200 --> 03:41:51,600
France, Napoleon it as a grand 
Triumph for his personal 

3334
03:41:51,600 --> 03:41:55,399
leadership, indeed, when his 
exhausted troops, cheered Vive 

3335
03:41:55,399 --> 03:41:58,799
Bonaparte on the blood soaked 
fields of moringo it reinforced,

3336
03:41:58,799 --> 03:42:02,399
his near me, Messianic, status 
Austria sued for peace and 

3337
03:42:02,399 --> 03:42:06,100
Britain, two signed the Treaty 
of Amy and 1802 a rare moment of

3338
03:42:06,100 --> 03:42:09,000
General European, peace that the
first console used to 

3339
03:42:09,008 --> 03:42:11,600
consolidate his regime. 
During these years. 

3340
03:42:11,600 --> 03:42:14,700
Napoleon revealed himself, not 
just as a brilliant General, but

3341
03:42:14,700 --> 03:42:18,299
as a statement of extraordinary 
talent and contradictions, he 

3342
03:42:18,299 --> 03:42:22,200
set about rebuilding France, the
consulate saw sweeping reforms, 

3343
03:42:22,200 --> 03:42:25,500
a new legal code. 
The code civil Napoleonic Code 

3344
03:42:25,500 --> 03:42:29,399
was drafted to enshrine equality
before the law property rights 

3345
03:42:29,399 --> 03:42:33,100
and secular Authority. 
Napoleon took a direct hand. 

3346
03:42:33,100 --> 03:42:35,399
In its formulation personally, 
chairing. 

3347
03:42:35,399 --> 03:42:38,700
Many sessions of the Council of 
State quill in hand, debating 

3348
03:42:38,700 --> 03:42:40,600
points of contract law are 
inheritance. 

3349
03:42:40,600 --> 03:42:44,899
The code completed in 1804 
eliminated, feudal, remnants and

3350
03:42:44,899 --> 03:42:48,100
became one of Napoleon's 
proudest achievements, a lasting

3351
03:42:48,100 --> 03:42:51,700
framework of Justice. 
At the same time, he broke at a 

3352
03:42:51,700 --> 03:42:54,700
reconciliation with the Catholic
Church through the concordat of 

3353
03:42:54,700 --> 03:42:58,399
1801 healing, the rift caused by
a revolutionary de 

3354
03:42:58,399 --> 03:43:01,899
christianisation. 
To the horror of ideologues this

3355
03:43:01,899 --> 03:43:04,899
pragmatic deal recognized 
Catholicism as the religion of 

3356
03:43:04,907 --> 03:43:08,100
most Frenchmen though, not the 
state, religion and restored 

3357
03:43:08,100 --> 03:43:12,000
some church influence. 
But under Napoleon's terms The 

3358
03:43:12,000 --> 03:43:14,600
once anti-clerical General 
understood that to pacify 

3359
03:43:14,600 --> 03:43:18,299
France, he must placate her 
Believers thus in Notre. 

3360
03:43:18,299 --> 03:43:20,299
Dame Cathedral where 
revolutionaries had. 

3361
03:43:20,299 --> 03:43:23,799
Once exalted reason Mass was 
celebrated Again, by order of 

3362
03:43:23,799 --> 03:43:26,500
the first console. 
No detail of governance. 

3363
03:43:26,500 --> 03:43:29,700
Escaped him, he created the bank
of France to stabilize the 

3364
03:43:29,700 --> 03:43:32,799
currency overhaul dead education
with newly says, and 

3365
03:43:32,799 --> 03:43:36,500
scholarships and reform taxation
so revenues flowed, reliably 

3366
03:43:36,500 --> 03:43:39,500
roads and bridges were built or 
a cross the country. 

3367
03:43:40,399 --> 03:43:42,100
In the Twilight Halls of the 
twillery. 

3368
03:43:42,100 --> 03:43:44,200
Courtiers once again, danced at 
balls. 

3369
03:43:44,200 --> 03:43:46,799
But this time, honoring a 
soldier in place of a king. 

3370
03:43:47,500 --> 03:43:50,700
France was regaining prosperity 
and confidence under Napoleon's 

3371
03:43:50,700 --> 03:43:54,200
firm hand all the while 
bonapartes personal power, grew 

3372
03:43:54,200 --> 03:43:58,799
ever more concentrated. 
In 1802 and National plebiscite 

3373
03:43:58,799 --> 03:44:00,299
to mimir. 
Carefully. 

3374
03:44:00,299 --> 03:44:03,500
Managed by his officials. 
Made him first consul for life. 

3375
03:44:04,299 --> 03:44:08,500
The result was announced with 
Fanfare, an implausible majority

3376
03:44:08,500 --> 03:44:12,000
of Voters in favor which 
flattered him immensely, he 

3377
03:44:12,000 --> 03:44:14,500
would famously dismiss 
objections by pointing to such 

3378
03:44:14,500 --> 03:44:18,700
plebiscites claiming. 
He had the people's mandate And 

3379
03:44:18,700 --> 03:44:21,799
waiting in orbit name, he began 
to Envision a dynasty. 

3380
03:44:22,500 --> 03:44:25,399
In the quiet of his private 
study, pondered the fate of 

3381
03:44:25,399 --> 03:44:28,399
Caesar and Charmaine concluding 
that the revolution needed the 

3382
03:44:28,399 --> 03:44:30,200
permanents of monarchy in a new 
form. 

3383
03:44:30,200 --> 03:44:33,500
His siblings were given honors 
and arranger adventure's. 

3384
03:44:33,500 --> 03:44:36,200
Marriages Napoleon was 
positioning the bonapartes as 

3385
03:44:36,200 --> 03:44:39,899
France's new royal family, much 
to the ridicule of some old 

3386
03:44:39,899 --> 03:44:43,200
revolutionaries who muttered 
that we did not destroy one 

3387
03:44:43,200 --> 03:44:46,899
aristocracy to create another 
But many others went along 

3388
03:44:46,899 --> 03:44:49,600
eagerly trading. 
Ideological Purity for the 

3389
03:44:49,600 --> 03:44:54,100
trappings of a renewed Court. 
like 1804 foiled plot against 

3390
03:44:54,100 --> 03:44:57,899
his life, such as the infernal 
machine bomb on a Paris Street 

3391
03:44:57,907 --> 03:45:02,299
in 1800 And royalist intrigues, 
provided the pretext to take the

3392
03:45:02,299 --> 03:45:07,399
final step. in the spring of 
1804 evidence of a bourbon 

3393
03:45:07,399 --> 03:45:10,600
princes involvement in a 
conspiracy lead Napoleon to 

3394
03:45:10,600 --> 03:45:22,799
order the Duke of onyeani Soon 
after the Senate petition 

3395
03:45:22,799 --> 03:45:25,399
Napoleon to assume the title of 
Emperor to stabilize the 

3396
03:45:25,399 --> 03:45:27,899
government, it was staged, 
managed yet. 

3397
03:45:27,899 --> 03:45:31,000
It answered a real yearning, 
among the French for continuity 

3398
03:45:31,000 --> 03:45:33,700
and Glory. 
Napoleon accepted. 

3399
03:45:33,700 --> 03:45:36,399
Another plebiscite was held 
again of proving. 

3400
03:45:36,399 --> 03:45:39,399
By an overwhelming margin, that 
Bonaparte become emperor of the 

3401
03:45:39,399 --> 03:45:44,200
French On December 2nd, 1804 
Notre Dame cathedral in Paris 

3402
03:45:44,200 --> 03:45:47,000
hosted a coronation of the likes
of which Europe had not seen in 

3403
03:45:47,000 --> 03:45:49,700
decades. 
The medieval edifice wants to 

3404
03:45:49,700 --> 03:45:52,100
face and neglected. 
In the Revolutionary turmoil was

3405
03:45:52,100 --> 03:45:55,100
lavishly restored and draped in 
crimson and gold for the 

3406
03:45:55,100 --> 03:45:57,799
occasion. 
Dignitaries from across Europe. 

3407
03:45:57,799 --> 03:46:00,600
Some grudging others, curious 
attended. 

3408
03:46:01,399 --> 03:46:04,299
Pope Pius, the seventh himself 
was brought from Rome to bless 

3409
03:46:04,299 --> 03:46:06,799
the ceremony. 
A stunning, who that led to 

3410
03:46:06,799 --> 03:46:10,799
mantle of ancient legitimacy. 
The atmosphere inside Notre Dame

3411
03:46:10,799 --> 03:46:14,700
mixed grandia with spectacle. 
Incense wafted through the air 

3412
03:46:14,700 --> 03:46:19,100
hundreds of candles illuminated 
the Nave and the 35 year old 

3413
03:46:19,100 --> 03:46:23,399
Napoleon clad in Robes of velvet
and ermine process down the 

3414
03:46:23,399 --> 03:46:25,600
aisle to the strains of Glorious
music. 

3415
03:46:26,600 --> 03:46:29,600
But true to his character, he 
subtly upended Tradition at the 

3416
03:46:29,608 --> 03:46:32,899
climactic moment. 
As the pope prepared to anoint 

3417
03:46:32,899 --> 03:46:37,100
and Crown Him Napoleon, stepped 
forward, took the crown, a new 

3418
03:46:37,108 --> 03:46:39,100
golden Dyer. 
Their modeled on Charlotte means

3419
03:46:39,100 --> 03:46:41,399
into his hands and placed it 
upon his head. 

3420
03:46:41,399 --> 03:46:44,799
The audience gasped, softly. 
It was unheard of for a monarch 

3421
03:46:44,799 --> 03:46:47,200
to Crown himself. 
Then Napoleon, crowned 

3422
03:46:47,200 --> 03:46:50,500
Josephine, as empress gently 
setting, a small crown on her 

3423
03:46:50,500 --> 03:46:53,200
bowed head. 
Even as tears of emotion, filled

3424
03:46:53,200 --> 03:46:56,299
her eyes, their marriage had 
been Rocky over the issue of an 

3425
03:46:56,299 --> 03:46:58,600
air. 
But today, they presented a 

3426
03:46:58,600 --> 03:47:01,899
united front in Majesty. 
The pope raised a hand in 

3427
03:47:01,899 --> 03:47:04,399
blessing effectively ratifying 
what had already occurred. 

3428
03:47:04,399 --> 03:47:09,100
Observers noted the symbolism 
Napoleon signaled, that he owed 

3429
03:47:09,100 --> 03:47:11,500
his throne to no one, but 
himself from the French people 

3430
03:47:11,500 --> 03:47:14,899
by the grace of God and the 
constitution of the Republic as 

3431
03:47:14,899 --> 03:47:18,299
the formula ran, Some detractors
whispered it was the ultimate 

3432
03:47:18,299 --> 03:47:20,799
Act of bonapartes arrogance, 
others saw in it. 

3433
03:47:20,799 --> 03:47:23,500
The genius of a man who made and
recognized his own destiny. 

3434
03:47:23,500 --> 03:47:27,399
Either way Napoleon had risen 
from Corsica and obscurity to 

3435
03:47:27,399 --> 03:47:29,399
Imperial Zenith in just 15 
years. 

3436
03:47:30,200 --> 03:47:33,899
As the Cannons boomed, a 21 gun 
salute across Paris and the 

3437
03:47:33,899 --> 03:47:37,299
newly crowned Emperor stepped 
out on the cathedral steps in 

3438
03:47:37,299 --> 03:47:39,500
the same uniform. 
He wore at moringo beneath the 

3439
03:47:39,508 --> 03:47:43,500
Imperial mantle the crowds 
acclaimed him wildly many had 

3440
03:47:43,500 --> 03:47:46,799
tears in their eyes believing 
they beheld the savior of France

3441
03:47:46,799 --> 03:47:50,600
crowned in glory Thus, the 
French Republic gave way to the 

3442
03:47:50,600 --> 03:47:54,500
French Empire with Napoleon the 
first on the throne in him. 

3443
03:47:54,500 --> 03:47:57,600
People saw a rare combination of
revolutionary change and 

3444
03:47:57,600 --> 03:48:00,200
traditional Authority. 
He kept the slogan, Liberty, 

3445
03:48:00,200 --> 03:48:02,100
equality, fraternity, on his 
lips. 

3446
03:48:02,100 --> 03:48:05,399
Even as he founded in new 
nobility, granted Marshalls 

3447
03:48:05,399 --> 03:48:07,600
princely titles and sat on a 
throne. 

3448
03:48:08,399 --> 03:48:11,500
The third person, omniscient 
perspective discerns in Napoleon

3449
03:48:11,500 --> 03:48:15,500
a consciousness of this Paradox.
He sincerely viewed himself as 

3450
03:48:15,500 --> 03:48:17,799
the guarantor of the 
revolution's core games. 

3451
03:48:17,799 --> 03:48:21,600
Even while accumulating power 
more absolute than any bourbon 

3452
03:48:21,600 --> 03:48:23,700
before him. 
On the night. 

3453
03:48:23,700 --> 03:48:26,299
After the coronation in the 
wheeleri palace, the emperor, 

3454
03:48:26,299 --> 03:48:29,700
sat long awake. 
The Imperial Crown rested on a 

3455
03:48:29,700 --> 03:48:32,600
table nearby. 
Did he feel Triumph will the 

3456
03:48:32,600 --> 03:48:34,899
weight of what he had assumed 
perhaps both? 

3457
03:48:34,899 --> 03:48:38,500
He had achieved Grandeur but the
drive that fueled him did not 

3458
03:48:38,500 --> 03:48:40,799
Abate. 
He murmured to one confident 

3459
03:48:40,799 --> 03:48:44,600
that evening I have crown 
Josephine but is only a refund 

3460
03:48:44,600 --> 03:48:46,799
on a journey. 
I refuse to slack off on the 

3461
03:48:46,807 --> 03:48:48,500
throne. 
We have only begun. 

3462
03:48:49,799 --> 03:48:53,799
Indeed, New Horizons of power 
stretched out before him Kings, 

3463
03:48:53,799 --> 03:48:57,600
to topple Nations, to found, and
an Empire that at its height. 

3464
03:48:57,600 --> 03:49:01,000
Would redraw the map of Europe 
and leave an indelible mark on 

3465
03:49:01,008 --> 03:49:03,600
History. 
Napoleon's empire burst onto the

3466
03:49:03,600 --> 03:49:07,399
world stage with all the pomp of
a revived Roman Empire and the 

3467
03:49:07,399 --> 03:49:11,600
energy of a modern nation state.
By 1805, the newly. 

3468
03:49:11,600 --> 03:49:14,299
Crowned emperor of the French 
stood at the Apex of his power 

3469
03:49:14,299 --> 03:49:16,799
and Charisma. 
He had transformed France 

3470
03:49:16,799 --> 03:49:19,399
internally. 
And now he set out to reshape 

3471
03:49:19,399 --> 03:49:23,600
Europe in France's image and 
under France's domination courts

3472
03:49:23,600 --> 03:49:26,399
across the continent. 
He from Vienna to Berlin. 

3473
03:49:26,399 --> 03:49:30,000
Watch the self-made Monarch with
a mix of all fear and loathing, 

3474
03:49:30,000 --> 03:49:33,600
they dubbed him, the Corsican 
ogre in private yet could not 

3475
03:49:33,600 --> 03:49:35,700
deny his Brilliance in war in 
governance. 

3476
03:49:35,700 --> 03:49:39,000
Napoleon's contradictions were 
becoming the world's problem. 

3477
03:49:39,000 --> 03:49:42,399
A child of Revolution who donned
a crown, a promoter of a 

3478
03:49:42,407 --> 03:49:46,700
galatian law, who married into 
the ancient regime in 1809, he 

3479
03:49:46,700 --> 03:49:50,100
divorced Josephine who had 
failed to produce an heir, a 

3480
03:49:50,100 --> 03:49:52,299
married Louise and Austrian 
holder. 

3481
03:49:52,299 --> 03:49:58,000
Archduchess, the lion himself to
the habsburg's Of the Empire 

3482
03:49:58,000 --> 03:50:02,899
Zenith roughly 1807 to 1809. 
It seemed nothing could stand 

3483
03:50:02,899 --> 03:50:05,299
against him. 
His Empire stretched from the 

3484
03:50:05,307 --> 03:50:08,600
Atlantic to the Russian border 
from the North Sea to Naples. 

3485
03:50:08,600 --> 03:50:12,600
His brother Joseph sat on the 
throne in Naples, Joseph also 

3486
03:50:12,600 --> 03:50:15,899
ruled in Spain after 1808, his 
brother Louie, governed in 

3487
03:50:15,899 --> 03:50:18,000
Holland. 
His brother Jerome reigned in 

3488
03:50:18,008 --> 03:50:20,299
Westphalia. 
And in Italy, he himself wore 

3489
03:50:20,299 --> 03:50:24,000
the iron crown of Lombardy A 
veritable family system of 

3490
03:50:24,000 --> 03:50:27,200
bonapartes replaced. 
Old dynasties Napoleon's 

3491
03:50:27,200 --> 03:50:29,600
Marshals once commoners and 
Soldiers of Fortune. 

3492
03:50:29,600 --> 03:50:34,000
Now, ruled as Dukes over Concord
province's, the map of Europe 

3493
03:50:34,000 --> 03:50:38,000
was redrawn with French client, 
republics and kingdoms Napoleon 

3494
03:50:38,000 --> 03:50:41,200
dismantle the ancient. 
Holy Roman Empire in the German 

3495
03:50:41,200 --> 03:50:44,799
Heartland in 1806, erasing, a 
millennium of history in the 

3496
03:50:44,799 --> 03:50:46,500
process. 
In its place. 

3497
03:50:46,500 --> 03:50:49,200
He created the confederation of 
the Rhine under his protection. 

3498
03:50:50,299 --> 03:50:53,700
From Portugal to Prussia, nearly
the whole of Continental Europe.

3499
03:50:53,700 --> 03:50:57,000
Either lay under his Direct 
Control or dance to his tune. 

3500
03:50:57,700 --> 03:51:00,799
These years saw Napoleon's 
military genius at its 

3501
03:51:00,799 --> 03:51:04,399
Undisputed Peak. 
The war of the third Coalition 

3502
03:51:04,399 --> 03:51:08,100
in 1805, brought France, head to
head with Austria, Russia and 

3503
03:51:08,100 --> 03:51:10,500
Britain. 
Napoleon's response was 

3504
03:51:10,500 --> 03:51:13,899
characteristically audacious. 
He abandoned his frequently 

3505
03:51:13,899 --> 03:51:17,299
discussed plan to invade Britain
as the Royal Navy still held 

3506
03:51:17,299 --> 03:51:20,500
sway over the seas. 
And instead he swiftly marched 

3507
03:51:20,500 --> 03:51:25,000
his Grand Army, Eastward In a 
master of maneuver, he encircled

3508
03:51:25,000 --> 03:51:28,200
an Austrian Army at all, in 
October 1805, without a major 

3509
03:51:28,208 --> 03:51:31,700
fight, forcing its surrender 
then as an Austrian and Russian 

3510
03:51:31,700 --> 03:51:34,899
combined Force, attempted to 
regroup, Napoleon lured them 

3511
03:51:34,899 --> 03:51:37,200
into a trap on the fields of 
Australians in Moravia. 

3512
03:51:37,899 --> 03:51:40,899
On December 2nd, 1805 exactly 
one year. 

3513
03:51:40,899 --> 03:51:43,200
After his coronation, he 
delivered what he himself, 

3514
03:51:43,200 --> 03:51:46,299
regarded as his tactical 
Masterpiece, the Battle of 

3515
03:51:46,299 --> 03:51:49,200
austerlitz also called The 
Battle of the three emperors. 

3516
03:51:50,100 --> 03:51:54,100
At dawn, a gentle fog, blanketed
the plane concealing parts of 

3517
03:51:54,100 --> 03:51:57,500
the French positions. 
Napoleon intentionally exposed 

3518
03:51:57,500 --> 03:51:59,000
to his right flank to the Allies
attack. 

3519
03:51:59,000 --> 03:52:02,100
And when they succumbed his 
deception, he launched an attack

3520
03:52:02,100 --> 03:52:05,799
on their Center, as the 
mid-morning Sun, the famed son 

3521
03:52:05,799 --> 03:52:10,000
of Austin's burned through the 
Mist The French seized the high,

3522
03:52:10,000 --> 03:52:12,600
pratts and high splitting. 
The enemy Army in two 

3523
03:52:12,600 --> 03:52:16,000
Neapolitan, galloped past 
cheering columns, as they rolled

3524
03:52:16,000 --> 03:52:18,200
up, the Allied Lines by early 
afternoon. 

3525
03:52:18,200 --> 03:52:21,700
The Coalition Army was in full 
Retreat and thousands of enemy 

3526
03:52:21,700 --> 03:52:23,299
soldiers. 
Drowned in the ice of frozen 

3527
03:52:23,299 --> 03:52:25,100
lakes, that the French artillery
shattered. 

3528
03:52:25,100 --> 03:52:29,000
The victory was complete. 
Watching the remnants of the 

3529
03:52:29,000 --> 03:52:31,399
Russian army limbo. 
A Napoleon remarked to his 

3530
03:52:31,399 --> 03:52:35,000
Marshals with pride gentlemen. 
Remember this day it may well be

3531
03:52:35,000 --> 03:52:38,299
the greatest of my life, indeed 
austerlitz served as the 

3532
03:52:38,307 --> 03:52:40,399
crowning achievement of his 
Imperial reign. 

3533
03:52:41,000 --> 03:52:44,500
Austria, capitulated signing the
Treaty of pressburg and seeding 

3534
03:52:44,500 --> 03:52:47,000
territory. 
The Holy Roman Emperor abdicated

3535
03:52:47,000 --> 03:52:50,700
his ancient title shortly after 
effectively ending the Holy 

3536
03:52:50,700 --> 03:52:54,200
Roman Empire. 
In gratitude Napoleon soldiers, 

3537
03:52:54,200 --> 03:52:58,200
nicknamed him, the Soleil, 
Dustin the son of Australis, a 

3538
03:52:58,200 --> 03:52:59,799
symbol of the glory, he had 
brought them. 

3539
03:53:00,799 --> 03:53:04,200
With Austria, cowd Napoleon 
turned on Prussia in 1806. 

3540
03:53:04,200 --> 03:53:07,700
When that Kingdom belatedly an 
unwise, Lee challenged French 

3541
03:53:07,700 --> 03:53:10,500
dominance. 
The empress response was Swift 

3542
03:53:10,500 --> 03:53:15,100
and devastating in October 1806.
He crushed the proud Prussian 

3543
03:53:15,100 --> 03:53:16,799
Army. 
In a twin battle on the same day

3544
03:53:16,799 --> 03:53:19,700
Jana and our state outside 
Jenner. 

3545
03:53:19,700 --> 03:53:22,799
Napoleon's forces routed, a 
Prussian Army while on a nearby 

3546
03:53:22,799 --> 03:53:26,100
Field Marshal devou with a 
smaller French Court, defeated 

3547
03:53:26,100 --> 03:53:29,600
the main Prussian Army at our 
state Frederick the great Smith 

3548
03:53:29,600 --> 03:53:32,700
of Prussian military prowess 
crumbled in a single morning. 

3549
03:53:33,500 --> 03:53:37,000
The French marched into Berlin 
and Napoleon visited the tomb of

3550
03:53:37,000 --> 03:53:38,399
Frederick contemplatively 
marking. 

3551
03:53:38,399 --> 03:53:41,299
If you are alive, we wouldn't be
here today. 

3552
03:53:42,399 --> 03:53:44,799
In a display of both magnanimity
and shrewdness. 

3553
03:53:44,799 --> 03:53:47,799
He took the sword of Frederick 
the great as a he ordered that 

3554
03:53:47,799 --> 03:53:50,200
the Fallen Prussian officers be 
respectfully buried. 

3555
03:53:50,200 --> 03:53:54,000
Despite the trophy Napoleon's 
empire burst onto the world 

3556
03:53:54,000 --> 03:53:57,100
stage with all the pomp of a 
revived Roman Empire and the 

3557
03:53:57,100 --> 03:54:01,399
energy of a modern nation state.
By 1805, the newly. 

3558
03:54:01,399 --> 03:54:04,000
Crowned emperor of the French 
stood at the Apex of his power 

3559
03:54:04,000 --> 03:54:06,299
and Charisma. 
He had transformed France 

3560
03:54:06,299 --> 03:54:08,700
internally. 
And now he set out to reshape 

3561
03:54:08,700 --> 03:54:11,799
Europe in France's image and 
under France's domination. 

3562
03:54:12,700 --> 03:54:15,399
Courts across the continent from
Vienna to Berlin. 

3563
03:54:15,399 --> 03:54:18,700
Watched the self-made Monarch 
with a mix of all fear and 

3564
03:54:18,700 --> 03:54:22,700
loathing a dubbed him, the 
Corsican ogre in private yet, 

3565
03:54:22,700 --> 03:54:25,100
could not deny his Brilliance 
and wearing governance. 

3566
03:54:25,100 --> 03:54:28,299
Napoleon's contradictions were 
becoming the world's problem. 

3567
03:54:28,299 --> 03:54:32,000
A child of Revolution who donned
a crown, a promoter of a 

3568
03:54:32,008 --> 03:54:37,399
galatian law who married in to 
the anime in 1809, who had 

3569
03:54:37,399 --> 03:54:41,299
failed to produce an heir and 
married Louise and Austrian 

3570
03:54:41,299 --> 03:54:43,899
arched Duchess. 
That's a lion himself to the 

3571
03:54:43,899 --> 03:54:49,299
habsburg's At the Empire Zenith 
roughly 1807 to 1809. 

3572
03:54:49,299 --> 03:54:51,700
It seemed nothing could stand 
against him. 

3573
03:54:51,700 --> 03:54:54,700
His Empire stretched from the 
Atlantic to the Russian border 

3574
03:54:54,700 --> 03:54:58,500
from the North Sea to Naples. 
His brother Joseph sat on the 

3575
03:54:58,500 --> 03:55:01,299
throne in Naples Joseph, ruled 
in Spain. 

3576
03:55:01,299 --> 03:55:04,799
After 1808, his brother Louie, 
governed in Holland, his 

3577
03:55:04,799 --> 03:55:06,500
brothers jakim reigned in 
Westphalia. 

3578
03:55:06,500 --> 03:55:09,799
And in Italy, he himself wore 
the iron crown of Lombardy. 

3579
03:55:10,600 --> 03:55:13,899
A veritable family system of 
bonaparte's replaced old 

3580
03:55:13,899 --> 03:55:18,000
dynasties Napoleon's, Marshals 
once commoners and Soldiers of 

3581
03:55:18,000 --> 03:55:20,100
Fortune. 
Now, ruled as Duke's over 

3582
03:55:20,108 --> 03:55:23,600
conquered provinces, the map of 
Europe was redrawn with French 

3583
03:55:23,600 --> 03:55:27,700
client, republics and kingdoms. 
Napoleon dismantled the ancient.

3584
03:55:27,700 --> 03:55:31,700
Holy Roman Empire in the German 
Heartland in 1806, erasing, a 

3585
03:55:31,700 --> 03:55:34,399
millennium of history of the 
process in its place. 

3586
03:55:34,399 --> 03:55:36,899
He created the confederation of 
the Rhine under his protection. 

3587
03:55:38,100 --> 03:55:41,000
From Portugal to Prussia, nearly
the whole of Continental Europe.

3588
03:55:41,000 --> 03:55:44,200
Either lay under his Direct 
Control or dance to his tune. 

3589
03:55:44,899 --> 03:55:48,000
These years saw Napoleon's 
military genius at its 

3590
03:55:48,000 --> 03:55:51,100
Undisputed Peak. 
The war of the third Coalition 

3591
03:55:51,100 --> 03:55:54,899
in 1805, brought France, head to
head with Austria, Russia and 

3592
03:55:54,899 --> 03:55:57,299
Britain. 
Napoleon's response was 

3593
03:55:57,299 --> 03:56:00,799
characteristically or dacious, 
he abandoned his frequently 

3594
03:56:00,799 --> 03:56:04,200
discussed plan to invade Britain
as the Royal Navy still held 

3595
03:56:04,200 --> 03:56:07,200
sway of the Seas. 
And instead he swiftly marched 

3596
03:56:07,200 --> 03:56:11,000
his Grand Army, Eastwood In a 
master stroke of maneuver, he 

3597
03:56:11,000 --> 03:56:15,000
encircled an Austrian Army at 
all, in October, 1805, without a

3598
03:56:15,000 --> 03:56:16,700
major fight, forcing its 
surrender. 

3599
03:56:17,799 --> 03:56:20,399
Then, as an Austrian and Russian
combined Force attempted to 

3600
03:56:20,399 --> 03:56:23,399
regroup and Napoleon lured them 
into a trap on the fields of 

3601
03:56:23,399 --> 03:56:28,799
Australis in Moravia. 
December 2nd, 1805 exactly one 

3602
03:56:28,799 --> 03:56:31,799
year, after his coronation, he 
delivered what he himself, 

3603
03:56:31,799 --> 03:56:34,700
regarded as his tactical 
Masterpiece, the Battle of 

3604
03:56:34,700 --> 03:56:37,399
austerlitz also called The 
Battle of the three emperors. 

3605
03:56:38,200 --> 03:56:41,799
At dawn, a gentle fog, blanketed
the plane concealing parts of 

3606
03:56:41,799 --> 03:56:45,200
the French positions. 
Napoleon intentionally exposed 

3607
03:56:45,200 --> 03:56:48,100
his right flank to the Allies 
attack, and when they succumbed 

3608
03:56:48,100 --> 03:56:50,600
to his deception, he launched an
attack on this Center. 

3609
03:56:51,500 --> 03:56:55,600
As the mid-morning Sun, the 
famed son of austerlitz burned 

3610
03:56:55,600 --> 03:56:58,100
Through The Mists, the French 
seized the high, pratts and 

3611
03:56:58,108 --> 03:57:00,799
Heights splitting. 
The enemy Army in two Napoleon 

3612
03:57:00,799 --> 03:57:03,600
galloped past cheering columns 
as they rolled up the Allied 

3613
03:57:03,600 --> 03:57:06,899
lines played early after noon, 
the Coalition Army was in full 

3614
03:57:06,899 --> 03:57:09,100
Retreat and thousands of enemy 
soldiers. 

3615
03:57:09,100 --> 03:57:11,600
Drowned in the ice of frozen 
lake lakes that the French 

3616
03:57:11,600 --> 03:57:14,200
artillery shattered, the victory
was complete. 

3617
03:57:15,500 --> 03:57:17,799
Watching the remnants of the 
Russian army limp away in 

3618
03:57:17,799 --> 03:57:21,100
Napoleon remarked to his 
Marshals with pride gentlemen. 

3619
03:57:21,100 --> 03:57:24,399
Remember this day it may well be
the greatest of my life. 

3620
03:57:25,600 --> 03:57:29,000
Indeed Austin served as the 
crowning achievement of his 

3621
03:57:29,000 --> 03:57:32,600
Imperial reign. 
Austria, capitulated signing the

3622
03:57:32,600 --> 03:57:34,500
Treaty of pressburg and seeding 
territory. 

3623
03:57:34,500 --> 03:57:37,799
The Holy Roman Emperor, 
abdicated his ancient title 

3624
03:57:37,799 --> 03:57:41,700
shortly after effectively ending
the Holy Roman Empire in 

3625
03:57:41,700 --> 03:57:45,600
gratitude, Napoleon soldiers, 
nicknamed him, the Soleil, deutz

3626
03:57:45,600 --> 03:57:49,100
the son of austerlitz, a symbol 
of the glory, he had brought 

3627
03:57:49,100 --> 03:57:53,100
them With Austria coward, 
Napoleon turned on pressure in 

3628
03:57:53,100 --> 03:57:55,899
1806, when that Kingdom, 
relatedly and unwisely 

3629
03:57:55,899 --> 03:58:00,000
challenged French dominance. 
The emperor's response was Swift

3630
03:58:00,000 --> 03:58:04,600
and devastating in October 1806.
He crushed the proud Prussian 

3631
03:58:04,600 --> 03:58:06,899
Army. 
In a twin battle on the same day

3632
03:58:06,899 --> 03:58:11,600
Jenna and our Stead. 
Outside Jana Napoleon's forces 

3633
03:58:11,600 --> 03:58:14,200
routed, oppression Army while on
a nearby Field. 

3634
03:58:14,200 --> 03:58:17,200
Marshal davout with a smaller 
French Corps, defeated the main 

3635
03:58:17,200 --> 03:58:20,799
Prussian Army at our state 
Frederick the Great's myth of 

3636
03:58:20,799 --> 03:58:23,500
Prussian military, prowess 
crumbled in a single morning. 

3637
03:58:24,399 --> 03:58:27,700
The French marched into Berlin 
and Napoleon visited the tomb of

3638
03:58:27,700 --> 03:58:29,200
Frederick contemplatively 
remarking. 

3639
03:58:29,200 --> 03:58:31,799
If he were alive, we wouldn't be
here today. 

3640
03:58:32,899 --> 03:58:35,200
In a display of both magnanimity
and shrewdness. 

3641
03:58:35,200 --> 03:58:38,600
He took the sword of Frederick 
the great as he ordered that the

3642
03:58:38,600 --> 03:58:40,899
Fallen Prussian officers be 
respectfully buried. 

3643
03:58:40,899 --> 03:58:44,100
Despite the trophy, the 
peninsula War as the conflict. 

3644
03:58:44,100 --> 03:58:47,200
In Spain, came to be known 
became a vicious years-long. 

3645
03:58:47,200 --> 03:58:51,700
Guerrilla struggle that Napoleon
later referred to as the Spanish

3646
03:58:51,700 --> 03:58:54,399
ulcer. 
Draining his resources. 

3647
03:58:55,500 --> 03:58:57,299
It was the first major crack in 
his Empire. 

3648
03:58:57,299 --> 03:59:00,899
The mighty French arm designed 
for set-piece battles. 

3649
03:59:00,899 --> 03:59:04,500
Found itself, bleeding in a 
symmetric war of ambushes and 

3650
03:59:04,500 --> 03:59:09,100
reprise in the Spanish Hills. 
Napoleon himself traveled to 

3651
03:59:09,100 --> 03:59:12,899
Spain in late 1808 to Blitz, the
resisting Spanish armies and did

3652
03:59:12,899 --> 03:59:16,299
win conventional battles with 
typical Brilliance but he could 

3653
03:59:16,299 --> 03:59:18,600
not pacify the proud and hostile
population. 

3654
03:59:20,200 --> 03:59:23,700
The British seized the chance 
and landed forces under Arthur, 

3655
03:59:23,700 --> 03:59:26,600
Wellesley the future Duke of 
Wellington to support the 

3656
03:59:26,600 --> 03:59:30,200
Spaniards and Portuguese. 
For the first time, Napoleon's 

3657
03:59:30,200 --> 03:59:33,799
Aura of invincibility was under 
Threat by an Insurrection and a 

3658
03:59:33,799 --> 03:59:37,000
foreign Expedition on his flank.
Still at the Empire's height, 

3659
03:59:37,000 --> 03:59:39,899
these troubles seemed minor 
compared to the Grand canvas of 

3660
03:59:39,899 --> 03:59:44,100
Napoleon's dominance. 
In 1809 Austria, encouraged by 

3661
03:59:44,100 --> 03:59:47,600
French difficulties in Spain. 
Dead to challenge Napoleon once 

3662
03:59:47,600 --> 03:59:51,700
more, the emperor responded with
swift Fury though, the Austrian 

3663
03:59:51,700 --> 03:59:54,700
surprise him and handed him. 
His first personal defeat in a 

3664
03:59:54,700 --> 03:59:57,500
pitched battle at Aspen essling 
just outside Vienna. 

3665
03:59:57,500 --> 04:00:01,799
Where in May 1809 Archduke, 
Charles inflicted heavy losses 

3666
04:00:01,799 --> 04:00:05,100
as Napoleon's attempt to cross 
the Danube was repelled, the 

3667
04:00:05,100 --> 04:00:08,899
French regrouped. 
In July, Napoleon spearheaded a 

3668
04:00:08,899 --> 04:00:10,899
significant attack during the 
Battle of Wagner. 

3669
04:00:10,899 --> 04:00:14,000
The two-day intense battle on 
the plane's close to Vienna. 

3670
04:00:14,600 --> 04:00:17,799
It was a grim attritional battle
lacking, the elegant maneuvers 

3671
04:00:17,799 --> 04:00:20,799
of Australis but Napoleon's 
larger reserve of men and 

3672
04:00:20,799 --> 04:00:23,899
artillery prevailed. 
Austria sued for peace. 

3673
04:00:23,899 --> 04:00:24,700
Again. 
After Wagram. 

3674
04:00:25,399 --> 04:00:29,000
As part of the settlement and to
solidify the new Franco Austrian

3675
04:00:29,000 --> 04:00:32,500
Amity, Napoleon took the 
dramatic step of divorcing 

3676
04:00:32,500 --> 04:00:35,700
Josephine. 
His beloved, but now 46 year old

3677
04:00:35,708 --> 04:00:38,700
Empress who'd give him no 
children and marrying 

3678
04:00:38,700 --> 04:00:40,600
archduchess Marie Louise of 
Austria. 

3679
04:00:41,600 --> 04:00:45,100
The Act was a profound personal 
sacrifice for him, both he and 

3680
04:00:45,108 --> 04:00:48,799
Josephine wept bitterly at their
former parting, despite past 

3681
04:00:48,799 --> 04:00:53,399
infidelities, on both sides. 
Yet Napoleon ever pragmatic 

3682
04:00:53,399 --> 04:00:56,200
about power new. 
The Bonaparte Legacy needed an 

3683
04:00:56,200 --> 04:00:58,899
air of his own blood and an 
Austrian princess would bring 

3684
04:00:58,899 --> 04:01:00,399
legitimacy in the eyes of 
Europe. 

3685
04:01:01,500 --> 04:01:05,200
In 1811 Mary Louise bored him. 
A son who Napoleon grandly 

3686
04:01:05,200 --> 04:01:06,399
titled? 
The king of Rome. 

3687
04:01:07,299 --> 04:01:10,700
At 42, the emperor had a healthy
male, Heir, that year marked the

3688
04:01:10,700 --> 04:01:12,399
Pinnacle of Napoleonic 
confidence. 

3689
04:01:13,299 --> 04:01:16,000
He spoke a founding a dynasty 
that would last 100 years. 

3690
04:01:16,899 --> 04:01:19,100
One evening, holding the infant 
prints in his arms. 

3691
04:01:19,100 --> 04:01:22,399
Beneath the glow of chandelier 
light is said to have murmured. 

3692
04:01:22,399 --> 04:01:26,299
You will be my living trophy, 
you will inherit all I have made

3693
04:01:26,299 --> 04:01:30,000
amidst, these triumphs 
Napoleon's influence went beyond

3694
04:01:30,000 --> 04:01:33,799
Warfare and politics leaving an 
imprint on society and even 

3695
04:01:33,799 --> 04:01:37,100
distant continents, he spread 
the Napoleonic Code to the 

3696
04:01:37,100 --> 04:01:39,299
lands. 
He conquered laying foundations 

3697
04:01:39,299 --> 04:01:42,899
for legal systems from Italy to 
the Rhineland systems that 

3698
04:01:42,899 --> 04:01:46,600
emphasize clear laws and the end
of feudal practices, he 

3699
04:01:46,600 --> 04:01:49,299
abolished surfed him in Poland 
and introduced religious 

3700
04:01:49,299 --> 04:01:52,700
toleration and secular education
in many backward corners of 

3701
04:01:52,700 --> 04:01:55,100
Europe. 
In the German State and 

3702
04:01:55,100 --> 04:01:58,000
elsewhere, his rule 
inadvertently sparked feeling of

3703
04:01:58,000 --> 04:02:01,600
nationalism subject. 
People's even as they resented 

3704
04:02:01,600 --> 04:02:04,700
French domination. 
Also, absorbed the ideas of the 

3705
04:02:04,700 --> 04:02:07,700
French Revolution that Napoleon 
carried with his armies. 

3706
04:02:08,600 --> 04:02:13,000
A young German or Italian in 
1810, might at once Napoleon's, 

3707
04:02:13,000 --> 04:02:16,399
oppressive taxes and 
conscription yet be inspired by 

3708
04:02:16,399 --> 04:02:19,000
the new concepts of Liberty and 
nationhood that came in his 

3709
04:02:19,000 --> 04:02:21,500
wake. 
The consequences of his Reign 

3710
04:02:21,500 --> 04:02:23,000
also rippled across the 
Atlantic. 

3711
04:02:23,899 --> 04:02:27,700
In 1803 needing funds for war 
and sensing that holding 

3712
04:02:27,700 --> 04:02:30,700
territory in America was 
untenable after losing Haiti to 

3713
04:02:30,700 --> 04:02:33,899
a slave rebellion, Napoleon 
sold, the vast Louisiana, 

3714
04:02:33,899 --> 04:02:37,500
territory to the United States. 
An act that doubled the size of 

3715
04:02:37,500 --> 04:02:40,500
the young American Republic and 
reshaped, Global geopolitics 

3716
04:02:40,500 --> 04:02:43,600
equipped that this sale would 
forever thwart, British 

3717
04:02:43,600 --> 04:02:46,600
Ambitions in the new world and 
ensuring American power that 

3718
04:02:46,600 --> 04:02:49,799
could rival England. 
In a way, he was crafting the 

3719
04:02:49,799 --> 04:02:53,399
future Beyond his own Empire. 
Similarly his toppling of the 

3720
04:02:53,399 --> 04:02:55,799
Spanish regime jolted Spain's 
colonies in Latin. 

3721
04:02:55,799 --> 04:02:59,100
America leaders like Simon 
Bolivar would soon take 

3722
04:02:59,100 --> 04:03:01,100
advantage of the chaos to fight 
for independence. 

3723
04:03:01,100 --> 04:03:04,500
Indirectly influenced by 
Napoleonic upheaval. 

3724
04:03:04,500 --> 04:03:08,799
However, the beginning of the 
1810 Napoleon's World appeared 

3725
04:03:08,799 --> 04:03:11,700
to be completely focused on him.
He had achieved something 

3726
04:03:11,700 --> 04:03:16,100
unprecedented, a French Empire 
that dominated Europe in a 

3727
04:03:16,100 --> 04:03:19,600
manner, not seen since Roman 
times flanked by his Marshals at

3728
04:03:19,600 --> 04:03:22,799
Grand Victory parades. 
The emperor would stand on a 

3729
04:03:22,799 --> 04:03:25,899
reviewing platform in his iconic
bicorne hat, and simple green 

3730
04:03:25,899 --> 04:03:29,299
uniform of the Imperial Guard 
while thousands of troops passed

3731
04:03:29,299 --> 04:03:33,000
in martial splendor. bands 
played LA marseillaise and other

3732
04:03:33,000 --> 04:03:36,200
patriotic hymns that once 
belonged to the revolution, but 

3733
04:03:36,200 --> 04:03:40,200
when Now co-opted to celebrate 
an emperor, To observe as in 

3734
04:03:40,200 --> 04:03:43,500
London or Vienna it might have 
looked as if Europe was lost in 

3735
04:03:43,500 --> 04:03:47,899
a trance of Napoleonic Glory. 
And indeed, many of the common 

3736
04:03:47,899 --> 04:03:49,899
folk in France and her satellite
States. 

3737
04:03:49,899 --> 04:03:53,200
Revered, Napoleon sincerely 
crediting him with delivering 

3738
04:03:53,200 --> 04:03:56,100
efficient government. 
National pride and victory after

3739
04:03:56,100 --> 04:03:59,000
Victory, yet within Napoleon's. 
Tight Circle. 

3740
04:03:59,000 --> 04:04:01,700
There were those who sent the 
dangers of hubris creeping in 

3741
04:04:01,700 --> 04:04:05,899
tally, Ral his Wily foreign 
minister till Napoleon dismissed

3742
04:04:05,899 --> 04:04:08,399
him once. 
Remarked acidly, that Napoleon's

3743
04:04:08,399 --> 04:04:12,200
downfall would be his inability,
to stop himself ill, and 

3744
04:04:12,200 --> 04:04:14,899
apartheid limits, he warned a 
colleague, the man knows no 

3745
04:04:14,899 --> 04:04:18,299
limits. 
Fouche, the police Minister kept

3746
04:04:18,299 --> 04:04:20,100
secret. 
Dozier's mapping discontent and 

3747
04:04:20,100 --> 04:04:23,399
conspiracies aware that not all 
Hearts will with the emperor. 

3748
04:04:23,399 --> 04:04:26,700
Even some Marshals grumbled 
about the endless Wars and their

3749
04:04:26,700 --> 04:04:29,500
human costs. 
Mothers across France, quite 

3750
04:04:29,500 --> 04:04:31,600
likely cursed. 
The emperor we took their sons 

3751
04:04:31,600 --> 04:04:34,899
year after year for his 
granddaughter May The empire was

3752
04:04:34,899 --> 04:04:38,500
powerful but brittle in places 
Reliant entirely on one man's 

3753
04:04:38,500 --> 04:04:42,600
brilliant and Charisma in 1812 
at the height of his control. 

3754
04:04:42,600 --> 04:04:45,600
Napoleon assembled, the largest 
army Europe had ever seen over 

3755
04:04:45,600 --> 04:04:48,299
half a million men drawn from 
every corner of his domains. 

3756
04:04:48,299 --> 04:04:51,399
LED them Eastward in a campaign 
that he believed would secure 

3757
04:04:51,399 --> 04:04:54,299
his dominance once. 
And for all the target, his 

3758
04:04:54,299 --> 04:04:57,399
former Ally, the Russian Tsar 
who had drifted out of the 

3759
04:04:57,399 --> 04:05:00,899
continental system and defied 
French influence confident in 

3760
04:05:00,899 --> 04:05:03,899
his Destiny and a custom to 
Rapid victories Napoleon. 

3761
04:05:03,899 --> 04:05:06,299
Wagered everything on one more 
lightning War. 

3762
04:05:07,200 --> 04:05:11,799
The Grand Army, a Cosmopolitan 
host of Frenchmen Italians 

3763
04:05:11,799 --> 04:05:16,399
Germans polls and others marched
off with singing and high morale

3764
04:05:16,399 --> 04:05:19,299
under summer Skies. 
It was the apogee of Napoleon's 

3765
04:05:19,299 --> 04:05:22,200
hubris an emperor at the peak of
his power. 

3766
04:05:22,200 --> 04:05:25,200
Thinking, the conquest of the 
vast Russian planes would be, 

3767
04:05:25,200 --> 04:05:27,200
but another Triumph to notch on 
his belt. 

3768
04:05:28,100 --> 04:05:30,799
He told a diplomat we should be 
in Moscow in two months. 

3769
04:05:32,299 --> 04:05:34,899
As the column snaked East 
drummers tapping out, the 

3770
04:05:34,899 --> 04:05:38,000
Cadence on Dusty Rhodes. 
An eagle's glinting in the sun, 

3771
04:05:38,000 --> 04:05:41,399
none could imagine that the 
Zenith of the empire was also 

3772
04:05:41,399 --> 04:05:43,200
the beginning of a catastrophic 
decline. 

3773
04:05:43,200 --> 04:05:46,899
For now though, Napoleon star 
blazed as bright as the midday 

3774
04:05:46,899 --> 04:05:49,200
Sun. 
The minds of many who was the 

3775
04:05:49,200 --> 04:05:51,700
master of Europe, perhaps even 
Invincible. 

3776
04:05:51,700 --> 04:05:54,899
The thought that this supreme 
height might precede a full had 

3777
04:05:54,899 --> 04:05:57,100
not yet troubled, the dreams of 
the emperor of the French. 

3778
04:05:57,100 --> 04:06:01,600
However, at the beginning of the
1810s Napoleon's World appeared 

3779
04:06:01,600 --> 04:06:04,500
to be completely focused on him.
He had achieved something 

3780
04:06:04,500 --> 04:06:08,799
unprecedented, a French Empire 
that dominated Europe in a 

3781
04:06:08,799 --> 04:06:12,299
manner, not seen since Roman 
times flanked by his Marshals at

3782
04:06:12,299 --> 04:06:14,700
Grand Victory. 
Parades the emperor's Pier would

3783
04:06:14,700 --> 04:06:18,100
stand on a reviewing platform in
his iconic bicorne hat, and 

3784
04:06:18,100 --> 04:06:21,200
simple green uniform of the 
Imperial Guard while thousands 

3785
04:06:21,200 --> 04:06:23,100
of troops passed in martial 
splendor. 

3786
04:06:23,899 --> 04:06:27,399
Bands played LA marseillaise and
other patriotic hymns that once 

3787
04:06:27,399 --> 04:06:30,500
belonged to the revolution, but 
were Now co-opted to celebrate 

3788
04:06:30,500 --> 04:06:33,299
an emperor. 
To observe as in London or 

3789
04:06:33,299 --> 04:06:36,799
Vienna it might have looked as 
if Europe was lost in a trance 

3790
04:06:36,799 --> 04:06:40,700
of Napoleonic Glory. 
And indeed, many of the common 

3791
04:06:40,700 --> 04:06:43,299
folk in France and a satellite 
States revered. 

3792
04:06:43,299 --> 04:06:46,500
Napoleon sincerely, crediting 
him with delivering efficient 

3793
04:06:46,500 --> 04:06:49,200
government national pride and 
victory after victory. 

3794
04:06:50,000 --> 04:06:51,700
Yet within Napoleon's tight 
Circle. 

3795
04:06:51,700 --> 04:06:54,500
There were those who sent the 
dangers of hubris creeping in, 

3796
04:06:54,500 --> 04:06:58,600
tally around his Wily foreign 
minister till Napoleon dismissed

3797
04:06:58,600 --> 04:07:01,200
him once. 
Remarked acidly that Napoleon's 

3798
04:07:01,200 --> 04:07:05,200
downfall would be his inability 
to stop himself ill, Nepal 

3799
04:07:05,200 --> 04:07:08,100
delimits, he wander colleague. 
The man knows no limits. 

3800
04:07:09,299 --> 04:07:11,299
Fouche, the police Minister kept
secret. 

3801
04:07:11,299 --> 04:07:15,000
Dozier's mapping discontent and 
conspiracies aware that not all 

3802
04:07:15,000 --> 04:07:18,100
Hearts were with the emperor. 
Even some Marshals grumbled 

3803
04:07:18,100 --> 04:07:21,500
about the endless Wars and their
human costs mothers across 

3804
04:07:21,500 --> 04:07:24,700
France, quite likely cursed, the
Emperor who took their sons year

3805
04:07:24,700 --> 04:07:27,700
off to year for his 
granddaughter May The empire was

3806
04:07:27,700 --> 04:07:31,399
powerful, but brittle in places 
Reliant entirely on one man's 

3807
04:07:31,399 --> 04:07:35,399
Brilliance and Charisma in 1812 
at the height of his control. 

3808
04:07:35,399 --> 04:07:38,399
Napoleon assembled, the largest 
army Europe had ever seen over 

3809
04:07:38,399 --> 04:07:41,200
half a million men drawn from 
every corner of his domains. 

3810
04:07:41,200 --> 04:07:44,200
LED them Eastward in a campaign 
that he believed would secure 

3811
04:07:44,200 --> 04:07:47,000
his dominance once. 
And for all the target, his 

3812
04:07:47,000 --> 04:07:50,100
former Ally, the Russian Tsar 
who had drifted out of the 

3813
04:07:50,100 --> 04:07:53,700
continental system and defied 
French influence confident in 

3814
04:07:53,700 --> 04:07:56,700
his Destiny and a custom to 
Rapid victories Napoleon. 

3815
04:07:56,700 --> 04:07:59,100
Wagered everything on one more 
lightning War. 

3816
04:08:00,000 --> 04:08:04,399
The Grand Army, a Cosmopolitan 
host of Frenchmen Italians 

3817
04:08:04,399 --> 04:08:08,500
Germans polls and others marched
off with singing and high 

3818
04:08:08,500 --> 04:08:10,000
morale. 
And summer Skies. 

3819
04:08:10,000 --> 04:08:14,399
It was the apogee of Napoleon's 
hubris an emperor at the peak of

3820
04:08:14,399 --> 04:08:16,100
his power. 
Thinking, the conquest of the 

3821
04:08:16,100 --> 04:08:19,600
vast Russian plane's would be 
but another Triumph to notch on 

3822
04:08:19,600 --> 04:08:22,600
his belt. 
He told a diplomat, we should be

3823
04:08:22,600 --> 04:08:26,000
a Moscow in two months. 
As the column snake. 

3824
04:08:26,000 --> 04:08:29,500
Deezed drummers tapping out, the
Cadence on Dusty roads and 

3825
04:08:29,500 --> 04:08:32,700
Eagles glinting in the sun. 
None could imagine that the 

3826
04:08:32,708 --> 04:08:35,399
Zenith of the empire was also 
the beginning of a catastrophic 

3827
04:08:35,399 --> 04:08:38,299
decline. 
For now though, Napoleon star 

3828
04:08:38,299 --> 04:08:40,100
blazed as bright as the midday 
Sun. 

3829
04:08:40,100 --> 04:08:42,799
The minds of many. 
He was the master of Europe 

3830
04:08:42,799 --> 04:08:46,299
perhaps even Invincible. 
The thought that this supreme 

3831
04:08:46,299 --> 04:08:49,000
height might precede a full had 
not yet troubled, the dreams of 

3832
04:08:49,008 --> 04:08:52,000
the emperor of the French, the 
ACT left thousands on the far 

3833
04:08:52,000 --> 04:08:54,700
Bank, who shouted as the 
remaining Escape path burned, 

3834
04:08:54,700 --> 04:08:59,200
early December saw the Grande. 
Are may possibly 20,000 ragged 

3835
04:08:59,200 --> 04:09:03,600
frostbitten survivors from 
600,000 stagger into Poland and 

3836
04:09:03,600 --> 04:09:06,000
Prussia. 
Napoleon's side with 

3837
04:09:06,000 --> 04:09:08,600
satisfaction when he entered 
friendly territory after 

3838
04:09:08,600 --> 04:09:11,500
narrowly escaping arrest 
multiple times during the 

3839
04:09:11,500 --> 04:09:15,799
retreat, the cost was nearly 
unfathomable the Russian winter 

3840
04:09:15,799 --> 04:09:19,200
attacks and starvation reduced, 
the overwhelming Force centering

3841
04:09:19,200 --> 04:09:23,299
Russia, less than 10% survived 
snow shattered. 

3842
04:09:23,299 --> 04:09:25,100
Napoleon's European 
invincibility. 

3843
04:09:25,899 --> 04:09:28,100
Paris rumors about the disaster 
for shadowed. 

3844
04:09:28,100 --> 04:09:31,899
His return Napoleon, abandoned 
the remaining troops and rode a 

3845
04:09:31,899 --> 04:09:35,299
sled, back to France and Cognito
and quickly in December 1812. 

3846
04:09:36,399 --> 04:09:39,899
He left, martial nae nae and 
others to oversee the terrible 

3847
04:09:39,899 --> 04:09:43,299
retreat. 
Poland left his forces to avert 

3848
04:09:43,299 --> 04:09:46,600
a domestic coup, the general 
named melaye had launched a 

3849
04:09:46,600 --> 04:09:49,799
strange coup in Paris falsely 
announcing Napoleon's death 

3850
04:09:49,799 --> 04:09:55,000
illustrating how delicate things
were Napoleon crossed blizzards 

3851
04:09:55,000 --> 04:09:58,000
day and night to Paris. 
Before the year's end, he made 

3852
04:09:58,000 --> 04:10:00,600
the country, believe, everything
was fine, masking the 

3853
04:10:00,600 --> 04:10:04,100
devastation. 
Short-lived for sad after Russia

3854
04:10:04,100 --> 04:10:07,399
won Europe's rulers, formed a 
coalition to destroy the weaker 

3855
04:10:07,399 --> 04:10:09,799
Empire. 
Prussia joined Russia, against 

3856
04:10:09,799 --> 04:10:14,500
France in early 1813 Austria 
prepared to jump Napoleon 

3857
04:10:14,500 --> 04:10:17,399
quickly, recruited youngsters 
and Last Resort reserves to 

3858
04:10:17,399 --> 04:10:20,899
replace his veterans. 
As before he examined maps and 

3859
04:10:20,899 --> 04:10:24,600
made massive plans to defeat the
Allies, he was still alive but 

3860
04:10:24,600 --> 04:10:28,299
reality was looming his Marshals
feared, he could win an internal

3861
04:10:28,299 --> 04:10:30,000
War because the French were 
exhausted. 

3862
04:10:31,100 --> 04:10:35,700
Napoleon returned triumphantly 
in mid 1813 in March 1813. 

3863
04:10:35,700 --> 04:10:38,799
He was beat the Russo, Prussian 
Army at Lutsen and bouts and 

3864
04:10:38,799 --> 04:10:41,200
with hardly trained Concepts 
demand and straightening his 

3865
04:10:41,200 --> 04:10:44,399
operational competence. 
He hoped to prevent catastrophe 

3866
04:10:44,399 --> 04:10:46,799
again. 
Too many odds were against him, 

3867
04:10:46,799 --> 04:10:50,000
October 1813. 
Saw the Battle of lightning 

3868
04:10:50,000 --> 04:10:52,399
later, renamed the Battle of 
nations in Saxony. 

3869
04:10:53,100 --> 04:10:55,899
Three days of fierce fighting 
between Napoleon's, Marshals and

3870
04:10:55,899 --> 04:10:59,100
guard and a combined Russian 
Prussian Austrian and Swedish 

3871
04:10:59,100 --> 04:11:01,899
army. 
Napoleon was outnumbered roughly

3872
04:11:01,899 --> 04:11:04,500
two to one attrition and hostile
teamwork. 

3873
04:11:04,500 --> 04:11:07,000
Defeated him despite his 
expertise and bravery. 

3874
04:11:07,899 --> 04:11:10,799
A scared French officer blew up 
a crucial bridge too early 

3875
04:11:10,807 --> 04:11:13,600
trapping a rear guard on the 
wrong side of the river to be 

3876
04:11:13,600 --> 04:11:16,000
captured. 
Napoleon lost the biggest battle

3877
04:11:16,000 --> 04:11:18,600
in European history. 
Ending French rule in Germany. 

3878
04:11:18,600 --> 04:11:22,299
Many of Napoleon's German allies
to affected the Rhine 

3879
04:11:22,299 --> 04:11:25,500
Confederation fell while 
retreating over the Elder River.

3880
04:11:25,500 --> 04:11:30,500
His beloved polish hero, martial
Pontius drowned Napoleon 

3881
04:11:30,500 --> 04:11:34,299
retreated France with his 70,000
defeated soldiers, resolved to 

3882
04:11:34,307 --> 04:11:37,200
fight. 
In early 1814, the Allies 

3883
04:11:37,200 --> 04:11:39,700
invaded France, expecting a 
quick march to Paris. 

3884
04:11:40,500 --> 04:11:43,200
Napoleon's little Force, 
defeated elements of the bigger 

3885
04:11:43,200 --> 04:11:47,100
Allied soldiers in the six days 
campaign in February. 1814 one 

3886
04:11:47,100 --> 04:11:50,100
of his most successful defensive
campaigns often overlooked. 

3887
04:11:51,000 --> 04:11:54,000
His youthful mobility and skills
surprised his opponents at 

3888
04:11:54,000 --> 04:11:58,000
Shopper bear Monty and Montrose.
Seeing the emperor Sprint. 

3889
04:11:58,000 --> 04:12:00,000
Like a firefighter gave French 
peasants. 

3890
04:12:00,000 --> 04:12:02,799
Hope math told him. 
He was two outnumbered to win. 

3891
04:12:04,000 --> 04:12:07,000
Despite his few victories, the 
Allies reached Paris by late 

3892
04:12:07,000 --> 04:12:10,100
March 1814. 
After Marshall's marmor and 

3893
04:12:10,100 --> 04:12:13,600
Morty left to defend Paris 
concluded resistance was 

3894
04:12:13,600 --> 04:12:15,799
pointless. 
The Coalition Army, took it 

3895
04:12:15,799 --> 04:12:19,600
practically in peace after 
centuries without foreign rule, 

3896
04:12:19,600 --> 04:12:23,100
the Victorious, Zara Alexander, 
King, Frederick, William of 

3897
04:12:23,100 --> 04:12:26,200
Prussia and other dignitaries 
entered Paris on March, 31st 

3898
04:12:26,200 --> 04:12:30,799
1814 Parisians flocked to the 
boulevards in despair or relief 

3899
04:12:30,799 --> 04:12:32,700
as Napoleon's epic adventure 
ended. 

3900
04:12:33,500 --> 04:12:36,100
Napoleon was outraged and 
unhappy in Fontainebleau 

3901
04:12:36,100 --> 04:12:40,000
following paris's loss. pondered
marching his remaining men to 

3902
04:12:40,000 --> 04:12:43,500
seize the city, his Marshals, 
confronted him exhausted and 

3903
04:12:43,500 --> 04:12:46,899
honest for the first time, 
Marshalls nay had no and 

3904
04:12:46,899 --> 04:12:49,799
Lafayette who had followed him a
cross Europe, advised him to 

3905
04:12:49,799 --> 04:12:53,299
reason, They claimed France was 
defeated and resistance would be

3906
04:12:53,307 --> 04:12:56,600
fatal. 
Napoleon was Furious, accusing 

3907
04:12:56,600 --> 04:13:00,100
them of cowardice and betrayal, 
you face to reality alone in 

3908
04:13:00,100 --> 04:13:02,600
Fontainebleau at night. 
The Allies sought his 

3909
04:13:02,600 --> 04:13:06,399
unconditional surrender, even 
his stepson and Brother Joseph, 

3910
04:13:06,399 --> 04:13:08,200
persuaded him to submit for the 
nation. 

3911
04:13:08,899 --> 04:13:12,200
Marshall's, Nyan McDonald issued
a stunning ultimatum on April 

3912
04:13:12,200 --> 04:13:16,500
4th 1814 Philippe must abdicate 
before the Army could march on 

3913
04:13:16,500 --> 04:13:20,299
Paris, Napoleon abdicated for 
his son, expecting an Allied 

3914
04:13:20,299 --> 04:13:23,600
Regency, when rejected, he 
realized the game was over 

3915
04:13:23,600 --> 04:13:28,399
Napoleon abdicated on April, the
11th 1814 relinquishing, French 

3916
04:13:28,399 --> 04:13:31,899
Regal rights, he received an 
annual stipend and a modest 

3917
04:13:31,899 --> 04:13:34,600
guard on Elba. 
A small Italian Island from the 

3918
04:13:34,600 --> 04:13:37,200
Allies, a beautiful prison, for 
a Fallen King. 

3919
04:13:38,299 --> 04:13:41,700
Napoleon said goodbye to his old
guard in fontaine's, Courtyard 

3920
04:13:41,700 --> 04:13:45,399
on April 20th, 1814. 
France would remember a touching

3921
04:13:45,399 --> 04:13:48,700
scene Napoleon continued 
speaking with a steady 

3922
04:13:48,700 --> 04:13:52,799
impassioned voice saying to the 
soldiers of my old guard? 

3923
04:13:52,799 --> 04:13:56,700
I bid you farewell you've been 
my constant companion on the 

3924
04:13:56,700 --> 04:14:00,799
path to honor and glory for 20 
years do not mourn my fate. 

3925
04:14:00,799 --> 04:14:03,299
I want to document our wonderful
Deeds. 

3926
04:14:03,299 --> 04:14:07,899
Sweet kids. 
Goodbye Napoleon veteran 

3927
04:14:07,899 --> 04:14:12,100
grenadiers of 12 campaigns cried
the emperor, kissed the Imperial

3928
04:14:12,100 --> 04:14:15,600
Eagle flag one last time and 
hugged General Petty who was 

3929
04:14:15,608 --> 04:14:19,899
holding the regimental Eagle. 
He said goodbye kids raising his

3930
04:14:19,899 --> 04:14:23,200
hand in salutation. 
Napoleon despite his best 

3931
04:14:23,200 --> 04:14:27,000
efforts jumped into a carriage 
crying that night, many jaded 

3932
04:14:27,000 --> 04:14:29,799
soldiers, lay under the stars, 
unsure a France is or their 

3933
04:14:29,799 --> 04:14:32,299
future without Lumpur a veteran 
murmured. 

3934
04:14:32,299 --> 04:14:38,000
It's over a wonderful person 
left. an imaginary Kingdom held 

3935
04:14:38,000 --> 04:14:41,700
European ruler, Napoleon 
Bonaparte captive, he arrived at

3936
04:14:41,700 --> 04:14:46,100
Elba, 119 square miles of rugged
terrain and Vineyards in Tuscany

3937
04:14:46,100 --> 04:14:51,299
in late, April 1814, He was 
rarely self-pitying, keeping the

3938
04:14:51,307 --> 04:14:54,000
title Emperor, the Allies. 
Gave him the name as a polite 

3939
04:14:54,000 --> 04:14:56,399
fiction. 
He established a small Court in 

3940
04:14:56,399 --> 04:15:00,200
Port of ferrario elba's main 
town and rained like France in 

3941
04:15:00,200 --> 04:15:03,200
miniature. 
Napoleon was Restless on Elder 

3942
04:15:03,200 --> 04:15:06,899
for nine months, he studied Lil 
peeps, iron mines, and quarries 

3943
04:15:06,899 --> 04:15:11,100
plant to modernize Agriculture 
and designed a flag, a diagonal 

3944
04:15:11,100 --> 04:15:14,600
band of white with red and bees 
symbolizing industriousness, and

3945
04:15:14,600 --> 04:15:16,500
potentially nodding to his 
Imperial emblem. 

3946
04:15:17,399 --> 04:15:20,200
He formed a small Navy and army 
with a few ships and hundreds of

3947
04:15:20,208 --> 04:15:22,500
people including a loyal Old 
Guard Detachment. 

3948
04:15:22,500 --> 04:15:26,299
He wrote tight Roots inspected, 
Olive, Orchards and talked to 

3949
04:15:26,299 --> 04:15:28,600
Port. 
Fisherman villagers said his 

3950
04:15:28,600 --> 04:15:32,299
micro-management improved roads 
built a small hospital and 

3951
04:15:32,299 --> 04:15:36,100
accelerated tax collection 
elba's, people were amazed and 

3952
04:15:36,100 --> 04:15:39,700
perplexed that this powerful man
cared about their humble life. 

3953
04:15:40,700 --> 04:15:43,700
A friendly Alban, Elder joke. 
He thinks he's still ruling. 

3954
04:15:43,700 --> 04:15:47,000
The world. 
Poland's Vigor, overwhelmed 

3955
04:15:47,000 --> 04:15:50,299
elba's, a delicate appearance 
connections and newspapers kept 

3956
04:15:50,299 --> 04:15:52,899
him, abreast of French and 
European happenings this 

3957
04:15:52,899 --> 04:15:56,200
information nordid him the 
restored bourbon Monarch Louis, 

3958
04:15:56,208 --> 04:15:57,899
the 18th was unpopular in 
France. 

3959
04:15:57,907 --> 04:16:01,200
The Arrogant Return of the old 
aristocracy led to the dismissal

3960
04:16:01,200 --> 04:16:03,700
of many Napoleon Affiliated 
French officers, and bureaucrats

3961
04:16:03,700 --> 04:16:06,899
rumors of royalist Revenge and 
economic recession. 

3962
04:16:06,899 --> 04:16:10,100
Circulated peasants, feared, the
Bourbons would retake their 

3963
04:16:10,100 --> 04:16:13,700
gains after Napoleon's reign. 
During a Congress of the great 

3964
04:16:13,700 --> 04:16:16,700
countries in Vienna to redraw 
Europe's map after Napoleon's 

3965
04:16:16,700 --> 04:16:18,799
fall. 
Their British may send Napoleon 

3966
04:16:18,799 --> 04:16:21,600
to a remote Atlantic Rock. 
If he becomes too difficult in 

3967
04:16:21,600 --> 04:16:24,200
Elba, the island felt like a 
gilded prison. 

3968
04:16:24,200 --> 04:16:27,299
The Bonaparte family was 
Infamous for their infighting 

3969
04:16:27,299 --> 04:16:31,000
and Napoleon's mother and sister
clashed off and Napoleon's. 

3970
04:16:31,000 --> 04:16:33,200
Busy mind was born. 
He was sad. 

3971
04:16:33,200 --> 04:16:35,899
Looking at the sea via a 
telescope from elbows cliffs in 

3972
04:16:35,907 --> 04:16:39,100
early 1815. 
I live like a sleeping volcano. 

3973
04:16:39,100 --> 04:16:42,000
Read one letter. 
He could not bear the world 

3974
04:16:42,000 --> 04:16:45,200
going on without him his 
insatiable ambition and Fate 

3975
04:16:45,200 --> 04:16:48,299
One. 
In late February 1815, Napoleon 

3976
04:16:48,299 --> 04:16:50,000
returned to France to reclaim 
his crown. 

3977
04:16:50,000 --> 04:16:52,899
After hearing, the Congress of 
Vienna was in disorder and 

3978
04:16:52,899 --> 04:16:55,100
France is anger with Louis, the 
18th was growing. 

3979
04:16:55,899 --> 04:16:58,299
It appeared impossible and 
expelled Emperor. 

3980
04:16:58,299 --> 04:17:01,000
Escorted by Allied ships, trying
to incite a civilian 

3981
04:17:01,000 --> 04:17:03,500
Insurrection to overthrow a 
reconstituted. 

3982
04:17:03,500 --> 04:17:07,000
Monarchy Napoleon had the 
ability to bring dreams to life.

3983
04:17:08,500 --> 04:17:13,399
Napoleon fled Elba, on February 
26th, 1815 and a loose guards. 

3984
04:17:13,399 --> 04:17:15,799
He traveled to France with 
several hundred. 

3985
04:17:15,799 --> 04:17:18,700
Loyal Warriors, aboard the ship 
in constant and on numerous 

3986
04:17:18,700 --> 04:17:22,600
smaller vessels to evade British
surveillance. he escaped captcha

3987
04:17:22,600 --> 04:17:26,799
on the voyage by chance and 
daring, Napoleon stared at the 

3988
04:17:26,799 --> 04:17:31,000
prowl with a familiar fire as 
the coach Desi appeared, France 

3989
04:17:31,000 --> 04:17:33,799
is ours. 
He informed his troops Bonaparte

3990
04:17:33,799 --> 04:17:35,399
believed. 
Louis, the 18th France would 

3991
04:17:35,399 --> 04:17:39,500
fail on March 1st 1815. 
The French Riviera witnessed an 

3992
04:17:39,500 --> 04:17:42,399
astonishing sight. 
Napoleon Bonaparte. 

3993
04:17:42,399 --> 04:17:45,500
The exiled Emperor landed near 
can with a tiny force and 

3994
04:17:45,500 --> 04:17:47,500
unfolded his tricolor flag once 
more. 

3995
04:17:48,299 --> 04:17:50,799
Dressed in his trademark grey 
coat and cocked hat. 

3996
04:17:50,807 --> 04:17:52,700
He stepped ashore and 
proclaimed. 

3997
04:17:52,700 --> 04:17:57,500
I have come to save France. 
Thus began the episode known as 

3998
04:17:57,500 --> 04:18:01,200
the 100 days a final blaze of 
Napoleon's meteoric, life. 

3999
04:18:02,200 --> 04:18:05,600
He marched northward voiding the
royalist stronghold of Provence 

4000
04:18:05,600 --> 04:18:08,000
using the Alpine route through 
the dolphin. 

4001
04:18:08,000 --> 04:18:12,000
A His band was small barely a 
thousand men but as they 

4002
04:18:12,000 --> 04:18:15,899
Advanced Napoleon's Charisma and
France is simmering discontent 

4003
04:18:15,899 --> 04:18:19,799
began to work miracles, a town 
after town locals, especially 

4004
04:18:19,799 --> 04:18:23,399
veterans and peasants turned out
with curiosity and growing 

4005
04:18:23,399 --> 04:18:26,299
enthusiasm. 
To many, the news of his return 

4006
04:18:26,299 --> 04:18:28,399
felt like a long-lost family 
member coming home. 

4007
04:18:28,399 --> 04:18:31,399
A pivotal moment. 
Came on March 7th, near the 

4008
04:18:31,399 --> 04:18:35,399
mountain of lafri, Royal troops 
of the 5th, regiment and orders 

4009
04:18:35,399 --> 04:18:36,899
to arrest the user per 
confronted. 

4010
04:18:36,899 --> 04:18:40,600
Napoleon on the road, the two 
forces faced each other nervous 

4011
04:18:40,600 --> 04:18:43,399
and Silent Napoleon. 
Fearless Strode forward. 

4012
04:18:43,407 --> 04:18:47,100
Alone flung open his coat to 
bear his chest and shouted to 

4013
04:18:47,100 --> 04:18:49,500
the soldiers, arrayed against 
him soldiers. 

4014
04:18:49,500 --> 04:18:52,200
If there is one among you, who 
wants to kill his General, his 

4015
04:18:52,200 --> 04:18:55,200
Emperor here. 
I am for a tense heartbeat, no 

4016
04:18:55,200 --> 04:18:59,100
one moved then in an emotional 
Rush, the Royal troops erupted 

4017
04:18:59,100 --> 04:19:02,100
in. 
Cheers Vivo rang out as they 

4018
04:19:02,100 --> 04:19:04,100
threw down. 
Their white Bourbon cockades and

4019
04:19:04,100 --> 04:19:07,200
surged toward Napoleon. 
The men of the 5th, joined 

4020
04:19:07,200 --> 04:19:10,799
Napoleon's ranks in unison, I 
Witnesses saw veterans, crying 

4021
04:19:10,799 --> 04:19:12,799
and laughing as they Embrace, 
their former leader. 

4022
04:19:13,600 --> 04:19:16,700
Word quickly spread throughout 
the countryside, Napoleon had 

4023
04:19:16,700 --> 04:19:18,799
returned, and the Army was 
United. 

4024
04:19:20,799 --> 04:19:24,399
King Louis the 18th attempts to 
muster resistance faltered as 

4025
04:19:24,399 --> 04:19:27,399
one regiment after another, 
either went over to Bonaparte or

4026
04:19:27,399 --> 04:19:30,600
melted away. 
So will Nae once Napoleon's 

4027
04:19:30,600 --> 04:19:32,899
trusted bravest of the Brave had
initially promised. 

4028
04:19:32,899 --> 04:19:36,000
The king he would bring Napoleon
back in an iron cage but 

4029
04:19:36,000 --> 04:19:39,299
confronted with the fur of his 
troops for the emperor nay too 

4030
04:19:39,299 --> 04:19:42,299
defected overwhelmed by old 
loyalties and perhaps the 

4031
04:19:42,299 --> 04:19:46,700
irresistible tide of sentiment. 
By March 20th, Napoleon reached 

4032
04:19:46,700 --> 04:19:49,200
Paris. 
Louis the 18th had already fled 

4033
04:19:49,200 --> 04:19:53,100
into Exile supposedly leaving so
hastily that, he lost a shoe, 

4034
04:19:53,100 --> 04:19:56,100
thus, giving a touch of fast to 
the bourbon Kings, second 

4035
04:19:56,100 --> 04:20:00,100
departure, That night Napoleon 
entered the Wheeler's to the 

4036
04:20:00,100 --> 04:20:03,799
ecstatic Roar of parisians. 
Who just weeks earlier, had been

4037
04:20:03,799 --> 04:20:07,100
murmuring against him as the 
ogre public opinion had. 

4038
04:20:07,100 --> 04:20:10,700
Once again, whiplashed 
remarkably in a matter of 20 

4039
04:20:10,700 --> 04:20:13,200
days without a single shot fired
in Anger. 

4040
04:20:13,200 --> 04:20:15,700
Napoleon had regular regained, 
his throne. 

4041
04:20:15,700 --> 04:20:19,700
It was one of the most dramatic 
political The Comebacks in 

4042
04:20:19,700 --> 04:20:22,399
history, serve as a testament to
his unequaled, ability to 

4043
04:20:22,399 --> 04:20:26,000
inspire or intimidate and they 
also reflect the French people's

4044
04:20:26,000 --> 04:20:29,899
ambivalence about the restored 
monarchy The tricolor flew once 

4045
04:20:29,899 --> 04:20:33,100
more from public buildings in 
the streets people sang La 

4046
04:20:33,100 --> 04:20:36,100
marseillaise and lip. 
Bonfires Napoleon moved quickly 

4047
04:20:36,100 --> 04:20:39,799
to consolidate this unexpected. 
Second chance he sent letters 

4048
04:20:39,799 --> 04:20:42,399
professing peaceful intentions 
and offering new alliances. 

4049
04:20:42,399 --> 04:20:46,000
He even adopted a more liberal 
tone, promulgating a revised 

4050
04:20:46,000 --> 04:20:48,500
Constitution. 
The additional act that granted 

4051
04:20:48,500 --> 04:20:50,899
a free oppress, and a 
constitutional monarchy style 

4052
04:20:50,899 --> 04:20:53,299
government. 
An olive branch to liberals and 

4053
04:20:53,307 --> 04:20:56,899
moderates and France who wanted 
reform, The emperor claimed he 

4054
04:20:56,899 --> 04:20:59,799
had learned from Exile and now 
desired, to be a benign, ruler 

4055
04:20:59,799 --> 04:21:03,000
of a free people, many were 
skeptical of this late hour 

4056
04:21:03,000 --> 04:21:05,399
conversion to liberalism that 
they preferred him to the 

4057
04:21:05,399 --> 04:21:08,500
Bourbons regardless. 
However, Napoleon's escape and 

4058
04:21:08,500 --> 04:21:12,000
restoration shook Europe. the 
crowned heads at the Congress of

4059
04:21:12,008 --> 04:21:16,399
Vienna were aghast and Furious, 
Coalition of practically every 

4060
04:21:16,399 --> 04:21:19,299
other European power, Britain 
Prussia, Austria, Russia and 

4061
04:21:19,299 --> 04:21:22,600
others immediately formed 
declaring Napoleon and Outlaw 

4062
04:21:22,600 --> 04:21:26,299
and enemy of World Peace. 
The devil has been Unchained. 

4063
04:21:26,299 --> 04:21:29,500
So the Austrian foreign minister
metallic in capsule. 

4064
04:21:29,500 --> 04:21:32,899
The shocked outrage of the 
aristocracies the aristocracies 

4065
04:21:32,899 --> 04:21:35,899
quickly, mobilized their Idol 
armies to decisively crush and 

4066
04:21:35,899 --> 04:21:38,200
Napoleon. 
Napoleon aware that diplomacy 

4067
04:21:38,200 --> 04:21:40,000
was hopeless? 
The Allies refused anything 

4068
04:21:40,000 --> 04:21:43,299
short of his second abdication 
prepared for war with a mix of 

4069
04:21:43,299 --> 04:21:47,600
urgency in confidence yet, 
Perhaps 125,000 soldiers of the 

4070
04:21:47,600 --> 04:21:50,200
regular army, immediately, it 
and plus volunteers. 

4071
04:21:50,200 --> 04:21:53,000
Swelling. 
The ranks daily Both veterans 

4072
04:21:53,000 --> 04:21:56,500
and new recruits were present, 
many driven by a patriotic Zeal 

4073
04:21:56,500 --> 04:21:59,100
to ensure that foreign monarchs 
would not dictate to France. 

4074
04:21:59,100 --> 04:22:03,299
He also reconstituted the 
formidable Imperial Guard still 

4075
04:22:03,299 --> 04:22:06,600
facing him would soon be several
massive Allied armies converging

4076
04:22:06,600 --> 04:22:09,500
from all sides potentially over 
half a million men. 

4077
04:22:10,399 --> 04:22:13,299
Napoleon strategic Instinct 
guided him to swiftly and 

4078
04:22:13,299 --> 04:22:16,100
forcefully attack the closest 
adversaries before the Coalition

4079
04:22:16,100 --> 04:22:18,500
could fully unite. 
He famously said, to his 

4080
04:22:18,508 --> 04:22:21,500
Marshals, we must make a 
campaign that is prompt and 

4081
04:22:21,500 --> 04:22:23,899
energetic as in the days of our 
youth. 

4082
04:22:24,899 --> 04:22:28,200
In June 1815, he marched into. 
What is now Belgium then part of

4083
04:22:28,208 --> 04:22:31,000
the United Kingdom of the 
Netherlands, to preempt, the 

4084
04:22:31,000 --> 04:22:34,399
Anglo Dutch Army under the Duke 
Wellington and the Prussian Army

4085
04:22:34,399 --> 04:22:37,399
under martial blusher, hoping to
defeat each in turn. 

4086
04:22:38,500 --> 04:22:42,399
On June, the 16th, 1815, 
Napoleon's are made in Nord 

4087
04:22:42,399 --> 04:22:45,399
clashed with the prussians at 
Linney and the Anglo Allied 

4088
04:22:45,399 --> 04:22:49,899
Forces at Napoleon. 
Defeated blue here marking it as

4089
04:22:49,899 --> 04:22:52,799
his last victory. 
However it was not a route since

4090
04:22:52,799 --> 04:22:56,399
Bulgaria's prussians with Drew 
in good order bruised but not 

4091
04:22:56,399 --> 04:22:59,600
broken. 
Marshal's fight at Clark against

4092
04:22:59,600 --> 04:23:02,399
Wellington's. 
Forces was inconclusive na was 

4093
04:23:02,399 --> 04:23:04,399
unable to prevent Wellington 
from later. 

4094
04:23:04,399 --> 04:23:06,700
Pulling back to a defensive 
position near the village of 

4095
04:23:06,700 --> 04:23:10,000
Waterloo. 
Two days later on June 18th 

4096
04:23:10,000 --> 04:23:12,600
1815, Napoleon faced 
Wellington's. 

4097
04:23:12,600 --> 04:23:15,799
British-led Allied Army on the 
rolling plateau, of monsoon, 

4098
04:23:15,799 --> 04:23:18,799
just south of Waterloo. 
The ground had been soaked by 

4099
04:23:18,807 --> 04:23:21,000
heavy rains, the night before 
delaying. 

4100
04:23:21,000 --> 04:23:22,700
Napoleon's attack, until late 
morning. 

4101
04:23:22,700 --> 04:23:26,500
While it dried Napoleon's fate 
would be decided on a field of 

4102
04:23:26,500 --> 04:23:29,600
clover and Rye. 
One mile long and three miles 

4103
04:23:29,600 --> 04:23:33,299
wide with Wellington Scarlet. 
Coated infantry in Union, Jack 

4104
04:23:33,299 --> 04:23:36,200
flags array to get against the 
tricolor standards of France. 

4105
04:23:37,100 --> 04:23:40,600
Wellington experienced 
defensive, General had a raid, 

4106
04:23:40,600 --> 04:23:44,600
his 68,000 troops behind gentle 
ridges and in strong points like

4107
04:23:44,600 --> 04:23:47,899
the farm of lahiya sent and the 
anxiously awaited, the arrival 

4108
04:23:47,899 --> 04:23:49,899
of Blue's prussians to bolster 
him. 

4109
04:23:51,299 --> 04:23:55,299
Napoleon had around 72,000 
troops, including the rodeo in 

4110
04:23:55,299 --> 04:23:58,299
Imperial Guard, but he too was 
looking over his shoulder for 

4111
04:23:58,299 --> 04:24:00,899
the prussians, hoping his 
subordinate Marshal grouchy, 

4112
04:24:00,899 --> 04:24:03,899
would keep them at Bay. 
There's Battle of Waterloo was 

4113
04:24:03,899 --> 04:24:07,200
fierce and unrelenting a true 
end game between the year as 

4114
04:24:07,200 --> 04:24:10,399
greatest commanders. 
Napoleon launched a midday 

4115
04:24:10,399 --> 04:24:13,299
assault with a grand, battery of
artillery and a main attack 

4116
04:24:13,299 --> 04:24:16,899
against the Allied Center, while
naled Cavalry Charges that 

4117
04:24:16,899 --> 04:24:19,200
thundered against Wellington's. 
Infantry squares. 

4118
04:24:20,000 --> 04:24:22,600
The British and their allies 
held firm on the ridge despite 

4119
04:24:22,600 --> 04:24:26,200
horrific losses. 
By late afternoon, Nei 

4120
04:24:26,200 --> 04:24:28,700
misunderstanding an enemy 
movement mistakenly believed. 

4121
04:24:28,700 --> 04:24:31,399
The Anglo Allied line was 
faltering and led one of 

4122
04:24:31,399 --> 04:24:33,700
military history's. 
Most infamous Mass Cavalry 

4123
04:24:33,700 --> 04:24:37,299
Charges dozens of squadrons with
glittering, quora acids, and 

4124
04:24:37,299 --> 04:24:39,899
Penance thundering, over the 
ridge without infantry or 

4125
04:24:39,899 --> 04:24:42,500
artillery support. 
They were met by the Resolute. 

4126
04:24:42,500 --> 04:24:45,600
Infantry squares. 
Wellington soldiers in silent 

4127
04:24:45,600 --> 04:24:48,899
rows behind bayonets. 
Endured repeated waves of French

4128
04:24:48,899 --> 04:24:51,899
Horseman swirling around their 
bristling squares unable to 

4129
04:24:51,907 --> 04:24:54,899
break them. 
Naze Valley was undeniable. 

4130
04:24:54,899 --> 04:24:58,200
His horse was shot from under 
him five times that day, but the

4131
04:24:58,200 --> 04:25:00,500
Chargers game, nothing. 
But heaps of dead, men and 

4132
04:25:00,500 --> 04:25:02,899
horses. 
Napoleon watched the spectacle 

4133
04:25:02,899 --> 04:25:05,899
and reportedly exclaimed that he
had gone mad. 

4134
04:25:06,799 --> 04:25:09,700
As the afternoon wore on news 
reached Napoleon, that a 

4135
04:25:09,700 --> 04:25:11,500
Prussian forces were approaching
from the East. 

4136
04:25:11,500 --> 04:25:14,000
Buick was coming fulfilling his 
promise to Wellington. 

4137
04:25:14,899 --> 04:25:18,100
For the love of God, come as 
fast as you can, will fight to 

4138
04:25:18,100 --> 04:25:21,000
the last man. 
Indeed, by early evening, 

4139
04:25:21,000 --> 04:25:25,299
Prussian Advanced units, under 
below attack the French right 

4140
04:25:25,299 --> 04:25:27,000
flank at the Village of Plank 
and War. 

4141
04:25:27,000 --> 04:25:30,200
Forcing Napoleon to divert 
troops, including part of the 

4142
04:25:30,208 --> 04:25:33,500
young guard, to hold them off 
the iron Vice was closing. 

4143
04:25:34,299 --> 04:25:37,500
With time dwindling Napoleon 
took a final risk, he committed 

4144
04:25:37,500 --> 04:25:41,299
his Imperial Guard, his most 
loyal and Elite battalions in a 

4145
04:25:41,299 --> 04:25:43,799
final bid to break Wellington 
center before the prussians 

4146
04:25:43,799 --> 04:25:45,200
could fully Unite with the 
Allies. 

4147
04:25:45,200 --> 04:25:49,000
These battle-hardened, veterans 
short, but tall and reputation 

4148
04:25:49,000 --> 04:25:52,200
marched up the ridge in solid 
columns, drums, beating the 

4149
04:25:52,200 --> 04:25:56,200
pasta Shahs the vampire, they 
cried as Napoleon watched them 

4150
04:25:56,200 --> 04:25:59,899
go, these men who had never 
tasted defeat, the Allied line 

4151
04:25:59,899 --> 04:26:02,799
buckled under the initial 
impact, but Wellington had kept 

4152
04:26:02,799 --> 04:26:05,100
some units in reserve lying down
behind the ridge. 

4153
04:26:06,100 --> 04:26:08,299
At his command, the British 
guards and other units. 

4154
04:26:08,299 --> 04:26:10,899
Stood up close range, and 
poured, volleys into the flanks 

4155
04:26:10,899 --> 04:26:15,000
of the advancing guard columns, 
A brutal firefight ensued near 

4156
04:26:15,000 --> 04:26:18,299
the summit of the ridge. 
Under hail storms of musket 

4157
04:26:18,299 --> 04:26:20,600
balls and great shot for the 
first time in memory. 

4158
04:26:20,600 --> 04:26:24,600
The Imperial Guard recoiled, the
cry went up among the Allied 

4159
04:26:24,600 --> 04:26:28,799
troops lagard which means the 
guard is falling back. 

4160
04:26:29,700 --> 04:26:32,399
Shock rippled through the French
lines, disbelief turned to 

4161
04:26:32,399 --> 04:26:34,299
panic, as the guards, Retreat 
became General. 

4162
04:26:35,299 --> 04:26:38,899
Wellington seized the moment, 
waving his hat and ordering a 

4163
04:26:38,899 --> 04:26:41,200
general Advance all along the 
line Blue's. 

4164
04:26:41,200 --> 04:26:44,000
Prussians now, arriving in force
sashed into the French, right? 

4165
04:26:44,000 --> 04:26:47,399
Napoleon's Army exhausted. 
And with its morale shattered, 

4166
04:26:47,399 --> 04:26:49,899
began to disintegrate on a 
gentle slope. 

4167
04:26:49,899 --> 04:26:52,500
A square of the old God formed 
to act as a rear guard for the 

4168
04:26:52,500 --> 04:26:55,299
fleeing Army. 
Surrounded by Allied Forces. 

4169
04:26:55,299 --> 04:26:57,100
They were given a chance to 
surrender. 

4170
04:26:58,399 --> 04:27:02,100
One apocryphal version tells 
that when called to yield a 

4171
04:27:02,100 --> 04:27:04,700
Guard general perhaps, come on, 
retorted. 

4172
04:27:05,399 --> 04:27:09,700
Legarde Mehran PA. 
The guard dies but does not 

4173
04:27:09,700 --> 04:27:12,600
surrender. 
Followed by a defiant mad. 

4174
04:27:13,799 --> 04:27:16,799
When eventually overwhelmed, 
many of these steadfast 

4175
04:27:16,799 --> 04:27:19,899
grenadiers indeed died where 
they stood rather than 

4176
04:27:19,899 --> 04:27:24,299
capitulate. 
Among the chaos Napoleon who had

4177
04:27:24,299 --> 04:27:27,299
remained on the field and the 
guards repulsed, almost fell 

4178
04:27:27,299 --> 04:27:31,700
into enemy hands, as all seemed 
lost his Marshals, persuaded him

4179
04:27:31,700 --> 04:27:34,500
to depart, he fled the field in 
a carriage. 

4180
04:27:34,500 --> 04:27:38,399
As Darkness fell racing back 
toward Paris, his dream of 

4181
04:27:38,399 --> 04:27:41,799
renewed Glory shattered, the 
Battle of Waterloo was over 

4182
04:27:41,799 --> 04:27:45,399
Napoleon's. 
Final gambled Napoleon 

4183
04:27:45,399 --> 04:27:52,200
reportedly said cifani or it's 
finished then as he left, Back 

4184
04:27:52,200 --> 04:27:55,100
in Paris, Napoleon attempted to 
Rally support for continuing 

4185
04:27:55,100 --> 04:27:58,000
resistance. 
But the political will was gone 

4186
04:27:58,000 --> 04:28:01,799
the legend of turned against him
and even the ever-loyal martial 

4187
04:28:01,799 --> 04:28:04,100
name. 
Now urged up to Nation, saying 

4188
04:28:04,100 --> 04:28:06,399
another round of Civil War. 
Would ruin from France. 

4189
04:28:07,399 --> 04:28:11,299
On June 22nd 1815 Napoleon 
abdicated for the second time 

4190
04:28:11,299 --> 04:28:14,100
and in favor of his young son, 
Napoleon the second though the 

4191
04:28:14,100 --> 04:28:16,500
Allies ignored this and restored
Louis the 18th again. 

4192
04:28:17,600 --> 04:28:20,700
He then made his way to the 
Atlantic coast, initially hoping

4193
04:28:20,700 --> 04:28:24,399
to escape the United States. 
For weeks, he lingered at 

4194
04:28:24,399 --> 04:28:27,100
rochefort with two British 
warships, blocking any attempt 

4195
04:28:27,100 --> 04:28:30,200
to sail. 
Finally, realizing he could not 

4196
04:28:30,200 --> 04:28:33,000
allude the global reach of 
British Sea power, Napoleon 

4197
04:28:33,000 --> 04:28:36,100
surrendered himself to the 
British captain Maitland of HMS 

4198
04:28:36,100 --> 04:28:41,799
bellerophon on July 15th 1815. 
He would be treated as a former 

4199
04:28:41,799 --> 04:28:44,100
head of state and allowed 
retirement in Britain or 

4200
04:28:44,100 --> 04:28:47,100
elsewhere. 
Instead the British driven by 

4201
04:28:47,100 --> 04:28:49,200
their government's resolve that 
he never troubled the world 

4202
04:28:49,200 --> 04:28:52,399
again, decided to send him to 
the remote, South Atlantic 

4203
04:28:52,399 --> 04:28:55,700
island of Saint Helena far from 
any European Shore. 

4204
04:28:57,000 --> 04:29:00,600
In October 1815, Napoleon 
arrived at this Stark, volcanic 

4205
04:29:00,600 --> 04:29:03,700
island, roughly 1200 miles from 
the coast of Africa. 

4206
04:29:04,500 --> 04:29:07,500
Thus began his second final 
Exile on a speck of land. 

4207
04:29:07,500 --> 04:29:09,500
That was essentially an open-air
prison. 

4208
04:29:09,500 --> 04:29:14,299
He was 46 years old, the climate
was damp, the terrain rugged, 

4209
04:29:14,299 --> 04:29:17,700
but confined there would be no 
dramatic Escape or return from 

4210
04:29:17,700 --> 04:29:21,000
this place, the British Governor
so Hudson Lowe was due to full 

4211
04:29:21,000 --> 04:29:23,700
and watchful restricting 
Napoleon's movements. 

4212
04:29:23,700 --> 04:29:27,500
To prevent any chance of rescue.
Napoleon was given a residence 

4213
04:29:27,500 --> 04:29:30,799
Longwood house which was damp 
Windswept, and hardly 

4214
04:29:30,799 --> 04:29:32,299
comfortable by Imperial 
standards. 

4215
04:29:32,299 --> 04:29:36,899
He passed the next almost six 
years and a strange half-life A 

4216
04:29:36,899 --> 04:29:39,799
small cohort of loyal followers 
voluntarily accompanied him 

4217
04:29:39,799 --> 04:29:43,299
General's, Bertrand and 
month-long counter Locka, says 

4218
04:29:43,299 --> 04:29:45,200
and his valet Marshawn among 
others. 

4219
04:29:45,200 --> 04:29:49,600
And if they formed a tiny Court 
in Exile, Napoleon established a

4220
04:29:49,600 --> 04:29:51,899
daily routine. 
Dictating his Memoirs and 

4221
04:29:51,899 --> 04:29:54,899
thoughts to his companions. 
Specially less cases, who 

4222
04:29:54,899 --> 04:29:57,600
recorded his conversations in, 
what would become the memorial 

4223
04:29:57,600 --> 04:30:00,899
of Saint Helena. tending, a 
small garden, reading, 

4224
04:30:00,899 --> 04:30:04,000
voraciously history, and 
literature, and the newspapers 

4225
04:30:04,000 --> 04:30:06,700
when he could get them and 
taking the occasional ride or 

4226
04:30:06,700 --> 04:30:09,799
walk, when his health allowed, 
Over time his robust 

4227
04:30:09,799 --> 04:30:12,899
Constitution began to fail. 
He grew Stout from lack of 

4228
04:30:12,899 --> 04:30:15,500
exercise. 
And rich food, they still dined 

4229
04:30:15,500 --> 04:30:17,000
formerly each night on Silver 
Plate. 

4230
04:30:17,000 --> 04:30:19,600
Maintaining pretenses of an 
imperial household. 

4231
04:30:20,500 --> 04:30:22,600
He suffered from what appeared 
to be a stomach ailment. 

4232
04:30:22,600 --> 04:30:25,600
Perhaps an ulcer or ultimately 
stomach cancer. 

4233
04:30:25,600 --> 04:30:27,700
His father had died of stomach, 
cancer 2. 

4234
04:30:28,500 --> 04:30:31,299
Some speculated he was being 
slowly poisoned indeed. 

4235
04:30:31,299 --> 04:30:34,000
Arsenic was later. 
Found in hair samples though. 

4236
04:30:34,000 --> 04:30:36,200
Modern historians, leaned 
towards natural illness, 

4237
04:30:36,200 --> 04:30:39,399
exacerbated by the conditions 
and possibly the Arsenic present

4238
04:30:39,399 --> 04:30:41,600
in things like the wallpaper 
die. 

4239
04:30:42,399 --> 04:30:45,700
Emotionally intellectually 
Napoleon oscillated between 

4240
04:30:45,700 --> 04:30:48,399
boredom bitterness and 
reflective car. 

4241
04:30:48,399 --> 04:30:52,500
He would spend hours mapping out
alternative histories what he 

4242
04:30:52,500 --> 04:30:55,299
should have done at Waterloo or 
regretting, not crushing the 

4243
04:30:55,299 --> 04:30:58,500
crushing more decisively early 
or lamenting the Folly of the 

4244
04:30:58,500 --> 04:31:01,500
Russian campaign. 
But other times he would delve 

4245
04:31:01,500 --> 04:31:03,799
into philosophical discussions 
about fate in the future 

4246
04:31:03,799 --> 04:31:07,100
Generations. 
He once stated they wanted me to

4247
04:31:07,100 --> 04:31:10,000
be another Washington referring 
to how Britain might have 

4248
04:31:10,008 --> 04:31:13,299
expected him to quietly retire 
and farm, but they will not find

4249
04:31:13,299 --> 04:31:17,500
another Washington in me. 
As months turned to years, 

4250
04:31:17,500 --> 04:31:21,899
Napoleon became preoccupied with
shaping his legacy in dictation 

4251
04:31:21,899 --> 04:31:23,500
sessions. 
He portrayed himself as the 

4252
04:31:23,500 --> 04:31:26,600
champion of the people's rights 
against reactionary monarchs and

4253
04:31:26,600 --> 04:31:30,600
as a soldier philosopher, who 
spread revolutionary ideals He 

4254
04:31:30,600 --> 04:31:32,899
insisted that his True Glory was
not the 40 battles. 

4255
04:31:32,899 --> 04:31:35,299
He won for defeat at Waterloo, 
overshadowed them. 

4256
04:31:35,299 --> 04:31:39,200
But what will live forever is my
civil code, the administrative 

4257
04:31:39,200 --> 04:31:42,600
reforms, the memory of a Nation.
I transformed, he described the 

4258
04:31:42,608 --> 04:31:45,899
Grandeur may as a Band of 
Brothers who achieved The 

4259
04:31:45,907 --> 04:31:49,399
Impossible out of love for 
France, even expressed some 

4260
04:31:49,399 --> 04:31:52,399
remorse or at least sadness over
the human cost of his Ambitions 

4261
04:31:52,399 --> 04:31:56,100
at times sitting on the porch. 
At Longwood gazing at the 

4262
04:31:56,108 --> 04:31:57,899
Atlantic rollers under a gray 
sky. 

4263
04:31:57,899 --> 04:32:01,799
One imagines Napoleon pondering 
the ultimate futility of worldly

4264
04:32:01,799 --> 04:32:04,399
power. 
Nevertheless he never lost a 

4265
04:32:04,399 --> 04:32:07,700
certain pride and combativeness 
when sir Hudson low would visit 

4266
04:32:07,700 --> 04:32:10,600
with Petty regulations or refuse
him, the title of Emperor and 

4267
04:32:10,600 --> 04:32:13,100
correspondence that British 
addressed him as general 

4268
04:32:13,100 --> 04:32:15,799
Bonaparte, Napoleon would 
bristle with anger. 

4269
04:32:15,799 --> 04:32:18,700
Sometimes refusing to see the 
governor at all, cloaking 

4270
04:32:18,700 --> 04:32:22,100
himself in dignified, silence 
his Entourage remained fiercely 

4271
04:32:22,100 --> 04:32:25,700
loyal, sharing in these 
indigenous in 1818. 

4272
04:32:25,700 --> 04:32:29,399
Las cases was deported by 
similar for allegedly, trying to

4273
04:32:29,399 --> 04:32:30,700
smuggle. 
Let us to Europe. 

4274
04:32:31,299 --> 04:32:34,799
Napoleon was outraged but he 
continued his dictations with 

4275
04:32:34,807 --> 04:32:38,399
others over time reports of his 
declining Health reached Europe 

4276
04:32:38,399 --> 04:32:41,500
and softened some hearts. 
Even royalists in France, became

4277
04:32:41,500 --> 04:32:44,799
less harsh and a simmering 
bonapartist, sentiment emerged 

4278
04:32:44,799 --> 04:32:49,299
in 1821 as Napoleon's condition,
worsened constant abdominal 

4279
04:32:49,299 --> 04:32:51,100
pain, nausea and physical 
weakening. 

4280
04:32:51,100 --> 04:32:55,200
He took to bed in April, he sent
the end was near and made a will

4281
04:32:55,200 --> 04:32:58,899
famously asking to be buried on 
the banks of the sin, among the 

4282
04:32:58,899 --> 04:33:00,899
French people who may have loved
so much. 

4283
04:33:01,899 --> 04:33:05,700
On May the 5th 1821 during a 
ferocious storm, Napoleon died. 

4284
04:33:05,700 --> 04:33:09,098
His last words murmured in 
Delirium were recorded by those 

4285
04:33:09,098 --> 04:33:12,700
at his bedside as France, Gilroy
Army. 

4286
04:33:14,098 --> 04:33:16,098
Tech dummy. 
Josephine. 

4287
04:33:18,098 --> 04:33:19,799
France. 
The army. 

4288
04:33:21,000 --> 04:33:23,098
Head of the army. 
Josephine. 

4289
04:33:24,799 --> 04:33:28,000
Even at the final moment, his 
mind clung to what he cherished,

4290
04:33:28,000 --> 04:33:32,000
his country, his soldiers, his 
glory and perhaps a fleeting 

4291
04:33:32,000 --> 04:33:35,700
thought of the first wife, he 
had loved Napoleon was buried on

4292
04:33:35,700 --> 04:33:38,299
Saint Helena in a shaded Valley,
in a modest. 

4293
04:33:38,299 --> 04:33:41,799
Grave marked only by a simple, 
Tombstone, the British wary of 

4294
04:33:41,807 --> 04:33:45,400
any symbol left it nameless. 
But death, only magnified the 

4295
04:33:45,400 --> 04:33:48,900
legend within years, Memoirs, 
like the memorial of Saint 

4296
04:33:48,900 --> 04:33:52,200
Helena spread across Europe, 
painting Napoleon is a romantic 

4297
04:33:52,200 --> 04:33:56,098
hero, and Martyr of sorts the 
great, man and done by fate and 

4298
04:33:56,098 --> 04:33:59,500
the malice of lesser men. 
The term Napoleon complex would 

4299
04:33:59,500 --> 04:34:02,200
come to describe, not 
psychological height issues, but

4300
04:34:02,200 --> 04:34:05,700
the complexity of his historical
image Tyrant or enlightened 

4301
04:34:05,700 --> 04:34:08,299
ruler military genius, or 
Reckless conqueror. 

4302
04:34:08,799 --> 04:34:12,900
In 1840, as political Tides 
changed in France, King Louis 

4303
04:34:12,900 --> 04:34:16,799
Philippe obtained permission to 
bring Napoleon's remains home in

4304
04:34:16,799 --> 04:34:19,799
a grande State ceremony. 
Napoleon's body was exhumed 

4305
04:34:19,799 --> 04:34:24,400
found remarkably well-preserved 
and transported to Paris lined 

4306
04:34:24,400 --> 04:34:27,598
by hundreds of thousands of 
Silent onlookers, his coffin 

4307
04:34:27,598 --> 04:34:30,098
passed under the Arctic Tree on 
that Monument. 

4308
04:34:30,098 --> 04:34:33,098
He commissioned at the height of
his power and he was finally 

4309
04:34:33,098 --> 04:34:38,400
laid to rest with full honors in
a red porir, France, thus 

4310
04:34:38,400 --> 04:34:39,799
symbolically reconciled with 
her. 

4311
04:34:39,799 --> 04:34:43,799
Prodigal son, he described the 
grand amay as a Band of Brothers

4312
04:34:43,799 --> 04:34:47,598
who achieve the impossible out 
of love for France, even 

4313
04:34:47,598 --> 04:34:50,200
expressed some remorse or at 
least sadness over the human 

4314
04:34:50,200 --> 04:34:54,098
cost of his Ambitions at times 
sitting on the portrait Longwood

4315
04:34:54,098 --> 04:34:56,799
gazing at the Atlantic rollers 
under a gray sky. 

4316
04:34:56,799 --> 04:35:00,900
One imagines Napoleon pondering 
the ultimate futility of worldly

4317
04:35:00,900 --> 04:35:03,400
power. 
Nevertheless he never lost a 

4318
04:35:03,400 --> 04:35:06,700
certain pride and combativeness 
when sir Hudson low would visit 

4319
04:35:06,700 --> 04:35:08,700
with Petty or regulations or 
refuse him. 

4320
04:35:08,799 --> 04:35:10,400
Title of Emperor and 
correspondence. 

4321
04:35:10,400 --> 04:35:13,500
The British addressed him as 
general Bonaparte, Napoleon 

4322
04:35:13,500 --> 04:35:16,500
would bristle with anger. 
Sometimes refusing to see the 

4323
04:35:16,500 --> 04:35:19,200
governor at all, cloaking 
himself in dignified, silence 

4324
04:35:19,200 --> 04:35:22,400
his Entourage remained, fiercely
loyal, sharing in these 

4325
04:35:22,400 --> 04:35:26,000
indignities. 
In 1818, less cases was deported

4326
04:35:26,000 --> 04:35:29,400
by Lisa, milieu for allegedly, 
trying to smuggle letters to 

4327
04:35:29,400 --> 04:35:32,400
Europe. 
Napoleon was outraged, but he 

4328
04:35:32,408 --> 04:35:36,098
continued his dictations with 
others over time reports of his 

4329
04:35:36,098 --> 04:35:38,598
declining Health reached Europe 
and softened some hearts. 

4330
04:35:38,598 --> 04:35:42,098
Even royalists in France, became
less harsh and a simmering 

4331
04:35:42,098 --> 04:35:46,400
bonapartist, sentiment emerged 
in 1821 as Napoleon's condition,

4332
04:35:46,400 --> 04:35:49,598
worsened constant abdominal 
pain, nausea and physical 

4333
04:35:49,598 --> 04:35:52,500
weakening. 
He took to bed in April, he 

4334
04:35:52,500 --> 04:35:55,700
sensed the end was near and made
a will famously asking to be 

4335
04:35:55,700 --> 04:35:59,098
buried on the banks of the saint
among the French people who may 

4336
04:35:59,098 --> 04:36:02,900
have loved so much. 
On May the 5th 1821 during a 

4337
04:36:02,900 --> 04:36:04,700
ferocious storm. 
Napoleon died. 

4338
04:36:04,700 --> 04:36:08,799
His last words in Delirium were 
recorded by those at his bedside

4339
04:36:08,799 --> 04:36:15,098
as France, Gilroy Army. 
Tech dummy, Josephine. 

4340
04:36:17,098 --> 04:36:18,799
France. 
The army. 

4341
04:36:20,000 --> 04:36:22,299
Head of the army. 
Josephine. 

4342
04:36:23,799 --> 04:36:27,098
Even at the final moment, his 
mind clung to what he cherished,

4343
04:36:27,098 --> 04:36:31,000
his country, his soldiers, his 
glory and perhaps a fleeting 

4344
04:36:31,000 --> 04:36:34,700
thought of the first wife, he 
had loved Napoleon was buried on

4345
04:36:34,700 --> 04:36:37,598
Saint Helena in a shaded Valley,
in a modest. 

4346
04:36:37,598 --> 04:36:41,098
Grave marked only by a simple, 
Tombstone, the British wary of 

4347
04:36:41,098 --> 04:36:44,400
any symbol left it nameless. 
But death, only magnified the 

4348
04:36:44,400 --> 04:36:47,799
legend within years, Memoirs, 
like the memorial of Saint 

4349
04:36:47,799 --> 04:36:51,098
Helena spread across Europe, 
painting Napoleon as a romantic 

4350
04:36:51,098 --> 04:36:54,799
hero, and Martyr of sorts the 
great, man and done by fate and 

4351
04:36:54,799 --> 04:36:58,500
the malice of lesser men. 
The term Napoleon complex would 

4352
04:36:58,500 --> 04:37:01,299
come to describe not 
psychological hid issues but the

4353
04:37:01,299 --> 04:37:04,598
complexity of his historical 
image Tyrant or enlightened 

4354
04:37:04,598 --> 04:37:07,200
ruler military genius, or 
Reckless conqueror. 

4355
04:37:07,799 --> 04:37:11,900
In 1840, as political Tides 
changed in France, King Louis 

4356
04:37:11,900 --> 04:37:14,598
Philippe obtained permission to 
bring Napoleon's remains home. 

4357
04:37:15,400 --> 04:37:18,799
In a grande State ceremony. 
Napoleon's body was exhumed 

4358
04:37:18,799 --> 04:37:23,400
found remarkably well preserved,
and transported to Paris lined 

4359
04:37:23,400 --> 04:37:26,598
by hundreds of thousands of 
Silent onlookers, his coffin 

4360
04:37:26,598 --> 04:37:29,098
passed under the Arctic Tree on 
that Monument. 

4361
04:37:29,098 --> 04:37:32,098
He commissioned at the height of
his power and he was finally 

4362
04:37:32,098 --> 04:37:35,400
laid to rest with full honors in
a red, poor furry, sarcophagus 

4363
04:37:35,400 --> 04:37:39,299
at France, thus symbolically 
reconciled with her, Prodigal 

4364
04:37:39,299 --> 05:22:53,200
Son? 
on September the 7th, 1533, 

4365
05:22:53,200 --> 05:22:57,500
Elizabeth Tudor was born at 
Greenwich Palace amidst a flurry

4366
05:22:57,500 --> 05:23:01,799
of anticipation and unease her 
father, King Henry, the 8th had 

4367
05:23:01,799 --> 05:23:04,799
Broken from the Catholic Church 
to marry her mother and Berlin. 

4368
05:23:04,799 --> 05:23:08,400
So Elizabeth's birth was charged
with political tensions, the 

4369
05:23:08,400 --> 05:23:11,900
king desperate for a male Heir, 
found himself disappointed when 

4370
05:23:11,900 --> 05:23:13,299
the infant turned out to be a 
girl. 

4371
05:23:13,900 --> 05:23:17,099
Still baby at Elizabeth bore, 
the weight of dynastic, hopes 

4372
05:23:17,099 --> 05:23:20,700
her every cool cry. 
Analyzed for signs, that the 

4373
05:23:20,700 --> 05:23:24,099
Tudor line might endure. 
The infant earliest days 

4374
05:23:24,099 --> 05:23:26,900
unfolded in a quart grappling 
with religious upheaval. 

4375
05:23:27,599 --> 05:23:30,099
Henry's new church of England 
stood at odds with Rome. 

4376
05:23:30,099 --> 05:23:34,700
Courtiers whispered about the 
king's next move, the queen and 

4377
05:23:34,700 --> 05:23:37,900
attempted to Shield her daughter
from the swirling environment. 

4378
05:23:37,900 --> 05:23:41,400
Ensuring she received the best 
available wetness is in Comfort.

4379
05:23:42,200 --> 05:23:44,700
However, the precariousness 
quickly became apparent. 

4380
05:23:45,599 --> 05:23:48,900
Few years later and face 
execution, due to dubious 

4381
05:23:48,900 --> 05:23:53,000
charges of treason and adultery 
motherless at 2, Elizabeth was 

4382
05:23:53,000 --> 05:23:56,000
declared illegitimate by her 
father's decree, losing her 

4383
05:23:56,000 --> 05:23:59,500
title of Princess raised in 
separate Royal households, 

4384
05:23:59,500 --> 05:24:02,000
Elizabeth seldom saw Henry the 
8th. 

4385
05:24:02,700 --> 05:24:05,900
Various stepmothers came and 
went with some offering grief 

4386
05:24:05,900 --> 05:24:09,000
maternal warmth. 
She formed a particularly close 

4387
05:24:09,000 --> 05:24:12,700
bond with Catherine, Parr Henry,
sixth wife, who oversaw her 

4388
05:24:12,700 --> 05:24:16,200
education? 
Elizabeth tutors recognized a 

4389
05:24:16,200 --> 05:24:19,200
remarkably bright mind, she 
excelled in Languages by 

4390
05:24:19,200 --> 05:24:21,900
adolescents. 
She spoke fluent, Latin French 

4391
05:24:21,900 --> 05:24:24,599
and Italian eventually picking 
up Spanish as well. 

4392
05:24:25,400 --> 05:24:28,799
She poured over classical texts,
cleaning rhetorical finesse from

4393
05:24:28,799 --> 05:24:31,500
Cicero and more or lessons from 
Greek philosophers. 

4394
05:24:31,500 --> 05:24:34,599
Even in childhood, she learned 
to keep her emotions. 

4395
05:24:34,599 --> 05:24:37,599
Cloaked forging. 
A calm exterior that masked in 

4396
05:24:37,599 --> 05:24:40,599
attention and attribute, that 
would prove crucial in her 

4397
05:24:40,599 --> 05:24:43,700
future reign. 
A fateful shift occurred when 

4398
05:24:43,700 --> 05:24:48,099
Henry died in the 1547 leaving, 
Elizabeth's half-brother Edward,

4399
05:24:48,099 --> 05:24:52,200
the sixth as king. under the 
Regency of protestant, a 

4400
05:24:52,200 --> 05:24:56,500
reformers, the religious climate
more radical Elizabeth though. 

4401
05:24:56,500 --> 05:24:59,900
Outwardly Cooperative carefully 
navigated factional disputes? 

4402
05:25:00,799 --> 05:25:03,599
She relocated the household of 
Catherine, Parr who had 

4403
05:25:03,607 --> 05:25:06,799
remarried to Thomas. 
Seymour that Arrangement spotted

4404
05:25:06,799 --> 05:25:09,400
Scandal Seymour was rumored to 
show. 

4405
05:25:09,400 --> 05:25:12,500
Elizabeth overly familiar, 
attention, fueling gossip that 

4406
05:25:12,500 --> 05:25:16,000
tarnished her reputation. 
The teenage princess soon. 

4407
05:25:16,000 --> 05:25:19,599
Departed mindful, that any whiff
of impropriety could end her 

4408
05:25:19,599 --> 05:25:22,099
precarious position in the 
succession line. 

4409
05:25:23,000 --> 05:25:25,500
This brush with danger 
reinforced her instincts for 

4410
05:25:25,500 --> 05:25:29,200
self-preservation Edward's short
Reign was followed by that of 

4411
05:25:29,200 --> 05:25:32,900
Elizabeth's half-sister Mary. 
The first a devout Catholic 

4412
05:25:32,900 --> 05:25:36,000
determined to restore papal, 
Authority, Mary viewed. 

4413
05:25:36,000 --> 05:25:39,299
Elizabeth with suspicion, seeing
in her, a rallying figure for 

4414
05:25:39,299 --> 05:25:42,200
Protestant interests as 
rebellions cropped up. 

4415
05:25:42,200 --> 05:25:44,400
Elizabeth found herself accused 
of complicity. 

4416
05:25:45,299 --> 05:25:47,700
She was taken to the Tower of 
London, where her mother had met

4417
05:25:47,700 --> 05:25:51,299
her end and then placed under 
house arrest at Woodstock, the 

4418
05:25:51,299 --> 05:25:55,099
Gloom of potential execution 
hung over her but lacking firm 

4419
05:25:55,099 --> 05:25:59,400
evidence Mary couldn't condemn 
her over two years, Elizabeth 

4420
05:25:59,400 --> 05:26:01,900
Trotta. 
Careful path denying any 

4421
05:26:01,900 --> 05:26:04,299
involvement in plots while 
discreetly maintaining her 

4422
05:26:04,299 --> 05:26:08,900
network of protests and allies 
Eventually Marys failing Health.

4423
05:26:08,900 --> 05:26:13,700
Lifted, Elisabeth from her 
shadow in November, 1558 Mary 

4424
05:26:13,700 --> 05:26:17,599
died, childless, Elisabeth that 
25. 

4425
05:26:17,599 --> 05:26:21,799
As the throwing the people, 
welcome to her with cautious 

4426
05:26:21,799 --> 05:26:24,599
optimism hoping for an end to 
religious Strife. 

4427
05:26:24,599 --> 05:26:27,599
However, no one could foresee 
the firmness with which 

4428
05:26:27,599 --> 05:26:31,400
Elizabeth would steer the ship. 
She inherited a kingdom, 

4429
05:26:31,408 --> 05:26:34,500
exhausted by years of 
persecution and entangled in 

4430
05:26:34,500 --> 05:26:37,700
European alliances. 
Furthermore lingering doubts 

4431
05:26:37,700 --> 05:26:41,400
about her legitimacy and ability
to produce an heir plagued. 

4432
05:26:41,400 --> 05:26:44,599
The realm courtiers pressed for 
her to marry promptly. 

4433
05:26:44,599 --> 05:26:47,200
Believing a queen regnant 
threatens stability. 

4434
05:26:47,200 --> 05:26:51,299
Unless a husband took the reins 
Elizabeth though, aware of the 

4435
05:26:51,307 --> 05:26:53,900
political logic. 
Also recognized that marriage 

4436
05:26:53,900 --> 05:26:56,500
might curb her autonomy in her 
first weeks. 

4437
05:26:56,500 --> 05:26:59,599
As Queen Elizabeth, took bold 
symbolic steps. 

4438
05:27:00,299 --> 05:27:03,000
She chose moderate Protestant 
advisors like William, Cecil 

4439
05:27:03,000 --> 05:27:07,200
striving to unify the country. 
She declared her intent for a 

4440
05:27:07,200 --> 05:27:09,799
religious settlement that 
neither persecuted Catholics 

4441
05:27:09,799 --> 05:27:11,599
harshly, or cave to people 
demands. 

4442
05:27:12,400 --> 05:27:16,200
She navigated a delicate balance
cognizant that either extreme 

4443
05:27:16,200 --> 05:27:19,099
could undermine her rule. 
She moved her Court to Whitehall

4444
05:27:19,099 --> 05:27:22,500
re-establishing routine. 
Ceremonial events that signaled 

4445
05:27:22,500 --> 05:27:25,700
the monarchy's continuity, 
observers described, her as 

4446
05:27:25,700 --> 05:27:29,599
poised with sharp eyes that 
hinted at an agile, strategic 

4447
05:27:29,599 --> 05:27:32,599
mine. 
The once Exile princess stood, 

4448
05:27:32,599 --> 05:27:35,700
now at the center of power 
forging, a monarchy that would 

4449
05:27:35,700 --> 05:27:39,299
come to Define an era. 
Thus the stage was set for a 

4450
05:27:39,307 --> 05:27:42,599
pivotal chapter in English. 
History Elizabeth's, early 

4451
05:27:42,599 --> 05:27:47,299
experience is maternal execution
paternal neglect complex, Family

4452
05:27:47,299 --> 05:27:50,599
Ties and shaped a cautious 
perceptive approach. 

4453
05:27:50,599 --> 05:27:53,799
She had learned to conceal 
personal feelings behind a 

4454
05:27:53,799 --> 05:27:57,599
stately demeanor armed, with 
intellectual Acumen gleaned from

4455
05:27:57,607 --> 05:28:00,599
classical texts. 
The realm now looked to her for 

4456
05:28:00,599 --> 05:28:04,200
stability, religious compromise 
and a reassertion of national 

4457
05:28:04,200 --> 05:28:07,500
identity. 
For Elizabeth, it was time to 

4458
05:28:07,500 --> 05:28:10,700
prove that a female Sovereign, 
even one with a contested 

4459
05:28:10,700 --> 05:28:13,500
legitimacy could guide England 
through its Labyrinth of 

4460
05:28:13,500 --> 05:28:16,500
political storms. 
From the outset of her Reign 

4461
05:28:16,500 --> 05:28:19,599
Elizabeth, the first confronted,
a land torn by religious 

4462
05:28:19,599 --> 05:28:23,200
factionalism under Mary. 
The first staunch Catholic 

4463
05:28:23,200 --> 05:28:26,599
policies, reigned with 
Protestant Heretics burned at 

4464
05:28:26,599 --> 05:28:29,500
the stake. 
Though those violent measures 

4465
05:28:29,500 --> 05:28:33,500
ended many Catholics remained 
loyal to Romeo. 

4466
05:28:33,500 --> 05:28:37,099
Radical Protestants clamored, 
for more extreme reforms 

4467
05:28:37,099 --> 05:28:40,799
Elizabeth recognized that a 
middle path was essential for 

4468
05:28:40,799 --> 05:28:43,599
National peace. 
The Elizabethan religious 

4469
05:28:43,599 --> 05:28:46,799
settlement of 1559 aimed for a 
broad church approached. 

4470
05:28:46,799 --> 05:28:49,900
The act of Supremacy declared 
her Supreme governor of the 

4471
05:28:49,900 --> 05:28:52,900
Church of England and the act of
uniformity prescribed. 

4472
05:28:52,900 --> 05:28:56,500
A moderate Protestant liturgy 
while it alienated Hardline, as 

4473
05:28:56,500 --> 05:28:59,799
on both sides established, a 
stable framework that endured 

4474
05:28:59,799 --> 05:29:04,000
this religious compromise, had 
consequences, Catholics abroad, 

4475
05:29:04,000 --> 05:29:07,299
questioned her legitimacy urging
Mary, Queen of Scots 

4476
05:29:07,299 --> 05:29:10,000
Elizabeth's, Catholic cousin to 
claiming throne. 

4477
05:29:10,700 --> 05:29:14,700
Mary exiled from Scotland in 
1568 ended up in England. 

4478
05:29:14,700 --> 05:29:18,700
Effectively under house arrest 
Elizabeth wary of dethroning a 

4479
05:29:18,700 --> 05:29:22,500
fellow anointed Queen faced to 
quandary Mary's presence. 

4480
05:29:22,500 --> 05:29:25,599
Fueled conspiracies, yet 
executing her set a dangerous 

4481
05:29:25,599 --> 05:29:28,099
precedent. 
This predicament lingered for 

4482
05:29:28,099 --> 05:29:31,700
decades turning Mary into an 
epicenter of Catholic plots that

4483
05:29:31,700 --> 05:29:33,599
threatened Elizabeth's life and 
reign. 

4484
05:29:34,400 --> 05:29:37,700
Beyond religion, Elizabeth 
foreign policy shaped her early 

4485
05:29:37,700 --> 05:29:39,900
years. 
On the throne England was 

4486
05:29:39,900 --> 05:29:43,200
military. 
Weak overshadowed by Spanish 

4487
05:29:43,200 --> 05:29:46,000
might The queen needed 
alliance's. 

4488
05:29:46,000 --> 05:29:48,799
But hated in tangling trees, 
that might compromise her 

4489
05:29:48,799 --> 05:29:51,700
independence. 
She courted suitors from across 

4490
05:29:51,700 --> 05:29:53,799
Europe. 
France's Duke of Anjou, 

4491
05:29:53,799 --> 05:29:58,200
Austria's Archduke Charles using
marriage negotiations as 

4492
05:29:58,208 --> 05:30:01,900
diplomatic chest moves each 
negotiation, offered short-term 

4493
05:30:01,900 --> 05:30:04,900
benefits but she consistently 
evaded an actual wedding. 

4494
05:30:06,000 --> 05:30:08,299
Like keeping her hand in 
marriage available. 

4495
05:30:08,299 --> 05:30:12,299
Elizabeth weighted certain 
powers from aggression, hoping 

4496
05:30:12,299 --> 05:30:16,400
for eventual Union. 
The Saga of the Virgin Queen was

4497
05:30:16,400 --> 05:30:19,200
as much political strategy as 
personal inclination 

4498
05:30:19,200 --> 05:30:22,799
economically. 
Elizabeth inherited a treasury 

4499
05:30:22,799 --> 05:30:26,400
battered by Wars. 
Her ministers notably, William 

4500
05:30:26,400 --> 05:30:30,599
Cecil Lord Berkeley instituted, 
reforms curbing inflation, and 

4501
05:30:30,599 --> 05:30:33,799
streamlining Revenue collection.
They supported Maritime 

4502
05:30:33,799 --> 05:30:36,200
Ventures. 
Encouraging sea captains, like 

4503
05:30:36,200 --> 05:30:38,900
Francis Drake to Harris, 
Spanish, shipping and sees, 

4504
05:30:38,900 --> 05:30:42,200
treasure such semi-official 
privateering in Rich, Royal 

4505
05:30:42,200 --> 05:30:44,299
coffers and stoked Spanish 
hostility. 

4506
05:30:45,000 --> 05:30:49,000
Culminating in deeper rivalries.
Meanwhile domestic industry will

4507
05:30:49,000 --> 05:30:53,200
in cloth for instance, expanded 
aided, by the stable environment

4508
05:30:53,200 --> 05:30:57,099
Elizabeth's government fostered.
As for the queen herself, the 

4509
05:30:57,099 --> 05:30:59,799
court recognized her Keen 
intellect and formidable will 

4510
05:31:00,500 --> 05:31:04,000
She cherished are Edition 
employing multiple secretary to 

4511
05:31:04,000 --> 05:31:07,900
handle a constant influx of 
diplomatic, dispatches fluent in

4512
05:31:07,900 --> 05:31:11,500
French and Adept in Latin. 
She occasionally scribbled notes

4513
05:31:11,500 --> 05:31:15,400
in Italian or Spanish, she 
reveled in Mars and pageants 

4514
05:31:15,400 --> 05:31:18,000
endorsing the Arts to glorify 
her monarchy. 

4515
05:31:18,599 --> 05:31:22,200
She made a point of progresses 
traveling with her retinue, 

4516
05:31:22,200 --> 05:31:24,700
through the countryside, letting
her subjects Glimpse, the Royal 

4517
05:31:24,700 --> 05:31:28,400
presence, this practice built 
loyalty for seeing their Queen 

4518
05:31:28,400 --> 05:31:31,799
in person, or Splendid with 
pearls and embroidered gowns 

4519
05:31:31,799 --> 05:31:35,599
stirred patriotic Pride, a 
lesser known aspect was her 

4520
05:31:35,599 --> 05:31:37,400
Reliance on intelligence 
networks. 

4521
05:31:37,400 --> 05:31:41,799
Elizabeth aware that 
conspiracies loomed authorized 

4522
05:31:41,799 --> 05:31:44,799
spymasters like, Sir, Francis 
Walsingham to intercept letters 

4523
05:31:44,799 --> 05:31:48,000
employee informants and uncover 
plots. 

4524
05:31:48,000 --> 05:31:52,000
This clandestine apparatus 
uncovered, multiple assassins or

4525
05:31:52,000 --> 05:31:54,500
traitors financed by Spain or 
paper agents. 

4526
05:31:54,500 --> 05:31:58,500
By revealing such threats the 
queen Justified harsher policies

4527
05:31:58,500 --> 05:32:01,799
against recalcitrant. 
Catholics some criticized these 

4528
05:32:01,799 --> 05:32:05,700
tactics as oppressive, the two 
Elizabeth survival, mandated 

4529
05:32:05,700 --> 05:32:10,099
vigilance Another challenge, 
cultural expectations for 

4530
05:32:10,099 --> 05:32:12,900
Queen's. 
She faced Jabs about her gender 

4531
05:32:12,900 --> 05:32:15,599
with some male. 
Courtiers urging a kingly 

4532
05:32:15,599 --> 05:32:18,500
partner. 
She responded by forging a Regal

4533
05:32:18,500 --> 05:32:23,000
Persona insisting subjects. 
See her as both king and queen a

4534
05:32:23,000 --> 05:32:27,299
line, reflecting her dual role. 
Skillfully navigated, dominated 

4535
05:32:27,299 --> 05:32:31,099
councils, awarding title 
carefully to ensure no single 

4536
05:32:31,099 --> 05:32:34,500
Noble overshadowed her. 
She also used fashion as a 

4537
05:32:34,500 --> 05:32:38,400
political tool, her elaborate 
gowns iconic, roughs and dual 

4538
05:32:38,400 --> 05:32:39,599
Laden. 
Wardrobes signaled. 

4539
05:32:39,599 --> 05:32:43,599
The monarchy's Majesty This 
cultivated image buttressed her 

4540
05:32:43,599 --> 05:32:45,700
Authority in an era, still 
grappling with a female 

4541
05:32:45,700 --> 05:32:49,200
sovereign. in parallel, 
Elizabeth's personal Circle, 

4542
05:32:49,200 --> 05:32:53,099
remained small She could be 
witty and Charming dancing or 

4543
05:32:53,099 --> 05:32:55,900
joking with favorites like 
Robert Dudley but letting 

4544
05:32:55,900 --> 05:32:59,500
affection over sheet about 
Prudence risks Scandal rumors 

4545
05:32:59,500 --> 05:33:02,500
flew about her closeness to 
Dudley fueling suspicion that 

4546
05:33:02,500 --> 05:33:05,299
she might marry him. 
The potential controversy was 

4547
05:33:05,299 --> 05:33:07,400
immense. 
Given Dudley's questionable 

4548
05:33:07,400 --> 05:33:12,500
reputation in the end Elisabeth.
She cherished her autonomy. 

4549
05:33:12,500 --> 05:33:16,700
Well aware that a consort could 
overshadow or manipulate her the

4550
05:33:16,700 --> 05:33:18,700
choice through bafflement from a
foreign courts. 

4551
05:33:18,700 --> 05:33:23,099
But domestically it enhanced 
her, Mystique the Virgin, Queen 

4552
05:33:23,099 --> 05:33:26,000
identity solidified spurring 
propaganda. 

4553
05:33:26,000 --> 05:33:28,400
That Castro's wedded to the 
realm itself. 

4554
05:33:28,400 --> 05:33:32,299
Elizabeth early Reign involved 
balancing various tasks such as 

4555
05:33:32,299 --> 05:33:35,299
forging a delicate, religious 
settlement spurring economic 

4556
05:33:35,299 --> 05:33:39,799
growth out maneuvering and 
stamping out plots. 

4557
05:33:40,500 --> 05:33:43,500
She skillfully used image and 
ceremony to unify the realm 

4558
05:33:43,500 --> 05:33:47,200
though critics lurked. 
The government stability rested,

4559
05:33:47,200 --> 05:33:50,200
on an ongoing dance with foreign
powers and internal factions. 

4560
05:33:50,200 --> 05:33:54,400
Despite the swirling tensions, 
Elizabeth projected calm 

4561
05:33:54,400 --> 05:33:56,900
confidence. 
Forging a national identity that

4562
05:33:56,900 --> 05:33:58,700
recognized the Queen's Central 
role. 

4563
05:33:59,400 --> 05:34:02,500
Her mid-range would bring Graver
trials culminating indecisive 

4564
05:34:02,500 --> 05:34:05,200
conflicts that tested the metal 
of both Monacan Kingdom. 

4565
05:34:06,000 --> 05:34:09,400
By the mid-1980s. 
Elisabeth Rohm faced, a new wave

4566
05:34:09,400 --> 05:34:12,799
of external threats, the 
ascendant Spanish Empire under 

4567
05:34:12,799 --> 05:34:16,000
King Philip, the second brimmed 
with Zeal to reassert Catholic 

4568
05:34:16,000 --> 05:34:19,299
Supremacy and Avenge the raids 
on Spanish Commerce by an 

4569
05:34:19,299 --> 05:34:23,400
English privateers Religious 
tensions Spike to further after 

4570
05:34:23,400 --> 05:34:26,700
the pope excommunicated 
Elisabeth, effectively, urging 

4571
05:34:26,700 --> 05:34:30,799
Catholic monarchs to her. 
In response the Queen's advisors

4572
05:34:30,799 --> 05:34:33,500
realized that war with Spain was
no longer a distant possibility 

4573
05:34:33,500 --> 05:34:36,599
but a near inevitability. 
They bolstered the Navy 

4574
05:34:36,599 --> 05:34:39,900
encouraging shipbuilders to 
refine vessels for seed and 

4575
05:34:39,900 --> 05:34:43,400
maneuverability commanders. 
Like Drake refined hit and run 

4576
05:34:43,400 --> 05:34:48,000
tactics designed to hamper 
Spain's massive slower galleys 

4577
05:34:48,000 --> 05:34:51,799
Additionally the Mary Queen of 
Scots dilemma reached a 

4578
05:34:51,799 --> 05:34:55,299
climactic stage She had been 
implicated in multiple plots. 

4579
05:34:55,299 --> 05:34:59,700
Culminating in the infamous 
babington plot of 1586 which aim

4580
05:34:59,700 --> 05:35:03,000
to assassinate Elisabeth and 
seek Mary on the throne caught 

4581
05:35:03,000 --> 05:35:06,000
within tremending letters. 
Mary was tried for treason. 

4582
05:35:07,000 --> 05:35:09,500
Elizabeth, agonized over 
signing, Mary's death, warrant 

4583
05:35:09,500 --> 05:35:13,000
the thought of executing an 
anointed Queen offended. 

4584
05:35:13,000 --> 05:35:16,900
Her sense of divine order, but 
Council pressed her that Mary's 

4585
05:35:16,900 --> 05:35:21,200
continued survival endangered 
National Security Reluctantly 

4586
05:35:21,200 --> 05:35:26,799
Elizabeth signed Mary was 
beheaded in 1587 and act that 

4587
05:35:26,799 --> 05:35:31,599
scandalized Catholic Europe. 
Elizabeth feigned dismay at the 

4588
05:35:31,599 --> 05:35:35,400
news of Mary's, actual execution
chastising ministers for 

4589
05:35:35,400 --> 05:35:38,700
carrying out the sentence to 
hastily the sincerity of her 

4590
05:35:38,700 --> 05:35:42,900
regret remains debated this 
event further incense Spain and 

4591
05:35:42,900 --> 05:35:45,900
soon word came that Philip the 
second was assembling an 

4592
05:35:45,900 --> 05:35:50,500
invincible Armada in 1588 that 
formidable Fleet sailed for the 

4593
05:35:50,508 --> 05:35:53,500
English Channel intending to 
Rendezvous with forces in the 

4594
05:35:53,500 --> 05:35:55,200
low countries and deliver an 
invasion. 

4595
05:35:55,799 --> 05:36:00,200
England priest for catastrophe. 
Elizabeth visited her troops at 

4596
05:36:00,200 --> 05:36:03,299
Tilbury clad in armor, 
delivering a rousing speech 

4597
05:36:03,299 --> 05:36:06,599
about having the heart and 
stomach of a king that rallying 

4598
05:36:06,599 --> 05:36:08,299
cry. 
They perhaps embroidered in 

4599
05:36:08,299 --> 05:36:11,900
subsequent retellings captured 
the national mood, the English 

4600
05:36:11,900 --> 05:36:15,599
Navy in engaged, the Armada in a
series of skirmishes, employing 

4601
05:36:15,599 --> 05:36:19,599
fire-ships to showcase Stormy 
Weather and miscalculation 

4602
05:36:19,599 --> 05:36:22,799
forced the Spanish to scatter 
around the northern coasts 

4603
05:36:22,799 --> 05:36:27,099
suffering, devastating losses. 
The Triumph at Sea became a 

4604
05:36:27,099 --> 05:36:28,400
Cornerstone of Elizabeth's 
Legend. 

4605
05:36:29,200 --> 05:36:32,099
Though, historians note the 
fortune of unseasonable gales 

4606
05:36:32,099 --> 05:36:35,200
played as larger role as 
strategic brilliance boyed by 

4607
05:36:35,208 --> 05:36:39,799
Victory, Elizabeth popularity, 
soared poets, extolled her as a 

4608
05:36:39,799 --> 05:36:42,000
goddess. 
Presiding over a fortuitous age.

4609
05:36:42,000 --> 05:36:46,200
London's population, boomed 
Commerce thrived in relative 

4610
05:36:46,200 --> 05:36:50,299
security courteous, staged 
elaborate masks celebrating 

4611
05:36:50,299 --> 05:36:54,299
Gloriana, a Monica borrowed from
Edmond Spencer's allegorical, 

4612
05:36:54,299 --> 05:36:58,500
poem the fairy queen. 
This Cult of Elizabeth with 

4613
05:36:58,500 --> 05:37:02,500
pageantry and stylized 
iconography shaped a golden aura

4614
05:37:02,500 --> 05:37:05,900
around her monarchy. 
She bestowed Knight hoods on 

4615
05:37:05,900 --> 05:37:08,599
Naval Heroes like Drake though. 
She never turned them into 

4616
05:37:08,599 --> 05:37:12,799
Unstoppable political Rivals. 
Indeed, part of her genius in 

4617
05:37:12,799 --> 05:37:16,099
men, just enough to secure their
loyalty, but not so 

4618
05:37:16,099 --> 05:37:18,500
extravagantly. 
As to overshadow, her own Regal 

4619
05:37:18,500 --> 05:37:22,599
glow yet, cracks surface, the 
war with Spain dragged on 

4620
05:37:22,599 --> 05:37:26,599
Spradley English expeditions to 
support Protestant rebels in the

4621
05:37:26,599 --> 05:37:29,400
Netherlands, Walter raid Spanish
ports, offer an ended in 

4622
05:37:29,400 --> 05:37:33,700
Fiasco's draining resources. 
The Queen's earlier frugality 

4623
05:37:33,700 --> 05:37:36,500
turned to reluctant about fully 
funding new campaigns. 

4624
05:37:36,500 --> 05:37:40,299
Prompting friction with bold but
cash strapped, commanders, some 

4625
05:37:40,299 --> 05:37:43,400
younger courtiers, like the Earl
of Essex were impatient with the

4626
05:37:43,400 --> 05:37:46,700
Elizabeth's measured approach. 
Essex attempted to replicate 

4627
05:37:46,700 --> 05:37:49,599
despite Drake's glorious. 
He led half-baked military 

4628
05:37:49,599 --> 05:37:53,400
forays and The Returned with 
meager spoils tensions, between 

4629
05:37:53,400 --> 05:37:55,400
the old Queen. 
And these ambitious youths 

4630
05:37:55,400 --> 05:37:59,900
escalated culminating in the 
Essex rebellion of 1601 where he

4631
05:37:59,900 --> 05:38:01,799
tried a coup. 
She crushed it. 

4632
05:38:01,799 --> 05:38:04,000
Swiftly. 
And Essex was executed. 

4633
05:38:05,000 --> 05:38:09,200
As Elizabeth aged her once 
intimate Circle diminished long 

4634
05:38:09,200 --> 05:38:11,700
time, advisers such as William, 
Cecil passed away. 

4635
05:38:12,500 --> 05:38:14,599
And favored. 
Courtiers either died or fell 

4636
05:38:14,599 --> 05:38:17,500
out of favor. 
The queen famous for her. 

4637
05:38:17,500 --> 05:38:19,099
Fine dresses, and elaborate 
wigs. 

4638
05:38:19,099 --> 05:38:22,799
Now face to more, solitary 
existence gossip about her 

4639
05:38:22,799 --> 05:38:26,900
vanity circulated, she insisted 
on controlling Her Image fusing 

4640
05:38:26,900 --> 05:38:30,299
to appear as a frail. 
Matron She demanded loyalty from

4641
05:38:30,299 --> 05:38:32,500
ladies and waiting scolding 
them. 

4642
05:38:32,500 --> 05:38:35,400
If they dared over Shadow, her 
attire will conversation 

4643
05:38:36,400 --> 05:38:38,599
Although the realm viewed, her, 
as Gloriana. 

4644
05:38:39,299 --> 05:38:42,299
She struggled to maintain a 
Mythic aura behind closed doors 

4645
05:38:42,299 --> 05:38:46,700
diplomatically the final years 
of her Reign saw a cooling of 

4646
05:38:46,700 --> 05:38:49,799
tension with Spain not via a 
formal piece. 

4647
05:38:49,799 --> 05:38:53,500
But through mutual exhaustion 
the impetus for large armadas, 

4648
05:38:53,500 --> 05:38:57,799
had waned with Spain focusing on
European entanglements, England 

4649
05:38:57,799 --> 05:39:01,099
for its part lacked the finances
to continue heavy engagements. 

4650
05:39:01,099 --> 05:39:05,500
Meanwhile, the seeds of colonial
expansion were sown English, 

4651
05:39:05,500 --> 05:39:08,900
seafarers IDE, North America 
establishing fledgling, 

4652
05:39:08,900 --> 05:39:12,599
outposts, the concept of an 
overseas Empire was embryonic, 

4653
05:39:12,599 --> 05:39:16,000
but emerging, thus approaching 
the turn of the century, 

4654
05:39:16,000 --> 05:39:20,200
Elizabeth presided over a stable
yet, evolving monarchy, she had 

4655
05:39:20,200 --> 05:39:25,400
defied Invasion facedown 
conspiracies and reigned as an 

4656
05:39:25,400 --> 05:39:27,200
iconic figure admired across 
Europe. 

4657
05:39:28,099 --> 05:39:31,400
But the question of succession 
remained unmarried and 

4658
05:39:31,400 --> 05:39:34,200
childless. 
She had never named an air. 

4659
05:39:35,000 --> 05:39:38,299
The matter loomed spurring 
subtle negotiations, as 

4660
05:39:38,299 --> 05:39:42,000
different claimants circled. 
This final stretch of her Reign 

4661
05:39:42,000 --> 05:39:45,000
tested whether the Tudor lines, 
magic could endure Beyond her 

4662
05:39:45,000 --> 05:39:48,400
mortal presence or if it would 
seamlessly transition to a new 

4663
05:39:48,408 --> 05:39:51,700
Dynasty by the Twilight of her 
Reign Elizabeth. 

4664
05:39:51,700 --> 05:39:54,000
The first found herself 
contending with the question 

4665
05:39:54,000 --> 05:39:57,299
that a dog her for decades, who 
would follow her upon the 

4666
05:39:57,307 --> 05:40:00,000
throne. 
No official are had been named. 

4667
05:40:00,799 --> 05:40:03,900
though, many whispered that 
James, the sixth of Scotland, a 

4668
05:40:03,900 --> 05:40:06,900
Protestant and Son of the 
executed, Mary Queen of Scots 

4669
05:40:06,900 --> 05:40:10,700
was the likely candidate 
Elizabeth ever cautious about 

4670
05:40:10,700 --> 05:40:14,000
naming a successor, understood 
that the moment she sanctioned 

4671
05:40:14,000 --> 05:40:17,599
an air, her Authority might 
Wane, yet the Gentry and the 

4672
05:40:17,607 --> 05:40:21,500
powerful were anxious fearing, a
Resurgence of civil Strife. 

4673
05:40:21,500 --> 05:40:23,599
If the crowns transitioned 
lacked clarity. 

4674
05:40:24,400 --> 05:40:28,299
As the 1590s waned, The Queen's 
quartz or fewer robust 

4675
05:40:28,299 --> 05:40:32,400
festivities, Elizabeth's Health 
was not the best and her mood 

4676
05:40:32,400 --> 05:40:35,500
dark and by the loss of 
cherished confidants once a 

4677
05:40:35,500 --> 05:40:37,900
favorite Explorer. 
So, Walter rally fell from 

4678
05:40:37,900 --> 05:40:42,400
Elizabeth's favor, the Earl of 
Essex wild Golden Boy died. 

4679
05:40:42,400 --> 05:40:45,200
A traitor. 
Meanwhile, the Luminous Circle 

4680
05:40:45,200 --> 05:40:48,000
that had celebrated her youth, 
best of Hardwick. 

4681
05:40:48,000 --> 05:40:51,400
Countess of, let's start and 
others had scattered. 

4682
05:40:52,099 --> 05:40:56,000
England's population soared 
Beyond 4 million, many living, 

4683
05:40:56,000 --> 05:40:59,299
precariously, and squalid, 
conditions, bread riots 

4684
05:40:59,299 --> 05:41:02,400
flickered in adverse Harvest 
years and the cost of warfare 

4685
05:41:02,400 --> 05:41:05,500
remained burdensome. 
Some critics murmured that the 

4686
05:41:05,500 --> 05:41:08,299
Queen's refusal to adapt to a 
new generation's demands 

4687
05:41:08,299 --> 05:41:09,900
indicated, the monarchy was 
adrift. 

4688
05:41:11,000 --> 05:41:13,200
Yet Elizabeth never lost her 
political savvy. 

4689
05:41:14,000 --> 05:41:15,799
Carefully managed sessions of 
parliament. 

4690
05:41:15,799 --> 05:41:20,400
Deftly deflecting demands for 
certain policy changes. she 

4691
05:41:20,400 --> 05:41:23,799
employed subtle flattery, 
reminding them that as a mother 

4692
05:41:23,799 --> 05:41:27,799
to her people, she prized their 
well-being above all this 

4693
05:41:27,799 --> 05:41:32,000
rhetorical style, combining 
maternal sentiments with Regal 

4694
05:41:32,000 --> 05:41:37,400
Authority continued to woo, the 
common Folk Indeed from the 

4695
05:41:37,400 --> 05:41:41,000
countryside to London's teaming 
streets, loyalty to the queen 

4696
05:41:41,000 --> 05:41:44,700
remained high and outgrowth of 
national pride partly forged by 

4697
05:41:44,708 --> 05:41:46,700
that early victory over the 
Spanish Armada. 

4698
05:41:47,599 --> 05:41:50,700
In the realm of Arts, the 
Elizabethan theater, blossomed 

4699
05:41:50,700 --> 05:41:52,700
spearheaded by William 
Shakespeare. 

4700
05:41:52,700 --> 05:41:56,700
Christopher Marlowe. 
And others though, Elizabeth 

4701
05:41:56,700 --> 05:41:59,200
seldom attended public 
performance at the globe. 

4702
05:41:59,200 --> 05:42:02,400
She invited theatrical troops to
court. 

4703
05:42:03,200 --> 05:42:06,700
She found enjoyment in comedic 
include even if she publicly 

4704
05:42:06,700 --> 05:42:11,000
maintained a formal veneer, his 
cultural Renaissance ignited, 

4705
05:42:11,000 --> 05:42:14,299
under her watch was a point of 
national distinction with 

4706
05:42:14,299 --> 05:42:17,000
travelling players bringing both
dramatic Flair and moral 

4707
05:42:17,000 --> 05:42:20,599
allegories to distant corners. 
The Synergy of crowns and 

4708
05:42:20,607 --> 05:42:23,900
creativity under scored an Epoch
known as the Elizabethan golden 

4709
05:42:23,900 --> 05:42:26,500
age. 
Throughout the religious 

4710
05:42:26,500 --> 05:42:29,599
settlement endured though, 
Puritan elements pressed for 

4711
05:42:29,599 --> 05:42:32,500
stricter reforms. 
Criticizing the hierarchical 

4712
05:42:32,500 --> 05:42:35,900
structure of Bishops, the queen 
tolerated moderate Puritan, 

4713
05:42:35,900 --> 05:42:39,200
please, but Crackdown on radical
preachers who undermined her 

4714
05:42:39,200 --> 05:42:42,500
Supreme governorship. 
Catholic recusants faced fines 

4715
05:42:42,500 --> 05:42:45,599
or pressure to conform though. 
Large-scale persecution was less

4716
05:42:45,599 --> 05:42:48,900
aggressive than during her, 
Mary's Reign despite friction. 

4717
05:42:48,900 --> 05:42:51,900
Elizabeth stance staved off. 
Religious Civil War. 

4718
05:42:51,900 --> 05:42:55,599
This equilibrium, they're not 
perfect in abled, Commerce and 

4719
05:42:55,599 --> 05:42:58,599
exploration to flourish 
Merchants ventured to the 

4720
05:42:58,599 --> 05:43:01,200
Levant, the Baltic and the 
Americas. 

4721
05:43:01,200 --> 05:43:05,500
So in early seeds of a global 
Maritime trade, In the final few

4722
05:43:05,500 --> 05:43:09,099
months of her life. 
Elizabeth retreated to Richmond 

4723
05:43:09,099 --> 05:43:11,500
Palace. 
She was increasingly frail 

4724
05:43:11,500 --> 05:43:13,599
refusing. 
Medical interventions that 

4725
05:43:13,599 --> 05:43:16,500
seemed invasive caught. 
Rumors multiplied. 

4726
05:43:16,500 --> 05:43:18,299
The Queen's. 
Mind was drifting. 

4727
05:43:18,299 --> 05:43:22,000
She was losing appetite. 
Will she stood for hours to 

4728
05:43:22,000 --> 05:43:25,299
Proud to rest? 
modern historians, debate, the 

4729
05:43:25,299 --> 05:43:29,000
exact cause of her decline, some
speculate, pneumonia, or 

4730
05:43:29,000 --> 05:43:33,000
depression, She dreaded naming 
James publicly that subtle 

4731
05:43:33,000 --> 05:43:36,000
negotiation with his envoys 
pave, the way for a smooth 

4732
05:43:36,008 --> 05:43:39,000
succession. 
Advisors, like Robert Cecil 

4733
05:43:39,000 --> 05:43:40,299
quietly. 
Prepared the details. 

4734
05:43:41,299 --> 05:43:44,099
According to tradition, 
Elizabeth too. 

4735
05:43:44,099 --> 05:43:47,099
Weak to speak in her last hours,
made a vague gesture endorsing 

4736
05:43:47,099 --> 05:43:51,200
James as successor. 
She died on March 24th, 1603 

4737
05:43:51,200 --> 05:43:56,799
age, 69 after 44 years on the 
throne, a record at the time for

4738
05:43:56,799 --> 05:43:59,299
an English Monarch. 
A coffin was carried from 

4739
05:43:59,299 --> 05:44:03,200
Whitehall to Westminster Abbey. 
The silent crowds reflecting on 

4740
05:44:03,200 --> 05:44:08,099
an era shaped by her image. 
That day closed the Tudor line 

4741
05:44:08,099 --> 05:44:10,900
with James, the sixth of 
Scotland becoming James. 

4742
05:44:10,900 --> 05:44:14,000
The first of England, 
inaugurating the Stuart Dynasty.

4743
05:44:15,000 --> 05:44:17,000
Yet the Tudor brand had not 
ended in chaos. 

4744
05:44:17,000 --> 05:44:19,500
The Elizabeth's measured 
approach for all her. 

4745
05:44:19,500 --> 05:44:23,200
Reluctance is ensured a 
relatively peaceful Handover in 

4746
05:44:23,200 --> 05:44:27,099
the wake of her passing tributes
sword pamphlets hailed her as 

4747
05:44:27,099 --> 05:44:30,500
the wisest princess, the mother 
of her people and a near 

4748
05:44:30,500 --> 05:44:33,799
legendary Fisher who steered the
nation from the shadows of 

4749
05:44:33,799 --> 05:44:36,799
religious tyranny. 
The wave of national mourning 

4750
05:44:36,799 --> 05:44:40,099
overshadowed her shortcomings, 
which included, excessive 

4751
05:44:40,099 --> 05:44:44,099
favoritism suspicion of Rivals, 
and stifling certain freedoms 

4752
05:44:44,099 --> 05:44:48,700
over the next centuries. 
Historians would reinterpret her

4753
05:44:48,700 --> 05:44:52,200
story descending, illusions of 
the Virgin Queen narrative 

4754
05:44:52,200 --> 05:44:54,900
acknowledging her harsh 
treatment of dissenters. 

4755
05:44:54,900 --> 05:44:58,599
Yet marveling at her capacity to
wield Authority in a fiercely 

4756
05:44:58,599 --> 05:45:02,200
patriarchal world. the stage was
set for the transition from 

4757
05:45:02,200 --> 05:45:05,400
Tudor to Stuart and though, 
overshadowed by the next 

4758
05:45:05,400 --> 05:45:08,799
monarchy Zone tensions, 
Elizabeth's Reign retained, a 

4759
05:45:08,799 --> 05:45:12,299
special glow in England's 
Collective memory An Epoch where

4760
05:45:12,299 --> 05:45:14,200
a single woman's will shape 
Destiny. 

4761
05:45:14,200 --> 05:45:17,900
Immediately after Elizabeth's 
death, a swirl of legacies. 

4762
05:45:17,900 --> 05:45:21,200
Confronted the English James, 
the first newly ascendant 

4763
05:45:21,200 --> 05:45:24,500
inherited, a stable realm, but 
also the burden of living up to 

4764
05:45:24,500 --> 05:45:27,900
the fabled glory honor. 
Over the ensuing decades. 

4765
05:45:27,900 --> 05:45:31,200
The myth of Elizabeth would be 
embellished by dramatists 

4766
05:45:31,200 --> 05:45:35,700
historians and genealogists 
forging, a romantic image of a 

4767
05:45:35,700 --> 05:45:39,599
queen on blemished by Era yet. 
Parallel under currents. 

4768
05:45:39,599 --> 05:45:43,200
Recognized her complexities 
among the common folk stories of

4769
05:45:43,200 --> 05:45:46,700
bounded of her witty repartee, 
her skill in navigating. 

4770
05:45:46,700 --> 05:45:50,299
Suitors, and the spectacle of 
her Court, In the Catholic 

4771
05:45:50,299 --> 05:45:53,900
diaspora, she was demonized as a
heretic who had executed Mary 

4772
05:45:53,900 --> 05:45:58,400
Queen of Scots this ideological 
tug of war shaped how Europe at 

4773
05:45:58,400 --> 05:46:02,599
large, recalled her reign. 
During the 17th century, English

4774
05:46:02,599 --> 05:46:05,500
authors occasionally stage, 
plays referencing Elizabeth and 

4775
05:46:05,500 --> 05:46:07,799
glories to critique or praise 
current rulers. 

4776
05:46:07,799 --> 05:46:12,400
The Elizabethan age label took 
hold Conjuring a golden passed 

4777
05:46:12,400 --> 05:46:14,599
full of Maritime exploits and 
cultural refinement. 

4778
05:46:14,599 --> 05:46:17,400
Meanwhile, Puritan writers 
viewed. 

4779
05:46:17,400 --> 05:46:20,799
The queen more critically noting
that her religious compromise 

4780
05:46:20,799 --> 05:46:22,900
left them, yearning for a more 
thorough Reformation. 

4781
05:46:23,900 --> 05:46:27,599
Some pamphleteers portrayed her 
as a cunning politician, Adept 

4782
05:46:27,599 --> 05:46:30,799
at double-dealing among Europe's
Catholic Powers over time. 

4783
05:46:30,799 --> 05:46:34,000
These multiple Vantage points 
Consolidated into a layered 

4784
05:46:34,000 --> 05:46:36,799
portrait. 
In the 18th and 19th, centuries 

4785
05:46:36,799 --> 05:46:40,700
national pride sword, fueling 
revivalist interest in The 

4786
05:46:40,708 --> 05:46:43,500
Tudors. 
The Elizabeth's image was molded

4787
05:46:43,500 --> 05:46:47,000
by Victorian taste emphasizing 
her unmarried status as a 

4788
05:46:47,008 --> 05:46:50,799
demonstration of moral fortitude
painters depicted her in 

4789
05:46:50,799 --> 05:46:54,200
elaborate roughs overshadowing. 
Any mention of the day-to-day 

4790
05:46:54,200 --> 05:46:57,599
hardships endured by her 
subjects She became an icon of 

4791
05:46:57,599 --> 05:47:00,900
English Independents specially 
when the British Empire sought 

4792
05:47:00,900 --> 05:47:03,799
parallels between the forging of
a national identity, under 

4793
05:47:03,799 --> 05:47:06,299
Elizabeth, and contemporary 
Empire Building. 

4794
05:47:07,500 --> 05:47:10,500
The Armada, Triumph narrative 
overshadowed, the fact that 

4795
05:47:10,500 --> 05:47:14,700
storms aided English success, 
her issues, with Mary, Queen of 

4796
05:47:14,700 --> 05:47:18,599
Scots became fodder for tragic 
Romanticism, focusing on 

4797
05:47:18,599 --> 05:47:20,099
courtly, betrayals and 
heartbreak. 

4798
05:47:21,200 --> 05:47:24,500
This romanticization sometimes 
neglected the Queen's shrewd, 

4799
05:47:24,500 --> 05:47:28,799
often ruthless governance. 
Scholars of the 20th century 

4800
05:47:28,799 --> 05:47:31,900
took more critical lands. 
They delved into archival 

4801
05:47:31,900 --> 05:47:34,500
documents to unearth how 
Elizabeth's intelligence Network

4802
05:47:34,500 --> 05:47:38,099
operated, how her finances were 
managed and how propaganda 

4803
05:47:38,099 --> 05:47:41,799
shaped public perception. 
He passed the famed golden 

4804
05:47:41,799 --> 05:47:46,200
speech of 1601 analyzing the 
rhetorical strategies, she used 

4805
05:47:46,208 --> 05:47:49,700
to quell a Restless Parliament. 
The more historians explored, 

4806
05:47:49,700 --> 05:47:53,599
the clearer it became that. 
Her success hinged on forging an

4807
05:47:53,599 --> 05:47:57,799
image that balanced motherly 
affection with Regal severity. 

4808
05:47:58,400 --> 05:48:01,000
Ensuring subjects revered rather
than resented her. 

4809
05:48:01,900 --> 05:48:04,599
Scholars recognized, the notion 
of the cult of Elizabeth with 

4810
05:48:04,599 --> 05:48:07,700
its orchestrated pageantry as an
early form of State PR. 

4811
05:48:08,400 --> 05:48:11,799
From the perspective of women's 
history, Elizabeth significant 

4812
05:48:11,799 --> 05:48:14,900
sword. 
She defied the misogynistic 

4813
05:48:14,900 --> 05:48:18,400
assumptions of hero, refusing to
cede authority to her husband or

4814
05:48:18,400 --> 05:48:22,900
male advisors that Independence 
though hard one showcase the 

4815
05:48:22,900 --> 05:48:25,599
potency of female ruler could 
wield in a male-dominated 

4816
05:48:25,599 --> 05:48:28,099
society. 
Yet the same narrative 

4817
05:48:28,099 --> 05:48:30,200
acknowledges, she was no radical
feminist. 

4818
05:48:30,200 --> 05:48:33,700
She often leveraged stereotypes 
of female Frailty or used her 

4819
05:48:33,700 --> 05:48:38,099
womanly nature, strategically, 
and negotiation thus, her 

4820
05:48:38,099 --> 05:48:41,299
complex relationship with gender
roles remains a topic of ongoing

4821
05:48:41,299 --> 05:48:44,500
debate. 
Archaeological digs at palaces 

4822
05:48:44,500 --> 05:48:47,400
and older States uncovered, 
physical traces of her travels, 

4823
05:48:47,400 --> 05:48:50,700
like a femoral scaffolds for 
pageants or remains of feasting 

4824
05:48:50,700 --> 05:48:52,900
Halls. 
These glimpses illustrate the 

4825
05:48:52,900 --> 05:48:56,200
vast logistical machine behind 
each Royal progress. 

4826
05:48:56,900 --> 05:48:59,200
The queen might arrive with 
hundreds of courtiers and 

4827
05:48:59,200 --> 05:49:02,500
servants imposing a heavy burden
on local nobility, hosting the 

4828
05:49:02,500 --> 05:49:05,299
Entourage. 
Yet from a political standpoint,

4829
05:49:05,299 --> 05:49:08,200
these visits effectively 
reaffirm the monarchy's presence

4830
05:49:08,200 --> 05:49:12,299
across the realm Over and over 
Elizabeth used personal displays

4831
05:49:12,299 --> 05:49:16,400
to connect with communities, and
cultural memory items such as 

4832
05:49:16,400 --> 05:49:19,900
the Tudor Rose, elaborate State 
portraits by painters, like, 

4833
05:49:19,900 --> 05:49:23,799
Nicholas Hilliard or references 
to the Virgin Queen remain in 

4834
05:49:23,799 --> 05:49:27,500
the public imagination. 
Filmmakers and the 20th and 21st

4835
05:49:27,500 --> 05:49:29,299
century is capitalized on this 
Allure. 

4836
05:49:29,799 --> 05:49:32,500
Producing adaptations that 
frame, Elizabeth's story with 

4837
05:49:32,500 --> 05:49:35,799
romance and Triumph. 
Some films, portray her as near 

4838
05:49:35,799 --> 05:49:39,099
saintly, others highlight her, 
paranoia or the brutality of 

4839
05:49:39,099 --> 05:49:40,799
her. 
Crackdown on perceived threats. 

4840
05:49:41,599 --> 05:49:44,500
The continuing Fascination 
underscores how she embodies a 

4841
05:49:44,500 --> 05:49:47,700
transitional moment in Europe 
where medieval structures gave 

4842
05:49:47,700 --> 05:49:51,000
way to early modern States. 
With new forms of diplomacy 

4843
05:49:51,000 --> 05:49:55,500
Espionage, and ideology all 
converging, thus centuries 

4844
05:49:55,500 --> 05:49:59,299
removed from her actual reign. 
Elizabeth the first stands as 

4845
05:49:59,307 --> 05:50:02,200
both the symbol of national 
identity and a figure whose 

4846
05:50:02,200 --> 05:50:04,500
complexity is resonate with 
present debates. 

4847
05:50:04,500 --> 05:50:07,500
The interplay of female 
leadership, religious, 

4848
05:50:07,500 --> 05:50:12,099
diversity, personal freedom, and
the power of Contour constructed

4849
05:50:12,099 --> 05:50:16,000
image, re-evaluating her life, 
reveals how skillful governance 

4850
05:50:16,000 --> 05:50:17,799
can stabilize a fractious 
Kingdom. 

4851
05:50:17,799 --> 05:50:21,200
Even if it requires, navigating 
a delicate balance between 

4852
05:50:21,200 --> 05:50:24,700
tolerance and coercion, The 
conversation around Elizabeth 

4853
05:50:24,700 --> 05:50:28,299
remains Dynamic shaped by each 
generation's Vantage on, 

4854
05:50:28,307 --> 05:50:31,799
monarchy gender and the cost of 
maintaining a carefully wrought.

4855
05:50:31,799 --> 05:50:35,900
Facade of unity Elizabeth's 
story resonates with the notion 

4856
05:50:35,900 --> 05:50:39,099
that midlife can be a time of 
both reflection and strategic 

4857
05:50:39,099 --> 05:50:42,000
boldness. 
She ascended, the throne at 25, 

4858
05:50:42,000 --> 05:50:45,299
but arguably her most defining 
decisions, the forging of a 

4859
05:50:45,299 --> 05:50:48,299
moderate religious settlement. 
The careful dance of marriage, 

4860
05:50:48,299 --> 05:50:52,500
negotiations, unfolded, as she 
matured, In the face of 

4861
05:50:52,500 --> 05:50:56,400
personal, regrets lack of a 
direct Heir and external crises 

4862
05:50:56,400 --> 05:50:59,900
Spanish hostility. 
Internal plots, she repeatedly 

4863
05:50:59,900 --> 05:51:02,400
displayed resilience under the 
lens of older wisdom. 

4864
05:51:03,000 --> 05:51:04,799
Yet, that's a gas city was not 
innate. 

4865
05:51:04,799 --> 05:51:08,900
It sprang from a youth marked by
precariousness shaping, a 

4866
05:51:08,900 --> 05:51:10,500
thorough calculation in adult 
life. 

4867
05:51:11,299 --> 05:51:13,099
One lesser discussed aspect is 
her. 

4868
05:51:13,099 --> 05:51:16,599
Intellectual curiosity. 
She was no passive figurehead. 

4869
05:51:16,599 --> 05:51:20,200
She read widely from classical 
philosophers to contemporary 

4870
05:51:20,200 --> 05:51:22,700
political treaties. 
An Engaged in theological 

4871
05:51:22,700 --> 05:51:26,200
debates with ambassadors. 
She wrote translation of texts 

4872
05:51:26,200 --> 05:51:30,299
including Plutarch, honing, 
linguistic, precision, In an 

4873
05:51:30,299 --> 05:51:33,099
era, when many noble women 
possessed only basic literacy, 

4874
05:51:33,099 --> 05:51:37,599
Elizabeth depth of scholarship, 
commanded respect. she used this

4875
05:51:37,607 --> 05:51:41,000
knowledge to steer councils 
referencing classical examples 

4876
05:51:41,000 --> 05:51:44,500
of leadership or Mercy grounding
her decisions in a broader 

4877
05:51:44,500 --> 05:51:47,900
worldview than simple real 
politic Another dimension 

4878
05:51:47,900 --> 05:51:50,000
concerns her approach to 
management and delegation. 

4879
05:51:51,000 --> 05:51:54,099
Faced with a swirl of Court, 
factions some aligned with Cecil

4880
05:51:54,099 --> 05:51:57,500
others with Dudley and various 
URLs vying for influence. 

4881
05:51:57,500 --> 05:52:02,200
She balanced them by a rotating.
Favoring, no single man. 

4882
05:52:02,200 --> 05:52:05,200
Overshadowed the rest. 
This delicate maneuver allowed 

4883
05:52:05,200 --> 05:52:08,700
her to maintain her position as 
the ultimate Arbiter, thereby 

4884
05:52:08,700 --> 05:52:10,799
preventing entrenched monopolies
of power. 

4885
05:52:11,900 --> 05:52:15,200
While modern management gurus 
highlight transparency or direct

4886
05:52:15,200 --> 05:52:17,700
leadership. 
Elizabeth method was Sutler. 

4887
05:52:17,700 --> 05:52:21,500
She nurtured multiple power 
centers, pitting them gently 

4888
05:52:21,500 --> 05:52:23,700
against each other, to sustain a
stable equilibrium. 

4889
05:52:24,900 --> 05:52:28,400
This method reveals a strategic 
cunning that while occasionally 

4890
05:52:28,400 --> 05:52:31,900
breeding resentment retained her
premacy in a fractious 

4891
05:52:31,900 --> 05:52:34,500
environment. 
The swirl of secrecy surrounding

4892
05:52:34,500 --> 05:52:38,400
Mary Queen of Scots also 
underscores Elizabeth's, careful

4893
05:52:38,400 --> 05:52:41,799
manipulation of intelligence. 
Personally reviewed coded 

4894
05:52:41,799 --> 05:52:45,000
letters Wade, evidence an 
authorized in filtration of 

4895
05:52:45,000 --> 05:52:48,500
Catholic circles these actions 
might unnerve contemporary moral

4896
05:52:48,500 --> 05:52:52,099
standards yet in the Cutthroat 
reality of 16th century politics

4897
05:52:52,099 --> 05:52:56,599
such as Espionage was standard. 
The difference is Elizabeth's 

4898
05:52:56,599 --> 05:52:59,500
relative subtlety. 
She rarely boasted of her spy 

4899
05:52:59,500 --> 05:53:02,099
Master's successes. 
She recognized the value of 

4900
05:53:02,099 --> 05:53:04,599
Illusions. 
Letting conspirators believe 

4901
05:53:04,599 --> 05:53:08,799
they had infiltrated her Circle,
while in fact, a Watcher's 

4902
05:53:08,799 --> 05:53:12,400
tracked, every step age and but 
with a distinct sense of gravity

4903
05:53:12,400 --> 05:53:15,700
in speeches to Parliament, she 
framed herself as a guardian of 

4904
05:53:15,700 --> 05:53:18,900
the Realms welfare. 
The dressing them as my lords 

4905
05:53:18,900 --> 05:53:23,299
and my good people tapping into 
paternal or maternal imagery. 

4906
05:53:24,900 --> 05:53:27,799
She rarely showed overt 
temperament public, the 

4907
05:53:27,799 --> 05:53:30,799
courtiers recalled, her sharp 
tongue in private laced with 

4908
05:53:30,799 --> 05:53:34,099
scathing Witt. 
She might banish accordia from 

4909
05:53:34,099 --> 05:53:37,099
her presence for a trifling 
offense, then recall him soon 

4910
05:53:37,099 --> 05:53:40,099
after sending the message that 
loyalty was Paramount, while 

4911
05:53:40,099 --> 05:53:44,299
partial forgiveness, might be 
extended This capacity to Pivot 

4912
05:53:44,299 --> 05:53:48,000
from severity, to magnanimity 
cemented her as unpredictable, 

4913
05:53:48,000 --> 05:53:50,000
yet. 
Revered a treat, modern leaders,

4914
05:53:50,000 --> 05:53:51,700
might emulate in more tempered 
forms. 

4915
05:53:52,700 --> 05:53:55,799
Beyond the realm of politics, a 
personal attire and courtly 

4916
05:53:55,799 --> 05:53:57,400
fashion set Trends across 
Europe. 

4917
05:53:58,299 --> 05:54:01,299
Championed fresh tailors to 
experiment with embroidered 

4918
05:54:01,299 --> 05:54:05,200
silks extensive roughs and 
striking color palettes. 

4919
05:54:05,200 --> 05:54:09,799
But behind the Magnificent was a
strategic layering of fabric it 

4920
05:54:09,799 --> 05:54:11,700
signified. 
Her rank, while, concealing 

4921
05:54:11,700 --> 05:54:15,799
normally aging or times of ill 
health, The resulting mistake 

4922
05:54:15,799 --> 05:54:17,400
helped Define the monarchy's 
brand. 

4923
05:54:18,200 --> 05:54:21,099
Similarly, she championed 
structured ceremonies like 

4924
05:54:21,099 --> 05:54:23,900
elaborate coronation 
anniversaries or public feast 

4925
05:54:23,900 --> 05:54:26,200
days. 
These events, reaffirm the bond 

4926
05:54:26,200 --> 05:54:29,900
between Sovereign and subject. 
Forging an emotional tie. 

4927
05:54:29,900 --> 05:54:32,500
That buttressed, the monarchies 
intangible Authority. 

4928
05:54:33,299 --> 05:54:35,299
Her approach to the Arts, had 
lasting effects. 

4929
05:54:36,599 --> 05:54:39,500
She never personally funded epic
building projects, like some 

4930
05:54:39,500 --> 05:54:41,700
European Royals given her 
limited treasury. 

4931
05:54:41,700 --> 05:54:46,000
But her patronage of music, 
portraiture and drama, triggered

4932
05:54:46,000 --> 05:54:50,200
a cultural efflorescence. 
He composes thrived producing 

4933
05:54:50,200 --> 05:54:53,400
refined, polyphonic Works 
performed at Chapel, her 

4934
05:54:53,400 --> 05:54:56,099
endorsement of secular drama 
laid, the groundwork for 

4935
05:54:56,099 --> 05:54:59,299
Shakespeare's rise. 
She recognized that cultural 

4936
05:54:59,299 --> 05:55:01,400
Prestige elevated national 
pride. 

4937
05:55:02,200 --> 05:55:04,299
Thus investing in intangible 
Capital. 

4938
05:55:04,299 --> 05:55:08,099
That would Outlast her this 
Fosters and analogy to Modern 

4939
05:55:08,099 --> 05:55:11,500
soft power. 
A concepting global relations in

4940
05:55:11,500 --> 05:55:14,900
sum Elizabeth's. 
Mid to late Reign exemplifies, 

4941
05:55:14,900 --> 05:55:18,200
how a leader can orchestrate 
multi-layered strategies leaning

4942
05:55:18,200 --> 05:55:22,700
on intellectual depth, balancing
internal, factions leveraging 

4943
05:55:22,700 --> 05:55:25,500
Espionage and forging cultural 
identity. 

4944
05:55:26,500 --> 05:55:28,700
How longevity on the throne was 
no accident. 

4945
05:55:28,700 --> 05:55:32,099
It was an evolving Mastery of 
monarchy in an era thick with 

4946
05:55:32,107 --> 05:55:35,099
risk. 
For those in midlife, her model 

4947
05:55:35,099 --> 05:55:37,599
suggests that the lessons 
gleaned from earlier turmoil. 

4948
05:55:37,599 --> 05:55:40,799
Exile. 
Precarious legitimacy can 

4949
05:55:40,799 --> 05:55:42,900
blossom into confident 
leadership when harnessed with 

4950
05:55:42,900 --> 05:55:47,000
discipline Even so her story 
underscores that behind the 

4951
05:55:47,000 --> 05:55:49,400
Regal facade lay real 
heartbreak, and regrets, 

4952
05:55:49,400 --> 05:55:52,700
particularly on questions of 
family and moral contradictions,

4953
05:55:52,700 --> 05:55:56,099
that humanists only deepens. 
The fascination with this queen 

4954
05:55:56,099 --> 05:55:59,000
who navigated a world not 
designed for women in power 

4955
05:55:59,000 --> 05:56:02,000
forging, a golden age from The 
Crucible of adversity. 

4956
05:56:02,000 --> 05:56:07,400
When Elizabeth the first died on
March 24th 16:03 at Richmond 

4957
05:56:07,400 --> 05:56:10,099
Palace. 
She left a kingdom dramatically 

4958
05:56:10,099 --> 05:56:11,700
changed from the one she 
inherited. 

4959
05:56:12,500 --> 05:56:16,299
Elisabeth averted religious 
Civil Wars, asserted and English

4960
05:56:16,299 --> 05:56:19,200
Navy against Spanish, dominance 
and planted the seeds of a 

4961
05:56:19,200 --> 05:56:22,400
maritime Empire. 
Yet the Queen's final moments, 

4962
05:56:22,400 --> 05:56:25,799
offered a poignant contrast to 
the ceremonial Grandeur that had

4963
05:56:25,799 --> 05:56:29,099
marked her public life. 
Account say she refused to rest 

4964
05:56:29,099 --> 05:56:32,700
standing or sitting in pensive 
silence for hours as if 

4965
05:56:32,708 --> 05:56:35,299
grappling with the knowledge 
that her story was nearly done. 

4966
05:56:36,099 --> 05:56:39,099
The question of her successor 
James, the sixth of Scotland, 

4967
05:56:39,099 --> 05:56:42,299
was all that settled. 
Elizabeth's last gesture, 

4968
05:56:42,299 --> 05:56:46,099
whether a whispered name or 
silent acceptance, cleared the 

4969
05:56:46,107 --> 05:56:49,200
way for the stewards, Bridging 
the Tudors to a new era. 

4970
05:56:49,200 --> 05:56:53,200
The immediate aftermath saw an 
outpouring of tributes Noble 

4971
05:56:53,200 --> 05:56:55,799
houses and commoners alike more 
than the Virgin Queen. 

4972
05:56:55,799 --> 05:56:58,799
The stalwart figurehead, who had
rained 44 years. 

4973
05:56:58,799 --> 05:57:02,799
Her body was transported by 
barge along the Thames, a 

4974
05:57:02,799 --> 05:57:07,000
spectacle of black drapes and 
heraldic flags observers lining,

4975
05:57:07,000 --> 05:57:09,599
the shores were called how 
decades earlier. 

4976
05:57:09,599 --> 05:57:13,500
The young Queen had ascended to 
quell, the chaos left by her 

4977
05:57:13,500 --> 05:57:17,500
half-siblings now the realm 
faced another transition. 

4978
05:57:18,400 --> 05:57:21,099
But Elizabeth's, half-century of
leadership gave many confidence 

4979
05:57:21,099 --> 05:57:24,500
in the monarchy stability. 
James's succession was mostly 

4980
05:57:24,500 --> 05:57:27,500
peaceful a testament to the 
processes, Elizabeth had 

4981
05:57:27,500 --> 05:57:29,400
overseen. 
Over the centuries. 

4982
05:57:30,200 --> 05:57:32,900
Historians dissected her image 
with fresh ankles. 

4983
05:57:32,900 --> 05:57:36,299
Some championed her as a golden 
archetype praising, her 

4984
05:57:36,299 --> 05:57:40,400
unwavering sense of Duty, others
uncovered her manipulative, use 

4985
05:57:40,400 --> 05:57:43,500
of virginity as political 
currency or pointed out, the 

4986
05:57:43,500 --> 05:57:47,400
authoritarian Edge in, how she 
Stamped Out dissent. 20th 

4987
05:57:47,400 --> 05:57:49,799
century, scholarship introduced 
psychoanalytic readings, 

4988
05:57:49,799 --> 05:57:53,099
linking, her mother's beheading 
to her reluctance to marry 

4989
05:57:53,799 --> 05:57:57,299
Meanwhile feminist analysis 
recognized her capacity to 

4990
05:57:57,299 --> 05:58:00,700
subvert patriarchal Norms, by 
forging a distinctly. 

4991
05:58:00,700 --> 05:58:03,900
Female monarchy that demanded. 
Masculine respect 

4992
05:58:03,900 --> 05:58:09,200
archaeological, research to 
contributed excavations at 

4993
05:58:09,200 --> 05:58:12,599
palatial sites and covered 
Courtyards used for lavish tilts

4994
05:58:12,599 --> 05:58:15,700
or dancing events fragments of 
decorative tile. 

4995
05:58:15,700 --> 05:58:19,599
Bearing Tudor roses art 
Restorations revealed, how State

4996
05:58:19,599 --> 05:58:22,099
portraits were retouched to 
remove wrinkles or human 

4997
05:58:22,099 --> 05:58:25,200
imperfections reinforcing her 
iconic Aura. 

4998
05:58:25,200 --> 05:58:28,500
Evolution of her visual 
propaganda, parallels, modern 

4999
05:58:28,500 --> 05:58:32,299
brand management illustrating. 
How monarchy leveraged delusions

5000
05:58:32,299 --> 05:58:36,599
to maintain public fascination. 
Elizabeth Sierra characterized 

5001
05:58:36,599 --> 05:58:40,299
by Drake's circumnavigation 
Shakespeare's stage and an 

5002
05:58:40,299 --> 05:58:44,099
assertive national identity, a 
vote to deep sense of nostalgia 

5003
05:58:44,099 --> 05:58:46,900
among every day. 
In English folk actual living 

5004
05:58:46,900 --> 05:58:50,000
conditions for peasants remained
harsh, but the sense of 

5005
05:58:50,000 --> 05:58:53,900
belonging to an upcoming Realms,
sawed Elizabeth harness, that 

5006
05:58:53,900 --> 05:58:58,200
Pride to unify land threatened 
by Continental Powers, she left 

5007
05:58:58,200 --> 05:59:01,700
behind no direct air, but her 
intangible bequest was a 

5008
05:59:01,700 --> 05:59:05,200
monarchy reinvigorated by sense 
of national Destiny. 

5009
05:59:05,200 --> 05:59:08,299
The future conflicts like the 
English Civil War would test 

5010
05:59:08,299 --> 05:59:12,299
that Unity severely In the 
present, Elizabeth's, story 

5011
05:59:12,299 --> 05:59:16,000
continues to enthrall, tourists 
flocked to the Tower of London 

5012
05:59:16,000 --> 05:59:19,799
or Hampton Court longing for 
glimpses of her ears grandeur. 

5013
05:59:20,400 --> 05:59:22,799
Historians pieced together 
details from Diaries 

5014
05:59:22,799 --> 05:59:25,799
ambassadors, dispatchers and 
state papers. 

5015
05:59:25,799 --> 05:59:29,500
The creative arts, produce films
reimagining her as everything 

5016
05:59:29,500 --> 05:59:32,000
from an iron-willed Warrior to a
lonely. 

5017
05:59:32,000 --> 05:59:35,900
Figure overshadowed by politics 
such portrayals reflect changing

5018
05:59:35,900 --> 05:59:38,700
cultural values. 
We admire her resilience 

5019
05:59:38,700 --> 05:59:42,200
critique her harshness empathize
with her personal constraints, 

5020
05:59:42,200 --> 05:59:46,000
each generation reads, new 
lessons in her life, where the 

5021
05:59:46,008 --> 05:59:48,900
celebrating female power, or 
lamenting the cost of absolute 

5022
05:59:48,900 --> 05:59:51,799
monarchy. 
Her two rests in Westminster 

5023
05:59:51,799 --> 05:59:54,900
Abbey overshadowed by the more 
elaborate Memorial of her 

5024
05:59:54,900 --> 05:59:58,099
half-sister Mary, the first 
erected during James. 

5025
05:59:58,099 --> 06:00:02,299
The first time it depicts, 
Elisabeth recumbent, ironically 

5026
06:00:02,299 --> 06:00:05,299
sharing a memorial with Mary. 
In a symbolic burying of old 

5027
06:00:05,299 --> 06:00:08,299
rivalries while the Effigy is 
fairly simple. 

5028
06:00:08,299 --> 06:00:12,200
Visitors, often linger mindful 
that the occupant reshaped, 

5029
06:00:12,200 --> 06:00:15,400
Europe's Power Balance, the 
inscriptions hail her, as a 

5030
06:00:15,400 --> 06:00:19,900
paragon of wisdom praising her 
as off her sex, the pride of all

5031
06:00:19,900 --> 06:00:22,700
time. 
The Wonder The rhetoric might be

5032
06:00:22,700 --> 06:00:25,799
thick but it echoes how she was 
revered by her contemporaries. 

5033
06:00:26,500 --> 06:00:29,299
In the end, Elizabeth the first 
stands as The Testament, to the 

5034
06:00:29,307 --> 06:00:32,599
Synergy of personal, cunning, 
cultural stewardship and 

5035
06:00:32,599 --> 06:00:35,700
Circumstance. 
The child overshadowed by A 

5036
06:00:35,700 --> 06:00:39,299
Father's Quest for a male Heir. 
Grew into a queen who refused to

5037
06:00:39,299 --> 06:00:42,000
be overshadowed by any spouse or
Continental monarch. 

5038
06:00:42,700 --> 06:00:45,700
That improbable Ark from 
uncertain princess, to 

5039
06:00:45,700 --> 06:00:47,799
Undisputed, Sovereign still 
captivates. 

5040
06:00:48,599 --> 06:00:50,900
Her life underscores that 
leadership is rarely 

5041
06:00:50,900 --> 06:00:54,599
straightforward forging 
alliances, stifling conspiracies

5042
06:00:54,599 --> 06:00:59,000
and projecting Authority, demand
constant recalibration. indeed, 

5043
06:00:59,000 --> 06:01:02,700
her success Lei not in an 
unyielding set of principles, 

5044
06:01:02,700 --> 06:01:07,000
but in agile responses to crises
Through this fluid style. 

5045
06:01:07,000 --> 06:01:10,099
She carved a stable realm from a
swirl of dangers. 

5046
06:01:10,099 --> 06:01:14,099
Centuries later that story 
endures in the waning days of 

5047
06:01:14,099 --> 06:01:16,200
Rome's. 
Glory a young, Deacon named Leo 

5048
06:01:16,200 --> 06:01:20,200
quietly, ascended to prominence.
The Western Empire was in danger

5049
06:01:20,200 --> 06:01:23,400
of disintegrating in the year 
440, instead of looking to 

5050
06:01:23,400 --> 06:01:27,200
senators or generals for advice 
Imperial officials, look to a 

5051
06:01:27,200 --> 06:01:30,900
Churchman Emperor, valentinian 
the third's behest, Leo, 

5052
06:01:30,900 --> 06:01:34,200
journeyed to Gold to mediate a 
bit of feud between General 80s 

5053
06:01:34,200 --> 06:01:37,799
Rome's, most powerful commander 
and the magistrate albinus. 

5054
06:01:37,799 --> 06:01:41,400
The empress decision to entrust 
this delicate mission, to Leo's 

5055
06:01:41,400 --> 06:01:44,500
significant as the able Deacon 
had established a reputation for

5056
06:01:44,500 --> 06:01:47,200
prudence and Authority Beyond 
ecclesiastical circles. 

5057
06:01:48,200 --> 06:01:51,900
While Leon negotiated peace and 
goal fate intervened back home, 

5058
06:01:51,900 --> 06:01:55,000
Pope sixtus. 
The third died in Leo's absence 

5059
06:01:55,000 --> 06:01:58,599
and on September, the 29th, 
4:40, the clergy and people of 

5060
06:01:58,599 --> 06:02:02,299
Rome unanimously elected, Leo, 
as Bishop of Rome, the news 

5061
06:02:02,299 --> 06:02:04,599
reached him up, north the 
mediator would. 

5062
06:02:04,599 --> 06:02:07,900
Now become the Supreme, pastor 
of the western church, Leah 

5063
06:02:07,900 --> 06:02:10,900
returned to a city in need of 
strong leadership, stepping into

5064
06:02:10,900 --> 06:02:13,799
the role of Bishop of Rome. 
Later, generations would hail 

5065
06:02:13,799 --> 06:02:16,200
him as Pope. 
Leo, the great, he carried, both

5066
06:02:16,200 --> 06:02:20,500
humility and resolve ROM in the 
440s was a city of contrasts 

5067
06:02:20,500 --> 06:02:23,500
still adorned with Imperial 
marble and Christian basilica's 

5068
06:02:23,500 --> 06:02:26,799
yet teeming with destitute 
refugees from Barbarian 

5069
06:02:26,799 --> 06:02:30,299
invasions Leo, threw himself 
into the work. 

5070
06:02:31,000 --> 06:02:34,000
From the pulpit, he preached not
only Doctrine but also charity, 

5071
06:02:34,000 --> 06:02:37,500
the organized relief for those 
suffering from famine and War. 

5072
06:02:37,500 --> 06:02:40,900
Urging the faithful to practice,
mercy and arms, giving alongside

5073
06:02:40,900 --> 06:02:44,700
their fasts under his guidance. 
The church opened its granaries 

5074
06:02:44,700 --> 06:02:47,099
to feed the hungry in its 
monasteries to shelter the 

5075
06:02:47,099 --> 06:02:49,299
homeless. 
Leo's compassion in action 

5076
06:02:49,299 --> 06:02:52,599
earned him, a fatherly status 
among Romans in a world where 

5077
06:02:52,599 --> 06:02:54,500
Emperor's taxed and Generals 
fought. 

5078
06:02:54,500 --> 06:02:57,299
It was the bishop of Rome who 
cared for the Widow and orphan. 

5079
06:02:58,000 --> 06:03:00,000
However, Leo was not a passive 
individual. 

5080
06:03:00,000 --> 06:03:04,799
He was equally a man of ideas 
and unwavering determination. as

5081
06:03:04,799 --> 06:03:07,500
heresy, sprouted amid, the 
turmoil of the times, Leo 

5082
06:03:07,500 --> 06:03:11,200
responded with intellectual 
rigor and firm discipline, When 

5083
06:03:11,200 --> 06:03:14,200
news came that certain priests 
in distant Aqua layer were 

5084
06:03:14,200 --> 06:03:18,099
tolerating the pelagian, heresy,
Leo swiftly ordered a synod to 

5085
06:03:18,107 --> 06:03:21,099
correct them in Rome. 
He discovered a secret sect of 

5086
06:03:21,107 --> 06:03:23,500
manichean, Duelists, lurking in 
the shadows. 

5087
06:03:23,500 --> 06:03:25,500
Like he refugees from the 
recently. 

5088
06:03:25,500 --> 06:03:29,200
Fallen African provinces. 
The pope reacted decisively. 

5089
06:03:29,200 --> 06:03:33,099
He investigated preached fiery 
sermons against their false 

5090
06:03:33,099 --> 06:03:35,000
light. 
And according to his 

5091
06:03:35,000 --> 06:03:38,099
contemporary Prosper of 
Aquitaine even burned their 

5092
06:03:38,099 --> 06:03:40,400
forbidden books. 
By 4:44. 

5093
06:03:40,400 --> 06:03:42,599
He declared the capital cleansed
of the mannequin. 

5094
06:03:42,599 --> 06:03:46,599
Contagion such actions might 
seem harsh to modernize that, to

5095
06:03:46,599 --> 06:03:50,500
Leo's mind, the very soul of 
Rome was at stake, If the empire

5096
06:03:50,500 --> 06:03:53,700
was crumbling, at least the 
faith must stand firm Leo's. 

5097
06:03:53,700 --> 06:03:56,500
Blend of compassion and 
Authority extended his influence

5098
06:03:56,500 --> 06:03:58,000
beyond the usual spiritual 
Realm. 

5099
06:03:59,000 --> 06:04:01,299
The Western Imperial court 
itself, acknowledged his 

5100
06:04:01,299 --> 06:04:15,700
leadership in June 4458 capital.
Provincial Governors were even 

5101
06:04:15,700 --> 06:04:19,299
ordered to enforce papal 
summonses illegal nod to Leo 

5102
06:04:19,299 --> 06:04:23,200
Supremacy over Western this feat
was unprecedented. 

5103
06:04:24,200 --> 06:04:27,799
Once merely premise into Paris 
first among equals of Bishops, 

5104
06:04:27,799 --> 06:04:31,900
the bishop of Rome now held a 
recognized preeminence under Leo

5105
06:04:31,900 --> 06:04:33,799
stewardship, the very title of 
Pope. 

5106
06:04:33,799 --> 06:04:37,599
Once used broadly for any Bishop
became reserved exclusively for 

5107
06:04:37,599 --> 06:04:40,000
Rome's. 
Bishop the decline of the empire

5108
06:04:40,000 --> 06:04:43,000
was sowing the seeds of the 
Papas future grandeur. 

5109
06:04:43,400 --> 06:04:46,599
Despite these accolades Leo 
remained at heart a pastor. 

5110
06:04:46,599 --> 06:04:50,500
He corresponded with distant 
churches, arbitrating disputes 

5111
06:04:50,500 --> 06:04:53,000
and Gaul and Spain as a trusted 
Father Figure. 

5112
06:04:53,000 --> 06:04:56,400
He drew around him, learned men 
like Prosper to assist in 

5113
06:04:56,400 --> 06:04:58,000
administration and 
correspondence. 

5114
06:04:59,000 --> 06:05:02,599
Ever mindful of his exemplars 
and Peter, the Apostle Leo 

5115
06:05:02,599 --> 06:05:04,299
championed. 
The idea that the pope is 

5116
06:05:04,299 --> 06:05:07,700
Peter's are carrying the keys of
Spiritual Authority. 

5117
06:05:09,000 --> 06:05:12,099
The ultimate test of this 
conviction was imminent, as the 

5118
06:05:12,099 --> 06:05:14,700
mid-fifth century approached 
ominous Tiding. 

5119
06:05:14,700 --> 06:05:18,900
Spread across the Alps storm was
gathering in the north, the Huns

5120
06:05:18,900 --> 06:05:21,500
led by a warlord whose name was 
already spoken. 

5121
06:05:21,500 --> 06:05:23,500
In dread Whispers, were on the 
move. 

5122
06:05:24,299 --> 06:05:27,599
Unbeknownst to Leo. 
Destiny was staring him to order

5123
06:05:27,599 --> 06:05:31,000
singular role, not only as a 
teacher and Shepherd of souls, 

5124
06:05:31,000 --> 06:05:35,799
but as ROMs protector in its 
Darkest Hour, the stage was set 

5125
06:05:35,799 --> 06:05:38,799
for an encounter that would 
ReSound Through the Ages and the

5126
06:05:38,799 --> 06:05:41,400
humbled decanter turned, Pope 
would soon be called upon to 

5127
06:05:41,400 --> 06:05:44,500
save an Empire, Pope Leo, the 
first was solidified, his 

5128
06:05:44,500 --> 06:05:47,700
Spiritual Authority, while the 
Western Roman Empire around him,

5129
06:05:47,700 --> 06:05:50,799
was on the verge of collapse. 
By the mid 5th Century. 

5130
06:05:50,799 --> 06:05:54,799
Roams Dominion, a trunk to a 
pathetic core Little more than 

5131
06:05:54,799 --> 06:05:57,700
Italy and part of Gaul 
observers, noted of the western 

5132
06:05:57,700 --> 06:06:00,500
Realm. 
The Grandeur of Caesar and 

5133
06:06:00,500 --> 06:06:03,799
Augustus was now a ghost 
haunting crumbling walls gone 

5134
06:06:03,799 --> 06:06:05,500
with a rich provinces of North 
Africa? 

5135
06:06:05,500 --> 06:06:10,200
The vandals had seized Carthage 
and 439, cutting off Rome's, 

5136
06:06:10,200 --> 06:06:14,299
critical grain Supply spanner 
and Gall were carved up by 

5137
06:06:14,299 --> 06:06:17,299
visigothic and burgundy and 
Kings who paid only token 

5138
06:06:17,299 --> 06:06:20,200
respect to the emperor. 
Across the sea Britannia. 

5139
06:06:20,200 --> 06:06:24,099
Once a Roman diocese's was 
abandoned to Wild Anglo-Saxon 

5140
06:06:24,099 --> 06:06:27,299
Warlords. 
The Western Empire in Leo's time

5141
06:06:27,299 --> 06:06:29,900
was essentially an Italian 
Kingdom struggling to survive. 

5142
06:06:30,700 --> 06:06:33,599
Its Frontiers pressed on all 
sides by so called barbarians 

5143
06:06:33,599 --> 06:06:37,000
and its treasury drained. 
The city of Rome itself. 

5144
06:06:37,000 --> 06:06:40,200
Those still symbolically 
powerful was a mere shadow of 

5145
06:06:40,200 --> 06:06:42,599
its former self. 
The Imperial Court had long. 

5146
06:06:42,599 --> 06:06:46,200
Since relocated to Ravenna a 
marsh Gertz City easier to 

5147
06:06:46,200 --> 06:06:49,599
defend in Rome ancient monuments
decade. 

5148
06:06:49,599 --> 06:06:53,200
Even as new churches, Rose the 
populace, much diminished from a

5149
06:06:53,200 --> 06:06:56,700
century ago, lived in uneasy 
suspense memories of the 

5150
06:06:56,700 --> 06:07:00,000
Visigoths sack of forte still 
lingered like a national trauma.

5151
06:07:00,799 --> 06:07:03,900
Elderly Romans could recall the 
horror when alaric's goth's 

5152
06:07:03,900 --> 06:07:06,400
breached, the walls and looted 
the Eternal City for three days.

5153
06:07:06,400 --> 06:07:11,700
The cycle scar had not healed. 
Now, four decades later rumors 

5154
06:07:11,700 --> 06:07:14,700
spread that an even Fierce enemy
was approaching Italy's borders,

5155
06:07:14,700 --> 06:07:18,000
children, heard frightening, 
tales of the Hun with his 

5156
06:07:18,000 --> 06:07:20,400
ruthless Horsemen and felt their
parents anxiety. 

5157
06:07:20,400 --> 06:07:24,700
Many asked was history repeating
itself or Worse? 

5158
06:07:24,700 --> 06:07:27,299
Was this? 
The end of Rome at last in the 

5159
06:07:27,299 --> 06:07:30,900
Palaces of Ravenna Emperor. 
Valentinian the third reigned in

5160
06:07:30,900 --> 06:07:33,599
name, but real power was 
precariously balanced. 

5161
06:07:34,299 --> 06:07:38,700
The true strongman was flavius 
80s, the majesta militant master

5162
06:07:38,700 --> 06:07:41,500
of soldiers, Fame for both. 
His cunning and his 

5163
06:07:41,500 --> 06:07:44,400
controversial. 
Alliances eta's had spent his 

5164
06:07:44,400 --> 06:07:46,900
youth as a hostage among the 
Huns even befriending their 

5165
06:07:46,900 --> 06:07:49,099
leaders hardened by that 
experience. 

5166
06:07:49,099 --> 06:07:51,500
He knew Rome could not fight. 
All its enemies at. 

5167
06:07:51,500 --> 06:07:56,200
Once with grim pragmatism UTC 
deals with some barbarians to 

5168
06:07:56,200 --> 06:07:59,900
fight others in fourth 37. 
He formed an alliance with the 

5169
06:07:59,900 --> 06:08:02,599
tillers Huns to demolish, The 
Burgundian Kingdom. 

5170
06:08:02,599 --> 06:08:07,099
In Gaul eradicating it from its 
core Western Rome was forced to 

5171
06:08:07,099 --> 06:08:10,299
play A desperate game of divide 
ET impera, in order to survive 

5172
06:08:10,299 --> 06:08:15,200
by the late 4440 80s, managed a 
fragile Coalition, holding Gaul 

5173
06:08:15,200 --> 06:08:18,299
against the Visigoths and Italy 
against the ostrich Goths. 

5174
06:08:18,299 --> 06:08:22,599
But the Huns once his occasional
allies were becoming an Ever 

5175
06:08:22,599 --> 06:08:26,000
greater threat. 
ETS new attila's character too. 

5176
06:08:26,000 --> 06:08:30,700
Well, the Hun Kings Ambitions 
had no limit The cultural fabric

5177
06:08:30,700 --> 06:08:34,400
of the empire was also fraying 
the old Pagan aristocracy had 

5178
06:08:34,400 --> 06:08:37,599
mostly bowed to Christianity but
not always sincerely. 

5179
06:08:38,500 --> 06:08:41,099
Some clung to classical 
traditions and nostalgic dreams 

5180
06:08:41,099 --> 06:08:45,000
of Rome's past while the new 
reality a Christian Empire 

5181
06:08:45,000 --> 06:08:49,400
fighting for its life, demanded 
a different ethos In this 

5182
06:08:49,400 --> 06:08:52,400
atmosphere spiritual 
interpretations of Rome's, 

5183
06:08:52,400 --> 06:08:56,000
Misfortune, flourished. 
Many Christian Romans Leo, among

5184
06:08:56,000 --> 06:08:58,799
them viewed, the successive 
calamities as Divine 

5185
06:08:58,799 --> 06:09:00,599
chastisement for the Empire's 
sins. 

5186
06:09:01,400 --> 06:09:04,799
Was God using Barbarian Invaders
as a scourged to Humble Rome? 

5187
06:09:05,700 --> 06:09:09,599
The question was pondered in and
letters decades earlier Saint 

5188
06:09:09,599 --> 06:09:11,200
Augustine. 
Had written the city of God. 

5189
06:09:11,200 --> 06:09:14,700
After the 410 Sac explaining, 
the Earthly Empires rise and 

5190
06:09:14,700 --> 06:09:16,400
fall, while the city of God 
endures. 

5191
06:09:17,299 --> 06:09:20,400
Now, Augustine was gone. 
He had died in 430 as vandals 

5192
06:09:20,400 --> 06:09:22,700
besieged. 
His city of Hippo, but his ideas

5193
06:09:22,700 --> 06:09:26,599
lived on Pope Leo steeped. 
In such theology urged. 

5194
06:09:26,599 --> 06:09:29,900
His flock not to lose faith. 
If the empire was crumbling 

5195
06:09:29,900 --> 06:09:32,099
perhaps it was all the more 
urgent to uphold Christian 

5196
06:09:32,099 --> 06:09:36,099
virtue and unity by four, fifty 
the Westin Court was Rife within

5197
06:09:36,099 --> 06:09:39,099
three and insecurity improve 
valentinian. 

5198
06:09:39,099 --> 06:09:42,000
Never a strong ruler was 
dominated first by his 

5199
06:09:42,000 --> 06:09:44,000
formidable mother Galla 
placidia. 

5200
06:09:44,900 --> 06:09:49,200
And then by atheists. 
With placidia death in 450 and 

5201
06:09:49,200 --> 06:09:53,599
the emperor's own sister, onoria
embroiled in Scandal, she had 

5202
06:09:53,599 --> 06:09:56,700
secretly appealed to a tiller 
for help escaping an arranged 

5203
06:09:56,700 --> 06:10:00,299
marriage, offering him, her hand
and half the Empire as Dowry. 

5204
06:10:00,299 --> 06:10:04,400
The dynasty itself seemed to 
Teeter when reports came the 

5205
06:10:04,400 --> 06:10:07,400
detailer had considered an 
Orioles plea and was mustering 

5206
06:10:07,400 --> 06:10:10,299
his forces. 
Panic swept, the Italian Elite. 

5207
06:10:11,099 --> 06:10:14,099
Attila's reputation as the 
scourge of God proceeded him, 

5208
06:10:14,099 --> 06:10:17,500
he'd already bullied the eastern
empire into paying enormous 

5209
06:10:17,500 --> 06:10:20,599
tribute and now he cast his 
Covetous gaze Westwood. 

5210
06:10:21,500 --> 06:10:25,500
In the spring of 4501, Attila 
marched into Gaul, The Showdown 

5211
06:10:25,500 --> 06:10:29,400
came on the catalani and planes 
near shalom's, their etios 

5212
06:10:29,400 --> 06:10:33,900
joined by Roman troops and very 
allies physicals Franks 

5213
06:10:33,900 --> 06:10:37,599
confronted the Huns in one of 
Antiquities great battles. 

5214
06:10:38,400 --> 06:10:42,200
Fight was brutal and indecisive 
attila's Advance was halted but 

5215
06:10:42,200 --> 06:10:46,200
not decisively crushed. 
Corpses, littered the plane and 

5216
06:10:46,200 --> 06:10:49,900
the visigothic King was slain in
The Fray but Attila lived to 

5217
06:10:49,900 --> 06:10:52,900
fight another day. 
The Battle of shallon's instead 

5218
06:10:52,900 --> 06:10:56,200
of a clear Roman Victory, 
resulted in a pirates stalemate,

5219
06:10:56,200 --> 06:10:59,500
that left the hunnic. 
Horde battered yet intact, Gaul 

5220
06:10:59,500 --> 06:11:02,000
had taken the brunt of attila's 
Roth, giving Italy a moment of 

5221
06:11:02,008 --> 06:11:06,799
relief but the rest Spike was 
fleeting Late in Fall of 51 as 

5222
06:11:06,799 --> 06:11:08,799
Winterfell. 
Unsettling, news reached Rome, 

5223
06:11:08,799 --> 06:11:12,400
Attila had regrouped. 
His forces beyond the Alps, the 

5224
06:11:12,400 --> 06:11:15,099
Hun was far from finished. 
In fact he was enraged. 

5225
06:11:15,099 --> 06:11:18,400
They had thwarted his campaign 
in Gaul leaving his appetite, 

5226
06:11:18,400 --> 06:11:21,900
for Conquest unsated theory is 
offer still stood as a 

5227
06:11:21,908 --> 06:11:24,599
convenient pretext in attila's 
mind. 

5228
06:11:24,599 --> 06:11:28,099
The Dowry he demanded half of 
the Western Empire remained 

5229
06:11:28,099 --> 06:11:31,000
unpaid. 
Early the next year Scouts and 

5230
06:11:31,000 --> 06:11:34,599
refugees brought terrifying. 
Reports Attila was Crossing into

5231
06:11:34,599 --> 06:11:37,799
Italy city after City. 
In the northern provinces was 

5232
06:11:37,799 --> 06:11:41,700
falling to Fire and sword. 
The Specter that had loomed so 

5233
06:11:41,700 --> 06:11:45,099
long was now at hand, Rome's 
Darkest, Hour was approaching, 

5234
06:11:45,099 --> 06:11:49,400
even as its secular might was at
its weakest, the people's hopes 

5235
06:11:49,400 --> 06:11:53,000
increasingly turned to prayer. 
And to the unassuming figure of 

5236
06:11:53,000 --> 06:11:56,299
Pope, Leo, whose courage and 
Faith would soon be tested as 

5237
06:11:56,299 --> 06:12:00,200
never before in the Gathering 
Gloom of the 450s Pope Leo. 

5238
06:12:00,200 --> 06:12:03,700
The first emerged as more than a
religious leader, he became the 

5239
06:12:03,700 --> 06:12:07,000
soul of a Dying Empire. 
While Legions faulted and 

5240
06:12:07,000 --> 06:12:11,200
Emperors did Leo provided a 
different kind of strength, one 

5241
06:12:11,200 --> 06:12:13,200
rooted in faith and moral 
conviction. 

5242
06:12:13,200 --> 06:12:17,099
He often preached that Earthly 
term oils were transient, but 

5243
06:12:17,099 --> 06:12:19,599
the spiritual battle for 
righteousness was eternal. 

5244
06:12:20,299 --> 06:12:23,400
Leo's unwavering faith in the 
unique function of his position 

5245
06:12:23,400 --> 06:12:27,200
fueled his confidence. 
As Bishop of Rome, he saw 

5246
06:12:27,200 --> 06:12:30,500
himself as heir to Saint Peter. 
The Apostle Christ had charged 

5247
06:12:30,500 --> 06:12:34,599
with feeding his sheep. 
To Leo, the task was no mere 

5248
06:12:34,599 --> 06:12:37,299
honorific. 
It was a living mandate in one 

5249
06:12:37,299 --> 06:12:39,599
letter. 
He wrote to deny the authority 

5250
06:12:39,599 --> 06:12:42,400
of the chair of Peter is to 
question the very foundation of 

5251
06:12:42,400 --> 06:12:45,099
the church. 
He strove to live up to that 

5252
06:12:45,099 --> 06:12:47,000
High Calling convinced that in 
his leadership. 

5253
06:12:47,000 --> 06:12:51,099
The voice of the Apostles, 
echoed a new this conviction was

5254
06:12:51,099 --> 06:12:56,000
dramatically Vindicated in 451 
at the great Council of Church, 

5255
06:12:56,000 --> 06:12:59,500
Synod convened, fart in the east
in Asia Minor to settle a 

5256
06:12:59,500 --> 06:13:02,700
theological crisis, Leo. 
Could not attend in person 

5257
06:13:02,700 --> 06:13:05,500
troubles, in the west kept him 
in Rome, but he sent Leggett 

5258
06:13:05,500 --> 06:13:08,599
bearing a document to your 
third, the famous Tome of Leo. 

5259
06:13:09,500 --> 06:13:12,400
This Tome clearly defined, the 
Dual nature of Christ, both 

5260
06:13:12,400 --> 06:13:15,099
fully God and fully man and was 
intended to guide. 

5261
06:13:15,099 --> 06:13:18,500
The council father's out of 
contentious debate, As the 

5262
06:13:18,500 --> 06:13:21,799
Assembly of Bishops, red Leo's 
words allowed a sudden Unity 

5263
06:13:21,799 --> 06:13:24,599
swept the hall. 
According to the counts for 

5264
06:13:24,599 --> 06:13:26,900
records, the Bishops cried out 
in unison. 

5265
06:13:26,900 --> 06:13:28,900
This is the faith of the 
father's. 

5266
06:13:28,900 --> 06:13:33,500
Peter's spoken lust through Leo.
In that acclamation Leo's 

5267
06:13:33,500 --> 06:13:35,599
Authority was affirmed in an, 
almost mystical way. 

5268
06:13:35,599 --> 06:13:39,599
It was as if some Peter himself 
had stood among them teaching 

5269
06:13:39,599 --> 06:13:43,500
through Leo's voice. 
The Roman Pope stature sword. 

5270
06:13:43,500 --> 06:13:48,099
He was now revered as Leo, the 
great a pillar of Orthodoxy and 

5271
06:13:48,099 --> 06:13:51,900
a figure of international renown
for Leo, personally, it was 

5272
06:13:51,900 --> 06:13:54,900
confirmation that his leadership
carried not just human approval,

5273
06:13:54,900 --> 06:13:59,700
but Divine sanction, Back in 
Rome, Leo leveraged this moral 

5274
06:13:59,700 --> 06:14:01,599
authority to bolster the city's 
resolved. 

5275
06:14:01,599 --> 06:14:05,000
He preached frequently to his 
flock tailoring, his message to 

5276
06:14:05,000 --> 06:14:08,700
the tumultuous time, in 
homilies, he called The Invasion

5277
06:14:08,700 --> 06:14:12,400
threats, a test of faith drawing
on scripture, he liked and Rome 

5278
06:14:12,400 --> 06:14:15,900
to the biblical Nineveh, a 
mighty City that could be spared

5279
06:14:15,900 --> 06:14:19,400
from destruction, if it's people
repented and turned to God, He 

5280
06:14:19,400 --> 06:14:21,599
urged public fasting and prayer 
vigils. 

5281
06:14:21,599 --> 06:14:24,000
And it was said that the 
churches were filled day and 

5282
06:14:24,000 --> 06:14:25,700
night with supplements crying 
for deliverance. 

5283
06:14:26,700 --> 06:14:29,900
The pope himself LED procession 
through the streets venerating 

5284
06:14:29,900 --> 06:14:32,500
relics of saints and imploring 
Heavenly Aid to avert, The 

5285
06:14:32,500 --> 06:14:35,799
Scourge approaching Italy. 
To a population frightened by 

5286
06:14:35,799 --> 06:14:39,000
news of flaming towns in the 
north Leo's calm and Resolute 

5287
06:14:39,000 --> 06:14:41,700
presence was a godsend. 
He told the vehicle. 

5288
06:14:41,700 --> 06:14:45,799
God did not abandon Jonah's. 
Innova norley abandoned Rome 

5289
06:14:45,799 --> 06:14:49,500
seat of his apostles. 
Such words gave hope to the 

5290
06:14:49,500 --> 06:14:52,799
Hopeless Leo's influence 
extended, even into the Imperial

5291
06:14:52,799 --> 06:14:55,799
Palace. 
When Emperor valentinian the 

5292
06:14:55,799 --> 06:14:58,500
third and his court vacillated 
on how to deal with the 

5293
06:14:58,500 --> 06:15:00,500
tiller's. 
Impending, Onslaught Leo, did 

5294
06:15:00,500 --> 06:15:04,099
not hesitate to offer counsel, 
Some accounts suggest it was Leo

5295
06:15:04,099 --> 06:15:06,000
who volunteered to personally 
meet the Hun. 

5296
06:15:06,000 --> 06:15:10,099
A proposal that stunned the 
Imperial advisors others. 

5297
06:15:10,099 --> 06:15:13,099
Say the idea originated from the
Emperor who realized that no 

5298
06:15:13,099 --> 06:15:15,799
general or Diplomat have the 
gravitas to face a tiller on 

5299
06:15:15,807 --> 06:15:18,200
equal terms. 
Whereas the saintly Bishop of 

5300
06:15:18,200 --> 06:15:22,099
Rome just might Regardless, by 
the beginning of 4502, 

5301
06:15:22,099 --> 06:15:24,500
everyone's attention was focused
on Leo. 

5302
06:15:24,500 --> 06:15:27,900
Possibly, the soul individual 
capable of saving Rome from the 

5303
06:15:27,900 --> 06:15:30,200
abyss. 
It was a heavy burden for a man 

5304
06:15:30,200 --> 06:15:33,000
of the cloth yet Leo. 
Prepared to shoulder it with the

5305
06:15:33,000 --> 06:15:35,599
same sense of Duty that had 
guided him all along. 

5306
06:15:35,599 --> 06:15:38,799
There was a profound symbolism 
in Leo stepping forward. 

5307
06:15:38,799 --> 06:15:42,500
Here was a representative of 
Spiritual Authority, confronting

5308
06:15:42,500 --> 06:15:46,000
the might of worldly violence. 
The Clash was not simply between

5309
06:15:46,000 --> 06:15:49,299
a pope and a warlord. 
But between two World Views, one

5310
06:15:49,299 --> 06:15:52,299
of Faith, mercy and moral 
suasion, and another of 

5311
06:15:52,299 --> 06:15:55,200
Conquest, fear and raw power 
Leo. 

5312
06:15:55,200 --> 06:15:58,799
Understood this in Quiet Moments
of prayer before his departure, 

5313
06:15:58,799 --> 06:16:02,200
he surely reflected on the 
trials of parsley of the church.

5314
06:16:03,099 --> 06:16:05,599
He prayed at the tomb of Saint 
Peter in the Vatican Basilica 

5315
06:16:05,599 --> 06:16:09,299
seeking courage. 
Tradition holds that Leo had a 

5316
06:16:09,299 --> 06:16:10,900
vision. 
Their hearing the words. 

5317
06:16:10,900 --> 06:16:15,700
Peace be with you. 
I am with you as if by Peter or 

5318
06:16:15,700 --> 06:16:18,200
an angel. 
Empowered by this. 

5319
06:16:18,200 --> 06:16:21,000
Reassurance, Leo arose, 
determined to act. 

5320
06:16:21,900 --> 06:16:25,099
If Attila was indeed, a Scourge 
sentence punishment, then Leo 

5321
06:16:25,099 --> 06:16:27,700
would be the intercessor. 
Pleading for mercy on Rome's, 

5322
06:16:27,700 --> 06:16:31,000
behalf, a new Moses before the 
Pharaoh, or a David against 

5323
06:16:31,000 --> 06:16:36,200
Goliath armed only with faith. 
By the spring of 4502, attila's 

5324
06:16:36,200 --> 06:16:39,000
forces, had stormed into 
Northern Italy and panic 

5325
06:16:39,000 --> 06:16:39,900
gripped. 
The land. 

5326
06:16:40,700 --> 06:16:43,599
Emperor valentinian remained 
safely, behind ravenna's walls 

5327
06:16:43,599 --> 06:16:47,500
and general 80s lacking, an Army
Strong Enough after the gaulish 

5328
06:16:47,500 --> 06:16:51,799
campaign could do little. 
It was in this vacuum of secular

5329
06:16:51,799 --> 06:16:53,599
leadership that Leo's moment 
arrived. 

5330
06:16:54,400 --> 06:16:56,599
The pope gathered a small 
delegation to accompany him 

5331
06:16:56,599 --> 06:16:59,500
among them, the former console 
Genius of anus. 

5332
06:16:59,500 --> 06:17:02,799
And the ex prefect memory has 
tried getting us distinguished, 

5333
06:17:02,799 --> 06:17:05,000
Romans who lent political weight
to the Embassy? 

5334
06:17:06,099 --> 06:17:07,500
But there was no question who 
led it. 

5335
06:17:08,400 --> 06:17:10,500
Dressed, not in our armor, but 
in simple clerical. 

5336
06:17:10,500 --> 06:17:14,000
Robes. 
Leo set out Northwood determined

5337
06:17:14,000 --> 06:17:18,700
to confront the He left the 
gates of Rome citizens, wept and

5338
06:17:18,700 --> 06:17:22,099
cheered him in equal measure. 
Praying for his success fearing 

5339
06:17:22,099 --> 06:17:25,200
for his safety. 
Behind him trailed an austere 

5340
06:17:25,200 --> 06:17:28,599
retinue of priests and deacons 
carrying holy relics and perhaps

5341
06:17:28,599 --> 06:17:32,099
gifts for the honking, it was an
unprecedented sight. 

5342
06:17:32,099 --> 06:17:35,500
The Vicar of Christ riding forth
to meet the terror of the world,

5343
06:17:35,500 --> 06:17:39,200
the sun baked Italian roads 
ahead were uncertain. 

5344
06:17:39,200 --> 06:17:42,599
But Leo's purpose was clear in 
his heart burned, both the 

5345
06:17:42,599 --> 06:17:45,200
courage of a lion and the 
compassion of a shepherd 

5346
06:17:46,000 --> 06:17:49,099
Whatever happened on this 
journey Rome's fate and Leos 

5347
06:17:49,099 --> 06:17:52,000
Legacy would forever into twine 
on that fateful day. 

5348
06:17:52,000 --> 06:17:55,599
When fate stood face-to-face 
with Fury while Leo Advance, 

5349
06:17:55,599 --> 06:17:57,900
North Attila the Hun drove his 
War. 

5350
06:17:57,900 --> 06:18:01,299
Host relentlessly South to 
understand the Collision Course 

5351
06:18:01,299 --> 06:18:03,500
of these. 
Two figures, one must step into 

5352
06:18:03,500 --> 06:18:06,000
attila's world a world of vast 
open. 

5353
06:18:07,200 --> 06:18:10,799
The vast steps echoed with 
thundering Hooves symbolizing, a

5354
06:18:10,799 --> 06:18:12,799
destiny, forged in Blood and 
superstition. 

5355
06:18:13,700 --> 06:18:16,000
Tiller was no ordinary barrier 
in Chieftain. 

5356
06:18:16,000 --> 06:18:21,799
He styled himself as something 
far grander even Cosmic A legend

5357
06:18:21,807 --> 06:18:25,400
circulated among his people that
a sacred weapon had fallen into 

5358
06:18:25,400 --> 06:18:27,799
attila's hands, the sword of 
Mars. 

5359
06:18:28,599 --> 06:18:30,200
A humble Shepherd, the story 
went. 

5360
06:18:31,000 --> 06:18:35,299
Discovered, an ornate sword in a
field revealed by the blood of a

5361
06:18:35,299 --> 06:18:38,000
limping heifer. 
He presented it to Attila who 

5362
06:18:38,000 --> 06:18:41,599
exalted in the find, believing 
it a gift from the war. 

5363
06:18:41,599 --> 06:18:45,500
God who Romans identified as 
Mars Attila took it as a sign of

5364
06:18:45,500 --> 06:18:48,299
divine favor. 
He thought he had been appointed

5365
06:18:48,299 --> 06:18:51,500
ruler of the whole world and 
that through the sword of Mars 

5366
06:18:51,500 --> 06:18:53,099
Supremacy, in all wars, was 
assured to him. 

5367
06:18:54,099 --> 06:18:57,200
So right to the historian Jordan
is echoing the accounts of 

5368
06:18:57,200 --> 06:19:00,500
attila's contemporaries armed 
with this Talisman and 

5369
06:19:00,500 --> 06:19:04,000
unshakable self-confidence 
Attila saw himself as an 

5370
06:19:04,000 --> 06:19:07,299
instrument of Godly Wrath. 
Scourge sent upon the Earth. 

5371
06:19:08,099 --> 06:19:12,700
indeed, later Romans would call 
him flagellum day, the scourge 

5372
06:19:12,700 --> 06:19:15,599
of God believing that he was a 
punishment for the sins of human

5373
06:19:15,599 --> 06:19:19,400
kind under attila's command, the
hunnic Empire reached, its 

5374
06:19:19,400 --> 06:19:22,400
zenith From The Plains of 
Hungary across the Danube. 

5375
06:19:22,400 --> 06:19:26,400
And into Germany United, a 
confederation of Huns, Alan's 

5376
06:19:26,400 --> 06:19:29,400
ostrogoths and other tribes 
through Charisma and fear. 

5377
06:19:29,400 --> 06:19:33,400
He became Soul, ruler in 445 
after allegedly murdering his 

5378
06:19:33,400 --> 06:19:36,299
brother bleda, an act, that 
removed the last check on his 

5379
06:19:36,299 --> 06:19:39,599
power. 
Ruthless, as he was Attila was 

5380
06:19:39,607 --> 06:19:42,799
also a shrewd strategist. 
He realized that Brute Force 

5381
06:19:42,799 --> 06:19:45,799
alone wouldn't sustain his 
Dominion cunning diplomacy. 

5382
06:19:45,799 --> 06:19:50,599
Encyclical Warfare were equally 
potent, Throughout the 440s 

5383
06:19:50,599 --> 06:19:53,799
Attila alternated, devastating 
military campaigns with 

5384
06:19:53,799 --> 06:19:57,599
calculated negotiations. 
Extorted the Eastern Roman 

5385
06:19:57,599 --> 06:20:02,000
Empire for gold year after year.
First 700 pounds then 2100 

5386
06:20:02,000 --> 06:20:04,599
pounds annually. 
After he battered their armies 

5387
06:20:04,599 --> 06:20:09,700
in 447, the Eastern Emperor. 
Theodosius the second preferred 

5388
06:20:09,700 --> 06:20:11,200
paying off the Huns to facing 
them. 

5389
06:20:11,200 --> 06:20:14,099
In battle a policy that enriched
tiller immensely. 

5390
06:20:14,700 --> 06:20:17,000
By the year 4550. 
Attila's, treasuries were 

5391
06:20:17,000 --> 06:20:19,900
brimming with tribute and his 
Warriors had gained, seasoned 

5392
06:20:19,900 --> 06:20:23,299
experienced from numerous 
skirmishes and sieges, despite 

5393
06:20:23,299 --> 06:20:26,400
ruling over such wealth. 
Attila led a simple life by 

5394
06:20:26,400 --> 06:20:31,599
choice, akin to a warrior Monk. 
Roman envoys who visited his 

5395
06:20:31,599 --> 06:20:33,900
encampment were astonished by 
his austerity. 

5396
06:20:33,900 --> 06:20:37,000
The historian priscus who dined 
with the tiller during a 

5397
06:20:37,000 --> 06:20:40,099
diplomatic Mission recorded. 
That, while lavish food on 

5398
06:20:40,099 --> 06:20:41,700
Silver platters was served to 
guests. 

5399
06:20:41,700 --> 06:20:44,299
Attila himself ate nothing but 
meat offer. 

5400
06:20:44,299 --> 06:20:47,000
Wooden trencher he drank from a 
wooden cup whereas his 

5401
06:20:47,000 --> 06:20:50,700
lieutenants sicked wine from 
gleaming goblets of gold. his 

5402
06:20:50,700 --> 06:20:53,599
clothes were plain and clean 
devoid of the jewels that 

5403
06:20:53,599 --> 06:20:57,200
adorned other Chiefs Such 
discipline, both impressed and 

5404
06:20:57,200 --> 06:21:00,000
unnerved the Romans. 
It's suggested a man of 

5405
06:21:00,008 --> 06:21:03,500
unwavering determination 
unaffected by decadence or 

5406
06:21:03,500 --> 06:21:07,400
distraction, a leader capable of
instilling unwavering loyalty by

5407
06:21:07,400 --> 06:21:09,200
empathizing with the struggles 
of his followers. 

5408
06:21:10,299 --> 06:21:13,299
Attila also had a Mercurial 
temper and could be mercilessly 

5409
06:21:13,299 --> 06:21:15,000
cruel. 
But he tempered Terror with 

5410
06:21:15,008 --> 06:21:18,599
moments of calculated Mercy or 
humor keeping even his closest 

5411
06:21:18,599 --> 06:21:21,900
followers guessing. 
Patillas worldview was steeped 

5412
06:21:21,900 --> 06:21:25,099
in Omen and prophecy. 
Friskis noted that Attila 

5413
06:21:25,099 --> 06:21:28,099
consulted seers and believed in 
predictions about his lineage. 

5414
06:21:28,900 --> 06:21:31,299
One prophecy purportedly, left 
him momentarily. 

5415
06:21:31,299 --> 06:21:35,299
Somber it foretold that disaster
would eventually befall the Huns

5416
06:21:35,299 --> 06:21:41,000
not in his lifetime, but such 
dark musings were rare more 

5417
06:21:41,000 --> 06:21:42,700
often. 
Attila projected, absolute 

5418
06:21:42,700 --> 06:21:44,299
confidence. 
In his Divine Lee sanctioned 

5419
06:21:44,299 --> 06:21:48,099
mission of Conquest, even 
co-opted Romijn Mystique for his

5420
06:21:48,099 --> 06:21:50,900
ends. 
A chilling tale from Milan 

5421
06:21:50,900 --> 06:21:54,000
illustrates this. 
When Attila captured that proud 

5422
06:21:54,000 --> 06:21:57,900
Italian city in 452, he came 
across a fresco in the palace 

5423
06:21:57,900 --> 06:22:00,599
that depicted past Roman 
emperors Seated on the throne, 

5424
06:22:00,599 --> 06:22:03,599
which triumphed over the 
Barbarian Chiefs who were laid 

5425
06:22:03,599 --> 06:22:06,599
prostrate at their feet, 
conveying a sense of Imperial 

5426
06:22:06,599 --> 06:22:09,700
arrogance. 
The scene of Imperial arrogance 

5427
06:22:09,700 --> 06:22:12,599
in raged him. 
Attila immediately summoned an 

5428
06:22:12,599 --> 06:22:14,299
artist and ordered a new mural 
painted. 

5429
06:22:15,099 --> 06:22:17,900
In this revisionist artwork, 
Attila sat on the throne while 

5430
06:22:17,900 --> 06:22:21,700
cringing Roman emperors. 
Knelt before him pouring out 

5431
06:22:21,700 --> 06:22:26,099
bags of gold and tribute With 
grim satisfaction Attila 

5432
06:22:26,099 --> 06:22:28,000
essentially declared his 
reversal of Fortune. 

5433
06:22:28,000 --> 06:22:30,400
Rome's days of Victory were 
over. 

5434
06:22:30,400 --> 06:22:32,599
It was now The Barbarians turned
to rule. 

5435
06:22:33,299 --> 06:22:35,700
Whether or not the story is 
apocryphal that captures, 

5436
06:22:35,700 --> 06:22:38,700
attila's mindset. 
He was deliberately crafted an 

5437
06:22:38,700 --> 06:22:42,500
image to Romans and to his 
people that the Hun was the new 

5438
06:22:42,500 --> 06:22:45,700
Master of the world and Rome's 
proud Eagles would bow to the 

5439
06:22:45,700 --> 06:22:49,700
rider of the steps while Leo 
Advanced North, Attila the Hun, 

5440
06:22:49,700 --> 06:22:52,400
drove his War. 
Host relentlessly South to 

5441
06:22:52,400 --> 06:22:54,000
understand the Collision Course 
of these. 

5442
06:22:54,000 --> 06:22:57,900
Two figures, one must step into 
attila's world a world of vast 

5443
06:22:57,900 --> 06:23:00,900
open. 
The vast steps echoed with 

5444
06:23:00,900 --> 06:23:04,400
thundering Hooves symbolizing, a
destiny, forged in Blood and 

5445
06:23:04,400 --> 06:23:07,299
superstition. 
Attila was no ordinary, 

5446
06:23:07,299 --> 06:23:10,299
Barbarian Chieftain. 
He styled himself as something 

5447
06:23:10,299 --> 06:23:15,799
far grander, even Cosmic Legend 
circulated among his people that

5448
06:23:15,799 --> 06:23:18,599
are sacred weapon had fallen 
into attila's hands. 

5449
06:23:18,599 --> 06:23:22,299
The sword of Mars. 
A humble Shepherd, the story 

5450
06:23:22,299 --> 06:23:25,299
went. 
Discovered, an ornate sword in a

5451
06:23:25,299 --> 06:23:28,099
field revealed by the blood of a
limping heifer. 

5452
06:23:28,900 --> 06:23:31,599
He presented it to Attila who 
exalted in the fine. 

5453
06:23:31,599 --> 06:23:33,700
Believing it a gift from the 
war. 

5454
06:23:33,700 --> 06:23:37,799
God who Romans identified as 
Mars Attila took it as a sign of

5455
06:23:37,799 --> 06:23:40,599
divine favor. 
He thought he'd been appointed 

5456
06:23:40,599 --> 06:23:43,500
ruler of the whole world and 
that through the sword of Mars 

5457
06:23:43,500 --> 06:23:45,500
Supremacy and all wars was 
assured to him. 

5458
06:23:46,400 --> 06:23:48,900
So write to the historian, 
Jordan is echoing. 

5459
06:23:48,900 --> 06:23:52,000
The accounts of attila's 
contemporaries armed with this 

5460
06:23:52,000 --> 06:23:55,700
Talisman and unshakable 
self-confidence Attila saw 

5461
06:23:55,700 --> 06:23:57,700
himself as an instrument of 
Godly Wrath. 

5462
06:23:58,500 --> 06:24:02,599
Scourge sent upon the Earth. 
indeed, later Romans would call 

5463
06:24:02,599 --> 06:24:06,700
him flagellum day, the scourge 
of God believing that he was a 

5464
06:24:06,700 --> 06:24:10,299
punishment for the sins of human
kind under attila's command, the

5465
06:24:10,299 --> 06:24:13,400
hunnic Empire reached, its 
zenith From The Plains of 

5466
06:24:13,408 --> 06:24:16,900
Hungary across the Danube. 
And into Germany United, a 

5467
06:24:16,900 --> 06:24:20,799
confederation of Huns, Alan's 
ostrogoths and other tribes 

5468
06:24:20,799 --> 06:24:24,200
through Charisma and fear. 
He became Soul, ruler in 445 

5469
06:24:24,200 --> 06:24:27,408
after allegedly murdering his 
brother bleda, an act, that 

5470
06:24:27,416 --> 06:24:29,000
removed the last check on his 
power. 

5471
06:24:30,200 --> 06:24:33,299
Ruthless, as he was Attila was 
also a shrewd strategist. 

5472
06:24:33,299 --> 06:24:36,299
You realized that Brute Force 
alone wouldn't sustain his 

5473
06:24:36,299 --> 06:24:40,099
Dominion cunning diplomacy. 
Encyclical Warfare were equally 

5474
06:24:40,099 --> 06:24:43,599
potent. 
Throughout the 440s Attila 

5475
06:24:43,599 --> 06:24:46,799
alternated, devastating military
campaigns with calculated 

5476
06:24:46,799 --> 06:24:49,799
negotiations. 
He extorted the Eastern Roman 

5477
06:24:49,799 --> 06:24:54,400
Empire for gold year after year.
First 700 pounds then 2100 

5478
06:24:54,400 --> 06:24:56,900
pounds annually. 
After he battered their armies 

5479
06:24:56,900 --> 06:25:02,000
in 447, the Eastern Emperor. 
Theodosius the second preferred 

5480
06:25:02,000 --> 06:25:05,500
paying off the Huns to face them
in battle a policy that enriched

5481
06:25:05,500 --> 06:25:08,200
distiller immensely by the year.
450. 

5482
06:25:08,200 --> 06:25:09,799
Attila's. 
Treasuries were brimming with 

5483
06:25:09,807 --> 06:25:12,700
tribute and his Warriors had 
gained, seasoned experienced 

5484
06:25:12,700 --> 06:25:16,500
from numerous skirmishes and 
sieges despite ruling over such 

5485
06:25:16,500 --> 06:25:18,799
wealth. 
Attila led a simple life by 

5486
06:25:18,799 --> 06:25:21,000
choice. 
Akin to a warrior Monk. 

5487
06:25:22,400 --> 06:25:25,500
Roman envoys who visited his 
encampment were astonished by 

5488
06:25:25,500 --> 06:25:28,500
his austerity. 
The historian priscus who dined 

5489
06:25:28,500 --> 06:25:31,099
with the tiller during a 
diplomatic Mission recorded 

5490
06:25:31,099 --> 06:25:33,900
that, while lavish food on 
Silver platters was served to 

5491
06:25:33,900 --> 06:25:35,900
guests. 
Attila himself ate nothing but 

5492
06:25:35,900 --> 06:25:38,200
meat off. 
A wooden trencher he drank from 

5493
06:25:38,200 --> 06:25:41,200
a wooden cup whereas his lift 
tennis to wine from gleaming 

5494
06:25:41,200 --> 06:25:45,299
goblets of gold. his clothes 
were plain and clean devoid of 

5495
06:25:45,299 --> 06:25:48,900
the jewels that adorned other 
Chiefs Such discipline, both 

5496
06:25:48,900 --> 06:25:50,500
impressed and unnerved the 
Romans. 

5497
06:25:50,500 --> 06:25:54,799
It suggested a man of unwavering
determination unaffected by 

5498
06:25:54,799 --> 06:25:58,200
decadence or distraction, a 
leader capable of instilling 

5499
06:25:58,200 --> 06:26:01,000
unwavering loyalty by 
empathizing with the struggles 

5500
06:26:01,000 --> 06:26:04,099
of his followers. 
Attila also had a Mercurial 

5501
06:26:04,099 --> 06:26:06,000
temper and could be mercilessly 
cruel. 

5502
06:26:06,000 --> 06:26:09,299
But he tempered Terror with 
moments of calculated Mercy or 

5503
06:26:09,299 --> 06:26:11,799
humor keeping even his closest 
followers guessing. 

5504
06:26:12,900 --> 06:26:15,500
Attila's worldview was steeped 
in Omen and prophecy. 

5505
06:26:16,099 --> 06:26:19,299
Priscus noted that Attila 
consulted seers and believed in 

5506
06:26:19,299 --> 06:26:22,900
predictions about his lineage. 
One prophecy purportedly, left 

5507
06:26:22,900 --> 06:26:26,200
him momentarily. 
Somber it foretold that disaster

5508
06:26:26,200 --> 06:26:30,700
would eventually befall the Huns
not in his lifetime but such 

5509
06:26:30,700 --> 06:26:33,599
dark musings were rare more 
often. 

5510
06:26:33,599 --> 06:26:36,200
Attila projected, absolute 
confidence in his divinely 

5511
06:26:36,200 --> 06:26:40,099
sanctioned mission of Conquest. 
Even co-opted Romijn Mystique 

5512
06:26:40,099 --> 06:26:43,299
for his ends. 
A chilling tale from Milan 

5513
06:26:43,299 --> 06:26:46,299
illustrates this. 
When Attila captured that proud 

5514
06:26:46,299 --> 06:26:50,099
Italian city in 452, he came 
across a fresco in the palace 

5515
06:26:50,099 --> 06:26:52,900
that depicted past Roman 
emperors Seated on the throne, 

5516
06:26:52,900 --> 06:26:55,900
which triumphed over the 
Barbarian Chiefs who were laid 

5517
06:26:55,900 --> 06:26:58,900
prostrate at their feet, 
conveying a sense of Imperial 

5518
06:26:58,900 --> 06:27:02,099
arrogance. 
The scene of Imperial arrogance 

5519
06:27:02,099 --> 06:27:04,900
in raged him. 
Attila immediately summoned an 

5520
06:27:04,900 --> 06:27:06,599
artist and ordered a new mural 
painted. 

5521
06:27:07,400 --> 06:27:10,200
In this revisionist artwork, 
Attila sat on the throne while 

5522
06:27:10,200 --> 06:27:14,400
cringing Roman emperors. 
Melt before him pouring out bags

5523
06:27:14,400 --> 06:27:17,299
of gold in tribute. 
With grim satisfaction. 

5524
06:27:17,299 --> 06:27:21,599
A tiller essentially declared 
his reversal of Fortune Rome's 

5525
06:27:21,599 --> 06:27:24,400
days of Victory were over. 
It was now The Barbarians turned

5526
06:27:24,400 --> 06:27:27,000
to rule. 
Whether or not the story is 

5527
06:27:27,000 --> 06:27:29,000
apocryphal that captures, 
attila's mindset. 

5528
06:27:29,000 --> 06:27:32,700
He was deliberately crafted an 
image to Romans and to his 

5529
06:27:32,700 --> 06:27:36,500
people that the Hun was the new 
Master of the world and Rome's 

5530
06:27:36,500 --> 06:27:38,900
proud Eagles, would bow to the 
rider of the steps. 

5531
06:27:38,900 --> 06:27:42,500
In the sultry, August of 4:52 
Northern Italy. 

5532
06:27:42,500 --> 06:27:45,900
They crushed under the Huns 
heal, the Huns trampled Fields 

5533
06:27:45,900 --> 06:27:48,799
left Villages empty and filled 
the air with thick smoke from 

5534
06:27:48,799 --> 06:27:52,700
burnt towns. 
Down the ancient via Emilia a 

5535
06:27:52,700 --> 06:27:54,900
strange procession made its way 
against this tide of 

5536
06:27:54,900 --> 06:27:57,900
Destruction. 
Hope Leo for first mounted. 

5537
06:27:57,900 --> 06:28:01,400
Perhaps on a sturdy mule or 
horse, led a small band of 

5538
06:28:01,400 --> 06:28:04,700
envoys and clergy. 
Steadily northward each mile 

5539
06:28:04,700 --> 06:28:06,599
brought new evidence of attila's
Wrath. 

5540
06:28:06,599 --> 06:28:11,099
Charred Farms refugees huddled 
by the roads side and tales of 

5541
06:28:11,099 --> 06:28:15,500
unspeakable, Carnage Leo's. 
Heart must have been heavy yet, 

5542
06:28:15,500 --> 06:28:18,900
he pressed on radiating, a calm 
conviction, that bewildered 

5543
06:28:18,900 --> 06:28:21,799
those who met him. 
There are accounts of peasants 

5544
06:28:21,799 --> 06:28:24,900
needing as he passed as if 
sensing that this man carried 

5545
06:28:24,900 --> 06:28:26,599
The Last Hope of Rome on his 
shoulders. 

5546
06:28:26,599 --> 06:28:30,200
Clad in the simple white 
garments of a bishop Leo cutting

5547
06:28:30,200 --> 06:28:33,208
Congress figure on a 
Battlefield, But to the 

5548
06:28:33,216 --> 06:28:36,400
desperate Italians, the site of 
the unarmed Pope heading toward 

5549
06:28:36,400 --> 06:28:38,900
the Invader, inspired a flicker 
of faith. 

5550
06:28:39,599 --> 06:28:41,599
Anyone could appeal to attila's 
Mercy. 

5551
06:28:41,599 --> 06:28:45,099
Perhaps it was this saintly man.
Meanwhile Attila had pitched 

5552
06:28:45,099 --> 06:28:48,299
camp near the mincio river. 
Not far from where it flows. 

5553
06:28:48,299 --> 06:28:51,599
Into the great Poe the summer 
heat and disease in his ranks 

5554
06:28:51,599 --> 06:28:53,500
urged him to conclude business 
quickly. 

5555
06:28:54,400 --> 06:28:56,099
Rome beckon just over the 
horizon. 

5556
06:28:56,099 --> 06:28:59,500
Attila sent Scouts ahead toward 
the capitol who returned with 

5557
06:28:59,500 --> 06:29:02,400
curious news. 
The city's Gates were still shut

5558
06:29:02,400 --> 06:29:05,799
no Army in night. 
Instead, a delegation of high 

5559
06:29:05,799 --> 06:29:07,500
ranking Roman's was coming to 
parley. 

5560
06:29:08,299 --> 06:29:11,299
Attila agreed to receive them. 
Perhaps, he believed that a 

5561
06:29:11,307 --> 06:29:15,099
quick negotiation could secure 
both a hefty Ransom and Nori's 

5562
06:29:15,099 --> 06:29:18,000
hand, which would allow him to 
claim victory without further 

5563
06:29:18,000 --> 06:29:21,400
bloodshed Or perhaps, he 
relished, making Rome prostrated

5564
06:29:21,400 --> 06:29:23,700
itself. 
Either way, a meeting, was a 

5565
06:29:23,708 --> 06:29:27,799
range on the open plain Attila 
ordered his warmth prepared with

5566
06:29:27,799 --> 06:29:32,099
appropriate pomp the hunk 
bustled banners in blazoned with

5567
06:29:32,107 --> 06:29:36,200
dragon motifs, fluttered horses 
made and rings of leather, tents

5568
06:29:36,200 --> 06:29:39,000
stretched to the Horizon battle 
scarred Warrior's. 

5569
06:29:39,000 --> 06:29:42,200
Curious about the Roman Pope 
gathered at a respectful 

5570
06:29:42,200 --> 06:29:43,799
distance when the invoice 
arrived. 

5571
06:29:44,400 --> 06:29:48,599
They came in state, Leo flanked,
by the ex console, Avi anus. 

5572
06:29:48,599 --> 06:29:52,400
And ex prefect, Traeger and 
attended by a train of priests 

5573
06:29:52,400 --> 06:29:54,700
bearing. 
Processional crosses and icons. 

5574
06:29:55,500 --> 06:29:58,099
To attila's Warriors. 
The scene was a novel site 

5575
06:29:58,099 --> 06:30:02,200
Romans without weapons carrying 
only strange symbols and moving 

5576
06:30:02,200 --> 06:30:06,200
with solemn purpose. 
Under the bright Sky, Pope Leo, 

5577
06:30:06,200 --> 06:30:09,799
and Attila the Hun. 
Finally came face to face the 

5578
06:30:09,799 --> 06:30:12,099
moment was historic the 
soft-spoken. 

5579
06:30:12,099 --> 06:30:15,500
Holy Father, and the scourge of 
Nations, despite being in his 

5580
06:30:15,500 --> 06:30:20,400
early 60s, Leo stood with 
dignified bearing, Tiller. 

5581
06:30:21,000 --> 06:30:24,000
A middle-aged man of middling 
height with a man with a broad 

5582
06:30:24,000 --> 06:30:25,599
chest and weathered face 
regarded. 

5583
06:30:25,599 --> 06:30:28,599
The pope intently Attila was 
known for his habit of rolling. 

5584
06:30:28,599 --> 06:30:31,099
His Fierce eyes to intimidate 
those in front of him. 

5585
06:30:31,900 --> 06:30:34,799
One might imagine he attempted 
the same on Leo yet. 

5586
06:30:34,799 --> 06:30:38,200
Leo, did not flinch clad in 
simple, robes. 

5587
06:30:38,200 --> 06:30:41,900
The pope met The Barbarians gaze
with steady compassionate eyes, 

5588
06:30:41,900 --> 06:30:44,599
and observer described Leo at 
that encounter. 

5589
06:30:44,599 --> 06:30:47,900
As Fearless as one who trust. 
Not in himself. 

5590
06:30:47,900 --> 06:30:52,000
Putting God Attila who had 
terrorized, tens of thousands. 

5591
06:30:52,000 --> 06:30:56,500
Now encountered a man who showed
no fear The conversation that 

5592
06:30:56,508 --> 06:31:00,299
unfolded has been lost to time. 
No transcript exists. 

5593
06:31:00,299 --> 06:31:04,299
But through various accounts and
a dose of imagination, we can 

5594
06:31:04,307 --> 06:31:08,400
reconstruct its tenor. 
First, the Roman envoys likely 

5595
06:31:08,400 --> 06:31:12,299
offered formal salutations. 
Aviana's experienced in 

5596
06:31:12,299 --> 06:31:15,500
diplomacy, probably spoke Attila
most noble leader of the Huns. 

5597
06:31:15,500 --> 06:31:19,299
We come on behalf of the Senate 
and people of Rome They might 

5598
06:31:19,299 --> 06:31:23,000
have offered gifts, chests of 
gold or jeweled goblets tokens 

5599
06:31:23,000 --> 06:31:27,500
of Rome's esteem or desperation.
Attila listened in patiently, 

5600
06:31:27,500 --> 06:31:29,700
then Pope Leo addressed, the 
warlord. 

5601
06:31:31,200 --> 06:31:34,200
Unlike the perfume senators of 
the East who had graveled before

5602
06:31:34,200 --> 06:31:38,099
artillery in past embassies 
Leo's voice was neither fanatic 

5603
06:31:38,099 --> 06:31:41,299
or cowering. 
He spoke plainly demonstrating 

5604
06:31:41,299 --> 06:31:44,200
both grave, respect and 
Authority through an interpreter

5605
06:31:44,200 --> 06:31:48,500
for Attila who understood Latin 
only a little Leo to humanity in

5606
06:31:48,500 --> 06:31:50,700
the Hun. 
He acknowledged, attila's 

5607
06:31:50,700 --> 06:31:53,200
Victory is you have been the 
instrument of divine Justice, 

5608
06:31:53,200 --> 06:31:56,200
punishing, the sins of the land.
Such words. 

5609
06:31:56,200 --> 06:31:59,599
Crediting God for attila's 
Success may have intrigued the 

5610
06:31:59,599 --> 06:32:03,599
superstitious King, Leo 
continued, perhaps urging Attila

5611
06:32:03,599 --> 06:32:06,099
to show Mercy now that his 
mission of chastisement was 

5612
06:32:06,099 --> 06:32:08,700
fulfilled. 
He might have invoked the fate 

5613
06:32:08,700 --> 06:32:11,299
of conquerors who fail to temper
Justice, with Mercy. 

5614
06:32:13,000 --> 06:32:16,099
Certainly, Leo reminded a tiller
of the transience of mortal 

5615
06:32:16,099 --> 06:32:18,900
life. 
One chronicler imagined Leo 

5616
06:32:18,900 --> 06:32:22,900
saying we are all Mortals O King
sooner or later we returned to 

5617
06:32:22,900 --> 06:32:26,500
dust seek not the further 
spilling of innocent blood but 

5618
06:32:26,500 --> 06:32:29,900
earn Everlasting Glory by 
sparing Rome Attila responded. 

5619
06:32:29,900 --> 06:32:32,599
Brusly. 
One can picture his scowling 

5620
06:32:32,599 --> 06:32:35,799
Visage as he listed his demands 
Through The Interpreter. 

5621
06:32:35,799 --> 06:32:39,299
He likely thundered, that 
honoria the imperial princess 

5622
06:32:39,299 --> 06:32:42,200
who had appealed to him. 
He handed over at once with her 

5623
06:32:42,200 --> 06:32:46,000
rightful inheritance, the Dowry 
he claimed he may have also 

5624
06:32:46,000 --> 06:32:49,500
demanded an annual tribute of 
gold from Rome to replace what 

5625
06:32:49,500 --> 06:32:51,000
the Eastern Empire had stopped 
paying. 

5626
06:32:51,000 --> 06:32:55,599
Attila was a managed to 
dictating terms yet even as he 

5627
06:32:55,599 --> 06:32:59,200
spoke something nodded at him. 
Here was this unarmed priest 

5628
06:32:59,200 --> 06:33:01,000
calmly rebutting the scourge of 
God. 

5629
06:33:01,700 --> 06:33:03,700
Leo answered until his demands 
firmly. 

5630
06:33:03,700 --> 06:33:07,299
The emperor could not yield his 
sister as a bride for that 

5631
06:33:07,299 --> 06:33:10,900
matter was already settled, 
Aurora had been punished for her

5632
06:33:10,900 --> 06:33:14,700
rash offer as for tribute Leo, 
likely pleaded that Italy was 

5633
06:33:14,700 --> 06:33:18,799
spent and ravaged there was 
little left to give Perhaps he 

5634
06:33:18,799 --> 06:33:20,500
offered what he could from the 
church's treasury. 

5635
06:33:20,500 --> 06:33:23,799
Emphasizing that further 
Devastation would only bring 

5636
06:33:23,799 --> 06:33:27,500
diminishing returns, a starved 
plague-ridden land would profit,

5637
06:33:27,500 --> 06:33:30,599
no conqueror as the negotiation 
seesaw. 

5638
06:33:30,599 --> 06:33:33,700
Attila's temper might have 
flared, but each time Leo 

5639
06:33:33,700 --> 06:33:37,700
responded with steady reasoning 
and moral exaltation, He 

5640
06:33:37,700 --> 06:33:41,700
reminded a tiller of alaric's, 
Fate the gotha died, soon, after

5641
06:33:41,700 --> 06:33:45,299
taking Rome, was it truly wise 
to risk the same anger of 

5642
06:33:45,299 --> 06:33:47,500
Heaven. 
Attila's, Pagan priest, in his 

5643
06:33:47,500 --> 06:33:49,299
retinue exchange nervous 
glances. 

5644
06:33:49,299 --> 06:33:53,099
They too had heard the stories, 
The Hermit King, despite his 

5645
06:33:53,099 --> 06:33:55,900
bravado fell to chill. 
At that very moment. 

5646
06:33:55,900 --> 06:33:59,200
According to the later, Legend 
miraculous Vision sealed the 

5647
06:33:59,200 --> 06:34:02,799
outcome. 
Attila suddenly fell silent eyes

5648
06:34:02,799 --> 06:34:06,200
widening at a point about Leos 
head to his astonishment. 

5649
06:34:06,200 --> 06:34:10,099
He beheld, what seemed to be too
towering figures in the air. 

5650
06:34:11,000 --> 06:34:14,599
Saintly men, clad in armor, one 
carrying a sword that blazed in 

5651
06:34:14,599 --> 06:34:17,700
the sunlight. 
The spectral Warrior's who have 

5652
06:34:17,700 --> 06:34:19,500
visible only to Attila glared at
him. 

5653
06:34:19,500 --> 06:34:22,700
As if to say, do not touch this 
man or this city. 

5654
06:34:24,200 --> 06:34:27,400
Paul, the Deacon a writer from 
centuries, later would identify 

5655
06:34:27,400 --> 06:34:30,200
the Warrior's as the apostles 
Peter and Paul who had come from

5656
06:34:30,200 --> 06:34:34,099
Heaven to protect Rome. 
Attila who believed in Omens 

5657
06:34:34,099 --> 06:34:36,799
fell to stab. 
A fear was this a Divine 

5658
06:34:36,799 --> 06:34:39,599
warning? 
whether one credits the miracle 

5659
06:34:39,599 --> 06:34:43,799
or not, something stirred in 
Attila he who had never lost a 

5660
06:34:43,799 --> 06:34:47,900
negotiated Advantage suddenly 
softened, the fierce light in 

5661
06:34:47,900 --> 06:34:53,000
his eyes dimmed, tiller, the 
untamable gazed at Pope Leo's 

5662
06:34:53,000 --> 06:34:56,599
peaceful face and found no enemy
there, only a beseeching father 

5663
06:34:56,599 --> 06:34:59,900
figure In that instant, the 
dynamic shifted. 

5664
06:35:00,700 --> 06:35:03,599
Tiller raised a hand signaling 
an end to the debate, he 

5665
06:35:03,599 --> 06:35:06,799
announced his decision, the Huns
would withdraw, you would spare 

5666
06:35:06,799 --> 06:35:09,700
row. 
The Roman envoys must have 

5667
06:35:09,700 --> 06:35:12,500
suppressed a deep sense of 
relief upon hearing those words.

5668
06:35:12,500 --> 06:35:16,099
Terms were likely agreed upon 
perhaps a one-time payment of 

5669
06:35:16,099 --> 06:35:17,299
gold. 
So certainly a promise that 

5670
06:35:17,299 --> 06:35:20,500
hernia issue would be dropped. 
Attila made a final 

5671
06:35:20,500 --> 06:35:23,700
pronouncement half warning, half
concession, tell your Emperor. 

5672
06:35:23,700 --> 06:35:25,700
This this piece is not 
permanent. 

5673
06:35:25,700 --> 06:35:29,299
If Rome wishes to remain safe, 
let it remember to give a 

5674
06:35:29,299 --> 06:35:31,599
tiller. 
What is a little as It was 

5675
06:35:31,607 --> 06:35:35,099
merely a show of strength to 
maintain the status quo, Leo, 

5676
06:35:35,099 --> 06:35:36,799
inclined, his head. 
Accepting the conditions, 

5677
06:35:36,799 --> 06:35:39,000
whatever they were and offered a
blessing. 

5678
06:35:39,000 --> 06:35:43,900
The meeting was over, Attila had
yielded against all expectation.

5679
06:35:43,900 --> 06:35:47,299
The Pope in his party turned 
back toward Rome carrying the 

5680
06:35:47,299 --> 06:35:50,299
almost unbelievable news behind 
them. 

5681
06:35:50,299 --> 06:35:52,700
Attila retired to his Camp 
pensive. 

5682
06:35:52,700 --> 06:35:55,099
The sun was dipping low as the 
two groups. 

5683
06:35:55,099 --> 06:35:59,000
Parted ways Roman chroniclers 
later rejoiced that no sword was

5684
06:35:59,000 --> 06:36:01,599
drawn that day. 
No blood spilled. 

5685
06:36:01,599 --> 06:36:04,400
A battle had been won by words 
and faith alone. 

5686
06:36:05,200 --> 06:36:08,099
Attila's chiefs were astonished 
some protested. 

5687
06:36:08,099 --> 06:36:11,000
Shall the mighty Attila? 
Be turned back by a preachers 

5688
06:36:11,000 --> 06:36:14,900
tongue. but others, those who 
knew of the worsening supplies 

5689
06:36:14,900 --> 06:36:18,500
in The Whispers of plague were 
secretly glad They feared a 

5690
06:36:18,500 --> 06:36:20,099
doomed. 
Assault on Rome, as much as any 

5691
06:36:20,099 --> 06:36:23,599
Roman did. 
In the privacy of his tent that 

5692
06:36:23,599 --> 06:36:25,200
night. 
Attila brooded. 

5693
06:36:25,200 --> 06:36:29,299
Perhaps he felt an unaccustomed 
twin of admiration for Leo or 

5694
06:36:29,299 --> 06:36:31,599
perhaps simply relief that he 
could Retreat without testing 

5695
06:36:31,599 --> 06:36:34,599
Rome's, cursed fate. 
Either way, the decision was 

5696
06:36:34,599 --> 06:36:38,200
made. 
By Dawn, the hunnic banners were

5697
06:36:38,200 --> 06:36:40,900
pointed North. 
The scourge of God began his 

5698
06:36:40,900 --> 06:36:44,000
March out of Italy. 
Hope Leo, the first had a 

5699
06:36:44,000 --> 06:36:47,599
unimaginable feat. 
Gazed into the eyes of the most 

5700
06:36:47,599 --> 06:36:50,200
feared man on Earth causing him 
to Blink. 

5701
06:36:50,900 --> 06:36:55,299
Rome was saved at least for That
season Rafael's, famed Fresco in

5702
06:36:55,299 --> 06:36:57,799
the Vatican painted. 
Over a thousand years later 

5703
06:36:57,799 --> 06:37:02,599
dramatizes, the legend Pope Leo 
depicted Serenity on Horseback 

5704
06:37:02,599 --> 06:37:05,900
raises a hand to order. 
Tiller while above the pope two 

5705
06:37:05,900 --> 06:37:10,200
Warrior Saints, brandish swords 
in the sky, This artistic 

5706
06:37:10,200 --> 06:37:13,299
fantasy captures, the essence of
how contemporaries and posterity

5707
06:37:13,299 --> 06:37:17,200
viewed, the encounter, in 4:52, 
a turning point where the tide 

5708
06:37:17,200 --> 06:37:21,099
of Destruction miraculously 
halted at the gates of Romeo 

5709
06:37:21,099 --> 06:37:24,700
saved on that fateful day, near 
Mantua not through the use of 

5710
06:37:24,708 --> 06:37:26,799
force. 
But through the strength of his 

5711
06:37:26,799 --> 06:37:29,900
character and faith, the 
aftermath of the meeting was 

5712
06:37:29,900 --> 06:37:33,599
immediate and profound as words,
spread that Attila had turned 

5713
06:37:33,599 --> 06:37:38,299
back away of incredulous, Joy 
swept through Italy in Rome, 

5714
06:37:38,299 --> 06:37:42,000
anxious citizens waiting for 
news, could scarcely believe it.

5715
06:37:42,000 --> 06:37:47,000
The city and their lives had 
been spared, many attributed to 

5716
06:37:47,000 --> 06:37:49,900
its entirely to divine 
intervention. 

5717
06:37:49,900 --> 06:37:53,099
Thanks to Leo's sanctity. 
The pope status reached 

5718
06:37:53,099 --> 06:37:57,099
unprecedented Heights Rome 
welcome to back as patapaa. 

5719
06:37:57,099 --> 06:37:59,599
The father of the Fatherland, a 
title. 

5720
06:37:59,599 --> 06:38:01,799
No humble Churchman had ever 
held. 

5721
06:38:02,500 --> 06:38:05,700
The relieved Romans truly 
deserved to call Leo, Magnus the

5722
06:38:05,700 --> 06:38:08,400
Great. 
Historians Through the Ages have

5723
06:38:08,400 --> 06:38:11,599
debated wire, tiller withdrew 
some near contemporary 

5724
06:38:11,599 --> 06:38:14,000
observers. 
Like the chronicler Prosper of 

5725
06:38:14,000 --> 06:38:17,700
Aquitaine insisted that it was 
Leo's personal impact on Attila 

5726
06:38:17,700 --> 06:38:21,000
that made the difference. 
That the Hun was so impressed by

5727
06:38:21,000 --> 06:38:24,200
the holy man's courage and 
eloquence that he simply gave up

5728
06:38:24,200 --> 06:38:27,000
his designs. 
Another source, the historian 

5729
06:38:27,000 --> 06:38:30,400
priscus who knew attila's 
caught, first-hand offered a 

5730
06:38:30,400 --> 06:38:33,500
more pragmatic rationale. 
Attila's men were growing a 

5731
06:38:33,500 --> 06:38:36,000
frayed. 
They were called howler had died

5732
06:38:36,000 --> 06:38:39,099
after sacking Rome. 
And they urge to not to invite a

5733
06:38:39,099 --> 06:38:42,500
similar curse, modern Scholars 
point to Logistics and disease. 

5734
06:38:42,500 --> 06:38:46,500
Indeed a later Chronicle suggest
that at that very time, plague 

5735
06:38:46,500 --> 06:38:49,900
was ravaging until his army and 
supplies were running perilously

5736
06:38:49,900 --> 06:38:52,099
low. 
While the Eastern Emperor Marcia

5737
06:38:52,099 --> 06:38:56,700
had dispatched troops to Harry's
Homeland surrounded by illumines

5738
06:38:56,700 --> 06:39:00,400
sickness and Camp hostile forces
Gathering elsewhere and the 

5739
06:39:00,400 --> 06:39:04,099
cycle weight of Rome. 
Spiritual clout, Attila likely 

5740
06:39:04,099 --> 06:39:07,500
calculated that discretion out 
Wade Valor, whatever mix of 

5741
06:39:07,508 --> 06:39:10,799
motives won a signs. 
The result is indisputable 

5742
06:39:10,799 --> 06:39:14,299
Attila suddenly retreated and he
never returned. 

5743
06:39:14,299 --> 06:39:18,400
The scourge of God had scourged 
enough Leo's. 

5744
06:39:18,400 --> 06:39:21,200
Triumph however was not a 
permanent Deliverance, he knew 

5745
06:39:21,200 --> 06:39:23,500
as much. 
According to ancient accounts, 

5746
06:39:23,500 --> 06:39:27,000
Attila sent a message upon his 
departure threatening to return 

5747
06:39:27,000 --> 06:39:29,099
unless anoria handed over her 
inheritance. 

5748
06:39:29,900 --> 06:39:33,200
Attila made this gesture to save
face, but in reality, he had 

5749
06:39:33,208 --> 06:39:38,400
lost his chance. the following 
year in 453 Attila the Hun, 

5750
06:39:38,400 --> 06:39:40,900
tragically passed away on the 
eve of his latest wedding feast,

5751
06:39:41,700 --> 06:39:44,400
the legendary conqueror succumb,
not on the battlefield but in 

5752
06:39:44,400 --> 06:39:47,799
his marital bed, reportedly 
bursting, a blood vessel and 

5753
06:39:47,799 --> 06:39:51,599
choking on his blood after heavy
drinking his bride ildiko, awoke

5754
06:39:51,599 --> 06:39:55,000
to a corpse, the superstitious 
saw Divine Justice in this 

5755
06:39:55,000 --> 06:39:58,700
Inglorious end with attila's 
death, the unity of the hunnic 

5756
06:39:58,700 --> 06:40:02,500
Empire perished, his son's 
quarreled and within a decade 

5757
06:40:03,500 --> 06:40:05,099
The Hun ceased to be a major 
threat. 

5758
06:40:06,000 --> 06:40:08,900
Roman survived. 
Attila however, the lifespan of 

5759
06:40:08,900 --> 06:40:13,099
the Western Roman Empire was 
short in 455 just three years 

5760
06:40:13,099 --> 06:40:16,599
after Leo's encounter with the 
tiller Rome faced another deadly

5761
06:40:16,599 --> 06:40:20,500
Menace, genseric King of the 
vandals, sailed his Fleet from 

5762
06:40:20,500 --> 06:40:22,299
North Africa and landed at 
Austria. 

5763
06:40:22,299 --> 06:40:26,000
This time there was no massive 
Barbarian host at the gates but 

5764
06:40:26,000 --> 06:40:28,299
a naval Invasion improve 
valentinian. 

5765
06:40:28,299 --> 06:40:32,799
The third had been assassinated 
political chaos reigned Once 

5766
06:40:32,799 --> 06:40:36,400
again, Leo filled the void 
unarmed and accompanied by his 

5767
06:40:36,400 --> 06:40:39,799
clergy, he went out to meet 
genseric employing the same 

5768
06:40:39,799 --> 06:40:43,200
courage and moral plea. 
He had with Attila the Vandal 

5769
06:40:43,200 --> 06:40:45,700
was a different man. 
However, and negotiations 

5770
06:40:45,700 --> 06:40:49,700
yielded only a partial success. 
Canceriq agreed not to burn the 

5771
06:40:49,700 --> 06:40:52,500
city or Massacre its 
inhabitants, but he would 

5772
06:40:52,500 --> 06:40:56,500
plunder and plunder. 
He did for two weeks in June 

5773
06:40:56,500 --> 06:41:00,799
4:55, the vandals methodically 
looted Rome the treasures of 

5774
06:41:00,807 --> 06:41:03,200
Ages. 
The Temple of Jupiter's gilded 

5775
06:41:03,200 --> 06:41:06,599
roof and the spoils Titus had 
taken from Jerusalem were carted

5776
06:41:06,599 --> 06:41:09,799
off to Vandal Africa. 
Leo, could not prevent this 

5777
06:41:09,799 --> 06:41:12,400
humiliation. 
Nonetheless, even cancer 

5778
06:41:12,400 --> 06:41:15,000
experiencing restraint was 
attributed to Leo's influence. 

5779
06:41:15,700 --> 06:41:18,099
The Pope in trees, at least 
spared from the Flames. 

5780
06:41:18,099 --> 06:41:20,700
The massive basilicas of Saint, 
Peter and Saint. 

5781
06:41:20,700 --> 06:41:24,200
Paul were terrified citizens had
flocked for Sanctuary were left 

5782
06:41:24,208 --> 06:41:27,599
intact by hands. 
This mitigation counted as 

5783
06:41:27,599 --> 06:41:29,400
another testimony to Leo's 
clout. 

5784
06:41:30,200 --> 06:41:33,000
Once more, the secular 
authorities had utterly failed. 

5785
06:41:33,000 --> 06:41:37,000
And once more, it was Leo and 
Leo alone, who stood as Rome's, 

5786
06:41:37,000 --> 06:41:40,299
protector Pope Leo, the first 
lived on for a few more years 

5787
06:41:40,299 --> 06:41:43,799
after these tumultuous events 
dieing, in force 61, he was 

5788
06:41:43,807 --> 06:41:46,599
buried as a hero in Rome. 
His two adorned with the 

5789
06:41:46,599 --> 06:41:48,000
inscription defender of the 
city. 

5790
06:41:49,200 --> 06:41:53,099
His legacy only grew with time 
in ecclesiastical history, Leo 

5791
06:41:53,099 --> 06:41:55,400
is remembered for his 
theological contributions. 

5792
06:41:55,400 --> 06:41:58,500
The Tome of Leo and the 
strengthening of papal Primacy. 

5793
06:41:58,500 --> 06:42:00,799
But in popular memory, it was 
the day. 

5794
06:42:00,799 --> 06:42:04,500
He saved, Rome that truly made 
him a legend over the centuries.

5795
06:42:04,500 --> 06:42:07,500
The story of Leo and Attila 
acquired an almost mythical 

5796
06:42:07,500 --> 06:42:10,599
Aura, medieval writers, 
embroidered it freely. 

5797
06:42:11,400 --> 06:42:14,099
The Apparition of Saints Peter 
and Paul threatening, Attila 

5798
06:42:14,099 --> 06:42:17,799
hinted at him, Paul the deacons 
8th Century account, became a 

5799
06:42:17,799 --> 06:42:20,799
staple of the tale. 
Artists immortalized, the scene,

5800
06:42:20,799 --> 06:42:24,900
apart from Rafael's Renaissance 
Fresco early, the Baroque 

5801
06:42:24,900 --> 06:42:28,000
sculptor algae carved a grand 
relief in Saint Peter's itself 

5802
06:42:28,000 --> 06:42:31,599
showing Leo backed by Heavenly 
figures driving away the hunt. 

5803
06:42:31,599 --> 06:42:33,900
Such images reinforced The 
Narrative. 

5804
06:42:33,900 --> 06:42:36,700
That Rome was saved, not by 
human might, but by divine 

5805
06:42:36,700 --> 06:42:38,900
intervention Channel, Through 
Leo, the Great. 

5806
06:42:39,700 --> 06:42:42,900
Yet, for all the embellishment, 
the core truth endures and Rings

5807
06:42:42,900 --> 06:42:46,599
down the ages in a moment of 
existential Peril when the 

5808
06:42:46,599 --> 06:42:49,299
material defenses of ancient 
civilization had failed. 

5809
06:42:49,299 --> 06:42:53,099
One man's moral courage, 
prevailed Leo's encounter with 

5810
06:42:53,099 --> 06:42:56,099
Attila stands as Testament to 
the power of persuasion over the

5811
06:42:56,099 --> 06:42:59,500
sword and a feather over fear. 
It highlights, the shifting 

5812
06:42:59,500 --> 06:43:03,099
world of the 5th Century as the 
Western Empire crumbled, the 

5813
06:43:03,099 --> 06:43:05,599
Spiritual Authority of the 
church was rising to fill the 

5814
06:43:05,599 --> 06:43:08,299
void. 
Leo's success, with the tiller 

5815
06:43:08,299 --> 06:43:09,900
wasn't just a lucky diplomatic 
coup. 

5816
06:43:09,900 --> 06:43:13,599
It was a sign of the new Epoch 
Dawning in the centuries that 

5817
06:43:13,599 --> 06:43:17,200
followed the fall of Rome, The 
Last Emperor would be deposed in

5818
06:43:17,200 --> 06:43:22,099
476, just 24 years after Leos 
stand, the Bishops of Rome now 

5819
06:43:22,099 --> 06:43:26,000
firmly called popes would 
increase in roles of Civic 

5820
06:43:26,000 --> 06:43:29,099
leadership, protectors and power
Brokers in the remnants of 

5821
06:43:29,107 --> 06:43:31,599
Empire. 
Leo had set the example. 

5822
06:43:32,400 --> 06:43:34,700
He showed that a pope, could 
Marshal not armies, but 

5823
06:43:34,700 --> 06:43:39,099
something perhaps equally 
compelling, moral suasion unity 

5824
06:43:39,099 --> 06:43:43,400
and hope in the face of despair.
In separating myth from reality,

5825
06:43:43,400 --> 06:43:47,099
modern historians, acknowledge 
the Practical factors that led 

5826
06:43:47,099 --> 06:43:50,000
to attila's retreat, hunger 
disease, and strategic 

5827
06:43:50,000 --> 06:43:52,900
considerations, but they also 
acknowledge that Leo's 

5828
06:43:52,900 --> 06:43:56,299
diplomatic mission was crucial. 
Without it tiller might of 

5829
06:43:56,307 --> 06:43:59,000
lingard long enough, to sack 
Rome before those factors fully 

5830
06:43:59,000 --> 06:44:02,500
unraveled his campaign. 
Leo gave Attila a face-saving, 

5831
06:44:02,500 --> 06:44:04,400
exit and a spiritual scared to 
boot. 

5832
06:44:04,400 --> 06:44:09,099
That was enough. 
In the summer of 4 to 22 and 

5833
06:44:09,099 --> 06:44:12,200
unlikely savior in a plane, 
classic save the Eternal City 

5834
06:44:12,200 --> 06:44:14,700
from annihilation. 
For the generation that 

5835
06:44:14,700 --> 06:44:16,299
witnessed it. 
They could be no doubt, 

5836
06:44:16,299 --> 06:44:18,700
hopefully over the first had 
saved Rome. 

5837
06:44:18,700 --> 06:44:21,099
It was a bright spot in an age 
of collapse. 

5838
06:44:21,099 --> 06:44:25,500
A story retold with gratitude 
and all To this day, when one 

5839
06:44:25,500 --> 06:44:28,299
stands in Saint Peters and looks
up at the marble relief of Leo 

5840
06:44:28,299 --> 06:44:30,400
driving away. 
Attila one is reminded of the 

5841
06:44:30,408 --> 06:44:33,299
power of courage and Faith to 
alter the course of history. 

5842
06:44:34,099 --> 06:44:36,700
In Leo's voice lay the echo of 
an Empire's Spirit. 

5843
06:44:36,700 --> 06:44:40,799
And the promise that even in 
history's darkest chapters, a 

5844
06:44:40,799 --> 06:44:45,099
single steadfast Soul, can shine
brightly enough of to turn back,

5845
06:44:45,099 --> 06:44:48,400
the tide of Destruction if only 
for a moment and occasionally 

5846
06:44:48,400 --> 06:44:51,000
that moment is All That 
civilization needs to survive 

5847
06:44:51,000 --> 06:44:54,400
the sun set on the Western Roman
Empire, not with a single 

5848
06:44:54,400 --> 06:44:58,700
cataclysm but through Decades of
slow decay, Pope Leo. 

5849
06:44:58,700 --> 06:45:01,700
The first however, had already 
sealed his place in the annals 

5850
06:45:01,700 --> 06:45:03,900
of survival, diplomacy and 
faith. 

5851
06:45:05,099 --> 06:45:08,299
As Rome's, political fabric 
crumbled, Leo's influence 

5852
06:45:08,299 --> 06:45:12,299
continued to expand. 
Even in death in for 461, his 

5853
06:45:12,299 --> 06:45:14,900
legacy was carried on by Pope 
who modeled themselves. 

5854
06:45:14,900 --> 06:45:18,599
Not just after some Peter but 
after Leo's blend of spiritual 

5855
06:45:18,599 --> 06:45:22,400
further and diplomatic Steel His
tomb in the Old Saint Peter's. 

5856
06:45:22,400 --> 06:45:25,799
Basilica became a shrine not 
only of theological memory but 

5857
06:45:25,799 --> 06:45:28,599
of civic pride. 
A place Roman could point to and

5858
06:45:28,599 --> 06:45:32,099
say this man. 
Stood when others fled The 5th 

5859
06:45:32,099 --> 06:45:36,299
Century saw chaos, fragmentation
and loss Italy became a 

5860
06:45:36,299 --> 06:45:39,799
patchwork of Gothic rulers, gold
drifted, toward Frankish hands 

5861
06:45:39,799 --> 06:45:41,900
and Africa became a vandal 
Kingdom. 

5862
06:45:42,700 --> 06:45:45,799
Yet, the institutional Church 
remained remarkably cohesive. 

5863
06:45:45,799 --> 06:45:50,599
This was in part Leo's doing His
letters had established a Papal 

5864
06:45:50,599 --> 06:45:53,599
administrative style that 
reached Bishops far, beyond the 

5865
06:45:53,599 --> 06:45:57,000
crumbling Empire's borders, his 
Tome had crystallized, 

5866
06:45:57,000 --> 06:46:00,599
christology for centuries to 
come his sermons preserved 

5867
06:46:00,599 --> 06:46:04,599
copied and studied to nourish 
Christian identity in a 

5868
06:46:04,607 --> 06:46:07,799
post-imperial world. 
Yet the story of Leo's meeting 

5869
06:46:07,799 --> 06:46:11,700
with Attila continued to evolve,
not just in church memory, but 

5870
06:46:11,700 --> 06:46:15,299
in public imagination, the 
miracle where the historically 

5871
06:46:15,299 --> 06:46:17,099
accurate or not resonated 
deeply. 

5872
06:46:18,000 --> 06:46:20,599
In a world of collapsing order, 
the myth of a Shepherd, 

5873
06:46:20,599 --> 06:46:23,900
confronting the wolf and turning
him away from any Dusty 

5874
06:46:23,900 --> 06:46:27,900
Chronicle, artists poets 
theologians, and even Emperors 

5875
06:46:27,900 --> 06:46:32,200
clung to this narrative, Leo's 
courage became archetypal echoed

5876
06:46:32,200 --> 06:46:36,000
in later eras, when popes would 
stand up to King's Emperors, or 

5877
06:46:36,000 --> 06:46:39,400
even fascist regimes. 
Meanwhile, attila's name lived 

5878
06:46:39,400 --> 06:46:42,599
on in Darker. 
Legend all though, Attila died 

5879
06:46:42,599 --> 06:46:48,799
in 4153 ad under anti-climactic 
circumstances, drunken bleeding 

5880
06:46:48,799 --> 06:46:50,799
on his wedding night, his Empire
soon. 

5881
06:46:50,799 --> 06:46:54,599
Dissolved, afterward his sons 
quarreled over the remnants, the

5882
06:46:54,599 --> 06:46:58,000
cohesion of the hunnic, tribes 
of vanished, By the end of the 

5883
06:46:58,000 --> 06:47:00,500
fifth century, the Huns were no 
longer a power. 

5884
06:47:00,500 --> 06:47:04,700
Not even a memory in the lands 
they once terrorized In some 

5885
06:47:04,708 --> 06:47:07,799
parts of Europe, parents, no 
longer warn children about the 

5886
06:47:07,799 --> 06:47:11,000
Huns. 
The threatened passed yet. 

5887
06:47:11,000 --> 06:47:14,900
Leo's Voice still echoed from 
pulpits over time, Rome 

5888
06:47:14,900 --> 06:47:18,000
transitioned from the capital of
a political Empire to the 

5889
06:47:18,000 --> 06:47:21,500
symbolic heart of Christendom. 
This transformation was neither 

5890
06:47:21,500 --> 06:47:24,500
inevitable nor easy. 
It took figures like Leo 

5891
06:47:24,500 --> 06:47:28,700
Resolute, theologically sharp 
and diplomatically fearless to 

5892
06:47:28,700 --> 06:47:31,599
steer the city from Imperial 
ruin toward a ecclesiastical 

5893
06:47:31,599 --> 06:47:34,299
prominence. 
One could argue that the Papal 

5894
06:47:34,299 --> 06:47:38,200
States medieval Christendom and 
even the Vatican City of today, 

5895
06:47:38,200 --> 06:47:41,599
trace a straight line from Leo's
model of papal leadership. 

5896
06:47:41,599 --> 06:47:44,200
He proved the church could not 
only survive, political 

5897
06:47:44,200 --> 06:47:48,299
collapse, it could redefine 
power entirely The sculpture in 

5898
06:47:48,299 --> 06:47:51,700
Saint Peter's, Basilica by 
Alessandra algardi completed in 

5899
06:47:51,700 --> 06:47:54,400
the 17th century. 
The Mortal eyes as the scene 

5900
06:47:54,400 --> 06:47:58,599
with drama Leo raises his hand, 
and Jellick Warrior's bare down 

5901
06:47:58,599 --> 06:48:00,900
from the heavens upon Attila 
Frozen in all. 

5902
06:48:01,599 --> 06:48:04,500
It is theatrical. 
Yes, but theater with purpose, 

5903
06:48:04,500 --> 06:48:07,500
it reminds viewers that history 
has made, not only through 

5904
06:48:07,500 --> 06:48:10,900
armies and battles, but through 
moments of extraordinary, moral 

5905
06:48:10,900 --> 06:48:15,299
courage, That was Leo's gift to 
his age and hours, a vision of 

5906
06:48:15,299 --> 06:48:18,599
Spiritual Authority that was not
passive, not withdrawn, but 

5907
06:48:18,599 --> 06:48:20,799
deeply engaged in the mess of 
human affairs. 

5908
06:48:21,599 --> 06:48:24,700
In the end, the dalio saved Rome
was not about political 

5909
06:48:24,700 --> 06:48:27,500
negotiation alone. 
It was a cultural Pivot Point. 

5910
06:48:28,299 --> 06:48:30,799
He demonstrated that Faith could
influence diplomacy. 

5911
06:48:30,799 --> 06:48:34,500
That courage didn't necessitate 
a sword and that at times 

5912
06:48:34,500 --> 06:48:37,900
defending civilization could be 
achieved by a single man with 

5913
06:48:37,900 --> 06:48:41,200
unwavering conviction, bravely, 
stepping into the depth of 

5914
06:48:41,200 --> 07:08:44,400
Darkness. 
Aries was never the type of God 

5915
07:08:44,400 --> 07:08:46,700
to sit neatly in the lore of 
ancient Greece. 

5916
07:08:47,299 --> 07:08:49,700
Scholars often reduce him to a 
one-dimensional force of 

5917
07:08:49,700 --> 07:08:53,700
bloodlust But his origin stretch
into an older tapestry of mortal

5918
07:08:53,700 --> 07:08:57,299
dread and shifting Mythic 
structures long before he stood 

5919
07:08:57,299 --> 07:09:02,299
on Olympus War itself existed. 
The roiling turmoil of Bronze 

5920
07:09:02,299 --> 07:09:04,400
Age. 
Conflicts shaped a primal deity 

5921
07:09:04,400 --> 07:09:08,000
one who came to embody every 
surge of aggression in the human

5922
07:09:08,000 --> 07:09:10,200
heart. 
Yet, it wasn't always 

5923
07:09:10,200 --> 07:09:13,200
straightforward. 
A cultured deeply familiar with 

5924
07:09:13,200 --> 07:09:16,700
the horrors and necessities of 
war formed, something Beyond, a 

5925
07:09:16,700 --> 07:09:20,799
single note of violence. we 
picture the pantheon, Zeus, the 

5926
07:09:20,807 --> 07:09:25,599
king hero of the queen, Athena 
the Strategic Warrior, Apollo 

5927
07:09:25,599 --> 07:09:29,299
the golden archer and so on. 
In that lineup. 

5928
07:09:29,299 --> 07:09:33,400
Aries is typically an outlier 
unpredictable quick to anger 

5929
07:09:33,400 --> 07:09:35,900
sometimes portrayed as a brutish
cousin. 

5930
07:09:35,900 --> 07:09:39,900
No one fully respects. 
But in archaic Traditions, he 

5931
07:09:39,900 --> 07:09:42,900
embodied the rawness of battle 
in a way that only a people who 

5932
07:09:42,900 --> 07:09:45,799
both feared and revered, the 
Bloodshed that either secured or

5933
07:09:45,799 --> 07:09:47,599
destroyed their homes could 
comprehend. 

5934
07:09:47,599 --> 07:09:50,599
No, Harvest could be protected 
without swords. 

5935
07:09:50,599 --> 07:09:54,700
No City walls, stood firm 
without Warriors, and no Spoils 

5936
07:09:54,700 --> 07:09:57,400
of Victory existed, without 
devastating defeats. 

5937
07:09:58,299 --> 07:10:01,900
Aries was the embodiment of that
Paradox, the proud figure who 

5938
07:10:01,900 --> 07:10:05,000
could Inspire both valiantly 
defend their families and commit

5939
07:10:05,000 --> 07:10:09,200
on speakable atrocities. 
In these early conceptions Aries

5940
07:10:09,200 --> 07:10:11,599
was not simply a cartoon of 
unbridled cruelty. 

5941
07:10:11,599 --> 07:10:15,500
There's evidence that some city 
states elevated him as a symbol 

5942
07:10:15,500 --> 07:10:18,500
of gritty Valor. 
The Sparkles, for instance, 

5943
07:10:18,500 --> 07:10:21,500
admired. 
Many aspects of Martial prowess,

5944
07:10:21,500 --> 07:10:24,000
though. 
Athena's strategic cunning often

5945
07:10:24,000 --> 07:10:26,900
overshadowed his more direct 
approach to conflict even. 

5946
07:10:26,900 --> 07:10:30,200
So it was Aries who symbolized 
the adrenaline and Terror that 

5947
07:10:30,200 --> 07:10:32,000
overcame a battlefield moments 
before. 

5948
07:10:32,000 --> 07:10:35,000
The first spear was thrown. 
He embodied the unadulterated 

5949
07:10:35,000 --> 07:10:39,000
strength of battle a force as 
ancient as The Clash of bronze 

5950
07:10:39,000 --> 07:10:43,200
weapons against wooden Shields. 
Homer's epics cast a particular 

5951
07:10:43,200 --> 07:10:47,000
light on him, but even within 
the Iliad, his presence can be 

5952
07:10:47,008 --> 07:10:50,000
contradictory. 
One moment he's helping from a 

5953
07:10:50,000 --> 07:10:53,500
wound inflicted by Athena. 
The next, he's leveling entire 

5954
07:10:53,500 --> 07:10:56,099
phalanxes. 
This spectrum illustrates the 

5955
07:10:56,099 --> 07:11:01,299
capricious nature of War itself.
Ephemeral victories, devastating

5956
07:11:01,299 --> 07:11:04,200
losses and the hollowness that 
can follow even the most 

5957
07:11:04,200 --> 07:11:08,799
triumphant campaign. 
In many ways, Aries represented 

5958
07:11:08,799 --> 07:11:11,200
the chaos that no generals plan,
could fully tame. 

5959
07:11:12,000 --> 07:11:14,200
It's important to note that 
ancient worshipers were not 

5960
07:11:14,200 --> 07:11:17,599
naive about the price of War. 
Bloodshed came at a high cost 

5961
07:11:17,599 --> 07:11:20,200
temples dedicated to Aries were 
fewer. 

5962
07:11:20,200 --> 07:11:23,200
Compared to Athena's, indicating
a cultural ambivalence. 

5963
07:11:24,299 --> 07:11:26,799
While Athena's tactical, 
Brilliance was easier to 

5964
07:11:26,799 --> 07:11:30,099
appreciate Aries demanded 
acceptance of the darkest 

5965
07:11:30,099 --> 07:11:34,799
aspects of War. in desperation 
people might invoke him pleading

5966
07:11:34,799 --> 07:11:38,299
for the strength to defend their
homes and hearts, yet, they also

5967
07:11:38,299 --> 07:11:41,900
prayed for protection from his 
Fury aware that uncontrolled 

5968
07:11:41,900 --> 07:11:44,900
combat, risked swallowing both 
winners and losers alike. 

5969
07:11:45,700 --> 07:11:49,200
Between Regional variants, Aries
took on local traits. 

5970
07:11:49,200 --> 07:11:53,400
In some areas, he was worshiped 
as any alios linked to the ear 

5971
07:11:53,400 --> 07:11:54,900
spinning. 
Battle cries that polluted 

5972
07:11:54,900 --> 07:11:58,200
skirmishes other localities 
invoked him in rituals, 

5973
07:11:58,200 --> 07:12:01,500
involving The Binding of War's 
Spirits, trying to keep violent 

5974
07:12:01,500 --> 07:12:04,599
impulses at Bay these. 
Complexities reflected, the 

5975
07:12:04,599 --> 07:12:07,500
moral Quagmire of mortal 
conflict, an interplay of 

5976
07:12:07,500 --> 07:12:11,099
necessity Pride, survival, and 
raw fear. 

5977
07:12:11,900 --> 07:12:15,700
Over time Aries and mass titles 
that reflected both devotion and

5978
07:12:15,708 --> 07:12:18,900
Dread serving as a constant. 
Reminder that the boundary 

5979
07:12:18,900 --> 07:12:22,299
between revered protector and 
menacing Harbinger is often 

5980
07:12:22,299 --> 07:12:26,400
extremely thin while modern 
retellings, often, trivialize 

5981
07:12:26,400 --> 07:12:29,299
him, archaic hymns, and 
fragments reveal a God, that 

5982
07:12:29,299 --> 07:12:33,099
mirrored, the complicated psyche
of a society dependent on war 

5983
07:12:33,099 --> 07:12:36,500
for expansion and survival. 
He wasn't a demon lurking at the

5984
07:12:36,500 --> 07:12:39,500
edge of campfires nor was he a 
glorious knight in shining 

5985
07:12:39,500 --> 07:12:41,799
armor. 
Instead the occupied a realm of 

5986
07:12:41,807 --> 07:12:46,099
Grey where instincts of rage and
honor co-existed this realm 

5987
07:12:46,099 --> 07:12:48,500
while brutal was also strangely 
human. 

5988
07:12:49,400 --> 07:12:52,900
Conflict was embedded in daily 
life, raids Clan feuds, 

5989
07:12:52,900 --> 07:12:55,799
territorial disputes and Aries 
was that small. 

5990
07:12:56,599 --> 07:13:00,400
Primal voice urging men onward, 
when reason wavered By the time 

5991
07:13:00,400 --> 07:13:04,599
classical myths, fully evolved 
that Primal energy was fitted 

5992
07:13:04,599 --> 07:13:09,400
somewhat uneasily into the Regal
Halls of Olympus, surrounded by 

5993
07:13:09,408 --> 07:13:12,900
cunning gods and goddesses who 
valued wit he became something 

5994
07:13:12,900 --> 07:13:16,099
of a misfit. 
The most mortal like deity in 

5995
07:13:16,107 --> 07:13:19,900
his raw, passions in adopting 
him, the Greeks enshrined War 

5996
07:13:19,900 --> 07:13:23,400
within their Divine family. 
They recognized that violence 

5997
07:13:23,400 --> 07:13:26,799
while abhorrent was also 
integral to how their world 

5998
07:13:26,799 --> 07:13:30,400
spun. 
Erie stood there, as a Living 

5999
07:13:30,400 --> 07:13:32,900
testament, to the fact that 
Civilization is built on the 

6000
07:13:32,900 --> 07:13:36,299
bones of the Concord. 
Those early as conceptions, set 

6001
07:13:36,299 --> 07:13:38,799
a tone that would reverberate 
through every subsequent, 

6002
07:13:38,799 --> 07:13:42,400
portrayal Aeries, the 
Unstoppable, engine of conflict 

6003
07:13:42,400 --> 07:13:46,500
simultaneously, revered feared 
and occasionally pitted for a 

6004
07:13:46,500 --> 07:13:50,900
destiny bound to endless strife.
If Aries, embodied the screaming

6005
07:13:50,900 --> 07:13:54,200
Crescendo of conflict, they're 
more might wonder how he behaved

6006
07:13:54,200 --> 07:13:58,400
among Gods celebrated for Wily 
intelligence, Justice, a 

6007
07:13:58,400 --> 07:14:01,500
cultural refinement. 
The image of the Greek pantheon 

6008
07:14:01,500 --> 07:14:04,500
at Council. 
Zeus presiding Apollo offering 

6009
07:14:04,500 --> 07:14:09,099
measured Insight Athena speaking
with calculated reason clashes 

6010
07:14:09,099 --> 07:14:13,000
with the idea of Aries pacing 
and patiently eager for action. 

6011
07:14:13,799 --> 07:14:17,700
Indeed, many myths, depict him 
as two headstrong for delicate 

6012
07:14:17,700 --> 07:14:21,200
planning to impatient to grasp 
the subtle Arts of negotiation. 

6013
07:14:21,200 --> 07:14:24,900
Yet this portrayal while not 
wholly, inaccurate, might 

6014
07:14:24,900 --> 07:14:27,700
obscure deeper textures to his 
Mythic personality. 

6015
07:14:28,599 --> 07:14:32,500
Consider his kinship Dynamics, 
he was the son of Zeus and Hera 

6016
07:14:32,500 --> 07:14:34,500
both formidable in their own, 
right? 

6017
07:14:34,500 --> 07:14:38,299
That Heritage alone should Grant
him respect yet, the myths, 

6018
07:14:38,299 --> 07:14:41,500
consistently show an errors 
overshadowed, especially by 

6019
07:14:41,500 --> 07:14:43,900
Athena. 
Where she used logic to conquer.

6020
07:14:43,900 --> 07:14:46,099
He used shift Force where she 
favored. 

6021
07:14:46,099 --> 07:14:49,799
Cunning he favored brute 
strength, it wasn't just a clash

6022
07:14:49,799 --> 07:14:52,200
of personalities. 
It reflected the Greeks, 

6023
07:14:52,200 --> 07:14:54,400
internal tension, between 
strategy and aggression. 

6024
07:14:55,500 --> 07:14:58,299
Athena's popularity soared 
because her mode of warfare 

6025
07:14:58,299 --> 07:15:00,099
aligned with a sense of 
honorable wisdom. 

6026
07:15:00,799 --> 07:15:04,900
Aeries, however, reminded the 
Greeks of Wars uglier troops 

6027
07:15:04,900 --> 07:15:07,299
truths that still demanded 
acknowledgment. 

6028
07:15:08,200 --> 07:15:11,099
At times, he sibling 
confrontations bordered on 

6029
07:15:11,099 --> 07:15:14,099
comic. 
Homer describes Aries, bellowing

6030
07:15:14,099 --> 07:15:17,900
in pain when struck by Athena 
spear his pride wounded as much 

6031
07:15:17,900 --> 07:15:20,799
as his flesh. 
Yet beneath the human Lair 

6032
07:15:20,799 --> 07:15:24,799
sobering reality no matter how 
often cunning triumphs The 

6033
07:15:24,799 --> 07:15:27,299
Remains a force that neither 
Whit nor reason can fully 

6034
07:15:27,299 --> 07:15:32,000
placate In the cosmic scheme, 
Aries, symbolize the Unstoppable

6035
07:15:32,000 --> 07:15:34,599
wave of violence that are 
occasionally crashed through. 

6036
07:15:34,599 --> 07:15:38,400
Even the most fortified cities, 
he might lose a battle here or 

6037
07:15:38,400 --> 07:15:42,299
there but conflict itself never 
truly, vanished Gods like Apollo

6038
07:15:42,299 --> 07:15:43,799
or Hermes approached him 
carefully. 

6039
07:15:43,799 --> 07:15:47,400
They perceived him as a 
ferocious storm, both beneficial

6040
07:15:47,400 --> 07:15:52,000
and hazardous to provoke here. 
Equally temperamental maintained

6041
07:15:52,000 --> 07:15:55,299
a complicated relationship with 
her son, alternating between 

6042
07:15:55,299 --> 07:15:58,299
chastisement and support 
depending on her shifting 

6043
07:15:58,299 --> 07:16:02,000
alliances. 
Zeus for all his might sometimes

6044
07:16:02,000 --> 07:16:05,700
expressed exasperation with 
Aries calling him a pariah among

6045
07:16:05,700 --> 07:16:09,400
the gods, the thunderer accepted
War as part of the cosmic order,

6046
07:16:09,400 --> 07:16:13,299
even though it resented Olympus 
is, civilized Ambitions in some 

6047
07:16:13,299 --> 07:16:16,299
accounts, Aries is 
relationships, extended Beyond 

6048
07:16:16,299 --> 07:16:20,500
family feuds his Union with 
Aphrodite remains, one of the 

6049
07:16:20,500 --> 07:16:22,599
more intriguing pairings in 
mythology. 

6050
07:16:22,599 --> 07:16:27,000
The goddess of love entwined 
with the God of War, often 

6051
07:16:27,000 --> 07:16:29,799
appears as a paradox. 
How can tenderness and 

6052
07:16:29,799 --> 07:16:34,000
aggression coexist yet their 
Mythic a fair Echoes, a 

6053
07:16:34,000 --> 07:16:36,799
universal truth. 
Passion and conflict, can be 

6054
07:16:36,807 --> 07:16:38,799
intertwined. 
Aspects of Human Experience 

6055
07:16:38,799 --> 07:16:41,400
Wars. 
Impulses of possession 

6056
07:16:41,400 --> 07:16:44,900
protection and desire. 
While love, can incite jealousy 

6057
07:16:44,900 --> 07:16:46,599
sees Fierce enough to spark 
conflict? 

6058
07:16:47,599 --> 07:16:49,599
Aphrodite is involvement with 
Aries. 

6059
07:16:49,599 --> 07:16:52,799
Isn't just a sensational rumor 
about the gods personal lives. 

6060
07:16:52,799 --> 07:16:58,200
It symbolizes how Love and War 
seemingly at odds intertwined in

6061
07:16:58,200 --> 07:17:01,299
human affairs. 
Furthermore, Aries is Offspring 

6062
07:17:01,299 --> 07:17:03,500
with Aphrodite and other 
partners reflect different 

6063
07:17:03,500 --> 07:17:07,299
shades of struggle. 
Some myth speak of Deimos Terror

6064
07:17:07,299 --> 07:17:11,299
and Phobos fear as his children,
manifestations of the dread that

6065
07:17:11,299 --> 07:17:15,099
precedes any battle. 
Others hint at harmonia, Harmony

6066
07:17:15,099 --> 07:17:18,200
a curious byproduct of love and 
warming. 

6067
07:17:18,900 --> 07:17:21,900
This dichotomy reveals that for 
all his destructive Tendencies, 

6068
07:17:21,900 --> 07:17:26,000
Aries participated in generating
forces that could unify people. 

6069
07:17:26,799 --> 07:17:29,099
Only they learned to harness 
conflicts lessons. 

6070
07:17:29,099 --> 07:17:32,700
A battlefield can unite comrades
as powerful as it drives them to

6071
07:17:32,700 --> 07:17:35,799
oppose an enemy. 
Outside these Grand narratives 

6072
07:17:35,799 --> 07:17:39,400
certain cult practices suggest 
that not every devotees or 

6073
07:17:39,400 --> 07:17:44,000
Aries, as irredeemably, brutish 
in some Greek, Region's modest 

6074
07:17:44,000 --> 07:17:45,900
shines were dedicated to him 
places. 

6075
07:17:45,900 --> 07:17:48,400
Where Warriors offered? 
Thanks for survival will 

6076
07:17:48,400 --> 07:17:51,500
supplicated for courage. 
While his worship, never 

6077
07:17:51,500 --> 07:17:55,200
equaled, Athena's broader claim 
it served a ritual, functioning 

6078
07:17:55,200 --> 07:17:58,299
communal life. 
Soldiers, recognized that for 

6079
07:17:58,299 --> 07:18:01,900
all the talk of strategy, once 
Spears flew and blood spattered 

6080
07:18:01,900 --> 07:18:04,700
the Earth. 
Raw fighting Spirit might decide

6081
07:18:04,700 --> 07:18:07,500
who lived and died. 
They turned to Aries for that 

6082
07:18:07,500 --> 07:18:10,400
final push. 
His Image was not sambhalte 

6083
07:18:10,400 --> 07:18:14,200
static the city of Thebes. 
Once honored him linking him to 

6084
07:18:14,200 --> 07:18:17,500
its legendary founder. 
Arcadian villagers performed 

6085
07:18:17,500 --> 07:18:20,500
complex, rights, blending 
fertility, with battle lust 

6086
07:18:20,500 --> 07:18:23,700
through these examples. 
We Glimpse how local Traditions 

6087
07:18:23,700 --> 07:18:27,099
interpreted him, not just as a 
Mindless brute, but as a 

6088
07:18:27,099 --> 07:18:30,700
necessary power, War was seldom 
glorified yet. 

6089
07:18:30,700 --> 07:18:33,599
The Greeks knew that ignoring 
its presence was folly. 

6090
07:18:34,200 --> 07:18:36,599
Thus. 
Aries move through their myths. 

6091
07:18:36,599 --> 07:18:39,900
Never quite loved never entirely
shunned. 

6092
07:18:40,799 --> 07:18:43,599
Essential if unconfident airport
relative at Olympus Has table. 

6093
07:18:44,400 --> 07:18:48,000
Over time as Greek culture 
embraced philosophies exalting 

6094
07:18:48,000 --> 07:18:51,400
reason in order. 
Aries is impulsive nature, stood

6095
07:18:51,400 --> 07:18:55,200
out even more. 
Yet he endured unchanged in 

6096
07:18:55,200 --> 07:18:57,799
essence, reminding gods and 
Mortals alike. 

6097
07:18:57,799 --> 07:19:01,000
That conflict is sometimes an 
unavoidable part of existence. 

6098
07:19:02,000 --> 07:19:05,299
In a Pantheon full of varied 
personalities, he was the 

6099
07:19:05,299 --> 07:19:09,400
stinging reality, check the raw 
surge of chaos, no, treaty or 

6100
07:19:09,400 --> 07:19:12,700
supplication, could fully tame 
and the rest of the Immortals, 

6101
07:19:12,700 --> 07:19:15,500
though. 
Annoyed amused or appalled, had 

6102
07:19:15,500 --> 07:19:17,200
no choice. 
But to allow him a seat at the 

6103
07:19:17,200 --> 07:19:19,799
feast. 
The Aries belong to the Grand, 

6104
07:19:19,799 --> 07:19:23,500
tapestry of the Greek pantheon, 
his reputation moved Beyond mere

6105
07:19:23,500 --> 07:19:25,700
Mythic banter. 
When Mortals invoked him on 

6106
07:19:25,700 --> 07:19:28,599
actual fields of War. 
One of the most significant 

6107
07:19:28,599 --> 07:19:33,000
stages for such invocations was 
the long grueling conflict of 

6108
07:19:33,000 --> 07:19:36,099
the Trojan War? 
This Monumental Clash blurred, 

6109
07:19:36,099 --> 07:19:39,900
the boundaries between myth and 
history as gods, intervened in 

6110
07:19:39,900 --> 07:19:43,900
and out of mortal Affairs, on 
those planes, Aries found 

6111
07:19:43,900 --> 07:19:46,500
himself embroiled in a drama 
where battles were fought. 

6112
07:19:46,500 --> 07:19:50,099
Not just for territory but for 
the glory of reputations and 

6113
07:19:50,099 --> 07:19:53,700
occasionally at the whims of 
meddling deities, In the Trojan 

6114
07:19:53,700 --> 07:19:56,599
War, narratives Aries was not a 
distant Observer. 

6115
07:19:56,599 --> 07:20:00,200
He appeared directly on the 
battlefield side, in first with 

6116
07:20:00,200 --> 07:20:02,400
one Army. 
Then the other reflecting the 

6117
07:20:02,400 --> 07:20:06,799
chaotic nature of real Warfare. 
Mortals pray for Advantage but 

6118
07:20:06,799 --> 07:20:10,200
where itself can pivot on a 
random Arrow or single emotional

6119
07:20:10,200 --> 07:20:13,500
Outburst, Aries represented that
fickle momentum. 

6120
07:20:14,299 --> 07:20:16,599
One moment, he'd Empower Trojan 
Warrior's. 

6121
07:20:16,599 --> 07:20:19,599
The next. 
He'd be seen clashing fiercely 

6122
07:20:19,599 --> 07:20:21,500
against the myth of the cosmic 
tide shifted. 

6123
07:20:22,400 --> 07:20:25,799
Homer's Iliad, underscores how 
terrifying it was for Mortals to

6124
07:20:25,799 --> 07:20:28,200
witness Aries in his full war. 
God, Fury. 

6125
07:20:28,900 --> 07:20:31,500
Armies might have boasted 
skilled generals and heroic 

6126
07:20:31,500 --> 07:20:35,200
Champions but none could remain.
Truly Fearless before a literal 

6127
07:20:35,200 --> 07:20:38,200
incarnation of bloodshed 
whenever he charged onto the 

6128
07:20:38,200 --> 07:20:39,700
field, the ground seemed to 
tremble. 

6129
07:20:39,700 --> 07:20:42,500
This gesture was more than 
poetic flourish. 

6130
07:20:42,500 --> 07:20:46,000
It symbolized how the mere 
Prospect of Unstoppable, 

6131
07:20:46,000 --> 07:20:49,799
violence could unnerve even 
seasoned veterans yet? 

6132
07:20:49,799 --> 07:20:53,799
Aries was not Invincible. 
The Iliad records moments, were 

6133
07:20:53,799 --> 07:20:55,599
Athena tricked or outmaneuvered 
him. 

6134
07:20:56,299 --> 07:20:59,500
She caused him to take a spear 
to the side, leading him to Howl

6135
07:20:59,500 --> 07:21:01,099
in pain and Retreat to Olympus 
for healing. 

6136
07:21:01,900 --> 07:21:05,500
Such scenes reveal an essential 
dichotomy War can be 

6137
07:21:05,508 --> 07:21:08,599
overwhelming, but cunning can 
wound Brute Force. 

6138
07:21:09,500 --> 07:21:12,900
That sentence Aries embodied, 
Wars brutality. 

6139
07:21:12,900 --> 07:21:16,799
While Athena stood for 
strategies Triumph, the Trojan 

6140
07:21:16,799 --> 07:21:20,599
Wars, shifting alliances, laid 
bare, the uneasy truth that raw 

6141
07:21:20,599 --> 07:21:22,799
power alone doesn't guarantee 
Victory. 

6142
07:21:22,799 --> 07:21:26,299
The war also highlighted, that 
Aries was not universally 

6143
07:21:26,299 --> 07:21:30,299
beloved even his father, Zeus 
scolded him for reckless 

6144
07:21:30,299 --> 07:21:33,200
meddling. 
Trojans and a like found 

6145
07:21:33,200 --> 07:21:34,900
themselves cautious about 
calling on him. 

6146
07:21:34,900 --> 07:21:38,900
Indeed his influence could be 
significant yet his 

6147
07:21:38,900 --> 07:21:42,900
participation carried a cost 
unbridled violence has no 

6148
07:21:42,900 --> 07:21:45,299
favorites. 
It consumes everything in its 

6149
07:21:45,299 --> 07:21:48,900
path. 
In focusing on the Trojan War, 

6150
07:21:48,900 --> 07:21:51,200
we see that Aries is presence on
the battlefield. 

6151
07:21:52,200 --> 07:21:55,799
While potent came with a sense 
of looming catastrophe. 

6152
07:21:56,799 --> 07:21:59,799
Some Trojan War Side Stories, 
cast areas in more personal 

6153
07:21:59,799 --> 07:22:03,099
conflicts Legend, says that he 
intervened when one of his 

6154
07:22:03,099 --> 07:22:06,700
mortal Sons joined The Fray or 
that he shed tears of Rage when 

6155
07:22:06,700 --> 07:22:10,700
certain Trojan Champions fell. 
These smaller Tales highlighter 

6156
07:22:10,700 --> 07:22:12,500
surprising capacity for paternal
grief. 

6157
07:22:13,200 --> 07:22:15,700
Though, overshadowed by his 
broader Persona of carnage. 

6158
07:22:16,599 --> 07:22:19,299
They remind us that he was not 
an indifferent Cosmic machine, 

6159
07:22:19,299 --> 07:22:22,799
that a god-shaped by 
relationships pride and the 

6160
07:22:22,799 --> 07:22:25,799
complexities that come from 
seeing Mortals engage in the art

6161
07:22:25,799 --> 07:22:30,599
of killing and art he himself on
fired, conversely, certain Greek

6162
07:22:30,599 --> 07:22:32,099
Heroes. 
Believed that if they fought 

6163
07:22:32,099 --> 07:22:36,000
valiantly enough Aries would 
grant them a special Frosty. 

6164
07:22:36,700 --> 07:22:40,500
The handful of them hopped up on
the adrenaline of battle to feel

6165
07:22:40,500 --> 07:22:43,799
him surging in their veins. 
Yet in the iliades bigger 

6166
07:22:43,799 --> 07:22:47,700
picture such touches were 
fleeting overshadowed by the 

6167
07:22:47,700 --> 07:22:51,099
stories of how Athena guided 
Heroes to more lasting Triumph. 

6168
07:22:51,799 --> 07:22:56,099
In these Tails, Aries remained, 
a paradoxical Force, both 

6169
07:22:56,099 --> 07:22:59,200
Unstoppable, and vulnerable to 
setbacks when faced with cunning

6170
07:22:59,200 --> 07:23:02,500
or divine retribution. 
Outside the epic's main 

6171
07:23:02,500 --> 07:23:06,599
narrative later poets added 
layers, some praising areas for 

6172
07:23:06,599 --> 07:23:10,000
upholding an aspect of heroic 
masculinity While others 

6173
07:23:10,000 --> 07:23:14,099
condemned him as the root of 
Humanity's darkest, impulses the

6174
07:23:14,099 --> 07:23:18,000
Trojan War, Amplified both those
perspectives on one hand, it 

6175
07:23:18,000 --> 07:23:21,000
needed his presence to stir 
armies and keep the frenzy alive

6176
07:23:21,000 --> 07:23:23,700
on the other. 
It was a testament to Wars 

6177
07:23:23,700 --> 07:23:26,400
destructive nature. 
Leaving a trail of burned 

6178
07:23:26,400 --> 07:23:30,200
cities, grieving widows and 
shattered dynasties In short, 

6179
07:23:30,200 --> 07:23:33,299
the Trojan War Stories brought 
Aries Down from the distant 

6180
07:23:33,299 --> 07:23:36,299
Halls of Olympus and thrust him 
into the grit of mortal 

6181
07:23:36,299 --> 07:23:39,700
existence, his involvement 
Illustrated, the raw power. 

6182
07:23:39,700 --> 07:23:43,299
That can't be fully contained or
directed The impetus behind 

6183
07:23:43,299 --> 07:23:47,000
every destructive charge. 
As watches and participants 

6184
07:23:47,000 --> 07:23:50,900
ancient audiences saw that war 
was not just a concept but a 

6185
07:23:50,900 --> 07:23:53,400
living presents. 
Aries is actions. 

6186
07:23:53,400 --> 07:23:56,599
Offered a cautionary, Tale. 
Tapping in to unbridled 

6187
07:23:56,599 --> 07:23:59,599
aggression, can be a quick path 
to fleeting Victory and 

6188
07:23:59,599 --> 07:24:03,700
catastrophic loss. 
Even among Gods War remains an 

6189
07:24:03,700 --> 07:24:06,599
unpredictable companion, and 
nowhere, was that more apparent 

6190
07:24:06,599 --> 07:24:08,400
than on the bloody fields of 
Troy. 

6191
07:24:09,500 --> 07:24:11,900
Outside the Epic swirl of Trojan
battlefields. 

6192
07:24:11,900 --> 07:24:14,599
Aries is narrative, also, 
intersects with Tales of 

6193
07:24:14,607 --> 07:24:18,000
passion, fatherhood and the 
everyday churn of mortal life. 

6194
07:24:18,000 --> 07:24:21,799
His most famous love affair with
Aphrodite goddess of love, and 

6195
07:24:21,799 --> 07:24:25,500
beauty exemplifies, how War can 
become entwined with desire? 

6196
07:24:25,500 --> 07:24:28,900
However, it was more than just a
tale of romance between 

6197
07:24:28,900 --> 07:24:33,200
diametrically opposed forces. 
The childlike notion that Love 

6198
07:24:33,200 --> 07:24:37,299
and War are opposites Mrs. How 
Deeply they interact Ares and 

6199
07:24:37,307 --> 07:24:40,200
Aphrodite is Bond revealed. 
How conflict and attraction both

6200
07:24:40,200 --> 07:24:42,799
simmer under mortal 
Consciousness, driving 

6201
07:24:42,799 --> 07:24:46,099
individuals, toward acts of 
devotional destruction, the 

6202
07:24:46,099 --> 07:24:50,099
liaison, birthed multiple 
offspring, a particular face of 

6203
07:24:50,099 --> 07:24:55,000
Wars, emotional heft Deimos and 
Phobos fear of the most famous 

6204
07:24:55,000 --> 07:24:58,500
personifying, The Dread that 
grips soldiers before a charge. 

6205
07:24:59,200 --> 07:25:02,500
However less renowned figures 
also emerge from areas as line 

6206
07:25:02,500 --> 07:25:05,700
Eros and some versions and 
harmonia. 

6207
07:25:05,700 --> 07:25:09,000
Indicating that out of conflict,
could come forms of unity or 

6208
07:25:09,000 --> 07:25:13,000
even love will be at rarely. 
Ancient poets, debated these 

6209
07:25:13,000 --> 07:25:16,799
genealogies, they consistently 
underscored a central idea. 

6210
07:25:16,799 --> 07:25:20,599
The energy is fueling War are 
not wholly, divorced from those 

6211
07:25:20,599 --> 07:25:25,400
that spark affection or loyalty,
Despite that Aries was seldom 

6212
07:25:25,400 --> 07:25:28,700
depicted as a doting. 
Father, epic conflicts and 

6213
07:25:28,700 --> 07:25:31,099
divine feuds overshadowed his 
paternal role. 

6214
07:25:31,900 --> 07:25:34,299
Some small myths. 
However, suggest moments of 

6215
07:25:34,299 --> 07:25:36,700
personal attachment one tells of
him. 

6216
07:25:36,700 --> 07:25:39,400
Avenging the death of a daughter
by slaying her murderer. 

6217
07:25:39,400 --> 07:25:42,900
Another recounts him. 
Raging against a rival who dared

6218
07:25:42,900 --> 07:25:47,200
insult his lineage In these 
glimpses, we see that Wars Fury 

6219
07:25:47,200 --> 07:25:50,200
might also be a twisted 
expression of care, a Readiness,

6220
07:25:50,200 --> 07:25:52,900
to destroy anyone threatening 
those under one's protection. 

6221
07:25:53,799 --> 07:25:57,400
In Mortal eyes, such stories 
played out in real life, 

6222
07:25:57,400 --> 07:26:01,500
soldiers spurred by love for 
family, might descend into 

6223
07:26:01,500 --> 07:26:05,400
Savage violence to defend them, 
Aries is fatherly instincts, 

6224
07:26:05,400 --> 07:26:07,500
mirrored that fundamental human 
contradiction. 

6225
07:26:07,500 --> 07:26:10,299
People killed to protect what 
they cherish. 

6226
07:26:11,000 --> 07:26:14,400
A Savage is that seems it's an 
undeniable element of human 

6227
07:26:14,400 --> 07:26:17,700
conflict across centuries. 
In raising his spear for those. 

6228
07:26:17,700 --> 07:26:22,200
He loved Aries exposed to strain
of loyalty overshadowed by more,

6229
07:26:22,200 --> 07:26:24,200
Sensational accounts of his 
ferocity. 

6230
07:26:24,200 --> 07:26:29,099
Meanwhile every day worship of 
Aries remained measured very few

6231
07:26:29,099 --> 07:26:33,000
large, Temple's honored him, but
smaller cultic practices sprang 

6232
07:26:33,000 --> 07:26:35,700
up in city of state's contending
with frequent Warfare. 

6233
07:26:36,400 --> 07:26:39,200
Soldiers, might sacrifice 
animals or lay symbolic weapons 

6234
07:26:39,200 --> 07:26:42,700
on makeshift altars hoping to 
appease a God who could lend 

6235
07:26:42,700 --> 07:26:45,000
them ferocity will spare them 
from it. 

6236
07:26:45,900 --> 07:26:48,900
While Athens and Sparta revered,
Athena's, strategic mind, 

6237
07:26:48,900 --> 07:26:52,000
individual Warriors. 
Sometimes felt a more visceral 

6238
07:26:52,000 --> 07:26:54,099
connection to Aries as raw 
impetus. 

6239
07:26:54,700 --> 07:26:56,500
He believed that war drums, and 
conflict. 

6240
07:26:56,500 --> 07:27:00,099
Charts, were sacred inspiring a 
trance-like further in 

6241
07:27:00,099 --> 07:27:03,700
combatants, some historians 
argue that these rituals were 

6242
07:27:03,700 --> 07:27:08,000
psychologically vital building 
Unity before battle in Greek 

6243
07:27:08,000 --> 07:27:10,799
culture, rousing Songz, and 
rhythmic Marchers. 

6244
07:27:10,799 --> 07:27:14,200
Might have invoke the presence 
of Aries galvanizing Hearts 

6245
07:27:14,200 --> 07:27:17,299
against fear. 
This communal implication was 

6246
07:27:17,299 --> 07:27:20,299
less about praising wonton 
destruction and more about 

6247
07:27:20,299 --> 07:27:23,400
anchoring in a Face-Off where 
hesitation could spell defeat. 

6248
07:27:24,200 --> 07:27:27,400
Beyond these rights Travelers, 
Tales claim that some remote 

6249
07:27:27,400 --> 07:27:31,000
villages with festivals 
combining martial contests with 

6250
07:27:31,000 --> 07:27:34,900
solemn remembrance of the Dead. 
Rather than glorifying Conquest.

6251
07:27:34,900 --> 07:27:38,299
They recognized the jewel face 
of war, the Victory, and 

6252
07:27:38,299 --> 07:27:41,099
devastation. 
One tradition described men, 

6253
07:27:41,099 --> 07:27:44,000
wearing battered helmets as they
recited the names of lost 

6254
07:27:44,000 --> 07:27:49,099
Warrior's, a ritual to keep Wars
toll visible airy's, as the core

6255
07:27:49,099 --> 07:27:53,099
deity of combat stood. 
In the midst of the ceremony, a 

6256
07:27:53,099 --> 07:27:55,599
reminder that behind each 
Triumph, the Heartbreak of 

6257
07:27:55,599 --> 07:27:58,400
mourning families. 
Mythic genealogies. 

6258
07:27:58,400 --> 07:28:02,000
Also link areas to fearsome 
beasts reflection of how War 

6259
07:28:02,000 --> 07:28:06,099
unleashes Primal instincts, 
wolves vultures know the 

6260
07:28:06,099 --> 07:28:07,700
Scavengers were said to be under
his domain. 

6261
07:28:07,700 --> 07:28:12,000
Just as they often feasted on 
battlefields in some stories, 

6262
07:28:12,000 --> 07:28:15,299
even assume the form of a 
monstrous bore, or a phantom 

6263
07:28:15,299 --> 07:28:17,500
Huntsman intent on causing 
chaos. 

6264
07:28:17,500 --> 07:28:21,400
These Metamorphoses Illustrated,
how conflict can reduce Humanity

6265
07:28:21,400 --> 07:28:24,299
to a pack of territorial 
Predators fighting over 

6266
07:28:24,299 --> 07:28:28,500
resources and pride thus while 
popular imagination frames areas

6267
07:28:28,500 --> 07:28:31,500
as a brute lusting for Carnage. 
The Fuller tapestry is more 

6268
07:28:31,500 --> 07:28:36,200
nuanced intersects with love 
stands as a father Fosters 

6269
07:28:36,200 --> 07:28:39,200
communal rituals and even 
emerges as a Punisher of 

6270
07:28:39,200 --> 07:28:42,700
Injustice when it aligns with 
his personal vendettas yet, none

6271
07:28:42,700 --> 07:28:45,900
of this fully negates. 
His Central nature a living 

6272
07:28:45,900 --> 07:28:50,500
representation of Wars capacity 
to enthrall unite destroy and 

6273
07:28:50,500 --> 07:28:55,099
protect The contradictions Run 
Deep reflecting the human Psy's 

6274
07:28:55,099 --> 07:28:58,599
capacity for both nurturing 
affection and ruthless violence.

6275
07:28:58,599 --> 07:29:02,400
Therefore Aries is story. 
Not only depicts ancient 

6276
07:29:02,400 --> 07:29:06,599
conflicts, the represents every 
heart that has ever been torn 

6277
07:29:06,599 --> 07:29:09,200
between the Embrace of love and 
the call of aggression. 

6278
07:29:10,400 --> 07:29:12,799
When Greek culture. 
Eventually interfaced with Rome 

6279
07:29:12,799 --> 07:29:15,900
many gods found themselves 
reinterpreted under new names 

6280
07:29:15,900 --> 07:29:20,500
and contexts Aries became Mars. 
But the Romans gave this war 

6281
07:29:20,500 --> 07:29:22,500
deity. 
A different flavor less of the 

6282
07:29:22,500 --> 07:29:24,799
raw Carnage and more of the 
disciplined Soldier. 

6283
07:29:24,799 --> 07:29:28,799
Despite the transformation 
Echoes of the original Aries, 

6284
07:29:28,799 --> 07:29:32,900
persisted reflecting the ways in
which Mythic figures adapt to 

6285
07:29:32,908 --> 07:29:36,299
the cultural needs of. 
Conquering Powers became a city 

6286
07:29:36,307 --> 07:29:38,799
protector for Romans due to his 
power and Order. 

6287
07:29:39,599 --> 07:29:43,099
Rome's Legions prided themselves
on strategy, discipline and 

6288
07:29:43,099 --> 07:29:46,700
loyalty to the state. 
This emphasis on structure 

6289
07:29:46,700 --> 07:29:49,200
contrasted with the more chaotic
Greek view of Aries. 

6290
07:29:50,000 --> 07:29:51,900
Yet behind the Roman veneer of 
organization. 

6291
07:29:51,900 --> 07:29:55,099
The essence of warfare remained 
the same sword. 

6292
07:29:55,099 --> 07:29:59,000
Still drew blood Conquest 
stillborn grief, and fear sword 

6293
07:29:59,000 --> 07:30:02,700
as armies marched in adopting 
Mars, Rome validated the 

6294
07:30:02,700 --> 07:30:04,500
necessity of war in building an 
empire. 

6295
07:30:04,500 --> 07:30:07,599
Turning it into a civilizing 
force rather than a purely 

6296
07:30:07,599 --> 07:30:11,599
destructive, one. still aspects 
of Aries bled through Roman 

6297
07:30:11,599 --> 07:30:14,599
temples to Mars, while more 
prominently than Greek shrines 

6298
07:30:14,599 --> 07:30:17,900
to Aries included rituals 
acknowledging the Grim reality 

6299
07:30:17,900 --> 07:30:21,900
of combat Soldiers, prayed for 
victory, but also recognized the

6300
07:30:21,908 --> 07:30:26,000
sacrifice demanded by War boot 
camp, drills strict codes of 

6301
07:30:26,000 --> 07:30:28,599
behavior, and elaborate triumphs
for victorious. 

6302
07:30:28,599 --> 07:30:31,200
Generals Illustrated the 
discipline that roam grafted 

6303
07:30:31,200 --> 07:30:32,799
onto the older Greek model of 
conflict. 

6304
07:30:33,799 --> 07:30:36,599
Aries might have found it 
strange to see Warsaw rigidly 

6305
07:30:36,599 --> 07:30:39,200
choreographed. 
But the underlying violence 

6306
07:30:39,200 --> 07:30:42,799
would feel familiar. 
Interestingly Roman myth weaves 

6307
07:30:42,799 --> 07:30:46,900
Mars into the founding of 
Romulus and Remus the city's 

6308
07:30:46,900 --> 07:30:48,000
legendary twin. 
Founders. 

6309
07:30:48,599 --> 07:30:51,700
This paternal link. 
Underscores, how war in 

6310
07:30:51,700 --> 07:30:55,400
romanized could also create 
worlds, not just destroy them. 

6311
07:30:55,400 --> 07:30:58,900
Aries is Greek, narratives 
included fatherhood as well. 

6312
07:30:58,900 --> 07:31:02,099
But the Romans were Bolder and 
presenting Mars as a generative 

6313
07:31:02,099 --> 07:31:05,900
force behind Empire Building. 
The maniacal Edge was toned down

6314
07:31:05,900 --> 07:31:10,500
the further to conquer remained.
Over time, Roman expansion, 

6315
07:31:10,500 --> 07:31:13,500
carried, Mars, as worship from 
the British Isles to the deserts

6316
07:31:13,500 --> 07:31:16,099
of Africa. 
Armies marched under his Banner 

6317
07:31:16,099 --> 07:31:20,099
carrying an icon that Blended. 
Aries is ancient Fury with Roman

6318
07:31:20,099 --> 07:31:24,099
efficiency in Legion camps 
shrines to Mars often appeared 

6319
07:31:24,099 --> 07:31:27,000
near training grounds 
reinforcing the close bond 

6320
07:31:27,000 --> 07:31:30,599
between the soldiers routine and
the deities domain. it was a 

6321
07:31:30,607 --> 07:31:33,700
stark reminder that, no matter 
how advanced Roman engineering 

6322
07:31:33,700 --> 07:31:37,200
or governance became It still 
relied on the martial Spirit to 

6323
07:31:37,200 --> 07:31:41,299
maintain its vast territory. 
Nevertheless, the more civilized

6324
07:31:41,299 --> 07:31:44,500
Mars while overshadowing Aries 
in official propaganda. 

6325
07:31:45,500 --> 07:31:48,099
Still harbored that kernel of 
merciless aggression. 

6326
07:31:49,000 --> 07:31:52,200
Soldiers, who faced Barbarian 
raids or harsh Frontier Wars. 

6327
07:31:52,200 --> 07:31:55,900
Sometimes abandoned the polished
veneer of discipline Accounts 

6328
07:31:55,900 --> 07:31:58,000
exist of punitive massacres and 
scorched. 

6329
07:31:58,000 --> 07:32:01,200
Earth, tactics revealing that 
beneath the Roman sense of order

6330
07:32:01,200 --> 07:32:03,799
lay the same, Primal savagery 
known to the Greeks. 

6331
07:32:04,700 --> 07:32:07,400
Heresies original. 
Unpredictability surfaced 

6332
07:32:07,400 --> 07:32:09,900
whenever the Flames of War, 
grew, uncontainable. 

6333
07:32:10,700 --> 07:32:13,099
Cultural shifts during the late 
Empire period further 

6334
07:32:13,099 --> 07:32:15,500
complicated. 
These distinctions, as 

6335
07:32:15,500 --> 07:32:19,099
Christianity sprayed official 
reverence, for the old Pantheon 

6336
07:32:19,099 --> 07:32:21,799
waned. 
Mars is Temple's fell into the 

6337
07:32:21,799 --> 07:32:25,400
partial disuse, or were 
rebranded, and the Empire itself

6338
07:32:25,400 --> 07:32:29,599
began to crack under external 
pressures conflicts raged along 

6339
07:32:29,599 --> 07:32:32,700
borders, revealing that even 
centuries of Martial tradition 

6340
07:32:32,700 --> 07:32:36,299
could not stay off of declined, 
Wars, that once served expansion

6341
07:32:36,299 --> 07:32:39,799
became desperate acts of Defense
draining the treasury and 

6342
07:32:39,799 --> 07:32:44,000
morale, The figure of Mars 
receded but the essence of War. 

6343
07:32:44,000 --> 07:32:46,799
Endured echoing Aries as 
Timeless reality. 

6344
07:32:46,799 --> 07:32:49,500
That Bloodshed never truly Fades
from Human affairs. 

6345
07:32:50,400 --> 07:32:53,299
Later, historians and scholars 
drew connections between areas 

6346
07:32:53,299 --> 07:32:56,200
and Mars picking apart how the 
latter was nobler. 

6347
07:32:57,099 --> 07:32:59,700
But at heart they remained 
facets of the same concept 

6348
07:32:59,700 --> 07:33:04,599
conflict personified. 
Roman society placed a practical

6349
07:33:04,599 --> 07:33:08,599
gloss on it, but could not mask 
the brutality embedded in 

6350
07:33:08,599 --> 07:33:11,700
Conquest. 
The War gods, soared high in 

6351
07:33:11,700 --> 07:33:14,700
ceremonies while legionaries 
spilled Blood on the distant 

6352
07:33:14,700 --> 07:33:18,200
fields. 
This Duality ritual, homage and 

6353
07:33:18,200 --> 07:33:21,000
raw violence, kept the flame of 
Aries as Greek. 

6354
07:33:21,000 --> 07:33:23,099
Essence alive, beneath Roman 
Steel. 

6355
07:33:23,799 --> 07:33:27,099
In modern scholarship. 
Some paint Mars as a sanitized 

6356
07:33:27,099 --> 07:33:30,200
reflection of Aries. 
While others insist that the 

6357
07:33:30,200 --> 07:33:33,700
difference is cosmetic. 
Both deities represent a 

6358
07:33:33,700 --> 07:33:36,700
fundamental recognition that 
Order and Chaos Collide whenever

6359
07:33:36,700 --> 07:33:40,599
armies meet, both speak to human
kinds ongoing in Tangled with 

6360
07:33:40,599 --> 07:33:43,400
aggression pride and territorial
ambition. 

6361
07:33:44,500 --> 07:33:46,200
The shift from Greek to Roman 
worship. 

6362
07:33:46,200 --> 07:33:49,400
Might highlight style over 
substance, but Wars nature 

6363
07:33:49,400 --> 07:33:52,900
endures Aries in. 
Whichever name or uniform 

6364
07:33:52,900 --> 07:33:56,200
remains a haunting reminder. 
That power and discipline cannot

6365
07:33:56,200 --> 07:33:58,700
fully tame the Beast Within the 
battlefields heart. 

6366
07:33:59,700 --> 07:34:02,799
Long after the Roman Empire, 
fractured the figure of Aries 

6367
07:34:02,799 --> 07:34:05,700
lingered in cultural memory 
carried through, medieval 

6368
07:34:05,700 --> 07:34:08,200
scribes and eventually 
Renaissance, humanists, who 

6369
07:34:08,200 --> 07:34:12,200
rediscovered, classical texts in
each retelling Aries, 

6370
07:34:12,200 --> 07:34:15,099
transformed yet. 
Again, sometimes demonized by 

6371
07:34:15,099 --> 07:34:17,799
Christian writers, who equated 
him with the sins of violence 

6372
07:34:17,799 --> 07:34:21,200
and wrath other times, 
romanticized by revivalists 

6373
07:34:21,200 --> 07:34:24,000
seeking to channel Ancient 
virtues throughout. 

6374
07:34:24,000 --> 07:34:27,799
These shifts Aries, remained a 
cipher for Humanity's conflicted

6375
07:34:27,799 --> 07:34:30,700
relationship with war. 
During the medieval period, 

6376
07:34:30,700 --> 07:34:34,200
chivalric ideals, placed a 
veneer of nobility over combat 

6377
07:34:34,200 --> 07:34:37,599
Knights fought for Honor weaving
in Christianity. 

6378
07:34:37,599 --> 07:34:41,799
In that environment, Aries found
little direct worship but the 

6379
07:34:41,799 --> 07:34:44,099
ethos of battle still carried 
Echoes of his domain. 

6380
07:34:45,000 --> 07:34:48,200
When Crusaders marched the 
further that gripped them had 

6381
07:34:48,200 --> 07:34:52,099
parallels to his ancient Mania, 
albeit cloaked in religious 

6382
07:34:52,099 --> 07:34:54,900
justification. 
Chronicles might not mention 

6383
07:34:54,900 --> 07:34:57,799
areas by name. 
Yet the spirit of Relentless 

6384
07:34:57,799 --> 07:35:02,799
aggression was alive in CJ's and
Cavalry Charges with the 

6385
07:35:02,799 --> 07:35:05,700
Renaissance came, a Resurgence 
of interest, in Greek and Roman 

6386
07:35:05,700 --> 07:35:07,799
law. 
Spurring new discussion on 

6387
07:35:07,799 --> 07:35:10,900
classical deities are Aries 
appeared in Treasures. 

6388
07:35:10,900 --> 07:35:15,000
Contrasting him with Mars 
analyzing the moral dimensions 

6389
07:35:15,000 --> 07:35:18,700
of warfare Scholars. 
Debated did the ancient sea war 

6390
07:35:18,700 --> 07:35:21,200
as a necessary evil or an 
exalted path to Glory? 

6391
07:35:22,099 --> 07:35:24,299
Aries, the stories were passed 
for symbolic. 

6392
07:35:24,299 --> 07:35:27,000
Meaning. 
And his course, passions seemed 

6393
07:35:27,000 --> 07:35:29,400
jarring against the 
renaissance's admiration for 

6394
07:35:29,400 --> 07:35:33,799
Harmony and proportion. 
Still war raged across Europe in

6395
07:35:33,799 --> 07:35:37,400
conflicts like the 30 Years War 
demonstrating that refined 

6396
07:35:37,400 --> 07:35:40,500
philosophies did not necessarily
curb the reality of Bloodshed 

6397
07:35:40,500 --> 07:35:44,500
meanwhile artists and Poets 
began portraying Aries and 

6398
07:35:44,500 --> 07:35:48,000
fresher contexts paintings of 
varies and Aphrodite multiplied.

6399
07:35:48,000 --> 07:35:52,400
Each capturing the volatile mix 
of Seduction and violence, some 

6400
07:35:52,400 --> 07:35:54,400
brought composers. 
Wrote pieces referencing the 

6401
07:35:54,400 --> 07:35:57,500
Spear of these turning 
destructive force into musical 

6402
07:35:57,500 --> 07:35:59,599
allegory. 
In these works. 

6403
07:35:59,599 --> 07:36:02,299
The God of War became an 
aesthetic symbol rather than a 

6404
07:36:02,299 --> 07:36:04,700
religious figure serving to 
dramatize. 

6405
07:36:04,700 --> 07:36:07,500
The tension between unrestrained
might and cultivated Grace. 

6406
07:36:07,500 --> 07:36:12,799
As modernity emerged nationalism
took hold forging new rationale 

6407
07:36:12,799 --> 07:36:15,400
for conflict. 
If he's drifted away from 

6408
07:36:15,400 --> 07:36:18,700
religious or even moral 
interpretation recast as a 

6409
07:36:18,700 --> 07:36:22,500
Mythic emblem for militaristic 
pride, Nations invoked him. 

6410
07:36:22,500 --> 07:36:26,700
Indirectly both of Unstoppable, 
armies political cartoons or 

6411
07:36:26,700 --> 07:36:28,799
propaganda. 
Posters might depict a warlike 

6412
07:36:28,799 --> 07:36:31,400
figure reminiscent of Aries 
brandishing rifles. 

6413
07:36:31,400 --> 07:36:35,799
Instead of Spears, fueling Mass 
mobilization though, few invoked

6414
07:36:35,799 --> 07:36:39,099
his name, his Spirit loomed in 
the grand mobilization of the 

6415
07:36:39,099 --> 07:36:42,799
Napoleonic era or the world 
wars, when entire continents 

6416
07:36:42,799 --> 07:36:47,000
caught fire in the intellectual 
sphere, critiques of War, found 

6417
07:36:47,000 --> 07:36:50,599
renewed voice philosophers like 
Kant or Rousseau each in their 

6418
07:36:50,599 --> 07:36:52,799
own way. 
Grappled, with the tension 

6419
07:36:52,799 --> 07:36:55,700
between man's capacity, for 
reason and his pawnshop for 

6420
07:36:55,700 --> 07:36:58,299
violence. 
They might not have cited Aries 

6421
07:36:58,299 --> 07:37:02,000
specifically, but his Essence 
was there the recognition that 

6422
07:37:02,000 --> 07:37:05,200
conflict repeatedly shatters 
idealistic vision of peace? 

6423
07:37:06,299 --> 07:37:08,900
Attempts to create lasting 
treaties, often crumbled under 

6424
07:37:08,900 --> 07:37:12,299
National rivalries, echoing 
homeric narratives, where no 

6425
07:37:12,299 --> 07:37:15,599
truce lasted long once he goes 
Flair and with the rise of 

6426
07:37:15,599 --> 07:37:18,900
psychology Aries, gained an 
unexpected new framework. 

6427
07:37:19,599 --> 07:37:22,700
Analysts probe the death drive 
or the innate aggression. 

6428
07:37:22,700 --> 07:37:24,500
They believed resided in human 
nature. 

6429
07:37:25,500 --> 07:37:29,099
In that context areas became a 
metaphor for Primal impulses 

6430
07:37:29,099 --> 07:37:33,599
buried deep within the psyche. 
Archetypal theorists labeled 

6431
07:37:33,599 --> 07:37:35,400
him. 
An enduring of the warrior 

6432
07:37:35,400 --> 07:37:39,299
Within an ancient blueprint for 
aggression That civilization 

6433
07:37:39,299 --> 07:37:43,700
struggles to contain, Writers 
and therapists use this angle to

6434
07:37:43,700 --> 07:37:47,500
explore personal struggles, like
anger management or PTSD 

6435
07:37:47,500 --> 07:37:50,700
arguing, that ignoring the areas
archetype could lead to 

6436
07:37:50,708 --> 07:37:52,900
unchecked violence or sublimated
rage. 

6437
07:37:53,900 --> 07:37:57,400
In the late 20th century pop 
culture, reimagined him yet 

6438
07:37:57,400 --> 07:38:00,500
again. 
Films comic books, and video 

6439
07:38:00,500 --> 07:38:04,099
games, cast areas as a villain 
or anti-hero, charging onto 

6440
07:38:04,099 --> 07:38:06,599
digital battlefields, or 
cinematic, showdowns. 

6441
07:38:07,299 --> 07:38:10,799
These portrayals often relied on
superficial traits bulging 

6442
07:38:10,799 --> 07:38:14,799
muscles booming voices and 
Unstoppable bloodlust while 

6443
07:38:14,799 --> 07:38:17,700
occasionally teasing a deeper 
complexities even. 

6444
07:38:17,700 --> 07:38:21,599
So the essence of the ancient 
god persisted bridging 

6445
07:38:21,599 --> 07:38:24,700
centuries. 
Modern War, narratives remain 

6446
07:38:24,700 --> 07:38:27,200
haunted by the same questions. 
The Greeks wrestled with. 

6447
07:38:28,000 --> 07:38:31,099
Does conflict Define us? 
Can it be transcended? 

6448
07:38:31,099 --> 07:38:35,000
Or is it inherent to our being? 
Through all these Evolutions, 

6449
07:38:35,000 --> 07:38:40,200
Aries, never fully disappeared. 
His story threads through every 

6450
07:38:40,200 --> 07:38:42,700
Epoch that grapples with 
violence and the uneasy 

6451
07:38:42,700 --> 07:38:44,799
admiration. 
It can Inspire, where the 

6452
07:38:44,799 --> 07:38:48,299
demonized, or glorified, he 
stands as a collective symbol 

6453
07:38:48,299 --> 07:38:50,299
for humanities. 
Willingness to pick up weapons, 

6454
07:38:50,299 --> 07:38:54,099
in pursuit of power, survival or
ideals, whenever piece falters 

6455
07:38:54,099 --> 07:38:56,700
the old War gods. 
Stirs in the background, a 

6456
07:38:56,700 --> 07:38:59,500
reminder that the same Primal 
force that hammered bronze 

6457
07:38:59,500 --> 07:39:02,500
swords Millennia ago. 
Still courses through the veins 

6458
07:39:02,500 --> 07:39:04,700
of modern armies and every day 
individuals alike. 

6459
07:39:05,700 --> 07:39:09,099
In considering areas is full 
trajectory, when sees that he 

6460
07:39:09,099 --> 07:39:11,500
transcends neat categories of 
good or evil. 

6461
07:39:11,500 --> 07:39:15,299
He is rather a reflection of how
humans conduct the cells when 

6462
07:39:15,299 --> 07:39:18,799
pushed to extremes, whether in 
ancient Greece and Imperial roam

6463
07:39:18,799 --> 07:39:22,799
medal, Crusades were ancient 
treatises or modern conflicts, 

6464
07:39:22,799 --> 07:39:25,299
the Specter of War has 
consistently hovered. 

6465
07:39:25,299 --> 07:39:29,299
Sometimes worshiped, sometimes 
feared all was consequential. 

6466
07:39:29,299 --> 07:39:33,299
Aries has an entity clarifies 
that violence cannot be 

6467
07:39:33,299 --> 07:39:35,400
exercised by moral condemnation 
alone. 

6468
07:39:35,400 --> 07:39:38,900
It is woven into the very 
tapestry of human civilization. 

6469
07:39:39,799 --> 07:39:42,200
Modern commentators might 
describe him as a cautionary 

6470
07:39:42,200 --> 07:39:45,799
metaphor, a primal reminder of 
our capacity for both communal 

6471
07:39:45,799 --> 07:39:49,500
defense and Savage destruction. 
Yet the older Greek saw more 

6472
07:39:49,500 --> 07:39:52,200
than mere caution. 
They recognized War as a 

6473
07:39:52,200 --> 07:39:55,700
fundamental element of Fate, 
Unstoppable and often necessary 

6474
07:39:55,700 --> 07:39:59,099
armies marched, not out of love 
for Bloodshed, but because 

6475
07:39:59,099 --> 07:40:02,799
survival or ambition, demanded, 
it Aries, thus appeared, both 

6476
07:40:02,799 --> 07:40:06,000
monstrous and essential and 
uncomfortable contradiction that

6477
07:40:06,008 --> 07:40:09,000
still resonates whenever 
diplomatic efforts fail in the 

6478
07:40:09,008 --> 07:40:12,200
pantheons. 
Grande drama, Aries, never fully

6479
07:40:12,200 --> 07:40:16,500
fits Athena goddess. 
Of calculated tactics earned. 

6480
07:40:16,500 --> 07:40:20,200
Widespread, reverence Apollo 
with his luminous, Artistry 

6481
07:40:20,200 --> 07:40:23,599
commanded spiritual devotion, 
even dying Isis. 

6482
07:40:23,599 --> 07:40:27,000
The wild reveler offered 
ecstatic release that could be 

6483
07:40:27,000 --> 07:40:31,599
twisted into mania. 
But Aries was war on Van. 

6484
07:40:31,599 --> 07:40:37,599
He'd immediate brutal reeking of
sweat and Metal, The Ancients 

6485
07:40:37,599 --> 07:40:40,700
lacked Illusions about the cost 
of violence that acknowledged 

6486
07:40:40,700 --> 07:40:43,200
its presence in forging Empires 
and defending homes. 

6487
07:40:43,200 --> 07:40:47,299
A temple to Aries might be 
smaller overshadowed by other 

6488
07:40:47,299 --> 07:40:49,500
deities. 
Yet when swords were drawn 

6489
07:40:49,500 --> 07:40:54,500
prayers to him, rose with urgent
further from a cosmic standpoint

6490
07:40:54,500 --> 07:40:58,400
Aries is arguably the most 
human-like datey subject to 

6491
07:40:58,400 --> 07:41:00,799
rage. 
Prone to heartbreak, swayed by 

6492
07:41:00,799 --> 07:41:03,700
familiar attachments, and all 
too familiar with the 

6493
07:41:03,700 --> 07:41:06,099
destructive, impulses that swirl
in Mortal Hearts. 

6494
07:41:06,099 --> 07:41:09,799
He fights fails and fights 
again. 

6495
07:41:11,099 --> 07:41:13,799
Myths, like the Trojan War 
underscore that even divine 

6496
07:41:13,799 --> 07:41:15,799
power cannot bring about clean 
victories. 

6497
07:41:16,599 --> 07:41:20,299
War is messy. 
So, his Aries time, after time, 

6498
07:41:20,299 --> 07:41:24,000
he rushes into conflict 
battered, by cleaning gods, or 

6499
07:41:24,000 --> 07:41:27,099
turned aside by Fate. 
Yet, never extinguished, the 

6500
07:41:27,099 --> 07:41:31,099
cycle continues reflecting the 
Unstoppable, continuity of human

6501
07:41:31,099 --> 07:41:34,900
violence across ages yet amid, 
the cruelty traces of 

6502
07:41:34,900 --> 07:41:38,700
compassion, surface myths, 
telling of areas of engineering 

6503
07:41:38,700 --> 07:41:41,700
or protecting someone dear 
reveal a twisted sense of care. 

6504
07:41:41,700 --> 07:41:45,700
Perhaps the moral puzzle lies in
the fact that war and love are 

6505
07:41:45,700 --> 07:41:49,000
not diametrically opposite, but 
rather two extremes of human 

6506
07:41:49,000 --> 07:41:51,599
passion. 
Aries is famously Azan with 

6507
07:41:51,599 --> 07:41:54,000
Aphrodite East stands as a 
Mythic Testament, to how 

6508
07:41:54,000 --> 07:41:58,000
destructive impulses can tangle 
with desires for Union each. 

6509
07:41:58,000 --> 07:42:02,099
Fueling the other Far from being
a cheap storyline of taboo 

6510
07:42:02,099 --> 07:42:05,000
Romance. 
It exemplifies the contradictory

6511
07:42:05,000 --> 07:42:09,000
ways passion, manifests in our 
world, In examining areas is 

6512
07:42:09,000 --> 07:42:11,900
modern Legacy. 
One sees that, we still wrestle 

6513
07:42:11,900 --> 07:42:14,900
with the same, archetype 
soldiers sacrifice themselves. 

6514
07:42:14,900 --> 07:42:19,200
Out of fierce loyalty to Country
tribe or cause leaders might 

6515
07:42:19,200 --> 07:42:23,599
vowel piece yet mobilize armies.
When threatened people to cry 

6516
07:42:23,599 --> 07:42:27,500
warfare's Horrors, yet, remain 
in Thorold by settles of Valor 

6517
07:42:27,500 --> 07:42:30,700
and the adrenaline of conflict. 
some even argue that 

6518
07:42:30,700 --> 07:42:34,599
competition, if not outright 
conflict drives and evasion and 

6519
07:42:34,599 --> 07:42:38,400
a progress, thus the war God 
remains relevant, not because 

6520
07:42:38,400 --> 07:42:42,000
Society idolizes Mayhem, but 
because it struggles to escape 

6521
07:42:42,000 --> 07:42:45,799
it perhaps the true lesson areas
offers is about grappling with 

6522
07:42:45,799 --> 07:42:48,799
Humanities in a contradictions 
We crave Harmony. 

6523
07:42:48,799 --> 07:42:51,900
But prepare for battle, we 
condemn violence yet permit, it 

6524
07:42:51,900 --> 07:42:54,400
under certain rules. 
We honor Heroes who defend the 

6525
07:42:54,400 --> 07:42:58,299
helpless yet question. 
The morality of Conquest Aries 

6526
07:42:58,299 --> 07:42:59,799
doesn't solve these 
contradictions. 

6527
07:42:59,799 --> 07:43:03,500
He illuminates them. 
By stepping into his realm, we 

6528
07:43:03,500 --> 07:43:06,599
confront the Unstoppable surge 
that can erupt within any of us 

6529
07:43:06,599 --> 07:43:10,900
individually or collectively 
under fear, anger, or ambition. 

6530
07:43:10,900 --> 07:43:14,299
And that confrontation is, 
neither gentle or purely Savage.

6531
07:43:14,299 --> 07:43:18,000
It is human. 
Peace Advocates might shudder at

6532
07:43:18,000 --> 07:43:21,299
the thought of exalting award 
deity, but ignoring him does 

6533
07:43:21,299 --> 07:43:24,099
little good. 
Recognizing areas means, 

6534
07:43:24,099 --> 07:43:27,400
recognizing that aggression is 
part of our lineage, only 

6535
07:43:27,400 --> 07:43:29,299
through understanding that 
reality. 

6536
07:43:29,299 --> 07:43:32,500
Can we hope to channel it 
responsibly or mitigate? 

6537
07:43:32,500 --> 07:43:36,299
Its worst effects in the end? 
Aries is not just the sword 

6538
07:43:36,299 --> 07:43:38,700
raised high or the shield 
clanging in defiance. 

6539
07:43:38,700 --> 07:43:42,799
Here's the flicker of Rage in 
the eye of someone cornered, the

6540
07:43:42,799 --> 07:43:46,599
Tremor of adrenaline before a 
decisive stand, the triumphant. 

6541
07:43:46,599 --> 07:43:49,700
Shout that Echoes across a 
battlefield Wars. 

6542
07:43:49,700 --> 07:43:53,400
Form changes from bronze, Spears
to nuclear arsenals, but the 

6543
07:43:53,408 --> 07:43:56,400
core impulse remains Aries 
stands. 

6544
07:43:56,400 --> 07:43:59,799
Eternal no longer needing 
sacrifices in quiet shrines, 

6545
07:43:59,799 --> 07:44:02,200
yet, thriving, wherever 
conflict, Looms. 

6546
07:44:03,000 --> 07:44:05,400
Through him. 
We witness a facet of ourselves 

6547
07:44:05,400 --> 07:44:09,099
that is both or inspiring and 
terrifying are capacity to wage 

6548
07:44:09,099 --> 07:44:11,599
war and perhaps one day to 
master it,