The History of Alchemy: A Quiet Journey in Search of the Elixir of Life | Boring History For Sleep

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What's Poppin? 
My favorite peeps. 

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The one and only history and 
sleep Master here. 

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Ready to lull you to sleep, as 
always. 

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So let's get comfortable. 
And let me open up my magical 

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book here tonight, where we get 
to explore the history of 

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alchemy, a practice that was 
part chemistry, part philosophy 

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and entirely fascinating. 
We're going to peep the books on

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Humanity's most persistent 
dreams the quest to unlock 

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Nature's deepest Secrets. 
Transform the ordinary into the 

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extraordinary and perhaps just 
perhaps live forever. 

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If you're new here as always 
joining the community is super 

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quick and easy, just tap 
subscribe and like the video. 

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And let me know where in the 
world, you're watching from and 

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what time it is for you. 
Now, find that cold part of your

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pillow, and let's start. 
Imagine standing in Alexandria 

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around, 300 CE and The Great 
Library, still held the 

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accumulated. 
Wisdom of the ancient world. 

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yes, smells of Papyrus lamp oil 
and that particular mustiness 

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that clings to places where 
knowledge Live's Somewhere in a 

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modest Workshop near the harbor.
A practitioner hunches over a 

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clay vessel watching colored 
smoke. 

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Curl upward while making careful
notes on a wax tablet. 

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This is where our story truly 
begins though. 

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Welcome is root stretch even 
further back into the fertile 

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valleys of Mesopotamia and the 
temples of ancient Egypt. 

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The word, alchemy itself carries
the memory of this Egyptian 

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origin, Al from Arabic and Kem 
possibly from the ancient 

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Egyptian word for their own 
land. 

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The black soil of the Nile Delta
Black Earth, the source of life 

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and fertility, where 
transformation happened every 

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year, as floods receded and 
crops emerged. 

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The earliest Alchemists weren't 
trying to get rich quick or 

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discover some magical shortcut. 
They were observers who noticed 

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that the world was full of 
transformations. 

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Clay became pottery and the 
kills heat greats fermented in 

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to Wine copper and tin two 
relatively soft Metals. 

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Could be combined to create 
bronze something harder and more

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useful than either parent 
material. 

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If such dramatic changes were 
possible. 

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What else might be transformed? 
Given the right conditions, the 

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right knowledge. 
And the Right Touch in ancient 

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Egypt. 
The embalmers held specialized 

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knowledge about preserving 
bodies literal attempt to defeat

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death, and decay The metal 
workers. 

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Understood how to extract pure 
metals from Rocky. 

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Oars transforming dull stones 
into gleaming gold and silver. 

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The perfume makers could capture
the essence of flowers and oils 

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that lasted long. 
After the blooms had with 

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wizard, Each craft involved, 
taking something ordinary and 

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elevating it to a higher state. 
These weren't separate practices

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in the ancient mind. 
They were all part of 

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understanding Nature's patterns,
its hidden connections. the 

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priest Physicians who made 
medicines from plants and 

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minerals were also studying the 
stars because they believed 

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everything was connected in a 
grand Cosmic web Your health is 

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related to the planet's 
positions, the seasons turning 

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and the balance of elements 
within your body. 

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Greek philosophers, particularly
those influenced by Egyptian 

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wisdom Traditions began sister 
by tising these observations 

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into theories They proposed that
all matter, consisted of four, 

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fundamental elements earth water
air and Fire. 

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Combined in different 
proportions, change one element 

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to another adjust the 
proportions and you could 

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theoretically transform any 
substance in to any other 

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substance. 
Leading to Gold wasn't observed 

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within this framework. 
It was just extremely difficult,

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practical work. 
This is crucial to understand as

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you drift towards sleep. 
How many wasn't the practice of 

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foolish people chasing 
impossible Dreams? 

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It was the best attempt of 
available. 

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Give them the knowledge of the 
time to understand and work with

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the material world. 
The Alchemists were the 

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ancestors of modern chemists 
Pharmacists and materials 

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scientists working without 
benefit of atomic theory or the 

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periodic table. 
But with careful observation and

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genuine curiosity. 
The Hellenistic world of 

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Alexandria brought together 
Egyptian, practical knowledge, 

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Greek, philosophical, 
speculation and incoming ideas 

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from Persia in India. in this 
intellectual Melting Pot, 

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Alchemy began to take 
recognizable form Practitioners 

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started writing treatises, 
developing specialized equipment

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and establishing a tradition, 
that would spread across 

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continents and survived for 
nearly 2000 years. 

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These early Alchemists of the 
Athena or a specialized furnace.

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That could maintain consistent 
temperatures for days or weeks 

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crucial for their long 
processes. 

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They created a limbic for 
distillation retorts for 

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heating, substances in 
controlled conditions and 

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sophisticated glassware for 
separating and purifying 

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materials. walking into an 
chemical laboratory in the third

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Century, would have felt 
surprisingly familiar if you'd 

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ever visited a modern chemistry 
lab though, you'd notice the 

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absence of safety goggles and 
the presents of considerably 

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more mystical inscription, the 
Roman Empires declined scattered

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this knowledge like seeds on the
Wind Some texts were preserved 

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in Byzantine, libraries 
carefully copied by monks who 

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might not have fully understood 
what they were preserving. 

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Other manuscripts, traveled 
East, finding new homes in 

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Persian and eventually 
arabic-speaking courts. 

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The great work of alchemy was 
beginning. 

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Its long journey through 
cultures and centuries. 

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Let's move forward. 
Several centuries and travel 

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east to the Islamic golden age. 
When Baghdad was the 

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intellectual center of the 
world. 

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The year is around 800 CE and 
you're standing outside the 

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workshop of jabir, heian, whose 
name the medieval Europeans 

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would later mangle into gay bars
workspace. 

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Is a Wonder of careful, 
organization rows of glass 

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vessels line, wooden shelves. 
Each labeled with careful Arabic

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script. 
The central workbench holds a 

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complex arrangement of flasks 
connected by tubes positioned 

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over carefully. 
Tended charcoal braziers. 

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The smell here is complex, the 
mineral Tang of salamonia, the 

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Sweet Shop of various Tinkers, 
and the ever-present background 

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of smoke and heated metal. 
It's not unpleasant, just 

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intensely present the smell of 
transformation itself, should be

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a represents a turning point in 
our chemical history. 

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Where earlier practitioners 
often wrote in vague symbolic 

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language he insisted on careful 
observation and detailed 

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record-keeping. 
He understood that, reliable 

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knowledge, came from repeatable 
processes, if you couldn't 

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describe your method precisely 
enough, for another practitioner

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to duplicate it, you didn't 
really understand what you were 

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doing. 
This is surprisingly modern 

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thinking for the 9th century, 
jabir developed, systematic, 

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classification schemes for 
substances distinguishing 

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between what we'd Now, call 
Elements compounds and mixtures.

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He described processes like 
distillation crystallization and

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sublimation with such Clarity 
that his instructions can still 

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be followed today. he understood
that mercury could dissolve 

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gold, but substance is had 
characteristic reactions, that 

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could identify them and that 
careful of temperature and 

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timing could mean the difference
between success and disaster, 

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but jabir was working within the
theoretical framework of his 

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time which viewed Mata, very 
differently than we do now, He 

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believed that all metals were 
composed of mercury and sulfur 

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in varying proportions and 
degrees of purity. 

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Gold was perfectly balanced 
Mercury and sulfur completely 

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purified. 
LED was unbalanced and impure 

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Therefore transforming lead into
gold meant purifying, and 

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rebalancing, its fundamental 
components, theoretically 

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possible. 
Just technically challenging, 

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the alchemical laboratory became
a place where philosophy met 

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practice where abstract Theory, 
encountered stubborn material 

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reality. 
The work required patience that 

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modern people might find hard to
fathom. 

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Processes could take weeks or 
months require in constant 

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attention and adjustment. 
The Alchemist learned to read 

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subtle signs. 
Slight color changes in a 

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solution, the quality of vapors 
rising from heated flesh. 

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And the way crystals formed 
along the edge of a cooling 

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vessel fire was the great 
Transformer but it had to be 

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understood in all its moods. 
The gentle heat that barely 

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warmed. 
The hand could accomplish things

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that intense Flames would 
destroy, The Athena or that 

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specialized furnace was designed
to provide this patient steady 

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Heat. 
Some El chemical operations. 

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Supposedly required maintaining 
specific temperatures for 40 

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days and 40 nights. 
The same period Christ spent in 

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the wilderness and probably not 
coincidentally. 

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The vessels themselves took on 
sacred significance. 

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The alembic used for 
distillation became a symbol of 

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purification, crude matter, 
being vaporized Rising upward 

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and condensing into a pure form.
The retort with its long curved 

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neck contained and controlled 
Transformations preventing 

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precious Vapors from escaping. 
Even the simple mortar and 

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pestle grinding and mixing 
ingredients represented. 

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The breaking down of old forms 
to create new combinations, 

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Islamic Alchemist. 
Like jabir worked in a culture 

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that valued learning and saw no 
contradiction between scientific

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investigation and spiritual 
practice. 

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The Quran itself, encouraged 
Believers to observe nature and 

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discover God's patterns in 
creation. 

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Alchemy fit perfectly into this 
worldview. 

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It was simultaneously. 
Practical, chemistry 

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Philosophical Investigation, and
spiritual discipline. 

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The substance is they worked 
with a quiet layers of meaning. 

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Mercury liquid and silvery was 
understood as the principal of 

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fusibility and volatility it 
represented, the soul or Spirit 

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of metals. 
Sulfur, which burned with that 

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characteristic acid smell was 
the principal of combustibility 

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it represented the soul or 
animating Force. 

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Salt, which remained after 
burning, was the principal of 

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fixity and permanence it 
represented the body. 

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Everything in the alchemical 
worldview was composed of these 

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three principles in varying 
combinations as Islamic 

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civilization from Persia to 
Spain, alchemical knowledge 

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traveled with it. 
Libraries and Cordoba and Toledo

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accumulated texts in Arabic 
Persian and Greek. 

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When Christian Scholars, began 
learning Arabic and translating 

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these Works into Latin in the 
12th and 13th. 

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Centuries, they discovered an 
intellectual treasure. 

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That would reshape European 
thought the flame and the vessel

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heated container process and 
patients. 

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These became the fundamental 
tools of transformation. 

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The Alchemist learned to work 
with Nature's timing, rather 

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than against it understanding 
that some changes could not be 

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rushed. 
You couldn't hurry the 

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maturation of gold anymore than 
you could hurry the growth of an

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oak tree from an acorn. 
Both required proper conditions 

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and sufficient time. 
Now, let's turn our attention to

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what might become his. 
Most famous Quest, the search 

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for the elixir of life 
Substance, that could cure all 

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diseases, restore Youth and 
Grant immortality itself. 

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This wasn't a side project or a 
fantasy addition to Serious, 

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alchemical work. 
For many practitioners, it was 

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the ultimate goal. 
More important. 

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Even than transmuting base 
Metals into gold, the logic 

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within their framework was 
compelling. 

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If substances could be purified 
and perfected led into gold 

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crude or into gleaming metal, 
why couldn't the human body? 

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Be similarly, transformed. if 
Alchemy was about understanding 

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and working with Nature's 
principles of transformation, 

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surely the ultimate 
transformation would be. 

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Conquering death itself. 
Chinese Alchemists pursued. 

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This goal with particular 
intensity and their work 

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influence practices across Asia 
and eventually reached the 

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Islamic world and Europe. 
In China, the Quest for 

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immortality connected deeply 
with Taoist philosophy, which 

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saw the human body as a 
microcosm of the universe. 

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If he could achieve perfect, 
internal balance, harmonizing 

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the body's energy with Cosmic 
forces, you might transcend 

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ordinary mortality. 
The legendary Elixir took many 

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forms in different traditions, 
Sometimes it was described as a 

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liquid clear as water or golden 
as honey. 

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Other accounts spoke of it as a 
powder or stone something solid,

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that could be dissolved in wine 
or water. the Chinese termed it,

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the pill of immortality While 
Islamic and European Alchemists 

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called it. 
The Elixir from the Arabic 

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alixia, meaning the substance 
itself or perhaps a powder for 

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making Solutions, what's 
fascinating as you settle deep 

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into your pillows. 
Is that the search for this 

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Elixir to genuine medical 
advances? 

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Alchemists experimenting with 
mineral and plants are 

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00:13:40,900 --> 00:13:42,900
substances. 
Discovered compounds. 

236
00:13:42,900 --> 00:13:44,600
That actually worked as 
medicine's. 

237
00:13:45,400 --> 00:13:48,100
The distillation processes, they
develop for purifying. 

238
00:13:48,100 --> 00:13:50,900
The elixr gave a stronger more 
reliable medicine. 

239
00:13:51,800 --> 00:13:54,200
Their careful. 
Observations of how substance is

240
00:13:54,200 --> 00:13:57,800
affected the body contributed to
understanding physiology and 

241
00:13:57,800 --> 00:14:01,900
pharmacology, paracelsus, a 
Swiss physician and Alchemist of

242
00:14:01,900 --> 00:14:05,600
the 16th century, revolutionized
Medicine by treating diseases 

243
00:14:05,600 --> 00:14:08,800
with carefully prepared, 
chemical medicine's, rather than

244
00:14:08,800 --> 00:14:12,000
relying solely on herbs. 
He believed the body was 

245
00:14:12,000 --> 00:14:15,400
essentially a chemical system 
and diseases were chemical 

246
00:14:15,400 --> 00:14:17,900
imbalances that required 
chemical Corrections. 

247
00:14:18,700 --> 00:14:21,700
This was Radical thinking that 
earned him both devoted 

248
00:14:21,700 --> 00:14:26,300
followers and fierce critics. 
His approach though sometimes 

249
00:14:26,300 --> 00:14:29,900
spectacularly wrong in details 
pointed toward modern 

250
00:14:29,900 --> 00:14:33,500
pharmaceutical chemistry, the 
preparation of The Elixir, 

251
00:14:33,500 --> 00:14:36,000
supposedly required the same 
patients, and spiritual 

252
00:14:36,000 --> 00:14:39,000
preparation has creating the 
Philosopher's Stone. 

253
00:14:39,700 --> 00:14:42,400
The substance that could 
transform lead into gold. 

254
00:14:43,400 --> 00:14:46,400
Many texts suggested they were 
actually the same thing or 

255
00:14:46,400 --> 00:14:50,000
intimately related. 
The stone that perfected Metals 

256
00:14:50,000 --> 00:14:53,300
would perfect the human body 
making sense within the 

257
00:14:53,300 --> 00:14:55,700
alchemical worldview, where 
microcosm and macrocosm 

258
00:14:55,700 --> 00:15:01,000
reflected, each other recipes 
for the elixir of wildly, partly

259
00:15:01,000 --> 00:15:03,600
because alchemical texts, 
deliberately obscured their 

260
00:15:03,600 --> 00:15:08,600
methods with symbolic language. 
One 14th century European text 

261
00:15:08,600 --> 00:15:12,400
describes a process involving 
repeated distillation of wine 

262
00:15:12,400 --> 00:15:16,700
mixed with various herbs 
minerals and even gold itself. 

263
00:15:16,700 --> 00:15:20,300
The entire operation conducted, 
according to astrological 

264
00:15:20,300 --> 00:15:24,900
timing, final product was 
supposedly a clear liquid that 

265
00:15:24,900 --> 00:15:29,400
glowed faintly and darkness and 
smelled of roses and something 

266
00:15:29,400 --> 00:15:32,600
indefinable. 
Whether anyone ever produced 

267
00:15:32,600 --> 00:15:36,500
such a substance is doubtful 
What we know is that the quest 

268
00:15:36,500 --> 00:15:39,200
LED practitioners to develop 
increasingly sophisticated 

269
00:15:39,200 --> 00:15:42,000
techniques for purification and 
concentration? 

270
00:15:42,900 --> 00:15:46,800
They learned to extract the 
quintessence, literally the 5th,

271
00:15:46,800 --> 00:15:49,200
Essence, beyond the four 
elements from plants and 

272
00:15:49,200 --> 00:15:52,300
minerals. 
These concentrated extracts were

273
00:15:52,300 --> 00:15:55,700
often genuinely potent though. 
Not in the magical ways. 

274
00:15:55,700 --> 00:15:58,700
Practitioners hoped. 
The Elixir wasn't just about 

275
00:15:58,700 --> 00:16:02,800
physical immortality in Chinese,
Alchemy particularly and 

276
00:16:02,800 --> 00:16:05,200
increasingly in Islamic and 
European Traditions. 

277
00:16:05,200 --> 00:16:08,000
It represented spiritual 
transformation. 

278
00:16:09,000 --> 00:16:12,400
The process of creating the 
Elixir, the process of spiritual

279
00:16:12,400 --> 00:16:15,800
refinement. 
Just as crude matter had to be 

280
00:16:15,800 --> 00:16:19,400
broken down purified and 
reconstituted at a higher level.

281
00:16:19,400 --> 00:16:24,000
So, to The Alchemist, Soul, 
underwent, trials purifications,

282
00:16:24,000 --> 00:16:28,100
and ultimate transformational, 
this spiritual Dimension became 

283
00:16:28,100 --> 00:16:31,600
increasingly important in 
European, Alchemy, Especially as

284
00:16:31,600 --> 00:16:33,700
the medieval period gave way to 
the Renaissance. 

285
00:16:34,800 --> 00:16:38,100
The Alchemist laboratory became 
a place of meditation and prayer

286
00:16:38,100 --> 00:16:40,700
as much as chemical 
experimentation. 

287
00:16:41,800 --> 00:16:45,500
The long hours watching vessels 
heat observing slow color 

288
00:16:45,500 --> 00:16:47,800
changes and waiting for 
crystallization. 

289
00:16:47,800 --> 00:16:52,400
These became opportunities for 
contemplation, some Alchemists 

290
00:16:52,400 --> 00:16:53,900
claim that the work couldn't 
succeed. 

291
00:16:53,900 --> 00:16:55,700
Without proper spiritual 
preparation. 

292
00:16:55,700 --> 00:16:59,500
They spoke of necessary prayers,
fasting, and meditation. 

293
00:16:59,500 --> 00:17:03,200
The laboratory work was 
Inseparable from in a work. 

294
00:17:04,000 --> 00:17:06,500
You couldn't perfect matter 
without perfecting yourself. 

295
00:17:07,500 --> 00:17:10,500
The Elixir that granted 
immortality wasn't just a 

296
00:17:10,500 --> 00:17:13,700
substance, you swallowed. 
It was the culmination of a 

297
00:17:13,700 --> 00:17:18,800
complete transformation of both 
matter and spirit Chinese 

298
00:17:18,800 --> 00:17:21,000
Emperors. 
Desperate for immortality 

299
00:17:21,000 --> 00:17:24,900
sometimes consumed, alchemical 
preparations with disastrous 

300
00:17:24,900 --> 00:17:28,500
results. 
Mercury and arsenic both common 

301
00:17:28,500 --> 00:17:31,600
ingredients in Elixir. 
Recipes are quite toxic. 

302
00:17:32,700 --> 00:17:35,700
The irony of dying from 
ingesting substances meant to 

303
00:17:35,708 --> 00:17:38,000
Grant eternal life wasn't lost 
on Observers. 

304
00:17:38,800 --> 00:17:43,000
Yet the quest continued driven 
by that deeply human resistance 

305
00:17:43,000 --> 00:17:46,800
to accepting mortality in 
gentler forms the search for the

306
00:17:46,800 --> 00:17:50,000
elixr, gave us contributions to 
herbal medicine that persisted 

307
00:17:50,000 --> 00:17:52,800
today. 
The careful distillation of 

308
00:17:52,800 --> 00:17:55,700
plant Essence is led to 
understanding how to concentrate

309
00:17:55,700 --> 00:17:59,000
active ingredients. 
The documentation of which 

310
00:17:59,000 --> 00:18:01,800
substance is affected. 
Which conditions though, often 

311
00:18:01,800 --> 00:18:05,100
mixed with symbolic language and
false theories, contained 

312
00:18:05,100 --> 00:18:08,500
genuine observations that 
informed later Medical Practice 

313
00:18:08,500 --> 00:18:11,400
as you drift towards sleep. 
Let's meet some of the 

314
00:18:11,400 --> 00:18:14,200
remarkable individuals who 
devoted their lives to the 

315
00:18:14,200 --> 00:18:18,400
alchemical Arts. 
These went foolish or credulous 

316
00:18:18,400 --> 00:18:20,600
people. 
They were often the most learned

317
00:18:20,600 --> 00:18:24,100
Scholars of their time, applying
the best available methods to 

318
00:18:24,100 --> 00:18:27,300
questions that still Fascinate 
Us in medieval Europe. 

319
00:18:27,300 --> 00:18:31,500
Albertus Magnus Albert, the 
Great was a Dominican Friar 

320
00:18:31,500 --> 00:18:34,200
whose interests ranged across 
all of available knowledge. 

321
00:18:35,200 --> 00:18:39,200
Born around 1200, he wrote 
extensively on logic theology, 

322
00:18:39,200 --> 00:18:41,400
mathematics and natural 
philosophy. 

323
00:18:42,100 --> 00:18:44,200
His works on minerals and metals
show. 

324
00:18:44,200 --> 00:18:48,400
Careful, observation mixed with 
alchemical Theory. he described 

325
00:18:48,400 --> 00:18:51,400
how to test, whether metals were
pure, catalogued their 

326
00:18:51,400 --> 00:18:55,100
properties and discussed various
attempts at transmutation, he 

327
00:18:55,100 --> 00:18:58,800
had witnessed or heard about His
student, Thomas Aquinas would 

328
00:18:58,800 --> 00:19:03,000
become more famous for theology,
but both teacher and students or

329
00:19:03,000 --> 00:19:06,200
no contradiction between faith 
and investigating Nature's 

330
00:19:06,200 --> 00:19:08,700
Secrets. 
Roger Bacon, an English 

331
00:19:08,708 --> 00:19:12,300
Franciscan Friar of 13th 
century, advocated for 

332
00:19:12,300 --> 00:19:15,200
experimental methods, and 
mathematical analysis, and 

333
00:19:15,200 --> 00:19:18,700
studying nature. 
He wrote about alchemy as both a

334
00:19:18,700 --> 00:19:21,000
Practical Art and a 
philosophical Pursuit, 

335
00:19:21,000 --> 00:19:25,800
distinguishing between genuine 
investigation and Charlotte's 

336
00:19:25,800 --> 00:19:28,900
who promised quick gold while 
delivering only expensive 

337
00:19:28,900 --> 00:19:32,500
disappointment. 
Bacon understood that real 

338
00:19:32,500 --> 00:19:36,300
knowledge required patient 
observation and careful testing.

339
00:19:37,100 --> 00:19:40,200
Principles that seem obvious now
but were revolutionary for his 

340
00:19:40,200 --> 00:19:42,800
time. 
Let's visit the laboratory of a 

341
00:19:42,800 --> 00:19:47,800
15th century Alchemist perhaps 
in Prague or Florence. the REM 

342
00:19:47,800 --> 00:19:51,200
occupies, the top floor of a 
comfortable house Alchemist 

343
00:19:51,200 --> 00:19:53,500
needed, privacy and good 
ventilation for their work, 

344
00:19:54,600 --> 00:19:56,400
Morning Light streams through 
tall. 

345
00:19:56,400 --> 00:19:59,500
Windows Illuminating floating 
dust Motes. 

346
00:19:59,500 --> 00:20:02,400
And catching the glass vessels 
arranged on shelves. 

347
00:20:03,200 --> 00:20:07,700
The furnace carefully built of 
brick and Clay, occupies one 

348
00:20:07,700 --> 00:20:12,800
corner, it's Firefly, banked 
overnight, but now being coaxed 

349
00:20:12,800 --> 00:20:15,300
back to working heat our 
Alchemist. 

350
00:20:15,300 --> 00:20:17,300
Let's imagine her. 
Since women did practice 

351
00:20:17,300 --> 00:20:20,600
Alchemy, despite rarely 
receiving credit begins her day 

352
00:20:20,600 --> 00:20:22,900
by checking the various 
operations in progress. 

353
00:20:23,700 --> 00:20:27,100
One flask contains a solution. 
That's been slowly evaporating 

354
00:20:27,100 --> 00:20:30,500
for two weeks with crystalline 
formations, just beginning to 

355
00:20:30,500 --> 00:20:33,500
appear at the edges. 
Another holds a substance 

356
00:20:33,500 --> 00:20:37,500
undergoing digestion sealed and 
kept at body temperature in a 

357
00:20:37,500 --> 00:20:42,000
bath of warm water and sand. 
Third sits in a sunny window 

358
00:20:42,000 --> 00:20:45,900
where sunlight gradually Works. 
Its transformative effect on the

359
00:20:45,900 --> 00:20:49,000
prepared materials within she 
makes careful notes in her 

360
00:20:49,008 --> 00:20:52,300
journal using the elaborate 
symbolic language that protects 

361
00:20:52,300 --> 00:20:57,000
alchemical secrets from the 
uninitiated, a circle with a DOT

362
00:20:57,000 --> 00:21:01,200
represents gold and the Sun, A 
crescent is silver and the Moon.

363
00:21:02,100 --> 00:21:06,400
Various animals, the green lion,
the red dragon, and the white 

364
00:21:06,400 --> 00:21:10,600
swan symbolize specific 
substances and stages of the 

365
00:21:10,600 --> 00:21:13,000
work. 
To the untrained eye. 

366
00:21:13,000 --> 00:21:15,300
Her notes look like mystical 
gibberish. 

367
00:21:16,000 --> 00:21:19,300
To another practitioner, there 
are precise recipe and progress 

368
00:21:19,300 --> 00:21:23,300
report by the 16th century, 
European courts often employed 

369
00:21:23,300 --> 00:21:27,400
Alchemists sometimes multiple 
ones competing for patronage. 

370
00:21:28,000 --> 00:21:31,400
The Holy Roman Emperor, Rudolph.
The second ruling from Prague 

371
00:21:31,400 --> 00:21:34,900
collected Alchemists the way. 
Some collectors, accumulate 

372
00:21:34,900 --> 00:21:38,200
stamps. 
His Prague Court, became a Haven

373
00:21:38,200 --> 00:21:41,700
for Al chemical investigation, 
attracting practitioners from 

374
00:21:41,700 --> 00:21:44,500
across Europe. 
Some were genuine researchers. 

375
00:21:44,500 --> 00:21:48,400
Others were impressive con 
artists and most were probably 

376
00:21:48,400 --> 00:21:52,000
something in between one of the 
most intriguing figures was John

377
00:21:52,000 --> 00:21:55,600
D advisor to Queen Elizabeth, 
thus England. 

378
00:21:56,400 --> 00:22:00,300
He was a mathematician 
astronomer and Alchemists, who 

379
00:22:00,300 --> 00:22:02,400
served as a kind of Chief 
science officer to the English 

380
00:22:02,400 --> 00:22:05,400
Court. 
His library was among the finest

381
00:22:05,400 --> 00:22:09,400
in Europe and his interests 
range from practical, navigation

382
00:22:09,400 --> 00:22:13,500
problems, crucial for England's,
growing Maritime power to 

383
00:22:13,500 --> 00:22:16,700
attempting communication with 
angels through elaborate 

384
00:22:16,700 --> 00:22:19,700
symbolic systems. 
He represents that 

385
00:22:19,700 --> 00:22:22,500
characteristic Renaissance 
blending of what we now. 

386
00:22:22,500 --> 00:22:27,200
Consider science, magic and 
religion into a unified pursuit 

387
00:22:27,200 --> 00:22:29,600
of knowledge. 
The boundary between Alchemy and

388
00:22:29,608 --> 00:22:33,000
Medicine remained fluid. 
Physician Alchemists like 

389
00:22:33,000 --> 00:22:36,700
paracelsus and his followers 
treated diseases with carefully 

390
00:22:36,700 --> 00:22:38,700
prepared, mineral and chemical 
medicine's. 

391
00:22:39,400 --> 00:22:43,600
They developed Tinkers extracts 
and compounds that actually 

392
00:22:43,600 --> 00:22:46,900
worked though, often not for the
reasons they believed. 

393
00:22:47,900 --> 00:22:51,400
The drinkable gold preparations 
that wealthy patients consumed 

394
00:22:51,400 --> 00:22:53,400
probably didn't extend their 
lives. 

395
00:22:54,200 --> 00:22:57,300
But some of the Mercury and 
Antony compounds prepared by our

396
00:22:57,300 --> 00:23:01,400
chemical methods, did treat 
certain conditions despite being

397
00:23:01,400 --> 00:23:05,100
rather Toxic by modern standards
women's role in, alchemy 

398
00:23:05,100 --> 00:23:07,500
deserves more attention than it.
Usually receives. 

399
00:23:08,200 --> 00:23:11,600
For men dominated public 
alchemical discourse women 

400
00:23:11,600 --> 00:23:16,000
participated in the actual work 
particularly in family workshops

401
00:23:16,000 --> 00:23:17,900
where husbands and wives often 
work together. 

402
00:23:18,800 --> 00:23:22,100
Some women operated their own 
Laboratories though they face. 

403
00:23:22,100 --> 00:23:26,000
The usual obstacles of limited, 
education opportunities and 

404
00:23:26,000 --> 00:23:30,100
social restrictions. 
The legendary Maria, the jewess 

405
00:23:30,100 --> 00:23:32,800
supposedly working in Alexandria
around. 

406
00:23:32,800 --> 00:23:36,100
The third century is credited 
with inventing the double 

407
00:23:36,100 --> 00:23:38,300
boiler. 
Still called a bain-marie in her

408
00:23:38,308 --> 00:23:41,100
honor and improving, 
distillation apparatus. 

409
00:23:42,100 --> 00:23:45,800
Whether she actually existed is 
debated but the equipment 

410
00:23:45,800 --> 00:23:49,700
attributed to her certainly did 
moving into the 17th century. 

411
00:23:49,700 --> 00:23:53,700
We find Alchemy at a Crossroads.
Some practitioners were 

412
00:23:53,700 --> 00:23:56,800
beginning to strip away the 
symbolic language and focus 

413
00:23:56,800 --> 00:23:58,900
purely on material 
Transformations. 

414
00:23:58,900 --> 00:24:02,200
They could observe and measure 
others doubled down on the 

415
00:24:02,200 --> 00:24:04,200
spiritual and philosophical 
dimensions. 

416
00:24:05,000 --> 00:24:08,100
Seeing Alchemy primarily as a 
path to Inner transformation, 

417
00:24:08,100 --> 00:24:11,600
that happened to involve the 
horror tree work as his vehicle.

418
00:24:12,500 --> 00:24:15,500
Both groups claimed to 
represent, true Alchemy, and 

419
00:24:15,500 --> 00:24:19,100
arguably both were right. 
Alchemy had always contained 

420
00:24:19,100 --> 00:24:23,500
both dimensions, Robert Boyle, 
working in mid-17th Century. 

421
00:24:23,500 --> 00:24:27,000
England, conducted careful 
experiments testing alchemical 

422
00:24:27,000 --> 00:24:30,900
claims while developing what we 
recognize as modern chemistry. 

423
00:24:31,800 --> 00:24:36,000
He's famous for Boyle's Lord 
describing gas behavior but he 

424
00:24:36,000 --> 00:24:38,900
also performed numerous 
experiments on transmutation 

425
00:24:38,900 --> 00:24:42,800
approaching it as a testable 
hypothesis rather than an 

426
00:24:42,800 --> 00:24:45,500
article of faith. 
His work demonstrates, the 

427
00:24:45,500 --> 00:24:48,000
transitional period. 
When Alchemy was gradually 

428
00:24:48,000 --> 00:24:51,000
becoming chemistry one of 
alchemy's most distinctive 

429
00:24:51,000 --> 00:24:53,100
features was its elaborate 
symbolic language. 

430
00:24:53,900 --> 00:24:56,600
Settled deeper under your 
blankets while we explore why 

431
00:24:56,600 --> 00:25:00,200
Alchemist wrote in code and what
those strange symbols, actually 

432
00:25:00,200 --> 00:25:03,900
meant part of the motivation was
simple, professional secrecy. 

433
00:25:05,200 --> 00:25:08,500
If you believed you discovered 
important knowledge, perhaps how

434
00:25:08,500 --> 00:25:12,000
to transmute metals, or create 
powerful medicines, you might 

435
00:25:12,000 --> 00:25:14,700
reasonably want to control, who 
could access that information. 

436
00:25:16,200 --> 00:25:19,700
Writing in symbolic language 
meant only trained practitioners

437
00:25:19,700 --> 00:25:23,400
could understand your texts. 
Protecting your discoveries from

438
00:25:23,400 --> 00:25:27,400
theft or misuse, but the 
symbolism serve deeper purposes.

439
00:25:28,400 --> 00:25:31,800
Alchemical operations were 
complex involving multiple 

440
00:25:31,800 --> 00:25:34,200
substances and stages unfolding 
over time. 

441
00:25:35,300 --> 00:25:39,900
The symbolic language provided a
rich flexible vocabulary for 

442
00:25:39,900 --> 00:25:42,800
describing processes that 
ordinary words could not quite 

443
00:25:42,800 --> 00:25:45,600
capture. 
When an alchemist wrote about 

444
00:25:45,600 --> 00:25:48,700
the green lion devouring the 
sun, they weren't being 

445
00:25:48,708 --> 00:25:52,000
deliberately obscure for fun. 
They were using established 

446
00:25:52,000 --> 00:25:55,300
terminology to describe a 
specific chemical interaction. 

447
00:25:55,300 --> 00:25:59,700
Probably involving vitriol and 
gold, the symbols Drew, from 

448
00:25:59,700 --> 00:26:03,400
multiple sources. 
Astrological signs represented 

449
00:26:03,400 --> 00:26:07,800
Metals, gold was the sun silver.
The moon copper Venus iron. 

450
00:26:07,800 --> 00:26:12,800
Mars tin Jupiter LED Saturn and 
Mercury both the metal and the 

451
00:26:12,808 --> 00:26:17,000
God was Mercury. 
This wasn't arbitrary, the 

452
00:26:17,000 --> 00:26:19,800
metals and planets were thought 
to share essential qualities. 

453
00:26:20,600 --> 00:26:22,400
Gold. 
Like the sun was perfect 

454
00:26:22,400 --> 00:26:28,500
Incorruptible and radiant. 
LED like Saturn was Heavy cold 

455
00:26:28,500 --> 00:26:32,900
and sluggish animals populated 
alchemical texts with specific 

456
00:26:32,900 --> 00:26:36,100
meanings. 
The dragon represented raw 

457
00:26:36,100 --> 00:26:40,100
chaotic matter, or sometimes 
specific, chemicals, depending 

458
00:26:40,100 --> 00:26:44,500
on context. 
The lion might represent gold or

459
00:26:44,500 --> 00:26:47,000
a stage of the work 
characterized by intense 

460
00:26:47,000 --> 00:26:50,900
activity. 
Phoenix dying and reborn from 

461
00:26:50,900 --> 00:26:53,800
its ashes. 
Symbolized dissolution and 

462
00:26:53,800 --> 00:26:58,600
reconstitution The destruction 
of old forms and emergence of 

463
00:26:58,608 --> 00:27:03,200
new purified ones. 
A pelican mythically feeding its

464
00:27:03,200 --> 00:27:06,400
young with its own blood 
represented circulation 

465
00:27:06,400 --> 00:27:08,500
processes. 
Where distilled Vapors 

466
00:27:08,500 --> 00:27:11,500
repeatedly fell back into the 
vessel colors. 

467
00:27:11,500 --> 00:27:15,300
Marked crucial transitions, the 
work typically proceeded through

468
00:27:15,300 --> 00:27:19,000
stages identified by color 
changes the nigredo or 

469
00:27:19,000 --> 00:27:21,400
blackening. 
When matter broke down into 

470
00:27:21,400 --> 00:27:26,100
chaos, the Albedo or whitening 
representing purification the 

471
00:27:26,100 --> 00:27:29,400
Citroen neatest or yellowing a 
transitional stage. 

472
00:27:29,400 --> 00:27:34,000
And finally the rube beidou or 
reddening marking completion and

473
00:27:34,000 --> 00:27:37,600
perfection. 
These were not arbitrary labels,

474
00:27:37,600 --> 00:27:41,900
actual color changes occurred 
during chemical operations and 

475
00:27:41,900 --> 00:27:44,600
practitioners learn to read them
as signs of progress or 

476
00:27:44,600 --> 00:27:47,000
problems. 
The most famous alchemical 

477
00:27:47,000 --> 00:27:50,700
symbols was probably the Euro 
boros the serpent eating its own

478
00:27:50,700 --> 00:27:55,300
tail forming a circle. 
It represented cyclic processes,

479
00:27:55,300 --> 00:27:59,100
the unity of beginning an end 
and the principle that 

480
00:27:59,100 --> 00:28:02,000
Transformations were 
fundamentally circular rather 

481
00:28:02,000 --> 00:28:05,600
than linear. 
What began as one substance 

482
00:28:05,600 --> 00:28:08,800
became another, but the 
underlying Essence persisted 

483
00:28:08,800 --> 00:28:12,800
through transformation like the 
snake continuously consuming and

484
00:28:12,800 --> 00:28:16,500
regenerating itself. 
Encoded in the symbolic language

485
00:28:16,500 --> 00:28:18,400
was often genuine chemical 
knowledge. 

486
00:28:19,300 --> 00:28:22,800
The philosophical egg described 
sealed vessels where materials 

487
00:28:22,800 --> 00:28:26,100
underwent transformation 
isolated from outside 

488
00:28:26,100 --> 00:28:29,100
interference. 
The marriage of sun and moon 

489
00:28:29,100 --> 00:28:32,800
referred to combining gold and 
silver or more, abstractly 

490
00:28:32,800 --> 00:28:37,900
uniting opposing principles. 
The bath of the king meant 

491
00:28:37,900 --> 00:28:40,000
dissolving gold in special 
acids. 

492
00:28:40,000 --> 00:28:43,100
Once you learn the code 
detailed, instructions were 

493
00:28:43,100 --> 00:28:46,500
actually preserved in the 
seemingly mystical texts, but 

494
00:28:46,500 --> 00:28:49,300
the symbols also carried 
philosophical and spiritual 

495
00:28:49,300 --> 00:28:53,600
Dimensions the breaking down of 
matter into Prime components, 

496
00:28:53,600 --> 00:28:59,700
the soul of solvent coagula 
dissolve and coagulate Parallel,

497
00:28:59,700 --> 00:29:02,700
the Mystic dissolution of ego 
and every day consciousness. 

498
00:29:03,600 --> 00:29:06,200
The reconstitution into 
something pure and more. 

499
00:29:06,200 --> 00:29:08,200
Perfect, mirrored spiritual 
rebirth. 

500
00:29:09,000 --> 00:29:11,900
The Alchemist working in their 
laboratory was also ideally 

501
00:29:11,900 --> 00:29:16,100
working on the cells and the 
symbolic language captured both 

502
00:29:16,100 --> 00:29:19,800
dimensions simultaneously. 
Alchemical illustrations became 

503
00:29:19,800 --> 00:29:22,500
increasingly elaborate in 
printed books from the 15th 

504
00:29:22,500 --> 00:29:25,700
century onward. 
These images showed complex 

505
00:29:25,700 --> 00:29:29,700
allegorical, scenes kings and 
queens bathing together in 

506
00:29:29,700 --> 00:29:33,300
pools, Eagles and toads, 
consuming each other and 

507
00:29:33,300 --> 00:29:36,700
hermaphroditic figures combining
masculine and feminine 

508
00:29:36,700 --> 00:29:39,900
qualities. 
On one level, these Illustrated 

509
00:29:39,900 --> 00:29:43,800
specific chemical operations on 
another, they mapped 

510
00:29:43,800 --> 00:29:47,300
psychological and spiritual 
Transformations, the effective 

511
00:29:47,300 --> 00:29:50,600
Alchemist could read both 
messages simultaneously, this 

512
00:29:50,600 --> 00:29:54,600
multi-layered communication 
created problems texts. 

513
00:29:54,600 --> 00:29:56,100
Meant a straightforward 
laboratory. 

514
00:29:56,100 --> 00:29:59,300
Instructions, could be read as 
pure spiritual allegory. 

515
00:30:00,000 --> 00:30:04,000
Conversely, writing's primarily 
about inner transformation, got 

516
00:30:04,000 --> 00:30:06,800
interpreted as literal recipes 
for making gold. 

517
00:30:07,600 --> 00:30:10,700
Misunderstandings multiplied, 
across, centuries, and language 

518
00:30:10,700 --> 00:30:14,300
translations. 
An Arabic text written primarily

519
00:30:14,300 --> 00:30:18,100
about Spiritual Development, 
might reach a medieval European 

520
00:30:18,100 --> 00:30:21,100
reader, who tried to follow it 
as practical, chemistry, 

521
00:30:21,100 --> 00:30:24,300
instructions producing baffling,
and dangerous results. 

522
00:30:24,300 --> 00:30:28,100
The symbolic language also 
permitted creative ambiguity 

523
00:30:28,100 --> 00:30:32,200
that protected Alchemist from 
dangerous accusations During 

524
00:30:32,200 --> 00:30:35,300
periods of religious intolerance
writing, that could be read, 

525
00:30:35,300 --> 00:30:39,900
multiple ways provided safety. 
If challenged about potentially 

526
00:30:39,900 --> 00:30:43,400
heretical ideas, one could 
always claim the text was merely

527
00:30:43,400 --> 00:30:46,900
about chemical procedures. 
Not theological speculation. 

528
00:30:48,100 --> 00:30:51,800
If accused of fraud, one could 
insist the writing was symbolic 

529
00:30:51,800 --> 00:30:55,300
spiritual instruction, not 
literal promises about making 

530
00:30:55,300 --> 00:30:58,300
gold some Alchemists, 
particularly in later periods. 

531
00:30:58,300 --> 00:31:03,400
Use the symbolic language almost
as a meditation practice The act

532
00:31:03,400 --> 00:31:06,200
of encoding knowledge and 
symbols or decoding. 

533
00:31:06,200 --> 00:31:10,500
Others, symbolic texts became a 
form of contemplative exercise. 

534
00:31:11,200 --> 00:31:14,300
Wrestling with meaning holding 
multiple interpretations 

535
00:31:14,300 --> 00:31:18,500
simultaneously and developing 
the mental flexibility to see 

536
00:31:18,500 --> 00:31:22,700
connections between seemingly 
unrelated domains, all of this 

537
00:31:22,700 --> 00:31:25,700
trained the mind in ways 
practitioners found valuable 

538
00:31:25,700 --> 00:31:28,400
regardless of whether they ever 
succeeded at. 

539
00:31:28,400 --> 00:31:31,800
Transmutation, as you drift 
toward that threshold between 

540
00:31:31,800 --> 00:31:34,000
waking and sleeping. 
Let's explore. 

541
00:31:34,000 --> 00:31:37,500
How Alchemy gradually 
transformed into chemistry, how 

542
00:31:37,500 --> 00:31:41,000
the mystical became a methodical
and the symbolic gave way to the

543
00:31:41,000 --> 00:31:44,800
systemic, the transition wasn't 
sudden or complete. 

544
00:31:45,600 --> 00:31:48,600
Throughout the 17th century 
natural philosophers, the era 

545
00:31:48,600 --> 00:31:51,500
scientists often worked in both 
modes. 

546
00:31:51,500 --> 00:31:54,600
They might spend mornings 
attempting, transmutation 

547
00:31:54,600 --> 00:31:58,400
experiments and often news 
measuring gas, pressure or 

548
00:31:58,400 --> 00:32:02,800
calculating, planetary orbits 
The boundaries between, Alchemy 

549
00:32:02,800 --> 00:32:06,700
chemistry physics, and even 
theology remained fluid Isaac 

550
00:32:06,700 --> 00:32:08,900
Newton. 
Now, remembered primarily for 

551
00:32:08,900 --> 00:32:13,100
physics and Mathematics devoted 
enormous energy to El chemical 

552
00:32:13,100 --> 00:32:16,900
investigation. 
His private papers unpublished 

553
00:32:16,900 --> 00:32:20,500
during his lifetime contain. 
Extensive notes on alchemical, 

554
00:32:20,500 --> 00:32:22,800
texts and records of his own 
experiments. 

555
00:32:23,500 --> 00:32:26,800
For Newton Alchemy represented 
an attempt to understand 

556
00:32:26,800 --> 00:32:30,800
Nature's fundamental forces. 
The same goal that motivated. 

557
00:32:30,800 --> 00:32:34,500
His work on gravity and motion. 
He saw no contradiction between 

558
00:32:34,500 --> 00:32:38,300
calculating, planetary orbits 
and attempting to transmute 

559
00:32:38,300 --> 00:32:41,100
metals. 
Both were investigations into 

560
00:32:41,100 --> 00:32:44,100
God's natural laws but certain 
developments began. 

561
00:32:44,100 --> 00:32:45,900
Distinguishing chemistry from 
Alchemy. 

562
00:32:45,900 --> 00:32:49,100
The crucial shift was toward 
precise measurement and 

563
00:32:49,100 --> 00:32:52,200
quantification. 
Alchemist had always observed. 

564
00:32:52,200 --> 00:32:55,200
Their materials carefully. 
The chemical Pioneers started 

565
00:32:55,200 --> 00:32:59,100
weighing everything reactants 
before mixing products after 

566
00:32:59,100 --> 00:33:03,500
reactions and even gases that 
escaped during processes, This 

567
00:33:03,500 --> 00:33:06,600
obsessive measuring revealed 
patterns that qualitative 

568
00:33:06,600 --> 00:33:09,000
observation missed when you 
measure carefully. 

569
00:33:09,000 --> 00:33:12,900
You discover conservation matter
doesn't disappear or appear 

570
00:33:12,900 --> 00:33:16,500
magically during reactions it 
transforms while maintaining 

571
00:33:16,500 --> 00:33:20,500
constant total weight. 
This was devastating for certain

572
00:33:20,500 --> 00:33:24,600
chemical claims while validating
others. the idea that lead could

573
00:33:24,600 --> 00:33:28,000
become gold looked increasingly 
doubtful when precise 

574
00:33:28,000 --> 00:33:30,800
measurement shows that such 
Transformations, never actually 

575
00:33:30,800 --> 00:33:34,300
produced weight changes 
consistent with one element 

576
00:33:34,300 --> 00:33:39,600
becoming another Yet the reality
of chemical reactions, when new 

577
00:33:39,600 --> 00:33:42,300
substances emerge with 
completely different properties 

578
00:33:42,300 --> 00:33:46,500
than they're starting, materials
was confirmed and extended the 

579
00:33:46,500 --> 00:33:48,900
development of better operators 
accelerated. 

580
00:33:48,900 --> 00:33:52,400
This transition Improved. 
Vacuum pumps allowed studying 

581
00:33:52,400 --> 00:33:55,100
gases more carefully. 
More precise. 

582
00:33:55,100 --> 00:33:57,900
Thermometers enabled maintaining
specific temperatures. 

583
00:33:58,700 --> 00:34:01,400
Better balances detected, tiny 
weight changes. 

584
00:34:02,200 --> 00:34:05,300
Standardized glassware, made 
experiments more, reproducible. 

585
00:34:06,200 --> 00:34:08,699
Physical conditions of 
laboratory, work were becoming 

586
00:34:08,699 --> 00:34:12,100
more controlled and with greater
control came more, reliable 

587
00:34:12,100 --> 00:34:15,300
results. 
Antoine Lavoisier working in 

588
00:34:15,300 --> 00:34:18,300
late. 18th century, France. 
Exemplifies, chemistries 

589
00:34:18,300 --> 00:34:22,699
emergence, as a modern science. 
He demolished florist on Theory.

590
00:34:22,699 --> 00:34:26,199
The idea that combustible 
materials contained a fire 

591
00:34:26,199 --> 00:34:29,699
element released during burning 
by showing that burning actually

592
00:34:29,699 --> 00:34:32,600
involved combination with oxygen
and the careful. 

593
00:34:32,600 --> 00:34:36,199
Weighing proved this his 
insistence on precise 

594
00:34:36,199 --> 00:34:39,500
measurement. 
Systematic experimentation and 

595
00:34:39,500 --> 00:34:42,699
clear nomenclature helped to 
establish chemistry as a 

596
00:34:42,699 --> 00:34:45,199
distinct discipline with 
standardized methods. 

597
00:34:45,199 --> 00:34:48,000
The language changed along with 
the methods. 

598
00:34:48,600 --> 00:34:52,199
Chemical nomenclature became 
more systematic describing 

599
00:34:52,199 --> 00:34:55,699
compounds based on their 
composition rather than using 

600
00:34:55,699 --> 00:34:57,900
traditional alchemical names or 
symbols. 

601
00:34:58,800 --> 00:35:04,400
Vitriol became sulfuric acid. 
Sal ammoniac became ammonium 

602
00:35:04,400 --> 00:35:07,300
chloride. 
The transition from poetic 

603
00:35:07,300 --> 00:35:11,900
symbolic names to descriptive, 
systematic terminology marked a 

604
00:35:11,900 --> 00:35:14,300
fundamental shift in how 
practitioners thought about 

605
00:35:14,300 --> 00:35:17,800
their materials, Professional 
Organization change too. 

606
00:35:18,600 --> 00:35:21,200
The old model of Master 
Alchemist working in private, 

607
00:35:21,200 --> 00:35:25,100
Laboratories occasionally taking
apprentices, gave away to 

608
00:35:25,100 --> 00:35:29,900
university positions, scientific
societies and published research

609
00:35:29,900 --> 00:35:34,200
in specialized journals. 
Priestly Cavendish shield and 

610
00:35:34,200 --> 00:35:38,500
others were discovering new. 
Gases, new elements and new 

611
00:35:38,500 --> 00:35:41,600
compounds and immediately 
publishing their methods and 

612
00:35:41,600 --> 00:35:43,700
results for others to verify and
extend. 

613
00:35:45,300 --> 00:35:47,900
The solitary Seeker became the 
collaborative researcher? 

614
00:35:47,900 --> 00:35:50,200
Yep. 
Alchemy didn't simply die. 

615
00:35:50,200 --> 00:35:54,600
It persisted transformed in 
several forms. 

616
00:35:55,600 --> 00:35:58,500
Some practitioners continue 
traditional alchemical work 

617
00:35:58,500 --> 00:36:02,200
seeing themselves as guardians 
of ancient wisdom that modern 

618
00:36:02,200 --> 00:36:06,100
materialist had abandoned. 
Organizations, like the 

619
00:36:06,100 --> 00:36:10,000
rosicrucians and various 
hermetic societies maintained 

620
00:36:10,000 --> 00:36:13,300
alchemical Traditions though 
increasingly emphasizing 

621
00:36:13,300 --> 00:36:15,800
spiritual rather than material 
aspects. 

622
00:36:15,800 --> 00:36:19,300
Meanwhile chemistry absorbed 
alchemy's techniques and 

623
00:36:19,300 --> 00:36:21,900
questions while discarding its 
theoretical framework. 

624
00:36:22,800 --> 00:36:26,200
The careful distillations the 
specialized apparatus the 

625
00:36:26,200 --> 00:36:27,600
patient. 
Observation of material 

626
00:36:27,600 --> 00:36:31,200
Transformations, all of this 
persisted and developed further.

627
00:36:31,900 --> 00:36:34,600
What changed was the explanatory
framework. 

628
00:36:35,300 --> 00:36:38,000
The theoretical understanding of
what was actually happening 

629
00:36:38,000 --> 00:36:41,600
during chemical reactions. 
The 19th century is chemical, 

630
00:36:41,600 --> 00:36:45,500
triumphs the periodic table 
organizing elements, molecular 

631
00:36:45,500 --> 00:36:48,900
theory, explaining how atoms, 
combine and analytical 

632
00:36:48,900 --> 00:36:52,800
techniques identifying 
substances provided Frameworks 

633
00:36:52,800 --> 00:36:54,800
for understanding. 
The Alchemist had lacked. 

634
00:36:55,500 --> 00:36:58,300
It turned out LED couldn't 
become gold through chemical 

635
00:36:58,300 --> 00:37:01,400
means because elements of 
fundamental they can't be 

636
00:37:01,400 --> 00:37:03,700
transformed into each other by 
chemical processes. 

637
00:37:04,800 --> 00:37:07,800
The Alchemist weren't fools but 
they were working without 

638
00:37:07,800 --> 00:37:10,800
crucial information about 
matters actual structure. 

639
00:37:10,800 --> 00:37:14,200
Interestingly 20th century 
physics achieved were 

640
00:37:14,200 --> 00:37:18,300
Alchemists, had claimed was 
possible, Actual transmutation 

641
00:37:18,300 --> 00:37:21,800
of elements. 
Nuclear reactions can indeed 

642
00:37:21,800 --> 00:37:25,100
transform lead into gold by 
altering, Atomic nuclei. 

643
00:37:25,900 --> 00:37:29,400
The cost and difficulty make it 
completely impractical, but it's

644
00:37:29,400 --> 00:37:31,300
theoretically and practically 
possible. 

645
00:37:32,200 --> 00:37:35,200
So in a strange sense The 
Alchemist dream was valid. 

646
00:37:35,200 --> 00:37:38,600
Just achievable only through 
means they never imagined. 

647
00:37:38,600 --> 00:37:43,400
Requiring, understanding matter,
at Scales far beyond what their 

648
00:37:43,400 --> 00:37:47,000
operators could access the 
transformation from Alchemy to 

649
00:37:47,008 --> 00:37:49,900
chemistry illustrates, how 
scientific understanding 

650
00:37:49,900 --> 00:37:53,400
develops. 
Alchemy wasn't entirely wrong it

651
00:37:53,400 --> 00:37:56,400
correctly, identified that 
substances could transform into 

652
00:37:56,400 --> 00:37:59,900
other substances, that matter, 
had hidden properties. 

653
00:37:59,900 --> 00:38:03,100
That careful investigation could
reveal and that systematic 

654
00:38:03,100 --> 00:38:05,400
practice could produce reliable 
results. 

655
00:38:06,300 --> 00:38:09,500
What it lacked was the correct 
theoretical framework for 

656
00:38:09,500 --> 00:38:11,800
explaining observations and 
predicting outcomes? 

657
00:38:13,000 --> 00:38:16,400
Once that framework developed 
chemistry could progress rapidly

658
00:38:16,400 --> 00:38:20,100
while Alchemy became history. 
Now, as your breathing slows and

659
00:38:20,100 --> 00:38:22,600
your thoughts begin that 
Pleasant drift toward dreams. 

660
00:38:22,600 --> 00:38:25,800
Let's consider what the 
alchemical quest means for us 

661
00:38:25,800 --> 00:38:27,500
today. 
Centuries. 

662
00:38:27,500 --> 00:38:30,700
After the last serious attempts 
at transmuting led into gold, 

663
00:38:30,700 --> 00:38:33,200
the obvious Legacy is chemistry 
itself. 

664
00:38:34,000 --> 00:38:38,900
Modern Pharmaceuticals Material 
Science industrial processes and

665
00:38:38,900 --> 00:38:42,800
environmental analysis. every 
time you take a medicine, 

666
00:38:42,800 --> 00:38:46,900
appreciate a colorful synthetic 
fabric, or rely on a battery, 

667
00:38:46,900 --> 00:38:50,000
your benefiting from knowledge 
that traces back Through 

668
00:38:50,000 --> 00:38:54,300
Chemistry to Alchemy Techniques 
developed by those patient 

669
00:38:54,300 --> 00:38:57,000
practitioners watching their 
vessels and 10. 

670
00:38:57,000 --> 00:39:00,800
Their furnaces evolved into 
methods that shape contemporary 

671
00:39:00,800 --> 00:39:03,400
life but something deeper 
persists too. 

672
00:39:04,500 --> 00:39:07,400
The alchemical quest was 
ultimately about transformation 

673
00:39:07,400 --> 00:39:10,100
and that remains profoundly 
human. 

674
00:39:11,000 --> 00:39:15,000
We still seek ways to transform 
ourselves through education 

675
00:39:15,000 --> 00:39:18,700
therapy. 
Spiritual practices and physical

676
00:39:18,700 --> 00:39:21,900
training. 
We pursued transformations of 

677
00:39:21,900 --> 00:39:25,800
our society through political 
movements, technological 

678
00:39:25,800 --> 00:39:28,000
innovation, and cultural 
evolution. 

679
00:39:29,000 --> 00:39:32,000
The specific goal of turning 
lead into gold, may be 

680
00:39:32,008 --> 00:39:34,800
abandoned. 
But the underlying dream of 

681
00:39:34,800 --> 00:39:38,900
transformation continues modern 
science pursues transformation 

682
00:39:38,900 --> 00:39:40,800
that would have dazzled 
Alchemists. 

683
00:39:41,600 --> 00:39:44,600
We transform energy into matter 
in particle accelerators. 

684
00:39:44,600 --> 00:39:50,400
We transform genetic information
editing DNA to cure diseases or 

685
00:39:50,400 --> 00:39:54,300
create new organisms. 
We transform sand and metals 

686
00:39:54,300 --> 00:39:56,700
into computers that hold 
libraries worth of knowledge. 

687
00:39:57,600 --> 00:40:00,900
We even manipulate individual 
atoms, positioning them 

688
00:40:00,900 --> 00:40:03,800
precisely using techniques. 
The Alchemist couldn't have 

689
00:40:03,800 --> 00:40:07,000
imagined. 
In a sense, we've realized their

690
00:40:07,000 --> 00:40:10,500
dreams through different paths, 
the search for Life Extension 

691
00:40:10,500 --> 00:40:14,700
continues too though now through
molecular biology genetic 

692
00:40:14,700 --> 00:40:17,900
engineering and pharmacology, 
rather than through elixirs. 

693
00:40:18,800 --> 00:40:23,100
Scientists investigate aging 
mechanisms seeking ways to slow 

694
00:40:23,100 --> 00:40:25,200
or reverse. 
The processes that to eventually

695
00:40:25,200 --> 00:40:28,200
destroy us. 
We haven't achieved immortality 

696
00:40:28,200 --> 00:40:31,700
but human lifespans of 
dramatically increased through 

697
00:40:31,700 --> 00:40:34,700
medical advances, that owe their
methodology. 

698
00:40:34,700 --> 00:40:38,700
If not their specific technique 
to alchemy's Patient 

699
00:40:38,700 --> 00:40:42,500
investigation of how substances 
is affect the body contemporary 

700
00:40:42,500 --> 00:40:45,500
interest in alchemy often 
focuses on its cycle and 

701
00:40:45,500 --> 00:40:49,200
spiritual Dimensions. 
Carl Jung extensively studied, 

702
00:40:49,200 --> 00:40:53,500
alchemical texts seeing in the 
symbols for cycle processes. 

703
00:40:54,500 --> 00:40:58,700
Fail, chemical transformation of
Base Metals into gold became in 

704
00:40:58,700 --> 00:41:01,400
his framework. 
A metaphor for psychological 

705
00:41:01,400 --> 00:41:04,600
development. 
Transforming the crude 

706
00:41:04,600 --> 00:41:08,400
unconscious aspects of 
Personality into something more 

707
00:41:08,400 --> 00:41:13,600
refined and integrated. whether 
The Alchemist themselves saw 

708
00:41:13,600 --> 00:41:16,500
their work this way is 
debatable, but Young's 

709
00:41:16,500 --> 00:41:19,900
interpretation gave alchemical 
symbolism new, relevance some 

710
00:41:19,900 --> 00:41:23,200
find in Almeria reminded that 
knowledge isn't purely objective

711
00:41:23,200 --> 00:41:26,400
and Technical The Alchemists 
believed the practitioners 

712
00:41:26,400 --> 00:41:29,800
spiritual State mattered that 
you couldn't separate the 

713
00:41:29,800 --> 00:41:33,400
experiment from the experimenter
and that transfer nation of 

714
00:41:33,408 --> 00:41:36,500
matter, required transformation 
of self. 

715
00:41:37,400 --> 00:41:40,400
Modern science with its emphasis
on objectivity and 

716
00:41:40,400 --> 00:41:43,500
reproducibility officially 
rejects this. 

717
00:41:43,500 --> 00:41:47,400
A chemical reaction should work 
the same regardless of who 

718
00:41:47,400 --> 00:41:51,800
performs it. yet anyone who has 
done a boruto tree work knows 

719
00:41:51,800 --> 00:41:57,500
that skill patients, and even 
intuition matter The best 

720
00:41:57,500 --> 00:42:00,500
scientists like the best 
Alchemists, bring something 

721
00:42:00,500 --> 00:42:03,900
personal to their practice. 
That transcends pure technique, 

722
00:42:03,900 --> 00:42:08,000
the Alcatel emphasis on Direct 
experience and Hands-On practice

723
00:42:08,000 --> 00:42:11,400
remains relevant. 
He couldn't learn Alchemy just 

724
00:42:11,400 --> 00:42:14,500
from books, you had to actually 
work in the laboratory. 

725
00:42:14,500 --> 00:42:17,400
Gaining embodied. 
Knowledge of how substances, 

726
00:42:17,400 --> 00:42:21,500
behaved developing sensitivity, 
to subtle, changes and 

727
00:42:21,500 --> 00:42:24,200
cultivating patience through 
long processes. 

728
00:42:25,400 --> 00:42:28,600
This contrasts with modern 
education, often abstract 

729
00:42:28,600 --> 00:42:32,400
theoretical approach. 
There's renewed appreciation for

730
00:42:32,400 --> 00:42:35,400
Hands-On learning for knowledge,
that lives in the body and 

731
00:42:35,400 --> 00:42:38,500
hands, not just the head 
environmental movements 

732
00:42:38,500 --> 00:42:41,300
sometimes in vocal chemical 
language when discussing the 

733
00:42:41,300 --> 00:42:45,200
transformation of industrial 
processes, cleaning, polluted 

734
00:42:45,200 --> 00:42:47,900
site, or developing sustainable 
practices. 

735
00:42:49,000 --> 00:42:52,100
The alchemical ideal of working 
with nature, rather than against

736
00:42:52,100 --> 00:42:55,800
it, understanding material 
processes, deeply enough to 

737
00:42:55,800 --> 00:42:59,000
guide them wiseley respects 
limits while achieving 

738
00:42:59,000 --> 00:43:03,000
meaningful transformation this 
resonates with contemporary 

739
00:43:03,000 --> 00:43:06,600
efforts towards sustainability, 
the alkem cult traditional 

740
00:43:06,600 --> 00:43:09,500
reminds us that science has 
history that current 

741
00:43:09,500 --> 00:43:12,700
understanding emerge from long 
development and the even 

742
00:43:12,700 --> 00:43:16,200
seemingly strange or outdated 
practices, often contained 

743
00:43:16,200 --> 00:43:20,000
valuable, insights dismissing, 
Alchemy, as mere Superstition. 

744
00:43:20,000 --> 00:43:23,200
Mrs. How it represented? 
The best of available attempts 

745
00:43:23,200 --> 00:43:26,700
to understand matter? 
How it developed techniques we 

746
00:43:26,700 --> 00:43:29,200
still use? 
And how I asked questions we 

747
00:43:29,200 --> 00:43:32,800
continue pondering most 
fundamentally Alchemy embodies 

748
00:43:32,800 --> 00:43:35,700
the enduring human conviction. 
That transformation is possible.

749
00:43:35,700 --> 00:43:37,900
The world isn't fixed or 
finished. 

750
00:43:37,900 --> 00:43:41,400
Matter can be changed improved 
and perfected. 

751
00:43:42,300 --> 00:43:45,400
So, can we? 
The Alchemist standing before 

752
00:43:45,400 --> 00:43:48,500
their athanor patiently. 
Working toward that distant goal

753
00:43:48,500 --> 00:43:51,900
of the Philosopher's Stone was 
enacting a hope that remained 

754
00:43:51,900 --> 00:43:55,300
Central to Human Experience. 
The belief that things can be 

755
00:43:55,308 --> 00:43:59,500
better that effort and knowledge
can Elevate existence and that 

756
00:43:59,500 --> 00:44:02,800
the ordinary might become 
extraordinary, a sleep gently 

757
00:44:02,800 --> 00:44:07,100
back, and imagine yourself in an
alchemist laboratory, not from 

758
00:44:07,100 --> 00:44:11,200
any specific time or place, but 
from the Timeless realm, where 

759
00:44:11,200 --> 00:44:15,100
such spaces exist in our 
Collective imagination, The 

760
00:44:15,100 --> 00:44:20,100
light is gold and soft filtering
through high Windows glass, 

761
00:44:20,100 --> 00:44:24,100
vessels catch and hold the light
transforming it into subtle 

762
00:44:24,100 --> 00:44:28,300
rainbows. 
The furnace breathes quietly in 

763
00:44:28,300 --> 00:44:32,000
its Corner, maintaining its 
patient, heat the air here, 

764
00:44:32,000 --> 00:44:36,500
smells of mysteries incense, and
minerals aged parchment and 

765
00:44:36,500 --> 00:44:39,900
growing things and the metallic 
Tang of transformation. 

766
00:44:41,000 --> 00:44:44,900
Nothing feels rushed. 
Time moves differently in this 

767
00:44:44,900 --> 00:44:48,400
space, following its own 
rhythms, a slow, drip of 

768
00:44:48,408 --> 00:44:51,800
distillation. 
The gradual shift of color in a 

769
00:44:51,800 --> 00:44:55,100
sealed, flask the almost 
imperceptible, growth of 

770
00:44:55,100 --> 00:44:59,600
crystals, these Define the pace 
on the workbench, like open 

771
00:44:59,600 --> 00:45:03,600
books with hand-drawn 
illustrations. symbolic animals,

772
00:45:03,600 --> 00:45:08,200
elaborate diagrams and careful 
notations in languages, you half

773
00:45:08,200 --> 00:45:12,300
recognize The symbol seem to 
shift like when you're not 

774
00:45:12,308 --> 00:45:15,200
looking directly at them as 
though, they contain, meaning 

775
00:45:15,200 --> 00:45:18,600
that can't be fixed in place, 
but must be approached sideways 

776
00:45:18,600 --> 00:45:21,000
through peripheral vision and 
intuition. 

777
00:45:21,000 --> 00:45:25,100
The laboratory is all so a 
garden herbs growing in 

778
00:45:25,100 --> 00:45:29,100
terracotta pots on windowsills. 
Each plant selected for specific

779
00:45:29,100 --> 00:45:32,700
virtues. 
Roses for their Essence, Rose 

780
00:45:32,700 --> 00:45:36,500
Marie for Rememberance, Sage for
wisdom and roofer healing. 

781
00:45:37,900 --> 00:45:40,700
Their living presents. 
Remind you that Alchemy worked 

782
00:45:40,700 --> 00:45:42,700
with Nature's processes, not 
against them. 

783
00:45:43,500 --> 00:45:47,500
Transformation requires, 
patience, proper conditions, and

784
00:45:47,500 --> 00:45:51,300
respect for natural timing. 
In this laboratory, you 

785
00:45:51,300 --> 00:45:53,000
understand what the Alchemists 
sought. 

786
00:45:53,800 --> 00:45:56,600
Not just gold or immortality 
though. 

787
00:45:56,600 --> 00:46:00,000
Those would be nice. 
They sought understanding of 

788
00:46:00,000 --> 00:46:04,100
matter of transformation of the 
Hidden connections between all 

789
00:46:04,100 --> 00:46:06,200
things. 
They wanted to participate 

790
00:46:06,200 --> 00:46:09,800
actively in Creations ongoing 
work rather than being passive 

791
00:46:09,800 --> 00:46:12,700
Observers. 
They believed humans could 

792
00:46:12,700 --> 00:46:15,600
collaborate with Nature's 
processes, guiding 

793
00:46:15,600 --> 00:46:20,200
Transformations, that elevated 
both matter, and spirit vessels 

794
00:46:20,200 --> 00:46:23,300
on the shells, represent stages 
of the great work, each 

795
00:46:23,300 --> 00:46:26,600
containing its own lesson. 
One holds negative. 

796
00:46:26,600 --> 00:46:30,500
The black stage of dissolution. 
Where old forms break down 

797
00:46:30,500 --> 00:46:33,600
necessary before anything new 
can emerge? 

798
00:46:34,400 --> 00:46:38,100
Another contains Albedo the 
white stage of purification 

799
00:46:38,100 --> 00:46:41,000
where essential qualities 
separate from Dross. 

800
00:46:41,900 --> 00:46:45,700
The third glows with citrinitas,
the golden yellowing that 

801
00:46:45,700 --> 00:46:50,400
promises approaching completion.
Somewhere perhaps still in 

802
00:46:50,400 --> 00:46:54,100
process. 
The Rubidoux awaits the red of 

803
00:46:54,100 --> 00:46:56,900
perfectly of transformation 
completed. 

804
00:46:56,900 --> 00:46:59,200
You understand? 
Now that the Alchemist 

805
00:46:59,200 --> 00:47:01,400
laboratory was always two places
at once. 

806
00:47:02,200 --> 00:47:05,900
An actual workspace with real 
operators and materials and a 

807
00:47:05,908 --> 00:47:08,600
symbolic space representing in a
transformation. 

808
00:47:09,800 --> 00:47:13,700
The external work of purifying 
substances mirrored, the 

809
00:47:13,708 --> 00:47:15,600
internal work of refining 
consciousness. 

810
00:47:16,700 --> 00:47:19,300
Patients required for long. 
Chemical processes. 

811
00:47:19,300 --> 00:47:23,800
Cultivated spiritual patience. 
Failures and setbacks in the 

812
00:47:23,800 --> 00:47:26,200
laboratory taught, humility and 
persistence. 

813
00:47:26,900 --> 00:47:30,800
Success, when it came arrived as
much from personal growth. 

814
00:47:30,800 --> 00:47:33,800
As from technical skill, the 
Philosopher's Stone. 

815
00:47:33,800 --> 00:47:37,500
You realize in this drowsy State
between waking and dreams was 

816
00:47:37,500 --> 00:47:41,400
never, just a magical object, it
represented perfected 

817
00:47:41,400 --> 00:47:44,200
understanding. 
The state where The Alchemist 

818
00:47:44,200 --> 00:47:46,100
had. 
So completely mastered their 

819
00:47:46,100 --> 00:47:48,500
practice. 
So thoroughly transform 

820
00:47:48,500 --> 00:47:51,600
themselves that transformational
of materials became almost 

821
00:47:51,600 --> 00:47:54,700
effortless. 
The stone was the practitioner's

822
00:47:54,700 --> 00:47:58,600
own perfected skill and wisdom 
accumulated through years of 

823
00:47:58,600 --> 00:48:01,100
patient work and the elixir of 
life. 

824
00:48:01,900 --> 00:48:03,900
Perhaps it was never meant to be
swallowed. 

825
00:48:04,700 --> 00:48:08,000
Perhaps it was the practice 
itself, the engagement with 

826
00:48:08,000 --> 00:48:12,600
meaningful work, the pursuit of 
understanding the connection to 

827
00:48:12,600 --> 00:48:14,600
tradition stretching back 
Millennia. 

828
00:48:14,600 --> 00:48:18,800
The scents of participating in 
something larger than one cell 

829
00:48:18,800 --> 00:48:21,600
phone. 
The Alchemist who devoted 

830
00:48:21,600 --> 00:48:24,400
themselves to the great work, 
often lived with an intensity 

831
00:48:24,400 --> 00:48:29,000
and purpose that gave their days
a richness ordinary life lacked.

832
00:48:29,600 --> 00:48:33,000
Maybe that was its own form of 
immortality in this dream 

833
00:48:33,000 --> 00:48:39,800
laboratory time collapses. 
Jabir, banayan joper Eboni, Yan 

834
00:48:39,800 --> 00:48:43,700
works at one bench, carefully 
recording observations in 

835
00:48:43,700 --> 00:48:47,700
precise Arabic script. 
Albertus Magnus tends a 

836
00:48:47,700 --> 00:48:51,000
distillation at another. 
Occasionally making notes for a 

837
00:48:51,000 --> 00:48:54,400
students. 
Maria, the Jews are just to 

838
00:48:54,400 --> 00:48:57,000
double boiler. 
Checking the temperature with 

839
00:48:57,000 --> 00:49:00,100
experience fingers. 
Paracelsus crushes. 

840
00:49:00,100 --> 00:49:03,400
Minerals in a mortar. 
Preparing medicine's that will 

841
00:49:03,400 --> 00:49:06,800
genuinely heal. 
They work, companion of bleach. 

842
00:49:06,800 --> 00:49:10,200
These figures from different 
centuries and cultures United by

843
00:49:10,200 --> 00:49:13,200
their shared quests. 
They're not competing or 

844
00:49:13,200 --> 00:49:16,400
hoarding Secrets. 
Now in the Timeless space, they 

845
00:49:16,400 --> 00:49:19,700
shared knowledge freely each 
contributing their peace to the 

846
00:49:19,700 --> 00:49:22,300
great puzzle of understanding 
matter and transformation. 

847
00:49:23,400 --> 00:49:26,200
The symbolic language, they want
used to obscure, become a 

848
00:49:26,200 --> 00:49:30,000
bridge, connecting insights 
across cultures, and he puts the

849
00:49:30,000 --> 00:49:34,700
green lion, the red dragon, the 
philosophical Mercury, these 

850
00:49:34,700 --> 00:49:36,600
symbols, let them communicate 
experience. 

851
00:49:36,600 --> 00:49:39,900
As that ordinary words, can't 
quite capture through the 

852
00:49:39,900 --> 00:49:44,400
laboratory Windows, you Clint 
guards and Wilderness Beyond The

853
00:49:44,400 --> 00:49:46,900
natural world. 
That was always alchemy's true. 

854
00:49:46,900 --> 00:49:50,200
Teacher, the Alchemists learned 
by observing natural 

855
00:49:50,200 --> 00:49:55,000
Transformations or to metal 
grape to wine and seed to 

856
00:49:55,000 --> 00:49:57,800
flower. 
Their laboratory work was an 

857
00:49:57,800 --> 00:50:00,900
attempt to understand and 
consciously guide processes that

858
00:50:00,900 --> 00:50:04,600
nature performed spontaneously. 
They weren't trying to break 

859
00:50:04,600 --> 00:50:07,700
nature's laws, but to discover 
and work within them. 

860
00:50:08,400 --> 00:50:10,200
The furnace glows steady and 
warm. 

861
00:50:10,200 --> 00:50:14,400
Neither too hot nor too cold. 
It's maintained this perfect 

862
00:50:14,400 --> 00:50:16,400
balance for centuries may be 
forever. 

863
00:50:17,200 --> 00:50:20,100
It's patient heat represents 
what The Alchemist new 

864
00:50:20,100 --> 00:50:22,500
transformational requires 
sustained. 

865
00:50:22,500 --> 00:50:27,000
Gentle effort over time You 
Can't Hurry the great work, 

866
00:50:27,000 --> 00:50:31,300
Flash and force accomplished 
nothing but steady application. 

867
00:50:31,300 --> 00:50:34,900
Proper conditions and sufficient
time can achieve what seems 

868
00:50:34,900 --> 00:50:38,000
impossible on a shelf. 
You notice a row of sealed 

869
00:50:38,000 --> 00:50:40,500
vessels? 
Each containing materials at 

870
00:50:40,500 --> 00:50:42,000
different stages of 
transformation. 

871
00:50:43,000 --> 00:50:45,500
Some of being here for days, 
others, for months. 

872
00:50:45,500 --> 00:50:50,900
And some perhaps for years, each
opens at his proper time, not a 

873
00:50:50,900 --> 00:50:53,400
moment sooner. 
The sealed vessel. 

874
00:50:54,100 --> 00:50:59,100
Thus hermeticum, the Hermetic 
vessel protects transformations 

875
00:50:59,100 --> 00:51:01,000
in progress from outside 
interference. 

876
00:51:02,200 --> 00:51:05,900
Some processes need isolation 
and protection, until they reach

877
00:51:05,900 --> 00:51:08,100
completion. 
You feel yourself becoming 

878
00:51:08,100 --> 00:51:11,700
drowsy the Laboratories Golden 
Light softening further. 

879
00:51:12,400 --> 00:51:15,700
The gentle sounds liquid 
dripping furnace breathing 

880
00:51:15,700 --> 00:51:19,000
occasional. 
Think of glass become a lullaby.

881
00:51:19,800 --> 00:51:23,300
This is a good place to rest, 
the great work continues, 

882
00:51:23,300 --> 00:51:25,800
whether you wake or sleep 
proceeding at its own pace. 

883
00:51:25,800 --> 00:51:30,000
Requiring nothing from you now, 
accept trust in the process, The

884
00:51:30,000 --> 00:51:33,600
Alchemist understood something 
we sometimes forget Not 

885
00:51:33,600 --> 00:51:35,700
everything worth doing can be 
finished quickly. 

886
00:51:36,600 --> 00:51:41,000
Some achievements require years 
decades or even lifetimes of 

887
00:51:41,000 --> 00:51:44,000
patient effort. 
The work itself becomes the 

888
00:51:44,000 --> 00:51:48,700
reward, the daily practice, the 
gradual accumulation of skill 

889
00:51:48,700 --> 00:51:52,300
and understanding, and the 
smaller advances that slowly 

890
00:51:52,300 --> 00:51:56,000
compound in to Mastery, they 
also knew that failure was part 

891
00:51:56,000 --> 00:51:59,100
of the process. 
Most experiments didn't succeed.

892
00:51:59,100 --> 00:52:02,500
Most attempt to create the 
Philosopher's Stone or the 

893
00:52:02,508 --> 00:52:06,500
elixir of Life produced, only 
colorful, disaster's, expensive 

894
00:52:06,500 --> 00:52:10,500
messes or nothing at all, but 
each failure taught something. 

895
00:52:11,400 --> 00:52:13,800
The Alchemist learned, what 
didn't work, which was often 

896
00:52:13,800 --> 00:52:16,400
more useful than knowing what 
theoretically should work. 

897
00:52:17,300 --> 00:52:20,700
Knowledge grew through a patient
accumulation of both successes 

898
00:52:20,700 --> 00:52:24,100
and instructive failures as your
Consciousness drifts towards 

899
00:52:24,100 --> 00:52:27,200
sleep the laboratory around. 
You becomes less defined. 

900
00:52:27,200 --> 00:52:32,300
Its edges softening into dream. 
But certain truths, remain clear

901
00:52:32,300 --> 00:52:36,500
transformation is possible 
matter can change its form while

902
00:52:36,500 --> 00:52:38,100
retaining its underlying 
Essence. 

903
00:52:38,100 --> 00:52:43,300
So can we The person you are 
today contains the potential for

904
00:52:43,300 --> 00:52:45,800
the person you might become just
as lead. 

905
00:52:45,800 --> 00:52:49,400
Theoretically contained gold or 
at least the Alchemists believed

906
00:52:49,400 --> 00:52:51,300
it did. 
And their belief LED them to 

907
00:52:51,300 --> 00:52:53,700
develop chemistry patients 
matters. 

908
00:52:53,700 --> 00:52:56,400
Nothing worth achieving happens.
Incidentally. 

909
00:52:57,200 --> 00:52:59,900
The most profound 
Transformations required, time 

910
00:52:59,900 --> 00:53:05,000
attention, and sustained effort.
Quick fixes rarely last. 

911
00:53:06,000 --> 00:53:09,200
But patient work returning day 
after day to your practice. 

912
00:53:09,900 --> 00:53:14,300
Accumulates into genuine change 
process and outcome into twine, 

913
00:53:14,300 --> 00:53:16,800
The Alchemist seeking gold learn
chemistry. 

914
00:53:17,700 --> 00:53:20,700
The practitioner pursuing The 
Elixir developed pharmacology. 

915
00:53:21,700 --> 00:53:25,200
Mystic investigating symbolic 
Transformations gained 

916
00:53:25,200 --> 00:53:28,600
psychological insight. 
The journey shapes The Traveler 

917
00:53:28,600 --> 00:53:32,500
as much as the destination. 
Everything connects The 

918
00:53:32,500 --> 00:53:35,400
Alchemists weren't wrong to see,
connections between metals and 

919
00:53:35,400 --> 00:53:38,800
planets between laboratory, 
work, and spiritual practice, 

920
00:53:38,800 --> 00:53:41,100
and between microcosm and 
macrocosm. 

921
00:53:41,100 --> 00:53:46,500
They were recognizing a deep. 
Truth reality is interconnected 

922
00:53:46,500 --> 00:53:50,800
in ways that rigid categorical 
thinking, misses The boundaries 

923
00:53:50,800 --> 00:53:54,100
between disciplines between 
matter and spirit between inner 

924
00:53:54,100 --> 00:53:56,900
and outer. 
These are useful thickens. 

925
00:53:56,900 --> 00:54:01,400
Not fundamental truths, mystery 
remains For all that modern 

926
00:54:01,400 --> 00:54:06,400
science has explained, much 
remains unknown. with her down 

927
00:54:06,400 --> 00:54:10,000
to courts and letters, but 
Consciousness remains mysterious

928
00:54:10,900 --> 00:54:14,700
We've decoded DNA but life's 
emergencies is still puzzling. 

929
00:54:15,500 --> 00:54:19,100
we've calculated the universe's 
age, but its ultimate nature 

930
00:54:19,100 --> 00:54:24,000
remains debate of The Alchemist 
humility before mystery the 

931
00:54:24,000 --> 00:54:27,000
recognition that knowledge was 
always partial and understanding

932
00:54:27,000 --> 00:54:30,900
always incomplete deserves 
remembering the vessels on the 

933
00:54:30,908 --> 00:54:35,300
shelves Shimmer and fade asleep.
Takes you, their contents can 

934
00:54:35,300 --> 00:54:38,300
continue their slow 
transformation, whether observed

935
00:54:38,300 --> 00:54:41,900
or not. 
The great work proceeds. 

936
00:54:42,600 --> 00:54:44,600
Somewhere in Laboratories around
the world. 

937
00:54:44,600 --> 00:54:48,500
People are still investigating 
Transformations, different 

938
00:54:48,500 --> 00:54:52,900
methods different goals, but the
same fundamental human drive to 

939
00:54:52,900 --> 00:54:57,500
understand to change to elevate 
matter and spirit towards 

940
00:54:57,500 --> 00:55:00,000
something better. 
The Alchemist would recognize 

941
00:55:00,000 --> 00:55:03,100
this continuity. 
The understood that knowledge 

942
00:55:03,100 --> 00:55:06,900
was Collective and cumulative, 
that each generation built on 

943
00:55:06,908 --> 00:55:09,500
previous work. 
And that today's impossible 

944
00:55:09,500 --> 00:55:13,400
might become tomorrow's routine.
They stood in a tradition that 

945
00:55:13,400 --> 00:55:16,800
stretched behind them to 
Egyptian temples and a head to 

946
00:55:16,800 --> 00:55:20,700
labor as they couldn't imagine. 
We stand in that same tradition,

947
00:55:20,700 --> 00:55:25,000
connecting past and future 
through present practice as you 

948
00:55:25,000 --> 00:55:28,800
finally slip into sleep. 
A last image that ancient symbol

949
00:55:28,800 --> 00:55:33,300
the Aurora's the serpent eating 
its own tail beginning and end 

950
00:55:33,308 --> 00:55:37,100
meet. 
Transformation is circular not 

951
00:55:37,100 --> 00:55:40,100
linear. 
What dissolves will reconstitute

952
00:55:40,100 --> 00:55:44,200
what breaks down will rebuild? 
What seems like an ending is 

953
00:55:44,200 --> 00:55:47,600
really another beginning. 
The great work never truly 

954
00:55:47,600 --> 00:55:50,500
finishes. 
It just continues in new forms, 

955
00:55:50,500 --> 00:55:54,100
new context, and new 
practitioners, taking up tools. 

956
00:55:54,100 --> 00:55:56,300
Their predecessors laid down 
sleep. 

957
00:55:56,300 --> 00:55:59,600
Now dream of furnishes and 
vessels of patient 

958
00:55:59,600 --> 00:56:03,000
transformations of substances 
changing their nature. 

959
00:56:03,000 --> 00:56:06,600
While retaining their essence 
Dream of the long chain of 

960
00:56:06,600 --> 00:56:10,200
seekers stretching back through 
centuries, each contributing 

961
00:56:10,200 --> 00:56:14,200
their piece to understanding. 
Dream of gardens where herbs 

962
00:56:14,200 --> 00:56:17,200
grow under. 
Careful, tending of libraries 

963
00:56:17,200 --> 00:56:19,600
where ancient texts preserve 
hard, one wisdom. 

964
00:56:20,400 --> 00:56:24,300
Of Laboratories were careful. 
Observation reveals Nature's 

965
00:56:24,300 --> 00:56:26,700
patterns, the Alchemists are 
sleeping too. 

966
00:56:26,700 --> 00:56:29,000
Those patient workers of 
transformation. 

967
00:56:29,800 --> 00:56:33,100
But their work continues in 
every chemistry, lab every 

968
00:56:33,100 --> 00:56:36,900
pharmaceutical company and every
material science experiment. 

969
00:56:36,900 --> 00:56:41,500
It continues in every Garden 
where someone tends plants in 

970
00:56:41,500 --> 00:56:45,100
every kitchen, where ingredients
transformed into meals and in 

971
00:56:45,100 --> 00:56:48,100
every mind where learning 
transforms ignorance, in to 

972
00:56:48,100 --> 00:56:51,400
understanding the great work is 
never finished because there's 

973
00:56:51,400 --> 00:56:54,800
always more to learn more to 
discover and more to understand.

974
00:56:56,200 --> 00:56:59,500
The Philosopher's Stone remains,
his eternally just beyond reach 

975
00:56:59,500 --> 00:57:02,200
which is perhaps exactly as it 
should be. 

976
00:57:02,900 --> 00:57:05,300
The seeking matters more than 
the finding. 

977
00:57:05,300 --> 00:57:07,800
The question matters more than 
the answer. 

978
00:57:07,800 --> 00:57:11,200
The transformational of the 
Seeker matters, more than the 

979
00:57:11,200 --> 00:57:13,700
discovery of the sort rest. 
Easy. 

980
00:57:13,700 --> 00:57:15,800
The fern is Burns. 
Deadly. 

981
00:57:16,700 --> 00:57:21,100
The vessels contain their slow 
Miracles, time unfolds at its 

982
00:57:21,100 --> 00:57:24,200
own pace. 
All is well, in this laboratory 

983
00:57:24,200 --> 00:57:28,300
between waking and dreams where 
ancient wisdom meets Eternal 

984
00:57:28,300 --> 00:57:32,500
questions where the possible and
impossible blur together and 

985
00:57:32,500 --> 00:57:34,700
were transformation is always 
just beginning. 

986
00:57:34,700 --> 00:57:37,600
The Golden Light Fades to 
comfortable Darkness. 

987
00:57:38,300 --> 00:57:40,500
The sounds of the laboratory 
become the sound of your own 

988
00:57:40,500 --> 00:57:43,900
breathing, steady, and slow. 
The scent of transformation 

989
00:57:43,900 --> 00:57:46,500
becomes the familiar smell of 
your pillow and blankets. 

990
00:57:48,000 --> 00:57:51,100
Somewhere in your sleeping mind.
The laboratory remains, always 

991
00:57:51,100 --> 00:57:54,000
accessible. 
Always inviting always offering 

992
00:57:54,000 --> 00:57:58,200
the promise that transformations
of matter, of spirit of 

993
00:57:58,200 --> 00:58:03,500
understanding remains possible. 
The Alchemist truth, we are all 

994
00:58:03,500 --> 00:58:07,900
works in progress materials. 
Being slowly refined moving 

995
00:58:07,900 --> 00:58:11,400
through our own stages from the 
Greedo through lbdo through 

996
00:58:11,400 --> 00:58:13,500
Beto. 
From dissolution through 

997
00:58:13,500 --> 00:58:17,300
purification, to Perfection the 
great work, applies to 

998
00:58:17,300 --> 00:58:21,200
substances in vessels and to 
Consciousness itself, we are 

999
00:58:21,200 --> 00:58:24,600
simultaneously The Alchemist and
the material, the practitioner, 

1000
00:58:24,600 --> 00:58:28,000
and the practice, the seeker, 
and the sort sleep deeply 

1001
00:58:28,000 --> 00:58:32,700
transformed while you rest 
tomorrow, you'll wake changed in

1002
00:58:32,700 --> 00:58:35,500
small ways continuing your own 
great work. 

1003
00:58:35,500 --> 00:58:39,500
Your own patient transformation,
The Alchemist would have proved,

1004
00:58:39,500 --> 00:58:42,200
they understood that the most 
important laboratory is 

1005
00:58:42,200 --> 00:58:45,600
consciousness itself and the 
most crucial transformation 

1006
00:58:45,600 --> 00:58:50,000
happens within good night. 
May your dreams be gold and your

1007
00:58:50,000 --> 00:58:55,200
rest transformative, the great 
work continues as it always has 

1008
00:58:55,200 --> 00:58:58,300
and always will in laboratory 
trees, both physical and 

1009
00:58:58,300 --> 00:59:01,700
imaginal tended by 
practitioners, both waking and 

1010
00:59:01,700 --> 00:59:07,600
sleeping pursuing that Eternal 
Quest to understand to change to

1011
00:59:07,600 --> 00:59:12,400
elevate, to transform the base 
into the pressure's, the crewed 

1012
00:59:12,400 --> 00:59:15,600
into the refined, and the 
ordinary into the extraordinary.

1013
00:59:22,300 --> 00:59:25,500
Picturing England in the early 
1500s and try to forget 

1014
00:59:25,500 --> 00:59:27,300
everything you think you know 
about it. 

1015
00:59:27,300 --> 00:59:31,400
This isn't the England of Empire
and Industry of T and 

1016
00:59:31,400 --> 00:59:35,100
parliamentary democracy. 
This is an island nation, still 

1017
00:59:35,100 --> 00:59:37,900
finding its footing still 
figuring out what it wants to 

1018
00:59:37,900 --> 00:59:39,700
be. 
When it grows up the Morning, 

1019
00:59:39,700 --> 00:59:43,300
Light filters, through the small
thick glass, windows of a Manor 

1020
00:59:43,300 --> 00:59:45,900
House in the Cotswolds 
Illuminating dust. 

1021
00:59:45,900 --> 00:59:47,600
Moats that danced in the cold 
air. 

1022
00:59:48,300 --> 00:59:51,800
You can smell the wood smoke 
from cooking fires mixing with 

1023
00:59:51,800 --> 00:59:54,300
the earthier scent of Russia's 
covering the floor. 

1024
00:59:54,900 --> 00:59:58,400
Rushes, that need changing, but 
probably won't be replaced for 

1025
00:59:58,400 --> 01:00:01,200
another week. 
The herb scattered among them 

1026
01:00:01,200 --> 01:00:05,000
lavender, Rosemary and mint 
release their fragrance. 

1027
01:00:05,000 --> 01:00:07,900
When you step on them, a 
medieval attempt at air 

1028
01:00:07,900 --> 01:00:10,500
freshening that works better in 
theory than in practice. 

1029
01:00:10,500 --> 01:00:14,000
England. 
In 1509 is a nation of about 3 

1030
01:00:14,000 --> 01:00:17,700
million Souls, which means it 
has fewer people than modern Los

1031
01:00:17,700 --> 01:00:19,300
Angeles spread across an entire 
country. 

1032
01:00:20,500 --> 01:00:22,200
Most of those Souls live in 
villages. 

1033
01:00:22,200 --> 01:00:25,000
So small you could walk from one
end of the other. 

1034
01:00:25,000 --> 01:00:27,600
In the time it takes to finish 
your morning coffee. 

1035
01:00:28,600 --> 01:00:32,800
The largest city London houses. 
Perhaps 50,000 people crowded 

1036
01:00:32,800 --> 01:00:36,200
along the Thames their Timber 
framed houses leaning into 

1037
01:00:36,200 --> 01:00:38,300
narrow streets. 
Where the upper story is nearly 

1038
01:00:38,300 --> 01:00:40,900
touch across the way, blocking 
out the sky. 

1039
01:00:40,900 --> 01:00:44,300
The Rhythm of Life follows the 
church bells at punctuate each 

1040
01:00:44,300 --> 01:00:48,400
day with their bronze voices. 
You wake to the sound of prime, 

1041
01:00:48,400 --> 01:00:52,100
the first morning, prayer, and 
move through your day, Guided by

1042
01:00:52,100 --> 01:00:58,300
terse sexed, none Vespers, and 
finally compliment as Darkness 

1043
01:00:58,300 --> 01:01:00,500
Falls. 
The bells aren't just 

1044
01:01:00,500 --> 01:01:02,700
timekeepers. 
They're the heartbeat of a 

1045
01:01:02,708 --> 01:01:05,500
society where the church isn't 
separate from daily life. 

1046
01:01:05,500 --> 01:01:09,700
But woven into every aspect of 
it, like threads in the very 

1047
01:01:09,700 --> 01:01:12,400
fabric you wear and what fabric 
it is. 

1048
01:01:12,408 --> 01:01:15,800
If your wealthy enough, you 
might own Woolen cloth in deep 

1049
01:01:15,800 --> 01:01:19,200
Reds or Blues colors, that cost 
more than a labor earns in 

1050
01:01:19,200 --> 01:01:22,700
months. 
The wool itself tells us a story

1051
01:01:22,700 --> 01:01:27,400
England's economy runs on sheep.
Those plastic creatures grazing 

1052
01:01:27,400 --> 01:01:31,100
on every available Hillside 
their fleece transformed and 

1053
01:01:31,100 --> 01:01:32,500
workshops and sold across 
Europe. 

1054
01:01:33,500 --> 01:01:36,100
When you wear wool in Tudor 
England, you're wearing the 

1055
01:01:36,100 --> 01:01:40,400
nation's primary export, its 
economic engine, and its claim 

1056
01:01:40,400 --> 01:01:43,900
to International relevance, the 
Catholic Church dominates the 

1057
01:01:43,900 --> 01:01:45,500
landscape, both literally and 
figuratively. 

1058
01:01:46,600 --> 01:01:48,800
Parish churches and anchor every
Community. 

1059
01:01:48,800 --> 01:01:53,100
Their Stone Towers Rising above,
thatched Cottages like parents 

1060
01:01:53,100 --> 01:01:56,700
watching over children. 
Monasteries and Abby's dot the 

1061
01:01:56,700 --> 01:01:59,800
countryside. 
There are nearly 900 religious 

1062
01:01:59,800 --> 01:02:03,900
houses in England home to 
perhaps 10,000 monks nuns and 

1063
01:02:03,900 --> 01:02:08,000
Friars these aren't just places 
of prayer, their hospitals, 

1064
01:02:08,000 --> 01:02:12,000
schools hostels for travelers 
and landlords controling, vast 

1065
01:02:12,000 --> 01:02:15,200
Estates. 
The API Glastonbury owns land in

1066
01:02:15,200 --> 01:02:18,000
several counties. 
The monastery at Westminster 

1067
01:02:18,000 --> 01:02:20,200
practically is a small town unto
itself. 

1068
01:02:20,200 --> 01:02:23,200
Your relationship with the 
church is an optional or 

1069
01:02:23,200 --> 01:02:25,600
occasional. 
It's as fundamental as 

1070
01:02:25,600 --> 01:02:29,600
breathing, you're born into it, 
literally with baptism, washing 

1071
01:02:29,600 --> 01:02:31,900
Away, original sin within days 
of birth. 

1072
01:02:32,600 --> 01:02:36,500
You marry in it, the priest 
blessing transforming a private 

1073
01:02:36,500 --> 01:02:38,300
Arrangement into a public 
sacrament. 

1074
01:02:39,200 --> 01:02:43,000
You'll die in it receiving last 
rites that determine your souls 

1075
01:02:43,000 --> 01:02:48,100
destination in between you 
attend Mass regularly confess 

1076
01:02:48,100 --> 01:02:50,400
your sins to a priest. 
Who knows all your neighbor's 

1077
01:02:50,400 --> 01:02:53,900
business too. 
Pay your tithes observe the fast

1078
01:02:53,900 --> 01:02:57,600
days and purchase Indulgence is 
to reduce time in purgatory. 

1079
01:02:57,600 --> 01:03:01,500
The Pope in Rome that distant 
figure in his Vatican Palace 

1080
01:03:01,500 --> 01:03:04,800
holds more practical power over 
English daily life than you 

1081
01:03:04,800 --> 01:03:06,800
might imagine. 
He can annul. 

1082
01:03:06,800 --> 01:03:10,100
Marriage is the Jitter mized 
children and Grant special 

1083
01:03:10,100 --> 01:03:13,300
dispensation for everything from
eating meat on Friday to 

1084
01:03:13,300 --> 01:03:16,300
marrying your cousin. 
He appoints Bishops, who become 

1085
01:03:16,300 --> 01:03:20,000
major political figures. 
He can excommunicate anyone from

1086
01:03:20,000 --> 01:03:23,700
King to Peasant, which in this 
society means cutting them off 

1087
01:03:23,700 --> 01:03:27,200
from all social connection and 
condemning this soul to hell. 

1088
01:03:28,200 --> 01:03:31,200
It's a threat that carries real 
weight when everyone you know 

1089
01:03:31,200 --> 01:03:36,200
believes it absolutely but there
are grumbles in the taverns 

1090
01:03:36,200 --> 01:03:39,900
those dims smoke-filled rooms 
where ale flows and inhibitions 

1091
01:03:39,900 --> 01:03:42,400
loosen. 
You might hear men complain 

1092
01:03:42,400 --> 01:03:45,300
about how much land the church 
owns while paying no taxes. 

1093
01:03:45,300 --> 01:03:48,300
You might hear Merchants 
frustrated by religious 

1094
01:03:48,300 --> 01:03:50,200
restrictions on business 
practices. 

1095
01:03:51,100 --> 01:03:54,100
You might even hear whispers 
about church corruption though. 

1096
01:03:54,100 --> 01:03:57,100
No one speaks too loudly because
heresy is a burning offense. 

1097
01:03:57,100 --> 01:04:00,300
Literally, the political 
landscape is equally complex. 

1098
01:04:00,300 --> 01:04:04,200
England Has a King Henry. 
The seventh one is crowned by 

1099
01:04:04,208 --> 01:04:05,800
killing the previous King on a 
battlefield. 

1100
01:04:05,800 --> 01:04:09,300
New spent his Reign 
consolidating power and filling 

1101
01:04:09,300 --> 01:04:12,400
the treasury. 
Parliament exists, but it meets 

1102
01:04:12,400 --> 01:04:14,100
a regularly when the king needs 
money. 

1103
01:04:15,100 --> 01:04:18,300
Locally Administration happens 
through a patchwork of nobles 

1104
01:04:18,300 --> 01:04:23,100
Bishops, sheriffs, and justices 
of the Peace A system that works

1105
01:04:23,100 --> 01:04:26,000
mostly because everyone's known 
everyone else's families for 

1106
01:04:26,000 --> 01:04:28,700
Generations. 
England's place in The Wider. 

1107
01:04:28,700 --> 01:04:32,200
European world is complicated. 
It's not quite the Backwater. 

1108
01:04:32,200 --> 01:04:34,000
Some Continental Scholars 
dismiss. 

1109
01:04:34,700 --> 01:04:36,200
But it's not a major power 
either. 

1110
01:04:37,100 --> 01:04:40,100
Spain and France are the real 
players with their larger 

1111
01:04:40,100 --> 01:04:43,500
population, stronger economies, 
and more assertive. 

1112
01:04:43,500 --> 01:04:47,300
King's the Holy Roman Empire 
sprawls across Central Europe. 

1113
01:04:47,300 --> 01:04:51,000
A complicated Patchwork that 
makes England's administrative 

1114
01:04:51,000 --> 01:04:52,800
system. 
Look, elegantly simple. 

1115
01:04:53,700 --> 01:04:56,800
The Italian city-states control 
trade and banking. 

1116
01:04:56,800 --> 01:05:01,300
England England makes good wool 
and occasionally causes trouble 

1117
01:05:01,300 --> 01:05:03,100
when its Kings. 
Remember they technically 

1118
01:05:03,100 --> 01:05:07,000
claimed the French throne, 
technology is beginning to stir 

1119
01:05:07,000 --> 01:05:10,500
printing, presses are starting 
to appear the books, remain 

1120
01:05:10,500 --> 01:05:12,700
expensive, and most people can't
read anyway. 

1121
01:05:13,500 --> 01:05:17,000
Now, navigation techniques are 
improving making longer sea 

1122
01:05:17,000 --> 01:05:17,700
voyages? 
Possible. 

1123
01:05:17,700 --> 01:05:20,900
Gunpowder is changing Warfare 
though. 

1124
01:05:20,900 --> 01:05:23,500
Knights in armor still ride to 
battle as if nothing has 

1125
01:05:23,500 --> 01:05:26,100
changed. 
Its a world caught between 

1126
01:05:26,100 --> 01:05:29,000
medieval traditions and 
something new, trying to be born

1127
01:05:29,000 --> 01:05:32,900
in the England of 1509. 
No one imagines, the 

1128
01:05:32,900 --> 01:05:35,300
transformational coming the 
monasteries. 

1129
01:05:35,300 --> 01:05:39,100
See maternal of Pope's, 
Authority unquestionable and the

1130
01:05:39,108 --> 01:05:42,200
rhythm of Catholic life as 
unchanging as the seasons. 

1131
01:05:42,900 --> 01:05:45,800
If you could tell an English 
villager that within 30 years, 

1132
01:05:45,800 --> 01:05:49,300
their local Abbey would be torn 
down their Latin Mass replaced 

1133
01:05:49,300 --> 01:05:52,500
with English prayer and their 
spiritual connection to Rome 

1134
01:05:52,500 --> 01:05:55,700
severed forever. 
They would think you mad but 

1135
01:05:55,700 --> 01:05:59,300
changes coming carried. 
Not by armies, or philosophers, 

1136
01:05:59,300 --> 01:06:02,300
but by one young man's desperate
desire for something. 

1137
01:06:02,300 --> 01:06:06,400
He cannot have a legitimate son 
on an April day. 

1138
01:06:06,400 --> 01:06:10,400
In 1509 17 year old Prince Henry
became King Henry the 8th. 

1139
01:06:11,300 --> 01:06:13,700
And England, got a ruler who 
looked like he'd been ordered 

1140
01:06:13,700 --> 01:06:17,000
from a royal catalog featuring 
only the most impressive 

1141
01:06:17,000 --> 01:06:21,600
specifications, picture him at 
his coronation 6 feet, 2 inches 

1142
01:06:21,600 --> 01:06:22,800
tall. 
In an era. 

1143
01:06:22,800 --> 01:06:26,100
When most men, barely reached 
five and a half feet, Shoulders 

1144
01:06:26,100 --> 01:06:28,300
broad enough to fill out the 
elaborate doublets. 

1145
01:06:28,300 --> 01:06:32,600
He favors legs muscular from 
years of hunting and jousting. 

1146
01:06:33,300 --> 01:06:36,300
His hair catches, the light 
through Westminster Abbey 

1147
01:06:36,300 --> 01:06:39,900
stained glass reddish gold, 
Warren long enough to curl at 

1148
01:06:39,900 --> 01:06:42,700
his neck. 
His face hasn't yet acquired the

1149
01:06:42,700 --> 01:06:44,700
jowling. 
Heaviness of his later years. 

1150
01:06:44,700 --> 01:06:49,400
Instead it's all Youth and 
confidence with blue eyes that 

1151
01:06:49,400 --> 01:06:52,800
sparkle, when he's pleased and 
turned cold, when he's not Henry

1152
01:06:52,800 --> 01:06:55,300
moves through his coronation 
ceremony with the grace of 

1153
01:06:55,300 --> 01:06:57,100
someone who has been preparing 
for this moment. 

1154
01:06:57,100 --> 01:07:00,100
His entire life, which isn't 
quite accurate. 

1155
01:07:00,900 --> 01:07:04,600
He was actually the spare are 
the insurance policy while. 

1156
01:07:04,600 --> 01:07:06,800
His older brother Arthur was 
groomed for King ship. 

1157
01:07:07,600 --> 01:07:12,300
But Arthur died at 15, 7 years. 
Early leaving Henry to inherit, 

1158
01:07:12,300 --> 01:07:15,600
not just a crowd but also 
Arthur's Widow, Catherine of 

1159
01:07:15,600 --> 01:07:17,800
Aragon. 
The young king is what we might 

1160
01:07:17,800 --> 01:07:20,800
call a renaissance, man, though 
that term won't be coined for 

1161
01:07:20,800 --> 01:07:25,700
centuries, he speaks Latin 
fluently reads, French knows 

1162
01:07:25,700 --> 01:07:28,800
enough, Spanish to charm his 
wife and his learning Italian 

1163
01:07:28,800 --> 01:07:33,200
because educated people should 
know Italian, He writes poetry 

1164
01:07:33,200 --> 01:07:38,100
not particularly good poetry but
enthusiastic poetry that scans 

1165
01:07:38,100 --> 01:07:40,700
properly and occasionally hits 
on a decent metaphor. 

1166
01:07:41,600 --> 01:07:46,200
He composes music playing the 
lute virginals and recorder with

1167
01:07:46,200 --> 01:07:50,000
genuine skill. 
His song Pastime with good 

1168
01:07:50,000 --> 01:07:53,900
company will still be performed 
500 years later though. 

1169
01:07:53,900 --> 01:07:57,800
Mostly by people who enjoy 
singing in Period costume Henry 

1170
01:07:57,800 --> 01:08:00,600
jousts with the aggressive 
confidence of someone who's very

1171
01:08:00,600 --> 01:08:04,300
good at sports and knows it He 
hunts almost obsessively 

1172
01:08:04,300 --> 01:08:07,900
sometimes riding Freight or ten 
hours straight wearing out 

1173
01:08:07,900 --> 01:08:10,300
horses and companions with equal
ease. 

1174
01:08:11,100 --> 01:08:13,700
He dances with the kind of vigor
that makes watching him 

1175
01:08:13,700 --> 01:08:16,700
exhausting at his coronation 
celebration. 

1176
01:08:16,700 --> 01:08:19,399
He reportedly went through 
multiple partners because he 

1177
01:08:19,399 --> 01:08:22,000
kept wearing them out. 
But Henry's, most impressive 

1178
01:08:22,000 --> 01:08:26,100
feature might be his mind. 
He's genuinely intelligent with 

1179
01:08:26,100 --> 01:08:28,300
that particular, kind of 
intelligence, that loves 

1180
01:08:28,300 --> 01:08:30,500
learning new things, and showing
off that knowledge. 

1181
01:08:31,300 --> 01:08:35,000
He can debate theology with 
Scholars, discussed tactics with

1182
01:08:35,000 --> 01:08:38,000
military commanders and hold 
forth on everything from 

1183
01:08:38,000 --> 01:08:41,899
architecture to astronomy. 
He's also convinced he's right 

1184
01:08:41,899 --> 01:08:45,100
about everything which will 
become more problematic as the 

1185
01:08:45,100 --> 01:08:47,300
ages. 
But at 17 just seems like 

1186
01:08:47,300 --> 01:08:52,100
confidants his father left him a
full treasury unprecedented for 

1187
01:08:52,100 --> 01:08:55,399
an English king and young Henry 
approaches spending this money 

1188
01:08:55,399 --> 01:08:58,100
with the enthusiasm of someone 
who has just discovered their 

1189
01:08:58,100 --> 01:09:03,100
parents credit card has no limit
He throws tournaments that cost 

1190
01:09:03,100 --> 01:09:05,500
more than the annual income for 
small counties. 

1191
01:09:06,200 --> 01:09:09,899
His coronation festivities last 
for days and include enough food

1192
01:09:09,899 --> 01:09:13,100
to feed a small army which is 
appropriate since he's 

1193
01:09:13,100 --> 01:09:16,500
essentially feeding his entire 
court plus hundreds of guests. 

1194
01:09:17,000 --> 01:09:20,500
The new Kings household is a 
world unto itself, a mobile 

1195
01:09:20,500 --> 01:09:23,500
Village of hundreds of people 
who exist solely to maintain 

1196
01:09:23,500 --> 01:09:27,300
Royal comfort and dignity. 
There are Gentlemen of the privy

1197
01:09:27,300 --> 01:09:30,700
chamber who helped him dress 
Grooms, who manages extensive 

1198
01:09:30,700 --> 01:09:35,200
wardrobe servers, who bring his 
meals musicians, who provide 

1199
01:09:35,200 --> 01:09:39,399
entertainment chaplains, who 
lead prayers, Physicians, who 

1200
01:09:39,399 --> 01:09:43,200
monitor his health and countless
others, whose jobs have titles, 

1201
01:09:43,200 --> 01:09:46,700
like, Yeoman of the mouth and 
make perfect sense and context. 

1202
01:09:46,700 --> 01:09:49,700
Henry's daily routine would 
exhaust most people. 

1203
01:09:49,700 --> 01:09:53,500
He rises around six or seven 
hearing mass or almost 

1204
01:09:53,500 --> 01:09:55,400
immediately. 
Because religious devotion and 

1205
01:09:55,400 --> 01:09:57,500
political display conveniently 
overlap. 

1206
01:09:58,400 --> 01:10:01,500
He conducts business in the 
morning, signing documents, 

1207
01:10:01,500 --> 01:10:05,200
receiving ambassadors Consulting
with counselors. 

1208
01:10:06,000 --> 01:10:09,100
But never so much business that 
it interferes with dinner at 10 

1209
01:10:09,100 --> 01:10:12,600
or 11. 
After dinner comes the real Joy 

1210
01:10:12,600 --> 01:10:17,700
of his day. 
Hunting Hawking tennis or 

1211
01:10:17,700 --> 01:10:20,400
jousting? 
Depending on whether and mood. 

1212
01:10:21,600 --> 01:10:25,500
Supper arrives around 5 or 6, 
followed by entertainment music 

1213
01:10:25,500 --> 01:10:30,300
cards, dice dancing, that can 
continue until midnight his 

1214
01:10:30,300 --> 01:10:33,400
marriage to Catherine of Aragon 
seems initially quite 

1215
01:10:33,400 --> 01:10:37,500
successful. 
Catherine is 23 to Henry 17 

1216
01:10:37,500 --> 01:10:41,100
which makes her practically an 
older woman in an era where most

1217
01:10:41,108 --> 01:10:46,000
Royal Brides a teenagers. she's 
intelligent educated deeply 

1218
01:10:46,000 --> 01:10:50,800
religious and genuinely seems to
love her young husband Henry 

1219
01:10:50,800 --> 01:10:54,900
appears equally devoted calling 
her his true wife and clearly 

1220
01:10:54,900 --> 01:10:58,500
enjoying her company. 
Their Crown together ruled 

1221
01:10:58,500 --> 01:11:02,100
together and seemed to share 
both affection and respect 

1222
01:11:02,100 --> 01:11:04,700
Catherine comes from impressive 
stock. 

1223
01:11:04,700 --> 01:11:08,700
She's the daughter of Ferdinand 
and Isabella of Spain, the 

1224
01:11:08,700 --> 01:11:11,600
monarchs who completed the 
Reconquista and funded 

1225
01:11:11,600 --> 01:11:15,000
Columbus's voyage. 
Her upbringing emphasized, 

1226
01:11:15,000 --> 01:11:17,300
educational and piety in equal 
measure. 

1227
01:11:18,100 --> 01:11:21,900
She reads Latin speaks multiple 
languages and understands 

1228
01:11:21,900 --> 01:11:24,800
politics with the sophistication
of someone raised in one of 

1229
01:11:24,800 --> 01:11:28,200
Europe's, most powerful courts. 
She's Not Just decorative. 

1230
01:11:28,200 --> 01:11:32,200
She's competent, which Tudor 
England actually values in its 

1231
01:11:32,200 --> 01:11:34,100
Queen. 
Consorts the court. 

1232
01:11:34,100 --> 01:11:37,000
Henry creates around himself is 
magnificent by English 

1233
01:11:37,000 --> 01:11:39,900
standards. 
The Continental observers 

1234
01:11:39,900 --> 01:11:41,300
sometimes find it a bit 
provincial. 

1235
01:11:42,600 --> 01:11:45,700
The Great Hall at any of his 
palaces fills with courtiers 

1236
01:11:45,700 --> 01:11:50,000
wearing their finest clothes 
doublets in Rich, Fabrics, gowns

1237
01:11:50,000 --> 01:11:53,000
with the elaborate sleeves, and 
hats sporting feathers that cost

1238
01:11:53,000 --> 01:11:56,900
small fortunes. 
The tables grown under roasted 

1239
01:11:56,900 --> 01:12:01,600
Meats, pies elaborate sugar 
sculptures and wine from France 

1240
01:12:01,600 --> 01:12:04,500
and Spain. 
Musicians play from galleries 

1241
01:12:04,500 --> 01:12:07,200
while gestures and acrobats 
provide entertainment between 

1242
01:12:07,200 --> 01:12:09,800
courses. 
But beneath the magnifiscents 

1243
01:12:09,800 --> 01:12:13,000
Henry's court is a place of 
careful calculation. 

1244
01:12:13,000 --> 01:12:16,200
Every favor granted creates 
obligation. 

1245
01:12:16,200 --> 01:12:20,200
Every position, filled affects 
the balance of power between 

1246
01:12:20,200 --> 01:12:24,200
competing noble families. 
Every smile or frown from the 

1247
01:12:24,200 --> 01:12:28,300
King can make or break careers. 
The men and women surrounding 

1248
01:12:28,300 --> 01:12:30,800
Henry are playing a complex 
game, where the rules aren't 

1249
01:12:30,800 --> 01:12:32,700
written down but everyone knows 
them. 

1250
01:12:32,700 --> 01:12:35,600
And the penalty for mistakes can
be severe. 

1251
01:12:35,600 --> 01:12:39,400
Henry's approach to kingship in 
these early years is energetic 

1252
01:12:39,400 --> 01:12:43,200
but not particularly focused. 
He wants to be a great king 

1253
01:12:43,200 --> 01:12:47,100
certainly but his understanding 
of greatness comes partly from 

1254
01:12:47,100 --> 01:12:51,700
medieval romance and partly from
his father's example, great 

1255
01:12:51,700 --> 01:12:54,100
Kings, go to war. 
So Henry will go to war. 

1256
01:12:54,100 --> 01:12:57,700
Great kings are learned. 
So, Henry will be learned, great

1257
01:12:57,700 --> 01:13:00,000
kings are Pious, so Henry, will 
be Pious. 

1258
01:13:00,000 --> 01:13:04,000
It's kingship as performance, 
and Henry is a natural 

1259
01:13:04,000 --> 01:13:07,100
performer. 
His counselors particularly the 

1260
01:13:07,100 --> 01:13:10,400
brilliant Thomas Wolsey who 
Rises rapidly to become Lord, 

1261
01:13:10,400 --> 01:13:14,900
Chancellor and carnal handle, 
most actual governance Woolsey 

1262
01:13:14,900 --> 01:13:19,600
is everything, Henry isn't 
lowborn detail oriented and 

1263
01:13:19,600 --> 01:13:21,700
willing to do the boring 
administrative work. 

1264
01:13:21,700 --> 01:13:24,800
That keeps the kingdom 
functioning He's also ambitious 

1265
01:13:24,800 --> 01:13:29,200
clever and completely devoted to
managing Henry's Affairs, in 

1266
01:13:29,200 --> 01:13:33,000
ways that keep his royal master 
happy while accumulating power 

1267
01:13:33,000 --> 01:13:36,600
for himself, the relationship 
between Henry and Woolsey works 

1268
01:13:36,600 --> 01:13:38,800
because it satisfies both men's 
needs. 

1269
01:13:39,500 --> 01:13:43,200
Henry gets to play King fighting
Wars, hosting tournaments 

1270
01:13:43,200 --> 01:13:46,800
impressing foreign ambassadors 
while Woolsey runs the country. 

1271
01:13:46,800 --> 01:13:51,700
Woolsey gets wealth power and 
influence far beyond what his 

1272
01:13:51,700 --> 01:13:55,200
butcher's, son background, would
normally allow It's a 

1273
01:13:55,200 --> 01:13:58,300
partnership that will last for 
two decades and accomplish 

1274
01:13:58,300 --> 01:14:02,300
remarkable things, until the 
moment, it doesn't in these 

1275
01:14:02,300 --> 01:14:05,500
early years Henry, occasionally 
mentions his desire for a son. 

1276
01:14:06,200 --> 01:14:08,800
Catherine becomes pregnant 
multiple times, but the babies 

1277
01:14:08,800 --> 01:14:11,400
don't survive. 
Stillborn daughter. 

1278
01:14:11,400 --> 01:14:15,900
A son, who lives only weaks and 
more heartbreak, this is common 

1279
01:14:15,900 --> 01:14:19,100
in the 16th century. 
When infant mortality claims, at

1280
01:14:19,100 --> 01:14:22,400
least a third of all babies. 
That is particularly significant

1281
01:14:22,400 --> 01:14:24,300
when you're trying to secure a 
dynasty. 

1282
01:14:25,200 --> 01:14:27,300
Still Henry and Catherine a 
young. 

1283
01:14:27,300 --> 01:14:31,600
There's time. 
Everyone says this time Henry's 

1284
01:14:31,600 --> 01:14:35,400
in England, in these early years
hands with optimism, the king is

1285
01:14:35,400 --> 01:14:40,300
Young, energetic and generous 
Treasury is full the wars with 

1286
01:14:40,300 --> 01:14:43,800
France, while expensive and not 
particularly successful. 

1287
01:14:43,800 --> 01:14:47,600
At least make England feel 
important on the European stage.

1288
01:14:47,600 --> 01:14:51,600
The monasteries continue their 
centuries old routines the 

1289
01:14:51,600 --> 01:14:55,000
parish churches, anchor their 
communities, the Pope's 

1290
01:14:55,000 --> 01:14:58,500
Authority remains unquestioned, 
everything seems stable 

1291
01:14:58,500 --> 01:15:02,000
permanent and part of a natural 
order that will continue 

1292
01:15:02,000 --> 01:15:04,800
indefinitely. 
No one yet imagines that this 

1293
01:15:04,800 --> 01:15:07,400
golden young king So devoted to 
his Spanish. 

1294
01:15:07,400 --> 01:15:11,300
Catholic wife will become the 
man who breaks England away from

1295
01:15:11,300 --> 01:15:13,900
Rome. 
No one suspects that his 

1296
01:15:13,900 --> 01:15:17,100
desperate desire for a son will 
reshape in English religion, 

1297
01:15:17,100 --> 01:15:21,500
politics and daily life. 
The revolution is coming, but it

1298
01:15:21,500 --> 01:15:25,900
approaches quietly disguised as 
personal frustration rather than

1299
01:15:25,900 --> 01:15:29,700
ideological conviction as the 
1520s on fold. 

1300
01:15:29,700 --> 01:15:33,000
You might notice subtle changes 
in how England's King speaks 

1301
01:15:33,000 --> 01:15:35,700
about Authority and Power. 
It's nothing. 

1302
01:15:35,700 --> 01:15:39,900
Dramatic at first, just a young 
man in his 30s growing more 

1303
01:15:39,900 --> 01:15:43,500
confident about his own 
judgment, and less interested in

1304
01:15:43,500 --> 01:15:45,500
deferring to others. 
Even others? 

1305
01:15:45,500 --> 01:15:49,100
Wearing people TRS Henry's 
theological, education is 

1306
01:15:49,100 --> 01:15:52,700
impressive for a king, Most 
monarchs content themselves with

1307
01:15:52,700 --> 01:15:55,700
attending mass and letting 
clergy handle, the complicated 

1308
01:15:55,700 --> 01:15:57,800
stuff. 
But Henry actually reads 

1309
01:15:57,800 --> 01:16:01,100
theology. 
His Library contains volumes by 

1310
01:16:01,100 --> 01:16:05,700
Church fathers like Augustine 
and Jerome medieval Scholars, 

1311
01:16:05,700 --> 01:16:08,600
like Thomas Aquinas and 
contemporary humanists. 

1312
01:16:09,400 --> 01:16:12,600
He doesn't just read them, he 
makes notes in the margins 

1313
01:16:12,600 --> 01:16:15,900
arguing with long dead 
theologians as if they're 

1314
01:16:15,900 --> 01:16:16,800
sitting across from him at 
dinner. 

1315
01:16:16,808 --> 01:16:21,200
In 1521, Henry writes a book. 
Defending the seven sacraments 

1316
01:16:21,200 --> 01:16:25,500
against Martin Luther's attacks?
Yes, rights not commission's. 

1317
01:16:25,500 --> 01:16:29,600
Not takes credit for but 
actually writes Complete with 

1318
01:16:29,600 --> 01:16:32,300
crossed out sections and 
revisions that Scholars will 

1319
01:16:32,308 --> 01:16:36,000
examine centuries later. 
The bookends in the title 

1320
01:16:36,000 --> 01:16:38,800
Defender Of The Faith, from Pope
Leo X. 

1321
01:16:39,600 --> 01:16:42,000
Which is deliciously ironic 
given what's coming. 

1322
01:16:42,800 --> 01:16:46,900
Henry is genuinely proud of this
title wearing it like a teenager

1323
01:16:46,900 --> 01:16:50,500
wears their first bossy letter, 
but here's what makes Henry 

1324
01:16:50,500 --> 01:16:52,900
Dangerous. 
He's smart enough to understand 

1325
01:16:52,900 --> 01:16:57,100
complex theological arguments, 
but convinced enough of his own 

1326
01:16:57,100 --> 01:16:59,500
righteousness to believe that 
when he understands something 

1327
01:16:59,500 --> 01:17:03,100
differently than traditional 
interpretation traditional must 

1328
01:17:03,100 --> 01:17:05,600
be wrong. 
It's the Dunning Kruger effect 

1329
01:17:05,600 --> 01:17:08,200
and crowd and it's going to 
reshape a nation. 

1330
01:17:08,200 --> 01:17:11,300
The issue of his marriage to 
Catherine begins, noring at 

1331
01:17:11,300 --> 01:17:13,100
Henry like a persistent 
toothache. 

1332
01:17:13,800 --> 01:17:17,500
By the mid 1520, Catherine is in
her 40s and unlikely to have 

1333
01:17:17,500 --> 01:17:19,900
more children. 
There are only surviving child 

1334
01:17:19,900 --> 01:17:22,400
is Princess Mary. 
In England has never 

1335
01:17:22,400 --> 01:17:25,200
successfully been ruled by a 
queen in her own right. 

1336
01:17:26,200 --> 01:17:29,200
Henry starts wondering if 
perhaps his marriage was cursed 

1337
01:17:29,200 --> 01:17:31,200
from the beginning. 
He finds his answer in 

1338
01:17:31,200 --> 01:17:34,300
Leviticus, That Old Testament, 
book of laws that most people 

1339
01:17:34,300 --> 01:17:37,400
skip over. 
Chapter 20 verse 21. 

1340
01:17:38,300 --> 01:17:41,700
If a man shall take his 
brother's wife, it is an unclean

1341
01:17:41,700 --> 01:17:43,500
thing. 
They shall be childless. 

1342
01:17:44,800 --> 01:17:47,800
Never mind that he has a 
daughter, the Hebrew word Henry 

1343
01:17:47,800 --> 01:17:52,000
decides really means sunless. 
Never mind that the pope granted

1344
01:17:52,000 --> 01:17:55,200
a dispensation specifically 
allowing him to marry his 

1345
01:17:55,200 --> 01:17:58,100
brother's widow. 
Henry is convinced himself that 

1346
01:17:58,100 --> 01:17:59,700
God is. 
Punishing him for violating 

1347
01:17:59,700 --> 01:18:02,900
Divine Law. 
This conclusion isn't entirely 

1348
01:18:02,900 --> 01:18:06,000
self-serving though it 
conveniently aligns with his 

1349
01:18:06,000 --> 01:18:09,900
desires, Henry genuinely 
believes in Divine judgment and 

1350
01:18:09,900 --> 01:18:13,400
biblical Authority. 
He also genuinely wants a 

1351
01:18:13,400 --> 01:18:15,600
legitimate male heir to prevent 
the Civil War. 

1352
01:18:15,600 --> 01:18:19,300
That could erupt, if he dies 
without one, and he very 

1353
01:18:19,300 --> 01:18:22,600
definitely wants to marry and 
Berlin the dark eyed lady in 

1354
01:18:22,600 --> 01:18:26,000
waiting who was captured his 
attention and refuses, to become

1355
01:18:26,000 --> 01:18:29,400
his mistress, and Berlin is not 
the conventional Beauty, you 

1356
01:18:29,400 --> 01:18:32,100
might expect. 
Contemporary descriptions 

1357
01:18:32,100 --> 01:18:33,900
suggests. 
She's interesting looking rather

1358
01:18:33,900 --> 01:18:38,600
than pretty. 
Long neck dark hair, dark eyes, 

1359
01:18:38,600 --> 01:18:41,600
and an extra finger. 
On one hand that she carefully 

1360
01:18:41,600 --> 01:18:45,900
cones with long sleeves but 
she's sophisticated having spent

1361
01:18:45,900 --> 01:18:49,500
years at the French Court 
educated Beyond most women of 

1362
01:18:49,508 --> 01:18:52,000
her time and possessed of that 
quality. 

1363
01:18:52,000 --> 01:18:55,400
That's impossible to Define but 
instantly recognizable. 

1364
01:18:55,400 --> 01:18:59,700
She's fascinating more 
importantly and refuses to sleep

1365
01:18:59,700 --> 01:19:02,900
with Henry without marriage. 
Her sister Mary had been the 

1366
01:19:02,900 --> 01:19:05,800
king's mistress and had been 
discarded when he lost interest.

1367
01:19:06,900 --> 01:19:09,800
And has observed this lesson and
drawn conclusions. 

1368
01:19:10,900 --> 01:19:15,300
She'll be queen or nothing. 
Which drives Henry absolutely 

1369
01:19:15,300 --> 01:19:18,800
mad with desire and frustration 
in equal measure, Henry's 

1370
01:19:18,800 --> 01:19:21,000
approached to solving his great 
matter. 

1371
01:19:21,000 --> 01:19:24,800
As the proposed annulment 
becomes known reveals both his 

1372
01:19:24,800 --> 01:19:29,400
intelligent and his limitations.
He deploys theologians to argue 

1373
01:19:29,400 --> 01:19:33,000
his case commission, scholarly 
opinions from universities 

1374
01:19:33,000 --> 01:19:36,700
across Europe, and has his agent
search library for presidents. 

1375
01:19:37,400 --> 01:19:40,400
He's treating his marriage like 
a legal case to be one through 

1376
01:19:40,400 --> 01:19:44,600
Superior argument and evidence. 
Cardinal Woolsey that brilliant 

1377
01:19:44,600 --> 01:19:48,500
administrator who's managed 
England for years finds himself.

1378
01:19:48,500 --> 01:19:51,200
Tasked with accomplishing 
something nearly impossible. 

1379
01:19:51,200 --> 01:19:54,800
Convincing Pope Clement, the 
seven to a null Henry's. 

1380
01:19:54,800 --> 01:19:57,200
Marriage to Catherine, who 
happens to be the art of 

1381
01:19:57,208 --> 01:20:00,100
Charles, the fifth, the Holy 
Roman Emperor who recently 

1382
01:20:00,100 --> 01:20:03,500
sacked, Rome and has the pope 
essentially, under house arrest.

1383
01:20:03,500 --> 01:20:07,100
It's like asking someone to 
convince their captor to anger 

1384
01:20:07,100 --> 01:20:08,000
their captors. 
Aunt. 

1385
01:20:08,800 --> 01:20:14,400
Woolsey tries everything, 
negotiation persuasion legal 

1386
01:20:14,400 --> 01:20:19,300
arguments, implied threats. 
But it's a chess game with the 

1387
01:20:19,300 --> 01:20:22,600
opposing player controls, most 
of the board, the annulment 

1388
01:20:22,600 --> 01:20:26,200
process drags on for years. 
And during these years, you can 

1389
01:20:26,200 --> 01:20:31,200
feel England beginning to shift.
subtle at first like the change 

1390
01:20:31,200 --> 01:20:34,500
in air pressure before a storm 
Henri starts, questioning 

1391
01:20:34,500 --> 01:20:37,200
people, Authority and ways that 
would have shocked his young 

1392
01:20:37,200 --> 01:20:42,100
self If the pope won't Grant, 
what Henry knows is just perhaps

1393
01:20:42,100 --> 01:20:45,000
the Pope's Authority isn't as 
absolute. 

1394
01:20:45,000 --> 01:20:48,700
As everyone assumed Protestant 
ideas have been filtering into 

1395
01:20:48,700 --> 01:20:51,600
England like water seeping 
through cracks in a damn. 

1396
01:20:52,600 --> 01:20:54,400
Merchants traveling to the 
continent. 

1397
01:20:54,400 --> 01:20:56,800
Bring back books by Luther and 
other reformers. 

1398
01:20:57,500 --> 01:21:00,900
University Scholars, debate, new
theological Concepts. 

1399
01:21:01,700 --> 01:21:05,000
Someone keeps smuggling English 
translations of the Bible into 

1400
01:21:05,000 --> 01:21:07,700
the country though. 
Possessing them is heresy. 

1401
01:21:08,500 --> 01:21:11,800
These aren't mainstream views, 
most English people remain 

1402
01:21:11,800 --> 01:21:15,600
thoroughly Catholic, but they're
creating intellectual space for 

1403
01:21:15,600 --> 01:21:17,400
questioning traditional 
Authority. 

1404
01:21:17,400 --> 01:21:21,400
Henry's, personal piety remains 
intense even as he questions, 

1405
01:21:21,400 --> 01:21:24,800
papal power. 
He still hears multiple masses 

1406
01:21:24,800 --> 01:21:29,000
Daly, still observes fasts and 
holy days and still makes 

1407
01:21:29,000 --> 01:21:31,200
pilgrimages to important 
shrines. 

1408
01:21:32,000 --> 01:21:35,400
But he is developing a distinct 
in his mind, between the Eternal

1409
01:21:35,400 --> 01:21:39,100
truths of Christianity, and the 
institutional structures of the 

1410
01:21:39,100 --> 01:21:43,500
Catholic Church. if those 
structures stand between him and

1411
01:21:43,500 --> 01:21:47,100
what, he's convinced God wants 
that the structures need 

1412
01:21:47,100 --> 01:21:50,900
adjustment, the English clergy 
finds itself in an impossible 

1413
01:21:50,900 --> 01:21:54,900
position their Legions to both 
their King and their Pope, which

1414
01:21:54,900 --> 01:21:57,600
works fine, until those two 
authorities, want opposite 

1415
01:21:57,600 --> 01:22:01,000
things, Some clergy, 
particularly those who've 

1416
01:22:01,000 --> 01:22:04,200
studied reformed theology. 
Starts suggesting that perhaps 

1417
01:22:04,200 --> 01:22:06,300
National churches should govern 
themselves. 

1418
01:22:06,300 --> 01:22:09,300
Others. 
Remain firmly committed to papal

1419
01:22:09,300 --> 01:22:12,600
Supremacy which is brave. 
But increasingly dangerous, 

1420
01:22:12,600 --> 01:22:16,800
Thomas Kramer a Cambridge 
scholar with quiet manners, and 

1421
01:22:16,800 --> 01:22:20,500
radical ideas, enters Henry, 
Circle during this period, 

1422
01:22:21,400 --> 01:22:24,400
Kramer suggests that instead of 
asking the pope for permission, 

1423
01:22:24,400 --> 01:22:26,400
Henry should simply declare 
that. 

1424
01:22:26,400 --> 01:22:29,100
English religious matters should
be decided in England. 

1425
01:22:29,100 --> 01:22:32,600
It's a revolutionary idea 
wrapped in reasonable sounding 

1426
01:22:32,600 --> 01:22:36,400
language and Henry loves it. 
Here's someone telling him that 

1427
01:22:36,400 --> 01:22:39,600
he's not rebelling against 
proper Authority, his claiming 

1428
01:22:39,600 --> 01:22:42,800
Authority, that was rightfully 
his all along the break with 

1429
01:22:42,800 --> 01:22:46,800
Rome when it comes won't happen 
in a single dramatic moment. 

1430
01:22:47,800 --> 01:22:50,800
Instead it will unfold across 
several years through a series 

1431
01:22:50,800 --> 01:22:54,300
of parliamentary acts and Royal 
declarations each one. 

1432
01:22:54,300 --> 01:22:58,000
Taking another step away from 
people Authority, while claiming

1433
01:22:58,000 --> 01:23:01,600
to restore a ancient English 
Liberties its revolution 

1434
01:23:01,600 --> 01:23:06,000
discussed as restoration, 
radical change presented as a 

1435
01:23:06,000 --> 01:23:09,300
return to proper order. 
But before the formal break, you

1436
01:23:09,300 --> 01:23:13,200
can feel English society 
recalibrating conversations and 

1437
01:23:13,200 --> 01:23:16,000
taverns, include speculation 
about the king's marriage. 

1438
01:23:16,800 --> 01:23:19,800
Sermons from pulpits begin. 
Carefully exploring questions 

1439
01:23:19,800 --> 01:23:22,900
about religious Authority. 
Noble's calculate. 

1440
01:23:22,900 --> 01:23:24,100
Which side. 
They should support. 

1441
01:23:25,100 --> 01:23:27,400
Families divided by religious 
conviction. 

1442
01:23:27,400 --> 01:23:29,500
Navigating increasingly awkward 
dinners. 

1443
01:23:30,300 --> 01:23:32,200
The foundations are shifting 
though. 

1444
01:23:32,200 --> 01:23:34,100
The building still looks solid 
from outside. 

1445
01:23:34,100 --> 01:23:38,000
Henry himself becomes more 
unpredictable during these years

1446
01:23:38,000 --> 01:23:40,800
of frustration. 
He's in his 30s now. 

1447
01:23:40,800 --> 01:23:45,800
No longer the golden youth of 
his coronation, his leg injured 

1448
01:23:45,800 --> 01:23:49,400
in a jousting accident, 
troubles, him increasingly His 

1449
01:23:49,400 --> 01:23:51,600
temper always quick becomes 
quicker. 

1450
01:23:52,600 --> 01:23:55,600
He's used to getting what he 
wants and the continued 

1451
01:23:55,600 --> 01:23:58,300
resistance to his annulment to 
fence in both politically. 

1452
01:23:58,300 --> 01:24:02,300
And personally, He's the king 
shouldn't that mean something 

1453
01:24:02,300 --> 01:24:06,500
the thing about Henry that makes
him particularly dangerous as a 

1454
01:24:06,500 --> 01:24:09,700
religious revolutionary is that 
he doesn't think of himself as 

1455
01:24:09,700 --> 01:24:13,100
revolutionary. 
In his mind, he's defending 

1456
01:24:13,100 --> 01:24:15,400
proper order against people 
overreach. 

1457
01:24:16,000 --> 01:24:19,700
He's claiming rights that 
English kings always possessed a

1458
01:24:19,700 --> 01:24:22,800
previous generations. 
Fail, to exercise, he's not 

1459
01:24:22,800 --> 01:24:25,900
breaking with Catholic Doctrine.
His breaking with people 

1460
01:24:25,900 --> 01:24:29,300
authority over England which in 
his increasingly firm, 

1461
01:24:29,300 --> 01:24:32,700
conviction are entirely 
different things, the 

1462
01:24:32,700 --> 01:24:35,300
transformation of England's, 
religious life, doesn't happen 

1463
01:24:35,300 --> 01:24:38,400
with trumpets and proclamations 
announcing that everything has 

1464
01:24:38,400 --> 01:24:41,300
changed. 
In Stead it arrives. 

1465
01:24:41,300 --> 01:24:46,000
Quietly almost apologetically 
disguised as administrative 

1466
01:24:46,000 --> 01:24:50,500
reform and legal clarification 
in 1531 Henry has Parliament 

1467
01:24:50,500 --> 01:24:52,600
declared him. 
Supreme head of the Church of 

1468
01:24:52,600 --> 01:24:56,000
England with the careful 
qualifier as far as the law of 

1469
01:24:56,008 --> 01:24:59,100
Christ allows. 
Which is just vague enough to 

1470
01:24:59,100 --> 01:25:01,300
let everyone interpret it. 
However, they need to. 

1471
01:25:02,100 --> 01:25:04,600
Clergy who find this 
uncomfortable can focus on the 

1472
01:25:04,600 --> 01:25:07,400
qualifier. 
Reformers can focus on the main 

1473
01:25:07,400 --> 01:25:11,500
Clause Henry can present it to 
simple recognition of existing 

1474
01:25:11,500 --> 01:25:14,100
reality. 
The act of Supremacy in 1534 

1475
01:25:14,100 --> 01:25:18,300
removes, the qualifier and makes
it official the king not. 

1476
01:25:18,300 --> 01:25:21,300
The pope is the Supreme head of 
the church in England. 

1477
01:25:21,300 --> 01:25:24,500
If you're a parish priest, 
reading this proclamation to 

1478
01:25:24,500 --> 01:25:27,400
your congregation, you might 
notice the awkward silence. 

1479
01:25:27,400 --> 01:25:30,300
That follows your prisoners 
aren't sure how to react 

1480
01:25:30,300 --> 01:25:33,100
nothing. 
Looks different, same church, 

1481
01:25:33,100 --> 01:25:36,500
building same vestments. 
Same Latin Mass but somehow, 

1482
01:25:36,500 --> 01:25:40,400
Everything Has Changed Thomas 
Cromwell who has become Henry's 

1483
01:25:40,400 --> 01:25:43,000
chief. 
Minister of his fall, approaches

1484
01:25:43,000 --> 01:25:45,900
the transformation of England 
with the efficiency of a, modern

1485
01:25:45,900 --> 01:25:50,200
corporate restructure, Where 
will he was a cardinal first and

1486
01:25:50,200 --> 01:25:52,900
an administrator. 
Second Cromwell is purely 

1487
01:25:52,900 --> 01:25:56,700
practical, a blacksmith's son, 
who understands that power comes

1488
01:25:56,700 --> 01:25:58,800
not from Noble birth or church 
office. 

1489
01:25:58,800 --> 01:26:02,900
But from controlling information
and process, Cromwell sends 

1490
01:26:02,900 --> 01:26:06,400
Commissioners across England to 
inventory, Church property a 

1491
01:26:06,400 --> 01:26:08,300
process called The Valor 
ecclesiastica. 

1492
01:26:09,400 --> 01:26:11,800
Imagine teams of men with paper 
and pens. 

1493
01:26:11,800 --> 01:26:15,500
Visiting your local Monastery, 
counting every Candlestick 

1494
01:26:15,500 --> 01:26:17,800
measuring. 
Every acre of land and 

1495
01:26:17,800 --> 01:26:20,300
calculating every pound of 
income. 

1496
01:26:20,300 --> 01:26:24,900
They're creating a database of 
ecclesiastical wealth though. 

1497
01:26:24,900 --> 01:26:28,300
Nobody uses that term yet. 
The monks and nuns watch, this 

1498
01:26:28,300 --> 01:26:32,100
inventory process with growing 
unease, sensing that you don't 

1499
01:26:32,100 --> 01:26:33,800
count things. 
This carefully, unless you're 

1500
01:26:33,800 --> 01:26:36,800
planning to take them the 
dissolution of the monasteries 

1501
01:26:36,800 --> 01:26:41,700
begins in 1536 with the smaller 
houses those with annual incomes

1502
01:26:41,700 --> 01:26:44,600
under $200. 
The official justification 

1503
01:26:44,600 --> 01:26:49,700
involves moral failing laziness 
and Corruption though. 

1504
01:26:49,700 --> 01:26:52,800
Most monasteries probably 
function no better or worse than

1505
01:26:52,800 --> 01:26:55,900
they have for centuries. 
The real reason is simpler. 

1506
01:26:55,900 --> 01:26:59,900
Henry needs money. 
Wars with France have depleted, 

1507
01:26:59,900 --> 01:27:03,000
his father's carefully 
accumulated Treasury and 

1508
01:27:03,000 --> 01:27:05,600
hundreds of monasteries 
collectively owned somewhere 

1509
01:27:05,600 --> 01:27:07,900
between a quarter and a third of
England's land. 

1510
01:27:07,900 --> 01:27:11,900
If you're living near a 
monastery in 1536, you watch 

1511
01:27:11,900 --> 01:27:14,400
with mixed feelings. 
As the Commissioners arrived, 

1512
01:27:14,400 --> 01:27:17,600
the monastery provided 
employment for local people, 

1513
01:27:17,600 --> 01:27:21,600
bought supplies from local, 
Merchants operated, a hospital 

1514
01:27:21,600 --> 01:27:25,700
that treated anyone who showed 
up ran a school, where boys, 

1515
01:27:25,700 --> 01:27:29,200
learn to read and write and gave
food to the poor every week. 

1516
01:27:30,200 --> 01:27:34,600
It's also wealthy while paying 
no taxes holds ancient rites 

1517
01:27:34,600 --> 01:27:38,200
that sometimes burden the 
community and house is Moncks, 

1518
01:27:38,200 --> 01:27:41,300
whose behavior isn't always a 
spiritual as their vows suggest.

1519
01:27:41,300 --> 01:27:45,100
The dissolution process is 
surprisingly bureaucratic. 

1520
01:27:45,800 --> 01:27:49,400
Commissioners, inventory, the 
property pension off the monks 

1521
01:27:49,400 --> 01:27:53,900
and nuns and sell the valuable 
items, gold and silver plate. 

1522
01:27:53,900 --> 01:27:58,400
LED from the roofs Bells from 
the towers and even the Stone 

1523
01:27:58,400 --> 01:28:02,300
from the buildings themselves. 
Local people sometimes buy 

1524
01:28:02,300 --> 01:28:06,100
chunks of Monastery to build 
their own houses which means 600

1525
01:28:06,100 --> 01:28:09,700
years later, someone will be 
living in a cottage whose walls 

1526
01:28:09,700 --> 01:28:13,800
include stones that once echoed 
with Gregorian Charmed, the 

1527
01:28:13,800 --> 01:28:17,400
speed of physical transformation
is startling a monastery that 

1528
01:28:17,400 --> 01:28:20,600
stood for 400 years can be 
stripped, and partially 

1529
01:28:20,600 --> 01:28:25,000
demolished in months. 
Visit the site year later and 

1530
01:28:25,000 --> 01:28:26,800
you'll find ruins open to the 
sky. 

1531
01:28:26,800 --> 01:28:31,100
Ivy already beginning to reclaim
walls and locals using the old 

1532
01:28:31,100 --> 01:28:35,200
chapter house as a sheep pen. 
The destruction is so complete 

1533
01:28:35,200 --> 01:28:37,700
that people will later assumed 
these ruins must be ancient. 

1534
01:28:38,800 --> 01:28:41,700
Surely nothing so recent could 
look so thoroughly lost 

1535
01:28:41,700 --> 01:28:44,800
transformation. 
Goes deeper than dismantling 

1536
01:28:44,800 --> 01:28:47,700
buildings. 
The dissolution eliminates the 

1537
01:28:47,700 --> 01:28:51,400
entire monastic Network that 
provided Social Services across 

1538
01:28:51,400 --> 01:28:54,900
England. 
Hospitals closed, schools 

1539
01:28:54,900 --> 01:28:58,300
disappear, the regular 
distribution of food, the poor 

1540
01:28:58,300 --> 01:29:00,700
stops. 
Travelers lose their free. 

1541
01:29:00,700 --> 01:29:04,600
Accommodation, monasteries that 
copied manuscripts and preserved

1542
01:29:04,600 --> 01:29:07,600
learning are gone. 
It's like simultaneously 

1543
01:29:07,600 --> 01:29:11,900
shutting down hospitals, hotels 
schools, libraries and social 

1544
01:29:11,900 --> 01:29:14,200
welfare offices across an entire
nation. 

1545
01:29:14,200 --> 01:29:18,500
Some communities resist In 
northern England, the pilgrimage

1546
01:29:18,500 --> 01:29:20,600
of Grace brings together, 
thousands of people. 

1547
01:29:21,400 --> 01:29:25,000
Not just monks but Farmers 
Merchants and local Nobles 

1548
01:29:25,000 --> 01:29:28,500
demanding restoration of the 
monasteries and the old ways. 

1549
01:29:28,500 --> 01:29:32,800
It's the largest popular 
uprising of Tudor England and 

1550
01:29:32,800 --> 01:29:35,600
Henry handles it with his 
characteristic combination of 

1551
01:29:35,608 --> 01:29:39,800
promises and ruthlessness. 
He makes concessions, wait for 

1552
01:29:39,800 --> 01:29:43,400
the rebels to disperse, then 
arrest, the leaders, and execute

1553
01:29:43,400 --> 01:29:45,300
them. 
By the time he's finished, 

1554
01:29:45,300 --> 01:29:48,000
nobody else wants to lead a 
rebellion, the larger 

1555
01:29:48,000 --> 01:29:51,400
monasteries fall between 1538 
and 1540. 

1556
01:29:51,400 --> 01:29:54,600
Even the great houses like 
Glastonbury Abbey. 

1557
01:29:54,600 --> 01:29:57,600
That once seemed as permanent as
the hills themselves. 

1558
01:29:58,700 --> 01:30:02,200
The dissolution transfers an 
enormous amount of property into

1559
01:30:02,200 --> 01:30:06,100
Royal hands, which Henry 
immediately begins selling or 

1560
01:30:06,100 --> 01:30:09,900
granting to Loyal supporters. 
It's the largest redistribution 

1561
01:30:09,900 --> 01:30:13,300
of property in England since the
Norman conquest, and it creates 

1562
01:30:13,300 --> 01:30:16,900
a class of landowners whose 
wealth depends on the religious 

1563
01:30:16,900 --> 01:30:19,900
changes continuing. 
You can't go back to the old 

1564
01:30:19,900 --> 01:30:22,800
system without dispossessing 
thousands of newly wealthy 

1565
01:30:22,800 --> 01:30:25,400
families who now have strong 
interests, and maintaining the 

1566
01:30:25,400 --> 01:30:27,800
New Order religious practice 
itself. 

1567
01:30:27,800 --> 01:30:31,600
Changes more gradually, the 
Latin Mass continues in most 

1568
01:30:31,600 --> 01:30:35,200
parishes looking and sounding 
almost identical to what it's 

1569
01:30:35,200 --> 01:30:37,900
always been. 
But small changes appear like 

1570
01:30:37,900 --> 01:30:41,600
cracks and familiar surfaces. 
Certain feast days are 

1571
01:30:41,600 --> 01:30:45,100
eliminated. 
Shrines to Saints are dismantled

1572
01:30:45,100 --> 01:30:47,800
and their Treasures seized. 
Pilgrimages. 

1573
01:30:47,800 --> 01:30:50,800
Once a standard part of 
religious life are discouraged. 

1574
01:30:51,600 --> 01:30:55,100
The veneration of relics, those 
bits of bone and cloth 

1575
01:30:55,100 --> 01:30:58,600
supposedly from Saints is 
criticized, as Superstition. 

1576
01:30:58,600 --> 01:31:01,300
English Bibles begin appearing 
in churches. 

1577
01:31:01,300 --> 01:31:05,100
Enormous volume's chain to 
lecture so nobody can steal 

1578
01:31:05,100 --> 01:31:07,800
them. 
For people who can read, this is

1579
01:31:07,800 --> 01:31:10,800
revolutionary. 
They can now check whether the 

1580
01:31:10,800 --> 01:31:13,800
priest Latin sermon actually 
reflects what the text says. 

1581
01:31:14,600 --> 01:31:16,700
For people who can't read, which
is most people. 

1582
01:31:17,500 --> 01:31:21,300
Someone in the community usually
can and Bible reading becomes a 

1583
01:31:21,300 --> 01:31:23,400
communal activity. 
As people gather to hear 

1584
01:31:23,400 --> 01:31:26,900
scripture in their own language.
The theological changes are more

1585
01:31:26,900 --> 01:31:30,100
subtle Henry insists. 
He's maintained Catholic 

1586
01:31:30,100 --> 01:31:34,500
Doctrine, even while rejecting 
people Authority, The six 

1587
01:31:34,500 --> 01:31:37,900
articles of 1539, reaffirm 
traditional beliefs about 

1588
01:31:37,900 --> 01:31:42,200
transubstantiation clerical, 
celibacy and confession. 

1589
01:31:43,100 --> 01:31:46,100
But the door has been open to 
questioning and once you start 

1590
01:31:46,100 --> 01:31:49,400
questioning one form of 
authority, it becomes harder to 

1591
01:31:49,400 --> 01:31:52,700
insist on unquestioning 
acceptance of others, Thomas 

1592
01:31:52,700 --> 01:31:55,700
cranmer. 
Now, Archbishop of Canterbury 

1593
01:31:55,700 --> 01:32:00,400
begins carefully, cautiously 
pushing England, toward more 

1594
01:32:00,400 --> 01:32:03,800
Protestant positions, He's a 
brilliant politician. 

1595
01:32:03,800 --> 01:32:06,800
Who understands that Henry? 
Won't accept dramatic changes. 

1596
01:32:06,800 --> 01:32:11,100
So he works incrementally a 
modification to the Liturgy 

1597
01:32:11,100 --> 01:32:14,100
here. 
A revised prayer there slowly 

1598
01:32:14,100 --> 01:32:17,100
Shifting the service away from 
medieval Catholic practice 

1599
01:32:17,100 --> 01:32:21,300
towards something more reformed,
the chantries come under 

1600
01:32:21,300 --> 01:32:23,600
scrutiny. 
Next these are endowments for 

1601
01:32:23,600 --> 01:32:27,000
priests to say masses for the 
dead based on the Catholic 

1602
01:32:27,000 --> 01:32:30,100
doctrine of purgatory. 
Wealthy people have for 

1603
01:32:30,100 --> 01:32:32,800
centuries left money to pay for 
prayers that. 

1604
01:32:33,100 --> 01:32:35,900
Will shorten their time in 
purgatory's, purifying fires. 

1605
01:32:37,100 --> 01:32:40,400
If you question Purgatory, 
existence, these endowments 

1606
01:32:40,400 --> 01:32:43,700
become pointless and the 
property supporting them becomes

1607
01:32:43,700 --> 01:32:46,700
available for other purposes, 
like funding the king's 

1608
01:32:46,700 --> 01:32:49,100
government. 
Daily life ordinary English, 

1609
01:32:49,100 --> 01:32:50,900
people become a religiously 
confusing. 

1610
01:32:51,800 --> 01:32:54,800
Your grandparents taught you to 
pray to Saints, to make 

1611
01:32:54,800 --> 01:32:57,500
pilgrimages and to purchase 
indulgences. 

1612
01:32:58,500 --> 01:33:01,500
The old priest emphasized, these
practices as essential for 

1613
01:33:01,500 --> 01:33:04,500
salvation, the new priest says, 
they're Superstition. 

1614
01:33:04,500 --> 01:33:07,800
You're supposed to stop 
venerating relics but continue 

1615
01:33:07,800 --> 01:33:11,300
believing in transubstantiation,
you should read the Bible in 

1616
01:33:11,300 --> 01:33:13,800
English but maintain traditional
liturgy and Latin. 

1617
01:33:13,800 --> 01:33:16,800
It's like trying to follow rules
that keep changing without 

1618
01:33:16,800 --> 01:33:18,700
anyone. 
Quite explaining the new system,

1619
01:33:18,700 --> 01:33:21,900
the destruction of religious art
represents a particularly 

1620
01:33:21,900 --> 01:33:25,000
visible loss. 
Parish churches contained, 

1621
01:33:25,000 --> 01:33:29,100
centuries of accumulated, Beauty
painted walls showing biblical 

1622
01:33:29,100 --> 01:33:32,700
scenes stained glass windows to 
picking Saints. 

1623
01:33:32,700 --> 01:33:37,700
Elaborate wooden screens carved 
by local Craftsmen and statues 

1624
01:33:37,700 --> 01:33:41,400
that children had always known 
Commissioners order, this art 

1625
01:33:41,400 --> 01:33:44,900
destroyed as idolatrous and 
people watch as Beauty 

1626
01:33:44,900 --> 01:33:48,900
accumulated over Generations is 
whitewashed smashed or carted 

1627
01:33:48,900 --> 01:33:52,000
away. 
Something about this destruction

1628
01:33:52,000 --> 01:33:55,300
feels wrong even to people who 
support reform must 

1629
01:33:55,300 --> 01:33:57,300
Transformations. 
Require such comprehensive 

1630
01:33:57,300 --> 01:34:01,000
elimination of the past, the 
religious upheaval reshapes, 

1631
01:34:01,000 --> 01:34:05,000
English daily life in ways, both
obvious and subtle Like water, 

1632
01:34:05,000 --> 01:34:07,900
changing course, and cutting new
channels through a familiar 

1633
01:34:07,900 --> 01:34:09,700
landscape. 
Your morning. 

1634
01:34:09,700 --> 01:34:14,100
Still begins with bells but 
fewer Bells than before the 

1635
01:34:14,100 --> 01:34:16,700
monastic hours that once 
punctuated each day with their 

1636
01:34:16,708 --> 01:34:20,500
bronze voices, have fallen 
silent leaving, only Parish 

1637
01:34:20,500 --> 01:34:22,600
church bells to Mark the passing
time. 

1638
01:34:22,600 --> 01:34:26,000
The absence is like, missing 
teeth in a smile. 

1639
01:34:26,000 --> 01:34:29,500
You don't notice until you do 
and then you can't stop 

1640
01:34:29,500 --> 01:34:32,400
noticing. 
The calendar itself has changed.

1641
01:34:33,300 --> 01:34:36,400
Those feast days that once 
dotted the year like raisins in 

1642
01:34:36,400 --> 01:34:40,100
a pudding giving breaks from 
labor and reasons for Community 

1643
01:34:40,100 --> 01:34:43,000
celebration have been 
drastically reduced. 

1644
01:34:44,000 --> 01:34:47,100
The new religious authorities 
consider many Saints days to be 

1645
01:34:47,100 --> 01:34:50,900
superstitious success. 
But to work in people, they were

1646
01:34:50,900 --> 01:34:52,800
welcome breaks in the grinding 
routine of Labor. 

1647
01:34:53,800 --> 01:34:55,900
Fewer. 
Holy days means more work days 

1648
01:34:55,900 --> 01:35:00,500
which pleases employers but not 
employees, food, culture shifts 

1649
01:35:00,500 --> 01:35:03,500
in unexpected ways the Catholic 
Church required. 

1650
01:35:03,500 --> 01:35:08,000
Fasting on Fridays and during 
Lent, no meat though fish was 

1651
01:35:08,000 --> 01:35:12,500
permitted This created a huge 
market for fish supporting 

1652
01:35:12,500 --> 01:35:15,200
Coastal communities and 
providing nutrition to people 

1653
01:35:15,200 --> 01:35:16,800
who might not otherwise afford 
protein. 

1654
01:35:17,900 --> 01:35:20,600
Protestant idea. 
Spread and fasting requirements 

1655
01:35:20,600 --> 01:35:22,600
are questioned. 
The fish trade suffers 

1656
01:35:22,600 --> 01:35:25,200
Parliament. 
Eventually has to pass laws. 

1657
01:35:25,200 --> 01:35:29,100
Requiring fish consumption on 
certain days for purely economic

1658
01:35:29,100 --> 01:35:32,400
reasons, which creates the odd 
situation of enforcing, 

1659
01:35:32,400 --> 01:35:34,800
religious dietary rules for 
commercial purposes. 

1660
01:35:34,800 --> 01:35:39,200
After abandoning them for 
Spiritual reasons, the poor feel

1661
01:35:39,200 --> 01:35:43,000
the dissolution of monasteries 
most acutely. that Weekly 

1662
01:35:43,000 --> 01:35:46,600
distribution of food, from the 
Abbey, is gone hospital that 

1663
01:35:46,600 --> 01:35:50,800
treated anyone who arrived no 
longer exists, The monks Who 

1664
01:35:50,800 --> 01:35:54,000
provided education to clever 
children from poor families of 

1665
01:35:54,000 --> 01:35:57,400
dispersed, The Travelers. 
Accommodation has closed. 

1666
01:35:57,400 --> 01:36:01,400
The result is more people with 
nowhere to turn when times are 

1667
01:36:01,400 --> 01:36:05,200
hard, which in the 16th century 
is frequently parishes. 

1668
01:36:05,200 --> 01:36:07,600
Find the cells, responsible for 
poor relief without the 

1669
01:36:07,600 --> 01:36:10,500
resources. 
Monasteries once provided The 

1670
01:36:10,500 --> 01:36:13,800
parish has to care for its own 
poor, which sounds reasonable 

1671
01:36:13,800 --> 01:36:17,100
Until you realize poor people 
can't travel to find work 

1672
01:36:17,100 --> 01:36:19,900
without losing their, Parish 
residents, effectively trapping 

1673
01:36:19,900 --> 01:36:22,800
them in poverty. 
It's like deleting the social 

1674
01:36:22,800 --> 01:36:26,300
safety net and replacing it with
a smaller less effective. 

1675
01:36:26,300 --> 01:36:29,100
Local version while. 
Pretending you've improved 

1676
01:36:29,100 --> 01:36:33,200
things education transforms from
religious to secular control 

1677
01:36:33,200 --> 01:36:35,900
though. 
The transition takes decades and

1678
01:36:35,900 --> 01:36:38,600
leaves gaps. 
Monastery, schools have 

1679
01:36:38,600 --> 01:36:41,400
vanished. 
Cathedral schools continue. 

1680
01:36:41,400 --> 01:36:44,700
But with different emphasis, 
grammar schools, begin appearing

1681
01:36:44,700 --> 01:36:48,200
funded by Merchants money or 
wealthy individuals rather than 

1682
01:36:48,200 --> 01:36:51,400
religious houses. 
The education is still heavily 

1683
01:36:51,400 --> 01:36:54,000
religious. 
You can't escape that in Tudor 

1684
01:36:54,000 --> 01:36:56,400
England but its purpose shifts 
from training. 

1685
01:36:56,400 --> 01:36:58,600
Clergy to training gentlemen and
professionals. 

1686
01:36:58,600 --> 01:37:01,900
The English language itself 
begins changing as religious 

1687
01:37:01,900 --> 01:37:06,400
vocabulary transforms. 
Words like priests acquired 

1688
01:37:06,400 --> 01:37:08,100
different. 
Implications depending on 

1689
01:37:08,100 --> 01:37:12,400
whether your Protestant or 
Catholic, Church might mean the 

1690
01:37:12,400 --> 01:37:15,800
building the community of 
Believers or the institutional 

1691
01:37:15,800 --> 01:37:19,200
structure and which meaning you 
intend, says something about 

1692
01:37:19,200 --> 01:37:23,500
your religious position. 
The Bible in English introduces 

1693
01:37:23,500 --> 01:37:26,600
Hebrew and Greek Concepts 
directly into common speech 

1694
01:37:26,600 --> 01:37:30,100
enriching the language even as 
religious controversy. 

1695
01:37:30,100 --> 01:37:34,800
Divides communities, women's 
roles shift in complex ways the 

1696
01:37:34,800 --> 01:37:37,800
dissolution of nunnery is 
eliminates the one respectable 

1697
01:37:37,800 --> 01:37:41,300
option for women who didn't want
to marry or whose families could

1698
01:37:41,300 --> 01:37:45,300
not provide dowries. 
Before the dissolution, an 

1699
01:37:45,300 --> 01:37:48,500
educated woman could become a 
prior arrest or Abby's managing 

1700
01:37:48,500 --> 01:37:51,400
substantial property and 
wielding real Authority. 

1701
01:37:52,200 --> 01:37:55,400
After the dissolution that path 
no longer exists. 

1702
01:37:56,300 --> 01:37:59,500
Marriage becomes more thoroughly
compulsory which isn't 

1703
01:37:59,500 --> 01:38:01,800
Liberation. 
Even if Protestant, theology 

1704
01:38:01,800 --> 01:38:04,700
emphasizes companionate marriage
over Catholic. 

1705
01:38:04,700 --> 01:38:08,300
Acceptance of celibacy 
architecture begins changing, 

1706
01:38:08,300 --> 01:38:11,400
though. 
Gradually New houses built by 

1707
01:38:11,400 --> 01:38:13,300
families who bought Monastery 
lands. 

1708
01:38:13,300 --> 01:38:16,500
Look different from medieval 
Styles more Renaissance, 

1709
01:38:16,500 --> 01:38:20,600
influence more classical 
proportions and larger Windows. 

1710
01:38:20,600 --> 01:38:22,800
Now that clear glass is becoming
more available. 

1711
01:38:23,700 --> 01:38:25,900
The country house is rising on 
former Monastery. 

1712
01:38:25,900 --> 01:38:29,500
Land represent a new class of 
gentry whose comes from Royal 

1713
01:38:29,500 --> 01:38:33,100
favor and land speculation 
rather than ancient inheritance 

1714
01:38:33,100 --> 01:38:36,200
the art of dying changes 
significantly. 

1715
01:38:37,300 --> 01:38:39,800
Click traditionally included, 
elaborate rituals surrounding 

1716
01:38:39,800 --> 01:38:42,900
death. 
Last rites prayers for the dead 

1717
01:38:42,900 --> 01:38:46,000
and masses purchased to shorten 
time in purgatory. 

1718
01:38:47,100 --> 01:38:51,200
Protestant theology, question's 
purgatory's existence which 

1719
01:38:51,200 --> 01:38:54,200
removes the urgency around death
bed preparations. 

1720
01:38:54,200 --> 01:38:58,000
While also eliminating the 
Comfort, many people found in 

1721
01:38:58,000 --> 01:39:00,500
believing they could help 
deceased loved ones through 

1722
01:39:00,500 --> 01:39:04,000
prayer and paid masses guilds 
and confraternities. 

1723
01:39:04,000 --> 01:39:07,100
Those medieval organizations 
that combined Professional 

1724
01:39:07,100 --> 01:39:10,300
Organization with religious 
Brotherhood, find their 

1725
01:39:10,300 --> 01:39:14,300
religious functions questioned. 
The guild still regulates who 

1726
01:39:14,300 --> 01:39:18,200
can practice certain trades. 
But the shared masses, the 

1727
01:39:18,200 --> 01:39:21,300
processions on patron, saints 
days and the religious 

1728
01:39:21,300 --> 01:39:23,200
obligations. 
That bound members together. 

1729
01:39:23,200 --> 01:39:27,600
These are increasingly 
problematic Some guilds adapt. 

1730
01:39:27,600 --> 01:39:30,600
Others decline, an urban 
community. 

1731
01:39:30,600 --> 01:39:33,400
Life becomes somehow more 
commercial and less communal 

1732
01:39:33,400 --> 01:39:37,600
publishing explodes as religious
controversy creates demand for 

1733
01:39:37,600 --> 01:39:40,200
books and pamphlets. 
Arguing different positions. 

1734
01:39:41,100 --> 01:39:44,900
Print shops in London and other 
cities, turn out, Bibles prayer,

1735
01:39:44,900 --> 01:39:49,100
books, theological treaties, and
controversial pamphlets. 

1736
01:39:49,800 --> 01:39:52,200
The government tries to control 
this through licensing and 

1737
01:39:52,200 --> 01:39:55,200
censorship, but books are small 
and smuggling is easy. 

1738
01:39:56,000 --> 01:39:58,900
Ideas spread faster than 
authorities, can suppress them, 

1739
01:39:58,900 --> 01:40:01,800
which is both thrilling and 
frightening depending on which 

1740
01:40:01,800 --> 01:40:04,900
ideas you support. 
Music in church, is shifts from 

1741
01:40:04,900 --> 01:40:08,600
elaborate for Tiffany sung by 
trained choirs to simpler hymns.

1742
01:40:08,600 --> 01:40:11,200
The congregations can actually 
sing together. 

1743
01:40:12,200 --> 01:40:15,600
The Glorious complexity of late 
medieval church music as being 

1744
01:40:15,600 --> 01:40:19,000
replaced by something more 
participatory but perhaps less 

1745
01:40:19,000 --> 01:40:21,800
transcended. 
If you love that soaring 

1746
01:40:21,800 --> 01:40:26,000
polyphony, this feels like loss.
If you always felt excluded by 

1747
01:40:26,000 --> 01:40:28,300
Latin hymns, you couldn't 
understand sung by 

1748
01:40:28,300 --> 01:40:30,800
professionals. 
You couldn't match the change. 

1749
01:40:30,800 --> 01:40:33,300
Feels like finally being invited
to participate. 

1750
01:40:33,300 --> 01:40:37,200
The rhythm of the weak changes 
as Sunday becomes more strictly 

1751
01:40:37,200 --> 01:40:40,500
observed protest in emphasis on 
Sabbath. 

1752
01:40:40,500 --> 01:40:43,500
Rest means fewer of the 
entertainments that wants a 

1753
01:40:43,500 --> 01:40:46,900
company had holy days. 
No dancing, no plays. 

1754
01:40:46,900 --> 01:40:49,800
And no, excessive merry-making 
on the Lord's Day. 

1755
01:40:50,600 --> 01:40:55,700
This creates peculiarly English 
Sunday, quiet sober and boring 

1756
01:40:55,700 --> 01:40:59,500
to Children, then and now, but 
also theoretically a day of rest

1757
01:40:59,500 --> 01:41:03,000
that even servants and 
apprentices should receive legal

1758
01:41:03,000 --> 01:41:05,900
changes. 
Ripple through Daily Life Church

1759
01:41:05,900 --> 01:41:09,400
courts which once handle cases 
involving morality marriage, 

1760
01:41:09,400 --> 01:41:13,500
wills and defamation lose 
jurisdiction to secular courts. 

1761
01:41:14,600 --> 01:41:17,900
This sounds technical Until you 
realize it affects where you go,

1762
01:41:17,900 --> 01:41:22,200
if your neighbor's land as you 
how you can test a will or how 

1763
01:41:22,200 --> 01:41:23,700
you prove your marriage is 
valid. 

1764
01:41:24,500 --> 01:41:28,200
The Familiar systems, people 
relied on for Generations are 

1765
01:41:28,200 --> 01:41:30,500
being replaced with new 
structures that work differently

1766
01:41:30,500 --> 01:41:34,300
and required different 
expertise, Market Days can 

1767
01:41:34,300 --> 01:41:37,700
continue as always the need to 
buy and sell predates any 

1768
01:41:37,700 --> 01:41:41,100
religious controversy Character 
of markets. 

1769
01:41:41,100 --> 01:41:43,700
Shifts. 
Subtly Fewer, religious 

1770
01:41:43,700 --> 01:41:46,300
festivals means fewer, special 
Market Days. 

1771
01:41:46,300 --> 01:41:50,300
The dissolution of monasteries 
eliminates major, institutional 

1772
01:41:50,300 --> 01:41:54,900
buyers of agricultural products.
former Monastery land being 

1773
01:41:54,900 --> 01:41:58,500
converted to sheep pasture by 
new owners changes, what's being

1774
01:41:58,500 --> 01:42:02,300
produced The Invisible Hand of 
the market is adjusting to 

1775
01:42:02,300 --> 01:42:05,900
religious upheaval in ways 
economists won't theorize about 

1776
01:42:05,900 --> 01:42:08,800
for centuries. 
Travel becomes simultaneously 

1777
01:42:08,800 --> 01:42:12,000
easier and harder easier because
you no longer have to 

1778
01:42:12,000 --> 01:42:15,000
coordinate, pilgrimages around 
the religious calendar, or 

1779
01:42:15,000 --> 01:42:18,100
obtain, permissions from church 
authorities harder. 

1780
01:42:18,100 --> 01:42:22,000
Because the network of monastic,
guest houses as vanished leaving

1781
01:42:22,000 --> 01:42:24,900
Travelers dependent on 
Commercial ins, that cost money.

1782
01:42:25,800 --> 01:42:28,500
The highways are more crowded 
with people seeking work. 

1783
01:42:28,500 --> 01:42:31,300
After losing positions in 
dissolved religious houses, 

1784
01:42:31,300 --> 01:42:35,300
which makes roads both busier 
and potentially more dangerous 

1785
01:42:35,300 --> 01:42:38,300
Family Life. 
Absorbs, these changes like a 

1786
01:42:38,300 --> 01:42:42,300
sponge absorbs water, gradually 
pervasively, changing texture in

1787
01:42:42,308 --> 01:42:44,800
the process. 
Parents who grew up in 

1788
01:42:44,800 --> 01:42:47,300
Thoroughly Catholic? 
England must raise children in 

1789
01:42:47,300 --> 01:42:49,100
this. 
New confused religious 

1790
01:42:49,100 --> 01:42:51,600
landscape. 
Do you teach your daughter to 

1791
01:42:51,600 --> 01:42:54,700
pray to the Virgin Mary, as you 
were taught or is that now? 

1792
01:42:54,700 --> 01:42:58,900
A dangerous Superstition, do you
tell your son about purgatory or

1793
01:42:58,900 --> 01:43:00,800
is that been definitively 
rejected? 

1794
01:43:01,600 --> 01:43:04,300
The answers depend on which 
priest is currently preaching, 

1795
01:43:04,300 --> 01:43:08,000
which faction is currently 
dominant and how willing you are

1796
01:43:08,000 --> 01:43:10,000
to risk? 
Being labeled either heretic or 

1797
01:43:10,008 --> 01:43:12,400
papers. 
The English language of a 

1798
01:43:12,400 --> 01:43:15,200
religion is creating unexpected 
intimacy with scripture. 

1799
01:43:15,200 --> 01:43:18,400
When you hear the Bible in 
Latin, it sounds sacred and 

1800
01:43:18,400 --> 01:43:22,200
mysterious and authoritative 
when you hear it in English, it 

1801
01:43:22,200 --> 01:43:24,900
sometimes sounds strange or even
shocking. 

1802
01:43:26,000 --> 01:43:28,100
The Song of Solomon is quite 
explicit. 

1803
01:43:28,100 --> 01:43:31,300
Once you understand it? 
The profits complaints about 

1804
01:43:31,300 --> 01:43:34,400
Israel's, unfaithfulness use 
metaphors that make sense, but 

1805
01:43:34,400 --> 01:43:36,100
aren't exactly polite in a 
conversation. 

1806
01:43:37,400 --> 01:43:40,700
Suddenly scriptures both more 
accessible and more difficult to

1807
01:43:40,700 --> 01:43:43,700
explain to Children 
neighborliness grows complicated

1808
01:43:43,700 --> 01:43:46,800
as religious divisions. 
Cut through communities, your 

1809
01:43:46,800 --> 01:43:48,800
neighbor with whom you've lived 
peaceful for years. 

1810
01:43:48,800 --> 01:43:54,900
Turns out to hold different 
views about transferring does. 

1811
01:43:55,800 --> 01:43:58,400
Do you associate with known 
Catholics at risk of being 

1812
01:43:58,400 --> 01:44:01,600
suspect yourself? 
Do you shun reformers even 

1813
01:44:01,600 --> 01:44:03,000
though you've known them since 
childhood? 

1814
01:44:04,000 --> 01:44:05,600
These aren't theoretical 
questions. 

1815
01:44:05,600 --> 01:44:09,300
They're the stuff of daily 
social navigation in a time when

1816
01:44:09,300 --> 01:44:13,100
religious positions, carry 
political consequences clothes, 

1817
01:44:13,100 --> 01:44:16,200
don't change dramatically, but 
they become markers of religious

1818
01:44:16,200 --> 01:44:20,500
affiliation in subtle ways. 
Sober colors and simple Cuts, 

1819
01:44:20,500 --> 01:44:24,300
suggest Protestant sympathies 
while elaborate decoration might

1820
01:44:24,300 --> 01:44:26,600
indicate. 
Catholic, leanings though, these

1821
01:44:26,600 --> 01:44:30,600
associations are fluid and 
unreliable looking to Catholic 

1822
01:44:30,600 --> 01:44:33,500
can be dangerous but looking to 
Protestant, can also attract 

1823
01:44:33,500 --> 01:44:36,800
negative attention. 
Fashion becomes a negotiation 

1824
01:44:36,800 --> 01:44:40,800
between personal preference and 
political Prudence entertainment

1825
01:44:40,800 --> 01:44:42,900
adapts to the new religious 
landscape. 

1826
01:44:43,600 --> 01:44:46,900
The mystery plays that once 
dramatized biblical stories, 

1827
01:44:46,900 --> 01:44:51,100
during religious festivals are 
increasingly problematic. their 

1828
01:44:51,100 --> 01:44:54,800
religious instruction, but also 
performance Catholic in origin, 

1829
01:44:54,800 --> 01:44:58,100
but popular with everyone 
traditional but potentially 

1830
01:44:58,100 --> 01:45:02,200
heretical depending on current 
theological position of Some 

1831
01:45:02,200 --> 01:45:06,200
continue with modification 
others disappear leaving gaps 

1832
01:45:06,200 --> 01:45:09,800
and community life that nothing 
quite replaces Furniture in 

1833
01:45:09,800 --> 01:45:13,500
homes gradually changes as 
Protestant theology emphasizes 

1834
01:45:13,500 --> 01:45:17,100
word over image. 
That small altar in the corner 

1835
01:45:17,100 --> 01:45:19,200
where your grandmother kept 
candles and a picture of the 

1836
01:45:19,208 --> 01:45:22,600
Virgin becomes awkward. 
Do you remove it and risk, 

1837
01:45:22,600 --> 01:45:26,000
offending older, family members 
or keep it and risk visits from 

1838
01:45:26,000 --> 01:45:28,200
officials checking for Catholic 
sympathies. 

1839
01:45:28,900 --> 01:45:33,000
Many families compromise. 
The altar is quietly dismantled,

1840
01:45:33,000 --> 01:45:37,800
but the picture is kept in a 
draw just in case the pub that 

1841
01:45:37,800 --> 01:45:40,700
is Central English. 
Institution becomes more 

1842
01:45:40,700 --> 01:45:43,500
important as Church, centered 
Community Life diminishes. 

1843
01:45:43,500 --> 01:45:47,300
When holy days, no longer 
provide regular Community, 

1844
01:45:47,300 --> 01:45:51,900
Gatherings people need other 
places to meet talk and maintain

1845
01:45:51,900 --> 01:45:55,300
social bonds. 
The Ale House serves this 

1846
01:45:55,300 --> 01:45:58,900
function though religious 
authorities frequently complain 

1847
01:45:58,900 --> 01:46:02,600
about how much time people spend
drinking instead of attending 

1848
01:46:02,600 --> 01:46:06,400
services or reading scripture 
children growing up in this era 

1849
01:46:06,400 --> 01:46:09,100
of transformation experience at 
different England than their 

1850
01:46:09,108 --> 01:46:11,800
parents knew. 
They learn English prayers and 

1851
01:46:11,800 --> 01:46:16,400
of Latin one's reading English, 
Bible's and church and never 

1852
01:46:16,400 --> 01:46:20,500
know a world with monasteries to
them, the changes, their parents

1853
01:46:20,500 --> 01:46:23,500
described sound like fairy tales
about a lost world. 

1854
01:46:24,500 --> 01:46:27,300
They can't quite imagine what 
was lost, because they've only 

1855
01:46:27,300 --> 01:46:30,300
known what replaced it. 
Seasonal Rhythm shift, as 

1856
01:46:30,300 --> 01:46:33,400
agricultural, practice adapt to 
new land ownership patterns. 

1857
01:46:34,600 --> 01:46:37,500
Great monastic. 
Estates once managed for 

1858
01:46:37,500 --> 01:46:40,900
long-term sustainability and 
Community Support are being 

1859
01:46:40,908 --> 01:46:44,400
divided. 
Sold Consolidated and managed 

1860
01:46:44,400 --> 01:46:47,100
for profit. 
Former common lands are being 

1861
01:46:47,108 --> 01:46:50,700
enclosed and former Monastery 
fields are being converted to 

1862
01:46:50,700 --> 01:46:53,700
more. 
Lucrative uses The landscape 

1863
01:46:53,700 --> 01:46:57,000
itself is being reorganized 
according to economic logic, 

1864
01:46:57,000 --> 01:46:59,500
rather than traditional usage 
rights. 

1865
01:47:00,900 --> 01:47:03,400
Always a constant companion in 
the 16th century. 

1866
01:47:03,400 --> 01:47:08,100
Becomes religiously uncertain. 
The elaborate Catholic funeral 

1867
01:47:08,100 --> 01:47:10,600
rites the prayers, the paid 
masses. 

1868
01:47:10,600 --> 01:47:14,100
The belief that the living could
help the dead provided by both 

1869
01:47:14,100 --> 01:47:18,600
comfort and structure for grief.
Protestant theology offers 

1870
01:47:18,600 --> 01:47:22,000
different Comfort. 
The deceased is in God's hands 

1871
01:47:22,000 --> 01:47:23,700
prayer. 
Can't change their fate. 

1872
01:47:24,400 --> 01:47:27,300
Which some find liberating and 
others, find cold. 

1873
01:47:28,000 --> 01:47:31,500
Grief remains, but the approved 
ways of expressing and 

1874
01:47:31,500 --> 01:47:34,900
addressing it have changed. 
By the time Henry, the 8th dies 

1875
01:47:34,900 --> 01:47:38,800
in 1547, England has become 
something unprecedented. 

1876
01:47:39,800 --> 01:47:42,900
A nation that's Catholic 
industry but Protestant in 

1877
01:47:42,900 --> 01:47:46,700
governance traditional in 
practice but radical in theory, 

1878
01:47:46,700 --> 01:47:50,800
conservative by Royal Decree, 
but unsettled in popular 

1879
01:47:50,800 --> 01:47:54,000
opinion, the England Henry 
leaves behind is thoroughly 

1880
01:47:54,000 --> 01:47:57,800
confused about its religious 
identity, which is partly his 

1881
01:47:57,800 --> 01:48:01,400
doing and partly the inevitable 
result of trying to maintain 

1882
01:48:01,400 --> 01:48:04,100
Catholic theology. 
While rejecting people 

1883
01:48:04,100 --> 01:48:06,900
Authority. 
It's like trying to follow a 

1884
01:48:06,900 --> 01:48:09,200
recipe while substituting 
different ingredients and 

1885
01:48:09,200 --> 01:48:11,600
insisting. 
The result is the original dish,

1886
01:48:11,600 --> 01:48:15,300
but something deeper has shifted
beyond the specific theological 

1887
01:48:15,300 --> 01:48:18,400
positions. 
England has discovered that it 

1888
01:48:18,400 --> 01:48:22,000
can exist independently of 
Continental approval, To 

1889
01:48:22,000 --> 01:48:26,300
centuries English kings, look to
the pope for legitimacy to 

1890
01:48:26,300 --> 01:48:29,900
France, for cultural standards 
and to roam for intellectual 

1891
01:48:29,900 --> 01:48:32,900
Authority. 
Henry's break with Rome, 

1892
01:48:32,900 --> 01:48:37,100
whatever its motivation. 
Has forced England to develop 

1893
01:48:37,100 --> 01:48:39,700
its own Arts as to religious and
political questions. 

1894
01:48:39,700 --> 01:48:42,200
The English Bible which Henry 
authorized. 

1895
01:48:42,200 --> 01:48:45,700
Despite his conservative 
theology proves transformative 

1896
01:48:45,700 --> 01:48:47,900
in ways. 
Nobody initially anticipated. 

1897
01:48:48,800 --> 01:48:51,200
Now that ordinary people can 
read scripture to themselves, 

1898
01:48:51,200 --> 01:48:54,300
they start developing their own 
interpretations. 

1899
01:48:55,200 --> 01:48:59,100
Religious Authority becomes less
about receiving instruction and 

1900
01:48:59,100 --> 01:49:01,900
more about individual 
understanding, which is 

1901
01:49:01,900 --> 01:49:04,600
fundamentally Protestant. 
Even when the reader doesn't 

1902
01:49:04,600 --> 01:49:08,100
identify as Protestant, the 
dissolution of monasteries is 

1903
01:49:08,100 --> 01:49:11,300
redistributed. 
So much property, that thousands

1904
01:49:11,300 --> 01:49:13,300
of families. 
Now, a vested interest in 

1905
01:49:13,300 --> 01:49:17,500
preventing Catholic restoration,
They've bought Monastery lands, 

1906
01:49:17,500 --> 01:49:21,000
built houses on them and 
established their fortunes 

1907
01:49:21,000 --> 01:49:22,500
through Henry's religious 
policies. 

1908
01:49:23,200 --> 01:49:25,300
Going back to the old system 
would impoverish them. 

1909
01:49:25,300 --> 01:49:28,400
So they become committed to 
Defenders of the New Order, even

1910
01:49:28,400 --> 01:49:30,500
if they don't particularly care 
about theology. 

1911
01:49:30,500 --> 01:49:33,800
Parliament has grown stronger 
through its role in authorizing 

1912
01:49:33,800 --> 01:49:37,400
religious changes. 
Henry needed parliamentary acts 

1913
01:49:37,400 --> 01:49:41,500
to break with Rome dissolved, 
monasteries and establish Royal 

1914
01:49:41,500 --> 01:49:44,200
Supremacy. 
Each acting, Christ 

1915
01:49:44,200 --> 01:49:47,500
parliament's, important and set 
precedence for legislative 

1916
01:49:47,500 --> 01:49:50,300
authority over matters that were
previously considered Royal 

1917
01:49:50,300 --> 01:49:53,300
prerogative. 
England is accidentally 

1918
01:49:53,300 --> 01:49:56,200
developing constitutional 
government while trying to 

1919
01:49:56,200 --> 01:49:59,800
manage religious transformation.
The English language is gained 

1920
01:49:59,800 --> 01:50:04,100
Prestige through his religious 
use When the Bible prayer book 

1921
01:50:04,100 --> 01:50:06,900
and religious instruction all 
appearing English rather than 

1922
01:50:06,900 --> 01:50:10,700
Latin the language stops. 
Being merely vernacular and 

1923
01:50:10,700 --> 01:50:13,100
becomes worthy of serious 
literature and scholarship. 

1924
01:50:14,000 --> 01:50:17,400
This linguistic nationalism will
eventually contribute to an 

1925
01:50:17,400 --> 01:50:18,900
extraordinary flowering of 
English. 

1926
01:50:18,900 --> 01:50:22,200
Literature though, Shakespeare 
is still decades in the future. 

1927
01:50:22,200 --> 01:50:25,800
National identity is forming 
around these religious changes 

1928
01:50:25,800 --> 01:50:27,500
in ways that were last 
centuries. 

1929
01:50:28,400 --> 01:50:32,400
The English will increasingly 
mean to be Protestant while to 

1930
01:50:32,400 --> 01:50:35,700
be Catholic. 
Will seem somehow foreign this 

1931
01:50:35,700 --> 01:50:39,700
Association is unfair to English
Catholics who are as thoroughly 

1932
01:50:39,700 --> 01:50:42,700
English as anyone but it becomes
embedded in National 

1933
01:50:42,700 --> 01:50:45,600
consciousness. 
English patriotism, and 

1934
01:50:45,600 --> 01:50:48,800
Protestant identity becoming 
intertwined in ways that shape 

1935
01:50:48,800 --> 01:50:52,800
everything from politics to 
poetry, the Royal Navy, which 

1936
01:50:52,800 --> 01:50:56,200
will eventually make England. 
A global power is growing during

1937
01:50:56,200 --> 01:50:59,600
this period partly because 
Henry's break with Rome makes 

1938
01:50:59,600 --> 01:51:02,400
Continental Catholic Powers 
potential enemies. 

1939
01:51:03,500 --> 01:51:07,100
Island nations need strong, 
navies, and England is learning 

1940
01:51:07,100 --> 01:51:09,200
this lesson through religious 
controversy. 

1941
01:51:10,100 --> 01:51:12,500
The ships being built during 
Henry's, late Year's will 

1942
01:51:12,500 --> 01:51:16,300
defending England against Spain,
and eventually control sea lanes

1943
01:51:16,300 --> 01:51:20,000
that connect continents 
education is expanding even as 

1944
01:51:20,000 --> 01:51:23,300
its religious character shifts. 
Grammar schools are being 

1945
01:51:23,300 --> 01:51:24,900
founded. 
Sometimes on the property of 

1946
01:51:24,908 --> 01:51:27,900
dissolved. 
Monasteries teaching Latin Greek

1947
01:51:27,900 --> 01:51:31,200
and increasingly English to boys
whose fathers can afford to send

1948
01:51:31,200 --> 01:51:33,400
them. 
These schools will produce the 

1949
01:51:33,400 --> 01:51:37,000
next generation of 
Administrators clergy, lawyers 

1950
01:51:37,000 --> 01:51:40,000
and writers, who will run 
Elizabethan England and create 

1951
01:51:40,000 --> 01:51:43,200
its cultural achievements, the 
printing press, which arrived in

1952
01:51:43,208 --> 01:51:46,300
England, just decades before. 
Henry's break, with Rome has 

1953
01:51:46,300 --> 01:51:48,500
become a tool of religious 
transformation. 

1954
01:51:49,600 --> 01:51:53,900
Every theological pamphlet, 
every English Bible and every 

1955
01:51:53,900 --> 01:51:56,700
prayer book represents 
technology enabling religious 

1956
01:51:56,700 --> 01:51:59,700
change in an era without 
electronic media. 

1957
01:51:59,700 --> 01:52:04,600
Print is revolutionary making 
ideas portable permanent and 

1958
01:52:04,600 --> 01:52:08,800
reproducible in ways that oral 
culture never allowed English 

1959
01:52:08,800 --> 01:52:11,400
cooking loses. 
Some of its medieval complexity 

1960
01:52:11,400 --> 01:52:14,400
as fish days are reduced and 
spices, become less essential 

1961
01:52:14,400 --> 01:52:17,600
for preserving meat. 
The elaborate Cuisine of the 

1962
01:52:17,600 --> 01:52:20,800
late Middle Ages with its 
emphasis on strong flavors and 

1963
01:52:20,800 --> 01:52:24,500
exotic ingredients, gradually 
gives way to something simpler 

1964
01:52:24,500 --> 01:52:28,700
heartier and more focused on the
quality of basic ingredients. 

1965
01:52:29,500 --> 01:52:32,700
English food is developing its 
reputation for plainness. 

1966
01:52:32,700 --> 01:52:35,500
The weather. 
This is progress is debatable. 

1967
01:52:35,500 --> 01:52:39,700
Architecture is creating a 
distinctly English style that 

1968
01:52:39,700 --> 01:52:42,700
combines medieval Gothic 
Traditions with Renaissance 

1969
01:52:42,700 --> 01:52:45,900
classical influences and 
protesters and simplicity. 

1970
01:52:47,200 --> 01:52:50,400
The great house has been built 
by Henry's, courtiers and their 

1971
01:52:50,400 --> 01:52:53,800
successors will Define English 
architectural taste for 

1972
01:52:53,800 --> 01:52:57,100
centuries. 
Those long galleries, those 

1973
01:52:57,100 --> 01:53:01,100
symmetrical facades, and those 
elaborate Gardens designed for 

1974
01:53:01,100 --> 01:53:04,800
entertaining rather than 
monastic, contemplation, music 

1975
01:53:04,800 --> 01:53:07,700
is diverging from Continental 
Catholic Traditions, while 

1976
01:53:07,700 --> 01:53:11,500
developing its own character. 
English composers are creating 

1977
01:53:11,500 --> 01:53:14,400
works that reflect the 
Protestant emphasis on text 

1978
01:53:14,400 --> 01:53:17,500
comprehension while. 
Maintaining the sophisticated 

1979
01:53:17,500 --> 01:53:20,500
musical tradition, that England 
has always possessed. 

1980
01:53:21,500 --> 01:53:24,100
The music of Thomas Tallis in 
his contemporaries sounds 

1981
01:53:24,100 --> 01:53:26,900
distinctly. 
English in ways that earlier 

1982
01:53:26,900 --> 01:53:31,400
church music based on 
Continental models, did not the 

1983
01:53:31,400 --> 01:53:35,300
concept of loyalty is being 
redefined. for centuries, 

1984
01:53:35,300 --> 01:53:39,400
English people owed allegiance, 
to King country and Pope in a 

1985
01:53:39,400 --> 01:53:42,400
hierarchy that usually didn't 
conflict Henry's. 

1986
01:53:42,400 --> 01:53:46,700
Break with Rome forced a choice.
When King and Pope disagreed, 

1987
01:53:46,700 --> 01:53:50,800
which authority was Supreme? 
England, chose the king 

1988
01:53:50,800 --> 01:53:54,500
establishing, a pattern of 
national loyalty over religious 

1989
01:53:54,500 --> 01:53:57,200
obedience, that will shape 
English, identity through future

1990
01:53:57,200 --> 01:54:00,000
centuries. 
Women's literacy is slowly 

1991
01:54:00,000 --> 01:54:02,900
increasing as protests and 
emphasis on Bible reading 

1992
01:54:02,900 --> 01:54:05,300
extends to daughter's as well as
Sons. 

1993
01:54:06,100 --> 01:54:08,600
If everyone should read 
scripture and girls need 

1994
01:54:08,600 --> 01:54:12,400
education, too, at least enough 
to read the Bible and prayer 

1995
01:54:12,400 --> 01:54:15,200
book. 
This isn't a quality girls, 

1996
01:54:15,200 --> 01:54:19,100
education remains limited 
compared to boys, but it's a 

1997
01:54:19,100 --> 01:54:22,300
foundation that future 
Generations will build upon the 

1998
01:54:22,300 --> 01:54:24,800
merchant class is growing 
wealthier and more confident. 

1999
01:54:25,600 --> 01:54:28,000
The men who bought Monastery 
lands who trade with the 

2000
01:54:28,000 --> 01:54:32,000
continent and who financed 
Ventures to the Americas are 

2001
01:54:32,000 --> 01:54:35,200
developing economic power that 
will eventually translate into 

2002
01:54:35,200 --> 01:54:39,100
political influence. 
Tudor England is accidentally, 

2003
01:54:39,100 --> 01:54:42,600
creating the conditions for 
capitalism while trying to solve

2004
01:54:42,600 --> 01:54:45,800
religious controversies. 
Regional distinctions are 

2005
01:54:45,800 --> 01:54:48,200
becoming more pronounced as 
religious changes affect 

2006
01:54:48,200 --> 01:54:53,100
different areas, unevenly the 
north more conservative and more

2007
01:54:53,100 --> 01:54:57,000
attached to monasteries resist 
changes that the South accepts 

2008
01:54:57,000 --> 01:55:00,200
more readily. 
Wales and Cornwall with their 

2009
01:55:00,200 --> 01:55:03,600
distinct languages and cultures 
experience religious 

2010
01:55:03,600 --> 01:55:05,500
Transformations differently than
England. 

2011
01:55:05,500 --> 01:55:09,900
Proper Unity is more 
aspirational than reality, the 

2012
01:55:09,900 --> 01:55:12,800
legal professional expands as 
religious changes create 

2013
01:55:12,800 --> 01:55:16,300
endlessly to negation. 
Question about property rights 

2014
01:55:16,300 --> 01:55:18,900
from dissolved. 
Monasteries the leader of 

2015
01:55:18,900 --> 01:55:22,500
marriages under changing rules 
and enforcement of religious 

2016
01:55:22,500 --> 01:55:26,500
Conformity. 
All require lawyers The ends of 

2017
01:55:26,508 --> 01:55:28,800
Court training lawyers in London
are becoming more important. 

2018
01:55:28,800 --> 01:55:32,600
Creating a professional class, 
that will influence England's, 

2019
01:55:32,600 --> 01:55:35,900
political development, for 
centuries, Henry's, personal 

2020
01:55:35,900 --> 01:55:38,700
life continues chaotically, 
through these years of national 

2021
01:55:38,700 --> 01:55:42,300
transformation. 
He marries Jane Seymour, who 

2022
01:55:42,300 --> 01:55:44,400
gives him the son? 
He desperately wanted. 

2023
01:55:45,200 --> 01:55:47,500
Edward. 
But dies shortly after 

2024
01:55:47,500 --> 01:55:50,500
childbirth. 
He marries Anne of Cleves in a 

2025
01:55:50,508 --> 01:55:53,400
political Alliance that fails 
immediately because Henry finds 

2026
01:55:53,400 --> 01:55:56,900
her unattractive. 
He marries, Catherine Howard who

2027
01:55:56,900 --> 01:55:59,800
is young enough to be his 
granddaughter, then execute her 

2028
01:55:59,800 --> 01:56:02,900
for adultery. 
Finally, he marries Catherine, 

2029
01:56:02,900 --> 01:56:06,400
Parr who manages to outlive him 
partly through extraordinary 

2030
01:56:06,400 --> 01:56:10,600
tacked and partly through luck. 
Each marriage, each divorce or 

2031
01:56:10,600 --> 01:56:14,300
each execution reinforces that 
the king's personal life and 

2032
01:56:14,300 --> 01:56:18,200
England's, religious policies 
are inseparable Henry wanted an 

2033
01:56:18,200 --> 01:56:22,400
annulment, couldn't get paper, 
permission broke with Rome and 

2034
01:56:22,400 --> 01:56:24,200
in the process. 
Transformed a nation. 

2035
01:56:24,200 --> 01:56:28,100
Its cause an effect operating on
a scale, usually reserved for 

2036
01:56:28,100 --> 01:56:31,500
Wars or plagues. 
Except the Catalyst was one 

2037
01:56:31,500 --> 01:56:35,400
man's desperate desire for a 
legitimate son and his equally 

2038
01:56:35,400 --> 01:56:38,800
strong conviction that God 
supported his claim as you 

2039
01:56:38,800 --> 01:56:40,800
settle deeper into your 
comfortable spot. 

2040
01:56:40,800 --> 01:56:42,500
Perhaps, refreshing. 
That warm drink. 

2041
01:56:42,500 --> 01:56:47,100
Let's contemplate what Henry the
8th Left Behind not just the 

2042
01:56:47,100 --> 01:56:50,800
obvious political and religious 
changes but the subtle ways his 

2043
01:56:50,800 --> 01:56:54,000
Reign reshaped. 
How England thought about itself

2044
01:56:54,000 --> 01:57:00,200
and its place in the world Henry
died in January 1547 enormously 

2045
01:57:00,200 --> 01:57:05,500
fat. probably weighing over 300 
pounds in constant pain from his

2046
01:57:05,500 --> 01:57:09,200
ulcerated leg and convinced of 
his own righteousness, until the

2047
01:57:09,200 --> 01:57:13,300
end, His will provided for 
elaborate prayers for his soul, 

2048
01:57:13,300 --> 01:57:17,000
despite Protestant questioning 
of prayers for the dead because 

2049
01:57:17,000 --> 01:57:20,300
Henry, never stopped being 
Catholic in his own mind, even 

2050
01:57:20,300 --> 01:57:23,400
as he destroyed Catholic, 
institutional power in England, 

2051
01:57:23,400 --> 01:57:28,000
his son Edward the six that 
desperately wanted male Heir. 

2052
01:57:28,000 --> 01:57:31,300
Ruled for only six years before 
dying at 15. 

2053
01:57:32,300 --> 01:57:35,600
During Edwards brief Reign, 
Protestant reformers pushed 

2054
01:57:35,600 --> 01:57:38,400
England further from Catholic 
practices than Henry ever 

2055
01:57:38,400 --> 01:57:42,300
intended. 
The Latin Mass disappeared with 

2056
01:57:42,300 --> 01:57:45,800
English prayer services. 
Priests were allowed to marry 

2057
01:57:45,800 --> 01:57:49,200
Church, Interiors were 
whitewashed, and stripped of 

2058
01:57:49,200 --> 01:57:52,300
remaining decoration. 
Henry's attempt to maintain 

2059
01:57:52,300 --> 01:57:55,900
Catholic theology. 
While rejecting papal Authority,

2060
01:57:55,900 --> 01:57:58,300
collapsed into something much 
more thoroughly. 

2061
01:57:58,300 --> 01:58:02,400
Protestant Then Came Mary. 
Henry's daughter by Catherine of

2062
01:58:02,400 --> 01:58:05,600
Aragon who tried desperately to 
reverse her father's religious 

2063
01:58:05,600 --> 01:58:08,800
policies and restore England to 
Catholic obedience. 

2064
01:58:09,700 --> 01:58:13,100
Her five-year Reigns or the 
return of paper Authority, the 

2065
01:58:13,100 --> 01:58:16,800
restoration of some monasteries 
and the burning of protestant 

2066
01:58:16,800 --> 01:58:19,900
Heretics which earned her the 
nickname Bloody Mary. 

2067
01:58:19,900 --> 01:58:23,400
And ensured that her religious 
policies would die with her. 

2068
01:58:24,400 --> 01:58:27,300
You can't reverse a generation 
of change through Force. 

2069
01:58:27,300 --> 01:58:30,900
Especially when so many people 
have economic interest in 

2070
01:58:30,900 --> 01:58:34,200
maintaining the new system. 
Finally Elizabeth. 

2071
01:58:34,200 --> 01:58:38,900
The first Henry's daughter by 
Anne Boleyn, Created what became

2072
01:58:38,900 --> 01:58:40,600
known as the Elizabethan 
settlement. 

2073
01:58:40,600 --> 01:58:44,500
A moderate Protestant church 
that retained some traditional 

2074
01:58:44,500 --> 01:58:50,100
practices while firmly rejecting
people Authority, Elizabeth 

2075
01:58:50,100 --> 01:58:54,400
understood what her father 
brother and sister had not that 

2076
01:58:54,400 --> 01:58:57,400
most English people wanted 
religious stability more than 

2077
01:58:57,400 --> 01:59:01,300
doctrinal purity. 
They were exhausted by change, 

2078
01:59:01,300 --> 01:59:04,700
frightened by a religious 
violence and ready for someone 

2079
01:59:04,700 --> 01:59:06,800
to Simply make decisions and 
stick with them. 

2080
01:59:06,800 --> 01:59:10,300
The Church of England that 
emerged from this Tudor, tumult 

2081
01:59:10,300 --> 01:59:13,800
was something unique. 
Protestant in theology but 

2082
01:59:13,800 --> 01:59:18,100
Catholic and structure reformed 
in Doctrine, but traditional in 

2083
01:59:18,100 --> 01:59:21,200
practice, independent of Rome, 
but connected to Christian 

2084
01:59:21,200 --> 01:59:23,900
history. 
It was Henry's compromise. 

2085
01:59:23,900 --> 01:59:27,800
Extended and elaborated made 
workable through Elizabeth's, 

2086
01:59:27,800 --> 01:59:31,200
political genius and the English
people's practical acceptance 

2087
01:59:31,200 --> 01:59:34,400
that this was preferable to 
continued turmoil, the 

2088
01:59:34,400 --> 01:59:36,900
dissolution of monasteries 
permanently, altered the English

2089
01:59:36,900 --> 01:59:39,600
landscape. 
Those ruins, you can still visit

2090
01:59:39,600 --> 01:59:43,500
reveal fountains Tintin a 
monuments to this 

2091
01:59:43,500 --> 01:59:48,700
transformation. 600 years of 
Benedictine sister and Augustine

2092
01:59:48,700 --> 01:59:52,400
in life, ended in a decade and 
the physical remnants became 

2093
01:59:52,400 --> 01:59:54,800
romantic ruins. 
That later generations would 

2094
01:59:54,800 --> 01:59:58,200
paint and photograph. 
For getting they represented the

2095
01:59:58,200 --> 02:00:01,800
violent destruction of an entire
way of life, the Landry 

2096
02:00:01,800 --> 02:00:04,900
distribution, created a Gentry 
class that were dominating 

2097
02:00:04,900 --> 02:00:09,000
English politics for centuries. 
The family who bought Monastery 

2098
02:00:09,000 --> 02:00:11,100
lands, became the country's 
governing class. 

2099
02:00:12,000 --> 02:00:15,900
Serving as justices of the 
peace, sitting in Parliament and

2100
02:00:15,900 --> 02:00:19,800
providing local Administration. 
English governance became less 

2101
02:00:19,800 --> 02:00:22,700
centralized and more based on 
local Elites who had both 

2102
02:00:22,700 --> 02:00:25,600
Authority and property. 
A system that works 

2103
02:00:25,600 --> 02:00:28,200
surprisingly. 
Well, until it didn't English, 

2104
02:00:28,200 --> 02:00:31,800
national identity crystallized 
around these religious changes 

2105
02:00:31,800 --> 02:00:35,600
in ways that Henry couldn't have
predicted To be English came to 

2106
02:00:35,600 --> 02:00:39,200
mean being Protestant being 
independent of Continental 

2107
02:00:39,200 --> 02:00:42,800
Catholic powers and being loyal 
to the crown over the Pope. 

2108
02:00:43,600 --> 02:00:46,700
This identity would shape 
inland's conflicts with Spain 

2109
02:00:46,700 --> 02:00:50,900
and France, its eventual 
overseas expansion, and its 

2110
02:00:50,900 --> 02:00:54,700
internal politics for centuries.
The act of Supremacy 

2111
02:00:54,700 --> 02:00:57,900
established, the principle that 
Parliament could legislate on 

2112
02:00:57,900 --> 02:01:01,300
religious matters, which was 
revolutionary even if nobody 

2113
02:01:01,300 --> 02:01:05,300
quite realized it at the time. 
Religious Authority came from 

2114
02:01:05,300 --> 02:01:07,700
law rather than traditional, or 
Divine appointment. 

2115
02:01:08,600 --> 02:01:11,700
This principle would eventually 
extend all areas of governance, 

2116
02:01:11,700 --> 02:01:16,200
making Parliament Supreme and 
establishing the constitutional 

2117
02:01:16,200 --> 02:01:20,400
monarchy that England, still 
technically maintains the 

2118
02:01:20,400 --> 02:01:22,300
English Bible. 
Proved perhaps the most lasting 

2119
02:01:22,300 --> 02:01:26,200
of Henry's unintended legacies. 
He authorized it for political 

2120
02:01:26,200 --> 02:01:28,800
reasons. 
But once Ordinary, People could 

2121
02:01:28,800 --> 02:01:32,200
read scripture themselves, 
religious Authority could never 

2122
02:01:32,200 --> 02:01:36,700
be purely hierarchical again. 
Every reader became potentially 

2123
02:01:36,700 --> 02:01:40,200
a theologian every 
interpretation created potential

2124
02:01:40,200 --> 02:01:43,600
controversy. 
Authority had to be justified 

2125
02:01:43,600 --> 02:01:46,400
through persuasion rather than 
simply imposed through position.

2126
02:01:46,400 --> 02:01:50,400
The destruction of Catholic art,
and religious culture left gaps,

2127
02:01:50,400 --> 02:01:55,100
that took generations to fill 
English music visual art and 

2128
02:01:55,100 --> 02:01:58,200
literature had to develop new 
forms that reflected Protestant 

2129
02:01:58,200 --> 02:02:03,100
values while satisfying human 
aesthetic needs this eventually 

2130
02:02:03,100 --> 02:02:06,800
produced extraordinary 
achievements Shakespeare's plays

2131
02:02:06,800 --> 02:02:11,000
the King James Bible English 
madrigals but represented a 

2132
02:02:11,000 --> 02:02:13,300
break with medieval artistic 
Traditions. 

2133
02:02:13,300 --> 02:02:15,300
That was both liberating and 
costly. 

2134
02:02:15,300 --> 02:02:19,000
The social welfare system never 
recovered from the dissolution 

2135
02:02:19,000 --> 02:02:23,100
of monasteries England developed
Paul laws that made parishes 

2136
02:02:23,100 --> 02:02:26,500
responsible for their own poor. 
But this system was less 

2137
02:02:26,500 --> 02:02:29,700
comprehensive and less generous 
than what monasteries had 

2138
02:02:29,700 --> 02:02:33,800
provided. 
The poorest English people were 

2139
02:02:33,800 --> 02:02:36,300
probably worse off to the 
dissolution than before. 

2140
02:02:37,300 --> 02:02:40,300
Which is an irony give in the 
Protestant emphasis on charity 

2141
02:02:40,300 --> 02:02:44,100
and social responsibility, women
lost options without recovering 

2142
02:02:44,100 --> 02:02:47,800
equivalent alternatives. 
The convents that once provided 

2143
02:02:47,800 --> 02:02:50,500
respectable Life Choices, for 
women, who didn't marry 

2144
02:02:50,500 --> 02:02:53,400
disappeared? 
While Protestant emphasis on 

2145
02:02:53,400 --> 02:02:55,700
marriage made spinsterhood more 
problematic. 

2146
02:02:56,600 --> 02:02:59,400
Some women gained from the 
Protestant emphasis on Bible, 

2147
02:02:59,400 --> 02:03:02,700
reading and spiritual equality. 
But institutional opportunities,

2148
02:03:02,700 --> 02:03:07,100
actually decreased Henry's 
personal reputation, underwent 

2149
02:03:07,100 --> 02:03:09,600
fascinating Transformations over
the centuries. 

2150
02:03:10,400 --> 02:03:13,800
To Protestants, he became the 
hero who freed England from 

2151
02:03:13,800 --> 02:03:16,400
papal tyranny. 
Despite his conservative 

2152
02:03:16,400 --> 02:03:20,600
theology to Catholics, he became
the villain who destroyed 

2153
02:03:20,600 --> 02:03:24,000
England's, Catholic Heritage, 
for personal reasons, despite 

2154
02:03:24,000 --> 02:03:27,700
his initial defense of Catholic 
Doctrine, To moderns. 

2155
02:03:27,700 --> 02:03:32,100
He is often that fascinating 
monster, brilliant charismatic 

2156
02:03:32,100 --> 02:03:36,300
ruthless and ultimately tragic 
in his desperate quest for 

2157
02:03:36,300 --> 02:03:38,600
dynasty. 
The historical debate about 

2158
02:03:38,600 --> 02:03:42,400
where the Henry was reformer or 
opportunist a hero or villain 

2159
02:03:42,400 --> 02:03:45,400
and a Visionary or egotist 
continues because he was 

2160
02:03:45,400 --> 02:03:49,200
genuinely all of these things. 
He broke with Rome for personal 

2161
02:03:49,200 --> 02:03:52,400
reasons, but created space for 
genuine religious reform. 

2162
02:03:53,400 --> 02:03:56,400
He brought suppress opposition 
but was sincerely convinced of 

2163
02:03:56,400 --> 02:03:59,300
his righteousness. 
He destroyed monasteries for 

2164
02:03:59,308 --> 02:04:02,000
money but believed he was 
correcting religious error. 

2165
02:04:02,700 --> 02:04:05,900
His motives were selfish, his 
consequences were 

2166
02:04:05,900 --> 02:04:09,800
transformative, the Tudor 
periods religious turmoil taught

2167
02:04:09,800 --> 02:04:13,400
England lessons about tolerance.
That wouldn't be fully learned 

2168
02:04:13,400 --> 02:04:16,500
and for Generations. 
The burning of Heretics under 

2169
02:04:16,500 --> 02:04:20,300
Mary, the persecution of 
Catholics under Elizabeth and 

2170
02:04:20,300 --> 02:04:23,800
the continued conflicts over 
religious Conformity all 

2171
02:04:23,800 --> 02:04:27,000
demonstrated that religious, 
uniformity enforced through 

2172
02:04:27,000 --> 02:04:30,900
violence creates resentment, 
rather than genuine agreement. 

2173
02:04:31,800 --> 02:04:34,600
Eventually centuries. 
Later, England would develop 

2174
02:04:34,600 --> 02:04:37,400
religious tolerance, though. 
The path would be long and 

2175
02:04:37,400 --> 02:04:40,200
painful. 
The expansion of literacy that 

2176
02:04:40,200 --> 02:04:43,100
began with English Bible's and 
prayer books, created a reading 

2177
02:04:43,100 --> 02:04:44,700
public. 
That would have eventually 

2178
02:04:44,700 --> 02:04:46,600
demand more than religious 
texts. 

2179
02:04:47,600 --> 02:04:50,700
By Elizabeth reign printing, 
presses were producing plays, 

2180
02:04:50,700 --> 02:04:54,400
poems history is and practical 
manuals. 

2181
02:04:55,200 --> 02:04:58,000
The culture of literacy, that 
merge from religious control for

2182
02:04:58,000 --> 02:04:59,900
sea laid. 
The groundwork for England's 

2183
02:04:59,900 --> 02:05:02,800
literary achievements, 
architecture, and landscape 

2184
02:05:02,800 --> 02:05:06,800
design reflecting Protestant 
values, simpler more focused on 

2185
02:05:06,800 --> 02:05:09,200
function. 
Let's concerned with religious 

2186
02:05:09,200 --> 02:05:13,600
symbolism created, distinctly 
English aesthetic preferences. 

2187
02:05:14,500 --> 02:05:17,300
The great houses with their long
Galleries and Protestants and 

2188
02:05:17,300 --> 02:05:20,400
simplicity the gardens designed 
for pleasure, rather than 

2189
02:05:20,400 --> 02:05:23,500
contemplation. 
And the church is stripped of 

2190
02:05:23,500 --> 02:05:26,200
statutory, but retaining their 
basic Gothic structure. 

2191
02:05:26,200 --> 02:05:29,900
All reflected this Protestant 
transformation of physical 

2192
02:05:29,900 --> 02:05:32,100
space. 
The Royal navies development 

2193
02:05:32,100 --> 02:05:35,900
during and after Henry's, Reign 
partly motivated by the need to 

2194
02:05:35,900 --> 02:05:39,100
defend Protestant England 
against Catholic Powers, the 

2195
02:05:39,100 --> 02:05:41,100
eventually made England, a 
global power. 

2196
02:05:42,300 --> 02:05:45,400
The same religious controverses 
that destroyed monasteries and 

2197
02:05:45,400 --> 02:05:48,900
persecuted dissenters. 
All the ships that were defeat 

2198
02:05:48,900 --> 02:05:51,900
the Spanish Armada and 
eventually created a worldwide 

2199
02:05:51,900 --> 02:05:55,800
Empire legal developments during
Henry's Reign, particularly 

2200
02:05:55,800 --> 02:05:59,500
Parliament, increased Authority.
And the expansion of secular 

2201
02:05:59,500 --> 02:06:03,200
courts of the expense of church 
courts, laid foundations for 

2202
02:06:03,200 --> 02:06:06,200
English. 
Common laws development, The 

2203
02:06:06,200 --> 02:06:09,400
legal system that emerged from 
Tudor religious controversies 

2204
02:06:09,400 --> 02:06:13,600
would eventually be exported to 
England colonies, influencing 

2205
02:06:13,600 --> 02:06:16,000
legal Traditions across multiple
continents? 

2206
02:06:16,900 --> 02:06:20,000
The Scientific Revolution that 
would flourish in 17th century. 

2207
02:06:20,000 --> 02:06:23,200
England was partly enabled by 
Henry's religious changes. 

2208
02:06:24,200 --> 02:06:28,200
Once religious Authority became 
questionable all authority 

2209
02:06:28,200 --> 02:06:31,600
became potentially questionable.
The habit of questioning 

2210
02:06:31,600 --> 02:06:35,300
established truths in religion, 
transfer to questioning 

2211
02:06:35,300 --> 02:06:38,300
established truths in natural, 
philosophy, creating 

2212
02:06:38,300 --> 02:06:41,800
intellectual space, for 
scientific inquiry, as your 

2213
02:06:41,800 --> 02:06:43,400
warm, drink cools and your eyes,
grow heavy. 

2214
02:06:43,400 --> 02:06:47,300
Consider one final thought about
Henry the 8th and his 

2215
02:06:47,300 --> 02:06:50,100
transformation of England. 
Changes. 

2216
02:06:50,100 --> 02:06:53,500
He initiated evolving long after
his death. 

2217
02:06:54,200 --> 02:06:57,700
Creating consequences he never 
imagined and solving problems. 

2218
02:06:57,700 --> 02:07:00,600
He didn't know existed, the 
Church of England. 

2219
02:07:00,600 --> 02:07:03,000
He created became the foundation
for worldwide. 

2220
02:07:03,000 --> 02:07:06,800
Anglican communion spreading 
across continents as England 

2221
02:07:06,800 --> 02:07:10,600
expanded overseas. 
Churches from Nigeria to 

2222
02:07:10,600 --> 02:07:14,400
Australia to Canada Trace their 
institutional ancestry to 

2223
02:07:14,400 --> 02:07:17,600
Henry's break with Rome though. 
They might emphasize Thomas 

2224
02:07:17,600 --> 02:07:21,100
theology over Henry's, Politics,
the English language. 

2225
02:07:21,100 --> 02:07:24,100
He elevated through biblical 
translation became a global 

2226
02:07:24,100 --> 02:07:27,900
language, Carried by English 
speakers across Ocean's and 

2227
02:07:27,900 --> 02:07:31,500
continents eventually becoming 
the international language of 

2228
02:07:31,500 --> 02:07:37,000
business science and diplomacy. 
The King James Bible published 

2229
02:07:37,000 --> 02:07:39,900
60 years after Henry's. 
Death shaped English pro-style 

2230
02:07:39,900 --> 02:07:41,800
for centuries and remains in 
print today. 

2231
02:07:42,500 --> 02:07:45,200
The principle of parliamentary 
Supremacy, he accidentally 

2232
02:07:45,200 --> 02:07:47,500
strengthened by using 
Parliament, to authorize 

2233
02:07:47,500 --> 02:07:50,600
religious changes, became the 
foundation of English 

2234
02:07:50,600 --> 02:07:54,400
constitutional government. 
When American colonists argued 

2235
02:07:54,400 --> 02:07:56,900
that Parliament had no authority
to tax them without 

2236
02:07:56,900 --> 02:07:59,700
representation. 
They were invoking principles. 

2237
02:07:59,700 --> 02:08:03,100
That emerge partly from Tudor 
religious controversies, the 

2238
02:08:03,100 --> 02:08:05,300
nationalism. 
He fostered by making England, 

2239
02:08:05,300 --> 02:08:07,700
religiously independent 
contributed to England's 

2240
02:08:07,700 --> 02:08:10,100
resistance to various 
Continental threats. 

2241
02:08:11,100 --> 02:08:14,900
Spanish Armada, Napoleon's, 
Empire, and Hitler's Invasion 

2242
02:08:14,900 --> 02:08:17,400
plans. 
English identity. 

2243
02:08:17,400 --> 02:08:19,900
Formed around. 
This idea of Independence became

2244
02:08:19,900 --> 02:08:23,200
a resource during times of 
Christ's, but Henry's Legacy 

2245
02:08:23,200 --> 02:08:25,900
also includes religious 
divisions that persisted for 

2246
02:08:25,900 --> 02:08:28,700
centuries. 
Catholic's, faced discrimination

2247
02:08:28,700 --> 02:08:32,300
and legal disabilities, and 
England until the 19th century. 

2248
02:08:33,700 --> 02:08:36,500
The tensions between Protestants
and Catholic in Northern 

2249
02:08:36,500 --> 02:08:39,500
Ireland, Trace partly to the 
Tudor transformation of 

2250
02:08:39,500 --> 02:08:42,300
religion. 
Religious Strife that Henry's 

2251
02:08:42,300 --> 02:08:45,400
actions initiated killed 
thousands across multiple 

2252
02:08:45,400 --> 02:08:48,200
Generations. 
The destruction of monasteries 

2253
02:08:48,200 --> 02:08:51,600
and religious art represents 
cultural loss that can never be 

2254
02:08:51,600 --> 02:08:55,000
fully calculated. 
Will never hear the music that 

2255
02:08:55,000 --> 02:08:57,400
was lost. 
Read the manuscripts that were 

2256
02:08:57,400 --> 02:08:59,200
burned. 
Will see the art, that was 

2257
02:08:59,208 --> 02:09:02,400
smashed. 
Every whitewashed Church wall 

2258
02:09:02,400 --> 02:09:06,100
represents not just religious 
transformation but cultural 

2259
02:09:06,100 --> 02:09:09,100
impoverishment. 
However necessary reformers 

2260
02:09:09,100 --> 02:09:12,400
considered it, the social 
welfare gaps created by 

2261
02:09:12,400 --> 02:09:15,500
monastic, dissolution took 
centuries, to address through 

2262
02:09:15,500 --> 02:09:20,400
alternative institutions, Modern
social security systems are 

2263
02:09:20,400 --> 02:09:23,900
attempting to solve problems. 
That Tudor England created when 

2264
02:09:23,900 --> 02:09:26,900
it destroyed medieval Catholic 
Social infrastructure without 

2265
02:09:26,900 --> 02:09:30,000
providing adequate Replacements 
without Henry's. 

2266
02:09:30,000 --> 02:09:33,500
Break with Rome, England might 
have remained a minor European 

2267
02:09:33,500 --> 02:09:37,000
power, culturally derivative and
politically subordinate. 

2268
02:09:37,900 --> 02:09:41,700
The Independents political 
religious and intellectual that 

2269
02:09:41,700 --> 02:09:45,300
emerged from Tudor religious 
controversies created space for 

2270
02:09:45,300 --> 02:09:47,700
English achievements. 
In everything from literature to

2271
02:09:47,700 --> 02:09:51,700
science to political philosophy.
Shakespeare's play is written 

2272
02:09:51,700 --> 02:09:55,300
during Elizabeth's Reign emerge 
from a culture transformed by 

2273
02:09:55,300 --> 02:09:58,500
Henry's actions. 
The English identity, 

2274
02:09:58,500 --> 02:10:01,800
Shakespeare explored and 
celebrated in his history and 

2275
02:10:01,800 --> 02:10:05,800
comedies was partly created by 
his grandfather's generation's 

2276
02:10:05,800 --> 02:10:07,700
experience of religious 
transformation. 

2277
02:10:08,700 --> 02:10:11,100
The language Shakespeare 
perfected was enriched by 

2278
02:10:11,100 --> 02:10:13,900
religious controversy and 
biblical translation. 

2279
02:10:13,900 --> 02:10:18,600
The Scientific Revolution that 
produced Newton boil and other 

2280
02:10:18,600 --> 02:10:21,100
English scientists emerged 
partly from habits of 

2281
02:10:21,100 --> 02:10:24,000
questioning Authority. 
That began with religious 

2282
02:10:24,000 --> 02:10:27,600
Reformation. 
Once people questioned, papal, 

2283
02:10:27,600 --> 02:10:31,300
Authority, intellectual 
authority of all kinds became 

2284
02:10:31,300 --> 02:10:34,000
potentially questionable 
creating space. 

2285
02:10:34,000 --> 02:10:37,200
For empirical investigation over
traditional, explanations 

2286
02:10:37,200 --> 02:10:40,600
England's, distinctive, 
political development, its 

2287
02:10:40,600 --> 02:10:43,900
constitutional monarchy its 
parliamentary Supremacy. 

2288
02:10:43,900 --> 02:10:48,800
Its gradual extension of 
political rights, Connects in 

2289
02:10:48,800 --> 02:10:52,700
complicated ways to religious 
controversies that began with 

2290
02:10:52,700 --> 02:10:56,300
Henry. 
Religious tolerance emerged 

2291
02:10:56,300 --> 02:11:00,200
slowly from religious strife. 
Limited government emerged 

2292
02:11:00,200 --> 02:11:02,800
partly from centuries of 
negotiating religious 

2293
02:11:02,800 --> 02:11:06,700
settlements that required 
compromise rather than absolute 

2294
02:11:06,700 --> 02:11:09,800
Authority. 
As you drift towards sleep, you 

2295
02:11:09,800 --> 02:11:13,200
might reflect the Henry set 
never intended most of what his 

2296
02:11:13,200 --> 02:11:16,600
actions produced. 
He wanted a son and an 

2297
02:11:16,600 --> 02:11:20,200
annulment. 
Instead he triggered changes 

2298
02:11:20,200 --> 02:11:24,900
that reshaped religion politics 
culture and national identity 

2299
02:11:24,900 --> 02:11:27,100
across centuries. 
History. 

2300
02:11:27,100 --> 02:11:31,400
Rarely unfolds as anyone plans, 
small decisions combined with 

2301
02:11:31,400 --> 02:11:33,400
structural forces to produce 
outcomes. 

2302
02:11:33,400 --> 02:11:37,800
Nobody predicted the young king 
Who Loved Theology and wanted to

2303
02:11:37,800 --> 02:11:41,500
defend, Catholic Orthodoxy 
became the man who broke England

2304
02:11:41,500 --> 02:11:46,000
from Rome The desperate father 
seeking a legitimate male Heir, 

2305
02:11:46,000 --> 02:11:48,600
became the Catalyst for 
religious Revolution. 

2306
02:11:49,400 --> 02:11:52,400
The Monarch trying to maintain 
tradition while solving a 

2307
02:11:52,400 --> 02:11:55,700
personal problem became an agent
of transformation England. 

2308
02:11:55,700 --> 02:12:00,200
Before Henry was one kind of 
place medieval Catholic looking 

2309
02:12:00,200 --> 02:12:01,900
to the continent for cultural 
leadership. 

2310
02:12:02,800 --> 02:12:06,000
England after Henry was 
something different Protestant 

2311
02:12:06,000 --> 02:12:09,900
independent developing. 
Its own cultural confidence. 

2312
02:12:11,200 --> 02:12:16,100
Transition was painful and 
costly independent and produced 

2313
02:12:16,100 --> 02:12:18,600
winners and losers across every 
social class. 

2314
02:12:19,700 --> 02:12:22,000
But it created the foundation 
for the England that would 

2315
02:12:22,000 --> 02:12:25,800
eventually emerge as a global 
power for better and worse 

2316
02:12:25,800 --> 02:12:28,800
tonight. 
As you drift off to sleep, your 

2317
02:12:28,800 --> 02:12:32,600
part of a world, Henry helped 
create The English language used

2318
02:12:32,600 --> 02:12:35,800
speak was elevated partly 
through his religious policies. 

2319
02:12:36,500 --> 02:12:39,300
The ideas about limited 
government and individual rights

2320
02:12:39,300 --> 02:12:43,200
that shape, modern democracies 
emerged partly from the English 

2321
02:12:43,200 --> 02:12:45,000
experience of religious 
transformation. 

2322
02:12:46,200 --> 02:12:49,400
Scientific world view that 
produced modern technology 

2323
02:12:49,400 --> 02:12:52,900
developed partly in the 
intellectual space created by 

2324
02:12:52,900 --> 02:12:57,600
questioning religious Authority.
Henry, The Wraith died over 470 

2325
02:12:57,600 --> 02:13:01,200
years ago but his decisions Echo
forward into our present. 

2326
02:13:01,800 --> 02:13:05,500
Every time someone questions 
Authority, read scripture in 

2327
02:13:05,500 --> 02:13:08,500
their own language or argues 
that National sovereignty 

2328
02:13:08,500 --> 02:13:11,100
matters. 
Their continuing conversations, 

2329
02:13:11,100 --> 02:13:13,900
Henry helped begin though, 
usually without knowing it 

2330
02:13:13,900 --> 02:13:16,700
sleep. 
Well knowing that history is 

2331
02:13:16,700 --> 02:13:20,500
made not just by great plans and
Noble intentions, but by human 

2332
02:13:20,500 --> 02:13:22,900
beings pursuing very human 
desires. 

2333
02:13:22,900 --> 02:13:29,400
Love legitimacy Authority. 
Certainly in ways that produce 

2334
02:13:29,400 --> 02:13:32,900
consequences. 
Far beyond their imagining Henry

2335
02:13:32,900 --> 02:13:38,100
wanted a son instead, he got a 
legacy whether that's tragedy or

2336
02:13:38,100 --> 02:13:41,400
Triumph depends on your 
perspective and which aspects of

2337
02:13:41,400 --> 02:13:44,800
the Legacy or measuring the 
bells that wants marked monastic

2338
02:13:44,800 --> 02:13:48,300
out as a silent now but you can 
still hear church bells. 

2339
02:13:48,300 --> 02:13:52,100
If you listen, the monasteries 
are ruin's but their Stones 

2340
02:13:52,100 --> 02:13:54,100
built houses people still 
inhabit. 

2341
02:13:55,000 --> 02:13:58,400
The old Faith disappeared, 
officially but traces remain in 

2342
02:13:58,400 --> 02:14:02,200
language culture and memory. 
Everything changed. 

2343
02:14:02,200 --> 02:14:07,000
Nothing completely disappeared. 
That's perhaps the real lesson 

2344
02:14:07,000 --> 02:14:10,700
of Henry's Reformation. 
Transformation is never as 

2345
02:14:10,700 --> 02:14:13,600
complete as revolutionary as 
hope or conservatives fear. 

2346
02:14:13,600 --> 02:14:18,200
Rest now and dream, perhaps of a
younger simpler England, where 

2347
02:14:18,200 --> 02:14:21,500
Stone monasteries caught the 
morning, light and bells marked 

2348
02:14:21,500 --> 02:14:23,800
the hours were change came 
slowly. 

2349
02:14:23,800 --> 02:14:27,500
And the old ways seemed eternal,
Or dream of the England that 

2350
02:14:27,500 --> 02:14:29,400
emerged. 
Confident. 

2351
02:14:29,400 --> 02:14:33,400
Independent finding its own 
voice and identity. 

2352
02:14:35,200 --> 02:14:37,800
Both England's existed. 
One after the other. 

2353
02:14:38,600 --> 02:14:42,800
Separated by a few Decades of 
tumultuous transformation led by

2354
02:14:42,800 --> 02:14:46,100
an unlikely revolutionary King, 
who never quite meant to 

2355
02:14:46,100 --> 02:14:49,700
revolutionize anything tomorrow.
When you wake, you'll rise into 

2356
02:14:49,700 --> 02:14:53,100
a world, still shape by these 
distant Tudor Transformations. 

2357
02:14:53,100 --> 02:14:57,600
Still wrestling with questions, 
about Authority, identity, and 

2358
02:14:57,600 --> 02:15:00,000
faith. 
That Henry's choices made urgent

2359
02:15:00,000 --> 02:15:05,800
five centuries ago. but tonight,
rest let history become a story 

2360
02:15:05,800 --> 02:15:09,100
and let the story become the 
gentle companion of sleep. 

2361
02:15:16,700 --> 02:15:19,800
Born in the port city of General
Christopher Columbus entered, 

2362
02:15:19,800 --> 02:15:22,500
the world under a roof that 
smelled of Salt Air and fish 

2363
02:15:22,500 --> 02:15:25,300
scales. 
His father Auld, Weaver by 

2364
02:15:25,300 --> 02:15:29,000
trade, held lofty aspirations 
that his son might avoid the 

2365
02:15:29,000 --> 02:15:33,000
repetitive Grinding tasks of 
carding spinning and weaving, 

2366
02:15:33,000 --> 02:15:37,100
the bustle of people coming to 
trade in the harbor yelling over

2367
02:15:37,100 --> 02:15:39,700
each other. 
In half a dozen dialects, made 

2368
02:15:39,700 --> 02:15:43,600
an indelible impression on the 
young Christopher as he wandered

2369
02:15:43,600 --> 02:15:45,700
the narrow alleys that snaked 
through the city. 

2370
02:15:45,700 --> 02:15:48,900
He would often pause beside 
ships being loaded with cargos 

2371
02:15:48,900 --> 02:15:52,100
Bound for foreign Horizons. 
No matter the dampness, or the 

2372
02:15:52,108 --> 02:15:54,400
fierce winds rolling in from the
ligurian sea. 

2373
02:15:54,400 --> 02:15:57,100
He remained entranced by the 
idea of distant lands. 

2374
02:15:57,700 --> 02:16:00,100
This Fascination set him apart 
from others, his age. 

2375
02:16:00,900 --> 02:16:03,600
He was far less interested in 
the local gossip about the new 

2376
02:16:03,600 --> 02:16:07,300
bishop or who would marry into 
which family instead, he chased 

2377
02:16:07,300 --> 02:16:10,800
fleeting rumors about gold in 
Shores, where people spoke in 

2378
02:16:10,800 --> 02:16:14,400
languages sounding like music. 
When he was old enough to leave 

2379
02:16:14,400 --> 02:16:18,400
home, Columbus began to sail 
modestly short voyages, in which

2380
02:16:18,400 --> 02:16:21,900
he served as a messenger or a 
humble hand making sure to note 

2381
02:16:21,900 --> 02:16:25,900
every detail once, while aboard 
a small merchant ship, he 

2382
02:16:25,900 --> 02:16:28,600
encountered a fierce storm, that
pitched, the vessels. 

2383
02:16:28,600 --> 02:16:32,400
So violently several men were 
lost at sea yet, Columbus 

2384
02:16:32,400 --> 02:16:34,799
persevered. 
Occasionally gripping, the 

2385
02:16:34,808 --> 02:16:37,500
rigging and feeling both dread 
and a certain stranger. 

2386
02:16:38,700 --> 02:16:42,000
He later recalled this episode 
as the exact moment he realized 

2387
02:16:42,000 --> 02:16:47,200
that fortune favoured Risk 
Takers the winding his face but 

2388
02:16:47,200 --> 02:16:49,500
he felt alive in a way that 
overshadowed the fear. 

2389
02:16:50,400 --> 02:16:53,900
At that time, the known world 
for most Europeans was bracketed

2390
02:16:53,900 --> 02:16:57,799
by misunderstandings about what 
labia on the horizon Maps were 

2391
02:16:57,799 --> 02:17:01,500
often imaginative featuring sea 
monsters, swirling vortexes, or 

2392
02:17:01,500 --> 02:17:02,500
vast? 
Empty spaces. 

2393
02:17:02,500 --> 02:17:06,600
Labeled Terror incognito. 
Columbus devoured any chart or 

2394
02:17:06,600 --> 02:17:09,600
ragged bit of parchment he could
find in taverns? 

2395
02:17:09,600 --> 02:17:13,000
He listened to Old Sailors speak
of land Glimpse through schools 

2396
02:17:13,000 --> 02:17:16,700
and thick fog and not shown on 
official charts while some 

2397
02:17:16,700 --> 02:17:20,600
dismissed, these tall tales as 
Barbers fables Columbus, tuck 

2398
02:17:20,600 --> 02:17:22,600
them away in his mind like 
Precious Cargo. 

2399
02:17:22,600 --> 02:17:25,299
He made sure to learn from the 
best navigational minds of 

2400
02:17:25,299 --> 02:17:28,200
available by day. 
He subjected himself to the 

2401
02:17:28,200 --> 02:17:32,200
strict discipline of mathematics
angles distances how to track 

2402
02:17:32,200 --> 02:17:36,299
the sun and stars by night. 
He poured over translations of 

2403
02:17:36,308 --> 02:17:39,299
Ptolemy or any scraps 
referencing far off kingdoms. 

2404
02:17:39,299 --> 02:17:42,900
His curiosity was insatiable, 
but always tinged with 

2405
02:17:42,900 --> 02:17:46,900
pragmatism, even as he immersed 
himself in Daydreams of unknown 

2406
02:17:46,900 --> 02:17:49,200
continents. 
He meticulously built his 

2407
02:17:49,200 --> 02:17:52,299
fundamental knowledge. 
The pursuit of novelty was 

2408
02:17:52,299 --> 02:17:54,299
anchored in the discipline of 
rigorous study. 

2409
02:17:55,200 --> 02:17:57,200
A lesser known anecdote concerns
a letter. 

2410
02:17:57,200 --> 02:18:00,000
Columbus received from a 
Venetian traveler whose name has

2411
02:18:00,000 --> 02:18:02,200
been largely forgotten by 
mainstream history. 

2412
02:18:03,400 --> 02:18:06,799
This Venetian, teased glimpses 
of a rumored, passage a route, 

2413
02:18:06,799 --> 02:18:09,200
leading west across the Atlantic
to Asia's richest. 

2414
02:18:09,799 --> 02:18:12,900
The letter wasn't coated with 
the fluoride hyperbole common in

2415
02:18:12,900 --> 02:18:16,100
travel Accounts at that time. 
Instead it was almost stark 

2416
02:18:16,100 --> 02:18:20,200
describing a place where the sun
set over expanses of water a few

2417
02:18:20,208 --> 02:18:24,400
dead Traverse Columbus cherished
that letter convinced it held 

2418
02:18:24,400 --> 02:18:27,299
the kernel of a secret known, 
only to a handful of Traders or 

2419
02:18:27,299 --> 02:18:29,600
explorers, who lack. 
The means to follow up on it. 

2420
02:18:30,400 --> 02:18:33,100
The Venetian might never have 
expected his words to incite one

2421
02:18:33,100 --> 02:18:35,100
of the most daring Voyages of 
the age. 

2422
02:18:35,799 --> 02:18:39,600
Yet, for Columbus that letter 
represented, a subtle push a 

2423
02:18:39,600 --> 02:18:41,200
sign that the improbable might 
be real. 

2424
02:18:42,100 --> 02:18:45,299
In the decades leading up to his
famed Expeditions Europe, 

2425
02:18:45,299 --> 02:18:48,700
wrestled with power shifts, 
Italy, city state squabbled with

2426
02:18:48,700 --> 02:18:51,200
each other. 
The Ottoman Empire Flex control 

2427
02:18:51,200 --> 02:18:54,400
over trade routes and Portugal 
angled for maritime dominance. 

2428
02:18:55,400 --> 02:18:58,299
People in Columbus's circle's 
debated the viability of sailing

2429
02:18:58,299 --> 02:19:00,100
west to reach the spice Laden 
East. 

2430
02:19:00,700 --> 02:19:02,799
The question was more than 
academic curiosity. 

2431
02:19:02,799 --> 02:19:06,799
It came down to wealth 
alliances, and bending the map 

2432
02:19:06,799 --> 02:19:10,299
to serve power. 
Genoa sitting at the crossroads 

2433
02:19:10,299 --> 02:19:13,500
of so many trading arteries was 
itself, a testament to how 

2434
02:19:13,500 --> 02:19:15,700
Maritime Acumen could drive 
prosperity. 

2435
02:19:16,600 --> 02:19:19,500
Columbus was neither the best 
educated nor the wealthiest 

2436
02:19:19,500 --> 02:19:23,100
Visionary of his time, but he 
excelled in marrying lofty, 

2437
02:19:23,100 --> 02:19:24,900
dreams with a canny political 
sense. 

2438
02:19:25,700 --> 02:19:29,000
It became apparent to him. 
That some power be at Portugal 

2439
02:19:29,000 --> 02:19:32,500
Spain, or another kingdom. 
Would eventually roll the dice 

2440
02:19:32,500 --> 02:19:36,799
on a transatlantic Venture and 
he poised with a solid track 

2441
02:19:36,799 --> 02:19:40,400
record of smaller voyages, aimed
to be the chosen instrument of 

2442
02:19:40,400 --> 02:19:43,200
that Gamble. 
He saw himself as indispensable 

2443
02:19:43,200 --> 02:19:45,400
in Bridging, the Gap between the
idea and the deed. 

2444
02:19:46,100 --> 02:19:49,600
Others might excel in in 
theorizing or financing. 

2445
02:19:50,400 --> 02:19:53,100
But Columbus believed he alone. 
Carried the peculiar mix of 

2446
02:19:53,108 --> 02:19:56,800
unwavering faith and nautical 
competence necessary for Success

2447
02:19:56,800 --> 02:20:00,600
during these formative years. 
What truly set Columbus apart 

2448
02:20:00,600 --> 02:20:03,600
was not just his willingness to 
take leaps but his ability to 

2449
02:20:03,600 --> 02:20:06,300
accumulate allies and supporters
behind closed doors. 

2450
02:20:07,100 --> 02:20:10,000
He had a gift for speak 
particularly when discussing 

2451
02:20:10,000 --> 02:20:13,000
navigation or potential one 
Wonders that might lie across 

2452
02:20:13,000 --> 02:20:16,900
the Atlantic. people described 
him as a steadfast, man.' 

2453
02:20:21,200 --> 02:20:25,400
Others were swept up in his 
unwavering confidence. 

2454
02:20:26,300 --> 02:20:30,400
Either way, they remembered him 
in a society where reputations 

2455
02:20:30,400 --> 02:20:32,800
were currently. 
That was the first step toward 

2456
02:20:32,800 --> 02:20:35,700
finding Patron, who could turn 
imagination into tangible 

2457
02:20:35,700 --> 02:20:38,700
backing? 
Stories about Columbus often 

2458
02:20:38,700 --> 02:20:40,900
skip from his boyhood. 
In general, straight to his 

2459
02:20:40,900 --> 02:20:44,200
lobbying at the Spanish Court. 
yet these in between years 

2460
02:20:44,200 --> 02:20:48,900
during which he sharpened his 
craft cultivated friendships and

2461
02:20:48,900 --> 02:20:53,600
scoured every port for whispered
Tales were pivotal They formed a

2462
02:20:53,600 --> 02:20:55,900
crucible in which the idea of 
sailing west to reach what 

2463
02:20:55,900 --> 02:20:59,000
Europe called the Indies, 
hardened into a driving 

2464
02:20:59,000 --> 02:21:01,500
obsession. 
By the time, he embarked on the 

2465
02:21:01,508 --> 02:21:03,600
journeys, that would etch his 
name into history. 

2466
02:21:03,600 --> 02:21:06,600
He was already a seasoned 
Navigator with Connections in 

2467
02:21:06,608 --> 02:21:09,400
multiple courts. 
Many might have possessed 

2468
02:21:09,400 --> 02:21:12,700
theoretical knowledge, or raw 
courage, but Columbus, combined 

2469
02:21:12,700 --> 02:21:15,000
them with the Strategic sense of
timing and persuasion. 

2470
02:21:15,800 --> 02:21:19,000
Ultimately, the summer of these 
experiences, the near death 

2471
02:21:19,000 --> 02:21:22,600
storms, the Midnight Confessions
of old Sailors, the letters, 

2472
02:21:22,600 --> 02:21:25,100
penned by obscure Travelers, 
wove together. 

2473
02:21:26,300 --> 02:21:28,900
Columbus, stood as a man on the 
cusp before doing something 

2474
02:21:28,900 --> 02:21:31,600
vast. 
He was ready to propose a 

2475
02:21:31,600 --> 02:21:34,200
radical plan to whichever 
monarchy had the audacity to 

2476
02:21:34,200 --> 02:21:36,900
endorse him. 
And that moment was inching 

2477
02:21:36,900 --> 02:21:39,900
closer, every time he set foot 
on a dock, every time he 

2478
02:21:39,900 --> 02:21:42,600
gathered new bits of 
intelligence and every time he 

2479
02:21:42,600 --> 02:21:46,600
closed his eyes at night vision 
of Uncharted Coast dancing, just

2480
02:21:46,600 --> 02:21:50,200
beyond the darkness. 
Spain in the late 15th century 

2481
02:21:50,200 --> 02:21:54,800
was an agitated, tapestry of 
ambition religious devotion and 

2482
02:21:54,800 --> 02:21:57,800
a desire to surpass other 
emerging European powers. 

2483
02:21:58,500 --> 02:22:01,400
After the Reconquista and the 
unification under the Catholic 

2484
02:22:01,400 --> 02:22:05,400
monarchs King, Ferdinand and 
Queen Isabella sought new ways 

2485
02:22:05,400 --> 02:22:06,700
to spend their place in the 
world. 

2486
02:22:07,600 --> 02:22:10,600
While Portugal was establishing 
itself along the African Coast 

2487
02:22:10,600 --> 02:22:14,400
using caravels to probe new 
Waters, Spain faced the 

2488
02:22:14,400 --> 02:22:18,200
possibility of being left behind
Columbus perceived this anxiety,

2489
02:22:18,200 --> 02:22:20,300
like a cat sniffing out 
opportunity. 

2490
02:22:20,300 --> 02:22:22,700
He had tried pitching. 
His Westwood planned to the 

2491
02:22:22,708 --> 02:22:26,500
Portuguese Crown previously, but
was met with hesitation some say

2492
02:22:26,500 --> 02:22:30,700
scorn, his proposition sounded, 
suspiciously like gambling with 

2493
02:22:30,700 --> 02:22:33,700
the unknown. 
Portugal, after all already had 

2494
02:22:33,700 --> 02:22:37,500
an established route, circling 
Africa But the Spanish Court was

2495
02:22:37,500 --> 02:22:40,100
more impressionable perhaps 
because they were eager to 

2496
02:22:40,100 --> 02:22:43,900
LeapFrog over rivals in the 
exploration race Columbus, bided

2497
02:22:43,900 --> 02:22:46,900
his time in Andalusian. 
Port Towns forging friendships 

2498
02:22:46,900 --> 02:22:49,900
with local captains 
cartographers and the occasional

2499
02:22:49,900 --> 02:22:51,900
monk with an interest in exotic 
geography. 

2500
02:22:52,700 --> 02:22:55,000
The cultivated a sense of 
Mystique around himself, 

2501
02:22:55,000 --> 02:22:59,200
dropping hints, about rumored 
Islands, Beyond the Horizon, and

2502
02:22:59,200 --> 02:23:02,100
yet winning over the Catholic 
monarchs demanded more than 

2503
02:23:02,100 --> 02:23:05,800
Grand promises Columbus needed 
to demonstrate some shred of 

2504
02:23:05,800 --> 02:23:08,900
credibility. 
So he appeared at court armed 

2505
02:23:08,900 --> 02:23:12,000
with numbers and references, 
although many modern experts 

2506
02:23:12,000 --> 02:23:15,000
debate, the accuracy of his 
calculations especially his 

2507
02:23:15,000 --> 02:23:16,700
underestimation of Earth's 
circumference. 

2508
02:23:16,700 --> 02:23:19,100
He was undoubtedly passionate 
about them. 

2509
02:23:19,800 --> 02:23:22,600
He insisted that the distance 
Westwood to Asia wasn't as 

2510
02:23:22,600 --> 02:23:24,500
colossal as mainstream Scholars,
maintained. 

2511
02:23:24,500 --> 02:23:28,200
Moreover, he insisted on titles 
and privileges for himself. 

2512
02:23:28,200 --> 02:23:31,500
If he was successful, this 
wasn't mere hubris. 

2513
02:23:31,500 --> 02:23:33,900
He believed that if he 
discovered new lands or 

2514
02:23:33,900 --> 02:23:37,600
profitable routes, he deserved 
recognition and wealth it's 

2515
02:23:37,600 --> 02:23:40,800
worth noting that Columbus as a 
man of his era cloaked his 

2516
02:23:40,800 --> 02:23:43,800
intentions in religious 
justifications, he talked about 

2517
02:23:43,800 --> 02:23:46,600
bringing Christianity to the far
reaches of the world. 

2518
02:23:46,600 --> 02:23:50,200
This approach resonated with an 
Iberian Court fresh from the 

2519
02:23:50,200 --> 02:23:53,700
triumph, over Granada and eager 
to spread Catholic influence 

2520
02:23:53,700 --> 02:23:56,000
abroad. 
But behind the religious 

2521
02:23:56,000 --> 02:23:59,200
language, there was also a 
shrewd negotiator who understood

2522
02:23:59,200 --> 02:24:02,400
that spiritual rhetoric often 
smooth the path toward funding 

2523
02:24:02,400 --> 02:24:06,000
if you could count your proposed
Voyage in terms of Salvation. 

2524
02:24:06,000 --> 02:24:09,400
All the glory of God, you'd find
fewer obstacles in the corridors

2525
02:24:09,400 --> 02:24:12,200
of power. 
What followed were months some 

2526
02:24:12,200 --> 02:24:16,100
say years of haggling Advisors, 
to the crown debated, whether 

2527
02:24:16,100 --> 02:24:19,600
Columbus was an inspired Savant 
or a full traditional 

2528
02:24:19,600 --> 02:24:22,200
geographers. 
Scoffed, referencing ancient 

2529
02:24:22,200 --> 02:24:25,500
authorities, who argued that the
Atlantic was vast filled with 

2530
02:24:25,508 --> 02:24:29,200
unknown dangers, a few murmured 
that even if Columbus did find 

2531
02:24:29,200 --> 02:24:31,400
land, it could be an 
inhospitable Wilderness. 

2532
02:24:31,400 --> 02:24:33,500
Unworthy of the trouble 
Columbus. 

2533
02:24:33,500 --> 02:24:35,900
However, radiated a calm sense 
of certainty. 

2534
02:24:35,900 --> 02:24:38,600
He occasionally flashed a map 
though. 

2535
02:24:38,600 --> 02:24:40,900
How detailed these charts were 
remains a mystery? 

2536
02:24:41,600 --> 02:24:44,300
Scholars have speculated for 
centuries about the source of 

2537
02:24:44,300 --> 02:24:47,900
his unwavering Assurance, some 
posit hidden documents or secret

2538
02:24:47,900 --> 02:24:51,100
Knowledge gleaned from seafarers
who stumbled upon unknown 

2539
02:24:51,100 --> 02:24:54,300
islets, others assumed, it was 
sheer stubbornness and 

2540
02:24:54,300 --> 02:24:57,200
unshakable conviction that a 
western sea route must exist. 

2541
02:24:58,100 --> 02:25:01,700
Eventually the Catholic monarchs
took a calculated risk. 

2542
02:25:01,700 --> 02:25:05,600
They granted Columbus the funds 
for three ships, and modest 

2543
02:25:05,600 --> 02:25:07,200
investment from their 
perspective. 

2544
02:25:07,200 --> 02:25:10,900
The arrangement was that if he 
found nothing, the loss would be

2545
02:25:10,908 --> 02:25:12,700
brushed aside by the Spanish 
treasury. 

2546
02:25:12,700 --> 02:25:17,000
But if he succeeded Spain would 
catapult ahead in the Scramble 

2547
02:25:17,000 --> 02:25:20,600
for new lands and trading routes
the recollection of Portugal's 

2548
02:25:20,600 --> 02:25:24,000
Prosperity from gold and spices 
weighed heavily on their minds. 

2549
02:25:24,000 --> 02:25:28,000
Nobody wanted to miss out on the
next wave of riches, Columbus. 

2550
02:25:28,000 --> 02:25:31,500
Exultant with the Royal nod, 
hurry to assemble a crew. 

2551
02:25:32,500 --> 02:25:34,700
People often Overlook the 
question of how Columbus 

2552
02:25:34,700 --> 02:25:36,500
gathered those men. 
It's true. 

2553
02:25:36,500 --> 02:25:39,400
Many were from Modest 
backgrounds with some rumored to

2554
02:25:39,400 --> 02:25:42,300
be on the run from the law. 
Hoping to escape their past in 

2555
02:25:42,300 --> 02:25:45,600
the expanse of the ocean. 
But it wasn't just Desperados 

2556
02:25:45,600 --> 02:25:49,700
who signed up skilled Navigators
from Palos, queva and Beyond 

2557
02:25:49,700 --> 02:25:52,600
joined intrigued by the 
potential for fortune. 

2558
02:25:53,300 --> 02:25:56,600
The ships commonly referred to 
in simplified form as the Nina, 

2559
02:25:56,600 --> 02:25:59,800
the Pinta, and the Santa Maria 
were repurposed commercial 

2560
02:25:59,800 --> 02:26:03,200
vessels, not the grand 
specialized craft of some Modern

2561
02:26:03,200 --> 02:26:06,300
imagination. 
In those final days before 

2562
02:26:06,300 --> 02:26:09,600
departure, Columbus prayed 
publicly at small monasteries 

2563
02:26:09,600 --> 02:26:12,900
and confided in a handful of 
confidants, the air crackled 

2564
02:26:12,900 --> 02:26:15,300
with anticipation Coastal 
communities. 

2565
02:26:15,300 --> 02:26:18,100
Whispered about the boldness of 
it, all some saw it as an act of

2566
02:26:18,108 --> 02:26:21,300
Madness or vanity, others felt 
the giddiness of perhaps 

2567
02:26:21,300 --> 02:26:24,300
witnessing, the dawn of a new 
era, though, they likely didn't 

2568
02:26:24,300 --> 02:26:27,400
raise it that way. 
For his part, Columbus 

2569
02:26:27,400 --> 02:26:30,100
maintained a controlled 
composure, but one can imagine 

2570
02:26:30,100 --> 02:26:31,500
the swirl of thoughts in his 
head. 

2571
02:26:31,500 --> 02:26:34,500
What if the critics were right? 
And Asia? 

2572
02:26:34,500 --> 02:26:36,100
Lay much farther than he had 
predicted? 

2573
02:26:36,100 --> 02:26:39,100
What if the currents were too 
treacherous, all the men, 

2574
02:26:39,100 --> 02:26:43,700
mutinied out of fear, Despite 
the swirling uncertainty 

2575
02:26:43,700 --> 02:26:48,100
Columbus pressed on in the 
context of the times caution 

2576
02:26:48,100 --> 02:26:51,800
often yielded smaller gains. 
While boldness, specially an 

2577
02:26:51,800 --> 02:26:54,800
expiration, could reshape 
kingdoms and redefine maps. 

2578
02:26:54,800 --> 02:27:00,100
And so in August of 1492 with 
the last fleeting gusts of 

2579
02:27:00,100 --> 02:27:04,200
Summer Wind, he led his ragtag 
Armada out of Palace, de La 

2580
02:27:04,200 --> 02:27:07,200
Frontera. 
Spain's Coastline faded behind 

2581
02:27:07,200 --> 02:27:10,500
them, under a brilliant sky and 
all that remained was The 

2582
02:27:10,500 --> 02:27:13,700
Emptiness of the Atlantic. 
No one aboard. 

2583
02:27:13,700 --> 02:27:16,700
Those three ships fully grasped 
the magnitude of what they were 

2584
02:27:16,708 --> 02:27:20,400
about to set in motion. 
Columbus was convinced that on 

2585
02:27:20,400 --> 02:27:24,200
the other side of that endless 
Horizon layer gateway to Asia. 

2586
02:27:25,200 --> 02:27:28,000
What he actually found would 
Ripple through history in ways 

2587
02:27:28,000 --> 02:27:32,100
neither he nor his Patron's 
could have been visited yet that

2588
02:27:32,100 --> 02:27:35,200
departure day. 
So often depicted in simplified 

2589
02:27:35,200 --> 02:27:39,500
paintings was anything but 
routine the tension on Deck, the

2590
02:27:39,500 --> 02:27:43,100
unspoken prayers of the men, the
Specter of turning back of 

2591
02:27:43,100 --> 02:27:46,900
storms threatened, it all brewed
a potent, mix of Hope, and Dread

2592
02:27:47,800 --> 02:27:51,800
Columbus unwavering stood near 
the ship's Helm mentally 

2593
02:27:51,800 --> 02:27:54,700
rehearsing his route, like he 
feeling the weight of his deal 

2594
02:27:54,700 --> 02:27:56,400
with Spain's, monarchy on his 
shoulders. 

2595
02:27:56,400 --> 02:27:59,600
But as a faint Breeze, push them
out to open sea. 

2596
02:27:59,600 --> 02:28:03,400
He also might have felt an in 
toxic of possibility. 

2597
02:28:04,100 --> 02:28:06,700
Sailing into the unknown 
demanded more than bravado. 

2598
02:28:06,700 --> 02:28:09,300
It demanded. 
An unspoken agreement among the 

2599
02:28:09,300 --> 02:28:12,900
crew that they would trust 
Columbus's instincts For Better 

2600
02:28:12,900 --> 02:28:16,300
or Worse for weeks. 
The men heard nothing, but the 

2601
02:28:16,300 --> 02:28:19,300
wind snapping, the sails and the
whole creaking under the 

2602
02:28:19,308 --> 02:28:22,900
pressure of the Open Sea. 
Fears of sea monsters and 

2603
02:28:22,900 --> 02:28:26,700
bottomless whirlpools circulated
in hushed conversations each 

2604
02:28:26,700 --> 02:28:28,400
day. 
Columbus, measured. 

2605
02:28:28,400 --> 02:28:30,200
The sun's position with the 
astrolabe. 

2606
02:28:30,800 --> 02:28:33,700
Jotting figures in a logbook he 
kept hidden from prying eyes, 

2607
02:28:33,700 --> 02:28:36,200
rumor has it. 
He maintained two sets of 

2608
02:28:36,208 --> 02:28:37,400
Records. 
One. 

2609
02:28:37,400 --> 02:28:42,200
Genuine one skewed to soothe 
anxious Sailors As Time wore on 

2610
02:28:42,200 --> 02:28:45,200
their diet initially bred 
onions. 

2611
02:28:45,200 --> 02:28:50,000
Salted meat became stale and 
monotonous water turned brackish

2612
02:28:50,000 --> 02:28:54,000
flared as frustrations. 
Boiled over the sense of 

2613
02:28:54,008 --> 02:28:57,500
distance from any known Shore 
was paralyzing for some a few 

2614
02:28:57,500 --> 02:29:00,300
men muttered that they should 
force Columbus to reverse course

2615
02:29:00,300 --> 02:29:03,400
yet each evening. 
Columbus delivered, a kind of 

2616
02:29:03,400 --> 02:29:06,900
pep, talk reminding them of the 
wealth rumored to be waiting, 

2617
02:29:06,900 --> 02:29:09,500
just Beyond the Horizon of the 
possibility. 

2618
02:29:09,500 --> 02:29:12,900
That each day sale, brought them
closer to Asia's spice markets, 

2619
02:29:13,700 --> 02:29:17,000
From a modern perspective such 
promises might seem manipulative

2620
02:29:17,000 --> 02:29:19,400
but within their historical 
context. 

2621
02:29:20,300 --> 02:29:22,900
Columbus was playing the 
necessary role of morale 

2622
02:29:22,900 --> 02:29:25,900
Builder. 
Along the voyage certain signs, 

2623
02:29:25,900 --> 02:29:29,100
stood, fleeting moments of 
optimism floating clusters of 

2624
02:29:29,100 --> 02:29:32,700
seaweed stray. 
Birds overhead, even the faint 

2625
02:29:32,700 --> 02:29:35,000
smell of unfamiliar vegetation 
on the breeze. 

2626
02:29:35,600 --> 02:29:39,000
Sailors latched onto these Clues
like lifelines, interpreting 

2627
02:29:39,000 --> 02:29:42,800
them as evidence that land must 
be near. some historians argue 

2628
02:29:42,800 --> 02:29:45,400
that, these were the crucial 
threads holding the Expedition 

2629
02:29:45,400 --> 02:29:49,900
together when Minds threaten to 
unravel, Columbus however, 

2630
02:29:49,900 --> 02:29:53,600
rarely displayed his own doubts,
his journals hint at the 

2631
02:29:53,600 --> 02:29:56,100
internal terminal. 
He felt when days stretched into

2632
02:29:56,100 --> 02:30:00,900
weeks and no solid Coastline 
materialized but to the men he 

2633
02:30:00,900 --> 02:30:04,200
projected unwavering 
determination Then came a 

2634
02:30:04,208 --> 02:30:07,000
fateful night in October when 
the Cry of Tierra. 

2635
02:30:07,000 --> 02:30:09,000
Tierra, finally broke the 
silence. 

2636
02:30:09,000 --> 02:30:12,600
The men scrambled to the side of
the ship eyes, scanning the 

2637
02:30:12,600 --> 02:30:17,000
darker eyes and Shrouded in 
Moonlight was a low dark outline

2638
02:30:17,000 --> 02:30:21,500
that could only be land relief, 
excitement and a twinge of 

2639
02:30:21,508 --> 02:30:24,400
disbelief Shot Through The Crew.
They had survived the dreaded 

2640
02:30:24,400 --> 02:30:26,200
emptiness. 
When morning came. 

2641
02:30:26,200 --> 02:30:29,400
They saw a lush Island beaches 
gleaming Under the Sun. 

2642
02:30:29,400 --> 02:30:34,000
Columbus convinced, he was near 
Asia unfilled, the Spanish flag 

2643
02:30:34,000 --> 02:30:35,800
and claimed the land for the 
crown. 

2644
02:30:35,800 --> 02:30:39,600
In his diary, he described the 
islands inhabitants as friendly,

2645
02:30:39,600 --> 02:30:43,500
curious and naive about European
ways though. 

2646
02:30:43,500 --> 02:30:46,300
He likely wrote with the tinted 
lens of an outsider imposing his

2647
02:30:46,300 --> 02:30:49,500
own world view, the early 
interactions between Columbus, 

2648
02:30:49,500 --> 02:30:52,300
and the indigenous. 
People often referred to as the 

2649
02:30:52,300 --> 02:30:54,700
Taino began with gestures of 
Goodwill. 

2650
02:30:55,600 --> 02:30:58,400
Small Gifts of glass beads and 
trinkets were exchanged for 

2651
02:30:58,400 --> 02:31:01,600
parrots cotton and rudimentary 
gold ornaments. 

2652
02:31:02,600 --> 02:31:05,400
Columbus interpreted these 
gestures in a context, Shake by 

2653
02:31:05,400 --> 02:31:08,000
centuries of European feudal and
Mercantile culture. 

2654
02:31:09,000 --> 02:31:12,400
He wrote excitedly about the 
potential for future riches and 

2655
02:31:12,400 --> 02:31:15,200
the ease with which Spain might 
extend its reach across these 

2656
02:31:15,200 --> 02:31:17,900
lands. 
That initial moment of Wonder 

2657
02:31:17,900 --> 02:31:21,900
two, distinct worlds meeting for
the first time held a fragile 

2658
02:31:21,900 --> 02:31:25,400
promise of mutual discovery. 
Yet history shows us how 

2659
02:31:25,400 --> 02:31:28,500
Illusions can fracture under the
weight of greed and cultural 

2660
02:31:28,500 --> 02:31:31,600
misunderstanding. 
Columbus recorded that some of 

2661
02:31:31,608 --> 02:31:34,100
the Islanders directed him 
farther to the South and West 

2662
02:31:34,100 --> 02:31:36,500
mentioning places with greater 
wealth. 

2663
02:31:36,500 --> 02:31:40,300
So he pressed on navigating 
among the islands of what we 

2664
02:31:40,300 --> 02:31:41,500
now. 
Call the Caribbean. 

2665
02:31:42,000 --> 02:31:44,900
The further, he traveled, the 
more he convinced himself that 

2666
02:31:44,900 --> 02:31:48,000
the grandkids palaces might lie 
just around the next Coastline, 

2667
02:31:48,000 --> 02:31:51,600
he heard stories interpreted 
them through his own lens and 

2668
02:31:51,600 --> 02:31:53,800
wrote letters back to Spain. 
Brimming with excitement. 

2669
02:31:54,800 --> 02:31:57,500
However, the land was not the 
Asia of silks and spices. 

2670
02:31:57,500 --> 02:32:01,600
He had imagined, the mistake was
largely geographical the world 

2671
02:32:01,600 --> 02:32:05,300
was Far bigger than he had 
presumed unwittingly Columbus 

2672
02:32:05,300 --> 02:32:07,000
had stumbled upon a separate 
continent. 

2673
02:32:07,000 --> 02:32:10,200
That was new only to Europeans 
though, not to the millions who 

2674
02:32:10,200 --> 02:32:13,900
are already live there. 
Seeds of future conflict were so

2675
02:32:13,900 --> 02:32:16,100
in these early encounters, the 
Spanish. 

2676
02:32:16,100 --> 02:32:19,900
Crowns policy was expansionist 
steeped in an ideology of 

2677
02:32:19,900 --> 02:32:22,900
superiority and Columbus's 
reports about malleable 

2678
02:32:22,900 --> 02:32:25,000
Islanders, only fuel the monks 
Ambitions. 

2679
02:32:25,000 --> 02:32:28,800
He built a makeshift fort on 
Hispaniola leaving some men 

2680
02:32:28,800 --> 02:32:31,400
behind while he returned to 
Spain with captured Islanders as

2681
02:32:31,400 --> 02:32:35,600
evidence of his discoveries. in 
Modern Eyes, that action signals

2682
02:32:35,600 --> 02:32:38,400
a grim for shadowing of how the 
new worlds inhabitants would be 

2683
02:32:38,400 --> 02:32:42,400
treated as curiosity's labor 
sources or impediments to 

2684
02:32:42,400 --> 02:32:46,700
Colonial aims But in Columbus's 
time such Maneuvers were 

2685
02:32:46,700 --> 02:32:49,600
considered strategic. 
He wanted to ensure further 

2686
02:32:49,600 --> 02:32:51,800
funding by demonstrating 
tangible results. 

2687
02:32:51,800 --> 02:32:55,500
Returning with natives though, 
entirely unethical by 

2688
02:32:55,500 --> 02:32:58,100
contemporary standards served as
proof that he wasn't just 

2689
02:32:58,100 --> 02:33:01,500
spinning tall tales. 
As he sailed back Columbus. 

2690
02:33:01,500 --> 02:33:05,100
Already envisioned, subsequent 
Expeditions likely anticipated, 

2691
02:33:05,100 --> 02:33:08,300
wealth honors and a permanent 
place in the aristocracy. 

2692
02:33:08,300 --> 02:33:11,100
He had entered the islands as an
emery of a new Empire in the 

2693
02:33:11,108 --> 02:33:14,200
making much like a businessman 
presenting a prototype to 

2694
02:33:14,200 --> 02:33:15,900
investors. 
He came back with enough 

2695
02:33:15,900 --> 02:33:19,600
evidence to secure additional 
patronage from Spain, Royal 

2696
02:33:19,600 --> 02:33:22,700
receptions greeted him upon his 
return and he responded by 

2697
02:33:22,700 --> 02:33:25,500
describing the islands as 
paradise's brimming with 

2698
02:33:25,500 --> 02:33:27,800
potential for Christian 
conversion and resource 

2699
02:33:27,800 --> 02:33:30,300
extraction. 
The tale of first Contact is 

2700
02:33:30,300 --> 02:33:33,900
often romanticized that the 
reality was more complex and 

2701
02:33:33,900 --> 02:33:36,200
ominous. 
Suspicion looked beneath the 

2702
02:33:36,200 --> 02:33:38,500
surface. 
Both from the Spanish who found 

2703
02:33:38,500 --> 02:33:41,800
less gold than rumored and from 
the indigenous people's who now 

2704
02:33:41,800 --> 02:33:44,600
witness the arrival of more 
foreigners seeking land and 

2705
02:33:44,600 --> 02:33:48,000
labor Columbus's navigational. 
Victory had done knowingly 

2706
02:33:48,000 --> 02:33:49,400
unlocked a door, that would 
soon. 

2707
02:33:49,400 --> 02:33:53,300
See, waves of conquistadors 
missionaries and Fortune Seekers

2708
02:33:53,300 --> 02:33:56,300
flood. 
These Shores for now, though, in

2709
02:33:56,300 --> 02:33:59,200
the immediate aftermath of that 
first voyage Europe, saw, 

2710
02:33:59,200 --> 02:34:01,900
Columbus as a triumphant 
Discoverer, who validated the 

2711
02:34:01,900 --> 02:34:05,100
Westwood route. 
The next chapter would unveil 

2712
02:34:05,100 --> 02:34:06,500
the consequences of that 
discovery. 

2713
02:34:07,500 --> 02:34:11,200
For a brief flickering moment 
there existed in between time 

2714
02:34:11,200 --> 02:34:15,100
when Europeans and natively, 
Landers engaged without fully 

2715
02:34:15,100 --> 02:34:16,800
understanding. 
What was at stake? 

2716
02:34:17,900 --> 02:34:20,600
The aura of curiosity, pervaded 
their interactions. 

2717
02:34:20,600 --> 02:34:24,500
But behind the Curiosity layer, 
Chasm of cultural difference and

2718
02:34:24,500 --> 02:34:28,300
the looming possibility of 
violence Columbus for all his 

2719
02:34:28,300 --> 02:34:30,900
Zeal and cunning remained 
somewhat oblivious to the 

2720
02:34:30,900 --> 02:34:32,500
Pandora's Box. 
He had pried open. 

2721
02:34:33,500 --> 02:34:36,600
His mind was fixed on proving to
the Spanish crown that he was 

2722
02:34:36,600 --> 02:34:39,200
the man to lead the next wave of
expeditions in to these 

2723
02:34:39,200 --> 02:34:42,500
unfamiliar Waters. 
Confident that wealth and Glory 

2724
02:34:42,500 --> 02:34:45,100
laid just over the horizon. 
Not long. 

2725
02:34:45,100 --> 02:34:48,400
After Columbus's, celebrated 
returned to Spain words, spread 

2726
02:34:48,400 --> 02:34:51,800
throughout Europe about the new 
lands, the name Indies stuck 

2727
02:34:51,800 --> 02:34:54,600
reflecting Columbus's ongoing 
Miss belief that he had neared 

2728
02:34:54,600 --> 02:34:58,000
the outskirts of Asia in 
response, the Spanish Crown 

2729
02:34:58,000 --> 02:34:59,900
organized. 
A second Expedition on a much 

2730
02:34:59,908 --> 02:35:02,500
grander scale. 
Columbus would no longer 

2731
02:35:02,500 --> 02:35:05,900
Commander Modesto of ships, but 
rather a flotilla aimed at 

2732
02:35:05,900 --> 02:35:07,300
establishing a permanent 
foothold. 

2733
02:35:08,300 --> 02:35:12,300
Settlers and clergy accompany 
him each with their own agenda. 

2734
02:35:12,300 --> 02:35:16,400
What was the ultimate objective?
Transform these islands into 

2735
02:35:16,400 --> 02:35:18,500
profitable colonies for the 
Spanish Realm. 

2736
02:35:19,300 --> 02:35:22,200
The spectacle of this second 
voyage, contrasted sharply with 

2737
02:35:22,200 --> 02:35:25,500
the tentative nature of the 
first resources flowed in 

2738
02:35:25,500 --> 02:35:28,500
cannons. 
Livestock seeds for European 

2739
02:35:28,500 --> 02:35:31,800
crops, the monarchy and vision. 
These Distant Shores is an 

2740
02:35:31,800 --> 02:35:35,000
extension of Spanish 
civilization in Columbus's eyes.

2741
02:35:35,000 --> 02:35:38,200
The project was both an 
opportunity and a test He 

2742
02:35:38,200 --> 02:35:41,000
welcomed the chance to govern as
a Viceroy of sorts, but the 

2743
02:35:41,000 --> 02:35:43,900
weight of responsibility also 
rested heavily on his shoulders.

2744
02:35:43,900 --> 02:35:47,400
He had to turn Uncharted Islands
into functioning colonies, 

2745
02:35:47,400 --> 02:35:50,900
maintained favor with the crown 
and keep the natives from 

2746
02:35:50,900 --> 02:35:55,200
slipping out of Spanish control.
Upon arrival back in Hispaniola.

2747
02:35:55,200 --> 02:35:58,800
The atmosphere was palpably 
different where before there had

2748
02:35:58,800 --> 02:36:00,900
been curiosity, now there was 
tension. 

2749
02:36:01,700 --> 02:36:04,700
The men Columbus had left behind
in the makeshift Fort had 

2750
02:36:04,700 --> 02:36:07,600
engaged in violent conflicts 
with locals straining. 

2751
02:36:07,600 --> 02:36:11,300
Relations, the Taino were not a 
monolithic group, they have 

2752
02:36:11,300 --> 02:36:13,700
their own leadership, 
alliance's, an internal 

2753
02:36:13,700 --> 02:36:17,300
politics, but collectively, they
recognized that these foreigners

2754
02:36:17,300 --> 02:36:20,500
sought to claim land and 
resources as their own ignoring 

2755
02:36:20,500 --> 02:36:24,400
existing structures. 
Discontent and confusion spread 

2756
02:36:24,400 --> 02:36:28,300
on both sides often fueled by 
the language Gap. 

2757
02:36:29,300 --> 02:36:32,800
Columbus tried to govern but the
role required more than just 

2758
02:36:32,800 --> 02:36:36,200
navigation skills administering.
A settlement demanded. 

2759
02:36:36,200 --> 02:36:39,600
Diplomacy patience and 
foresight. 

2760
02:36:40,400 --> 02:36:42,200
Pressed by the Spanish crown for
gold. 

2761
02:36:42,200 --> 02:36:45,000
He imposed demands on the Taino 
for tribute. 

2762
02:36:45,000 --> 02:36:49,300
This policy, alienated them 
transforming a guarded tolerance

2763
02:36:49,300 --> 02:36:52,700
into outright hostility 
rebellions flared and the 

2764
02:36:52,700 --> 02:36:55,700
Spanish met them with harsh. 
Reprisals, Columbus found 

2765
02:36:55,700 --> 02:36:58,400
himself caught between his 
promise to Spain that these 

2766
02:36:58,400 --> 02:37:01,600
territories would yield wealth 
and the reality that extracting 

2767
02:37:01,600 --> 02:37:05,000
riches from these communities 
required force, or at the very 

2768
02:37:05,000 --> 02:37:10,300
least intimidation, Meanwhile 
frictional arose among the 

2769
02:37:10,300 --> 02:37:13,900
Spanish settlers themselves, not
everyone respected Colombus 

2770
02:37:13,900 --> 02:37:17,800
Aristocrats resented taking 
orders from a genoise, Outsider 

2771
02:37:17,800 --> 02:37:21,100
soldiers chafed under what they 
viewed as incompetent 

2772
02:37:21,100 --> 02:37:24,000
leadership, a swirl of 
accusation circulated 

2773
02:37:24,000 --> 02:37:27,700
mismanagement of supplies 
favorite, it ISM and even 

2774
02:37:27,700 --> 02:37:30,600
cruelty toward both, settlers 
and mint on natives. 

2775
02:37:31,400 --> 02:37:34,600
Columbus Grove to maintain a 
grip on the situation but a 

2776
02:37:34,600 --> 02:37:37,100
ships came and went They Carried
back to Spain letters and 

2777
02:37:37,100 --> 02:37:38,600
rumors. 
That cast him in a questionable 

2778
02:37:38,600 --> 02:37:41,300
light. 
People who once heralded him as 

2779
02:37:41,300 --> 02:37:45,500
a Visionary began to wonder if 
he was a tyrant and yet Columbus

2780
02:37:45,500 --> 02:37:48,100
managed to launch further 
exploration from these Colonial 

2781
02:37:48,100 --> 02:37:51,000
footholds. 
He navigated around Cuba, 

2782
02:37:51,000 --> 02:37:53,500
ventured into Jamaica and 
glimpsed. 

2783
02:37:53,500 --> 02:37:57,300
More of the Caribbean's island 
chain, each landfall brought new

2784
02:37:57,300 --> 02:37:59,400
interactions with indigenous 
populations. 

2785
02:37:59,400 --> 02:38:03,300
Some initial encounters seemed 
peaceful enough featuring small 

2786
02:38:03,300 --> 02:38:07,100
exchanges of goods or gestures 
of Amity but a Spanish 

2787
02:38:07,100 --> 02:38:09,300
Ambitions. 
Grew tensions invariably 

2788
02:38:09,300 --> 02:38:13,300
escalated into conflict even. 
So Columbus's spirit for 

2789
02:38:13,300 --> 02:38:17,000
exploration, never truly dimmed.
He continued sketching rough 

2790
02:38:17,000 --> 02:38:20,100
Maps confiding in his journals 
about how these islands, might 

2791
02:38:20,100 --> 02:38:21,800
connect to the broader Asian 
continent. 

2792
02:38:22,900 --> 02:38:25,100
One underappreciated dimension 
of Columbus's. 

2793
02:38:25,100 --> 02:38:28,100
Second voyage was the attempt to
introduce European Agriculture 

2794
02:38:28,100 --> 02:38:31,900
and husbandry to the new world. 
Horses, pigs, and cattle. 

2795
02:38:31,900 --> 02:38:35,000
Unloaded from Spanish ships, 
trotted cross, Caribbean Shores 

2796
02:38:35,000 --> 02:38:38,100
for the first time Wheaton 
shoulder, Kane seeds were 

2797
02:38:38,100 --> 02:38:39,800
planted with the hope that they 
would thrive. 

2798
02:38:40,700 --> 02:38:43,000
These experiments would have 
eventually reshape local 

2799
02:38:43,000 --> 02:38:46,000
ecosystems though Columbus and 
his contemporaries didn't 

2800
02:38:46,000 --> 02:38:48,900
foresee how foreign plants and 
animals could disrupt native 

2801
02:38:48,900 --> 02:38:51,100
habitats. 
They also didn't foresee the 

2802
02:38:51,100 --> 02:38:54,400
profound demographic collapse. 
That would be the keynote due to

2803
02:38:54,400 --> 02:38:57,400
disease forced labor, and armed 
confrontation. 

2804
02:38:58,400 --> 02:39:00,200
Amid. 
The daily swirl of colonial 

2805
02:39:00,200 --> 02:39:02,900
Administration. 
Columbus, also wrestled with 

2806
02:39:02,908 --> 02:39:06,400
personal disappointment. 
Precious metals seemed less 

2807
02:39:06,400 --> 02:39:09,800
abundant than he had hinted in 
his early letters, the dream of 

2808
02:39:09,800 --> 02:39:12,700
easy gold faded. 
Forcing him to tighten the 

2809
02:39:12,700 --> 02:39:15,100
screws on both colonists and 
Native populations to meet 

2810
02:39:15,100 --> 02:39:18,100
Spain's expectations. 
This pressure fueled further 

2811
02:39:18,100 --> 02:39:22,800
discontent Some settlers plotted
against him, drafting scathing 

2812
02:39:22,800 --> 02:39:25,800
reports to Royal officials 
Columbus responded with 

2813
02:39:25,800 --> 02:39:28,900
imprisonments and strict 
measures hoping to maintain 

2814
02:39:28,900 --> 02:39:32,300
order and proved he could handle
the responsibilities vested in 

2815
02:39:32,300 --> 02:39:34,800
him. 
He was not entirely oblivious to

2816
02:39:34,800 --> 02:39:37,000
the unraveling situation 
letters. 

2817
02:39:37,000 --> 02:39:39,700
He pain to the Spanish Crown 
reveal, a weary individual 

2818
02:39:39,700 --> 02:39:43,400
pleading for more support 
complaining that rebellious 

2819
02:39:43,400 --> 02:39:46,600
colonists undermined his 
policies and defending his harsh

2820
02:39:46,600 --> 02:39:48,200
treatment of natives as 
necessary. 

2821
02:39:48,200 --> 02:39:51,400
Under the circumstances 
historians continue to debate 

2822
02:39:51,400 --> 02:39:55,000
whether these pleased stemmed 
from genuine concern or 

2823
02:39:55,000 --> 02:39:56,900
desperate attempt to preserve 
his authority. 

2824
02:39:56,900 --> 02:40:01,000
Possibly it was both by this 
stage Columbus was no longer. 

2825
02:40:01,000 --> 02:40:04,100
Just the triumphant Mariner who 
had revealed unknown Islands to 

2826
02:40:04,100 --> 02:40:06,400
Europe. 
He was an embattled Governor 

2827
02:40:06,400 --> 02:40:10,300
pinned between Colonial, demands
rebellious factions and 

2828
02:40:10,300 --> 02:40:14,200
Indigenous resistance eventually
the tensions reached a point 

2829
02:40:14,200 --> 02:40:16,000
where the Spanish Crown could no
longer. 

2830
02:40:16,000 --> 02:40:19,300
Ignore the colonial chaos, the 
Spanish Crown, dispatched 

2831
02:40:19,300 --> 02:40:21,500
officials across the Atlantic to
conduct an investigation 

2832
02:40:21,500 --> 02:40:25,300
Columbus's name. 
Once applauded in Royal Halls 

2833
02:40:25,300 --> 02:40:29,000
started to be whispered with 
skepticism, the monarchy needed 

2834
02:40:29,000 --> 02:40:32,400
order and profit, not unending 
complaints and allegations of 

2835
02:40:32,400 --> 02:40:34,900
brutality. 
Colombus for his part. 

2836
02:40:34,900 --> 02:40:37,400
Insisted he remained steadfast 
in his loyalty. 

2837
02:40:37,400 --> 02:40:40,400
These measures were 
misrepresented that others were 

2838
02:40:40,400 --> 02:40:44,000
sowing Discord against him. but 
the drum beat of criticism was 

2839
02:40:44,000 --> 02:40:47,600
relentless, These were pivotal 
years in which the promise of 

2840
02:40:47,600 --> 02:40:50,600
new lands collided with the 
Practical realities of Conquest.

2841
02:40:51,300 --> 02:40:54,100
The idea of finding a paradise 
was replaced by the harsh 

2842
02:40:54,100 --> 02:40:57,500
realities of colonization. 
Columbus is navigational. 

2843
02:40:57,500 --> 02:41:00,100
Achievements could not Shield 
him from the complexities of 

2844
02:41:00,100 --> 02:41:02,900
trying to rule a far-flung. 
Colony under the watchful profit

2845
02:41:02,900 --> 02:41:07,300
Hungry Eyes of the style of 
Spanish crown and so amid 

2846
02:41:07,300 --> 02:41:09,600
fractious settlers and 
Indigenous communities on the 

2847
02:41:09,600 --> 02:41:11,600
brink. 
The stage was set for a 

2848
02:41:11,608 --> 02:41:14,200
reckoning. 
The once celebrated Admiral, 

2849
02:41:14,200 --> 02:41:17,400
whose unwavering conviction had 
brought him so far, found 

2850
02:41:17,400 --> 02:41:20,200
himself in snared in the 
bureaucracy and violence of 

2851
02:41:20,200 --> 02:41:22,900
Empire building. 
An empire that demanded more 

2852
02:41:22,900 --> 02:41:25,100
than a dream as Spirit could 
easily deliver. 

2853
02:41:26,000 --> 02:41:28,500
When people talk about 
Christopher Columbus today, they

2854
02:41:28,500 --> 02:41:32,500
often reduce him to a single act
that of discovering America. in 

2855
02:41:32,500 --> 02:41:35,900
that narrative, the Nuance of 
his multiple voyages and the 

2856
02:41:35,900 --> 02:41:38,900
complexities of his tenure as a 
colonial administrator often 

2857
02:41:38,900 --> 02:41:43,200
vanish yet its precisely in the 
aftermath of these voyages that 

2858
02:41:43,200 --> 02:41:46,700
the full dimensions of his 
influence and his failures come 

2859
02:41:46,700 --> 02:41:50,800
into Stark relief. 
As Columbus initiated further. 

2860
02:41:50,800 --> 02:41:54,000
Journeys some leading him toward
the coasts of Central and South 

2861
02:41:54,000 --> 02:41:56,300
America. 
He found himself increasingly 

2862
02:41:56,300 --> 02:41:58,200
marginalized by Spanish 
bureaucracy. 

2863
02:41:58,200 --> 02:42:02,400
This shift manifested most 
dramatically in the arrival of 

2864
02:42:02,400 --> 02:42:03,100
France. 
Cisco. 

2865
02:42:03,100 --> 02:42:06,100
Dear. 
A royal commissioner tasked with

2866
02:42:06,108 --> 02:42:08,800
investigating complaints about 
Columbus's governorship. 

2867
02:42:08,800 --> 02:42:13,100
The new bureaucrat carrying the 
weight of Royal Authority wasted

2868
02:42:13,100 --> 02:42:16,400
little time in gathering 
testimony Both Spaniards and 

2869
02:42:16,400 --> 02:42:20,400
local Islanders were counted 
episodes of Cruelty nepotism and

2870
02:42:20,400 --> 02:42:25,100
questionable decisions. 
Baba deer was so appalled that 

2871
02:42:25,100 --> 02:42:28,100
he arrested Columbus and his 
brothers sending them back to 

2872
02:42:28,100 --> 02:42:31,600
Spain in Chains. 
Legend has it that Columbus wore

2873
02:42:31,600 --> 02:42:35,100
his shackles defiantly even when
given the chance to remove them 

2874
02:42:35,100 --> 02:42:37,300
on the ship. 
He saw them as a symbol of 

2875
02:42:37,300 --> 02:42:40,300
Injustice proof that his loyalty
and service were being raped 

2876
02:42:40,300 --> 02:42:43,300
with humiliation. 
It was a potent image for 

2877
02:42:43,300 --> 02:42:46,300
someone who wants to try infant 
before the same crown that now 

2878
02:42:46,300 --> 02:42:49,800
authorized his imprisonment. 
The question of guilt remains 

2879
02:42:49,800 --> 02:42:51,600
Tangled in his historical 
debate. 

2880
02:42:52,300 --> 02:42:55,500
Some accounts suggest that 
Columbus overwhelmed by the 

2881
02:42:55,500 --> 02:42:57,800
Labyrinth of colonial politics 
and the pressure for gold 

2882
02:42:57,800 --> 02:43:01,500
resorted to Extreme. 
Measures others argue 

2883
02:43:01,500 --> 02:43:04,800
bobadilla's actions were all so 
politically motivated using 

2884
02:43:04,800 --> 02:43:07,400
Columbus as a scapegoat to 
appease the crowns to 

2885
02:43:07,400 --> 02:43:09,100
satisfaction with the colonies 
performance. 

2886
02:43:10,300 --> 02:43:12,000
Pain returning to Spain in 
disgrace. 

2887
02:43:12,700 --> 02:43:15,000
Columbus, managed to secure an 
audience with Queen. 

2888
02:43:15,000 --> 02:43:18,600
Isabella Accounts from the time 
suggests that he pleaded his 

2889
02:43:18,600 --> 02:43:21,600
case with tears. 
In his eyes, lamenting how he 

2890
02:43:21,600 --> 02:43:24,700
had been treated. 
The queen who once supported 

2891
02:43:24,700 --> 02:43:28,200
him, so fervently was moved 
enough to release him. 

2892
02:43:28,200 --> 02:43:31,800
However, his authority over the 
new world territories would 

2893
02:43:31,800 --> 02:43:35,200
never be fully restored. 
The monarchy recognized his 

2894
02:43:35,200 --> 02:43:38,500
contributions as an Explorer, 
but deemed his administrative 

2895
02:43:38,500 --> 02:43:41,500
methods unacceptable, or at 
least two fraught with 

2896
02:43:41,500 --> 02:43:43,600
controversy to continue under 
his leadership. 

2897
02:43:44,600 --> 02:43:48,200
Despite these setbacks Columbus 
managed to mount a fourth voyage

2898
02:43:48,200 --> 02:43:52,600
albeit with far, fewer resources
and a more modest mission to 

2899
02:43:52,600 --> 02:43:54,400
find a passage to the Indian 
Ocean. 

2900
02:43:54,400 --> 02:43:58,200
He skirted the coast of Central 
America enduring Hurricane's, 

2901
02:43:58,200 --> 02:44:02,500
shipwrecks, and near mutinies, 
This journey carried a distinct 

2902
02:44:02,500 --> 02:44:05,600
sense of desperation Columbus 
remained convinced. 

2903
02:44:05,600 --> 02:44:08,000
He could unstable upon a 
maritime straight. 

2904
02:44:08,000 --> 02:44:10,700
That would vindicate. 
His original thesis that these 

2905
02:44:10,700 --> 02:44:14,400
lands were indeed part of Asia's
outskirts, he found no such 

2906
02:44:14,400 --> 02:44:17,500
passage of course and ended up 
stranded in Jamaica for a Time 

2907
02:44:17,500 --> 02:44:21,100
relying on the uneasy Goodwill 
of local communities to survive.

2908
02:44:22,500 --> 02:44:25,400
During that ordeal Columbus 
famously exploited, his 

2909
02:44:25,400 --> 02:44:28,400
knowledge of an upcoming lunar. 
Eclipse to secure Provisions 

2910
02:44:28,400 --> 02:44:31,400
from the indigenous people. 
By predicting, the moon would 

2911
02:44:31,400 --> 02:44:34,700
turn dark as a sign of divine 
displeasure. 

2912
02:44:34,700 --> 02:44:38,000
If they withheld supplies, You 
manipulated the local 

2913
02:44:38,000 --> 02:44:40,600
population. 
This episode underscores the 

2914
02:44:40,608 --> 02:44:43,100
lengths, he would go to maintain
Authority and precarious 

2915
02:44:43,100 --> 02:44:46,600
circumstances, and it also 
points to the lopsided power 

2916
02:44:46,600 --> 02:44:49,900
dynamics at Play. 
Even when cut off from Spanish 

2917
02:44:49,900 --> 02:44:53,200
support, Columbus, found ways to
leverage Advanced European 

2918
02:44:53,200 --> 02:44:56,000
knowledge like astronomy for 
short-term advantage. 

2919
02:44:56,800 --> 02:44:59,600
Eventually he managed to return 
to Spain in failing Health 

2920
02:44:59,600 --> 02:45:01,700
battered. 
By the years at Sea, the 

2921
02:45:01,700 --> 02:45:04,600
illusions that he might still be
recognized as the vice Roy of a 

2922
02:45:04,600 --> 02:45:08,100
new Empire that he might uncover
the golden cities of Asia had 

2923
02:45:08,100 --> 02:45:11,500
diminished. 
Queen Isabella's death in 1504 

2924
02:45:11,500 --> 02:45:14,000
further eroded his political 
support. 

2925
02:45:15,000 --> 02:45:17,900
King, Ferdinand was far more 
pragmatic and less inclined to 

2926
02:45:17,900 --> 02:45:20,400
indulge Columbus's petitions for
power or wealth. 

2927
02:45:21,100 --> 02:45:25,900
Over time other explorers, such 
as Emma Sputnik began to map. 

2928
02:45:25,900 --> 02:45:29,000
The Contours of the so-called 
New World inadvertently, 

2929
02:45:29,000 --> 02:45:31,200
challenging Columbus's fixation 
on Asia. 

2930
02:45:31,900 --> 02:45:35,900
In his later years, Columbus 
lived in semi-retirement dogged 

2931
02:45:35,900 --> 02:45:38,200
by lawsuits over revenues. 
He believed were owed to him 

2932
02:45:38,200 --> 02:45:40,500
based on his original contract 
with the crown. 

2933
02:45:41,400 --> 02:45:43,700
The once bold dreamer was 
reduced to lodging legal 

2934
02:45:43,700 --> 02:45:46,500
complaints, he penned letters 
that oscillated between 

2935
02:45:46,500 --> 02:45:49,500
self-justification and appeals 
to higher Christian purposes. 

2936
02:45:49,500 --> 02:45:53,900
Even on his deathbed in 1506, he
seemed unwilling to let go of 

2937
02:45:53,900 --> 02:45:56,500
the conviction that he had. 
Indeed found a western route to 

2938
02:45:56,500 --> 02:45:59,200
Asia. 
From a purely human perspective,

2939
02:45:59,200 --> 02:46:02,000
these final chapters present a 
poignant figure. 

2940
02:46:02,600 --> 02:46:06,500
A man once lauded as an 
unrivaled Pioneer brought Low by

2941
02:46:06,500 --> 02:46:10,000
the Machinery of the Empire. 
He helped expand its tempting to

2942
02:46:10,000 --> 02:46:11,600
cast him as the victim or 
villain. 

2943
02:46:11,600 --> 02:46:15,000
He was in truth. 
A complex amalgamation of 

2944
02:46:15,000 --> 02:46:20,000
ambition, Faith, calculation, 
and tunnel vision, His voyages 

2945
02:46:20,000 --> 02:46:22,100
Unleashed to colossal. 
Consequence is for countless 

2946
02:46:22,100 --> 02:46:25,100
indigenous people's Who Bore the
brunt of colonization's 

2947
02:46:25,100 --> 02:46:27,800
brutality Zs and cultural 
upheaval. 

2948
02:46:27,800 --> 02:46:31,500
And yet from European 
standpoint, he undeniably 

2949
02:46:31,500 --> 02:46:35,000
altered the map and opened a 
nearer of unprecedented Maritime

2950
02:46:35,000 --> 02:46:37,500
expansion. 
One might argue that his 

2951
02:46:37,500 --> 02:46:40,500
ultimate downfall was that he 
neither adapted or let go of his

2952
02:46:40,500 --> 02:46:43,000
initial misconceptions? 
Had he recognized these 

2953
02:46:43,000 --> 02:46:44,800
territories as a separate 
landmass? 

2954
02:46:44,800 --> 02:46:48,000
He might have adjusted his 
strategies perhaps forging 

2955
02:46:48,000 --> 02:46:50,300
alliance's or seeking more 
sustainable ways to govern 

2956
02:46:50,300 --> 02:46:54,300
instead. 
He persisted year after year and

2957
02:46:54,300 --> 02:46:57,300
claiming that Asia was just 
around the corner that a 

2958
02:46:57,300 --> 02:46:59,700
straight or a city of gold would
validate his calculations. 

2959
02:46:59,700 --> 02:47:03,300
This inflexibility collided with
the messy reality of Empire 

2960
02:47:03,300 --> 02:47:06,300
Building. 
The monarchy demanded tangible 

2961
02:47:06,300 --> 02:47:09,300
riches and stability. 
Not unending, quests. 

2962
02:47:09,300 --> 02:47:13,300
Based on outdated assumptions. 
By the time Columbus died, he 

2963
02:47:13,300 --> 02:47:15,800
had seen only fragments of his 
Grand Vision realized. 

2964
02:47:16,500 --> 02:47:19,700
The world had indeed changed 
that largely Beyond his personal

2965
02:47:19,700 --> 02:47:22,800
control ships from other. 
European nations would soon 

2966
02:47:22,800 --> 02:47:26,200
arrive each with their own 
agendas as the scramble to 

2967
02:47:26,208 --> 02:47:28,200
exploit. 
The newly unveiled continents 

2968
02:47:28,200 --> 02:47:32,200
gained momentum Columbus's name 
would echo through centuries, 

2969
02:47:32,200 --> 02:47:35,200
but his latter days were marked 
by a troubled sense of having 

2970
02:47:35,200 --> 02:47:38,100
been eclipse. 
The shimmering illusions that 

2971
02:47:38,100 --> 02:47:41,600
guided him across unknown Waters
faded into a legacy, far more 

2972
02:47:41,600 --> 02:47:44,900
complicated and far more 
transformative than even, he 

2973
02:47:44,900 --> 02:47:48,000
could have imagined The 
ramifications of Columbus's 

2974
02:47:48,000 --> 02:47:51,700
Journeys extended far beyond the
man himself, unleashing, a chain

2975
02:47:51,700 --> 02:47:55,200
of events that would reshape the
globe with each subsequent ship,

2976
02:47:55,200 --> 02:47:58,800
sailing Westwood more European, 
settlers landed on Caribbean, 

2977
02:47:58,800 --> 02:48:00,800
Shores, and eventually the 
mainland. 

2978
02:48:01,800 --> 02:48:04,000
While the Spanish Crown, 
extracted, gold and silver. 

2979
02:48:04,000 --> 02:48:07,600
From mines, carved out of the 
soil, indigenous Society is 

2980
02:48:07,600 --> 02:48:11,000
buckled under Force labor and 
diseases, like smallpox measles 

2981
02:48:11,000 --> 02:48:14,800
and influenza. these illnesses 
new to the Western Hemisphere 

2982
02:48:14,800 --> 02:48:19,200
devastated population, who had 
no immunity communities, that 

2983
02:48:19,200 --> 02:48:22,100
had Thrive for generation's 
collapse, their cultural 

2984
02:48:22,100 --> 02:48:26,500
practices disrupted or arrays, 
Within a single generation. 

2985
02:48:26,500 --> 02:48:29,800
The vibrant tapestry of the 
Taino and other native groups 

2986
02:48:29,800 --> 02:48:31,000
was forever. 
Transformed. 

2987
02:48:31,700 --> 02:48:33,600
Some Scholars estimate mortality
rates? 

2988
02:48:33,600 --> 02:48:36,900
Well over 70%, in certain areas 
due to epidemics alone. 

2989
02:48:37,600 --> 02:48:40,900
The Spanish approach was 
typically to establishing Comey 

2990
02:48:40,900 --> 02:48:43,100
Enders. 
A system in which settlers were 

2991
02:48:43,108 --> 02:48:45,100
granted control over local 
communities. 

2992
02:48:45,100 --> 02:48:48,100
They were supposed to protect 
and educate them in 

2993
02:48:48,100 --> 02:48:50,900
Christianity. 
But in practice, the system 

2994
02:48:50,900 --> 02:48:54,100
turned into a form of 
enslavement extracting labor, 

2995
02:48:54,100 --> 02:48:57,800
while paying minimal heat to 
well-being, Columbus's initial 

2996
02:48:57,800 --> 02:49:00,200
governance might not have 
single-handedly created these 

2997
02:49:00,200 --> 02:49:03,200
policies, but his methods and 
the crowns encouragement of 

2998
02:49:03,200 --> 02:49:05,100
resource exploitation. 
Set the tone. 

2999
02:49:05,100 --> 02:49:08,900
The idea of the Columbian 
Exchange is often used to 

3000
02:49:08,900 --> 02:49:13,400
describe the massive transfer of
plants, animals, people and 

3001
02:49:13,400 --> 02:49:15,300
ideas between the old and new 
worlds. 

3002
02:49:16,100 --> 02:49:20,100
From the Americas came crops 
like Maize potatoes tomatoes and

3003
02:49:20,100 --> 02:49:23,100
cacao which would revolutionize 
European Cuisine and 

3004
02:49:23,100 --> 02:49:25,900
agriculture. 
Conversely old world animals 

3005
02:49:25,900 --> 02:49:29,400
like horses cattle and pigs. 
Quickly became fixtures in the 

3006
02:49:29,400 --> 02:49:33,000
Americas, changing Landscapes 
and Indigenous livelihoods this 

3007
02:49:33,000 --> 02:49:34,800
exchangeable. 
Also included the forced 

3008
02:49:34,800 --> 02:49:37,500
migration of African slaves, who
were brought in to replace 

3009
02:49:37,500 --> 02:49:40,800
decimated, local labor forces, 
Grimes escalation that Columbus 

3010
02:49:40,800 --> 02:49:42,400
may never have directly 
orchestrated. 

3011
02:49:42,400 --> 02:49:44,900
But that followed from the 
colonial blueprint, he helped 

3012
02:49:44,900 --> 02:49:48,000
layout in a broader sense. 
Columbus's voyages, spark the 

3013
02:49:48,000 --> 02:49:51,400
European imagination, Portugal, 
England, France, and the 

3014
02:49:51,408 --> 02:49:54,300
Netherlands soon, launched, 
their own missions across the 

3015
02:49:54,300 --> 02:49:56,600
Atlantic driven by rumors of 
riches. 

3016
02:49:56,600 --> 02:49:59,400
And conquered lands. 
Competing claims ignited, 

3017
02:49:59,400 --> 02:50:02,600
conflicts over territory, 
opening a new age of Imperial 

3018
02:50:02,600 --> 02:50:07,000
rivalry. the lines on maps were 
redrawn countless times each 

3019
02:50:07,000 --> 02:50:10,500
iteration leaving a trail of 
treaties Wars and Boundary 

3020
02:50:10,500 --> 02:50:14,400
disputes and so the impetus that
began with Columbus's belief in 

3021
02:50:14,400 --> 02:50:18,200
a Westward path to Asia spiraled
into a global upheaval that 

3022
02:50:18,200 --> 02:50:22,200
reached far beyond the Caribbean
Has these powers jostled for 

3023
02:50:22,200 --> 02:50:25,500
control indigenous Nations 
across, two continents face 

3024
02:50:25,500 --> 02:50:28,800
waves of new arrivals. 
Some groups formed alliances 

3025
02:50:28,800 --> 02:50:32,400
with Europeans leveraging 
firearms and trade relationships

3026
02:50:32,400 --> 02:50:36,200
to gain Regional advantages, 
others resisted colonization 

3027
02:50:36,200 --> 02:50:39,600
with every means at their 
disposal whether through Warfare

3028
02:50:39,600 --> 02:50:44,500
or diplomatic negotiation, In 
that unfolding drama Columbus's 

3029
02:50:44,500 --> 02:50:48,400
role was recast overshadowed by 
conquerors like Cortes and 

3030
02:50:48,400 --> 02:50:52,600
Pizarro whose direct subjugation
of massive civilizations, Aztec 

3031
02:50:52,600 --> 02:50:55,500
and Inca dwarfed. 
The smaller-scale, conquests of 

3032
02:50:55,508 --> 02:50:59,600
the first Islands yet the 
initial spark, the template for 

3033
02:50:59,600 --> 02:51:02,700
claiming land under Royal 
Charters, traced back to 

3034
02:51:02,700 --> 02:51:05,500
Columbus insistence that these 
lands belong to Spain. 

3035
02:51:06,500 --> 02:51:10,500
Over the centuries, his 
reputation, waxed and waned in 

3036
02:51:10,500 --> 02:51:13,700
Spain, he was intermittently 
lionized as a national hero 

3037
02:51:13,700 --> 02:51:16,500
though. 
He was Italian born in the 

3038
02:51:16,500 --> 02:51:20,500
emerging United States. 
Columbus was mythologized as an 

3039
02:51:20,500 --> 02:51:24,000
emblem of pioneering spirit. 
Particularly during the 19th 

3040
02:51:24,000 --> 02:51:26,300
century. 
When a young Nation sought 

3041
02:51:26,300 --> 02:51:29,000
founding myths, disconnected 
from British colonial rule, 

3042
02:51:29,800 --> 02:51:32,500
Monuments. 
Sprouted in his name poets and 

3043
02:51:32,500 --> 02:51:34,400
chroniclers Polished away. 
The unseemly. 

3044
02:51:34,400 --> 02:51:38,200
Details painting him as a 
Visionary chosen by Fate but as 

3045
02:51:38,200 --> 02:51:41,200
the modern era approached 
historians began to piece 

3046
02:51:41,200 --> 02:51:44,400
together, the darker facets, the
enslavement of native peoples, 

3047
02:51:44,400 --> 02:51:48,100
the ruthless tactics to extract 
tribute and the catastrophic 

3048
02:51:48,100 --> 02:51:50,700
demographic collapse that 
accompanied European arrival. 

3049
02:51:52,000 --> 02:51:55,300
Within academic circles 
Columbus's identity has been 

3050
02:51:55,308 --> 02:51:59,000
dissected with increasing rigor.
Was he a brilliant if flawed 

3051
02:51:59,000 --> 02:52:01,900
Mariner Court in the Unstoppable
tide of Empire? 

3052
02:52:02,900 --> 02:52:06,300
Cunning opportunist to use Royal
favour to pursue his quest for 

3053
02:52:06,300 --> 02:52:09,100
personal Glory. 
Or a tragic figure, who stumbled

3054
02:52:09,100 --> 02:52:11,900
into a continent. 
He never understood living long.

3055
02:52:11,900 --> 02:52:15,800
Enough to see his illusion 
crumble, the man's Diaries the 

3056
02:52:15,800 --> 02:52:17,900
letters. 
He exchanged with monarchs and 

3057
02:52:17,900 --> 02:52:20,300
the records of those who 
traveled with him, reveal 

3058
02:52:20,300 --> 02:52:23,600
contradictions, and complexities
that defy easy categorization, 

3059
02:52:23,600 --> 02:52:27,000
social movements in the late 
20th and early 21st. 

3060
02:52:27,000 --> 02:52:28,500
Centuries further, heightened 
scrutiny. 

3061
02:52:29,300 --> 02:52:31,900
Protesters targeted. 
Columbus Day Celebrations 

3062
02:52:31,900 --> 02:52:35,300
calling attention to the brutal 
Legacy of colonization for 

3063
02:52:35,300 --> 02:52:38,100
indigenous. 
Peoples, statues were defaced, 

3064
02:52:38,100 --> 02:52:42,000
public debates, raged and local 
governments declared alternative

3065
02:52:42,000 --> 02:52:43,600
holidays like indigenous 
people's day. 

3066
02:52:44,400 --> 02:52:46,900
The conversation shifted from 
glorifying Columbus's 

3067
02:52:46,900 --> 02:52:49,700
navigational, triumphs to 
examining the price of others 

3068
02:52:49,700 --> 02:52:52,600
paid for his endeavors. 
Some people clung to the older 

3069
02:52:52,600 --> 02:52:55,900
narrative, seeing him as an icon
of exploration and progress, 

3070
02:52:55,900 --> 02:52:58,700
While others demanded a more 
candidate acknowledgment, of the

3071
02:52:58,708 --> 02:53:03,400
suffering woven into his story. 
In many ways, Columbus, embodies

3072
02:53:03,400 --> 02:53:06,800
the Paradox of exploration, a 
thirst for new knowledge and 

3073
02:53:06,800 --> 02:53:09,900
wealth coupled with the violent,
imposition of power over those 

3074
02:53:09,900 --> 02:53:12,500
encountered. 
Modern sentiments, often try to 

3075
02:53:12,500 --> 02:53:16,000
reduce historical figures to 
moral absolutes, hero or 

3076
02:53:16,000 --> 02:53:17,900
villain. 
But people and particularly 

3077
02:53:17,900 --> 02:53:21,000
those who lived centuries ago, 
exist in moral Shades shaped by 

3078
02:53:21,008 --> 02:53:25,300
the context of their times. 
Columbus was no exception, he 

3079
02:53:25,300 --> 02:53:28,900
followed the traditions of his 
Society, exploitation religious 

3080
02:53:28,900 --> 02:53:32,700
Zeal, hierarchical rule while 
also forging New Paths that 

3081
02:53:32,700 --> 02:53:36,500
irrevocably altered, the world's
trajectory Reflecting on this 

3082
02:53:36,500 --> 02:53:38,600
one. 
Sees that the significance of 

3083
02:53:38,600 --> 02:53:40,600
Columbus's voyages, cannot be 
understated. 

3084
02:53:40,600 --> 02:53:45,500
Regardless of how a one judges, 
his personal character, entire 

3085
02:53:45,500 --> 02:53:48,400
continents were thrust into a 
new era of connectivity and 

3086
02:53:48,400 --> 02:53:52,400
strife Commodities, pathogens 
and cultural practices. 

3087
02:53:52,400 --> 02:53:56,300
Mingled in a transoceanic dance 
with consequences that continue 

3088
02:53:56,300 --> 02:53:59,400
to unfold. 
That Global transformation can 

3089
02:53:59,400 --> 02:54:02,500
be traced to this determined 
Navigator, who despite incorrect

3090
02:54:02,500 --> 02:54:06,000
assumptions and an inflexible 
mindset, was the Catalyst for an

3091
02:54:06,000 --> 02:54:11,700
epochal shift history for all, 
its two molten tragedy hinged on

3092
02:54:11,700 --> 02:54:13,900
that moment. 
He and his crew, sighted land in

3093
02:54:13,900 --> 02:54:17,200
Wild 1492. 
With the benefit of hindsight. 

3094
02:54:17,200 --> 02:54:19,900
We might picture Columbus 
standing at a symbolic 

3095
02:54:19,900 --> 02:54:23,400
Crossroads holding the map of 
his flawed calculations in one 

3096
02:54:23,400 --> 02:54:25,700
hand and a fervent sense of 
Destiny and the other. 

3097
02:54:25,708 --> 02:54:29,500
To some he remains an adventurer
who proved the feasibility of 

3098
02:54:29,500 --> 02:54:32,800
crossing the Atlantic. 
Bridging worlds that for 

3099
02:54:32,800 --> 02:54:36,500
thousands of years had developed
independently to others, he 

3100
02:54:36,500 --> 02:54:40,600
represents the darkest impulses 
of colonial ambition, unleashing

3101
02:54:40,600 --> 02:54:44,200
oppression and subjugation on 
societies that neither desired 

3102
02:54:44,200 --> 02:54:47,900
nor invited his arrival. 
Through the prism of five 

3103
02:54:47,900 --> 02:54:50,500
centuries. 
Perhaps both views, hold Merit 

3104
02:54:50,500 --> 02:54:54,000
intertwined in the complexities 
of historical momentum. 

3105
02:54:54,800 --> 02:54:57,700
In contemporary times, the story
of Columbus resonates 

3106
02:54:57,700 --> 02:55:01,000
differently depending on 
cultural educational and 

3107
02:55:01,000 --> 02:55:04,600
National perspectives. 
For those whose ancestors hailed

3108
02:55:04,600 --> 02:55:07,300
from Europe. 
His voyages might be held as the

3109
02:55:07,300 --> 02:55:11,300
dawn of a new chapter, in global
Affairs, an invitation to expand

3110
02:55:11,300 --> 02:55:15,200
her eyes and share and cultural 
exchanges for the descendants of

3111
02:55:15,200 --> 02:55:18,200
indigenous peoples. 
It can symbolize the devastating

3112
02:55:18,200 --> 02:55:20,000
onset of invasion and loss of 
sovereignty. 

3113
02:55:21,200 --> 02:55:22,700
And for countless African 
families. 

3114
02:55:22,700 --> 02:55:25,000
Columbus's break throughs in 
navigation. 

3115
02:55:25,000 --> 02:55:27,600
Would pave the way for a 
transatlantic slave trade. 

3116
02:55:27,600 --> 02:55:31,200
Forcibly uprooting Millions from
their home lands to labor and 

3117
02:55:31,200 --> 02:55:34,900
plantations across the Americas.
If we peel away the Mythic 

3118
02:55:34,900 --> 02:55:38,000
layers, we find a man both 
guided and blinded by the 

3119
02:55:38,000 --> 02:55:41,600
conviction of his era. 
Columbus believed in a cosmology

3120
02:55:41,600 --> 02:55:45,100
that insisted earth size was 
smaller than many experts 

3121
02:55:45,100 --> 02:55:47,400
claimed. 
He also adhered to the 

3122
02:55:47,400 --> 02:55:51,100
conviction that Christianity had
a mission to spread to every 

3123
02:55:51,100 --> 02:55:55,400
corner of the globe by force if 
persuasion failed, even as a 

3124
02:55:55,400 --> 02:56:00,100
young boy haunted by the brine 
centered of genoa's docks, He 

3125
02:56:00,100 --> 02:56:02,600
likely never pictured how far 
reaching the consequences of his

3126
02:56:02,600 --> 02:56:06,500
Ambitions would be if anything 
his early dream was to find a 

3127
02:56:06,500 --> 02:56:09,800
direct route to Asia, as well, 
not to become the instigator of 

3128
02:56:09,800 --> 02:56:11,900
a massive reordering of human 
societies. 

3129
02:56:12,800 --> 02:56:16,100
His navigational prowess remains
under niable crossing. 

3130
02:56:16,100 --> 02:56:18,700
The Atlantic in those small 
vessels, demanded, skill 

3131
02:56:18,700 --> 02:56:22,800
courage, and an uncanny ability 
to Rally, terrified, Cruise 

3132
02:56:22,800 --> 02:56:26,400
navigated, with rudimentary 
tools under harsh conditions 

3133
02:56:26,400 --> 02:56:29,400
forging routes. 
That would later become standard

3134
02:56:29,400 --> 02:56:32,200
passengers for ships of 
exploration, trade, and 

3135
02:56:32,200 --> 02:56:35,200
Conquest. 
Indeed the staying power of His 

3136
02:56:35,200 --> 02:56:38,000
Story rests partly on the 
maritime accomplishment itself, 

3137
02:56:38,000 --> 02:56:42,000
proving that a trans, Oceanic 
Crossing could be repeated and 

3138
02:56:42,000 --> 02:56:45,600
systematized yet the same 
willpower that made him persist 

3139
02:56:45,600 --> 02:56:48,700
in the face of skepticism. 
Also, fueled his unwillingness 

3140
02:56:48,700 --> 02:56:51,300
to abandon his original 
assertion that he was in Asia. 

3141
02:56:52,100 --> 02:56:55,400
this insistence might appear 
almost comical, given our modern

3142
02:56:55,400 --> 02:56:59,200
knowledge, but in his time, 
admitting error could jeopardize

3143
02:56:59,200 --> 02:57:02,100
not just personal Pride, but the
entire framework of Royal 

3144
02:57:02,100 --> 02:57:06,300
patronage, Stubbornness 
ironically became a tool for 

3145
02:57:06,300 --> 02:57:08,400
survival in a Cutthroat 
political environment. 

3146
02:57:09,700 --> 02:57:12,500
Historians continue to unearth 
documents that color in the 

3147
02:57:12,508 --> 02:57:14,400
details of Columbus's 
relationships. 

3148
02:57:14,400 --> 02:57:16,300
With both the Spanish monarchy 
and his relatives. 

3149
02:57:17,100 --> 02:57:19,600
Personal letters reveal a man 
vexed by the shifting. 

3150
02:57:19,600 --> 02:57:22,500
Allegiances at court and haunted
by Financial concerns. 

3151
02:57:22,500 --> 02:57:25,900
Yearned for the wealth and 
social status that successful. 

3152
02:57:25,900 --> 02:57:29,400
Explorers could attain believing
that Divine Providence had 

3153
02:57:29,400 --> 02:57:31,500
chosen him to fulfill a 
Monumental role in human 

3154
02:57:31,500 --> 02:57:33,700
destiny. 
These near michitsch. 

3155
02:57:33,700 --> 02:57:36,400
Self-perception sometimes 
contradicted, the messy and 

3156
02:57:36,400 --> 02:57:40,300
often brutal reality, he oversaw
in the colonies, Where the 

3157
02:57:40,300 --> 02:57:43,800
reviled or revered Columbus 
stands as a testament to how 

3158
02:57:43,800 --> 02:57:45,700
individual actions can 
reverberate through the 

3159
02:57:45,700 --> 02:57:48,000
centuries. 
The controversies surrounding 

3160
02:57:48,000 --> 02:57:51,300
how modern societies, 
commemorate him reflect broader 

3161
02:57:51,300 --> 02:57:54,000
debate about how we confront our
Collective passed. 

3162
02:57:54,000 --> 02:57:57,100
How do we honor navigational 
Feats, while acknowledging the 

3163
02:57:57,100 --> 02:57:59,200
suffering inflicted by Colonial,
Pursuits. 

3164
02:57:59,200 --> 02:58:02,600
How do we teach the achievements
of exploration, alongside the 

3165
02:58:02,600 --> 02:58:04,200
tragedies that followed in its 
wake? 

3166
02:58:05,200 --> 02:58:07,900
The question of where Columbus 
fits within the moral landscape 

3167
02:58:07,900 --> 02:58:12,400
of History has no simple answer.
for people in their middle years

3168
02:58:12,400 --> 02:58:17,100
like those between 45 and 54 
revisiting Columbus can be a 

3169
02:58:17,100 --> 02:58:20,400
striking exercise in 
reevaluation Many of us learned 

3170
02:58:20,400 --> 02:58:23,800
a sanitized version in our 
youth, a simplistic epic of 

3171
02:58:23,800 --> 02:58:27,200
heroic discovery. 
Over time reading more broadly 

3172
02:58:27,200 --> 02:58:29,400
or hearing stories from 
descendants of colonized 

3173
02:58:29,400 --> 02:58:31,900
communities, might challenge 
those old narratives. 

3174
02:58:32,600 --> 02:58:34,200
The Hallmark of historical 
awareness. 

3175
02:58:34,200 --> 02:58:37,300
In one's middle years, often 
involves reconciling childhood 

3176
02:58:37,300 --> 02:58:40,400
lessons with a more nuanced and 
frequently uncomfortable. 

3177
02:58:41,100 --> 02:58:43,600
Truth. 
Columbus is story exemplifies 

3178
02:58:43,600 --> 02:58:47,700
this process today, as 
technology allows us near. 

3179
02:58:47,700 --> 02:58:49,600
Instant access to the world's 
knowledge. 

3180
02:58:49,600 --> 02:58:52,800
It's sobering to recall the Day,
Columbus ventured into the 

3181
02:58:52,800 --> 02:58:56,300
unknown with only sales and 
unwavering belief that leap 

3182
02:58:56,300 --> 02:58:58,800
underpinned by flawed 
assumptions. 

3183
02:58:58,800 --> 02:59:01,600
Still gave birth to our 
interconnected modern world. 

3184
02:59:02,400 --> 02:59:05,100
A world where the Ripple effects
of his Crossing shape, our 

3185
02:59:05,100 --> 02:59:07,100
politics cultures and 
environment. 

3186
02:59:07,900 --> 02:59:10,700
Whether we choose to cast him as
a Visionary, a reckless 

3187
02:59:10,700 --> 02:59:14,300
conqueror or both. 
The fact remains his voyages 

3188
02:59:14,300 --> 02:59:17,600
forever altered the course of 
history and in contemplating his

3189
02:59:17,600 --> 02:59:21,500
legacy, WE peer into the broader
quandary of how exploration's 

3190
02:59:21,500 --> 02:59:24,600
well-intentioned or not. 
Can unleash forces that 

3191
02:59:24,600 --> 02:59:27,000
transcend the visions of those 
who first set them in motion. 

3192
02:59:27,900 --> 02:59:35,900
In closing. 
Harry Houdini's Story, begins 

3193
02:59:35,900 --> 02:59:39,000
not with Fanfare, but with a 
toddler on a rickety ship Bound 

3194
02:59:39,000 --> 02:59:41,800
for America. 
Born, Eric Weiss in Budapest, on

3195
02:59:41,800 --> 02:59:44,800
March, 24th 1874. 
He was the fourth of seven 

3196
02:59:44,800 --> 02:59:47,900
children to a rabbi father and 
his wife, the family emigrated 

3197
02:59:47,900 --> 02:59:50,800
to the United States in 1878 
Landing. 

3198
02:59:50,800 --> 02:59:54,700
In Wisconsin, young Eric as he 
was nicknamed grew up on 

3199
02:59:54,700 --> 02:59:57,100
Miracles, far less glamorous 
than Grand Illusions. 

3200
02:59:57,100 --> 03:00:00,800
His father, lost his first 
pulpit in 1882 and the race 

3201
03:00:00,800 --> 03:00:05,000
family fell into dire poverty. 
Eric a small town boy with 

3202
03:00:05,000 --> 03:00:08,200
lofty, aspirations skillfully, 
juggled his work and survival 

3203
03:00:08,200 --> 03:00:11,600
obligations with his early 
Showbiz Instincts by age 9. 

3204
03:00:11,600 --> 03:00:14,300
He was performing as a trapeze 
artist and billing himself as 

3205
03:00:14,300 --> 03:00:17,600
Airy, the prince of the air. 
In one of many makeshift tent 

3206
03:00:17,600 --> 03:00:20,500
shows even as a child. 
He seemed to understand that 

3207
03:00:20,500 --> 03:00:23,900
real Escape was needed. 
Escaping hunger with shoe 

3208
03:00:23,900 --> 03:00:26,100
shining and newspaper arounds 
and escaping. 

3209
03:00:26,100 --> 03:00:29,800
Obscurity by wowing circus 
crowds the name, who Deanie was 

3210
03:00:29,800 --> 03:00:32,600
still years away. 
Eric Vice spent his early at 

3211
03:00:32,608 --> 03:00:35,200
lessons, running errands for 
theaters, and dabbling in 

3212
03:00:35,200 --> 03:00:38,600
gymnastics at the age of 13. 
Eric, weissen his father 

3213
03:00:38,600 --> 03:00:41,900
relocated to New York City. 
Settling into a drafty boarding 

3214
03:00:41,900 --> 03:00:45,600
house situated, on East 79th. 
Street, he took on any odd, jobs

3215
03:00:45,600 --> 03:00:49,000
available, even working as a 
wild-eyed, carnival Beast, Man. 

3216
03:00:49,000 --> 03:00:53,100
Simply to help his family make 
ends meet A rabbi and Appleton 

3217
03:00:53,100 --> 03:00:55,600
Wisconsin. 
Had once been his father's proud

3218
03:00:55,600 --> 03:00:58,200
position. 
Now the future escape artist was

3219
03:00:58,200 --> 03:01:02,400
dancing on tightropes, for spare
change. by his teens, he was 

3220
03:01:02,400 --> 03:01:06,500
tall and sinewave to make an 
impression and athletic 

3221
03:01:06,500 --> 03:01:11,500
cross-country Runner turned 
Showman In 1891, Eric tried to 

3222
03:01:11,500 --> 03:01:14,500
turn his mechanical skill for 
locks and chains into a magic 

3223
03:01:14,500 --> 03:01:16,800
career. 
He read the autobiography of 

3224
03:01:16,800 --> 03:01:20,500
French magician. 
Genuine Roberto and wrongly 

3225
03:01:20,500 --> 03:01:23,800
assumed that adding an I meant 
like Huda in French. 

3226
03:01:23,800 --> 03:01:29,000
Thus Weiss became vice and Eris 
became Harry Houdini he later 

3227
03:01:29,000 --> 03:01:32,600
insisted Harry was in homage to 
his Idol, Harry kellar, but in 

3228
03:01:32,600 --> 03:01:35,600
truth the name who deny mostly 
came from a childhood nickname 

3229
03:01:35,600 --> 03:01:39,500
for Eric This optimistic 
renaming did not instantly 

3230
03:01:39,500 --> 03:01:42,600
conscious success. 
He and his younger brother, Theo

3231
03:01:42,600 --> 03:01:45,700
even formed avoid relaxed called
the brothers who Deanie which 

3232
03:01:45,700 --> 03:01:48,400
flopped so badly they returned 
to New York near starvation 

3233
03:01:48,400 --> 03:01:51,600
wages. 
For years Houdini's, career was 

3234
03:01:51,600 --> 03:01:55,100
the opposite of spectacular. 
He presented himself as the king

3235
03:01:55,100 --> 03:01:57,700
of cards and performed in the 
sleazy dime museums. 

3236
03:01:57,700 --> 03:02:00,600
His first magic shows were 
routine parlor tricks that 

3237
03:02:00,600 --> 03:02:02,500
rarely paid more than a few 
dollars per night. 

3238
03:02:03,100 --> 03:02:05,300
The couple in their act 
traversed, various Theatres 

3239
03:02:05,300 --> 03:02:08,400
their pockets brimming with 
talent but depleted by limited 

3240
03:02:08,400 --> 03:02:10,800
funds. 
One moment they were in Chicago 

3241
03:02:10,800 --> 03:02:15,400
at the 1893 World's Fair with 
Hope Diamond Shimmer the next 

3242
03:02:15,400 --> 03:02:17,900
just as quickly. 
They were boxed into an opium 

3243
03:02:17,900 --> 03:02:20,900
denside show. 
The early 20th century, Showbiz 

3244
03:02:20,900 --> 03:02:24,400
was a terrifying experience, 
combining elements of starvation

3245
03:02:24,400 --> 03:02:27,800
and hardship. 
Through those struggles, who 

3246
03:02:27,800 --> 03:02:32,100
Deanie learned of lesson. 
Confinement in a mess box posed,

3247
03:02:32,100 --> 03:02:34,500
a greater risk than imprisonment
by creditors. 

3248
03:02:34,500 --> 03:02:37,500
He tinkered with handcuffs and 
shackles in his off-hours 

3249
03:02:37,500 --> 03:02:41,300
convinced their must be a way 
out there was Little Wonder give

3250
03:02:41,300 --> 03:02:43,600
his name that he became obsessed
with getting out. 

3251
03:02:43,600 --> 03:02:47,100
He tested keys in his slimy 
apartment and studied 

3252
03:02:47,100 --> 03:02:48,800
locksmithing using ragged 
manuals. 

3253
03:02:49,600 --> 03:02:52,500
When Houdini first approached a 
lot one friend would later quip 

3254
03:02:52,500 --> 03:02:55,500
that locks screamed at an SOS by
morning? 

3255
03:02:56,700 --> 03:03:00,000
By 1894 his wife Bess formerly 
Wilhelmina. 

3256
03:03:00,000 --> 03:03:02,900
Rana was relieved that he was 
making more money as a dormant 

3257
03:03:02,900 --> 03:03:04,300
and bouncer than he was with his
magic. 

3258
03:03:04,300 --> 03:03:07,200
It took a few more years of 
scraping by before anything 

3259
03:03:07,200 --> 03:03:08,900
resembling a big break 
materialized. 

3260
03:03:08,900 --> 03:03:12,300
But let's say, the stage was set
for Houdini to really break out 

3261
03:03:12,300 --> 03:03:16,100
the year. 1889 was Houdini's. 
Houdini moment, he was 

3262
03:03:16,108 --> 03:03:19,100
performing in Saint Paul 
Minnesota, doing the same card 

3263
03:03:19,100 --> 03:03:21,900
tricks and juggling acts that 
had entertained Midwestern 

3264
03:03:21,900 --> 03:03:25,300
saloons for a decade. 
When fate in the form of 

3265
03:03:25,308 --> 03:03:28,600
wardville, manager, Martin Beck 
knocked on his dressing room 

3266
03:03:28,600 --> 03:03:31,100
door. 
Beck was already booking big 

3267
03:03:31,100 --> 03:03:33,900
novelty acts and needed 
something new to wow the 

3268
03:03:33,900 --> 03:03:37,000
audience. 
Houdini demonstrated to be his 

3269
03:03:37,000 --> 03:03:40,300
preferred distraction technique,
which involved escape from a 

3270
03:03:40,300 --> 03:03:43,600
pair of prison hancox, a feat 
that would have left most men 

3271
03:03:43,600 --> 03:03:46,600
speak less. 
The normally unflappable back 

3272
03:03:46,600 --> 03:03:49,900
size lit up. 
Stick with those Escape stunts, 

3273
03:03:49,900 --> 03:03:52,300
he advised, and I'll get you on 
the Orpheum circuit. 

3274
03:03:53,200 --> 03:03:56,000
Within weeks, who deenie was 
performing at the top of hill 

3275
03:03:56,000 --> 03:03:58,500
Halls Across America. 
The public had suddenly Gone 

3276
03:03:58,500 --> 03:04:01,100
Wild for the idea that a man 
could slip through steel 

3277
03:04:01,100 --> 03:04:03,600
restraints, as easily as you 
slip through airport, security. 

3278
03:04:03,600 --> 03:04:05,700
And who Deanie became their 
handcuff? 

3279
03:04:05,700 --> 03:04:09,800
Who dini He wasn't the first 
escape artist ever, but he 

3280
03:04:09,800 --> 03:04:11,900
invented the concept of Escape 
Mania. 

3281
03:04:12,700 --> 03:04:16,700
Every evening from Saint Paul to
Chicago, Houdini lived up to his

3282
03:04:16,700 --> 03:04:20,000
name by springing, free from 
County jail cells supplied by 

3283
03:04:20,000 --> 03:04:23,700
impressed, local sheriffs, tied 
in leather straps and dipped 

3284
03:04:23,700 --> 03:04:26,000
into rivers in wooden crates. 
He'd emerged minutes later 

3285
03:04:26,000 --> 03:04:29,000
dripping but Unchained he was 
performing Escape. 

3286
03:04:29,000 --> 03:04:32,300
That was so physically. 
Impossible newspaper, Miss York 

3287
03:04:32,300 --> 03:04:35,600
and girls fainted One local 
paper headlined. 

3288
03:04:35,600 --> 03:04:39,500
If I put these cuffs on you'll 
never escape and who Houdini 

3289
03:04:39,500 --> 03:04:41,700
escaped. 
Anyway, basking in the headlines

3290
03:04:41,700 --> 03:04:44,500
and leaving jailers to eat 
another bite of plain donuts for

3291
03:04:44,500 --> 03:04:48,700
supper. 
By the year 1900 that cut a 

3292
03:04:48,700 --> 03:04:52,800
range for Houdini to travel 
abroad and in London Who deeney 

3293
03:04:52,800 --> 03:04:55,200
Rose to even greater Fame in 
England. 

3294
03:04:55,200 --> 03:04:58,000
He encountered a notoriously 
skeptical, police force at 

3295
03:04:58,000 --> 03:05:01,200
Scotland Yard, the initial 
audition resulted in Houdini 

3296
03:05:01,200 --> 03:05:03,400
being restrained, in the 
renowned yards iron's. 

3297
03:05:03,400 --> 03:05:06,000
He confidently walked out in 
just five minutes. 

3298
03:05:07,000 --> 03:05:09,000
Who dini? 
Immediately secured a six-month 

3299
03:05:09,000 --> 03:05:12,300
contract at London's Alhambra 
theater where he quickly Rose to

3300
03:05:12,300 --> 03:05:15,000
fame. 
Americans and Brits are, like, 

3301
03:05:15,008 --> 03:05:18,100
Flock to his shows and to 
Houdini this was no illusion, 

3302
03:05:18,100 --> 03:05:24,100
his salary, shot up to, $300 a 
week, a fortune at the time, A 

3303
03:05:24,100 --> 03:05:26,800
young man who wants a beans and 
rice with Stage mates, in New 

3304
03:05:26,800 --> 03:05:29,700
York was now presenting gold 
medals to his mother and 

3305
03:05:29,700 --> 03:05:31,900
renting. 
A 25,000 dollar Brownstone in 

3306
03:05:31,900 --> 03:05:37,900
Harlem, by 1904 As a nice bonus 
for poor, Mama wise, he even 

3307
03:05:37,908 --> 03:05:40,600
bought her, our gown rumored to 
have been made for Queen 

3308
03:05:40,600 --> 03:05:42,800
Victoria. 
The proudest hour of the 

3309
03:05:42,800 --> 03:05:45,800
family's history. 
Houdini later said, by his 

3310
03:05:45,800 --> 03:05:49,200
mid-twenties who Houdini had 
large Lee overcome his poverty 

3311
03:05:49,900 --> 03:05:52,200
Newspapers began calling him. 
The Handcuff King. 

3312
03:05:52,200 --> 03:05:54,300
So, a title. 
He wore with pride. 

3313
03:05:55,200 --> 03:05:57,200
He was also forthright about his
methods. 

3314
03:05:57,900 --> 03:06:00,400
Who deeney freely admitted to 
hide in skeleton keys. 

3315
03:06:00,400 --> 03:06:03,700
In his pockets, tucking bits of 
wire into his sleeve and 

3316
03:06:03,700 --> 03:06:05,600
occasionally using his teeth to 
pick a lock. 

3317
03:06:05,600 --> 03:06:08,900
He was genuinely risking his 
life to escape from jail cells. 

3318
03:06:08,900 --> 03:06:11,800
He studied every handcuff made 
and had what one locksmith 

3319
03:06:11,800 --> 03:06:14,700
friend turned photographic 
memory for tricky locking 

3320
03:06:14,700 --> 03:06:17,200
mechanisms. 
Not that he needed memorization 

3321
03:06:17,200 --> 03:06:21,000
for long as who dini dryly noted
in his 1910 book. 

3322
03:06:21,000 --> 03:06:24,400
A simple shoelace Loop could 
open old, cuffs almost as clean 

3323
03:06:24,400 --> 03:06:27,700
as a key. 
Every Newsboy in New York soon, 

3324
03:06:27,700 --> 03:06:29,300
new the name. 
Who Deanie? 

3325
03:06:29,300 --> 03:06:32,200
He discarded. 
His old card tricks, as easily 

3326
03:06:32,200 --> 03:06:34,200
as one would throw away last 
season shoe polish. 

3327
03:06:34,800 --> 03:06:38,300
He was now preoccupied with 
impossible escapes nail riveted 

3328
03:06:38,300 --> 03:06:42,300
packing crates straitjackets 
Berlin, Police sell turnarounds 

3329
03:06:42,300 --> 03:06:45,900
and yes, even a manacled swim in
a Chicago River once. 

3330
03:06:46,700 --> 03:06:48,500
Houdini had invited. 
The very police. 

3331
03:06:48,500 --> 03:06:51,700
He was escaping from to hold him
down and watching them fail by 

3332
03:06:51,700 --> 03:06:54,100
midday was the best free 
publicity imaginable. 

3333
03:06:55,000 --> 03:06:56,700
Houdini had charged for being 
locked up. 

3334
03:06:56,700 --> 03:06:59,500
He probably would have paid off 
his entire contract and stash of

3335
03:06:59,500 --> 03:07:04,300
cuff keys. by 1905, the world 
knew him and his breathless 

3336
03:07:04,300 --> 03:07:08,700
newsmen wanted more more danger,
more distance, more, who dini, 

3337
03:07:08,700 --> 03:07:11,700
with the Handcuff, tricks safely
under his belt, who deeney 

3338
03:07:11,700 --> 03:07:14,700
needed a new way to surprise the
world and when it came to upping

3339
03:07:14,700 --> 03:07:20,500
the ante who was a natural risk 
taker, Around 1908, he retreated

3340
03:07:20,500 --> 03:07:23,100
from handcuffs in favor of 
dramatic, waterscapes. 

3341
03:07:23,100 --> 03:07:27,100
The milk can escape his first 
major liquid act involved who 

3342
03:07:27,100 --> 03:07:28,600
deeney padlocking himself 
inside. 

3343
03:07:28,600 --> 03:07:32,900
A massive milk can filled with 
water and audience member to see

3344
03:07:32,900 --> 03:07:35,800
all the top. 
Then second later, he'd pop out 

3345
03:07:35,800 --> 03:07:39,000
like he'd never skip breakfast, 
the stunt was so successful. 

3346
03:07:39,000 --> 03:07:41,900
He took it overseas immediately 
and crowd members, began 

3347
03:07:41,900 --> 03:07:44,600
betting, whether Houdini would 
dangle like a drowned insect or 

3348
03:07:44,600 --> 03:07:49,400
slip out Victorious. 
Spoiler who dini won every time 

3349
03:07:49,400 --> 03:07:52,500
much to the disappointment of 
the booing Skeptics, once the 

3350
03:07:52,500 --> 03:07:55,900
milk can become well, known 
imitators crept in like moths to

3351
03:07:55,900 --> 03:07:59,100
a flame proof cloth. 
Houdini never want to be outdone

3352
03:07:59,100 --> 03:08:02,900
went around building more. 
Elaborate traps in 1912 he 

3353
03:08:02,900 --> 03:08:05,100
unveiled what would become his 
most infamous gimmick? 

3354
03:08:05,100 --> 03:08:08,900
The Chinese water torture cell 
which Houdini himself preferred 

3355
03:08:08,900 --> 03:08:11,900
to call Simply upside down for 
that purpose. 

3356
03:08:11,900 --> 03:08:14,500
He commissioned a custom tank of
mahogany and steel. 

3357
03:08:15,400 --> 03:08:19,200
With a thick plate glass window 
and plumbing fixtures in effect 

3358
03:08:19,200 --> 03:08:23,100
a giant aquarium on its side, he
would be spreading guilder and 

3359
03:08:23,100 --> 03:08:27,400
dropped in headfirst feet. 
First Eyes Only on the crowd as 

3360
03:08:27,400 --> 03:08:30,700
water poured in to fill the cell
completely every spectator. 

3361
03:08:30,700 --> 03:08:35,000
Expected him to drown. 
Instead who dini held his breath

3362
03:08:35,000 --> 03:08:38,600
over three minutes. 
In fact and unlocked his way out

3363
03:08:38,600 --> 03:08:41,800
while completely upside down. 
The Act was so spectacular. 

3364
03:08:41,800 --> 03:08:44,500
That audience is believed the 
allusionist had a fish like 

3365
03:08:44,500 --> 03:08:47,800
appearance and it remains one of
Houdini's greatest triumphs to 

3366
03:08:47,808 --> 03:08:51,500
this day. 
Along with water Feats, who do 

3367
03:08:51,500 --> 03:08:54,000
you need delighted in Airbender 
escapees? 

3368
03:08:54,000 --> 03:08:56,900
No, tall building was safe, as 
long as who Deen, he was in 

3369
03:08:56,900 --> 03:08:59,300
town, one early stuntman in 
Leeds. 

3370
03:08:59,300 --> 03:09:02,800
England showed him Bound in a 
straight jacket and then hoisted

3371
03:09:02,800 --> 03:09:06,000
by his ankles, 200 feet up a 
crane of the crowd with 

3372
03:09:06,000 --> 03:09:08,600
thousands watching he would 
wiggle free in plain sight. 

3373
03:09:08,600 --> 03:09:11,600
A stunt that Drew comparable 
ticket sales to a Beatles 

3374
03:09:11,600 --> 03:09:14,800
concert or Super Bowl today. 
In New York, police actually 

3375
03:09:14,800 --> 03:09:17,000
banned him from dangling from 
Highwire officers. 

3376
03:09:17,000 --> 03:09:20,500
So Houdini chartered a tugboat 
and performed his packed cabin 

3377
03:09:20,500 --> 03:09:22,900
overboard stunts. 
In the East River, on July, 7th 

3378
03:09:22,900 --> 03:09:25,600
1912. 
They nailed a crate around him, 

3379
03:09:25,600 --> 03:09:28,900
sank it and then Houdini 
squeaked himself loose 

3380
03:09:28,900 --> 03:09:31,400
underwater before anyone ran to 
find the phone book on how to 

3381
03:09:31,400 --> 03:09:34,400
pronounce subpoena. 
Even death, defying wasn't 

3382
03:09:34,400 --> 03:09:37,800
enough, without death itself. 
Who dini became equally famous 

3383
03:09:37,800 --> 03:09:40,600
for his buried alive acts. 
Well though, those performance 

3384
03:09:40,600 --> 03:09:45,400
is even gave him nightmares in a
1915 stunt, he sent it to bury 

3385
03:09:45,400 --> 03:09:48,900
himself under six feet of dirt, 
using only his arms as 

3386
03:09:48,900 --> 03:09:52,100
excavation tools. 
The ground compacted around him 

3387
03:09:52,100 --> 03:09:55,400
halfway down. 
He began clawing rapidly only 

3388
03:09:55,400 --> 03:09:58,200
just managing to break the 
surface before Panic took hold. 

3389
03:09:59,000 --> 03:10:02,500
He emerged in a nearly comical 
jumble of dirty hair and frantic

3390
03:10:02,500 --> 03:10:05,200
apologies, who was rumored. 
After with the Houdini's, 

3391
03:10:05,200 --> 03:10:07,400
emergency call was one Houdini 
please. 

3392
03:10:07,400 --> 03:10:10,100
No rush. 
Reporters frequently, 

3393
03:10:10,100 --> 03:10:13,100
questioned, whether who dealing 
with ticklish had a sidecar 

3394
03:10:13,100 --> 03:10:14,800
attached due to these other 
coffin. 

3395
03:10:14,800 --> 03:10:17,600
Tricks typically Houdini would 
joke that the obituary column 

3396
03:10:17,600 --> 03:10:19,300
posed, the greatest threat to 
his life. 

3397
03:10:20,000 --> 03:10:23,000
No matter how, elaborate, the 
Trap who didn't existed on 

3398
03:10:23,000 --> 03:10:26,900
transparency before some tricks,
he'd even striped down invite 

3399
03:10:26,900 --> 03:10:30,100
the audience to feel his biceps 
or punch him in the gut, proving

3400
03:10:30,100 --> 03:10:33,800
he had no hidden keys. 
For a straight jacket escapes. 

3401
03:10:33,800 --> 03:10:37,500
He sometimes wore nothing but a 
g-string in the torture cell. 

3402
03:10:37,500 --> 03:10:39,900
He made sure, everyone saw him 
chained up through glass. 

3403
03:10:40,500 --> 03:10:43,100
One wag equipped that Houdini 
had nothing to hide. 

3404
03:10:43,100 --> 03:10:46,400
In fact, he practically showed 
everything off stage. 

3405
03:10:47,300 --> 03:10:50,600
These tactics built his image as
a straight shooter or bare 

3406
03:10:50,600 --> 03:10:52,600
straight shooter. 
More precisely in a business 

3407
03:10:52,600 --> 03:10:55,500
known for Hocus. 
Pocus journalists lauded him as 

3408
03:10:55,500 --> 03:10:58,400
the only magician who performed 
without the veil of Deceit. 

3409
03:10:58,400 --> 03:11:01,900
Not realizing who denied that 
line himself on a poster? 

3410
03:11:02,800 --> 03:11:05,900
In any case, if Houdini had a 
motto in the trenches of public 

3411
03:11:05,900 --> 03:11:09,200
stunts, it would be, we may 
water board me, but we won't 

3412
03:11:09,200 --> 03:11:10,100
water. 
Skip me. 

3413
03:11:10,100 --> 03:11:12,800
Thus, who Deanie? 
Consistently elevated, the 

3414
03:11:12,800 --> 03:11:16,400
standard, and the anxiety of 
ticket holders till Newsboys 

3415
03:11:16,400 --> 03:11:20,600
began promoting The Next Houdini
spectacle, by 1914, who 

3416
03:11:20,600 --> 03:11:23,800
Houdini's signature escapes were
polished, and Timeless critics 

3417
03:11:23,800 --> 03:11:26,000
noted that, even his old milk 
can act looked different. 

3418
03:11:26,000 --> 03:11:28,900
He would now sometimes float 
tonight and Grill inside it, 

3419
03:11:28,900 --> 03:11:31,700
raising the difficulty, Legend 
has it? 

3420
03:11:31,700 --> 03:11:34,700
Who need discarded, the grill 
later because the bars look too 

3421
03:11:34,700 --> 03:11:37,100
helpful. 
Like accidentally giving a 

3422
03:11:37,100 --> 03:11:38,800
ladder to someone who is 
supposed to be trapped. 

3423
03:11:39,500 --> 03:11:42,800
The torture sell itself, 
underwent refinements by the end

3424
03:11:42,800 --> 03:11:45,800
of his career, Houdini traveled,
with a spare set of locks 

3425
03:11:45,800 --> 03:11:48,100
chains. 
And even a second sale in case 

3426
03:11:48,100 --> 03:11:52,200
of emergencies, imagine yourself
jammed head first in an iron, 

3427
03:11:52,200 --> 03:11:55,500
coffin of water with no key in a
ticking clock, he liked to say 

3428
03:11:55,500 --> 03:11:58,000
on posters it borders on the 
supernatural. 

3429
03:11:59,100 --> 03:12:01,800
The public believed him though 
naturally, no one was ever, 

3430
03:12:01,800 --> 03:12:02,800
quite sure. 
How he did it. 

3431
03:12:03,800 --> 03:12:07,700
Houdini sidekick and wife Bess 
often co-starred in a minor role

3432
03:12:07,700 --> 03:12:09,700
during these moments of 
theatrical faith. 

3433
03:12:10,300 --> 03:12:12,200
She handled the props managed 
the timing. 

3434
03:12:12,200 --> 03:12:15,600
And once nearly fainted, when an
assistant accidentally locked 

3435
03:12:15,600 --> 03:12:19,100
her in a safe on stage She 
recovered just long enough to 

3436
03:12:19,100 --> 03:12:21,500
Signal Houdini to open it 
afterward. 

3437
03:12:21,500 --> 03:12:25,000
She quit that if Houdini had 
failed, she'd have to update his

3438
03:12:25,000 --> 03:12:30,300
act to The Cremation cell. 
In every incredible stunts, best

3439
03:12:30,300 --> 03:12:33,600
was quietly in the wings. 
The real Houdini often joked 

3440
03:12:33,600 --> 03:12:35,300
that behind every greatest 
escape artist. 

3441
03:12:35,300 --> 03:12:37,100
There was an even greater State 
manager. 

3442
03:12:37,900 --> 03:12:41,100
So while Harry starred in the 
cell of Doom, best was the 

3443
03:12:41,100 --> 03:12:44,800
silence Secretary of magic. 
Making sure who Dennis Solo's 

3444
03:12:44,800 --> 03:12:48,000
had a solid on core who Houdini 
stunts and become a full-time 

3445
03:12:48,000 --> 03:12:51,400
job of being otherworldly. 
But the world was certainly 

3446
03:12:51,400 --> 03:12:55,700
watching newspapers and fans 
bellowed impossible at every 

3447
03:12:55,700 --> 03:12:58,700
escape, the law enforcement 
establishment, treated him with 

3448
03:12:58,700 --> 03:13:02,600
a mixed of admiration and 
embarrassment Los Angeles. 

3449
03:13:02,600 --> 03:13:06,100
Police insisted, he was a humbug
then grudgingly hired him to 

3450
03:13:06,108 --> 03:13:09,100
escape from the LA jail. 
He turned the entire planets 

3451
03:13:09,100 --> 03:13:13,300
jail system into his toolbox. 
To Houdini these were hard 

3452
03:13:13,300 --> 03:13:14,800
lessons about locks and Human 
Nature. 

3453
03:13:15,700 --> 03:13:19,000
If you bend the rules just a bit
or break, the lock, everyone 

3454
03:13:19,000 --> 03:13:22,100
will ask you to break free next.
It was like the ultimate game of

3455
03:13:22,100 --> 03:13:24,600
tag except Houdini was always 
it. 

3456
03:13:24,600 --> 03:13:28,200
And chains were just part of the
catch by the late 1910s. 

3457
03:13:28,200 --> 03:13:31,500
Who Houdini's name had 
International cache, he was rich

3458
03:13:31,500 --> 03:13:33,600
and Restless. 
There were no more dime museums 

3459
03:13:33,600 --> 03:13:35,800
in New York, paying him by the 
burger and fries. 

3460
03:13:35,800 --> 03:13:40,100
Now he entertained Kings and 
commoners, he continued to talk 

3461
03:13:40,100 --> 03:13:43,700
constantly in Great Britain, 
Europe, Russia, and the 

3462
03:13:43,700 --> 03:13:46,200
Netherlands. 
And everywhere he went, he 

3463
03:13:46,200 --> 03:13:49,100
Houdini challenged local police 
to one of his Escape belts, 

3464
03:13:49,100 --> 03:13:53,100
every city became a stage every 
prison or Proving Ground. 

3465
03:13:54,100 --> 03:13:56,800
In Moscow, for example, he 
escaped from a boxcar Bound for 

3466
03:13:56,808 --> 03:13:59,300
Siberia. 
The key supposedly was kept at 

3467
03:13:59,300 --> 03:14:01,800
the North Pole. 
With each new country conquered 

3468
03:14:01,800 --> 03:14:05,200
he collected, souvenirs order 
from ministers official 

3469
03:14:05,200 --> 03:14:08,600
certificates of Escape Artistry 
and sometimes even a lawsuit or 

3470
03:14:08,600 --> 03:14:11,800
two, you want sued a German 
officer for claiming Houdini 

3471
03:14:11,800 --> 03:14:14,100
only escaped by bribery. 
Who dini. 

3472
03:14:14,100 --> 03:14:17,100
Proved the man Wrong, by popping
open the judges safe with the 

3473
03:14:17,100 --> 03:14:20,200
Court's own keys. 
Newsreels eventually lured. 

3474
03:14:20,200 --> 03:14:23,200
Houdini to the movies. 
He starred in a couple of early 

3475
03:14:23,200 --> 03:14:28,000
silent pictures in 1918 to 1990 
like the master mystery or he 

3476
03:14:28,000 --> 03:14:29,900
beat up a robot and got into a 
biplane Chase. 

3477
03:14:30,700 --> 03:14:33,800
Audience is scratch their heads 
though, was this an action film 

3478
03:14:33,800 --> 03:14:37,800
or a really weird magic show. 
Ultimately, Houdini found film 

3479
03:14:37,800 --> 03:14:41,400
less lucrative than Vaudeville 
as he told the press his box 

3480
03:14:41,400 --> 03:14:43,200
office. 
Receipts, beat Hollywood, silent

3481
03:14:43,200 --> 03:14:45,400
Charisma. 
So he returned to live 

3482
03:14:45,400 --> 03:14:48,600
audiences. 
He also had another pioneering 

3483
03:14:48,600 --> 03:14:52,300
gig in the skies in 1910. 
He became the first person to 

3484
03:14:52,300 --> 03:14:54,100
Pilot a powered airplanes in 
Australia. 

3485
03:14:55,100 --> 03:14:58,300
He's lifting off more than just 
our Spirits, a reporter pulling 

3486
03:14:58,300 --> 03:15:01,600
wrote, Houdini was always 
seeking new challenges, whether 

3487
03:15:01,600 --> 03:15:05,300
it was digging through dirt or 
scaling clouds off stage 

3488
03:15:05,300 --> 03:15:07,100
Houdini's. 
Fame, brought him a celebrity 

3489
03:15:07,100 --> 03:15:10,300
lifestyle to match. 
He joined organizations of 

3490
03:15:10,300 --> 03:15:13,400
magicians became president of 
the Society of American 

3491
03:15:13,400 --> 03:15:17,500
Magicians in 1917 and insisted 
on professionalism among his 

3492
03:15:17,500 --> 03:15:21,000
peers. 
His Harlem Brownstone at 278 W, 

3493
03:15:21,000 --> 03:15:26,000
to 1313 of became a museum of 
sorts filled with rare tricks, 

3494
03:15:26,000 --> 03:15:29,800
mystical Auditors and books on 
every bit of a cult nonsense, he

3495
03:15:29,800 --> 03:15:32,700
wanted to debunk. 
He bought a snazzy car, and a 

3496
03:15:32,708 --> 03:15:36,400
custom line suitcase of locks 
and picks in humorous Act of 

3497
03:15:36,408 --> 03:15:39,200
generosity. 
He reportedly spent his systems 

3498
03:15:39,200 --> 03:15:41,900
on a ceremonial gown, 
purportedly tailored for Queen 

3499
03:15:41,900 --> 03:15:44,400
Victoria and threw a grand party
to Showcase. 

3500
03:15:44,400 --> 03:15:46,600
Omit all to ensure his 
impoverished. 

3501
03:15:46,600 --> 03:15:49,000
Mother could be the center of 
attention at the ball. 

3502
03:15:49,800 --> 03:15:52,600
That day, we could kill each 
other laughing Houdini later 

3503
03:15:52,600 --> 03:15:56,200
said for once he had shown up 
high society and their jaws had 

3504
03:15:56,200 --> 03:15:59,000
hit the floor at his wildness 
throughout the 1910s. 

3505
03:15:59,000 --> 03:16:03,000
Who Deanie was touring roughly 
Like a Rockstar by 1920 who 

3506
03:16:03,000 --> 03:16:05,700
Houdini was earning a salary 
significantly higher than that 

3507
03:16:05,700 --> 03:16:09,600
of an ordinary stage magician. 
People literally traveled to his

3508
03:16:09,600 --> 03:16:12,800
show even coming on, pilgrimage 
when Houdini arrived in a city. 

3509
03:16:13,500 --> 03:16:16,100
He had realized that by turning 
every performance into the 

3510
03:16:16,100 --> 03:16:19,500
biggest stunt ever, he could 
keep the crowds coming back so 

3511
03:16:19,500 --> 03:16:22,000
he did. 
And in a way he had become that 

3512
03:16:22,000 --> 03:16:25,400
Rarity among entertainers, the 
guy who was famous primarily for

3513
03:16:25,400 --> 03:16:28,900
surviving things. 
Yet for all the flash, one 

3514
03:16:28,900 --> 03:16:32,400
aspect of who Dennis Persona 
remained personal even at the 

3515
03:16:32,400 --> 03:16:35,200
height of Fame. 
He was curious almost whistle at

3516
03:16:35,200 --> 03:16:38,900
the fringes of existence, he 
himself once admitted that he'd 

3517
03:16:38,900 --> 03:16:42,600
love nothing more than a moments
contact Beyond with his beloved 

3518
03:16:42,600 --> 03:16:48,000
mother who had died in 1913. 
So as 1920s optimism, flourished

3519
03:16:48,000 --> 03:16:52,200
who dini quietly became the 
Moonlighting skeptic, he would 

3520
03:16:52,200 --> 03:16:55,600
attend sale answers and secret 
take on private investigation of

3521
03:16:55,600 --> 03:16:58,900
mediums and write articles 
exposing the Machinery behind 

3522
03:16:58,900 --> 03:17:02,900
Ghostly tableau's. 
In short, he was determined to 

3523
03:17:02,900 --> 03:17:05,500
apply his Escape Artistry to the
spiritual Realm. 

3524
03:17:06,300 --> 03:17:09,200
But first one more leap. 
The biggest one yet was about to

3525
03:17:09,200 --> 03:17:12,400
unfold, even people who thought 
Houdini's stunts were Hokum 

3526
03:17:12,400 --> 03:17:15,000
respected that his battles. 
Against phony Spirits were 

3527
03:17:15,000 --> 03:17:19,100
remarkably sincere in contrast 
to other magicians who casually 

3528
03:17:19,100 --> 03:17:22,700
pretended to be mediums on stage
who Houdini had no desire to 

3529
03:17:22,700 --> 03:17:25,200
deceive. 
By the early 1920s. 

3530
03:17:25,200 --> 03:17:28,800
He had seen too many families 
ruined by con artists calling 

3531
03:17:28,800 --> 03:17:32,200
out from the void. 
On one hand, he was the showman 

3532
03:17:32,200 --> 03:17:35,100
who managed to smuggle himself 
into a floating tank, drowned 

3533
03:17:35,100 --> 03:17:39,100
and miraculously survived. 
On the other hand, he was a 

3534
03:17:39,100 --> 03:17:42,200
grieving, son, having promised 
his mother on her deathbed that,

3535
03:17:42,200 --> 03:17:44,900
if anyone in the family could 
communicate with the dead, he 

3536
03:17:44,900 --> 03:17:48,500
would be the first to test it. 
What transpired was Houdini's, 

3537
03:17:48,500 --> 03:17:52,300
most significant Act of date. 
He transformed into the Undead's

3538
03:17:52,300 --> 03:17:56,300
most terrifying adversary along 
with his wife best and a secret 

3539
03:17:56,300 --> 03:17:58,300
card Ray. 
The most famous being a lady 

3540
03:17:58,308 --> 03:18:00,400
named Rose mackenberg. 
A real life. 

3541
03:18:00,400 --> 03:18:04,700
Ghost detective Houdini set up 
about exposing human leeches who

3542
03:18:04,700 --> 03:18:07,900
played to talk to the Dead. 
They attended, Sailors, 

3543
03:18:07,900 --> 03:18:10,800
undercover. 
Even sabotaging stage levitation

3544
03:18:10,800 --> 03:18:14,000
and phony knocking songs. 
They documented cunning tricks 

3545
03:18:14,000 --> 03:18:17,600
like smoked meat. 
Used to Spur ectoplasm sticky, 

3546
03:18:17,600 --> 03:18:19,700
bandages. 
Smuggled up sleeves and hidden 

3547
03:18:19,700 --> 03:18:24,000
colluding accomplices. 
When newspapers of the day ran 

3548
03:18:24,000 --> 03:18:26,500
stories of hoodoo, Houdini often
quipped. 

3549
03:18:26,500 --> 03:18:28,900
That at least the ghost stories 
had actual ghost writers. 

3550
03:18:28,900 --> 03:18:32,200
As he could barely find anyone 
willing to donate even a dime. 

3551
03:18:33,000 --> 03:18:35,000
Houdini's fire. 
For this Crusade came to a 

3552
03:18:35,000 --> 03:18:38,600
symbolic climax in 1926 when he 
testified before Congress. 

3553
03:18:38,600 --> 03:18:42,500
It was a rare appearance outside
the stage a stiff legislative 

3554
03:18:42,500 --> 03:18:44,400
hearing room instead of a 
wardville theater. 

3555
03:18:45,100 --> 03:18:48,700
Houdini accompanied by Senator 
Arthur Kappa boldly declared 

3556
03:18:48,700 --> 03:18:50,300
that. 
Spiritualism was a complete 

3557
03:18:50,300 --> 03:18:51,800
scam. 
He was not joking. 

3558
03:18:51,800 --> 03:18:55,000
He was a magician who had made a
career out of deceiving death 

3559
03:18:55,000 --> 03:18:58,000
and he boldly declared that 
these media should be ashamed. 

3560
03:18:59,100 --> 03:19:02,800
Society was transfixed 
newspapers, called it up, Rory 

3561
03:19:02,800 --> 03:19:06,700
es and the Apex of Houdini's 
anti spiritualist Crusade. 

3562
03:19:07,900 --> 03:19:10,700
Even supported bills to 
criminalize fake fortune telling

3563
03:19:10,700 --> 03:19:12,800
and phony spiritual 
Communications. 

3564
03:19:13,600 --> 03:19:16,300
Observers were aware that who 
Dean he had previously performed

3565
03:19:16,300 --> 03:19:19,900
fake sale answers on small. 
Wardville stages solely for 

3566
03:19:19,900 --> 03:19:24,700
financial gain. but that was a 
long time ago and now the focus 

3567
03:19:24,700 --> 03:19:28,100
was on the psychic, Charlotte 
and Filtered a bit of irony and 

3568
03:19:28,100 --> 03:19:30,700
sometimes joked. 
I put the ghost in Ghostbusters 

3569
03:19:30,700 --> 03:19:33,900
to audience's and Truth. 
This Mission wasn't about 

3570
03:19:33,900 --> 03:19:39,100
laughs, it was deeply personal 
Best and Houdini had agreed on a

3571
03:19:39,100 --> 03:19:43,400
secret code Roosevelt. 
Title of bess's, favorite song 

3572
03:19:43,400 --> 03:19:45,800
to confirm, whether Houdini 
could truly communicate from the

3573
03:19:45,800 --> 03:19:49,300
other side after his death. 
So far, every message from the 

3574
03:19:49,308 --> 03:19:52,500
spirit world would have been 
hogwash to him and him to us. 

3575
03:19:53,500 --> 03:19:56,700
Who dini also wielded his Fame 
and organizational power in more

3576
03:19:56,700 --> 03:19:59,600
direct ways. 
From 17 to his death, who 

3577
03:19:59,600 --> 03:20:03,100
Houdini served as the president 
of the magician's Union society 

3578
03:20:03,100 --> 03:20:06,200
of American Magicians. 
Urging his fellow magicians to 

3579
03:20:06,200 --> 03:20:09,000
expose frauds and to avoid 
joining the sidekick movement. 

3580
03:20:09,000 --> 03:20:12,600
If a medium dead, lecture him 
who deeney would challenge them 

3581
03:20:12,600 --> 03:20:15,500
on stage. 
He famously offered 10,000 

3582
03:20:15,500 --> 03:20:18,200
dollars. 
A small fortune to anyone who 

3583
03:20:18,200 --> 03:20:20,000
could perform a real spiritual 
feet. 

3584
03:20:20,000 --> 03:20:23,300
He couldn't explain. 
Unsurprisingly he never wrote 

3585
03:20:23,300 --> 03:20:26,500
any checks, he frequently 
asserted that claiming it was. 

3586
03:20:26,508 --> 03:20:29,300
All real was just as unethical 
as claiming the Titanic was 

3587
03:20:29,300 --> 03:20:31,700
Unsinkable. 
And we all know how that turned 

3588
03:20:31,700 --> 03:20:34,100
out. 
The public found who Dennis 

3589
03:20:34,100 --> 03:20:37,000
switched to Ghostbuster both 
fascinating and confusing. 

3590
03:20:37,000 --> 03:20:39,900
Here was a man who escaped death
physically. 

3591
03:20:39,900 --> 03:20:42,800
Now chase after fake death 
claims. 

3592
03:20:43,700 --> 03:20:46,500
Some newspapers played along 
beautifully reporting, every 

3593
03:20:46,500 --> 03:20:49,100
snare he made at so called 
spiritual journalism. 

3594
03:20:49,100 --> 03:20:52,200
Others grumbled that Houdini was
murdering market share for 

3595
03:20:52,208 --> 03:20:55,200
mediums. 
An editorial openly questioned. 

3596
03:20:55,200 --> 03:20:57,900
Whether Houdini saw himself as a
hero or a villain. 

3597
03:20:58,800 --> 03:21:01,600
Throughout it all who Houdini 
never utilized his magic to 

3598
03:21:01,600 --> 03:21:05,500
solve this problem instead, he 
relied on basic sleight of hand 

3599
03:21:05,500 --> 03:21:07,100
knowledge and Friends a 
intelligence. 

3600
03:21:08,000 --> 03:21:10,800
Houdini maintained a clear 
perspective in a world of 

3601
03:21:10,800 --> 03:21:13,400
Deceit. 
There are tricks in every trade 

3602
03:21:13,400 --> 03:21:16,400
and no one is more greedy than 
those who trade on the Dead. 

3603
03:21:17,100 --> 03:21:20,900
Houdini's Crusade gave him a new
identity, not just Escapist 

3604
03:21:20,900 --> 03:21:25,300
Entertainer but public educator.
He went on a lecture tours, not 

3605
03:21:25,300 --> 03:21:28,200
only on how to break locks but 
also on how to spot a fake 

3606
03:21:28,200 --> 03:21:31,700
mediums tacky gimmicks. 
For instance, he wants walked on

3607
03:21:31,700 --> 03:21:35,000
stage at a big spiritualist 
convention in tears, only to 

3608
03:21:35,000 --> 03:21:37,600
yank off his sham crystal ball 
and show the camera inside. 

3609
03:21:38,600 --> 03:21:41,400
People want Something to Believe
In he'd say, but at least they 

3610
03:21:41,400 --> 03:21:43,300
should know. 
If it's a dollop of egg or an 

3611
03:21:43,300 --> 03:21:46,000
echo of the real thing. 
In these interviews, he called 

3612
03:21:46,000 --> 03:21:49,400
charlatans Crooks and liars. 
And to sum, he was the very 

3613
03:21:49,400 --> 03:21:52,600
definition of a fanatic. 
However, for many others, 

3614
03:21:52,600 --> 03:21:56,200
particularly The Grieving widows
and widowers, he emerged as an 

3615
03:21:56,200 --> 03:21:59,700
improbable defender of reason. 
He brought in any experts 

3616
03:21:59,700 --> 03:22:03,100
psychic or not, who had evidence
of the afterlife and tested it 

3617
03:22:03,100 --> 03:22:06,300
under harsh light. 
He even brought in trained stage

3618
03:22:06,300 --> 03:22:09,000
hypnotists to test mediums 
claiming trance States. 

3619
03:22:09,700 --> 03:22:12,800
This all culminated in a 
congressional Hearing in 1926 

3620
03:22:12,800 --> 03:22:15,600
after, which Houdini felt 
Vindicated, that at least 

3621
03:22:15,600 --> 03:22:19,200
lawmakers were listening. 
He would brag years later that 

3622
03:22:19,200 --> 03:22:21,400
he had become history's first. 
Professional, Ghostbuster 

3623
03:22:21,400 --> 03:22:26,200
decades before Ghostbusters hit 
the pop charts, Houdini didn't 

3624
03:22:26,200 --> 03:22:29,300
anticipate, the intense personal
button, nature of this battle. 

3625
03:22:29,300 --> 03:22:33,500
He unintentionally stirred up 
controversy by becoming both a 

3626
03:22:33,500 --> 03:22:36,200
celebrity investigator, and a 
subject of tabloid curiosity 

3627
03:22:36,200 --> 03:22:38,700
newspapers. 
Reported with relish that 

3628
03:22:38,700 --> 03:22:41,800
Houdini was arrogant, 
unscientific or just plain 

3629
03:22:41,800 --> 03:22:44,700
superstitious, some even 
claimed, the devil had cursed 

3630
03:22:44,700 --> 03:22:47,900
him at one sale once. 
Friends from his youth saw a 

3631
03:22:47,900 --> 03:22:50,200
change. 
The man who wants joyfully bowed

3632
03:22:50,200 --> 03:22:52,700
to, his audience's was now 
hostile toward clothing horses 

3633
03:22:52,700 --> 03:22:56,200
of the occult. he argued openly 
with old friends are Arthur 

3634
03:22:56,200 --> 03:22:58,500
Conan Doyle, the Sherlock, 
Holmes author, who had 

3635
03:22:58,500 --> 03:23:02,200
championed spiritualism, Doyle 
called Houdini blasphemer for 

3636
03:23:02,200 --> 03:23:05,100
exposing mediums. 
Who dini called Doyle a fool for

3637
03:23:05,100 --> 03:23:07,600
believing them. 
Their friendship once billed on 

3638
03:23:07,608 --> 03:23:11,200
mutual respect fractured on 
fraudulent fanta's, despite the 

3639
03:23:11,200 --> 03:23:13,800
growing friction, Houdini 
admitted he himself. 

3640
03:23:13,800 --> 03:23:17,200
Wanted a sign that maybe there 
was something Beyond but only if

3641
03:23:17,200 --> 03:23:21,400
it was genuine As president of 
magicians, he asked colleague to

3642
03:23:21,400 --> 03:23:25,400
help craft the ultimate sitting.
Before his first wife's death, 

3643
03:23:25,400 --> 03:23:29,700
they agreed on that secret code.
The early seances, Houdini and 

3644
03:23:29,700 --> 03:23:32,800
Bess held on Halloween, each 
year, became Legend year after 

3645
03:23:32,800 --> 03:23:34,400
year. 
She announced there was shell 

3646
03:23:34,400 --> 03:23:37,600
was no message every time the 
telephone rang on those nights 

3647
03:23:37,600 --> 03:23:41,000
Houdini's heart would skip. 
However Houdini's final 

3648
03:23:41,000 --> 03:23:44,000
performance in 1926 revealed, 
something about him. 

3649
03:23:44,000 --> 03:23:47,100
A man who had defied every 
possible trick was now, 

3650
03:23:47,100 --> 03:23:49,800
anticipating that he would 
approach death like any other 

3651
03:23:49,800 --> 03:23:52,600
challenge. 
And yet, like any outstanding 

3652
03:23:52,600 --> 03:23:54,900
showman who he would only tell 
the ending after the final 

3653
03:23:54,900 --> 03:23:57,700
curtain, who deanne's distaste 
for spiritualism? 

3654
03:23:57,700 --> 03:24:01,100
Had a consequence True Believers
in the movement no longer saw 

3655
03:24:01,100 --> 03:24:04,300
Houdini is the gentle jugular 
from New York, but rather as a 

3656
03:24:04,300 --> 03:24:08,400
charismatic figure, Certain 
journalists began printing that 

3657
03:24:08,400 --> 03:24:09,600
who Dean he had become a 
Villain. 

3658
03:24:09,600 --> 03:24:13,000
Like an official family 
exterminator at every funeral. 

3659
03:24:14,200 --> 03:24:17,900
some spiritualists leaders took 
it personally after all who 

3660
03:24:17,900 --> 03:24:23,400
Deanie had millions of dollars 
Fame and a loyal following When 

3661
03:24:23,400 --> 03:24:26,600
he exposed their tricks on 
National radio many mediums 

3662
03:24:26,600 --> 03:24:28,400
retaliated by attacking his 
character. 

3663
03:24:28,400 --> 03:24:32,300
Conspiracy-minded, gossip 
columns suggested who deny only 

3664
03:24:32,300 --> 03:24:35,700
took on mediums, because his own
psychic powers will weak the 

3665
03:24:35,700 --> 03:24:38,700
irony being, of course. 
That who deny explicitly denied 

3666
03:24:38,700 --> 03:24:42,000
having any, mystical Powers 
other than what any talented 

3667
03:24:42,000 --> 03:24:43,600
locksmith and beastmen might 
possess. 

3668
03:24:44,700 --> 03:24:46,300
Sir. 
Arthur Conan Doyle was perhaps 

3669
03:24:46,300 --> 03:24:49,100
the most enraged public figure 
among Houdini's, upset 

3670
03:24:49,100 --> 03:24:53,300
constituency the two men had 
been warm acquaintances Doyle, 

3671
03:24:53,300 --> 03:24:56,900
even participated in ruins in 
seances with Houdini's mother in

3672
03:24:56,900 --> 03:25:01,900
1922 until Houdini began 
mocking, Doyle's beliefs Doyle 

3673
03:25:01,900 --> 03:25:06,100
who'd risked a claim by publicly
endorsing Spirits felt 

3674
03:25:06,100 --> 03:25:08,900
personally insulted when Houdini
compared metaphysics to a cheap 

3675
03:25:08,900 --> 03:25:12,600
parlor trick, the rift became 
bitter and enduring Doyle 

3676
03:25:12,600 --> 03:25:15,300
persisted in attending Spirit, 
Gatherings and publicly 

3677
03:25:15,300 --> 03:25:17,300
declared. 
Houdini a heretic, even 

3678
03:25:17,300 --> 03:25:20,000
associating him with 
Supernatural curses one, 

3679
03:25:20,000 --> 03:25:23,800
Sensational headline, had it 
evil spirits put curse on Harry,

3680
03:25:23,800 --> 03:25:28,300
Houdini a joke who Dean himself 
read with weary amusement. 

3681
03:25:29,400 --> 03:25:32,700
The Friendship Never recovered 
and the image of Doyle is True 

3682
03:25:32,700 --> 03:25:34,800
Believer versus who deniers the 
ultimate doubt. 

3683
03:25:34,800 --> 03:25:38,300
Her became a literary trope. 
Sherlock Holmes, Versus who 

3684
03:25:38,300 --> 03:25:43,300
Deanie had a lovely ring to it. 
The tablets noted The feud bird 

3685
03:25:43,300 --> 03:25:46,900
Houdini behind the scenes, he 
often confided in friends that 

3686
03:25:46,900 --> 03:25:48,900
he truly wanted spiritualism to 
be real. 

3687
03:25:48,900 --> 03:25:52,200
He had nearly started the ghost,
wrestling course himself, but 

3688
03:25:52,200 --> 03:25:54,000
Doyle's, dogmatism pushed him 
away. 

3689
03:25:54,900 --> 03:25:57,100
Still Houdini channeled 
frustration into action. 

3690
03:25:57,100 --> 03:26:00,600
He had City Newspapers, keep 
publishing the spiritualist 

3691
03:26:00,600 --> 03:26:03,200
victims wanted ads. 
Disguising himself to get 

3692
03:26:03,200 --> 03:26:06,800
invitations, then reported back 
to the public, the Silly Ways, 

3693
03:26:06,800 --> 03:26:10,400
mediums tried to fool them. 
To Houdini's credit, even when 

3694
03:26:10,400 --> 03:26:14,300
he poked fun at Saints theatrics
often with a punto, he never got

3695
03:26:14,300 --> 03:26:17,600
mean-spirited. 
He liked to say, we all need a 

3696
03:26:17,600 --> 03:26:20,300
touching word after we lose 
someone but let's make sure I 

3697
03:26:20,300 --> 03:26:21,900
touching words aren't glued on 
by trickery. 

3698
03:26:23,000 --> 03:26:25,000
Not all blowback was public 
debate though. 

3699
03:26:25,000 --> 03:26:28,700
Some of it was deeply personal 
bests who Deanie's wife took the

3700
03:26:28,700 --> 03:26:32,000
brunt of their shared Obsession 
well though she supported his 

3701
03:26:32,000 --> 03:26:34,600
Crusade Shield. 
So desperately yearned for any 

3702
03:26:34,600 --> 03:26:37,600
sign from Beyond that would 
indicate her husband was still 

3703
03:26:37,600 --> 03:26:43,000
with her, if he died first Every
Halloween from 1926 onward, best

3704
03:26:43,000 --> 03:26:45,600
sat in darkness, holding 
Houdini's, coffin, key, and 

3705
03:26:45,600 --> 03:26:48,100
singing. 
This secret song, Waiting for 

3706
03:26:48,100 --> 03:26:52,300
rows of Roosevelt, believed 
their pre-arranged code Year 

3707
03:26:52,300 --> 03:26:56,900
after year, there was no 
response in 1936 a decade After 

3708
03:26:56,900 --> 03:26:59,400
the Promise best publicly 
declared that he had. 

3709
03:26:59,400 --> 03:27:03,300
Indeed never reached out. 
She said 10 years is long enough

3710
03:27:03,300 --> 03:27:07,400
to wait for any man. 
This tearful final Seance made 

3711
03:27:07,400 --> 03:27:09,800
headlines. 
Some people wrote it off as the 

3712
03:27:09,800 --> 03:27:13,000
end of a gimmick but magician 
still holds silent sessions at 

3713
03:27:13,000 --> 03:27:16,700
his grave to this day. 
However in 1926 life continued 

3714
03:27:16,700 --> 03:27:20,100
with its usual peculiarities, 
Houdini continued touring and 

3715
03:27:20,100 --> 03:27:23,200
lecturing the world, still 
adored the escapists showman on 

3716
03:27:23,200 --> 03:27:25,700
stage. 
Those who knew him could see a 

3717
03:27:25,700 --> 03:27:27,900
seriousness in his eyes. 
That hadn't been there in the 

3718
03:27:27,900 --> 03:27:31,500
old days of card tricks. 
Every new bill for a seance 

3719
03:27:31,500 --> 03:27:34,700
critical lecture and every press
interview about medium, tricks 

3720
03:27:34,700 --> 03:27:38,900
added to an invisible tally. 
He kept in his mind at night, he

3721
03:27:38,900 --> 03:27:41,500
was said to have had unsettling 
dreams about being restrained or

3722
03:27:41,500 --> 03:27:44,600
drowning nightmares. 
No one could applaud as they did

3723
03:27:44,600 --> 03:27:48,100
his on stage escapades. 
Still every morning. 

3724
03:27:48,100 --> 03:27:50,800
He put on his costume as a 
tabloid publicity photographer 

3725
03:27:50,800 --> 03:27:54,100
and locking enthusiast. 
He joked in private letters. 

3726
03:27:55,000 --> 03:27:58,300
To defeat death is one thing to 
defeat those who profit from 

3727
03:27:58,300 --> 03:28:01,200
death's. 
Scare tactic is another The 

3728
03:28:01,200 --> 03:28:04,600
public for its part had mixed 
reactions, many admired 

3729
03:28:04,600 --> 03:28:08,000
Houdini's honesty and back to 
his legislative efforts, some 

3730
03:28:08,000 --> 03:28:10,700
religious newspapers, even 
published his cynical gags. 

3731
03:28:10,700 --> 03:28:13,700
For example, who Dinah wrote 
that if fireflies came out, only

3732
03:28:13,700 --> 03:28:16,700
after someone died people would 
buy electric lights and of 

3733
03:28:16,700 --> 03:28:21,600
hiring mediums. but a portion of
fans felt mildly betrayed After 

3734
03:28:21,600 --> 03:28:25,700
cheering him in a plane's for 
years, a few older admirers were

3735
03:28:25,700 --> 03:28:27,900
puzzled at seeing his name on 
expose of their favorite. 

3736
03:28:27,900 --> 03:28:31,800
Mediums magician colleagues 
either applauded his Integrity 

3737
03:28:31,800 --> 03:28:34,800
or grumbled that he was 
attracting too much controversy.

3738
03:28:35,600 --> 03:28:38,200
Societies magazines, began 
publishing articles, such as 

3739
03:28:38,200 --> 03:28:42,000
Houdini slaves, fairy photos, 
and Holmes create a Sievers ties

3740
03:28:42,000 --> 03:28:44,500
with Houdini, which gave the 
public the impression that he 

3741
03:28:44,500 --> 03:28:48,600
was a magician turned cop. 
Even who Dennis own press agents

3742
03:28:48,600 --> 03:28:51,200
had to scramble. 
They shifted headlines from 

3743
03:28:51,200 --> 03:28:54,200
Houdini's, wild rides to 
Houdini's wild sites. 

3744
03:28:54,200 --> 03:28:57,300
Where wild here meant decidedly 
unimpressive. 

3745
03:28:57,300 --> 03:29:00,800
Magic without c-3 trickery. 
Some days he waved off the 

3746
03:29:00,800 --> 03:29:04,200
dust-ups by announcing a new 
escape challenge like dangling 

3747
03:29:04,200 --> 03:29:07,900
from a plane. 
And the media happily obliged on

3748
03:29:07,900 --> 03:29:09,900
other days. 
Scribblers would ask him if his 

3749
03:29:09,900 --> 03:29:13,200
fight against ghostly as many 
now believed only in himself who

3750
03:29:13,200 --> 03:29:16,400
Houdini would laugh and say if 
you can survive being locked in 

3751
03:29:16,400 --> 03:29:19,200
a safe and then thrown from a 
plane, the only thing you're 

3752
03:29:19,200 --> 03:29:23,500
sure of his gravity despite 
everything who deeney appeared 

3753
03:29:23,500 --> 03:29:26,300
to accept the consequences, it 
was the nature of a showman to 

3754
03:29:26,300 --> 03:29:29,100
feed on attention after all. 
And nothing attracted headlines,

3755
03:29:29,100 --> 03:29:31,100
like Houdini versus the Unseen 
World. 

3756
03:29:31,900 --> 03:29:35,100
Still, he knew his legacy was 
shifting. he wrote later that he

3757
03:29:35,100 --> 03:29:38,300
wanted to be remembered, not for
tricks or big muscles, but for 

3758
03:29:38,300 --> 03:29:42,700
fighting scams in his heart, he 
hoped people would credit him 

3759
03:29:42,700 --> 03:29:46,500
with something deeper since than
just a thousand straight jacket 

3760
03:29:46,500 --> 03:29:49,500
escapes. 
As the critics sneered and the 

3761
03:29:49,508 --> 03:29:52,900
spiritualist hissed, Houdini 
honed his wit and pick locks 

3762
03:29:52,900 --> 03:29:55,900
determined to end this act. 
According to his own terms, the 

3763
03:29:55,900 --> 03:29:58,900
Final Act of Houdini's life 
unfolded, like a scripted 

3764
03:29:58,900 --> 03:30:03,200
nightmare of his own on October 
9th, 1926 before, performing in 

3765
03:30:03,200 --> 03:30:06,300
Albany New York, he injured his 
ankle during a trick, a reminder

3766
03:30:06,300 --> 03:30:08,200
that even a Superman has the 
limits. 

3767
03:30:08,200 --> 03:30:11,100
He hobbled through shows until 
doctors advised rest. 

3768
03:30:11,100 --> 03:30:14,000
But who Deanie ever proud to 
deliver the show? 

3769
03:30:14,000 --> 03:30:17,400
Shrugged it off saying a broken 
ankle is not going to stop 

3770
03:30:17,400 --> 03:30:23,800
Houdini. 
Then came Halloween. 1926 is 

3771
03:30:23,800 --> 03:30:26,800
preyed, while resting in 
Montreal on October. 

3772
03:30:26,800 --> 03:30:30,900
The 22nd after lecture a member 
of the audience, a punch loving 

3773
03:30:30,900 --> 03:30:34,100
medical student asked, who 
deeney if he was as tough as 

3774
03:30:34,100 --> 03:30:36,900
Rumours, not me out of you can, 
who do you need? 

3775
03:30:36,908 --> 03:30:39,300
Joked the student. 
Dr. J Gordon. 

3776
03:30:39,300 --> 03:30:42,100
Whitehead, obliged with the 
series of Swift. 

3777
03:30:42,100 --> 03:30:45,700
Blows to Houdini stomach Landing
several before Harry could tense

3778
03:30:45,700 --> 03:30:48,300
up. 
Houdini gospel laughed it off. 

3779
03:30:48,300 --> 03:30:52,000
He called it a fun experiment, 
telling reporters later, he'd 

3780
03:30:52,000 --> 03:30:55,700
felt nothing but an empty pain. 
That evening, he boarded a train

3781
03:30:55,708 --> 03:30:58,800
for Detroit, attributing the 
discomfort in his gut to that 

3782
03:30:58,800 --> 03:31:00,600
playful punch in his stubborn 
foot. 

3783
03:31:01,900 --> 03:31:06,100
On October the 24th who Houdini 
show in Detroit began with an 

3784
03:31:06,100 --> 03:31:08,000
uncharacteristically. 
Slow start. 

3785
03:31:08,900 --> 03:31:12,000
He complained of cramps and cold
sweats after a late night 

3786
03:31:12,000 --> 03:31:14,700
performance, which insisted on 
doing despite temperatures 

3787
03:31:14,700 --> 03:31:17,700
spiking to 140 degrees 
Fahrenheit in his dressing room.

3788
03:31:17,700 --> 03:31:21,400
He collapsed backstage a doctor 
diagnosed acute, appendicitis 

3789
03:31:21,400 --> 03:31:25,400
and urged immediate surgery who 
dini known for Pep talking, his 

3790
03:31:25,400 --> 03:31:28,300
body reportedly, grinned and 
said, I'll do this show if it's 

3791
03:31:28,300 --> 03:31:31,600
my last but by 6 a.m. he could 
no longer delay. 

3792
03:31:31,600 --> 03:31:35,600
Houdini was rushed into surgery.
The appendectomy revealed a 

3793
03:31:35,600 --> 03:31:39,400
ruptured appendix had sent 
infection peritonitis coursing 

3794
03:31:39,400 --> 03:31:42,500
through his abdomen. 
The Great Houdini now fought for

3795
03:31:42,500 --> 03:31:45,300
his life with novelty and his 
serums and multiple operations, 

3796
03:31:45,300 --> 03:31:48,100
but The Escape Artist metaphor. 
He couldn't help maneuver. 

3797
03:31:48,800 --> 03:31:52,900
On October the 31st, 1926 
Halloween, he finally. 

3798
03:31:52,900 --> 03:31:57,000
Passed away a 52 year old man 
who had Brave death for our 

3799
03:31:57,000 --> 03:32:00,200
entertainment. 
His often reported final words 

3800
03:32:00,200 --> 03:32:02,700
were hushed. 
I'm tired of fighting. 

3801
03:32:02,700 --> 03:32:06,800
The world was stunned, 
newspapers, published gloomy 

3802
03:32:06,800 --> 03:32:10,600
headlines, the master of 
escapes, had vanished, possibly 

3803
03:32:10,600 --> 03:32:12,600
due to a cunning move or a 
stroke of Fate. 

3804
03:32:12,600 --> 03:32:16,200
The official cause listed was 
peritonitis from a ruptured 

3805
03:32:16,200 --> 03:32:20,100
appendix, but already the legend
of who dini needed an even more 

3806
03:32:20,100 --> 03:32:23,500
spectacular finale. 
Many whispered that the friendly

3807
03:32:23,500 --> 03:32:26,900
jab in Montreal had been more 
serious than who Houdini let on.

3808
03:32:27,900 --> 03:32:30,900
A few doctors of the are indeed 
speculated that whiteheads blows

3809
03:32:30,900 --> 03:32:33,900
had caused the appendix to burst
While others argued the 

3810
03:32:33,900 --> 03:32:37,600
situation was mere coincidence. 
The truth remains something will

3811
03:32:37,600 --> 03:32:40,000
never fully know. 
Even some Modern medical 

3812
03:32:40,000 --> 03:32:42,300
journals debate. 
How often barely trauma are, 

3813
03:32:42,300 --> 03:32:45,600
actually causes a Pentacles. 
We do know this, the surgeon 

3814
03:32:45,600 --> 03:32:47,700
discovered, no abnormalities 
apart from the spread of 

3815
03:32:47,708 --> 03:32:50,600
infection and Houdini's. 
Family, discreetly maintained at

3816
03:32:50,608 --> 03:32:54,300
us, that it was merely a tragic 
accident. but for the public, 

3817
03:32:54,300 --> 03:32:57,700
the timing belt eerie The man 
who spent his life escaping 

3818
03:32:57,700 --> 03:33:00,700
death had been tricked by one 
natural enemy. 

3819
03:33:01,500 --> 03:33:04,800
Time Millions turned out to 
silently, imagine who Dennis 

3820
03:33:04,800 --> 03:33:07,900
version of the last greatest 
escape on that, dark Halloween. 

3821
03:33:08,900 --> 03:33:11,400
Biographers later noted it as a 
poetic. 

3822
03:33:11,400 --> 03:33:15,500
If tragic symmetry Houdini's, 
final moment occurred on the 

3823
03:33:15,500 --> 03:33:19,300
night of spirits while doctors 
tended his body Houdini's mind, 

3824
03:33:19,300 --> 03:33:22,300
reportedly raced to that final 
promise he'd made to best 

3825
03:33:23,100 --> 03:33:26,200
Between operations in his 
hospital bed, Houdini mumbled 

3826
03:33:26,200 --> 03:33:29,500
the code, Roosevelt believed, 
fervently, hoping for a response

3827
03:33:29,500 --> 03:33:31,700
alas. 
He never came through. 

3828
03:33:31,700 --> 03:33:34,900
In fact, by some reports he 
asked for his notebook to jot 

3829
03:33:34,900 --> 03:33:37,900
down any bizarre occurrences as 
though expecting us to go 

3830
03:33:37,908 --> 03:33:42,100
ghostly pain to answer him. 
On November 1st, under the watch

3831
03:33:42,100 --> 03:33:45,200
of his stunned wife and two 
brothers who Houdini let go of 

3832
03:33:45,200 --> 03:33:48,400
his mortal frame. 
The world lost, not just an 

3833
03:33:48,400 --> 03:33:51,300
escape artist but a showman who 
had always insisted on reality, 

3834
03:33:51,300 --> 03:33:55,300
the news of his death 
disseminated swiftly, akin to 

3835
03:33:55,308 --> 03:33:58,700
Wild smoke emanating. 
From a fog machine movie houses.

3836
03:33:58,700 --> 03:34:03,300
Dimmed Lights Theater held brief
Memorial shows across the globe,

3837
03:34:03,300 --> 03:34:06,500
magicians, knelt severing a 
straight jacket on stage, and 

3838
03:34:06,500 --> 03:34:10,300
observing a moment of silence 
indeed who had vanished from the

3839
03:34:10,300 --> 03:34:13,300
realm of Life, leaving a legacy 
of unresolved Mysteries. 

3840
03:34:13,300 --> 03:34:17,000
Did his last heroic, act lie in 
hunting out any phony, mediums 

3841
03:34:17,000 --> 03:34:20,100
or in proving that even the 
greatest man someday given to 

3842
03:34:20,108 --> 03:34:22,500
fate. 
That remained a question for the

3843
03:34:22,500 --> 03:34:25,500
midnight philosophers. 
We are aware of how people 

3844
03:34:25,500 --> 03:34:29,500
remember him. 
As promised best held one, final

3845
03:34:29,500 --> 03:34:33,200
Seance, a decade later. 
And on Halloween 1936, she 

3846
03:34:33,200 --> 03:34:35,200
declared Houdini did not come 
through. 

3847
03:34:36,500 --> 03:34:39,800
Every year on that date magician
still gather at his grave site 

3848
03:34:39,800 --> 03:34:43,500
or when the city says, no gather
elsewhere to honor, the 

3849
03:34:43,500 --> 03:34:47,300
legendary Escapist, they close 
their eyes, they whisper the 

3850
03:34:47,300 --> 03:34:49,900
secret song, and whether a 
breeze or not, they say it in 

3851
03:34:49,900 --> 03:34:51,400
unison. 
Roosevelt. 

3852
03:34:52,100 --> 03:34:55,700
Believe. 
It's tradition part. 

3853
03:34:55,700 --> 03:35:00,300
Tribute part hope Houdini 
himself would like to be amused 

3854
03:35:00,300 --> 03:35:02,200
by all. 
Perhaps making one last 

3855
03:35:02,200 --> 03:35:03,800
wonderful escape with a Sly 
grin. 

3856
03:35:04,600 --> 03:35:07,000
For nearly three centuries. 
We have never really known how 

3857
03:35:07,000 --> 03:35:09,800
he pulled most of his tricks off
and perhaps that mystery is 

3858
03:35:09,808 --> 03:35:12,000
fitting. 
Who deeney left? 

3859
03:35:12,000 --> 03:35:15,100
No key to the afterlife behind. 
Only the legend of his Earthly 

3860
03:35:15,100 --> 03:35:18,000
feats. 
He remains a figure who cheated 

3861
03:35:18,000 --> 03:35:20,700
the Grim Reaper on stage time 
and again, and who wrote in 

3862
03:35:20,700 --> 03:35:23,200
effect and obituary for 
mediocrity, every time he won. 

3863
03:35:24,200 --> 03:35:26,700
The individual who had 
experienced life in a unique 

3864
03:35:26,700 --> 03:35:29,100
way, in parted a final lesson to
us. 

3865
03:35:29,900 --> 03:35:32,900
Sometimes the greatest Escape is
not from chains or water, but 

3866
03:35:32,900 --> 03:35:41,400
from the ordinary, Imagine 
stepping outside your front door

3867
03:35:41,400 --> 03:35:44,100
right now, and having absolutely
no street lights. 

3868
03:35:44,100 --> 03:35:48,300
No porch lights from neighboring
houses and no glow from distant 

3869
03:35:48,300 --> 03:35:49,900
shopping centers or Office 
Buildings. 

3870
03:35:50,700 --> 03:35:54,200
Now, multiply that darkness by 
about 1,000 and the fact that 

3871
03:35:54,200 --> 03:35:57,000
your own home has maybe one or 
two candles burning if you're 

3872
03:35:57,000 --> 03:35:59,700
lucky and you're starting to 
understand what nighttime 

3873
03:35:59,700 --> 03:36:01,500
actually meant in medieval 
Europe. 

3874
03:36:02,500 --> 03:36:05,300
The medieval Knight wasn't just 
darker than anything, most of us

3875
03:36:05,300 --> 03:36:07,400
have experienced. 
It was a different kind of 

3876
03:36:07,400 --> 03:36:10,100
Darkness altogether. 
It was the sort of Darkness, 

3877
03:36:10,100 --> 03:36:12,600
that felt physical like 
something you could touch. 

3878
03:36:13,700 --> 03:36:17,000
When the sun set, which happened
much earlier in Practical terms,

3879
03:36:17,000 --> 03:36:19,800
because people actually paid 
attention to it, the world 

3880
03:36:19,800 --> 03:36:22,300
transformed into something 
unfamiliar and potentially 

3881
03:36:22,300 --> 03:36:25,400
dangerous. 
Your own village which you'd 

3882
03:36:25,400 --> 03:36:27,100
walk through. 
Countless times during the day, 

3883
03:36:27,100 --> 03:36:30,400
became a maze of Shadows and 
uncertain footsteps. 

3884
03:36:31,300 --> 03:36:33,900
This Darkness shaped everything 
about how medieval people 

3885
03:36:33,900 --> 03:36:36,400
approach sleep. 
You couldn't just decide to stay

3886
03:36:36,400 --> 03:36:37,800
up late. 
Binge-watching, your favorite 

3887
03:36:37,800 --> 03:36:40,600
show or scrolling through social
media, until your eyes hurt. 

3888
03:36:41,600 --> 03:36:44,400
Once Darkness fell your options 
were basically to sit in the 

3889
03:36:44,400 --> 03:36:46,300
dark doing nothing burn 
expensive. 

3890
03:36:46,300 --> 03:36:49,700
Candles or oil that you'd need 
for more important things or go 

3891
03:36:49,700 --> 03:36:52,600
to bed. 
Most people chose bed, which 

3892
03:36:52,600 --> 03:36:55,000
meant that medieval sleeping 
patterns were dramatically 

3893
03:36:55,000 --> 03:36:58,400
different from ours. 
The typical medieval person went

3894
03:36:58,400 --> 03:37:01,500
to bed shortly after Sunset. 
The talking about seven or eight

3895
03:37:01,500 --> 03:37:04,000
in the evening during winter 
months, but here's where it gets

3896
03:37:04,000 --> 03:37:06,300
interesting. 
They didn't sleep straight 

3897
03:37:06,300 --> 03:37:09,600
through the night. 
The way we try to instead most 

3898
03:37:09,600 --> 03:37:14,000
people practice what historians 
call segmented, sleep, or first 

3899
03:37:14,000 --> 03:37:17,000
and second sleep, you'd go to 
bed at dusk. 

3900
03:37:17,000 --> 03:37:20,400
Sleep for three or four hours. 
Then wake up naturally in the 

3901
03:37:20,400 --> 03:37:21,900
middle of the night for an hour 
or two. 

3902
03:37:21,900 --> 03:37:24,600
What did people do during this 
middle of the night? 

3903
03:37:24,600 --> 03:37:27,700
Wake period? 
Well, they pray think about 

3904
03:37:27,700 --> 03:37:31,000
their dreams talk quietly with 
their spouse if they had one 

3905
03:37:31,000 --> 03:37:34,600
maybe 10 to the fire or engage 
in activities that led to 

3906
03:37:34,600 --> 03:37:38,300
Medieval Europe's impressive 
population growth, Then they'd 

3907
03:37:38,300 --> 03:37:41,100
settle back down for a second 
sleep, that lasted until dawn. 

3908
03:37:42,000 --> 03:37:44,400
This wasn't considered in so 
many or a sleep disorder. 

3909
03:37:44,400 --> 03:37:47,800
It was just how human sleep 
naturally worked before 

3910
03:37:47,800 --> 03:37:50,600
artificial lighting convinced 
our bodies to consolidate 

3911
03:37:50,600 --> 03:37:54,700
everything into one chunk. 
The darkness also meant that bed

3912
03:37:54,700 --> 03:37:57,200
time wasn't a precise moment, 
you could check on your phone 

3913
03:37:57,200 --> 03:38:00,500
people judge Time by church 
bells if they live near a church

3914
03:38:00,500 --> 03:38:03,800
or by the position of stars if 
they could see them or more 

3915
03:38:03,800 --> 03:38:06,500
often by simply feeling tired 
when their bodies had been awake

3916
03:38:06,500 --> 03:38:10,000
since Dawn. 
Time was less about exact hours 

3917
03:38:10,000 --> 03:38:13,000
and more about natural rhythms 
when you could no longer. 

3918
03:38:13,008 --> 03:38:15,700
See, well enough to work, it was
time to start thinking about 

3919
03:38:15,700 --> 03:38:18,500
sleep. 
This relationship with Darkness 

3920
03:38:18,500 --> 03:38:21,400
shaped medieval sleep, in ways 
we barely understand today. 

3921
03:38:22,100 --> 03:38:25,000
Going to bed wasn't about 
optimal, sleep, hygiene or 

3922
03:38:25,000 --> 03:38:26,800
making sure you got your full 
eight hours. 

3923
03:38:26,800 --> 03:38:30,500
It was about surviving the cold 
staying safe from both real and 

3924
03:38:30,500 --> 03:38:34,000
imagined dangers and making the 
best use of expensive lighting 

3925
03:38:34,000 --> 03:38:36,500
resources. 
The night was something to be 

3926
03:38:36,500 --> 03:38:39,100
gotten through not enjoyed and 
sleep. 

3927
03:38:39,100 --> 03:38:42,700
Was your primary tool for doing 
exactly that the quality of your

3928
03:38:42,700 --> 03:38:44,600
sleep? 
In medieval times was directly 

3929
03:38:44,600 --> 03:38:48,100
connected to your social status 
in ways that might seem strange 

3930
03:38:48,100 --> 03:38:52,300
to us now, A Noble in a castle 
had access to private Chambers. 

3931
03:38:52,300 --> 03:38:55,400
Good fires and plenty of candles
or Rush lights. 

3932
03:38:56,100 --> 03:38:58,900
A peasant in a one-room Cottage 
shared sleeping space with their

3933
03:38:58,900 --> 03:39:01,600
entire family. 
The fire had to be carefully 

3934
03:39:01,600 --> 03:39:05,000
managed to last until morning 
and lighting was a luxury saved 

3935
03:39:05,000 --> 03:39:07,700
for emergencies. 
But regardless of whether you 

3936
03:39:07,700 --> 03:39:10,400
were a duke or a ditch digger, 
the darkness was still the 

3937
03:39:10,400 --> 03:39:13,500
darkness and it still defined 
your entire relationship with 

3938
03:39:13,500 --> 03:39:16,400
nighttime. 
Let's talk about medieval 

3939
03:39:16,400 --> 03:39:20,000
bedrooms except for most people.
The word bedroom would have been

3940
03:39:20,000 --> 03:39:24,100
a completely foreign concept set
at Rooms dedicated solely to 

3941
03:39:24,100 --> 03:39:26,200
sleeping. 
That was a luxury. 

3942
03:39:26,200 --> 03:39:29,100
So extreme that even many 
wealthy people didn't have it. 

3943
03:39:29,800 --> 03:39:31,700
For the majority of medieval 
Europeans. 

3944
03:39:31,700 --> 03:39:33,600
The question wasn't, where's 
your bedroom? 

3945
03:39:33,600 --> 03:39:37,000
But rather, where in your living
space, are you going to sleep 

3946
03:39:37,000 --> 03:39:39,200
tonight? 
Picture a typical peasant 

3947
03:39:39,200 --> 03:39:43,100
Cottage and by typical we mean 
the homes were about 90% of 

3948
03:39:43,100 --> 03:39:46,400
medieval people lived. 
You'd have one room maybe two if

3949
03:39:46,400 --> 03:39:49,600
you were doing pretty well for 
yourself this single room served

3950
03:39:49,600 --> 03:39:51,500
as kitchen. 
Dining room, living room 

3951
03:39:51,500 --> 03:39:54,000
workshop. 
And yes bedroom, the whole 

3952
03:39:54,000 --> 03:39:57,700
family slept there often in the 
same bed or on a Jason sleeping 

3953
03:39:57,700 --> 03:40:00,700
platforms. 
Privacy was not a medieval value

3954
03:40:00,700 --> 03:40:03,700
mainly because privacy was 
simply not possible for most 

3955
03:40:03,700 --> 03:40:06,700
people, the bed itself, if you 
could call it, that often 

3956
03:40:06,700 --> 03:40:10,100
consisted of a wooden frame with
rope or leather strap stretched 

3957
03:40:10,100 --> 03:40:12,800
across it to create a flexible 
sleeping surface. 

3958
03:40:13,600 --> 03:40:16,700
This is where the phrase sleep 
tight supposedly comes from. 

3959
03:40:16,700 --> 03:40:19,900
You'd need to tighten those 
rope's periodically to keep the 

3960
03:40:19,900 --> 03:40:21,800
sleeping surface from sagging 
too much. 

3961
03:40:23,200 --> 03:40:25,700
Though historians debate, 
whether that's the real origin 

3962
03:40:25,700 --> 03:40:27,900
of the phrase. 
It makes a nice story and 

3963
03:40:27,900 --> 03:40:30,500
captures something true about 
medieval sleeping Arrangements, 

3964
03:40:30,500 --> 03:40:34,100
they required maintenance. 
Now, if you were a peasant 

3965
03:40:34,100 --> 03:40:37,000
without even a proper bed frame,
you might sleep on what was 

3966
03:40:37,000 --> 03:40:40,500
essentially a large sack filled 
with straw placed directly on 

3967
03:40:40,500 --> 03:40:43,800
the dirt floor or on a race to 
platform to avoid the worst of 

3968
03:40:43,800 --> 03:40:45,500
the cold and damp rising from 
the ground. 

3969
03:40:46,500 --> 03:40:49,400
These straw mattresses were 
called pallets and they were 

3970
03:40:49,400 --> 03:40:52,800
about as comfortable as they 
sound, which is to say, not 

3971
03:40:52,800 --> 03:40:56,000
very, but considerably better 
than sleeping directly on cold 

3972
03:40:56,000 --> 03:40:58,200
Earth. 
The straw in these mattresses 

3973
03:40:58,200 --> 03:41:01,900
needed regular replacement 
because well imagine sleeping on

3974
03:41:01,900 --> 03:41:04,700
the same pile of dried grass for
months on end. 

3975
03:41:04,700 --> 03:41:09,100
It would compress accumulate 
moisture attract various forms 

3976
03:41:09,100 --> 03:41:11,100
of wildlife. 
You didn't particularly want 

3977
03:41:11,100 --> 03:41:14,300
sharing your bed and generally 
become less Pleasant over time. 

3978
03:41:15,200 --> 03:41:18,300
Replacing the straw was a 
regular household tasks, like 

3979
03:41:18,300 --> 03:41:20,700
changing your sheets. 
Except you were changing the 

3980
03:41:20,700 --> 03:41:23,700
entire mattress. 
Moving up the social ladder 

3981
03:41:23,700 --> 03:41:27,300
things got marginally better 
wealthier peasants and Merchants

3982
03:41:27,300 --> 03:41:29,100
might have actual wooden bed 
frames. 

3983
03:41:29,100 --> 03:41:31,500
Possibly even with some basic 
decoration. 

3984
03:41:31,500 --> 03:41:34,200
If they were showing off the 
mattress, might be stuffed with 

3985
03:41:34,208 --> 03:41:37,500
wool instead of straw, which was
warmer more comfortable and less

3986
03:41:37,500 --> 03:41:39,800
likely to poke you with sharp 
bits throughout the night. 

3987
03:41:40,700 --> 03:41:43,700
Some even had feather mattresses
though, these were expensive 

3988
03:41:43,700 --> 03:41:46,600
enough that they often appeared 
in Wills as valuable property to

3989
03:41:46,600 --> 03:41:49,600
be inherited. 
The nobility slept in what we'd 

3990
03:41:49,600 --> 03:41:52,900
recognize as actual beds though.
Even these were different from 

3991
03:41:52,900 --> 03:41:56,300
what you might expect. 
A Noble's bed was often a major 

3992
03:41:56,300 --> 03:41:59,100
piece of furniture and a 
significant status symbol. 

3993
03:41:59,700 --> 03:42:02,608
It would have a wooden frame but
more importantly, it would have 

3994
03:42:02,616 --> 03:42:06,200
curtains heavy fabric hangings, 
that could be drawn around the 

3995
03:42:06,208 --> 03:42:09,900
bed to create a smaller warmer 
space within the already cold 

3996
03:42:09,900 --> 03:42:13,400
chamber. 
These bed curtains were crucial 

3997
03:42:13,400 --> 03:42:15,200
technology. 
That doesn't get enough credit. 

3998
03:42:15,200 --> 03:42:18,900
Think about it. 
You're in a stone castle where 

3999
03:42:18,900 --> 03:42:21,700
the walls are thick but not 
particularly good at keeping out

4000
03:42:21,700 --> 03:42:24,100
cold. 
The windows have shutters but no

4001
03:42:24,100 --> 03:42:27,500
glass or only expensive, poor 
quality glass, if you're very 

4002
03:42:27,500 --> 03:42:30,700
wealthy, and the only heat 
source is a fireplace, that's 

4003
03:42:30,700 --> 03:42:32,900
basically warming one corner of 
a large room. 

4004
03:42:33,800 --> 03:42:36,900
By drawing curtains around your 
bed, you created a much smaller 

4005
03:42:36,900 --> 03:42:39,200
space that your body heat could 
actually warm. 

4006
03:42:39,200 --> 03:42:42,500
It was like having a tent inside
your room and it made the 

4007
03:42:42,500 --> 03:42:45,400
difference between being cold 
all night and being reasonably 

4008
03:42:45,400 --> 03:42:47,800
comfortable. 
The grandest beds were 

4009
03:42:47,800 --> 03:42:50,500
architectural features, that 
could be disassembled and moved,

4010
03:42:50,500 --> 03:42:52,800
but required considerable effort
to do. 

4011
03:42:52,800 --> 03:42:57,200
So they had posts canopies, 
elaborate, carvings and 

4012
03:42:57,200 --> 03:43:00,500
expensive Fabrics. 
A great bed was a place for 

4013
03:43:00,500 --> 03:43:03,700
sleeping certainly but also for 
receiving important, visitors 

4014
03:43:03,700 --> 03:43:06,200
conducting business and 
displaying wealth. 

4015
03:43:07,100 --> 03:43:10,600
When medieval Nobles or royalty 
were seriously ill, they often 

4016
03:43:10,600 --> 03:43:13,200
held Court from their beds 
because the bed was the most 

4017
03:43:13,200 --> 03:43:15,100
prestigious piece of furniture 
in the household. 

4018
03:43:16,200 --> 03:43:19,500
But here's something that might 
surprise you, even in castles, 

4019
03:43:19,500 --> 03:43:22,400
even among the nobility, most 
people didn't sleep alone. 

4020
03:43:22,400 --> 03:43:25,800
Servants often slept in the same
rooms as their masters. 

4021
03:43:25,800 --> 03:43:29,800
Either on smaller beds or on 
pallets on the floor children 

4022
03:43:29,800 --> 03:43:33,800
shared beds with siblings 
extended, family members bunked 

4023
03:43:33,800 --> 03:43:37,400
together The concept of everyone
in a household having their own 

4024
03:43:37,400 --> 03:43:40,600
private sleeping. 
Space was almost unheard of even

4025
03:43:40,600 --> 03:43:43,500
among the very wealthy. 
They were practical reasons for 

4026
03:43:43,500 --> 03:43:45,700
this crowding Beyond just 
limited space. 

4027
03:43:46,500 --> 03:43:50,000
Multiple bodies in a room meant 
more warmth having servants 

4028
03:43:50,000 --> 03:43:52,400
sleep in your chamber meant, you
had someone to attend the fire 

4029
03:43:52,400 --> 03:43:55,400
during the night to help you if 
you needed something and to 

4030
03:43:55,400 --> 03:43:59,000
provide security against 
Intruders, privacy might be nice

4031
03:43:59,000 --> 03:44:02,700
but warmth service and safety 
were necessities. 

4032
03:44:03,600 --> 03:44:06,100
For travelers and medieval 
people traveled more than you 

4033
03:44:06,100 --> 03:44:10,000
might think whether for trade 
pilgrimage or military service. 

4034
03:44:10,700 --> 03:44:14,900
Sleeping Arrangements were even 
more variable insisted but they 

4035
03:44:14,900 --> 03:44:18,200
were sparse and sleeping at in 
usually meant sharing a bed with

4036
03:44:18,200 --> 03:44:20,600
complete strangers. 
This wasn't considered 

4037
03:44:20,600 --> 03:44:23,200
particularly strange. 
It was simply the most efficient

4038
03:44:23,200 --> 03:44:24,800
use of limited space and 
bedding. 

4039
03:44:25,600 --> 03:44:28,000
You'd climb into bed with 
whoever else had paid for a 

4040
03:44:28,000 --> 03:44:30,100
spot. 
Hopefully claiming the side 

4041
03:44:30,100 --> 03:44:33,100
closer to the wall, if you got 
their first and try to sleep, 

4042
03:44:33,100 --> 03:44:35,700
while ignoring the snoring 
smells and movements of your 

4043
03:44:35,700 --> 03:44:39,400
temporary bed partners. 
Monasteries and convents had 

4044
03:44:39,400 --> 03:44:42,800
their own sleeping Arrangements,
monks and nuns often slept in 

4045
03:44:42,800 --> 03:44:45,000
dormitories. 
Sometimes in the individual 

4046
03:44:45,000 --> 03:44:48,400
cells, barely large enough for a
narrow bed, sometimes in 

4047
03:44:48,400 --> 03:44:50,300
communal spaces with rows of 
beds. 

4048
03:44:50,300 --> 03:44:54,300
The strictest religious orders 
required sleeping on bare boards

4049
03:44:54,300 --> 03:44:58,000
as a form of mortification of 
the flesh which is about, as 

4050
03:44:58,000 --> 03:45:01,100
comfortable as it sounds and was
meant to be that way. now that 

4051
03:45:01,100 --> 03:45:04,400
your mentally curled up in your 
medieval sleeping space, whether

4052
03:45:04,400 --> 03:45:07,500
that's a pile of straw on a 
cottage floor or a curtained bed

4053
03:45:07,500 --> 03:45:10,800
in a drafty Castle, Let's talk 
about what you'd pull over 

4054
03:45:10,800 --> 03:45:13,600
yourself to keep from turning 
into a medieval popsicle during 

4055
03:45:13,600 --> 03:45:16,500
the night. 
Your modern comforters, with its

4056
03:45:16,500 --> 03:45:18,300
synthetic, fill and machine 
washable. 

4057
03:45:18,300 --> 03:45:21,800
Cover is a technological Marvel.
That medieval people would have 

4058
03:45:21,800 --> 03:45:25,200
traded a good sheep for what 
they had instead was whatever 

4059
03:45:25,200 --> 03:45:29,200
they could make buy or inherit 
and the quality varied. 

4060
03:45:29,200 --> 03:45:31,900
So wildly that a peasants 
bedding and a Noble's bedding 

4061
03:45:31,900 --> 03:45:33,800
were barely the same category of
object. 

4062
03:45:35,300 --> 03:45:37,900
Starting at the bottom of the 
social ladder, a peasant 

4063
03:45:37,900 --> 03:45:41,200
families blankets were likely 
made of wool because she put 

4064
03:45:41,200 --> 03:45:43,400
everywhere in medieval Europe 
and wool. 

4065
03:45:43,400 --> 03:45:46,000
Was the go-to fabric for 
anything that needed to be warm.

4066
03:45:46,000 --> 03:45:48,200
But not all war is created 
equal. 

4067
03:45:48,200 --> 03:45:50,700
The course wall from the 
family's own sheep. 

4068
03:45:50,700 --> 03:45:54,000
Woven at home or buy a local 
Weaver resulted in blankets that

4069
03:45:54,000 --> 03:45:57,800
were warm. 
Yes, but also heavy scratchy and

4070
03:45:57,800 --> 03:45:59,600
nowhere near as soft as the wall
products. 

4071
03:45:59,600 --> 03:46:01,200
You'd find in a modern bedding 
store. 

4072
03:46:01,900 --> 03:46:04,400
These home spun wool, blankets 
were valuable enough. 

4073
03:46:04,400 --> 03:46:07,700
That families took care of them,
mended them repeatedly, and 

4074
03:46:07,700 --> 03:46:09,700
passed them down through 
generations. 

4075
03:46:11,200 --> 03:46:14,400
When a blanket wore out in one 
spot, you didn't throw it away, 

4076
03:46:14,400 --> 03:46:18,600
you patched, it turned it 
repurposed it, or eventually cut

4077
03:46:18,600 --> 03:46:22,400
it down into smaller pieces. 
For other uses, waste wasn't a 

4078
03:46:22,400 --> 03:46:25,400
medieval concept when it came to
textiles because making cloth 

4079
03:46:25,400 --> 03:46:29,500
was incredibly labor-intensive. 
For padding between you and 

4080
03:46:29,500 --> 03:46:32,400
those rope bed supports, you'd 
have your straw or will 

4081
03:46:32,400 --> 03:46:34,700
mattress, but some people added 
additional layers. 

4082
03:46:35,700 --> 03:46:38,200
Coarse cloth covering over the 
straw helped, keep the pointy 

4083
03:46:38,200 --> 03:46:40,300
bits from poking through quite 
so aggressively. 

4084
03:46:41,100 --> 03:46:44,100
Some people used animal Skin's 
sheepskins were particularly 

4085
03:46:44,100 --> 03:46:47,400
popular, because they were warm 
relatively soft and naturally 

4086
03:46:47,400 --> 03:46:50,300
water resistant. 
Moving up the economic ladder, 

4087
03:46:50,300 --> 03:46:52,100
the bedding got progressively 
finer. 

4088
03:46:52,800 --> 03:46:55,600
Wealthier Merchants might have 
wool, blankets made from better 

4089
03:46:55,600 --> 03:46:58,300
quality wool. 
Perhaps even died in attractive,

4090
03:46:58,300 --> 03:47:01,600
colors using expensive dies. 
They might have linen sheets. 

4091
03:47:01,600 --> 03:47:05,200
Yes, medieval people who could 
afford it used sheets though. 

4092
03:47:05,200 --> 03:47:07,600
Not everyone changed them as 
frequently as we might hope. 

4093
03:47:08,400 --> 03:47:11,700
Linen was prized because unlike 
wool it could be washed in hot 

4094
03:47:11,700 --> 03:47:14,400
water and wouldn't shrink 
though, it was considerably more

4095
03:47:14,400 --> 03:47:17,300
expensive than wool. 
The nobility took bedding to 

4096
03:47:17,300 --> 03:47:20,300
another level entirely. 
Their wool might be felted or 

4097
03:47:20,300 --> 03:47:23,500
full to make it softer. 
And denser they'd have multiple 

4098
03:47:23,500 --> 03:47:27,900
layers linen sheets against the 
skin all blankets for warmth and

4099
03:47:27,900 --> 03:47:30,700
possibly fur or silk covers on 
top for display as much as 

4100
03:47:30,700 --> 03:47:33,400
function. 
The wealthiest individuals had 

4101
03:47:33,400 --> 03:47:36,100
feather beds, not just 
mattresses stuffed with 

4102
03:47:36,100 --> 03:47:38,600
feathers, but also 
feather-filled coverlets that 

4103
03:47:38,600 --> 03:47:40,800
were the Medieval equivalent of 
a down comforter. 

4104
03:47:41,600 --> 03:47:43,900
These feather beds were luxury 
items that appeared in 

4105
03:47:43,900 --> 03:47:47,300
inventories and wills alongside 
jewelry and valuable household 

4106
03:47:47,300 --> 03:47:49,400
items. 
Getting enough feathers to 

4107
03:47:49,400 --> 03:47:51,200
stuff, a good size to cover it 
required. 

4108
03:47:51,200 --> 03:47:53,700
A lot of geese or other 
waterfowl, and someone had to 

4109
03:47:53,700 --> 03:47:56,900
pluck them all, clean them and 
stuff them into tightly woven 

4110
03:47:56,900 --> 03:47:58,300
fabric. 
That wouldn't let the feathers 

4111
03:47:58,300 --> 03:48:01,100
Escape. 
It was skilled time-consuming 

4112
03:48:01,100 --> 03:48:02,900
work, which meant it was 
expensive. 

4113
03:48:03,900 --> 03:48:06,100
But here's the thing about 
medieval bedding, that really 

4114
03:48:06,100 --> 03:48:09,400
matters, it was all about. 
Layering you didn't have one 

4115
03:48:09,400 --> 03:48:12,100
perfect blanket that regulated 
your temperature throughout the 

4116
03:48:12,100 --> 03:48:15,000
night. 
Instead, you had multiple layers

4117
03:48:15,000 --> 03:48:18,000
of different materials and you 
managed your temperature by 

4118
03:48:18,000 --> 03:48:21,500
adding or removing layers 
opening or closing bed, curtains

4119
03:48:21,500 --> 03:48:23,600
and adjusting. 
How close you were to other 

4120
03:48:23,600 --> 03:48:26,500
people in your bed. 
The Fabrics themselves had 

4121
03:48:26,500 --> 03:48:29,500
properties that medieval people 
understood through experience 

4122
03:48:29,500 --> 03:48:33,000
even if they couldn't explain 
the science, wolf stays warm, 

4123
03:48:33,000 --> 03:48:36,400
even when damp which mattered in
drafty moisture prone buildings.

4124
03:48:37,100 --> 03:48:38,900
Linen. 
Absorbs moisture and dries 

4125
03:48:38,900 --> 03:48:41,500
relatively quickly, which was 
important for sheets. 

4126
03:48:41,500 --> 03:48:43,400
That would absorb sweat and body
oils. 

4127
03:48:44,400 --> 03:48:47,500
Furs, provided, excellent 
insulation, and had the added 

4128
03:48:47,500 --> 03:48:49,800
benefit of being a visible 
display of wealth. 

4129
03:48:50,400 --> 03:48:53,800
Medieval people also used what 
we might call sleeping costumes.

4130
03:48:53,800 --> 03:48:56,900
You didn't just strip down to 
your underwear and hop into bed.

4131
03:48:56,900 --> 03:48:59,500
Partly because underwear in the 
modern sense, didn't really 

4132
03:48:59,500 --> 03:49:02,600
exist and partly because it was 
too cold for that nonsense 

4133
03:49:02,600 --> 03:49:05,500
instead. 
Most people slept in a long 

4134
03:49:05,500 --> 03:49:09,100
linen, garment called a 
nightshirt or night shift This 

4135
03:49:09,100 --> 03:49:12,400
wasn't decorative sleepwear. 
It was a practical layer that 

4136
03:49:12,400 --> 03:49:15,600
absorbed body oils and sweat. 
Keeping your outer garments 

4137
03:49:15,600 --> 03:49:19,100
cleaner since those were 
difficult to wash, Wealthier 

4138
03:49:19,100 --> 03:49:21,800
folks might have specific night 
shirts, set aside just for 

4139
03:49:21,800 --> 03:49:24,400
sleeping while poorer people 
might sleep in their under 

4140
03:49:24,400 --> 03:49:27,700
tunic, essentially, the same 
linen garment that they were 

4141
03:49:27,700 --> 03:49:29,100
during the day under their outer
clothing. 

4142
03:49:29,900 --> 03:49:33,100
Either way, you were sleeping in
something substantial, not naked

4143
03:49:33,100 --> 03:49:35,400
or Nearly Naked. 
The way many people do today in 

4144
03:49:35,400 --> 03:49:39,000
their climate control homes. 
Some people also wore nightcaps 

4145
03:49:39,000 --> 03:49:41,500
and not just as a quaint 
medieval fashion statement. 

4146
03:49:42,500 --> 03:49:45,800
Huge amount of body heat escapes
through your head and in a cold 

4147
03:49:45,808 --> 03:49:48,200
room, keeping your head covered.
While sleeping was just 

4148
03:49:48,200 --> 03:49:51,200
practical. 
These caps might be simple in an

4149
03:49:51,200 --> 03:49:53,100
Affairs for everyday, use or 
more, elaborate, for the 

4150
03:49:53,100 --> 03:49:55,000
wealthy. 
But the principle was the same 

4151
03:49:55,000 --> 03:50:00,100
trap heat and stay comfortable. 
The bed itself might also have 

4152
03:50:00,100 --> 03:50:03,200
additional insulation built in 
those curtains around. 

4153
03:50:03,200 --> 03:50:05,700
A Nobles bed were just fabric 
hanging Loosely. 

4154
03:50:05,700 --> 03:50:09,500
They were often made of heavy 
wool sometimes lined creating a 

4155
03:50:09,508 --> 03:50:12,600
thick barrier between the cold 
chamber and the sleeping space 

4156
03:50:12,600 --> 03:50:15,500
opening or closing. 
These curtains was, how you 

4157
03:50:15,500 --> 03:50:19,200
adjusted your temperature, like 
medieval climate control for 

4158
03:50:19,200 --> 03:50:21,200
extra warmth on particularly 
cold nights. 

4159
03:50:21,200 --> 03:50:25,800
People used bed, warmers long 
handle metal pans with hot coals

4160
03:50:25,800 --> 03:50:28,100
that you'd run between the 
sheets before getting into bed. 

4161
03:50:29,000 --> 03:50:31,900
This was the Medieval version of
an electric blanket preheat 

4162
03:50:31,900 --> 03:50:33,700
setting. 
And it actually worked pretty 

4163
03:50:33,700 --> 03:50:35,800
well though. 
You had to be careful not to set

4164
03:50:35,800 --> 03:50:39,400
your straw mattress on fire more
than one medieval house burned 

4165
03:50:39,400 --> 03:50:40,900
down. 
Because someone got careless 

4166
03:50:40,900 --> 03:50:43,500
with bedtime heating 
Arrangements, let's talk about 

4167
03:50:43,500 --> 03:50:46,400
the single, most important piece
of medieval bedroom equipment, 

4168
03:50:46,400 --> 03:50:49,700
even though it wasn't 
technically part of the bed, the

4169
03:50:49,700 --> 03:50:52,700
fire. 
If medieval sleep Comfort had a 

4170
03:50:52,708 --> 03:50:55,800
foundation, it was the ability 
to keep a fire burning through 

4171
03:50:55,800 --> 03:50:59,400
the night without dying, burning
down your house, or affixing 

4172
03:50:59,400 --> 03:51:02,100
everyone with smoke. 
In a peasant Cottage. 

4173
03:51:02,100 --> 03:51:04,200
The fire was literally the 
center of the home. 

4174
03:51:04,200 --> 03:51:06,400
But not speaking metaphorically 
here. 

4175
03:51:06,400 --> 03:51:10,300
The half was often in the middle
of the single room with smoke, 

4176
03:51:10,300 --> 03:51:13,300
rising up to escape through a 
hole in the roof or through gaps

4177
03:51:13,300 --> 03:51:16,600
in the thatched roofing. 
This seems primitive Until you 

4178
03:51:16,600 --> 03:51:19,800
realize the genius of it. 
The smoke from the fire would 

4179
03:51:19,800 --> 03:51:22,900
rise through the thatch, helping
to preserve it and kill off 

4180
03:51:22,900 --> 03:51:26,400
insects while also providing a 
sort of fumigation for the whole

4181
03:51:26,400 --> 03:51:28,800
house. 
The downside of course was that 

4182
03:51:28,800 --> 03:51:31,000
everyone in the house was 
breathing, some amount of smoke 

4183
03:51:31,000 --> 03:51:34,000
all the time medieval lungs 
probably looked like they 

4184
03:51:34,000 --> 03:51:36,900
belonged to Modern cigarette 
smokers and respiratory problems

4185
03:51:36,900 --> 03:51:39,900
were common but the alternative 
was freezing to death. 

4186
03:51:39,900 --> 03:51:42,300
So most people considered it and
acceptable trade-off. 

4187
03:51:43,100 --> 03:51:45,600
Keeping this Central fire going 
overnight was a serious 

4188
03:51:45,600 --> 03:51:48,200
responsibility. 
Usually give to whoever was 

4189
03:51:48,200 --> 03:51:50,100
considered most reliable in the 
household. 

4190
03:51:50,100 --> 03:51:53,300
The fire couldn't be allowed to 
go completely out because 

4191
03:51:53,300 --> 03:51:55,100
relighting it was a genuine 
hassle. 

4192
03:51:55,800 --> 03:51:58,900
Without matches or lighters. 
You had to use a flint and steel

4193
03:51:58,900 --> 03:52:02,500
to create sparks, then catch 
those Sparks on Tinder and 

4194
03:52:02,500 --> 03:52:04,800
carefully nursed. 
That tiny Ember into an actual 

4195
03:52:04,800 --> 03:52:07,900
flame, it could take 
considerable time and effort and

4196
03:52:07,900 --> 03:52:10,700
on a cold morning, you really 
didn't want to be starting from 

4197
03:52:10,700 --> 03:52:13,400
scratch. 
So the technique was to bank the

4198
03:52:13,400 --> 03:52:17,100
fire for overnight Essentially 
covering the glowing coals with 

4199
03:52:17,100 --> 03:52:20,600
Ash to slow down combustion, 
while keeping the coals alive. 

4200
03:52:21,300 --> 03:52:23,600
Done correctly. 
You'd wake up to a fire that 

4201
03:52:23,600 --> 03:52:26,700
just needed some stirring fresh 
Fuel and gentle blowing to 

4202
03:52:26,700 --> 03:52:29,200
spring back to life. 
Done incorrectly. 

4203
03:52:29,200 --> 03:52:32,500
You'd wake up to cold, ashes and
face, the prospect of starting 

4204
03:52:32,500 --> 03:52:35,600
over, which would make you very 
unpopular with everyone else in 

4205
03:52:35,600 --> 03:52:38,300
the cold house. 
The fuel for these fires varied 

4206
03:52:38,300 --> 03:52:41,800
by region and availability would
was the obvious choice where 

4207
03:52:41,800 --> 03:52:44,900
forests were accessible but not 
all wood burns equally well. 

4208
03:52:45,900 --> 03:52:49,600
Dense Hardwoods like Oak burn 
longer and hotter, but a harder 

4209
03:52:49,600 --> 03:52:53,600
to ignite softwoods like Pine 
catch quickly but burn fast and 

4210
03:52:53,600 --> 03:52:56,400
produce more smoke. 
Medieval people knew these 

4211
03:52:56,400 --> 03:52:58,800
properties intimately and chose 
their firewood accordingly. 

4212
03:52:59,600 --> 03:53:02,800
In areas where wood was scarce 
and by the late medieval period.

4213
03:53:02,800 --> 03:53:07,000
Many areas of Europe had been 
substantially, deforested people

4214
03:53:07,000 --> 03:53:09,800
burned, what ever. 
They could get peaked was common

4215
03:53:09,800 --> 03:53:13,600
in boggy regions, cut into 
blocks and dried for fuel, it 

4216
03:53:13,600 --> 03:53:16,300
burns slowly and produces a 
distinctive smell that people 

4217
03:53:16,300 --> 03:53:18,700
either love or hate. 
Dried animal. 

4218
03:53:18,700 --> 03:53:21,400
Dung was another option in areas
where even Pete wasn't 

4219
03:53:21,400 --> 03:53:22,600
available. 
Yes. 

4220
03:53:22,600 --> 03:53:25,000
Medieval people. 
Sometimes heated their homes by 

4221
03:53:25,000 --> 03:53:27,700
burning manure. 
It wasn't ideal, but it worked. 

4222
03:53:27,700 --> 03:53:30,600
And when you're alternative is 
freezing, you burn what you 

4223
03:53:30,600 --> 03:53:32,700
have. 
For the nobility in their 

4224
03:53:32,700 --> 03:53:34,200
castles. 
The situation was somewhat 

4225
03:53:34,200 --> 03:53:36,900
different. 
They had actual fireplaces with 

4226
03:53:36,908 --> 03:53:40,200
chimneys, a luxury that became 
more common from the 12th 

4227
03:53:40,200 --> 03:53:44,100
century onward and represented a
huge Improvement in indoor air 

4228
03:53:44,100 --> 03:53:46,200
quality. 
A proper fireplace with a 

4229
03:53:46,208 --> 03:53:49,000
chimney, pulled smoked up and 
out, rather than letting it 

4230
03:53:49,000 --> 03:53:51,700
dispersed through the room, 
meaning you could breathe 

4231
03:53:51,700 --> 03:53:54,200
without inhaling quite so much 
particular matter. 

4232
03:53:55,000 --> 03:53:58,400
But, even Castle fireplaces have
their challenges, the chimney 

4233
03:53:58,400 --> 03:54:00,000
might draw well when the wind 
was, right? 

4234
03:54:00,000 --> 03:54:03,900
But poorly, when conditions were
optimal leading to rooms that 

4235
03:54:03,900 --> 03:54:07,100
filled with smoke. 
Stone castles were notoriously 

4236
03:54:07,100 --> 03:54:09,800
difficult to heat. 
All that stone absorbed heat 

4237
03:54:09,800 --> 03:54:12,900
with without warming up much and
the high ceilings meant warm air

4238
03:54:12,900 --> 03:54:15,000
Rose far above where people were
trying to sleep. 

4239
03:54:15,700 --> 03:54:18,600
The solution was multiple 
smaller fires, rather than one 

4240
03:54:18,600 --> 03:54:22,100
large, one, a castle might have 
five places in several Chambers 

4241
03:54:22,100 --> 03:54:25,900
each creating a small zone of 
warmth in an otherwise cold 

4242
03:54:25,900 --> 03:54:28,700
building. 
The best Chambers had fireplaces

4243
03:54:28,700 --> 03:54:31,300
and access to those chambers was
a privilege of rank. 

4244
03:54:32,300 --> 03:54:35,100
Lesser members of the household 
slept in rooms without direct 

4245
03:54:35,100 --> 03:54:38,400
heat relying on warmer clothing 
and more bedding to make up the 

4246
03:54:38,400 --> 03:54:40,900
difference. 
Fire safety was a constant 

4247
03:54:40,900 --> 03:54:42,900
concern in a world where 
everything was made of 

4248
03:54:42,900 --> 03:54:46,100
combustible materials. 
And fire suppression technology,

4249
03:54:46,100 --> 03:54:48,300
consisted of buckets of water 
and prayers. 

4250
03:54:49,100 --> 03:54:52,100
Medieval towns and cities had 
devastating fires with 

4251
03:54:52,100 --> 03:54:55,500
disturbing regularity. 
Everyone knew someone who had 

4252
03:54:55,500 --> 03:54:58,400
lost their home to Fire, and 
most people knew someone who had

4253
03:54:58,400 --> 03:55:01,900
died in one so sleeping, with a 
fire burning nearby, required. 

4254
03:55:01,900 --> 03:55:04,900
Careful management. 
The fire had to be far enough 

4255
03:55:04,900 --> 03:55:08,200
from bedding and other flammable
materials to be safe, but close 

4256
03:55:08,200 --> 03:55:11,500
enough to provide warmth. 
The Flora around the half needed

4257
03:55:11,500 --> 03:55:14,000
to be clear. 
Candles and Rush lights had to 

4258
03:55:14,000 --> 03:55:17,300
be extinguished or placed where 
they couldn't fall, and start a 

4259
03:55:17,300 --> 03:55:18,500
fire. 
If someone bumped into the, 

4260
03:55:18,500 --> 03:55:20,700
during a middle of the night 
trip, outside to relieve 

4261
03:55:20,700 --> 03:55:23,500
themselves. 
Speaking of which nighttime 

4262
03:55:23,500 --> 03:55:25,000
bathroom trips were another 
challenge. 

4263
03:55:25,000 --> 03:55:27,600
You'd wake up in the middle of 
the night, needing to use the 

4264
03:55:27,600 --> 03:55:30,200
privy, which in a peasant 
Cottage meant either using a 

4265
03:55:30,208 --> 03:55:33,900
chamber pot kept near the bed or
more commonly going outside to 

4266
03:55:33,900 --> 03:55:36,600
the designated spot. 
In winter. 

4267
03:55:36,600 --> 03:55:39,300
This was miserable enough that 
many people tried to minimize 

4268
03:55:39,300 --> 03:55:42,700
nighttime liquid intake, though,
that created its own problems. 

4269
03:55:43,500 --> 03:55:46,100
The very well. 
He had indoor privies rooms with

4270
03:55:46,100 --> 03:55:48,900
seats, positioned, over shafts 
that dropped waist down into 

4271
03:55:48,900 --> 03:55:51,600
moats pits. 
Or outside the castle walls, 

4272
03:55:51,600 --> 03:55:55,100
these were cold. 
Smelly places that were exactly 

4273
03:55:55,100 --> 03:55:58,500
Pleasant to visit but they beat 
stumbling outside in the dark 

4274
03:55:58,500 --> 03:56:01,600
and cold. 
Still even with indoor plumbing 

4275
03:56:01,600 --> 03:56:04,900
of sorts, the trip from your 
warm bed, to the cold, privy 

4276
03:56:04,900 --> 03:56:07,200
chamber, and back was an 
adventure and temperature shock.

4277
03:56:08,000 --> 03:56:10,600
The fire also provided the only 
nighttime light that didn't 

4278
03:56:10,600 --> 03:56:12,800
require burning expensive 
candles or oil. 

4279
03:56:13,700 --> 03:56:15,600
If you woke during that 
traditional middle of the night 

4280
03:56:15,600 --> 03:56:18,900
interval between first and 
second sleep, you might sit near

4281
03:56:18,900 --> 03:56:20,900
the fire. 
Watching the Flames while your 

4282
03:56:20,900 --> 03:56:24,300
thoughts wandered. 
This quiet time with just the 

4283
03:56:24,300 --> 03:56:27,400
firelight and the sleeping 
sounds of your household was 

4284
03:56:27,400 --> 03:56:30,900
often described as peaceful, a 
meditative period that are 

4285
03:56:30,900 --> 03:56:33,100
modern compressed sleep. 
Schedule's have eliminated. 

4286
03:56:33,100 --> 03:56:36,300
Now, we're going to talk about 
something that medieval people 

4287
03:56:36,300 --> 03:56:39,500
took a seriously as physical 
warmth spiritual protection 

4288
03:56:39,500 --> 03:56:41,200
during the vulnerable hours of 
sleep. 

4289
03:56:42,200 --> 03:56:45,100
Because in the medieval mine and
nighttime wasn't just physically

4290
03:56:45,100 --> 03:56:47,200
dangerous. 
It was spiritually, dangerous 

4291
03:56:47,200 --> 03:56:49,400
too. 
You have to understand that 

4292
03:56:49,400 --> 03:56:52,600
medieval Europeans lived in a 
world absolutely teeming with 

4293
03:56:52,600 --> 03:56:55,000
supernatural beings. 
Not in the way. 

4294
03:56:55,000 --> 03:56:58,000
We might casually talk about 
believing in ghosts or checking 

4295
03:56:58,000 --> 03:57:01,500
our horoscope, but in a visceral
constant awareness that the 

4296
03:57:01,500 --> 03:57:05,200
spiritual world was just as real
as the physical one and 

4297
03:57:05,200 --> 03:57:08,600
considerably more dangerous. 
A night time was when the 

4298
03:57:08,600 --> 03:57:10,400
boundary between these worlds, 
grew thinner. 

4299
03:57:11,500 --> 03:57:14,800
Before going to bed, most 
medieval people performed, some 

4300
03:57:14,800 --> 03:57:18,500
form of protective ritual at 
minimum, this meant prayers. 

4301
03:57:18,500 --> 03:57:22,300
You'd cross yourself, recite a 
prayer asking for God's 

4302
03:57:22,300 --> 03:57:25,100
protection, through the night 
and possibly say specific 

4303
03:57:25,100 --> 03:57:26,800
prayers against particular 
dangers. 

4304
03:57:27,500 --> 03:57:30,000
The Catholic Church encouraged 
nightly prayers and providers 

4305
03:57:30,000 --> 03:57:31,900
specific devotions for nighttime
use. 

4306
03:57:32,500 --> 03:57:35,400
These weren't just abstract 
spiritual exercises, people 

4307
03:57:35,400 --> 03:57:38,300
genuinely believe that prayers 
could protect them from very 

4308
03:57:38,300 --> 03:57:41,600
real dangers demons. 
They believed wandered during 

4309
03:57:41,600 --> 03:57:44,200
the night looking for 
unprotected, souls to torment. 

4310
03:57:45,000 --> 03:57:47,700
Evil spirits might press down on
your chest while you sleep 

4311
03:57:47,700 --> 03:57:51,600
causing nightmares or Worse. 
The Devil Himself was 

4312
03:57:51,600 --> 03:57:54,700
particularly active during the 
dark hours and a soul. 

4313
03:57:54,700 --> 03:57:56,800
Without proper spiritual 
protection was vulnerable. 

4314
03:57:56,800 --> 03:58:00,000
Many people made the sign of the
crossover their bed before 

4315
03:58:00,000 --> 03:58:02,000
getting in and over their doors 
and windows. 

4316
03:58:02,800 --> 03:58:06,000
Some Mark, these thresholds with
holy water or blessed salt. 

4317
03:58:06,700 --> 03:58:08,900
These weren't superstitions in 
the medieval mind. 

4318
03:58:08,900 --> 03:58:11,900
They were practical precautions 
like locking your doors today 

4319
03:58:11,900 --> 03:58:14,800
except you weren't just 
protecting against human 

4320
03:58:14,800 --> 03:58:17,500
Intruders. 
You awarding off spiritual ones.

4321
03:58:18,800 --> 03:58:21,200
The physical arrangement of the 
sleeping space, often had 

4322
03:58:21,200 --> 03:58:24,500
spiritual significance. 
Many people position their bed 

4323
03:58:24,500 --> 03:58:27,300
so they could face East toward 
Jerusalem and the rise. 

4324
03:58:27,300 --> 03:58:30,200
In Sun believing this 
orientation offered additional 

4325
03:58:30,200 --> 03:58:34,500
protection, religious imagery 
crosses icons, or symbols might 

4326
03:58:34,500 --> 03:58:36,400
be placed near the bed or hung 
on walls. 

4327
03:58:36,400 --> 03:58:40,200
These were decorations, they 
were spiritual security systems 

4328
03:58:40,800 --> 03:58:43,300
Nightmares were understood 
completely differently than we 

4329
03:58:43,300 --> 03:58:46,700
understand them today. 
When you had a bad dream, it 

4330
03:58:46,700 --> 03:58:49,400
wasn't just your subconscious 
processing daily stress. 

4331
03:58:49,400 --> 03:58:53,500
It might be a demon, literally, 
assaulting you during sleep or a

4332
03:58:53,500 --> 03:58:55,900
dead person. 
Trying to communicate or a 

4333
03:58:55,900 --> 03:58:59,000
prophetic Vision sent by God or 
intercepted by Satan. 

4334
03:59:00,200 --> 03:59:03,900
Dreams were taken very seriously
and often discussed with priests

4335
03:59:03,900 --> 03:59:07,400
who could help interpret their 
meaning and advise on protective

4336
03:59:07,400 --> 03:59:10,600
measures some dreams were 
considered so significant that 

4337
03:59:10,600 --> 03:59:13,200
they were recorded and reported 
to church authorities. 

4338
03:59:13,200 --> 03:59:16,700
If you dreamed of something that
might relate to heresy or had 

4339
03:59:16,700 --> 03:59:19,800
visions that seemed prophetic, 
these were matters that could 

4340
03:59:19,800 --> 03:59:23,400
have serious consequences. 
Dream interpretation was a 

4341
03:59:23,400 --> 03:59:26,400
recognized spiritual skill and 
people paid attention to the 

4342
03:59:26,400 --> 03:59:28,200
messages. 
They believed were being sent to

4343
03:59:28,200 --> 03:59:30,900
them during sleep. 
The phenomenon of sleep 

4344
03:59:30,900 --> 03:59:34,500
paralysis that terrifying 
experience where your conscience

4345
03:59:34,500 --> 03:59:38,000
but can't move often accompanied
by a sense of pressure on your 

4346
03:59:38,000 --> 03:59:40,700
chest and the presence of a 
threatening entity was 

4347
03:59:40,700 --> 03:59:44,000
universally interpreted as a 
demonic attack or visitation by 

4348
03:59:44,000 --> 03:59:47,700
a malevolent supernatural being 
Different cultures had different

4349
03:59:47,700 --> 03:59:51,900
names for the entity that calls 
this the night tag or old hag in

4350
03:59:51,900 --> 03:59:54,600
some traditions. 
The mayor in others, which is 

4351
03:59:54,600 --> 03:59:58,000
where our word nightmare comes 
from protection against these 

4352
03:59:58,000 --> 04:00:00,500
entities involved, both physical
and spiritual measures. 

4353
04:00:01,200 --> 04:00:04,500
You might Place iron near your 
bed as iron was believed to 

4354
04:00:04,500 --> 04:00:08,400
repel fairies and evil spirits. 
You might wear a blessed amulet,

4355
04:00:08,400 --> 04:00:10,200
or keep a piece of a holy Relic 
nearby. 

4356
04:00:11,000 --> 04:00:13,600
Some people slept with their 
hands arranged in the shape of a

4357
04:00:13,608 --> 04:00:17,700
cross to maintain protection. 
Even while unconscious children 

4358
04:00:17,700 --> 04:00:20,400
were considered, especially 
vulnerable to spiritual dangers 

4359
04:00:20,400 --> 04:00:23,200
during sleep partly because they
were thought to be more 

4360
04:00:23,200 --> 04:00:26,400
spiritually, open, and partly 
because their souls were so 

4361
04:00:26,408 --> 04:00:29,800
valuable to demonic forces, 
parents might perform, elaborate

4362
04:00:29,800 --> 04:00:32,700
bedtime, rituals over their 
children, including blessings 

4363
04:00:32,700 --> 04:00:35,800
prayers and the arrangement of 
protective objects around the 

4364
04:00:35,800 --> 04:00:38,800
sleeping child. 
The church had mixed feelings 

4365
04:00:38,800 --> 04:00:40,700
about some of these protective 
practices. 

4366
04:00:41,500 --> 04:00:44,100
Official church doctrine 
approved of prayer's and blessed

4367
04:00:44,100 --> 04:00:46,300
objects. 
But frowned on practices that 

4368
04:00:46,300 --> 04:00:48,900
seem too similar to 
pre-christian magic or Pagan 

4369
04:00:48,900 --> 04:00:51,500
beliefs. 
This created a gray area where 

4370
04:00:51,500 --> 04:00:54,500
people practiced a blend of 
approved, Christian devotion and

4371
04:00:54,500 --> 04:00:57,200
traditional folk protection that
made Church authorities 

4372
04:00:57,200 --> 04:01:00,500
uncomfortable but was too wide 
spread to effectively suppress. 

4373
04:01:00,500 --> 04:01:03,900
Interestingly, some of these 
folk practices did have 

4374
04:01:03,900 --> 04:01:07,200
practical benefits even if the 
spiritual reasoning behind them 

4375
04:01:07,200 --> 04:01:10,000
was questionable. 
Keeping certain herbs near your 

4376
04:01:10,000 --> 04:01:11,800
bed. 
Blessed by the church, for 

4377
04:01:11,800 --> 04:01:14,800
Spiritual protection, might 
actually help repel insects or 

4378
04:01:14,800 --> 04:01:18,000
improve air quality. 
Maintaining evening prayer 

4379
04:01:18,000 --> 04:01:21,700
routines provided psychological 
comfort and helped Mark the 

4380
04:01:21,700 --> 04:01:23,300
transition from waking to 
sleeping. 

4381
04:01:24,200 --> 04:01:26,900
The ritualization of bedtime 
created structure and 

4382
04:01:26,900 --> 04:01:29,200
predictability in a chaotic 
dangerous world. 

4383
04:01:30,100 --> 04:01:32,200
The fear of nocturnal spiritual 
dangers. 

4384
04:01:32,200 --> 04:01:36,000
Also reinforced social 
structures, and behaviors going 

4385
04:01:36,000 --> 04:01:39,200
to bed properly with appropriate
prayers and protections was seen

4386
04:01:39,208 --> 04:01:42,100
as morally, correct? 
Someone who neglected these 

4387
04:01:42,100 --> 04:01:44,800
spiritual duties was not just 
being careless, but was 

4388
04:01:44,800 --> 04:01:47,200
committing a minor sin and 
inviting Danger. 

4389
04:01:47,900 --> 04:01:49,600
This religious framework around 
sleep. 

4390
04:01:49,600 --> 04:01:53,300
Made it a moral issue, as well 
as a practical one so far. 

4391
04:01:53,300 --> 04:01:55,300
We've been talking about 
sleeping indoors but let's 

4392
04:01:55,300 --> 04:01:58,500
address the elephant in the room
or rather the absence of a room.

4393
04:01:58,500 --> 04:02:01,300
Because plenty of medieval 
people, regularly, slept 

4394
04:02:01,300 --> 04:02:04,400
outside, not by choice, but by 
necessity, and they managed not 

4395
04:02:04,400 --> 04:02:08,500
to freeze to death doing it. 
How first, let's talk about, who

4396
04:02:08,500 --> 04:02:12,100
was sleeping Outdoors, Shepherds
for one spent nights out with 

4397
04:02:12,100 --> 04:02:13,600
their flocks during warmer 
months. 

4398
04:02:13,600 --> 04:02:17,500
Protecting sheep from predators 
and thieves Travelers Court 

4399
04:02:17,500 --> 04:02:20,000
between towns might find 
themselves sleeping rough rather

4400
04:02:20,000 --> 04:02:24,000
than risk traveling after dark. 
Soldiers on campaign, spent more

4401
04:02:24,000 --> 04:02:27,300
nights, under the sky than under
roofs, Harvest workers during 

4402
04:02:27,300 --> 04:02:29,400
Peak Seasons. 
Sometimes slept in fields, 

4403
04:02:29,400 --> 04:02:31,700
rather than waste time walking 
back to town each night. 

4404
04:02:32,400 --> 04:02:35,900
And the poor particularly in 
cities often had no choice but 

4405
04:02:35,900 --> 04:02:39,600
to find what shelter they could 
under bridges in doorways or in 

4406
04:02:39,600 --> 04:02:43,400
other semi-protected spots. 
The first rule of outdoor 

4407
04:02:43,400 --> 04:02:46,800
medieval sleeping was don't do 
it in winter if you have any 

4408
04:02:46,800 --> 04:02:50,300
choice whatsoever. 
Medieval people understood that 

4409
04:02:50,300 --> 04:02:54,100
sleeping outside in deep winter,
was an excellent way to die of 

4410
04:02:54,100 --> 04:02:56,100
exposure. 
They didn't have magical cold 

4411
04:02:56,100 --> 04:02:57,200
weather techniques. 
We've lost. 

4412
04:02:57,200 --> 04:02:59,900
They just tried very hard not to
be outside overnight. 

4413
04:02:59,900 --> 04:03:02,800
When it was truly cold. 
But during the rest of the year 

4414
04:03:02,800 --> 04:03:06,400
outdoor sleeping was manageable 
with the right approach location

4415
04:03:06,400 --> 04:03:09,000
was everything you didn't just 
lie down. 

4416
04:03:09,000 --> 04:03:12,500
Anywhere you looked for natural 
windbreaks like large rocks 

4417
04:03:12,500 --> 04:03:17,500
Earth and Banks or thick hedges.
You positioned yourself to take 

4418
04:03:17,500 --> 04:03:19,100
advantage of any of the 
available shelter. 

4419
04:03:19,100 --> 04:03:22,100
While staying away from 
obviously dangerous locations, 

4420
04:03:22,100 --> 04:03:25,800
like Avalanche paths, flooding 
risks or places where animals 

4421
04:03:25,800 --> 04:03:28,900
are established Roots crowned 
insulation was critical. 

4422
04:03:28,900 --> 04:03:32,500
Sleeping directly on cold Earth 
would suck the heat right out of

4423
04:03:32,500 --> 04:03:34,700
your body. 
So many evil outdoor sleepers 

4424
04:03:34,700 --> 04:03:37,200
would gather whatever materials 
they could find to create a 

4425
04:03:37,200 --> 04:03:39,900
barrier. 
Dry leaves Bracken, Heather, 

4426
04:03:39,900 --> 04:03:43,100
pine, needles, and grass. 
All of these could be piled up 

4427
04:03:43,100 --> 04:03:46,400
to create an insulating layer 
between you and the ground, the 

4428
04:03:46,400 --> 04:03:49,800
deeper, the pile, the warming 
you'd be some Travelers carried 

4429
04:03:49,800 --> 04:03:51,000
their own. 
Portable bedding. 

4430
04:03:51,600 --> 04:03:54,000
Shepard might have a wool cloak 
that could double as both 

4431
04:03:54,000 --> 04:03:56,900
clothing and a blanket, 
wealthier Travelers, might have 

4432
04:03:56,900 --> 04:04:01,300
an actual blanket roll pilgrims 
and medieval Europe's or a lot 

4433
04:04:01,308 --> 04:04:04,100
of pilgrimage traffic. 
Often traveled with a cloak 

4434
04:04:04,100 --> 04:04:07,300
designed to serve multiple 
purposes where it during the day

4435
04:04:07,300 --> 04:04:11,800
and sleep under it at night. 
The medieval cloak was an 

4436
04:04:11,800 --> 04:04:15,700
under-appreciated piece of 
technology made of wool often 

4437
04:04:15,700 --> 04:04:17,600
with a hood. 
It could be worn loose for 

4438
04:04:17,600 --> 04:04:20,000
ventilation during the day or 
wrapped tight. 

4439
04:04:20,000 --> 04:04:23,400
For warmth at night, you could 
wrap yourself in it like a 

4440
04:04:23,400 --> 04:04:26,400
burrito, pull the hood, over 
your head and have a surprise 

4441
04:04:26,400 --> 04:04:29,200
amount of warmth. 
The wealthier you were the 

4442
04:04:29,200 --> 04:04:32,600
better quality wool you had 
which meant warmer dense a 

4443
04:04:32,600 --> 04:04:34,200
fabric that provided better 
insulation. 

4444
04:04:35,200 --> 04:04:37,900
Fire was even more important 
when sleeping Outdoors that when

4445
04:04:37,900 --> 04:04:41,500
sleeping inside a shepherding. 
The night in the hills with his 

4446
04:04:41,500 --> 04:04:43,600
flock would build a fire and 
sleep near it. 

4447
04:04:43,600 --> 04:04:47,900
Waking periodically to add fuel,
this wasn't comfortable sleep. 

4448
04:04:47,900 --> 04:04:51,300
You'd be too hot on the side 
facing the fire and two cold on 

4449
04:04:51,300 --> 04:04:53,600
the other side but it beat 
freezing. 

4450
04:04:54,300 --> 04:04:57,400
The skill was in building a fire
that would last you want to 

4451
04:04:57,408 --> 04:05:00,500
substantial fuel, that would 
burn slowly rather than small 

4452
04:05:00,500 --> 04:05:02,100
Twigs that would flame out 
quickly. 

4453
04:05:02,100 --> 04:05:05,800
You'd build up a good bed of 
coals then add larger pieces of 

4454
04:05:05,800 --> 04:05:08,200
wood. 
Some experienced outdoor 

4455
04:05:08,200 --> 04:05:10,900
sleepers, would arrange large 
logs to create a long burning 

4456
04:05:10,900 --> 04:05:12,400
fire. 
That didn't need constant 

4457
04:05:12,400 --> 04:05:14,900
tending. 
If sleeping alone Outdoors, 

4458
04:05:14,900 --> 04:05:19,000
you'd want your back against 
something a rock, a tree, or an 

4459
04:05:19,000 --> 04:05:21,700
Earthen Bank. 
So that you were protected from 

4460
04:05:21,700 --> 04:05:24,100
one side and could keep the fire
on the other. 

4461
04:05:24,800 --> 04:05:28,000
This also provided psychological
Comfort because you knew nothing

4462
04:05:28,000 --> 04:05:31,200
could sneak up behind you. 
Medieval knights were full of 

4463
04:05:31,208 --> 04:05:35,800
real dangers, wolves bears and 
human Bandits and sleeping in 

4464
04:05:35,800 --> 04:05:39,100
the open meant staying alert to 
these threats group sleeping 

4465
04:05:39,100 --> 04:05:43,100
Outdoors had an advantage. 
Body heat, Shepards might sleep 

4466
04:05:43,100 --> 04:05:45,100
huddled together with their dogs
for warmth. 

4467
04:05:45,700 --> 04:05:48,600
Soldiers on campaign would crowd
into tents or under temporary 

4468
04:05:48,600 --> 04:05:51,600
shelters with the warmth of 
multiple bodies making up for 

4469
04:05:51,600 --> 04:05:54,400
the lack of other Heating. 
This all meant someone could 

4470
04:05:54,400 --> 04:05:57,600
stand watch While others slept 
providing Security in a 

4471
04:05:57,600 --> 04:06:00,700
dangerous World military 
campaigns involved. 

4472
04:06:00,700 --> 04:06:03,600
A lot of outdoor sleeping and 
armies developed systems for 

4473
04:06:03,600 --> 04:06:08,100
managing this common soldiers, 
often had basic tents simple 

4474
04:06:08,100 --> 04:06:11,400
cloth or leather stretched over 
frames that provided win 

4475
04:06:11,400 --> 04:06:13,400
protection even if they didn't 
offer much insulation. 

4476
04:06:14,500 --> 04:06:17,400
The tent off rain and blocked 
wind, which were the two biggest

4477
04:06:17,400 --> 04:06:18,800
threats to maintaining body 
heat. 

4478
04:06:19,700 --> 04:06:23,200
Inside the tent soldiers would 
sleep in their cloaks possibly 

4479
04:06:23,200 --> 04:06:26,200
with additional blankets if they
were lucky packed together for 

4480
04:06:26,200 --> 04:06:29,000
warmth. 
Officers had better tents 

4481
04:06:29,000 --> 04:06:31,700
sometimes elaborate Pavilions 
that could be quite comfortable 

4482
04:06:31,700 --> 04:06:34,700
with the right Furnishings. 
A knight on campaign, might 

4483
04:06:34,700 --> 04:06:38,200
travel with a tent that included
a folding bed, proper bedding 

4484
04:06:38,200 --> 04:06:41,900
and even portable furniture. 
But even the best tent wasn't as

4485
04:06:41,900 --> 04:06:44,700
warm as a proper building. 
So everyone, regardless of rank 

4486
04:06:44,700 --> 04:06:47,300
had to deal with being colder 
than they'd be at home. 

4487
04:06:48,500 --> 04:06:51,200
The reality of outdoor sleeping 
meant that medieval people were 

4488
04:06:51,200 --> 04:06:54,200
simply tougher about cold and 
discomfort than most of his are 

4489
04:06:54,200 --> 04:06:57,100
today, they didn't have the 
option of adjusting a thermostat

4490
04:06:57,100 --> 04:06:59,300
or adding another electric 
blanket. 

4491
04:06:59,300 --> 04:07:03,200
They dealt with being cold, 
being uncomfortable and sleeping

4492
04:07:03,200 --> 04:07:05,300
poorly because those were the 
conditions of life. 

4493
04:07:06,100 --> 04:07:09,300
This doesn't mean they enjoyed 
it medieval sources are full of 

4494
04:07:09,300 --> 04:07:11,500
complaints about miserable 
nights, sleeping rough. 

4495
04:07:11,500 --> 04:07:13,800
But they endured it because they
had no choice. 

4496
04:07:13,800 --> 04:07:17,500
Interestingly, some people seem 
to sleep Outdoors by preference 

4497
04:07:17,500 --> 04:07:21,200
at least during warmer months 
Hermits and some extremely 

4498
04:07:21,200 --> 04:07:22,500
devout. 
Religious individuals 

4499
04:07:22,500 --> 04:07:25,700
deliberately chose to sleep 
under the sky as a form of 

4500
04:07:25,700 --> 04:07:28,700
spiritual discipline. 
They'd find a cave or build a 

4501
04:07:28,708 --> 04:07:31,900
simple shelter and live their 
enduring hardship as a way of 

4502
04:07:31,900 --> 04:07:35,100
growing closer to God. 
This was considered admirable 

4503
04:07:35,100 --> 04:07:39,800
and holy though slightly crazy, 
even by medieval standards for 

4504
04:07:39,800 --> 04:07:42,800
the urban poor sleeping Outdoors
was less about spiritual growth 

4505
04:07:42,800 --> 04:07:44,600
and more about having nowhere 
else to go. 

4506
04:07:45,600 --> 04:07:49,000
Medieval cities had populations 
of homeless, people who slept in

4507
04:07:49,000 --> 04:07:52,100
doorways under Market stalls or 
anywhere. 

4508
04:07:52,100 --> 04:07:55,100
They could find a bit of shelter
This was dangerous and 

4509
04:07:55,100 --> 04:07:56,800
uncomfortable but it was 
survival. 

4510
04:07:57,600 --> 04:08:00,400
City sometimes provided limited 
charity, in the form of 

4511
04:08:00,400 --> 04:08:03,600
hospitality houses or spaces, 
where the poor could sleep 

4512
04:08:03,600 --> 04:08:05,900
indoors. 
But there was never enough space

4513
04:08:05,900 --> 04:08:09,900
for everyone who needed it. 
As Dawn approaches in our 

4514
04:08:09,900 --> 04:08:13,200
medieval Knight, let's talk 
about waking up and what that 

4515
04:08:13,200 --> 04:08:15,900
Morning Experience tells us 
about how different medieval 

4516
04:08:15,900 --> 04:08:18,100
sleep really was from our modern
experience. 

4517
04:08:18,100 --> 04:08:21,900
The medieval mourning started 
early, very early by modern 

4518
04:08:21,900 --> 04:08:24,800
standards Dawn was the natural 
wake up time. 

4519
04:08:24,800 --> 04:08:28,300
Not because people set alarms 
but because light itself was the

4520
04:08:28,300 --> 04:08:31,800
alarm without curtains blocking 
the sunrise without artificial 

4521
04:08:31,800 --> 04:08:33,600
light that disrupted natural 
circadian. 

4522
04:08:33,600 --> 04:08:36,300
Rhythms your body. 
Simply woke when the sun came 

4523
04:08:36,300 --> 04:08:38,600
up, This meant that wake up 
times. 

4524
04:08:38,600 --> 04:08:42,300
Varied dramatically by season. 
You might rise at 5 a.m. in 

4525
04:08:42,300 --> 04:08:45,200
summer and ATM in Winter and 
everyone considered this 

4526
04:08:45,200 --> 04:08:48,400
completely normal. 
The first sensations of waking 

4527
04:08:48,400 --> 04:08:51,700
were probably, not pleasant. 
You'd be stiff from sleeping on 

4528
04:08:51,700 --> 04:08:55,600
a surface that ranged from not 
very comfortable to actively 

4529
04:08:55,600 --> 04:08:58,300
painful. 
Your body would be cold because 

4530
04:08:58,300 --> 04:09:01,600
the fire had burned low during 
the night if you'd slept in a 

4531
04:09:01,608 --> 04:09:04,600
room with other people which 
most people did you'd be 

4532
04:09:04,608 --> 04:09:08,200
surrounded by the sounds and 
smells of other humans who had 

4533
04:09:08,200 --> 04:09:10,100
spent the night in a room with 
limited ventilation. 

4534
04:09:11,700 --> 04:09:14,500
Medieval people didn't wake up 
and immediately jump into their 

4535
04:09:14,500 --> 04:09:16,400
day. 
They'd lie there for a bit 

4536
04:09:16,408 --> 04:09:19,600
possibly dozing through that. 
Transition between first and 

4537
04:09:19,600 --> 04:09:23,700
second sleep, if they'd woken 
during the night interval, When 

4538
04:09:23,700 --> 04:09:26,700
they finally roused themselves, 
fully the first order of 

4539
04:09:26,700 --> 04:09:28,600
business was getting the fire 
going properly. 

4540
04:09:28,600 --> 04:09:32,800
Again, if it had been banked 
overnight, then you dress which 

4541
04:09:32,800 --> 04:09:35,400
was less complicated than you 
might think, because you'd slept

4542
04:09:35,400 --> 04:09:38,800
in much of your clothing, you'd 
add out a layers, maybe splash 

4543
04:09:38,800 --> 04:09:41,200
some water on your face. 
If water was available and you 

4544
04:09:41,200 --> 04:09:42,900
are unusually concerned with 
cleanliness. 

4545
04:09:42,900 --> 04:09:46,100
And basically, prepare to start 
another day of medieval life. 

4546
04:09:46,900 --> 04:09:50,000
Morning prayers were standard 
for most people, a quick thanks 

4547
04:09:50,000 --> 04:09:53,200
to God for surviving the night 
because in a world where disease

4548
04:09:53,200 --> 04:09:56,100
and accident could kill you 
suddenly surviving the night, 

4549
04:09:56,100 --> 04:09:57,500
wasn't something to take for 
granted. 

4550
04:09:57,500 --> 04:10:00,300
These prayers served, both 
spiritual, and practical 

4551
04:10:00,300 --> 04:10:04,500
purposes, marking the transition
from sleep to waking and helping

4552
04:10:04,500 --> 04:10:06,400
Orient. 
Your mind toward the day ahead. 

4553
04:10:07,600 --> 04:10:09,900
But here's what's fascinating, 
when you really think about 

4554
04:10:09,900 --> 04:10:13,300
medieval sleep. 
It worked Despite all the 

4555
04:10:13,300 --> 04:10:17,300
discomfort despite the cold, 
despite sharing sleeping spaces 

4556
04:10:17,300 --> 04:10:21,200
with multiple people and various
forms of wildlife, despite the 

4557
04:10:21,200 --> 04:10:23,300
smoke in the danger and the 
spiritual anxiety. 

4558
04:10:24,300 --> 04:10:27,600
Medieval people got enough, 
sleep to function, they built 

4559
04:10:27,600 --> 04:10:32,100
Cathedrals, Fort Wars, created 
art raised families and 

4560
04:10:32,100 --> 04:10:36,100
developed complex societies. 
They did this all while sleeping

4561
04:10:36,100 --> 04:10:39,300
in conditions that would have 
most modern people calling a 

4562
04:10:39,300 --> 04:10:41,600
contractor and investing in 
better insulation. 

4563
04:10:43,000 --> 04:10:45,000
This tells us something 
important about human 

4564
04:10:45,000 --> 04:10:48,800
adaptability, our bodies and 
minds, are remarkably good at 

4565
04:10:48,800 --> 04:10:51,400
adjusting to conditions that 
seem unbearable at first. 

4566
04:10:52,300 --> 04:10:54,000
Medieval people weren't 
superhuman. 

4567
04:10:54,000 --> 04:10:58,000
They were just adapted to this 
circumstances, they found their 

4568
04:10:58,000 --> 04:11:00,600
cold rooms normal because they'd
never known anything else. 

4569
04:11:00,600 --> 04:11:02,700
They slept? 
Well, in crowded conditions, 

4570
04:11:02,700 --> 04:11:05,600
because privacy was never an 
option, they dealt with 

4571
04:11:05,600 --> 04:11:08,000
discomfort because Comfort 
wasn't really on the menu. 

4572
04:11:08,000 --> 04:11:11,500
It also tells us something about
what sleep actually requires. 

4573
04:11:11,500 --> 04:11:14,800
We modern people of convinced 
ourselves that we need perfect 

4574
04:11:14,800 --> 04:11:17,900
conditions, the right 
temperature, the right mattress,

4575
04:11:17,900 --> 04:11:21,900
the right pillows, complete 
darkness, absolute silence. 

4576
04:11:21,900 --> 04:11:25,200
Maybe a white noise machine or a
specially designed sleep app. 

4577
04:11:26,000 --> 04:11:27,700
Medal. 
People had none of these things 

4578
04:11:27,700 --> 04:11:30,800
and slept anyway because 
fundamentally human sleep is 

4579
04:11:30,800 --> 04:11:33,100
robust enough to work under 
surprisingly difficult 

4580
04:11:33,100 --> 04:11:35,700
conditions. 
The legacy of medieval sleep 

4581
04:11:35,700 --> 04:11:38,200
patterns has left traces in our 
language and culture that we 

4582
04:11:38,200 --> 04:11:41,600
barely notice When we talk about
having a good night's sleep, 

4583
04:11:41,608 --> 04:11:44,100
we're using a phrase that dates 
back centuries. 

4584
04:11:44,800 --> 04:11:48,100
The expression burning the 
midnight oil refers to a time. 

4585
04:11:48,100 --> 04:11:50,800
When staying up late actually 
meant consuming expensive 

4586
04:11:50,800 --> 04:11:54,200
resources. 
Making your bed comes from an 

4587
04:11:54,200 --> 04:11:56,700
era when this was a genuine 
daily tasks that involved 

4588
04:11:56,700 --> 04:11:58,300
tightening ropes and fluffing 
straw. 

4589
04:11:58,300 --> 04:12:01,300
Even our architecture carries 
Echoes of medieval sleeping 

4590
04:12:01,300 --> 04:12:04,800
Arrangements, The four poster 
bed design originated in 

4591
04:12:04,800 --> 04:12:07,400
medieval attempts to create 
warmer sleeping spaces through 

4592
04:12:07,400 --> 04:12:11,100
curtains, the canopy over a bed.
Now, purely decorative. 

4593
04:12:11,100 --> 04:12:14,100
Once served, the Practical 
purpose of catching falling 

4594
04:12:14,100 --> 04:12:16,500
debris from thatched roofs, or 
crumbling plaster. 

4595
04:12:17,600 --> 04:12:20,700
These functional designs became 
status symbols, and eventually 

4596
04:12:20,700 --> 04:12:23,700
decorative Traditions that 
persist even though we no longer

4597
04:12:23,700 --> 04:12:26,300
need them. 
The medieval approached to sleep

4598
04:12:26,300 --> 04:12:28,600
also influenced, later 
developments in housing and 

4599
04:12:28,600 --> 04:12:31,300
Heating. 
The recognition that separate 

4600
04:12:31,300 --> 04:12:34,400
bedrooms provided better, rest 
and privacy even when they 

4601
04:12:34,400 --> 04:12:37,600
weren't strictly necessary for 
warmth led to architectural 

4602
04:12:37,600 --> 04:12:41,000
changes as well thinking priest.
The development of better 

4603
04:12:41,000 --> 04:12:44,700
chimney technology improved 
glass making for Windows and 

4604
04:12:44,700 --> 04:12:47,900
more efficient heating systems. 
All emerged partly from 

4605
04:12:47,900 --> 04:12:51,300
centuries of experience with 
cold Smoky medieval sleeping 

4606
04:12:51,300 --> 04:12:53,700
conditions medieval sleep 
patterns. 

4607
04:12:53,700 --> 04:12:57,000
Specifically that segmented 
sleep with a wakeful period in 

4608
04:12:57,000 --> 04:12:59,500
the middle of the night. 
Might actually have been more 

4609
04:12:59,500 --> 04:13:02,600
natural for human biology than 
our modern compressed schedule. 

4610
04:13:03,400 --> 04:13:05,900
Some sleep researchers argue 
that the medieval pattern 

4611
04:13:05,900 --> 04:13:08,600
matched our circadian rhythms 
better than forcing ourselves to

4612
04:13:08,600 --> 04:13:11,900
sleep in one solid block. 
That middle of the night, 

4613
04:13:11,900 --> 04:13:15,800
wakeful period was used for 
prayer, intimacy, reflection, 

4614
04:13:15,800 --> 04:13:19,300
and dreaming activities. 
We've lost in our rush to 

4615
04:13:19,308 --> 04:13:22,500
maximize sleep efficiency. 
There's also something to be 

4616
04:13:22,500 --> 04:13:25,800
said for the medieval acceptance
of seasonal variation in sleep 

4617
04:13:25,800 --> 04:13:29,100
patterns, We modern people try 
to maintain the same schedule 

4618
04:13:29,100 --> 04:13:32,600
year round going to bed at the 
same time whether it's June or 

4619
04:13:32,600 --> 04:13:35,300
December regardless of what our 
bodies might prefer. 

4620
04:13:36,100 --> 04:13:38,700
Medieval people slept more in 
Winter and lessen summer 

4621
04:13:38,700 --> 04:13:42,000
following natural light cycles 
and this might have been 

4622
04:13:42,000 --> 04:13:44,000
healthier than our artificial 
consistency. 

4623
04:13:44,000 --> 04:13:47,700
The communal nature of medieval 
sleep also has lessons for us 

4624
04:13:47,700 --> 04:13:51,000
while we value privacy and 
personal space, and there's 

4625
04:13:51,000 --> 04:13:53,700
nothing wrong with that. 
There was something to be said 

4626
04:13:53,700 --> 04:13:57,600
for the security and comfort of 
never sleeping truly alone. the 

4627
04:13:57,600 --> 04:13:59,700
presence of family members and 
the sounds of other people 

4628
04:13:59,700 --> 04:14:03,100
breathing and sleeping nearby 
provided reassurance in a way 

4629
04:14:03,100 --> 04:14:06,900
that our isolated modern 
bedrooms don't Medieval people's

4630
04:14:06,900 --> 04:14:09,300
relationship with fire. 
Teaches us about resource 

4631
04:14:09,300 --> 04:14:11,700
management and sustainability in
ways. 

4632
04:14:11,700 --> 04:14:14,500
We've forgotten. 
They used fire carefully because

4633
04:14:14,500 --> 04:14:18,600
fuel was precious banked fires 
to maintain them efficiently and

4634
04:14:18,600 --> 04:14:20,800
understood that waste in heating
was waste. 

4635
04:14:20,800 --> 04:14:24,400
They couldn't afford a modern 
ability to eat entire homes. 

4636
04:14:24,400 --> 04:14:27,700
To comfortable temperatures, 
year-round is wonderful but its 

4637
04:14:27,700 --> 04:14:30,500
Comet environmental costs that 
medieval people would have found

4638
04:14:30,500 --> 04:14:33,400
in comprehensible. 
The spiritual dimension of 

4639
04:14:33,400 --> 04:14:35,700
medieval sleep. 
Reminds us that sleep has always

4640
04:14:35,700 --> 04:14:37,400
been more than just physical 
rest. 

4641
04:14:37,400 --> 04:14:40,500
It's a vulnerable state that 
requires not just physical 

4642
04:14:40,500 --> 04:14:45,100
safety, but psychological and 
spiritual security, Medieval 

4643
04:14:45,100 --> 04:14:48,500
prayers and protective rituals, 
serve the same function that our

4644
04:14:48,500 --> 04:14:51,400
modern bedtime routine. 
Serve creating a mental 

4645
04:14:51,400 --> 04:14:54,100
transition from waking concerns 
to sleeps release. 

4646
04:14:54,800 --> 04:14:57,500
Whether your Crossing yourself 
and praying to Saints or doing 

4647
04:14:57,500 --> 04:15:01,000
relaxation exercises and 
meditation your performing the 

4648
04:15:01,000 --> 04:15:04,000
same basic function of creating 
a psychological boundary around 

4649
04:15:04,000 --> 04:15:06,400
sleep time. 
As you lie, there in your 

4650
04:15:06,400 --> 04:15:09,200
comfortable bed with your 
temperature control room, and 

4651
04:15:09,200 --> 04:15:11,900
your supportive mattress. 
It's worth considering what 

4652
04:15:11,900 --> 04:15:15,600
lessons medieval sleep might 
offer from Modern rest problems.

4653
04:15:15,600 --> 04:15:19,500
Because for all our advances in 
sleep technology, many of us 

4654
04:15:19,500 --> 04:15:21,900
struggle to sleep. 
Well, while medieval people 

4655
04:15:21,900 --> 04:15:24,900
despite their objectively 
terrible, sleeping conditions 

4656
04:15:24,900 --> 04:15:30,000
generally managed just fine. 
First, there's the lesson of 

4657
04:15:30,008 --> 04:15:33,100
Darkness. 
Medieval people lived in genuine

4658
04:15:33,100 --> 04:15:36,200
darkness and their sleep cycles 
aligned naturally with it. 

4659
04:15:36,900 --> 04:15:39,800
We modern folks flood our 
evening's with artificial light.

4660
04:15:39,800 --> 04:15:43,800
Then wonder why we have trouble 
falling asleep. the blue light 

4661
04:15:43,800 --> 04:15:46,300
from our phones and tablets is 
particularly disruptive 

4662
04:15:46,300 --> 04:15:49,700
signaling to our brains that 
it's still daytime when we're 

4663
04:15:49,700 --> 04:15:53,000
trying to convince our bodies 
its bedtime Medieval people 

4664
04:15:53,000 --> 04:15:54,900
didn't have to actively create 
Darkness. 

4665
04:15:54,900 --> 04:15:58,000
It was the default setting and 
their bodies responded. 

4666
04:15:58,000 --> 04:16:00,900
Accordingly. 
If you're struggling with sleep,

4667
04:16:00,900 --> 04:16:05,300
one medieval lesson is simple. 
Make your evenings darker, dim 

4668
04:16:05,300 --> 04:16:08,300
your lights as bedtime 
approaches, avoid screens for an

4669
04:16:08,308 --> 04:16:11,500
hour before sleep and use 
blackout curtains to eliminate 

4670
04:16:11,500 --> 04:16:14,600
light, pollution, from street, 
lights, create an approximation 

4671
04:16:14,600 --> 04:16:17,800
of that, midi evil darkness, and
your body might remember how 

4672
04:16:17,800 --> 04:16:21,000
it's supposed to respond. 
Second, there's the temperature 

4673
04:16:21,000 --> 04:16:24,900
Factor medieval people slept in 
cold rooms and used bedding for 

4674
04:16:24,900 --> 04:16:27,500
warmth rather than heating the 
entire space. 

4675
04:16:27,500 --> 04:16:30,300
Modern research actually 
supports this approach. 

4676
04:16:30,300 --> 04:16:34,200
We sleep better and cooler 
rooms, ideally between 60 and 67

4677
04:16:34,200 --> 04:16:37,100
degrees Fahrenheit. 
Your body temperature naturally 

4678
04:16:37,100 --> 04:16:40,300
drops when you sleep and a cool 
environment for facilitates this

4679
04:16:40,300 --> 04:16:43,300
process. 
Medieval people stumbled onto 

4680
04:16:43,300 --> 04:16:45,400
the truth. 
Through necessity, we've had to 

4681
04:16:45,408 --> 04:16:48,900
ReDiscover it through sleep, 
research, the medieval practice 

4682
04:16:48,900 --> 04:16:51,800
of layering for warmth rather 
than ambient heating, or makes 

4683
04:16:51,800 --> 04:16:54,200
sense. 
Being slightly cool, but buried 

4684
04:16:54,200 --> 04:16:56,800
under warm blankets, seems to 
promote better sleep than being 

4685
04:16:56,800 --> 04:16:58,300
in a warm room with light 
covers. 

4686
04:16:58,300 --> 04:17:01,400
There's something cycle for 
comforting about burrowing into 

4687
04:17:01,400 --> 04:17:03,300
blankets. 
Creating your own warm. 

4688
04:17:03,300 --> 04:17:07,500
Microclimate, the way medieval 
bed curtains once did Third. 

4689
04:17:07,500 --> 04:17:11,200
Consider the medieval approach 
to bedtime, routines, modern 

4690
04:17:11,200 --> 04:17:14,400
Sleep, Experts constantly, 
advised establishing, consistent

4691
04:17:14,400 --> 04:17:16,800
bedtime. 
Rituals and medieval people did 

4692
04:17:16,800 --> 04:17:18,700
exactly this with their evening 
prayers. 

4693
04:17:18,700 --> 04:17:22,200
Their fire Banking and their 
protective rituals these 

4694
04:17:22,200 --> 04:17:25,200
activities serve the Practical 
purpose of preparing for bed, 

4695
04:17:25,200 --> 04:17:28,300
while also signaling to the mind
and body that sleep was coming. 

4696
04:17:29,900 --> 04:17:32,500
Specific content of the ritual 
mattered, less than its 

4697
04:17:32,500 --> 04:17:36,300
consistency, and its role in 
marking the transition from day 

4698
04:17:36,300 --> 04:17:38,000
to night. 
You might not want to start 

4699
04:17:38,000 --> 04:17:40,500
Crossing yourself and reciting 
prayers to ward off demons 

4700
04:17:40,500 --> 04:17:42,800
though. 
If that works for you, go right 

4701
04:17:42,800 --> 04:17:45,200
ahead. 
But creating your own bed time. 

4702
04:17:45,200 --> 04:17:50,600
Ritual serves the same purpose. 
Making tea reading a few pages 

4703
04:17:50,600 --> 04:17:54,100
of an actual book doing some 
gentle stretching, or even just 

4704
04:17:54,100 --> 04:17:57,800
putting on specific sleepwear 
these activities signal to your 

4705
04:17:57,800 --> 04:17:59,400
brain that sleep time is 
approaching. 

4706
04:18:00,400 --> 04:18:02,400
Forth. 
There's something to learn from 

4707
04:18:02,400 --> 04:18:05,600
segmented, sleep. 
While we can't fully recreate 

4708
04:18:05,600 --> 04:18:07,800
medieval sleep patterns in our 
electric world. 

4709
04:18:07,800 --> 04:18:09,800
There's value in. 
Not panicking. 

4710
04:18:09,800 --> 04:18:13,100
If you wake up in the middle of 
the night, medieval people 

4711
04:18:13,100 --> 04:18:16,400
expected this wakeful period and
used it productively and calmly 

4712
04:18:16,400 --> 04:18:19,800
when we wake up at 3:00 a.m. and
immediately start stressing 

4713
04:18:19,800 --> 04:18:23,000
about how we should be asleep. 
We make the problem worse. 

4714
04:18:23,800 --> 04:18:26,200
If you awaken the night try 
adopting, a medieval approach. 

4715
04:18:26,900 --> 04:18:29,900
Except it lie there. 
Quietly think calm, thoughts, 

4716
04:18:29,900 --> 04:18:32,400
pray. 
If you are inclined that way or 

4717
04:18:32,400 --> 04:18:35,800
just rest peacefully, don't look
at your phone, don't turn on 

4718
04:18:35,800 --> 04:18:37,900
bright lights and don't start 
your day. 

4719
04:18:37,900 --> 04:18:40,800
Just exist. 
Calmly in the darkness for a 

4720
04:18:40,800 --> 04:18:43,400
while and you're likely drift 
back to sleep naturally. 

4721
04:18:45,000 --> 04:18:47,600
Fighting the wakefulness 
creates, anxiety, that prevents 

4722
04:18:47,600 --> 04:18:50,400
sleep accepting it often allows 
it to pass. 

4723
04:18:51,000 --> 04:18:54,600
Fifth medieval people's physical
exhaustion from daily labor. 

4724
04:18:54,600 --> 04:18:57,600
Meant they fell asleep easily. 
Despite uncomfortable 

4725
04:18:57,600 --> 04:19:00,400
conditions. 
Most of us aren't doing the kind

4726
04:19:00,400 --> 04:19:03,000
of physical work that left, 
medieval people, genuinely 

4727
04:19:03,000 --> 04:19:05,600
tired, by bed time, for mentally
exhausted. 

4728
04:19:05,600 --> 04:19:08,900
But physically, under exercise, 
which is exactly the wrong 

4729
04:19:08,900 --> 04:19:12,100
combination for good sleep. 
Our brains are Wired from 

4730
04:19:12,100 --> 04:19:15,300
screen, time and stress but our 
bodies have not done enough to 

4731
04:19:15,300 --> 04:19:18,200
earn physical tiredness. 
The medieval lesson here is 

4732
04:19:18,200 --> 04:19:21,300
straightforward physical 
activity during the day promotes

4733
04:19:21,300 --> 04:19:24,700
better sleep at night. 
You don't need to plow fields or

4734
04:19:24,700 --> 04:19:27,800
walk 20 miles, but you do need 
to move your body enough that 

4735
04:19:27,800 --> 04:19:30,500
it's ready for rest. 
Medieval people didn't need 

4736
04:19:30,500 --> 04:19:33,700
sleep podcasts or meditation 
apps because their bodies were 

4737
04:19:33,700 --> 04:19:35,700
genuinely ready to shut down at 
bed time. 

4738
04:19:36,500 --> 04:19:39,900
Sixth, there's the matter of 
expectations, medieval people, 

4739
04:19:39,900 --> 04:19:43,600
didn't expect, perfect Comfort, 
complete silence or ideal 

4740
04:19:43,600 --> 04:19:46,000
conditions. 
They expected sleep to be 

4741
04:19:46,008 --> 04:19:48,600
somewhat challenging and 
uncomfortable, and they slept 

4742
04:19:48,600 --> 04:19:52,800
anyway, We modern people have 
such high expectations for our 

4743
04:19:52,800 --> 04:19:56,000
sleep that we create anxiety 
around it and that anxiety 

4744
04:19:56,000 --> 04:19:57,600
itself. 
Disrupts our rest. 

4745
04:19:58,400 --> 04:20:01,200
Sometimes the medieval approach 
of just accepting less than 

4746
04:20:01,200 --> 04:20:04,900
perfect conditions and sleeping 
anyway is the healthiest 

4747
04:20:04,900 --> 04:20:07,200
response. 
Your mattress might not be 

4748
04:20:07,200 --> 04:20:10,000
perfectly suited to your body. 
Your room might not be 

4749
04:20:10,000 --> 04:20:12,900
absolutely silent and your 
schedule might not align 

4750
04:20:12,900 --> 04:20:15,600
perfectly with your natural 
rhythms, and that's okay. 

4751
04:20:16,500 --> 04:20:18,000
Sleep does not require 
Perfection. 

4752
04:20:18,000 --> 04:20:21,100
It just requires good enough, 
conditions and a willingness to 

4753
04:20:21,100 --> 04:20:25,300
rest despite minor imperfections
finally, medieval sleep. 

4754
04:20:25,300 --> 04:20:27,900
Reminds us that community and 
connection matter for good. 

4755
04:20:27,908 --> 04:20:31,900
Rest sleeping completely alone 
in isolated rooms is actually a 

4756
04:20:31,900 --> 04:20:35,100
very modern phenomenon and it's 
not necessarily optimal for 

4757
04:20:35,100 --> 04:20:38,000
everyone. 
Presence of family members, pets

4758
04:20:38,000 --> 04:20:41,200
or Partners can provide comfort 
and security that promotes 

4759
04:20:41,200 --> 04:20:43,700
better sleep. 
Even if it all means occasional 

4760
04:20:43,700 --> 04:20:47,700
disruption, We don't need to 
return to Medieval communal, 

4761
04:20:47,700 --> 04:20:50,700
sleeping Arrangements, privacy 
and personal space are valuable.

4762
04:20:50,700 --> 04:20:53,700
But there's something to be said
for not sleeping in complete 

4763
04:20:53,700 --> 04:20:56,100
isolation. 
If it makes you anxious or 

4764
04:20:56,100 --> 04:20:58,700
uncomfortable. 
That dog on your bed, that 

4765
04:20:58,700 --> 04:21:01,800
partner beside you, that baby 
monitor connecting you to your 

4766
04:21:01,800 --> 04:21:04,200
children. 
These connections serve some of 

4767
04:21:04,208 --> 04:21:07,200
the same reassuring functions 
that communal medieval sleeping 

4768
04:21:07,200 --> 04:21:09,700
once did. 
Let's take a moment to imagine 

4769
04:21:09,700 --> 04:21:12,100
that you could somehow transport
your modern bedroom back to 

4770
04:21:12,100 --> 04:21:15,300
Medieval Times or bring a 
medieval sleeping space into the

4771
04:21:15,300 --> 04:21:17,900
present. 
The contrast would be startling 

4772
04:21:17,900 --> 04:21:21,800
but so would the similarities a 
medieval person visiting your 

4773
04:21:21,800 --> 04:21:24,500
bedroom would probably be most 
Amazed by the consistent 

4774
04:21:24,500 --> 04:21:26,900
temperature. 
The idea that you could keep an 

4775
04:21:26,900 --> 04:21:30,300
entire room warm all night, 
every night without anyone 

4776
04:21:30,300 --> 04:21:32,800
tening, a fire would seem like 
sorcery. 

4777
04:21:32,800 --> 04:21:35,200
They'd be fascinated by your 
light switches. 

4778
04:21:35,200 --> 04:21:38,900
The ability to banish Darkness 
with a simple gesture would be 

4779
04:21:38,900 --> 04:21:42,400
mind-boggling your mattress 
would feel incredibly soft and 

4780
04:21:42,400 --> 04:21:45,000
supportive. 
Your sheets impossibly smooth 

4781
04:21:45,000 --> 04:21:47,600
and clean. 
But they might also find your 

4782
04:21:47,600 --> 04:21:51,600
bedroom somewhat puzzling. 
Why is it so isolated from the 

4783
04:21:51,600 --> 04:21:54,100
rest of the house? 
Why did you sleep alone? 

4784
04:21:54,100 --> 04:21:57,700
When having others nearby would 
be warmer safer and more 

4785
04:21:57,700 --> 04:22:00,600
comforting. 
Why do you have so much space? 

4786
04:22:00,600 --> 04:22:03,300
Dedicated solely to sleeping 
when that space could serve 

4787
04:22:03,300 --> 04:22:06,200
multiple functions? 
And why are you struggling to 

4788
04:22:06,200 --> 04:22:07,700
fall asleep in these perfect 
conditions? 

4789
04:22:07,700 --> 04:22:10,100
When they could sleep fine on a 
pile of straw? 

4790
04:22:10,700 --> 04:22:13,700
conversely, if you were 
transported to a medieval bed 

4791
04:22:13,700 --> 04:22:17,100
chamber, you'd immediately 
notice the cold Not just cool 

4792
04:22:17,100 --> 04:22:20,600
but genuinely cold in a way that
makes you want to keep all your 

4793
04:22:20,608 --> 04:22:22,900
clothes on which is exactly what
you do. 

4794
04:22:23,900 --> 04:22:26,400
Smell would be your next 
observation would smoke. 

4795
04:22:26,400 --> 04:22:30,700
Unwashed bodies old, straw, 
cooking, odors and various other

4796
04:22:30,700 --> 04:22:33,000
sense that we've trained 
ourselves not to tolerate. 

4797
04:22:33,900 --> 04:22:37,000
Your modern knows a custom to 
air fresheners and frequent 

4798
04:22:37,000 --> 04:22:39,600
laundering, would find the 
medieval bedroom environment 

4799
04:22:39,600 --> 04:22:42,000
challenging. 
The lack of privacy would 

4800
04:22:42,000 --> 04:22:43,700
probably bother you more than it
bothered. 

4801
04:22:43,700 --> 04:22:47,000
Medieval people knowing that 
your sharing sleeping space with

4802
04:22:47,000 --> 04:22:50,900
family members, servant's or 
even strangers at in which feel 

4803
04:22:50,900 --> 04:22:53,300
intrusive. 
You'd miss your ability to 

4804
04:22:53,300 --> 04:22:56,800
retreat into your own space. 
Close the door and have genuine 

4805
04:22:56,800 --> 04:22:59,500
solitude. 
This privacy that we take for 

4806
04:22:59,500 --> 04:23:01,700
granted was a luxury almost 
unknown. 

4807
04:23:01,700 --> 04:23:05,200
In medieval times you'd also 
noticed the darkness in a way 

4808
04:23:05,200 --> 04:23:07,800
medieval people didn't because 
they never knew anything else. 

4809
04:23:09,100 --> 04:23:12,500
When the sun set and candles 
were extinguished, it would be 

4810
04:23:12,500 --> 04:23:15,200
darker than almost anywhere 
you've experienced in Modern 

4811
04:23:15,200 --> 04:23:17,200
Life. 
The darkness would feel 

4812
04:23:17,200 --> 04:23:21,000
oppressive at first maybe even 
frightening until you adjusted 

4813
04:23:21,000 --> 04:23:22,600
to it. 
The way medieval people lived 

4814
04:23:22,600 --> 04:23:25,300
with it every day. 
The Sounds would be different 

4815
04:23:25,300 --> 04:23:27,800
too. 
Instead of the white noise of 

4816
04:23:27,800 --> 04:23:32,200
HVAC systems refrigerators 
humming or distant traffic, 

4817
04:23:32,200 --> 04:23:34,200
you'd hear the sounds of other 
people. 

4818
04:23:34,200 --> 04:23:38,500
Sleeping breathing, snoring 
shifting position getting up to 

4819
04:23:38,500 --> 04:23:40,500
10 the fire or use the chamber 
pot. 

4820
04:23:41,200 --> 04:23:43,400
You'd hear animals both inside 
and outside. 

4821
04:23:43,400 --> 04:23:46,500
The dwelling, you'd hear whether
more directly because buildings 

4822
04:23:46,500 --> 04:23:49,500
were as well sealed. 
These organic sounds might 

4823
04:23:49,500 --> 04:23:52,700
actually be more soothing than 
modern mechanical noises, or 

4824
04:23:52,700 --> 04:23:54,100
they might keep you awake all 
night. 

4825
04:23:54,800 --> 04:23:58,300
People's responses would vary. 
Physical discomfort would be 

4826
04:23:58,300 --> 04:24:02,600
real and unavoidable that straw 
mattress, or even a better wolf.

4827
04:24:02,600 --> 04:24:06,200
Stuffed one, which would feel 
lumpy uneven and unsupportive 

4828
04:24:06,200 --> 04:24:07,700
compared, to your modern 
mattress. 

4829
04:24:07,700 --> 04:24:10,400
With its carefully. 
Engineered layers of blankets 

4830
04:24:10,400 --> 04:24:13,800
would be heavy and Scratchy, 
you'd be cold on one side and 

4831
04:24:13,800 --> 04:24:16,800
two warm on the other. 
Your body would hurt from the 

4832
04:24:16,800 --> 04:24:19,000
poor support and awkward 
sleeping position. 

4833
04:24:19,000 --> 04:24:23,000
You'd can talk yourself into 
trying to get comfortable after 

4834
04:24:23,000 --> 04:24:25,200
a few nights. 
Assuming you survived the 

4835
04:24:25,200 --> 04:24:27,400
adjustment period. 
You'd probably start to adapt. 

4836
04:24:28,200 --> 04:24:31,600
Your body would get used to the 
temperature variations, The Firm

4837
04:24:31,600 --> 04:24:34,100
sleeping surface and the various
discomforts. 

4838
04:24:34,100 --> 04:24:36,700
You'd find positions that worked
reasonably. 

4839
04:24:36,700 --> 04:24:40,300
Well, you develop, calluses, 
both physical and mental against

4840
04:24:40,300 --> 04:24:44,200
the conditions, and you'd sleep.
Because fundamentally humans are

4841
04:24:44,200 --> 04:24:46,000
designed to sleep, even in 
difficult circumstances. 

4842
04:24:47,400 --> 04:24:51,000
This thought experiment reveals 
something important Comfort is 

4843
04:24:51,000 --> 04:24:54,100
relative and adaptive. 
What feels unbearably 

4844
04:24:54,100 --> 04:24:56,500
uncomfortable? 
Initially becomes tolerable and 

4845
04:24:56,500 --> 04:24:58,500
eventually normal through 
repeated exposure. 

4846
04:24:59,200 --> 04:25:02,200
Medieval people weren't tougher 
than us in any genetic sense. 

4847
04:25:02,200 --> 04:25:04,500
They were just adapted to 
different conditions. 

4848
04:25:05,500 --> 04:25:08,300
Similarly, were adapted to our 
comfortable modern conditions, 

4849
04:25:08,300 --> 04:25:11,800
which is why we find even minor 
deviation from optimal, sleep 

4850
04:25:11,800 --> 04:25:13,200
environments. 
So disturbing. 

4851
04:25:14,000 --> 04:25:17,400
It also highlights, how much of 
Sleep Quality is mental, rather 

4852
04:25:17,400 --> 04:25:21,000
than purely physical medieval 
people slept in a objectively 

4853
04:25:21,000 --> 04:25:24,300
terrible conditions, but didn't 
lie, awake stressing about 

4854
04:25:24,300 --> 04:25:27,000
whether they'd get enough rest 
or whether they're sleeping 

4855
04:25:27,000 --> 04:25:29,900
environment was optimized. 
They just went to bed and slept 

4856
04:25:31,100 --> 04:25:34,400
We have objectively, excellent 
sleeping conditions, but often 

4857
04:25:34,400 --> 04:25:37,100
struggled because we've created 
psychological barriers around, 

4858
04:25:37,100 --> 04:25:41,300
sleep, expectations, anxiety, 
and beliefs about what we need 

4859
04:25:41,300 --> 04:25:45,400
that may or may not be accurate.
The technological advances we've

4860
04:25:45,400 --> 04:25:47,900
made in sleep comfort and 
genuine improvements. 

4861
04:25:47,900 --> 04:25:51,000
Let's not romanticize. 
Medieval sleeping conditions, 

4862
04:25:51,000 --> 04:25:53,000
which were often genuinely 
miserable. 

4863
04:25:53,800 --> 04:25:56,000
But we've also lost some 
resilience in the process. 

4864
04:25:56,000 --> 04:25:59,300
We've become so dependent on 
perfect conditions that minor 

4865
04:25:59,300 --> 04:26:01,400
disruptions can ruin our sleep 
entirely. 

4866
04:26:02,000 --> 04:26:04,800
Medieval people's ability to 
sleep despite imperfect 

4867
04:26:04,800 --> 04:26:07,200
conditions is worth remembering 
when our own sleep. 

4868
04:26:07,200 --> 04:26:10,600
Environment isn't quite ideal. 
As we near the end of our 

4869
04:26:10,600 --> 04:26:13,300
journey, through medieval 
knights, and as you prepare to 

4870
04:26:13,300 --> 04:26:15,000
drift off in your own 
comfortable bed. 

4871
04:26:15,000 --> 04:26:18,500
Let's reflect on what this 
exploration of medieval sleep 

4872
04:26:18,500 --> 04:26:21,400
reveals about The Human 
Experience of rest across time. 

4873
04:26:21,400 --> 04:26:24,600
Sleep is one of the most 
fundamental Human Experience is 

4874
04:26:24,600 --> 04:26:26,600
something. 
We share with our medieval 

4875
04:26:26,600 --> 04:26:29,200
ancestors and will share with 
future Generations. 

4876
04:26:30,200 --> 04:26:34,000
The specific conditions, change 
dramatically the materials, the 

4877
04:26:34,000 --> 04:26:37,000
technology, the social 
Arrangements, but the basic 

4878
04:26:37,000 --> 04:26:40,400
human need for rest safety. 
And renewal remains constant. 

4879
04:26:41,200 --> 04:26:44,700
A medieval person and a modern 
person both closed their eyes at

4880
04:26:44,700 --> 04:26:48,700
night, both drift into dreams, 
and both weight to face a new 

4881
04:26:48,700 --> 04:26:50,400
day. 
There's something oddly 

4882
04:26:50,400 --> 04:26:52,100
comforting about this 
continuity. 

4883
04:26:52,800 --> 04:26:56,000
For all the ways our world has 
changed for all the technology, 

4884
04:26:56,000 --> 04:26:58,200
we've developed the social 
structures. 

4885
04:26:58,200 --> 04:27:01,700
We've built, we still need sleep
just as much as medieval 

4886
04:27:01,700 --> 04:27:04,300
peasants did. 
We're not so different from 

4887
04:27:04,300 --> 04:27:06,700
them. 
In this fundamental way, their 

4888
04:27:06,700 --> 04:27:10,100
struggles to stay warm through 
cold nights to feel safe and 

4889
04:27:10,100 --> 04:27:13,100
darkness to find rest, despite 
discomfort. 

4890
04:27:13,100 --> 04:27:16,600
These are struggles. 
We can understand the cross. 800

4891
04:27:16,600 --> 04:27:19,700
years of History. 
Medieval people sold their sleep

4892
04:27:19,700 --> 04:27:23,300
problems with the resources. 
They had Woolen straw fire and 

4893
04:27:23,300 --> 04:27:27,600
faith community and resilience 
We solve as with temperature 

4894
04:27:27,600 --> 04:27:30,600
control and memory foam, sleep 
apps and weighted blankets. 

4895
04:27:31,500 --> 04:27:35,100
The solutions are different but 
the underlying needs are the 

4896
04:27:35,100 --> 04:27:38,300
same. 
We both seek warmth safety, 

4897
04:27:38,300 --> 04:27:42,400
comfort, and rest. 
We both create rituals and 

4898
04:27:42,400 --> 04:27:45,200
routines to ease the transition 
from waking to sleeping. 

4899
04:27:46,200 --> 04:27:48,300
We both worry about not getting 
enough sleep though. 

4900
04:27:48,300 --> 04:27:50,200
We probably worried more about 
it and they did. 

4901
04:27:51,200 --> 04:27:54,100
The medieval relationship with 
sleep was more pragmatic and 

4902
04:27:54,100 --> 04:27:57,100
less, anxious than ours. 
They didn't have sleep 

4903
04:27:57,100 --> 04:27:59,700
specialists, or studies on 
optimal, sleep positions. 

4904
04:27:59,700 --> 04:28:02,800
They just went to bed when it 
got dark and got up when it got 

4905
04:28:02,800 --> 04:28:05,600
light with that interesting 
middle of the night interval 

4906
04:28:05,600 --> 04:28:07,900
that we've lost. 
Their approach was less 

4907
04:28:07,900 --> 04:28:10,000
scientific but possibly less 
stressful. 

4908
04:28:10,000 --> 04:28:13,200
They didn't lie, awake worrying 
about whether they were sleeping

4909
04:28:13,200 --> 04:28:16,200
correctly, but they also dealt 
with genuine hardships. 

4910
04:28:16,200 --> 04:28:19,700
That we can barely imagine the 
cold that seeped into your bones

4911
04:28:19,700 --> 04:28:23,100
on winter nights, the discomfort
of sleeping surfaces that would 

4912
04:28:23,100 --> 04:28:26,400
fail. 
Any modern ergonomic test the 

4913
04:28:26,400 --> 04:28:28,600
smoke? 
That irritated your lungs, every

4914
04:28:28,600 --> 04:28:32,300
day of your life and the genuine
dangers from fire disease and 

4915
04:28:32,300 --> 04:28:34,200
violence. 
That made every night's rest 

4916
04:28:34,200 --> 04:28:37,800
somewhat precarious. 
We shouldn't romanticize these 

4917
04:28:37,800 --> 04:28:40,400
difficulties just because 
medieval people endured them. 

4918
04:28:40,400 --> 04:28:43,400
What we can take from medieval 
sleep, as a sense of proportion.

4919
04:28:43,400 --> 04:28:45,800
Yes. 
Good sleep conditions and matter

4920
04:28:45,800 --> 04:28:48,900
and are worth pursuing. 
But perfect conditions aren't 

4921
04:28:48,900 --> 04:28:52,300
necessary for adequate rest and 
obsessing over optimization. 

4922
04:28:52,300 --> 04:28:54,300
Can create more problems than 
its Souls. 

4923
04:28:55,100 --> 04:28:58,800
Medieval people's ability to 
rest despite imperfection is a 

4924
04:28:58,800 --> 04:29:01,600
useful Counterpoint to our 
modern anxiety, about getting 

4925
04:29:01,600 --> 04:29:03,300
every detail of our sleep 
environment. 

4926
04:29:03,300 --> 04:29:04,500
Exactly. 
Right. 

4927
04:29:05,400 --> 04:29:08,100
We can also learn from their 
acceptance of natural rhythms 

4928
04:29:08,100 --> 04:29:10,800
and seasonal. 
Variations, the idea that you 

4929
04:29:10,800 --> 04:29:14,000
might sleep differently and 
winter than in summer that you 

4930
04:29:14,000 --> 04:29:16,200
might wake naturally in the 
middle of the night, and that's 

4931
04:29:16,200 --> 04:29:18,200
okay. 
And that sleep is influenced by 

4932
04:29:18,200 --> 04:29:20,900
natural cycles, rather than 
being a fixed requirement. 

4933
04:29:20,900 --> 04:29:23,500
You must meet precisely every 
night. 

4934
04:29:24,300 --> 04:29:27,800
These ideas offer a gentler more
flexible approach to rest. 

4935
04:29:28,500 --> 04:29:30,700
The medieval practice of 
preparing for sleep through 

4936
04:29:30,700 --> 04:29:33,700
ritual, where the prayers fire 
banking or other regular 

4937
04:29:33,700 --> 04:29:36,700
activities, reminds us. 
That sleep doesn't just happen. 

4938
04:29:36,700 --> 04:29:39,900
It's something we prepare for 
and enter into deliberately 

4939
04:29:39,900 --> 04:29:43,900
creating that transition period,
marking the boundary between day

4940
04:29:43,900 --> 04:29:46,100
and night. 
Helps our minds and bodies 

4941
04:29:46,100 --> 04:29:50,000
recognize when it's time to let 
go of waking concerns and enter 

4942
04:29:50,000 --> 04:29:52,600
into rest. 
And perhaps, most importantly, 

4943
04:29:52,600 --> 04:29:55,800
medieval sleep, reminds us that 
humans are remarkably adaptable.

4944
04:29:55,800 --> 04:29:59,200
We can sleep in difficult, 
conditions adjust to different 

4945
04:29:59,200 --> 04:30:03,100
arrangements and find rest, even
when circumstances are ideal, 

4946
04:30:03,900 --> 04:30:07,200
This resilience is still in us, 
even if we don't need to use it 

4947
04:30:07,200 --> 04:30:09,900
as often. 
When we Face disrupted sleep, 

4948
04:30:09,900 --> 04:30:14,300
travel stress illness, Life 
Changes, remembering that humans

4949
04:30:14,300 --> 04:30:17,100
have slept successfully under 
far more, challenging conditions

4950
04:30:17,100 --> 04:30:18,500
can help us maintain 
perspective. 

4951
04:30:19,600 --> 04:30:23,100
As you lie there now, warm under
your covers in your quiet room 

4952
04:30:23,100 --> 04:30:25,400
with its controlled temperature 
and comfortable mattress. 

4953
04:30:25,400 --> 04:30:28,800
Your experience, a level of 
sleep comfort that medieval 

4954
04:30:28,800 --> 04:30:32,100
people couldn't have imagined 
appreciated because it's 

4955
04:30:32,100 --> 04:30:34,700
genuinely wonderful. 
But also know that if 

4956
04:30:34,700 --> 04:30:38,100
circumstances ever required you 
to sleep, less comfortably, you 

4957
04:30:38,100 --> 04:30:41,700
could adapt just as humans have 
adapted to sleeping conditions 

4958
04:30:41,700 --> 04:30:45,100
throughout history. 
The medieval person struggling 

4959
04:30:45,100 --> 04:30:48,200
to stay warm under scratchy, 
wool blankets in a smoky Cottage

4960
04:30:48,200 --> 04:30:51,400
and you and your climate 
controlled bedroom are connected

4961
04:30:51,400 --> 04:30:53,900
by that. 
Fundamental human need for rest.

4962
04:30:54,600 --> 04:30:57,600
You both close your eyes against
the darkness that Consciousness 

4963
04:30:57,600 --> 04:31:00,800
fade and trust that sleep will 
restore you for another day. 

4964
04:31:01,700 --> 04:31:05,800
The specifics differ wildly, but
the essential experience is the 

4965
04:31:05,800 --> 04:31:08,100
same. 
So tonight, as you drift off 

4966
04:31:08,100 --> 04:31:11,200
your participating in a ritual 
that connects you to countless 

4967
04:31:11,200 --> 04:31:14,500
generations of humans who have 
sought rest in the Darkness. 

4968
04:31:15,300 --> 04:31:19,000
Some of them slept in Castle's 
and some in Cottages some on 

4969
04:31:19,000 --> 04:31:21,500
feather beds and some on piles 
of straw. 

4970
04:31:21,500 --> 04:31:24,700
But all of them closed their 
eyes, and slept, and woke, and 

4971
04:31:24,700 --> 04:31:26,400
lived their lives and passed 
into history. 

4972
04:31:27,500 --> 04:31:30,300
Their medieval knights along 
over but the human need for 

4973
04:31:30,300 --> 04:31:32,500
Sleep continues. 
Fire. 

4974
04:31:32,500 --> 04:31:34,500
They tended. 
So carefully has been replaced 

4975
04:31:34,500 --> 04:31:35,500
by your central. 
Heating. 

4976
04:31:35,500 --> 04:31:38,600
Their prayers for protection by 
your locked doors and alarm 

4977
04:31:38,600 --> 04:31:41,800
systems and their rough blankets
by your engineered bedding. 

4978
04:31:42,500 --> 04:31:45,100
But the Sleep itself that 
nightly letting go of 

4979
04:31:45,100 --> 04:31:48,700
Consciousness that trust in 
tomorrow's waking that Universal

4980
04:31:48,700 --> 04:31:52,000
human vulnerability and renewal 
remains unchanged. 

4981
04:31:52,800 --> 04:31:55,500
Sleep well, tonight, knowing 
your part of this long, human 

4982
04:31:55,500 --> 04:31:58,600
tradition of finding rest in 
darkness, safety and 

4983
04:31:58,600 --> 04:32:01,600
vulnerability and renewal in 
that mysterious daily. 

4984
04:32:01,600 --> 04:32:03,400
Death and rebirth. 
We call sleep. 

4985
04:32:04,300 --> 04:32:07,400
Medieval people did it with 
cruder tools but equal success. 

4986
04:32:07,400 --> 04:32:10,800
You'll do it with better tools 
but faced the same fundamental 

4987
04:32:10,800 --> 04:32:13,500
challenge to let go of today and
Trust in tomorrow. 

4988
04:32:14,500 --> 04:32:17,400
The medieval Knight has ended, 
but yours continues. 

4989
04:32:17,400 --> 04:32:21,200
Let the warmth of your bed 
surround you let the comfort of 

4990
04:32:21,200 --> 04:32:24,100
safety embrace you and let the 
quiet Darkness. 

4991
04:32:24,100 --> 04:32:28,000
Welcome you You don't need to 
bank fires or recite protective 

4992
04:32:28,000 --> 04:32:29,800
prayers. 
You don't need to worry about 

4993
04:32:29,800 --> 04:32:32,600
wolves or demons or whether the 
thatch will hold against the 

4994
04:32:32,600 --> 04:32:34,600
rain. 
You just need to close your 

4995
04:32:34,600 --> 04:32:38,100
eyes, breathe deeply and let 
yourself drift into that ancient

4996
04:32:38,100 --> 04:32:40,400
Universal. 
Human Experience of sleep. 

4997
04:32:41,400 --> 04:32:44,300
Medieval people did it. 
Your parents and grandparents 

4998
04:32:44,300 --> 04:32:46,000
did it. 
And you can do it too. 

4999
04:32:46,000 --> 04:32:48,700
Sweet dreams. 
And may you wake refreshed? 

5000
04:32:48,700 --> 04:32:52,300
Just as countless humans of done
across the centuries, from those

5001
04:32:52,300 --> 04:32:55,500
cold, medieval mornings to your 
comfortable, modern one. 

5002
04:33:01,900 --> 04:33:05,000
During the summer of 1962, when 
Kennedy was the president of the

5003
04:33:05,000 --> 04:33:08,099
Beatles were still unknown young
men in Liverpool, three men. 

5004
04:33:08,099 --> 04:33:11,400
Each nursing dreams as vast as 
the Pacific that surrounded, 

5005
04:33:11,400 --> 04:33:14,400
their concrete cage, sat in the 
heart of America's most 

5006
04:33:14,400 --> 04:33:19,200
notorious prison Alcatraz 
Federal Penitentiary The Rock to

5007
04:33:19,200 --> 04:33:22,000
those who knew her intimately 
perched, like a medieval 

5008
04:33:22,000 --> 04:33:25,500
fortress on her Island. 
Throne, 22 Acres of hubris 

5009
04:33:25,500 --> 04:33:27,200
wrapped in fog and federal 
Authority. 

5010
04:33:28,300 --> 04:33:33,000
Frank Morris, inmate as 1441 
possessed, the kind of mind, 

5011
04:33:33,000 --> 04:33:36,400
that could unravel a Rubik's 
cube blindfolded, if such 

5012
04:33:36,400 --> 04:33:41,700
puzzles had existed. 
Then his IQ of 133, made him the

5013
04:33:41,700 --> 04:33:45,400
prisons unofficial genius, 
though, his criminal resume 

5014
04:33:45,400 --> 04:33:47,500
suggested, he'd been applying 
his considerable. 

5015
04:33:47,500 --> 04:33:49,099
Intellect all the wrong 
equations. 

5016
04:33:49,099 --> 04:33:52,900
Frank had collected felonies, 
such as bank robbery, car theft 

5017
04:33:52,908 --> 04:33:55,700
and armed robbery, similar to 
how other men collect baseball 

5018
04:33:55,700 --> 04:33:58,300
cards, and he did. 
So with about as much long-term 

5019
04:33:58,300 --> 04:34:01,400
planning, In the cell next to 
Frank's Metropolitan 

5020
04:34:01,400 --> 04:34:06,800
headquarters at John Anglin, as 
1476 a man, whose Southern drawl

5021
04:34:06,800 --> 04:34:09,900
could charm honey from a hive. 
But who Sticky Fingers had 

5022
04:34:09,900 --> 04:34:12,200
landed him in more trouble than 
a cat in a yarn Factory. 

5023
04:34:13,099 --> 04:34:15,400
John and his brother Clarence 
had been robbing banks. 

5024
04:34:15,400 --> 04:34:18,099
Since they were old enough to 
reach the telur Windows though 

5025
04:34:18,099 --> 04:34:20,300
their methods lack, the 
sophisticated planning that 

5026
04:34:20,300 --> 04:34:23,300
Frank brought to his Endeavors. 
They were the kind of criminals 

5027
04:34:23,300 --> 04:34:25,400
who robbed a bank and then 
stopped for ice cream on the way

5028
04:34:25,400 --> 04:34:27,200
home. 
Not realizing that mint 

5029
04:34:27,200 --> 04:34:29,400
chocolate chip doesn't provide 
much of an alibi. 

5030
04:34:30,800 --> 04:34:35,200
Clarence Anglin as 1485 
completed, this Unholy Trio of 

5031
04:34:35,200 --> 04:34:37,599
criminals. 
If John was the charmer and 

5032
04:34:37,608 --> 04:34:41,400
Frank was the brain, Clarence 
was the Steady Hand, the man who

5033
04:34:41,400 --> 04:34:43,599
could keep his cool when the 
heat was on and the law was 

5034
04:34:43,599 --> 04:34:45,200
closing in. 
Together. 

5035
04:34:45,200 --> 04:34:48,900
The three had accumulated enough
time Behind Bars to spend 

5036
04:34:48,900 --> 04:34:52,400
several geological, epochs their
sentences stretching into a 

5037
04:34:52,400 --> 04:34:55,099
future where flying cars and 
moon colonies, seemed more 

5038
04:34:55,099 --> 04:34:58,000
plausible than parole. 
The Rock had earned her 

5039
04:34:58,000 --> 04:35:00,300
reputation through careful 
cultivation of despair. 

5040
04:35:01,200 --> 04:35:03,599
Alcatraz surrounded by Waters so
cold. 

5041
04:35:03,599 --> 04:35:05,900
They could freeze a man sold 
before his body hit. 

5042
04:35:05,900 --> 04:35:08,900
The bay was designed by men who 
understood that. 

5043
04:35:08,900 --> 04:35:11,300
Sometimes the most effective 
prison bars are made of 

5044
04:35:11,300 --> 04:35:14,700
saltwater and hypothermia. 
The Swift and unforgiving, 

5045
04:35:14,700 --> 04:35:17,200
currents around the island. 
Carried the dreams of would be 

5046
04:35:17,200 --> 04:35:19,000
escapes towards the Golden Gate 
Bridge. 

5047
04:35:19,000 --> 04:35:22,200
And towards the sea Warden Olin 
Blackwell, ran the prison with 

5048
04:35:22,200 --> 04:35:23,700
the Precision of a Swiss time, 
peace. 

5049
04:35:23,700 --> 04:35:26,700
And the warmth of a January 
morning, in Siberia, he didn't 

5050
04:35:26,700 --> 04:35:29,400
herited Alcatraz from his 
predecessor like a family curse.

5051
04:35:29,400 --> 04:35:33,099
This description includes the 
mythology of impregnat and lists

5052
04:35:33,099 --> 04:35:37,800
of America's most creative 
criminals Under his watch 23 men

5053
04:35:37,800 --> 04:35:41,599
had attempted to escape in 14. 
Separate trees, all had been 

5054
04:35:41,599 --> 04:35:46,599
recaptured shot or drowned, a 
track record that would make any

5055
04:35:46,599 --> 04:35:49,300
Warden proud. 
And any inmates thoughtful, the 

5056
04:35:49,300 --> 04:35:52,099
daily routine at Alcatraz 
followed a rhythm as predictable

5057
04:35:52,099 --> 04:35:55,400
as a metronome. 
Wake at 6:30 to the sound of a 

5058
04:35:55,408 --> 04:35:59,200
bell that had been imported from
a defunct Monastery to add a 

5059
04:35:59,207 --> 04:36:01,800
touch of ironic spirituality to 
the proceedings. 

5060
04:36:01,800 --> 04:36:05,200
The kitchen staff prepared. 
Breakfast leaving no room for 

5061
04:36:05,200 --> 04:36:09,000
weapons tools or hope the meals 
were nutritionally adequate and 

5062
04:36:09,000 --> 04:36:11,700
gastronomically. 
Devastating a combination that 

5063
04:36:11,700 --> 04:36:14,400
seemed designed to break the 
spirit while preserving the body

5064
04:36:14,400 --> 04:36:17,700
for future punishment. 
Work assignments, varied from 

5065
04:36:17,700 --> 04:36:21,099
the mundane to the mind-numbing.
some inmates worked in the 

5066
04:36:21,108 --> 04:36:23,800
prison laundry where they could 
contemplate the cleanliness, 

5067
04:36:23,800 --> 04:36:26,500
they were providing to the 
outside world while wearing 

5068
04:36:26,500 --> 04:36:29,200
uniforms that made them look 
like extras in a particularly 

5069
04:36:29,200 --> 04:36:32,700
Grim musical others worked in 
the kitchen, where they learned 

5070
04:36:32,700 --> 04:36:35,800
to create meals, that would make
a medieval peasant grateful for 

5071
04:36:35,800 --> 04:36:39,200
gruel The most fortunate were 
employed in the prison Library 

5072
04:36:39,200 --> 04:36:41,400
where they could immerse 
themselves in Tales of 

5073
04:36:41,408 --> 04:36:44,000
locations, where the walls 
remained, free of condensation, 

5074
04:36:44,000 --> 04:36:46,200
and the Sea did not talk them 
with its close proximity. 

5075
04:36:47,400 --> 04:36:49,400
That it was in the industrial 
Workshop that are three 

5076
04:36:49,408 --> 04:36:52,400
protagonists found themselves a 
signed surrounded. 

5077
04:36:52,400 --> 04:36:55,200
By tools, that were counted more
carefully than votes in a 

5078
04:36:55,200 --> 04:36:58,300
contested election. 
Amid the center of machine oil 

5079
04:36:58,300 --> 04:36:59,900
and the rhythm of industrial 
equipment. 

5080
04:36:59,900 --> 04:37:04,400
Frank Morris began to notice 
details Frank Morris observed, 

5081
04:37:04,400 --> 04:37:07,400
the gradual settling of the 
concrete walls over the decade. 

5082
04:37:08,300 --> 04:37:11,400
Patterns of condensation, 
suggested different densities in

5083
04:37:11,400 --> 04:37:14,200
the construction. 
Materials, The sound traveled 

5084
04:37:14,200 --> 04:37:16,599
through the ventilation system 
like whispered secrets. 

5085
04:37:17,400 --> 04:37:20,099
Every evening as the sun 
painted, the bay and shades of 

5086
04:37:20,108 --> 04:37:22,900
Freedom, the three men would 
return to their cells. 

5087
04:37:22,900 --> 04:37:26,500
Six feet by nine feet of 
government-issued Solitude. 

5088
04:37:27,400 --> 04:37:30,400
But while their bodies were 
confined, their minds began to 

5089
04:37:30,400 --> 04:37:33,599
wander down path that would have
made Houdini himself nod with 

5090
04:37:33,599 --> 04:37:36,099
approval. 
They started to see Alcatraz, 

5091
04:37:36,099 --> 04:37:40,000
not as an impregnable Fortress, 
but as a very, elaborate puzzle 

5092
04:37:40,000 --> 04:37:44,200
waiting to be sold, As the 
darkness in their cells grew and

5093
04:37:44,200 --> 04:37:46,500
the fog rolled in from the 
Pacific like a protective 

5094
04:37:46,500 --> 04:37:48,800
blanket. 
Three men began to dream of a 

5095
04:37:48,800 --> 04:37:52,099
morning when they would awaken 
in a different place Ventura 

5096
04:37:52,099 --> 04:37:55,599
arrived at Alcatraz like an 
unwelcome relative settling in 

5097
04:37:55,599 --> 04:37:58,400
for a long stay and making 
everyone miserable with its 

5098
04:37:58,400 --> 04:38:01,500
presents. 
The fog grew thicker, the winds 

5099
04:38:01,500 --> 04:38:04,500
intensified and the concrete 
walls appeared to radiate 

5100
04:38:04,500 --> 04:38:06,700
despair. 
It was during these gray months,

5101
04:38:06,700 --> 04:38:09,700
that Frank Morris began to study
the prison with the dedication 

5102
04:38:09,700 --> 04:38:12,900
of a doctoral candidate whose 
thesis was titled, creative 

5103
04:38:12,900 --> 04:38:14,700
application of Structural 
Engineering. 

5104
04:38:16,000 --> 04:38:19,099
The beauty of Frank's mind, lay 
not in its criminal applications

5105
04:38:19,099 --> 04:38:20,800
though, those had been 
impressive in their own 

5106
04:38:20,800 --> 04:38:24,700
misguided way but in its ability
to see patterns where others saw

5107
04:38:24,700 --> 04:38:27,300
only chaos. 
While his fellow inmates, 

5108
04:38:27,300 --> 04:38:30,500
counted days until release dates
that existed only in their most 

5109
04:38:30,500 --> 04:38:34,200
optimistic, fantasies Frank, 
counted rivets, measured shadows

5110
04:38:34,200 --> 04:38:37,300
and calculated the thermal 
expansion of Aging concrete. 

5111
04:38:38,300 --> 04:38:40,900
The Revelation came to him 
during a, particularly tedious 

5112
04:38:40,900 --> 04:38:43,599
afternoon in the workshop. 
While he was assigned to repair 

5113
04:38:43,599 --> 04:38:46,000
a ventilation great that had 
been damaged by the previous 

5114
04:38:46,000 --> 04:38:49,700
winter storms, as he worked, 
Frank noticed that the concrete 

5115
04:38:49,700 --> 04:38:53,300
around the vent developed small 
cracks hairline, fractures that 

5116
04:38:53,300 --> 04:38:57,200
spoke of a building settling 
into middle age, the Salt Air 

5117
04:38:57,200 --> 04:38:59,599
had been working its slow 
chemistry on the structure for 

5118
04:38:59,599 --> 04:39:02,900
decades and even the mighty 
Alcatraz was not immune to the 

5119
04:39:02,900 --> 04:39:06,500
patient Persistence of time. 
That evening as the lights 

5120
04:39:06,500 --> 04:39:09,599
dimmed and the prison settled 
into its nightly routine of 

5121
04:39:09,599 --> 04:39:12,900
enforced contemplation. 
Frank shared his observations, 

5122
04:39:12,900 --> 04:39:16,099
with the Anglin Brothers, their 
cell Block, B Block had been 

5123
04:39:16,108 --> 04:39:19,800
constructed in the 1910s, when 
concrete was more an art than a 

5124
04:39:19,800 --> 04:39:22,700
science and building codes were 
suggestions, rather than 

5125
04:39:22,700 --> 04:39:26,000
Commandments the walls, that 
held them with enough to contain

5126
04:39:26,000 --> 04:39:29,000
their bodies, but Frank 
suspected, not necessarily their

5127
04:39:29,000 --> 04:39:32,900
Ingenuity, John Anglin, despite 
his reputation for impulsive 

5128
04:39:32,900 --> 04:39:35,900
decision-making, possessed, a 
Craftsman's, understanding of 

5129
04:39:35,900 --> 04:39:39,800
tools, and materials years of 
breaking into places, had taught

5130
04:39:39,800 --> 04:39:43,000
him to read the language of 
locks hinges and structural weak

5131
04:39:43,000 --> 04:39:45,100
points. 
When Frank described the 

5132
04:39:45,108 --> 04:39:48,600
condition of the concrete around
the ventilation systems, John's 

5133
04:39:48,600 --> 04:39:51,600
eyes lit up with the kind of 
enthusiasm, usually reserved for

5134
04:39:51,608 --> 04:39:54,000
surprising heritages or 
unexpected. 

5135
04:39:54,000 --> 04:39:57,400
Pardons Clarence. 
Brought a different skill set to

5136
04:39:57,400 --> 04:40:00,100
their growing conspiracy. 
His years of incarceration. 

5137
04:40:00,100 --> 04:40:02,000
Had taught him The rhythms of 
prison life. 

5138
04:40:02,000 --> 04:40:05,700
When guards changed shifts which
routes the security, patrols, 

5139
04:40:05,700 --> 04:40:08,300
followed, and how to move 
through the institutional 

5140
04:40:08,300 --> 04:40:10,000
routine without attracting 
attention. 

5141
04:40:11,100 --> 04:40:13,700
If Frank acted as the architect 
and John as the engineer 

5142
04:40:13,700 --> 04:40:16,400
Clarence took on the role of the
choreographer, in their 

5143
04:40:16,400 --> 04:40:20,500
Evermore, intricate Dance With 
Disaster, the plan began to take

5144
04:40:20,500 --> 04:40:23,400
shape during their evening 
conversation whispered through 

5145
04:40:23,400 --> 04:40:25,800
the ventilation system that 
connected their cells, Like A 

5146
04:40:25,808 --> 04:40:29,600
Primitive telephone Network. 
They would begin by widening. 

5147
04:40:29,600 --> 04:40:32,800
The ventilation greats in their 
individual cells, not enough to 

5148
04:40:32,800 --> 04:40:35,600
escape immediately. 
But enough to create passage to 

5149
04:40:35,600 --> 04:40:37,900
the utility Corridor that ran 
behind the cell block. 

5150
04:40:38,700 --> 04:40:42,000
From there, they could access 
the roof and theoretically find 

5151
04:40:42,000 --> 04:40:45,500
a way to reach the water. 
The word theoretically held 

5152
04:40:45,500 --> 04:40:47,300
significant weight in their 
discussions. 

5153
04:40:47,300 --> 04:40:51,100
The distance from Alcatraz to 
Angel Island was about two miles

5154
04:40:51,100 --> 04:40:53,800
of water, that had more 
experienced swimmers than any of

5155
04:40:53,800 --> 04:40:55,700
them. 
The currents were unpredictable,

5156
04:40:55,700 --> 04:40:59,600
the water temperature, rarely 
Rose above 55 degrees and the 

5157
04:40:59,600 --> 04:41:02,000
Coast Guard maintained regular 
patrols specifically to 

5158
04:41:02,000 --> 04:41:03,800
discourage the kind of Maritime 
Adventure. 

5159
04:41:03,800 --> 04:41:07,000
They were contemplated. 
But Frank had been studying the 

5160
04:41:07,000 --> 04:41:09,400
tides and currents with the 
dedication of a marine 

5161
04:41:09,400 --> 04:41:11,700
biologist. 
He had noticed that during 

5162
04:41:11,700 --> 04:41:15,200
certain tidal conditions debris 
from the prison would wash up on

5163
04:41:15,200 --> 04:41:17,800
Angel. 
They set out to reach the 

5164
04:41:17,800 --> 04:41:19,900
island. 
Determine not to let the sea 

5165
04:41:19,900 --> 04:41:22,300
sweep them away. 
If they could time their escape 

5166
04:41:22,300 --> 04:41:24,600
properly, the same current that 
had doomed. 

5167
04:41:24,600 --> 04:41:26,700
Previous attempts might actually
carry them to safety. 

5168
04:41:26,700 --> 04:41:29,600
Frank had been modifying and 
hiding tools in the prison 

5169
04:41:29,600 --> 04:41:32,500
Workshop that could be used to 
chip away at the concrete, Frank

5170
04:41:32,500 --> 04:41:36,300
meticulously sharpened and 
hardened, the spoon handle Frank

5171
04:41:36,300 --> 04:41:38,700
had broken off a piece of the 
saw blade and concealed it in 

5172
04:41:38,708 --> 04:41:41,700
the soul of his shoe. 
Small tools, that would do small

5173
04:41:41,700 --> 04:41:44,700
work over a long time, the kind 
of patient progress that builds 

5174
04:41:44,700 --> 04:41:46,100
pyramids and topples 
governments. 

5175
04:41:46,100 --> 04:41:48,200
But tools alone wouldn't be 
enough. 

5176
04:41:48,200 --> 04:41:51,100
They would need to conceal their
work from the daily sell 

5177
04:41:51,100 --> 04:41:53,800
inspections which meant creating
dummy walls. 

5178
04:41:53,800 --> 04:41:56,000
That would hide the growing 
holes while appearing completely

5179
04:41:56,000 --> 04:41:59,700
normal to casuals of nation. 
This required materials, that 

5180
04:41:59,700 --> 04:42:02,000
weren't exactly available 
through the prison commissary. 

5181
04:42:02,900 --> 04:42:05,400
Paint that matched, the cell 
walls cardboard that could be 

5182
04:42:05,400 --> 04:42:08,900
shaped and colored to look like 
concrete and some way to hold it

5183
04:42:08,900 --> 04:42:12,100
all in place. 
John anglin's, artistic talents,

5184
04:42:12,100 --> 04:42:14,900
previously, applied only to 
forging signatures and 

5185
04:42:14,900 --> 04:42:17,300
identification. 
Documents would be put to more 

5186
04:42:17,300 --> 04:42:20,200
constructive use. 
He began experimenting with 

5187
04:42:20,200 --> 04:42:22,800
soap, paint chips, and hair 
clippings to create a picture 

5188
04:42:22,800 --> 04:42:25,400
that could be molded into shapes
and painted to match the cell 

5189
04:42:25,400 --> 04:42:27,700
walls. 
The results wouldn't fool a 

5190
04:42:27,700 --> 04:42:29,600
details inspection but they 
might survive. 

5191
04:42:29,600 --> 04:42:31,900
The cursory glances that were 
part of the daily routine. 

5192
04:42:32,900 --> 04:42:35,900
Clarence had been mapping the 
guard schedules with the 

5193
04:42:35,900 --> 04:42:37,600
Precision of a railroad 
timetable. 

5194
04:42:38,200 --> 04:42:41,800
He, which guards were thorough 
which were lazy and which were 

5195
04:42:41,800 --> 04:42:44,400
easily distracted by 
conversation about sports or 

5196
04:42:44,400 --> 04:42:48,000
whether more importantly, he'd 
identified the 15-minute window 

5197
04:42:48,000 --> 04:42:51,100
each evening when the cell block
was essentially unguarded while 

5198
04:42:51,100 --> 04:42:52,900
the guards changed shifts and 
counted heads. 

5199
04:42:53,700 --> 04:42:56,700
As winter deepened into spring, 
their plan evolved from wishful 

5200
04:42:56,700 --> 04:43:00,600
thinking to genuine possibility,
they would work at night when 

5201
04:43:00,600 --> 04:43:03,000
the prison settling sounds would
cover the scraping. 

5202
04:43:04,000 --> 04:43:06,700
They would take turns keeping 
watch communicating through 

5203
04:43:06,700 --> 04:43:09,800
their improvised, telephone 
system, and carefully disposing 

5204
04:43:09,800 --> 04:43:13,700
of the concrete dust and debris.
The timeline was ambitious. 

5205
04:43:13,700 --> 04:43:17,400
They hoped to complete their 
excavation by early summer when 

5206
04:43:17,400 --> 04:43:19,400
the water temperatures would be 
at their warmest and the 

5207
04:43:19,400 --> 04:43:21,700
weather, most favorable for 
their aquatic Adventure. 

5208
04:43:22,600 --> 04:43:24,800
But even as they refined their 
plans and gather their 

5209
04:43:24,800 --> 04:43:27,900
materials, each man understood 
that they were essentially 

5210
04:43:27,900 --> 04:43:31,400
planning and elaborate form of 
suicide with a slim chance of 

5211
04:43:31,400 --> 04:43:34,600
success. 
Yet somehow the impossibility of

5212
04:43:34,600 --> 04:43:38,600
their ski made it more appealing
rather than less after years of 

5213
04:43:38,600 --> 04:43:41,200
being told what to do when to 
wake up and what to eat 

5214
04:43:41,200 --> 04:43:44,000
planning, anything felt like a 
rebellion against the cosmic 

5215
04:43:44,000 --> 04:43:46,600
forces that had deposited them 
on this rock in the middle of 

5216
04:43:46,608 --> 04:43:50,800
the Bay Spring of 1962 brought 
New Hope to Alcatraz in the form

5217
04:43:50,800 --> 04:43:52,800
of fresh paint and 
administrative optimism. 

5218
04:43:52,800 --> 04:43:56,000
The Bureau of Prisons had 
decided that a little color 

5219
04:43:56,000 --> 04:43:58,800
might improve morale. 
Apparently operating under the 

5220
04:43:58,800 --> 04:44:01,400
theory that sage green Walls 
would somehow make Federal 

5221
04:44:01,400 --> 04:44:04,900
incarceration more palatable 
While painters applied their 

5222
04:44:04,900 --> 04:44:08,300
cheerful coats of institutional 
Improvement three inmates had 

5223
04:44:08,300 --> 04:44:11,300
begun their renovation project 
working with tools that wouldn't

5224
04:44:11,300 --> 04:44:13,600
have impressed the most 
desperate Home Improvement in 

5225
04:44:13,600 --> 04:44:16,500
enthusiast. 
Frank Morris had perfected the 

5226
04:44:16,500 --> 04:44:20,900
art of productive insomnia each 
night after the 9:30 lights out.

5227
04:44:20,900 --> 04:44:24,400
He would wait exactly. 40 
minutes for the sound of the 

5228
04:44:24,400 --> 04:44:26,600
prison to settle into their 
nocturnal rhythm. 

5229
04:44:27,300 --> 04:44:29,800
Then with the dedication of a 
medieval monk, Illuminating 

5230
04:44:29,800 --> 04:44:33,100
manuscripts, he would begin his 
careful destruction of federal 

5231
04:44:33,100 --> 04:44:35,800
property. 
The concrete around his cells 

5232
04:44:35,800 --> 04:44:38,400
ventilation, great had revealed 
itself to be surprisingly 

5233
04:44:38,400 --> 04:44:42,200
Cooperative crumbling away in 
small satisfying chunks onto the

5234
04:44:42,208 --> 04:44:44,600
persistent attention of his 
modified spoon handle. 

5235
04:44:45,500 --> 04:44:47,600
The work required, a level of 
patience, that would have 

5236
04:44:47,600 --> 04:44:50,800
challenged a Buddhist monk. 
Each scrape of the improvised 

5237
04:44:50,800 --> 04:44:53,700
chisel, had to be gentled enough
to avoid detection, but 

5238
04:44:53,700 --> 04:44:56,400
persistent enough to make 
progress, too aggressive. 

5239
04:44:56,400 --> 04:44:58,800
And the sound would carry 
through the cell block like a 

5240
04:44:58,800 --> 04:45:01,000
dinner bell. 
If you was too tentative, he 

5241
04:45:01,000 --> 04:45:03,300
would still be chipping away 
when the next ice age arrived. 

5242
04:45:04,100 --> 04:45:07,200
Frank developed a rhythm, three,
gentle scrapes, pulls to listen,

5243
04:45:07,200 --> 04:45:10,400
three more scrapes pause to 
dispose of debris. 

5244
04:45:11,700 --> 04:45:14,900
It was meditation through 
demolition, a Zen approached to 

5245
04:45:14,900 --> 04:45:17,900
jailbreaking. 
John Anglin had discovered an 

5246
04:45:17,900 --> 04:45:21,400
unexpected talent for forgery 
that extended Beyond signatures 

5247
04:45:21,400 --> 04:45:24,600
and identification cards. 
His dummy ventilation great 

5248
04:45:24,600 --> 04:45:27,700
crafted from cardboard and 
painted with a mixture that 

5249
04:45:27,700 --> 04:45:30,000
included soap, shavings paint 
chips. 

5250
04:45:30,000 --> 04:45:31,900
And what he optimistically 
called? 

5251
04:45:31,900 --> 04:45:35,400
Artistic license was becoming a 
masterpiece of deceptive 

5252
04:45:35,400 --> 04:45:38,200
craftsmanship. 
The challenge wasn't just making

5253
04:45:38,200 --> 04:45:42,000
it look like concrete and metal.
It had to look like old concrete

5254
04:45:42,000 --> 04:45:45,400
and metal complete with the 
stains scratches and accumulated

5255
04:45:45,400 --> 04:45:48,900
Grime of Decades of neglect. 
The paint mixer had required 

5256
04:45:48,900 --> 04:45:51,900
considerable experimentation too
much soap. 

5257
04:45:51,900 --> 04:45:55,400
And it looked like what it was 
soap too little. 

5258
04:45:55,400 --> 04:45:57,900
And it wouldn't hold together 
long enough to be useful. 

5259
04:45:58,800 --> 04:46:02,000
John had finally achieved the 
right consistency by adding hair

5260
04:46:02,000 --> 04:46:03,900
clippings. 
His own collected from monthly 

5261
04:46:03,900 --> 04:46:07,100
haircuts and Tiny fragments of 
concrete dust from Frank's 

5262
04:46:07,100 --> 04:46:09,700
excavation. 
The result was a substance that 

5263
04:46:09,700 --> 04:46:12,600
could be molded painted and 
positioned to fool. 

5264
04:46:12,600 --> 04:46:14,500
Anyone who wasn't looking too 
carefully. 

5265
04:46:14,500 --> 04:46:17,800
Clarence Anglin had appointed 
himself, the Expeditions 

5266
04:46:17,800 --> 04:46:20,700
intelligence officer maintaining
surveillance schedules, that 

5267
04:46:20,700 --> 04:46:24,400
would have impressed the CIA. 
He'd identified guard Paterson 

5268
04:46:24,400 --> 04:46:27,800
as their most dangerous threat. 
A man who approached sell 

5269
04:46:27,800 --> 04:46:30,000
inspections with the 
thoroughness of attacks auditor 

5270
04:46:30,000 --> 04:46:31,800
and the suspicion of a jealous 
husband. 

5271
04:46:33,200 --> 04:46:35,700
Susan, counted rivets, check 
shadows. 

5272
04:46:35,700 --> 04:46:38,900
And once discovered a Contraband
cigarette hidden, inside a 

5273
04:46:38,900 --> 04:46:41,600
hollowed out, bar of soap. 
If their deception was going to 

5274
04:46:41,600 --> 04:46:43,900
fail, Patterson would be the one
to expose it. 

5275
04:46:44,800 --> 04:46:48,300
But even Patterson had 
weaknesses, he was diabetic and 

5276
04:46:48,300 --> 04:46:51,000
his blood sugar crashes, made 
him irritable and hurried during

5277
04:46:51,000 --> 04:46:54,600
evening inspections, he was also
a creature of habit following 

5278
04:46:54,600 --> 04:46:57,600
the same route through the cell 
block every night spending. 

5279
04:46:57,600 --> 04:47:00,400
Exactly 45 seconds in each cell 
before. 

5280
04:47:00,400 --> 04:47:04,200
Moving on, if they could predict
his timing and mood, they could 

5281
04:47:04,200 --> 04:47:06,200
ensure their dummy. 
Walls were in place when he 

5282
04:47:06,200 --> 04:47:09,800
looked and removed when they 
needed to work the disposal of 

5283
04:47:09,800 --> 04:47:13,600
excavated concrete presented, 
its challenges simply dumping, 

5284
04:47:13,600 --> 04:47:16,400
it would create suspicious piles
of debris that even the most 

5285
04:47:16,400 --> 04:47:20,300
inattentive guard would notice 
Instead they developed a 

5286
04:47:20,300 --> 04:47:23,700
distribution system, that would 
have impressed a drug cartel. 

5287
04:47:25,100 --> 04:47:27,600
They make small amounts of 
concrete dust with soap and 

5288
04:47:27,600 --> 04:47:30,300
washed it down the drains during
their evening washing routine. 

5289
04:47:30,300 --> 04:47:33,800
They concealed larger chunks in 
the seams of their mattresses 

5290
04:47:33,800 --> 04:47:36,500
Distributing them. 
So gradually that the changes in

5291
04:47:36,500 --> 04:47:39,900
weight and texture were 
undetectable They scattered some

5292
04:47:39,900 --> 04:47:42,800
in the workshop, allowing it to 
blend with the dust and debris 

5293
04:47:42,800 --> 04:47:46,200
of daily industrial activity. 
They had recruited Alan West. 

5294
04:47:46,200 --> 04:47:50,400
Another inmate who sells was 
adjacent to their operation as 

5295
04:47:50,400 --> 04:47:52,000
both the lookout and a 
participant. 

5296
04:47:52,700 --> 04:47:55,700
West sell required the same 
treatment as the others and his 

5297
04:47:55,700 --> 04:47:58,000
Escape would help provide cover 
for the main operation. 

5298
04:47:58,000 --> 04:48:01,700
However, West brought a level of
enthusiasm, that sometimes 

5299
04:48:01,700 --> 04:48:05,100
exceeded his competence while 
Frank approached the work with 

5300
04:48:05,100 --> 04:48:08,000
surgical precision and the 
Anglin Brothers, contributed 

5301
04:48:08,000 --> 04:48:11,200
their specialized skills. 
West attacked, his concrete with

5302
04:48:11,200 --> 04:48:12,600
the subtlety of a demolition 
crew. 

5303
04:48:13,400 --> 04:48:17,100
West scraping was audible from 
three cells away and his Moc 

5304
04:48:17,100 --> 04:48:18,900
wall resembled. 
Something a child might 

5305
04:48:18,900 --> 04:48:21,400
construct during a particularly 
unsuccessful art project. 

5306
04:48:22,500 --> 04:48:25,100
The work progressed through 
spring with the slowest, steady 

5307
04:48:25,100 --> 04:48:29,200
pace of erosion, carving 
Canyon's by Mae, Frank had 

5308
04:48:29,200 --> 04:48:32,200
created an opening large enough 
to squeeze through, though, he 

5309
04:48:32,200 --> 04:48:35,000
tested it, only with careful 
measurements rather than actual 

5310
04:48:35,000 --> 04:48:37,700
human trials. 
The angling Brothers had 

5311
04:48:37,700 --> 04:48:39,300
achieved. 
Similar progress though. 

5312
04:48:39,300 --> 04:48:41,300
John's perfectionist Tendencies 
meant? 

5313
04:48:41,300 --> 04:48:43,800
He spent almost as much time. 
Improving his dummy wall. 

5314
04:48:43,800 --> 04:48:48,100
As he did enlarging his opening.
The psychological toll of the 

5315
04:48:48,108 --> 04:48:51,500
work was as challenging as the 
physical demands each night, 

5316
04:48:51,500 --> 04:48:54,000
brought the possibility of 
Discovery and each morning, 

5317
04:48:54,000 --> 04:48:56,700
required them to resume their 
roles as model prisoners. 

5318
04:48:56,700 --> 04:49:00,000
While concealing their growing 
excessive excitement and 

5319
04:49:00,000 --> 04:49:02,200
anxiety. 
They had to maintain their 

5320
04:49:02,200 --> 04:49:05,900
routines participate in work. 
Assignments and interact with 

5321
04:49:05,900 --> 04:49:09,100
guards and fellow inmates as if 
there are only concerns with a 

5322
04:49:09,100 --> 04:49:12,600
quality of the evening meal and 
the possibility of male call. 

5323
04:49:13,600 --> 04:49:17,000
Frank found himself studying the
guards with new intensity, not 

5324
04:49:17,000 --> 04:49:20,300
just for security purposes but 
to understand how normal people 

5325
04:49:20,300 --> 04:49:22,500
behaved when they were not 
planning impossible. 

5326
04:49:22,500 --> 04:49:26,100
Escape, God Morris and had a 
habit of humming as he made his 

5327
04:49:26,100 --> 04:49:29,000
rounds guard Peterson. 
Had a habit of pausing at 

5328
04:49:29,000 --> 04:49:31,700
specific cells to engage in 
conversation with the inmates, 

5329
04:49:31,700 --> 04:49:34,200
he held a particular dislike for
guard. 

5330
04:49:34,200 --> 04:49:37,000
Colins developed a nervous, 
habit of jingling his keys 

5331
04:49:37,000 --> 04:49:40,200
whenever he felt anxious about 
something. these details would 

5332
04:49:40,200 --> 04:49:42,600
be crucial when the time came to
move through the prison and 

5333
04:49:42,600 --> 04:49:46,200
detected The weather had begun 
to cooperate with their plans. 

5334
04:49:46,200 --> 04:49:49,700
The fog that rolled in each 
evening, provided natural cover,

5335
04:49:49,700 --> 04:49:52,500
and the spring tides were 
creating current patterns that 

5336
04:49:52,500 --> 04:49:55,200
might actually help rather than 
hinder, their water Escape. 

5337
04:49:56,500 --> 04:49:59,500
Frank had been studying the 
movements of debris and seaweed 

5338
04:49:59,500 --> 04:50:02,800
noting, which pieces ended up on
Angel Island and which 

5339
04:50:02,800 --> 04:50:06,300
disappeared into the Pacific. 
Their window of opportunity was 

5340
04:50:06,300 --> 04:50:08,700
approaching. 
But so was the increased risk 

5341
04:50:08,700 --> 04:50:11,200
that came with each passing day 
of their secret construction 

5342
04:50:11,200 --> 04:50:14,200
project. 
As May progressed toward June 

5343
04:50:14,200 --> 04:50:17,600
three, men, continued their 
nightly routine of carefully 

5344
04:50:17,600 --> 04:50:20,900
destroying their prison cells, 
while maintaining the facade of 

5345
04:50:20,908 --> 04:50:24,000
resigned acceptance. 
They had committed themselves to

5346
04:50:24,000 --> 04:50:28,000
a plan that required perfect 
timing, Flawless execution, and 

5347
04:50:28,000 --> 04:50:31,800
a considerable amount of luck. 
The alternative spending the 

5348
04:50:31,800 --> 04:50:34,700
remainder of their lives in six 
by nine foot concrete boxes 

5349
04:50:34,700 --> 04:50:37,900
provided all the motivation, 
they needed to continue their 

5350
04:50:37,900 --> 04:50:41,300
invisible demolition project, 
June arrived at Alcatraz with 

5351
04:50:41,300 --> 04:50:45,200
unusual warmth as if the Pacific
had decided to offer a brief 

5352
04:50:45,208 --> 04:50:48,200
respite from its customary, 
indifference to human comfort. 

5353
04:50:49,000 --> 04:50:51,700
The unseasonably Pleasant 
weather felt like a cosmic wink 

5354
04:50:51,700 --> 04:50:53,800
to three men who had been 
planning their departure for 

5355
04:50:53,800 --> 04:50:55,900
months though. 
They maintained the prison's 

5356
04:50:55,900 --> 04:50:58,500
routine with the dedication of 
method actors preparing for the 

5357
04:50:58,500 --> 04:51:01,800
performance of their lives. 
Frank Morris had discovered the 

5358
04:51:01,800 --> 04:51:05,200
escaping from Alcatraz required 
skills, not typically taught in 

5359
04:51:05,200 --> 04:51:08,500
criminal Enterprise's. 
Take navigation as an example. 

5360
04:51:09,300 --> 04:51:11,700
The waters around the island 
moved with currents that 

5361
04:51:11,708 --> 04:51:15,500
followed patterns more complex 
than Advanced calculus a 

5362
04:51:15,500 --> 04:51:17,800
miscalculating. 
Their timing could result in a 

5363
04:51:17,808 --> 04:51:21,100
one-way trip to the Farallon 
Islands or more likely the 

5364
04:51:21,100 --> 04:51:24,200
bottom of the Bay. 
Frank had been studying the 

5365
04:51:24,200 --> 04:51:27,000
movement of everything from 
seagull formations to sandwich 

5366
04:51:27,000 --> 04:51:30,600
wrappers thrown overboard by the
weekly supply boat building a 

5367
04:51:30,600 --> 04:51:34,000
mental map of how the water 
moved and when The Breakthrough 

5368
04:51:34,000 --> 04:51:37,000
came when he noticed that prison
garbage thrown into the bay 

5369
04:51:37,000 --> 04:51:39,800
during certain tidal, conditions
would wash up on Angel Island 

5370
04:51:39,800 --> 04:51:42,500
within hours. 
If they could time their escape 

5371
04:51:42,500 --> 04:51:45,200
to coincide with those same 
conditions, the treacherous 

5372
04:51:45,200 --> 04:51:47,500
currents that are doomed. 
Previous attempts might actually

5373
04:51:47,500 --> 04:51:50,300
carry them to safety. 
It was a theory that sounded 

5374
04:51:50,300 --> 04:51:53,600
plausible in whispered sailboat 
conversations but would require 

5375
04:51:53,600 --> 04:51:55,600
testing their hypothesis with 
their lives. 

5376
04:51:56,400 --> 04:51:59,100
John Anglin had been perfecting 
what he called, the Great 

5377
04:51:59,100 --> 04:52:01,400
deception, a collection of 
dummy. 

5378
04:52:01,400 --> 04:52:03,800
Heads that would occupy their 
beds during The crucial hours 

5379
04:52:03,800 --> 04:52:05,500
when guards conducted Knight 
counts. 

5380
04:52:06,100 --> 04:52:09,900
Using a mixture of soap, toilet 
paper, paint and hair collected 

5381
04:52:09,900 --> 04:52:11,100
from the prison. 
Barber Shop floor. 

5382
04:52:11,100 --> 04:52:14,700
John had created sculptures that
Bora reasonable resemblance to 

5383
04:52:14,708 --> 04:52:17,300
sleeping inmates. 
Assuming the guards didn't look 

5384
04:52:17,300 --> 04:52:20,500
too closely and the lighting 
remained appropriately dim. 

5385
04:52:21,500 --> 04:52:23,800
The heads will works of inspired
improvisation. 

5386
04:52:24,600 --> 04:52:27,900
John used real hair, which he 
carefully arranged to match the 

5387
04:52:27,900 --> 04:52:29,700
individual hairstyles of the 
sculptures. 

5388
04:52:29,700 --> 04:52:33,700
The features were molded from 
soap painted with pigments, 

5389
04:52:33,700 --> 04:52:37,100
extracted from magazine pages 
and mixed with substances that 

5390
04:52:37,100 --> 04:52:39,800
John preferred not to identify 
two specifically. 

5391
04:52:40,500 --> 04:52:43,500
The ears were particularly 
challenging apparently creating 

5392
04:52:43,500 --> 04:52:45,700
believable as from soap, 
required, and artistic, 

5393
04:52:45,700 --> 04:52:48,700
sensibility, that John had never
previously applied to anything 

5394
04:52:48,700 --> 04:52:50,700
more ambitious than forging 
signatures. 

5395
04:52:51,600 --> 04:52:54,400
Clarence Anglin had graduated 
from intelligence gathering to 

5396
04:52:54,400 --> 04:52:57,700
operational planning. 
He'd identified, the exact route

5397
04:52:57,700 --> 04:53:01,100
they would take from their cells
to the roof through the utility 

5398
04:53:01,100 --> 04:53:02,900
Corridor. 
Behind the cell block up of 

5399
04:53:02,900 --> 04:53:04,600
ventilation shaft that led to 
the roof. 

5400
04:53:04,600 --> 04:53:07,600
And then across the prison roof,
top to a point where they could 

5401
04:53:07,600 --> 04:53:10,100
send to the water without being 
seen from the guard towers. 

5402
04:53:10,100 --> 04:53:13,300
The journey would require them 
to navigate in complete 

5403
04:53:13,300 --> 04:53:15,600
darkness, through spaces that 
were barely large enough. 

5404
04:53:15,600 --> 04:53:19,000
For human passage carrying 
equipment that couldn't be left 

5405
04:53:19,000 --> 04:53:22,100
behind, Alan West had become 
their weakling in ways that were

5406
04:53:22,108 --> 04:53:23,600
both predictable and 
frustrating. 

5407
04:53:23,600 --> 04:53:26,600
While the other three had been 
methodically preparing for every

5408
04:53:26,600 --> 04:53:29,200
aspect of their escape West had 
been treating the project like 

5409
04:53:29,200 --> 04:53:31,700
an extended hobby rather than a 
life or death endeavor. 

5410
04:53:32,400 --> 04:53:35,700
His concrete removal had been 
inconsistent, his dummy wall was

5411
04:53:35,700 --> 04:53:38,800
unconvincing and his security 
awareness was approximately 

5412
04:53:38,800 --> 04:53:41,400
equivalent to that of a tourist 
taking photos at a military 

5413
04:53:41,400 --> 04:53:44,200
installation. 
The tools and materials for 

5414
04:53:44,200 --> 04:53:46,400
their water Escape had been 
accumulated through a 

5415
04:53:46,400 --> 04:53:50,700
combination of theft creativity 
and what Frank called adaptive 

5416
04:53:50,700 --> 04:53:54,500
resource acquisition. 
Prison raincoats have been sewn 

5417
04:53:54,500 --> 04:53:56,400
together to create a makeshift 
raft and life. 

5418
04:53:56,400 --> 04:53:58,600
Preservers it. 
Sowed the raft together. 

5419
04:53:58,600 --> 04:54:01,600
Using thread from prison 
clothing, and needles, fashioned

5420
04:54:01,600 --> 04:54:03,300
from a metal scraps found in the
workshop. 

5421
04:54:04,200 --> 04:54:06,900
The result looked like something
that might have been rejected by

5422
04:54:06,900 --> 04:54:09,000
particularly under demanding 
Coast Guard inspection. 

5423
04:54:09,000 --> 04:54:11,700
But it would hopefully provide 
enough buoyancy to keep them 

5424
04:54:11,700 --> 04:54:15,300
alive until they reached land. 
Paddles had been carved from 

5425
04:54:15,300 --> 04:54:18,100
wooden pieces, found in the 
workshop shape and smooth during

5426
04:54:18,100 --> 04:54:20,300
lunch breaks. 
And Stolen Moments, When guards 

5427
04:54:20,300 --> 04:54:23,400
were distracted, The paddles 
were crude but functional 

5428
04:54:23,400 --> 04:54:26,000
assuming they didn't encounter 
wave's larger than those found 

5429
04:54:26,000 --> 04:54:29,700
in an average bathtub. 
Frank had calculated that they 

5430
04:54:29,700 --> 04:54:31,800
would need to cover 
approximately two miles of Open 

5431
04:54:31,800 --> 04:54:34,900
Water, probably in fog, while 
being sought by every law 

5432
04:54:34,900 --> 04:54:38,300
enforcement agency in Northern 
California, the Escape timeline 

5433
04:54:38,300 --> 04:54:40,200
had been planned with the 
Precision of a military 

5434
04:54:40,200 --> 04:54:42,800
operation though, with 
significantly less reliable 

5435
04:54:42,800 --> 04:54:45,400
equipment. 
They would begin their departure

5436
04:54:45,400 --> 04:54:49,800
at 9:45 p.m. 15 minutes after 
lights out when the cell block 

5437
04:54:49,800 --> 04:54:51,400
settled into its evening 
routine. 

5438
04:54:52,100 --> 04:54:54,700
The dummy heads would be 
positioned in their beds, the 

5439
04:54:54,700 --> 04:54:57,400
fake walls would be put in place
behind their ventilation grates,

5440
04:54:57,400 --> 04:55:00,200
and they would begin their 
Journey Through the utility 

5441
04:55:00,200 --> 04:55:03,000
corridor. 
The climb to the roof would be 

5442
04:55:03,000 --> 04:55:05,200
the most dangerous part of their
internal navigation. 

5443
04:55:06,100 --> 04:55:09,200
The ventilation shaft was barely
wide enough for human passage 

5444
04:55:09,200 --> 04:55:12,000
and any noise during the ascent 
could alert guards to their 

5445
04:55:12,000 --> 04:55:14,200
escape attempt. 
They would have to climb 

5446
04:55:14,200 --> 04:55:16,400
approximately 30 feet in 
complete darkness. 

5447
04:55:16,400 --> 04:55:19,600
Carrying their makeshift 
equipment while remaining 

5448
04:55:19,600 --> 04:55:23,700
absolutely silent. 
Franken rehearsed the climb in 

5449
04:55:23,708 --> 04:55:25,900
previous reconnaissance 
mission's but the actual 

5450
04:55:25,900 --> 04:55:28,000
performance was a completely 
different matter. 

5451
04:55:28,000 --> 04:55:31,200
Once on the roof, they would 
have to cross approximately 60 

5452
04:55:31,200 --> 04:55:33,300
yards of open space to reach 
their descent Point. 

5453
04:55:33,300 --> 04:55:36,400
Moving carefully to avoid being 
seen by guards in the towers. 

5454
04:55:37,300 --> 04:55:39,100
The guard towers had searched 
like that. 

5455
04:55:39,100 --> 04:55:42,700
The prison grounds on irregular 
schedules and being caught in. 

5456
04:55:42,700 --> 04:55:44,500
One of those. 
Beams would end their escape 

5457
04:55:44,500 --> 04:55:46,900
attempt in a hail of gunfire and
official disappointment. 

5458
04:55:48,000 --> 04:55:50,700
The Descent the water would 
require them to climb down the 

5459
04:55:50,700 --> 04:55:53,300
outside of the prison building 
using makeshift ropes created 

5460
04:55:53,300 --> 04:55:56,600
from sheets and towels, stolen 
from the laundry, the drop was 

5461
04:55:56,600 --> 04:55:59,300
approximately 50 feet and the 
improvised climbing equipment 

5462
04:55:59,300 --> 04:56:01,500
would have to support their 
weight, plus the weight of their

5463
04:56:01,500 --> 04:56:04,700
escape materials. 
Franka tested, the Rope strength

5464
04:56:04,700 --> 04:56:06,900
using methods. 
He preferred not to describe in 

5465
04:56:06,900 --> 04:56:10,900
detail but the results had been 
marginally encouraging Has June 

5466
04:56:10,900 --> 04:56:13,000
progressed? 
Their preparations entered, the 

5467
04:56:13,008 --> 04:56:15,500
Final Phase. 
The concrete removal was 

5468
04:56:15,500 --> 04:56:19,000
essentially complete But West 
continued to struggle with 

5469
04:56:19,000 --> 04:56:22,000
opening his act. 
The dummy heads were ready for 

5470
04:56:22,000 --> 04:56:25,000
their theatrical debut. 
The Escape equipment was as 

5471
04:56:25,000 --> 04:56:27,700
prepared as prison resources 
would allow where the conditions

5472
04:56:27,700 --> 04:56:30,400
were favorable with fog, 
predicted for the evening, they 

5473
04:56:30,400 --> 04:56:33,900
had chosen for their departure. 
But perhaps most importantly, 

5474
04:56:33,900 --> 04:56:37,000
three men had committed 
themselves psychologically to an

5475
04:56:37,000 --> 04:56:39,400
undertaking that required them 
to bet their lives on the 

5476
04:56:39,408 --> 04:56:42,400
accuracy of their planning and 
the reliability of their 

5477
04:56:42,400 --> 04:56:45,200
improvised equipment. 
They had reached the point where

5478
04:56:45,200 --> 04:56:47,800
backing down was no longer 
possible, not because of 

5479
04:56:47,800 --> 04:56:50,200
external pressure, but because 
they had convinced themselves 

5480
04:56:50,200 --> 04:56:53,700
that freedom was worth the 
considerable risk of death. 

5481
04:56:54,900 --> 04:56:59,800
The date was set. 
June 11th 1962 in less than 48 

5482
04:56:59,800 --> 04:57:01,200
hours. 
They would discover whether 

5483
04:57:01,200 --> 04:57:03,900
months of planning and 
preparation had created a viable

5484
04:57:03,900 --> 04:57:06,700
escape plan or an elaborate form
of suicide. 

5485
04:57:07,700 --> 04:57:10,400
The Pacific Ocean would render 
its verdict with the finality 

5486
04:57:10,400 --> 04:57:13,900
that only nature can provide the
morning, sun painted, San 

5487
04:57:13,900 --> 04:57:16,100
Francisco Bay in shade of gold 
and promise. 

5488
04:57:16,100 --> 04:57:19,500
While inside Alcatraz three men 
move through their daily 

5489
04:57:19,500 --> 04:57:22,600
routines with the focused calm 
of actors preparing for opening 

5490
04:57:22,600 --> 04:57:25,000
night. 
Each Monday night activity 

5491
04:57:25,000 --> 04:57:29,400
breakfast work detail afternoon 
Recreation carried the weight of

5492
04:57:29,408 --> 04:57:32,100
finality. 
As if they were participating in

5493
04:57:32,100 --> 04:57:34,300
a farewell tour of institutional
life. 

5494
04:57:35,000 --> 04:57:37,700
Frank Morris spent the morning 
in the workshop with unusual 

5495
04:57:37,700 --> 04:57:41,200
attention to his assigned, tasks
repairing, ventilation equipment

5496
04:57:41,200 --> 04:57:43,800
with the ironic dedication of a 
man who had spent months 

5497
04:57:43,800 --> 04:57:46,300
systematically dismantling 
similar fixtures. 

5498
04:57:47,300 --> 04:57:50,600
His hands worked automatically, 
while his mind ran through, the 

5499
04:57:50,608 --> 04:57:53,500
evening's timeline like a 
conductor, rehearsing a complex 

5500
04:57:53,500 --> 04:57:55,700
Symphony. 
Every movement had been 

5501
04:57:55,708 --> 04:58:00,100
choreographed every contingency 
considered yet the fundamental 

5502
04:58:00,100 --> 04:58:03,000
uncertainty remained. 
With their months of 

5503
04:58:03,000 --> 04:58:06,000
preparation, prove, sufficient, 
or would they join the ranks of 

5504
04:58:06,000 --> 04:58:08,000
Alcatraz fail to escape 
attempts? 

5505
04:58:08,700 --> 04:58:11,300
The Anglin Brothers maintained, 
their customary routine, with 

5506
04:58:11,300 --> 04:58:14,100
study normalcy, though. 
John found himself paying 

5507
04:58:14,100 --> 04:58:17,200
unusual attention to details. 
He might never see again. 

5508
04:58:18,200 --> 04:58:20,800
The afternoon, like dance 
Through the Windows of the cell 

5509
04:58:20,800 --> 04:58:24,100
block, the sound of fog horns. 
Beginning, their evening chorus 

5510
04:58:24,100 --> 04:58:27,400
years of daily interaction had 
made the guards familiar faces 

5511
04:58:27,400 --> 04:58:30,900
as predictable as sunrise. 
These observations didn't stem 

5512
04:58:30,900 --> 04:58:32,900
from sentiment as they couldn't 
afford it. 

5513
04:58:32,900 --> 04:58:35,900
But rather from the sharper 
where the often accompanied 

5514
04:58:35,900 --> 04:58:39,700
irreversible decisions, Alan 
West had been struggling with 

5515
04:58:39,700 --> 04:58:42,700
his concrete removal for weeks 
working with the Frantic energy 

5516
04:58:42,700 --> 04:58:44,700
of a student cramming for final 
exams. 

5517
04:58:44,700 --> 04:58:47,400
Although his opening was still 
slightly too small for 

5518
04:58:47,400 --> 04:58:50,400
comfortable, passage his 
perfectionist Tendencies had run

5519
04:58:50,408 --> 04:58:53,200
out of time. 
The tides would be favorable to 

5520
04:58:53,200 --> 04:58:54,800
night. 
The guards schedules were 

5521
04:58:54,800 --> 04:58:57,600
optimal and weather forecasts 
predicted the fog cover they 

5522
04:58:57,600 --> 04:59:00,200
needed Westwood. 
Have to make his existing 

5523
04:59:00,200 --> 04:59:02,500
opening work or risk 
compromising the entire 

5524
04:59:02,500 --> 04:59:05,500
operation. 
As evening approached, the 

5525
04:59:05,500 --> 04:59:08,600
prison settled into its familiar
rhythm of enforced routine. 

5526
04:59:08,600 --> 04:59:12,900
Dino was consumed with the usual
institutional, efficiency food 

5527
04:59:12,900 --> 04:59:15,300
that was nutritionally. 
Adequate and gastronomically. 

5528
04:59:15,300 --> 04:59:17,500
Forgettable served by kitchen 
staff. 

5529
04:59:17,500 --> 04:59:19,200
Who had perfected? 
The art of culinary. 

5530
04:59:19,200 --> 04:59:21,700
Indifference. 
Conversation, followed the 

5531
04:59:21,700 --> 04:59:25,300
approved patents complaints 
about food quality speculation 

5532
04:59:25,300 --> 04:59:29,000
about guard Personnel changes 
and discussions of scores from 

5533
04:59:29,000 --> 04:59:31,600
newspapers that are days late 
and already obsolete. 

5534
04:59:32,600 --> 04:59:35,400
But beneath this surface 
normalcy three, men were 

5535
04:59:35,400 --> 04:59:38,200
conducting final equipment 
checks with the thoroughness of 

5536
04:59:38,200 --> 04:59:41,700
astronauts preparing for launch.
The dummy heads were positioned 

5537
04:59:41,700 --> 04:59:44,400
and ready. 
The makeshift flotation devices 

5538
04:59:44,400 --> 04:59:48,200
were concealed and accessible. 
We tested the improvised ropes 

5539
04:59:48,200 --> 04:59:51,300
won final time employing 
methods, that would not draw the

5540
04:59:51,300 --> 04:59:55,500
attention of casual observers. 
Everything was ready as months 

5541
04:59:55,500 --> 04:59:59,700
of prison-based, preparation 
could make it At 9:30 p.m. the 

5542
04:59:59,700 --> 05:00:02,300
lights went out on schedule and 
Alcatraz began. 

5543
05:00:02,300 --> 05:00:04,100
Its transition to nighttime 
security. 

5544
05:00:04,100 --> 05:00:07,400
Protocols the three 
conspirators, waited in their 

5545
05:00:07,400 --> 05:00:09,500
cells, with the patience of 
experienced criminals, who 

5546
05:00:09,500 --> 05:00:11,300
understood that timing was 
everything. 

5547
05:00:11,300 --> 05:00:14,000
If they arrived to early the 
guards, would still be 

5548
05:00:14,000 --> 05:00:17,900
conducting their initial counts.
Too late that they would miss 

5549
05:00:17,900 --> 05:00:20,200
the title conditions that could 
mean the difference between 

5550
05:00:20,200 --> 05:00:23,200
reaching Angel Island and 
disappearing into the Pacific. 

5551
05:00:24,600 --> 05:00:28,100
945 p.m. arrived with 
astronomical precision. 

5552
05:00:29,400 --> 05:00:32,500
Frank Morris began the delicate 
process of removing his dummy 

5553
05:00:32,500 --> 05:00:34,700
ventilation, great. 
And positioning, his soap 

5554
05:00:34,700 --> 05:00:37,800
sculpture head in his bed, the 
head looked reasonably 

5555
05:00:37,800 --> 05:00:40,900
convincing in the dim light. 
Certainly, convincing enough to 

5556
05:00:40,900 --> 05:00:43,100
fool a guard. 
Conducting a routine count from 

5557
05:00:43,100 --> 05:00:46,000
the cell block corridor. 
The real test would come at 

5558
05:00:46,000 --> 05:00:48,600
midnight when guards would 
conduct their more thorough 

5559
05:00:48,600 --> 05:00:51,700
inspection. 
But by then, the Escape artists 

5560
05:00:51,700 --> 05:00:54,700
would either be safely away or 
Beyond caring about Garden 

5561
05:00:54,700 --> 05:00:58,100
spectrums utility Corridor in 
the Cell Block was everything. 

5562
05:00:58,100 --> 05:01:00,100
Frank had expected and several 
things. 

5563
05:01:00,100 --> 05:01:03,800
He hadn't the space was crammed 
filled with pipes and electrical

5564
05:01:03,800 --> 05:01:05,600
conduits. 
That seemed determined to catch 

5565
05:01:05,600 --> 05:01:08,800
on clothing and equipment. 
The air was thick with Decades 

5566
05:01:08,800 --> 05:01:11,300
of accumulated dust and the 
metallic smell of Aging 

5567
05:01:11,300 --> 05:01:14,000
infrastructure. 
Moving through the corridor 

5568
05:01:14,000 --> 05:01:16,500
required, a combination of 
athletic ability and 

5569
05:01:16,500 --> 05:01:19,700
contortionist skills Complicated
by the need to remain absolutely

5570
05:01:19,700 --> 05:01:22,200
silent while carrying an 
equipment that seem designed to 

5571
05:01:22,200 --> 05:01:25,600
make noise at the worst possible
moments with the grace of a man 

5572
05:01:25,600 --> 05:01:29,000
who had spent considerable time.
Practicing the movement, John 

5573
05:01:29,000 --> 05:01:31,300
Anglin emerged, from his cell 
into the corridor. 

5574
05:01:31,300 --> 05:01:35,300
His dummy head was positioned 
his fake wall, was in place and 

5575
05:01:35,300 --> 05:01:37,700
his portion of the Escape 
equipment was secured and ready 

5576
05:01:37,700 --> 05:01:40,500
for transport. 
The months of preparation had 

5577
05:01:40,500 --> 05:01:43,200
honed a level of coordination, 
that would have impressed, 

5578
05:01:43,200 --> 05:01:46,200
professional dancers, despite 
the significant risk of missing 

5579
05:01:46,200 --> 05:01:50,000
a cue compared to audience to 
prove all Clarence followed with

5580
05:01:50,000 --> 05:01:51,700
the steady competence that had 
made him. 

5581
05:01:51,700 --> 05:01:53,500
The Operations Logistics 
coordinator. 

5582
05:01:54,300 --> 05:01:57,300
Everything that could be played 
had been planned and everything 

5583
05:01:57,300 --> 05:02:00,200
else would have to be improvised
on principles of creative 

5584
05:02:00,200 --> 05:02:04,300
problem, solving and desperate 
innovation. the utility Corridor

5585
05:02:04,300 --> 05:02:07,800
vote, the actress fear of a 
theater's backstage area where 

5586
05:02:07,800 --> 05:02:10,400
the performance held Paramount, 
importance of the audience 

5587
05:02:10,400 --> 05:02:14,600
consisted solely of armed 
critics, Alan West encountered. 

5588
05:02:14,600 --> 05:02:17,400
His first major crisis at 
exactly 9:52 p.m. 

5589
05:02:18,400 --> 05:02:22,500
His ventilation opening some way
despite weeks of enlargement 

5590
05:02:22,500 --> 05:02:25,200
efforts remained slightly too 
small for comfortable Passage. 

5591
05:02:26,000 --> 05:02:28,200
What it seemed like a minor 
issue during planning. 

5592
05:02:28,200 --> 05:02:30,200
Now revealed itself as a 
potentially catastrophic 

5593
05:02:30,200 --> 05:02:34,000
problem, West struggled with his
opening while his Partners 

5594
05:02:34,000 --> 05:02:36,900
waited in the corridor precious 
minutes ticking away like a 

5595
05:02:36,900 --> 05:02:39,100
countdown to a launch that 
couldn't be postponed. 

5596
05:02:39,800 --> 05:02:42,700
The decision was made with the 
brutal efficiency that emergency

5597
05:02:42,700 --> 05:02:46,400
situations demand Westward, 
continue working on his opening 

5598
05:02:46,400 --> 05:02:49,200
and follow when he could. 
The others would proceed with 

5599
05:02:49,200 --> 05:02:51,800
the Escape rather than risk the 
entire operation for one 

5600
05:02:51,800 --> 05:02:55,400
person's preparation problems. 
It was a calculated decision, 

5601
05:02:55,400 --> 05:02:57,900
but prison had taught all of 
them that survival. 

5602
05:02:57,900 --> 05:03:00,400
Sometimes necessitated 
abandoning those who couldn't 

5603
05:03:00,400 --> 05:03:04,700
keep up the climb to the roof 
began at 10:03 p.m. 13 minutes 

5604
05:03:04,700 --> 05:03:06,600
behind schedule. 
But still within acceptable 

5605
05:03:06,600 --> 05:03:09,800
parameters. 
The ventilation shaft was as 

5606
05:03:09,800 --> 05:03:13,000
challenging as reconnaissance 
had suggested, narrow dark and 

5607
05:03:13,000 --> 05:03:15,300
filled with obstacles, that 
seemed designed by someone with 

5608
05:03:15,300 --> 05:03:19,100
sadistic sense of humor. 
Frank led the climb followed by 

5609
05:03:19,100 --> 05:03:22,500
John and Clarence each man 
carrying equipment that made the

5610
05:03:22,500 --> 05:03:24,900
ascent more difficult than 
climbing a ladder while juggling

5611
05:03:24,900 --> 05:03:28,200
flaming torches. 
The roof of Alcatraz stretched 

5612
05:03:28,200 --> 05:03:31,200
before the like a concrete. 
Ocean bathed in fog that 

5613
05:03:31,200 --> 05:03:33,000
provided both concealment and 
navigation. 

5614
05:03:33,000 --> 05:03:36,500
Challenges the guard towers were
visible as points of light in 

5615
05:03:36,500 --> 05:03:39,400
the Mist, their Searchlight to 
creating moving patterns that 

5616
05:03:39,400 --> 05:03:41,300
had to be avoided with the 
Precision of Dance. 

5617
05:03:41,300 --> 05:03:43,100
AS performing a deadly 
choreography. 

5618
05:03:44,200 --> 05:03:47,700
The three men moved across the 
roof with careful steps, where 

5619
05:03:47,700 --> 05:03:49,900
there's a single misstep, could 
result in noise that would bring

5620
05:03:49,900 --> 05:03:53,700
guards running from all 
directions 1047 PM, they reach 

5621
05:03:53,700 --> 05:03:55,900
their descent point and began 
the rappelled to The Waters 

5622
05:03:55,900 --> 05:03:59,200
Edge, the improvised rope 
supported the men's weight, but 

5623
05:03:59,200 --> 05:04:01,300
they creaked and stretched in a 
way that made each man 

5624
05:04:01,300 --> 05:04:03,000
questioned whether he would 
successfully complete The 

5625
05:04:03,000 --> 05:04:05,900
Descent or become an unwilling 
test of gravity's reliability. 

5626
05:04:07,000 --> 05:04:10,600
The water below was dark cold 
and moving with currents, that 

5627
05:04:10,600 --> 05:04:13,000
would determine whether their 
months of planning would result 

5628
05:04:13,000 --> 05:04:16,600
in Freedom or tragedy as they 
prepared to enter the bay three 

5629
05:04:16,600 --> 05:04:19,200
men stood at the edge of the 
Pacific Ocean with the equipment

5630
05:04:19,200 --> 05:04:21,500
that looked like, it had been 
designed by optimistic children 

5631
05:04:21,500 --> 05:04:24,400
and faith that had been tested 
by months of impossible. 

5632
05:04:24,400 --> 05:04:27,300
Preparation. 
Behind them late, Alcatraz 

5633
05:04:27,300 --> 05:04:29,700
ahead, lay the unknown and all 
around them. 

5634
05:04:29,700 --> 05:04:32,500
Lay water that had claimed 
previous Escape attempts with 

5635
05:04:32,500 --> 05:04:34,500
the indifference of natural 
forces operating. 

5636
05:04:34,500 --> 05:04:37,300
According to laws, that didn't 
recognize human ambition. 

5637
05:04:38,300 --> 05:04:40,100
The moment of commitment had 
arrived. 

5638
05:04:40,100 --> 05:04:43,000
There would be no more planning,
no, more preparation, no more 

5639
05:04:43,000 --> 05:04:45,200
rehearsals. 
All they had was the water, the 

5640
05:04:45,200 --> 05:04:47,900
darkness, and the hope that 
their months of diligent labor 

5641
05:04:47,900 --> 05:04:49,700
had yielded. 
Something capable of guiding 

5642
05:04:49,700 --> 05:04:56,000
them towards Liberation at 11:23
p.m. on June 11th. 1962 three 

5643
05:04:56,000 --> 05:04:59,100
men slipped in to San Francisco 
Bay with the quiet desperation 

5644
05:04:59,100 --> 05:05:03,000
of souls entering Purgatory, the
waters coldness was the liquid 

5645
05:05:03,000 --> 05:05:05,700
embodiment of all their months 
of planting. 

5646
05:05:06,400 --> 05:05:09,000
Frank Morris The Mastermind 
whose IQ had crafted. 

5647
05:05:09,000 --> 05:05:12,100
Their escape found himself 
wondering if intelligence was 

5648
05:05:12,100 --> 05:05:15,900
any match for the Primal forces 
of tide and current that now 

5649
05:05:15,900 --> 05:05:19,500
controlled their destiny. 
The makeshift raft, cobbled 

5650
05:05:19,500 --> 05:05:22,200
together from prison raincoats 
and sustained by faith rather 

5651
05:05:22,200 --> 05:05:25,700
than engineering principles. 
Settled into the water with all 

5652
05:05:25,700 --> 05:05:28,100
the buoyancy of a concrete life 
preserver. 

5653
05:05:28,900 --> 05:05:31,500
What had appeared relatively 
seaworthy during their cell 

5654
05:05:31,500 --> 05:05:33,800
block planning sessions now, 
stood as a testament, to the 

5655
05:05:33,808 --> 05:05:36,500
victory of Hope, over Hydro 
Dynamics. 

5656
05:05:37,300 --> 05:05:40,800
The improvised paddles carved 
from workshops scraps in felt 

5657
05:05:40,800 --> 05:05:43,600
about as effective as using 
spoon to navigate the Atlantic. 

5658
05:05:44,400 --> 05:05:46,900
John Anglin whose artistic 
talents had created their 

5659
05:05:46,900 --> 05:05:49,700
deceptive dummy. 
Heads discovered that artistic 

5660
05:05:49,700 --> 05:05:51,800
Vision, didn't translate to 
Maritime navigation. 

5661
05:05:52,800 --> 05:05:55,200
The fog that had seemed like 
providential cover from the 

5662
05:05:55,200 --> 05:05:56,900
shore. 
Now surrounded, the like a 

5663
05:05:56,900 --> 05:06:00,000
living entity reducing 
visibility to approximately the 

5664
05:06:00,000 --> 05:06:03,000
length of their inadequate. 
Wrath every direction looked 

5665
05:06:03,000 --> 05:06:07,200
identical, Dark Water Fading 
Into Dark Mist with no landmarks

5666
05:06:07,200 --> 05:06:10,300
visible and no clear indication 
of which way LED to Angel Island

5667
05:06:10,300 --> 05:06:13,100
versus Witch Way. 
Led to the Farallon Islands in 

5668
05:06:13,100 --> 05:06:16,300
certain death. 
Clarence Anglin, the Steady 

5669
05:06:16,300 --> 05:06:19,900
Hand, who had met God's schedule
with military, Precision, found 

5670
05:06:19,900 --> 05:06:22,700
himself trying to apply that 
same methodical approach to 

5671
05:06:22,700 --> 05:06:24,700
reading water, currents and 
complete darkness. 

5672
05:06:25,700 --> 05:06:28,800
The bay moved around them with 
liquid complexity streams within

5673
05:06:28,800 --> 05:06:32,400
streams, Eddie's and flows. 
That seem to follow patterns 

5674
05:06:32,400 --> 05:06:35,400
that were comprehensible only to
marine biologists in the sword 

5675
05:06:35,400 --> 05:06:38,800
spirits of drowned sailors. 
Every paddle stroke was a 

5676
05:06:38,808 --> 05:06:42,500
calculated guess and every 
navigational decision, carried a

5677
05:06:42,500 --> 05:06:44,000
risk of hypothermia and 
drowning. 

5678
05:06:45,100 --> 05:06:47,600
The sound of their escape had 
been swallowed by fog and 

5679
05:06:47,608 --> 05:06:50,700
distance but somewhere behind 
them Alcatraz continued. 

5680
05:06:50,700 --> 05:06:54,100
Its nightly routine unaware that
three of its most reluctant 

5681
05:06:54,100 --> 05:06:56,800
residents had departed without 
filing, the proper paperwork. 

5682
05:06:57,800 --> 05:07:00,500
Alan West remained in his cell. 
Still struggling with his 

5683
05:07:00,500 --> 05:07:03,800
ventilation, opening his escape 
attempt to ban in favor of not 

5684
05:07:03,800 --> 05:07:05,800
alerting guards to the absence 
of his cellmates. 

5685
05:07:06,600 --> 05:07:09,400
His failure to join them was 
both a personal tragedy and a 

5686
05:07:09,400 --> 05:07:12,400
tactical Advantage. 
One fewer person to crowd their 

5687
05:07:12,400 --> 05:07:15,300
inadequate Raft. 
One More dummy, head in place to

5688
05:07:15,300 --> 05:07:17,500
maintain the illusion of normal 
occupancy. 

5689
05:07:17,500 --> 05:07:21,000
The Pacific Ocean began its 
examination of their escape plan

5690
05:07:21,000 --> 05:07:23,800
with the thoroughness of a 
federal prosecutor reviewing 

5691
05:07:23,800 --> 05:07:26,200
evidence. 
Every weakness in their 

5692
05:07:26,200 --> 05:07:29,200
preparation was tested by waves,
that seemed larger than physics 

5693
05:07:29,200 --> 05:07:31,600
should have allowed. 
Currents that pulled them in 

5694
05:07:31,600 --> 05:07:34,200
Direction's. 
They could identify and water 

5695
05:07:34,200 --> 05:07:36,900
temperatures that made their 
improvised life, preservers feel

5696
05:07:36,900 --> 05:07:41,000
like Ice Cube's, with straps the
raft designed by hope and 

5697
05:07:41,000 --> 05:07:43,500
constructed. 
By necessity began to show signs

5698
05:07:43,500 --> 05:07:46,300
of structural anxiety as 
saltwater found every seam and 

5699
05:07:46,308 --> 05:07:50,100
tested every improvised repair. 
Frank had calculated that they 

5700
05:07:50,100 --> 05:07:52,800
needed to cover approximately 
two miles to reach Angel Island.

5701
05:07:52,800 --> 05:07:55,600
But the calculations assume 
knowledge of the starting point 

5702
05:07:55,600 --> 05:07:59,100
destination and Direction, all 
of which had become theoretical 

5703
05:07:59,100 --> 05:08:03,000
Concepts in the fog wrapped 
Darkness The lights of San 

5704
05:08:03,000 --> 05:08:06,400
Francisco were obscured by The 
Mists an Angel Island felt as 

5705
05:08:06,400 --> 05:08:09,400
distant as another continent. 
Their navigation equipment, 

5706
05:08:09,400 --> 05:08:13,200
relied on Instinct desperation 
and three waterlogged paddles 

5707
05:08:13,200 --> 05:08:15,600
that were starting to show their
own structural issues. 

5708
05:08:15,600 --> 05:08:19,100
The cold was becoming a factor 
that no amount of planning had 

5709
05:08:19,100 --> 05:08:22,200
adequately addressed Prison 
uniforms were designed for 

5710
05:08:22,200 --> 05:08:25,200
aquatic adventures and the 
improvised flotation devices 

5711
05:08:25,200 --> 05:08:29,000
provided buoyancy, but no 
insulation, each man could feel 

5712
05:08:29,000 --> 05:08:31,800
his body a temperature dropping 
with the systematic efficiency 

5713
05:08:31,800 --> 05:08:34,500
of a thermometer in a freezer 
and their paddling became less 

5714
05:08:34,500 --> 05:08:37,200
about navigation and more about 
generating enough movement to 

5715
05:08:37,200 --> 05:08:40,400
maintain circulation. 
But the most dangerous enemy 

5716
05:08:40,400 --> 05:08:44,000
wasn't cold or current. 
It was doubt every minute in the

5717
05:08:44,000 --> 05:08:46,500
water brought new evidence. 
That their plan had been created

5718
05:08:46,500 --> 05:08:48,300
by optimism. 
Rather than reality. 

5719
05:08:49,100 --> 05:08:51,800
The raft was too small, the 
equipment to improvise the 

5720
05:08:51,800 --> 05:08:54,200
distance too far and the 
conditions too hostile. 

5721
05:08:54,200 --> 05:08:57,900
Each wave that washed over their
makeshift vessel, carried the 

5722
05:08:57,900 --> 05:09:00,200
whispered suggestion that they 
should have stayed in their 

5723
05:09:00,200 --> 05:09:04,200
cells, accepted their sentences 
and grown old Behind Bars, 

5724
05:09:04,200 --> 05:09:05,500
rather than young beneath the 
bay. 

5725
05:09:05,508 --> 05:09:07,300
Yet something kept them 
paddling. 

5726
05:09:07,900 --> 05:09:09,400
Perhaps it was the months of 
investment. 

5727
05:09:09,400 --> 05:09:12,100
They had made in the Escape 
Plan, perhaps it was the 

5728
05:09:12,100 --> 05:09:14,400
knowledge that returned to 
Alcatraz would mean solitary 

5729
05:09:14,400 --> 05:09:16,100
confinement. 
And the kind of official 

5730
05:09:16,100 --> 05:09:19,600
attention that makes prison life
considerably more unpleasant or 

5731
05:09:19,600 --> 05:09:21,700
perhaps it was the simple human 
refusal to surrender. 

5732
05:09:21,700 --> 05:09:25,300
When surrender means death, even
when the alternative seems 

5733
05:09:25,300 --> 05:09:28,500
equally terminal. 
The fog began to thin around 

5734
05:09:28,500 --> 05:09:32,400
130, mm, revealing patches of 
Starlit sky that provided their 

5735
05:09:32,400 --> 05:09:34,500
first reliable navigation, 
reference in hours. 

5736
05:09:35,300 --> 05:09:37,500
Frank oriented himself using 
constellations. 

5737
05:09:37,500 --> 05:09:40,400
He remembered from childhood 
camping trips, before his life, 

5738
05:09:40,400 --> 05:09:42,800
had taken the series of Wrong 
Turns that led to Federal 

5739
05:09:42,800 --> 05:09:45,700
incarceration. 
The North Star steady, and 

5740
05:09:45,700 --> 05:09:48,200
reliable helped him. 
Establish Direction though 

5741
05:09:48,200 --> 05:09:49,800
establishing their location 
remained. 

5742
05:09:49,800 --> 05:09:52,200
A matter of educated, guesswork 
and Maritime prayer. 

5743
05:09:53,100 --> 05:09:56,100
As a visibility improved, they 
could make out the darker mass 

5744
05:09:56,100 --> 05:09:59,200
of land ahead, whether Angel 
Island, Alcatraz, or some 

5745
05:09:59,200 --> 05:10:01,500
previously, undiscovered piece 
of real estate remained to be 

5746
05:10:01,508 --> 05:10:04,200
determined, their paddling had 
become automatic. 

5747
05:10:04,200 --> 05:10:07,300
There are arms, moving with the 
mechanical Persistence of men, 

5748
05:10:07,300 --> 05:10:10,500
who had discovered that stopping
mint sinking, the raft. 

5749
05:10:10,500 --> 05:10:13,100
Structural Integrity had 
degraded into the point where it

5750
05:10:13,100 --> 05:10:15,400
was more of a flotation 
suggestion and an actual 

5751
05:10:15,400 --> 05:10:18,600
watercraft held together by 
determination and rapidly 

5752
05:10:18,600 --> 05:10:21,200
failing adhesive. 
The current had been carrying 

5753
05:10:21,200 --> 05:10:23,800
them steadily, but it remained 
unclear whether they were 

5754
05:10:23,800 --> 05:10:26,300
heading towards salvation or 
destruction, until they felt 

5755
05:10:26,300 --> 05:10:28,400
their improvised paddles, 
scraping against something 

5756
05:10:28,400 --> 05:10:30,700
solid. 
Sand rock. 

5757
05:10:31,600 --> 05:10:34,400
The Blessed resistance of land 
meeting water was evident. 

5758
05:10:35,100 --> 05:10:38,100
They had reached sure though, 
whether they had traveled two 

5759
05:10:38,100 --> 05:10:41,000
miles to ancient Angel Island or
200 yards in a circle back to 

5760
05:10:41,000 --> 05:10:43,700
Alcatraz would be determined 
when they could see their 

5761
05:10:43,700 --> 05:10:46,500
surroundings in daylight. 
Dragging themselves onto the 

5762
05:10:46,508 --> 05:10:47,900
beach with the grace of 
exhausted. 

5763
05:10:47,900 --> 05:10:50,600
Seals three, men collapsed onto 
Solid Ground. 

5764
05:10:50,600 --> 05:10:53,400
For the first time in hours, 
there are Escape equipment. 

5765
05:10:53,400 --> 05:10:56,000
What remained of it was 
abandoned to the tide? 

5766
05:10:56,800 --> 05:11:00,000
Their prison uniforms were 
soaked torn and decorated with 

5767
05:11:00,000 --> 05:11:02,500
seaweed in ways that wouldn't 
have impressed any fashion 

5768
05:11:02,500 --> 05:11:06,100
critics but they were alive on 
land and no longer. 

5769
05:11:06,100 --> 05:11:09,800
Inmates of Alcatraz Federal 
Penitentiary dornwood reveal 

5770
05:11:09,800 --> 05:11:11,900
their location and determine 
their next moves. 

5771
05:11:11,900 --> 05:11:16,000
Until then, they lay on an 
unknown Beach, watching the fog 

5772
05:11:16,000 --> 05:11:19,200
roll back across the bay, 
listening to the sound of waves 

5773
05:11:19,200 --> 05:11:21,700
that had carried them to Freedom
or to a different kind of 

5774
05:11:21,700 --> 05:11:24,200
captivity. 
The Pacific had rendered its 

5775
05:11:24,200 --> 05:11:28,300
verdict, but the final judgment 
remained to be by daylight luck 

5776
05:11:28,300 --> 05:11:31,300
and the ability of three 
exhausted fugitives to continue 

5777
05:11:31,300 --> 05:11:34,400
their improvised journey to 
wherever escaped convicts. 

5778
05:11:34,400 --> 05:11:35,800
Go. 
When the impossible becomes 

5779
05:11:35,800 --> 05:11:40,900
merely improbable Dawn arrived 
on June 12th 1962 with the cruel

5780
05:11:40,900 --> 05:11:43,300
Clarity that daylight brings to 
midnight decision. 

5781
05:11:44,100 --> 05:11:46,400
Three men who had spent the 
night discovering where the 

5782
05:11:46,400 --> 05:11:47,600
desperation could overcome 
physics. 

5783
05:11:47,600 --> 05:11:50,200
Now face, the morning's harsh 
accounting of their aquatic 

5784
05:11:50,200 --> 05:11:52,700
Adventure The beach beneath them
was real. 

5785
05:11:52,700 --> 05:11:56,200
The water behind them was real 
but their location remained a 

5786
05:11:56,200 --> 05:11:59,000
mystery that would be solved by 
geography rather than hope. 

5787
05:12:00,100 --> 05:12:03,100
Frank Morris opened his eyes to 
find himself staring at a 

5788
05:12:03,100 --> 05:12:05,800
landscape that looked 
suspiciously like the California

5789
05:12:05,800 --> 05:12:08,300
coast though. 
Whether they had reached Angel 

5790
05:12:08,300 --> 05:12:12,000
Island returned to Alcatraz or 
washed up on some entirely 

5791
05:12:12,000 --> 05:12:14,300
different piece of real estate 
remained to be determined. 

5792
05:12:15,100 --> 05:12:17,900
His body ached with the specific
pain that comes from spending 

5793
05:12:17,900 --> 05:12:19,400
hours. 
In cold water, while wearing 

5794
05:12:19,400 --> 05:12:22,600
closed, designed for indoor 
prison use rather than Maritime 

5795
05:12:22,600 --> 05:12:26,500
Adventures. 
The brilliant escape plan so 

5796
05:12:26,500 --> 05:12:30,100
carefully crafted during months 
of cell block conspiracies, had 

5797
05:12:30,100 --> 05:12:32,500
deposited them on an unknown 
Shore with no equipment. 

5798
05:12:32,500 --> 05:12:36,000
No identification. 
And no clear idea of what to do 

5799
05:12:36,008 --> 05:12:38,300
next. 
The Anglin Brothers moved 

5800
05:12:38,300 --> 05:12:41,200
cautiously like men testing 
which parts of their bodies 

5801
05:12:41,200 --> 05:12:43,800
still functioned after spending 
a night in the ocean. 

5802
05:12:44,700 --> 05:12:47,900
John's artistic talents. 
So useful for creating dummy, 

5803
05:12:47,900 --> 05:12:50,500
heads and fake walls. 
Seemed less applicable to their 

5804
05:12:50,500 --> 05:12:53,400
current situation which called 
for skills, more, commonly 

5805
05:12:53,400 --> 05:12:56,300
associated with survival 
training and creative forgery. 

5806
05:12:57,200 --> 05:12:59,700
Circumstances that are 
transcended the predictable 

5807
05:12:59,700 --> 05:13:02,600
routines of prison life. 
Similarly challenged clarence's 

5808
05:13:02,600 --> 05:13:06,200
systematic approach to planning 
their first priority was to 

5809
05:13:06,200 --> 05:13:09,600
pinpoint their location. 
A task that necessitated a level

5810
05:13:09,600 --> 05:13:11,600
of urgency in their 
reconnaissance compared to their

5811
05:13:11,600 --> 05:13:15,100
earlier intelligence gathering. 
If they had somehow managed to 

5812
05:13:15,100 --> 05:13:18,300
Circle back to Alcatraz, their 
escape attempt, would become a 

5813
05:13:18,300 --> 05:13:20,100
very short story with an unhappy
ending. 

5814
05:13:21,100 --> 05:13:23,600
If they had reached Angel 
Island, they would need to find 

5815
05:13:23,600 --> 05:13:26,300
a way off the island before Park
Rangers or Coast Guard. 

5816
05:13:26,300 --> 05:13:27,700
Patrols discovered their 
presence. 

5817
05:13:27,700 --> 05:13:30,500
If they had been taken 
elsewhere, they would have to 

5818
05:13:30,500 --> 05:13:32,800
find their bearings and continue
their journey to Freedom. 

5819
05:13:33,700 --> 05:13:36,900
The coastline revealed itself as
they explored, and the News was 

5820
05:13:36,900 --> 05:13:40,300
both good and problematic, they 
had indeed reached Angel Island,

5821
05:13:40,300 --> 05:13:43,700
their intended destination, 
which meant their navigation had

5822
05:13:43,700 --> 05:13:45,700
been more accurate than the 
conditions had suggested. 

5823
05:13:46,600 --> 05:13:49,200
However, Angel Island was not 
exactly a launching pad to 

5824
05:13:49,208 --> 05:13:51,600
Freedom. 
It was a state park regularly, 

5825
05:13:51,600 --> 05:13:54,300
patrolled and connected to the 
mainland only by ferry service. 

5826
05:13:54,300 --> 05:13:57,600
That required tickets 
identification and the kind of 

5827
05:13:57,600 --> 05:14:00,000
paperwork. 
They were unlikely to possess 

5828
05:14:00,800 --> 05:14:03,900
But they were no longer inmates 
of Alcatraz which represented 

5829
05:14:03,900 --> 05:14:08,100
progress of a sort. 
The legal status, had evolved 

5830
05:14:08,100 --> 05:14:12,100
from incarcerated to escaped 
fugitives, which was arguably an

5831
05:14:12,100 --> 05:14:15,200
improvement in terms of personal
autonomy, though it came with 

5832
05:14:15,200 --> 05:14:18,100
its set of challenges. 
The FBI would shortly. 

5833
05:14:18,100 --> 05:14:22,100
Be genuine Dolly interested in 
their whereabouts, US Marshals 

5834
05:14:22,100 --> 05:14:25,000
would be updating their wanted 
posters and every law 

5835
05:14:25,000 --> 05:14:27,700
enforcement agency in Northern 
California would be looking for 

5836
05:14:27,700 --> 05:14:30,400
three men, whose descriptions 
would be circulated with the 

5837
05:14:30,400 --> 05:14:33,700
efficiency of a chain letter. 
The immediate challenge was 

5838
05:14:33,700 --> 05:14:36,300
getting off Angel Island before 
their presence was discovered 

5839
05:14:36,300 --> 05:14:38,600
ferry service was out of the 
question. 

5840
05:14:38,600 --> 05:14:41,900
Swimming was no longer appealing
after their previous aquatic 

5841
05:14:41,900 --> 05:14:45,000
experience and commandeering a 
boat would add Maritime theft to

5842
05:14:45,008 --> 05:14:47,900
their growing list of federal 
charges, they needed 

5843
05:14:47,900 --> 05:14:50,500
transportation, that was both 
available and inconspicuous 

5844
05:14:50,500 --> 05:14:53,700
which narrowed their options to 
Creative Solutions, that would 

5845
05:14:53,700 --> 05:14:58,100
have tested the Ingenuity of a 
professional escape artist Their

5846
05:14:58,100 --> 05:15:00,400
prison uniforms had to be 
addressed before they could move

5847
05:15:00,400 --> 05:15:02,000
in public without attracting 
attention. 

5848
05:15:03,200 --> 05:15:05,500
The site of three men in 
drenched federal prison 

5849
05:15:05,500 --> 05:15:07,400
clothing. 
Was likely to spark curiosity, 

5850
05:15:07,400 --> 05:15:11,500
leading to calls to authorities 
in a swift end to their fleeting

5851
05:15:11,500 --> 05:15:14,200
moment of Freedom. 
They needed civilian clothes, 

5852
05:15:14,200 --> 05:15:17,100
which meant finding them through
methods that were available to 

5853
05:15:17,100 --> 05:15:20,600
escaped convicts with no money, 
no connections, and no 

5854
05:15:20,600 --> 05:15:24,300
legitimate means of acquisition.
The morning progressed with the 

5855
05:15:24,300 --> 05:15:27,000
methodical problem solving that 
had characterized their Escape 

5856
05:15:27,000 --> 05:15:30,300
Plan. 
Frank's intelligence, John's 

5857
05:15:30,300 --> 05:15:33,400
creative resourcefulness and 
clarence's systematic approach 

5858
05:15:33,400 --> 05:15:36,200
were applied to challenges that 
were immediate and practical. 

5859
05:15:36,900 --> 05:15:41,600
Food clothing, transportation 
and avoiding recapture long 

5860
05:15:41,600 --> 05:15:44,300
enough to establish some kind of
sustainable existence outside 

5861
05:15:44,300 --> 05:15:47,400
Federal custody, but even as 
they planned, their next moves 

5862
05:15:47,400 --> 05:15:50,500
each manner, understood that 
their escape from Alcatraz was 

5863
05:15:50,500 --> 05:15:52,400
only the beginning of a much 
longer Journey. 

5864
05:15:53,200 --> 05:15:55,400
They had proved that the 
inescapable prison could be 

5865
05:15:55,408 --> 05:15:57,500
escaped. 
But they had also committed 

5866
05:15:57,500 --> 05:16:00,600
themselves to lives as permanent
fugitives in a country where 

5867
05:16:00,600 --> 05:16:03,400
their faces would be known to 
every law enforcement officer 

5868
05:16:03,400 --> 05:16:07,000
from coast to coast. 
The morning sun illuminated, the

5869
05:16:07,000 --> 05:16:09,200
Paradox of their success 
warming. 

5870
05:16:09,200 --> 05:16:11,800
Their salt stiffened clothes and
revealing the California 

5871
05:16:11,800 --> 05:16:14,900
landscape and Shop detail. 
They had achieved The 

5872
05:16:14,900 --> 05:16:17,900
Impossible. 
Escaping from Alcatraz Federal 

5873
05:16:17,900 --> 05:16:22,600
Penitentiary using improvised 
tools, handmade equipment and 

5874
05:16:22,600 --> 05:16:25,400
planning that had been conducted
entirely within the most secure 

5875
05:16:25,400 --> 05:16:28,400
prison in America. 
Yet their triumphant delivered 

5876
05:16:28,400 --> 05:16:30,800
them, not to free them. 
But to a different kind of 

5877
05:16:30,800 --> 05:16:34,400
captivity, the hunted existence 
of men who could never again 

5878
05:16:34,400 --> 05:16:37,100
live under their names or 
returned to the places, they had

5879
05:16:37,100 --> 05:16:39,600
known. 
As they prepared to leave Angel 

5880
05:16:39,600 --> 05:16:42,100
Island and begin the next 
chapter of their story. 

5881
05:16:42,100 --> 05:16:44,400
Three men stood at the 
intersection of Legend and 

5882
05:16:44,400 --> 05:16:48,600
reality they had become part of 
Alcatraz mythology, their escape

5883
05:16:48,600 --> 05:16:51,600
joining the annals of impossible
achievements that Inspire others

5884
05:16:51,600 --> 05:16:54,700
to attempt the improbable. 
But they had also learned that 

5885
05:16:54,700 --> 05:16:58,100
escaping from prison is only the
first step in a journey that 

5886
05:16:58,100 --> 05:16:59,800
continues for the rest of their 
lives. 

5887
05:16:59,800 --> 05:17:04,300
However, long those lives might 
prove to be The Pacific Ocean 

5888
05:17:04,300 --> 05:17:07,500
which had tested their resolve 
and nearly claimed their lives 

5889
05:17:07,500 --> 05:17:10,500
stretched behind them like, a 
liquid barrier between their 

5890
05:17:10,500 --> 05:17:14,200
past and their future ahead, lay
the mainland, with its 

5891
05:17:14,200 --> 05:17:17,800
opportunities, and dangers, its 
promise of freedom, and its 

5892
05:17:17,800 --> 05:17:21,600
guarantee of Perpetual Pursuit. 
Three men who had started. 

5893
05:17:21,600 --> 05:17:24,900
As inmates had become fugitives 
and the story was no longer 

5894
05:17:24,900 --> 05:17:27,900
about escaping from Alcatraz. 
It was about learning to live 

5895
05:17:27,900 --> 05:17:31,300
with the consequences of having 
done the impossible. whether 

5896
05:17:31,300 --> 05:17:33,900
Frank Morris and the Anglin 
Brothers survived their escape 

5897
05:17:33,900 --> 05:17:37,300
established new identities and 
lived out, their days in an 

5898
05:17:37,300 --> 05:17:39,900
anonymous Freedom, or whether 
they perished in the bay that 

5899
05:17:39,900 --> 05:17:44,900
night remains, one of America's 
most enduring Mysteries, On June

5900
05:17:44,900 --> 05:17:49,500
of 11th 1962 three men showed 
that even the most secure prison

5901
05:17:49,500 --> 05:17:52,100
is only a strong as the 
imagination of those. 

5902
05:17:52,100 --> 05:17:56,100
It seeks to contain a transform 
themselves from criminals into 

5903
05:17:56,100 --> 05:17:59,900
legends from prisoners into 
symbols of the Eternal human 

5904
05:17:59,900 --> 05:18:02,900
desire to be free. 
And somewhere in the Morning, 

5905
05:18:02,900 --> 05:18:05,700
Mist rolling off. 
San Francisco Bay their story 

5906
05:18:05,700 --> 05:18:10,100
continues, not as history, but 
as possibility, not as fact but 

5907
05:18:10,100 --> 05:18:12,500
as the kind of truth that grows 
stronger with each telling 

5908
05:18:12,500 --> 05:18:15,900
reminding us that sometimes the 
most impossible Dreams are the 

5909
05:18:15,908 --> 05:18:25,800
ones most worth pursuing. 
Imagine yourself standing in a 

5910
05:18:25,800 --> 05:18:30,300
Victorian library, on a rainy. 
London afternoon in 1864, gas 

5911
05:18:30,300 --> 05:18:33,900
lamps cost, warm pools of light 
across mahogany tables stacked 

5912
05:18:33,900 --> 05:18:37,900
with leather bound volumes. 
Outside the city, hums with the 

5913
05:18:37,900 --> 05:18:41,800
energy of an Empire at its peak.
But in here, your surrounded by 

5914
05:18:41,800 --> 05:18:45,700
Maps Beautiful. 
Intricate maps that are 

5915
05:18:45,700 --> 05:18:48,200
simultaneously. 
Masterpieces and confession of 

5916
05:18:48,200 --> 05:18:50,600
ignorance. 
These Maps show something our 

5917
05:18:50,600 --> 05:18:53,400
modern world has lost genuine 
mystery. 

5918
05:18:54,200 --> 05:18:57,100
Vast portions of the Indian 
Ocean appear as blank, blue, 

5919
05:18:57,100 --> 05:19:00,600
expanses interrupted only by 
scattered Islands. 

5920
05:19:00,600 --> 05:19:03,400
Whose Interiors remain 
unexplored. 

5921
05:19:04,900 --> 05:19:07,400
Madagascar looms, like a green 
question. 

5922
05:19:07,400 --> 05:19:11,400
Mark off the African Coast. 
The islands of Indonesia and 

5923
05:19:11,400 --> 05:19:14,600
melanesia Scatter across the 
sea, like puzzle pieces from 

5924
05:19:14,600 --> 05:19:17,400
different boxes. 
Their relationships to each 

5925
05:19:17,400 --> 05:19:20,700
other unclear and tantalizing 
your living in an era. 

5926
05:19:20,700 --> 05:19:23,600
When a gentleman naturalist 
could still discover entirely 

5927
05:19:23,600 --> 05:19:25,800
new species on a weekend 
collecting trip. 

5928
05:19:25,800 --> 05:19:29,200
When Expeditions regularly 
returned with creatures that 

5929
05:19:29,200 --> 05:19:32,600
seem to belong in mythology, 
rather than natural history 

5930
05:19:32,600 --> 05:19:36,100
museums Charles Darwin has 
recently published his 

5931
05:19:36,100 --> 05:19:39,700
revolutionary Theory and the 
world of science is reeling from

5932
05:19:39,700 --> 05:19:43,200
the implications, if species 
could change over time. 

5933
05:19:43,200 --> 05:19:47,700
If life itself was not fixed but
fluid, then what else might be 

5934
05:19:47,700 --> 05:19:50,500
possible. 
The Victorian era, possessed, a 

5935
05:19:50,500 --> 05:19:54,100
particular genius for combining 
rigorous scientific inquiry with

5936
05:19:54,100 --> 05:19:58,200
unbridled romantic speculation. 
these were people who would 

5937
05:19:58,200 --> 05:20:02,000
spend decades cataloging Beetle 
specimens while simultaneously 

5938
05:20:02,000 --> 05:20:06,000
believing that fairies might 
inhabit their Gardens this 

5939
05:20:06,000 --> 05:20:09,000
combination of careful, 
observation and wild imagination

5940
05:20:09,000 --> 05:20:12,800
created the perfect conditions 
for myths to take root in 

5941
05:20:12,800 --> 05:20:16,100
scientific soil, the maps, your 
studying show something 

5942
05:20:16,100 --> 05:20:19,600
puzzling, certain plants and 
animals appear in places, they 

5943
05:20:19,600 --> 05:20:24,100
have no business being Lemurs, 
those wide-eyed primates with 

5944
05:20:24,100 --> 05:20:27,700
their haunting calls and ghostly
movements live in Madagascar. 

5945
05:20:28,900 --> 05:20:32,300
Yet their closest relatives 
aren't in nearby Africa, but 

5946
05:20:32,300 --> 05:20:35,100
thousands of miles away in India
and Southeast Asia. 

5947
05:20:35,900 --> 05:20:38,700
It's as if someone had scattered
them, across the ocean, 

5948
05:20:38,700 --> 05:20:43,200
deliberately like seeds from a 
cosmic hand, fossils present, 

5949
05:20:43,200 --> 05:20:47,500
even stranger Mysteries. 
The glossopteris fern, which 

5950
05:20:47,500 --> 05:20:50,800
anyone can recognize from its 
distinctive tongue-shaped leaves

5951
05:20:50,800 --> 05:20:55,900
appears in rocks, across South 
America, Africa, India and 

5952
05:20:55,900 --> 05:20:59,200
Australia. 
It's the Botanical equivalent of

5953
05:20:59,200 --> 05:21:02,600
finding your house key 
simultaneously in London, Cairo,

5954
05:21:02,600 --> 05:21:06,200
Mumbai and Sydney. 
Something doesn't add up and 

5955
05:21:06,200 --> 05:21:07,800
Victorian. 
Scientists knew it. 

5956
05:21:07,800 --> 05:21:11,800
The standard explanation that 
the species had somehow walked 

5957
05:21:11,800 --> 05:21:15,200
or swamp across, thousands of 
miles of open, ocean seemed 

5958
05:21:15,200 --> 05:21:17,600
absurd, even to 19th century 
Minds. 

5959
05:21:18,600 --> 05:21:22,800
Lemurs a decent climbers but 
notoriously, poor swimmers the 

5960
05:21:22,800 --> 05:21:25,400
glossopteris fern produces seeds
far too. 

5961
05:21:25,400 --> 05:21:28,500
Heavy to blow across Ocean's on 
the Wind yet. 

5962
05:21:28,500 --> 05:21:31,800
There they were separated by 
impossible distances. 

5963
05:21:31,800 --> 05:21:35,200
Clearly related. 
But impossibly divided. 

5964
05:21:35,200 --> 05:21:38,300
This was the scientific puzzle 
that would give birth to 

5965
05:21:38,300 --> 05:21:42,600
lemuria. but to understand how 
that happened, you need to 

5966
05:21:42,600 --> 05:21:46,100
appreciate the Victorian mindset
that saw patterns in everything 

5967
05:21:46,100 --> 05:21:49,400
and believed that every mystery 
had a solution. 

5968
05:21:49,400 --> 05:21:53,600
Even if that solution required 
imagining entire continents into

5969
05:21:53,600 --> 05:21:57,100
existence, the 19th century was 
also a time when the Earth 

5970
05:21:57,100 --> 05:22:01,000
itself seemed younger and more 
malleable Geologists were just 

5971
05:22:01,000 --> 05:22:04,100
beginning to understand the 
planet's true age, which was 

5972
05:22:04,100 --> 05:22:07,300
considerably older than the 
biblical calculations that had 

5973
05:22:07,300 --> 05:22:09,100
previously, dominated Western 
thought. 

5974
05:22:10,400 --> 05:22:13,000
But they still imagined the 
Earth as a cooling sphere 

5975
05:22:13,000 --> 05:22:17,400
Contracting like a drying apple 
with its surface wrinkling into 

5976
05:22:17,400 --> 05:22:19,200
mountains and valleys as it 
shrank. 

5977
05:22:19,200 --> 05:22:22,300
This contraction Theory 
suggested that the planets 

5978
05:22:22,300 --> 05:22:26,100
geography might have been very 
different in the past Perhaps 

5979
05:22:26,100 --> 05:22:28,300
land bridges. 
Had connected continents that 

5980
05:22:28,300 --> 05:22:31,900
now stood separate. 
Perhaps entire land masses had 

5981
05:22:31,900 --> 05:22:35,200
sunk beneath the waves as the 
Earth contracted taking their 

5982
05:22:35,200 --> 05:22:38,600
flora and fauna with them. 
The idea wasn't just 

5983
05:22:38,600 --> 05:22:41,400
speculation. 
It seemed to follow logically 

5984
05:22:41,400 --> 05:22:44,100
from the best understanding of 
planetary formation of 

5985
05:22:44,100 --> 05:22:46,000
available. 
At the time, in to this 

5986
05:22:46,008 --> 05:22:49,800
atmosphere of scientific inquiry
and creative theorizing stepped 

5987
05:22:49,800 --> 05:22:53,200
a British zoologist, named 
Philip Slater who was about to 

5988
05:22:53,200 --> 05:22:57,200
name, something that didn't 
exist and in doing so create a 

5989
05:22:57,200 --> 05:22:59,600
legend that would outlive his 
actual significant 

5990
05:22:59,600 --> 05:23:02,400
contributions. 
Philip's Slater was by all 

5991
05:23:02,400 --> 05:23:05,300
accounts, a thoroughly 
respectable Victorian scientist.

5992
05:23:06,100 --> 05:23:10,000
He wasn't a wild-eyed Mystic or 
a romantic dreamer, he was a 

5993
05:23:10,008 --> 05:23:13,600
fellow of the Royal Society. 
A serious zoologist with 

5994
05:23:13,600 --> 05:23:16,800
impeccable credentials, and a 
particular interest in the 

5995
05:23:16,808 --> 05:23:18,700
geographical distribution of 
species. 

5996
05:23:18,700 --> 05:23:22,300
The kind of man who wore proper 
suits to dinner, and catalogued 

5997
05:23:22,300 --> 05:23:25,600
specimens with meticulous care 
in 1864. 

5998
05:23:25,600 --> 05:23:28,900
Slater published a paper with 
the rather dry title, the 

5999
05:23:28,900 --> 05:23:32,400
mammals of Madagascar which 
addressed the Lima problem we 

6000
05:23:32,400 --> 05:23:35,600
discussed earlier. 
His solution was elegantly 

6001
05:23:35,600 --> 05:23:40,000
simple, what if Madagascar and 
India had once been connected by

6002
05:23:40,000 --> 05:23:44,200
a land bridge or better, yet 
were fragments of a larger 

6003
05:23:44,200 --> 05:23:47,700
landmass that had since subsided
into the ocean, this 

6004
05:23:47,700 --> 05:23:51,900
hypothetical continent needed 
name and slated chose lemuria. 

6005
05:23:51,900 --> 05:23:55,000
After the Lemurs whose 
distribution had inspired the 

6006
05:23:55,000 --> 05:23:58,300
theory, it was meant to be a 
strictly scientific term. 

6007
05:23:58,300 --> 05:24:01,300
Describing a purely geological 
hypothesis. 

6008
05:24:02,600 --> 05:24:06,200
Later in lemuria, as a long, 
vanished connection between 

6009
05:24:06,200 --> 05:24:10,300
continents, a bridge that had 
allowed species to spread and 

6010
05:24:10,300 --> 05:24:14,100
then disappeared leaving only 
scattered population on isolated

6011
05:24:14,100 --> 05:24:16,700
lands. 
The beauty of Slater's theory 

6012
05:24:16,700 --> 05:24:19,400
was that it explains so much 
with the single hypothesis. 

6013
05:24:20,700 --> 05:24:24,100
The distribution of lemurs the 
presence of similar rock 

6014
05:24:24,100 --> 05:24:27,700
formations across distant lands 
and the fossil record that 

6015
05:24:27,700 --> 05:24:29,800
suggested tropical forests in 
places. 

6016
05:24:29,800 --> 05:24:34,000
Now, divided by ocean all of it 
made sense, if you accepted that

6017
05:24:34,000 --> 05:24:37,300
the Indian Ocean had. 
Once contained substantial land 

6018
05:24:37,300 --> 05:24:42,000
masses other scientists quickly 
embraced and expanded Slaters 

6019
05:24:42,000 --> 05:24:46,300
idea, Ernst haeckel a German 
biologist and passionate 

6020
05:24:46,300 --> 05:24:49,900
advocate of Darwin's 
evolutionary theory Incorporated

6021
05:24:49,900 --> 05:24:52,700
lemuria in his understanding of 
human Origins. 

6022
05:24:53,700 --> 05:24:57,700
If lemuria had existed Heckle 
reasoned, it might have been the

6023
05:24:57,700 --> 05:25:01,100
birthplace of humanity, the 
Garden of Eden, rendered in 

6024
05:25:01,100 --> 05:25:04,800
geological terms, Hazel's 
version of lemuria grew 

6025
05:25:04,800 --> 05:25:07,200
considerably larger than Slaters
modest land bridge. 

6026
05:25:07,900 --> 05:25:10,900
In Hazel's imagination, it 
became a vast continent. 

6027
05:25:10,900 --> 05:25:14,500
Stretching across much of the 
Indian Ocean, a Lost Paradise, 

6028
05:25:14,500 --> 05:25:17,200
where the first humans had 
evolved before spreading to 

6029
05:25:17,200 --> 05:25:20,400
other continents. 
His beautifully detailed maps, 

6030
05:25:20,400 --> 05:25:24,400
showed lemuria, as a substantial
landmass complete with mountain 

6031
05:25:24,400 --> 05:25:26,900
ranges and river systems that 
existed. 

6032
05:25:26,900 --> 05:25:31,100
Only in scientific speculation, 
the scientific Community, didn't

6033
05:25:31,100 --> 05:25:34,000
immediately reject these ideas 
because they addressed real 

6034
05:25:34,000 --> 05:25:36,500
puzzles with what seemed like 
reasonable Solutions. 

6035
05:25:37,500 --> 05:25:40,400
Continental, subsidence wasn't 
considered impossible. 

6036
05:25:41,200 --> 05:25:44,800
After all, earthquakes and 
volcanic eruptions constantly 

6037
05:25:44,800 --> 05:25:47,400
demonstrated that the Earth's 
surface was changeable. 

6038
05:25:48,400 --> 05:25:51,800
If mountains could rise and 
valleys form, why couldn't 

6039
05:25:51,800 --> 05:25:54,700
entire continent sink for a few 
decades? 

6040
05:25:54,700 --> 05:25:57,500
Lemuria occupied a strange 
position. 

6041
05:25:57,500 --> 05:26:02,300
It was a scientific hypothesis 
with no direct evidence, but it 

6042
05:26:02,300 --> 05:26:05,100
explained patterns that 
otherwise seemed inexplicable 

6043
05:26:06,100 --> 05:26:09,500
Scientists discussed it in 
academic journals while 

6044
05:26:09,500 --> 05:26:12,400
acknowledging that proving its 
existence would be difficult. 

6045
05:26:12,400 --> 05:26:16,900
It was a placeholder solution 
waiting for better explanations 

6046
05:26:16,900 --> 05:26:19,000
to come along. 
But something interesting 

6047
05:26:19,000 --> 05:26:21,300
happened. 
As lemuria move from scientific 

6048
05:26:21,300 --> 05:26:22,900
journals into popular 
consciousness. 

6049
05:26:24,300 --> 05:26:27,700
The hypothesis began to 
transform Gathering romantic 

6050
05:26:27,700 --> 05:26:30,900
association's and mystical 
overtones like a snowball 

6051
05:26:30,900 --> 05:26:33,600
rolling downhill. 
A accumulates Mass. 

6052
05:26:34,600 --> 05:26:37,900
What started as a dry geological
theory of about Lima 

6053
05:26:37,900 --> 05:26:41,400
distribution was about to become
something far more in chanting 

6054
05:26:41,400 --> 05:26:43,500
and considerably less 
scientific. 

6055
05:26:43,500 --> 05:26:47,300
The Victorian public had an 
insatiable appetite for lost 

6056
05:26:47,300 --> 05:26:49,100
worlds, and vanished 
civilizations. 

6057
05:26:49,900 --> 05:26:53,500
Atlantis, had captured 
imaginations for centuries, but 

6058
05:26:53,500 --> 05:26:57,100
Atlantis was ancient history. 
A philosophical allegory 

6059
05:26:57,100 --> 05:27:00,200
recorded by Plato. 
The muria was different. 

6060
05:27:00,200 --> 05:27:05,100
It was being discussed by actual
scientists in actual academic 

6061
05:27:05,100 --> 05:27:08,600
journals. 
It had the glamour of mystery 

6062
05:27:08,600 --> 05:27:12,200
combined with the authority of 
science, a combination that 

6063
05:27:12,200 --> 05:27:15,700
proved utterly, irresistible 
popular magazines, began 

6064
05:27:15,700 --> 05:27:19,100
publishing articles about 
lemuria each iteration, adding 

6065
05:27:19,100 --> 05:27:21,300
new details and expanding the 
story. 

6066
05:27:22,500 --> 05:27:25,900
What if lemuria hadn't just been
a land bridge but a genuine 

6067
05:27:25,900 --> 05:27:30,300
continent with its only ology 
its own Landscapes and perhaps 

6068
05:27:30,300 --> 05:27:35,600
even its own civilizations. 
The scientific hypothesis was 

6069
05:27:35,600 --> 05:27:39,000
becoming a myth in real time and
you could almost watch it 

6070
05:27:39,000 --> 05:27:41,100
transform. 
If you track the publication's 

6071
05:27:41,100 --> 05:27:45,000
chronologically by the 1870s 
lemuria had escaped, the 

6072
05:27:45,000 --> 05:27:48,800
confines of Zoological journals 
and entirely, It was appearing 

6073
05:27:48,800 --> 05:27:52,400
in spiritualist literature in 
speculative history is and in 

6074
05:27:52,400 --> 05:27:55,900
romantic poetry. 
The Lost Continent was taking on

6075
05:27:55,900 --> 05:27:59,000
a life of its own and that life 
would prove far more durable 

6076
05:27:59,000 --> 05:28:01,900
than its scientific Origins 
picture yourself. 

6077
05:28:01,900 --> 05:28:06,100
Now in a Victorian drawing room 
this time in the evening with 

6078
05:28:06,100 --> 05:28:08,500
heavy curtains, drawn against 
the London Fog. 

6079
05:28:09,500 --> 05:28:11,400
Candles flicker on the 
mantelpiece. 

6080
05:28:11,400 --> 05:28:15,000
And a group of well-dressed. 
Ladies and gentlemen, sit in a 

6081
05:28:15,000 --> 05:28:17,100
circle, holding hands around a 
table. 

6082
05:28:18,000 --> 05:28:21,600
This is a seance one of 
thousands conducted across 

6083
05:28:21,600 --> 05:28:25,300
Europe and America in the late 
19th century when spiritualism 

6084
05:28:25,300 --> 05:28:29,200
wasn't considered Fringe but 
fashionable the Victorian era 

6085
05:28:29,200 --> 05:28:31,100
was experiencing a spiritual 
crisis. 

6086
05:28:31,900 --> 05:28:35,300
Darwin's theory of evolution had
shaken traditional religious 

6087
05:28:35,300 --> 05:28:38,000
certainty. 
Industrialization was 

6088
05:28:38,000 --> 05:28:41,300
transforming agrarian society 
into urban Landscapes. 

6089
05:28:41,300 --> 05:28:44,200
Where ancient rhythms of life? 
No longer applied. 

6090
05:28:45,000 --> 05:28:48,500
People felt unmoored searching 
for meaning in a world that 

6091
05:28:48,500 --> 05:28:51,900
seemed increasingly mechanical, 
and purposeless into this 

6092
05:28:51,900 --> 05:28:55,200
uncertainty stepped, her, a 
remarkable woman named Helena 

6093
05:28:55,200 --> 05:28:58,400
petrovna blavatsky known to 
everyone as madame. 

6094
05:28:58,400 --> 05:29:02,900
Blavatsky she was depending on 
your perspective, either a 

6095
05:29:02,900 --> 05:29:07,400
brilliant Mystic or a talented 
charlatan possibly both born in 

6096
05:29:07,408 --> 05:29:11,500
Russia, widely traveled and 
possessed of enormous Charisma 

6097
05:29:11,500 --> 05:29:16,200
and questionable ethics La 
founded the theosophical society

6098
05:29:16,200 --> 05:29:21,000
in 1875, with the goal of 
exploring, the hidden wisdom, 

6099
05:29:21,000 --> 05:29:24,700
supposedly underlying all 
religions Levesque. 

6100
05:29:24,700 --> 05:29:28,400
Had a genius for synthesis. 
Combining elements of Hinduism 

6101
05:29:28,400 --> 05:29:31,100
Buddhism Buddhism. 
Western occultism and 

6102
05:29:31,100 --> 05:29:33,800
contemporary science into a 
grand narrative that appealed to

6103
05:29:33,808 --> 05:29:38,900
Victorian Seekers Her magnum, 
opus, the secret Doctrine 

6104
05:29:38,900 --> 05:29:43,900
published in 1888, presented, a 
vast cosmology, involving root 

6105
05:29:43,900 --> 05:29:48,100
races spiritual, Evolution and 
crucially for our story, lost 

6106
05:29:48,100 --> 05:30:00,700
continents in blavatsky. 
Civilization of spiritually 

6107
05:30:00,700 --> 05:30:03,500
Advanced beings, who existed 
millions of years ago? 

6108
05:30:04,700 --> 05:30:09,000
These lemurians in cosmology 
were not quite human as we 

6109
05:30:09,008 --> 05:30:12,300
understand it. 
They were gigantic egg laying 

6110
05:30:12,300 --> 05:30:15,300
hermaphrodites with four arms 
and an i in the back of their 

6111
05:30:15,300 --> 05:30:17,200
heads. 
Now, you might be settling 

6112
05:30:17,200 --> 05:30:19,800
deeper into your pillows and 
thinking that this sounds 

6113
05:30:19,800 --> 05:30:24,000
completely ridiculous. 
You'd be right. but here's 

6114
05:30:24,000 --> 05:30:27,700
what's fascinating, blavatsky 
claimed her information came 

6115
05:30:27,700 --> 05:30:31,000
from ancient manuscripts, shown 
to her by spiritual Masters and 

6116
05:30:31,000 --> 05:30:35,000
Tibet and thousands of 
intelligent educated victorians 

6117
05:30:35,000 --> 05:30:38,700
believed her, Or at least they 
wanted to believe her, which 

6118
05:30:38,700 --> 05:30:40,200
amounts to nearly the same 
thing. 

6119
05:30:40,200 --> 05:30:42,800
The theosophical lemuria bore 
almost. 

6120
05:30:42,800 --> 05:30:45,500
No resemblance to his modest 
land bridge. 

6121
05:30:46,300 --> 05:30:49,400
It stretched across vast 
portions of the Pacific and 

6122
05:30:49,400 --> 05:30:53,200
Indian, oceans encompassing 
everything from Madagascar to 

6123
05:30:53,200 --> 05:30:56,600
Easter Island. 
Its civilization, predated any 

6124
05:30:56,600 --> 05:31:00,500
known human culture and its 
inhabitants possessed powers 

6125
05:31:00,500 --> 05:31:03,000
that made. 
Modern humans seem like pale 

6126
05:31:03,000 --> 05:31:06,000
Shadows of former glory. 
According to theosophical 

6127
05:31:06,000 --> 05:31:08,100
teachings. 
The lemurians had been destroyed

6128
05:31:08,100 --> 05:31:11,900
in a cataclysm volcanic 
eruptions and earthquakes that 

6129
05:31:11,900 --> 05:31:14,900
cause their entire continent to 
sink beneath the waves. 

6130
05:31:16,000 --> 05:31:19,500
But before the destruction, the 
most advanced lemurians had 

6131
05:31:19,500 --> 05:31:21,800
escaped. 
Carrying their wisdom to other 

6132
05:31:21,800 --> 05:31:26,100
lands, this explained 
conveniently, why traces of 

6133
05:31:26,100 --> 05:31:28,800
advanced ancient knowledge 
appeared in cultures worldwide. 

6134
05:31:28,800 --> 05:31:33,600
The beauty of blavatsky system 
was his uncles ability. 

6135
05:31:34,500 --> 05:31:37,600
Any evidence that contradicted 
her claims could be explained 

6136
05:31:37,600 --> 05:31:40,600
away as incomplete 
understanding, or spiritual 

6137
05:31:40,600 --> 05:31:43,800
blindness? 
The lack of physical evidence 

6138
05:31:43,800 --> 05:31:46,600
for lemuria became proof of how 
thoroughly it had been 

6139
05:31:46,600 --> 05:31:49,700
destroyed. 
It was mythology mosque creating

6140
05:31:49,700 --> 05:31:53,300
as lost history and it filled a 
need that pure science, could 

6141
05:31:53,300 --> 05:31:56,800
not satisfy the osophy. 
Attracted an impressive, roster 

6142
05:31:56,800 --> 05:32:01,000
of followers, including writers,
artists, scientists and social 

6143
05:32:01,000 --> 05:32:04,800
reformers These weren't 
necessarily gullible fools. 

6144
05:32:04,800 --> 05:32:08,200
Many were thoughtful people 
seeking alternatives to both 

6145
05:32:08,200 --> 05:32:10,600
religious, dogmatism and 
materialistic. 

6146
05:32:10,600 --> 05:32:14,100
Reductionism. 
Theosophy offered a middle path.

6147
05:32:14,700 --> 05:32:18,400
Spiritual meaning clothed in 
pseudoscientific language, the 

6148
05:32:18,400 --> 05:32:20,700
theosophical. 
Lemuria also served. 

6149
05:32:20,700 --> 05:32:25,800
Another Victorian, preoccupation
race Theory. the concept of root

6150
05:32:25,800 --> 05:32:29,900
races each supposedly more 
evolved than the last appealed 

6151
05:32:29,900 --> 05:32:34,500
to a society deeply invested in 
hierarchical thinking, While 

6152
05:32:34,500 --> 05:32:38,400
bloodsky system was less overtly
racist and some Victorian race 

6153
05:32:38,400 --> 05:32:40,600
theories. 
It still embedded troubling, 

6154
05:32:40,600 --> 05:32:43,000
assumptions about human 
development, that reflected the 

6155
05:32:43,008 --> 05:32:46,900
prejudices of hero, other 
writers and Mystics eagerly 

6156
05:32:46,900 --> 05:32:51,700
expanded on Bluffs framework. 
James churchwood in the early 

6157
05:32:51,700 --> 05:32:54,900
20th century. 
Wrote extensively about move 

6158
05:32:54,900 --> 05:32:58,100
which he claimed was lemuria 
specific counterpart. 

6159
05:32:58,800 --> 05:33:01,900
Another Lost Continent. 
Supposedly proven by ancient 

6160
05:33:01,900 --> 05:33:05,000
tablets that conveniently 
disappeared before anyone else 

6161
05:33:05,000 --> 05:33:09,400
could examine the Each iteration
added new layers to the myth. 

6162
05:33:10,100 --> 05:33:13,400
Building an elaborate structure 
on foundations that had never 

6163
05:33:13,400 --> 05:33:15,800
existed. 
What's remarkable is, how 

6164
05:33:15,800 --> 05:33:17,700
quickly lemuria moved from 
scientific. 

6165
05:33:17,700 --> 05:33:22,100
Hypothesis to Mystical certainly
Within a few decades, you could 

6166
05:33:22,100 --> 05:33:25,200
find multiple versions of 
Lemurian history, each 

6167
05:33:25,200 --> 05:33:28,700
contradicting the others, but 
all claiming ancient Authority. 

6168
05:33:29,400 --> 05:33:33,500
Some describe lemuria, as a 
Tropical Paradise, others as a 

6169
05:33:33,500 --> 05:33:37,200
harsh, volcanic landscape. 
Some lemurians were spiritual 

6170
05:33:37,200 --> 05:33:40,000
Masters. 
Others were primitive Giants. 

6171
05:33:41,000 --> 05:33:44,200
the continents location shifted,
depending on who was writing 

6172
05:33:44,200 --> 05:33:47,500
about it, this proliferation of 
conflicting accounts should have

6173
05:33:47,500 --> 05:33:51,900
undermined, lemuria credibility,
but somehow, it didn't, instead 

6174
05:33:51,900 --> 05:33:55,900
each new version seemed to 
validate the basic concept, If 

6175
05:33:55,900 --> 05:33:59,200
so many different sources, 
mentioned, lemuria, surely there

6176
05:33:59,200 --> 05:34:03,400
must be something to it. 
This is how myths work, they 

6177
05:34:03,400 --> 05:34:06,000
accumulate details and 
variations while the course 

6178
05:34:06,000 --> 05:34:09,700
story remains flexible enough to
accommodate contradiction by the

6179
05:34:09,708 --> 05:34:12,100
turn of the 20th. 
Century lemuria had become 

6180
05:34:12,100 --> 05:34:15,700
firmly established in popular 
Consciousness, particularly 

6181
05:34:15,700 --> 05:34:18,600
among spiritual Seekers and 
alternative historians. 

6182
05:34:19,700 --> 05:34:23,300
It was taught in theosophical 
lodges discussed in a cult 

6183
05:34:23,300 --> 05:34:26,100
circle's and reference in 
popular literature. 

6184
05:34:27,600 --> 05:34:32,100
The Lost Continent had a kind of
cultural reality independent of 

6185
05:34:32,100 --> 05:34:35,000
any physical evidence. 
As you drift deeper into this 

6186
05:34:35,000 --> 05:34:37,200
story. 
Imagine yourself in early 20th 

6187
05:34:37,200 --> 05:34:40,700
century, California, 
Specifically at Mount Shasta 

6188
05:34:40,700 --> 05:34:44,700
that magnificent snow-capped 
volcano rising from the northern

6189
05:34:44,700 --> 05:34:48,100
landscape. 
Local Legends, Begin circulating

6190
05:34:48,100 --> 05:34:51,400
about a secret civilization 
living inside the mountain 

6191
05:34:51,400 --> 05:34:55,900
survivors of ancient lemuria who
retreated Underground when their

6192
05:34:55,900 --> 05:34:58,400
continent sank. 
These Lemurian survivors 

6193
05:34:58,400 --> 05:35:01,300
supposedly built a city called 
Telos within the mountain 

6194
05:35:01,300 --> 05:35:05,000
complete with temples and 
Gardens illuminated by 

6195
05:35:05,000 --> 05:35:08,900
mysterious light sources. 
They occasionally emerged to 

6196
05:35:08,900 --> 05:35:12,800
walk among ordinary humans, 
recognizable by their unusual 

6197
05:35:12,800 --> 05:35:17,000
height, White Rose, and tendency
to pay for supplies with gold 

6198
05:35:17,000 --> 05:35:20,300
nuggets before disappearing. 
Back into the Wilderness, the 

6199
05:35:20,300 --> 05:35:23,400
Shasta, Legends illustrate, how 
lemuria adapted to local 

6200
05:35:23,400 --> 05:35:27,800
conditions, Every region that 
embraced the myth, modified it 

6201
05:35:27,800 --> 05:35:29,600
to fit, local geography and 
culture. 

6202
05:35:30,400 --> 05:35:33,700
In the Pacific lemuria explained
the origin of Polynesian 

6203
05:35:33,700 --> 05:35:36,800
people's in India. 
It connected to Vedic, 

6204
05:35:36,800 --> 05:35:40,700
traditions in California. 
It merged with Native American 

6205
05:35:40,700 --> 05:35:44,700
legends and Gold Rush, mysticism
to create something, uniquely 

6206
05:35:44,700 --> 05:35:48,300
West in America, the lemurians 
themselves, evolved in the 

6207
05:35:48,300 --> 05:35:51,000
popular imagination from Levens 
bizarre. 

6208
05:35:51,000 --> 05:35:53,700
Hermaphrodites into more 
conventionally attractive, 

6209
05:35:53,700 --> 05:35:57,800
spiritual Masters. 
By the 1930s descriptions 

6210
05:35:57,800 --> 05:36:01,600
typically, portrayed them as 
tall, graceful beings with pale 

6211
05:36:01,600 --> 05:36:04,600
skin, large eyes, and Serene 
Expressions. 

6212
05:36:04,600 --> 05:36:08,800
Basically, they looked like 
idealized Hollywood versions of 

6213
05:36:08,808 --> 05:36:13,100
wise Mystics This transformation
reveals something interesting 

6214
05:36:13,100 --> 05:36:16,200
about how myths adapt to their 
audiences aesthetic. 

6215
05:36:16,200 --> 05:36:20,100
Preferences various channels and
mediums claim to communicate 

6216
05:36:20,100 --> 05:36:23,100
with Lemurian, Spirits, 
receiving messages about 

6217
05:36:23,100 --> 05:36:27,400
spiritual Evolution and 
Humanity's future These 

6218
05:36:27,400 --> 05:36:31,200
communications typically 
emphasize peace love and the 

6219
05:36:31,200 --> 05:36:32,900
development of psychic 
abilities. 

6220
05:36:33,800 --> 05:36:36,200
Standard fare for New Age 
spirituality. 

6221
05:36:37,000 --> 05:36:39,900
Would give historical weight by 
association with ancient 

6222
05:36:39,900 --> 05:36:43,400
civilization. 
Frederick, Spencer, Oliver's 

6223
05:36:43,400 --> 05:36:46,300
1894 novel. 
A dweller on two planets 

6224
05:36:46,300 --> 05:36:49,200
introduced another element to 
Lemurian mythology. 

6225
05:36:49,200 --> 05:36:52,800
Advanced technology. 
Oliver claimed. 

6226
05:36:52,800 --> 05:36:55,800
His book was channeled from a 
spirit who described Lemurian 

6227
05:36:55,800 --> 05:37:00,000
civilization as possessing 
flying machines, Wireless 

6228
05:37:00,000 --> 05:37:04,200
communication, and other devices
that anticipated 20th century 

6229
05:37:04,200 --> 05:37:09,100
Innovations This technologically
advanced lemuria would become 

6230
05:37:09,100 --> 05:37:13,000
increasingly popular as the 
actual 20th century demonstrated

6231
05:37:13,000 --> 05:37:16,200
that impossible Technologies 
could become reality. 

6232
05:37:16,200 --> 05:37:19,700
The notion of lemuria as a 
technologically sophisticated 

6233
05:37:19,700 --> 05:37:24,400
civilization, served multiple 
purposes It suggested that 

6234
05:37:24,400 --> 05:37:27,400
modern progress, wasn't 
unprecedented, but rather a 

6235
05:37:27,400 --> 05:37:28,700
rediscovery of ancient 
knowledge. 

6236
05:37:29,600 --> 05:37:32,800
It implied that human potential 
was greater than contemporary 

6237
05:37:32,800 --> 05:37:36,400
limitations suggested. 
And it provided comfort that 

6238
05:37:36,400 --> 05:37:40,100
even Advanced civilizations 
could be destroyed making the 

6239
05:37:40,100 --> 05:37:43,100
catastrophic potential of 20th 
century Warfare. 

6240
05:37:43,100 --> 05:37:46,500
Feel like part of a larger 
pattern rather than a unique 

6241
05:37:46,500 --> 05:37:50,200
modern horror Edgar. 
Casey the famous Sleeping 

6242
05:37:50,200 --> 05:37:54,100
Prophet Incorporated, lemuria in
his trance, reading's during the

6243
05:37:54,100 --> 05:37:58,600
1920s and 1930s. 
His version's emphasized, the 

6244
05:37:58,600 --> 05:38:01,300
spiritual and psychic abilities 
of lemurians. 

6245
05:38:01,300 --> 05:38:05,500
Describing them as beings who 
communicated telepathically and 

6246
05:38:05,500 --> 05:38:09,600
manipulated matter through 
thought When their civilization 

6247
05:38:09,600 --> 05:38:13,000
fell, Casey claimed. 
It was because they had misused 

6248
05:38:13,000 --> 05:38:16,400
their powers privileging 
material advancement over 

6249
05:38:16,400 --> 05:38:20,100
Spiritual Development, A 
cautionary tale that resonated 

6250
05:38:20,100 --> 05:38:22,600
with audiences living through 
Rapid technological. 

6251
05:38:22,600 --> 05:38:26,000
Change, what United? 
Most of these Lemurian accounts 

6252
05:38:26,000 --> 05:38:28,200
was a sense of loss and 
possibility. 

6253
05:38:28,900 --> 05:38:32,300
Lemuria represented, something 
Humanity, had once possessed and

6254
05:38:32,300 --> 05:38:36,900
might reclaim harmony with 
nature spiritual advancement and

6255
05:38:36,900 --> 05:38:39,500
technological prowess combined 
with wisdom. 

6256
05:38:40,500 --> 05:38:43,600
The Lost Continent became a 
mirror reflecting whatever, its 

6257
05:38:43,600 --> 05:38:45,600
Believers felt was missing from 
Modern Life. 

6258
05:38:45,600 --> 05:38:49,300
The Myth also provided An Origin
story that bypassed 

6259
05:38:49,300 --> 05:38:52,300
uncomfortable questions about 
Evolution and human Origins. 

6260
05:38:53,300 --> 05:38:56,900
If Humanity descended from 
spiritually Advanced lemurians, 

6261
05:38:56,900 --> 05:39:01,000
then we weren't merely evolved 
Apes but beings were the noble, 

6262
05:39:01,000 --> 05:39:03,700
lineage temporarily fallen from 
former glory. 

6263
05:39:04,700 --> 05:39:07,000
This narrative appealed to 
people who couldn't accept 

6264
05:39:07,000 --> 05:39:10,300
evolutionary theory, but 
recognize that biblical 

6265
05:39:10,300 --> 05:39:14,000
literalism was increasingly 
untenable indigenous people's 

6266
05:39:14,000 --> 05:39:16,400
reactions, to Lemurian, theories
were complicated. 

6267
05:39:17,300 --> 05:39:20,300
Some saw the myths as yet 
another example of colonizers 

6268
05:39:20,300 --> 05:39:24,500
appropriating and distorting 
Indigenous history is Others 

6269
05:39:24,500 --> 05:39:26,900
found ways to incorporate 
lemuria into their own 

6270
05:39:26,900 --> 05:39:30,900
Traditions, using the concept to
add historical depth to oral 

6271
05:39:30,900 --> 05:39:34,200
history. 
The Hawaiian concept of move. 

6272
05:39:34,200 --> 05:39:38,600
For instance, became entangled 
with Lemurian mythology in ways 

6273
05:39:38,600 --> 05:39:42,100
that blurred original Traditions
with imported ideas by 

6274
05:39:42,100 --> 05:39:45,400
mid-century lemuria had become 
something like King Arthur's, 

6275
05:39:45,400 --> 05:39:47,100
Camelot. 
A story. 

6276
05:39:47,100 --> 05:39:49,800
Everyone knew probably wasn't 
literally true, but that 

6277
05:39:49,800 --> 05:39:52,500
persisted because it served 
emotional and psychological 

6278
05:39:52,500 --> 05:39:54,300
needs. 
That fact could not address 

6279
05:39:55,400 --> 05:39:59,300
People wanted to believe in Lost
Golden Ages and hidden wisdom in

6280
05:39:59,300 --> 05:40:02,600
the possibility that somewhere 
beneath the ocean's surface or 

6281
05:40:02,600 --> 05:40:05,500
inside. 
Mountains, traces of humanities 

6282
05:40:05,500 --> 05:40:09,200
Noble past injured, the irony is
that while Mystics and 

6283
05:40:09,208 --> 05:40:12,400
channelers were elaborating 
increasingly, Baroque visions of

6284
05:40:12,400 --> 05:40:15,500
Lemurian. 
Civilization actual scientists 

6285
05:40:15,500 --> 05:40:18,500
were developing theories that 
would completely eliminate any 

6286
05:40:18,500 --> 05:40:23,100
need for lemuria existence. 
The solution to the puzzles that

6287
05:40:23,100 --> 05:40:25,700
had inspired sclaters. 
Original hypothesis was 

6288
05:40:25,700 --> 05:40:28,300
emerging. 
But it would take decades for 

6289
05:40:28,300 --> 05:40:30,200
that solution to become widely 
accepted. 

6290
05:40:30,200 --> 05:40:35,000
Let's shift our scene now to 
12:00 to a meeting of the German

6291
05:40:35,000 --> 05:40:39,100
Geological Society, where a 
meteorologist named Alfred, Vega

6292
05:40:39,100 --> 05:40:42,700
is presenting a theory. 
So radical that most of his 

6293
05:40:42,708 --> 05:40:44,300
colleague's think he's lost his 
mind. 

6294
05:40:45,200 --> 05:40:48,900
They get her as proposing. 
That continents move, not slowly

6295
05:40:48,900 --> 05:40:52,500
settling or Rising, but actually
drifting across the Earth's 

6296
05:40:52,500 --> 05:40:55,500
surface, like, massive rafts 
floating on a denser layer 

6297
05:40:55,500 --> 05:40:57,900
below. 
Again, has noticed the same 

6298
05:40:57,900 --> 05:41:01,700
puzzles that inspired lemuria 
matching fossils on different 

6299
05:41:01,700 --> 05:41:04,900
continents. 
Similar rock formation separated

6300
05:41:04,900 --> 05:41:08,600
by Ocean's and coastlines that 
fit together, like jigsaw 

6301
05:41:08,600 --> 05:41:11,300
pieces. 
But instead of imagining 

6302
05:41:11,300 --> 05:41:14,600
vanished land bridges, he is 
proposing something far more 

6303
05:41:14,600 --> 05:41:17,800
revolutionary. 
All the continents, He suggests 

6304
05:41:17,800 --> 05:41:20,600
were once joined in a single 
supercontinent. 

6305
05:41:20,600 --> 05:41:24,800
He calls it Pangea that has 
since split apart and drifted to

6306
05:41:24,800 --> 05:41:27,800
their current positions. 
The reaction from the geological

6307
05:41:27,800 --> 05:41:29,900
establishment is Swift and 
brutal. 

6308
05:41:29,900 --> 05:41:33,100
Continental drift seems 
physically impossible. 

6309
05:41:33,100 --> 05:41:37,900
What force could move entire 
continents, how could Solid Rock

6310
05:41:37,900 --> 05:41:40,800
flow like liquid? 
They're going to can't answer 

6311
05:41:40,800 --> 05:41:43,900
these questions, satisfactorily,
and his theory is, largely 

6312
05:41:43,900 --> 05:41:47,600
dismissed as imaginative. 
Speculation unsupported by 

6313
05:41:47,600 --> 05:41:49,600
mechanism. 
Here's what's fascinating. 

6314
05:41:50,700 --> 05:41:52,300
Vegan has evidence for 
continental. 

6315
05:41:52,300 --> 05:41:56,500
Drift was actually stronger than
any evidence for lemuria had 

6316
05:41:56,500 --> 05:42:01,400
ever been He could show matching
Rock layers, identical fossils 

6317
05:42:01,400 --> 05:42:05,900
and even glacial patterns that 
made sense only if continents 

6318
05:42:05,900 --> 05:42:07,400
had once been connected 
differently. 

6319
05:42:08,700 --> 05:42:11,800
Yet the scientific Community 
rejected, his well evidence 

6320
05:42:11,800 --> 05:42:15,000
Theory while some of those same 
scientists have previously 

6321
05:42:15,000 --> 05:42:17,100
entertained. 
The essentially evidence free 

6322
05:42:17,100 --> 05:42:20,700
notion of sunken contents. 
This reveals something important

6323
05:42:20,700 --> 05:42:23,300
about how scientific acceptance 
works. 

6324
05:42:23,300 --> 05:42:26,500
It's not just about evidence, 
but about whether a theory fits 

6325
05:42:26,500 --> 05:42:30,700
within acceptable Frameworks, 
Land bridges and subsiding 

6326
05:42:30,700 --> 05:42:32,800
continents fit. 
Victorian assumptions about how 

6327
05:42:32,800 --> 05:42:35,600
the Earth worked. 
Moving continents didn't. 

6328
05:42:35,600 --> 05:42:40,300
So despite better evidence 
continental drift languished in 

6329
05:42:40,300 --> 05:42:44,600
scientific Purgatory for decades
but vegan is Theory had planted 

6330
05:42:44,600 --> 05:42:47,800
a seed. 
Other researchers began finding 

6331
05:42:47,800 --> 05:42:52,300
supporting evidence. 
Paleomagnetic studies examining 

6332
05:42:52,300 --> 05:42:54,600
the magnetic orientation of 
ancient rocks. 

6333
05:42:54,600 --> 05:42:58,100
Showed that continents must have
moved relative to the magnetic 

6334
05:42:58,100 --> 05:43:02,000
poles. 
Mapping the ocean floor revealed

6335
05:43:02,000 --> 05:43:05,500
mid-ocean ridges and deep 
trenches that suggested active 

6336
05:43:05,500 --> 05:43:08,500
geological processes. 
The real breakthrough came in 

6337
05:43:08,500 --> 05:43:10,700
the 1966 with the development of
plate. 

6338
05:43:10,700 --> 05:43:13,800
Tectonics theory. 
Scientists realized that the 

6339
05:43:13,800 --> 05:43:17,900
Earth's surface consists of 
massive rigid plates floating on

6340
05:43:17,900 --> 05:43:19,600
a partially molten layer 
beneath. 

6341
05:43:20,500 --> 05:43:23,800
These plates move driven by 
convection currents in the 

6342
05:43:23,800 --> 05:43:27,700
Earth's mantle where plates 
separate new crust forms where 

6343
05:43:27,700 --> 05:43:30,600
they Collide mountains, rise or 
one plate, subducts beneath 

6344
05:43:30,600 --> 05:43:33,700
another plate, tectonics 
explained everything that 

6345
05:43:33,700 --> 05:43:36,800
lemuria had been invented to 
explain, but it did. 

6346
05:43:36,800 --> 05:43:40,800
So with actual evidence and 
testable mechanisms the matching

6347
05:43:40,800 --> 05:43:45,200
fossils on different continents,
they won't separated by a sunken

6348
05:43:45,200 --> 05:43:48,800
land bridge, but by continents 
that had split apart, The 

6349
05:43:48,800 --> 05:43:52,400
distribution of Lemurs 
Madagascar had separated from 

6350
05:43:52,400 --> 05:43:55,700
India, millions of years ago 
when Africa and the Indian 

6351
05:43:55,700 --> 05:43:57,800
subcontinent were parts of 
gondwana. 

6352
05:43:58,500 --> 05:44:01,600
A southern supercontinent 
suddenly lemuria became 

6353
05:44:01,600 --> 05:44:05,700
scientifically unnecessary. 
The puzzles that had inspired 

6354
05:44:05,700 --> 05:44:08,900
Slaters original hypothesis. 
Now had a better explanation, 

6355
05:44:08,900 --> 05:44:12,500
one supported by evidence from 
ocean floor, mapping, 

6356
05:44:12,500 --> 05:44:17,200
earthquake, patterns, volcanic 
activity, and the continuing 

6357
05:44:17,200 --> 05:44:19,900
movement of continents, that 
could be measured with Precision

6358
05:44:19,900 --> 05:44:22,100
Instruments. 
You might think this would have 

6359
05:44:22,100 --> 05:44:26,100
killed the lemuria myth. 
But mythology doesn't die, just 

6360
05:44:26,100 --> 05:44:28,500
because science provides better,
explanations. 

6361
05:44:29,400 --> 05:44:33,400
Myths persist because they serve
needs that transcend factual 

6362
05:44:33,400 --> 05:44:38,900
accuracy. while geologists 
abandoned lemuria Mystics and 

6363
05:44:38,900 --> 05:44:42,900
alternative historians clung to 
it with renewed further often 

6364
05:44:42,900 --> 05:44:46,500
claiming that mainstream science
was suppressing evidence or that

6365
05:44:46,500 --> 05:44:49,700
spiritual truth, transcended 
mere, physical facts, 

6366
05:44:50,400 --> 05:44:52,700
Scientific. 
Abandonment of lemuria, actually

6367
05:44:52,700 --> 05:44:56,500
freed the myth to become more. 
Elaborate Without the constraint

6368
05:44:56,500 --> 05:45:00,200
of needing to fit geological 
evidence, Lemurian enthusiasts 

6369
05:45:00,200 --> 05:45:01,800
could imagine whatever they 
wanted. 

6370
05:45:02,600 --> 05:45:05,800
The Lost Continent migrated 
between oceans, depending on who

6371
05:45:05,800 --> 05:45:09,500
was writing about it. 
It's civilizations, technology 

6372
05:45:09,500 --> 05:45:12,600
became increasingly 
anachronistic and impossible. 

6373
05:45:13,400 --> 05:45:16,600
The reasons for its destruction 
multiplied and diverged. 

6374
05:45:16,600 --> 05:45:19,600
Modern, geology can. 
Now map the ocean floor with 

6375
05:45:19,600 --> 05:45:23,200
extraordinary precision, We've 
sent submarines to the deepest 

6376
05:45:23,200 --> 05:45:26,300
trenches and used sonar to 
create detailed topographical 

6377
05:45:26,300 --> 05:45:30,000
maps of underwater Terrain. 
There's no way for a continent 

6378
05:45:30,000 --> 05:45:33,000
sized landmaster. 
Hide the Indian Ocean Floor, 

6379
05:45:33,000 --> 05:45:34,800
shows the expected patterns of 
plate. 

6380
05:45:34,800 --> 05:45:39,000
Tectonics spreading ridges, 
subduction zones, and Volcanic 

6381
05:45:39,000 --> 05:45:43,200
chains, but no evidence of 
recent Continental subsequence. 

6382
05:45:43,200 --> 05:45:46,500
Yet this definitive absence of 
evidence hasn't eliminated 

6383
05:45:46,500 --> 05:45:49,600
belief. 
In lemuria instead believe as of

6384
05:45:49,600 --> 05:45:53,100
adapted their claims Maybe 
lemuria existed. 

6385
05:45:53,100 --> 05:45:56,500
So long ago that geological 
processes of erased all traces 

6386
05:45:57,600 --> 05:45:59,900
Maybe it was in a different 
Ocean than originally thought. 

6387
05:46:01,300 --> 05:46:04,300
Maybe it wasn't a physical 
continent, but nostril realm 

6388
05:46:04,300 --> 05:46:06,400
that existed on a different 
plane of reality. 

6389
05:46:07,500 --> 05:46:10,800
The myth simply evolves to 
survive demonstrating 

6390
05:46:10,800 --> 05:46:14,800
impressive, adaptability, the 
transformation of lemuria from 

6391
05:46:14,800 --> 05:46:17,200
scientific. 
Hypothesis to disproven Theory 

6392
05:46:17,200 --> 05:46:20,700
to persistent, myth illustrates 
something important about how 

6393
05:46:20,700 --> 05:46:23,800
knowledge works. 
Scientific theories are 

6394
05:46:23,800 --> 05:46:27,200
provisional, they stand until 
better explanations emerge. 

6395
05:46:27,200 --> 05:46:30,300
Then gracefully retire, myths 
are different. 

6396
05:46:30,300 --> 05:46:33,400
They're not about explaining 
physical reality, but about 

6397
05:46:33,400 --> 05:46:37,100
meeting psychological and 
emotional, needs disproving a 

6398
05:46:37,100 --> 05:46:38,300
myths. 
Literal truth, doesn't 

6399
05:46:38,300 --> 05:46:41,000
eliminate. 
Those needs for scientists 

6400
05:46:41,000 --> 05:46:42,000
plate. 
Tectonics. 

6401
05:46:42,000 --> 05:46:45,800
Replacing lemuria represents 
progress better understanding 

6402
05:46:45,800 --> 05:46:48,800
built on evidence. 
For believers science, is 

6403
05:46:48,800 --> 05:46:52,500
rejection of lemuria Might 
represent closed-mindedness or 

6404
05:46:52,500 --> 05:46:54,500
the limitations of materialistic
thinking. 

6405
05:46:55,600 --> 05:46:58,100
These groups were essentially 
speaking, different languages 

6406
05:46:58,100 --> 05:47:02,200
pursuing different goals and 
measuring success by different 

6407
05:47:02,200 --> 05:47:05,200
standards. 
The story of lemuria scientific 

6408
05:47:05,200 --> 05:47:08,700
demise is actually a success 
story for science a 

6409
05:47:08,700 --> 05:47:11,200
demonstration of how the 
scientific method of eventually 

6410
05:47:11,200 --> 05:47:14,200
arrives at better explanations 
by following evidence wherever 

6411
05:47:14,200 --> 05:47:17,200
it leads. 
But it simultaneously a 

6412
05:47:17,200 --> 05:47:19,000
demonstration of science is 
limits. 

6413
05:47:19,800 --> 05:47:23,000
Science can explain physical 
processes but it can't 

6414
05:47:23,000 --> 05:47:27,300
necessarily satisfy human 
yearning for lost Golden Ages or

6415
05:47:27,300 --> 05:47:30,700
connections to ancient wisdom. 
As you settle more comfortably 

6416
05:47:30,700 --> 05:47:34,100
into your blankets. 
Let's explore how lemuria escape

6417
05:47:34,100 --> 05:47:38,300
the confines of both scientific 
journals and a cult societies to

6418
05:47:38,300 --> 05:47:41,500
become a presence in our 
galleries, bookstores, and 

6419
05:47:41,500 --> 05:47:44,400
eventually movie theaters. 
The Lost Continent. 

6420
05:47:44,400 --> 05:47:47,400
Proved irresistible to artists 
and writers because it offered 

6421
05:47:47,400 --> 05:47:49,800
something precious a blank 
canvas. 

6422
05:47:50,800 --> 05:47:54,000
Unlike actual historical 
civilizations that come burdened

6423
05:47:54,000 --> 05:47:57,800
with inconvenient facts. 
The muria could be what ever an 

6424
05:47:57,800 --> 05:48:01,200
artist needed it to be? 
It was Eden without biblical 

6425
05:48:01,200 --> 05:48:05,300
constraints Atlantis without 
Plato's philosophical baggage. 

6426
05:48:05,300 --> 05:48:08,500
A lost world limited only by 
imagination. 

6427
05:48:08,500 --> 05:48:12,300
Science fiction writers were 
particularly drawn to Lemurian 

6428
05:48:12,300 --> 05:48:15,900
themes. 
Abraham merits, 1999 novel, the 

6429
05:48:15,900 --> 05:48:19,200
moon pool featured hidden 
Lemurian ruins in Micronesia, 

6430
05:48:19,200 --> 05:48:23,400
complete with ancient technology
and other worldly beings. 

6431
05:48:24,400 --> 05:48:28,000
His Lush dreamlike Pros. 
Transformed lemuria from an 

6432
05:48:28,000 --> 05:48:30,300
abstract Concept in to a 
visceral experience. 

6433
05:48:31,400 --> 05:48:33,800
You could almost smell the 
tropical flowers and feel the 

6434
05:48:33,800 --> 05:48:37,300
humid air of his Lost World. 
These early 20th century 

6435
05:48:37,300 --> 05:48:40,600
adventure stories, treated 
lemuria much as they treated any

6436
05:48:40,600 --> 05:48:44,700
exotic location as a setting for
Western protagonist to have 

6437
05:48:44,700 --> 05:48:48,400
thrilling experiences. 
The actual lemurians often 

6438
05:48:48,400 --> 05:48:52,000
appeared as wise mentors 
mysterious guides or 

6439
05:48:52,000 --> 05:48:55,800
occasionally obstacles to be 
overcome. they were essentially 

6440
05:48:55,800 --> 05:49:00,000
Fantastical versions of the 
noble, savage Trope, filtered 

6441
05:49:00,000 --> 05:49:03,800
through theosophical ideas about
spiritual advancement poets 

6442
05:49:03,800 --> 05:49:08,400
found lemuria equally inspiring 
The Lost Continent became a 

6443
05:49:08,400 --> 05:49:12,200
metaphor for vanished, innocence
for knowledge lost to time for 

6444
05:49:12,200 --> 05:49:15,400
the price of hubris. 
In these poetic treatments, 

6445
05:49:15,400 --> 05:49:17,900
lemuria wasn't necessarily 
literal. 

6446
05:49:17,900 --> 05:49:22,200
It was symbolic representing, 
whatever the poet felt had been 

6447
05:49:22,200 --> 05:49:24,000
lost in the transition to 
modernity. 

6448
05:49:25,300 --> 05:49:28,200
The continents, physical 
existence mattered, less than 

6449
05:49:28,200 --> 05:49:30,900
its emotional resonance visual 
artists. 

6450
05:49:30,900 --> 05:49:34,600
Produced, countless depictions 
of lemuria each reflecting their

6451
05:49:34,600 --> 05:49:39,400
ears aesthetic sensibilities. 
Victorian illustrations showed 

6452
05:49:39,400 --> 05:49:43,300
it as a vaguely classical 
civilization with toga clad in 

6453
05:49:43,300 --> 05:49:48,200
habitats and marble temples Art 
Deco interpretations, featured 

6454
05:49:48,200 --> 05:49:54,000
sleep, geometric, buildings, and
stylized figures. 1970s new age 

6455
05:49:54,000 --> 05:49:57,700
are transformed it into a 
psychedelic Paradise of crystals

6456
05:49:57,700 --> 05:50:00,700
and Cosmic Consciousness. 
What striking about these 

6457
05:50:00,700 --> 05:50:02,900
artistic? 
Representations is their 

6458
05:50:02,900 --> 05:50:05,400
diversity. 
Unlike historically, attested 

6459
05:50:05,400 --> 05:50:08,800
civilizations that must conform 
to archaeological evidence. 

6460
05:50:08,800 --> 05:50:13,100
Lemurian art was constrained 
only by the artist imagination 

6461
05:50:13,100 --> 05:50:17,300
and their audiences 
expectations. this Freedom 

6462
05:50:17,300 --> 05:50:21,900
produced wildly varying Visions 
from primitive tribal societies 

6463
05:50:21,900 --> 05:50:25,800
to technological Utopias 
sometimes within the same decade

6464
05:50:25,800 --> 05:50:29,200
comic books and Pulp magazines 
in bracelet emiri and 

6465
05:50:29,200 --> 05:50:32,600
enthusiastically the continent 
of appeared in adventurous 

6466
05:50:32,600 --> 05:50:36,200
stories, horror tales and even 
superhero comics. 

6467
05:50:37,100 --> 05:50:40,300
Sometimes it was the source of 
mystical artifacts that modern 

6468
05:50:40,300 --> 05:50:44,000
characters sought. 
Sometimes, it provided origin 

6469
05:50:44,000 --> 05:50:47,100
stories for mysterious villains 
or wise mentors. 

6470
05:50:48,300 --> 05:50:50,800
The Lost Continent had become a 
standard element in. 

6471
05:50:50,800 --> 05:50:54,700
Popular culture's toolkit 
available for whatever narrative

6472
05:50:54,700 --> 05:50:58,500
purpose are writing needed. 
The 1960s and 1970s 

6473
05:50:58,500 --> 05:51:01,300
counterculture found. 
Lemuria particularly appealing, 

6474
05:51:02,100 --> 05:51:05,300
As young people rejected 
mainstream society and sought 

6475
05:51:05,300 --> 05:51:09,000
alternative, worldviews the Lost
Continent fit perfectly into 

6476
05:51:09,000 --> 05:51:13,100
emerging New Age philosophy. 
Lemuria represented Humanity. 

6477
05:51:13,100 --> 05:51:18,100
Before hierarchies before, 
pollution before War everything,

6478
05:51:18,100 --> 05:51:20,200
the counterculture imagined 
could exist. 

6479
05:51:20,200 --> 05:51:22,600
If only society would Embrace 
peace. 

6480
05:51:22,600 --> 05:51:27,400
Love and Spiritual Development, 
this association with new age 

6481
05:51:27,400 --> 05:51:29,900
culture. 
Cemented lemuria modern image 

6482
05:51:29,900 --> 05:51:33,800
walk in to any metaphysical 
bookstore and you'll likely find

6483
05:51:33,800 --> 05:51:37,000
books about Lemurian. 
Crystals Lemurian, healing 

6484
05:51:37,000 --> 05:51:40,000
techniques or how to channel 
Lemurian spirits. 

6485
05:51:40,900 --> 05:51:43,400
The continent has become 
thoroughly integrated into 

6486
05:51:43,400 --> 05:51:47,200
contemporary alternative. 
Spirituality alongside chartres 

6487
05:51:47,200 --> 05:51:51,500
auras and astral projection. 
Musicians of composed Symphonies

6488
05:51:51,500 --> 05:51:55,500
and songs inspired by lemuria. 
Progressive rock bands, wrote 

6489
05:51:55,500 --> 05:51:58,400
concept albums about its fall. 
New Age. 

6490
05:51:58,400 --> 05:52:01,600
Musicians created ambient 
soundscape, supposedly 

6491
05:52:01,600 --> 05:52:03,400
channeling. 
Lemurian vibrations. 

6492
05:52:04,400 --> 05:52:07,700
The Lost Continent even appeared
in video games, providing 

6493
05:52:07,700 --> 05:52:10,800
backstory and mystical elements 
for Fantasy worlds. 

6494
05:52:10,800 --> 05:52:14,200
What's interesting is how 
lemuria is Artistic and cultural

6495
05:52:14,200 --> 05:52:17,600
presence has a Clips at 
scientific origin's. 

6496
05:52:18,400 --> 05:52:21,800
Ask most people today about 
lemuria and they're more likely 

6497
05:52:21,800 --> 05:52:25,400
to mention crystals and 
spiritual Evolution than Lima 

6498
05:52:25,400 --> 05:52:28,600
distribution patterns. 
The myth has successfully 

6499
05:52:28,600 --> 05:52:32,000
reproduced across cultural 
domains adapting to each new 

6500
05:52:32,000 --> 05:52:35,200
medium while maintaining enough 
consistency to remain 

6501
05:52:35,200 --> 05:52:38,300
recognizable, television and 
film approached. 

6502
05:52:38,300 --> 05:52:41,500
Lemuria more cautiously than 
print media, perhaps because 

6503
05:52:41,500 --> 05:52:44,700
visual media demands more 
concrete depiction Still. 

6504
05:52:44,700 --> 05:52:47,900
The continent has appeared in 
documentaries about loss 

6505
05:52:47,900 --> 05:52:51,900
civilizations, usually framed. 
As some people believe segments,

6506
05:52:51,900 --> 05:52:53,800
that present claims without 
endorsement. 

6507
05:52:54,700 --> 05:52:58,400
These presentations often treat,
lemuria alongside Atlantis and 

6508
05:52:58,400 --> 05:53:02,000
other legendary places, rarely 
acknowledging, that lemuria 

6509
05:53:02,000 --> 05:53:07,100
unlike Atlantis originated as a 
serious scientific hypothesis. 

6510
05:53:07,100 --> 05:53:10,600
The internet age has been 
remarkably kind to lemuria 

6511
05:53:11,400 --> 05:53:13,300
Website's devoted to the Lost 
Continent. 

6512
05:53:13,300 --> 05:53:17,100
Proliferate offering everything 
from supposedly historical 

6513
05:53:17,100 --> 05:53:20,800
accounts to guide it meditation 
for connecting with Lemurian 

6514
05:53:20,800 --> 05:53:23,400
energy. 
YouTube features, countless 

6515
05:53:23,400 --> 05:53:27,300
videos about lemuria ranging 
from Earnest spiritual teachings

6516
05:53:27,300 --> 05:53:31,700
to critical debunking. 
The democratization of content. 

6517
05:53:31,700 --> 05:53:35,800
Creation means lemuria can be 
endlessly reinvented by anyone 

6518
05:53:35,800 --> 05:53:37,800
with a camera and an internet 
connection. 

6519
05:53:37,800 --> 05:53:41,500
Social media has created 
communities of lemuria believers

6520
05:53:41,500 --> 05:53:44,300
who share experiences theories 
and art. 

6521
05:53:45,200 --> 05:53:48,300
These digital spaces function, 
similarly to Victorian 

6522
05:53:48,300 --> 05:53:51,700
spiritualist, societies 
communities of seekers 

6523
05:53:51,700 --> 05:53:54,100
supporting each other's 
explorations of alternative 

6524
05:53:54,100 --> 05:53:56,100
histories and spiritual 
possibilities. 

6525
05:53:56,800 --> 05:54:00,000
The technology is modern, but 
the impulses are ancient. 

6526
05:54:00,000 --> 05:54:03,100
What all these artistic and 
cultural manifestations. 

6527
05:54:03,100 --> 05:54:06,700
Share is a sense that lemuria 
represents something missing 

6528
05:54:06,700 --> 05:54:09,900
from Modern Life. 
Whether that's spiritual wisdom,

6529
05:54:09,900 --> 05:54:14,700
harmony with nature advance, but
lost technology, or simply the 

6530
05:54:14,700 --> 05:54:17,900
romance of mystery. 
The Lost Continent serves, as a 

6531
05:54:17,908 --> 05:54:20,000
receptacle, for contemporary 
longings. 

6532
05:54:20,000 --> 05:54:23,700
Projected onto an imaginary 
passed as we approach the end of

6533
05:54:23,708 --> 05:54:25,900
our journey. 
Let's consider what lemuria 

6534
05:54:25,900 --> 05:54:28,400
means. 
Now, in our own time, when 

6535
05:54:28,400 --> 05:54:32,100
satellite imagery has matched 
every inch of the planet and 

6536
05:54:32,100 --> 05:54:34,800
scientific understanding of 
Earth's history is more 

6537
05:54:34,800 --> 05:54:37,900
comprehensive than ever. 
The story of lemuria is 

6538
05:54:37,900 --> 05:54:41,900
ultimately a story about human 
imagination and its relationship

6539
05:54:41,900 --> 05:54:45,000
with evidence. 
It demonstrates how easily 

6540
05:54:45,000 --> 05:54:48,500
scientific hypotheses can 
transform into myths when they 

6541
05:54:48,500 --> 05:54:50,600
tap into deeper needs and 
desires. 

6542
05:54:51,300 --> 05:54:54,600
It shows how myths persist 
despite contrary evidence 

6543
05:54:54,600 --> 05:54:58,000
because they serve purposes that
transcend factual accuracy, 

6544
05:54:58,000 --> 05:55:01,100
lemuria Journey. 
From Zoological puzzle to 

6545
05:55:01,108 --> 05:55:03,900
spiritual, Homeland reveals 
something important about the 

6546
05:55:03,900 --> 05:55:07,900
Victorian era that created it. 
That was a time of enormous 

6547
05:55:07,900 --> 05:55:11,200
confidence in human 
understanding, but also deep 

6548
05:55:11,200 --> 05:55:13,700
anxiety about Humanity's place 
in the universe. 

6549
05:55:14,700 --> 05:55:18,200
Darwin had displayed human from 
their special Creation in 

6550
05:55:18,200 --> 05:55:20,500
industrialization. 
A disrupted traditional 

6551
05:55:20,500 --> 05:55:24,300
communities, traditional 
religious certainty was eroding.

6552
05:55:25,300 --> 05:55:29,100
The muria offered Comfort. 
A suggestion that Humanity had 

6553
05:55:29,100 --> 05:55:32,900
once achieved greatness and 
might do so again, the myth also

6554
05:55:32,900 --> 05:55:35,400
reflects Colonial, attitude and 
anxiety attacks. 

6555
05:55:36,300 --> 05:55:39,600
The idea that isolated primitive
people's might be degraded 

6556
05:55:39,600 --> 05:55:40,900
remnants of advanced 
civilizations. 

6557
05:55:40,900 --> 05:55:45,500
Justified colonialism while 
explaining cultural differences 

6558
05:55:45,500 --> 05:55:49,800
in ways that preserved European 
superiority, Even as a critique 

6559
05:55:49,800 --> 05:55:53,700
modern civilization to flaws, 
the Murray mythology, often 

6560
05:55:53,700 --> 05:55:56,600
embedded racist, assumptions 
about human development and 

6561
05:55:56,600 --> 05:55:59,700
achievement, modern Believers in
lemuria face. 

6562
05:55:59,700 --> 05:56:02,300
Different challenges than their 
Victorian predecessors. 

6563
05:56:02,300 --> 05:56:05,700
They must navigate a world where
a murias scientific 

6564
05:56:05,700 --> 05:56:09,000
impossibilities. 
Well, established, This is led 

6565
05:56:09,000 --> 05:56:13,100
to interesting adaptations, some
locate lemuria in increasingly 

6566
05:56:13,100 --> 05:56:16,300
remote time periods. 
Hundreds of millions of years 

6567
05:56:16,300 --> 05:56:19,300
ago, when geological evidence 
becomes murkier. 

6568
05:56:20,200 --> 05:56:24,000
Others shift from physical to 
metaphysical claims suggesting 

6569
05:56:24,000 --> 05:56:27,800
lemuria existed on spiritual 
rather than material planes. 

6570
05:56:27,800 --> 05:56:31,700
The Persistence of the lemuria 
belief, despite scientific 

6571
05:56:31,700 --> 05:56:35,700
consensus reveals the limits of 
scientific Authority and shaping

6572
05:56:35,700 --> 05:56:39,100
public imagination. 
Science can establish facts 

6573
05:56:39,100 --> 05:56:42,400
about the physical world, but it
cannot dictate what stories 

6574
05:56:42,400 --> 05:56:46,100
people find meaningful or what 
beliefs serve their cycle needs.

6575
05:56:47,000 --> 05:56:49,900
This is both science is 
limitation and its strength. 

6576
05:56:49,900 --> 05:56:53,100
It constrains itself to 
answerable questions, rather 

6577
05:56:53,100 --> 05:56:56,700
than claiming authority over 
human meaning, making lemuria 

6578
05:56:56,700 --> 05:56:59,500
has also become a case, study 
and how to approach dubious 

6579
05:56:59,500 --> 05:57:02,300
claims without dismissing the 
people who hold them. 

6580
05:57:03,200 --> 05:57:05,700
Skeptics who simply mockery of 
Believers. 

6581
05:57:05,700 --> 05:57:09,300
Often miss the opportunity to 
understand why the myth remains 

6582
05:57:09,300 --> 05:57:11,900
appealing. 
The Lost Continent addresses. 

6583
05:57:11,900 --> 05:57:16,000
Real needs for one for 
connection to something greater 

6584
05:57:16,000 --> 05:57:19,200
than oneself and for 
alternatives to materialistic 

6585
05:57:19,200 --> 05:57:22,000
reductionism. 
The educational challenge is 

6586
05:57:22,000 --> 05:57:24,600
finding ways to teach critical 
thinking while respecting 

6587
05:57:24,600 --> 05:57:28,400
people's need for meaning. 
Explaining why lemuria is 

6588
05:57:28,400 --> 05:57:30,600
geologically. 
Impossible is relatively 

6589
05:57:30,600 --> 05:57:33,700
straightforward. 
Helping people understand what 

6590
05:57:33,700 --> 05:57:36,900
needs the myth serves and 
finding better ways to meet 

6591
05:57:36,900 --> 05:57:39,900
those needs is much harder. 
But ultimately more important 

6592
05:57:39,900 --> 05:57:43,200
lemuria has left. 
Its mark on language and culture

6593
05:57:43,200 --> 05:57:46,400
in ways that persist regardless 
of belief in its literal 

6594
05:57:46,400 --> 05:57:49,700
existence. 
When someone refers to an idea, 

6595
05:57:49,700 --> 05:57:54,000
as lemuria vague 
unsubstantiated, but appealing 

6596
05:57:54,000 --> 05:57:56,800
their drawing on the Lost 
continents Legacy. 

6597
05:57:57,700 --> 05:58:00,800
Terms become short-hand for a 
particular kind of attractive 

6598
05:58:00,800 --> 05:58:04,300
but unfounded speculation. 
The myth has also influenced 

6599
05:58:04,300 --> 05:58:07,900
legitimate archeology and 
anthropology by creating 

6600
05:58:07,900 --> 05:58:11,400
expectations and interpretations
that researchers must navigate 

6601
05:58:12,700 --> 05:58:15,400
when unusual artifact or 
structures are discovered. 

6602
05:58:16,200 --> 05:58:19,200
Someone inevitably suggest 
Lemurian Origins. 

6603
05:58:20,100 --> 05:58:23,800
This forces scientists to repeat
Italy, explain dating methods, 

6604
05:58:23,800 --> 05:58:27,400
construction techniques and 
cultural contexts. 

6605
05:58:28,100 --> 05:58:31,100
Which can be frustrating but 
also provides opportunities for 

6606
05:58:31,100 --> 05:58:35,200
public education about how we 
actually understand the past. 

6607
05:58:35,200 --> 05:58:38,600
Lemurs most. 
Lasting contribution is a 

6608
05:58:38,600 --> 05:58:40,900
reminder of science is 
provisional nature. 

6609
05:58:41,900 --> 05:58:45,100
The scientific theories that 
gave birth to lemuria seemed 

6610
05:58:45,100 --> 05:58:46,800
sound based on available 
evidence. 

6611
05:58:47,700 --> 05:58:50,000
Scientists weren't being foolish
or credulous. 

6612
05:58:50,000 --> 05:58:52,600
They were working with 
incomplete information and 

6613
05:58:52,600 --> 05:58:55,700
proposing, explanations that fit
their understanding of how the 

6614
05:58:55,700 --> 05:58:58,900
world worked. 
That those explanations proved 

6615
05:58:58,900 --> 05:59:02,800
incorrect, doesn't diminish, the
legitimate scientific process 

6616
05:59:02,800 --> 05:59:05,600
that generated them. 
This should make us humble about

6617
05:59:05,600 --> 05:59:08,700
current scientific consensus. 
Not every Theory will be 

6618
05:59:08,700 --> 05:59:12,400
overturned, but history suggests
that some of what we consider 

6619
05:59:12,400 --> 05:59:15,900
establish fact will be revised 
as understanding deepens. 

6620
05:59:15,900 --> 05:59:19,700
The scientific method strength 
lies in its self-correction. 

6621
05:59:19,700 --> 05:59:22,700
Its willingness to abandon even 
cherished theories. 

6622
05:59:22,700 --> 05:59:27,000
When evidence demands it at the 
same time is transformation from

6623
05:59:27,000 --> 05:59:30,500
hypothesis to myth. 
Demonstrates, the danger of 

6624
05:59:30,500 --> 05:59:34,300
premature certainly. 
The ease with which Victorian 

6625
05:59:34,300 --> 05:59:37,700
scientists accepted the 
subsiding continent hypothesis 

6626
05:59:37,700 --> 05:59:40,200
suggests. 
They were too quick to embrace 

6627
05:59:40,200 --> 05:59:43,600
convenient explanations. 
This is a trap that each 

6628
05:59:43,600 --> 05:59:47,500
generation of scientists must 
guard against the temptation to 

6629
05:59:47,500 --> 05:59:51,000
accept explanations that fit 
expectations, rather than 

6630
05:59:51,000 --> 05:59:55,600
demanding rigorous proof, the 
Believers in lemuria, the myth 

6631
05:59:55,600 --> 05:59:59,400
offer something science, cannot 
A sense of enchantment in a 

6632
05:59:59,400 --> 06:00:02,900
disenchanted world. 
It suggests that reality is 

6633
06:00:02,900 --> 06:00:05,800
larger and Stranger Than 
mainstream understanding allows 

6634
06:00:05,800 --> 06:00:10,500
that mystery persists, despite 
scientific explanation and that 

6635
06:00:10,500 --> 06:00:13,600
rationality doesn't exhaust the 
possibilities of Human 

6636
06:00:13,600 --> 06:00:17,000
Experience. 
These are important needs that 

6637
06:00:17,000 --> 06:00:20,300
deserve respect even when 
specific beliefs don't deserve 

6638
06:00:20,300 --> 06:00:22,700
acceptance. 
The question isn't, whether 

6639
06:00:22,700 --> 06:00:25,700
lemuria existed geologically? 
It didn't. 

6640
06:00:26,500 --> 06:00:29,400
Interesting question is why 
people continue to believe in 

6641
06:00:29,400 --> 06:00:31,200
it? 
And what that belief does for 

6642
06:00:31,200 --> 06:00:33,600
them? 
Some are drawn to the narrative.

6643
06:00:33,600 --> 06:00:37,100
Spiritual elements finding 
meaning in Lemurian teachings 

6644
06:00:37,100 --> 06:00:39,100
about Consciousness and human 
potential. 

6645
06:00:40,100 --> 06:00:42,800
Others, appreciate the myths, 
critique of modern civilization,

6646
06:00:42,800 --> 06:00:47,100
using lemuria as a lens for 
examining what contemporary 

6647
06:00:47,100 --> 06:00:50,700
Society might be missing. 
Young people today, discovering 

6648
06:00:50,700 --> 06:00:53,100
lemuria often approach it 
differently than earlier 

6649
06:00:53,100 --> 06:00:55,800
Generations. 
Many treated as aesthetic. 

6650
06:00:55,800 --> 06:00:59,400
Inspirational, the Murano 
imagery for art musical. 

6651
06:00:59,400 --> 06:01:02,100
Fashioned without committing to 
literal belief. 

6652
06:01:02,900 --> 06:01:06,200
This ironic or aesthetic 
appropriation represents another

6653
06:01:06,200 --> 06:01:10,300
evolution of the myth one that 
values lemurs and imaginative 

6654
06:01:10,300 --> 06:01:13,300
power while acknowledging its 
factual problems. 

6655
06:01:13,300 --> 06:01:17,800
As you prepare for Sleep, 
consider this Lemuria never 

6656
06:01:17,800 --> 06:01:22,500
existed as a physical place, but
it exists very much as an idea. 

6657
06:01:23,400 --> 06:01:26,500
Map showing its location, have 
influenced, thought, and culture

6658
06:01:26,500 --> 06:01:30,100
for over a century. 
Books describing its 

6659
06:01:30,100 --> 06:01:34,000
civilization Line library 
shelves, art depicting, its 

6660
06:01:34,000 --> 06:01:37,800
Landscapes, hangs and galleries.
The lost continent is imaginary 

6661
06:01:37,800 --> 06:01:41,900
but it's affects a real this 
Paradox that fictional places 

6662
06:01:41,900 --> 06:01:45,500
can have genuine consequences. 
Tells us something profound 

6663
06:01:45,500 --> 06:01:48,900
about human nature. we are 
storytelling creatures, who 

6664
06:01:48,900 --> 06:01:52,500
create meaning through 
narrative, Facts matter, but 

6665
06:01:52,500 --> 06:01:55,400
stories matter too, and 
sometimes they matter in 

6666
06:01:55,400 --> 06:01:57,900
different ways. 
The blank space is on those. 

6667
06:01:57,900 --> 06:01:59,800
Victorian Maps, weren't really 
blank. 

6668
06:01:59,800 --> 06:02:04,900
There were full of possibility 
When explorers finally Maps, 

6669
06:02:04,900 --> 06:02:08,700
those spaces and found only 
water coral, reefs and volcanic 

6670
06:02:08,700 --> 06:02:11,400
islands. 
They eliminated geographical 

6671
06:02:11,400 --> 06:02:14,200
mystery but couldn't eliminate 
the human need for Wonder 

6672
06:02:15,000 --> 06:02:18,100
lemuria filled that need. 
And when physical geography, 

6673
06:02:18,100 --> 06:02:21,900
could no longer accommodate it. 
The myths, simply migrated to 

6674
06:02:21,900 --> 06:02:26,200
other territories, the distant 
past alternative Dimensions, 

6675
06:02:26,200 --> 06:02:30,300
spiritual Realms, your own life,
probably contains equivalent 

6676
06:02:30,300 --> 06:02:33,300
blank spaces periods. 
You don't fully remember 

6677
06:02:33,300 --> 06:02:37,000
possibilities. 
Not pursued, Futures, that might

6678
06:02:37,000 --> 06:02:41,000
have been Like Victorian 
cartographers filling, unknown 

6679
06:02:41,000 --> 06:02:43,900
oceans with speculative 
continents, you've probably 

6680
06:02:43,900 --> 06:02:47,600
populated your blank spaces with
imagine what ifs and might have 

6681
06:02:47,600 --> 06:02:50,900
been. 
This isn't foolishness, it's 

6682
06:02:50,900 --> 06:02:54,800
imagination and Imagination is 
as fundamental to human nature. 

6683
06:02:54,800 --> 06:02:58,600
As reason the story of lemuria 
teaches us to hold our 

6684
06:02:58,600 --> 06:03:01,600
certainties lightly. 
The Victorian scientists who 

6685
06:03:01,608 --> 06:03:03,100
proposed. 
Sunken continents. 

6686
06:03:03,100 --> 06:03:05,400
Weren't stupid. 
They were working with 

6687
06:03:05,400 --> 06:03:09,200
incomplete information and doing
their best to explain genuine 

6688
06:03:09,200 --> 06:03:12,100
Mysteries. 
The mystics who elaborated, the 

6689
06:03:12,100 --> 06:03:15,700
myth won't all frauds. 
Many genuinely sought, meaning 

6690
06:03:15,700 --> 06:03:17,800
in a world that seemed 
increasingly meaningless. 

6691
06:03:18,900 --> 06:03:22,500
Even modern Believers in lemuria
are not necessarily credulous. 

6692
06:03:22,500 --> 06:03:25,800
There are often thoughtful 
people who have decided that 

6693
06:03:25,800 --> 06:03:29,100
spiritual truth and scientific 
fact, operating different 

6694
06:03:29,100 --> 06:03:31,900
domains. 
This doesn't mean or beliefs are

6695
06:03:31,900 --> 06:03:34,900
equally valid that we should 
abandon critical thinking. 

6696
06:03:36,000 --> 06:03:38,700
Scientific evidence. 
Clearly demonstrates that no 

6697
06:03:38,700 --> 06:03:41,900
continent sized land. 
Mass has subsided in the Indian 

6698
06:03:41,900 --> 06:03:44,600
or Pacific Ocean within the 
time. 

6699
06:03:44,600 --> 06:03:46,200
Frame relevant to human 
evolution. 

6700
06:03:46,200 --> 06:03:50,200
Plate tectonics explains the 
distribution of species and 

6701
06:03:50,200 --> 06:03:54,600
geological formations without 
requiring lost continents, these

6702
06:03:54,600 --> 06:03:58,500
facts matter and respecting 
evidence matters but facts, 

6703
06:03:58,500 --> 06:04:02,600
don't exhaust reality. 
The human need for Wonder for 

6704
06:04:02,600 --> 06:04:06,100
connection to something greater 
than ourselves The Narrative 

6705
06:04:06,100 --> 06:04:09,100
that give life meaning. 
These are also real. 

6706
06:04:10,200 --> 06:04:13,900
Lemuria persists not because 
evidence supports it but because

6707
06:04:13,900 --> 06:04:16,800
it addresses needs that evidence
cannot satisfy. 

6708
06:04:17,700 --> 06:04:20,900
Understanding this helps us 
appreciate why myths endure and 

6709
06:04:20,900 --> 06:04:23,900
what purposes? 
They serve the 21st century 

6710
06:04:23,900 --> 06:04:26,900
presents us with fewer 
geographical blank spaces than 

6711
06:04:26,900 --> 06:04:30,300
the victorians, and joy, but 
we've discovered new Realms of 

6712
06:04:30,308 --> 06:04:33,600
Mystery. 
The ocean depths remain largely 

6713
06:04:33,600 --> 06:04:36,800
unexplored. 
The quantum realm behaves in 

6714
06:04:36,808 --> 06:04:40,700
ways that defy, intuition, 
Consciousness itself remains 

6715
06:04:40,700 --> 06:04:43,100
mysterious despite his advances 
in neuroscience. 

6716
06:04:44,200 --> 06:04:46,900
Perhaps these modern Mysteries. 
Will inspire new myths? 

6717
06:04:47,600 --> 06:04:51,100
New lemuria suited to 
contemporary needs what we can 

6718
06:04:51,100 --> 06:04:53,500
learn from. 
Lemuria story is the importance 

6719
06:04:53,500 --> 06:04:55,900
of distinguishing between 
different kinds of Truth. 

6720
06:04:56,800 --> 06:05:00,900
Scientific truth based on 
evidence and testing tells us 

6721
06:05:00,900 --> 06:05:05,100
what physically exists. 
Mythological truth based on 

6722
06:05:05,100 --> 06:05:08,600
meaning and narrative tells us 
what we need psychologically and

6723
06:05:08,600 --> 06:05:11,300
spiritually. 
The problems arise. 

6724
06:05:11,300 --> 06:05:14,200
When we confuse these 
categories, when myths, claim 

6725
06:05:14,200 --> 06:05:17,600
scientific Authority, they don't
have or when science claims to 

6726
06:05:17,600 --> 06:05:19,300
answer questions Beyond its 
scope. 

6727
06:05:19,300 --> 06:05:22,700
He mature relationship with 
beliefs like lemuria involves 

6728
06:05:22,700 --> 06:05:25,600
appreciating what they offer 
while acknowledging what they 

6729
06:05:25,608 --> 06:05:28,900
lack. 
You can find meaning in Lemurian

6730
06:05:28,900 --> 06:05:32,100
mythologies, emphasis on 
Spiritual Development without 

6731
06:05:32,100 --> 06:05:34,900
believing in literal, Lemurian 
civilizations. 

6732
06:05:35,600 --> 06:05:38,400
You can use the myths 
inspiration for art or 

6733
06:05:38,400 --> 06:05:41,900
meditation without making 
factual claims about geography. 

6734
06:05:42,900 --> 06:05:47,100
This both respects the myths, 
power and maintains intellectual

6735
06:05:47,100 --> 06:05:49,700
honesty. 
The scientist who debunked 

6736
06:05:49,700 --> 06:05:53,800
lemuria didn't destroy anything 
valuable They clarified, our 

6737
06:05:53,800 --> 06:05:57,200
understanding of Earth's actual 
history, which is fascinating 

6738
06:05:57,200 --> 06:05:59,100
enough without fictional 
continents. 

6739
06:05:59,900 --> 06:06:03,200
The real story of gondwana 
breaking apart of India, 

6740
06:06:03,200 --> 06:06:06,800
colliding, with Asia, to create 
the Himalayas Australia. 

6741
06:06:06,800 --> 06:06:09,700
Drifting North while carrying 
its unique marsupial. 

6742
06:06:09,700 --> 06:06:12,500
Foreigner, this is genuinely 
wonderous. 

6743
06:06:13,600 --> 06:06:15,700
We don't need a imaginary 
continents, when actual 

6744
06:06:15,700 --> 06:06:17,700
geological history is so 
remarkable. 

6745
06:06:17,700 --> 06:06:21,000
Yet, something is lost when we 
eliminate all mystery. 

6746
06:06:21,000 --> 06:06:24,400
When every blank space gets 
filled with verified facts, 

6747
06:06:25,500 --> 06:06:28,800
tension between knowledge and 
wonder between explanation and 

6748
06:06:28,800 --> 06:06:31,700
enchantment. 
Is one that each generation must

6749
06:06:31,700 --> 06:06:35,400
navigate for itself. 
Perhaps the healthiest approach 

6750
06:06:35,400 --> 06:06:39,200
is maintaining both. 
Scientific literacy about how 

6751
06:06:39,200 --> 06:06:43,400
the world actually works coupled
with appreciation for the human 

6752
06:06:43,400 --> 06:06:46,100
imagination. 
That can conceive of lost 

6753
06:06:46,100 --> 06:06:50,000
continents, ancient 
civilizations, and Spiritual 

6754
06:06:50,000 --> 06:06:52,200
truths, Beyond material, 
reality. 

6755
06:06:52,200 --> 06:06:55,100
Lemuria reminds us. 
That humans have always been 

6756
06:06:55,100 --> 06:06:58,800
meaning makers storytellers who 
shape our understanding through 

6757
06:06:58,800 --> 06:07:01,000
narrative as much as through 
observation. 

6758
06:07:01,900 --> 06:07:04,300
This is neither a floor, nor a 
virtue. 

6759
06:07:04,300 --> 06:07:07,600
It's simply what we are. 
The challenges doing it, 

6760
06:07:07,600 --> 06:07:10,800
consciously with awareness of 
when we're making claims about 

6761
06:07:10,800 --> 06:07:13,300
physical reality. 
And when we're expressing 

6762
06:07:13,300 --> 06:07:16,900
psychological needs through 
metaphor and myth as you drift 

6763
06:07:16,900 --> 06:07:20,400
towards sleep, you might dream 
of Tropical Islands, appearing 

6764
06:07:20,400 --> 06:07:24,400
on empty ocean Horizon of 
ancient temples emerging from 

6765
06:07:24,400 --> 06:07:28,200
missed of civilizations that 
never were, but somehow feel 

6766
06:07:28,200 --> 06:07:31,200
real in the way that dreams feel
real. 

6767
06:07:32,100 --> 06:07:34,800
These dreams can connect you to 
everyone who has ever wondered 

6768
06:07:34,800 --> 06:07:38,600
about what lies beyond the known
who has populated blank spaces 

6769
06:07:38,600 --> 06:07:41,900
with possibility and who has 
found meaning and stories. 

6770
06:07:41,900 --> 06:07:45,600
That transcend fact, the 
victorians who imagined lemuria 

6771
06:07:45,600 --> 06:07:47,900
were trying to solve real 
puzzles with the tools they had 

6772
06:07:47,900 --> 06:07:52,100
available, When better tools 
revealed better answers, the 

6773
06:07:52,100 --> 06:07:55,000
scientific hypothesis correctly 
faded away. 

6774
06:07:56,600 --> 06:08:00,700
But the myth persists because it
serves different needs needs for

6775
06:08:00,708 --> 06:08:04,200
Wonder for alternative 
possibilities for narratives. 

6776
06:08:04,200 --> 06:08:07,200
That suggests human. 
Existence is larger and more 

6777
06:08:07,200 --> 06:08:10,900
meaningful than materialistic 
reduction allows tomorrow when 

6778
06:08:10,900 --> 06:08:14,000
you wake, you'll inhabit a 
thoroughly mapped world. 

6779
06:08:14,900 --> 06:08:18,200
Satellites are photographed, 
every square mile of land and 

6780
06:08:18,200 --> 06:08:20,200
sea. 
We know where continents are, 

6781
06:08:20,200 --> 06:08:23,300
how they've moved. 
And why lemurs live where they 

6782
06:08:23,300 --> 06:08:25,300
do? 
This is progress. 

6783
06:08:25,300 --> 06:08:30,300
Genuine valuable progress, that 
expands human understanding and 

6784
06:08:30,300 --> 06:08:33,000
capability. 
But you'll also wake to a world 

6785
06:08:33,000 --> 06:08:36,400
that still contains mystery 
still offers possibilities for 

6786
06:08:36,400 --> 06:08:38,900
Wonder and still invite 
imagination. 

6787
06:08:38,900 --> 06:08:41,800
Even in the absence of 
geographical blank spaces. 

6788
06:08:42,900 --> 06:08:46,300
The human capacity to dream up 
lost continents hasn't 

6789
06:08:46,300 --> 06:08:49,900
disappeared, just because we've 
mapped the ocean floor, it 

6790
06:08:49,900 --> 06:08:53,900
simply found new outlets, New 
Frontiers, and new blank spaces 

6791
06:08:53,900 --> 06:08:58,300
to populate with possibility. 
Lemuria was born from lemurs and

6792
06:08:58,300 --> 06:09:01,600
scientific puzzles, transformed 
by spiritual Seekers and 

6793
06:09:01,608 --> 06:09:06,600
romantic dreamers elaborated by 
artists and writers and survives

6794
06:09:06,600 --> 06:09:08,500
today. 
As an idea, that means different

6795
06:09:08,500 --> 06:09:11,600
things to different people. 
It's a testament to human 

6796
06:09:11,600 --> 06:09:14,200
imagination. 
A cautionary tale about 

6797
06:09:14,200 --> 06:09:17,600
premature certainty. 
And a reminder that the stories 

6798
06:09:17,600 --> 06:09:21,500
we tell ourselves are as much a 
part of human reality as the 

6799
06:09:21,500 --> 06:09:24,100
facts. 
We discover the Lost Continent, 

6800
06:09:24,100 --> 06:09:28,500
never existed but the need to 
address is a real The 

6801
06:09:28,500 --> 06:09:31,800
civilizations described by 
Mystics, never flourished. 

6802
06:09:31,800 --> 06:09:36,200
But the yearning for Golden Ages
and spiritual wisdom is genuine.

6803
06:09:37,000 --> 06:09:40,900
The geographical hypothesis was 
wrong but the impulse to explain

6804
06:09:40,900 --> 06:09:43,700
puzzling observations was 
scientifically legitimate. 

6805
06:09:44,600 --> 06:09:48,900
Lemuria is false but not 
meaningless a sleep approaches. 

6806
06:09:48,900 --> 06:09:52,500
Let lemuria remind you that the 
boundary between fact and 

6807
06:09:52,500 --> 06:09:56,700
fiction between knowledge and 
Imagination and between science 

6808
06:09:56,700 --> 06:09:59,800
and myth is more permeable than 
we often acknowledge. 

6809
06:10:00,800 --> 06:10:03,800
We need rigorous thinking to 
understand how the world works. 

6810
06:10:03,800 --> 06:10:07,300
But we also need imagination to 
Envision how it might be 

6811
06:10:07,300 --> 06:10:10,100
different. 
We need evidence to guide our 

6812
06:10:10,100 --> 06:10:13,200
beliefs but we also need 
narratives to give our lives. 

6813
06:10:13,200 --> 06:10:16,900
Meaning the story of lemuria is 
ultimately hopeful. 

6814
06:10:16,900 --> 06:10:20,700
It shows that humans have always
looked at mystery and tried to 

6815
06:10:20,700 --> 06:10:24,900
understand it, have always faced
the unknown and tried to map it 

6816
06:10:24,900 --> 06:10:28,500
and have always encountered 
limits and tried to transcend 

6817
06:10:28,500 --> 06:10:31,200
them. 
Sometimes are answers are wrong,

6818
06:10:31,208 --> 06:10:35,000
but the questions reveal, what 
matters to her connection 

6819
06:10:35,000 --> 06:10:40,300
meaning wonder and the Eternal 
human impulse to explore beyond 

6820
06:10:40,300 --> 06:10:41,600
the known. 
So sleep. 

6821
06:10:41,600 --> 06:10:45,100
Well, knowing your part of a 
species that can imagine entire 

6822
06:10:45,100 --> 06:10:49,700
continents in to existence. 
And then with equal creativity, 

6823
06:10:49,700 --> 06:10:53,800
use the scientific method to 
discover what actually exists. 

6824
06:10:54,800 --> 06:10:59,200
Both capabilities imagination 
and investigation, make us 

6825
06:10:59,208 --> 06:11:01,800
human. 
Neither is complete without the 

6826
06:11:01,800 --> 06:11:05,100
other, the blank spaces on 
Victorian maps are filled now 

6827
06:11:05,100 --> 06:11:07,800
but new blank spaces, always 
emerge. 

6828
06:11:08,700 --> 06:11:11,900
The questions that inspired 
lemuria are answered but new 

6829
06:11:11,900 --> 06:11:17,200
questions constantly arise. the 
lost continent has been found in

6830
06:11:17,200 --> 06:11:22,200
myth in art in culture and in 
the persistent human need for 

6831
06:11:22,200 --> 06:11:26,300
stories that transcend, the 
merely factual lemuria reminds 

6832
06:11:26,300 --> 06:11:30,100
us that we are fundamentally 
explorers, not just a physical 

6833
06:11:30,100 --> 06:11:34,200
geography, but of possibility of
meaning of the territories where

6834
06:11:34,200 --> 06:11:38,500
fact, and Imagination 
intertwine, we map what we find 

6835
06:11:38,500 --> 06:11:42,700
but we also dream of what might 
be we correct our mistakes but 

6836
06:11:42,700 --> 06:11:46,100
we never stop creating new 
visions and perhaps that's the 

6837
06:11:46,100 --> 06:11:49,800
truest Legacy of lemuria not as 
a cautionary tale about 

6838
06:11:49,800 --> 06:11:52,200
scientific era or an example of 
gullibility. 

6839
06:11:52,200 --> 06:11:55,600
But as a testament to the 
indomitable human spirit. 

6840
06:11:55,600 --> 06:11:59,700
That looks at an empty ocean and
imagines continents that 

6841
06:11:59,700 --> 06:12:02,100
scattered species and envisions 
bridges. 

6842
06:12:02,100 --> 06:12:06,200
That apparent limitations and 
dreams of transcendence, the 

6843
06:12:06,200 --> 06:12:10,700
lost continent is found not 
where Maps suggested not, where 

6844
06:12:10,700 --> 06:12:13,600
Mystics claimed. 
But in the persistent, human 

6845
06:12:13,600 --> 06:12:17,600
capacity to populate blank 
spaces with Wonder to create 

6846
06:12:17,600 --> 06:12:21,400
meaning from Mystery and to keep
exploring long after the maps 

6847
06:12:21,400 --> 06:12:24,200
are complete dream. 
Well of contents, that never 

6848
06:12:24,200 --> 06:12:27,300
were, but somehow remain more 
real than many things that are. 

6849
06:12:28,300 --> 06:12:30,900
Dream of the blank spaces where 
possibility lives. 

6850
06:12:31,600 --> 06:12:35,600
Of the questions that Inspire 
both science and story and of 

6851
06:12:35,600 --> 06:12:38,300
the Eternal human Journey 
between what we know and what we

6852
06:12:38,300 --> 06:12:43,100
imagined for in the end lemuria 
teaches us this, the maps we 

6853
06:12:43,100 --> 06:12:47,200
make of the world matter but so 
do the maps we make of meaning. 

6854
06:12:48,100 --> 06:12:51,900
Physical geography, constrains 
where continents can be but 

6855
06:12:51,900 --> 06:12:56,900
imagination has no such limits. 
Reality defines what is but 

6856
06:12:56,900 --> 06:13:00,600
humans have always been more 
interested in what could be What

6857
06:13:00,600 --> 06:13:04,100
Might Have Been and what Stories
We Tell ourselves about both. 

6858
06:13:04,100 --> 06:13:07,800
So rest, now in this thoroughly 
mapped world, that still 

6859
06:13:07,800 --> 06:13:11,800
contains infinite mystery. 
This evidence based reality of 

6860
06:13:11,800 --> 06:13:15,900
that still accommodates one day.
This scientific age that still 

6861
06:13:15,900 --> 06:13:20,200
needs myth. 
Lemuria is gone or rather never 

6862
06:13:20,200 --> 06:13:23,400
was. 
But its Legacy endures in every 

6863
06:13:23,400 --> 06:13:27,300
human who looks at the unknown 
and dares to imagine sweet 

6864
06:13:27,300 --> 06:13:31,200
dreams of lost worlds, and 
found, wisdom of blank spaces 

6865
06:13:31,200 --> 06:13:34,900
filled with possibility of the 
Eternal dance between knowledge 

6866
06:13:34,900 --> 06:13:40,000
and wonder that makes us human. 
The continent may be lost but 

6867
06:13:40,000 --> 06:13:43,800
the capacity to dream it into 
being and then to seek truth 

6868
06:13:43,800 --> 06:13:47,400
about what actually is remains 
are most distinctly human 

6869
06:13:47,400 --> 06:13:47,900
inheritance.