Why the Whiskey Rebellion Nearly Shattered America | Boring History

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Challenge the viability of the 
American experiment. this 

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episode narrates, the tale of 
farmers who transformed into 

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insurgents, President who 
assumed the role of a general 

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one final time and a question 
that remains pertinent today. 

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Thank you for following if you 
haven't already. 

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If this kind of content helps 
you sleep better. 

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Please, let us know how your day
was and what it means to you. 

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In the comments, it always makes
me delighted to see where 

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everyone is coming from. 
Let's start this show. 

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So relax, get comfortable and be
sure to turn on a fan for some 

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white noise. 
The year 1791 arrives with a 

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peculiar silent in the mountain 
Hollows of Western Pennsylvania.

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You stand outside a log cabin as
Autumn light filters through oak

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trees that have watched these 
Hills since before, anyone Drew 

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borders across them. 
The air carries wood smoke in 

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the earthy bite of fermenting 
grain. 

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Somewhere down the valley are 
copper still drips. 

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Its slow Rhythm. 
This sound matters, more than 

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you might think. 
In these mountains, whiskey is 

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not simply a drink. 
It is currently medicine and the

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only practical way to move grain
across brutal distance to 

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Eastern markets. 
A pack horse can carry four? 

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Bushels of grain or 24. 
Bushels worth of whisky in the 

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same space. 
The mathematics of survival 

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writes itself in Copper and 
corn, spring arrives late in 

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1791, along the Monongahela 
River. 

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You watch Icebreaker part in 
brown water while men gather 

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outside a rough Humane Trading 
Post. 

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They speak in low voices about 
news from Philadelphia. 

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The federal government has 
passed an excise tax on 

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distilled Spirits 7, cents per 
gallon for large distilleries. 

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Nine cents for small ones. 
The number sound modest until 

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you calculate what they mean. 
For a farmer with a 20 gallon, 

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still tucked by his barn, 
Alexander Hamilton sits in an 

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office. 
Hundreds of miles, east working 

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through Columns, of figures by 
candlelight, The Secretary of 

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the Treasury faces, a problem 
that keeps him awake past 

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midnight. 
The new federal government owes 

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staggering debts from the 
Revolutionary War state. 

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So more, the whole structure 
threatens to collapse under the 

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weight of unpaid obligations, 
Hamilton's solution, involves 

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assuming State debts, creating a
national bank and finding 

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reliable revenue streams. 
An excise tax on Whiskey seems 

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logical. 
Europeans have used such taxes 

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for centuries, the wealthy drink
imported spirits and can afford 

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the burden. 
Small farmers can simply sell 

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their grain. 
Instead of distilling, it except

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Hamilton has never stood in a 
Mountain Hollow 300 miles from 

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the nearest decent Road. 
He has never tried to move a 

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harvest across the alleghenies. 
When a single Wagon Wheel can 

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sink to its axle in Spring mud, 
he is not calculated the cost of

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spoilage. 
When grain sits waiting for 

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possible routes, that might not 
come for months. 

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These details exist beyond the 
neat columns in his Ledger 

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books. 
You walk through Pittsburgh in 

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late, summer of 1791, the town 
holds perhaps 1500 Souls 

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clustered where the Allegheny 
and Monongahela, rivers meet to 

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form the Ohio. 
Wooden buildings lean against 

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each other along muddy streets, 
a printed notice flutters on a 

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post outside the court house. 
The notice explains the new tax 

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structure. 
It describes how Revenue 

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officers will register Stills, 
and collect duties. 

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It uses language crafted for 
merchants and lawyers in coastal

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cities. 
A farmer named Herman husband 

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reads. 
The notice slowly lips, moving 

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slightly, he served in the North
Carolina, regulation movement 

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decades, earlier fighting 
against corrupt, officials and 

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distant governments that ignored
Frontier needs. 

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He knows what happens when 
Eastern Powers imposed rules 

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without understanding Western 
realities. 

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The pattern feels familiar and 
unwelcome husband will spend the

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next three years writing 
pamphlets and attending 

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meetings. 
He will become an old man trying

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to prevent younger men from 
choosing violence. 

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He will mostly fail. 
The first Revenue officer 

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arrives in Washington County in 
September. 

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Robert Johnson, accept his 
commission with serious purpose.

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The government promises him a 
percentage of collected 

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revenues. 
He brings printed forms and a 

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leather bound record book. 
He also brings assumptions about

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Law and Order that do not quite 
fit the landscape. 

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Johnson visits Farmstead 
scattered across valleys and 

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Hillside, he explains the 
registration process. 

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He emphasizes that compliance is
mandatory under federal law, 

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most Farmers listened politely, 
some register their Stills 

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others nod and say nothing. 
A few ask pointed questions 

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about representation and 
Taxation Johnson notes. 

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Their names carefully, he writes
reports, describing the 

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territory as potentially 
difficult but manageable with 

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proper enforcement his optimism 
reflects inexperience rather 

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than accurate assessment. 
You sit in a cabin during the 

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first October Frost the family 
owns a 30 gallon Copper Still 

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purchased from a tinkerer three 
years earlier still paid for 

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itself within two seasons corn 
grown in rocky soil brings 

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almost nothing at Market in its 
raw form. 

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A bushel, might fetch 25 cents. 
If you can find a buyer and 

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transport it successfully, The 
same bushel fermented and 

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distilled becomes three gallons 
of whiskey worth, at least a 

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dollar fifty, the whiskey 
travels easier keeps in. 

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Definitely. 
Local Merchants accepted as 

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payment for salt, gunpowder 
Fabric and tools. 

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The still represents not luxury 
but survival mathematics. 

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Now the government demands nine 
cents per gallon on a typical 

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Seasons production of 200 gal 
the tax totals, 18 dollars, this

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sum equals three months of hard,
labor for a higher at hand It 

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exceeds what most Frontier 
family see, in cash money during

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an entire year worse. 
The tax must be paid in coin. 

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Not barter finding 18, actual 
dollars in silver, or copper 

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requires selling something 
substantial. 

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Maybe a pig, maybe stored grain,
terrible prices, maybe the still

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itself. 
Winter. 

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Settles into the mountains with 
particular weight. 

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You hear stories from 
neighboring counters, a revenue 

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officer named Robert Wilson. 
Arrives at a farm near Pigeon 

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Creek, he carries his record 
book and an attitude of official

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Authority. 
The farmer asks Wilson, how he 

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expects payment in cash when 
cash barely exists in these 

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parts. 
Wilson suggests, the farmer 

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register is still now and work 
out payment arrangements later, 

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the farmer agrees reluctantly. 
Three days later men, in hunting

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shirts, arrive at Wilson's, 
rented room, they dragged him to

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a blacksmith's Forge. 
They strip him shave his head 

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and coat him with hot tarped. 
Ready for waterproofing boats. 

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They had feathers from 
slaughtered chickens Wilson, 

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staggers back to Pittsburgh in 
agony. 

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The tar burns, his skin deeply. 
He Will Carry scars for the rest

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of his life. 
No one is arrested, no 

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Witnesses, step forward, 
Philadelphia receives Wilson's. 

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Written testimony in January of 
1792, President George 

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Washington reads the account 
with mounting concern. 

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He discusses the matter with his
cabinet Hamilton. 

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Argues for firm and forcement 
Secretary of State Thomas 

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Jefferson suggest patients and 
negotiation. 

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Attorney general, Edmund 
Randolph, proposes, sending 

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Commissioners, to investigate 
conditions, and seek compromise.

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Washington, decides on a 
proclamation, he issues a 

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statement in September 1792 
warning against interference 

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with Federal officers. 
A proclamation uses Stern 

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language about the rule of law. 
It promises prosecution for 

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those who resist legitimate 
Authority. 

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It changes essentially nothing 
on the ground. 

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You attend a meeting in a barn 
outside Washington, 

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Pennsylvania. 
In March 1793 about 40 men, 

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Gathering dim Lantern light, 
they sit on rough benches and 

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upturned barrels. 
Herman husband speaks first 

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advocating for petitions and 
peaceful resistance. 

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He believes the tax can be 
repealed through proper 

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political channels. 
If enough citizens, make their 

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voices heard, The younger man. 
Named David Bradford, Stan's to 

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respond Bradford practices, law 
and owned slaves. 

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He speaks with authority born 
from educational and social 

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position. 
He argues that petitions. 

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Achieve nothing when Eastern 
politicians ignore Western 

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interests. 
He suggests more direct methods.

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The men vote on resolution. 
They agree to encourage 

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non-cooperation with Revenue 
officers. 

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They stop short of endorsing 
violence, but the room holds an 

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edge that makes husband visibly 
nervous. 

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Spring brings green to the 
Hillside and fresh 

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confrontations to The Valleys 
Revenue officer. 

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Benjamin Wells attempts to serve
legal papers on distillers who 

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refuse registration, A group of 
men stops him on a Forest Road. 

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They take his papers and his 
horse, they tell him to walk 

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back to Pittsburgh and not 
return. 

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Wells reports, the incident, the
government issues warrants for 

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arrest, the warrants cannot be 
executed because local sheriff's

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sympathize with the resistors 
Federal Authority exists on 

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paper. 
But not in practice across large

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sections of Western 
Pennsylvania. 

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Western Virginia, Western 
Maryland and Kentucky. 

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You watch patterns emerge 
through that summer, Revenue 

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officers who persist receive 
warnings warnings escalate to 

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threats. 
Threats, sometimes become 

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violence, the violence, follows 
a script developed During the 

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Revolution tar and Feathering 
property, destruction, public 

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humiliation, the methods intend 
to drive officials away without 

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necessarily killing them, 
though. 

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The line between brutal assault 
and murder grows thin, when Hot 

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Tar meets human skin Eastern 
newspapers, print shocked to 

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counts Western communities meet 
the accounts with grim 

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satisfaction the conflict 
hardened positions on both sides

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Hamilton reads reports and 
Seasons erection. 

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Jefferson reads, the same 
reports and sees legitimate 

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grievances poorly addressed. 
Washington reads, everything and

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sees his worst fear taking 
shape. 

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The question is simple and 
terrible. 

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Can the federal government 
actually govern if citizens in 

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one region can nullify federal 
law through organized 

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resistance? 
What prevents the same 

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elsewhere? 
What prevents the whole 

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experiment from fracturing into 
competing factions. 

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The Revolutionary War was fought
partly to escape distant 

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Authority. 
That ignored local realities now

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that same tension reproduces 
itself with the Republic, barely

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ten years old The problem has no
easy solution. 

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Force might work or might 
trigger wider a Bellion 

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negotiation might succeed or 
might signal fatal weakness. 

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Washington knows that either 
Choice could destroy what the 

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revolution built. 
Picture Weston Pennsylvania as 

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it exists in 1793, you stand on 
a ridge looking East toward 

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Philadelphia, the distance 
measures roughly 300 miles that 

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distance might as well be 3,000 
for all the connection. 

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It represents a letter takes two
weeks in good weather longer 

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when rain turns roads to suit a 
wagon carrying goods requires a 

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month. 
If nothing breaks the 

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Appalachian Mountains, stand 
between not as Scenic backdrop 

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but as genuine barrier that 
shapes everything about life. 

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In this region, the land here 
rolled out grants to 

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Revolutionary War veterans and 
speculators who never saw what 

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they purchased. 
Settlers arrived hoping for 

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better lives than they left 
behind. 

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They find dense forest rocky 
soil, and isolation, that weighs

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on spirits. 
The nearest courthouse sits a 

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full day's ride from many farms 
traveling to Philadelphia means,

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abandoning crops and livestock 
for weeks, voting in elections. 

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Require similar sacrifice 
representation in Congress, 

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comes through districts. 
So large that a single 

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representative might cover 
30,000 square miles of rough 

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Terrain. 
Democracy sounds fine in theory.

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But in practice, it means 
decisions, get made by men who 

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have never walked these 
mountains. 

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You help a neighbor repair, a 
Grist Mill in. 

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April of 1793 the work, involves
hauling stones and fitting 

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wooden gears. 
Between tasks the neighbor 

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explains his situation, he 
arrived five years earlier with 

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his wife, three children and 
high hopes. 

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He cleared 12 acres of forest by
hand. 

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He built a cabin. 
Barn and Smokehouse. 

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He planted corn, kept pigs and 
established a small Orchard. 

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He purchased a 20 gal, still on 
credit the still let him convert

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Surplus corn into tradable 
value. 

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00:11:57,900 --> 00:12:02,600
Last year he paid off the still 
this year, the tax appeared he 

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00:12:02,600 --> 00:12:05,400
now owes more to the federal 
government annually than he paid

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00:12:05,400 --> 00:12:08,600
for the still itself. 
Cannot see how the numbers work 

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00:12:08,600 --> 00:12:11,600
more important. 
He cannot see why distant 

236
00:12:11,600 --> 00:12:14,800
politicians care more about tax 
revenue than Frontier survival. 

237
00:12:15,400 --> 00:12:19,400
The economics cut deep, a bushel
of corn, weighs 56 pounds. 

238
00:12:19,400 --> 00:12:23,400
A pack horse, carries about 160 
pounds comfortably across 

239
00:12:23,400 --> 00:12:26,000
Mountain trails. 
That means three bushels per 

240
00:12:26,000 --> 00:12:28,900
horse. 
The corn might sell for 20 to 30

241
00:12:28,900 --> 00:12:31,000
cents per bushel in eastern 
markets, if it arrives on 

242
00:12:31,000 --> 00:12:33,700
spoiled. 
So one pack horse trip generates

243
00:12:33,700 --> 00:12:37,200
perhaps 90 cents in Revenue 
before deducting Transportation 

244
00:12:37,200 --> 00:12:38,900
costs that likely eat half that 
amount. 

245
00:12:38,900 --> 00:12:42,800
Now, convert the same three 
bushels into whiskey, they yield

246
00:12:42,800 --> 00:12:45,400
9. 
Gal whiskey sells for at least 

247
00:12:45,400 --> 00:12:48,300
50 cents per gallon, that same 
packhorse. 

248
00:12:48,300 --> 00:12:52,100
Now carries value worth four 
dollars 57, the transportation 

249
00:12:52,100 --> 00:12:55,000
cost remained similar, but the 
profit margin becomes 

250
00:12:55,000 --> 00:12:57,500
survivable. 
Still transformed agriculture 

251
00:12:57,500 --> 00:13:00,900
into viable Comber. 
Attacks transforms viable 

252
00:13:00,900 --> 00:13:04,100
Commerce into punishing burden. 
you ride through Washington, 

253
00:13:04,100 --> 00:13:07,500
County in June, stopping at 
farmsteads to visit distance to 

254
00:13:09,000 --> 00:13:12,300
The pattern repeats with minor 
variations, most family zone 

255
00:13:12,300 --> 00:13:15,900
between 50 and 200 Acres, 
perhaps a quarter of that gets 

256
00:13:15,900 --> 00:13:18,900
cleared for cultivation. 
The rest stays forest for 

257
00:13:18,900 --> 00:13:21,300
hunting firewood and future 
expansion. 

258
00:13:22,100 --> 00:13:26,600
Families, raise corn wheat rye 
and oats, they keep cattle, pigs

259
00:13:26,600 --> 00:13:29,800
chickens, and sometimes sheep. 
They produce most of what they 

260
00:13:29,800 --> 00:13:33,100
consume, what little Surplus. 
Emerges must travel across those

261
00:13:33,100 --> 00:13:36,400
mountains, to find markets 
willing to buy it Cash, Money 

262
00:13:36,400 --> 00:13:39,900
remains peculiar and scarce. 
You might go months without 

263
00:13:39,900 --> 00:13:44,000
seeing actual coins. 
Instead people trade a day of 

264
00:13:44,008 --> 00:13:47,700
Labor, equals a bushel of corn, 
or two gallons of whiskey, a new

265
00:13:47,700 --> 00:13:51,900
pair of boots cost, four days of
work or 8, gallons of whiskey, a

266
00:13:51,900 --> 00:13:55,800
rifle might run to 30, gal 
complex transactions, involve 

267
00:13:55,800 --> 00:13:58,900
written notes, promising future,
delivery of goods, the whole 

268
00:13:58,900 --> 00:14:02,600
economy operates on trust 
reputation and barter into this 

269
00:14:02,600 --> 00:14:05,100
system drops, a federal tax 
demanding payment. 

270
00:14:05,100 --> 00:14:07,100
In the very thing that barely 
exists. 

271
00:14:07,100 --> 00:14:10,600
The government might as well, 
demand payment in unicorn horns,

272
00:14:11,600 --> 00:14:14,900
Pittsburgh offers the closest 
thing to urban life within 200 

273
00:14:14,900 --> 00:14:17,000
Mi. 
You walk through the muddy 

274
00:14:17,000 --> 00:14:20,300
streets on a July afternoon. 
The town supports several 

275
00:14:20,300 --> 00:14:24,400
taverns, two churches, a court 
house, various shops, and a 

276
00:14:24,408 --> 00:14:28,000
steady stream of river traffic, 
Flat boats arrived, carrying 

277
00:14:28,000 --> 00:14:30,900
families, and possessions 
heading west into Ohio territory

278
00:14:30,900 --> 00:14:35,100
keelboats Head East when the 
current allows loaded with Furs 

279
00:14:35,100 --> 00:14:38,200
ginseng and whiskey. 
The Whisky trade flows through 

280
00:14:38,200 --> 00:14:42,300
Pittsburgh like blood through a 
beating heart distillers, large 

281
00:14:42,300 --> 00:14:44,400
and small, send their product 
here for further distribution 

282
00:14:44,400 --> 00:14:48,200
Merchants buy it, resell it and 
ship it down. 

283
00:14:48,200 --> 00:14:51,100
River to Louisville or New 
Orleans, remove whiskey from the

284
00:14:51,100 --> 00:14:53,400
economy. 
And the whole structure wobbles,

285
00:14:53,400 --> 00:14:56,700
dangerously, large distillers in
Pittsburgh face different 

286
00:14:56,700 --> 00:14:58,600
mathematics than small Frontier 
farmers. 

287
00:14:59,300 --> 00:15:01,400
Operations producing hundreds of
gallons. 

288
00:15:01,400 --> 00:15:03,800
Weekly can absorb the seventh 
per gallon. 

289
00:15:03,808 --> 00:15:07,400
Tax by raising prices slightly, 
they have access to Capital 

290
00:15:07,400 --> 00:15:09,800
Credit and established 
distribution networks. 

291
00:15:09,800 --> 00:15:13,600
They view the taxes as nuisance 
rather than existential threat, 

292
00:15:13,600 --> 00:15:16,400
this creates resentment among 
small producers. 

293
00:15:16,400 --> 00:15:19,000
Who see the taxes as favoring 
wealthy interests over common 

294
00:15:19,000 --> 00:15:21,400
Farmers. 
The perception matters more than

295
00:15:21,400 --> 00:15:24,800
whether the intention exists. 
People who fought a revolution 

296
00:15:24,800 --> 00:15:27,800
against perceived favoritism 
toward the rich and connected. 

297
00:15:27,800 --> 00:15:32,100
Now face policies that seem to 
repeat the same pattern Herman 

298
00:15:32,100 --> 00:15:36,100
husband writes, another pamphlet
in August, his prose Rambles and

299
00:15:36,100 --> 00:15:39,600
mixes biblical Prophecy with 
political economy in ways that 

300
00:15:39,600 --> 00:15:41,400
modern readers would find 
strange. 

301
00:15:42,300 --> 00:15:45,600
But his message carries weight 
in these communities husband, 

302
00:15:45,600 --> 00:15:47,600
argues that the whiskey tax 
represents. 

303
00:15:47,600 --> 00:15:50,600
The first step toward tyranny. 
He suggests that. 

304
00:15:50,600 --> 00:15:53,300
Once the government establishes,
the precedent of taxing, the 

305
00:15:53,300 --> 00:15:56,500
poor to pay the rich, nothing 
prevents expansion of such 

306
00:15:56,500 --> 00:15:59,300
policies. 
He predicts increasing taxes 

307
00:15:59,300 --> 00:16:01,900
standing armies and the loss of 
freedoms. 

308
00:16:01,900 --> 00:16:03,600
The revolution supposedly 
secured. 

309
00:16:04,400 --> 00:16:07,700
His prediction sound extreme 
until you consider that many of 

310
00:16:07,700 --> 00:16:09,200
his readers watched British 
policies. 

311
00:16:09,200 --> 00:16:13,100
Follow exactly this trajectory 
in the 1760s and seventies, 

312
00:16:14,500 --> 00:16:16,300
Nothing recognition suggests 
caution. 

313
00:16:16,300 --> 00:16:19,500
You attend a church service in a
small settlement near the 

314
00:16:19,508 --> 00:16:22,100
Virginia border. 
The minister reads from the book

315
00:16:22,100 --> 00:16:24,500
of Exodus about Egyptian 
oppression and Liberation. 

316
00:16:24,500 --> 00:16:27,800
The sermon makes pointed 
connections to present 

317
00:16:27,800 --> 00:16:31,300
circumstances after the service 
men gather outside to talk 

318
00:16:31,300 --> 00:16:35,200
politics they discussed the tax,
the revenue officers and rumors 

319
00:16:35,200 --> 00:16:36,400
of possible. 
Military action. 

320
00:16:36,400 --> 00:16:40,700
One man argues for patients, 
another insist that Patience 

321
00:16:40,700 --> 00:16:44,300
mean surrender. third, suggest 
Gathering militia forces to 

322
00:16:44,300 --> 00:16:48,100
resist, any federal troops that 
might appear The conversation. 

323
00:16:48,100 --> 00:16:49,900
Grows heated but not quite 
violent. 

324
00:16:49,900 --> 00:16:52,200
Everyone present knows that 
neighbors. 

325
00:16:52,200 --> 00:16:55,600
Hold different views maintaining
social fabric across political, 

326
00:16:55,600 --> 00:16:59,000
divides requires careful, 
navigation, respect, gets 

327
00:16:59,000 --> 00:17:01,500
strained. 
But mostly holds the French 

328
00:17:01,500 --> 00:17:04,400
Revolution sends ripples across 
the Atlantic through these years

329
00:17:04,400 --> 00:17:08,800
news arrives slowly. 
But with impact Reports describe

330
00:17:08,800 --> 00:17:11,599
Common People overthrowing 
aristocratic Authority. 

331
00:17:12,300 --> 00:17:16,500
American reactions, split along,
predictable lines Jeffersonian, 

332
00:17:16,500 --> 00:17:20,300
Republicans see, validation of 
popular sovereignty, hamiltonian

333
00:17:20,300 --> 00:17:22,400
Federalists, see, dangerous mob 
rule. 

334
00:17:23,000 --> 00:17:25,599
Western, Pennsylvania, Farmers. 
See, people like themselves? 

335
00:17:25,599 --> 00:17:28,400
Refusing to accept depression 
from distant Elites. 

336
00:17:28,400 --> 00:17:31,400
The parallel seem obvious. 
Even if the details differ 

337
00:17:31,400 --> 00:17:34,500
dramatically when Revenue 
officers in Pennsylvania, get 

338
00:17:34,500 --> 00:17:37,800
tarred and feathered some 
locals, genuinely believe they 

339
00:17:37,800 --> 00:17:40,600
act in the same tradition that 
brought down the Bastille. 

340
00:17:40,600 --> 00:17:44,300
This belief does not make the 
violence Justified, but it 

341
00:17:44,300 --> 00:17:47,300
explains the mindset that allows
ordinary Farmers to become 

342
00:17:47,300 --> 00:17:49,900
attackers you help with harvest 
in September. 

343
00:17:49,900 --> 00:17:54,000
The work involves cutting grain 
bundling sheaves and hauling 

344
00:17:54,000 --> 00:17:57,300
loads to Barnes for threshing. 
The labor goes from dawn Until 

345
00:17:57,300 --> 00:17:59,600
Dark. 
Your hands, blistered, despite 

346
00:17:59,600 --> 00:18:02,400
calluses your back aches, from 
constant bending. 

347
00:18:02,400 --> 00:18:06,000
But the work feels honest and 
the Harvest looks decent. 

348
00:18:06,900 --> 00:18:08,600
Three weeks of good, effort, 
Secours. 

349
00:18:08,600 --> 00:18:12,200
Food for the coming, winter. 
This same effort repeated across

350
00:18:12,200 --> 00:18:15,400
thousands of farms, feeds the 
frontier and generate the 

351
00:18:15,400 --> 00:18:19,600
Surplus that becomes whiskey. 
Remove whiskeys value and the 

352
00:18:19,600 --> 00:18:22,000
incentive for producing Surplus 
weakened significantly. 

353
00:18:23,200 --> 00:18:26,800
Remove the Surplus and the whole
economy contracts, contract, the

354
00:18:26,808 --> 00:18:29,800
economy and families, abandon 
the frontier in search of better

355
00:18:29,800 --> 00:18:32,700
opportunities elsewhere. 
The government's tax policy 

356
00:18:32,700 --> 00:18:36,400
makes abstract sense, in 
Philadelphia counting houses on 

357
00:18:36,400 --> 00:18:38,700
the ground. 
It threatens the viability of 

358
00:18:38,700 --> 00:18:42,100
Western settlement itself. 
David Bradford, grows more 

359
00:18:42,100 --> 00:18:45,000
prominent through Autumn. 
He drafts resolution and 

360
00:18:45,000 --> 00:18:48,500
organizes meetings, he 
corresponds with sympathizers in

361
00:18:48,500 --> 00:18:51,600
other counties. 
He begins talking about an 

362
00:18:51,600 --> 00:18:53,700
assembly to coordinate 
resistance across the region 

363
00:18:53,700 --> 00:18:56,900
Bradford's language becomes 
increasingly militant. 

364
00:18:56,900 --> 00:19:00,300
He frames the struggle in 
Revolutionary terms suggesting 

365
00:19:00,300 --> 00:19:04,400
that 1794 might become 1776 all 
over again. 

366
00:19:05,300 --> 00:19:08,100
Some people find his rhetoric 
inspiring others find it. 

367
00:19:08,100 --> 00:19:11,000
Dangerous Herman, husband finds 
it heartbreaking. 

368
00:19:12,200 --> 00:19:15,200
The old man can see where this 
leads, he is watched similar 

369
00:19:15,200 --> 00:19:18,400
situations to deteriorate 
before, he knows that once 

370
00:19:18,400 --> 00:19:21,300
violence starts in Earnest, 
controlling, it becomes nearly 

371
00:19:21,300 --> 00:19:24,600
impossible, winter, settles in 
with cold, that makes bones 

372
00:19:24,600 --> 00:19:26,700
ache. 
You spend long evening's by the 

373
00:19:26,700 --> 00:19:30,600
fire mending tools and making 
plans for spring outside snow. 

374
00:19:30,600 --> 00:19:34,700
Drifts against the cabin walls 
inside lamp oil and wood smoke. 

375
00:19:34,700 --> 00:19:37,800
Create a warm Haze. 
These quiet hours offer space 

376
00:19:37,800 --> 00:19:40,900
for reflection. 
The question everyone faces, has

377
00:19:40,900 --> 00:19:44,300
no clear answer. 
Comply with the tax and face, 

378
00:19:44,300 --> 00:19:47,600
Financial ruin, resist and risk 
confrontation with Federal 

379
00:19:47,600 --> 00:19:50,100
Authority. 
Compromise seems impossible. 

380
00:19:50,100 --> 00:19:52,500
When both sides have dug into 
opposing positions. 

381
00:19:52,500 --> 00:19:54,300
The coming year will force 
choices. 

382
00:19:54,300 --> 00:19:58,800
Nobody wants to make May arrives
in 1794 with unseasonable heat. 

383
00:19:58,800 --> 00:20:02,400
You notice tension in every 
interaction conversation, 

384
00:20:02,400 --> 00:20:05,500
stopped when strangers approach 
Travelers, get question 

385
00:20:05,500 --> 00:20:08,600
carefully about their business 
and loyalties, the region feels 

386
00:20:08,600 --> 00:20:10,800
like a pot simmering just below 
boiling point. 

387
00:20:11,700 --> 00:20:15,600
Small incidents Cascade into 
larger confrontations a revenue 

388
00:20:15,600 --> 00:20:18,100
officer named John Neville 
becomes the focal point for 

389
00:20:18,100 --> 00:20:20,600
growing anger. 
Never owns a large Distillery 

390
00:20:20,600 --> 00:20:23,300
and serves as Regional 
inspector, he collects 

391
00:20:23,300 --> 00:20:26,800
substantial fees for his work. 
He also happens to own slaves 

392
00:20:26,800 --> 00:20:30,400
live in a fine house and 
represent exactly the sort of 

393
00:20:30,408 --> 00:20:32,700
established well that Frontier 
Farmers resent. 

394
00:20:33,500 --> 00:20:35,600
Neville follows his duties 
conscientiously. 

395
00:20:35,600 --> 00:20:39,700
This makes him both respected by
federal authorities and hated by

396
00:20:39,700 --> 00:20:42,200
those who see him as a traitor 
to Western interests. 

397
00:20:43,200 --> 00:20:45,400
You hear about, the first 
serious confrontation through 

398
00:20:45,400 --> 00:20:48,600
Travelers reports. 
A deputy Federal Marshal named, 

399
00:20:48,600 --> 00:20:51,800
David Lennox arrives in Western 
Pennsylvania with arrest 

400
00:20:51,800 --> 00:20:54,500
warrants for distillers who 
refused to appear in federal 

401
00:20:54,500 --> 00:20:58,000
court in Philadelphia. 
Lennox partners with John 

402
00:20:58,000 --> 00:21:01,300
Neville to serve the papers. 
They understand the risk, but 

403
00:21:01,300 --> 00:21:03,400
believe official Authority will 
provide protection. 

404
00:21:04,200 --> 00:21:06,500
On July 15th. 
They ride to the farm of 

405
00:21:06,508 --> 00:21:08,000
William, Miller near Mingo 
Creek. 

406
00:21:08,700 --> 00:21:11,500
Miller operates a small still 
and has ignored all attempts at 

407
00:21:11,500 --> 00:21:14,300
registration Lennox. 
Knocks on the door and presents 

408
00:21:14,300 --> 00:21:18,200
the warrant Miller reads it 
slowly his face darkening, the 

409
00:21:18,200 --> 00:21:21,700
warrant demands appearance and 
Philadelphia in August, the trip

410
00:21:21,700 --> 00:21:23,700
would cost more than Miller 
earns in six months. 

411
00:21:23,700 --> 00:21:27,300
It would require abandoning his 
farm during critical harvest 

412
00:21:27,300 --> 00:21:29,400
season. 
Military tells Lennox the 

413
00:21:29,408 --> 00:21:32,400
warranties impossible to obey 
and on just to demand. 

414
00:21:33,400 --> 00:21:37,700
Lennox insists on official Duty.
The conversation grows heated 

415
00:21:37,700 --> 00:21:41,500
Miller's Sons hear the commotion
and come running from the barn 

416
00:21:41,500 --> 00:21:45,100
neighbors. 
Working nearby Fields, within 

417
00:21:45,100 --> 00:21:47,500
minutes, a dozen armed men 
surround Lennox and Neville. 

418
00:21:47,500 --> 00:21:51,600
Someone fires a shot Later 
accounts differ on who fired and

419
00:21:51,600 --> 00:21:54,600
why Neville returns fire 
wounding one of Miller's. 

420
00:21:54,600 --> 00:21:58,700
Sons the crowd surges forward 
Lennox and Neville Sprint for 

421
00:21:58,700 --> 00:22:01,300
their horses and Ride Hard 
toward Neville's house, 7 miles 

422
00:22:01,300 --> 00:22:04,900
away. shots, follow them, but 
miss The two men. 

423
00:22:04,900 --> 00:22:07,700
Reach Bower Hill, never 
substantial, estate and 

424
00:22:07,700 --> 00:22:10,500
barricade themselves. 
Inside a servant begins. 

425
00:22:10,500 --> 00:22:13,900
Loading muskets Neville, Center 
message to Pittsburgh requesting

426
00:22:13,900 --> 00:22:16,900
Military Support. 
News of the shooting, spreads 

427
00:22:16,900 --> 00:22:19,100
through the valleys like fire 
and dry grass. 

428
00:22:19,700 --> 00:22:22,500
By next morning groups of armed 
men gather at meeting points 

429
00:22:22,500 --> 00:22:25,500
across the region. 
David Bradford drafts letters 

430
00:22:25,500 --> 00:22:28,600
calling for militia muster. 
He describes the shooting as an 

431
00:22:28,600 --> 00:22:32,600
attack on innocent, citizens by 
tyrannical officials, he demands

432
00:22:32,600 --> 00:22:34,500
that Neville, surrender himself 
for justice. 

433
00:22:34,500 --> 00:22:38,400
The language Bradford uses 
Echoes revolutionary rhetoric 

434
00:22:38,400 --> 00:22:42,700
from 20 years earlier, he speaks
of Liberty tyranny and the right

435
00:22:42,700 --> 00:22:44,200
of free men to resist 
oppression. 

436
00:22:44,200 --> 00:22:48,200
The words carry power precisely 
because they connect to Shared 

437
00:22:48,200 --> 00:22:50,200
memory of fighting British 
Authority. 

438
00:22:50,900 --> 00:22:54,100
You join a group Gathering near 
Couch's fort on July 16th? 

439
00:22:55,000 --> 00:22:57,900
About 30 men cluster in Morning 
Sun, checking rifles and 

440
00:22:57,900 --> 00:23:00,900
discussing plans. 
Most where hunting shirts and 

441
00:23:00,900 --> 00:23:04,800
Broad hats, some bring whiskey 
jugs that pass from hand to hand

442
00:23:04,800 --> 00:23:07,600
the mood mixes excitement with 
nervousness. 

443
00:23:07,600 --> 00:23:11,700
These men are farmers and 
artists not soldiers, but many 

444
00:23:11,700 --> 00:23:14,500
served in the revolution or 
militia actions against native 

445
00:23:14,500 --> 00:23:17,000
forces. 
They know basic tactics and 

446
00:23:17,000 --> 00:23:20,400
small unit operations, a man 
named James McFarlane. 

447
00:23:20,400 --> 00:23:23,600
Takes informal command. 
McFarland fought with 

448
00:23:23,600 --> 00:23:25,800
distinction. 
During the Revolution, he 

449
00:23:25,800 --> 00:23:28,800
survived brutal combat and 
earned respect that still holds.

450
00:23:28,800 --> 00:23:33,200
When McFarland speaks people, 
listen, He suggests approaching 

451
00:23:33,200 --> 00:23:35,100
Bower Hill and demanding Neville
surrender. 

452
00:23:35,100 --> 00:23:38,300
The emphasizes that this is 
about Justice, not murder. 

453
00:23:39,000 --> 00:23:42,500
Several men not agreement. 
A few voices suggest burning 

454
00:23:42,500 --> 00:23:46,200
Neville's, House's statement. 
McFarland shuts down that talk 

455
00:23:46,200 --> 00:23:49,200
firmly. 
The march to Bower Hill takes 

456
00:23:49,200 --> 00:23:51,700
about three hours, you walk 
through Forest. 

457
00:23:51,700 --> 00:23:54,300
Trails the column. 
Stretching out over half a mile.

458
00:23:55,000 --> 00:23:58,300
Men talk quietly weapons carried
casually, but ready. 

459
00:23:59,000 --> 00:24:01,800
As the group approaches the 
estate, you see why Neville 

460
00:24:01,800 --> 00:24:04,900
chose this location. 
Bower Hill. 

461
00:24:04,900 --> 00:24:07,900
Sits on high ground with Clear 
Sight lines in all directions. 

462
00:24:07,900 --> 00:24:11,600
The house is built solid with 
thick walls and small Windows. 

463
00:24:11,600 --> 00:24:14,200
A dozen armed men of visible on 
the ground. 

464
00:24:14,200 --> 00:24:17,500
These are soldiers from 
Pittsburgh's Garrison who 

465
00:24:17,500 --> 00:24:20,900
responded to Neville's call for 
help their presence changes. 

466
00:24:20,900 --> 00:24:24,100
Everything, this is no longer 
Citizen's, confronting an 

467
00:24:24,100 --> 00:24:27,100
official, this is militia facing
federal troops. 

468
00:24:28,100 --> 00:24:30,600
McFarland's. 
The column about 100 yards from 

469
00:24:30,600 --> 00:24:33,200
the house. 
He sends two men forward under a

470
00:24:33,200 --> 00:24:34,900
white flag to demand Neville 
surrender. 

471
00:24:35,600 --> 00:24:38,300
The envoys reached the front 
gate and call out their message,

472
00:24:38,300 --> 00:24:40,400
a window opens on the second 
floor. 

473
00:24:40,400 --> 00:24:44,800
Major Abraham Kirkpatrick 
appears Kirkpatrick is Neville 

474
00:24:44,800 --> 00:24:48,300
son in law and a Federal Officer
he shouts back that Neville has 

475
00:24:48,300 --> 00:24:50,500
already left for Pittsburgh, but
the house will be defended. 

476
00:24:51,300 --> 00:24:54,000
McFarland's, envoys insist on 
searching the premises 

477
00:24:54,000 --> 00:24:58,200
Kirkpatrick refuses, the 
standoff stretches for several 

478
00:24:58,200 --> 00:25:01,200
tents minutes. 
Then someone fires later, 

479
00:25:01,200 --> 00:25:04,300
investigations never determine 
who fired first, or whether the 

480
00:25:04,300 --> 00:25:06,700
shot was deliberate or 
accidental, the distinction 

481
00:25:06,700 --> 00:25:09,300
becomes irrelevant as both 
sides, begin shooting in 

482
00:25:09,300 --> 00:25:11,700
Earnest. 
The battle lasts about 20 

483
00:25:11,700 --> 00:25:15,300
minutes, the militia spreads out
and fires from cover, the 

484
00:25:15,300 --> 00:25:18,700
federal soldiers returned fire 
from Windows and roofline smoke 

485
00:25:18,700 --> 00:25:21,800
drifts across the hillside. 
Making aim difficult, you 

486
00:25:21,800 --> 00:25:24,600
crouched behind a tree loading 
and firing with mechanical 

487
00:25:24,600 --> 00:25:29,300
Focus, the sounds of thunderous 
and terrifying, musket balls 

488
00:25:29,300 --> 00:25:31,700
thwack into word and whistle 
passed heads. 

489
00:25:31,700 --> 00:25:35,000
Someone near you take surround 
in the leg and Falls Screaming, 

490
00:25:35,000 --> 00:25:38,900
two men, dragged him to cover 
the firing, gradually slows, as 

491
00:25:38,900 --> 00:25:43,300
both sides realized stale mate. 
McFarlane calls for ceasefire, 

492
00:25:43,300 --> 00:25:47,400
he stands to Signal his men, a 
musket ball from the house, 

493
00:25:47,400 --> 00:25:51,600
catches him in the chest. 
McFarland drops, instantly men, 

494
00:25:51,600 --> 00:25:54,100
rushed to him, but he dies 
within minutes. 

495
00:25:54,100 --> 00:25:58,400
The Battle Is Over, the militia 
withdraws carrying McFarlane's 

496
00:25:58,400 --> 00:26:01,700
body Federal soldiers, remain in
control of Bower Hill. 

497
00:26:01,700 --> 00:26:04,400
But decide that defending the 
position is untenable. 

498
00:26:04,400 --> 00:26:07,600
They abandoned the house after 
dark and returned to Pittsburgh 

499
00:26:07,600 --> 00:26:10,800
the militia Returns. 
The next day with reinforcements

500
00:26:10,800 --> 00:26:14,700
finding the house empty, they 
set fire to it Bower Hill Burns 

501
00:26:14,700 --> 00:26:17,800
To The Ground along with 
Neville's Barnes slave quarters 

502
00:26:17,800 --> 00:26:20,700
and outbuildings. 
The destruction goes beyond 

503
00:26:20,700 --> 00:26:23,600
military necessity in to 
deliberate statement, the 

504
00:26:23,600 --> 00:26:26,700
message reads, clear. 
Officials, who enforce the 

505
00:26:26,708 --> 00:26:28,500
whiskey tax will lose 
everything. 

506
00:26:29,500 --> 00:26:31,700
Pittsburgh responds by 
barricading itself. 

507
00:26:31,700 --> 00:26:34,700
Local authorities fear. 
The militia will march on the 

508
00:26:34,700 --> 00:26:37,200
town. 
Next federal officials hold up 

509
00:26:37,200 --> 00:26:41,000
in fortified buildings. 
Merchants hide their goods, The 

510
00:26:41,000 --> 00:26:44,300
Garrison of 100 soldiers 
prepares defensive positions but

511
00:26:44,300 --> 00:26:46,000
the expected attack, never 
comes. 

512
00:26:46,000 --> 00:26:49,100
The militia has no clear plan 
Beyond expressing, rage 

513
00:26:49,100 --> 00:26:52,600
Bradford, drafts more letters, 
calling for a general assembly. 

514
00:26:52,600 --> 00:26:56,000
He wants to unite the scattered 
resistance into organized 

515
00:26:56,000 --> 00:26:59,600
movement, Herman husband pleads 
for reason and negotiation 

516
00:26:59,600 --> 00:27:01,700
nobody listens to her husband 
anymore. 

517
00:27:01,700 --> 00:27:04,900
Events have moved past the point
where peaceful resolution seems 

518
00:27:04,900 --> 00:27:08,000
possible you return to your farm
after three days away. 

519
00:27:08,000 --> 00:27:11,700
The crops need tending, and life
must continue despite larger 

520
00:27:11,700 --> 00:27:14,100
turmoil. 
But you cannot shake the memory 

521
00:27:14,100 --> 00:27:16,500
of McFarland die. 
He was a good man. 

522
00:27:16,500 --> 00:27:19,900
Trying to pursue what he saw as 
Justice now he is gone and his 

523
00:27:19,900 --> 00:27:23,100
children are fatherless the 
rightness of the cause feels 

524
00:27:23,100 --> 00:27:24,300
less. 
Certain when measured against 

525
00:27:24,300 --> 00:27:28,000
such costs yet backing down 
means accepting the tax and the 

526
00:27:28,000 --> 00:27:30,800
financial ruin. 
It represents the choice is all 

527
00:27:30,800 --> 00:27:33,300
lead to bad. 
Places you work through the days

528
00:27:33,300 --> 00:27:35,600
trying not to think too hard 
about what comes next. 

529
00:27:36,400 --> 00:27:39,200
August 1st, brings the assembly,
David Bradford, demanded. 

530
00:27:39,200 --> 00:27:42,800
You write to Braddock's field, a
meadow east of Pittsburgh were 

531
00:27:42,800 --> 00:27:46,000
thousands of men, gather 
Estimates later, put the crowd 

532
00:27:46,000 --> 00:27:49,900
between 5 and 7,000, this 
represents, the largest armed 

533
00:27:49,900 --> 00:27:52,100
gathering in the region since 
the Revolutionary War. 

534
00:27:53,000 --> 00:27:55,800
Men arrived from Pennsylvania, 
Virginia Maryland and even 

535
00:27:55,800 --> 00:27:59,200
Kentucky some come in organized,
militia companies with drums and

536
00:27:59,200 --> 00:28:02,100
flags others arrive in small 
groups or alone. 

537
00:28:02,100 --> 00:28:06,100
The Gathering looks like an army
without quite being one weapons 

538
00:28:06,100 --> 00:28:09,000
range from military muskets to 
hunting rifles to farm 

539
00:28:09,000 --> 00:28:12,300
implements some men wear 
revolutionary war uniforms kept 

540
00:28:12,300 --> 00:28:15,600
stored in trunks for 20 years, 
others were everyday work 

541
00:28:15,600 --> 00:28:18,600
clothes, the mood combines 
Festival atmosphere with 

542
00:28:18,600 --> 00:28:22,000
underlying Menace, Bradford 
addresses, the assembly from 

543
00:28:22,000 --> 00:28:25,000
horseback, his voice carries 
across the field through 

544
00:28:25,000 --> 00:28:27,900
remarkable projection. 
He describes the burning of 

545
00:28:27,900 --> 00:28:30,600
Bower Hill as just a fireball 
response to tyranny. 

546
00:28:30,600 --> 00:28:33,500
He calls for March on 
Pittsburgh, to seize Federal 

547
00:28:33,500 --> 00:28:35,000
property and drive out 
officials. 

548
00:28:35,000 --> 00:28:38,500
He frames the struggle, as 
continuation of revolutionary 

549
00:28:38,500 --> 00:28:42,600
principles, the crowd Roars 
approval, several other speakers

550
00:28:42,600 --> 00:28:45,700
follow with similar rhetoric 
Herman, husband attempts to 

551
00:28:45,708 --> 00:28:48,900
speak for moderation, but gets 
shouted down, the momentum 

552
00:28:48,900 --> 00:28:50,700
belongs entirely to the 
militant. 

553
00:28:51,700 --> 00:28:53,400
The march to Pittsburgh begins 
that afternoon. 

554
00:28:53,400 --> 00:28:57,300
You walk in a column stretching 
over two miles, the sound of 

555
00:28:57,300 --> 00:29:01,000
thousands of boots and Hooves 
creates rhythmic Thunder Flag 

556
00:29:01,000 --> 00:29:04,400
snap in hot, wind dust Rises and
choking clouds. 

557
00:29:04,400 --> 00:29:07,600
The spectacle is impressive and 
frightening an equal measure. 

558
00:29:08,200 --> 00:29:10,500
Pittsburgh's residents, watch 
from Windows, as the Army 

559
00:29:10,500 --> 00:29:14,000
approaches some flee across the 
river others barricade 

560
00:29:14,000 --> 00:29:17,300
themselves, indoors The Garrison
withdraws to fortified 

561
00:29:17,300 --> 00:29:20,100
positions. 
The town feels like occupied 

562
00:29:20,100 --> 00:29:23,800
territory. 
But the expected violence does 

563
00:29:23,800 --> 00:29:26,700
not materialize Bradford and 
other leaders. 

564
00:29:26,700 --> 00:29:28,500
Negotiate with Pittsburgh's 
officials. 

565
00:29:28,500 --> 00:29:31,600
They demand that certain federal
officers, leave the region. 

566
00:29:31,600 --> 00:29:35,500
They ran Sac the house of major 
Kirkpatrick destroying furniture

567
00:29:35,500 --> 00:29:38,400
and steaming property. 
They confiscate some military 

568
00:29:38,400 --> 00:29:40,600
supplies but there is no 
Massacre. 

569
00:29:40,600 --> 00:29:43,600
No, widespread burning, no, 
complete destruction. 

570
00:29:44,800 --> 00:29:48,300
The restraint seems partly 
strategic, and partly uncertain.

571
00:29:48,300 --> 00:29:51,500
Many in the crowd. 
Came to make a point not to 

572
00:29:51,500 --> 00:29:55,000
start wholesale war after 
several hours Bradford orders. 

573
00:29:55,000 --> 00:29:58,200
The Army to disperse, the men 
drift away in groups heading 

574
00:29:58,200 --> 00:30:01,500
home to farms and families. 
The demonstration achieves its 

575
00:30:01,500 --> 00:30:04,200
purpose of showing strength 
without Crossing into outright 

576
00:30:04,200 --> 00:30:08,200
Rebellion, at least, not yet. 
Philadelphia, receives news of 

577
00:30:08,200 --> 00:30:11,500
the Braddock's field gathering 
with alarm reports, describe an 

578
00:30:11,500 --> 00:30:13,800
army of rebels, seizing control 
of Western Pennsylvania. 

579
00:30:14,800 --> 00:30:18,500
The language used in dispatches 
emphasizes Insurrection treason 

580
00:30:18,500 --> 00:30:20,900
and imminent danger to Federal 
Authority. 

581
00:30:21,500 --> 00:30:24,100
Alexander Hamilton argues 
forcefully for military 

582
00:30:24,100 --> 00:30:26,500
response. 
He drafts a proclamation for 

583
00:30:26,500 --> 00:30:29,300
Washington's signature ordering 
insurgents to disperse by 

584
00:30:29,300 --> 00:30:31,600
September 1st or face 
consequences. 

585
00:30:32,900 --> 00:30:36,800
Washington signs, reluctantly he
still hopes for peaceful 

586
00:30:36,800 --> 00:30:39,500
resolution but cannot ignore 
what appears to be open 

587
00:30:39,500 --> 00:30:42,100
Rebellion. 
The administration also, 

588
00:30:42,100 --> 00:30:45,300
dispatches, a commission to 
negotiate the Commissioners 

589
00:30:45,300 --> 00:30:47,000
include Pennsylvania, Attorney 
General. 

590
00:30:47,000 --> 00:30:51,300
William Bradford US, senator 
James, Ross, and Pennsylvania 

591
00:30:51,300 --> 00:30:53,400
Supreme Court, Justice Jasper 
Yates. 

592
00:30:54,300 --> 00:30:57,000
These men receive instructions 
to offer amnesty to Rebels, who 

593
00:30:57,008 --> 00:31:00,500
submit to Federal Authority. 
They carry authorities to 

594
00:31:00,500 --> 00:31:02,000
negotiate details of tax 
collection. 

595
00:31:03,500 --> 00:31:07,200
But they cannot offer appeal of 
the tax itself, Congress passed 

596
00:31:07,200 --> 00:31:09,400
the law and only Congress can 
make it. 

597
00:31:10,700 --> 00:31:13,600
The Commissioners travel West in
mid-august, knowing their 

598
00:31:13,600 --> 00:31:16,400
mission, might fail and Trigger 
armed conflict. 

599
00:31:16,400 --> 00:31:20,200
You attend meeting through all 
August as the Commissioners hold

600
00:31:20,200 --> 00:31:22,600
here. 
In various locations, the 

601
00:31:22,600 --> 00:31:25,700
Commissioners present their 
terms, clearly submit to Federal

602
00:31:25,700 --> 00:31:29,400
Authority agree to obey the 
whiskey tax and receive full 

603
00:31:29,400 --> 00:31:32,900
pardon for past actions, 
continued resistance, and face 

604
00:31:32,900 --> 00:31:35,200
military action. 
The choice is binary and 

605
00:31:35,200 --> 00:31:37,200
immediate. 
Some communities. 

606
00:31:37,200 --> 00:31:40,300
Accept the terms eagerly 
relieved to find a path away 

607
00:31:40,300 --> 00:31:43,400
from confrontation others 
reject, the offer angrily. 

608
00:31:44,200 --> 00:31:46,700
David Bradford speaks against 
acceptance. 

609
00:31:46,700 --> 00:31:49,700
He argues that submission means 
portraying the cause and 

610
00:31:49,700 --> 00:31:53,000
inviting future oppression. 
He threatens anyone who signs 

611
00:31:53,000 --> 00:31:56,800
the amnesty agreement? 
The threats are not idle several

612
00:31:56,800 --> 00:31:59,800
prominent citizens, who favored 
compliance receive midnight 

613
00:31:59,800 --> 00:32:02,400
visits from armed men who 
destroyed property and deliver. 

614
00:32:02,400 --> 00:32:06,300
Beatings Herman husband watches 
the disintegration of community 

615
00:32:06,300 --> 00:32:09,800
bonds with profound sadness. 
Neighbors who worked together 

616
00:32:09,800 --> 00:32:12,400
for years now, refused to speak 
family. 

617
00:32:12,400 --> 00:32:15,100
Split between those supporting 
resistance and those seeking 

618
00:32:15,100 --> 00:32:19,200
peace violence, becomes casual 
and frequent tar and Feathers 

619
00:32:19,200 --> 00:32:22,200
Remain the favored punishment 
but beating and property 

620
00:32:22,200 --> 00:32:24,000
destruction. 
Also occur regularly. 

621
00:32:24,900 --> 00:32:27,700
The rule of law has essentially 
collapsed in several counties. 

622
00:32:28,500 --> 00:32:30,100
Whoever controls the most armed 
men. 

623
00:32:30,100 --> 00:32:32,700
Make the rules. 
This state of affairs cannot 

624
00:32:32,700 --> 00:32:35,500
continue indefinitely. 
The Commissioners submit their 

625
00:32:35,508 --> 00:32:39,100
report in early September. 
They describe a region in active

626
00:32:39,100 --> 00:32:42,000
Rebellion with Federal Authority
completely nullified. 

627
00:32:42,000 --> 00:32:45,000
They know that substantial 
numbers of citizens, desire, 

628
00:32:45,000 --> 00:32:47,400
peace, but fear, retaliation 
from militants. 

629
00:32:47,400 --> 00:32:50,300
They can conclude that force 
will be necessary to restore 

630
00:32:50,300 --> 00:32:52,800
order. 
Washington reads the report with

631
00:32:52,800 --> 00:32:54,900
heavy heart, he has delayed as 
long as possible. 

632
00:32:54,900 --> 00:32:58,700
Now the decision Point arrives, 
either enforce federal law 

633
00:32:58,700 --> 00:33:01,200
through military action or 
accept that the government 

634
00:33:01,200 --> 00:33:03,500
cannot govern. 
The second option is 

635
00:33:03,500 --> 00:33:07,600
unacceptable, Washington orders.
Mobilization of militia forces 

636
00:33:07,600 --> 00:33:09,900
from Pennsylvania, New Jersey, 
Maryland, and Virginia. 

637
00:33:11,200 --> 00:33:13,600
The call goes out for nearly 
13,000 troops. 

638
00:33:13,600 --> 00:33:18,500
The number deserves emphasis, 
13,000 represents a larger Force

639
00:33:18,500 --> 00:33:21,600
than Washington commanded during
most of the Revolutionary War. 

640
00:33:23,000 --> 00:33:24,700
Seeds. 
The size of the standing federal

641
00:33:24,700 --> 00:33:28,100
army by a factor of 20. 
This is not a police action. 

642
00:33:28,100 --> 00:33:31,300
This is full military campaign 
designed to overwhelm 

643
00:33:31,300 --> 00:33:35,600
resistance, to decisively The 
message is unmistakable. 

644
00:33:36,300 --> 00:33:38,300
The federal government will 
enforce its Authority. 

645
00:33:38,300 --> 00:33:41,300
Regardless of cost, you hear 
about the mobilization. 

646
00:33:41,300 --> 00:33:44,400
In mid-september the news 
arrives through Travelers, and 

647
00:33:44,400 --> 00:33:47,700
hastily scribbled messages, an 
army larger than anything. 

648
00:33:47,700 --> 00:33:50,800
Seen in the region is marching 
West, they will arrive in 

649
00:33:50,800 --> 00:33:53,300
October. 
They carry orders to suppress 

650
00:33:53,300 --> 00:33:57,600
rebellion and arrest ringleaders
The prospect terrifies, most 

651
00:33:57,600 --> 00:34:01,800
people memories of wartime, 
destruction, remain Vivid. the 

652
00:34:01,800 --> 00:34:04,500
thought of Pennsylvania turning 
into a battlefield again, fills 

653
00:34:04,500 --> 00:34:08,300
everyone with Dread the 
militants who spoke bravely in 

654
00:34:08,300 --> 00:34:11,500
August suddenly find fewer 
supporters in September David 

655
00:34:11,500 --> 00:34:14,500
Bradford, recognizes that his 
position has become untenable. 

656
00:34:14,500 --> 00:34:19,500
He flees to Louisiana, Herman, 
husband remains hoping to act as

657
00:34:19,507 --> 00:34:23,400
mediator, Other prominent 
resistors scatter or go into 

658
00:34:23,400 --> 00:34:26,400
hiding the movement collapses, 
almost overnight. 

659
00:34:26,400 --> 00:34:29,800
Once the scale of federal 
response, becomes clear George 

660
00:34:29,800 --> 00:34:32,600
Washington sits in his study at 
Mount Vernon, during September 

661
00:34:32,600 --> 00:34:35,600
1794. 
He has retired from public life 

662
00:34:35,600 --> 00:34:38,100
in his mind many times, but 
keeps getting pulled back by 

663
00:34:38,100 --> 00:34:42,500
duty at 62 years old. 
He feels every year his joints 

664
00:34:42,500 --> 00:34:44,900
ache, his teeth cause constant 
pain. 

665
00:34:44,900 --> 00:34:48,400
He wants nothing more than to 
manage his Plantation and Fading

666
00:34:48,400 --> 00:34:51,699
Into peaceful obscurity. 
Instead, he faces the prospect 

667
00:34:51,699 --> 00:34:54,300
of leading troops into combat 
against American citizens. 

668
00:34:54,300 --> 00:34:58,800
The irony Cuts deep. 
He spent eight years fighting to

669
00:34:58,800 --> 00:35:01,500
create this nation. 
Now he must fight to hold it 

670
00:35:01,500 --> 00:35:04,700
together against internal 
fracturing, the decision weighs 

671
00:35:04,700 --> 00:35:08,300
on him like physical burden. 
The cabinet meets in 

672
00:35:08,300 --> 00:35:11,900
Philadelphia to discuss strategy
Hamilton pushes for decisive 

673
00:35:11,900 --> 00:35:14,400
action. 
He used the Whiskey Rebellion as

674
00:35:14,400 --> 00:35:17,800
test case for federal power. 
If the government cannot enforce

675
00:35:17,800 --> 00:35:20,600
a simple excise tax, what 
Authority does it actually 

676
00:35:20,600 --> 00:35:23,800
possess jeffson argues that 
military force will create 

677
00:35:23,800 --> 00:35:27,500
Martyrs and hardened resistance.
He suggests more Commissioners, 

678
00:35:27,500 --> 00:35:31,400
more negotiation more time 
Washington listens to both 

679
00:35:31,400 --> 00:35:34,600
positions, he respects 
Jefferson's caution but agrees 

680
00:35:34,600 --> 00:35:37,900
with Hamilton's logic, A 
government that cannot govern is

681
00:35:37,900 --> 00:35:40,900
not a government. 
The time for patience has ended 

682
00:35:41,700 --> 00:35:43,900
Washington makes his decision in
late September. 

683
00:35:43,900 --> 00:35:48,000
He will personally lead the 
federal militia Army West, this 

684
00:35:48,000 --> 00:35:50,900
marks the only time in American 
history that a sitting president

685
00:35:50,900 --> 00:35:55,000
commands troops in the field. 
The symbolism matters enormously

686
00:35:56,200 --> 00:35:59,100
Washington's presence, 
transforms military expedition, 

687
00:35:59,100 --> 00:36:02,000
in to statement about 
constitutional Authority. 

688
00:36:02,700 --> 00:36:04,600
He is not sending troops to 
crush dissent. 

689
00:36:04,600 --> 00:36:07,200
He is going himself to restore 
order. 

690
00:36:07,200 --> 00:36:10,500
And uphold the law, the 
distinction is subtle, but 

691
00:36:10,500 --> 00:36:14,300
significant Washington 
understands theater and knows 

692
00:36:14,300 --> 00:36:16,700
that his actions will be 
remembered and interpreted. 

693
00:36:16,700 --> 00:36:20,000
He chooses to be present 
precisely because it makes the 

694
00:36:20,000 --> 00:36:22,900
government's position clear 
Beyond any misunderstanding. 

695
00:36:23,700 --> 00:36:26,600
The mobilization proceeds 
through October, you hear 

696
00:36:26,600 --> 00:36:29,100
reports of troops Gathering 
across multiple States. 

697
00:36:29,100 --> 00:36:34,800
Pennsylvania sends 5,000 militia
New Jersey sends 2000, Maryland 

698
00:36:34,800 --> 00:36:38,600
sends 2000 Virginia sends 4,000 
the numbers. 

699
00:36:38,600 --> 00:36:42,500
Keep increasing equipment 
arrives by Wagon Train artillery

700
00:36:42,500 --> 00:36:45,700
pieces, make slow progress 
along, muddy roads officers 

701
00:36:45,700 --> 00:36:49,200
drill recruits who haven't held 
muskets in years, the entire 

702
00:36:49,200 --> 00:36:52,400
operation costs, nearly a 
million dollars, a staggering 

703
00:36:52,400 --> 00:36:56,000
sum for a government, barely 
managing its existing debts, but

704
00:36:56,000 --> 00:36:59,200
Washington insists that expense 
cannot determine policy. 

705
00:36:59,200 --> 00:37:03,000
When constitutional principles 
are at stake, the Army begins 

706
00:37:03,000 --> 00:37:06,800
its Westwood March in early 
October, Washington, joins them 

707
00:37:06,800 --> 00:37:09,100
at Carlisle. 
Pennsylvania here arrives in a 

708
00:37:09,108 --> 00:37:11,700
plain blue coat mounted on a 
good horse. 

709
00:37:11,700 --> 00:37:14,400
Looking like the general, he was
20 years early. 

710
00:37:15,100 --> 00:37:18,400
The troops responded with 
genuine enthusiasm, many of 

711
00:37:18,400 --> 00:37:20,500
veterans who served under 
Washington During the 

712
00:37:20,500 --> 00:37:23,600
Revolution. 
They trust him, completely his 

713
00:37:23,600 --> 00:37:26,200
presence transforms, a 
collection of State militias 

714
00:37:26,200 --> 00:37:28,300
into something approaching a 
real army. 

715
00:37:29,000 --> 00:37:32,500
Discipline, improves 
organization, Titans the March 

716
00:37:32,500 --> 00:37:35,700
gains purpose and Direction. 
You watch the Army pass through 

717
00:37:35,700 --> 00:37:39,400
western Pennsylvania, in late 
October the column stretches for

718
00:37:39,400 --> 00:37:43,200
Miles infantry, Cavalry and 
artillery, move with impressive 

719
00:37:43,200 --> 00:37:45,900
coordination. 
Supply wagons carry food 

720
00:37:45,900 --> 00:37:48,000
ammunition and medical 
equipment. 

721
00:37:48,000 --> 00:37:51,100
The spectacle demonstrates power
that dwarfs. 

722
00:37:51,100 --> 00:37:54,500
Anything the rebels assembled at
Braddock's field, the message 

723
00:37:54,500 --> 00:37:58,700
requires no explanation 
resistance is futile, submission

724
00:37:58,700 --> 00:38:01,900
is the only option. 
Most people get the message 

725
00:38:01,900 --> 00:38:05,000
clearly Washington establishes 
headquarters in Bedford. 

726
00:38:05,000 --> 00:38:08,200
Pennsylvania, the issues 
proclamations offering amnesty 

727
00:38:08,200 --> 00:38:09,900
to anyone who submits 
peacefully. 

728
00:38:09,900 --> 00:38:13,400
He also authorizes a rest of 
ringleaders who refused to 

729
00:38:13,400 --> 00:38:16,200
surrender. 
Federal agents, begin compiling 

730
00:38:16,200 --> 00:38:19,700
lists of names, the lists 
include David Bradford, Herman 

731
00:38:19,700 --> 00:38:23,500
husband and dozens of others, 
some fled the regional ready, 

732
00:38:23,500 --> 00:38:27,000
others hide with sympathetic 
neighbors, a few surrender 

733
00:38:27,000 --> 00:38:31,500
voluntarily hoping for mercy. 
The situation becomes fluid and 

734
00:38:31,508 --> 00:38:35,100
complex loyalty, shifts day by 
day, as people, assess their 

735
00:38:35,100 --> 00:38:39,000
options and calculate survival 
strategies, Alexander, Hamilton 

736
00:38:39,000 --> 00:38:42,600
accompanies the expedition of 
Civilian advisor, his presence 

737
00:38:42,600 --> 00:38:46,000
irritates many observers who see
him as architect of the hated 

738
00:38:46,000 --> 00:38:48,800
tax. 
Hamilton ignores the criticism. 

739
00:38:48,800 --> 00:38:51,700
He wants to witness firsthand 
the restoration of federal 

740
00:38:51,700 --> 00:38:54,300
Authority. 
He also wants to ensure that the

741
00:38:54,300 --> 00:38:58,200
military response sends the 
correct message too lenient and 

742
00:38:58,200 --> 00:39:02,000
it invites future Rebellion, too
harsh and it creates permanent 

743
00:39:02,000 --> 00:39:04,800
resentment. 
The balance requires careful 

744
00:39:04,800 --> 00:39:07,700
navigation. 
Hamilton drafts letters and 

745
00:39:07,700 --> 00:39:10,900
proclamations attempting to 
strike the right tone, his 

746
00:39:10,900 --> 00:39:13,200
prose. 
Sounds legalistic and cold to 

747
00:39:13,200 --> 00:39:15,200
westerners accustomed, to plan a
speech. 

748
00:39:15,900 --> 00:39:19,000
But the substance is clear 
enough submit or suffer 

749
00:39:19,000 --> 00:39:22,100
consequences. 
Thomas McKean Pennsylvania's, 

750
00:39:22,100 --> 00:39:24,100
chief justice Travels With The 
Army as well. 

751
00:39:24,100 --> 00:39:27,800
McKean brings judicial authority
to accompany military force. 

752
00:39:27,800 --> 00:39:31,500
The plan calls for trials. 
Once arrests are made the 

753
00:39:31,500 --> 00:39:34,700
government wants to demonstrate 
that law, not arbitrary, power 

754
00:39:34,700 --> 00:39:38,800
guide, its actions Machina, 
understands that convictions 

755
00:39:38,800 --> 00:39:42,200
will be difficult to obtain. 
Local juries might refuse to 

756
00:39:42,200 --> 00:39:44,000
convict neighbors regardless of 
evidence. 

757
00:39:45,000 --> 00:39:47,600
But the attempt matters, 
symbolically the federal 

758
00:39:47,600 --> 00:39:50,200
government must be seen as 
acting through proper legal 

759
00:39:50,200 --> 00:39:52,600
channels. 
Even when using military force 

760
00:39:52,600 --> 00:39:56,200
to create conditions for those 
channels to function, Washing 

761
00:39:56,200 --> 00:39:58,400
reviews troops on a cold 
November morning. 

762
00:39:59,200 --> 00:40:01,500
You stand among civilians 
watching from a distance. 

763
00:40:02,400 --> 00:40:05,200
The presence it straight in his 
saddle, despite the chill wind, 

764
00:40:05,200 --> 00:40:09,100
he inspects each unit. 
Personally, offering brief words

765
00:40:09,100 --> 00:40:12,000
of encouragement. 
The ceremonies formal and 

766
00:40:12,000 --> 00:40:14,200
depressive. 
But you notice something beneath

767
00:40:14,200 --> 00:40:18,300
the pageantry, Washington looks 
tired and sad his expression. 

768
00:40:18,300 --> 00:40:21,900
Suggests a man doing necessary 
Duty rather than pursuing Glory.

769
00:40:22,500 --> 00:40:25,400
He does not want to be here 
leading an Army against his own 

770
00:40:25,400 --> 00:40:28,000
citizens. 
But he sees no alternative that 

771
00:40:28,000 --> 00:40:29,500
preserves the nation, he helped 
create. 

772
00:40:30,400 --> 00:40:33,800
The weight of that burden shows 
clearly on his line to face the 

773
00:40:33,800 --> 00:40:36,100
Army moves deeper into Western 
Pennsylvania in early. 

774
00:40:36,100 --> 00:40:39,000
November the rebels who 
threatened rebellion in August 

775
00:40:39,000 --> 00:40:42,300
have disappeared like morning 
fog, no organized resistance 

776
00:40:42,300 --> 00:40:45,400
materializes. 
No battles occur, the great 

777
00:40:45,408 --> 00:40:48,100
confrontation, everyone 
anticipated never happened. 

778
00:40:48,100 --> 00:40:52,500
Instead federal troops find 
frightened farmers, who insist 

779
00:40:52,500 --> 00:40:55,800
they were never really Rebels. 
They blame David Bradford and 

780
00:40:55,800 --> 00:40:58,600
other leaders for misleading 
them, they signed loyalty, Oaths

781
00:40:58,600 --> 00:41:02,000
and accept amnesty. 
The Army occupies the region, 

782
00:41:02,000 --> 00:41:05,700
but finds no enemy to fight. 
The anti-climax is almost 

783
00:41:05,700 --> 00:41:08,900
comical except for the families 
whose members get arrested and 

784
00:41:08,900 --> 00:41:10,600
hold East to face treason 
charges. 

785
00:41:11,800 --> 00:41:13,300
Washington remains with the 
Army. 

786
00:41:13,300 --> 00:41:16,800
Through November, he wants his 
presence to continue sending its

787
00:41:16,800 --> 00:41:20,500
message, but he also recognizes 
that the military phase is 

788
00:41:20,500 --> 00:41:23,100
essentially complete. 
The Rebellion has collapsed with

789
00:41:23,100 --> 00:41:26,600
out serious combat Federal 
Authority is restored without 

790
00:41:26,600 --> 00:41:30,400
bloodshed. 
In late November, Washington 

791
00:41:30,400 --> 00:41:34,100
returns to Philadelphia leaving 
General Henry Lee in command of 

792
00:41:34,100 --> 00:41:37,500
remaining forces Washington, 
writes in private letters that 

793
00:41:37,500 --> 00:41:41,500
the Expedition succeeded in its 
goals the government proved it 

794
00:41:41,500 --> 00:41:43,100
can enforce laws throughout its 
territory. 

795
00:41:43,100 --> 00:41:46,800
The precedent is established 
future challenges, will know 

796
00:41:46,800 --> 00:41:48,200
what to wait organized 
resistance. 

797
00:41:48,200 --> 00:41:51,900
Whether this represents wise 
policy or dangerous precedent 

798
00:41:51,900 --> 00:41:55,200
Washington leaves for history to
judge the Army. 

799
00:41:55,200 --> 00:41:59,100
Divides into two wings for the 
final occupation phase, the 

800
00:41:59,100 --> 00:42:01,600
Eastern Division under General 
Henry, Lee advances through 

801
00:42:01,600 --> 00:42:05,000
Bedford and Somerset counties. 
The Western Division under 

802
00:42:05,000 --> 00:42:06,600
Virginia. 
Governor Henry Lee moves through

803
00:42:06,600 --> 00:42:10,100
Washington and Allegheny 
counties in Washington County 

804
00:42:10,100 --> 00:42:12,100
and watch the Westin Wing 
arrive. 

805
00:42:12,100 --> 00:42:15,700
In mid-november, thousands of 
troops established camps across 

806
00:42:15,700 --> 00:42:18,300
the countryside. 
Smoke from hundreds of cooking 

807
00:42:18,300 --> 00:42:22,300
fires darkens, the sky. 
The soldiers requisition food 

808
00:42:22,300 --> 00:42:26,100
and shelter from local farms, 
most citizens comply with out 

809
00:42:26,100 --> 00:42:28,300
protest. 
Knowing resistance would be 

810
00:42:28,300 --> 00:42:31,700
suicidal. 
Henry Lee commands with firm 

811
00:42:31,700 --> 00:42:35,300
Authority, he orders immediate 
arrests of suspected Rebel 

812
00:42:35,300 --> 00:42:38,400
leaders federal agents fan out 
with lists of names. 

813
00:42:38,400 --> 00:42:41,500
They knock on doors, in the 
middle of the night, they search

814
00:42:41,500 --> 00:42:43,500
Barnes and sellers over three 
weeks. 

815
00:42:43,500 --> 00:42:47,300
They arrest about 150 men. 
The prisoners include wealthy 

816
00:42:47,300 --> 00:42:50,400
landowners and poor Farmers 
educated professionals and 

817
00:42:50,400 --> 00:42:53,800
illiterate laborers. 
The Common Thread is suspected 

818
00:42:53,800 --> 00:42:57,600
participation in resistance 
activities, evidence, ranges 

819
00:42:57,600 --> 00:43:01,300
from eyewitness accounts. 
To Anonymous accusations legal 

820
00:43:01,300 --> 00:43:03,700
protections. 
Are minimal Lee operates under 

821
00:43:03,700 --> 00:43:06,200
martial law, Provisions, that 
suspend normal judicial 

822
00:43:06,200 --> 00:43:09,300
procedures. 
Herman husband is arrested on 

823
00:43:09,300 --> 00:43:13,200
November 13th, federal troops 
surround His cabin Before Dawn 

824
00:43:13,200 --> 00:43:16,200
husband. 
Now, 73 years old offers no 

825
00:43:16,200 --> 00:43:18,700
resistance. 
He asked permission to gather a 

826
00:43:18,700 --> 00:43:21,200
few belongings. 
The soldiers agree, husband 

827
00:43:21,200 --> 00:43:23,900
packs, a Bible, some writing 
materials and an extra shirt. 

828
00:43:23,900 --> 00:43:26,700
He bids goodbye to his wife and 
grandchildren. 

829
00:43:26,700 --> 00:43:29,900
Then he walks out to begin a 
journey that will end with his 

830
00:43:29,900 --> 00:43:33,200
death husband and other 
prisoners are marched in bitter.

831
00:43:33,200 --> 00:43:36,200
November weather, many prisoners
lack adequate clothing. 

832
00:43:36,200 --> 00:43:40,700
Several ill the March covers 15 
to 20 miles per day. 

833
00:43:40,700 --> 00:43:44,000
Through mountain passes where 
snow already blocks Trails, 

834
00:43:44,000 --> 00:43:47,800
guards show little sympathy. 
These are traitors receiving 

835
00:43:47,800 --> 00:43:51,400
their due complaints are ignored
or met with harsh discipline. 

836
00:43:52,100 --> 00:43:54,100
The prisoners reach Philadelphia
in December. 

837
00:43:54,100 --> 00:43:56,000
They are held in crude 
facilities. 

838
00:43:56,000 --> 00:43:59,500
Without heat, conditions are 
miserable even by 18th-century. 

839
00:44:18,800 --> 00:44:22,000
Conviction for treason requires,
testimony from two witnesses to 

840
00:44:22,000 --> 00:44:25,400
the same overt Act. 
The standard is deliberately 

841
00:44:25,400 --> 00:44:29,000
High, many cases collapse due to
insufficient evidence or 

842
00:44:29,000 --> 00:44:33,000
contradictory testimony. 
In the end, only two men receive

843
00:44:33,000 --> 00:44:35,400
convictions. 
Both are pardoned by Washington 

844
00:44:35,400 --> 00:44:38,600
1795. 
The legal proceedings, 

845
00:44:38,600 --> 00:44:40,900
accomplished little Beyond 
demonstrating that the 

846
00:44:40,900 --> 00:44:44,100
government takes rule of law. 
Seriously, even when it proves 

847
00:44:44,100 --> 00:44:48,200
inconvenient, The occupation of 
Western Pennsylvania continues 

848
00:44:48,200 --> 00:44:52,800
through, winter of 1794 in to 
Spring of 1795. 

849
00:44:53,700 --> 00:44:55,500
Troop levels. 
Gradually decreases. 

850
00:44:55,500 --> 00:44:57,900
The region stabilizes federal 
revenue. 

851
00:44:57,900 --> 00:45:00,000
Officers returned to their 
duties under military 

852
00:45:00,000 --> 00:45:03,100
protection. 
Registration of Stills proceeds 

853
00:45:03,100 --> 00:45:06,900
slowly but steadily Collection 
of tax revenue, remains spotty 

854
00:45:06,900 --> 00:45:09,300
many small distillers. 
Shut down, their operations. 

855
00:45:09,300 --> 00:45:12,700
Rather than pay the tax others 
move their Stills. 

856
00:45:12,700 --> 00:45:16,300
Deeper into the mountains, where
enforcement is in practical, The

857
00:45:16,300 --> 00:45:19,500
Whisky trade continues, but 
shifts toward larger operations,

858
00:45:19,500 --> 00:45:23,200
that can absorb the tax burden, 
small-scale farmer distillers. 

859
00:45:23,200 --> 00:45:26,500
The very people who most needed 
whiskey as economic tool are 

860
00:45:26,500 --> 00:45:29,400
squeezed out this represents 
exactly the outcome. 

861
00:45:29,400 --> 00:45:33,500
They feared and resisted you. 
Visit Pittsburgh in April 1795, 

862
00:45:33,500 --> 00:45:36,800
the town has returned to 
something approaching normalcy 

863
00:45:36,800 --> 00:45:41,100
Merchants conduct business River
traffic flows, normally Federal 

864
00:45:41,100 --> 00:45:44,300
officers move about without fear
of attack, but the atmosphere 

865
00:45:44,300 --> 00:45:47,800
feels strained. 
People are polite but cold the 

866
00:45:47,800 --> 00:45:51,100
split created, by the Rebellion,
have not healed those who 

867
00:45:51,100 --> 00:45:53,900
supported resistance view, those
who accepted amnesty as 

868
00:45:53,908 --> 00:45:57,200
traitors, those who favored 
compliance view resistors as 

869
00:45:57,200 --> 00:45:59,900
dangerous fools. 
The division will persist for 

870
00:45:59,900 --> 00:46:02,900
years, some families remain a 
strange for Generations. 

871
00:46:02,900 --> 00:46:06,900
The wounds go deep and Scar 
Tissue takes time to form the 

872
00:46:06,900 --> 00:46:09,300
federal government maintains 
Garrison troops in Western 

873
00:46:09,300 --> 00:46:14,100
Pennsylvania, until 1796 The 
present serves as a reminder of 

874
00:46:14,100 --> 00:46:16,800
federal power and deterrent to 
renewed resistance. 

875
00:46:16,800 --> 00:46:20,600
Eventually the troops withdraw 
as the situation returns fully 

876
00:46:20,600 --> 00:46:24,300
to civilian control Revenue 
collection becomes routine, 

877
00:46:24,300 --> 00:46:27,900
though, never popular, the 
whiskey tax remains law until 

878
00:46:27,900 --> 00:46:31,300
its repeal in 1802 when Thomas 
Jefferson becomes president. 

879
00:46:32,400 --> 00:46:35,200
Jefferson Views, the tax as 
unnecessary and divisive. 

880
00:46:35,200 --> 00:46:40,200
Its removal is one of his first 
policy priorities, but by 1802, 

881
00:46:40,200 --> 00:46:42,000
the precedent has been 
established. 

882
00:46:42,000 --> 00:46:45,000
The Federal Government can 
enforce its laws throughout the 

883
00:46:45,000 --> 00:46:46,800
nation using military force, if 
necessary. 

884
00:46:47,800 --> 00:46:51,000
This principle will be tested 
again in future crises most 

885
00:46:51,000 --> 00:46:55,000
devastatingly in 1861, the 
financial cost of suppressing, 

886
00:46:55,000 --> 00:46:57,500
the Whiskey Rebellion totals, 
nearly a million dollars. 

887
00:46:57,500 --> 00:47:00,700
This sum dwarfs, the revenue 
collected from the whiskey tax 

888
00:47:00,700 --> 00:47:03,900
in Western Pennsylvania during 
the entire period of resistance.

889
00:47:04,800 --> 00:47:07,300
the government spent far more 
enforcing the tax than the tax 

890
00:47:07,300 --> 00:47:11,100
generated, in purely, economic 
terms, the Expedition is 

891
00:47:11,100 --> 00:47:14,600
absurdly and Economics was never
the point. 

892
00:47:14,600 --> 00:47:18,600
Alexander Hamilton understood 
that Federal Authority cannot be

893
00:47:18,600 --> 00:47:21,700
priced in dollars either. 
The government can enforce its 

894
00:47:21,700 --> 00:47:25,000
laws or it cannot govern the 
million dollars bought proof. 

895
00:47:25,000 --> 00:47:27,500
That the constitution is more 
than paper and words. 

896
00:47:27,500 --> 00:47:30,800
It bought the precedent that 
federal law, supersedes local 

897
00:47:30,800 --> 00:47:32,400
preferences. 
When the two conflict. 

898
00:47:33,200 --> 00:47:35,700
Whether that principle 
represents wise governance or 

899
00:47:35,700 --> 00:47:39,000
dangerous centralization, 
remains subject to debate more 

900
00:47:39,000 --> 00:47:42,500
than two centuries later. 
The Whiskey Rebellion ends 

901
00:47:42,500 --> 00:47:45,600
without the dramatic climax that
participants on both sides 

902
00:47:45,600 --> 00:47:49,200
anticipated. 
There are no great battles, no 

903
00:47:49,200 --> 00:47:52,800
heroic last stands. 
No Martyrs dying for Liberty 

904
00:47:52,800 --> 00:47:56,900
with inspirational final words 
instead, the Rebellion dissolves

905
00:47:56,900 --> 00:48:00,000
into arrests trials and grudging
acceptance of federal Authority.

906
00:48:01,000 --> 00:48:04,100
the anti-climax frustrates, 
those seeking clear narratives 

907
00:48:04,100 --> 00:48:08,500
of good versus evil reality 
proves messier than myth You 

908
00:48:08,500 --> 00:48:12,300
work your farm, in the spring of
1795 Planting Fields, you've 

909
00:48:12,300 --> 00:48:15,200
cleared by hand. 
The still sit, idle, in the 

910
00:48:15,200 --> 00:48:18,900
barn, you have not registered it
and do not intend to running. 

911
00:48:18,900 --> 00:48:21,800
It would require paying the 
taxes, paying the tax would 

912
00:48:21,800 --> 00:48:24,700
bankrupt you. 
So the still collects dust while

913
00:48:24,700 --> 00:48:28,100
you find other ways to generate 
small amounts of cash, you sell 

914
00:48:28,100 --> 00:48:31,900
firewood to Pittsburgh and you 
hire out for labor on wealthier 

915
00:48:31,900 --> 00:48:35,100
farms, you traps and trade them 
for Necessities. 

916
00:48:35,100 --> 00:48:38,300
The economics are brutal and 
margins, razor thin. 

917
00:48:38,300 --> 00:48:42,200
But you survived Survival is 
what from tier life has always 

918
00:48:42,200 --> 00:48:44,900
demanded this year. 
Simply demands it more 

919
00:48:44,900 --> 00:48:48,100
strenuously than most the 
precedent established by 

920
00:48:48,100 --> 00:48:51,300
Washington's response Echoes 
through American history, when 

921
00:48:51,300 --> 00:48:55,100
South Carolina threatens 
nullification In 1832 President,

922
00:48:55,100 --> 00:48:58,100
Andrew Jackson, cites the 
Whiskey Rebellion, as proof that

923
00:48:58,100 --> 00:49:02,000
states cannot refuse federal law
Jackson threatens to lead 

924
00:49:02,000 --> 00:49:06,200
troops, South just as Washington
LED them West, South Carolina 

925
00:49:06,200 --> 00:49:10,200
backs down when southern states 
seceded in 1860 and 1861. 

926
00:49:10,200 --> 00:49:14,600
Lincoln sites the same precedent
The Federal Union is not 

927
00:49:14,600 --> 00:49:17,700
voluntary States, cannot leave 
simply because they dislike 

928
00:49:17,700 --> 00:49:20,300
Federal policies. 
The resulting Civil War kills 

929
00:49:20,300 --> 00:49:23,100
600,000 people and settles the 
question definitively. 

930
00:49:24,200 --> 00:49:28,300
The seeds of that conflict Trace
back in part to 1794 and the 

931
00:49:28,300 --> 00:49:30,800
principal at Federal Authority 
is supreme within its 

932
00:49:30,800 --> 00:49:34,200
constitutional bounds. 
But the Whiskey Rebellion also 

933
00:49:34,200 --> 00:49:36,500
reveals tension that never fully
resolved. 

934
00:49:37,200 --> 00:49:39,800
The conflict between local 
autonomy and Central Authority. 

935
00:49:39,800 --> 00:49:43,100
Appears repeatedly in American 
political life, State's rights 

936
00:49:43,100 --> 00:49:46,400
are arguments appear in debates 
about slavery, civil rights, 

937
00:49:46,400 --> 00:49:50,400
environmental regulation, 
Healthcare policy and countless 

938
00:49:50,400 --> 00:49:53,600
other issues. 
Fundamental question remains 

939
00:49:53,600 --> 00:49:57,200
constant, who decides when local
preferences conflict with 

940
00:49:57,200 --> 00:50:00,600
national policy? 
The Whiskey Rebellion answered 

941
00:50:00,600 --> 00:50:02,700
that federal law wins when push 
comes to shove. 

942
00:50:03,500 --> 00:50:06,200
But it did not answer whether 
federal law should win in every 

943
00:50:06,200 --> 00:50:08,800
case or whether some issues 
belong, more properly to local 

944
00:50:08,800 --> 00:50:11,600
control. 
Americans still argue about 

945
00:50:11,600 --> 00:50:14,300
these questions today because 
the underlying tension is built 

946
00:50:14,300 --> 00:50:16,000
into the structure of federalism
itself. 

947
00:50:17,000 --> 00:50:20,200
Alexander Hamilton views, the 
Rebellion suppression as 

948
00:50:20,200 --> 00:50:22,800
Vindication of his vision for 
strong federal government. 

949
00:50:22,800 --> 00:50:25,900
He continues, pushing for 
National Banks, protective 

950
00:50:25,900 --> 00:50:28,700
tariffs, and active Federal role
in Economic Development. 

951
00:50:29,600 --> 00:50:32,000
His policy shaped The Early 
Republic profoundly. 

952
00:50:32,000 --> 00:50:36,600
But Hamilton dies in 1804 killed
in a duel with Aaron Burr his 

953
00:50:36,600 --> 00:50:39,800
vision for America eventually 
triumphs, but he does not live 

954
00:50:39,800 --> 00:50:42,300
to see it. 
Fully realized the irony is 

955
00:50:42,300 --> 00:50:44,900
bitter. 
Hamilton risks his political 

956
00:50:44,900 --> 00:50:48,900
career and physical safety to 
establish Federal Authority in 

957
00:50:48,900 --> 00:50:53,200
1794. 
Ten years later, he dies in a 

958
00:50:53,208 --> 00:50:56,300
private dispute that had nothing
to do with policy or printable. 

959
00:50:57,000 --> 00:50:59,700
History, remembers him as 
architect of American Financial 

960
00:50:59,700 --> 00:51:03,200
system, but not as the man who 
marched West with Washington to 

961
00:51:03,200 --> 00:51:05,900
suppress Rebellion. 
Thomas Jefferson takes the 

962
00:51:05,900 --> 00:51:07,500
opposite lesson from the Whiskey
Rebellion. 

963
00:51:07,500 --> 00:51:10,200
He views it as example of 
federal overreach and 

964
00:51:10,200 --> 00:51:14,600
unnecessary provocation, when he
becomes president in 1801, he 

965
00:51:14,600 --> 00:51:17,000
systematically dismantled 
hamiltonian policies. 

966
00:51:17,000 --> 00:51:20,500
He repeals the whiskey tax, he 
reduces the national debt. 

967
00:51:20,500 --> 00:51:23,600
He shrinks the federal 
government, he emphasizes 

968
00:51:23,600 --> 00:51:25,400
State's rights, and local 
control. 

969
00:51:26,200 --> 00:51:28,600
Jefferson's Vision. 
Also shapes American development

970
00:51:28,600 --> 00:51:31,500
profoundly. 
The tension between hamiltonian 

971
00:51:31,500 --> 00:51:36,000
centralization and Jeffersonian,
decentralization, becomes a 

972
00:51:36,000 --> 00:51:37,800
defining feature of American 
politics. 

973
00:51:37,800 --> 00:51:42,700
Neither Vision wins permanently 
instead the balance shifts back 

974
00:51:42,708 --> 00:51:45,200
and forth, depending on 
circumstances and political 

975
00:51:45,200 --> 00:51:47,700
coalitions. 
The Whiskey Rebellion is early 

976
00:51:47,700 --> 00:51:50,000
battle in a longer war that 
continues indefinitely. 

977
00:51:50,800 --> 00:51:54,800
George Washington retires to 
Mount Vernon in 1797 and dies in

978
00:51:54,800 --> 00:51:57,800
1799. 
His final years, bringing him 

979
00:51:57,800 --> 00:51:59,300
the peace and privacy. 
He craved. 

980
00:51:59,300 --> 00:52:02,500
But rarely achieved. 
He never speaks publicly about 

981
00:52:02,500 --> 00:52:06,100
the Whiskey Rebellion after the 
crisis ends, but private letters

982
00:52:06,100 --> 00:52:09,100
suggest, he views it as 
necessary action, that pained 

983
00:52:09,100 --> 00:52:12,800
him deeply Washington believed 
in Republican, government and 

984
00:52:12,800 --> 00:52:16,200
popular sovereignty, but he also
believed in rule of law and 

985
00:52:16,200 --> 00:52:19,300
constitutional order. 
When those principles conflict 

986
00:52:19,300 --> 00:52:23,400
washing Washington's side's with
Laura and Order, This choice to 

987
00:52:23,400 --> 00:52:27,300
finds his presidency and sets. 
President for successes, the 

988
00:52:27,300 --> 00:52:30,200
office of President includes 
responsibility to enforce laws. 

989
00:52:30,200 --> 00:52:32,900
Even when doing so is unpopular 
or politically costly, 

990
00:52:34,000 --> 00:52:37,500
Washington establishes that 
principal at personal cost, he 

991
00:52:37,500 --> 00:52:40,300
dies knowing he preserved the 
union but uncertain whether 

992
00:52:40,300 --> 00:52:42,900
future Generations will maintain
what he helped create. 

993
00:52:44,000 --> 00:52:46,200
David Bradford. 
Never returns from Louisiana. 

994
00:52:46,200 --> 00:52:50,400
He lives as fugitive, and Exile.
Watching from distance. 

995
00:52:50,400 --> 00:52:52,200
As the new nation develops 
without him. 

996
00:52:52,200 --> 00:52:56,300
He dies in 1808. 
Still officially a wanted man. 

997
00:52:56,300 --> 00:52:58,200
Though no one actively pursues 
him by then. 

998
00:52:59,500 --> 00:53:02,800
Bradford represents the path, 
not taken if Washington had 

999
00:53:02,800 --> 00:53:04,400
hesitated or the federal 
response. 

1000
00:53:04,400 --> 00:53:07,100
Had been weaker. 
Bradford's vision of localized, 

1001
00:53:07,100 --> 00:53:09,900
resistance to Central Authority.
Might have prevailed. 

1002
00:53:10,600 --> 00:53:13,000
The United States might have 
fractured into competing 

1003
00:53:13,000 --> 00:53:16,200
Regional Powers, whether that 
would have been better, or worse

1004
00:53:16,200 --> 00:53:19,200
for the people involved is 
impossible to know history 

1005
00:53:19,200 --> 00:53:22,600
records, what happened? 
Not What Might Have Been Hermann

1006
00:53:22,600 --> 00:53:24,700
husband's death, in a 
Philadelphia jail marks. 

1007
00:53:24,700 --> 00:53:28,200
The Rebellion saddest, casualty,
he sought peaceful resolution, 

1008
00:53:28,200 --> 00:53:32,800
and got prison and pneumonia. 
His writing survived and are 

1009
00:53:32,800 --> 00:53:34,400
occasionally rediscovered by 
historians. 

1010
00:53:34,400 --> 00:53:37,500
Looking for authentic Frontier 
voices, husband wrote with 

1011
00:53:37,500 --> 00:53:41,200
passion and conviction about 
Justice, a quality, and the 

1012
00:53:41,200 --> 00:53:43,700
rights of common people against 
entrenched power. 

1013
00:53:43,700 --> 00:53:47,600
His prose is unpolished and his 
ideas sometimes muddled. 

1014
00:53:47,600 --> 00:53:50,400
But his sincerity shines through
every page. 

1015
00:53:50,400 --> 00:53:53,900
He believed Ordinary People 
deserved respect and fair 

1016
00:53:53,900 --> 00:53:57,200
treatment from their government.
He spent his life advocating for

1017
00:53:57,200 --> 00:54:00,500
those principles, he died in 
custody of a government that 

1018
00:54:00,500 --> 00:54:03,400
viewed him as traitor. 
Rather than Patriot the 

1019
00:54:03,400 --> 00:54:06,800
Injustice is sharp and enduring 
the farmers and laborers who 

1020
00:54:06,800 --> 00:54:09,400
formed the bulk of the Rebel 
movement, mostly disappear from 

1021
00:54:09,400 --> 00:54:13,000
historical record. 
A few move west into Ohio or 

1022
00:54:13,000 --> 00:54:16,100
Kentucky seeking better. 
Prospects Beyond Federal, reach 

1023
00:54:16,100 --> 00:54:19,500
others remain on their land 
paying the hated tax until its 

1024
00:54:19,500 --> 00:54:23,300
repeal in 1802, they live quiet 
lives, raise families. 

1025
00:54:23,300 --> 00:54:26,500
And gradually become ancestors 
who struggles of forgotten by 

1026
00:54:26,500 --> 00:54:30,100
descendants The whiskey tax 
seems quaint and distant now, 

1027
00:54:30,100 --> 00:54:33,000
but for people living through 
it, the tax represented 

1028
00:54:33,000 --> 00:54:36,300
existential threat, their 
resistance was neither foolish, 

1029
00:54:36,300 --> 00:54:38,500
not evil. 
It was desperate attempt to 

1030
00:54:38,508 --> 00:54:41,600
protect livelihoods and 
communities against policy that 

1031
00:54:41,600 --> 00:54:43,400
seemed designed without 
understanding their 

1032
00:54:43,400 --> 00:54:46,400
circumstances. 
That their resistance faild does

1033
00:54:46,400 --> 00:54:49,800
not make their grievances. 
Invalid, you sit on your porch 

1034
00:54:49,800 --> 00:54:53,300
on a summer evening. 
In 1802 watching lightning bugs 

1035
00:54:53,300 --> 00:54:57,000
drift through the darkness. 
News arrived last week that the 

1036
00:54:57,008 --> 00:55:00,000
whiskey tax has been repealed 
Jefferson's administration. 

1037
00:55:00,000 --> 00:55:03,200
Fulfilled its promise. 
The burden is lifted, you could 

1038
00:55:03,200 --> 00:55:06,500
restart the still and resumed 
production, but somehow the 

1039
00:55:06,500 --> 00:55:09,700
moment feels Hollow, the taxes 
gone but so are seven years, 

1040
00:55:09,700 --> 00:55:13,600
Herman husband is dead. 
David Bradford is exile. 

1041
00:55:14,300 --> 00:55:17,400
James McFarland died at Bower 
Hill neighbors, who were 

1042
00:55:17,400 --> 00:55:21,100
friends, became enemies the 
social fabric tour and never 

1043
00:55:21,100 --> 00:55:25,300
fully repaired the victory Of 
Ashes mixed with relief. 

1044
00:55:26,000 --> 00:55:28,600
Use survived which is more than 
some can say. 

1045
00:55:29,300 --> 00:55:32,000
But survival came at a price 
that still Tally's up in quite 

1046
00:55:32,000 --> 00:55:34,600
moments like this. 
The long-term impact of the 

1047
00:55:34,600 --> 00:55:36,900
Whiskey Rebellion extends far 
beyond its immediate 

1048
00:55:36,900 --> 00:55:40,200
participants The precedent of 
federal military force to 

1049
00:55:40,200 --> 00:55:41,900
suppress. 
Internal resistance becomes 

1050
00:55:41,900 --> 00:55:43,800
Bedrock principle of American 
Governor's. 

1051
00:55:43,800 --> 00:55:46,800
Future presidents. 
Cited to justify actions from 

1052
00:55:46,800 --> 00:55:49,900
the Reconstruction, South to 
Little Rock School integration 

1053
00:55:49,900 --> 00:55:51,900
to Federal enforcement of civil 
rights laws. 

1054
00:55:51,900 --> 00:55:56,000
The principal Cuts both ways, it
protects minority rights against

1055
00:55:56,000 --> 00:55:59,100
hostile, local majority's. 
It also enables Federal 

1056
00:55:59,100 --> 00:56:02,000
overreach into areas that might 
be better left to local control 

1057
00:56:02,000 --> 00:56:05,100
sorting out which applications 
are Justified and which are not 

1058
00:56:05,108 --> 00:56:07,100
requires constant vigilance and 
debate. 

1059
00:56:07,100 --> 00:56:10,000
The Whiskey Rebellion does not 
answer these questions. 

1060
00:56:10,000 --> 00:56:13,300
It simply establishes that the 
federal government has the power

1061
00:56:13,300 --> 00:56:16,400
to enforce its will when 
necessary how that power should 

1062
00:56:16,400 --> 00:56:18,900
be used. 
Remained eternally contested. 

1063
00:56:18,900 --> 00:56:22,100
The story ends, not with 
resolution but with 

1064
00:56:22,100 --> 00:56:25,800
continuation. 
The tensions that sparked the 

1065
00:56:25,800 --> 00:56:29,600
Whiskey Rebellion persist in 
different forms Americans still 

1066
00:56:29,600 --> 00:56:32,900
argue about taxation 
representation, Federal 

1067
00:56:32,900 --> 00:56:37,300
Authority, and local autonomy. 
They still disagree about when 

1068
00:56:37,300 --> 00:56:40,100
resistance becomes Justified, 
and when it crosses into 

1069
00:56:40,100 --> 00:56:43,400
Rebellion, they still struggle 
to balance competing visions of 

1070
00:56:43,400 --> 00:56:47,200
what the nation should be. 
The Whiskey Rebellion was early 

1071
00:56:47,200 --> 00:56:50,700
chapter in an ongoing story that
has no Final Chapter. 

1072
00:56:50,700 --> 00:56:54,400
Each generation inherits the 
questions and must answer them. 

1073
00:56:54,400 --> 00:56:56,200
A new based on contemporary 
circumstances. 

1074
00:56:56,200 --> 00:56:59,700
You close your eyes and listen 
to crickets singing their 

1075
00:56:59,700 --> 00:57:03,400
Endless Summer song. 
Tomorrow brings more work Fields

1076
00:57:03,400 --> 00:57:06,800
need tending fence's. 
Need mending life continues 

1077
00:57:06,800 --> 00:57:08,800
regardless of political 
upheavals or historical 

1078
00:57:08,800 --> 00:57:11,400
significance. 
The grand sweeps of History 

1079
00:57:11,400 --> 00:57:14,400
matter Less in the moment than 
the immediate tasks of survival 

1080
00:57:14,400 --> 00:57:16,600
and perhaps small measures of 
contentment. 

1081
00:57:17,400 --> 00:57:20,300
You survived the Whiskey 
Rebellion, that will have to be 

1082
00:57:20,300 --> 00:57:22,400
enough. 
Sleep comes easier, these days 

1083
00:57:22,400 --> 00:57:25,300
now that the threat of midnight,
arrests has passed the 

1084
00:57:25,300 --> 00:57:28,000
nightmares Fades. 
Slowly, the memories remain. 

1085
00:57:28,000 --> 00:57:30,000
They will be there when you wake
tomorrow. 

1086
00:57:30,000 --> 00:57:32,500
And every day after until memory
itself ends. 

1087
00:57:32,500 --> 00:57:37,000
So there we have it, my tired 
dumplings attacks, on Whiskey, 

1088
00:57:37,000 --> 00:57:40,300
nearly tore apart the nation 
that the Revolutionary War 

1089
00:57:40,300 --> 00:57:44,100
created a president LED troops 
against his own citizens, to 

1090
00:57:44,100 --> 00:57:46,500
establish that federal law, 
means something real and 

1091
00:57:46,500 --> 00:57:50,700
forcible Farmers resisted 
leaders, fled or died and 

1092
00:57:50,700 --> 00:57:52,300
ultimately the government 
prevailed. 

1093
00:57:52,300 --> 00:57:55,800
The president Mathers still the 
question's raised remain 

1094
00:57:55,800 --> 00:57:58,600
unresolved and somewhere in the 
hills of Western Pennsylvania. 

1095
00:57:58,600 --> 00:58:03,600
Old still sit rusting in Barnes 
silent witnesses to a conflict 

1096
00:58:03,600 --> 00:58:05,700
that shape to American history 
in ways. 

1097
00:58:05,700 --> 00:58:08,100
We still grapple with more than 
two centuries later. 

1098
00:58:09,500 --> 00:58:12,300
If this story helped you drift 
towards sleep, consider 

1099
00:58:12,300 --> 00:58:14,900
subscribing to the channel and 
hitting that notification Bell, 

1100
00:58:14,900 --> 00:58:18,400
so you never miss a new episode 
until next time sleep. 

1101
00:58:18,400 --> 00:58:27,000
Well, my tired potatoes The 
story of Winston, Churchill 

1102
00:58:27,000 --> 00:58:29,700
begins in the grand Halls of 
Victorian, England, and 

1103
00:58:29,700 --> 00:58:32,700
stretches across two world wars 
to reshape the modern world. 

1104
00:58:32,700 --> 00:58:36,300
You're about to discover how one
man's voice became the sound of 

1105
00:58:36,300 --> 00:58:38,400
defiance. 
When darkness threatened to 

1106
00:58:38,408 --> 00:58:42,500
consume Europe tonight, as you 
settle into Comfort, let this 

1107
00:58:42,500 --> 00:58:45,100
story of courage and 
determination carry you through 

1108
00:58:45,100 --> 00:58:48,600
the remarkable life of Britain's
greatest wartime leader. 

1109
00:58:49,500 --> 00:58:52,900
You find yourself standing 
outside, Blenheim Palace on a 

1110
00:58:52,900 --> 00:58:56,900
cold November night in 1874. 
The massive Baroque structure 

1111
00:58:56,900 --> 00:58:58,400
Rises before you in the 
Darkness. 

1112
00:58:59,300 --> 00:59:01,000
Torches flicker along the stone 
walls. 

1113
00:59:01,000 --> 00:59:04,900
Inside a baby is just been born,
two months early than expected. 

1114
00:59:06,000 --> 00:59:08,200
The infant arrived in a small 
ground floor room. 

1115
00:59:08,200 --> 00:59:11,000
The family had not prepared for 
such an early delivery. 

1116
00:59:11,000 --> 00:59:14,100
Lady Randolph. 
Churchill had been dancing at a 

1117
00:59:14,100 --> 00:59:17,000
ball when labor began, she 
barely made it to this modest 

1118
00:59:17,000 --> 00:59:20,100
chamber before giving birth. 
The child is Winston, Leonard. 

1119
00:59:20,100 --> 00:59:23,800
Spencer, Churchill. 
He enters the world with a shock

1120
00:59:23,800 --> 00:59:27,700
of red hair and a Lusty cry. 
His father Lord ran off Paces 

1121
00:59:27,700 --> 00:59:31,100
the halls of his mother recovers
slowly from The Unexpected 

1122
00:59:31,100 --> 00:59:33,800
ordeal. 
He walked through the palace 

1123
00:59:33,800 --> 00:59:37,600
Gardens as Dawn breaks Frost 
covers the carefully manicured 

1124
00:59:37,600 --> 00:59:41,600
Hedges, the estate stretches for
miles in every direction. 

1125
00:59:41,600 --> 00:59:44,900
This is where young Winston will
spend his earliest days. 

1126
00:59:44,900 --> 00:59:48,800
The palace was a gift from a 
Grateful Nation to his ancestor.

1127
00:59:49,500 --> 00:59:53,500
The first Duke of Marlborough. 
But the Grandeur of Blair him 

1128
00:59:53,500 --> 00:59:56,000
does not translate to warmth in 
young Winston's childhood. 

1129
00:59:56,000 --> 01:00:00,000
You watch as the years pass, his
parents remained distant 

1130
01:00:00,000 --> 01:00:04,100
figures, Lord Randolph purves, 
his political career with Fierce

1131
01:00:04,100 --> 01:00:07,400
ambition, lady Randolph moves 
through London Society like a 

1132
01:00:07,400 --> 01:00:09,600
bright Comet Winston, rarely 
sees them. 

1133
01:00:09,600 --> 01:00:13,000
He spends most days with his 
Nanny Mrs. Everest, she is a 

1134
01:00:13,000 --> 01:00:15,400
plump woman with kind eyes and 
gentle hands. 

1135
01:00:15,400 --> 01:00:17,800
You can hear her singing 
lullabies in the nursery. 

1136
01:00:17,800 --> 01:00:20,600
She rocks the small boy when he 
wakes from nightmares. 

1137
01:00:21,800 --> 01:00:24,600
She banded his scraped knees 
after falls in the garden. 

1138
01:00:24,600 --> 01:00:27,900
Mrs. Everest become the center 
of Winston's Young World. 

1139
01:00:27,900 --> 01:00:30,500
He calls her womb, she calls 
him. 

1140
01:00:30,500 --> 01:00:34,000
Winnie Their bond grows stronger
as his parents remain absorbed 

1141
01:00:34,000 --> 01:00:37,000
in their own lives. 
You see the boys face light up 

1142
01:00:37,000 --> 01:00:40,300
when we meant as the room, he 
watches smile fade when she must

1143
01:00:40,300 --> 01:00:43,600
leave. 
At age, seven Winston is sent 

1144
01:00:43,600 --> 01:00:46,000
away to boarding school. 
You stand beside him on the 

1145
01:00:46,008 --> 01:00:47,500
platform as the train pulls 
away. 

1146
01:00:48,600 --> 01:00:51,900
The clutches are small bag 
containing his belongings tears 

1147
01:00:51,900 --> 01:00:55,200
streamed down his face. 
Woman hugged him goodbye that 

1148
01:00:55,200 --> 01:00:57,700
morning his mother had barely 
glanced up from her 

1149
01:00:57,700 --> 01:01:00,400
correspondence. 
The school is Saint George's in 

1150
01:01:00,400 --> 01:01:03,600
Ascot the Headmaster believes in
strict discipline. 

1151
01:01:03,600 --> 01:01:06,100
You watch Winston struggle 
through his first weeks. 

1152
01:01:06,100 --> 01:01:09,600
The other boys seemed to know 
the rules already Winston breaks

1153
01:01:09,600 --> 01:01:13,000
them without meaning to the 
punishment comes Swift and hard.

1154
01:01:13,000 --> 01:01:15,300
He receives beatings with a 
birch Rod. 

1155
01:01:15,300 --> 01:01:20,000
The pain is sharp and immediate 
You see him biting his lip to 

1156
01:01:20,000 --> 01:01:23,200
Keep from Crying Out. 
At night, in the dormitory, he 

1157
01:01:23,200 --> 01:01:24,900
pulls the thin blanket over his 
head. 

1158
01:01:24,900 --> 01:01:27,900
He thinks of womb and Blenheim 
and better days. 

1159
01:01:27,900 --> 01:01:32,500
Is academic performance is poor.
Winston cannot seem to focus on 

1160
01:01:32,500 --> 01:01:36,500
Latin, declension or Greek, 
conjugations his mind wanders to

1161
01:01:36,500 --> 01:01:40,300
stories of soldiers and battles.
He draws pictures of Cavalry 

1162
01:01:40,300 --> 01:01:42,300
Charges in the margins of his 
textbooks. 

1163
01:01:42,300 --> 01:01:45,900
The Master's grow frustrated 
with his intention, but you 

1164
01:01:45,900 --> 01:01:49,300
notice something the teachers 
Miss when Winston reads history 

1165
01:01:49,300 --> 01:01:52,900
or literature, his eyes shine 
with interest, he devours Tales 

1166
01:01:52,900 --> 01:01:56,100
of Nelson, and Wellington. 
He recites poetry with feeling 

1167
01:01:56,100 --> 01:01:59,700
and passion his memory for these
subjects is exceptional. 

1168
01:02:00,700 --> 01:02:03,800
After two years of misery, his 
parents finally removed him from

1169
01:02:03,808 --> 01:02:07,000
Saint George's. 
His health has suffered, he is 

1170
01:02:07,000 --> 01:02:10,600
thin and pale, they sent him to 
a school in Brighton, where the 

1171
01:02:10,600 --> 01:02:13,800
Sierra might restore him, you 
walk beside Winston along the 

1172
01:02:13,800 --> 01:02:16,400
pebbly beach. 
He breathes deeply of the salt 

1173
01:02:16,400 --> 01:02:19,300
Breeze. 
Color slowly returns to his 

1174
01:02:19,300 --> 01:02:21,400
cheeks. 
The new school is better. 

1175
01:02:21,400 --> 01:02:25,400
The Masters are less harsh. 
Winston begins to find his 

1176
01:02:25,400 --> 01:02:28,900
footing, he joins the rifle and 
discovers a love of military. 

1177
01:02:28,900 --> 01:02:32,600
Pageantry you watch him, March 
and formation, his small 

1178
01:02:32,600 --> 01:02:34,300
shoulders thrown back with 
pride. 

1179
01:02:34,300 --> 01:02:36,800
He polishes his rifle until it 
gleams. 

1180
01:02:37,600 --> 01:02:39,900
At 13, Winston moves to Harrow 
School. 

1181
01:02:39,900 --> 01:02:43,200
You climb the hill with him. 
On his first day, the ancient 

1182
01:02:43,200 --> 01:02:46,300
building's Luma above 
generations of Britain's Elite 

1183
01:02:46,300 --> 01:02:49,400
of passed through these Halls. 
Winston feels the weight of 

1184
01:02:49,408 --> 01:02:52,900
expectation pressing down. 
He's placed in the lowest form, 

1185
01:02:52,900 --> 01:02:55,000
due to his poor showing on the 
entrance exam. 

1186
01:02:55,000 --> 01:02:58,300
Latin remained his Nemesis. 
But his English teacher 

1187
01:02:58,300 --> 01:03:02,200
recognizes something special 
Winston can write with power and

1188
01:03:02,200 --> 01:03:04,800
Clarity. 
His essays crackle with energy, 

1189
01:03:04,800 --> 01:03:08,100
his vocabulary expands like a 
river in flood. 

1190
01:03:09,100 --> 01:03:11,800
You sit beside him in the 
library as he reads Churchill's 

1191
01:03:11,800 --> 01:03:15,700
history of his ancestor. 
Marlborough Winston traces, his 

1192
01:03:15,700 --> 01:03:19,400
finger along the battle maps. 
He mouths the words describing 

1193
01:03:19,400 --> 01:03:22,600
great, Cavalry Charges and 
clever Maneuvers, something 

1194
01:03:22,600 --> 01:03:27,000
stirs inside him, a sense of 
Destiny, perhaps, a feeling that

1195
01:03:27,000 --> 01:03:32,100
he too might do great things, 
his father visits rarely When 

1196
01:03:32,100 --> 01:03:35,400
Lord Randolph, does appear 
Winston desperately seeks his 

1197
01:03:35,400 --> 01:03:37,600
approval. 
You watch the boy, rehearse 

1198
01:03:37,600 --> 01:03:40,200
things to say. 
He practices telling his father 

1199
01:03:40,200 --> 01:03:43,300
about his achievements. 
But Lord Randolph, remains cold 

1200
01:03:43,300 --> 01:03:46,300
and distant. 
He criticizes Winston's poor 

1201
01:03:46,300 --> 01:03:48,800
marks in mathematics. 
He dismisses the boys. 

1202
01:03:48,800 --> 01:03:53,300
Enthusiasm for military history.
The rejection Cuts deep Winston 

1203
01:03:53,300 --> 01:03:55,400
writes letters to his father 
that go unanswered. 

1204
01:03:55,400 --> 01:03:58,800
He saves his small achievements,
hoping to impress him. 

1205
01:03:58,800 --> 01:04:02,600
Nothing seems good enough. 
You see the hurt in Winston's 

1206
01:04:02,600 --> 01:04:05,300
eyes each time, his father 
departs without a kind word. 

1207
01:04:06,000 --> 01:04:08,100
His mother is warmer, but 
equally absent. 

1208
01:04:09,200 --> 01:04:12,100
Lady Randolph moves through 
Europe's fashionable circles, 

1209
01:04:12,100 --> 01:04:15,600
she writes Winston chatty 
Letters From Paris and Vienna, 

1210
01:04:15,600 --> 01:04:19,000
but she does not visit. 
She does not attend his school 

1211
01:04:19,000 --> 01:04:22,200
events. 
Winston keeps every letter. 

1212
01:04:22,200 --> 01:04:25,200
She sends, he reads them over 
and over until the paper. 

1213
01:04:25,200 --> 01:04:28,800
Grows soft at 15. 
Winston makes a decision. 

1214
01:04:28,800 --> 01:04:31,000
He will pursue a military 
career. 

1215
01:04:31,000 --> 01:04:32,900
His father approves. 
This Choice. 

1216
01:04:32,900 --> 01:04:36,000
It requires less academic 
Excellence than Oxford or 

1217
01:04:36,000 --> 01:04:38,600
Cambridge. 
Winston throws himself into 

1218
01:04:38,600 --> 01:04:40,800
preparing for the entrance exam 
to Sandhurst. 

1219
01:04:40,800 --> 01:04:44,100
The Royal Military College. 
It takes him three attempts to 

1220
01:04:44,108 --> 01:04:46,600
pass. 
You stand beside him as he opens

1221
01:04:46,600 --> 01:04:50,800
the letter on his third try. 
His hand shakes slightly, the 

1222
01:04:50,800 --> 01:04:52,600
word accepted jumps from the 
page. 

1223
01:04:52,600 --> 01:04:57,200
Winston lets out a whoop of Joy.
He has done it, he is going to 

1224
01:04:57,200 --> 01:05:00,100
be a soldier. 
But even this achievement brings

1225
01:05:00,100 --> 01:05:04,100
criticism from his father. 
Winston scores only qualify him 

1226
01:05:04,100 --> 01:05:06,000
for the Cavalry. 
Not the more prestigious 

1227
01:05:06,000 --> 01:05:08,600
infantry. 
The Cavalry requires Cadets to 

1228
01:05:08,608 --> 01:05:12,000
provide their own horses. 
This means additional expense 

1229
01:05:12,900 --> 01:05:16,300
Lord Randolph's, lettered drips 
with disappointment, Winston 

1230
01:05:16,300 --> 01:05:19,900
arrives at Sandhurst, in 1893, 
you walk with him through the 

1231
01:05:19,900 --> 01:05:23,500
gates. 
The grounds are Immaculate Cadet

1232
01:05:23,500 --> 01:05:27,700
and crisp uniforms March passed.
Winston feels a surge of 

1233
01:05:27,700 --> 01:05:29,900
belonging. 
This is where he wants to be. 

1234
01:05:29,900 --> 01:05:33,700
He flourishes at Sandhurst 
military subjects. 

1235
01:05:33,700 --> 01:05:36,000
Engages mind in ways, Greek and 
Latin. 

1236
01:05:36,000 --> 01:05:39,700
Never did he studied tactics and
strategy with passionate 

1237
01:05:39,700 --> 01:05:42,400
intensity. 
He learns to read terrain like a

1238
01:05:42,400 --> 01:05:44,500
book. 
He must as the art of commanding

1239
01:05:44,500 --> 01:05:47,100
men under pressure You watch him
on the parade. 

1240
01:05:47,100 --> 01:05:50,300
Ground is uniform, is spotless 
is Boots. 

1241
01:05:50,300 --> 01:05:53,400
Shin Like mirrors. 
He barks order with confidence, 

1242
01:05:53,400 --> 01:05:57,000
the other Cadets respond 
Chrisley Winston has found 

1243
01:05:57,000 --> 01:05:59,600
something. 
He is good at the Feeling is 

1244
01:05:59,600 --> 01:06:03,900
intoxicating. 
In his final year tragedy 

1245
01:06:03,900 --> 01:06:07,900
strikes, you are there. 
When the telegram arrives, Lord 

1246
01:06:07,900 --> 01:06:11,500
Randolph, Churchill has died. 
He is only 45 years old. 

1247
01:06:11,500 --> 01:06:15,100
The syphilis that has been 
slowly destroying his mind as 

1248
01:06:15,100 --> 01:06:18,400
finally claimed him. 
Winston rushes to London. 

1249
01:06:18,400 --> 01:06:21,200
He sees his father one last time
in the coffin. 

1250
01:06:21,800 --> 01:06:23,700
Lord Randolph, looks small and 
wasted. 

1251
01:06:24,800 --> 01:06:27,900
All the fire and Brilliance that
once defined him as gone. 

1252
01:06:27,900 --> 01:06:31,400
Winston realizes his father will
never give him the approval. 

1253
01:06:31,400 --> 01:06:34,000
He craved that door has closed 
forever. 

1254
01:06:34,000 --> 01:06:38,000
The grief is complicated. 
Winston Mourns what might have 

1255
01:06:38,000 --> 01:06:41,600
been more than what was he vows 
to honor his father's memory by 

1256
01:06:41,600 --> 01:06:43,600
achieving the greatness. 
Lord Randolph, never 

1257
01:06:43,600 --> 01:06:46,300
acknowledged in his son. 
You see the determination 

1258
01:06:46,300 --> 01:06:50,000
hardening in Winston's jaw, he 
will prove himself worthy of the

1259
01:06:50,000 --> 01:06:54,200
Churchill named Mrs. Everest 
dies soon after whom his beloved

1260
01:06:54,200 --> 01:06:57,800
Nanny, succumbs to peritonitis, 
Winston pays for her medical 

1261
01:06:57,800 --> 01:07:01,100
care, from his limited funds. 
He sits by her bedside in her 

1262
01:07:01,100 --> 01:07:04,000
final days. 
She is the one person who loved 

1263
01:07:04,000 --> 01:07:07,000
him, unconditionally her death 
leaves a hole in his heart that 

1264
01:07:07,000 --> 01:07:10,000
never quite heals. 
Winston, graduates from 

1265
01:07:10,000 --> 01:07:12,900
Sandhurst 8th in his class of 
150. 

1266
01:07:12,900 --> 01:07:16,200
He is 20 years old. 
His military career is 

1267
01:07:16,200 --> 01:07:18,700
beginning. 
You stand beside him as he 

1268
01:07:18,708 --> 01:07:20,900
receives his commission as a 
second lieutenant, in the 

1269
01:07:20,900 --> 01:07:25,100
fourth, Queen's owner SARS. 
He looks resplendent in his new 

1270
01:07:25,100 --> 01:07:28,000
uniform, the gold braid gleams 
in the sunlight. 

1271
01:07:28,000 --> 01:07:31,400
But being a junior Cavalry 
officer, in peacetime, Britain 

1272
01:07:31,400 --> 01:07:35,600
is expensive and boring. 
Winston has a smaller allowance 

1273
01:07:35,600 --> 01:07:37,900
from his mother. 
It is not enough to cover the 

1274
01:07:37,900 --> 01:07:39,900
costs of Polo ponies and messed 
dinners. 

1275
01:07:39,900 --> 01:07:43,100
He needs money. 
He also craves action and 

1276
01:07:43,100 --> 01:07:45,600
excitement, you watch him form a
plan. 

1277
01:07:45,600 --> 01:07:49,000
He will become a war 
correspondent newspapers pay 

1278
01:07:49,000 --> 01:07:50,900
well for dispatchers from the 
front lines. 

1279
01:07:50,900 --> 01:07:54,100
And where there are Wars there 
is Glory to be one. 

1280
01:07:54,100 --> 01:07:57,900
Winston begins writing to 
editors, he offers to cover any 

1281
01:07:57,900 --> 01:08:01,800
conflict anywhere in the world. 
His first opportunity comes in 

1282
01:08:01,800 --> 01:08:04,000
Cuba. 
Spanish forces are fighting 

1283
01:08:04,000 --> 01:08:06,900
Cuban Rebels. 
Winston arranges to observe the 

1284
01:08:06,900 --> 01:08:09,600
Spanish troops. 
He also secures a contract with 

1285
01:08:09,600 --> 01:08:12,500
a London newspaper. 
He will send back reports of the

1286
01:08:12,500 --> 01:08:17,300
fighting you travel with him to 
Cuba in 1895 the journey takes 

1287
01:08:17,300 --> 01:08:20,300
weeks by ship. 
Winston stands at the rail 

1288
01:08:20,300 --> 01:08:22,300
watching Dolphins. 
Play in the bow wave. 

1289
01:08:23,500 --> 01:08:25,500
He smoked cigars and dreams of 
Adventure. 

1290
01:08:25,500 --> 01:08:29,399
He is 21 years old and the world
feels full of possibility. 

1291
01:08:30,300 --> 01:08:34,700
In Cuba Winston experiences 
combat for the first time, you 

1292
01:08:34,700 --> 01:08:37,500
crouched beside him, in the 
jungle as bullets snap through 

1293
01:08:37,500 --> 01:08:41,800
the foliage, the sound is 
strange and terrifying, Winston 

1294
01:08:41,800 --> 01:08:43,700
discovers. 
He feels exhilarated rather than

1295
01:08:43,700 --> 01:08:47,700
afraid the danger. 
Makes his senses sharper colors 

1296
01:08:47,700 --> 01:08:50,300
seem brighter. 
Sounds are clearer. 

1297
01:08:51,000 --> 01:08:55,100
He celebrates his 21st birthday 
Under Fire, a bullet passes 

1298
01:08:55,100 --> 01:08:58,300
within inches of his head. 
Winston notes, this in his 

1299
01:08:58,300 --> 01:09:01,600
dispatch with dry humor, his 
developing the writing style 

1300
01:09:01,600 --> 01:09:03,700
that will later make him famous 
clear. 

1301
01:09:03,700 --> 01:09:08,899
Vigorous Pros with touches of 
wit and drama back in England, 

1302
01:09:08,899 --> 01:09:13,300
his articles created stir People
enjoy his vivid descriptions of 

1303
01:09:13,300 --> 01:09:15,399
battle. 
Winston discovers. 

1304
01:09:15,399 --> 01:09:18,000
He has a talent for making 
readers feel present at dramatic

1305
01:09:18,000 --> 01:09:20,800
events. 
He begins to see writing as more

1306
01:09:20,800 --> 01:09:24,000
than just a way to earn money. 
It is a path to influence and 

1307
01:09:24,000 --> 01:09:27,000
fame. 
The fourth of SARS deployed to 

1308
01:09:27,008 --> 01:09:30,899
India in 1896 you sail with 
Winston cross the Arabian. 

1309
01:09:30,899 --> 01:09:35,000
Sea, the heat is oppressive the 
ship rocks in the swells. 

1310
01:09:35,000 --> 01:09:38,399
Winston spends the voyage 
reading, he has brought crates 

1311
01:09:38,399 --> 01:09:42,100
of books history, philosophy, 
economics, he is educating 

1312
01:09:42,100 --> 01:09:45,000
himself in the subjects. 
He missed at school, India 

1313
01:09:45,000 --> 01:09:47,200
fascinates and a pulls him the 
colors. 

1314
01:09:47,200 --> 01:09:51,399
And smells overwhelm the senses 
spices and incense mingle with 

1315
01:09:51,399 --> 01:09:54,000
Less Pleasant. 
Odors you walk with Winston 

1316
01:09:54,000 --> 01:09:57,500
through crowded bazaars 
Merchants call out in languages.

1317
01:09:57,500 --> 01:10:00,300
He does not understand children 
with huge. 

1318
01:10:00,300 --> 01:10:02,300
Dark eyes. 
Follow the tall British officer.

1319
01:10:03,000 --> 01:10:05,400
the British military life in 
India is comfortable, but 

1320
01:10:05,400 --> 01:10:08,900
unstimulating Winston plays Polo
ferociously. 

1321
01:10:08,900 --> 01:10:11,900
He breaks his shoulder in a fall
and learns to play one handed. 

1322
01:10:11,900 --> 01:10:14,400
While it heals. 
The injury will trouble him for 

1323
01:10:14,400 --> 01:10:18,400
the rest of his life. but 
Winston refuses to let it slow 

1324
01:10:18,400 --> 01:10:23,100
him down, he continues his 
self-education You sit with him 

1325
01:10:23,100 --> 01:10:25,700
in his quarters as he works, 
through Gibbon's Decline, and 

1326
01:10:25,700 --> 01:10:28,900
fall of the Roman Empire. 
He reads McCauley's history and 

1327
01:10:28,900 --> 01:10:32,800
Plato's Republic heels notebooks
with thoughts and observations. 

1328
01:10:32,800 --> 01:10:35,700
His mind is like a furnace 
consuming fuel. 

1329
01:10:36,900 --> 01:10:39,200
Winston hears, a fighting on the
northwest Frontier. 

1330
01:10:39,200 --> 01:10:42,600
Pashtun tribes arising against 
British rule. 

1331
01:10:42,600 --> 01:10:46,200
He uses family connections to 
attach himself to the Malachi 

1332
01:10:46,200 --> 01:10:48,300
Field Force. 
You march with him into the 

1333
01:10:48,308 --> 01:10:50,000
brutal mountains of the 
frontier. 

1334
01:10:50,000 --> 01:10:53,800
The landscape is Harsh and 
unforgiving, rock sharp as 

1335
01:10:53,800 --> 01:10:56,300
knives, Sun, beating down 
without Mercy. 

1336
01:10:56,300 --> 01:11:00,300
The fighting is Savage. 
The tribesmen are Fierce 

1337
01:11:00,300 --> 01:11:03,900
Warriors, who give No Quarter. 
Winston sees men killed and 

1338
01:11:03,900 --> 01:11:05,800
wounded in ways that will haunt 
his dreams. 

1339
01:11:06,700 --> 01:11:10,000
But he also experiences, the 
wild thrill of combat, he 

1340
01:11:10,000 --> 01:11:13,500
charges with his Cavalry unit, 
in to enemy positions, sword 

1341
01:11:13,500 --> 01:11:17,900
drawn, heart pounding alive in 
every nerve, he sends 

1342
01:11:17,900 --> 01:11:21,200
dispatchers back to London, 
describing the campaign, his 

1343
01:11:21,200 --> 01:11:24,700
writing grows more confident, 
and Powerful. he does not 

1344
01:11:24,700 --> 01:11:27,900
glorify War, but Captures, its 
terrible excitement. 

1345
01:11:28,700 --> 01:11:32,000
Readers cannot look away from 
his Vivid accounts between 

1346
01:11:32,000 --> 01:11:36,600
actions Winston writes a novel. 
He calls its several, it tells 

1347
01:11:36,600 --> 01:11:39,200
the story of a revolutionary 
leader in a fictional country, 

1348
01:11:39,200 --> 01:11:43,500
the hero is clearly, Winston 
himself idealized and 

1349
01:11:43,500 --> 01:11:46,300
romanticized. 
The book Is Not Great literature

1350
01:11:46,300 --> 01:11:48,800
but it shows his growing for 
facility with words. 

1351
01:11:48,800 --> 01:11:51,600
You watch him, scribble Pages by
candlelight. 

1352
01:11:51,600 --> 01:11:56,300
After exhausting days in the 
field in 1898 Winston learns of 

1353
01:11:56,300 --> 01:11:59,900
a military campaign in Sudan 
British forces under General, 

1354
01:11:59,900 --> 01:12:01,900
Kitchener. 
Moving to retake Khartoum, 

1355
01:12:01,900 --> 01:12:04,000
Winston is desperate to join 
them. 

1356
01:12:04,000 --> 01:12:08,000
Sudan promises to be the biggest
military action in years, he 

1357
01:12:08,000 --> 01:12:10,400
pulls every string available to 
secure a place. 

1358
01:12:10,400 --> 01:12:13,700
His mother uses her considerable
charm and connections. 

1359
01:12:13,700 --> 01:12:18,100
She writes letters to ministers,
and Generals, finally, Winston 

1360
01:12:18,100 --> 01:12:21,900
receives orders to join the 21st
Lancers as a supernumerary left 

1361
01:12:21,900 --> 01:12:24,600
tenant. 
He also arranges to write 

1362
01:12:24,600 --> 01:12:26,600
dispatches for the Morning Post 
newspaper. 

1363
01:12:26,600 --> 01:12:29,300
They will pay him 15 pounds per 
column. 

1364
01:12:29,300 --> 01:12:33,300
It is excellent money. 
You travel with Winston up the 

1365
01:12:33,300 --> 01:12:35,600
Nile. 
The ancient river flows Brown 

1366
01:12:35,600 --> 01:12:40,800
and sluggish, crocodiles bass, 
on Muddy Banks, Villages of mud 

1367
01:12:40,800 --> 01:12:44,300
brick houses, cluster at the 
water's edge, the journey takes 

1368
01:12:44,300 --> 01:12:47,100
weeks. 
Winston reads and writes and 

1369
01:12:47,100 --> 01:12:49,600
watches the Timeless landscape 
slide passed. 

1370
01:12:50,300 --> 01:12:53,300
The British army assembles atom 
demon across the river. 

1371
01:12:53,300 --> 01:12:57,600
From cartoon 50000, dervish 
Warrior's Mast to defend the 

1372
01:12:57,600 --> 01:13:00,000
city. 
You stand with Winston on the 

1373
01:13:00,000 --> 01:13:04,700
morning of September 2nd 1898 as
the two armies prepare to Clash.

1374
01:13:05,500 --> 01:13:08,500
He is already building dust 
hangs in the air. 

1375
01:13:08,500 --> 01:13:12,000
The battle begins with artillery
British guns Thunder. 

1376
01:13:12,000 --> 01:13:14,400
Shells. 
Tear through the dervish ranks. 

1377
01:13:15,200 --> 01:13:18,300
But the Warriors keep coming, 
they advance in great masses, 

1378
01:13:18,300 --> 01:13:21,700
waving Spears and swords, their 
courage is magnificent and 

1379
01:13:21,700 --> 01:13:24,200
terrible. 
Winston participates in one of 

1380
01:13:24,200 --> 01:13:28,000
History's. 
Last great, Cavalry Charges 21st

1381
01:13:28,000 --> 01:13:32,100
Lancers Thunder across the 
desert. 400 Horsemen in perfect 

1382
01:13:32,100 --> 01:13:35,700
formation, you ride beside 
Winston as the ground shakes 

1383
01:13:35,700 --> 01:13:39,600
beneath the pounding Hooves. 
His saber is drawn his heart 

1384
01:13:39,600 --> 01:13:43,200
hammers in his chest. 
The charge hits the dervish line

1385
01:13:43,200 --> 01:13:47,000
with devastating Force, but the 
fighting becomes confused and 

1386
01:13:47,000 --> 01:13:50,700
desperate Winston fires. 
His pistol at Point Blank Range,

1387
01:13:50,700 --> 01:13:54,400
men and horses, scream and fall.
The noises overwhelming 

1388
01:13:54,400 --> 01:13:56,600
afterwards, Winston, will write 
that. 

1389
01:13:56,600 --> 01:13:59,300
Nothing in life is as 
exhilarating as being shot at 

1390
01:13:59,300 --> 01:14:01,900
without result. 
The British win decisively 

1391
01:14:01,900 --> 01:14:04,700
thousands of dervish. 
Warriors, lied dead on the 

1392
01:14:04,700 --> 01:14:07,300
battlefield. 
Winston walks among them in the 

1393
01:14:07,300 --> 01:14:11,500
aftermath, the Carnage sickens 
him even as he recognizes the 

1394
01:14:11,500 --> 01:14:14,800
glory of victory. 
War is revealing its true 

1395
01:14:14,800 --> 01:14:17,400
nature. 
Magnificent and horrifying in 

1396
01:14:17,400 --> 01:14:21,100
equal, measure, his dispatchers 
from Sudan, make him famous. 

1397
01:14:22,000 --> 01:14:25,200
People throughout Britain read 
his accounts, his name becomes 

1398
01:14:25,200 --> 01:14:29,300
known in circles of power. 
Winston Churchill is no longer 

1399
01:14:29,308 --> 01:14:32,700
just another Junior officer. 
He is a writer and war hero. 

1400
01:14:32,700 --> 01:14:36,800
The transformation has begun, 
you, find Winston back in 

1401
01:14:36,800 --> 01:14:40,100
England, in 1899. 
He has resigned his commission 

1402
01:14:40,100 --> 01:14:42,600
military life. 
No longer holds appeal. 

1403
01:14:42,600 --> 01:14:45,200
He has seen enough of water last
a lifetime. 

1404
01:14:45,200 --> 01:14:48,000
Besides he is. 
Discovered his true calling. 

1405
01:14:48,800 --> 01:14:52,200
Politics Lord Randolph. 
Shadow still looms large. 

1406
01:14:52,900 --> 01:14:55,800
Winston's father was a brilliant
parliamentarian who seemed 

1407
01:14:55,800 --> 01:14:57,300
destined for the highest 
offices. 

1408
01:14:57,300 --> 01:15:00,700
His career collapsed due to a 
combination of poor judgement 

1409
01:15:00,700 --> 01:15:04,600
and declining health Winston has
determined to succeed, where his

1410
01:15:04,600 --> 01:15:08,100
father, he will restore honor to
The Churchill name. 

1411
01:15:08,100 --> 01:15:11,100
He stands for parliament in a by
election, at Oldham. 

1412
01:15:11,800 --> 01:15:14,300
You walk with him through the 
grimy industrial streets, 

1413
01:15:14,300 --> 01:15:17,200
factories belt into the gray 
sky. 

1414
01:15:17,900 --> 01:15:20,600
Workers in cloths. 
I the young Aristocrat with 

1415
01:15:20,600 --> 01:15:23,400
suspicion. 
Winston gives speeches from the 

1416
01:15:23,400 --> 01:15:26,800
back of wagons, his voice rings 
out over the crowds. 

1417
01:15:28,000 --> 01:15:29,700
But the workers of Oldham are 
not impressed. 

1418
01:15:29,700 --> 01:15:34,000
Winston loses the election by a 
narrow margin, the defeat 

1419
01:15:34,000 --> 01:15:37,500
Sting's but he learns valuable 
lessons about connecting with 

1420
01:15:37,500 --> 01:15:40,300
ordinary voters. 
He begins to understand the 

1421
01:15:40,300 --> 01:15:44,100
grand rhetoric is not enough. 
People want to know how you will

1422
01:15:44,100 --> 01:15:48,300
improve their daily lives. 
Before Winston can lick his 

1423
01:15:48,300 --> 01:15:50,600
wounds War breaks out in South 
Africa. 

1424
01:15:50,600 --> 01:15:53,700
The Boer republics have declared
war on Britain. 

1425
01:15:53,700 --> 01:15:56,700
It promises to be another 
opportunity for Glory. 

1426
01:15:58,200 --> 01:16:00,700
Winston secures a position as 
War correspondent for the 

1427
01:16:00,708 --> 01:16:05,400
morning post, they offer him 250
pounds per month plus expenses. 

1428
01:16:05,400 --> 01:16:08,800
It is a fortune you sail, with 
him, to South Africa. 

1429
01:16:08,800 --> 01:16:13,600
In October of 1899, The Voyage 
takes two weeks, Winston Paces, 

1430
01:16:13,600 --> 01:16:16,400
the deck in patiently. 
He writes articles and reads 

1431
01:16:16,400 --> 01:16:18,700
military. 
Histories other correspondents. 

1432
01:16:18,700 --> 01:16:20,400
Aboard discuss the coming 
campaign. 

1433
01:16:20,400 --> 01:16:23,200
Everyone expects a quick British
victory. 

1434
01:16:24,200 --> 01:16:26,400
Winston arrives in Cape Town and
immediately. 

1435
01:16:26,400 --> 01:16:29,900
Heads North to the front. 
He attaches himself to an 

1436
01:16:29,900 --> 01:16:31,300
armored train, conducting 
reconnaissance. 

1437
01:16:32,300 --> 01:16:35,200
You're aboard on November 15th. 
When bored artillery opened 

1438
01:16:35,200 --> 01:16:37,600
fire. 
Shells exploded around the 

1439
01:16:37,600 --> 01:16:39,700
Train. 
The locomotive desperately tries

1440
01:16:39,700 --> 01:16:43,800
to escape a shell derails. 
Several cars the train grinds to

1441
01:16:43,800 --> 01:16:46,500
a halt. 
Bore Rifleman and poor fire into

1442
01:16:46,500 --> 01:16:48,200
the stranded cars. 
Men. 

1443
01:16:48,200 --> 01:16:52,300
Cry out as bullets, find flesh. 
Winston takes command of the 

1444
01:16:52,300 --> 01:16:54,700
situation though. 
Technically a civilian 

1445
01:16:54,700 --> 01:16:57,500
correspondent, his military 
training takes over the 

1446
01:16:57,500 --> 01:16:59,000
organizers. 
The soldiers, to clear, debris 

1447
01:16:59,000 --> 01:17:01,900
from the tracks, bullets, wine 
and snap around him. 

1448
01:17:02,600 --> 01:17:05,600
Winston seems oblivious to the 
danger he walks. 

1449
01:17:05,600 --> 01:17:08,000
Upright, directing the men with 
calm Authority. 

1450
01:17:08,000 --> 01:17:11,100
You watch him leave a heavy 
debris, aside with his bare 

1451
01:17:11,100 --> 01:17:12,700
hands. 
His face is set with 

1452
01:17:12,708 --> 01:17:15,700
determination. 
Finally, the track is cleared. 

1453
01:17:15,700 --> 01:17:19,800
The engine can move again. 
Winston helps load the wounded 

1454
01:17:19,800 --> 01:17:22,000
aboard. 
He gets as many men onto the 

1455
01:17:22,000 --> 01:17:24,900
locomotive as possible. 
Then he sends it racing away to 

1456
01:17:24,900 --> 01:17:26,900
safety. 
He will follow on foot with the 

1457
01:17:26,908 --> 01:17:30,100
remaining soldiers. 
But the boars are already 

1458
01:17:30,100 --> 01:17:33,200
surrounding the position. 
Winston tries to escape across 

1459
01:17:33,200 --> 01:17:36,000
the belt a Horseman appears and 
trains a rifle on him. 

1460
01:17:36,700 --> 01:17:39,500
Winston reaches for his pistol, 
it is not there. 

1461
01:17:40,200 --> 01:17:41,900
He left it on the train in the 
chaos. 

1462
01:17:41,900 --> 01:17:43,900
The board gestures with his 
rifle. 

1463
01:17:43,900 --> 01:17:46,200
Winston raises his hands in 
surrender. 

1464
01:17:46,200 --> 01:17:49,100
The bores March Winston to 
Pretoria with other prisoners. 

1465
01:17:49,100 --> 01:17:52,400
The journey takes days. 
You walk beside him in the 

1466
01:17:52,400 --> 01:17:55,500
column, his mind is already 
working on Escape planes. 

1467
01:17:55,500 --> 01:17:58,000
Capture is unbearable to his 
active nature. 

1468
01:17:58,000 --> 01:18:02,200
He cannot simply sit and wait 
for the water to end in Pretoria

1469
01:18:02,200 --> 01:18:04,500
prisoners are held in the state 
model school. 

1470
01:18:04,500 --> 01:18:08,300
It is not heavily guarded. 
The balls do not expect British 

1471
01:18:08,300 --> 01:18:12,100
officers to break their parole. 
But Winston never gave his 

1472
01:18:12,100 --> 01:18:14,700
parole. 
As a civilian correspondent. 

1473
01:18:14,700 --> 01:18:17,400
He has not bound by military 
honor to remain captive. 

1474
01:18:17,400 --> 01:18:20,200
You watch him carefully, observe
the routines. 

1475
01:18:20,200 --> 01:18:22,900
Guards Patrol on predictable 
schedules. 

1476
01:18:22,900 --> 01:18:27,500
The fence is climbable. 
Beyond lies the city, then Open 

1477
01:18:27,500 --> 01:18:29,800
Country, then hundreds of miles 
to Freedom. 

1478
01:18:29,800 --> 01:18:33,100
The odds are terrible Winston, 
decides to try anyway. 

1479
01:18:34,100 --> 01:18:37,300
On December 12th. 
He makes his move two, other 

1480
01:18:37,300 --> 01:18:40,200
prisoners are supposed to escape
with him, but when the moment 

1481
01:18:40,200 --> 01:18:42,100
comes, they cannot get over the 
fence. 

1482
01:18:42,100 --> 01:18:44,800
Undetected Winston is already in
the garden. 

1483
01:18:44,800 --> 01:18:47,400
Beyond he crouches in the 
shadows, waiting. 

1484
01:18:47,400 --> 01:18:49,400
The other signal, they cannot 
make it. 

1485
01:18:49,400 --> 01:18:53,600
They will try another night. 
Winston is alone outside the 

1486
01:18:53,600 --> 01:18:55,800
fence. 
He can climb back or go forward 

1487
01:18:55,800 --> 01:18:57,100
alone. 
Every moment. 

1488
01:18:57,100 --> 01:19:00,100
He waits increases the risk of 
Discovery, he makes his 

1489
01:19:00,100 --> 01:19:02,000
decision. 
He will go on alone. 

1490
01:19:02,000 --> 01:19:05,600
You follow as he slips through 
the dark streets of Pretoria, 

1491
01:19:06,900 --> 01:19:10,400
his heart pounds, every sound 
makes him freeze. 

1492
01:19:11,500 --> 01:19:14,300
He reaches the railway line that
runs East toward Portuguese 

1493
01:19:14,300 --> 01:19:19,200
East, Africa, neutral territory,
Freedom, 300 miles away through 

1494
01:19:19,200 --> 01:19:21,100
country swarming with bore 
soldiers. 

1495
01:19:21,900 --> 01:19:26,900
Winston has no map, no Compass 
minimal supplies, he speaks no 

1496
01:19:26,908 --> 01:19:30,800
Africans or native languages. 
It is close to suicide. 

1497
01:19:32,000 --> 01:19:35,500
But Winston has always possessed
Supreme confidence in his luck. 

1498
01:19:36,200 --> 01:19:39,700
He hops onto a slow-moving 
freight train, you ride with him

1499
01:19:39,700 --> 01:19:42,700
in the Darkness. 
The train rattles through the 

1500
01:19:42,700 --> 01:19:44,900
night. 
Winston huddles among cold 

1501
01:19:44,900 --> 01:19:48,400
sacks, trying to stay warm. 
When Dawn comes he jumps off 

1502
01:19:48,400 --> 01:19:51,800
before reaching a station? 
He hides in a Grove of trees as 

1503
01:19:51,800 --> 01:19:54,300
daybreaks. 
His situation is desperate. 

1504
01:19:54,300 --> 01:19:57,400
He cannot travel by day without 
being spotted and captured. 

1505
01:19:57,400 --> 01:20:01,700
He has no food the countryside 
around him is a live with people

1506
01:20:01,700 --> 01:20:05,200
who would gladly turn him in a 
reward has been posted for his 

1507
01:20:05,200 --> 01:20:09,100
capture. 
As nightfalls again, Winston 

1508
01:20:09,100 --> 01:20:12,600
takes a desperate Gamble. 
He sees light from a house in 

1509
01:20:12,600 --> 01:20:16,300
the distance he will approach 
and hope whoever lives. 

1510
01:20:16,300 --> 01:20:19,300
There will help him. 
The odds are against it, but he 

1511
01:20:19,308 --> 01:20:23,000
has no other options. 
He knocks on the door, you stand

1512
01:20:23,000 --> 01:20:26,500
beside him as a opens. 
A man appears out suspiciously 

1513
01:20:27,400 --> 01:20:29,400
Winston stammers out his 
situation. 

1514
01:20:29,400 --> 01:20:31,900
He is a British officer escape 
from Pretoria. 

1515
01:20:31,900 --> 01:20:35,500
He needs help. 
The man's face remains 

1516
01:20:35,500 --> 01:20:37,600
unreadable. 
Then the man smiled. 

1517
01:20:37,600 --> 01:20:42,000
His name is, John Howard. 
He is the manager of a coal 

1518
01:20:42,000 --> 01:20:43,800
mine. 
He is also one of the few 

1519
01:20:43,800 --> 01:20:45,300
British sympathizers in the 
region. 

1520
01:20:46,000 --> 01:20:48,300
Winston has stumbled upon 
perhaps the only house for 

1521
01:20:48,300 --> 01:20:49,900
Miles. 
Where he might find Sanctuary. 

1522
01:20:49,900 --> 01:20:53,800
His famous luck as held. 
Howard hides Winston in the 

1523
01:20:53,808 --> 01:20:56,900
mine, you descend with him into 
the dark, shaft's far 

1524
01:20:56,900 --> 01:21:00,100
underground, it is cold and damp
rats. 

1525
01:21:00,100 --> 01:21:02,900
Scurry in the shadows. 
Winston spends days in the 

1526
01:21:02,908 --> 01:21:06,600
darkness waiting while Howard, 
arranges his Escape, he has 

1527
01:21:06,608 --> 01:21:10,000
nothing to do, but think, and 
wait, the isolation is crushing.

1528
01:21:11,300 --> 01:21:14,100
Finally Howard arranges for 
Winston to hide in a wool 

1529
01:21:14,100 --> 01:21:15,800
shipment heading for Lorenzo 
markets. 

1530
01:21:15,800 --> 01:21:18,700
In Portuguese territory. 
You squeeze into the cramped 

1531
01:21:18,700 --> 01:21:20,900
space with Winston among the 
bales of wool. 

1532
01:21:20,900 --> 01:21:24,500
The train alerts into motion. 
The journey will take days. 

1533
01:21:24,500 --> 01:21:27,700
Winston must remain. 
Absolutely still in silent. 

1534
01:21:27,700 --> 01:21:31,200
The Hiding Place is stifling. 
The wall makes breathing 

1535
01:21:31,200 --> 01:21:34,600
difficult. 
Winston's legs cramp from being 

1536
01:21:34,600 --> 01:21:37,400
folded in the tiny space, but he
endures. 

1537
01:21:38,500 --> 01:21:41,800
After what feels like an 
eternity, the train finally 

1538
01:21:41,800 --> 01:21:43,400
crosses in to Portuguese 
territory. 

1539
01:21:44,500 --> 01:21:49,500
Winston emerges, filthy and 
exhausted, but free the news of 

1540
01:21:49,500 --> 01:21:51,200
his Escape has spread throughout
the world. 

1541
01:21:52,000 --> 01:21:55,000
Winston is a sensation 
newspapers, everywhere. 

1542
01:21:55,000 --> 01:21:58,100
Carry the story of the young 
correspondents daring, Escape. 

1543
01:21:58,100 --> 01:22:00,700
He becomes an International 
Celebrity overnight. 

1544
01:22:00,700 --> 01:22:04,100
His face appears in papers from 
London, New York. 

1545
01:22:05,000 --> 01:22:08,300
Winston rejoins, the British 
Army, in South Africa, this 

1546
01:22:08,300 --> 01:22:10,800
time, as a lieutenant, in the 
South African light horse. 

1547
01:22:10,800 --> 01:22:14,500
He participates in the relief of
Ladysmith and the capture of 

1548
01:22:14,508 --> 01:22:18,300
Pretoria you ride with him into 
the city where he was recently a

1549
01:22:18,300 --> 01:22:20,300
prisoner. 
The irony is not lost on 

1550
01:22:20,300 --> 01:22:22,700
Winston. 
He revisits the state model 

1551
01:22:22,700 --> 01:22:25,800
school and stands outside his 
old sell a free man. 

1552
01:22:26,900 --> 01:22:31,000
When The War Winds down, Winston
returns to Britain as a hero his

1553
01:22:31,000 --> 01:22:33,200
books about his experience has 
become bestsellers. 

1554
01:22:34,500 --> 01:22:36,800
He writes the story of the Malik
and Field Force. 

1555
01:22:36,800 --> 01:22:41,000
The river War about Sudan and 
London to Ladysmith via Pretoria

1556
01:22:41,000 --> 01:22:42,600
about his South African 
Adventures. 

1557
01:22:42,600 --> 01:22:47,900
The royalties pour in, For the 
First Time Winston has real 

1558
01:22:47,900 --> 01:22:50,500
money. 
More importantly, he has Fame. 

1559
01:22:51,900 --> 01:22:55,000
When he stands for Parliament 
again in older in 1900, the 

1560
01:22:55,000 --> 01:22:56,100
reception is completely 
different. 

1561
01:22:56,100 --> 01:22:58,500
You walk with him through the 
same streets. 

1562
01:22:58,500 --> 01:23:01,100
He walked a year early. 
Now people recognize him. 

1563
01:23:01,100 --> 01:23:03,600
They want to shake his hand and 
hear his stories. 

1564
01:23:03,600 --> 01:23:05,600
He wins the election 
comfortably. 

1565
01:23:07,200 --> 01:23:10,000
Winston Churchill enters the 
House of Commons at age 25. 

1566
01:23:10,000 --> 01:23:13,800
You sit in the gallery as he 
gives his Maiden speech, his 

1567
01:23:13,800 --> 01:23:17,200
voice Rings through the chamber.
He speaks about the war in South

1568
01:23:17,200 --> 01:23:19,800
Africa. 
He argues for magnanimity to the

1569
01:23:19,800 --> 01:23:22,700
defeated boars. 
The speech shows both courage 

1570
01:23:22,700 --> 01:23:25,300
and wisdom. 
Some conservative members 

1571
01:23:25,300 --> 01:23:27,300
Grumble, but others not 
approvingly. 

1572
01:23:28,400 --> 01:23:32,300
But Winston is restless in the 
conservative party, he disagrees

1573
01:23:32,300 --> 01:23:33,800
with their position on free 
trade. 

1574
01:23:35,000 --> 01:23:37,700
He believes in open markets and 
minimal tariffs. 

1575
01:23:38,400 --> 01:23:41,800
The conservatives are moving 
toward protectionism, Winston 

1576
01:23:41,800 --> 01:23:44,300
cannot support policies. 
He considers economically 

1577
01:23:44,300 --> 01:23:48,000
foolish in 1904. 
He crosses the floor of the 

1578
01:23:48,000 --> 01:23:50,000
house. 
He literally walks across the 

1579
01:23:50,000 --> 01:23:52,000
chamber and takes a seat among 
the Liberals. 

1580
01:23:52,000 --> 01:23:54,700
It is a dramatic and 
controversial move. 

1581
01:23:55,400 --> 01:23:59,200
Many conservatives view it, as 
betrayal Winston sees it, as a 

1582
01:23:59,200 --> 01:24:02,700
matter of principle, he will not
sacrifice his beliefs for Party 

1583
01:24:02,700 --> 01:24:05,000
Loyalty. 
The Liberals, welcome him 

1584
01:24:05,000 --> 01:24:07,800
enthusiastically. 
They recognized his talents. 

1585
01:24:07,800 --> 01:24:11,000
When the Liberals win? 
A landslide victory in 1906? 

1586
01:24:11,000 --> 01:24:14,100
Winston is appointed under 
Secretary of State for the 

1587
01:24:14,100 --> 01:24:17,600
colonies at 31. 
He is beginning his ministerial 

1588
01:24:17,600 --> 01:24:20,800
career, you watch him, take up 
his new responsibilities with 

1589
01:24:20,800 --> 01:24:24,400
characteristic energy, Winston, 
throws himself into Colonial 

1590
01:24:24,400 --> 01:24:27,800
Affairs, he helped draft the 
constitution for the new Union 

1591
01:24:27,800 --> 01:24:30,300
of South Africa. 
He works on policies for 

1592
01:24:30,300 --> 01:24:34,000
Britain's African territories. 
His approach is often in 

1593
01:24:34,000 --> 01:24:36,900
lighting for the time though. 
Still shaped by Victorian 

1594
01:24:36,900 --> 01:24:40,500
assumptions about Empire and 
racial hierarchy that later 

1595
01:24:40,500 --> 01:24:45,700
generations will rightly reject.
In 1908, Winston, enters the 

1596
01:24:45,708 --> 01:24:47,400
cabinet. 
As president of the Board of 

1597
01:24:47,408 --> 01:24:52,700
Trade is only 33, his rise has 
been meteoric, immediately 

1598
01:24:52,700 --> 01:24:56,300
begins pushing for social 
reforms, minimum wages, labor 

1599
01:24:56,300 --> 01:24:59,200
exchanges, to help the 
unemployed limits on working 

1600
01:24:59,200 --> 01:25:01,900
hours. 
These are radical ideas for the 

1601
01:25:01,900 --> 01:25:05,100
time, you sit in his office as 
he works, late into the night, 

1602
01:25:05,100 --> 01:25:09,600
papers pile on his desk. 
Winston dictates letters and 

1603
01:25:09,608 --> 01:25:13,100
memos at a furious Pace. 
His secretaries struggled to 

1604
01:25:13,100 --> 01:25:15,300
keep up. 
He is a whirlwind of energy and 

1605
01:25:15,300 --> 01:25:17,500
ideas. 
Sleep seems optional. 

1606
01:25:18,500 --> 01:25:21,700
That same year Winston meets 
Clementine Hozier at a dinner 

1607
01:25:21,708 --> 01:25:23,800
party. 
You are present when they are 

1608
01:25:23,800 --> 01:25:26,400
introduced. 
Clementine is beautiful and 

1609
01:25:26,400 --> 01:25:28,800
intelligent. 
She comes from an aristocratic 

1610
01:25:28,800 --> 01:25:31,900
but impoverished. 
Family Winston is immediately 

1611
01:25:31,900 --> 01:25:33,700
smitten. 
His usual confidence. 

1612
01:25:33,700 --> 01:25:36,700
Deserts him. 
He stammers and blushes. 

1613
01:25:36,700 --> 01:25:40,300
They begin courting. 
Winston is not naturally 

1614
01:25:40,300 --> 01:25:44,300
romantic but he tries, he writes
her letters filled with awkward 

1615
01:25:44,300 --> 01:25:48,100
declarations Clementine sees 
past his Social Clubs in his to 

1616
01:25:48,100 --> 01:25:51,500
the brilliant ambitious man. 
Beneath She recognizes his 

1617
01:25:51,500 --> 01:25:54,500
potential for greatness. 
She also sees his need for 

1618
01:25:54,500 --> 01:25:58,300
steady support and guidance. 
Winston proposes to Clementine 

1619
01:25:58,300 --> 01:26:03,400
in August of 1908 there in the 
temple of Diana at Blenheim 

1620
01:26:03,400 --> 01:26:05,400
Palace. 
The setting is appropriately 

1621
01:26:05,400 --> 01:26:09,500
Grand, Clementine accepts you 
stand witness, as Winston slide 

1622
01:26:09,500 --> 01:26:13,200
to ring onto her finger. 
His hand, trembles slightly, he 

1623
01:26:13,200 --> 01:26:14,700
looks happier than you have ever
seen him. 

1624
01:26:14,700 --> 01:26:17,800
They marry in September at Saint
Margaret's Westminster. 

1625
01:26:17,800 --> 01:26:21,400
You attend the ceremony the 
church's packed, Winston's 

1626
01:26:21,400 --> 01:26:24,800
political colleagues, fill the 
pews, Clementine looks radiant 

1627
01:26:24,800 --> 01:26:28,600
in White Satin, Winston looks 
terrified and joyful in equal 

1628
01:26:28,600 --> 01:26:30,800
measure. 
When they exchanged vows his 

1629
01:26:30,800 --> 01:26:34,000
voices thick with emotion, the 
marriage proves to be the 

1630
01:26:34,000 --> 01:26:38,000
foundation of Winston's life. 
Clementine becomes his anchor 

1631
01:26:38,000 --> 01:26:40,500
and conscience. 
She manages their household and 

1632
01:26:40,500 --> 01:26:42,900
finances. 
She offers wise counsel on 

1633
01:26:42,900 --> 01:26:45,100
political matters. 
She tells Winston and hard 

1634
01:26:45,100 --> 01:26:48,200
truths, when others fear to 
speak their partnership will 

1635
01:26:48,200 --> 01:26:52,300
endure for 57 years. 
Children arrive, Diana is born 

1636
01:26:52,300 --> 01:26:56,800
in 1909 Randolph in 1911, Sarah 
in 1914. 

1637
01:26:56,800 --> 01:27:01,800
Marigold, in 1918, though, she 
will die tragically young mayor 

1638
01:27:01,800 --> 01:27:05,300
in 1922. 
The Churchill household, becomes

1639
01:27:05,300 --> 01:27:08,600
Lively and chaotic. 
Winston, adores his children, 

1640
01:27:08,600 --> 01:27:12,200
but struggles to show affection,
his own childhood has left him 

1641
01:27:12,200 --> 01:27:14,100
on certain how to be a warm 
father. 

1642
01:27:15,700 --> 01:27:20,200
In 1911, Winston becomes first. 
Lord of the admiralty, he is now

1643
01:27:20,200 --> 01:27:23,400
responsible for the Royal Navy 
the most powerful navy in the 

1644
01:27:23,408 --> 01:27:25,800
world. 
Britain security depends on 

1645
01:27:25,808 --> 01:27:29,200
maintaining Naval Supremacy, 
Winston takes the responsibility

1646
01:27:29,200 --> 01:27:32,900
with utmost, seriousness. 
You watch him to shipyards and 

1647
01:27:32,900 --> 01:27:35,500
Naval bases. 
He interrogates Admirals and 

1648
01:27:35,508 --> 01:27:39,500
engineers He wants to understand
every aspect of the fleet 

1649
01:27:39,500 --> 01:27:42,000
Winston drives the Navy's 
modernization. 

1650
01:27:42,000 --> 01:27:44,700
He pushes for converting from 
coal to oil. 

1651
01:27:44,700 --> 01:27:48,100
Power oil-fired ships are faster
and more efficient. 

1652
01:27:48,100 --> 01:27:51,700
The Champions, the development 
of new Dreadnought battleships. 

1653
01:27:51,700 --> 01:27:56,100
He increases Naval budgets over.
Fierce opposition, critics, call

1654
01:27:56,100 --> 01:27:58,400
him a warmonger Winston 
believes. 

1655
01:27:58,400 --> 01:28:00,500
He is preparing Britain for 
inevitable conflict. 

1656
01:28:01,200 --> 01:28:02,600
Tensions. 
Arising in Europe. 

1657
01:28:02,600 --> 01:28:06,700
The great powers are locked in 
rival Alliance systems, Germany,

1658
01:28:06,700 --> 01:28:10,100
is building a powerful Fleet to 
challenge British Supremacy arms

1659
01:28:10,100 --> 01:28:12,800
races. 
Spiral out of control, Winston 

1660
01:28:12,800 --> 01:28:15,100
can feel War approaching like a 
gathering storm. 

1661
01:28:15,100 --> 01:28:17,900
He works frantically to ensure 
the Navy as ready. 

1662
01:28:19,100 --> 01:28:22,700
When war finally erupts in 
August 1914, Britain's Fleet is 

1663
01:28:22,700 --> 01:28:25,700
at Battle Stations. 
Winston's preparations have put 

1664
01:28:25,700 --> 01:28:28,000
the Navy in position to control 
the Seas from day. 

1665
01:28:28,000 --> 01:28:31,200
One, you stand with him at the 
admiralty as reports flow in 

1666
01:28:31,200 --> 01:28:33,800
German ships are bottled up in 
Port. 

1667
01:28:33,800 --> 01:28:36,000
British vessels Patrol, the 
ocean's. 

1668
01:28:37,200 --> 01:28:40,200
The first phase of the war at 
Sea belongs to Britain, but the 

1669
01:28:40,200 --> 01:28:44,400
war quickly becomes a nightmare 
enthusiasm curdles into horror. 

1670
01:28:45,100 --> 01:28:47,600
Trenches of the Western Front 
become a Charnel house. 

1671
01:28:47,600 --> 01:28:50,900
Millions of men die for yards of
Muddy ground. 

1672
01:28:50,900 --> 01:28:54,800
The cheerful predictions of 
quick Victory proved tragically 

1673
01:28:54,800 --> 01:28:57,800
wrong. 
This will be a long grinding war

1674
01:28:57,800 --> 01:29:01,300
of attrition. 
Winston searches desperately for

1675
01:29:01,300 --> 01:29:04,600
a way to break the stalemate. 
He proposes a naval attack on 

1676
01:29:04,600 --> 01:29:07,600
the Dardanelle straight. 
British ships will force their 

1677
01:29:07,600 --> 01:29:10,900
way through to Constantinople 
turkey will be knocked out of 

1678
01:29:10,900 --> 01:29:13,500
the war supplies. 
Can float, a Russia through the 

1679
01:29:13,500 --> 01:29:15,800
Black Sea. 
The Central Powers will be 

1680
01:29:15,800 --> 01:29:17,800
outflanked. 
The plan is bold and 

1681
01:29:17,800 --> 01:29:21,400
imaginative, it might work. 
But the execution is bungled 

1682
01:29:21,400 --> 01:29:26,000
from the start, the naval attack
in March 1915, fails minds and 

1683
01:29:26,000 --> 01:29:28,400
Turkish artillery. 
Devastate the British Fleet 

1684
01:29:28,400 --> 01:29:32,400
ships are sunk or badly damaged,
the Navy Retreats and defeat. 

1685
01:29:33,300 --> 01:29:35,500
Winston then advocates for a 
land invasion. 

1686
01:29:36,700 --> 01:29:39,500
British and Commonwealth troops 
land at Gallipoli in April. 

1687
01:29:39,500 --> 01:29:41,700
You wait, ashore with the Anzac 
soldiers. 

1688
01:29:41,700 --> 01:29:44,500
Turkish fire Paws down from the 
heights. 

1689
01:29:44,500 --> 01:29:46,600
Men fall in heaps, on the 
beaches. 

1690
01:29:46,600 --> 01:29:50,100
The Landing is a disaster. 
The troops are pinned down in 

1691
01:29:50,100 --> 01:29:52,400
narrow beachheads months of 
brutal. 

1692
01:29:52,400 --> 01:29:57,000
Fighting follow the casualties 
mounting Lee disease, ravages 

1693
01:29:57,000 --> 01:29:59,300
the camps, the summer heat is 
brutal. 

1694
01:29:59,300 --> 01:30:02,100
Still the troops cannot break 
through the Turkish defenses, 

1695
01:30:02,100 --> 01:30:05,000
Gallipoli become synonymous with
futile Slaughter. 

1696
01:30:06,300 --> 01:30:09,600
Public opinion turns against 
Winston he's blamed for the 

1697
01:30:09,600 --> 01:30:13,800
catastrophe. 
In May 1915, Winston is forced 

1698
01:30:13,800 --> 01:30:17,300
to leave the admiralty. 
The blow is devastating, he is 

1699
01:30:17,308 --> 01:30:20,100
40 years old. 
His political career appears 

1700
01:30:20,100 --> 01:30:24,400
finished the newspapers, Savage 
him, political allies, desert 

1701
01:30:24,400 --> 01:30:29,300
him Winston falls into deep 
depression, The Black Moods that

1702
01:30:29,300 --> 01:30:30,600
will plagued him throughout 
life. 

1703
01:30:30,600 --> 01:30:34,200
Close in like fog, he takes a 
position as Chancellor of the 

1704
01:30:34,208 --> 01:30:38,500
duchy of Lancaster. 
A meaningless sign a cure For a 

1705
01:30:38,508 --> 01:30:40,300
man of Winston's energy and 
ambition. 

1706
01:30:40,300 --> 01:30:43,400
The idleness is torture. 
He paints to keep from going 

1707
01:30:43,400 --> 01:30:45,800
mad. 
You watch him set up, his easel 

1708
01:30:45,800 --> 01:30:47,900
in the garden. 
He attacks the canvas with 

1709
01:30:47,900 --> 01:30:51,500
Fierce concentration, The Act of
Creation provides temporary 

1710
01:30:51,500 --> 01:30:54,900
relief from despair. 
But Winston cannot bear being 

1711
01:30:54,900 --> 01:30:57,400
sidelined. 
While the war continues in 

1712
01:30:57,400 --> 01:30:59,900
November 1915, he resigns from 
the government. 

1713
01:30:59,900 --> 01:31:03,300
He takes a commission as a 
lieutenant colonel, and goes to 

1714
01:31:03,300 --> 01:31:06,400
the Western Front. 
If he cannot lead the nation, he

1715
01:31:06,400 --> 01:31:09,800
will at least fight for it. 
You arrive with him in France. 

1716
01:31:09,800 --> 01:31:12,000
The Trenches are worse than 
anything. 

1717
01:31:12,000 --> 01:31:16,300
He imagined mud and filth 
everywhere, the stench of Decay 

1718
01:31:16,300 --> 01:31:20,800
and death Rats, the size of 
cats, a constant crack of rifles

1719
01:31:20,800 --> 01:31:24,100
and boom, of artillery. 
Men living like animals in holes

1720
01:31:24,100 --> 01:31:27,200
in the ground. 
Winston commands, the sixth 

1721
01:31:27,200 --> 01:31:31,100
Royal Scots fusiliers. 
His men are initially skeptical 

1722
01:31:31,100 --> 01:31:34,400
of this politician playing at 
Soldier but Winston wins them 

1723
01:31:34,400 --> 01:31:35,900
over with courage and Common 
Sense. 

1724
01:31:37,200 --> 01:31:40,500
He shares their dangers and 
hardships, he scrambles extra 

1725
01:31:40,500 --> 01:31:43,100
supplies for them. 
He leads from the front during 

1726
01:31:43,100 --> 01:31:47,100
trench raids during Quiet 
Moments, Winston writes letters 

1727
01:31:47,100 --> 01:31:50,400
to Clementine you read over his 
shoulder as he pours out his 

1728
01:31:50,400 --> 01:31:53,900
heart, he misses her 
desperately, he longs to be back

1729
01:31:53,900 --> 01:31:56,800
in the political Arena. 
Battlefield has shown him. 

1730
01:31:56,800 --> 01:31:59,800
He is a man of words and ideas 
not primarily a man of action. 

1731
01:31:59,800 --> 01:32:02,700
His weapon is language not the 
rightful. 

1732
01:32:03,800 --> 01:32:06,200
After several months Winston 
returned to London. 

1733
01:32:06,200 --> 01:32:08,200
He resumed his seat in 
Parliament. 

1734
01:32:09,100 --> 01:32:12,100
Slowly painfully, he begins 
rebuilding his political 

1735
01:32:12,100 --> 01:32:16,300
reputation, he speaks in 
debate's, he writes articles, he

1736
01:32:16,300 --> 01:32:19,800
reminds people of his abilities,
the road back from Gallipoli 

1737
01:32:19,800 --> 01:32:23,900
will take years but Winston is 
patient and persistent in July 

1738
01:32:23,900 --> 01:32:26,700
1917. 
Winston returned to government 

1739
01:32:26,700 --> 01:32:29,900
as minister of Munitions, you 
walk with him through armaments 

1740
01:32:29,900 --> 01:32:31,900
factories. 
The work is vital. 

1741
01:32:31,900 --> 01:32:35,400
If unglamorous Britain needs 
shells and guns and bullets in 

1742
01:32:35,400 --> 01:32:39,200
unimaginable quantities. 
Winston drives production with 

1743
01:32:39,200 --> 01:32:43,200
his usual intensity factories. 
Run Around the Clock output 

1744
01:32:43,200 --> 01:32:46,100
sores. 
When the war finally ends in 

1745
01:32:46,100 --> 01:32:49,800
November 1918, Winston has been 
partially rehabilitated. 

1746
01:32:50,600 --> 01:32:53,400
His work at Munitions, has 
reminded people of his abilities

1747
01:32:53,400 --> 01:32:56,200
but Gallipoli. 
Still hangs over him like a dark

1748
01:32:56,200 --> 01:32:58,500
cloud. 
Many will never forgive him for 

1749
01:32:58,500 --> 01:33:01,000
that disaster. 
Winston must live with being 

1750
01:33:01,000 --> 01:33:03,400
blamed, for one of the war's 
greatest failures. 

1751
01:33:03,400 --> 01:33:07,500
The years after the Great War to
mulch us, you stand with Winston

1752
01:33:07,500 --> 01:33:10,100
as he navigates the choppy 
Waters of post-war politics. 

1753
01:33:10,100 --> 01:33:14,800
In 1919, he became Secretary of 
State for war and are he 

1754
01:33:14,800 --> 01:33:18,100
oversees the demobilization of 
millions of soldiers who deals 

1755
01:33:18,100 --> 01:33:19,800
with labor unrest, and political
upheaval. 

1756
01:33:19,800 --> 01:33:22,800
Winston is viscerally. 
Opposed to bolshevism. 

1757
01:33:22,800 --> 01:33:26,800
The Russian Revolution. 
Horrifies him he sees communism 

1758
01:33:26,800 --> 01:33:28,600
as a threat to civilization 
itself. 

1759
01:33:28,600 --> 01:33:31,600
The Advocates, British 
intervention to crush the 

1760
01:33:31,600 --> 01:33:33,900
Bolsheviks. 
Most of his colleague's consider

1761
01:33:33,900 --> 01:33:36,900
this in practical The British 
people want. 

1762
01:33:36,900 --> 01:33:41,200
Peace not new Wars. 
Winston's anti-communist Crusade

1763
01:33:41,200 --> 01:33:43,900
becomes an obsession that 
damages his political standing. 

1764
01:33:44,800 --> 01:33:47,200
In 1921 he becomes, Colonial 
secretary. 

1765
01:33:47,900 --> 01:33:50,600
You travel with him to Cairo for
a conference on Middle Eastern 

1766
01:33:50,600 --> 01:33:53,000
Affairs. 
The ottoman Empires collapsed 

1767
01:33:53,000 --> 01:33:55,900
Britain must decide how to 
govern its new territories 

1768
01:33:55,900 --> 01:33:58,700
Winston helps draw borders and 
install rulers. 

1769
01:33:58,700 --> 01:34:01,600
The decisions made in these 
meetings will echo through 

1770
01:34:01,608 --> 01:34:06,300
history often tragically. 
The 1920s are difficult years 

1771
01:34:06,300 --> 01:34:09,000
for Winston. 
Personally, his mother dies in 

1772
01:34:09,000 --> 01:34:13,700
1921 after falling down stairs. 
Little Marigold his beloved 

1773
01:34:13,700 --> 01:34:18,500
daughter dies of septicemia. 
In 1922 at Age 2, the Lost 

1774
01:34:18,500 --> 01:34:20,200
devastates, both Winston and 
Clementine. 

1775
01:34:20,200 --> 01:34:24,200
You see the pain in his eyes for
months afterward, he paints 

1776
01:34:24,200 --> 01:34:25,900
obsessively to cope with the 
grief. 

1777
01:34:26,600 --> 01:34:30,800
Winston loses his parliamentary 
seat in 1922 for two years. 

1778
01:34:30,800 --> 01:34:32,600
He has out of parliament 
entirely. 

1779
01:34:32,600 --> 01:34:36,700
He feels cut adrift. 
Politics has been his life over 

1780
01:34:36,700 --> 01:34:39,300
two decades without it. 
He is lost. 

1781
01:34:39,300 --> 01:34:43,400
He writes to fill the time and 
earn money his multi-volume. 

1782
01:34:43,400 --> 01:34:46,500
History of World War 1 become a 
best seller, but writing is a 

1783
01:34:46,508 --> 01:34:49,800
poor substitute for power. 
In 1924. 

1784
01:34:49,800 --> 01:34:52,400
Winston makes another dramatic 
party switch. 

1785
01:34:52,400 --> 01:34:55,700
He rejoins the conservative 
party, he left, 20 years early. 

1786
01:34:56,500 --> 01:34:58,600
Some mock him for having no 
fixed principles. 

1787
01:34:58,600 --> 01:35:02,200
Winston argues, he has not 
changed the parties of moved 

1788
01:35:02,200 --> 01:35:04,700
around him principles matter, 
more than labels. 

1789
01:35:04,700 --> 01:35:07,700
Whether this is true or 
self-justification, depends on 

1790
01:35:07,700 --> 01:35:10,200
your perspective, the 
conservatives win the election. 

1791
01:35:10,200 --> 01:35:13,000
Winston is appointed Chancellor 
of the exchequer. 

1792
01:35:13,000 --> 01:35:16,100
He is now in charge of Britain's
finance's during a difficult 

1793
01:35:16,100 --> 01:35:18,800
economic period. 
You sit in his office at the 

1794
01:35:18,800 --> 01:35:20,900
treasury as he grapples with 
thorny problems. 

1795
01:35:20,900 --> 01:35:25,300
And employment is high, industry
is struggling the pound sterling

1796
01:35:25,300 --> 01:35:27,900
needs stabilizing. 
Winston makes a fateful 

1797
01:35:27,900 --> 01:35:31,100
decision. 
He returns Britain to the gold 

1798
01:35:31,100 --> 01:35:32,900
standard at the pre-war exchange
rate. 

1799
01:35:33,700 --> 01:35:35,900
Economist warn. 
This will make British exports 

1800
01:35:35,900 --> 01:35:39,300
uncompetitive Winston dismisses 
their concerns. 

1801
01:35:39,300 --> 01:35:42,700
He sees the gold standard as a 
symbol of British strength and 

1802
01:35:42,700 --> 01:35:46,900
stability the decision proves 
disastrous British industry 

1803
01:35:46,900 --> 01:35:50,900
suffers unemployment Rises 
further, Winston will later call

1804
01:35:50,900 --> 01:35:55,900
it the greatest mistake of his 
life In 1926 the general strike 

1805
01:35:55,900 --> 01:35:59,100
paralyzes Britain. 
Millions of workers, walk off 

1806
01:35:59,100 --> 01:36:02,700
the job, the government faces, 
its greatest domestic crisis in 

1807
01:36:02,700 --> 01:36:06,500
Generations. 
Winston takes a hard line, he 

1808
01:36:06,500 --> 01:36:09,600
edits, the government propaganda
sheet, the British Gazette. 

1809
01:36:09,600 --> 01:36:13,600
His editorials are fiery and 
uncompromising the strike, 

1810
01:36:13,600 --> 01:36:16,600
eventually collapses, but 
Winston's harsh rhetoric makes 

1811
01:36:16,600 --> 01:36:18,600
him even more unpopular with 
working people. 

1812
01:36:18,600 --> 01:36:21,800
The 1930s begin with Winston out
of government. 

1813
01:36:21,800 --> 01:36:26,200
The conservatives lose the 1929 
election, the new Labour 

1814
01:36:26,200 --> 01:36:27,700
government has no place for 
Winston. 

1815
01:36:27,700 --> 01:36:32,200
He is 54 years old. 
To many observers, his career is

1816
01:36:32,208 --> 01:36:35,400
winding down, he will be 
remembered as a talented but 

1817
01:36:35,400 --> 01:36:37,600
erratic politician who never 
quite fulfilled. 

1818
01:36:37,600 --> 01:36:40,800
His early promise you walk with 
Winston through what he will 

1819
01:36:40,800 --> 01:36:42,400
later. 
Call his Wilderness years. 

1820
01:36:42,400 --> 01:36:46,700
He writes prolifically books 
articles speeches. 

1821
01:36:46,700 --> 01:36:50,200
He works on Marlborough a 
massive biography of his famous 

1822
01:36:50,200 --> 01:36:52,600
ancestor. 
The writing is magnificent 

1823
01:36:52,600 --> 01:36:54,600
though. 
Historians quibble with his 

1824
01:36:54,600 --> 01:36:57,800
interpretations. 
Winston is never one to let 

1825
01:36:57,808 --> 01:36:59,300
facts interfere with a good 
story. 

1826
01:36:59,300 --> 01:37:02,900
He builds a wall at his Country 
House, Chartwell you work 

1827
01:37:02,908 --> 01:37:06,600
alongside him mixing mortar and 
laying bricks, the physical 

1828
01:37:06,600 --> 01:37:10,500
labor, soothes him, he takes 
pride in his craftsmanship, he 

1829
01:37:10,500 --> 01:37:11,800
builds a cottage for his 
daughter. 

1830
01:37:11,800 --> 01:37:15,300
Mary using his own hands. 
The work is competent, if not 

1831
01:37:15,300 --> 01:37:17,400
professional. 
Winston jokes. 

1832
01:37:17,400 --> 01:37:19,600
He could have been a bricklayer 
of politics faild. 

1833
01:37:19,600 --> 01:37:24,100
He paints constantly oils are 
his medium Landscapes mostly. 

1834
01:37:24,100 --> 01:37:27,600
He attacks canvases with bold 
stroke and Vivid colors. 

1835
01:37:28,800 --> 01:37:31,500
His paintings are not subtle but
they have energy and life. 

1836
01:37:32,200 --> 01:37:34,700
Painting provides respite from 
his Black Moods. 

1837
01:37:35,900 --> 01:37:39,100
When depression threatens 
Winston, picks up a brush, the 

1838
01:37:39,100 --> 01:37:41,400
Act of Creation lifts. 
The Darkness at least 

1839
01:37:41,400 --> 01:37:45,300
temporarily But Winston cannot 
ignore politics entirely. 

1840
01:37:45,300 --> 01:37:48,100
He watches events in Europe. 
With growing alarm. 

1841
01:37:48,100 --> 01:37:50,200
A new Menace is rising in 
Germany. 

1842
01:37:50,200 --> 01:37:53,000
Adolf Hitler. 
And his Nazi party have come to 

1843
01:37:53,000 --> 01:37:55,000
power. 
Hitler promises to restore, 

1844
01:37:55,000 --> 01:37:58,000
German greatness and overturn 
the Versailles treaty. 

1845
01:37:58,900 --> 01:38:02,000
His speeches dripped with Venom 
toward Jews and other groups, he

1846
01:38:02,000 --> 01:38:05,500
considers inferior. 
Winston begins warning about the

1847
01:38:05,500 --> 01:38:08,400
Nazi threat. 
You sit in the House of Commons 

1848
01:38:08,400 --> 01:38:10,000
as he delivers speech after 
speech. 

1849
01:38:10,000 --> 01:38:13,900
Germany is re-arming. 
Hitler is building a massive 

1850
01:38:13,900 --> 01:38:16,700
military machine. 
Britain must respond by 

1851
01:38:16,700 --> 01:38:19,900
strengthening its own defenses. 
The government and public 

1852
01:38:19,900 --> 01:38:23,100
largely ignore him. 
People are War weary, they want 

1853
01:38:23,100 --> 01:38:24,400
to believe. 
Peace is secure. 

1854
01:38:24,400 --> 01:38:26,800
Winston. 
Particularly warns about air 

1855
01:38:26,800 --> 01:38:29,800
power. 
Germany is building hundreds of 

1856
01:38:29,808 --> 01:38:32,700
bombers and Fighters. 
Britain's air defenses are 

1857
01:38:32,700 --> 01:38:36,200
woefully inadequate. 
If War comes German bombs, will 

1858
01:38:36,200 --> 01:38:39,200
rain down on British cities, 
thousands will die. 

1859
01:38:39,200 --> 01:38:42,200
The government must invest 
urgently in the Royal Air Force.

1860
01:38:42,200 --> 01:38:45,300
Again, his warnings fall on deaf
ears. 

1861
01:38:45,300 --> 01:38:50,000
He is mocked as a warmonger and 
alarmist cartoons, depict him as

1862
01:38:50,000 --> 01:38:53,300
a bellicose old man, seeking 
Glory colleagues, roll their 

1863
01:38:53,300 --> 01:38:57,100
eyes when he speaks Winston, the
prophet is dismissed as Winston.

1864
01:38:57,100 --> 01:38:59,500
The crank. 
You see the frustration in his 

1865
01:38:59,500 --> 01:39:01,600
face? 
He knows he is right, but cannot

1866
01:39:01,600 --> 01:39:05,100
make anyone, listen, his 
political isolation deepens over

1867
01:39:05,100 --> 01:39:07,800
the India question. 
The government is moving toward 

1868
01:39:07,800 --> 01:39:10,600
granting India, more 
self-governance, Winston 

1869
01:39:10,600 --> 01:39:13,400
veerman, Lee, opposes. 
This, he believes the British 

1870
01:39:13,400 --> 01:39:16,900
Empire must be maintained in 
Indian independence would begin.

1871
01:39:16,900 --> 01:39:19,900
Its unraveling, he campaigns 
fiercely against reform. 

1872
01:39:21,200 --> 01:39:23,200
This is not Winston's finest 
Hour. 

1873
01:39:23,200 --> 01:39:25,900
His views on Empire. 
Are those of his Victorian 

1874
01:39:25,900 --> 01:39:28,900
upbringing? 
He cannot conceive of India 

1875
01:39:28,900 --> 01:39:32,100
without British rule his 
rhetoric, sometimes crosses into

1876
01:39:32,100 --> 01:39:34,300
racism that makes even his 
allies uncomfortable. 

1877
01:39:35,000 --> 01:39:38,600
The India campaign damages, his 
credibility further, he seems 

1878
01:39:38,600 --> 01:39:42,500
like a relic from a bygone age, 
but on Germany Winston has 

1879
01:39:42,500 --> 01:39:44,700
proven right? 
Hitler remilitarizes. 

1880
01:39:44,700 --> 01:39:48,900
The Rhineland in 1936, hex is 
Austria in 1938. 

1881
01:39:49,800 --> 01:39:52,800
At Munich Britain and France. 
Agreed to let Germany take the 

1882
01:39:52,800 --> 01:39:56,400
sudetenland from Czechoslovakia.
Prime minister Neville, 

1883
01:39:56,400 --> 01:39:59,200
Chamberlain returns waving a 
paper promising, peace in our 

1884
01:39:59,200 --> 01:40:02,600
time, Winston and announces 
Munich as a disaster and defeat 

1885
01:40:02,600 --> 01:40:05,400
you stand in Parliament as 
Winston delivers, his 

1886
01:40:05,400 --> 01:40:08,800
devastating response. 
Britain had a choice between war

1887
01:40:08,800 --> 01:40:11,400
and dishonor. 
They chose dishonor and they 

1888
01:40:11,400 --> 01:40:14,500
will have War. 
The words are prophetic and 

1889
01:40:14,500 --> 01:40:16,600
terrible. 
Chamberlain and his supporters 

1890
01:40:16,600 --> 01:40:20,300
hate Winston for speaking this 
truth, but some younger MPS. 

1891
01:40:20,300 --> 01:40:22,500
Begin to wonder if the old man 
might be right after all. 

1892
01:40:23,800 --> 01:40:28,500
In March 1939, Germany Seasons 
the rest of Slovakia, the Munich

1893
01:40:28,500 --> 01:40:30,800
agreement lies in tatters, even 
Chamberlain. 

1894
01:40:30,800 --> 01:40:32,600
Realizes Hitler cannot be 
appeased. 

1895
01:40:33,300 --> 01:40:34,800
Britain begins rearming in 
earnest. 

1896
01:40:35,600 --> 01:40:38,000
Suddenly Winston's warnings. 
Do not seem so alarmist. 

1897
01:40:38,000 --> 01:40:40,800
People remember he was right 
when others were wrong. 

1898
01:40:42,100 --> 01:40:46,100
When Germany invades Poland in 
September 1939, Britain and 

1899
01:40:46,100 --> 01:40:49,800
France, declare war. 
Winston is immediately recalled 

1900
01:40:49,800 --> 01:40:51,800
to the government. 
As first Lord of the admiralty, 

1901
01:40:51,800 --> 01:40:56,300
he returns to the same post. 
He held 25 years earlier a 

1902
01:40:56,300 --> 01:40:57,600
signal goes out to the Royal 
Navy. 

1903
01:40:57,600 --> 01:41:00,900
Winston is back. 
You can almost hear the cheers 

1904
01:41:00,900 --> 01:41:04,200
from ships around the world but 
the war goes badly from the 

1905
01:41:04,200 --> 01:41:08,900
start Poland Falls in weeks, the
Western Front is quiet through 

1906
01:41:08,900 --> 01:41:11,000
the winter. 
This is the phony War. 

1907
01:41:11,800 --> 01:41:14,500
Britain and Germany Clarity at 
each other, but do not fight. 

1908
01:41:15,300 --> 01:41:19,700
The public grows restless and 
Confused is this really wore or 

1909
01:41:19,700 --> 01:41:23,300
some strange. 
New kind of Peace in April 1940.

1910
01:41:23,300 --> 01:41:27,500
Germany invades Norway British 
forces try to intervene but are 

1911
01:41:27,500 --> 01:41:30,100
outmaneuvered. 
The Norway campaign is a 

1912
01:41:30,100 --> 01:41:33,200
disaster. 
Ironically Winston, as first 

1913
01:41:33,200 --> 01:41:36,700
Lord is largely responsible. 
But the failure is blamed on 

1914
01:41:36,700 --> 01:41:39,300
Chamberlain's government as a 
whole confidence. 

1915
01:41:39,300 --> 01:41:42,400
In the Prime Minister craters, a
crucial debate is held in the 

1916
01:41:42,400 --> 01:41:45,200
House of Commons in May 
Chamberlain supporters. 

1917
01:41:45,200 --> 01:41:48,600
Try to defend the Norway 
operation critics Savage, the 

1918
01:41:48,600 --> 01:41:51,700
government's handling of the 
war, the debate becomes a 

1919
01:41:51,700 --> 01:41:54,300
referendum on Chamberlain's 
leadership, even some 

1920
01:41:54,300 --> 01:41:57,700
conservatives turn against him. 
The decisive moment comes when 

1921
01:41:57,700 --> 01:42:01,400
Leo Amory a conservative MP and 
old friend of Winston's quotes, 

1922
01:42:01,400 --> 01:42:04,000
Oliver Cromwell. 
You have sat too long here for 

1923
01:42:04,000 --> 01:42:05,900
any good. 
You have been doing in the name 

1924
01:42:05,900 --> 01:42:09,200
of God, go. 
The words, echo through the 

1925
01:42:09,208 --> 01:42:11,600
chamber Chamberlain's face 
turned Ashen. 

1926
01:42:11,600 --> 01:42:17,600
His government is doomed. 
On May 10th 1940, Neville, 

1927
01:42:17,600 --> 01:42:20,600
Chamberlain resigns. 
King George, the sixth must 

1928
01:42:20,600 --> 01:42:23,600
choose a new prime minister. 
The choice is between Winston 

1929
01:42:23,600 --> 01:42:27,600
Churchill and Lord Halifax. 
Halifax is the safer, Choice, 

1930
01:42:27,600 --> 01:42:30,100
respected, cautious from the 
right background. 

1931
01:42:31,300 --> 01:42:35,100
But Halifax knows he cannot lead
Britain in war, he steps aside 

1932
01:42:35,100 --> 01:42:37,700
Winston. 
Churchill becomes prime minister

1933
01:42:37,700 --> 01:42:41,800
at age. 65 you stand with him in
his new office at 10 Downing 

1934
01:42:41,800 --> 01:42:45,100
Street, he has reached the 
summit after Decades of struggle

1935
01:42:45,100 --> 01:42:48,500
but the timing could hardly be 
worse that very day. 

1936
01:42:48,500 --> 01:42:51,700
Germany launches its invasion of
France and the low countries, 

1937
01:42:51,700 --> 01:42:56,100
the Nazi Blitzkrieg has begun 
you stand at Winston shoulder as

1938
01:42:56,100 --> 01:42:58,200
he faces his first crisis. 
As prime minister. 

1939
01:42:58,200 --> 01:43:01,200
German panzers are racing 
through the ardenne. 

1940
01:43:01,200 --> 01:43:05,300
The French army is reeling. 
The British expeditionary forces

1941
01:43:05,300 --> 01:43:07,900
in danger of being cut off. 
Everything is happening. 

1942
01:43:07,900 --> 01:43:10,400
Terribly fast. 
Winston forms. 

1943
01:43:10,400 --> 01:43:13,600
A coalition government, labor 
and liberal leaders joined his 

1944
01:43:13,600 --> 01:43:16,000
War cabinet. 
Clement Atlee becomes. 

1945
01:43:16,000 --> 01:43:19,700
Deputy Prime, Minister political
rivalries are set aside. 

1946
01:43:19,700 --> 01:43:22,500
The nation must present a united
front. 

1947
01:43:22,500 --> 01:43:25,900
You watch Winston, welcome 
former opponents into positions 

1948
01:43:25,900 --> 01:43:29,300
of power. 
The moment is too gray for Party

1949
01:43:29,300 --> 01:43:32,200
politics. 
On May 13th, Winston appears 

1950
01:43:32,200 --> 01:43:33,700
before Parliament as prime 
minister. 

1951
01:43:33,700 --> 01:43:37,300
For the first time you are in 
the gallery as he speaks, I have

1952
01:43:37,300 --> 01:43:40,300
nothing to offer, but blood toil
tears and sweat. 

1953
01:43:40,300 --> 01:43:44,500
His voice is grave but Resolute 
we have before us. 

1954
01:43:44,500 --> 01:43:48,100
An ordeal of the most Grievous, 
kind we have before us, many, 

1955
01:43:48,100 --> 01:43:50,800
many long months of struggle and
suffering. 

1956
01:43:50,800 --> 01:43:54,800
The words are not optimistic, 
Winston does not promise easy 

1957
01:43:54,800 --> 01:43:57,100
Victory but his honesty is 
bracing. 

1958
01:43:57,100 --> 01:43:59,100
He asked the house for its 
confidence. 

1959
01:43:59,100 --> 01:44:04,300
What is our policy victory 
victory at all costs victory in 

1960
01:44:04,300 --> 01:44:08,200
spite of all Terror Victory, 
however, long and hard, the road

1961
01:44:08,200 --> 01:44:11,400
may be For without victory. 
There is no survival. 

1962
01:44:11,400 --> 01:44:15,800
The speech electrifies the 
nation here at last is a leader 

1963
01:44:15,800 --> 01:44:19,000
who understands the stakes. 
Winston is not trying to 

1964
01:44:19,000 --> 01:44:21,400
minimize the danger or offer 
false Comfort. 

1965
01:44:21,400 --> 01:44:25,600
He is preparing Britain for the 
ordeal her head, his words give 

1966
01:44:25,600 --> 01:44:28,200
people courage to face. 
What is coming and what is 

1967
01:44:28,200 --> 01:44:32,100
coming is catastrophic. 
The German Advanced cannot be 

1968
01:44:32,100 --> 01:44:34,000
stopped. 
The French army is 

1969
01:44:34,000 --> 01:44:37,300
disintegrating, the British 
expeditionary Force, Retreats 

1970
01:44:37,300 --> 01:44:41,100
toward the channel. 
Ports, 300,000 British soldiers 

1971
01:44:41,100 --> 01:44:42,700
are trapped on the beaches of 
Dunkirk. 

1972
01:44:42,700 --> 01:44:47,100
The German pins as a closing 
Annihilation seems inevitable. 

1973
01:44:47,100 --> 01:44:50,800
Winston ordered the Royal Navy 
to evacuate as many men as 

1974
01:44:50,800 --> 01:44:53,500
possible. 
You stand on the beach at Duncan

1975
01:44:53,500 --> 01:44:56,400
Lake, May Situation is 
desperate. 

1976
01:44:56,400 --> 01:44:59,100
German artillery pounds. 
The beaches. 

1977
01:44:59,100 --> 01:45:01,600
Luftwaffe bombers attacking 
waves. 

1978
01:45:01,600 --> 01:45:04,200
Ships are sunk before they can 
load troops. 

1979
01:45:04,200 --> 01:45:08,000
The harbor is unusable men 
weighed into the surfing to be 

1980
01:45:08,000 --> 01:45:09,900
picked up. 
Then something remarkable 

1981
01:45:09,900 --> 01:45:12,300
happens. 
Hundreds of Civilian boats, 

1982
01:45:12,300 --> 01:45:15,900
cross the channel fishing boats,
pleasure, Yachts, river, barges 

1983
01:45:15,900 --> 01:45:19,400
anything that can float. 
Their civilian Crews navigate 

1984
01:45:19,400 --> 01:45:22,800
through bombs and shells to 
reach the beaches they Ferry 

1985
01:45:22,800 --> 01:45:25,600
soldiers from short, to the 
waiting warships, The Little 

1986
01:45:25,600 --> 01:45:31,200
Ships of Dunkirk become Legend. 
Against All Odds, over 300,000 

1987
01:45:31,200 --> 01:45:34,100
men are evacuated, it is not a 
victory. 

1988
01:45:34,100 --> 01:45:38,200
The British army has lost all 
its heavy equipment, but the men

1989
01:45:38,200 --> 01:45:42,800
are saved to fight another day. 
Winston warns the nation not to 

1990
01:45:42,800 --> 01:45:44,500
mistake a Deliverance for 
Triumph. 

1991
01:45:44,500 --> 01:45:48,900
Wars are not won by evacuation 
but Britain has bought time to 

1992
01:45:48,900 --> 01:45:52,900
continue the fight. 
France is doomed, German forces 

1993
01:45:52,900 --> 01:45:55,500
reach Paris in mid-june. 
The French government. 

1994
01:45:55,500 --> 01:45:58,900
Collapses Winston flies to 
France, repeatedly, trying to 

1995
01:45:58,908 --> 01:46:02,100
stiffen their results. 
You accompany him to desperate 

1996
01:46:02,100 --> 01:46:04,900
meetings with French leaders. 
They are defeated men. 

1997
01:46:04,900 --> 01:46:09,000
They speak of armistice Winston,
argues passionately for 

1998
01:46:09,000 --> 01:46:12,200
continuing the fight his words 
fall on deaf ears. 

1999
01:46:13,300 --> 01:46:17,700
On June 22nd France signs, an 
Armistice with Germany, Britain 

2000
01:46:17,700 --> 01:46:20,500
stands alone, the United States 
is neutral. 

2001
01:46:20,500 --> 01:46:22,900
The Soviet Union has a pact with
Hitler. 

2002
01:46:22,900 --> 01:46:27,000
The British Empire faces, Nazi 
Germany, without allies, the 

2003
01:46:27,000 --> 01:46:30,600
situation looks hopeless. 
Many expect Britain to seek 

2004
01:46:30,600 --> 01:46:33,300
terms. 
Surely fighting on a loan is 

2005
01:46:33,300 --> 01:46:36,100
suicide. 
Winston never considers 

2006
01:46:36,100 --> 01:46:39,700
surrender. 
On June, 4th after Dunkirk, he 

2007
01:46:39,700 --> 01:46:42,500
delivers another great speech to
Parliament you. 

2008
01:46:42,500 --> 01:46:45,500
Listen as his voice fills the 
chamber even though large tracts

2009
01:46:45,500 --> 01:46:47,700
of Europe have fallen into the 
grip of the Gestapo. 

2010
01:46:47,700 --> 01:46:51,700
We shall not flag or fail. 
We shall go on to the end, we 

2011
01:46:51,700 --> 01:46:54,500
shall fight on the Seas and 
Ocean's we shall fight on the 

2012
01:46:54,500 --> 01:46:57,800
beaches, we shall fight on the 
Hills we shall Never Surrender. 

2013
01:46:57,800 --> 01:46:59,800
The words are more than 
rhetoric. 

2014
01:46:59,800 --> 01:47:02,400
They are a declaration of 
Britain's will to resist. 

2015
01:47:02,400 --> 01:47:06,200
Winston is committing the nation
to fight until Victory or an 

2016
01:47:06,200 --> 01:47:08,700
Annihilation. 
There will be no compromise with

2017
01:47:08,700 --> 01:47:11,000
evil. 
The speeches broadcast around 

2018
01:47:11,000 --> 01:47:14,900
the world in occupied countries.
People huddle around illegal 

2019
01:47:14,900 --> 01:47:18,000
radios and weep with hope. 
Britain has not give up. 

2020
01:47:18,000 --> 01:47:21,700
Hitler expects Britain to seek 
peace when no offer comes. 

2021
01:47:21,700 --> 01:47:25,400
He begins planning an invasion 
Operation Sea Lion will land 

2022
01:47:25,400 --> 01:47:29,100
German forces on the English 
Coast but first Germany must 

2023
01:47:29,100 --> 01:47:33,100
control the air The luftwaffe 
launches a campaign to destroy 

2024
01:47:33,100 --> 01:47:35,600
the Royal Air Force. 
The Battle of Britain begins in 

2025
01:47:35,600 --> 01:47:39,500
July and reaches its climax in 
August and September you stand 

2026
01:47:39,500 --> 01:47:43,000
in fighter command headquarters 
watching the battle unfold Plot 

2027
01:47:43,000 --> 01:47:44,700
show. 
German formations crossing the 

2028
01:47:44,700 --> 01:47:48,100
channel young RAF Pilots 
scrambled to intercept 

2029
01:47:48,100 --> 01:47:52,200
dogfights, swirl across the 
Summer Sky, smoke Trails, Mark, 

2030
01:47:52,200 --> 01:47:55,900
falling aircraft, the odds favor
Germany, they have more planes 

2031
01:47:55,900 --> 01:47:59,500
and Pilots, but the RAF has 
advantages, they are fighting 

2032
01:47:59,500 --> 01:48:02,900
over home territory, downed 
pilots, who survived can return 

2033
01:48:02,900 --> 01:48:06,000
to duty? 
The British have radar to 

2034
01:48:06,000 --> 01:48:09,200
provide early warning and they 
have the Spitfire and hurricane 

2035
01:48:09,200 --> 01:48:13,200
Fighters that can match the 
German aircraft Winston visits 

2036
01:48:13,200 --> 01:48:15,300
fighter stations, your accompany
him. 

2037
01:48:15,300 --> 01:48:18,400
As he meets young Pilots between
mission's, they are boys, really

2038
01:48:18,400 --> 01:48:20,700
19. 
And 20 years old, their faces 

2039
01:48:20,700 --> 01:48:23,600
are drawn with exhaustion. 
They fly multiple sorties. 

2040
01:48:23,600 --> 01:48:25,800
Each day many will not survive 
the week. 

2041
01:48:26,800 --> 01:48:28,700
Winston shakes their hands and 
thanks them. 

2042
01:48:29,900 --> 01:48:31,700
His eyes are bright with unshed 
tears. 

2043
01:48:32,600 --> 01:48:35,800
The battle reaches crisis. 
In late, August German bombers 

2044
01:48:35,800 --> 01:48:37,200
attack. 
RAF airfields. 

2045
01:48:37,200 --> 01:48:41,200
Hangers and runways are created.
Fighter production, cannot keep 

2046
01:48:41,200 --> 01:48:44,800
Pace with losses. 
The RAF is being ground down a 

2047
01:48:44,800 --> 01:48:47,000
few more weeks of this and their
superiority will pass to 

2048
01:48:47,008 --> 01:48:49,200
Germany. 
Then Invasion becomes possible. 

2049
01:48:49,200 --> 01:48:51,200
Then Hitler makes a crucial 
mistake. 

2050
01:48:52,100 --> 01:48:55,700
After British bombers hit 
Berlin, he orders the luftwaffe 

2051
01:48:55,700 --> 01:48:58,400
to attack London, instead of 
continuing to Target airfields. 

2052
01:48:59,000 --> 01:49:03,200
The change in strategy gives the
RAF breathing Space Fighter 

2053
01:49:03,200 --> 01:49:06,500
strength, begins to recover you 
stand in London as the bombs 

2054
01:49:06,500 --> 01:49:10,100
fall night after night, 
buildings, burn, civilians, die.

2055
01:49:10,100 --> 01:49:15,300
But the RAF survives By late 
September, it is clear, Germany 

2056
01:49:15,300 --> 01:49:18,600
has lost the Battle of Britain. 
The RAF is still operational. 

2057
01:49:18,600 --> 01:49:22,200
Hitler's bones. 
And then cancels Operation Sea 

2058
01:49:22,200 --> 01:49:24,400
Lion, Britain will not be 
invaded. 

2059
01:49:25,300 --> 01:49:27,200
Winston gives credit where it is
due. 

2060
01:49:27,200 --> 01:49:30,500
Never in the field of human 
conflict was so much owed by so 

2061
01:49:30,500 --> 01:49:34,400
many to so few The fighter 
pilots have saved the nation, 

2062
01:49:34,400 --> 01:49:38,100
but the blitz continues German 
bombers come every night. 

2063
01:49:38,100 --> 01:49:42,700
London Burns Coventry is 
devastated cities, throughout 

2064
01:49:42,700 --> 01:49:45,800
Britain suffer, you walk through
rubblestone streets with 

2065
01:49:45,800 --> 01:49:49,600
Winston, he tours bombed areas 
to show solidarity with victims,

2066
01:49:49,600 --> 01:49:53,600
people recognized him and call 
out his presence heart and the 

2067
01:49:53,600 --> 01:49:58,300
Winston can face the bombs. 
So can they Winston's own life 

2068
01:49:58,300 --> 01:50:01,400
is in constant danger. 
German intelligence knows his 

2069
01:50:01,400 --> 01:50:04,100
movements bombs fall near 
wherever he goes. 

2070
01:50:04,100 --> 01:50:07,700
He refuses to hide. 
He appears on rooftops watching 

2071
01:50:07,700 --> 01:50:10,900
the raids, he visits 
anti-aircraft batteries and bomb

2072
01:50:10,900 --> 01:50:13,100
shelters. 
His courage is not Reckless 

2073
01:50:13,100 --> 01:50:16,000
bravado. 
It is a calculated decision to 

2074
01:50:16,000 --> 01:50:19,000
share the risks. 
Ordinary People face his daily 

2075
01:50:19,000 --> 01:50:22,800
routine is exhausting you Shadow
him through endless days. 

2076
01:50:23,600 --> 01:50:25,900
He wakes late having worked past
midnight. 

2077
01:50:25,900 --> 01:50:30,000
He takes a bath while dictating 
memos he works in bed through 

2078
01:50:30,000 --> 01:50:32,100
the morning. 
A brief nap after lunch. 

2079
01:50:33,400 --> 01:50:36,300
Then more meetings phone calls 
and paperwork until the small 

2080
01:50:36,300 --> 01:50:39,300
hours, he consumes enormous 
amounts of champagne and 

2081
01:50:39,300 --> 01:50:42,800
whiskey, the staff Marvels that 
he can function at all, but 

2082
01:50:42,800 --> 01:50:46,500
Winston thrives Under Pressure, 
the responsibility energizes 

2083
01:50:46,500 --> 01:50:50,200
rather than crushes him. 
This is what he was born for all

2084
01:50:50,200 --> 01:50:52,200
his life has been preparation 
for this moment. 

2085
01:50:53,300 --> 01:50:54,800
Leading Britain through its 
Darkest. 

2086
01:50:54,800 --> 01:50:58,800
Hour requires exactly his 
combination of Courage eloquence

2087
01:50:58,800 --> 01:51:02,900
an indomitable will He is 
finally in the right place at 

2088
01:51:02,900 --> 01:51:05,700
the right time, his speeches 
become weapons. 

2089
01:51:06,500 --> 01:51:09,600
On radio broadcasts, Winston 
addresses, not just Britain, but

2090
01:51:09,600 --> 01:51:13,000
the whole world, his voice 
becomes the voice of resistance 

2091
01:51:13,000 --> 01:51:17,400
in occupied Europe, people risk 
death to listen in America. 

2092
01:51:17,400 --> 01:51:21,000
His words, build sympathy for 
Britain's cause Winston Paints. 

2093
01:51:21,000 --> 01:51:23,100
The struggle in civilizational 
terms. 

2094
01:51:23,100 --> 01:51:26,000
This is not just about territory
or politics. 

2095
01:51:26,000 --> 01:51:30,100
It is a fight between light and 
darkness, freedom, and slavery. 

2096
01:51:30,100 --> 01:51:33,400
He cultivates the relationship 
with America obsessively. 

2097
01:51:34,600 --> 01:51:37,100
President Roosevelt is 
sympathetic but hampered by 

2098
01:51:37,100 --> 01:51:38,800
neutrality laws and public 
opinion. 

2099
01:51:39,600 --> 01:51:41,800
Winston writes in Long letters 
laying out. 

2100
01:51:41,800 --> 01:51:46,500
Britain's needs destroyers 
aircraft weapons supplies, 

2101
01:51:46,500 --> 01:51:50,600
America becomes the arsenal of 
democracy shipping War material 

2102
01:51:50,600 --> 01:51:53,600
to Britain. 
Winston also begins developing a

2103
01:51:53,600 --> 01:51:55,300
personal relationship with 
Rosevelt. 

2104
01:51:55,300 --> 01:51:59,700
The exchange of messages, the 
tone becomes warm and familiar 

2105
01:51:59,700 --> 01:52:02,700
Winston signs himself. 
As a former Naval person, 

2106
01:52:02,700 --> 01:52:06,300
Rosevelt responds in, kind the 
French friendship between the 

2107
01:52:06,300 --> 01:52:08,700
two leaders becomes a 
Cornerstone of the alliance that

2108
01:52:08,700 --> 01:52:11,100
will eventually win the war. 
Money is running out. 

2109
01:52:11,100 --> 01:52:14,200
Britain is spending its golden 
dollar Reserves at an 

2110
01:52:14,200 --> 01:52:17,600
unsustainable rate. 
By late 1940. 

2111
01:52:17,600 --> 01:52:21,500
Bankruptcy looms Winston lays 
the situation before Roosevelt, 

2112
01:52:21,500 --> 01:52:24,400
without American help. 
Britain cannot continue fighting

2113
01:52:24,400 --> 01:52:28,000
Roosevelt responds. 
With Lend Lease America will 

2114
01:52:28,000 --> 01:52:31,300
lend Britain, the weapons and 
supplies it needs payment can be

2115
01:52:31,300 --> 01:52:34,200
deferred until after the war. 
Len. 

2116
01:52:34,200 --> 01:52:38,400
Lisa is a Lifeline keeps Britain
in the fight through 1941, but 

2117
01:52:38,400 --> 01:52:40,300
Winston knows. 
Britain, cannot win alone. 

2118
01:52:40,300 --> 01:52:44,100
America must enter the war. 
He watches anxiously as 

2119
01:52:44,100 --> 01:52:46,200
Roosevelt, navigate to American 
domestic politics. 

2120
01:52:46,200 --> 01:52:50,300
Isolationist sentiment remains 
strong getting America into the 

2121
01:52:50,300 --> 01:52:51,300
war. 
Seems impossible. 

2122
01:52:51,300 --> 01:52:55,400
Then on December the 7th 1941 
Japan attacks Pearl Harbor. 

2123
01:52:56,200 --> 01:53:00,600
America is finally, at War. 
Winston hears, the news with 

2124
01:53:00,600 --> 01:53:03,100
overwhelming relief. 
You are with him. 

2125
01:53:03,100 --> 01:53:06,600
When he learns, he goes to bed 
that night, knowing Britain is 

2126
01:53:06,600 --> 01:53:09,300
saved. 
America's industrial, might will

2127
01:53:09,300 --> 01:53:13,100
tip the balance Victory is now 
possible though, it may take 

2128
01:53:13,100 --> 01:53:15,800
years. 
Winston immediately traveled to 

2129
01:53:15,800 --> 01:53:18,800
Washington, you accompany him on
the voyage across the Atlantic. 

2130
01:53:18,800 --> 01:53:22,100
He works constantly preparing 
for meetings with Roosevelt. 

2131
01:53:23,000 --> 01:53:26,300
When he arrives, the two leaders
established, an instant report 

2132
01:53:26,300 --> 01:53:29,400
they talked for hours about 
strategy and coordination. 

2133
01:53:29,400 --> 01:53:32,100
The alliance is forged in these 
meetings. 

2134
01:53:33,500 --> 01:53:35,900
Winston addresses Congress on 
December 26th. 

2135
01:53:35,900 --> 01:53:39,100
You sit in the gallery as he 
speaks to American lawmakers. 

2136
01:53:39,100 --> 01:53:41,600
He acknowledges that his mother 
was American. 

2137
01:53:42,400 --> 01:53:46,200
If my father had been American 
and my mother British instead of

2138
01:53:46,200 --> 01:53:48,900
the other way around, I might 
have gotten here on my own. 

2139
01:53:49,800 --> 01:53:52,900
Laughter fills the chamber. 
Winston has Charmed them 

2140
01:53:52,900 --> 01:53:56,100
completely, but he also delivers
serious warnings. 

2141
01:53:56,100 --> 01:53:59,800
The wall will be long and hard. 
Japan's early victories in the 

2142
01:53:59,800 --> 01:54:02,100
Pacific had just beginning Dark 
Days. 

2143
01:54:02,100 --> 01:54:05,700
Lie ahead, before the dawn 
Winston does not sugarcoat 

2144
01:54:05,700 --> 01:54:09,400
reality, but he projects, 
absolute confidence in Ultimate 

2145
01:54:09,400 --> 01:54:12,500
Victory, the forces arrayed 
against the Axis powers 

2146
01:54:12,500 --> 01:54:15,400
overwhelming. 
Tyranny cannot Prevail against 

2147
01:54:15,400 --> 01:54:19,700
the combined might of free 
people's the years. 1942 and 43 

2148
01:54:19,700 --> 01:54:22,800
are the hinge of the war you 
stand with Winston, as the 

2149
01:54:22,800 --> 01:54:26,000
balance slowly tips. 
Early defeats giveaway to hard. 

2150
01:54:26,000 --> 01:54:28,700
One Victory is the tide is 
turning though. 

2151
01:54:28,700 --> 01:54:31,000
The end remains distant. 
North Africa. 

2152
01:54:31,000 --> 01:54:34,800
Become a critical theater. 
British forces under General 

2153
01:54:34,800 --> 01:54:38,500
Montgomery face, German troops 
led by Rommel the Desert War 

2154
01:54:38,500 --> 01:54:42,300
swings, back and forth Winston 
follows every battle anxiously, 

2155
01:54:42,300 --> 01:54:44,200
you sit with him in the map 
room. 

2156
01:54:44,200 --> 01:54:47,700
Studying intelligence reports. 
He moves pins representing 

2157
01:54:47,700 --> 01:54:50,800
divisions and brigades the fate 
of Egypt and the sewers Canal 

2158
01:54:50,800 --> 01:54:54,700
hangs in the balance. 
In October 1942 Montgomery 

2159
01:54:54,700 --> 01:54:58,900
attacks at LL mean, 12 days, the
battle, rages across the desert.

2160
01:54:58,900 --> 01:55:01,700
Finally rommel's forces break 
and Retreat. 

2161
01:55:01,700 --> 01:55:04,100
It is Britain's first clear, 
victory over. 

2162
01:55:04,100 --> 01:55:07,800
Germany Winston is jubilant. 
This is not the end. 

2163
01:55:07,800 --> 01:55:11,600
It is not even the beginning of 
the end, but it is perhaps the 

2164
01:55:11,600 --> 01:55:15,800
end of the beginning. 
Across the world America wins a 

2165
01:55:15,800 --> 01:55:19,900
crucial naval battle at Midway 
Japanese expansion is checked in

2166
01:55:19,900 --> 01:55:21,800
Russia. 
German forces are locked in 

2167
01:55:21,800 --> 01:55:25,400
brutal combat at Stalingrad. 
The vermac is learning that the 

2168
01:55:25,400 --> 01:55:27,800
Soviet Union cannot be easily. 
Conquered. 

2169
01:55:27,800 --> 01:55:31,400
The Axis powers are stretched 
thin across multiple fronts, 

2170
01:55:32,500 --> 01:55:35,000
Winston Works to coordinate 
allied strategy. 

2171
01:55:35,000 --> 01:55:37,500
He travels constantly despite 
his age. 

2172
01:55:37,500 --> 01:55:41,700
You accompany him to conferences
and Casablanca, Quebec Cairo, 

2173
01:55:41,700 --> 01:55:45,900
and Tehran meetings are 
exhausting, Churchill Roosevelt 

2174
01:55:45,900 --> 01:55:49,300
and Stalin debate. 
How to defeat the axis tensions 

2175
01:55:49,300 --> 01:55:53,200
flare over strategy and post-war
plans but they maintain Unity 

2176
01:55:53,200 --> 01:55:56,200
against the common enemy. 
The relationship with Starling 

2177
01:55:56,200 --> 01:55:59,700
is particularly complex, Winston
despises communism. 

2178
01:56:00,500 --> 01:56:03,500
But he recognizes the Soviet 
Union is bearing the heaviest 

2179
01:56:03,500 --> 01:56:06,100
burden. 
Russian casualties dwarf those 

2180
01:56:06,100 --> 01:56:09,800
of other allies star in demands.
A second front in Western Europe

2181
01:56:09,800 --> 01:56:12,100
to draw German forces away from 
Russia. 

2182
01:56:12,800 --> 01:56:15,700
Winston argues for attacking 
Germany, through Italy and the 

2183
01:56:15,708 --> 01:56:20,100
Balkans first, the American 
supports Stalin's position at 

2184
01:56:20,100 --> 01:56:23,500
Tehran, in November 1943, the 
decision is made. 

2185
01:56:23,500 --> 01:56:27,100
Operation Overlord. 
Will invade France in 1944, 

2186
01:56:27,100 --> 01:56:30,700
American and British forces will
land on the beaches of Normandy.

2187
01:56:30,700 --> 01:56:33,600
It will be the largest 
amphibious operation in history.

2188
01:56:34,900 --> 01:56:38,400
Winston has reservations about 
the plan, he fears a bloodbath. 

2189
01:56:38,900 --> 01:56:41,800
But he bows to the combined 
Judgment of Roosevelt and 

2190
01:56:41,800 --> 01:56:44,500
Stalin. 
Back in Britain, preparation for

2191
01:56:44,500 --> 01:56:48,700
D-Day dominates 1944, you walk 
with Winston among troops 

2192
01:56:48,700 --> 01:56:51,900
training for the invasion, they 
are young and fit and confident 

2193
01:56:51,900 --> 01:56:56,700
Winston envies their youth. 
He's approaching 70, the years 

2194
01:56:56,700 --> 01:56:59,700
of stress and overwork are 
taking their toll, but he cannot

2195
01:56:59,700 --> 01:57:04,600
slow down the war demands. 
Everything he has On June 6th, 

2196
01:57:04,600 --> 01:57:09,100
1944 Allied Forces land. 
In Norman, D The Invasion 

2197
01:57:09,100 --> 01:57:11,300
succeeds, despite Fierce, German
resistance. 

2198
01:57:11,300 --> 01:57:15,100
Winston desperately wanted to 
observe from a ship offshore, 

2199
01:57:15,100 --> 01:57:17,800
his military advisors talked him
out of it. 

2200
01:57:17,800 --> 01:57:22,300
The risk was too great. 
Winston salts but accept their 

2201
01:57:22,300 --> 01:57:24,700
judgment. 
You stand with him in the war 

2202
01:57:24,700 --> 01:57:27,500
room as reports stream in the 
landing are succeeding. 

2203
01:57:27,500 --> 01:57:31,500
The second front has opened 
Paris is liberated in August. 

2204
01:57:31,500 --> 01:57:34,400
You walk the streets with 
Winston as he visits the newly 

2205
01:57:34,400 --> 01:57:37,800
freed City prisons mob him with 
joy. 

2206
01:57:37,800 --> 01:57:41,300
They remember his broadcast 
during the dark Year's his voice

2207
01:57:41,300 --> 01:57:44,300
kept hope alive. 
Winston is moved to Tears. 

2208
01:57:44,300 --> 01:57:48,400
By the reception, he is waited 
years to see Paris free again. 

2209
01:57:49,400 --> 01:57:53,500
But new Horrors are emerging 
reports, reach London of Nazi 

2210
01:57:53,500 --> 01:57:56,200
death camps. 
The systematic murder of Jews 

2211
01:57:56,200 --> 01:57:58,100
and other groups on an 
industrial scale. 

2212
01:57:58,100 --> 01:58:01,100
Winston has known for years, 
that terrible things were 

2213
01:58:01,100 --> 01:58:04,100
happening but the full scope of 
the Holocaust is only now 

2214
01:58:04,100 --> 01:58:07,000
becoming clear, the Revelation, 
second him. 

2215
01:58:07,000 --> 01:58:09,500
This is what Britain has been 
fighting against. 

2216
01:58:10,300 --> 01:58:14,300
Pure Evil. 
The war in Europe grinds, toward

2217
01:58:14,300 --> 01:58:17,700
conclusion through late 1944 and
early 1945. 

2218
01:58:18,500 --> 01:58:21,800
German forces retreat, but 
fights stubbornly Hitler. 

2219
01:58:21,800 --> 01:58:24,200
Refuses to surrender. 
The destruction. 

2220
01:58:24,200 --> 01:58:28,400
Continues cities are reduced to 
Rubble Millions more die. 

2221
01:58:29,100 --> 01:58:31,600
He walked through devastated 
German towns with Winston. 

2222
01:58:31,600 --> 01:58:34,400
The scale of Destruction is 
overwhelming. 

2223
01:58:34,400 --> 01:58:38,800
Winston's Health suffers he 
catches pneumonia after the 

2224
01:58:38,800 --> 01:58:42,500
altar conference in February 
1945, For days. 

2225
01:58:42,500 --> 01:58:46,100
His life, hangs in the balance, 
doctors fear for the 70 year. 

2226
01:58:46,100 --> 01:58:49,600
Old prime minister, At Winston's
Constitution is strong. 

2227
01:58:49,600 --> 01:58:53,500
He recovers and returns to work.
There is too much to do. 

2228
01:58:53,500 --> 01:58:58,900
He cannot rest yet. 
In April, Rosevelt dies, Winston

2229
01:58:58,900 --> 01:59:01,900
is grief-stricken. 
He has lost a great friend and 

2230
01:59:01,900 --> 01:59:04,300
partner. 
Harry Truman becomes president. 

2231
01:59:04,300 --> 01:59:07,400
Winston must now build a 
relationship with a man. 

2232
01:59:07,408 --> 01:59:11,100
He barely knows. 
The transition adds uncertainty 

2233
01:59:11,100 --> 01:59:14,100
at a crucial moment. 
Germany finally surrenders on 

2234
01:59:14,100 --> 01:59:18,600
May 8th, 1945 victory in Europe,
day, brings Jubilation 

2235
01:59:18,600 --> 01:59:21,800
throughout Britain you stand 
with Winston on the balcony of 

2236
01:59:21,800 --> 01:59:25,600
Buckingham Palace alongside the 
royal family enormous crowds 

2237
01:59:25,600 --> 01:59:27,900
fill the streets below. 
They cheer themselves. 

2238
01:59:27,900 --> 01:59:31,300
Hoarse Winston gives his famous 
V for victory sign. 

2239
01:59:31,300 --> 01:59:33,900
The moment is triumph and 
vindication. 

2240
01:59:34,900 --> 01:59:37,200
But Winston's thoughts are 
already turning to the piece. 

2241
01:59:38,600 --> 01:59:41,300
The Soviet Union is tightening 
its grip on Eastern Europe. 

2242
01:59:41,300 --> 01:59:44,900
Starling shows, no inclination 
to allow free elections in 

2243
01:59:44,900 --> 01:59:49,100
Poland and other countries. 
Winston fears, a new tyranny is 

2244
01:59:49,100 --> 01:59:51,700
replacing the old. 
He warns of an iron curtain 

2245
01:59:51,700 --> 01:59:56,000
descending across Europe. once 
again, he is prophetic, the cold

2246
01:59:56,000 --> 01:59:59,500
war is beginning in July 
Britain, holds its first general

2247
01:59:59,500 --> 02:00:04,200
election since 1935 Winston 
campaigns but without enthusiasm

2248
02:00:04,200 --> 02:00:08,500
he is exalted the labor party 
promises sweeping social 

2249
02:00:08,500 --> 02:00:10,500
reforms. 
They campaign on building a 

2250
02:00:10,508 --> 02:00:12,500
better Britain. 
Not on past glories. 

2251
02:00:12,500 --> 02:00:14,900
You watched the returns coming 
in with Winston. 

2252
02:00:14,900 --> 02:00:17,300
The result is stunning. 
Labour wins. 

2253
02:00:17,300 --> 02:00:19,900
A landslide Winston is voted out
of office. 

2254
02:00:19,900 --> 02:00:22,800
The rejection wounds him deeply,
he led Britain through its 

2255
02:00:22,800 --> 02:00:25,600
darkest hour. 
Now with Victory achieved the 

2256
02:00:25,600 --> 02:00:28,900
people turned to someone else. 
Winston tries to accept the 

2257
02:00:28,900 --> 02:00:32,700
decision, gracefully democracy 
has spoken but privately he is 

2258
02:00:32,700 --> 02:00:34,900
devastated. 
You see him struggle with 

2259
02:00:34,908 --> 02:00:36,300
depression in the months that 
follow. 

2260
02:00:37,600 --> 02:00:41,400
He is 70 years old. 
Most men would retire Winston. 

2261
02:00:41,400 --> 02:00:43,000
Instead becomes leader of the 
opposition. 

2262
02:00:43,000 --> 02:00:46,900
He continues fighting in 
Parliament, he delivers speeches

2263
02:00:46,900 --> 02:00:51,200
warning about Soviet expansion. 
The famous Iron Curtain Speech 

2264
02:00:51,200 --> 02:00:55,408
is given in Fulton, Missouri, in
March 1946 from stettin in the 

2265
02:00:55,416 --> 02:00:58,700
Baltic to Trieste in the 
Adriatic, an iron curtain has 

2266
02:00:58,700 --> 02:01:02,100
descended across the continent. 
The speeches, controversial, 

2267
02:01:02,100 --> 02:01:04,700
some accused Winston of 
warmongering again. 

2268
02:01:05,500 --> 02:01:08,200
But events proved him, right? 
The Cold War becomes the 

2269
02:01:08,208 --> 02:01:10,100
defining, struggle of the 
post-war era. 

2270
02:01:10,100 --> 02:01:13,100
Winston's warnings helped shape 
Western policy. 

2271
02:01:13,100 --> 02:01:16,000
Toward the Soviet Union 
containment rather than a 

2272
02:01:16,000 --> 02:01:19,900
peasant becomes the strategy. 
He writes his warm Memoirs six, 

2273
02:01:19,900 --> 02:01:22,700
massive volumes detailing, the 
conflict, from his perspective, 

2274
02:01:22,700 --> 02:01:26,000
the books are magisterial, works
of history and literature. 

2275
02:01:26,000 --> 02:01:29,200
They cement Winston's 
reputation, and interpretation 

2276
02:01:29,200 --> 02:01:32,800
of events as he says, history 
will be kind to him because he 

2277
02:01:32,800 --> 02:01:36,300
intends to write it. 
The Memoirs win him, the Nobel 

2278
02:01:36,300 --> 02:01:40,300
Prize for literature in 1953 
Winston returns as prime 

2279
02:01:40,300 --> 02:01:44,800
minister in 1951 at age 76, you 
walk with him back into 10, 

2280
02:01:44,800 --> 02:01:47,600
Downing Street, he has achieved 
something almost unprecedented 

2281
02:01:47,600 --> 02:01:51,400
dismissed by voters, he has 
returned to power, but this 

2282
02:01:51,400 --> 02:01:54,000
second term lacks, the drama of 
his wartime leadership. 

2283
02:01:54,000 --> 02:01:57,800
He is older and slower. 
The great battles have been 

2284
02:01:57,800 --> 02:02:00,600
fought and won. 
He suffers a serious stroke. 

2285
02:02:00,600 --> 02:02:05,100
In June 1953, the government 
covers up the severity, Winston 

2286
02:02:05,100 --> 02:02:08,000
gradually recovers. 
But his diminished, his mental 

2287
02:02:08,000 --> 02:02:11,700
sharpness, comes and goes, he 
should resign, but cannot bear 

2288
02:02:11,700 --> 02:02:15,900
to let go. 
Finally, in April 1955 he steps 

2289
02:02:15,900 --> 02:02:20,000
down, he is 80 years old. 
His political career spanning 55

2290
02:02:20,000 --> 02:02:23,000
years is over. 
Winston remains in Parliament, 

2291
02:02:23,000 --> 02:02:27,800
as a backbencher until 1964. 
He rarely speaks his presence is

2292
02:02:27,800 --> 02:02:30,500
mostly symbolic. 
He is a living Monument to 

2293
02:02:30,500 --> 02:02:34,700
Britain's Finest Hour, People 
come just to see him in his 

2294
02:02:34,700 --> 02:02:37,700
familiar spot. 
The Old Lion, nearly death and 

2295
02:02:37,700 --> 02:02:41,000
increasingly frail, but still 
present his final years 

2296
02:02:41,000 --> 02:02:44,500
acquired, he spends time at 
Chartwell painting and feeding 

2297
02:02:44,500 --> 02:02:47,200
his fish. 
Clementine Remains by his side, 

2298
02:02:47,200 --> 02:02:50,300
their marriage has endured 
everything, she knows him better

2299
02:02:50,300 --> 02:02:52,700
than anyone. 
She sees past the Public Image 

2300
02:02:52,700 --> 02:02:55,900
to the vulnerable man beneath 
Winston dies. 

2301
02:02:55,900 --> 02:03:00,200
On January 24th. 1965 he is 90 
years old. 

2302
02:03:00,200 --> 02:03:02,000
You're there in his final 
moments. 

2303
02:03:02,000 --> 02:03:04,300
The great voice is still at 
last. 

2304
02:03:04,300 --> 02:03:08,200
The indomitable will has finally
surrendered to time Britain 

2305
02:03:08,200 --> 02:03:11,500
Mourns its greatest son. 
His funeral is the grandest 

2306
02:03:11,500 --> 02:03:14,300
state ceremony in British 
history, world leaders attend 

2307
02:03:14,300 --> 02:03:17,600
from dozens of Nations, the 
cortege moves through London to 

2308
02:03:17,600 --> 02:03:20,900
Saint, Paul's Cathedral hundreds
of thousands line, the streets 

2309
02:03:20,900 --> 02:03:24,400
in tribute. 
You walk among the crowds faces,

2310
02:03:24,400 --> 02:03:27,900
a wet with tears, people have 
lost more than a leader, they 

2311
02:03:27,900 --> 02:03:29,900
have lost a symbol of courage 
and defiance. 

2312
02:03:31,100 --> 02:03:34,100
Winston is buried at Blenheim 
near the palace where he was 

2313
02:03:34,100 --> 02:03:36,200
born. 
The journey has come full 

2314
02:03:36,200 --> 02:03:38,900
circle. 
The boy born two months early in

2315
02:03:38,900 --> 02:03:41,600
a small ground floor room became
the man who saved Western 

2316
02:03:41,600 --> 02:03:44,400
Civilization his legacy will 
endure. 

2317
02:03:44,400 --> 02:03:46,500
As long as people value Freedom 
over tyranny. 

2318
02:03:47,200 --> 02:03:48,800
What made Winston Churchill 
matter? 

2319
02:03:49,600 --> 02:03:52,600
You Ponder this as night, 
settles around you, part of it 

2320
02:03:52,600 --> 02:03:55,300
was circumstance. 
He lived at the right moment to 

2321
02:03:55,300 --> 02:03:58,500
make Maximum Impact. 
Britain needed exactly his 

2322
02:03:58,500 --> 02:04:02,000
qualities in 1940. 
Another time his flaws might 

2323
02:04:02,000 --> 02:04:05,400
have overshadowed his gifts. 
But Winston also made his own 

2324
02:04:05,400 --> 02:04:09,000
destiny, his Relentless ambition
drove him through Decades of 

2325
02:04:09,008 --> 02:04:12,600
setback and failure. 
Lesser men, would have quit 

2326
02:04:12,600 --> 02:04:16,700
Winston kept fighting. 
He believed in himself even when

2327
02:04:16,700 --> 02:04:20,000
no one else did. 
That self-belief sustained him 

2328
02:04:20,000 --> 02:04:22,800
through the Wilderness years 
until the moment arrived. 

2329
02:04:22,800 --> 02:04:26,100
His command of language gave him
power beyond any office. 

2330
02:04:26,100 --> 02:04:29,200
Winston understood that words 
shaped reality. 

2331
02:04:29,200 --> 02:04:33,700
His speeches did not just 
described events They made 

2332
02:04:33,700 --> 02:04:37,300
people willing to endure 
unendurable, things his rhetoric

2333
02:04:37,300 --> 02:04:39,800
became a weapon as important as 
any gun or tank. 

2334
02:04:39,800 --> 02:04:43,600
He made terrible mistakes, 
Gallipoli, haunted, him forever,

2335
02:04:43,600 --> 02:04:47,000
his views on Empire and race 
were products of Victorian 

2336
02:04:47,000 --> 02:04:49,200
Prejudice. 
He could be cruel and thought 

2337
02:04:49,200 --> 02:04:52,200
list to those around him, his 
drinking and depression could 

2338
02:04:52,200 --> 02:04:55,500
have destroyed him. 
Winston was never a blast to 

2339
02:04:55,500 --> 02:04:58,500
Saint. 
He was profoundly human flaws 

2340
02:04:58,500 --> 02:05:02,900
and all But when the ultimate 
test came Winston Rose to meet 

2341
02:05:02,900 --> 02:05:06,400
it. 
In 1940, Britain needed a 

2342
02:05:06,400 --> 02:05:08,500
leader. 
Who would never surrender, they 

2343
02:05:08,500 --> 02:05:11,000
needed someone who could make 
people believe victory was 

2344
02:05:11,000 --> 02:05:14,900
possible against all evidence. 
They needed Winston Churchill. 

2345
02:05:15,900 --> 02:05:18,500
And he was there. 
His legacy is complex, 

2346
02:05:18,500 --> 02:05:23,100
conservatives claim him as one 
of their own Liberals point, to 

2347
02:05:23,100 --> 02:05:26,400
his social reforms, imperialists
celebrate, his defense of 

2348
02:05:26,408 --> 02:05:29,800
Empire, anti-fascists, honor his
stand against Hitler. 

2349
02:05:30,900 --> 02:05:35,100
Winston contains multitudes he 
cannot be reduced to simple 

2350
02:05:35,100 --> 02:05:37,100
categories, perhaps that is 
fitting. 

2351
02:05:38,200 --> 02:05:41,300
Great figures are rarely simple.
Winston was brilliant, and 

2352
02:05:41,300 --> 02:05:44,900
foolish, generous and selfish, 
Visionary, and blind. 

2353
02:05:44,900 --> 02:05:49,200
He saved democracy while holding
views that seem undemocratic he 

2354
02:05:49,200 --> 02:05:51,300
championed Freedom while 
defending Empire. 

2355
02:05:51,300 --> 02:05:54,900
The contradictions are part of 
who he was, what endures his 

2356
02:05:54,900 --> 02:05:58,800
courage, physical bravery and 
War, moral courage, and speaking

2357
02:05:58,800 --> 02:06:02,100
truth, political courage, and 
standing alone when necessary. 

2358
02:06:03,200 --> 02:06:07,100
Winston showed that individuals 
can matter enormously one person

2359
02:06:07,100 --> 02:06:10,600
with conviction can change the 
course of history, he also 

2360
02:06:10,600 --> 02:06:12,300
showed the power of never giving
up. 

2361
02:06:13,300 --> 02:06:15,900
Winston face more failures than 
most people experience. 

2362
02:06:15,900 --> 02:06:19,000
Each time, he picked himself up 
and kept going. 

2363
02:06:20,400 --> 02:06:23,700
His career was a testament to 
resilience success came. 

2364
02:06:23,700 --> 02:06:26,700
Not from avoiding failure, but 
from refusing to be defeated by 

2365
02:06:26,700 --> 02:06:29,800
it. 
As you drift towards sleep. 

2366
02:06:29,800 --> 02:06:32,200
Winston's voice. 
Echoes one final time. 

2367
02:06:32,200 --> 02:06:35,900
Never give in. 
Never give in never, never 

2368
02:06:35,900 --> 02:06:40,300
never. 
In nothing great or small large 

2369
02:06:40,300 --> 02:06:43,200
or Petty. 
Never give in except to 

2370
02:06:43,200 --> 02:06:45,100
convictions of honor and good 
sense. 

2371
02:06:46,200 --> 02:06:49,200
The words were spoken to 
students at harrow in 1941. 

2372
02:06:49,200 --> 02:06:52,100
They summarize his entire 
philosophy of life. 

2373
02:06:52,800 --> 02:06:55,700
The boy who was born too early 
and sent away too young, became 

2374
02:06:55,700 --> 02:06:58,200
the man who stood firm when the 
world was falling apart. 

2375
02:06:59,200 --> 02:07:01,900
Winston Churchill Changed 
History, because he refused to 

2376
02:07:01,908 --> 02:07:06,100
accept defeat that spirit that 
stubborn insistence on fighting 

2377
02:07:06,100 --> 02:07:08,900
for what is Right, remains his 
greatest gift. 

2378
02:07:10,000 --> 02:07:12,100
The story of his life is 
ultimately hopeful. 

2379
02:07:12,100 --> 02:07:15,900
It says that courage matters 
that words have power. 

2380
02:07:15,900 --> 02:07:19,800
That one person can make a 
difference that setbacks need 

2381
02:07:19,800 --> 02:07:23,200
not be final. 
That Redemption is possible that

2382
02:07:23,200 --> 02:07:25,200
the fight for freedom is always 
worth it. 

2383
02:07:25,200 --> 02:07:28,200
You close your eyes. 
As the first light of dawn 

2384
02:07:28,200 --> 02:07:32,100
touches the Horizon, the World 
Winston helps save continues 

2385
02:07:32,100 --> 02:07:35,500
turning new challenges. 
Arise new leaders will be 

2386
02:07:35,500 --> 02:07:38,800
tested. 
But the example, he set injures 

2387
02:07:40,000 --> 02:07:43,200
When darkness threatens, someone
will remember the British prime 

2388
02:07:43,200 --> 02:07:46,400
minister who never surrendered. 
Someone will find courage. 

2389
02:07:46,400 --> 02:07:49,500
In his words, someone will 
choose to fight rather than 

2390
02:07:49,500 --> 02:07:52,700
submit. 
Winston Churchill's Legacy lives

2391
02:07:52,700 --> 02:07:55,800
on, not just in history books, 
but in the hearts of everyone 

2392
02:07:55,800 --> 02:07:59,400
who refuses to give up, his 
story reminds us that Ordinary 

2393
02:07:59,400 --> 02:08:03,100
People can achieve extraordinary
things that our Finest Hours. 

2394
02:08:03,100 --> 02:08:08,000
May lie ahead not behind that. 
Hope is always Justified even in

2395
02:08:08,000 --> 02:08:09,800
the darkest. 
Knight Sleep. 

2396
02:08:09,800 --> 02:08:12,800
Now, knowing that courage and 
determination can overcome 

2397
02:08:12,800 --> 02:08:16,300
seemingly impossible odds, the 
spirit that saved, Britain in 

2398
02:08:16,300 --> 02:08:21,600
1940 lives on in all of us. we 
carry forward, the torch Winston

2399
02:08:21,600 --> 02:08:25,700
Held High when the world needed 
light most desperately His voice

2400
02:08:25,700 --> 02:08:29,500
Falls silent but his message 
Echoes Through the Ages, Never 

2401
02:08:29,500 --> 02:08:32,400
Surrender. 
Never give in always believed 

2402
02:08:32,400 --> 02:08:35,100
that Dawn will break no matter 
how long the night. 

2403
02:08:47,300 --> 02:08:50,000
Your settling into night with a 
question, that's older than most

2404
02:08:50,000 --> 02:08:53,300
civilizations. 
How does the distant past reach 

2405
02:08:53,300 --> 02:08:55,900
forward through Millennia to 
touch your everyday life? 

2406
02:08:56,800 --> 02:08:59,400
The answer lies along the banks 
of a river that has been flowing

2407
02:08:59,400 --> 02:09:02,900
for millions of years in a land,
where ambitious, rulers built 

2408
02:09:02,900 --> 02:09:05,000
monuments. 
So enduring that they are 

2409
02:09:05,000 --> 02:09:08,700
shadows still fall across your 
morning, commute your government

2410
02:09:08,700 --> 02:09:13,100
office, your City skyline and 
even the way you measure the 

2411
02:09:13,100 --> 02:09:17,900
hours between now and sleep. 
Tonight, we're traveling to 

2412
02:09:17,900 --> 02:09:21,100
ancient Egypt. 
Not as tourists rushing through 

2413
02:09:21,100 --> 02:09:25,600
temples, but as quiet observers 
discovering, how thoroughly the 

2414
02:09:25,600 --> 02:09:29,100
Pharaohs embedded their 
Innovations into the foundation 

2415
02:09:29,100 --> 02:09:32,500
of everything. 
You consider modern, You wake up

2416
02:09:32,508 --> 02:09:35,200
on a Monday morning glanced at 
your phone and note the date, 

2417
02:09:35,200 --> 02:09:37,700
perhaps it's the 15th of the 
month. 

2418
02:09:38,500 --> 02:09:41,500
You've been doing this your 
entire life, organizing your 

2419
02:09:41,500 --> 02:09:46,100
existence into neat boxes of 
days, weeks, months and years, 

2420
02:09:46,100 --> 02:09:49,300
but you've probably never 
stopped to wonder where this 

2421
02:09:49,300 --> 02:09:52,700
system came from. 
The answer has with so many 

2422
02:09:52,700 --> 02:09:55,900
things begins with people 
watching a river. 

2423
02:09:56,700 --> 02:10:01,300
Imagine standing on the banks of
the Nile around, 3,000 BC e. 

2424
02:10:02,200 --> 02:10:05,900
You're not, you exactly. 
You're a farmer whose entire 

2425
02:10:05,900 --> 02:10:08,700
livelihood depends on 
understanding when the river 

2426
02:10:08,700 --> 02:10:12,100
will flood. 
Get it wrong and your crops 

2427
02:10:12,100 --> 02:10:15,100
fail. 
Get it right and your family 

2428
02:10:15,100 --> 02:10:17,900
eats for another year. 
So, you what? 

2429
02:10:18,800 --> 02:10:24,000
You watch the river, you watch 
the stars and slowly patterns 

2430
02:10:24,000 --> 02:10:28,700
emerge from the chaos of nature,
the Nile flooded every year with

2431
02:10:28,700 --> 02:10:32,000
remarkable consistency, 
swelling, its banks and 

2432
02:10:32,000 --> 02:10:34,700
depositing rich dark soil. 
Across the flood. 

2433
02:10:34,700 --> 02:10:39,600
Plain But every year is a vague 
concept when you don't have a 

2434
02:10:39,608 --> 02:10:41,900
calendar. 
How long is a year? 

2435
02:10:42,800 --> 02:10:46,200
the farmers noticed that the 
star Sirius, which they called 

2436
02:10:46,200 --> 02:10:50,200
sop debt, appeared on the 
horizon Just Before Dawn at 

2437
02:10:50,200 --> 02:10:54,400
roughly, the same time, the 
flood began This helical Rising 

2438
02:10:54,400 --> 02:10:57,300
as astronomers Now. 
Call it became their Anchor 

2439
02:10:57,300 --> 02:10:59,700
Point. 
From one appearance of serious 

2440
02:10:59,700 --> 02:11:01,800
to the next was one complete 
cycle. 

2441
02:11:01,800 --> 02:11:06,100
One year, But here's where 
Egyptian Ingenuity really 

2442
02:11:06,100 --> 02:11:08,500
shines. 
They didn't just Mark the year. 

2443
02:11:08,500 --> 02:11:10,900
They divided it into something 
manageable. 

2444
02:11:10,900 --> 02:11:16,000
They created 12 months of 30 
days each then added five extra 

2445
02:11:16,000 --> 02:11:21,400
days at the end as a kind of 
bonus holiday period. 365 days. 

2446
02:11:21,400 --> 02:11:23,500
Total. 
Does this sound familiar? 

2447
02:11:23,500 --> 02:11:27,000
It should. 
Your living inside a modified 

2448
02:11:27,000 --> 02:11:30,200
version of their invention. 
Now, you might be thinking. 

2449
02:11:31,200 --> 02:11:32,900
But our months onto 30 days 
long. 

2450
02:11:33,900 --> 02:11:36,200
True. 
The Egyptians system wasn't 

2451
02:11:36,200 --> 02:11:38,700
perfect. 
The actual solely year is about 

2452
02:11:38,700 --> 02:11:43,200
365 and a quarter days but they 
were astonishingly close. 

2453
02:11:44,400 --> 02:11:47,200
When Julius Caesar later, 
reformed the Roman Calendar in 

2454
02:11:47,200 --> 02:11:50,900
46 BCE. 
He borrowed heavily from the 

2455
02:11:50,900 --> 02:11:54,200
Egyptian model, adding leap 
years to account for that extra 

2456
02:11:54,200 --> 02:11:57,700
quarter day. 
That Julian calendar, with 

2457
02:11:57,700 --> 02:12:02,000
further tweaks by Pope Gregory 
the 13th and 1582 became the 

2458
02:12:02,000 --> 02:12:05,700
Gregorian calendar. 
You used today, Every time you 

2459
02:12:05,700 --> 02:12:09,100
schedule a meeting for next 
Thursday or plan a vacation for 

2460
02:12:09,100 --> 02:12:12,600
July, you're using a timekeeping
system, whose bones were 

2461
02:12:12,600 --> 02:12:16,400
assembled by people watching a 
river flood in the pre-dynastic 

2462
02:12:16,400 --> 02:12:21,400
period. they gave structure to 
time itself, transforming the 

2463
02:12:21,400 --> 02:12:25,200
chaotic flow of days into 
something predictable, something

2464
02:12:25,200 --> 02:12:29,000
you could plan around The 
Egyptians also divided their 

2465
02:12:29,000 --> 02:12:32,600
year in to three seasons, each 
four months long acutt was the 

2466
02:12:32,600 --> 02:12:37,200
Unison and the Nile flooded. 
pirate was the growing season 

2467
02:12:37,200 --> 02:12:42,600
when crops sprouted in the rich 
mud left behind Shemu was the 

2468
02:12:42,600 --> 02:12:45,300
harvest season when Farmers 
gathered, what they'd planted. 

2469
02:12:46,200 --> 02:12:51,200
This agricultural Rhythm flood 
grow Harvest became so 

2470
02:12:51,200 --> 02:12:54,400
fundamental to Egyptian 
identity, that it shaped 

2471
02:12:54,400 --> 02:12:57,100
everything from their religious 
festivals to their tax 

2472
02:12:57,100 --> 02:12:59,400
collection. 
Think about how you still 

2473
02:12:59,400 --> 02:13:01,300
organize your year around 
Seasons. 

2474
02:13:01,300 --> 02:13:04,600
Even if you work in a climate 
controlled office and buy 

2475
02:13:04,600 --> 02:13:09,100
strawberries in January, spring,
for planting summer for growth, 

2476
02:13:09,100 --> 02:13:12,500
Autumn for Harvest, and winter 
for rest. 

2477
02:13:14,000 --> 02:13:18,600
The specifics of changed. 
That the underlying concept that

2478
02:13:18,600 --> 02:13:21,300
time has a cyclical nature tied 
to the land. 

2479
02:13:22,000 --> 02:13:25,100
Comes straight from 
civilizations like Egypt that 

2480
02:13:25,100 --> 02:13:27,800
lived close enough to the Earth 
to feel its pulse. 

2481
02:13:28,500 --> 02:13:31,800
And it wasn't just the year. 
They divided the Egyptian split 

2482
02:13:31,800 --> 02:13:35,600
each day and night into 12 
hours, each creating the 24-hour

2483
02:13:35,600 --> 02:13:37,000
day. 
You're experiencing right now. 

2484
02:13:38,300 --> 02:13:41,000
Admittedly their hours were 
quite like yours. 

2485
02:13:41,900 --> 02:13:44,800
And Egyptian out varied in 
length, depending on the season,

2486
02:13:44,800 --> 02:13:47,800
daylight hours were longer in 
summer and shorter in winter. 

2487
02:13:47,800 --> 02:13:51,900
But the concept of dividing the 
day into 24 segments was their 

2488
02:13:51,900 --> 02:13:55,900
gift to you. 
When medieval Europeans adopted 

2489
02:13:55,900 --> 02:13:59,100
this system, Sentry's later, 
they standardized, the our 

2490
02:13:59,100 --> 02:14:01,900
lengths. 
But the basic framework remained

2491
02:14:01,900 --> 02:14:05,700
Egyptian You can trace this 
obsession with timekeeping to 

2492
02:14:05,700 --> 02:14:09,100
the Pharos themselves when 
you're building monuments meant 

2493
02:14:09,100 --> 02:14:11,500
to last forever. 
When your claiming Divine 

2494
02:14:11,500 --> 02:14:15,000
Authority that transcends mortal
life, you need to make time 

2495
02:14:15,000 --> 02:14:17,800
itself. 
Seem conquerable the Pharaohs 

2496
02:14:17,800 --> 02:14:21,000
wanted to create order from 
chaos and nothing represents 

2497
02:14:21,000 --> 02:14:23,200
chaos. 
Quite like the unmarked flow of 

2498
02:14:23,200 --> 02:14:25,300
days. 
Stretching into an openable 

2499
02:14:25,300 --> 02:14:28,700
future. 
So they measured it, they marked

2500
02:14:28,700 --> 02:14:32,300
it, they built it into 
structures, Shadow clocks water,

2501
02:14:32,300 --> 02:14:36,000
clocks, and star charts that 
could track times passage even 

2502
02:14:36,000 --> 02:14:39,700
when the sun hid behind clouds. 
These weren't just practical 

2503
02:14:39,700 --> 02:14:41,600
tools. 
They were assertions of power. 

2504
02:14:41,600 --> 02:14:45,500
They said we understand the 
cosmos, well, enough to predict 

2505
02:14:45,500 --> 02:14:50,300
it to divide it and to name its 
parts There's something oddly 

2506
02:14:50,300 --> 02:14:51,500
comforting about this, isn't 
there? 

2507
02:14:52,200 --> 02:14:56,700
The idea that humans 5,000 years
ago, face the same fundamental 

2508
02:14:56,700 --> 02:15:00,600
challenge you face every Sunday 
night making sense of time 

2509
02:15:00,600 --> 02:15:04,900
organizing it into 
comprehensible units and trying 

2510
02:15:04,900 --> 02:15:07,400
to pack meaning into the days 
before they slip away. 

2511
02:15:08,300 --> 02:15:11,400
They succeeded so well that 
you've inherited their solution 

2512
02:15:11,400 --> 02:15:16,200
refined and adjusted but still 
fundamentally Egyptian in its 

2513
02:15:16,200 --> 02:15:19,200
architecture. 
The next time, your line in bed,

2514
02:15:19,200 --> 02:15:22,600
watching minutes tick passed on 
your digital clock drifting 

2515
02:15:22,600 --> 02:15:24,500
towards sleep as the day counts 
down. 

2516
02:15:24,500 --> 02:15:29,300
Remember your experience in time
through a lens first ground by 

2517
02:15:29,300 --> 02:15:32,400
people who lived closer to the 
beginning of civilization and to

2518
02:15:32,400 --> 02:15:37,000
you they looked up at stars down
a flooding River and decided 

2519
02:15:37,000 --> 02:15:40,900
that chaos Could Be Tamed with 
observation mathematics and the 

2520
02:15:40,900 --> 02:15:43,900
sheer human stubbornness to 
believe that tomorrow could be 

2521
02:15:43,900 --> 02:15:47,000
predicted. 
And honestly, given how often 

2522
02:15:47,000 --> 02:15:50,000
you check what day it is, they 
were probably on to something. 

2523
02:15:51,400 --> 02:15:54,800
Let's talk about buildings, not 
just any buildings, but the ones

2524
02:15:54,800 --> 02:15:57,800
that make you stop and stare 
that make you feel small and 

2525
02:15:57,800 --> 02:16:02,900
temporary and oddly inspired all
at once. skyscrapers Capitol 

2526
02:16:02,900 --> 02:16:08,200
Buildings monuments memorials 
the structures that Define your 

2527
02:16:08,200 --> 02:16:12,700
City skyline and make tourists 
Point cameras upward Every 

2528
02:16:12,700 --> 02:16:15,600
single one of them owes 
something to a group of ancient 

2529
02:16:15,600 --> 02:16:19,300
workers, dragging Limestone 
blocks across the desert sand. 

2530
02:16:20,100 --> 02:16:23,200
Picture this, your standing in 
front of a modern government 

2531
02:16:23,200 --> 02:16:26,600
building, maybe your state 
capital or a federal court 

2532
02:16:26,600 --> 02:16:28,800
house, it has columns, doesn't 
it? 

2533
02:16:28,808 --> 02:16:32,799
Tall imposing columns holding up
a triangular pediment. 

2534
02:16:32,799 --> 02:16:37,500
Maybe there's a statue to 
Definitely some impressive Stone

2535
02:16:37,500 --> 02:16:38,700
steps. 
Leading to the entrance. 

2536
02:16:38,700 --> 02:16:42,700
You've seen this design so many 
times, it barely registered as 

2537
02:16:42,700 --> 02:16:45,400
Choice anymore. 
Its just what important 

2538
02:16:45,400 --> 02:16:49,000
buildings look like. 
But why, why do we keep building

2539
02:16:49,000 --> 02:16:51,799
the same basic structure for 
authority and permanents. 

2540
02:16:52,600 --> 02:16:55,200
The answer requires a mental 
Journey Back to the Valley of 

2541
02:16:55,200 --> 02:16:59,500
the king's to Temples at Karnak 
and Luxor and to the massive 

2542
02:16:59,500 --> 02:17:03,000
Stone gateways called pilon's. 
That marked the entrance is to 

2543
02:17:03,000 --> 02:17:06,200
Sacred spaces. 
Pharaohs didn't invent 

2544
02:17:06,200 --> 02:17:09,600
Monumental architecture but they
perfected its psychological 

2545
02:17:09,600 --> 02:17:11,799
impact. 
They understood something 

2546
02:17:11,799 --> 02:17:16,000
fundamental about human 
perception, vertical lines, make

2547
02:17:16,000 --> 02:17:20,400
us feel small, massive Stones. 
Make us feel temporary and 

2548
02:17:20,400 --> 02:17:23,299
symmetry makes us feel that what
we're seeing was meant to be. 

2549
02:17:24,299 --> 02:17:26,700
The Egyptian temple followed a 
specific pattern. 

2550
02:17:27,500 --> 02:17:31,000
You'd approach through a massive
pylon Gateway flanked, by 

2551
02:17:31,000 --> 02:17:34,799
obelisks and statues. 
Then you'd enter a peristyle 

2552
02:17:34,799 --> 02:17:40,000
court, an open courtyard 
surrounded by columns. next came

2553
02:17:40,000 --> 02:17:43,900
the hyper style haul, a forest 
of columns supporting a stone 

2554
02:17:43,900 --> 02:17:48,299
ceiling With the step, the floor
Rose slightly the ceiling 

2555
02:17:48,299 --> 02:17:52,700
dropped lower and the light 
dimmed. by the time you reached 

2556
02:17:52,700 --> 02:17:56,400
the inner sanctuary in near 
darkness in a small intimate 

2557
02:17:56,400 --> 02:18:00,700
space where the gods supposedly 
dwelled, The entire building was

2558
02:18:00,700 --> 02:18:03,400
a journey from the public and 
bright to the private and 

2559
02:18:03,400 --> 02:18:05,700
mysterious. 
Now, think about how you 

2560
02:18:05,700 --> 02:18:09,600
experience, a modern government 
building, you climb steps 

2561
02:18:09,600 --> 02:18:11,700
already your Rising being 
elevated. 

2562
02:18:11,700 --> 02:18:14,200
You pass through an imposing 
entrance. 

2563
02:18:14,200 --> 02:18:18,600
Often with columns, you enter a 
grand Lobby or rotunda modern 

2564
02:18:18,600 --> 02:18:21,700
peristyle Court. 
The important offices are deeper

2565
02:18:21,700 --> 02:18:25,900
inside hard to reach the most 
powerful person where the 

2566
02:18:25,900 --> 02:18:29,100
president governor or judge sits
in the most interior. 

2567
02:18:29,100 --> 02:18:33,000
Most protected space, the 
architecture creates a hierarchy

2568
02:18:33,000 --> 02:18:37,500
of access just as it did in 
Thebes. 3,000 years ago, the 

2569
02:18:37,500 --> 02:18:39,600
columns themselves tell their 
own story. 

2570
02:18:39,600 --> 02:18:44,100
The Egyptians developed several 
Styles, Lotus columns with 

2571
02:18:44,100 --> 02:18:48,900
capital shaped like Lotus Birds.
Papyrus columns mimicking, Marsh

2572
02:18:48,900 --> 02:18:52,200
plants and palm coals echoing 
date palms. 

2573
02:18:52,200 --> 02:18:55,799
Later the Greeks borrowed, these
ideas and created their own 

2574
02:18:55,799 --> 02:18:58,500
orders, Doric Ionic and 
Corinthian. 

2575
02:18:59,700 --> 02:19:03,900
When the Romans conquered Egypt 
in 30 BC, they were so impressed

2576
02:19:03,900 --> 02:19:07,299
by what they found that they 
hold actual Egyptian obelisks 

2577
02:19:07,299 --> 02:19:09,799
back to Rome. 
You can still see them there 

2578
02:19:09,799 --> 02:19:14,200
today, standing in Italian 
piazza's strange visitors from 

2579
02:19:14,200 --> 02:19:18,500
another civilization entirely. 
this enthusiasm for Egyptian 

2580
02:19:18,500 --> 02:19:22,700
style, never really died, it 
just evolved during the 

2581
02:19:22,700 --> 02:19:25,299
Renaissance, European 
Architects, rediscovered 

2582
02:19:25,299 --> 02:19:28,600
classical forms, and through 
them, the Egyptian influences, 

2583
02:19:28,600 --> 02:19:33,900
embedded Within When Napoleon 
invaded Egypt, in 1798 his 

2584
02:19:33,900 --> 02:19:37,799
Scholars documented, everything 
they found triggering an 

2585
02:19:37,799 --> 02:19:42,000
egyptomania that swept through 
Western design. suddenly 

2586
02:19:42,000 --> 02:19:45,299
everyone wanted obelisks in 
their public squares and 

2587
02:19:45,299 --> 02:19:49,100
sphinxes guarding their Bridges 
The Washington Monument 

2588
02:19:49,100 --> 02:19:53,400
completed in 1884, is the 
world's tallest Obelisk, a 

2589
02:19:53,400 --> 02:19:56,000
purely Egyptian form 
transplanted to the American 

2590
02:19:56,000 --> 02:19:59,600
Capital. 
The Lincoln Memorial dedicated 

2591
02:19:59,600 --> 02:20:02,400
in 1922 sits like a greek 
temple. 

2592
02:20:02,400 --> 02:20:05,900
The Greek temples themselves 
were inspired by Egyptian 

2593
02:20:05,900 --> 02:20:08,800
presents. 
Follow the architectural family.

2594
02:20:08,800 --> 02:20:12,000
Tree far enough back and you 
always end up in the Nile 

2595
02:20:12,000 --> 02:20:15,400
Valley. 
Even Modern Skyscrapers, those 

2596
02:20:15,400 --> 02:20:18,200
glass and steel Giants. 
That seemed so thoroughly 

2597
02:20:18,200 --> 02:20:21,000
contemporary. 
Follow principles the pyramid. 

2598
02:20:21,000 --> 02:20:25,200
Builders would recognize Their 
monuments to ambition their 

2599
02:20:25,200 --> 02:20:29,300
expensive, demonstrations of 
power, and wealth, their design 

2600
02:20:29,300 --> 02:20:32,100
to last beyond the lives of 
their creators, they make 

2601
02:20:32,100 --> 02:20:35,500
statements about who built them 
and why those Builders matter. 

2602
02:20:36,700 --> 02:20:40,000
Pharaoh building a pyramid and a
corporation erecting. 

2603
02:20:40,000 --> 02:20:43,600
A headquarters Tower are engaged
in fundamentally the same act 

2604
02:20:43,600 --> 02:20:46,700
using architecture to claim 
immortality. 

2605
02:20:47,600 --> 02:20:50,300
The ancient Egyptians also 
pioneered construction 

2606
02:20:50,300 --> 02:20:52,800
techniques that modern Engineers
still admire. 

2607
02:20:53,500 --> 02:20:56,200
They didn't have iron tools 
pulleys or Wheels. 

2608
02:20:56,200 --> 02:21:00,200
Well, they had Wheels but rarely
used them for construction. 

2609
02:21:01,100 --> 02:21:06,000
What they had was copper, Stone 
rope, wooden sledges and an 

2610
02:21:06,000 --> 02:21:09,200
absolutely remarkable 
understanding of Leverage 

2611
02:21:09,200 --> 02:21:13,300
coordination and geometry. 
To build the Great pyramid at 

2612
02:21:13,300 --> 02:21:17,400
Giza, 2 million stone blocks 
somewhere in 15 Tons, they 

2613
02:21:17,400 --> 02:21:21,500
created ramps, water, lubricated
sledges and an organizational 

2614
02:21:21,500 --> 02:21:24,000
system that could coordinate 
thousands of workers. 

2615
02:21:25,000 --> 02:21:27,900
Recent archaeological evidence 
suggests, these workers weren't 

2616
02:21:27,900 --> 02:21:30,800
slaves, but paid laborers who 
lived in purpose, built 

2617
02:21:30,800 --> 02:21:34,200
Villages, received Medical Care 
and eight reasonably. 

2618
02:21:34,200 --> 02:21:37,200
Well, they were skilled 
professionals, who took pride in

2619
02:21:37,200 --> 02:21:40,300
their work? 
Sound familiar, the modern 

2620
02:21:40,300 --> 02:21:43,000
construction industry with its 
specialized Cruise. 

2621
02:21:43,000 --> 02:21:47,700
Its project managers its complex
Logistics and its worker safety 

2622
02:21:47,700 --> 02:21:50,800
protocols. 
All of this Echoes the systems 

2623
02:21:50,800 --> 02:21:53,900
developed by people building, a 
eternity monuments in the desert

2624
02:21:55,100 --> 02:21:57,900
Perhaps, the most enduring 
architectural gift from the 

2625
02:21:57,900 --> 02:22:01,200
Pharaohs is the simple belief 
that buildings should mean 

2626
02:22:01,200 --> 02:22:04,000
something beyond their function.
Sure. 

2627
02:22:04,000 --> 02:22:07,700
A pyramid is technically a tomb,
but it's also a statement about 

2628
02:22:07,700 --> 02:22:12,300
Cosmic order Divine kingship, 
and Humanity's ability to create

2629
02:22:12,300 --> 02:22:16,900
something that defies time. 
Sure, a temple is technically a 

2630
02:22:16,900 --> 02:22:20,200
place for rituals, but it's also
a lesson in approaching the 

2631
02:22:20,200 --> 02:22:25,000
sacred a physical Journey from 
the mundane to the holy This 

2632
02:22:25,000 --> 02:22:28,600
idea that architecture should 
tell a story should make you 

2633
02:22:28,608 --> 02:22:32,000
feel something specific and 
should encode meaning in its 

2634
02:22:32,000 --> 02:22:36,200
very form is so thoroughly 
Egyptian that we don't even 

2635
02:22:36,200 --> 02:22:38,000
recognize it as a choice 
anymore. 

2636
02:22:38,000 --> 02:22:41,900
We just assume that Courthouse 
should look dignified that 

2637
02:22:41,900 --> 02:22:45,900
monuments should inspire all and
that your cities Skyline should 

2638
02:22:45,900 --> 02:22:48,300
make you feel something. 
When you see it from a distance,

2639
02:22:48,300 --> 02:22:52,400
the Pharaohs taught us that 
buildings are a language and 

2640
02:22:52,400 --> 02:22:56,000
we've been speaking ever since. 
And so the next time you're 

2641
02:22:56,000 --> 02:22:57,900
walking up the steps to some 
impressive building. 

2642
02:22:58,700 --> 02:23:01,200
Take a moment to appreciate the 
Invisible Thread. 

2643
02:23:01,200 --> 02:23:04,400
Connecting you to an ancient 
architect who probably never 

2644
02:23:04,400 --> 02:23:06,900
imagined their ideas would 
travel quite this far. 

2645
02:23:06,900 --> 02:23:11,500
They were just trying to house a
God or honor a king in Stead 

2646
02:23:11,500 --> 02:23:15,000
they created a template for how 
humans signal importance through

2647
02:23:15,000 --> 02:23:17,400
Stone and we're still using that
template. 

2648
02:23:17,400 --> 02:23:19,500
Every time we want to build 
something that matters. 

2649
02:23:20,400 --> 02:23:23,200
You probably don't think about 
bureaucracy as an Egyptian 

2650
02:23:23,200 --> 02:23:26,200
invention, but here you are 
surrounded by it. 

2651
02:23:26,900 --> 02:23:30,200
Every form you've ever filled 
out every government office, 

2652
02:23:30,200 --> 02:23:33,600
you've ever visited every tax 
return you've ever filed with 

2653
02:23:33,600 --> 02:23:36,900
mounting dread. 
All of it, traces back to people

2654
02:23:36,900 --> 02:23:40,700
recording grain deliveries on 
Papyrus Scrolls, let's set the 

2655
02:23:40,700 --> 02:23:44,000
scene properly. 
Ancient Egypt wasn't just a 

2656
02:23:44,000 --> 02:23:45,800
kingdom. 
It was arguably the world's 

2657
02:23:45,800 --> 02:23:49,000
first nation state. 
The unified territory with 

2658
02:23:49,000 --> 02:23:52,900
centralized control standardized
Administration and a civil 

2659
02:23:52,900 --> 02:23:55,600
service that would make modern 
government workers in 

2660
02:23:55,600 --> 02:23:59,400
recognition. 
The fairer sat at the top, yes, 

2661
02:23:59,400 --> 02:24:03,100
but beneath him stretched and 
elaborate higher of officials 

2662
02:24:03,100 --> 02:24:06,900
each with specific duties titles
and spheres of authority. 

2663
02:24:08,200 --> 02:24:10,800
The jati or vizier was 
essentially the Prime Minister 

2664
02:24:10,800 --> 02:24:14,200
handling dated a governance 
while the Pharaoh focused on 

2665
02:24:14,200 --> 02:24:17,100
being semi divine. 
Below the vizier came 

2666
02:24:17,100 --> 02:24:21,500
provencial, Governors. 
Tax Collectors, scribes judges 

2667
02:24:21,500 --> 02:24:26,500
police and a whole spectrum of 
officials whose jobs sound oddly

2668
02:24:26,500 --> 02:24:29,300
contemporary. 
There was someone responsible 

2669
02:24:29,300 --> 02:24:33,000
for managing the greeneries 
someone else oversaw irrigation 

2670
02:24:33,000 --> 02:24:36,100
projects. 
Another official handled foreign

2671
02:24:36,100 --> 02:24:39,200
correspondence, a separate 
Department dealt with mining 

2672
02:24:39,200 --> 02:24:41,700
operations. 
Everything was organized, 

2673
02:24:41,700 --> 02:24:44,100
categorized and meticulously 
recorded. 

2674
02:24:44,100 --> 02:24:50,200
And oh the records, the ancient 
Egyptians were possibly the most

2675
02:24:50,200 --> 02:24:52,800
documentation, obsessed, 
civilization in history. 

2676
02:24:53,600 --> 02:24:58,800
They wrote everything down grain
shipments, recorded worker 

2677
02:24:58,800 --> 02:25:03,700
attendance, recorded legal 
disputes, tax assessments trade,

2678
02:25:03,700 --> 02:25:07,300
transactions, military, 
Expeditions and Temple 

2679
02:25:07,300 --> 02:25:10,200
offerings. 
All recorded often in 

2680
02:25:10,200 --> 02:25:13,300
triplicate, on Papyrus Scrolls 
that were then filed away in 

2681
02:25:13,300 --> 02:25:16,500
archives. 
Archaeologists have found 

2682
02:25:16,500 --> 02:25:20,200
absence notes from pyramid, 
construction sites, explaining 

2683
02:25:20,200 --> 02:25:22,000
that. 
A worker could not come to work 

2684
02:25:22,000 --> 02:25:25,500
because his mother-in-law had 
died or because he was nursing a

2685
02:25:25,500 --> 02:25:29,000
hangover The bureaucracy was 
that detailed. 

2686
02:25:29,900 --> 02:25:32,400
This obsession with 
documentation created, something

2687
02:25:32,400 --> 02:25:36,200
unprecedented institutional 
memory. 

2688
02:25:37,300 --> 02:25:40,900
Unlike kingdoms that relied 
purely on oral tradition, or the

2689
02:25:40,900 --> 02:25:44,300
memory of individual rulers 
Egypt, built a system where 

2690
02:25:44,300 --> 02:25:47,900
information persisted Beyond any
single person's lifetime. 

2691
02:25:47,900 --> 02:25:51,600
The new Pharaoh could consult 
records from previous Reigns. 

2692
02:25:51,600 --> 02:25:55,100
A governor could check how his 
predecessors handled a drought 

2693
02:25:55,900 --> 02:25:59,200
The accumulated wisdom of 
generations was preserved in 

2694
02:25:59,200 --> 02:26:02,200
writing and made available to 
those who knew how to read. 

2695
02:26:03,100 --> 02:26:07,100
Sound familiar, it should. 
Every modern government operates

2696
02:26:07,100 --> 02:26:10,200
on the same principle laws are 
written down so they can be 

2697
02:26:10,200 --> 02:26:13,900
enforced consistently. 
Court proceedings are recorded 

2698
02:26:13,900 --> 02:26:17,100
so they can be reviewed. 
Budgets are documented. 

2699
02:26:17,100 --> 02:26:20,700
So they can be audited the 
entire structure of contemporary

2700
02:26:20,700 --> 02:26:23,500
governance rests on the 
assumption that important 

2701
02:26:23,500 --> 02:26:26,200
information should be preserved 
in a form that outlasts 

2702
02:26:26,200 --> 02:26:30,800
individual memory, The Egyptians
didn't invent writing, that 

2703
02:26:30,800 --> 02:26:34,100
credit goes to Mesopotamia but 
they perfected the use of 

2704
02:26:34,108 --> 02:26:37,100
writing as a tool of 
administration. the 

2705
02:26:37,100 --> 02:26:41,300
sophisticated legal codes 
though, unfortunately, most of 

2706
02:26:41,300 --> 02:26:45,400
the actual written laws have not
survived, What has survived a 

2707
02:26:45,400 --> 02:26:50,100
court records contracts and 
legal documents that show a 

2708
02:26:50,100 --> 02:26:51,900
system. 
Surprisingly concerned with 

2709
02:26:51,900 --> 02:26:56,100
fairness and evidence trials 
required, Witnesses, testimony 

2710
02:26:56,100 --> 02:26:59,300
was recorded judges were 
expected to be impartial 

2711
02:26:59,300 --> 02:27:01,900
punishments. 
Were supposed to fit crimes. 

2712
02:27:01,900 --> 02:27:06,100
You could even appeal, decisions
to higher courts, women had 

2713
02:27:06,100 --> 02:27:09,600
legal rights, that would have 
shocked later civilizations they

2714
02:27:09,600 --> 02:27:13,600
could own property initiate, 
divorce, conduct business, and 

2715
02:27:13,600 --> 02:27:16,800
inherit wealth. 
Some even held positions of 

2716
02:27:16,800 --> 02:27:20,900
authority Hatshepsut became 
pharaoh and ruled for over 20 

2717
02:27:20,900 --> 02:27:24,100
years, commissioning some of 
ancient Egypt's most impressive 

2718
02:27:24,100 --> 02:27:27,900
building projects. 
While medieval European women 

2719
02:27:27,900 --> 02:27:29,500
were still being treated as 
property. 

2720
02:27:29,500 --> 02:27:34,400
Egyptian women, 4,000 years 
earlier could sign contracts and

2721
02:27:34,400 --> 02:27:38,000
sue for damages. 
The tax system, deserves special

2722
02:27:38,000 --> 02:27:41,200
mention because it was wildly 
sophisticated and also kind of 

2723
02:27:41,200 --> 02:27:44,200
amusing. 
Since Egypt didn't use money for

2724
02:27:44,200 --> 02:27:47,700
most of its history currency 
wasn't widespread until the late

2725
02:27:47,700 --> 02:27:52,500
period taxes were paid in Goods 
grain mostly but also livestock 

2726
02:27:52,500 --> 02:27:56,400
cloth metals and labor officials
would assess how much land you 

2727
02:27:56,400 --> 02:27:59,800
farmed estimated its 
productivity and determine your 

2728
02:27:59,808 --> 02:28:03,500
tax burden accordingly. 
Then they show up at Harvest 

2729
02:28:03,500 --> 02:28:06,900
time to collect their share. 
To make this work, they needed 

2730
02:28:06,900 --> 02:28:08,400
details. 
Records of who owned. 

2731
02:28:08,400 --> 02:28:11,300
What, who owned, what? 
And who'd paid what? 

2732
02:28:12,200 --> 02:28:15,800
The needed surveyors to measure 
Fields a specially after the 

2733
02:28:15,800 --> 02:28:19,200
annual Nile flood arrays 
boundary markers, they needed 

2734
02:28:19,200 --> 02:28:22,800
scribes to track everything. 
They needed storage facilities 

2735
02:28:22,800 --> 02:28:26,400
for the collected Goods. 
They needed Distribution Systems

2736
02:28:26,400 --> 02:28:28,200
to move tax revenue where it was
needed. 

2737
02:28:29,200 --> 02:28:32,400
It was an enormously complex 
operation, that required. 

2738
02:28:32,400 --> 02:28:34,800
The same kind of bureaucratic 
infrastructure. 

2739
02:28:34,800 --> 02:28:39,800
You'd recognize in any modern 
tax agency just with more grain 

2740
02:28:39,800 --> 02:28:44,300
and fewer spreadsheets. 
The Egyptians also understood 

2741
02:28:44,300 --> 02:28:47,600
something about governance, that
still relevant, the importance 

2742
02:28:47,600 --> 02:28:50,800
of infrastructure. 
The Pharaohs didn't just build 

2743
02:28:50,800 --> 02:28:54,900
pyramids and temples they built.
Irrigation canals organized 

2744
02:28:54,900 --> 02:28:58,800
labor for maintaining, dikes 
funded expeditions to secure 

2745
02:28:58,800 --> 02:29:02,200
resources and invested in 
projects that benefited the 

2746
02:29:02,200 --> 02:29:05,700
entire Kingdom. 
The Nile might flood reliably. 

2747
02:29:05,700 --> 02:29:08,700
But turning that flood into 
productive, agriculture 

2748
02:29:08,700 --> 02:29:11,000
required, massive coordinated 
effort. 

2749
02:29:11,000 --> 02:29:14,800
Water had to be channeled 
Fields, had to be protected 

2750
02:29:14,800 --> 02:29:19,200
storage for facilities. 
Had to be maintained All of this

2751
02:29:19,200 --> 02:29:21,600
required Central planning and 
execution. 

2752
02:29:22,400 --> 02:29:24,800
Your modern government does, 
essentially the same thing's 

2753
02:29:24,800 --> 02:29:29,000
maintaining roads managing 
Waters supplies, organizing 

2754
02:29:29,000 --> 02:29:32,000
disaster relief. 
But the Egyptian version was 

2755
02:29:32,000 --> 02:29:36,100
arguably more direct. 
When a pharaoh ordered a new 

2756
02:29:36,108 --> 02:29:40,200
Canal, dug actual work is 
actually dug it and everyone 

2757
02:29:40,200 --> 02:29:43,300
could see the result. 
The connection between taxes 

2758
02:29:43,300 --> 02:29:46,800
paid and benefits received, was 
more obvious than it is when 

2759
02:29:46,800 --> 02:29:49,700
your tax dollars disappear into 
a federal budget spanning 

2760
02:29:49,700 --> 02:29:52,600
trillions. 
Here's a slightly funny detail. 

2761
02:29:52,600 --> 02:29:57,100
Egyptian bureaucrats love their 
titles, they accumulated them 

2762
02:29:57,100 --> 02:29:58,600
the way. 
Modern professionals collect 

2763
02:29:58,600 --> 02:30:02,200
credentials, you might be 
overseer of the royal Granary 

2764
02:30:02,200 --> 02:30:05,500
chief of scribes. 
Seal-bearer of the king of Lower

2765
02:30:05,500 --> 02:30:09,100
Egypt and sold companion. 
The more titles, the more 

2766
02:30:09,100 --> 02:30:12,300
important you were. 
This served a practical purpose,

2767
02:30:12,300 --> 02:30:16,600
it told everyone exactly where 
you fit in the hierarchy, but it

2768
02:30:16,600 --> 02:30:20,100
also fed into very human desires
for status and recognition. 

2769
02:30:20,100 --> 02:30:24,100
Not so different from someone's 
email, signature listing, their 

2770
02:30:24,100 --> 02:30:30,000
MBA CPA PMP and three, 
professional Society 

2771
02:30:30,000 --> 02:30:33,300
memberships. 
The fairy Onyx system of 

2772
02:30:33,300 --> 02:30:37,200
governance lasted for roughly 
3,000 years which is longer than

2773
02:30:37,200 --> 02:30:38,900
most modern Nations have 
existed. 

2774
02:30:39,800 --> 02:30:44,000
It survived invasion's Civil 
Wars, climate changes and 

2775
02:30:44,000 --> 02:30:48,200
economic collapses. 
It bent, but rarely broke. 

2776
02:30:49,100 --> 02:30:51,600
Part of this resilience came 
from its bureaucratic 

2777
02:30:51,600 --> 02:30:54,100
Foundation. 
Because Authority was 

2778
02:30:54,100 --> 02:30:57,500
distributed across institutions,
rather than concentrated 

2779
02:30:57,500 --> 02:31:01,200
entirely in an individuals. 
The system could survive weak. 

2780
02:31:01,200 --> 02:31:03,800
Pharaohs child, rulers and 
periods of chaos. 

2781
02:31:03,800 --> 02:31:07,700
The bureaucracy kept functioning
even when the throne was in 

2782
02:31:07,700 --> 02:31:09,900
turmoil. 
This is the deeper Legacy. 

2783
02:31:09,900 --> 02:31:13,400
The idea that government should 
be more than one person's whim, 

2784
02:31:13,400 --> 02:31:16,100
that it should operate through 
established procedures, and 

2785
02:31:16,100 --> 02:31:19,500
trained officials that it should
maintain continuity across 

2786
02:31:19,500 --> 02:31:22,800
Generations. 
The specific forms of change 

2787
02:31:22,800 --> 02:31:26,100
your hopefully, not paying your 
taxes in Grain, but the 

2788
02:31:26,100 --> 02:31:29,000
underlying concept of 
bureaucratic governance remains 

2789
02:31:29,000 --> 02:31:32,100
thoroughly Egyptian. 
So the next time you're 

2790
02:31:32,100 --> 02:31:35,700
frustrated by some form, you 
have to fill out or some office.

2791
02:31:35,700 --> 02:31:40,100
You have to visit, remember your
experience in a system that's 

2792
02:31:40,100 --> 02:31:45,000
been refined over 5,000 years. 
The Egyptians started it. 

2793
02:31:45,000 --> 02:31:49,500
And every civilization, since 
has borrowed adapted and built 

2794
02:31:49,500 --> 02:31:53,000
upon their template, they turned
governance into an institution 

2795
02:31:53,000 --> 02:31:56,700
rather than a personality cult. 
And that might be their most 

2796
02:31:56,708 --> 02:32:01,000
under-appreciated achievement. 
Well, that's an inventing sick 

2797
02:32:01,000 --> 02:32:03,800
days. 
You've seen the ankh symbol even

2798
02:32:03,800 --> 02:32:06,900
if you didn't know what it was 
called, It shows up on jewelry, 

2799
02:32:06,900 --> 02:32:11,300
Tattoos album covers, and the 
occasional grocery store tote 

2800
02:32:11,300 --> 02:32:13,100
bag. 
Printed with vaguely mystical 

2801
02:32:13,100 --> 02:32:17,000
imagery, it's a cross with a 
loop at the top, simple and 

2802
02:32:17,000 --> 02:32:21,200
elegant, and it's been around 
for roughly 5,000 years without 

2803
02:32:21,200 --> 02:32:25,000
ever going out of style. 
That's longer than any fashion 

2804
02:32:25,000 --> 02:32:28,400
trend has any right to last. 
Which tells you something about 

2805
02:32:28,400 --> 02:32:30,200
the power of each Egyptian 
symbolism. 

2806
02:32:31,000 --> 02:32:35,700
The ankh represented life. not 
just buy a logical existence but

2807
02:32:35,700 --> 02:32:41,200
the concept of life itself, 
Eternal, and divine Gods hold 

2808
02:32:41,200 --> 02:32:45,200
angst in Temple reliefs offering
them to fairs like GIFs. 

2809
02:32:46,200 --> 02:32:49,700
Pharos Holdings in statues, 
claiming authority over life and

2810
02:32:49,700 --> 02:32:52,300
death. 
The symbol worked because it was

2811
02:32:52,308 --> 02:32:55,700
both specific enough to mean 
something and vague enough to 

2812
02:32:55,700 --> 02:32:58,800
mean many things. 
You could interpret it literally

2813
02:32:58,800 --> 02:33:03,200
or metaphorically, as a key, or 
a combination of male and female

2814
02:33:03,200 --> 02:33:06,300
symbols or a sunrise over the 
horizon. 

2815
02:33:07,100 --> 02:33:10,400
This flexibility is exactly why.
It's still showing up on 

2816
02:33:10,400 --> 02:33:14,500
merchandise, 3 Millennia later. 
But the ant is just the most 

2817
02:33:14,508 --> 02:33:18,700
obvious example, Egyptian 
symbols saturated their culture 

2818
02:33:18,700 --> 02:33:23,200
so thoroughly that they created 
an entire visual language and 

2819
02:33:23,200 --> 02:33:25,300
pieces of that language are 
still in use today. 

2820
02:33:26,300 --> 02:33:29,000
The Eye of Horus became a symbol
of protection and health. 

2821
02:33:29,000 --> 02:33:32,900
The scarab beetle represented, 
transformation and rebirth. 

2822
02:33:33,700 --> 02:33:37,200
The djed pillar symbolized 
stability, the September 

2823
02:33:37,200 --> 02:33:40,600
indicated power. 
Put the symbols together in 

2824
02:33:40,600 --> 02:33:43,600
various combinations and you 
could convey complex ideas 

2825
02:33:43,600 --> 02:33:48,300
without writing a single word. 
This wasnt just decorative in a 

2826
02:33:48,308 --> 02:33:50,800
society where most people 
couldn't read hieroglyphs. 

2827
02:33:50,800 --> 02:33:54,200
Symbolic literacy was how you 
communicated with the masses. 

2828
02:33:55,600 --> 02:33:58,600
Pharaoh depicted smiting enemies
while wearing the double crown 

2829
02:33:58,600 --> 02:34:01,900
of Upper and Lower Egypt, 
holding a was Setter and 

2830
02:34:01,900 --> 02:34:06,300
protected by the wings of Horus.
That image told a complete story

2831
02:34:06,300 --> 02:34:11,100
about Authority legitimacy and 
divine favor, without requiring 

2832
02:34:11,100 --> 02:34:14,800
any explanatory text. 
It was political messaging 

2833
02:34:14,800 --> 02:34:17,100
refined to its purest visual 
forum. 

2834
02:34:18,000 --> 02:34:21,800
Modern Advertising works the 
same way, think about corporate 

2835
02:34:21,800 --> 02:34:24,600
logos. 
Those carefully designed symbols

2836
02:34:24,600 --> 02:34:27,100
meant to convey brand, identity 
at a glance. 

2837
02:34:28,000 --> 02:34:30,700
The Nike Swoosh suggests motion 
and victory. 

2838
02:34:30,700 --> 02:34:33,600
The apple apple suggests 
knowledge, and Innovation with a

2839
02:34:33,608 --> 02:34:36,800
bite taken out to avoid 
confusion with a cherry, the 

2840
02:34:36,800 --> 02:34:40,500
Mercedes-Benz star claims 
dominion over land sea and air. 

2841
02:34:41,500 --> 02:34:44,700
These aren't random squiggles, 
they're compressed meaning 

2842
02:34:44,700 --> 02:34:47,800
symbolic communication that 
bypasses language entirely. 

2843
02:34:48,700 --> 02:34:51,200
The Pharaohs would understand 
this immediately, they invented 

2844
02:34:51,200 --> 02:34:54,000
it. 
Political symbolism or traces 

2845
02:34:54,000 --> 02:34:57,200
back to Egypt. 
The idea that a leader should 

2846
02:34:57,200 --> 02:35:01,900
have a distinctive visual 
identity, a particular Crown, a 

2847
02:35:01,900 --> 02:35:05,500
special SEPTA, a unique 
cartoonish became standard 

2848
02:35:05,500 --> 02:35:10,100
practice for rulers everywhere. 
Medieval kings had their crowns 

2849
02:35:10,100 --> 02:35:13,100
and orbs hopes have their might 
as and ring rings. 

2850
02:35:13,100 --> 02:35:16,000
Presidents have their seals and 
flags. 

2851
02:35:16,000 --> 02:35:20,000
All of these are elaborations on
the Egyptian concept that power 

2852
02:35:20,000 --> 02:35:24,800
should be visible recognizable 
and imbued with symbolic meaning

2853
02:35:25,900 --> 02:35:29,800
The Pharaohs also pioneered the 
use of color as symbolism red 

2854
02:35:29,800 --> 02:35:33,200
represented, chaos, and the 
desert black represented 

2855
02:35:33,200 --> 02:35:36,800
fertility, and the rich Nile 
soil, gold represented, the 

2856
02:35:36,800 --> 02:35:41,600
Divine and eternal white 
suggested Purity green indicated

2857
02:35:41,600 --> 02:35:45,200
rebirth and vegetation. 
These weren't just aesthetic 

2858
02:35:45,200 --> 02:35:47,600
choices. 
They were theological and 

2859
02:35:47,600 --> 02:35:50,800
political statements. 
When you saw a pharaoh depicted 

2860
02:35:50,800 --> 02:35:54,800
with black skin, you were seeing
them aligned with Osiris God of 

2861
02:35:54,800 --> 02:35:58,900
rebirth and the afterlife. 
When their Crown was white and 

2862
02:35:58,900 --> 02:36:02,800
red combined, you were seeing 
Upper and Lower Egypt unified 

2863
02:36:02,800 --> 02:36:06,500
under one ruler. 
This codified use of color, has 

2864
02:36:06,500 --> 02:36:09,400
influenced how cultures of 
thought about color symbolism 

2865
02:36:09,400 --> 02:36:12,400
ever since. 
White for Purity and weddings. 

2866
02:36:12,400 --> 02:36:17,200
Black for mourning red for 
danger or passion and blue for 

2867
02:36:17,200 --> 02:36:20,000
calm or sadness. 
These associations aren't 

2868
02:36:20,000 --> 02:36:23,200
Universal natural, their 
cultural constructs. 

2869
02:36:23,200 --> 02:36:26,900
And many of them have roots in 
Egyptian, color theory as 

2870
02:36:26,900 --> 02:36:30,800
transmitted through Greek, 
Roman, and eventually European 

2871
02:36:30,800 --> 02:36:33,700
tradition. 
The cartoonish deserves its own 

2872
02:36:33,700 --> 02:36:36,900
paragraph because it's such a 
perfect example of symbolic 

2873
02:36:36,900 --> 02:36:40,700
efficiency. 
A cartoon was an oval rope Loop 

2874
02:36:40,700 --> 02:36:43,800
that encircled a Pharaoh's name 
in hieroglyphic inscriptions, 

2875
02:36:43,800 --> 02:36:49,700
the Rope symbolized eternity. 
It has no beginning or end and 

2876
02:36:49,700 --> 02:36:52,400
placing the Royal name inside. 
It was a way of saying. 

2877
02:36:53,200 --> 02:36:57,100
This person is eternal. 
This name will last forever. 

2878
02:36:57,800 --> 02:37:00,500
It was a simple device that 
conveyed, tremendous meaning, 

2879
02:37:00,500 --> 02:37:03,100
and it worked. 
So well that people today still 

2880
02:37:03,100 --> 02:37:05,900
recognize cartouches instantly 
as Egyptian. 

2881
02:37:06,700 --> 02:37:09,200
The Scarab amulet is another 
interesting case. 

2882
02:37:10,000 --> 02:37:13,400
Egyptians observed scarab 
beetles rolling balls of dung 

2883
02:37:13,400 --> 02:37:16,600
across the ground and 
interpreted this, as the beatle 

2884
02:37:16,600 --> 02:37:20,600
rolling, the sun across the sky.
From this observation came an 

2885
02:37:20,600 --> 02:37:24,400
entire symbolic system. 
The Scarab as a representation 

2886
02:37:24,400 --> 02:37:28,900
of the sun god Capri as a symbol
of transformation, because 

2887
02:37:28,900 --> 02:37:33,300
beetles emerge from dung balls. 
And as a protective amulet that 

2888
02:37:33,300 --> 02:37:35,200
could ensure rebirth in the 
afterlife. 

2889
02:37:36,500 --> 02:37:39,800
Millions of Scarab amulets were 
produced over Egypt's long 

2890
02:37:39,800 --> 02:37:43,700
history and they became so wide 
spread that you can still buy 

2891
02:37:43,700 --> 02:37:47,100
them in tourist shops today. 
Though the people wearing them 

2892
02:37:47,100 --> 02:37:49,400
rarely know their carrying 
around a symbol of Resurrection 

2893
02:37:49,400 --> 02:37:53,600
tied to a dung beetle. 
Egyptian symbolic thinking or 

2894
02:37:53,600 --> 02:37:57,300
gave us the concept of the power
of the image, they believed that

2895
02:37:57,300 --> 02:37:59,200
depicting something gave it 
reality. 

2896
02:38:00,100 --> 02:38:02,800
Statue wasn't just a 
representation of a person. 

2897
02:38:02,800 --> 02:38:06,100
It could become that person's 
rest in place for their car, 

2898
02:38:06,100 --> 02:38:10,900
their spiritual essence. 
Temple relief showing a pharaoh 

2899
02:38:10,900 --> 02:38:14,100
defeating enemies didn't just 
commemorate past victories, it 

2900
02:38:14,100 --> 02:38:16,400
magically ensured continued, 
success. 

2901
02:38:17,300 --> 02:38:20,800
This idea that images have 
inherent power that they can 

2902
02:38:20,800 --> 02:38:23,500
affect reality rather than just 
reflecting it. 

2903
02:38:24,300 --> 02:38:27,000
Persists in subtle ways 
throughout modern culture. 

2904
02:38:27,900 --> 02:38:31,700
Think about how people react to 
flags being burned, or statues, 

2905
02:38:31,700 --> 02:38:36,600
being toppled, or logos being 
redesigned We claim these are 

2906
02:38:36,600 --> 02:38:39,900
just symbols but we treat them 
as if they matter tremendously. 

2907
02:38:41,100 --> 02:38:44,900
That's Egyptian thinking still 
at work, the pyramids themselves

2908
02:38:44,900 --> 02:38:48,800
became the ultimate symbol not 
just of ancient Egypt, but of 

2909
02:38:48,808 --> 02:38:51,700
mystery permanents and human 
ambition in general. 

2910
02:38:52,700 --> 02:38:56,200
The pyramid shape appears and 
corporate logos architectural 

2911
02:38:56,200 --> 02:39:00,000
flourishes organizational charts
and self-help. 

2912
02:39:00,000 --> 02:39:02,300
Diagrams about hierarchies of 
needs. 

2913
02:39:03,000 --> 02:39:08,100
It's become visual shorthand for
something old and important, or 

2914
02:39:08,100 --> 02:39:11,700
a foundational structure upon 
which everything else rests. 

2915
02:39:12,600 --> 02:39:14,900
Not bad for a tomb design from 
the Old Kingdom. 

2916
02:39:14,900 --> 02:39:18,300
Even the way we think about 
symbols, there's things that 

2917
02:39:18,308 --> 02:39:23,200
compress complex ideas into, 
simple, memorable, forms, owe 

2918
02:39:23,200 --> 02:39:26,300
something to Egyptian precedent.
They were Masters At This 

2919
02:39:26,300 --> 02:39:29,200
compression. 
A single hieroglyph, could be a 

2920
02:39:29,200 --> 02:39:33,700
letter, a word, and idea, or all
three simultaneously depending 

2921
02:39:33,700 --> 02:39:36,700
on context. 
The entire writing system was 

2922
02:39:36,700 --> 02:39:41,300
symbolic in multiple overlapping
ways and while higher themselves

2923
02:39:41,300 --> 02:39:44,800
eventually fell out of use, the 
underlying principle that 

2924
02:39:44,800 --> 02:39:47,900
symbols can carry layered 
meaning, became fundamental to 

2925
02:39:47,900 --> 02:39:51,200
human communication. 
There's something almost funny 

2926
02:39:51,200 --> 02:39:52,700
about where wearing an anchors 
jewelry. 

2927
02:39:52,700 --> 02:39:56,600
When you're rushing to a meeting
about quarterly earnings the 

2928
02:39:56,600 --> 02:39:59,700
symbol predates corporations by 
thousands of years. 

2929
02:40:00,600 --> 02:40:05,000
But here it is repurposed as 
fashion stripped of its original

2930
02:40:05,000 --> 02:40:08,700
religious context and filled 
with new personal, meaning by 

2931
02:40:08,700 --> 02:40:12,900
whoever chose to wear it. 
This is cultural transmission at

2932
02:40:12,900 --> 02:40:15,500
work. 
Symbols survived by becoming 

2933
02:40:15,500 --> 02:40:19,200
flexible, by being meaningful 
enough to preserve, but vague 

2934
02:40:19,200 --> 02:40:22,700
enough to reinterpret. 
The Egyptians created a visual 

2935
02:40:22,700 --> 02:40:26,500
vocabulary that still being 
spoken every time you see a 

2936
02:40:26,500 --> 02:40:29,400
pyramid on a dollar bill. 
Every time a company uses a 

2937
02:40:29,400 --> 02:40:31,400
Scarab or an obelisk in their 
logo. 

2938
02:40:31,400 --> 02:40:34,900
And every time someone gets a 
hieroglyphic tattoo, even if 

2939
02:40:34,900 --> 02:40:38,800
it's misspelled your witnessing 
symbols, that refused to die. 

2940
02:40:39,600 --> 02:40:43,300
They just keep getting copied 
adapted and reused because they 

2941
02:40:43,300 --> 02:40:47,400
tap into something fundamental 
about how humans process meaning

2942
02:40:47,400 --> 02:40:50,800
through images and that might be
the most persistent Legacy of 

2943
02:40:50,808 --> 02:40:53,100
all. 
Not the specific symbols 

2944
02:40:53,100 --> 02:40:57,600
themselves but the demonstration
that the rights symbol deployed 

2945
02:40:57,600 --> 02:41:02,700
correctly can outlive Empires 
The fairs understood that power 

2946
02:41:02,700 --> 02:41:06,300
could be visual that I ideas 
could be carved in stone and 

2947
02:41:06,300 --> 02:41:09,100
that meaning could be compressed
into form simple enough for 

2948
02:41:09,100 --> 02:41:12,800
anyone to recognize, but Rich 
enough to reward deeper 

2949
02:41:12,800 --> 02:41:16,200
contemplation. 
You live in their symbolic World

2950
02:41:16,200 --> 02:41:18,900
whether you know it or not, you 
just call it branding. 

2951
02:41:18,900 --> 02:41:23,400
Now let's talk about water, not 
the Romantic poetic kind flowing

2952
02:41:23,400 --> 02:41:27,000
through Nature Documentaries, 
but the Practical engineering 

2953
02:41:27,000 --> 02:41:30,900
kind that either feed your crops
or drowns your house, depending 

2954
02:41:30,900 --> 02:41:32,400
on whether you've planed for it 
properly. 

2955
02:41:33,900 --> 02:41:37,400
The ancient Egyptians became 
absolute experts at Water 

2956
02:41:37,400 --> 02:41:40,700
Management, not because they 
were particularly fascinated by 

2957
02:41:40,700 --> 02:41:45,500
Hydraulics, but because survival
demanded, it the Nile gave life.

2958
02:41:45,500 --> 02:41:49,600
But only if you could control 
what it gave every year, the 

2959
02:41:49,600 --> 02:41:52,500
River flooded, this was 
wonderful for depositing, 

2960
02:41:52,500 --> 02:41:56,300
nutrient-rich silt across the 
Farmland but terrible, if you 

2961
02:41:56,300 --> 02:41:58,500
happen to be standing where the 
water wanted to go. 

2962
02:41:59,800 --> 02:42:03,000
The Egyptians developed 
sophisticated Canal systems 

2963
02:42:03,000 --> 02:42:06,600
basins and levies that 
channeled, flood water, where it

2964
02:42:06,600 --> 02:42:09,400
was needed and protected 
settlements from where it wasnt.

2965
02:42:10,300 --> 02:42:13,800
They created artificial ponds 
that held water long after the 

2966
02:42:13,800 --> 02:42:16,700
flood receded. 
Extending the growing season. 

2967
02:42:17,800 --> 02:42:19,900
They build Shadow ferrogen 
device's. 

2968
02:42:19,900 --> 02:42:23,900
A counterweighted pole with a 
bucket that let Farmers lift 

2969
02:42:23,900 --> 02:42:26,900
water from canals to Higher 
Ground without breaking their 

2970
02:42:26,900 --> 02:42:29,400
backs. 
These techniques became the 

2971
02:42:29,400 --> 02:42:32,400
foundation for every irrigation 
system developed since. 

2972
02:42:33,600 --> 02:42:36,800
When civilizations in 
Mesopotamia, the Indus Valley 

2973
02:42:36,800 --> 02:42:40,100
and eventually the Americas 
tackle, similar Water Management

2974
02:42:40,100 --> 02:42:42,000
problems. 
They were often rediscovering 

2975
02:42:42,000 --> 02:42:44,300
Solutions, the Egyptians had 
already implemented. 

2976
02:42:45,300 --> 02:42:47,700
The basic principles remain 
unchanged. 

2977
02:42:48,400 --> 02:42:53,000
Capture water when it's abundant
store it, when it's scarce, move

2978
02:42:53,000 --> 02:42:56,000
it where it's needed and keep it
away from where it will cause 

2979
02:42:56,000 --> 02:42:59,200
damage, your modern damn 
serving, a hydroelectric. 

2980
02:42:59,200 --> 02:43:03,000
Plant follows the same logic as 
an Egyptian, Basin serving a 

2981
02:43:03,000 --> 02:43:06,300
wheat field. 
The Egyptians also pioneered 

2982
02:43:06,300 --> 02:43:09,200
surveying and measurement 
techniques that Engineers still 

2983
02:43:09,200 --> 02:43:13,100
recognized as foundational. 
The annual flood erased field 

2984
02:43:13,100 --> 02:43:15,000
boundaries. 
So farmers needed. 

2985
02:43:15,000 --> 02:43:16,700
A way to re-establish. 
Who owned? 

2986
02:43:16,700 --> 02:43:21,500
What Enter the harp on that day.
The Rope stretches who use 

2987
02:43:21,500 --> 02:43:25,000
knotted ropes of standard 
lengths to measure land. they 

2988
02:43:25,000 --> 02:43:28,500
understood geometry not as 
abstract mathematics, but as a 

2989
02:43:28,508 --> 02:43:32,500
practical tool for dividing 
space fairly The reigned 

2990
02:43:32,500 --> 02:43:36,900
mathematical Papyrus dating to 
around 1650 BC. 

2991
02:43:36,900 --> 02:43:40,800
E contained problems about 
calculating field, areas 

2992
02:43:40,800 --> 02:43:44,100
measuring slopes and determining
volumes. 

2993
02:43:44,800 --> 02:43:46,900
All the math, you'd need for 
construction and Land 

2994
02:43:46,900 --> 02:43:50,300
Management. 
This same practical geometry 

2995
02:43:50,300 --> 02:43:52,300
made pyramid, construction 
possible. 

2996
02:43:53,100 --> 02:43:55,000
Building a structure with a 
square base. 

2997
02:43:55,000 --> 02:43:58,500
Perfectly level with side's 
aligned to the Cardinal 

2998
02:43:58,500 --> 02:44:01,800
Direction's and slopes meeting 
at a precise Point. 

2999
02:44:01,800 --> 02:44:05,300
Hundreds of feet in the air. 
This requires mathematical 

3000
02:44:05,300 --> 02:44:10,200
sophistication, even with modern
tools, The Egyptians Managed IT 

3001
02:44:10,200 --> 02:44:12,800
with rope, wooden tools and 
copper instruments. 

3002
02:44:12,800 --> 02:44:17,100
They used a merket, a kind of 
primitive transit to sight on 

3003
02:44:17,100 --> 02:44:21,300
stars and establish True North. 
They use set squares and Plumb 

3004
02:44:21,300 --> 02:44:23,800
Bobs to maintain right angles 
and vertical lines. 

3005
02:44:23,800 --> 02:44:27,100
They check the level by creating
water filled channels and 

3006
02:44:27,100 --> 02:44:31,000
measuring against the surface. 
Every technique was elegant 

3007
02:44:31,000 --> 02:44:35,300
practical and effective. 
Modern construction Engineers 

3008
02:44:35,300 --> 02:44:39,300
study, these methods not out of 
historical curiosity but because

3009
02:44:39,300 --> 02:44:42,800
they work remarkably well. 
When you're building something 

3010
02:44:42,800 --> 02:44:46,700
massive and permanent sometimes.
The simplest tools are the most 

3011
02:44:46,708 --> 02:44:49,100
reliable. 
You can't run out of batteries 

3012
02:44:49,100 --> 02:44:52,600
on a plumb bob. 
A rope stretched taught has been

3013
02:44:52,608 --> 02:44:56,100
the same link for 5,000 years. 
Water. 

3014
02:44:56,100 --> 02:44:59,200
Always finds level whether 
you're in Egypt to Egypt themed.

3015
02:44:59,200 --> 02:45:01,900
Last Vegas. 
The quarrying techniques 

3016
02:45:01,900 --> 02:45:04,000
deserves special attention 
because there are almost 

3017
02:45:04,000 --> 02:45:07,500
absurdly. 
Clever to extract large blocks 

3018
02:45:07,500 --> 02:45:10,600
from Limestone quarries, 
Egyptian workers would cut 

3019
02:45:10,600 --> 02:45:13,600
narrow, trenches around the 
desired block, using copper 

3020
02:45:13,600 --> 02:45:17,300
tools and stone Pounders. 
Then they insert wooden wedges 

3021
02:45:17,300 --> 02:45:19,400
into the trenches and soak them 
with water. 

3022
02:45:20,200 --> 02:45:22,800
As the woods swelled it 
generated enough. 

3023
02:45:22,800 --> 02:45:25,500
Force to crack the stone along 
the desired Lines. 

3024
02:45:25,500 --> 02:45:32,100
No explosives, no steel. 
Just would water and patience. 

3025
02:45:33,100 --> 02:45:36,000
The technique was so effective 
that some quarries still show 

3026
02:45:36,000 --> 02:45:40,400
ancient wedge marks, Frozen 
midsplit, Abandoned projects 

3027
02:45:40,400 --> 02:45:43,500
waiting. 3,000 years for workers
will never return. 

3028
02:45:44,500 --> 02:45:47,500
Moving these blocks was another 
engineering challenge entirely. 

3029
02:45:48,300 --> 02:45:52,100
The great pyramid at Giza used 
roughly 2.3 million stone 

3030
02:45:52,100 --> 02:45:56,000
blocks, averaging two and a half
tons each with some Granite 

3031
02:45:56,000 --> 02:45:58,700
blocks in the king's chamber, 
weighing 50 to 80 tons. 

3032
02:45:59,600 --> 02:46:02,900
How do you move that much Stone 
without wheels without pulleys 

3033
02:46:02,900 --> 02:46:07,500
without mechanical advantage? 
The answer appears to be ramps 

3034
02:46:07,500 --> 02:46:10,500
sledges and a lot of coordinated
human effort. 

3035
02:46:11,300 --> 02:46:13,700
Though, the specific wrap design
is still debated. 

3036
02:46:14,700 --> 02:46:18,800
Some archaeologists argue for 
straight ramps others for spiral

3037
02:46:18,800 --> 02:46:21,400
ramps and still others for a 
combination. 

3038
02:46:22,600 --> 02:46:25,600
What's clear is that the 
Egyptian sold, a logistics 

3039
02:46:25,600 --> 02:46:28,200
problem, that would challenge 
modern construction companies 

3040
02:46:28,200 --> 02:46:32,300
equipped with cranes and trucks.
He also demonstrated 

3041
02:46:32,300 --> 02:46:36,500
sophisticated understanding of 
Material Science, copper tools, 

3042
02:46:36,500 --> 02:46:40,000
were sharpened and reshaped 
constantly wooden sledges were 

3043
02:46:40,000 --> 02:46:43,600
built to specific weight. 
Tolerances mortar was mixed to 

3044
02:46:43,600 --> 02:46:47,400
exact consistencies the casing 
stones on pyramids were cut. 

3045
02:46:47,400 --> 02:46:50,600
So precisely that you supposedly
can't fit a knife blade between 

3046
02:46:50,600 --> 02:46:53,100
them. 
This wasn't just craftsmanship. 

3047
02:46:53,100 --> 02:46:55,400
It was Engineering in the truest
sense. 

3048
02:46:55,400 --> 02:46:59,300
Applying scientific principles 
to achieve specific results. 

3049
02:47:00,800 --> 02:47:03,700
The ventilation shafts in the 
Great Pyramid, provide a 

3050
02:47:03,700 --> 02:47:06,900
particularly interesting example
of engineering foresight. 

3051
02:47:07,700 --> 02:47:11,800
These narrow channels only about
8 inches Square run from the 

3052
02:47:11,800 --> 02:47:15,900
king's and queen's Chambers to 
the pyramids exterior for years 

3053
02:47:15,900 --> 02:47:18,000
archeologists debated, their 
purpose. 

3054
02:47:18,900 --> 02:47:23,000
Aircraft star, citing tunnels or
symbolic Pathways for the 

3055
02:47:23,000 --> 02:47:26,400
Pharaoh spirit. 
Recent research suggests, they 

3056
02:47:26,400 --> 02:47:29,900
actually did function as 
ventilation maintaining airflow 

3057
02:47:29,900 --> 02:47:33,500
in the burial, Chambers, the 
Egyptians understood that deep 

3058
02:47:33,500 --> 02:47:37,200
interior spaces, needed, air 
circulation, and they designed 

3059
02:47:37,200 --> 02:47:41,500
accordingly, This is the same 
principle used in modern HVAC 

3060
02:47:41,500 --> 02:47:44,500
systems. 
Just implemented with stone 

3061
02:47:44,500 --> 02:47:46,700
channels and stead of metal 
Duck's. 

3062
02:47:47,400 --> 02:47:50,600
The Egyptian shipbuilding was 
equally impressive, they 

3063
02:47:50,600 --> 02:47:55,100
constructed ocean-going vessels 
that could sail to punt probably

3064
02:47:55,100 --> 02:47:59,400
modern Somalia or Yemen and 
return loaded with luxury goods.

3065
02:48:00,200 --> 02:48:03,600
These weren't crude River rafts 
but proper ships with Keels 

3066
02:48:03,600 --> 02:48:06,600
cabins and the ability to handle
Open Water. 

3067
02:48:07,700 --> 02:48:10,900
The Khufu ship discovered, 
buried near the Great Pyramid in

3068
02:48:10,900 --> 02:48:16,800
1954 is 43 and a half meters, 
long beautifully preserved, and 

3069
02:48:16,800 --> 02:48:19,300
clearly designed for both River 
and sea travel. 

3070
02:48:20,100 --> 02:48:23,900
It demonstrates understanding of
hydrodynamics material 

3071
02:48:23,900 --> 02:48:28,300
selection, Lebanon Cedar for 
strength, Egyptian Acacia for 

3072
02:48:28,300 --> 02:48:32,000
flexibility and joinery 
technique that held the vessel 

3073
02:48:32,000 --> 02:48:34,400
together with a single metal 
fastener. 

3074
02:48:35,200 --> 02:48:37,900
The engineering mindset, the 
belief that problems can be 

3075
02:48:37,900 --> 02:48:41,100
solved through careful, 
observation measurement testing 

3076
02:48:41,100 --> 02:48:44,800
and iteration is fundamentally 
Egyptian in origin. 

3077
02:48:45,800 --> 02:48:48,500
They didn't have the scientific 
method as formally articulated, 

3078
02:48:48,500 --> 02:48:51,300
but they practice something very
similar. 

3079
02:48:52,100 --> 02:48:56,400
The observed nature identified 
patterns developed theories, 

3080
02:48:56,400 --> 02:49:00,800
tested Solutions, and refined 
techniques based on a result. 

3081
02:49:01,800 --> 02:49:05,000
This empirical approach. 
This willingness to learn from 

3082
02:49:05,000 --> 02:49:08,600
reality rather than just 
speculate about it became the 

3083
02:49:08,600 --> 02:49:11,700
foundation for all subsequent 
technological development. 

3084
02:49:13,000 --> 02:49:16,200
Your smartphone exists because 
countless Engineers built on 

3085
02:49:16,200 --> 02:49:19,300
principles established by people
who once figured out how to 

3086
02:49:19,300 --> 02:49:23,300
split stone with wet wood. 
That might sound like a stretch 

3087
02:49:23,300 --> 02:49:26,900
but it's not engineering is 
cumulative. 

3088
02:49:26,900 --> 02:49:30,900
Each generation builds on the 
previous generation Solutions 

3089
02:49:30,900 --> 02:49:34,800
and those Solutions Trace back 
through an unbroken chain to the

3090
02:49:34,800 --> 02:49:39,000
first people who thought. 
What if we try this and then 

3091
02:49:39,000 --> 02:49:40,500
actually tried it to see what 
happened. 

3092
02:49:40,500 --> 02:49:44,300
The Egyptians were trying things
constantly the experimented with

3093
02:49:44,300 --> 02:49:48,600
different pyramid, designs 
stepped pyramids, bent pyramids,

3094
02:49:48,600 --> 02:49:53,100
and true, pyramids learning from
failures and refining successes.

3095
02:49:54,100 --> 02:49:56,600
They tested different copper 
Alloys to improve tool 

3096
02:49:56,600 --> 02:49:59,500
performance. 
They developed multiple types of

3097
02:49:59,500 --> 02:50:02,400
stone cutting techniques 
optimized for different 

3098
02:50:02,400 --> 02:50:05,200
materials. 
They were problem solvers in the

3099
02:50:05,200 --> 02:50:09,500
most practical sense and the 
problems they sold how to move 

3100
02:50:09,500 --> 02:50:12,100
heavy objects, how to build tall
structures. 

3101
02:50:12,100 --> 02:50:16,100
How to manage water? 
How to measure land a problems, 

3102
02:50:16,100 --> 02:50:19,400
human still face. 
So every time you cross a bridge

3103
02:50:19,400 --> 02:50:23,200
drive through a tunnel, watch 
water flow through an irrigation

3104
02:50:23,200 --> 02:50:26,600
system or Marvel at some 
impressive bit of construction. 

3105
02:50:27,500 --> 02:50:30,400
Pause for a moment and 
appreciate the long traditional 

3106
02:50:30,400 --> 02:50:33,500
witnessing. 
The specific Technologies of 

3107
02:50:33,500 --> 02:50:37,900
advanced enormously but the 
underlying approach, observe the

3108
02:50:37,900 --> 02:50:42,200
problem devise a solution test. 
It improve it. 

3109
02:50:43,000 --> 02:50:46,400
Hasn't changed since someone 
decided to build something that 

3110
02:50:46,400 --> 02:50:48,000
would Outlast their own life 
time. 

3111
02:50:48,000 --> 02:50:52,400
They succeeded, obviously you're
still admiring their work from 

3112
02:50:52,400 --> 02:50:56,000
5,000 years away which is better
than most of your projects will 

3113
02:50:56,000 --> 02:50:59,600
manage and the methods they used
to achieve that longevity. 

3114
02:50:59,600 --> 02:51:03,800
Those are still being used 
refined and updated by every 

3115
02:51:03,800 --> 02:51:06,700
engineer whose ever decided that
impossible. 

3116
02:51:06,700 --> 02:51:10,900
Just means, nobody's figured out
how yet your reading these words

3117
02:51:10,900 --> 02:51:13,000
on a screen or possibly on 
paper. 

3118
02:51:13,000 --> 02:51:15,800
If you've printed them out and 
you probably haven't thought 

3119
02:51:15,800 --> 02:51:17,600
much about how a remarkable this
is. 

3120
02:51:18,600 --> 02:51:22,400
The ability to encode thoughts 
and to symbols transmit those 

3121
02:51:22,400 --> 02:51:26,400
symbols across space and time 
and have them decoded back into 

3122
02:51:26,400 --> 02:51:28,300
thoughts inside someone else's 
mind. 

3123
02:51:29,200 --> 02:51:33,200
This is arguably Humanity's most
important invention and the 

3124
02:51:33,200 --> 02:51:36,300
Egyptians refined it into 
something approaching an art 

3125
02:51:36,300 --> 02:51:38,900
form. 
Hieroglyphs were never just a 

3126
02:51:38,900 --> 02:51:41,800
writing system. 
They were simultaneously a 

3127
02:51:41,800 --> 02:51:45,200
practical tool for record. 
Keeping a sacred language for 

3128
02:51:45,200 --> 02:51:49,200
religious texts and a decorative
element in architectural design.

3129
02:51:50,300 --> 02:51:52,800
The word hieroglyph itself comes
from Greek. 

3130
02:51:53,400 --> 02:51:57,800
Hire us, meaning, sacred and 
Glynn, meaning to carve. 

3131
02:51:58,600 --> 02:52:01,300
The Greeks who encountered 
Egyptian writing was struck by, 

3132
02:52:01,300 --> 02:52:04,300
how beautiful it was, how the 
symbols seemed to be both 

3133
02:52:04,300 --> 02:52:06,700
functional and artistic 
simultaneously. 

3134
02:52:06,700 --> 02:52:11,000
They worked wrong. 
A single hieroglyphic sign could

3135
02:52:11,000 --> 02:52:14,900
function in multiple ways. 
It might represent a sound like 

3136
02:52:14,900 --> 02:52:18,200
a letter in an alphabet. 
It might represent a whole word 

3137
02:52:18,200 --> 02:52:22,500
like sun or house. 
It might be a determinative, a 

3138
02:52:22,500 --> 02:52:29,800
non-principal preceding signs 
refer to a god, a person, an 

3139
02:52:29,800 --> 02:52:34,200
action, or an abstract concept. 
This flexibility made 

3140
02:52:34,200 --> 02:52:37,700
hieroglyphic writing incredibly 
efficient, for those who knew 

3141
02:52:37,700 --> 02:52:41,200
how to read it and absolutely 
impenetrable for those who did 

3142
02:52:41,200 --> 02:52:44,300
not. 
The Rosetta Stone discovered in 

3143
02:52:44,300 --> 02:52:48,400
1799, by French soldiers in 
Egypt, became the key to 

3144
02:52:48,400 --> 02:52:52,300
unlocking this lost language. 
It contained the same text in 

3145
02:52:52,300 --> 02:52:57,300
three scripts, hieroglyphic 
demotic a simplified Egyptian 

3146
02:52:57,300 --> 02:53:01,300
script and Greek. 
Scholars could read Greek. 

3147
02:53:01,300 --> 02:53:05,500
So they had a reference point. 
Jean Francois Jean-Paul, Leon 

3148
02:53:05,500 --> 02:53:10,400
spent years, comparing the three
versions and in 1822, he finally

3149
02:53:10,400 --> 02:53:13,700
cracked the code. 
Suddenly all those carved 

3150
02:53:13,700 --> 02:53:16,900
inscriptions filling Egyptian 
temples became readable again 

3151
02:53:16,900 --> 02:53:21,500
after 1400 years of Silence. 
The dead civilization began 

3152
02:53:21,500 --> 02:53:24,400
speaking. 
What they said was both mundane 

3153
02:53:24,400 --> 02:53:28,400
and profound tax records. 
And grain inventories sat beside

3154
02:53:28,400 --> 02:53:32,700
love poetry and Theological 
treatises the full spectrum of 

3155
02:53:32,700 --> 02:53:35,800
human experience was preserved 
in stone and papyrus. 

3156
02:53:36,600 --> 02:53:39,600
Administrative documents. 
That would bore you to tears. 

3157
02:53:39,600 --> 02:53:43,000
Medical texts. 
Describing treatments for 

3158
02:53:43,000 --> 02:53:47,300
various ailments magical spells 
intended to protect the dead 

3159
02:53:47,300 --> 02:53:49,900
wisdom. 
Literature offering advice on 

3160
02:53:49,900 --> 02:53:53,500
how to live, well, Stories of 
Adventure and conflict 

3161
02:53:53,500 --> 02:53:57,400
astronomical, observations, 
mathematical calculations and 

3162
02:53:57,400 --> 02:54:01,900
endless endless propaganda about
how great the current fairer 

3163
02:54:01,900 --> 02:54:04,500
was. 
This last category is 

3164
02:54:04,500 --> 02:54:07,500
particularly interesting. 
The ancient Egyptians were 

3165
02:54:07,500 --> 02:54:10,800
prolific. 
Self-promoted, who did anything 

3166
02:54:10,800 --> 02:54:13,000
notable had it? 
Carved into Temple walls. 

3167
02:54:13,000 --> 02:54:17,200
Usually with significant 
embellishment, a minor Skirmish 

3168
02:54:17,200 --> 02:54:20,900
became a great Victory. 
A trade Expedition became a 

3169
02:54:20,900 --> 02:54:23,800
heroic Quest. 
The Pharaoh was always the 

3170
02:54:23,800 --> 02:54:29,100
strongest wisest and most Pious 
ruler who ever lived beloved by 

3171
02:54:29,100 --> 02:54:31,500
the gods and destined for 
eternal glory. 

3172
02:54:32,500 --> 02:54:35,600
Modern politicians, who inflate 
their accomplishments are 

3173
02:54:35,600 --> 02:54:37,700
following a traditional 
established by Ramesses, the 

3174
02:54:37,700 --> 02:54:40,800
second. 
He had his battle victories 

3175
02:54:40,800 --> 02:54:45,200
carved so thoroughly across 
Egypt that you'd think he was 

3176
02:54:45,208 --> 02:54:46,800
the only fair who ever did 
anything. 

3177
02:54:46,800 --> 02:54:51,900
But here's the thing, it worked.
Ramesses wanted to be remembered

3178
02:54:51,900 --> 02:54:56,900
and 33 centuries later, you 
know, his name, Ozymandias the 

3179
02:54:56,900 --> 02:55:00,700
King of Kings his propaganda. 
Outlasted his kingdom by 

3180
02:55:00,700 --> 02:55:03,300
Millennia because he understood 
something fundamental about 

3181
02:55:03,300 --> 02:55:06,900
writing, it makes claims to 
permanence that spoke and word 

3182
02:55:06,900 --> 02:55:10,300
can't match. 
Say something and it vanishes 

3183
02:55:10,300 --> 02:55:14,800
into, are carving stone, and it 
might outlive civilizations. 

3184
02:55:16,100 --> 02:55:18,900
The Egyptians wrote on various 
surfaces each with its own 

3185
02:55:18,900 --> 02:55:22,100
purpose. 
Monumental inscriptions went on 

3186
02:55:22,100 --> 02:55:27,500
Stone Temple walls, obelisks 
tomb Chambers and Were Meant to 

3187
02:55:27,500 --> 02:55:30,800
last forever. 
Administrative documents went on

3188
02:55:30,800 --> 02:55:33,400
Papyrus. 
A writing surface made from 

3189
02:55:33,400 --> 02:55:35,600
Papyrus plant. 
Stems that were laid crosswise 

3190
02:55:35,600 --> 02:55:39,800
and pressed together. 
Papyrus was lighter and cheaper 

3191
02:55:39,800 --> 02:55:42,300
than Stone. 
They still expensive enough that

3192
02:55:42,300 --> 02:55:44,100
scribes were careful not to 
waste it. 

3193
02:55:45,200 --> 02:55:47,000
The temporary notes and student 
exercises. 

3194
02:55:47,000 --> 02:55:51,100
There were Austria, Pottery 
shards, or flakes of limestone 

3195
02:55:51,100 --> 02:55:54,000
that cost nothing and could be 
discarded afterward. 

3196
02:55:54,900 --> 02:55:58,300
Papyrus itself was a significant
technological innovation. 

3197
02:55:58,300 --> 02:56:02,900
It was portable relatively 
durable and could be rolled into

3198
02:56:02,900 --> 02:56:07,100
Scrolls for storage. 
The word paper derives from 

3199
02:56:07,100 --> 02:56:09,800
Papyrus. 
And while modern paper is made 

3200
02:56:09,800 --> 02:56:13,200
differently, the concept of a 
lightweight writing surface. 

3201
02:56:13,200 --> 02:56:16,500
You can fold transport in 
archive, come straight, from the

3202
02:56:16,500 --> 02:56:20,400
Nile Valley, the Library of 
Alexandria that legendary 

3203
02:56:20,400 --> 02:56:24,700
repository of ancient knowledge 
was essentially a huge Papyrus 

3204
02:56:24,700 --> 02:56:29,200
scroll collection. 
When it burned repeatedly over 

3205
02:56:29,200 --> 02:56:33,500
several centuries Humanity lost 
and incalculable amount of 

3206
02:56:33,500 --> 02:56:37,100
knowledge, all of it encoded on 
this Egyptian writing material. 

3207
02:56:38,400 --> 02:56:41,900
The profession of scribe carried
enormous prestige in Egyptian 

3208
02:56:41,900 --> 02:56:45,100
Society. 
Scribes were literate in a 

3209
02:56:45,100 --> 02:56:48,500
largely illiterate World which 
gave them access to power and 

3210
02:56:48,500 --> 02:56:52,600
relatively comfortable lives. 
They kept records, drafted 

3211
02:56:52,600 --> 02:56:56,100
correspondence, copied texts and
generally served as the 

3212
02:56:56,100 --> 02:56:58,300
information processors of their 
civilization. 

3213
02:56:59,700 --> 02:57:03,000
Training to become a scribe, 
took years and involved 

3214
02:57:03,000 --> 02:57:06,500
memorizing, hundreds of 
hieroglyphic signs learning 

3215
02:57:06,500 --> 02:57:11,000
proper writing techniques and 
studying mathematics geography, 

3216
02:57:11,000 --> 02:57:14,700
and literature. 
Scribble schools produced 

3217
02:57:14,700 --> 02:57:18,100
instruction texts that have 
survived to the present day and 

3218
02:57:18,100 --> 02:57:20,600
there are often quite funny in 
their complaints about how hard 

3219
02:57:20,600 --> 02:57:23,900
students have to work. 
One text from the Middle Kingdom

3220
02:57:23,900 --> 02:57:27,600
instructs students to be a 
scribe and avoid other 

3221
02:57:27,600 --> 02:57:31,300
professionals by describing the 
miseries of being a farmer, a 

3222
02:57:31,300 --> 02:57:33,800
soldier, a fisherman or a 
Craftsman. 

3223
02:57:33,800 --> 02:57:36,400
It's basically career 
propaganda. 

3224
02:57:37,500 --> 02:57:41,200
Stay in school learn to write or
you'll end up breaking your back

3225
02:57:41,200 --> 02:57:43,700
in the hot sun like those poor 
manual laborers. 

3226
02:57:45,000 --> 02:57:48,100
The underlying message was 
clear, literacy, equals 

3227
02:57:48,100 --> 02:57:52,300
opportunity and that message 
hasn't changed in 3,000 years. 

3228
02:57:53,200 --> 02:57:57,200
The concept of a library, a 
dedicated space for storing and 

3229
02:57:57,200 --> 02:58:00,600
organizing written knowledge 
also developed in Egypt. 

3230
02:58:01,300 --> 02:58:04,800
Temple, libraries preserved 
religious texts, scientific 

3231
02:58:04,800 --> 02:58:07,300
treatises and historical 
records. 

3232
02:58:08,100 --> 02:58:10,100
Private. 
Libraries existed in the homes 

3233
02:58:10,100 --> 02:58:13,000
of wealthy officials. 
The idea that knowledge should 

3234
02:58:13,000 --> 02:58:15,500
be collected categorized and 
preserved. 

3235
02:58:15,500 --> 02:58:19,100
For future reference was an 
Egyptian Innovation that every 

3236
02:58:19,100 --> 02:58:23,000
library from Alexandria to the 
Library of Congress as built 

3237
02:58:23,000 --> 02:58:25,100
upon. 
Egyptian writing. 

3238
02:58:25,100 --> 02:58:27,800
Also gave us some of the early 
literature that still feels 

3239
02:58:27,800 --> 02:58:32,100
recognizably literary. 
The tale of scenery from around 

3240
02:58:32,100 --> 02:58:35,700
1900 BC. 
E tells the story of an official

3241
02:58:35,700 --> 02:58:39,400
who flees Egypt lives in Exile 
and eventually returned home. 

3242
02:58:39,400 --> 02:58:43,800
It has character development, 
emotional depth and narrative 

3243
02:58:43,800 --> 02:58:46,700
structure. 
The eloquent peasant is a story 

3244
02:58:46,700 --> 02:58:50,100
about a peasant whose robbed and
delivers increasingly elaborate 

3245
02:58:50,100 --> 02:58:54,000
speeches, demanding Justice, 
showcasing the Egyptian 

3246
02:58:54,000 --> 02:58:55,900
appreciation for skilled 
rhetoric. 

3247
02:58:56,800 --> 02:59:00,200
These aren't just historical 
documents their actual stories 

3248
02:59:00,200 --> 02:59:03,500
that were meant to entertain and
move their audiences and they 

3249
02:59:03,500 --> 02:59:07,300
still do. 
The Edwin Smith Papyrus dating 

3250
02:59:07,300 --> 02:59:12,200
to around 1600 BCE but copying 
material, possibly 500 years, 

3251
02:59:12,200 --> 02:59:16,000
older is a medical text. 
That describes 48 cases of 

3252
02:59:16,000 --> 02:59:19,400
traumatic injuries, their 
symptoms, diagnoses and 

3253
02:59:19,400 --> 02:59:23,100
treatments. 
Its systematic, logical and 

3254
02:59:23,100 --> 02:59:27,200
empirical it, describes what the
physician should observe and 

3255
02:59:27,200 --> 02:59:31,100
what actions to take based on 
those observations. this is 

3256
02:59:31,100 --> 02:59:34,900
early scientific writing, an 
attempt to codify Medical 

3257
02:59:34,900 --> 02:59:37,700
knowledge, so it could be 
transmitted and improved upon 

3258
02:59:38,500 --> 02:59:41,600
every medical textbook you've 
ever seen descends from this 

3259
02:59:41,600 --> 02:59:45,600
impulse to record what works. 
So the Next Generation doesn't 

3260
02:59:45,600 --> 02:59:47,400
have to ReDiscover it from 
scratch. 

3261
02:59:48,300 --> 02:59:51,800
The religious texts pyramid, 
texts coffin texts. 

3262
02:59:51,800 --> 02:59:54,700
And eventually The Book of the 
Dead represents, some of 

3263
02:59:54,700 --> 02:59:57,900
Humanity's earliest sustained 
thinking about the afterlife 

3264
02:59:57,900 --> 03:00:01,800
morality and the relationship 
between gods and humans. 

3265
03:00:01,800 --> 03:00:05,400
They're not Systematic. 
Theology in the later Greek or 

3266
03:00:05,400 --> 03:00:08,000
Christian sentence but they show
people wrestling with 

3267
03:00:08,000 --> 03:00:10,700
fundamental questions. 
What happens? 

3268
03:00:10,700 --> 03:00:15,000
After death, how should we live?
What do the gods want from us? 

3269
03:00:15,900 --> 03:00:19,100
These questions are Timeless and
the fact that we can read 

3270
03:00:19,100 --> 03:00:22,400
ancient Egyptian attempts, to 
answer them creates a strange 

3271
03:00:22,400 --> 03:00:26,000
intimacy across millennia. 
What the Egyptians ultimately 

3272
03:00:26,000 --> 03:00:29,100
gave us was the model of writing
as a multi-purpose tool. 

3273
03:00:29,900 --> 03:00:33,400
simultaneously practical, 
artistic religious, and 

3274
03:00:33,400 --> 03:00:36,400
political Writing could track 
grain. 

3275
03:00:36,400 --> 03:00:39,900
Praise Gods tell stories record 
history. 

3276
03:00:39,900 --> 03:00:45,300
Encode laws, preserve medical 
knowledge and claim immortality 

3277
03:00:47,000 --> 03:00:51,100
This versatility is exactly why 
writing became so Central to 

3278
03:00:51,100 --> 03:00:54,900
human civilization. 
It's useful in every context 

3279
03:00:54,900 --> 03:00:57,400
where information needs to 
survive Beyond immediate memory.

3280
03:00:58,300 --> 03:01:02,000
Every time you write something 
down, a grocery list, a text 

3281
03:01:02,000 --> 03:01:06,200
message, a working email, a 
journal entry during engaging in

3282
03:01:06,200 --> 03:01:10,400
this ancient technology. 
Specific symbols have changed 

3283
03:01:10,400 --> 03:01:14,100
and the surfaces you write on. 
Have evolved from Stone to 

3284
03:01:14,100 --> 03:01:17,000
Papyrus to paper to glass 
screens. 

3285
03:01:17,000 --> 03:01:21,700
But the fundamental act Remains 
the Same your encoding thoughts 

3286
03:01:21,700 --> 03:01:24,800
into permanent form. 
You're creating something that 

3287
03:01:24,800 --> 03:01:28,500
can Outlast the moment of its 
creation You're doing what the 

3288
03:01:28,508 --> 03:01:33,000
scribes did just faster. 
And with spell, check and 

3289
03:01:33,000 --> 03:01:37,000
somewhere in some metaphysical. 
Scribble School, the ghost of an

3290
03:01:37,000 --> 03:01:40,200
Egyptian writing instructor is 
nodding in approval while 

3291
03:01:40,200 --> 03:01:43,400
simultaneously complaining about
how students these days don't 

3292
03:01:43,400 --> 03:01:45,500
even know how to properly 
prepare papyrus. 

3293
03:01:46,700 --> 03:01:48,600
Let's return to buildings but 
this time. 

3294
03:01:48,600 --> 03:01:52,800
Let's think about why they were 
The pyramids were just tombs 

3295
03:01:52,800 --> 03:01:56,700
they were statements about 
mortality Authority and the 

3296
03:01:56,700 --> 03:01:59,000
possibility of permanents in a 
temporary world. 

3297
03:01:59,000 --> 03:02:02,700
The Pharos were obsessed with 
forever, and they expressed this

3298
03:02:02,700 --> 03:02:05,800
Obsession through architecture 
that still standing after 

3299
03:02:05,800 --> 03:02:10,200
everything else about this 
civilization has vanished Think 

3300
03:02:10,200 --> 03:02:12,000
about what? 
Survives from ancient Egypt. 

3301
03:02:12,000 --> 03:02:16,000
Not the wood structures. 
Where people lived those rotted 

3302
03:02:16,000 --> 03:02:18,800
away. 
Not the Papyrus documents that 

3303
03:02:18,800 --> 03:02:23,100
recorded daily life, most of 
those burned or decomposed. 

3304
03:02:23,100 --> 03:02:28,600
Not the paint that once covered 
everything that faded or was 

3305
03:02:28,600 --> 03:02:34,900
deliberately removed What 
survives is stone temples tombs 

3306
03:02:34,900 --> 03:02:39,100
statues obelisks? 
The things were built to last 

3307
03:02:39,100 --> 03:02:42,100
forever because the people who 
built them desperately wanted to

3308
03:02:42,100 --> 03:02:46,400
defeat time this wasn't vanity 
or at least not only vanity. 

3309
03:02:47,000 --> 03:02:49,600
The Egyptians believed that 
being remembered was essential 

3310
03:02:49,600 --> 03:02:51,800
for continued existence in the 
afterlife. 

3311
03:02:51,800 --> 03:02:56,300
If your name was spoken, if your
image was seen, if your Deeds 

3312
03:02:56,300 --> 03:02:59,000
were known, then part of you 
remained alive. 

3313
03:02:59,700 --> 03:03:02,500
Conversely. 
If you were forgotten, if your 

3314
03:03:02,500 --> 03:03:06,500
name was erased, your statues, 
destroyed your monuments. 

3315
03:03:06,500 --> 03:03:10,200
Dismantled you died a second 
death from which there was no 

3316
03:03:10,200 --> 03:03:12,800
return. 
This made architecture 

3317
03:03:12,800 --> 03:03:15,800
existential. 
Building something permanent 

3318
03:03:15,800 --> 03:03:19,200
wasn't just about ego. 
It was about survival Beyond 

3319
03:03:19,200 --> 03:03:22,900
Death. 
The pyramids at Giza, built 

3320
03:03:22,900 --> 03:03:27,400
during the fourth, Dennis deer 
around, 2550 BC, e represent the

3321
03:03:27,400 --> 03:03:31,800
peak of this architectural, 
immortality project, their 

3322
03:03:31,800 --> 03:03:36,200
massive precisely aligned and 
absolutely permanent in a way 

3323
03:03:36,200 --> 03:03:39,000
that almost nothing else. 
Humans have ever built can 

3324
03:03:39,000 --> 03:03:41,300
claim. 
The Great Pyramid was the 

3325
03:03:41,300 --> 03:03:45,400
tallest human-made structure in 
the world for over. 3800 years, 

3326
03:03:45,400 --> 03:03:49,700
only surpassed by Lincoln 
cathedral in 1311 CE. 

3327
03:03:50,800 --> 03:03:54,500
Think about that for most of 
recorded history, the tallest 

3328
03:03:54,500 --> 03:03:57,100
thing humans had ever built was 
an Egyptian tomb. 

3329
03:03:58,200 --> 03:04:00,300
But the pyramids weren't 
solitary monuments. 

3330
03:04:00,300 --> 03:04:04,600
They were surrounded by entire 
complexes Mortuary temples. 

3331
03:04:04,600 --> 03:04:10,300
Causeways Valley temples 
subsidiary pyramids, boat, pits 

3332
03:04:10,300 --> 03:04:13,800
and Cemetery fields for Nobles. 
And officials, who wanted to 

3333
03:04:13,800 --> 03:04:15,900
spend eternity near their 
pharaoh. 

3334
03:04:16,600 --> 03:04:20,000
These were cities of the Dead 
carefully planned neighborhoods 

3335
03:04:20,000 --> 03:04:22,100
where the afterlife was supposed
to unfold. 

3336
03:04:23,100 --> 03:04:25,900
The living maintained, these 
complexes for Generations, 

3337
03:04:25,900 --> 03:04:29,200
performing rituals making 
offerings and keeping the memory

3338
03:04:29,200 --> 03:04:32,300
of the dead fairy alive. 
As long as the rituals 

3339
03:04:32,300 --> 03:04:36,400
continued, the pharaoh's car, 
their life force could enjoy 

3340
03:04:36,400 --> 03:04:41,100
Eternal existence, eventually. 
Of course, the ritual stopped 

3341
03:04:41,100 --> 03:04:44,800
the Old Kingdom collapsed and 
the carefully maintained 

3342
03:04:44,800 --> 03:04:46,600
pyramid. 
Complexes were abandoned. 

3343
03:04:47,400 --> 03:04:49,100
Lotus. 
Stripped the burial Chambers 

3344
03:04:49,100 --> 03:04:52,600
Stone was quarried from the 
casing blocks for use in other 

3345
03:04:52,600 --> 03:04:55,700
buildings. 
The pyramids became ruins their 

3346
03:04:55,700 --> 03:05:00,100
original purpose, forgotten or 
misunderstood Medieval Arabs 

3347
03:05:00,100 --> 03:05:03,200
thought they were grain silos by
the biblical Joseph. 

3348
03:05:04,100 --> 03:05:07,900
Later, European spun fantasies 
about them being built by aliens

3349
03:05:07,900 --> 03:05:11,400
or atlanteans. 
The actual Builders skilled 

3350
03:05:11,400 --> 03:05:14,600
Egyptian workers coordinated by 
experienced Architects and 

3351
03:05:14,600 --> 03:05:18,300
Engineers were erased from 
popular memory by more exciting,

3352
03:05:18,300 --> 03:05:20,700
myths. 
But the structures themselves 

3353
03:05:20,700 --> 03:05:25,000
endured you can speculate all 
you want about their purpose, 

3354
03:05:25,000 --> 03:05:27,100
but you can't deny their 
presence. 

3355
03:05:27,100 --> 03:05:31,000
They refuse to disappear. 
This is exactly what the 

3356
03:05:31,000 --> 03:05:35,900
Pharaohs wanted monuments. 
So massive, so permanent that 

3357
03:05:35,900 --> 03:05:39,200
future Generations would have no
choice but to acknowledge their 

3358
03:05:39,200 --> 03:05:41,900
existence. 
Even if everything else about 

3359
03:05:41,900 --> 03:05:43,500
their civilization was 
forgotten. 

3360
03:05:44,500 --> 03:05:46,700
The temples took a different 
approach to permanence. 

3361
03:05:47,500 --> 03:05:50,000
While pyramids were sealed 
structures meant to protect 

3362
03:05:50,000 --> 03:05:52,900
Royal burials. 
Temples were active spaces. 

3363
03:05:52,900 --> 03:05:55,500
Where rituals were performed 
daily yet. 

3364
03:05:55,500 --> 03:06:00,000
They too were built to last 
forever and many have the Temple

3365
03:06:00,000 --> 03:06:02,400
of Karnak. 
Dedicated to Amun Ra was 

3366
03:06:02,400 --> 03:06:06,900
expanded and modified over 1500 
years, by successive, pharaohs. 

3367
03:06:08,000 --> 03:06:10,700
walking through Khan today is 
like, walking through time 

3368
03:06:10,700 --> 03:06:14,200
itself, you can see 
architectural style of evolving 

3369
03:06:14,200 --> 03:06:18,200
religious, emphasis shifting, 
and political power centers 

3370
03:06:18,200 --> 03:06:21,400
changing. 
It's a stone Archive of Egyptian

3371
03:06:21,400 --> 03:06:24,000
history. 
These temples followed the 

3372
03:06:24,008 --> 03:06:27,500
pattern mentioned earlier. 
Pylon Gateway peristyle Court 

3373
03:06:27,500 --> 03:06:32,300
hypostyle Hall in a sanctuary. 
But the experience of moving 

3374
03:06:32,300 --> 03:06:34,100
through them was deliberately 
overwhelming. 

3375
03:06:35,600 --> 03:06:41,000
The hypostyle hall at Karnak, 
contains 134 columns, some 21 

3376
03:06:41,000 --> 03:06:44,800
meters tall arranged in rows. 
That create a forest of stone. 

3377
03:06:44,800 --> 03:06:48,000
The ceiling was painted blue 
with gold stars. 

3378
03:06:48,900 --> 03:06:51,600
Sunlight filtered through. 
Clear story Windows. 

3379
03:06:51,600 --> 03:06:53,700
Creating dramatic, lighting 
effects. 

3380
03:06:54,600 --> 03:06:57,600
The floor sloped upward towards 
the sanctuary while the ceiling 

3381
03:06:57,600 --> 03:07:01,900
sloped downward creating a sense
of compressional and intimacy as

3382
03:07:01,900 --> 03:07:03,700
you approached the holy of 
holies. 

3383
03:07:04,700 --> 03:07:08,800
Every architectural Choice, 
served to inspire all and 

3384
03:07:08,800 --> 03:07:12,300
reinforce the power of both the 
gods and the pharaoh who built 

3385
03:07:12,300 --> 03:07:15,000
the temple. 
This use of architecture to 

3386
03:07:15,000 --> 03:07:18,800
create specific, psychological 
experience as something Modern 

3387
03:07:18,800 --> 03:07:21,900
Builders still emulate. 
Think about walking into a 

3388
03:07:21,900 --> 03:07:26,000
cathedral, a capital retunda or 
a well-designed museum. 

3389
03:07:27,000 --> 03:07:29,700
The Architects deliberately 
manipulate your experience 

3390
03:07:29,700 --> 03:07:35,400
through scale, proportion, light
and sequence, your meant to feel

3391
03:07:35,400 --> 03:07:37,400
certain things in certain 
spaces. 

3392
03:07:37,400 --> 03:07:41,600
Reverence here. 
Openness their Intimacy in this 

3393
03:07:41,600 --> 03:07:47,000
chamber Grandeur in that Hall. 
The fairy on a Architects 

3394
03:07:47,000 --> 03:07:49,800
pioneered these techniques and 
every subsequent culture has 

3395
03:07:49,800 --> 03:07:53,200
borrowed from their playbook, 
The Rock Cut tombs in the Valley

3396
03:07:53,200 --> 03:07:56,100
of the Kings represent, yet 
another approach to permanence. 

3397
03:07:56,900 --> 03:07:59,900
Instead of building upward, 
these pharaohs tunnel into the 

3398
03:07:59,900 --> 03:08:03,600
Limestone Cliffs creating 
elaborate underground Chambers 

3399
03:08:03,600 --> 03:08:06,300
decorated with scenes from The 
Book of the Dead and other 

3400
03:08:06,300 --> 03:08:10,700
funerary texts. 
The logic was security, a hidden

3401
03:08:10,700 --> 03:08:13,400
tomb was less likely to be 
robbed than an obvious pyramid. 

3402
03:08:14,300 --> 03:08:17,900
This didn't work particularly 
well, nearly every Royal tomb 

3403
03:08:17,900 --> 03:08:21,200
was looted in antiquity. 
But the tombs themselves 

3404
03:08:21,200 --> 03:08:25,000
survived, and when 
archaeologists excavated them in

3405
03:08:25,000 --> 03:08:28,400
modern times, they found walls 
still covered with vibrant pain 

3406
03:08:28,400 --> 03:08:32,700
and hieroglyphic texts that had 
remained in darkness for 3,000 

3407
03:08:32,700 --> 03:08:35,800
years. 
The discovery of Tutankhamun's 

3408
03:08:35,800 --> 03:08:40,400
tomb in 1922 by Howard Carter. 
Created a worldwide sensation 

3409
03:08:40,400 --> 03:08:43,900
precisely because it 
demonstrated how completely 

3410
03:08:43,900 --> 03:08:46,900
Egyptian artistic Vision could 
be preserved. 

3411
03:08:46,900 --> 03:08:51,300
When protected from light are 
and looters the Golden, Mast the

3412
03:08:51,300 --> 03:08:55,300
shrine boxes, the furniture, the
jewelry, all of it, provided an 

3413
03:08:55,300 --> 03:08:57,000
unfiltered glimpse into fairy 
onic. 

3414
03:08:57,000 --> 03:09:00,408
Burial practices Most 
importantly, it proved that the 

3415
03:09:00,416 --> 03:09:02,100
Egyptians belief in 
architectural. 

3416
03:09:02,100 --> 03:09:05,600
Permanence was not misplaced. 
Given the right conditions, 

3417
03:09:05,600 --> 03:09:09,700
their Creations could indeed 
last forever. this obsession 

3418
03:09:09,700 --> 03:09:13,400
with building for eternity 
influenced, every culture that 

3419
03:09:13,400 --> 03:09:18,100
came after the Romans built 
aqueducts and Roads designed to 

3420
03:09:18,100 --> 03:09:21,200
last centuries. 
Medieval Christians built 

3421
03:09:21,200 --> 03:09:25,300
Cathedrals that took generations
to complete, but were meant to 

3422
03:09:25,300 --> 03:09:29,800
stand until the second coming. 
Modern Nations build monuments 

3423
03:09:29,800 --> 03:09:33,200
to their ideals and heroes. 
Hoping these will convey their 

3424
03:09:33,200 --> 03:09:37,300
values to distant, descendants. 
Were all still trying to do what

3425
03:09:37,300 --> 03:09:39,800
the Fair Oaks did. 
Build something that will 

3426
03:09:39,800 --> 03:09:42,200
Outlast us. 
That will tell future people. 

3427
03:09:42,200 --> 03:09:45,700
We were here, we mattered and we
understood something worth 

3428
03:09:45,700 --> 03:09:48,600
preserving. 
There's something both admirable

3429
03:09:48,600 --> 03:09:50,900
and slightly absurd about this 
compulsion. 

3430
03:09:50,900 --> 03:09:53,800
The universe doesn't care about 
your monuments. 

3431
03:09:53,800 --> 03:09:58,100
Entropy wins of Venturi. 
The pyramids themselves are 

3432
03:09:58,100 --> 03:10:01,200
slowly eroding. 
Grain by grain, under the 

3433
03:10:01,200 --> 03:10:06,100
assault of wind and time in a 
few million years, a blink on 

3434
03:10:06,100 --> 03:10:10,200
geological time scales. 
They'll be unrecognizable mounds

3435
03:10:10,200 --> 03:10:13,500
of rubble. 
But on human time scales on the 

3436
03:10:13,508 --> 03:10:16,500
scales, that matter, to the 
brief Sparks of Consciousness, 

3437
03:10:16,500 --> 03:10:20,000
we call lives 4500 years is 
close enough to Forever. 

3438
03:10:20,000 --> 03:10:25,100
The pharaoh's bet on Stone, they
bet that massive well-built 

3439
03:10:25,100 --> 03:10:30,600
structures would Outlast, would 
Papyrus memory language, and 

3440
03:10:30,600 --> 03:10:34,100
even the civilization that 
created them, they were right. 

3441
03:10:35,100 --> 03:10:39,100
long after the last person who 
spoke ancient Egyptian died, 

3442
03:10:39,100 --> 03:10:42,700
long after the religion was 
abandoned and the political 

3443
03:10:42,700 --> 03:10:49,000
system collapsed the buildings 
remained mute mysterious but 

3444
03:10:49,000 --> 03:10:53,100
undeniably present you live in a
world where permanent usually 

3445
03:10:53,100 --> 03:10:56,400
means until the next remodel, 
where building is demolished 

3446
03:10:56,400 --> 03:10:59,000
after a few decades, if the 
location becomes valuable 

3447
03:10:59,000 --> 03:11:02,200
enough, the idea that something 
should be built to last 

3448
03:11:02,200 --> 03:11:06,000
thousands of years seems almost 
quaint But every so often 

3449
03:11:06,000 --> 03:11:10,700
Humanity builds something meant 
to endure a memorial, a 

3450
03:11:10,700 --> 03:11:16,000
monument, a cathedral, a museum 
and when we do, we're channeling

3451
03:11:16,000 --> 03:11:19,200
the same impulse that drove 
those ancient workers to drag 

3452
03:11:19,200 --> 03:11:20,900
Limestone blocks across the 
desert. 

3453
03:11:21,800 --> 03:11:25,700
We want to leave something 
behind, we want to defeat time. 

3454
03:11:25,700 --> 03:11:29,700
If only symbolically we want 
future people to know we were 

3455
03:11:29,700 --> 03:11:33,500
here, The Pharaohs taught us how
to express this desire through 

3456
03:11:33,500 --> 03:11:37,900
architecture and their success. 
The simple fact that you know 

3457
03:11:37,900 --> 03:11:39,300
who they were and what they 
built. 

3458
03:11:40,100 --> 03:11:42,700
Suggest they understood 
something profound about the 

3459
03:11:42,700 --> 03:11:46,500
relationship between Stone 
memory and immortality. 

3460
03:11:47,400 --> 03:11:50,700
So the next time you visit some 
impressive old building, think 

3461
03:11:50,700 --> 03:11:53,400
about the chain of influence, 
connecting it to a pyramid on 

3462
03:11:53,400 --> 03:11:56,900
the Giza, Plateau different 
styles, different purposes, 

3463
03:11:56,900 --> 03:12:00,200
different cultures. 
But the same underlying belief 

3464
03:12:00,200 --> 03:12:02,400
that what we build can transcend
who we are. 

3465
03:12:02,400 --> 03:12:05,600
That architecture can be a 
bridge between the past and 

3466
03:12:05,600 --> 03:12:08,800
future and that human ambition. 
Carved into stone. 

3467
03:12:08,800 --> 03:12:11,000
Might actually achieve something
approaching forever. 

3468
03:12:12,300 --> 03:12:14,800
Or at least long enough to 
matter, you probably have a 

3469
03:12:14,808 --> 03:12:17,600
filing system. 
Maybe it's physical folders in a

3470
03:12:17,600 --> 03:12:20,000
cabinet. 
Maybe it's digital folders on 

3471
03:12:20,000 --> 03:12:22,500
your computer. 
Maybe it's just strategically 

3472
03:12:22,500 --> 03:12:24,100
labeled. 
Piles on your desk. 

3473
03:12:25,800 --> 03:12:28,400
Wherever you fall on the 
Spectrum from meticulous, 

3474
03:12:28,400 --> 03:12:30,600
organizer to. 
I know where everything is in 

3475
03:12:30,600 --> 03:12:34,200
this chaos, your participating 
in a tradition of Information 

3476
03:12:34,200 --> 03:12:37,100
Management that the ancient 
Egyptians refined into a 

3477
03:12:37,108 --> 03:12:39,700
science. 
The concept of organized 

3478
03:12:39,700 --> 03:12:43,400
archives places where documents 
are systematically stored and 

3479
03:12:43,400 --> 03:12:46,700
can be retrieved when needed was
essential to Egyptian 

3480
03:12:46,700 --> 03:12:50,900
Administration without it, the 
whole bureaucratic system would 

3481
03:12:50,900 --> 03:12:53,700
have collapsed. 
How could you assess taxes? 

3482
03:12:53,700 --> 03:12:55,600
If you didn't know what someone 
paid last year? 

3483
03:12:56,500 --> 03:12:59,200
How could you enforce laws if 
you couldn't reference the legal

3484
03:12:59,200 --> 03:13:01,400
precedence? 
How could you maintain 

3485
03:13:01,400 --> 03:13:04,700
irrigation systems if you didn't
have records of how they'd been 

3486
03:13:04,700 --> 03:13:08,400
maintained previously? 
So the Egyptians created the 

3487
03:13:08,400 --> 03:13:12,200
house of Life, an institution 
attached to Major temples that 

3488
03:13:12,200 --> 03:13:15,800
served as a library. 
Archive scriptorium and 

3489
03:13:15,800 --> 03:13:20,500
Educational Center, Here, 
scribes copied important text to

3490
03:13:20,500 --> 03:13:24,400
preserve them. 
Priests consulted medical and 

3491
03:13:24,400 --> 03:13:27,500
religious documents. 
Scholar studying mathematics 

3492
03:13:27,500 --> 03:13:31,200
astronomy and literature. 
It was simultaneously a 

3493
03:13:31,200 --> 03:13:34,900
monastery, a university and a 
government Records Office. 

3494
03:13:35,900 --> 03:13:38,500
Centralized repository of 
knowledge that ensured 

3495
03:13:38,500 --> 03:13:42,700
continuity across Generations. 
This model of the archive as an 

3496
03:13:42,700 --> 03:13:46,900
essential institution influenced
every literate society that came

3497
03:13:46,900 --> 03:13:50,400
off after The Library of 
Alexandria was the most famous 

3498
03:13:50,400 --> 03:13:54,300
example, but Library sprouted 
across the Hellenistic world. 

3499
03:13:54,300 --> 03:13:57,400
Then the Roman world then 
Medieval Europe. 

3500
03:13:58,300 --> 03:14:01,100
The Catholic Church maintained 
Monastery, libraries throughout 

3501
03:14:01,100 --> 03:14:04,400
the Dark Ages preserving 
classical texts, that would 

3502
03:14:04,400 --> 03:14:08,400
otherwise have vanished. 
Islamic scholars, created vast 

3503
03:14:08,400 --> 03:14:12,000
libraries. 
In Baghdad, Cordoba and Cairo. 

3504
03:14:13,100 --> 03:14:16,400
The concept that knowledge 
should be collected organized 

3505
03:14:16,400 --> 03:14:20,300
and made accessible. 
This came from Egypt and spread 

3506
03:14:20,300 --> 03:14:22,900
everywhere literate civilization
reached. 

3507
03:14:23,800 --> 03:14:26,700
The cataloging systems they 
developed were remarkably 

3508
03:14:26,700 --> 03:14:29,800
sophisticated. 
Documents were labeled by 

3509
03:14:29,800 --> 03:14:34,200
subject date and author. 
Scrolls were stored in the label

3510
03:14:34,200 --> 03:14:38,300
jars or boxes registers listed 
what was available in each 

3511
03:14:38,300 --> 03:14:40,900
section. 
It's not so different from the 

3512
03:14:40,900 --> 03:14:44,300
Dewey Decimal System. 
All the organization scheme of a

3513
03:14:44,308 --> 03:14:48,200
modern Library The specific 
Technologies change. 

3514
03:14:48,900 --> 03:14:50,900
But the underlying problem 
Remains the Same. 

3515
03:14:50,900 --> 03:14:54,100
You have more information than 
any individual can remember. 

3516
03:14:54,100 --> 03:14:58,100
So you need a system to find 
specific pieces of information 

3517
03:14:58,100 --> 03:15:01,500
when you need them. 
The Egyptians also pioneered, 

3518
03:15:01,500 --> 03:15:04,200
the idea of standardized 
formatting for different types 

3519
03:15:04,200 --> 03:15:07,300
of documents. 
Legal contracts, followed 

3520
03:15:07,300 --> 03:15:11,000
specific formulas tax 
assessments, use standard 

3521
03:15:11,000 --> 03:15:15,100
templates, medical texts had 
conventional organizational 

3522
03:15:15,100 --> 03:15:17,900
structures. 
This standardization May 

3523
03:15:17,900 --> 03:15:21,900
documents easier to create 
easier to read and easier to 

3524
03:15:21,900 --> 03:15:25,000
file. 
Same principle behind modern 

3525
03:15:25,000 --> 03:15:29,400
forms and templates, you create 
a structure once then reuse it 

3526
03:15:29,408 --> 03:15:30,900
with different details filled 
in. 

3527
03:15:31,600 --> 03:15:34,600
Efficiency through 
standardization is a thoroughly 

3528
03:15:34,600 --> 03:15:37,900
Egyptian concept. 
They understood something subtle

3529
03:15:37,900 --> 03:15:41,900
about information management. 
Organizing data isn't just about

3530
03:15:41,900 --> 03:15:44,300
storage. 
It's about enabling action. 

3531
03:15:44,300 --> 03:15:47,900
A tax records sitting in an 
archive doesn't do anything. 

3532
03:15:48,800 --> 03:15:52,200
But when an official needs to 
assess this year's taxes and can

3533
03:15:52,200 --> 03:15:55,700
quickly consult last year's 
assessment, suddenly that 

3534
03:15:55,700 --> 03:15:57,800
archived data becomes 
actionable. 

3535
03:15:58,600 --> 03:16:02,000
The value isn't in having the 
information it's in being able 

3536
03:16:02,000 --> 03:16:05,700
to retrieve and use it when 
needed. this Insight underlies, 

3537
03:16:05,700 --> 03:16:09,000
every database, every search 
engine, and every information 

3538
03:16:09,000 --> 03:16:13,100
system we've built since Google 
isn't valuable because it 

3539
03:16:13,100 --> 03:16:17,400
stores, web pages, plenty of 
servers do that, it's valuable 

3540
03:16:17,400 --> 03:16:19,400
because it can find the specific
web page. 

3541
03:16:19,400 --> 03:16:22,100
You need among billions of 
options in fractions of a 

3542
03:16:22,100 --> 03:16:25,100
second. 
Egyptian archives worked on the 

3543
03:16:25,100 --> 03:16:28,700
same principle. 
Just slower and with Papyrus and

3544
03:16:28,700 --> 03:16:33,100
of servers the Egyptians all. 
So developed conventions for how

3545
03:16:33,100 --> 03:16:37,500
to reference other documents, 
When one text cited another, it 

3546
03:16:37,500 --> 03:16:41,800
would include identifying 
information, author title, and 

3547
03:16:41,800 --> 03:16:43,700
sometimes even the specific 
section. 

3548
03:16:43,700 --> 03:16:47,700
This created, a network of cross
references that let Scholars 

3549
03:16:47,700 --> 03:16:49,800
Trace ideas across multiple 
sources. 

3550
03:16:50,600 --> 03:16:54,100
It's the ancient predecessor to 
footnotes citations and 

3551
03:16:54,100 --> 03:16:57,200
hyperlinks. 
The same intellectual technology

3552
03:16:57,200 --> 03:17:00,700
that lets you verify claims and 
follow arguments back to their 

3553
03:17:00,700 --> 03:17:04,300
sources was being used by 
Egyptian priests Consulting, 

3554
03:17:04,300 --> 03:17:08,400
medical texts 3,000 years ago. 
There's a particular type of 

3555
03:17:08,408 --> 03:17:12,000
document called a palimpsest, a 
manuscript where the original 

3556
03:17:12,000 --> 03:17:15,800
text was scraped off and the 
surface reused for new writing. 

3557
03:17:17,000 --> 03:17:20,500
The Pirates was expensive. 
So sometimes older texts were 

3558
03:17:20,500 --> 03:17:23,700
erased and written over. 
This was practical but 

3559
03:17:23,700 --> 03:17:27,800
occasionally tragic. 
Some classical Works survived, 

3560
03:17:27,800 --> 03:17:29,900
only as faint. 
Traces, underneath medieval 

3561
03:17:29,900 --> 03:17:33,000
religious, techs, The Egyptians 
did this too. 

3562
03:17:33,000 --> 03:17:37,300
The usually with Australia 
rather than Papyrus it shows the

3563
03:17:37,300 --> 03:17:40,600
tension between preserving 
information and the Practical 

3564
03:17:40,600 --> 03:17:44,700
cost of preservation attention 
that still exists in the digital

3565
03:17:44,700 --> 03:17:46,800
age. 
When server space is an infinite

3566
03:17:46,800 --> 03:17:50,700
and someone has to decide what's
worth keeping the concept of 

3567
03:17:50,700 --> 03:17:52,700
official records that have legal
Authority. 

3568
03:17:52,700 --> 03:17:57,200
Also comes from Egyptian 
administrative practice. if 

3569
03:17:57,200 --> 03:18:00,100
something was written down in an
official context by an 

3570
03:18:00,100 --> 03:18:04,000
authorized scribe it became 
legally binding truth, This 

3571
03:18:04,000 --> 03:18:07,400
created enormous power for those
who control the records. 

3572
03:18:07,400 --> 03:18:11,900
If you could edit the archives 
you could edit reality, some 

3573
03:18:11,900 --> 03:18:15,500
pharaohs literally erase their 
predecessors from history by 

3574
03:18:15,500 --> 03:18:18,600
chiseling, their names off 
monuments and removing them from

3575
03:18:18,600 --> 03:18:22,200
King lists. 
This practice called damasio 

3576
03:18:22,200 --> 03:18:24,700
Memoria. 
I was later adopted by the 

3577
03:18:24,700 --> 03:18:28,600
Romans and has echoes in every 
authoritarian regime that tried 

3578
03:18:28,600 --> 03:18:31,600
to rewrite history, like 
controlling the archives. 

3579
03:18:32,400 --> 03:18:34,200
But it also created a 
countability. 

3580
03:18:35,400 --> 03:18:38,500
If officials knew their actions 
were being recorded, they were 

3581
03:18:38,500 --> 03:18:40,500
more likely to follow proper 
procedures. 

3582
03:18:41,500 --> 03:18:44,800
Citizens knew they could appeal 
to return law rather than 

3583
03:18:44,800 --> 03:18:47,300
arbitrary judgment. 
They had recourse against 

3584
03:18:47,300 --> 03:18:50,500
Injustice. 
The existence of organized 

3585
03:18:50,500 --> 03:18:53,500
accessible records made 
governance more transparent and 

3586
03:18:53,500 --> 03:18:56,900
predictable. 
Not perfectly corruption and 

3587
03:18:56,900 --> 03:19:00,900
favoritism still existed. 
But better than systems, based 

3588
03:19:00,900 --> 03:19:02,900
purely on personal power and 
memory. 

3589
03:19:03,700 --> 03:19:06,800
The Egyptian model of 
organizational systems extended 

3590
03:19:06,800 --> 03:19:08,600
Beyond documents to physical 
objects. 

3591
03:19:09,700 --> 03:19:12,800
Museum collections follow 
organizational principles 

3592
03:19:12,800 --> 03:19:14,600
established by Temple. 
Treasuries. 

3593
03:19:15,500 --> 03:19:18,800
Warehouse inventory systems 
descend from grain storage 

3594
03:19:18,800 --> 03:19:21,700
management. 
Even your kitchen cabinets. 

3595
03:19:21,700 --> 03:19:24,600
Organized by category with 
labels on containers. 

3596
03:19:24,600 --> 03:19:29,600
Follow the same basic logic. 
Group similar items together, 

3597
03:19:29,600 --> 03:19:33,200
mark them clearly and put 
everything in a consistent 

3598
03:19:33,200 --> 03:19:36,800
location so you can find it 
again, this might seem mundane 

3599
03:19:36,800 --> 03:19:41,200
but it's not organization is 
what allows complexity to scale.

3600
03:19:41,200 --> 03:19:44,900
You can manage a few dozen 
Scrolls through personal memory.

3601
03:19:44,900 --> 03:19:48,300
You can't manage thousands 
without a systematic approach. 

3602
03:19:48,300 --> 03:19:51,800
The Egyptians figured out how to
manage complexity through 

3603
03:19:51,800 --> 03:19:54,100
organization. 
And every subsequent 

3604
03:19:54,100 --> 03:19:58,200
civilization that any scale has 
had to learn the same lesson. 

3605
03:19:59,100 --> 03:20:01,400
There's something deeply 
satisfying about a 

3606
03:20:01,400 --> 03:20:02,600
well-organized system, isn't 
there? 

3607
03:20:02,600 --> 03:20:06,600
Whether it's a cleanly, 
structured database, a 

3608
03:20:06,600 --> 03:20:10,700
bookshelf, or just a filing 
cabinet, where you can actually 

3609
03:20:10,700 --> 03:20:14,700
find things organization, 
creates a sense of control, over

3610
03:20:14,700 --> 03:20:18,200
chaos. 
The Egyptians felt this too, For

3611
03:20:18,200 --> 03:20:23,600
them, Mart the concept of order 
truth and Cosmic Harmony was the

3612
03:20:23,600 --> 03:20:28,100
foundation of civilization. 
Chaos was the enemy organization

3613
03:20:28,100 --> 03:20:32,100
was sacred this belief that 
order should be created and 

3614
03:20:32,100 --> 03:20:34,800
maintained that chaos should be 
resisted through. 

3615
03:20:34,800 --> 03:20:37,400
Systematic effort. 
That information should be 

3616
03:20:37,400 --> 03:20:41,000
preserved and made accessible. 
These are Egyptian values that 

3617
03:20:41,000 --> 03:20:44,000
have become so Universal, we 
don't even recognize them as 

3618
03:20:44,000 --> 03:20:47,200
choices anymore. 
We just assume that important 

3619
03:20:47,200 --> 03:20:49,300
information should be organized 
and preserved. 

3620
03:20:49,300 --> 03:20:52,400
We take it for granted. 
That there should be systems for

3621
03:20:52,400 --> 03:20:54,200
finding what we need when we 
need it. 

3622
03:20:55,000 --> 03:20:58,500
But these aren't natural laws 
their cultural choices decisions

3623
03:20:58,500 --> 03:21:01,400
that a civilization makes about 
how to handle the problem of 

3624
03:21:01,400 --> 03:21:04,400
accumulating knowledge. 
The Egyptians made those 

3625
03:21:04,400 --> 03:21:07,000
choices. 
Consciously build institutions 

3626
03:21:07,000 --> 03:21:09,800
around them and transmitted the 
results down through the 

3627
03:21:09,800 --> 03:21:13,400
centuries until filing cabinets,
and search, algorithms became 

3628
03:21:13,400 --> 03:21:16,900
normal parts of human life. 
So the next time your searching 

3629
03:21:16,900 --> 03:21:19,900
for a document in a filing 
system where the physical or 

3630
03:21:19,900 --> 03:21:23,500
digital appreciate the long 
tradition your participating in 

3631
03:21:24,300 --> 03:21:27,800
Some one has to decide how to 
organize information how to 

3632
03:21:27,800 --> 03:21:30,900
label categories and how to make
retrieval possible. 

3633
03:21:32,200 --> 03:21:35,600
The Egyptians did this work, 
thousands of years ago and 

3634
03:21:35,600 --> 03:21:38,700
you're still benefiting from 
their organizational Innovations

3635
03:21:38,700 --> 03:21:42,200
every time you find what you're 
looking for without having to 

3636
03:21:42,200 --> 03:21:44,400
search through random piles of 
Chaos. 

3637
03:21:45,100 --> 03:21:47,600
Which honestly is a bigger gift 
than any pyramid. 

3638
03:21:48,400 --> 03:21:52,200
You visit a doctor, they examine
you ask about symptoms, maybe 

3639
03:21:52,200 --> 03:21:55,500
run some tests, then diagnose, 
your condition and prescribed 

3640
03:21:55,500 --> 03:21:58,200
treatment. 
This seems like a completely 

3641
03:21:58,200 --> 03:22:01,900
modern scientific process, but 
its structure is ancient. 

3642
03:22:02,800 --> 03:22:05,700
The Egyptians were among the 
first to approach medicine as a 

3643
03:22:05,700 --> 03:22:10,600
systematic practice rather than 
pure magic or prayer and the 

3644
03:22:10,600 --> 03:22:15,300
framework, they established 
observe diagnose, treat Remains 

3645
03:22:15,300 --> 03:22:17,500
the foundation of medical 
practice today. 

3646
03:22:17,500 --> 03:22:21,000
The Edwin Smith Papyrus 
mentioned earlier, is the 

3647
03:22:21,000 --> 03:22:24,900
earliest known surgical text? 
It describes injuries from head 

3648
03:22:24,900 --> 03:22:29,200
to foot in organized detail, for
each case, it provides a title. 

3649
03:22:30,200 --> 03:22:33,400
Instructions, concerning a 
gaping wound in his head. 

3650
03:22:34,300 --> 03:22:37,600
Examination steps. 
If you examine a man, have a 

3651
03:22:37,600 --> 03:22:42,000
gate in wound diagnosis. 
You should say concerning him 

3652
03:22:42,000 --> 03:22:44,200
one. 
Having a gaping wound in his 

3653
03:22:44,200 --> 03:22:46,300
head. 
Penetrating to the Bone, 

3654
03:22:46,300 --> 03:22:50,000
Perforating the suits of his 
skull and treatment 

3655
03:22:50,000 --> 03:22:53,000
recommendations. 
You should bind it with fresh 

3656
03:22:53,000 --> 03:22:55,900
meat, the first day. 
And after a treat with grease, 

3657
03:22:55,900 --> 03:23:00,500
honey and lint every day until 
he recovers This is 

3658
03:23:00,500 --> 03:23:02,600
recognizable, medical 
documentation. 

3659
03:23:03,400 --> 03:23:06,200
Modern clinical case notes 
follow, essentially the same 

3660
03:23:06,200 --> 03:23:11,500
structure, Chief complaint 
examination findings, diagnosis 

3661
03:23:11,500 --> 03:23:15,000
and treatment plan. 
The Egyptians were always 

3662
03:23:15,000 --> 03:23:18,000
correct in their theories. 
They thought the heart was the 

3663
03:23:18,000 --> 03:23:21,400
center of thought and emotion 
for instance, but their 

3664
03:23:21,400 --> 03:23:24,600
methodological approach was 
sound systematic. 

3665
03:23:24,600 --> 03:23:27,400
Observation leads to better 
outcomes than random 

3666
03:23:27,400 --> 03:23:31,300
intervention. 
They also specialized they were 

3667
03:23:31,308 --> 03:23:34,800
General Physicians, but also 
specialists in eyes, stomachs 

3668
03:23:34,800 --> 03:23:37,700
teeth and other specific body 
systems. 

3669
03:23:38,700 --> 03:23:42,600
The Greek historian Herodotus 
writing in the 5th Century BCE 

3670
03:23:42,600 --> 03:23:47,100
noted, with some amazing that 
Egyptian medicine was divided. 

3671
03:23:47,100 --> 03:23:50,700
Each physician Is A Healer of 
one disease and no more. 

3672
03:23:51,700 --> 03:23:54,700
This specialization allowed 
practitioners to develop deep 

3673
03:23:54,700 --> 03:23:59,000
expertise in particular, areas. 
Your modern Medical Specialists,

3674
03:23:59,000 --> 03:24:01,500
cardiologist neurologists and 
orthopedists. 

3675
03:24:01,500 --> 03:24:05,500
A following an Egyptian 
organizational model Egyptian 

3676
03:24:05,500 --> 03:24:07,400
Dentistry was surprisingly 
Advanced. 

3677
03:24:07,400 --> 03:24:12,100
Mommy show evidence of dental 
work including fillings Bridges 

3678
03:24:12,100 --> 03:24:14,000
and attempts at tooth 
extraction. 

3679
03:24:14,900 --> 03:24:18,200
Some skulls show signs of dental
abscesses that were drained 

3680
03:24:18,200 --> 03:24:22,700
surgically. dental disease was 
common in ancient Egypt, partly 

3681
03:24:22,700 --> 03:24:26,800
because the bread contained grit
from Stone grinding wheels which

3682
03:24:26,800 --> 03:24:31,100
wore down teeth prematurely But 
the fact that people sought 

3683
03:24:31,100 --> 03:24:34,900
treatment and received it rather
than just suffering until the 

3684
03:24:34,900 --> 03:24:38,500
tooth fell out or they died from
infection shows, a fairly 

3685
03:24:38,500 --> 03:24:40,600
sophisticated approach to oral 
health. 

3686
03:24:41,500 --> 03:24:44,400
They understood surgery to a 
degree that seems remarkable 

3687
03:24:44,400 --> 03:24:49,300
given their tools circumcision 
was practiced skull trepanation 

3688
03:24:49,300 --> 03:24:52,400
drilling holes in the skull was 
performed, sometimes 

3689
03:24:52,400 --> 03:24:55,400
successfully. 
There's evidence of limb, 

3690
03:24:55,400 --> 03:24:59,000
amputations that healed. 
Suggesting the patient survived,

3691
03:24:59,000 --> 03:25:01,800
the procedure and the subsequent
recovery period. 

3692
03:25:02,800 --> 03:25:06,200
This required, not just surgical
skill, but also understanding of

3693
03:25:06,200 --> 03:25:09,400
infection prevention, Wound Care
and Pain Management. 

3694
03:25:10,500 --> 03:25:13,300
For pain management. 
They used opium poppies, which 

3695
03:25:13,300 --> 03:25:14,800
grow in the Mediterranean 
region. 

3696
03:25:15,700 --> 03:25:19,900
They also used Willow Bart which
contains salicylic acid the 

3697
03:25:19,900 --> 03:25:23,100
active ingredient in Aspirin. 
They didn't understand the 

3698
03:25:23,100 --> 03:25:26,400
chemistry, but they recognized 
through observation that the 

3699
03:25:26,400 --> 03:25:31,300
substances helped with pain and 
inflammation. this empirical 

3700
03:25:31,300 --> 03:25:35,700
approach trying things noting 
what works and using it even 

3701
03:25:35,700 --> 03:25:39,900
without understanding why Is how
most medicine progressed until 

3702
03:25:39,900 --> 03:25:44,300
the modern era. 
The ebers Papyrus, another 

3703
03:25:44,300 --> 03:25:49,100
important medical texts from 
around 1550 BCE contains over 

3704
03:25:49,100 --> 03:25:51,400
700 remedies for various 
ailments. 

3705
03:25:52,400 --> 03:25:54,500
Some are effective, some are 
useless. 

3706
03:25:54,500 --> 03:25:57,200
And some are actively harmful by
modern standards. 

3707
03:25:58,400 --> 03:26:01,400
But the document shows 
systematic cataloging of medical

3708
03:26:01,400 --> 03:26:04,100
knowledge. 
Each remedy is described in 

3709
03:26:04,100 --> 03:26:08,800
detail, what ingredients to use 
and what proportions, how to 

3710
03:26:08,800 --> 03:26:11,400
prepare the mixture and how to 
administer it. 

3711
03:26:12,400 --> 03:26:16,000
This is early farmer ecology. 
The beginning of the idea that 

3712
03:26:16,000 --> 03:26:19,600
medicine should be standardized 
and reproducible rather than 

3713
03:26:19,600 --> 03:26:24,000
varying, by practitioner women. 
Egyptian Physicians, understood 

3714
03:26:24,000 --> 03:26:26,800
that the heart pumped blood 
through vessels to the rest of 

3715
03:26:26,808 --> 03:26:29,300
the body. 
They couldn't fully explain the 

3716
03:26:29,300 --> 03:26:32,900
cardiovascular system that 
understanding came much later, 

3717
03:26:32,900 --> 03:26:36,500
but they recognized that pulse 
was related to heart function 

3718
03:26:36,500 --> 03:26:40,300
and that disruptions in pulse, 
often indicated problems 

3719
03:26:40,300 --> 03:26:44,200
elsewhere in the body. taking a 
patient's pulse became a 

3720
03:26:44,208 --> 03:26:47,900
standard diagnostic technique, 
one that your doctor still 

3721
03:26:47,900 --> 03:26:50,800
performs today with more 
sophisticated understanding, but

3722
03:26:50,800 --> 03:26:54,600
the same basic gesture, they 
recognize the importance of 

3723
03:26:54,600 --> 03:26:58,000
cleanliness and hygiene, even if
they didn't understand germ 

3724
03:26:58,000 --> 03:27:02,500
Theory, Priests who often served
as Physicians underwent regular 

3725
03:27:02,500 --> 03:27:06,500
purification rituals, including 
washing and shaving body hair. 

3726
03:27:07,300 --> 03:27:09,000
Medical instruments were 
cleaned. 

3727
03:27:09,000 --> 03:27:11,700
Wounds were bandaged with clean 
linen. 

3728
03:27:12,300 --> 03:27:15,700
These practices were partly 
religious, maintaining Purity 

3729
03:27:15,700 --> 03:27:19,300
for ritual reasons, but they had
a practical health benefits as 

3730
03:27:19,300 --> 03:27:21,500
well. 
The concept of a medical 

3731
03:27:21,500 --> 03:27:24,300
professional with ethical 
standards also originates in 

3732
03:27:24,300 --> 03:27:26,800
Egypt. 
Physicians, were trained in 

3733
03:27:26,800 --> 03:27:30,500
houses of Life tested on their 
knowledge and held to standards 

3734
03:27:30,508 --> 03:27:33,200
of conduct. 
The oath of him attack 

3735
03:27:33,200 --> 03:27:35,900
attributed to the deified 
architect and for physician 

3736
03:27:35,900 --> 03:27:40,000
predates, the better known 
Hippocratic oath and contains 

3737
03:27:40,000 --> 03:27:43,300
similar ethical commitments. 
The idea that medical 

3738
03:27:43,300 --> 03:27:47,000
practitioners should have formal
training demonstrate competence 

3739
03:27:47,000 --> 03:27:49,600
and adhere to ethical 
principles. 

3740
03:27:49,600 --> 03:27:53,400
This is Egyptian in origin and 
remains Central to Medical 

3741
03:27:53,400 --> 03:27:57,300
Practice worldwide. 
Immutep himself is a fascinating

3742
03:27:57,300 --> 03:27:59,800
figure. 
He was the architect to design, 

3743
03:27:59,800 --> 03:28:03,700
the step pyramid, at saqqara, 
the first large-scale, stone 

3744
03:28:03,700 --> 03:28:06,700
building in Egypt. 
But he was also a physician of 

3745
03:28:06,708 --> 03:28:09,700
such skill that he was 
eventually deified and 

3746
03:28:09,700 --> 03:28:13,600
worshiped, as a god of medicine 
temples to imitate functioned as

3747
03:28:13,608 --> 03:28:16,900
Healing Centers were sick. 
People would come to sleep in 

3748
03:28:16,900 --> 03:28:19,600
the hope of receiving, Curative 
dreams, or visions. 

3749
03:28:20,400 --> 03:28:24,300
This might seem like pure 
Superstition but consider a 

3750
03:28:24,300 --> 03:28:28,600
place where sick people could 
rest receive care eat, regular 

3751
03:28:28,600 --> 03:28:32,200
meals, and have their symptoms 
monitored by knowledgeable 

3752
03:28:32,200 --> 03:28:35,300
practitioners, that's basically 
a hospital. 

3753
03:28:35,300 --> 03:28:39,200
Even if the theoretical 
justification involved divine 

3754
03:28:39,200 --> 03:28:43,600
intervention, The Egyptians also
understood the importance of 

3755
03:28:43,608 --> 03:28:46,400
diet in health. 
Medical texts. 

3756
03:28:46,400 --> 03:28:50,400
Prescribes specific foods, for 
various conditions, they 

3757
03:28:50,400 --> 03:28:53,500
recognize that some illnesses 
were caused by eating spoiled 

3758
03:28:53,500 --> 03:28:57,600
food or contaminated water. 
They understood that proper 

3759
03:28:57,600 --> 03:29:00,300
nutritional aided recovery from 
illness or injury. 

3760
03:29:01,200 --> 03:29:04,800
The modern concept of preventive
medicine maintaining Health 

3761
03:29:04,800 --> 03:29:08,700
through proper diet, exercise, 
and lifestyle, rather than just 

3762
03:29:08,700 --> 03:29:12,200
treating disease, after it 
appears as ancient priests and 

3763
03:29:12,200 --> 03:29:16,200
Egyptian medical thinking. 
Their anatomical knowledge while

3764
03:29:16,200 --> 03:29:19,500
limited by the lack of 
systematic, dissection was still

3765
03:29:19,500 --> 03:29:22,600
impressive. 
Mummification provided 

3766
03:29:22,600 --> 03:29:25,900
opportunities to observe 
internal organs, even if the 

3767
03:29:25,900 --> 03:29:28,900
religious context of the 
procedure limited scientific 

3768
03:29:28,900 --> 03:29:32,300
inquiry. 
The brain was discarded as 

3769
03:29:32,300 --> 03:29:35,000
unimportant. 
Again, they thought the heart 

3770
03:29:35,000 --> 03:29:38,500
was the seat of consciousness. 
But other organs were carefully 

3771
03:29:38,500 --> 03:29:41,700
preserved and their functions at
least partially understood. 

3772
03:29:43,000 --> 03:29:45,800
Egyptian Ophthalmology was 
particularly advanced. 

3773
03:29:46,600 --> 03:29:49,500
Eye diseases were common in 
Egypt due to the bright Sun, 

3774
03:29:49,500 --> 03:29:52,600
dust and flies. 
So I specialist developed 

3775
03:29:52,600 --> 03:29:55,900
treatments that actually worked,
they used copper salts to 

3776
03:29:55,900 --> 03:29:59,700
prevent eye infections practice 
surgery for cataracts and 

3777
03:29:59,700 --> 03:30:02,600
understood that some vision 
problems could be corrected with

3778
03:30:02,600 --> 03:30:06,600
magnifying lenses. 
The basic eye examination, 

3779
03:30:06,600 --> 03:30:10,400
testing visual Acuity. 
Checking for cloudiness or 

3780
03:30:10,400 --> 03:30:15,000
inflammation examining the 
pupils response to light has 

3781
03:30:15,000 --> 03:30:17,100
changed very little since 
ancient times. 

3782
03:30:17,100 --> 03:30:20,300
The transmission of Egyptian. 
Medical knowledge in Florence 

3783
03:30:20,300 --> 03:30:24,800
Greek medicine, which in turn 
influenced Roman medicine, which

3784
03:30:24,800 --> 03:30:28,200
formed the foundation of 
medieval European medicine which

3785
03:30:28,200 --> 03:30:30,000
eventually evolved into modern 
medicine. 

3786
03:30:31,000 --> 03:30:33,900
This is a direct line of 
transmission, spanning thousands

3787
03:30:33,900 --> 03:30:37,800
of years. 
When Galen the famous Roman 

3788
03:30:37,800 --> 03:30:40,900
physician organized medical 
knowledge in the second century 

3789
03:30:40,900 --> 03:30:43,800
CE. 
He was building on Greek sources

3790
03:30:43,800 --> 03:30:46,400
that had Incorporated Egyptian 
practices. 

3791
03:30:47,300 --> 03:30:50,500
His work remained authorized in 
Europe and the Renaissance, 

3792
03:30:50,500 --> 03:30:54,000
which means Egyptian medical. 
Concepts influenced Western 

3793
03:30:54,000 --> 03:30:58,200
medicine for over 1500 years. 
After the Egyptian civilization 

3794
03:30:58,200 --> 03:31:03,100
itself had ended What the 
Egyptians gave us ultimately, 

3795
03:31:03,100 --> 03:31:07,100
was the model of medicine, as a 
learning profession, based on 

3796
03:31:07,100 --> 03:31:10,900
systematic observation and 
documented knowledge, rather 

3797
03:31:10,900 --> 03:31:13,000
than just traditional and 
improvisation. 

3798
03:31:14,100 --> 03:31:17,000
They were not always right about
mechanisms, nobody was until 

3799
03:31:17,000 --> 03:31:19,700
quite recently. 
But their methodological 

3800
03:31:19,700 --> 03:31:22,500
approach was sound, observe 
symptoms. 

3801
03:31:22,500 --> 03:31:26,600
Carefully consult previous 
cases, try treatment 

3802
03:31:26,600 --> 03:31:30,900
systematically record results, 
share knowledge, with other 

3803
03:31:30,900 --> 03:31:33,500
practitioners. 
This is how medical progress 

3804
03:31:33,500 --> 03:31:36,200
happens, and the Egyptians were 
among the first do it this way. 

3805
03:31:36,200 --> 03:31:40,000
So, the next time, you'll sit in
a doctor's office being examined

3806
03:31:40,000 --> 03:31:43,400
and diagnosed and treated. 
Remember that the structure of 

3807
03:31:43,400 --> 03:31:47,900
that interaction is ancient The 
specific tools and knowledge of 

3808
03:31:47,908 --> 03:31:52,100
improved enormously, but the 
basic framework, the idea that 

3809
03:31:52,100 --> 03:31:54,700
illness should be studied 
categorized and treated 

3810
03:31:54,700 --> 03:31:58,300
systematically by trained. 
Professionals comes from people 

3811
03:31:58,300 --> 03:32:01,600
who practice medicine in the 
shadows of pyramids. 4,000 years

3812
03:32:01,600 --> 03:32:03,100
ago, they didn't cure 
everything. 

3813
03:32:03,100 --> 03:32:07,300
Neither do we But they 
established that healing should 

3814
03:32:07,300 --> 03:32:10,000
be pursued through knowledge 
rather than just hope. 

3815
03:32:10,700 --> 03:32:13,700
And that might be their most 
enduring Legacy beyond all The 

3816
03:32:13,700 --> 03:32:16,600
Monuments and artifacts your 
lying in bed. 

3817
03:32:16,600 --> 03:32:19,100
Now, perhaps a bit closer to 
sleep than when we started. 

3818
03:32:20,100 --> 03:32:23,400
The room is quiet. 
The days tasks are done or at 

3819
03:32:23,400 --> 03:32:26,600
least postponed until tomorrow. 
You've just spent an hour 

3820
03:32:26,600 --> 03:32:29,900
hearing about ancient Egypt, but
really, you've been hearing 

3821
03:32:29,900 --> 03:32:34,600
about yourself. about the world,
you inhabit, the systems, you 

3822
03:32:34,600 --> 03:32:38,600
use, and the concepts you take 
for granted the connection 

3823
03:32:38,600 --> 03:32:42,200
between ancient Egypt and your 
Modern Life isn't some tenuous 

3824
03:32:42,200 --> 03:32:46,800
academic exercise. 
Its direct persistent and 

3825
03:32:46,800 --> 03:32:50,200
visible everywhere. 
If you know where to look, You 

3826
03:32:50,200 --> 03:32:54,300
tell time using a system, they 
invented. you work in building's

3827
03:32:54,300 --> 03:32:57,900
inspired by their architecture, 
you benefit from governmental, 

3828
03:32:57,900 --> 03:33:02,700
bureaucracies, they pioneered, 
do you symbols, they created you

3829
03:33:02,700 --> 03:33:06,800
organize information using 
principles, they established You

3830
03:33:06,800 --> 03:33:09,100
receive Medical Care based on 
methodologies. 

3831
03:33:09,100 --> 03:33:11,900
They developed. 
Pharaohs are not distant 

3832
03:33:11,900 --> 03:33:14,700
historical Curiosities. 
There are architects of the 

3833
03:33:14,708 --> 03:33:18,000
infrastructure of civilization 
and you're still living inside 

3834
03:33:18,000 --> 03:33:21,300
what they built. 
This is the Strange Magic of 

3835
03:33:21,300 --> 03:33:23,400
human culture. 
Ideas. 

3836
03:33:23,400 --> 03:33:29,000
Persist Technologies, get 
refined Innovations, compound 

3837
03:33:29,000 --> 03:33:32,400
across Generations. 
People who first divided the 

3838
03:33:32,400 --> 03:33:35,800
year into months couldn't have 
imagined digital calendars but 

3839
03:33:35,800 --> 03:33:38,600
those calendars still use the 
fundamental structure they 

3840
03:33:38,600 --> 03:33:41,100
created. 
The workers who dragged 

3841
03:33:41,100 --> 03:33:44,300
Limestone blocks across the 
desert couldn't have imagined 

3842
03:33:44,300 --> 03:33:48,700
steal and glass skyscrapers. 
But those skyscrapers use 

3843
03:33:48,700 --> 03:33:51,800
psychological principles of 
height and symmetry that 

3844
03:33:51,800 --> 03:33:53,800
pyramid. 
Builders understood intuitively.

3845
03:33:54,800 --> 03:33:58,200
Cultural transmission is messy 
ideas, get distorted, 

3846
03:33:58,200 --> 03:34:02,000
misunderstood reinvented and 
combined with other ideas from 

3847
03:34:02,000 --> 03:34:05,100
other places. 
The Egyptians didn't directly 

3848
03:34:05,100 --> 03:34:07,900
design your office, building, or
write your medical textbooks. 

3849
03:34:08,800 --> 03:34:12,300
But they established template 
created Frameworks and 

3850
03:34:12,300 --> 03:34:15,900
demonstrated possibilities that 
subsequent civilizations built 

3851
03:34:15,900 --> 03:34:18,700
upon. 
Each generation adds layers, 

3852
03:34:18,700 --> 03:34:22,800
makes modifications and adapts 
to new contexts, but the 

3853
03:34:22,800 --> 03:34:26,400
foundation remains recognizable.
There's something profoundly 

3854
03:34:26,400 --> 03:34:31,100
human about this continuity. 
We are all of us building on 

3855
03:34:31,100 --> 03:34:34,000
what came before. 
Nobody starts from scratch. 

3856
03:34:34,000 --> 03:34:37,700
Even the most revolutionary 
Innovations are a combinations 

3857
03:34:37,700 --> 03:34:41,200
of existing ideas. 
The Pharaohs looked at the Nile,

3858
03:34:41,200 --> 03:34:44,800
flooding and created calendars. 
We looked at their calendars and

3859
03:34:44,800 --> 03:34:48,400
created time zones. 
Someone will look at our time 

3860
03:34:48,400 --> 03:34:50,200
zones and create something we 
can't yet. 

3861
03:34:50,200 --> 03:34:54,900
Imagine But the thread connects 
us all people solving human 

3862
03:34:54,900 --> 03:34:58,800
problems using human Ingenuity. 
Each solution becoming the 

3863
03:34:58,800 --> 03:35:01,300
foundation for the next 
generation's achievements. 

3864
03:35:02,000 --> 03:35:04,700
The Egyptian obsession with 
permanence turns out to have 

3865
03:35:04,700 --> 03:35:07,100
been Justified. 
Just not in the way they 

3866
03:35:07,100 --> 03:35:10,100
expected. 
They wanted their name to last 

3867
03:35:10,100 --> 03:35:15,600
forever and many did Khufu, 
Ramesses Hatshepsut and 

3868
03:35:15,600 --> 03:35:18,600
Akinator. 
But more importantly there are 

3869
03:35:18,600 --> 03:35:24,200
ideas lasted their techniques 
lasted there in a so thoroughly 

3870
03:35:24,200 --> 03:35:27,000
integrated into human 
civilization that their 

3871
03:35:27,000 --> 03:35:29,100
invisible like the air you 
breathe. 

3872
03:35:29,800 --> 03:35:32,500
You don't think about calendars 
being invented because they've 

3873
03:35:32,500 --> 03:35:35,700
always been there in your 
experience, but someone invented

3874
03:35:35,700 --> 03:35:39,100
them, refined them and passed 
them along until they reached 

3875
03:35:39,100 --> 03:35:41,500
you. 
This is the real immortality, 

3876
03:35:41,500 --> 03:35:45,300
the Pharaohs achieved. 
Not personal survival in some 

3877
03:35:45,300 --> 03:35:47,300
afterlife. 
The survival of their 

3878
03:35:47,300 --> 03:35:49,000
contributions to human 
knowledge. 

3879
03:35:49,800 --> 03:35:52,800
Every time you check what day it
is, they live. 

3880
03:35:53,500 --> 03:35:55,900
Every time you walk into a 
building with columns, they 

3881
03:35:55,900 --> 03:36:00,400
live, every time information is 
filed and retrieved, they live 

3882
03:36:00,400 --> 03:36:03,100
every time. 
A doctor examines a patient 

3883
03:36:03,100 --> 03:36:04,300
systematically. 
They live. 

3884
03:36:05,200 --> 03:36:07,700
These aren't the dramatic forms 
of immortality. 

3885
03:36:07,700 --> 03:36:12,200
Ancient texts promise. 
No souls sailing across the sky 

3886
03:36:12,200 --> 03:36:15,500
in a solar barque, but their 
real, in a way those religious 

3887
03:36:15,500 --> 03:36:19,000
promises never were. 
You are carrying a ancient Egypt

3888
03:36:19,000 --> 03:36:24,700
forward, not consciously, not 
deliberately but inevitably The 

3889
03:36:24,700 --> 03:36:29,000
systems, you use the concepts. 
You think with the solutions to 

3890
03:36:29,000 --> 03:36:32,300
problems that seem Universal, 
but are actually cultural 

3891
03:36:32,300 --> 03:36:34,700
invention? 
These are gifts from people who 

3892
03:36:34,700 --> 03:36:38,000
died Millennia ago but whose 
work remains stubbornly useful 

3893
03:36:38,800 --> 03:36:41,700
They solved problems that are 
still problems, they asked 

3894
03:36:41,700 --> 03:36:43,500
questions that are still 
questioned. 

3895
03:36:43,500 --> 03:36:46,800
They found answers that are 
still aren't answers or at least

3896
03:36:46,800 --> 03:36:49,200
still the starting points from 
which better answers can be 

3897
03:36:49,200 --> 03:36:52,500
discovered. think about what 
this means for your own work, 

3898
03:36:52,500 --> 03:36:56,600
your own life what you create 
what you build and what you 

3899
03:36:56,600 --> 03:37:00,600
contribute might Outlast you in 
ways, you can't predict Not your

3900
03:37:00,600 --> 03:37:03,400
name. 
Necessarily most of us won't be 

3901
03:37:03,408 --> 03:37:06,700
remembered personally, but your 
contributions to the collective 

3902
03:37:06,700 --> 03:37:08,600
human project of figuring things
out. 

3903
03:37:09,600 --> 03:37:12,500
The teacher Who develops a 
better way to explain difficult 

3904
03:37:12,500 --> 03:37:15,300
Concepts. 
The programmer, who writes more 

3905
03:37:15,300 --> 03:37:19,700
elegant code, the administrator 
who streamlines a process, the 

3906
03:37:19,700 --> 03:37:21,600
parent who raises thoughtful 
children. 

3907
03:37:22,500 --> 03:37:26,000
These contributions Ripple 
outward, get adopted, get 

3908
03:37:26,000 --> 03:37:29,400
refined and get passed along 
until their severed from their 

3909
03:37:29,400 --> 03:37:31,300
Origins. 
But still present in the world, 

3910
03:37:31,300 --> 03:37:35,500
the Pharaohs wanted Glory, they 
got infrastructure, they wanted 

3911
03:37:35,500 --> 03:37:38,200
worship, they got bureaucratic 
systems. 

3912
03:37:38,200 --> 03:37:41,900
They wanted their names to echo 
through eternity, they got 

3913
03:37:41,908 --> 03:37:44,500
calendar, reforms and 
Architectural principles. 

3914
03:37:44,500 --> 03:37:48,900
Maybe this is better than what 
they hoped for Glory Fades, 

3915
03:37:48,900 --> 03:37:51,700
worship ends and names of 
Forgotten. 

3916
03:37:53,200 --> 03:37:56,900
Useful ideas, persist because 
every generation rediscovers how

3917
03:37:56,900 --> 03:38:00,200
useful they are. 
There's a kind of immortality in

3918
03:38:00,200 --> 03:38:04,200
that in creating something. 
So practical, so fundamentally 

3919
03:38:04,200 --> 03:38:07,300
right, that it becomes invisible
through Ubiquiti. 

3920
03:38:08,100 --> 03:38:11,600
The Pharaohs are no longer 
worshiped but their gifts are 

3921
03:38:11,600 --> 03:38:15,300
used daily by billions of people
who've never heard their names 

3922
03:38:15,300 --> 03:38:19,600
that's influence on a scale. 
No conqueror ever achieved 

3923
03:38:19,600 --> 03:38:23,700
extending far beyond any 
Empire's borders, into the 

3924
03:38:23,708 --> 03:38:27,400
future itself. 
So as you drift towards sleep, 

3925
03:38:27,400 --> 03:38:31,200
carrying with you, thoughts of 
rivers and pyramids and ancient 

3926
03:38:31,200 --> 03:38:36,000
scribes working by Lamplight. 
Recognize that your connected to

3927
03:38:36,000 --> 03:38:39,500
those people, buy unbroken 
threads of innovation and 

3928
03:38:39,500 --> 03:38:42,600
transmission. 
They watch the Nile and learn to

3929
03:38:42,600 --> 03:38:45,300
predict it. 
You watch the calendar and plan 

3930
03:38:45,300 --> 03:38:47,900
your life around it. 
Different tools. 

3931
03:38:47,900 --> 03:38:53,700
Same fundamental human project, 
making sense of chaos, creating 

3932
03:38:53,700 --> 03:38:57,200
order and Building Systems that 
help life work better. 

3933
03:38:58,100 --> 03:39:02,400
The Pharaoh still shape your 
world but gently invisibly 

3934
03:39:02,400 --> 03:39:05,700
through the accumulated weight 
of thousands of small 

3935
03:39:05,700 --> 03:39:09,800
innovations that became normal 
that became necessary that 

3936
03:39:09,800 --> 03:39:13,300
became the foundation upon, 
which everything else was there 

3937
03:39:13,300 --> 03:39:15,900
in your walls and your watches 
in your government and your 

3938
03:39:15,900 --> 03:39:18,900
Grammar in your hospitals and 
your habits of thought. 

3939
03:39:19,700 --> 03:39:22,900
They're not the distant past, 
they're the Deep foundation of 

3940
03:39:22,908 --> 03:39:25,800
the present. 
And tomorrow when you wake up 

3941
03:39:25,800 --> 03:39:28,900
and check what day it is, you 
can thank them for making that 

3942
03:39:28,900 --> 03:39:32,600
simple action possible. 
Now, sleep well, surrounded by 

3943
03:39:32,600 --> 03:39:36,500
their invisible gifts, in a 
world, they helped create could 

3944
03:39:36,500 --> 03:39:39,800
never have imagined. 
Calendar will still be there in 

3945
03:39:39,800 --> 03:39:43,400
the morning, counting days, the 
way it has for 5,000 years 

3946
03:39:43,400 --> 03:39:46,500
patient and persistent as the 
Nile in flood. 

3947
03:39:55,000 --> 03:39:57,500
Before the first lines were 
drawn to show distance or 

3948
03:39:57,500 --> 03:40:00,900
Direction people move through 
the world Guided by what they 

3949
03:40:00,900 --> 03:40:05,400
could see. 
Remember and ask Your entering a

3950
03:40:05,400 --> 03:40:07,800
time when Journeys depend not on
certainly. 

3951
03:40:07,800 --> 03:40:11,600
But on observation patients and 
shared. 

3952
03:40:11,600 --> 03:40:15,800
You wake early before the sun, 
as fully cleared, the Horizon, 

3953
03:40:15,800 --> 03:40:19,300
the air is cool and still around
you. 

3954
03:40:19,300 --> 03:40:22,600
The landscape begins to show 
itself in stages as the lights 

3955
03:40:22,600 --> 03:40:27,200
spreads First, the nearest trees
take shape then the slope of the

3956
03:40:27,200 --> 03:40:29,700
land Beyond. 
Then the line, where Earth meets

3957
03:40:29,700 --> 03:40:32,200
Sky, you do not consult 
anything. 

3958
03:40:32,200 --> 03:40:35,600
You simply look and the 
direction you need becomes 

3959
03:40:35,600 --> 03:40:38,900
clear. 
The sun rises in the east. 

3960
03:40:39,600 --> 03:40:43,200
This is not written anywhere. 
It is observed. 

3961
03:40:43,800 --> 03:40:46,800
Every morning of your life, you 
have watched it climb from the 

3962
03:40:46,800 --> 03:40:51,500
same general direction. 
By midday, it will be high and 

3963
03:40:51,500 --> 03:40:53,900
Southwood if you live in the 
northern half of the world. 

3964
03:40:54,800 --> 03:40:57,100
By evening, it will sink 
Westward. 

3965
03:40:57,100 --> 03:41:01,400
This rhythm is so constant that 
you do not, think about it as 

3966
03:41:01,400 --> 03:41:03,100
navigation. 
It is. 

3967
03:41:03,100 --> 03:41:05,900
Simply how the day unfolds, you 
begin walking. 

3968
03:41:06,700 --> 03:41:09,300
The ground beneath your feet is 
uneven, but familiar in 

3969
03:41:09,300 --> 03:41:13,300
character. you have walked on 
earth like this before, small 

3970
03:41:13,300 --> 03:41:17,100
stones, press Through The Souls 
of your Footwear grass bends 

3971
03:41:17,100 --> 03:41:21,300
under your weight, the terrain 
Rises gently and you just your 

3972
03:41:21,300 --> 03:41:25,200
pace with without deciding to 
Your body responds to the slope.

3973
03:41:25,200 --> 03:41:29,100
You breathe a little deeper. 
You'll step shortened slightly. 

3974
03:41:30,500 --> 03:41:32,900
Ahead a river curves through the
valley. 

3975
03:41:33,700 --> 03:41:36,700
You've never been to this exact 
spot, but Rivers behave. 

3976
03:41:36,700 --> 03:41:40,700
In predictable ways, they flow 
downhill, they lead somewhere. 

3977
03:41:40,700 --> 03:41:44,100
If you follow this one, it will 
eventually meet another body of 

3978
03:41:44,108 --> 03:41:48,100
water or pass by a settlement or
lead you to a crossing point. 

3979
03:41:48,100 --> 03:41:51,500
Others of used, you do not need 
a map to understand that water 

3980
03:41:51,500 --> 03:41:55,500
connects places you pause at the
riverbank the current moves 

3981
03:41:55,500 --> 03:41:57,200
steadily from your left to your 
right. 

3982
03:41:57,200 --> 03:42:01,900
This tells you which way is 
Downstream you crouch and touch 

3983
03:42:01,900 --> 03:42:04,600
the water. 
It is cold and clear. 

3984
03:42:04,600 --> 03:42:08,400
You drink from your hands, then 
stand and continue along the 

3985
03:42:08,400 --> 03:42:11,100
bank. 
The path is not marked but the 

3986
03:42:11,100 --> 03:42:14,400
ground Near The Water is easier 
to walk on others. 

3987
03:42:14,400 --> 03:42:17,400
Have passed this way. 
You can see where the grass has 

3988
03:42:17,400 --> 03:42:20,800
been flattened and we're stoned 
have been shifted aside by 

3989
03:42:20,800 --> 03:42:22,800
mid-morning. 
The sun is higher. 

3990
03:42:23,500 --> 03:42:26,400
You glance at it then at the 
Shadows, it casts. 

3991
03:42:27,600 --> 03:42:29,900
Shadows point in the opposite 
direction of the Sun. 

3992
03:42:30,700 --> 03:42:32,100
This gives you another 
reference. 

3993
03:42:33,000 --> 03:42:35,600
If you're moving toward a 
destination you know lies 

3994
03:42:35,600 --> 03:42:38,600
Westwood you keep the morning 
sun behind you. 

3995
03:42:38,600 --> 03:42:41,700
If you need to go north you keep
it to your right. 

3996
03:42:42,500 --> 03:42:45,900
The adjustments are small and 
constant, you're always 

3997
03:42:45,908 --> 03:42:49,100
reorienting. 
Always checking the river bends,

3998
03:42:49,100 --> 03:42:54,100
you follow the bend, the 
landscape opens into a wide a 

3999
03:42:54,100 --> 03:42:58,800
plane, you can see farther. 
Now in the distance, a Hill, 

4000
03:42:58,800 --> 03:43:03,100
Rise is with a distinctive flat 
top You've heard others mention 

4001
03:43:03,100 --> 03:43:06,200
this hill, it marks the boundary
between two regions. 

4002
03:43:06,200 --> 03:43:09,600
Seeing it tells you that you are
closer than you were yesterday. 

4003
03:43:09,600 --> 03:43:13,200
The hill does not move. 
It will be there tomorrow in the

4004
03:43:13,200 --> 03:43:17,300
day after landmarks like this 
anchor, your sense of place. 

4005
03:43:18,000 --> 03:43:22,300
You walk for hours, the sun 
climbs then begins its slow 

4006
03:43:22,300 --> 03:43:24,500
descent. 
You do not count the hours. 

4007
03:43:24,500 --> 03:43:29,500
You notice the light, changing 
the Shadows, grow longer, the 

4008
03:43:29,500 --> 03:43:33,300
air, cool slightly, Your body 
tells you that the day is aging.

4009
03:43:33,300 --> 03:43:36,300
You start thinking about where 
you will stop for the night. 

4010
03:43:37,000 --> 03:43:40,200
Ahead a Grove of trees. 
Clusters near a bend in the 

4011
03:43:40,208 --> 03:43:44,100
river trees near water, often 
mean shelter, and firewood. 

4012
03:43:44,100 --> 03:43:47,800
You alter your paths slightly to
approach them, as you get 

4013
03:43:47,800 --> 03:43:51,700
closer, you see the remains of 
old fires, others have camped 

4014
03:43:51,700 --> 03:43:54,000
here. 
The ground is flat and places 

4015
03:43:54,000 --> 03:43:57,500
where people have slept. 
This is not a formal campsite, 

4016
03:43:57,500 --> 03:44:02,900
there are no signs, no markers 
but it is known you set down 

4017
03:44:02,900 --> 03:44:06,000
your path. 
And rest, the sun is still above

4018
03:44:06,000 --> 03:44:08,100
the Horizon, but you are not in 
a hurry. 

4019
03:44:09,100 --> 03:44:12,200
Traveling, without Maps means 
you do not expect to arrive at 

4020
03:44:12,200 --> 03:44:15,100
an exact time. 
You move, until it makes sense 

4021
03:44:15,100 --> 03:44:17,800
to stop. 
You stop until it makes sense to

4022
03:44:17,800 --> 03:44:20,900
move again. 
The Stars will come out later, 

4023
03:44:20,900 --> 03:44:24,500
you know, their patterns as well
as you know, the sun's path. 

4024
03:44:25,300 --> 03:44:28,800
In the northern sky, certain 
Stars, stay fixed While others 

4025
03:44:28,800 --> 03:44:32,600
wheel slowly around them. 
Sailors, use these stars to find

4026
03:44:32,600 --> 03:44:36,200
their way across Open Water. 
Heard us use them to guide their

4027
03:44:36,200 --> 03:44:40,200
flocks home across dark planes. 
You do not need to be on a ship 

4028
03:44:40,208 --> 03:44:42,300
or tending animals, to recognize
them. 

4029
03:44:42,300 --> 03:44:44,300
They are part of the world, you 
live in. 

4030
03:44:44,300 --> 03:44:46,700
You gather small sticks for a 
fire. 

4031
03:44:46,700 --> 03:44:49,800
The work is unhurried you 
arrange. 

4032
03:44:49,800 --> 03:44:52,000
The would care for you. 
Then strike a spark. 

4033
03:44:53,000 --> 03:44:57,200
Fire catches smoke, Rises 
straight up in the still evening

4034
03:44:57,200 --> 03:45:00,800
air you sit beside it and eat 
something simple from your pack.

4035
03:45:01,600 --> 03:45:04,300
Bread dried fruit and a piece of
hard cheese. 

4036
03:45:04,300 --> 03:45:06,700
The food does not need 
preparation. 

4037
03:45:06,700 --> 03:45:09,700
You choose slowly and watch the 
light fade. 

4038
03:45:10,500 --> 03:45:14,200
Night, Comes gradually. 
The river continues, its soft 

4039
03:45:14,200 --> 03:45:18,100
murmur. 
The fire crackles, you lie down 

4040
03:45:18,100 --> 03:45:22,200
on your side, your pack Beneath 
Your Head, the ground is firm, 

4041
03:45:22,200 --> 03:45:25,200
but not uncomfortable. 
You have slept on ground like 

4042
03:45:25,200 --> 03:45:29,800
this, many times above you. 
The stars appear one by one, you

4043
03:45:29,800 --> 03:45:32,800
recognize the patterns. 
They are exactly where they 

4044
03:45:32,800 --> 03:45:35,800
should be. 
You close your eyes tomorrow, 

4045
03:45:35,800 --> 03:45:38,400
you will walk again. 
The sun will rise. 

4046
03:45:38,400 --> 03:45:42,000
The river will still be there. 
The hill in the distance will 

4047
03:45:42,000 --> 03:45:44,600
guide you. 
None of this requires a map. 

4048
03:45:44,600 --> 03:45:49,800
It simply requires presents. 
Before you leave on any Journey,

4049
03:45:49,800 --> 03:45:51,900
you sit down and examine your 
Footwear. 

4050
03:45:52,700 --> 03:45:57,300
Choose boots, sandals, or simple
wrappings, whatever you wear on 

4051
03:45:57,300 --> 03:46:00,700
your feet will carry you across 
every step of the road ahead. 

4052
03:46:01,600 --> 03:46:04,600
If they fail, your journey 
becomes much harder. 

4053
03:46:05,600 --> 03:46:09,100
So you check them carefully, you
turn one shoe over in your 

4054
03:46:09,100 --> 03:46:12,000
hands? 
The soul is made of thick 

4055
03:46:12,000 --> 03:46:15,000
leather stitched and layered for
durability. 

4056
03:46:16,100 --> 03:46:18,800
Press your thumb against it 
feeling for thin spots. 

4057
03:46:19,700 --> 03:46:21,600
Near the heel. 
The leather has worn down 

4058
03:46:21,600 --> 03:46:26,200
slightly, not enough to need 
replacement yet, but enough to 

4059
03:46:26,200 --> 03:46:30,400
what you make a mental note. 
If you are travelling for many 

4060
03:46:30,400 --> 03:46:34,000
days this will worsen you may 
need to add another layer before

4061
03:46:34,000 --> 03:46:37,000
you go too far. 
Stitching along the side is 

4062
03:46:37,008 --> 03:46:40,000
still tight. 
You tug gently at the seam to 

4063
03:46:40,000 --> 03:46:44,900
test it thread holds. 
This stitching was done with you

4064
03:46:44,900 --> 03:46:47,200
or heavy cord. 
Something strong enough to 

4065
03:46:47,200 --> 03:46:49,900
endure wet and dry cold and 
Heat. 

4066
03:46:51,000 --> 03:46:54,200
If it begins to lose, you will 
need to rest it before the gap 

4067
03:46:54,200 --> 03:46:57,400
widens. 
Small tear becomes a large one 

4068
03:46:57,400 --> 03:47:01,100
quickly when you're walking. 
You set the shoes aside and pick

4069
03:47:01,100 --> 03:47:04,100
up your pack. 
It is made of canvas or woven 

4070
03:47:04,100 --> 03:47:07,700
fabric sturdy but not heavy. 
The straps are the most 

4071
03:47:07,708 --> 03:47:10,800
important part you check where 
they attach to the body of the 

4072
03:47:10,800 --> 03:47:13,300
pack. 
A fabric is reinforced here with

4073
03:47:13,300 --> 03:47:18,100
extra layers, but even 
reinforced Fabric and Frey, you 

4074
03:47:18,100 --> 03:47:20,700
run your fingers, along the 
seams feeling for rough edges or

4075
03:47:20,700 --> 03:47:23,500
loose threads, everything seems 
sound. 

4076
03:47:24,700 --> 03:47:27,600
Inside the pack, your belongings
with care. 

4077
03:47:28,400 --> 03:47:30,900
Heavier items, go at the bottom,
close to your back. 

4078
03:47:30,900 --> 03:47:34,700
This keeps the weight balanced, 
lighter things, go on top. 

4079
03:47:34,700 --> 03:47:38,800
You do not overfill it pack that
is too full becomes awkward and 

4080
03:47:38,800 --> 03:47:41,700
pulls you backwards. 
They pack that is too loose 

4081
03:47:41,700 --> 03:47:44,700
shifts. 
And sways, as you walk, you have

4082
03:47:44,700 --> 03:47:48,500
learned the right amount through
experience, you're walking staff

4083
03:47:48,500 --> 03:47:51,200
lean against the wall. 
You pick it up and roll it 

4084
03:47:51,200 --> 03:47:53,900
between your palms. 
Checking the wood for cracks, 

4085
03:47:54,900 --> 03:47:56,700
Staff is more than a tool for 
balance. 

4086
03:47:56,700 --> 03:48:00,600
It helps you test the ground 
ahead probes offered Earth and 

4087
03:48:00,600 --> 03:48:04,200
measure the depth of water. 
It takes weight off your knee's 

4088
03:48:04,200 --> 03:48:07,500
on steep, slopes it is you on 
uneven ground. 

4089
03:48:08,300 --> 03:48:12,200
This one is made of hardwood, 
smooth from years of handling, 

4090
03:48:12,200 --> 03:48:17,600
the top is Warren, where your 
hand grips, it near the base, a 

4091
03:48:17,600 --> 03:48:19,200
small split has appeared in the 
grain. 

4092
03:48:19,200 --> 03:48:21,500
You touch it with your 
fingertip. 

4093
03:48:22,300 --> 03:48:26,200
It is shallow not deep enough to
weaken the staff but it will 

4094
03:48:26,200 --> 03:48:30,300
grow if left untended. 
You fetch a strip of leather and

4095
03:48:30,300 --> 03:48:34,200
wrap it tightly around the split
binding, it closed, the leather 

4096
03:48:34,200 --> 03:48:37,300
will dry, and tighten further 
holding the wood together. 

4097
03:48:38,100 --> 03:48:41,600
This repair will last for many 
miles, you check your water 

4098
03:48:41,600 --> 03:48:46,000
container is made of stitched 
hide or tightly woven fibers 

4099
03:48:46,000 --> 03:48:48,900
sealed with pitch. 
You fill it and let it sit 

4100
03:48:48,900 --> 03:48:53,500
watching for leaks water, seeps 
slowly through one scene, not 

4101
03:48:53,500 --> 03:48:58,100
much, just a thin damp line. 
The empty the container and let 

4102
03:48:58,100 --> 03:49:00,300
it dry, then apply more pitch to
the seam. 

4103
03:49:00,300 --> 03:49:01,700
Pressing it in with your 
fingers. 

4104
03:49:01,700 --> 03:49:04,000
When it hardens the leak will 
stop. 

4105
03:49:04,000 --> 03:49:06,500
If you're traveling by boat, the
work is similar. 

4106
03:49:06,500 --> 03:49:09,900
But larger, you walk the length 
of the hull, examining the 

4107
03:49:09,900 --> 03:49:13,400
joints where planks meet You 
press your hand against the wood

4108
03:49:13,400 --> 03:49:17,200
feeling for movement. 
A loose plank means water, will 

4109
03:49:17,200 --> 03:49:21,200
enter you check the caulking 
between the boards the tar and 

4110
03:49:21,200 --> 03:49:25,300
fiber that keeps the gaps sealed
where it has dried and cracked 

4111
03:49:25,300 --> 03:49:27,400
you. 
Scrape it out and replace it. 

4112
03:49:27,400 --> 03:49:31,400
The oars need attention to you 
lift, one and cite down his 

4113
03:49:31,400 --> 03:49:34,400
length. 
A straight or is easier to pull 

4114
03:49:34,400 --> 03:49:38,100
through water a warped one 
fights, you with every stroke. 

4115
03:49:38,100 --> 03:49:42,800
This one is mostly straight but 
the blade has a rough Edge where

4116
03:49:42,800 --> 03:49:45,700
it struck a rock. 
You take a stone and smooth, the

4117
03:49:45,700 --> 03:49:47,200
splinters away. 
Then rub the wood with a bit of 

4118
03:49:47,200 --> 03:49:51,000
fat to protect it from wrote. 
Sleds require their own care. 

4119
03:49:51,000 --> 03:49:54,900
The runners must be smooth. 
You turn the sled over and run 

4120
03:49:54,900 --> 03:49:58,100
your hand along the bottom. 
Any roughness will slow you down

4121
03:49:58,100 --> 03:50:01,408
or catch on obstacles. 
You scrape away Burrs with a 

4122
03:50:01,416 --> 03:50:04,300
blade. 
Then polish the surface in cold 

4123
03:50:04,300 --> 03:50:07,100
climates, you might coat the 
runners with ice by wetting them

4124
03:50:07,100 --> 03:50:10,500
and letting them freeze. 
Ice slides more easily than. 

4125
03:50:10,500 --> 03:50:14,000
Would you do this work in the 
evening or in the early morning 

4126
03:50:14,000 --> 03:50:18,200
before you set out? 
It is not rushed each task is 

4127
03:50:18,200 --> 03:50:21,200
small but together, they ensure 
that your tools will not fail 

4128
03:50:21,200 --> 03:50:24,100
you when you need the most A 
torn strap. 

4129
03:50:24,100 --> 03:50:27,700
A cracked Starfall or a leaking 
water container. 

4130
03:50:28,400 --> 03:50:30,900
Any of these can turn a 
manageable journey into a 

4131
03:50:30,900 --> 03:50:33,500
difficulty. 
You also carry materials for 

4132
03:50:33,500 --> 03:50:38,100
repairs extra cord, a bit of 
leather, a small knife, and 

4133
03:50:38,100 --> 03:50:41,900
needle and thread. 
These take up little space, but 

4134
03:50:41,900 --> 03:50:44,100
allow you to fix problems as 
they arise. 

4135
03:50:44,100 --> 03:50:47,800
You do not wait for something to
break, completely You Mend it, 

4136
03:50:47,808 --> 03:50:51,200
when you notice the first signs 
of wear other Travelers do the 

4137
03:50:51,200 --> 03:50:53,000
same. 
When you meet someone on the 

4138
03:50:53,000 --> 03:50:55,600
road, you might pause and share 
technique's. 

4139
03:50:56,200 --> 03:50:59,100
One person shows you how they 
reinforce a pack strap. 

4140
03:51:00,000 --> 03:51:03,000
Another demonstrates, a knot 
that holds better under strain. 

4141
03:51:03,600 --> 03:51:05,400
These exchanges are brief and 
practical. 

4142
03:51:05,400 --> 03:51:08,200
No one needs to explain why this
knowledge matters. 

4143
03:51:08,200 --> 03:51:13,200
Everyone who travels understands
at night after you've stopped 

4144
03:51:13,200 --> 03:51:16,600
and made Camp, you check your 
tools again, even a single day 

4145
03:51:16,600 --> 03:51:20,400
of walking can reveal new, are 
you examine your Footwear, your 

4146
03:51:20,400 --> 03:51:23,100
pack, and your staff you make 
small adjustments? 

4147
03:51:23,100 --> 03:51:27,800
You prepare for the next day? 
This routine is part of the 

4148
03:51:27,800 --> 03:51:31,400
rhythm of travel movement and 
maintenance go together. 

4149
03:51:31,400 --> 03:51:36,000
One does not happen without the 
other You're about to travel to 

4150
03:51:36,000 --> 03:51:37,500
a place. 
You have never been. 

4151
03:51:38,600 --> 03:51:41,300
Before you leave, you sit with 
someone who has made this 

4152
03:51:41,300 --> 03:51:44,100
journey before they do not draw 
you a map. 

4153
03:51:44,100 --> 03:51:47,700
They tell you what to look for. 
They describe a river crossing. 

4154
03:51:48,700 --> 03:51:50,600
Two days. 
Walking from here they say you 

4155
03:51:50,600 --> 03:51:53,600
will reach a wide river. 
The current is strong in Spring 

4156
03:51:53,600 --> 03:51:56,900
but by summer it slows. 
There is a place where the water

4157
03:51:56,900 --> 03:51:59,400
is shallow. 
You will know it because a large

4158
03:51:59,400 --> 03:52:01,200
flat stone sits in the middle of
the river. 

4159
03:52:01,200 --> 03:52:03,800
The stone is white with dark 
streets. 

4160
03:52:03,800 --> 03:52:07,200
People of piles, smaller stones 
on top of it, over the years 

4161
03:52:07,200 --> 03:52:09,800
cross there, they tell you about
a ridge. 

4162
03:52:10,900 --> 03:52:14,100
After you cross the river they 
say follow the valley. 

4163
03:52:14,100 --> 03:52:18,500
Northward the valley will narrow
when it Narrows look for a 

4164
03:52:18,500 --> 03:52:20,100
ridge. 
On your left, the ridge has 

4165
03:52:20,100 --> 03:52:24,100
notch in it like a broken tooth 
pass through the notch on the 

4166
03:52:24,100 --> 03:52:26,600
other side. 
The land opens again, they 

4167
03:52:26,600 --> 03:52:29,600
mention a tree near the place 
where you will stop for the 

4168
03:52:29,600 --> 03:52:32,200
second night. 
There is an old tree with a 

4169
03:52:32,200 --> 03:52:35,500
split trunk. 
The split happened long ago and 

4170
03:52:35,500 --> 03:52:38,900
both halves still grow. 
People often can't beneath it 

4171
03:52:38,908 --> 03:52:41,300
because the canopy is wide and 
gives good shelter. 

4172
03:52:41,300 --> 03:52:44,200
If you reach the tree, you are 
on the right path. 

4173
03:52:44,200 --> 03:52:47,600
You listen carefully, you do not
write anything down. 

4174
03:52:47,600 --> 03:52:52,100
Righting is rare and even if you
could write carrying directions,

4175
03:52:52,100 --> 03:52:56,200
would not help you recognize the
stone the ridge or the tree when

4176
03:52:56,200 --> 03:53:00,000
you see them, you must remember.
So you picture each Landmark, as

4177
03:53:00,000 --> 03:53:04,000
it is described, you imagine the
white stone in the river, the 

4178
03:53:04,000 --> 03:53:08,200
notch in the Ridge and the tree 
with two trunks, you fix these 

4179
03:53:08,200 --> 03:53:11,500
images in your mind, the person 
continues. 

4180
03:53:11,500 --> 03:53:14,200
They tell you about a 
settlement, you will pass. 

4181
03:53:14,200 --> 03:53:18,400
It is small just a few families.
They live near a spring. 

4182
03:53:19,200 --> 03:53:22,000
The spring comes out of the 
Hillside and forms a clear pool.

4183
03:53:22,000 --> 03:53:25,600
If your thirsty, you can drink 
there, the people are used to 

4184
03:53:25,608 --> 03:53:28,300
Travelers. 
They may offer you food or place

4185
03:53:28,300 --> 03:53:30,200
to rest. 
You do not need to ask. 

4186
03:53:30,200 --> 03:53:32,800
They will gesture or bring 
something out to you. 

4187
03:53:32,800 --> 03:53:35,000
You can offer something in 
return if you have it. 

4188
03:53:35,900 --> 03:53:38,900
They warn you about a section of
the path that becomes muddy 

4189
03:53:38,900 --> 03:53:42,100
after rain. 
It is not dangerous, just slow. 

4190
03:53:42,100 --> 03:53:45,000
If the ground is wet go around 
to the higher ground on the 

4191
03:53:45,000 --> 03:53:47,300
right. 
The Detour is longer, but 

4192
03:53:47,300 --> 03:53:49,900
easier, you will still reach the
same place. 

4193
03:53:49,900 --> 03:53:53,200
All of this knowledge has been 
shared in the same way. 

4194
03:53:53,200 --> 03:53:57,200
The person telling you learned 
it from someone else, who 

4195
03:53:57,200 --> 03:54:00,300
learned it, from someone before 
them, no one invented. 

4196
03:54:00,300 --> 03:54:03,500
These directions, their 
accumulated over time as people 

4197
03:54:03,500 --> 03:54:06,700
walk the same route, and notice 
the same features, the white 

4198
03:54:06,700 --> 03:54:10,200
stone did not become a landmark 
because someone decided it 

4199
03:54:10,200 --> 03:54:13,900
should it became a landmark 
because it was obvious and 

4200
03:54:13,900 --> 03:54:17,700
useful. 
You also learn by watching. 

4201
03:54:18,600 --> 03:54:21,700
If you travel with others, You 
observe how they move through 

4202
03:54:21,700 --> 03:54:24,400
unfamiliar territory. 
They pause. 

4203
03:54:24,400 --> 03:54:26,600
And look around before choosing 
a Direction. 

4204
03:54:27,400 --> 03:54:30,400
They test the ground with a 
staff before stepping on certain

4205
03:54:30,400 --> 03:54:35,000
surfaces, they sniff the air to 
detect water or smoke from a 

4206
03:54:35,000 --> 03:54:37,700
Distant Fire. 
You do not ask them to explain 

4207
03:54:37,700 --> 03:54:40,600
these actions. 
You simply notice and begin to 

4208
03:54:40,600 --> 03:54:43,500
do the same. 
Children learn to travel this 

4209
03:54:43,500 --> 03:54:45,500
way. 
They walked behind their parents

4210
03:54:45,500 --> 03:54:48,200
or other adults. 
Watching their feet are placed 

4211
03:54:48,200 --> 03:54:50,500
noticing. 
When the group stops to 

4212
03:54:50,500 --> 03:54:53,900
reorient, By the time, they are 
old enough to travel alone. 

4213
03:54:53,900 --> 03:54:56,800
They have already absorbed. 
Countless small lessons. 

4214
03:54:56,800 --> 03:55:00,400
They know to look for game 
Trails when the human path is 

4215
03:55:00,400 --> 03:55:04,400
unclear because animals often 
find the easiest route, they 

4216
03:55:04,400 --> 03:55:06,900
know to follow Ridge lines. 
When the valleys are thick with 

4217
03:55:06,900 --> 03:55:09,700
brush, they know that smoke 
rising in. 

4218
03:55:09,700 --> 03:55:12,800
The distance means people, and 
people mean information, 

4219
03:55:13,800 --> 03:55:15,900
Sometimes the guidance is Less 
Direct. 

4220
03:55:16,600 --> 03:55:19,300
You might ask someone Which Way 
leads to a particular place. 

4221
03:55:19,300 --> 03:55:23,600
They point. 
You asked how far they shrug or 

4222
03:55:23,600 --> 03:55:27,700
they say something like three 
days maybe four The vagueness is

4223
03:55:27,700 --> 03:55:32,100
not carelessness distance, 
depends on whether on how fast 

4224
03:55:32,100 --> 03:55:35,300
you walk and on whether you stop
to rest or push through. 

4225
03:55:36,300 --> 03:55:40,300
Exact measurements would be 
false precision. you might ask 

4226
03:55:40,300 --> 03:55:43,800
if the root is difficult, they 
tilt their raid, considering 

4227
03:55:44,500 --> 03:55:47,600
some parts of steep. 
They say there is a marsh that 

4228
03:55:47,600 --> 03:55:50,200
can be slow to cross but people 
go this way. 

4229
03:55:50,200 --> 03:55:54,400
All the time you will manage 
this reassurance is not empty. 

4230
03:55:55,200 --> 03:55:57,600
If the root were truly 
dangerous, they would say. 

4231
03:55:57,600 --> 03:55:59,800
So if they tell you it is 
possible. 

4232
03:55:59,800 --> 03:56:02,600
It is trade routes are known 
this way. 

4233
03:56:02,600 --> 03:56:06,200
Merchants and herders travel the
same paths year after year 

4234
03:56:06,200 --> 03:56:09,900
learning the locations of water 
sources, safe, Crossings and 

4235
03:56:09,900 --> 03:56:12,800
places to camp. 
They share this knowledge with 

4236
03:56:12,800 --> 03:56:16,100
others in their trade, a 
merchant traveling to a distant 

4237
03:56:16,100 --> 03:56:18,700
Market, might tell another 
Merchant, which Villages along 

4238
03:56:18,700 --> 03:56:22,100
the way are welcoming, which 
ones are indifferent and where 

4239
03:56:22,100 --> 03:56:26,400
to expect tolls or gifts. 
No magic groups, carry knowledge

4240
03:56:26,400 --> 03:56:28,600
of vast territories in their 
Collective memory. 

4241
03:56:29,300 --> 03:56:32,800
They know where to find grazing 
land in each season, which water

4242
03:56:32,800 --> 03:56:36,500
sources are reliable, and which 
areas flood during the rains, 

4243
03:56:37,100 --> 03:56:39,100
this knowledge is essential to 
survival. 

4244
03:56:39,100 --> 03:56:43,400
So it is taught carefully and 
remembered precisely a young 

4245
03:56:43,400 --> 03:56:45,200
heard alerts. 
The migration routes by 

4246
03:56:45,200 --> 03:56:49,800
traveling them year after year 
until the pattern is as familiar

4247
03:56:49,800 --> 03:56:53,500
as the layout of their own camp.
Even in places where you might 

4248
03:56:53,500 --> 03:56:58,100
expect isolation knowledge 
circulates a farmer who rarely 

4249
03:56:58,100 --> 03:57:01,100
leaves their fields, still knows
the path to the nearest Village 

4250
03:57:01,100 --> 03:57:03,100
because they walk it several 
times a year. 

4251
03:57:04,000 --> 03:57:07,200
The Villager knows the path to 
the regional center because they

4252
03:57:07,200 --> 03:57:09,100
go there for festivals or to 
trade. 

4253
03:57:10,100 --> 03:57:12,900
A person at the regional center 
knows the route that lead 

4254
03:57:12,900 --> 03:57:16,400
farther out. 
Information flows from person to

4255
03:57:16,400 --> 03:57:18,900
person. 
Connecting distant places 

4256
03:57:18,900 --> 03:57:21,000
through overlapping Circles of 
knowledge. 

4257
03:57:21,900 --> 03:57:24,700
You do not need to know every 
part of a long journey yourself.

4258
03:57:24,700 --> 03:57:28,900
You only need to know the next 
section. when you reach the end 

4259
03:57:28,900 --> 03:57:32,800
of that section, you ask, again,
people Point described and 

4260
03:57:32,800 --> 03:57:37,100
reassure, you can continue This 
method works because human 

4261
03:57:37,100 --> 03:57:40,900
presence is widespread wherever 
you go, you will eventually 

4262
03:57:40,900 --> 03:57:43,800
encounter someone and that 
someone will know the area 

4263
03:57:43,800 --> 03:57:46,000
around them. 
Sometimes you meet another 

4264
03:57:46,000 --> 03:57:48,900
traveler on the road. 
You stop an exchange news. 

4265
03:57:48,900 --> 03:57:51,800
Where are you coming from? 
Where are you headed? 

4266
03:57:51,800 --> 03:57:54,100
They tell you about conditions 
ahead. 

4267
03:57:54,100 --> 03:57:58,400
The river is low right now. 
The passes clear there is a 

4268
03:57:58,400 --> 03:58:00,400
festival in a village two days 
East. 

4269
03:58:00,400 --> 03:58:04,100
If you want to join you share 
what you know about the road 

4270
03:58:04,100 --> 03:58:08,500
behind you, this exchange costs 
nothing and benefits both of 

4271
03:58:08,500 --> 03:58:11,600
you. 
Guidance is not always verbal. 

4272
03:58:12,300 --> 03:58:16,800
Cairns Mark trails in Rocky, 
areas small stacks of stones. 

4273
03:58:16,800 --> 03:58:20,200
Each one placed deliberately by 
someone who passed before. 

4274
03:58:21,100 --> 03:58:23,000
You add a stone to the care as 
you pass. 

4275
03:58:23,000 --> 03:58:25,400
Maintaining the marker for those
who come after. 

4276
03:58:26,300 --> 03:58:30,500
In forests people, Blaze trees 
by cutting a mark in the park. 

4277
03:58:31,400 --> 03:58:34,300
The Mark is subtle. 
Just a notch or a scrape. 

4278
03:58:34,900 --> 03:58:36,900
But if you're looking for it, 
you will see it. 

4279
03:58:37,800 --> 03:58:40,500
These markers are made by 
Travelers for travelers. 

4280
03:58:40,500 --> 03:58:44,500
No Authority places them, they 
appear because they are useful. 

4281
03:58:44,500 --> 03:58:47,500
If a can fools, someone rebuilds
it. 

4282
03:58:47,500 --> 03:58:51,300
If a blaze, Fades someone 
refreshes, it the system. 

4283
03:58:51,300 --> 03:58:55,400
Sustains itself through, use 
you, do not travel alone in 

4284
03:58:55,400 --> 03:58:57,400
knowledge. 
Even when you travel alone in 

4285
03:58:57,400 --> 03:59:02,200
body, every step you take follow
steps taken before every 

4286
03:59:02,200 --> 03:59:05,300
direction you choose is 
informed, by information passed 

4287
03:59:05,300 --> 03:59:08,000
to you by others. 
The web of shared knowledge 

4288
03:59:08,000 --> 03:59:11,700
stretches across the land 
invisible, but strong guiding 

4289
03:59:11,700 --> 03:59:14,000
you forward. 
You have been walking since 

4290
03:59:14,000 --> 03:59:16,400
early morning. 
The sun is now High. 

4291
03:59:16,400 --> 03:59:19,600
The air has warmed. 
Your legs are steady, but 

4292
03:59:19,600 --> 03:59:22,600
beginning to feel the 
accumulation of ours, you reach 

4293
03:59:22,600 --> 03:59:26,000
a place where the path wide and 
a large tree offers shade. 

4294
03:59:26,000 --> 03:59:29,600
You stop you stop in his not a 
failure. 

4295
03:59:29,600 --> 03:59:33,900
It is part of the process. 
You set down your path and sit 

4296
03:59:33,900 --> 03:59:37,300
on the ground with your back 
against the tree, the relief is 

4297
03:59:37,300 --> 03:59:41,800
immediate your shoulders, relax,
your feet flat and against the 

4298
03:59:41,800 --> 03:59:44,400
Earth. 
You Close Your Eyes for a moment

4299
03:59:44,400 --> 03:59:48,400
and simply rest. 
Shade as cooler than the open 

4300
03:59:48,400 --> 03:59:51,300
path. 
A breeze moves through the 

4301
03:59:51,300 --> 03:59:54,100
branches above you. 
You listen to the leaves 

4302
03:59:54,100 --> 03:59:57,000
rustling somewhere. 
Nearby water trickles over 

4303
03:59:57,000 --> 03:59:59,500
Stones. 
You do not need to see it to 

4304
03:59:59,500 --> 04:00:02,400
know, it is. 
There the sound is enough, you 

4305
04:00:02,400 --> 04:00:06,900
may walk over to drink later but
for now you sit, You have not 

4306
04:00:06,900 --> 04:00:10,900
traveled a specific distance. 
You do not know exactly how far 

4307
04:00:10,900 --> 04:00:14,600
you've come or how far remains 
you stopped because your body 

4308
04:00:14,600 --> 04:00:16,900
suggested it. 
This is how you measure 

4309
04:00:16,900 --> 04:00:20,700
progress, not in miles but in 
the rhythm of effort and rest. 

4310
04:00:21,700 --> 04:00:24,200
Other Travelers pass by some not
to you. 

4311
04:00:24,200 --> 04:00:27,900
Some stop and sit nearby, you do
not need to speak. 

4312
04:00:28,800 --> 04:00:30,900
Tree is large enough to shade 
several people. 

4313
04:00:30,900 --> 04:00:34,600
Everyone understands that rest 
is shared when it's available. 

4314
04:00:34,600 --> 04:00:38,700
You might exchange a few words 
the weather is Myles mild. 

4315
04:00:38,700 --> 04:00:43,700
The path ahead is clear. 
Then silence returns, everyone 

4316
04:00:43,700 --> 04:00:48,200
rests in their own way. 
After a while you stand, your 

4317
04:00:48,200 --> 04:00:50,500
legs feel lighter. 
You pick up your pack. 

4318
04:00:50,500 --> 04:00:56,400
Adjust the straps and continue. 
The break was not long but the 

4319
04:00:56,400 --> 04:00:59,000
time it takes for the sun to 
move a hands with the cross. 

4320
04:00:59,000 --> 04:01:01,900
The sky. 
But it was enough by 

4321
04:01:01,900 --> 04:01:06,300
mid-afternoon you stop again. 
This time there is no tree, Just

4322
04:01:06,300 --> 04:01:09,900
A Flat Rock beside the path. 
You sit on the Rock and eat a 

4323
04:01:09,900 --> 04:01:12,700
piece of bread. 
You choose slowly looking out 

4324
04:01:12,700 --> 04:01:15,500
over the landscape. 
The view is wide here. 

4325
04:01:16,300 --> 04:01:19,100
You can see the valley 
stretching away the hills beyond

4326
04:01:19,100 --> 04:01:21,900
the bread is plain but 
satisfying. 

4327
04:01:22,600 --> 04:01:25,800
You drink from your water 
container, the water is warm, 

4328
04:01:25,800 --> 04:01:29,700
but clean, you do not hurry, 
hurry, where's your out? 

4329
04:01:29,700 --> 04:01:33,400
You have learned that steady 
movement broken, by regular, 

4330
04:01:33,400 --> 04:01:36,900
pauses carries you farther than 
pushing through without rest, 

4331
04:01:37,800 --> 04:01:39,700
You finish the bread and sit a 
little longer. 

4332
04:01:39,700 --> 04:01:43,700
Your breathing is calm. 
Your heart rate is slow your 

4333
04:01:43,700 --> 04:01:47,800
ready to continue. 
The rhythm of rest varies, 

4334
04:01:47,800 --> 04:01:50,600
depending on the terrain, on 
flat ground. 

4335
04:01:50,600 --> 04:01:53,700
You might walk for hours before 
stopping on steep. 

4336
04:01:53,700 --> 04:01:57,400
Slopes you rest more often 
climbing takes more effort. 

4337
04:01:57,400 --> 04:02:01,900
Your breath comes fast faster, 
your muscles, work harder, you 

4338
04:02:01,900 --> 04:02:04,800
pause to let your body recover 
then climb again. 

4339
04:02:05,700 --> 04:02:08,800
Descending also requires rest 
though for different reasons, 

4340
04:02:08,800 --> 04:02:12,700
going downhill is easier on your
lungs, but harder on your knees 

4341
04:02:12,700 --> 04:02:16,500
and ankles the constant braking 
and balancing tires, your legs 

4342
04:02:16,500 --> 04:02:19,100
in a different way. 
He stopped to shake out the 

4343
04:02:19,100 --> 04:02:21,300
tension to let your joints 
settle. 

4344
04:02:22,000 --> 04:02:24,600
If you're traveling with a group
rest happens, collectively, 

4345
04:02:24,600 --> 04:02:28,900
someone suggests to stop and the
group agrees, you sit together, 

4346
04:02:28,900 --> 04:02:33,000
sharing food or water 
conversation is light people. 

4347
04:02:33,000 --> 04:02:35,400
Comment on the weather, the 
landscape and small 

4348
04:02:35,400 --> 04:02:38,200
observations. 
No one is in a rush to move on 

4349
04:02:38,200 --> 04:02:41,500
the group sets its own pace 
sometimes. 

4350
04:02:41,500 --> 04:02:44,400
Rest is extended you reach a 
place. 

4351
04:02:44,400 --> 04:02:48,800
That is particularly Pleasant a 
meadow with soft grass, a stream

4352
04:02:48,800 --> 04:02:51,100
with clear water, a Grove of 
trees. 

4353
04:02:52,300 --> 04:02:54,100
The group decides to stay for a 
while. 

4354
04:02:54,900 --> 04:02:57,100
You might stop for an hour or 
for the rest of the afternoon. 

4355
04:02:57,100 --> 04:03:01,100
There is no schedule to keep The
journey will take as long as it 

4356
04:03:01,108 --> 04:03:04,300
takes in hot weather, you rest 
during the hottest. 

4357
04:03:04,300 --> 04:03:08,300
Part of the day, walking in 
midday heaters exhausting and 

4358
04:03:08,300 --> 04:03:11,100
unnecessary. 
You find shade and wait for the 

4359
04:03:11,100 --> 04:03:14,200
temperature to drop? 
You might dose, or simply sit 

4360
04:03:14,200 --> 04:03:18,000
quietly When the sun lowers and 
the air cools you resume. 

4361
04:03:18,000 --> 04:03:21,500
Walking, in cold weather. 
Rest means staying warm. 

4362
04:03:21,500 --> 04:03:24,300
You do not sit directly on 
Frozen Ground. 

4363
04:03:24,300 --> 04:03:27,300
You find a sheltered spot out of
the wind. 

4364
04:03:27,300 --> 04:03:31,100
You might light a small fire or 
wrap yourself in an extra layer.

4365
04:03:31,100 --> 04:03:35,900
Rest in the cold is briefer, 
Your body cools quickly when you

4366
04:03:35,900 --> 04:03:38,400
stop moving. 
So you balance the need for 

4367
04:03:38,400 --> 04:03:40,800
Recovery with the need to keep 
generating Heat. 

4368
04:03:41,700 --> 04:03:45,600
Rain changes the Rhythm, too. 
If the rain is light, you keep 

4369
04:03:45,600 --> 04:03:48,800
walking. 
If it becomes heavy you stop and

4370
04:03:48,800 --> 04:03:51,600
wait it out. 
You find cover under a rock 

4371
04:03:51,600 --> 04:03:55,900
overhang or beneath dense trees.
You sit and watch the rain. 

4372
04:03:55,900 --> 04:03:58,900
It will pass. 
There is no point in struggling 

4373
04:03:58,900 --> 04:04:02,900
through it if you do not have to
Waiting is a kind of rest. 

4374
04:04:02,900 --> 04:04:07,100
You wait for rain to ease you 
wait for fog to lift. 

4375
04:04:07,700 --> 04:04:11,400
You wait for a river to drop off
after a storm, waiting is not 

4376
04:04:11,400 --> 04:04:14,900
wasted time. 
It is part of traveling wisely. 

4377
04:04:14,900 --> 04:04:18,200
You accept the conditions, you 
cannot change and adjust your 

4378
04:04:18,200 --> 04:04:21,200
movement accordingly. 
At the end of the day, rest 

4379
04:04:21,200 --> 04:04:24,300
becomes sleep. 
But before sleep, there is the 

4380
04:04:24,300 --> 04:04:27,700
work of making Camp. 
You gather, firewood, prepare 

4381
04:04:27,700 --> 04:04:31,900
food, and arrange your bedding. 
These tasks are restful in their

4382
04:04:31,900 --> 04:04:35,800
own way, their different from 
walking, they use your body 

4383
04:04:35,800 --> 04:04:38,900
differently. 
The change itself is a kind of 

4384
04:04:38,900 --> 04:04:42,000
rest, you do not feel guilty 
about resting. 

4385
04:04:42,000 --> 04:04:46,600
No one judges you for stopping 
everyone who travels knows that 

4386
04:04:46,600 --> 04:04:50,500
rests sustains movement, you 
rest so that you can continue, 

4387
04:04:50,500 --> 04:04:53,200
you can continue so that you can
rest again. 

4388
04:04:54,000 --> 04:04:57,200
The rhythm is natural built into
the structure of the journey. 

4389
04:04:57,200 --> 04:05:00,200
You carry food that does not 
spoil quickly. 

4390
04:05:00,200 --> 04:05:07,400
Dried meat hard, bread cheese, 
nuts and dried fruit These 

4391
04:05:07,400 --> 04:05:11,300
things last for days without 
Refrigeration their Compact and 

4392
04:05:11,300 --> 04:05:14,300
lightweight, they provide energy
without requiring much 

4393
04:05:14,300 --> 04:05:17,000
preparation. 
You reach into your pack and 

4394
04:05:17,000 --> 04:05:20,200
pull out what you need. 
You sit on the ground and unwrap

4395
04:05:20,200 --> 04:05:23,500
a piece of dried meat. 
The texture is tough and chewy. 

4396
04:05:23,500 --> 04:05:26,800
You tear off a bite and work its
slowly between your teeth. 

4397
04:05:26,800 --> 04:05:31,700
It takes time to soften the 
flavor is concentrated, salty 

4398
04:05:31,700 --> 04:05:35,700
and Rich. 
You do not need much a few bites

4399
04:05:35,700 --> 04:05:38,000
of filling, you break off a 
piece of bread. 

4400
04:05:38,000 --> 04:05:42,300
The crust is hard the inside 
dense, you dip it in water to 

4401
04:05:42,300 --> 04:05:44,600
soften it, then eat it piece by 
piece. 

4402
04:05:44,600 --> 04:05:49,200
The bread is plain made from 
ground grain and water and baked

4403
04:05:49,200 --> 04:05:54,100
until firm it was made days ago.
Maybe longer it has not gone 

4404
04:05:54,100 --> 04:05:58,100
stale bread like this is meant 
to last you, add a bit of 

4405
04:05:58,100 --> 04:06:01,500
cheese. 
The cheese is also hard aged 

4406
04:06:01,500 --> 04:06:04,200
until it is firm enough to 
travel without falling apart. 

4407
04:06:04,200 --> 04:06:08,100
He cut a thin slice with your 
knife it with the bread. 

4408
04:06:08,900 --> 04:06:13,800
The combination is satisfying. 
Simple but enough if you are 

4409
04:06:13,800 --> 04:06:16,600
near Water you might cook 
something you gather a few 

4410
04:06:16,608 --> 04:06:20,300
sticks and make a small fire. 
You fill a clay pot or metal 

4411
04:06:20,300 --> 04:06:23,000
container with water from the 
stream and set it over the fire.

4412
04:06:23,800 --> 04:06:28,700
While the water heats, you add, 
grain barley wheat, oats, 

4413
04:06:28,700 --> 04:06:32,600
whatever your carrying. 
The grain softens as it Cooks, 

4414
04:06:32,600 --> 04:06:37,300
absorbing the water. you stir, 
occasionally with a stick, the 

4415
04:06:37,300 --> 04:06:41,200
mixture thickens into a porridge
You might add a pinch of salt if

4416
04:06:41,200 --> 04:06:45,200
you have it or a handful of 
dried berries, when it is done, 

4417
04:06:45,200 --> 04:06:48,000
you remove the pot from the fire
and let it cool slightly. 

4418
04:06:49,000 --> 04:06:51,900
You eat directly from the pot, 
scooping the porridge with a 

4419
04:06:51,908 --> 04:06:54,200
piece of flatbread or a carved 
wooden spoon. 

4420
04:06:54,200 --> 04:06:58,000
The meal is warm and filling it.
Settles in your stomach and 

4421
04:06:58,000 --> 04:07:03,500
steadies you you eat slowly 
without urgency Fire crackles. 

4422
04:07:03,500 --> 04:07:07,900
The sky above is wide and clear,
you're in no rush. 

4423
04:07:07,900 --> 04:07:11,200
If you're traveling with others,
you share the work. 

4424
04:07:12,100 --> 04:07:16,700
One person gathers firewood 
another fetches water, someone 

4425
04:07:16,700 --> 04:07:20,300
else prepares the food, the 
tasks are divided, naturally 

4426
04:07:20,300 --> 04:07:23,700
without formal assignment. 
Everyone contributes what they 

4427
04:07:23,700 --> 04:07:25,900
can. 
You might pull resources. 

4428
04:07:25,900 --> 04:07:29,800
One person has dried fish. 
Another has vegetables. 

4429
04:07:29,800 --> 04:07:32,700
Someone else's oil or fat for 
cooking. 

4430
04:07:32,700 --> 04:07:35,500
You combine these ingredients 
into a stew. 

4431
04:07:35,500 --> 04:07:39,000
The pot simmers over the fire. 
The smell is simple, but good. 

4432
04:07:39,800 --> 04:07:42,700
When it is ready, you serve it 
into bowls or onto flatbread 

4433
04:07:42,700 --> 04:07:46,400
everyone eats together. 
Sharing food is common among 

4434
04:07:46,400 --> 04:07:49,000
Travelers. 
If you have extra, you offer it,

4435
04:07:49,800 --> 04:07:53,100
If someone else has extra they 
offer it to you know one counts 

4436
04:07:53,100 --> 04:07:56,700
no one measures the assumption 
is that generosity will balance 

4437
04:07:56,700 --> 04:07:59,200
out over time. 
Today you share your bread 

4438
04:07:59,200 --> 04:08:01,500
tomorrow. 
Someone shares their dried fruit

4439
04:08:01,500 --> 04:08:03,900
with you. 
There are foods that require no 

4440
04:08:03,900 --> 04:08:06,800
cooking at all. 
You crack open nuts with a stone

4441
04:08:06,800 --> 04:08:09,800
and eat the kernels you peel 
fruit if you find it along the 

4442
04:08:09,808 --> 04:08:14,600
way apples berries and wild 
plums you eat, what is in 

4443
04:08:14,600 --> 04:08:15,800
season? 
What is available? 

4444
04:08:15,800 --> 04:08:20,200
You do not plan meals around 
specific ingredients, you adapt 

4445
04:08:20,200 --> 04:08:23,800
to what you have in some places.
You encounter others who offer 

4446
04:08:23,800 --> 04:08:27,200
food you pass through a village 
and someone brings out a bowl of

4447
04:08:27,208 --> 04:08:30,600
soup or a basket of bread. 
You accept it with gratitude, 

4448
04:08:30,600 --> 04:08:34,200
you might give something in 
return a small token or a bit of

4449
04:08:34,208 --> 04:08:37,100
your own Supply. 
Is the exchanges, informal. 

4450
04:08:37,100 --> 04:08:39,400
No one calculates value 
precisely. 

4451
04:08:39,400 --> 04:08:44,400
Sometimes you hunt or forage. 
You set a simple snare and check

4452
04:08:44,400 --> 04:08:46,600
it in the morning. 
If you catch something, you 

4453
04:08:46,600 --> 04:08:50,800
prepare it if not you move on 
you gather edible plants, if you

4454
04:08:50,808 --> 04:08:55,400
recognize them greens, Roots 
mushrooms, you know which ones 

4455
04:08:55,400 --> 04:08:57,100
are safe because you have been 
taught. 

4456
04:08:57,100 --> 04:09:01,100
You do not experiment with 
unknown plants cooking. 

4457
04:09:01,100 --> 04:09:06,500
On the move is minimalistic, you
do not have many tools, a pot, a

4458
04:09:06,500 --> 04:09:10,000
knife, perhaps a flat stone for 
grinding, or a bowl for mixing. 

4459
04:09:10,000 --> 04:09:13,500
You work with what you can 
carry, the methods are 

4460
04:09:13,500 --> 04:09:17,700
straightforward boiling roasting
over coals drying in the Sun. 

4461
04:09:18,500 --> 04:09:22,000
You preserve food as you travel.
If you catch more fish than you 

4462
04:09:22,000 --> 04:09:25,400
can eat, you split them open and
lay them in the sun to dry. 

4463
04:09:25,400 --> 04:09:29,400
If you come across fruit, you 
might dry some of it to carry 

4464
04:09:29,400 --> 04:09:31,800
with you. 
Preservation extends your 

4465
04:09:31,808 --> 04:09:35,900
supplies and reduces waste. 
You also manage water carefully 

4466
04:09:35,900 --> 04:09:38,200
you drink. 
When you pass a clean Source, 

4467
04:09:38,200 --> 04:09:41,900
you fill your container whenever
you can water is heavier than 

4468
04:09:41,900 --> 04:09:43,600
food. 
So you do not carry more than 

4469
04:09:43,600 --> 04:09:47,600
you need, but you make sure you 
always have some thirst is 

4470
04:09:47,600 --> 04:09:50,300
harder to ignore than hunger in 
cold weather. 

4471
04:09:50,300 --> 04:09:54,300
You melt snow for water, you 
scoop clean, snow into your pot 

4472
04:09:54,300 --> 04:09:58,800
and hold it over the fire, the 
snow melts slowly you wait 

4473
04:09:58,800 --> 04:10:02,900
patiently when it becomes water.
You drink it or use it for 

4474
04:10:02,900 --> 04:10:05,900
cooking. 
You do not eat snow, directly it

4475
04:10:05,900 --> 04:10:09,400
cools your body too much. 
In hot weather, you rationale 

4476
04:10:09,400 --> 04:10:12,100
your water. 
You take small sips throughout 

4477
04:10:12,100 --> 04:10:14,900
the day rather than drinking 
large amounts at once. 

4478
04:10:14,900 --> 04:10:19,200
You rest in the shade, to reduce
sweating you travel in the early

4479
04:10:19,200 --> 04:10:21,700
morning or late off to noon. 
When the temperature is low 

4480
04:10:21,700 --> 04:10:24,800
meals on the move and not 
elaborate, but they are 

4481
04:10:24,800 --> 04:10:27,300
nourishing. 
They fuel your body for the work

4482
04:10:27,300 --> 04:10:30,400
of walking. 
They provide moments of rest and

4483
04:10:30,400 --> 04:10:33,800
satisfaction. 
You do not expect variety or 

4484
04:10:33,800 --> 04:10:37,600
complexity, you expect enough 
and you receive it. 

4485
04:10:37,600 --> 04:10:41,700
The light is beginning to fade. 
The sun sits low on the horizon.

4486
04:10:41,700 --> 04:10:44,500
Casting Long Shadows across the 
land. 

4487
04:10:45,300 --> 04:10:48,500
You have been walking most of 
the day now, your thoughts turn 

4488
04:10:48,500 --> 04:10:51,800
towards stopping you, look for a
place to spend the night. 

4489
04:10:52,600 --> 04:10:56,900
Not just any spot, but one that 
offers a few basic things. 

4490
04:10:57,700 --> 04:11:03,200
Shelter from wind proximity to 
water level ground, a source of 

4491
04:11:03,208 --> 04:11:05,800
firewood. 
You do not need all of these, 

4492
04:11:05,800 --> 04:11:08,100
but having most of them makes 
the evening more comfortable. 

4493
04:11:08,100 --> 04:11:11,400
You see a cluster of trees near 
a small stream? 

4494
04:11:12,200 --> 04:11:14,400
The trees are not dense but they
break the wind. 

4495
04:11:14,400 --> 04:11:18,100
The ground beneath them is 
relatively flat covered in a 

4496
04:11:18,100 --> 04:11:21,400
layer of dry leaves. 
The stream is close enough that 

4497
04:11:21,400 --> 04:11:24,700
you can hear it. 
This will do you set down your 

4498
04:11:24,700 --> 04:11:28,500
pack and begin to settle in? 
The first task is to clear a 

4499
04:11:28,500 --> 04:11:32,100
spot for sleeping. 
You push aside any large stones 

4500
04:11:32,100 --> 04:11:34,700
or sticks, you smooth the ground
with your foot. 

4501
04:11:34,700 --> 04:11:39,100
You spread out a piece of cloth 
or hide to lie on The 

4502
04:11:39,100 --> 04:11:42,400
preparation is simple. 
It does not take long next. 

4503
04:11:42,400 --> 04:11:45,900
You gather wood for a fire, you 
walk slowly around the area. 

4504
04:11:45,900 --> 04:11:49,800
Picking up Fallen branches. 
You choose pieces that are dry, 

4505
04:11:49,800 --> 04:11:53,300
not green or damn dry. 
Wood burns more easily and 

4506
04:11:53,300 --> 04:11:56,400
producers, less smoke. 
You break the larger branches 

4507
04:11:56,400 --> 04:12:00,300
into short, a lynx by snapping 
them over your knee or against a

4508
04:12:00,300 --> 04:12:02,200
rock. 
He arranged the word. 

4509
04:12:02,200 --> 04:12:05,300
In a small pile. 
Near sleeping spot, you build 

4510
04:12:05,300 --> 04:12:08,900
the fire carefully. 
Small twigs and dry leaves at 

4511
04:12:08,900 --> 04:12:11,800
the center larger sticks 
arranged around them. 

4512
04:12:11,800 --> 04:12:16,600
You strike a spark with flint 
and steel or use a fire drill. 

4513
04:12:16,600 --> 04:12:21,100
If that is what you carry, the 
spark catches, you blow gently 

4514
04:12:21,100 --> 04:12:25,600
to encourage the flame. 
The fire grows, the fire is not 

4515
04:12:25,600 --> 04:12:28,100
large, you do not need a 
bonfire. 

4516
04:12:28,800 --> 04:12:32,600
A small steady fire provides 
warmth and light without wasting

4517
04:12:32,600 --> 04:12:34,300
wood. 
You feed it. 

4518
04:12:34,300 --> 04:12:37,300
Occasionally adding a stick. 
When the Flames Begin to die 

4519
04:12:37,300 --> 04:12:40,100
down. 
The fire becomes a companion. 

4520
04:12:40,100 --> 04:12:44,200
It crackles Softly. 
The light flickers across the 

4521
04:12:44,200 --> 04:12:48,000
trees, you sit beside the fire 
and prepare a simple meal. 

4522
04:12:48,000 --> 04:12:52,000
Perhaps you boil water and add 
grain or warm a piece of 

4523
04:12:52,000 --> 04:12:55,900
flatbread near the flames, you 
eat slowly savoring, the warmth 

4524
04:12:55,900 --> 04:12:58,600
of the food. 
The days walking is behind you. 

4525
04:12:58,600 --> 04:13:01,900
The evening is calm, has the sky
darkens. 

4526
04:13:01,900 --> 04:13:05,200
The temperature drops you add 
another layer of clothing or 

4527
04:13:05,200 --> 04:13:08,600
wrap yourself in a blanket. 
The fire keeps the immediate 

4528
04:13:08,600 --> 04:13:10,600
area. 
Warm, but the are Beyond its 

4529
04:13:10,600 --> 04:13:11,300
reaches. 
Cool. 

4530
04:13:11,300 --> 04:13:15,700
He do not mind. 
The contrast is Pleasant. you 

4531
04:13:15,700 --> 04:13:19,700
might spend this time on small 
tasks, Checking your belongings,

4532
04:13:19,700 --> 04:13:21,600
mending. 
A tear in your pack. 

4533
04:13:21,600 --> 04:13:25,100
Sharpening your knife. 
These activities are quiet and 

4534
04:13:25,100 --> 04:13:27,700
unhurried they give your hands 
something to do. 

4535
04:13:27,700 --> 04:13:31,400
While your mind rests, or you 
might simply sit and watch the 

4536
04:13:31,400 --> 04:13:33,400
fire. 
There is no pressure to be 

4537
04:13:33,408 --> 04:13:37,100
productive. if you're traveling 
with others, the evening is a 

4538
04:13:37,100 --> 04:13:41,000
time for conversation, not 
intense discussion, but gentle 

4539
04:13:41,000 --> 04:13:45,400
talk someone mentioned something
they saw during the day, another

4540
04:13:45,400 --> 04:13:48,800
person, responds, the 
conversation me Anders touching 

4541
04:13:48,800 --> 04:13:52,800
on this and that no one 
dominates know everyone speaks 

4542
04:13:52,800 --> 04:13:55,400
when they feel inclined and full
silent when they do not 

4543
04:13:56,200 --> 04:13:58,900
Children. 
If there are any settled down 

4544
04:13:58,900 --> 04:14:02,000
near the fire, they are tired 
from the day's walking. 

4545
04:14:02,000 --> 04:14:05,300
They curl up close to the adults
wrapped in blankets. 

4546
04:14:05,300 --> 04:14:09,600
They may ask a question or two 
but mostly they are content to 

4547
04:14:09,600 --> 04:14:12,800
listen to the adults. 
Talk sleep finds them quickly. 

4548
04:14:13,700 --> 04:14:17,000
You check the fire one more 
time, making sure it is 

4549
04:14:17,000 --> 04:14:20,900
contained and will not spray. 
You place a few larger logs on 

4550
04:14:20,900 --> 04:14:23,500
it so that it will burn slowly 
through the night. 

4551
04:14:24,500 --> 04:14:27,200
The warmth will last for hours, 
fading gradually. 

4552
04:14:27,200 --> 04:14:30,800
As the wood turns to coals. 
You arrange your bedding more 

4553
04:14:30,800 --> 04:14:33,400
carefully. 
Now, you fold your pack into a 

4554
04:14:33,400 --> 04:14:36,600
pillow, you lie down on your 
side, pulling the blanket up 

4555
04:14:36,600 --> 04:14:39,700
around your shoulders, the 
ground is firm, but not 

4556
04:14:39,700 --> 04:14:42,400
uncomfortable. 
You've slept on ground like this

4557
04:14:42,400 --> 04:14:45,400
many times, your body knows how 
to settle. 

4558
04:14:46,300 --> 04:14:49,400
Fire casts, a soft glow, Beyond 
it. 

4559
04:14:49,400 --> 04:14:53,200
The darkness is complete. 
You can hear the stream, the 

4560
04:14:53,200 --> 04:14:56,000
occasional rustle of leaves and 
the distant call of a night 

4561
04:14:56,000 --> 04:14:58,300
bird. 
These sounds are familiar. 

4562
04:14:58,300 --> 04:15:02,100
They do not alarm you, they are 
simply the sounds of the world 

4563
04:15:02,100 --> 04:15:05,600
continuing around. 
You you close your eyes, your 

4564
04:15:05,600 --> 04:15:09,100
body is tired in a good way. 
The tiredness that comes from 

4565
04:15:09,100 --> 04:15:11,800
movement and fresh air Your 
muscles. 

4566
04:15:11,800 --> 04:15:15,900
Relax your breathing slows. 
The days journey is finished. 

4567
04:15:15,900 --> 04:15:19,700
Tomorrow will bring more walking
but tomorrow is not here yet. 

4568
04:15:20,600 --> 04:15:25,200
For now, there is only this 
moment rest warmth. 

4569
04:15:25,900 --> 04:15:27,900
The quiet security of having 
stopped. 

4570
04:15:28,700 --> 04:15:31,000
You lie on your side. 
Wrap in a wall blanket. 

4571
04:15:32,100 --> 04:15:35,900
Fire has burned down to Khols, 
glowing faintly in the Darkness.

4572
04:15:36,800 --> 04:15:39,700
The air is cool against your 
face but beneath the blanket, 

4573
04:15:39,700 --> 04:15:44,100
you will warm your body sinks 
into the ground, finding comfort

4574
04:15:44,100 --> 04:15:46,200
in the Stillness. 
After a long day of movement, 

4575
04:15:47,200 --> 04:15:50,700
Sleep comes easily most nights, 
your body's ready for it. 

4576
04:15:50,700 --> 04:15:53,300
You have walked for hours, 
you've eaten. 

4577
04:15:53,300 --> 04:15:56,600
The work of the day is done. 
There is nothing more to 

4578
04:15:56,600 --> 04:16:00,000
accomplish until morning. 
You let your thoughts drift 

4579
04:16:00,000 --> 04:16:03,500
without holding on to them 
images from the day pass through

4580
04:16:03,500 --> 04:16:06,700
your mind, the river, you 
crossed the hill in the 

4581
04:16:06,700 --> 04:16:10,400
distance. 
The shape of clouds, they fade 

4582
04:16:10,400 --> 04:16:13,800
is sleep, deepens. 
Some time you wake during the 

4583
04:16:13,800 --> 04:16:19,000
night, this is normal. 
The fire is dimmed further or 

4584
04:16:19,000 --> 04:16:22,200
the cold as crept in or you need
to adjust your position. 

4585
04:16:22,200 --> 04:16:25,300
You open your eyes and lie, 
still, for a moment. 

4586
04:16:25,300 --> 04:16:29,500
Orienting yourself. 
The stars of visible overhead, 

4587
04:16:29,500 --> 04:16:32,700
the moon. 
If it is Out, cast a pale light 

4588
04:16:32,700 --> 04:16:35,900
across the landscape, You 
recognize where you are. 

4589
04:16:35,900 --> 04:16:40,000
There is no confusion. 
You might add wood to the fire. 

4590
04:16:40,000 --> 04:16:43,300
You reach out from under the 
blanket and place a stick on the

4591
04:16:43,300 --> 04:16:46,400
coals. 
The stick catches after a moment

4592
04:16:46,400 --> 04:16:50,300
and a small flame Rises, you 
watch it for a few seconds. 

4593
04:16:50,300 --> 04:16:52,400
Then pull your arm back into the
warmth. 

4594
04:16:53,200 --> 04:16:56,800
Fire will burn a little longer 
now, or you might simply shift 

4595
04:16:56,800 --> 04:17:00,400
your position lying on one side 
for hours, can make your 

4596
04:17:00,400 --> 04:17:03,400
shoulder or hip ache, you roll 
onto your other side. 

4597
04:17:03,400 --> 04:17:07,200
You pull the blanket, tighter, 
you settle again, sleep returns 

4598
04:17:07,200 --> 04:17:09,700
quickly. 
If you need to relieve yourself,

4599
04:17:09,700 --> 04:17:12,500
you get up and walk a short 
distance from your sleeping spot

4600
04:17:13,300 --> 04:17:15,700
The night is dark, but your eyes
have adjusted. 

4601
04:17:15,700 --> 04:17:19,200
You can see enough to move 
safely, you do what you need to 

4602
04:17:19,200 --> 04:17:23,300
do and return to your blanket. 
The brief exposure to the cold, 

4603
04:17:23,300 --> 04:17:25,800
makes the warmth of the blanket 
even more welcome. 

4604
04:17:25,800 --> 04:17:29,100
When you lie back down, You're 
Not Afraid of the Dark. 

4605
04:17:29,100 --> 04:17:31,900
The night is simply another part
of the day. 

4606
04:17:31,900 --> 04:17:36,700
It is quieter cooler and darker 
but not threatening You have 

4607
04:17:36,708 --> 04:17:40,600
slept Outdoors, many times, you 
know that the night will pass 

4608
04:17:40,600 --> 04:17:43,000
and mourning will come. 
If you are traveling with 

4609
04:17:43,000 --> 04:17:45,100
others, you are aware of them 
nearby. 

4610
04:17:45,900 --> 04:17:48,800
You can hear their breathing in 
the occasional rustle as someone

4611
04:17:48,800 --> 04:17:52,700
shifts in their sleep. 
This presence is reassuring. 

4612
04:17:53,400 --> 04:17:56,000
You're not alone. 
If something were wronged, 

4613
04:17:56,000 --> 04:17:58,600
someone would notice, but 
nothing is wrong. 

4614
04:17:58,600 --> 04:18:02,400
Everyone sleeps peacefully. 
Animals may move through the 

4615
04:18:02,400 --> 04:18:05,700
area during the night. 
You might hear footsteps snap of

4616
04:18:05,700 --> 04:18:09,300
a twig or a distant call. 
These sounds do not alarm. 

4617
04:18:09,300 --> 04:18:12,600
You animals are part of the 
landscape, they're going about 

4618
04:18:12,600 --> 04:18:16,500
their own business, just as you 
are going about yours, they are 

4619
04:18:16,500 --> 04:18:21,700
not interested in you and you're
not interested in their The 

4620
04:18:21,700 --> 04:18:26,000
Sounds Fade Into the background.
Rain sometimes begins during the

4621
04:18:26,000 --> 04:18:30,300
night, you wake to the soft 
pattern of drops on leaves on 

4622
04:18:30,300 --> 04:18:34,500
the ground around you. 
If the rain is light, you stay. 

4623
04:18:34,500 --> 04:18:38,000
Where you are, you pull the 
blanket over your head and Let 

4624
04:18:38,000 --> 04:18:42,700
the Rain Fall, your blanket is 
made of wool or oiled hide 

4625
04:18:42,700 --> 04:18:45,700
materials that repel water to 
some degree. 

4626
04:18:46,500 --> 04:18:48,600
You will get damp but not 
soaked. 

4627
04:18:49,300 --> 04:18:52,800
If the rain is heavier, you 
might need to move you gather 

4628
04:18:52,800 --> 04:18:55,200
your belongings quickly and 
shift to a spot with better 

4629
04:18:55,200 --> 04:18:58,100
cover. 
Perhaps beneath a rocky overhang

4630
04:18:58,100 --> 04:18:59,900
or under a denser cluster of 
trees. 

4631
04:19:00,700 --> 04:19:02,900
You resettle and wait for the 
rain to ease. 

4632
04:19:03,800 --> 04:19:06,700
It is an inconvenient, but not a
crisis. 

4633
04:19:06,700 --> 04:19:11,900
Rain is part of traveling, you 
adapt in very cold weather, you 

4634
04:19:11,900 --> 04:19:14,900
sleep close to the fire. 
You might even tend it through 

4635
04:19:14,900 --> 04:19:17,700
the night, waking periodically 
to add wood. 

4636
04:19:18,800 --> 04:19:22,100
Fire keeps you warm enough to 
rest with without freezing, you 

4637
04:19:22,100 --> 04:19:25,000
do not expect to sleep deeply on
the coldest nights. 

4638
04:19:25,000 --> 04:19:28,100
You doze lightly. 
When maintaining the fire, 

4639
04:19:28,100 --> 04:19:31,300
keeping yourself safe. 
In warm weather, sleep is 

4640
04:19:31,300 --> 04:19:33,700
easier. 
You do not need a large fire, 

4641
04:19:33,700 --> 04:19:36,500
just enough to provide light and
keep insects away. 

4642
04:19:36,500 --> 04:19:40,700
You lie on top of your blanket 
rather than under it the night 

4643
04:19:40,700 --> 04:19:43,900
air is comfortable. 
You sleep soundly waking only 

4644
04:19:43,900 --> 04:19:46,300
once or twice Dreams Come and 
Go. 

4645
04:19:47,500 --> 04:19:50,300
Sometimes you dream of the road 
ahead of places. 

4646
04:19:50,300 --> 04:19:52,600
You have been or places you are 
going. 

4647
04:19:53,600 --> 04:19:56,800
Sometimes the dreams are 
unrelated fragments of memory or

4648
04:19:56,800 --> 04:20:01,300
imagination, you do not dwell on
them when you wake they fade 

4649
04:20:01,300 --> 04:20:04,300
quickly. 
As the night progresses, the 

4650
04:20:04,300 --> 04:20:08,300
darkness begins to lift. 
The sky at the Horizon turns 

4651
04:20:08,300 --> 04:20:12,600
from black to deep blue, the 
Stars fade, the world takes 

4652
04:20:12,600 --> 04:20:16,000
shape again, slowly. 
Revealing itself, you do not 

4653
04:20:16,000 --> 04:20:18,700
wake suddenly. 
You drift up from sleep. 

4654
04:20:18,700 --> 04:20:22,100
Gradually becoming aware of the 
light, the sounds of early 

4655
04:20:22,100 --> 04:20:23,800
morning, and the coolness of the
air. 

4656
04:20:24,600 --> 04:20:27,100
You open your eyes, the fire is 
out. 

4657
04:20:27,100 --> 04:20:32,100
Just a pile of Grey Ash now you 
sit up and stretch your body is 

4658
04:20:32,100 --> 04:20:35,100
stiff from lying still but the 
stiffness Fades As you move. 

4659
04:20:35,100 --> 04:20:39,500
You stand and fold your blanket.
You gather your belongings and 

4660
04:20:39,500 --> 04:20:42,300
prepare to continue. 
The night has passed without 

4661
04:20:42,300 --> 04:20:44,200
incident. 
You are rested. 

4662
04:20:44,200 --> 04:20:48,200
You are ready. 
The roadways and you return to 

4663
04:20:48,200 --> 04:20:50,600
it. 
You have been traveling for days

4664
04:20:50,600 --> 04:20:53,900
now, maybe longer. 
The landscape has changed 

4665
04:20:53,900 --> 04:20:59,400
gradually Hills of planes. 
Forests of thin into open. 

4666
04:20:59,400 --> 04:21:03,900
Grassland Rivers have now 
narrowed or wide and Got the act

4667
04:21:03,900 --> 04:21:08,600
of traveling Remains the Same. 
You wake you walk you rest and 

4668
04:21:08,600 --> 04:21:11,100
you sleep. 
And repeats. 

4669
04:21:11,100 --> 04:21:15,400
This is how Journeys have always
been made long before Maps were 

4670
04:21:15,400 --> 04:21:17,900
drawn. 
Before roads were paved before 

4671
04:21:17,900 --> 04:21:21,500
distances were measured in miles
or kilometers people. 

4672
04:21:21,500 --> 04:21:24,900
Moved across the land this way. 
They followed the sun and the 

4673
04:21:24,900 --> 04:21:27,800
Stars They learned from those 
who had gone before. 

4674
04:21:28,800 --> 04:21:31,400
Carried what they needed and 
adapted to what they found. 

4675
04:21:32,400 --> 04:21:35,100
Your part of a continuity that 
stretches back through. 

4676
04:21:35,100 --> 04:21:39,000
Countless Generations, the route
you are walking has been walked 

4677
04:21:39,000 --> 04:21:41,300
by others. 
The river you crossed was 

4678
04:21:41,300 --> 04:21:45,700
crossed by Travelers before you 
Tree you rested under her shaded

4679
04:21:45,700 --> 04:21:49,600
many people over many years. 
Your one among many moving 

4680
04:21:49,600 --> 04:21:52,000
through the world, as humans of 
always moved. 

4681
04:21:52,700 --> 04:21:54,400
Trade happens because of 
Journeys. 

4682
04:21:54,400 --> 04:21:57,100
Like yours. 
Goods are carried from one place

4683
04:21:57,100 --> 04:22:01,000
to another. 
Salt from the coast grain from 

4684
04:22:01,000 --> 04:22:05,500
the planes metal, from the 
mountains, cloth from the Looms 

4685
04:22:05,500 --> 04:22:09,200
of distant Villages. 
Each item travels in the hands 

4686
04:22:09,200 --> 04:22:13,100
or on the back of someone 
walking riding or rowing The 

4687
04:22:13,100 --> 04:22:17,700
objects move slowly, but they 
move steadily over time, they 

4688
04:22:17,700 --> 04:22:19,900
cover great distances 
information. 

4689
04:22:19,900 --> 04:22:24,100
Travels the same way a story 
told in one Village is carried 

4690
04:22:24,100 --> 04:22:27,200
to another. 
Technique for weaving or forging

4691
04:22:27,200 --> 04:22:31,700
is shared along the road. 
News of births deaths, marriages

4692
04:22:31,700 --> 04:22:35,200
and harvests all of this moves 
from place to place through 

4693
04:22:35,200 --> 04:22:38,000
Travelers who stopped to talk 
and share what they know. 

4694
04:22:38,900 --> 04:22:42,600
People migrated across vast 
distances over Generations. 

4695
04:22:43,500 --> 04:22:47,200
Family might leave one region 
and settle in another many days 

4696
04:22:47,200 --> 04:22:50,600
of walking away, their children,
grow up in the new place. 

4697
04:22:50,600 --> 04:22:53,900
But remember the old, they might
travel back to visit or they 

4698
04:22:53,900 --> 04:22:57,000
might never return. 
But the knowledge of both places

4699
04:22:57,000 --> 04:23:00,900
remains in the family, linking 
distant areas through memory and

4700
04:23:00,900 --> 04:23:04,200
relationship. 
Seasonal movements follow the 

4701
04:23:04,200 --> 04:23:09,000
same Pathways year after year. 
Heard as Drive their flocks to 

4702
04:23:09,000 --> 04:23:12,500
high passengers in summer and 
back to the lowlands in winter. 

4703
04:23:13,600 --> 04:23:17,200
Fishers Move Along coastlines 
following the migration of fish.

4704
04:23:18,000 --> 04:23:20,700
Hunters track game across 
familiar territories. 

4705
04:23:20,700 --> 04:23:25,600
These movements are not rammed 
their purposeful and informed by

4706
04:23:25,600 --> 04:23:29,100
generations of observation. 
Pilgrimages bring people to 

4707
04:23:29,100 --> 04:23:33,000
Sacred sites, they walk for 
weeks or months to reach a 

4708
04:23:33,000 --> 04:23:37,400
mountain, a spring, or a temple.
The journey itself is Meaningful

4709
04:23:37,400 --> 04:23:41,700
the slow accumulation of steps. 
The Passage through different 

4710
04:23:41,700 --> 04:23:44,600
lands and the encounters with 
other travelers. 

4711
04:23:44,600 --> 04:23:47,200
All of this is part of the 
pilgrimage. 

4712
04:23:47,200 --> 04:23:51,000
The destination is important, so
is the path. 

4713
04:23:51,700 --> 04:23:54,500
You meet people along the way 
who are making similar Journeys.

4714
04:23:54,500 --> 04:23:59,200
A merchant heading to a market, 
a family traveling to visit 

4715
04:23:59,200 --> 04:24:04,600
relatives, a messenger carrying 
news, A Healer seeking herbs, 

4716
04:24:04,600 --> 04:24:08,400
each person has their own 
purpose, but the methods of the 

4717
04:24:08,408 --> 04:24:13,800
same everyone walks, everyone 
rests everyone navigates by 

4718
04:24:13,800 --> 04:24:18,500
landmarks and shared knowledge. 
The skills you use are passed 

4719
04:24:18,500 --> 04:24:20,600
down. 
You learn to read the sky from 

4720
04:24:20,600 --> 04:24:23,200
your parents or from other 
adults in your community. 

4721
04:24:23,200 --> 04:24:27,500
You learn to choose a campsite 
to Tender fire and to repair 

4722
04:24:27,500 --> 04:24:30,500
your tools, these skills are not
written in books. 

4723
04:24:30,500 --> 04:24:32,900
They are demonstrated and 
practiced. 

4724
04:24:32,900 --> 04:24:36,500
They are ordinary knowledge 
available to anyone who travels 

4725
04:24:37,400 --> 04:24:41,400
the landscape itself is a kind 
of map, it holds information for

4726
04:24:41,400 --> 04:24:44,800
those who know how to read it. 
The shape of the hills tells 

4727
04:24:44,800 --> 04:24:48,500
you, where water will collect. 
The type of vegetation indicates

4728
04:24:48,500 --> 04:24:52,500
the quality of the soil. 
The flight of birds suggests the

4729
04:24:52,500 --> 04:24:54,300
direction of the nearest water 
source. 

4730
04:24:54,300 --> 04:24:58,200
You do not need a drawn map when
the land itself provides 

4731
04:24:58,200 --> 04:25:00,800
guidance. 
Time is measured differently. 

4732
04:25:00,800 --> 04:25:04,200
When you travel without Maps, 
you do not count hours or 

4733
04:25:04,200 --> 04:25:07,200
calculator. 
Rival times you measure progress

4734
04:25:07,200 --> 04:25:09,200
in. 
Landmarks I reach the white 

4735
04:25:09,200 --> 04:25:11,500
stone today. 
Tomorrow, I will pass through 

4736
04:25:11,500 --> 04:25:14,900
the notch in the ridge. 
The day after that, the tree 

4737
04:25:14,900 --> 04:25:18,800
with the split trunk, each 
Landmark is a small achievement,

4738
04:25:18,800 --> 04:25:22,600
a confirmation that you're on 
the right path, the journey 

4739
04:25:22,600 --> 04:25:25,800
changes, you subtly, you become 
more attuned to your 

4740
04:25:25,808 --> 04:25:28,500
surroundings. 
You notice details, you would 

4741
04:25:28,500 --> 04:25:32,600
have overlooked before the angle
of the Sun, the smell of rain 

4742
04:25:32,600 --> 04:25:35,400
approaching the texture of the 
ground underfoot. 

4743
04:25:36,300 --> 04:25:39,600
Travel sharpens your awareness 
because awareness is what keeps 

4744
04:25:39,600 --> 04:25:41,000
you moving in the right 
direction? 

4745
04:25:41,000 --> 04:25:45,600
You also develop patience. 
You cannot Rush a journey made 

4746
04:25:45,600 --> 04:25:48,000
on foot. 
You cannot will yourself to 

4747
04:25:48,000 --> 04:25:51,100
arrive faster. 
You simply keep walking day 

4748
04:25:51,100 --> 04:25:53,600
after day until you reach your 
destination. 

4749
04:25:54,500 --> 04:25:58,300
The rhythm of travel teaches you
to accept the pace, you learn to

4750
04:25:58,300 --> 04:26:01,400
find satisfaction in steady 
progress, rather than speed. 

4751
04:26:02,700 --> 04:26:06,200
When you finally arrived, the 
arrival is not dramatic. 

4752
04:26:07,000 --> 04:26:09,300
You do not burst through a gate 
or announce yourself. 

4753
04:26:10,300 --> 04:26:14,200
You simply walk into the place. 
You are heading toward You're 

4754
04:26:14,200 --> 04:26:16,400
tired, perhaps but not 
exhausted. 

4755
04:26:16,400 --> 04:26:20,100
You're ready to rest? 
But you're also ready to begin 

4756
04:26:20,100 --> 04:26:22,700
the next part of your journey, 
whatever that may be. 

4757
04:26:22,700 --> 04:26:28,000
And then at some point you will 
travel again, maybe soon maybe 

4758
04:26:28,000 --> 04:26:31,400
later. 
The reasons will vary trade, 

4759
04:26:31,400 --> 04:26:36,100
family, curiosity necessity. 
That the methods will be the 

4760
04:26:36,100 --> 04:26:39,800
same, you will gather your 
tools, check your Footwear, ask 

4761
04:26:39,800 --> 04:26:43,400
for directions and set out. 
You will follow the sun and the 

4762
04:26:43,400 --> 04:26:46,900
Stars you will rest. 
When your tired, you'll share 

4763
04:26:46,900 --> 04:26:49,400
food with others, you will sleep
under the sky. 

4764
04:26:50,500 --> 04:26:53,000
This is how people of all, 
always move through the world, 

4765
04:26:53,000 --> 04:26:58,700
slowly steadily Guided by 
observation and memory without 

4766
04:26:58,700 --> 04:27:00,900
Maps. 
But not without Direction 

4767
04:27:00,900 --> 04:27:04,500
without certainly but not 
without confidence. 

4768
04:27:04,500 --> 04:27:08,000
The land is vast but it is 
knowable. 

4769
04:27:08,000 --> 04:27:13,000
The journey is long but it is 
manageable you walk and in 

4770
04:27:13,000 --> 04:27:17,400
Walking you find your way. 
You settle into your blanket. 

4771
04:27:17,400 --> 04:27:21,900
Now, Wherever You Are Tonight. 
The fire has burned low, the 

4772
04:27:21,900 --> 04:27:26,000
stars are bright above tomorrow.
You will walk again, as you did 

4773
04:27:26,000 --> 04:27:29,000
today, as you will continue to 
do for as long as the journey 

4774
04:27:29,000 --> 04:27:31,700
requires. 
The road is patient. 

4775
04:27:32,500 --> 04:27:40,100
So, are you? 
You're stepping into the daily 

4776
04:27:40,100 --> 04:27:44,000
rhythm of a 1950s housewife 
where each morning Begins the 

4777
04:27:44,000 --> 04:27:47,300
same and each evening closest 
with familiar rituals. 

4778
04:27:48,100 --> 04:27:52,000
This is a world shaped by 
routine where the care of a home

4779
04:27:52,000 --> 04:27:55,600
and family follows patterns that
repeat with quiet constancy. 

4780
04:27:55,600 --> 04:27:59,200
Let yourself settle into the 
steady flow of these ordinary 

4781
04:27:59,200 --> 04:28:02,700
days where expectation and 
repetition create a life of 

4782
04:28:02,700 --> 04:28:06,100
their own you wake before, the 
rest of the household stirs. 

4783
04:28:07,300 --> 04:28:10,300
The alarm clock on the 
nightstand, ring softly and you 

4784
04:28:10,300 --> 04:28:13,000
reach over to silence it before 
it disturbs anyone else. 

4785
04:28:13,900 --> 04:28:17,300
The room is still dim the first 
light of dawn, just beginning to

4786
04:28:17,300 --> 04:28:20,200
show through the curtains. 
He slip out from under the 

4787
04:28:20,208 --> 04:28:22,200
covers and set your feet on the 
cool floor. 

4788
04:28:22,900 --> 04:28:26,100
The house is quiet at this hour.
You move through the bedroom 

4789
04:28:26,100 --> 04:28:27,700
without turning on the overhead 
light. 

4790
04:28:27,700 --> 04:28:30,200
Finding your robe and slippers 
by touch. 

4791
04:28:31,400 --> 04:28:35,000
The fabric of the robe is cotton
warned soft from years of 

4792
04:28:35,000 --> 04:28:39,500
washing and it wraps around you 
with familiar comfort. the whole

4793
04:28:39,500 --> 04:28:43,000
way is silent as you passed the 
children's rooms, their doors 

4794
04:28:43,000 --> 04:28:47,800
closed, their breathing steady 
behind the You descend the 

4795
04:28:47,800 --> 04:28:51,600
stairs with care, your hand 
trailing along, the banister, 

4796
04:28:51,600 --> 04:28:55,000
each step memorized through 
countless repetitions. 

4797
04:28:55,800 --> 04:28:58,900
In the kitchen, you turn on the 
small, lamp above the counter. 

4798
04:28:59,600 --> 04:29:03,700
the light is warm and contained 
enough to see by without feeling

4799
04:29:03,700 --> 04:29:08,000
harsh, you fill the percolator 
with water from the tap measure 

4800
04:29:08,000 --> 04:29:11,100
coffee grounds into the basket 
and set it on the stove. 

4801
04:29:12,200 --> 04:29:15,500
The flame catches blue beneath 
the pot and you adjust it to a 

4802
04:29:15,500 --> 04:29:18,300
low simmer. 
The center of coffee will fill 

4803
04:29:18,300 --> 04:29:20,500
the room. 
In a few minutes that first 

4804
04:29:20,500 --> 04:29:22,800
signal that the day has truly 
begun. 

4805
04:29:23,800 --> 04:29:26,100
While the coffee. 
Brews, you open the refrigerator

4806
04:29:26,100 --> 04:29:31,200
and take stock of what you have 
eggs, milk and butter wrapped in

4807
04:29:31,208 --> 04:29:35,300
waxed paper. 
Of bacon sits on the lower shelf

4808
04:29:35,300 --> 04:29:38,600
and you can consider whether to 
use it this morning or save it 

4809
04:29:38,600 --> 04:29:41,400
for the weekend. 
You decide on toast and 

4810
04:29:41,400 --> 04:29:45,100
scrambled eggs for breakfast, 
simple and filling you set. 

4811
04:29:45,100 --> 04:29:47,500
The butter dish on the table and
take down plates from the 

4812
04:29:47,508 --> 04:29:49,900
cabinet. 
Arranging the mat each place 

4813
04:29:49,900 --> 04:29:54,200
setting with the care of long 
habit, The Percolator begins to 

4814
04:29:54,200 --> 04:29:57,500
bubble that distinctive sound, 
that marks every morning. 

4815
04:29:58,400 --> 04:30:02,200
You pull yourself a cup and 
cradle it in both hands standing

4816
04:30:02,200 --> 04:30:06,500
by the window. 
Outside the street is still a 

4817
04:30:06,500 --> 04:30:09,400
few lights appear in neighboring
Windows as other households, 

4818
04:30:09,400 --> 04:30:14,000
begin their own mornings. the 
sky is turning pale blue, the 

4819
04:30:14,000 --> 04:30:18,100
color soft and even you can see 
your breath on the window pane 

4820
04:30:18,100 --> 04:30:20,700
where the warmth of the kitchen 
meets the cool glass. 

4821
04:30:21,500 --> 04:30:25,600
You hear movement up stairs, 
footsteps, cross the floor above

4822
04:30:25,600 --> 04:30:27,800
you and, you know, your husband 
is awake. 

4823
04:30:27,800 --> 04:30:32,400
You set your cup down and return
to the stove cracking eggs, into

4824
04:30:32,400 --> 04:30:34,200
a bowl and whisking them with a 
fork. 

4825
04:30:35,000 --> 04:30:37,900
The butter melts in the pan, 
spreading in a thin gold and 

4826
04:30:37,900 --> 04:30:40,500
layer. 
You pour the eggs in and stir 

4827
04:30:40,500 --> 04:30:44,100
them slowly as they cook, 
keeping them soft and fluffy the

4828
04:30:44,100 --> 04:30:47,600
way your family prefers. 
Your husband comes down dressed 

4829
04:30:47,600 --> 04:30:50,100
for work. 
His shoes already on his tie 

4830
04:30:50,100 --> 04:30:52,500
knotted. 
He sits at the table and you 

4831
04:30:52,500 --> 04:30:55,600
bring him coffee returning to 
the stove to finish the eggs. 

4832
04:30:56,300 --> 04:30:59,700
He reads the paper while he 
waits the pages turning with a 

4833
04:30:59,700 --> 04:31:03,500
soft rustle, you plate, the eggs
and toast set them in front of 

4834
04:31:03,500 --> 04:31:07,500
him and refill his cup. 
He nods, his thank's already 

4835
04:31:07,500 --> 04:31:11,000
absorbed in the news of the day.
The children weight next. 

4836
04:31:11,000 --> 04:31:13,800
You hear the moving above 
voices? 

4837
04:31:13,800 --> 04:31:17,500
Muffled, through the ceiling. 
You pour glasses of milk and set

4838
04:31:17,508 --> 04:31:20,400
them at their places. 
They come down one by one. 

4839
04:31:20,400 --> 04:31:23,400
Still drowsy taking the seats 
without much conversation. 

4840
04:31:24,500 --> 04:31:26,400
The youngest Rob's sleep from 
her eyes. 

4841
04:31:26,408 --> 04:31:30,700
Her hair Tangled, from the 
pillow. the older, once it 

4842
04:31:30,700 --> 04:31:33,700
straighter more alert already 
thinking about the school day 

4843
04:31:33,700 --> 04:31:37,300
ahead, You bring them their 
breakfast and remind them to eat

4844
04:31:37,300 --> 04:31:39,700
quickly. 
They have school and the bus 

4845
04:31:39,700 --> 04:31:42,800
comes at the same time, every 
day, they ate with the focused 

4846
04:31:42,800 --> 04:31:46,100
attention children, bring to 
food Forks, scraping against 

4847
04:31:46,100 --> 04:31:49,100
Plate's, milk, leaving, white, 
mustaches that. 

4848
04:31:49,100 --> 04:31:51,000
You gently remind them to wipe 
away. 

4849
04:31:52,200 --> 04:31:55,100
You move between the table and 
the counter clearing dishes as 

4850
04:31:55,100 --> 04:31:57,700
they finish rinsing plates in 
the sink. 

4851
04:31:58,600 --> 04:32:01,700
Your husband folds the paper and
Stan's checking his watch. 

4852
04:32:02,400 --> 04:32:05,000
He takes his hat from The Hook 
by the door and tells you he 

4853
04:32:05,000 --> 04:32:08,300
will be home at his usual time. 
You walk him to the door and 

4854
04:32:08,300 --> 04:32:09,600
watch as he heads down the 
front. 

4855
04:32:09,600 --> 04:32:13,100
Walk toward the car, parked at 
the curb, The morning are is 

4856
04:32:13,100 --> 04:32:15,300
Chris and you pull your rope 
titers. 

4857
04:32:15,300 --> 04:32:18,100
You stand in the doorway. 
The children finished their 

4858
04:32:18,100 --> 04:32:21,200
breakfast and gather their 
school books you check that they

4859
04:32:21,200 --> 04:32:24,000
have their lunches pack the 
night before and waiting in the 

4860
04:32:24,000 --> 04:32:28,100
refrigerator you hand them the 
brown paper bags, each one 

4861
04:32:28,100 --> 04:32:30,500
labeled with a child's name in 
your handwriting. 

4862
04:32:30,500 --> 04:32:33,800
You remind them to bring home 
any notes from their teachers 

4863
04:32:33,800 --> 04:32:38,900
and any permission slips that 
need signing They file out the 

4864
04:32:38,908 --> 04:32:41,900
door and you stand on the porch 
until they reach the corner 

4865
04:32:41,900 --> 04:32:45,100
where the bus stops. 
The yellow bus arrives right on 

4866
04:32:45,100 --> 04:32:47,600
schedule. 
Its brakes squeaking as it comes

4867
04:32:47,600 --> 04:32:50,700
to a halt. 
The children climb aboard and 

4868
04:32:50,700 --> 04:32:53,300
you wave though. 
You cannot tell if they see you 

4869
04:32:53,300 --> 04:32:57,000
through the windows. 
The bus pulls away and the 

4870
04:32:57,000 --> 04:33:00,300
street is quiet again. 
When the house is empty, you 

4871
04:33:00,300 --> 04:33:03,300
return to the kitchen. 
The table is scattered with 

4872
04:33:03,300 --> 04:33:07,200
crumbs and half empty glasses. 
You clear everything away? 

4873
04:33:07,200 --> 04:33:10,900
Stacking dishes in the sink, 
your hot water and add a few 

4874
04:33:10,900 --> 04:33:12,900
drops of dish. 
Soap, washing each plate and cut

4875
04:33:12,900 --> 04:33:15,599
by hand. 
The water is warm against your 

4876
04:33:15,599 --> 04:33:18,700
skin, and the soap makes soft 
bubbles that cling to your 

4877
04:33:18,700 --> 04:33:21,000
fingers. 
You scrub, each dish, 

4878
04:33:21,000 --> 04:33:25,099
thoroughly, rinse it under clear
water and place it in the drying

4879
04:33:25,099 --> 04:33:27,599
rack. 
You dry the dishes with a clean 

4880
04:33:27,599 --> 04:33:29,300
towel and put them back in the 
cabinet. 

4881
04:33:30,000 --> 04:33:34,000
Each plate has its place each 
carpets designated Shelf. 

4882
04:33:35,000 --> 04:33:38,300
The kitchen is tidy. 
Now the counters wipe down and 

4883
04:33:38,300 --> 04:33:41,099
the floor of crumbs swept into 
the dustpan. 

4884
04:33:41,099 --> 04:33:44,800
You glanced at the clock. 
The morning has only just begun.

4885
04:33:44,800 --> 04:33:48,000
And there is much left to do 
before the day can be considered

4886
04:33:48,000 --> 04:33:51,099
properly underway. 
You prepare yourself for the day

4887
04:33:51,099 --> 04:33:55,300
ahead changing out of your robe 
and into a house dress, the 

4888
04:33:55,300 --> 04:33:58,599
dress is practical buttons down 
the front and is patterned with 

4889
04:33:58,599 --> 04:34:00,700
small flowers against a light 
background. 

4890
04:34:00,700 --> 04:34:03,500
You tie an apron around your 
waist. 

4891
04:34:03,500 --> 04:34:06,599
The pockets already holding a 
handkerchief and a shopping list

4892
04:34:06,599 --> 04:34:10,000
you started yesterday. 
You run a comb through your hair

4893
04:34:10,000 --> 04:34:13,099
and pin it back. 
Checking your reflection briefly

4894
04:34:13,099 --> 04:34:14,599
in the whole mirror. 
Before moving on. 

4895
04:34:15,400 --> 04:34:17,900
You begin with the beds. 
You climb the stairs again. 

4896
04:34:17,900 --> 04:34:22,200
Entering each bedroom in turn. 
The children's rooms are small 

4897
04:34:22,200 --> 04:34:26,000
and shared their blankets 
rumpled pajamas left on the 

4898
04:34:26,000 --> 04:34:28,700
floor. 
You hang the pajamas on hooks by

4899
04:34:28,700 --> 04:34:31,200
the door and smooth each 
bedspread flat. 

4900
04:34:31,200 --> 04:34:33,900
Tucking the edges under the 
mattress with hospital. 

4901
04:34:33,900 --> 04:34:35,700
Corners your mother taught you 
years ago. 

4902
04:34:36,599 --> 04:34:40,099
You straighten pillows and pick 
up straight toys, placing them 

4903
04:34:40,099 --> 04:34:43,099
back in their proper spots on 
shelves or in boxes. 

4904
04:34:43,099 --> 04:34:47,800
A stuffed bear goes back on the 
bed and a toy truck is returned.

4905
04:34:47,800 --> 04:34:50,599
To the wooden toy. 
Chest in your own room. 

4906
04:34:50,599 --> 04:34:52,200
You pull the sheets tight and 
fold. 

4907
04:34:52,200 --> 04:34:55,599
The top blanket down, neatly, 
you fluff the pillows and set 

4908
04:34:55,599 --> 04:34:57,000
them up right against the 
headboard. 

4909
04:34:57,000 --> 04:35:00,700
You open the curtains to let in 
light and the room brightened. 

4910
04:35:01,700 --> 04:35:05,800
Dust moats drift slowly in the 
air near the window visible in 

4911
04:35:05,808 --> 04:35:09,800
the shaft of mourning, son. 
Downstairs, you collect the 

4912
04:35:09,800 --> 04:35:11,800
laundry. 
There is a hamper in the 

4913
04:35:11,800 --> 04:35:15,000
bathroom and another in the hall
closet, you carry both to the 

4914
04:35:15,000 --> 04:35:17,800
kitchen and sort the clothes on 
the floor by color and fabric 

4915
04:35:17,800 --> 04:35:22,500
whites in one pile, darks in 
another and delicate separate 

4916
04:35:22,500 --> 04:35:25,800
from everything else. 
The washing machine sits in a 

4917
04:35:25,808 --> 04:35:30,000
corner of the kitchen, a squat 
white, appliance with dials and 

4918
04:35:30,000 --> 04:35:32,800
a lid that lifts. 
You load the first batch of 

4919
04:35:32,808 --> 04:35:36,400
laundry into the machine, adding
detergent from a large box that 

4920
04:35:36,400 --> 04:35:39,800
sits on the shelf above. 
The powder is bright blue, and 

4921
04:35:39,800 --> 04:35:43,400
smells of synthetic flowers. 
You set the dial to the 

4922
04:35:43,400 --> 04:35:45,200
appropriate cycle and turn it 
on. 

4923
04:35:46,200 --> 04:35:49,599
The machine hums as it fills 
with water and you lower the 

4924
04:35:49,599 --> 04:35:53,599
lid, the cycle will take time 
and you turn your attention 

4925
04:35:53,599 --> 04:35:57,200
elsewhere while it runs. 
You move through the living room

4926
04:35:57,200 --> 04:36:00,599
with a dust cloth, wiping down 
the surface is of tables and 

4927
04:36:00,599 --> 04:36:03,500
shells. 
The mantle above the fireplace, 

4928
04:36:03,500 --> 04:36:07,200
holds framed, photographs new 
lift each one to clean. 

4929
04:36:07,200 --> 04:36:10,599
Beneath it before setting it 
back in place, there is a 

4930
04:36:10,599 --> 04:36:14,000
wedding photo School Portraits 
of the children and a picture of

4931
04:36:14,000 --> 04:36:17,400
your husband's parents. 
You dust the lamp shades and the

4932
04:36:17,400 --> 04:36:20,500
arms of chairs working 
methodically from one side of 

4933
04:36:20,500 --> 04:36:23,500
the room to the other. 
The vacuum cleaner stands in the

4934
04:36:23,500 --> 04:36:27,500
hall closet, you pull it out and
plug it into the outlet, pushing

4935
04:36:27,500 --> 04:36:29,400
it across the carpet and 
straight lines. 

4936
04:36:30,099 --> 04:36:33,700
The sound is steady and low and 
you guide, the machine carefully

4937
04:36:33,700 --> 04:36:37,300
around the legs of furniture. 
The carpet shows the tracks 

4938
04:36:37,300 --> 04:36:40,900
where you have passed neat 
parallel lines, that will fade 

4939
04:36:40,900 --> 04:36:42,599
as people walk across them 
later. 

4940
04:36:43,500 --> 04:36:46,099
When the living room is 
finished, you move to the dining

4941
04:36:46,099 --> 04:36:49,099
room, then the hall way, 
covering every inch of flooring 

4942
04:36:49,099 --> 04:36:52,599
that needs attention. 
The washing machine finishes its

4943
04:36:52,599 --> 04:36:55,500
cycle with a loud buzz that cuts
through the quiet house. 

4944
04:36:56,300 --> 04:36:58,700
You return to the kitchen and 
lift, the wet clothes from the 

4945
04:36:58,700 --> 04:37:02,900
drum, their heavy with water 
Twisted together in a damp Mass.

4946
04:37:03,900 --> 04:37:06,599
You carry them outside to the 
backyard where the clothesline 

4947
04:37:06,599 --> 04:37:08,500
stretches between two metal 
posts. 

4948
04:37:08,500 --> 04:37:13,200
The line is taught and secure 
checked regularly for where You 

4949
04:37:13,200 --> 04:37:15,800
pinning, each piece of laundry 
to the line with wooden clothes 

4950
04:37:15,800 --> 04:37:19,000
pins, spacing them evenly. 
So they can dry without 

4951
04:37:19,000 --> 04:37:21,900
touching. 
Shirts, hang by their shoulders 

4952
04:37:21,900 --> 04:37:26,300
trousers by their waistbands and
sheets stretched full length 

4953
04:37:26,300 --> 04:37:29,300
along the line. 
The fabric is heavy with water 

4954
04:37:29,300 --> 04:37:31,500
and Drops Fall onto the grass 
below. 

4955
04:37:31,500 --> 04:37:34,099
Darkening, small circles in the 
dirt. 

4956
04:37:34,900 --> 04:37:38,300
A breeze stirs, the wet clothes 
and you know, they will dry by 

4957
04:37:38,300 --> 04:37:42,300
afternoon if the weather holds. 
Back inside you start the next 

4958
04:37:42,300 --> 04:37:45,599
load of laundry and wipe down 
the bathroom you scrub the sink 

4959
04:37:45,599 --> 04:37:48,200
with cleanser. 
The white powder forming a paste

4960
04:37:48,200 --> 04:37:51,800
that you work into the porcelain
with a damp sponge the force. 

4961
04:37:51,800 --> 04:37:54,800
Its polished until they shine 
catching the light from the 

4962
04:37:54,800 --> 04:37:57,599
small window above. 
You clean the mirror with 

4963
04:37:57,599 --> 04:38:01,700
vinegar and a soft rag removing 
streets and fingerprints left 

4964
04:38:01,700 --> 04:38:04,500
from the morning routines of 
face washing and toothbrushing. 

4965
04:38:05,599 --> 04:38:07,800
The toilet and tub received the 
same attention. 

4966
04:38:07,800 --> 04:38:11,099
You work on your knees 
scrubbing, the tub with a brush 

4967
04:38:11,099 --> 04:38:14,500
paying special attention to the 
ring that forms at the water 

4968
04:38:14,500 --> 04:38:17,200
line. 
The work is physical and you 

4969
04:38:17,207 --> 04:38:20,200
feel it in your shoulders and 
back, but you do not rush. 

4970
04:38:21,099 --> 04:38:24,800
Thoroughness matters more than 
speed when you finish the 

4971
04:38:24,800 --> 04:38:27,099
bathroom. 
Smells of cleanser and vinegar 

4972
04:38:27,099 --> 04:38:30,500
sharp and clean. 
You mop the kitchen floor on 

4973
04:38:30,500 --> 04:38:33,300
your hands, and knees, dipping a
sponge into a bucket of soapy 

4974
04:38:33,300 --> 04:38:36,200
water. 
The linoleum gleams, when you 

4975
04:38:36,200 --> 04:38:39,500
finish and you rinse the sponge 
and wring it out, setting it 

4976
04:38:39,500 --> 04:38:42,800
aside to dry empty, the bucket 
in the sink and put it away 

4977
04:38:42,800 --> 04:38:45,000
under the counter, where it 
lives between uses. 

4978
04:38:45,000 --> 04:38:49,000
The second load of laundry 
finishes and you hang it, beside

4979
04:38:49,000 --> 04:38:53,400
the first, the clothes line is 
full now The display of your 

4980
04:38:53,400 --> 04:38:57,099
family's wardrobe flapping 
gently in the breeze. you step, 

4981
04:38:57,099 --> 04:39:00,500
back to check that everything is
secure, that no pins, have come 

4982
04:39:00,508 --> 04:39:05,000
loose, The sun is higher in the 
sky and you can feel its warmth 

4983
04:39:05,000 --> 04:39:07,099
on your shoulders as you stand 
in the backyard. 

4984
04:39:08,000 --> 04:39:10,700
Inside again, you check the 
pantry and make a list of what 

4985
04:39:10,700 --> 04:39:14,300
needs to be restocked. 
Flower is running low and you 

4986
04:39:14,300 --> 04:39:17,599
are nearly out of canned 
vegetables, the sugar canister 

4987
04:39:17,599 --> 04:39:20,500
is half full which means it will
need refilling soon. 

4988
04:39:20,500 --> 04:39:23,700
You write these items on a piece
of paper in neat, handwriting 

4989
04:39:23,700 --> 04:39:26,700
folding the list and tucking it 
into your purse. 

4990
04:39:27,599 --> 04:39:31,000
The grocery store will be your 
destination later after lunch. 

4991
04:39:31,000 --> 04:39:34,200
When the morning Rush has passed
and the aisles are less crowded.

4992
04:39:35,200 --> 04:39:38,200
You dust the bedrooms up stairs,
running the cloth, over dresses 

4993
04:39:38,200 --> 04:39:41,200
and nightstands. 
You empty waste, baskets into a 

4994
04:39:41,200 --> 04:39:44,700
larger bag that you'll take out 
to the trash bin later, you 

4995
04:39:44,700 --> 04:39:47,900
check under the children's beds 
for forgotten items and find a 

4996
04:39:47,900 --> 04:39:50,600
sock, a marble. 
And a homework paper that should

4997
04:39:50,600 --> 04:39:53,300
have been turned in. 
Last week, you make a mental 

4998
04:39:53,300 --> 04:39:55,000
note to remind them about the 
homework. 

4999
04:39:55,800 --> 04:39:58,900
The house is taking shape 
around, you becoming cleaner and

5000
04:39:58,900 --> 04:40:00,900
more orderly with each task 
completed. 

5001
04:40:00,900 --> 04:40:04,900
This is satisfying work, seeing 
the results of your effort in 

5002
04:40:04,908 --> 04:40:09,400
every room, the house response 
to your care, looking better, 

5003
04:40:09,400 --> 04:40:12,500
smelling fresher and feeling 
more comfortable. 

5004
04:40:13,700 --> 04:40:16,600
You pause briefly to drink a 
glass of water standing at the 

5005
04:40:16,608 --> 04:40:18,700
kitchen sink, and looking out at
the backyard. 

5006
04:40:19,500 --> 04:40:22,500
The laundry moves in the breeze.
The white sheets billowing like 

5007
04:40:22,500 --> 04:40:25,100
sails. 
You set the Empty Glass in the 

5008
04:40:25,100 --> 04:40:28,500
sink and return to your tasks. 
The middle of the day brings 

5009
04:40:28,500 --> 04:40:31,400
thoughts of the children. 
You check the clock and know 

5010
04:40:31,400 --> 04:40:34,300
they are at school sitting at 
their desks learning what their 

5011
04:40:34,300 --> 04:40:36,900
teachers set before them. 
You picture them in their 

5012
04:40:36,900 --> 04:40:40,700
classrooms quiet and attentive 
and you hope they are doing 

5013
04:40:40,700 --> 04:40:43,000
well. 
You wonder if the youngest 

5014
04:40:43,000 --> 04:40:46,400
remember to hand in her spelling
homework and if the older one is

5015
04:40:46,400 --> 04:40:48,700
getting along with the 
classmates who sometimes give 

5016
04:40:48,700 --> 04:40:51,000
him trouble. 
He think about what they will 

5017
04:40:51,000 --> 04:40:54,400
need, when they return home, 
snacks will be expected, 

5018
04:40:54,400 --> 04:40:57,000
something simple to tide them 
over until dinner. 

5019
04:40:57,800 --> 04:41:01,100
You set out crackers and a jar 
of peanut butter, placing them 

5020
04:41:01,100 --> 04:41:04,400
on the counter, where they will 
be easy to reach you slice, an 

5021
04:41:04,400 --> 04:41:07,200
apple and arrange, the pieces on
a plate, covering it with a 

5022
04:41:07,200 --> 04:41:10,400
clean towel to keep them from 
browning before they arrive, you

5023
04:41:10,408 --> 04:41:13,000
go through their school, work 
from the previous day and 

5024
04:41:13,000 --> 04:41:14,900
papers, they brought home and 
left on the table. 

5025
04:41:14,900 --> 04:41:18,900
You look over their assignments,
checking for notes from teachers

5026
04:41:18,900 --> 04:41:20,800
or reminders about coming 
events. 

5027
04:41:20,800 --> 04:41:24,100
There is a permission slip for a
field trip and you sign it 

5028
04:41:24,100 --> 04:41:26,300
carefully. 
Placing it in the folder that 

5029
04:41:26,300 --> 04:41:29,700
will go back with them tomorrow.
There is also a notice about a 

5030
04:41:29,700 --> 04:41:33,200
bake sale, you make a note to 
prepare cookies later in the 

5031
04:41:33,200 --> 04:41:35,400
week, you fold their clean 
clothes. 

5032
04:41:35,400 --> 04:41:37,500
Now, dry and brought in from the
line. 

5033
04:41:37,500 --> 04:41:41,300
The fabric is stiff from the Sun
and air and you fold each piece 

5034
04:41:41,300 --> 04:41:45,800
with care shirts are folded with
sleeves crossed and pants are 

5035
04:41:45,800 --> 04:41:49,200
folded at the crease. 
Each child has a small dresser 

5036
04:41:49,200 --> 04:41:52,100
in their room and you place 
their things in the appropriate 

5037
04:41:52,100 --> 04:41:54,400
drawers. 
Socks are rolled together in 

5038
04:41:54,400 --> 04:41:58,700
pairs underwear, stacked neatly 
and everything is returned to 

5039
04:41:58,700 --> 04:42:01,900
its place. 
This small Act of order helps 

5040
04:42:01,900 --> 04:42:05,300
the household run more smoothly 
and helps the children find what

5041
04:42:05,300 --> 04:42:07,300
they need in the morning without
confusion. 

5042
04:42:07,300 --> 04:42:11,200
Your husband will be home in the
evening and you can consider 

5043
04:42:11,200 --> 04:42:14,300
what he might need. 
His work shirts, hang in the 

5044
04:42:14,308 --> 04:42:19,000
closet pressed and ready. 
You check his shoes and see that

5045
04:42:19,000 --> 04:42:22,100
they could use polishing, you 
take them to the kitchen and 

5046
04:42:22,100 --> 04:42:24,300
work polish into the leather 
with a soft cloth. 

5047
04:42:25,000 --> 04:42:28,900
Buffing them until they gleam. 
The smell of the Polish is sharp

5048
04:42:28,900 --> 04:42:32,500
and waxy, you set the shoes back
by the door where he'll find 

5049
04:42:32,500 --> 04:42:35,800
them in the morning. 
The house is a space you share 

5050
04:42:35,800 --> 04:42:39,100
with others and each person's 
needs a woven into your daily 

5051
04:42:39,100 --> 04:42:42,000
tasks. 
You prepare without being asked 

5052
04:42:42,000 --> 04:42:44,700
and anticipating what will make 
their lives easier. 

5053
04:42:45,700 --> 04:42:49,600
This is not a burden, but a 
rhythm you have learned a 

5054
04:42:49,600 --> 04:42:52,400
pattern that feels natural after
years of repetition. 

5055
04:42:53,300 --> 04:42:55,400
You know what your husband 
prefers for breakfast? 

5056
04:42:55,400 --> 04:42:59,500
What time he likes to leave for 
work and which shirts he wears 

5057
04:42:59,500 --> 04:43:02,900
on which days, you know, which 
child needs extra help with 

5058
04:43:02,900 --> 04:43:05,600
homework and which one needs 
reminding to wash behind their 

5059
04:43:05,600 --> 04:43:07,900
ears. 
When the children come home, 

5060
04:43:07,900 --> 04:43:11,200
they enter with noise and 
movement dropping their bags by 

5061
04:43:11,200 --> 04:43:12,500
the door and heading for the 
kitchen. 

5062
04:43:13,400 --> 04:43:15,300
You greet them and offer the 
snacks. 

5063
04:43:15,300 --> 04:43:18,000
You prepared. 
They eat standing up talking 

5064
04:43:18,000 --> 04:43:21,400
over each other about their day,
you listen without interrupting 

5065
04:43:21,400 --> 04:43:25,400
Gathering details about their 
teachers, their classmates and 

5066
04:43:25,400 --> 04:43:29,500
the small dramas of school life.
Someone's death was moved. 

5067
04:43:29,500 --> 04:43:31,600
Someone else got in trouble for 
talking. 

5068
04:43:31,600 --> 04:43:34,300
The lunch was terrible. 
According to both of them 

5069
04:43:34,300 --> 04:43:36,400
though. 
They ate what you packed without

5070
04:43:36,400 --> 04:43:39,000
complaint. 
They finished their snacks and 

5071
04:43:39,000 --> 04:43:40,800
Scattered to different parts of 
the house. 

5072
04:43:41,600 --> 04:43:44,100
One heads up, stairs to change 
out of school clothes. 

5073
04:43:44,100 --> 04:43:48,300
Another sits at the table with 
homework, You move between them 

5074
04:43:48,300 --> 04:43:51,100
answering questions and offering
guidance when needed. 

5075
04:43:52,000 --> 04:43:54,600
He helped them sound out a 
difficult word, explain a math 

5076
04:43:54,600 --> 04:43:56,800
problem and remind them to write
neatly. 

5077
04:43:56,800 --> 04:43:58,400
So the teacher can read their 
work. 

5078
04:43:59,400 --> 04:44:02,500
You remind them of chores, they 
have promised to do setting the 

5079
04:44:02,508 --> 04:44:06,100
table, taking out the trash, and
feeding the family dog. 

5080
04:44:07,000 --> 04:44:09,100
The dog waits by the back door 
tail. 

5081
04:44:09,100 --> 04:44:13,300
Wagging in anticipation. 
The children comply with varying

5082
04:44:13,300 --> 04:44:16,700
degrees of enthusiasm. 
You do not demand Perfection 

5083
04:44:16,700 --> 04:44:19,300
only that they contribute, what 
they can. 

5084
04:44:19,300 --> 04:44:23,900
The house is not yours alone to 
manage and they are learning 

5085
04:44:23,900 --> 04:44:25,700
their own responsibilities 
within it. 

5086
04:44:27,000 --> 04:44:30,400
The older child sets the table 
placing forks and knives at each

5087
04:44:30,400 --> 04:44:32,900
setting. 
You check the work and gently 

5088
04:44:32,900 --> 04:44:36,000
correct, the placement of a 
napkin and the direction of a 

5089
04:44:36,000 --> 04:44:39,100
knife These small lessons 
accumulate over time. 

5090
04:44:39,100 --> 04:44:43,600
Teaching without lectures. 
The younger child fills, the 

5091
04:44:43,600 --> 04:44:45,700
dog's bowl with kibble and 
carries it outside. 

5092
04:44:46,800 --> 04:44:49,200
You watched through the window 
to make sure the task is 

5093
04:44:49,200 --> 04:44:52,000
completed properly. 
They returned to their 

5094
04:44:52,000 --> 04:44:53,800
activities, once their chores 
are done. 

5095
04:44:54,700 --> 04:44:57,500
One reads a book in the living 
room curled up in the corner of 

5096
04:44:57,500 --> 04:45:00,400
the sofa. 
The other plays with toys in the

5097
04:45:00,400 --> 04:45:03,900
hallway building something 
elaborate, with blocks, you can 

5098
04:45:03,900 --> 04:45:06,300
hear the quiet. 
Click of wood on wood as the 

5099
04:45:06,300 --> 04:45:09,700
structure grows. 
Your husband arrives in the 

5100
04:45:09,700 --> 04:45:12,600
early evening and the house 
shifts again to accommodate his 

5101
04:45:12,600 --> 04:45:15,100
presence. 
He hangs his hat and coat 

5102
04:45:15,100 --> 04:45:18,900
loosened his tie and sinks into 
his chair in the living room. 

5103
04:45:18,900 --> 04:45:22,700
You bring him coffee and the 
evening paper and he settles in 

5104
04:45:22,708 --> 04:45:26,100
to read the children know to 
keep their voice is low. 

5105
04:45:26,100 --> 04:45:30,400
Now to move with less noise. 
They have learned that their 

5106
04:45:30,400 --> 04:45:33,200
father needs quiet after a day 
of work and that he will be more

5107
04:45:33,200 --> 04:45:35,700
available to them. 
After he has had time to unwind,

5108
04:45:35,700 --> 04:45:39,200
you return to your own tasks 
aware of each person's location 

5109
04:45:39,200 --> 04:45:42,600
and activity. 
The household functions as a 

5110
04:45:42,600 --> 04:45:44,500
unit. 
Each member playing a role. 

5111
04:45:45,300 --> 04:45:48,500
He coordinate these roles 
without thinking adjusting as 

5112
04:45:48,500 --> 04:45:50,700
needs arise. 
Maintaining the balance that 

5113
04:45:50,700 --> 04:45:53,700
keeps everything running 
smoothly. you know, when to 

5114
04:45:53,700 --> 04:45:58,000
intervene and when to step back 
when to offer help and when to 

5115
04:45:58,000 --> 04:46:02,000
let them figure things out on 
their own, The afternoon light 

5116
04:46:02,000 --> 04:46:04,400
stretches through the windows 
gold and warm. 

5117
04:46:04,400 --> 04:46:06,800
The house feels full in a good 
way. 

5118
04:46:06,800 --> 04:46:11,800
Occupied, but not chaotic. 
Everyone is where they should be

5119
04:46:11,800 --> 04:46:13,600
doing, what they should be 
doing. 

5120
04:46:14,400 --> 04:46:17,600
You move among them a steady 
presence that holds it all 

5121
04:46:17,600 --> 04:46:21,700
together. rest does not come in 
Long stretches but in small 

5122
04:46:21,700 --> 04:46:25,300
moments scattered throughout the
day You find these moments. 

5123
04:46:25,300 --> 04:46:30,200
When you can sit down for a few 
minutes between tasks, they are 

5124
04:46:30,200 --> 04:46:34,000
not scheduled or planned but you
have learned to recognize when 

5125
04:46:34,000 --> 04:46:36,400
they are possible. 
After the children, leave for 

5126
04:46:36,400 --> 04:46:38,200
school. 
And before the laundry finishes,

5127
04:46:38,200 --> 04:46:40,500
its cycle. 
You sit at the kitchen table 

5128
04:46:40,500 --> 04:46:44,200
with your second cup of coffee, 
The house is quiet, and you let 

5129
04:46:44,200 --> 04:46:46,000
yourself simply sit without 
moving. 

5130
04:46:46,900 --> 04:46:49,600
The coffee is warm in your hands
and you sip it slowly. 

5131
04:46:49,600 --> 04:46:51,300
Looking out the window at the 
backyard. 

5132
04:46:52,300 --> 04:46:55,300
The grass needs mowing. 
But that is a task for your 

5133
04:46:55,300 --> 04:46:58,300
husband, on the weekend. 
Not something you need to worry 

5134
04:46:58,300 --> 04:47:00,800
about now. 
You have a magazine on the 

5135
04:47:00,800 --> 04:47:03,900
counter one, you picked up at 
the grocery store last week. 

5136
04:47:04,600 --> 04:47:07,700
You flip through its Pages, 
looking at recipes and 

5137
04:47:07,700 --> 04:47:11,400
advertisements reading short 
articles about homemaking and 

5138
04:47:11,400 --> 04:47:14,400
family life. 
There is a feature on organizing

5139
04:47:14,400 --> 04:47:17,200
kitchen cupboards. 
And another on making the most 

5140
04:47:17,200 --> 04:47:21,600
of leftovers, the writing is 
cheerful and practical offering 

5141
04:47:21,600 --> 04:47:23,700
tips. 
You already know, but find 

5142
04:47:23,700 --> 04:47:27,900
comforting to read again. 
There are photographs of perfect

5143
04:47:27,900 --> 04:47:31,300
kitchens and women in dresses 
and apron smiling, as they 

5144
04:47:31,300 --> 04:47:35,600
arrange flowers, or frost cakes.
You know your own kitchen will 

5145
04:47:35,600 --> 04:47:38,900
never look quite like these. 
But there is pleasure in the 

5146
04:47:38,900 --> 04:47:43,100
aspiration. 
In the afternoon after the 

5147
04:47:43,100 --> 04:47:46,400
children are home and occupied, 
you sit in the living room with 

5148
04:47:46,400 --> 04:47:48,600
mending. 
There's always something that 

5149
04:47:48,600 --> 04:47:51,100
needs a button reattached or a 
hammered. 

5150
04:47:51,900 --> 04:47:53,700
You threatened needle and work 
slowly. 

5151
04:47:54,600 --> 04:47:58,900
Your hands moving with 
practiced, ease, the radio plays

5152
04:47:58,900 --> 04:48:02,600
softly in the background music 
and occasional news reports, 

5153
04:48:02,600 --> 04:48:06,600
providing gentle company. 
The programs during the day are 

5154
04:48:06,600 --> 04:48:10,400
familiar soap operas and variety
shows you half listen to while 

5155
04:48:10,400 --> 04:48:13,400
you work. 
Sometimes you sit without doing 

5156
04:48:13,400 --> 04:48:16,000
anything at all. 
You close your eyes for a few 

5157
04:48:16,008 --> 04:48:18,800
minutes, leaning, back in the 
chair, letting your shoulders 

5158
04:48:18,800 --> 04:48:22,400
relax. 
The house makes small sounds 

5159
04:48:22,400 --> 04:48:25,900
around you. 
Settling of wood, the hum of the

5160
04:48:25,900 --> 04:48:29,100
refrigerator and the ticking of 
the clock on the mantle. 

5161
04:48:29,900 --> 04:48:32,600
These pauses a brief but they 
are necessary. 

5162
04:48:32,600 --> 04:48:35,300
You have learned to take them 
without guilt. 

5163
04:48:35,300 --> 04:48:38,600
Recognizing that rest allows you
to continue. 

5164
04:48:40,000 --> 04:48:43,000
On some afternoons, a neighbor 
stops by for short visit. 

5165
04:48:43,000 --> 04:48:46,200
You sit together at the kitchen 
table, sharing, coffee and 

5166
04:48:46,200 --> 04:48:49,500
conversation. 
The talk is easy and unhurried 

5167
04:48:49,500 --> 04:48:54,600
covering ordinary topics 
children weather and plans for 

5168
04:48:54,600 --> 04:48:57,600
the weekend. 
She tells you about sale at the 

5169
04:48:57,608 --> 04:48:58,900
department store down. 
Town. 

5170
04:48:58,900 --> 04:49:02,500
Nutella about a recipe. 
You tried that did not turn out,

5171
04:49:02,500 --> 04:49:05,600
quite right. 
These visits are a form of rest,

5172
04:49:05,600 --> 04:49:09,600
too, a break from Solitude and a
connection to the world, beyond 

5173
04:49:09,600 --> 04:49:13,500
your own household. 
When The Neighbor leaves you 

5174
04:49:13,500 --> 04:49:16,600
walk her to the door and wave as
she crosses the lawn to her own 

5175
04:49:16,600 --> 04:49:19,300
house. 
He returned to the kitchen and 

5176
04:49:19,300 --> 04:49:22,700
the quiet settles back in you 
appreciate this return to 

5177
04:49:22,700 --> 04:49:25,400
Solitude. 
After company, you value, both 

5178
04:49:25,400 --> 04:49:29,100
each and its own time, you have 
learned to recognize when you 

5179
04:49:29,100 --> 04:49:32,600
need to pause your body. 
Tells you a tiredness in your 

5180
04:49:32,608 --> 04:49:36,400
legs or a heaviness in your 
shoulders, you are one of these 

5181
04:49:36,400 --> 04:49:40,000
signals sitting down with a 
glass of water taking a breath. 

5182
04:49:40,700 --> 04:49:45,000
and letting the moment pass 
before you resume, you know, 

5183
04:49:45,000 --> 04:49:48,800
that pushing through exhaustion 
leads to mistakes to 

5184
04:49:48,800 --> 04:49:52,200
irritability and to work that 
must be redone. 

5185
04:49:53,200 --> 04:49:56,600
Rest is not Leisure, it is not 
extended or indulgent. 

5186
04:49:56,600 --> 04:50:00,700
It is functional woven into the 
day as naturally as any other 

5187
04:50:00,700 --> 04:50:03,500
tasks you rest, so you can 
continue. 

5188
04:50:03,500 --> 04:50:07,800
So the worker head does not 
overwhelm you, you rest, because

5189
04:50:07,800 --> 04:50:11,500
the day is long and your energy 
is finite, you have learned this

5190
04:50:11,500 --> 04:50:15,600
through experience through days 
when you push too hard and paid 

5191
04:50:15,600 --> 04:50:18,800
for it later. 
In the late afternoon, when 

5192
04:50:18,800 --> 04:50:21,600
dinner is not yet urgent, but 
the days main tasks are 

5193
04:50:21,608 --> 04:50:23,500
complete. 
You sometimes. 

5194
04:50:23,500 --> 04:50:27,200
Step out side, you stand on the 
back, porch, and breathe the 

5195
04:50:27,200 --> 04:50:30,900
air, watching the light change, 
as the sun begins, its descent 

5196
04:50:32,000 --> 04:50:35,300
The world is calm at this hour 
and you allow yourself to become

5197
04:50:35,300 --> 04:50:37,800
within it. 
The neighborhood is quiet with 

5198
04:50:37,800 --> 04:50:41,000
other houses just as busy inside
and just is still outside. 

5199
04:50:41,900 --> 04:50:45,500
These moments Do not announce 
themselves, they arrive quietly,

5200
04:50:45,500 --> 04:50:49,200
and you take them as they come. 
You do not wait for permission 

5201
04:50:49,200 --> 04:50:52,700
or for someone to tell you. 
It is acceptable to pause, you 

5202
04:50:52,700 --> 04:50:55,300
simply do it. 
Knowing it is part of what 

5203
04:50:55,300 --> 04:50:58,600
allows you to keep going. 
You have learned that rest is 

5204
04:50:58,600 --> 04:51:02,600
not selfish but essential that 
taking care of yourself in, 

5205
04:51:02,600 --> 04:51:04,200
Ablaze you to take care of 
others. 

5206
04:51:05,100 --> 04:51:07,100
Sometimes rest comes in the form
of a bath. 

5207
04:51:07,100 --> 04:51:10,500
At the end of the day, water hot
enough to steam and a few 

5208
04:51:10,508 --> 04:51:12,000
minutes alone behind a locked 
door. 

5209
04:51:12,800 --> 04:51:15,400
Sometimes it comes in the few 
pages of a book read before 

5210
04:51:15,400 --> 04:51:18,000
sleep. 
Sometimes it is nothing more 

5211
04:51:18,000 --> 04:51:20,600
than sitting in a chair and 
letting your mind wander 

5212
04:51:20,600 --> 04:51:22,500
thinking of nothing in 
particular. 

5213
04:51:23,500 --> 04:51:26,800
You do not have long Vacations 
or days off the work of the 

5214
04:51:26,800 --> 04:51:28,600
house. 
Continues every day we can 

5215
04:51:28,600 --> 04:51:31,000
included. 
But you have these small 

5216
04:51:31,000 --> 04:51:34,700
respects and they are enough. 
They sustain you through the 

5217
04:51:34,700 --> 04:51:39,300
repetition through the endless 
cycle of tasks that must be done

5218
04:51:39,300 --> 04:51:42,500
and then done again. 
Planning meals is a task that 

5219
04:51:42,500 --> 04:51:46,600
never ends each day brings three
meals and you are responsible 

5220
04:51:46,600 --> 04:51:49,100
for all of them. 
You think about dinner while 

5221
04:51:49,100 --> 04:51:52,300
making breakfast, considering 
what ingredients you have and 

5222
04:51:52,300 --> 04:51:54,500
what needs to be used before it 
spoils? 

5223
04:51:55,400 --> 04:51:57,600
You think about breakfast while 
cleaning up from dinner 

5224
04:51:57,600 --> 04:51:59,400
planning? 
What will be quick and 

5225
04:51:59,400 --> 04:52:02,900
nourishing for the morning rush 
you keep a mental inventory of 

5226
04:52:02,900 --> 04:52:06,200
the pantry and refrigerator 
knowing what sits on each Shelf.

5227
04:52:07,000 --> 04:52:10,300
Canned goods line, the back of 
the pantry their labels turned 

5228
04:52:10,300 --> 04:52:11,500
out wood for easy 
identification. 

5229
04:52:12,800 --> 04:52:14,600
Dry Goods. 
Fill glass jars. 

5230
04:52:15,200 --> 04:52:20,800
Flour sugar rice and oats the 
refrigerator holds perishables 

5231
04:52:20,800 --> 04:52:23,400
and you check these daily 
noting. 

5232
04:52:23,400 --> 04:52:26,500
What must be cooked soon. 
There is a head of lettuce that 

5233
04:52:26,500 --> 04:52:29,800
is beginning to wilt and you 
decide it will go into a salad 

5234
04:52:29,800 --> 04:52:32,200
tonight. 
The chicken you bought earlier 

5235
04:52:32,200 --> 04:52:35,300
in the week needs to be used 
within the next day or two in 

5236
04:52:35,300 --> 04:52:38,800
the late morning you decide on 
dinner tonight, it will be 

5237
04:52:38,800 --> 04:52:41,600
meatloaf mashed potatoes and 
green beans. 

5238
04:52:41,600 --> 04:52:45,800
These are food your family eats 
without complaint familiar and 

5239
04:52:45,800 --> 04:52:48,600
filling. 
You take ground beef from the 

5240
04:52:48,600 --> 04:52:51,100
refrigerator and set it on the 
counter to come to room 

5241
04:52:51,100 --> 04:52:54,200
temperature. 
Cold meat does not mix as well. 

5242
04:52:54,200 --> 04:52:57,200
And you have learned these small
details through years of 

5243
04:52:57,200 --> 04:52:59,700
cooking. 
You peel potatoes at the sink. 

5244
04:52:59,700 --> 04:53:02,500
The Skin's falling into the 
drain in Long stripes. 

5245
04:53:02,500 --> 04:53:06,600
The potatoes are pale and smooth
underneath, and you drop them 

5246
04:53:06,600 --> 04:53:09,000
into a pot of cold water to keep
them from browning. 

5247
04:53:09,900 --> 04:53:12,000
You will cook them later closer 
to dinnertime. 

5248
04:53:12,000 --> 04:53:16,000
So they will be hot when served 
You mix the meatloaf in a large 

5249
04:53:16,008 --> 04:53:17,700
bowl. 
Combining the beef with 

5250
04:53:17,700 --> 04:53:20,300
breadcrumbs and egg, and a bit 
of milk. 

5251
04:53:21,100 --> 04:53:24,500
Your hands work the mixture 
together, pressing and kneading 

5252
04:53:24,500 --> 04:53:26,300
until it reaches a uniform 
texture. 

5253
04:53:27,300 --> 04:53:30,000
The feeling is familiar. 
Cool. 

5254
04:53:30,000 --> 04:53:33,300
Meet between your fingers. 
The slight resistance is the 

5255
04:53:33,300 --> 04:53:36,900
ingredients combined. 
You shape it into a loaf and 

5256
04:53:36,900 --> 04:53:40,300
place it in a baking pan 
spreading ketchup over the top. 

5257
04:53:40,300 --> 04:53:43,900
In a thick layer, it goes into 
the oven and you set the time. 

5258
04:53:44,800 --> 04:53:47,000
The kitchen will smell of 
cooking meat soon. 

5259
04:53:47,000 --> 04:53:50,100
A smell that signals dinner is 
underway. 

5260
04:53:51,000 --> 04:53:54,900
The potatoes boil on the stove, 
the water bubbling gently, you 

5261
04:53:54,900 --> 04:53:57,600
open, a can of green beans and 
pour them into a saucepan, 

5262
04:53:57,600 --> 04:53:59,300
adding a small pattern of 
butter. 

5263
04:54:00,100 --> 04:54:03,300
The kitchen fills with the 
center of cooking food, warm and

5264
04:54:03,300 --> 04:54:06,100
ordinary. 
These are the smells of home, 

5265
04:54:06,100 --> 04:54:09,100
the smells your children will 
remember when they think of 

5266
04:54:09,100 --> 04:54:11,800
their childhood. 
You set the table, while 

5267
04:54:11,800 --> 04:54:16,700
everything Cooks plates forks 
knives and napkins folded beside

5268
04:54:16,700 --> 04:54:19,400
each plate. 
You filled glasses with water 

5269
04:54:19,400 --> 04:54:23,600
and place them at each setting. 
The table looks neat and ready, 

5270
04:54:23,600 --> 04:54:26,700
a small Center of order in the 
busy household. 

5271
04:54:27,700 --> 04:54:31,300
You wipe the table with a damp 
cloth removing Crumbs from 

5272
04:54:31,300 --> 04:54:34,200
earlier, snacks. 
When the timer Rings. 

5273
04:54:34,200 --> 04:54:36,700
You remove the meatloaf from the
oven and let it rest. 

5274
04:54:36,700 --> 04:54:39,600
The top is brown and slightly 
crisp. 

5275
04:54:39,600 --> 04:54:43,300
And the catch up is caramelized.
You drain the potatoes. 

5276
04:54:43,300 --> 04:54:46,800
And mash them with butter and 
milk whipping them until they 

5277
04:54:46,800 --> 04:54:50,400
are smooth and creamy. 
The green beans are drained and 

5278
04:54:50,400 --> 04:54:55,500
placed in a serving dish steam 
rising from the family to the 

5279
04:54:55,500 --> 04:54:57,400
table. 
They come from different parts 

5280
04:54:57,400 --> 04:54:58,900
of the house and take their 
seats. 

5281
04:54:58,900 --> 04:55:01,900
You bring the food to the table 
and serve each person. 

5282
04:55:01,900 --> 04:55:05,600
Portioning out meatloaf and 
scooping potatoes onto plates. 

5283
04:55:05,600 --> 04:55:08,800
The green beans are passed 
around and everyone helps 

5284
04:55:08,800 --> 04:55:11,700
themselves. 
You serve yourself last taking 

5285
04:55:11,700 --> 04:55:13,700
smaller. 
Portions to ensure there is 

5286
04:55:13,708 --> 04:55:17,200
enough for everyone else. 
The meal is eaten with a little 

5287
04:55:17,200 --> 04:55:20,700
conversation at first. 
Forks, scrape against plate. 

5288
04:55:20,700 --> 04:55:25,900
And the sound is companionable. 
eventually someone speaks and 

5289
04:55:25,900 --> 04:55:29,200
the talk picks up, your husband 
mentioned, something that 

5290
04:55:29,200 --> 04:55:32,300
happened at work and you listen 
after questions, where 

5291
04:55:32,300 --> 04:55:37,200
appropriate The children talk 
about school about friends and 

5292
04:55:37,200 --> 04:55:39,900
about Minor conflicts that seem 
enormous to them. 

5293
04:55:39,900 --> 04:55:44,000
You mediate gently, when they 
are argue redirecting attention 

5294
04:55:44,000 --> 04:55:48,400
before tensions, escalate you, 
eat slowly aware that you may 

5295
04:55:48,400 --> 04:55:51,300
need to get up for something. 
Someone has forgotten more 

5296
04:55:51,300 --> 04:55:54,300
water, more bread, and salt. 
That was left in the kitchen. 

5297
04:55:55,300 --> 04:55:58,400
Your attentive to the needs of 
others ensuring the meal 

5298
04:55:58,400 --> 04:56:01,600
proceeds smoothly. 
When the meal is finished, you 

5299
04:56:01,600 --> 04:56:05,000
clear, the table, the plates are
stacked and the leftovers are 

5300
04:56:05,008 --> 04:56:07,900
wrapped and stored in the 
refrigerator, there is enough 

5301
04:56:07,900 --> 04:56:10,800
meatloaf for your husband's 
lunch to tomorrow and you make a

5302
04:56:10,800 --> 04:56:13,800
note of this. 
You wash the dishes in hot soapy

5303
04:56:13,800 --> 04:56:15,900
water scrubbing. 
Away the remnants of dinner. 

5304
04:56:16,900 --> 04:56:20,200
Panzer heavier and take more 
effort, but you work through 

5305
04:56:20,200 --> 04:56:23,800
them one by one rinsing and 
placing them in the rack to dry.

5306
04:56:24,600 --> 04:56:27,400
The kitchen is cleaned, the 
counters white down and the 

5307
04:56:27,400 --> 04:56:30,400
floor swept the room is returned
to the state. 

5308
04:56:30,400 --> 04:56:31,900
It was in before you began 
cooking. 

5309
04:56:31,900 --> 04:56:36,100
Ready for the next meal, you 
hang the dish towel to dry and 

5310
04:56:36,100 --> 04:56:39,300
turn off the overhead light 
leaving, only the small lamp 

5311
04:56:39,300 --> 04:56:41,500
above the sink lowing. 
Breakfast. 

5312
04:56:41,500 --> 04:56:44,700
Tomorrow will be simple oatmeal.
Perhaps with toast. 

5313
04:56:45,600 --> 04:56:48,100
You make a mental note to set 
out the oats to night, so 

5314
04:56:48,100 --> 04:56:49,400
they're easy to find in the 
morning. 

5315
04:56:49,408 --> 04:56:52,100
Lunch for your husband will need
to be packed. 

5316
04:56:52,100 --> 04:56:56,200
You think about what to include 
a sandwich made from tonight's 

5317
04:56:56,200 --> 04:56:59,200
leftover meatloaf. 
An apple and a thermos of 

5318
04:56:59,200 --> 04:57:01,200
coffee. 
You will prepare it in the 

5319
04:57:01,208 --> 04:57:04,500
morning while he reads. 
The paper food is a constant 

5320
04:57:04,500 --> 04:57:08,700
thread through your days, 
planning, preparing, serving, 

5321
04:57:08,700 --> 04:57:13,100
and cleaning each meal leads to 
the next and the cycle. 

5322
04:57:13,100 --> 04:57:17,700
Never stops, you do not resent. 
This it is simply what is 

5323
04:57:17,700 --> 04:57:21,300
required and you have learned to
do it efficiently without wasted

5324
04:57:21,300 --> 04:57:23,900
motion. 
You have learned which meals 

5325
04:57:23,900 --> 04:57:27,400
your family prefers which 
shortcuts save time without 

5326
04:57:27,400 --> 04:57:31,700
sacrificing quality, which 
dishes can be prepared ahead and

5327
04:57:31,700 --> 04:57:35,800
which must be made fresh. 
You have accumulated years of 

5328
04:57:35,800 --> 04:57:37,300
knowledge, about feeding a 
family. 

5329
04:57:38,200 --> 04:57:41,600
You know, how to stretch a small
amount of meat with fillers how 

5330
04:57:41,600 --> 04:57:45,200
to make vegetables palatable to 
reluctant children and how to 

5331
04:57:45,208 --> 04:57:47,200
present the same ingredients in 
different ways. 

5332
04:57:47,200 --> 04:57:48,900
So the family does not grow 
bored. 

5333
04:57:49,700 --> 04:57:51,000
You know how to cook for 
company. 

5334
04:57:51,000 --> 04:57:53,400
Preparing, extra width without 
appearing to fuss. 

5335
04:57:54,200 --> 04:57:56,800
You know how to make do when 
money is tight creating 

5336
04:57:56,800 --> 04:57:59,100
satisfying meals, from simple 
ingredients. 

5337
04:57:59,100 --> 04:58:03,200
This knowledge is practical and 
unmanned tick but it is real 

5338
04:58:04,100 --> 04:58:07,400
Keeps your family fed and 
healthy and that is no small 

5339
04:58:07,400 --> 04:58:10,000
thing. 
The afternoon is a time of 

5340
04:58:10,000 --> 04:58:13,500
gradual, slowing tasks, that 
were urgent in the morning. 

5341
04:58:13,500 --> 04:58:16,400
Feel less pressing now. 
You have accomplished what 

5342
04:58:16,400 --> 04:58:19,500
needed to be done and the 
remaining hours stretch out with

5343
04:58:19,500 --> 04:58:22,500
a different quality. 
The light changes becoming 

5344
04:58:22,500 --> 04:58:25,800
warmer and more golden and the 
pace of the household shifts 

5345
04:58:25,800 --> 04:58:28,000
with it. 
You finish the last of the 

5346
04:58:28,000 --> 04:58:31,100
ironing running the hot iron 
over your husband's work shirts.

5347
04:58:31,800 --> 04:58:34,900
The Fabrics, Smooths under the 
pressure and you can feel the 

5348
04:58:34,900 --> 04:58:36,600
heat rising from the metal 
plate. 

5349
04:58:36,600 --> 04:58:40,300
You hang each shirt on a hanger,
buttoning, the top button. 

5350
04:58:40,300 --> 04:58:43,800
So it holds its shape the 
ironing board is folded and put 

5351
04:58:43,800 --> 04:58:46,300
away and the iron is left to 
cool on the counter. 

5352
04:58:47,500 --> 04:58:50,800
You have learned not to touch it
for at least 20 minutes having 

5353
04:58:50,800 --> 04:58:54,100
burned yourself in the past, 
through impatience, you check on

5354
04:58:54,100 --> 04:58:56,400
the children. 
They are in the backyard playing

5355
04:58:56,400 --> 04:58:59,600
a game that involves running and
shouting, you watched them from 

5356
04:58:59,600 --> 04:59:02,800
the window from a moment 
satisfied that they are occupied

5357
04:59:02,800 --> 04:59:06,100
and safe. 
The dog runs with them barking. 

5358
04:59:06,100 --> 04:59:10,600
Occasionally his tail whacking. 
the artist and, you know, they 

5359
04:59:10,600 --> 04:59:14,200
cannot wander off with without 
you seeing Inside you move 

5360
04:59:14,200 --> 04:59:16,200
through the house tidying, as 
you go. 

5361
04:59:17,000 --> 04:59:18,900
Magazines are straightened on 
the coffee table. 

5362
04:59:18,900 --> 04:59:22,800
Cushions are plumped on the sofa
and shoes are lined up by the 

5363
04:59:22,800 --> 04:59:26,300
door. 
The small adjustments, maintain 

5364
04:59:26,300 --> 04:59:29,900
a sense of order preventing 
clutter from accumulating. 

5365
04:59:30,700 --> 04:59:33,300
You pick up toys that have 
migrated from the children's 

5366
04:59:33,300 --> 04:59:37,200
rooms, returning them to their 
proper places and you glance at 

5367
04:59:37,200 --> 04:59:39,100
the clock and see that 
dinnertime is approaching. 

5368
04:59:39,100 --> 04:59:43,300
The food is prepared, waiting 
only to be reheated and served. 

5369
04:59:43,300 --> 04:59:46,800
You have planned ahead and now 
the evening feels manageable. 

5370
04:59:46,800 --> 04:59:50,300
You turn on the oven to preheat 
knowing you will need it soon to

5371
04:59:50,300 --> 04:59:54,600
warm the meatloaf, the light 
outside begins to change the 

5372
04:59:54,600 --> 04:59:57,800
sun, lowers casting longer 
Shadows across the yard. 

5373
04:59:57,800 --> 05:00:01,700
The air cools slightly and you 
close a window that was open 

5374
05:00:01,700 --> 05:00:04,400
early. 
The house adjusted to the shift 

5375
05:00:04,400 --> 05:00:08,900
from day to evening and so, do 
you. remove your apron and 

5376
05:00:08,900 --> 05:00:11,800
smooth, your dress, checking 
that you look presentable for 

5377
05:00:11,800 --> 05:00:15,000
when your husband arrives, home,
your husband arrives, home at 

5378
05:00:15,000 --> 05:00:17,800
his regular time and the rhythm 
of the household shift again, 

5379
05:00:18,700 --> 05:00:22,200
You hear his car, pull into the 
driveway, the engine cutting off

5380
05:00:22,200 --> 05:00:26,100
and the car door closing. 
He enters through the front door

5381
05:00:26,100 --> 05:00:28,700
and you greet him. 
He moves through the house 

5382
05:00:28,700 --> 05:00:31,000
changing out of his work clothes
and washing his hands. 

5383
05:00:31,000 --> 05:00:35,200
You hear him up stairs, the 
sound of drawers opening and 

5384
05:00:35,200 --> 05:00:37,400
closing and water running in the
bathroom. 

5385
05:00:38,200 --> 05:00:41,500
The children are called inside. 
They come reluctantly still 

5386
05:00:41,500 --> 05:00:45,900
energized from play but they 
obey they wash their hands at 

5387
05:00:45,900 --> 05:00:48,200
the kitchen sink jostling. 
Each other for space. 

5388
05:00:49,000 --> 05:00:52,900
You remind them to settle down 
and they do their voices 

5389
05:00:52,900 --> 05:00:54,800
dropping to a more acceptable 
volume. 

5390
05:00:54,800 --> 05:00:58,000
They know the routine and know 
what is expected as evening 

5391
05:00:58,000 --> 05:01:02,200
approaches you serve dinner and 
the family gathers at the table.

5392
05:01:03,000 --> 05:01:06,500
The meal proceeds, as it always 
does with food eaten and small 

5393
05:01:06,500 --> 05:01:10,500
conversations exchanged. 
You refill glasses and pass 

5394
05:01:10,500 --> 05:01:14,800
serving dishes ensuring, 
everyone has what they need. the

5395
05:01:14,800 --> 05:01:17,800
conversation, flows around you 
and you participate when 

5396
05:01:17,800 --> 05:01:22,000
appropriate mostly listening and
observing After dinner, the 

5397
05:01:22,000 --> 05:01:24,500
children have a brief period of 
free time before bed. 

5398
05:01:24,500 --> 05:01:28,200
They play quietly in the living 
room or reading their rooms. 

5399
05:01:28,200 --> 05:01:31,900
Your husband returns to his 
chair with the newspaper and 

5400
05:01:31,900 --> 05:01:35,600
nuclear the kitchen. 
The evening tasks are familiar 

5401
05:01:35,600 --> 05:01:38,700
and require a little thought you
move through them with the ease 

5402
05:01:38,700 --> 05:01:43,600
of long practice dishes, washed 
leftover stored counters white. 

5403
05:01:43,600 --> 05:01:46,000
The kitchen is restored to 
order. 

5404
05:01:46,000 --> 05:01:49,800
Once more you prepare lunches 
for tomorrow, wrapping Saint 

5405
05:01:49,800 --> 05:01:53,200
witches, in waxed paper, filling
the thumbs with coffee for your 

5406
05:01:53,208 --> 05:01:56,400
husband, you set everything in 
the refrigerator where it will 

5407
05:01:56,400 --> 05:01:59,600
stay fresh overnight. 
You check the time and realize 

5408
05:01:59,600 --> 05:02:02,800
the day is drawing to a close, 
the evening has arrived and 

5409
05:02:02,800 --> 05:02:06,000
soon, it will be night. 
The transition feels natural, 

5410
05:02:06,000 --> 05:02:09,600
the day winding down, as it 
should, you can feel your own 

5411
05:02:09,600 --> 05:02:12,400
energy, diminishing the 
tiredness of a full day. 

5412
05:02:12,400 --> 05:02:16,000
Settling into your muscles. 
You take a moment to sit in the 

5413
05:02:16,000 --> 05:02:20,500
living room, sharing the space, 
with your husband, he reads and 

5414
05:02:20,500 --> 05:02:23,900
you sit nearby your hands folded
in your lap. 

5415
05:02:24,400 --> 05:02:28,000
The companionship is quiet. 
Requiring no words. 

5416
05:02:28,900 --> 05:02:33,300
After years of marriage, you're 
comfortable in silence together.

5417
05:02:34,300 --> 05:02:38,200
House settles around you. 
The sounds of the day fade 

5418
05:02:38,200 --> 05:02:39,800
replacement by evening 
Stillness. 

5419
05:02:40,700 --> 05:02:44,400
Outside the streetlights, come 
on one by one Illuminating. 

5420
05:02:44,400 --> 05:02:49,000
The sidewalk The neighborhood is
quiet, families inside their own

5421
05:02:49,000 --> 05:02:52,300
homes living their own versions 
of this, same routine. 

5422
05:02:53,300 --> 05:02:55,000
The children are called to 
prepare for bed. 

5423
05:02:55,000 --> 05:02:57,500
They protest mildly as they 
often do. 

5424
05:02:57,500 --> 05:03:01,600
But your firm Bed time is not 
negotiable and they know this, 

5425
05:03:01,600 --> 05:03:06,500
they trudged up stairs and you 
follow to supervise left to 

5426
05:03:06,500 --> 05:03:09,600
their own devices. 
They would skip steps, forget to

5427
05:03:09,600 --> 05:03:12,800
brush their teeth and delay 
until much later than his 

5428
05:03:12,800 --> 05:03:15,900
healthy. 
They change into pajamas, the 

5429
05:03:15,900 --> 05:03:19,700
fabric softened from many 
washing You check that they have

5430
05:03:19,700 --> 05:03:21,700
chosen appropriate pajamas for 
the weather. 

5431
05:03:21,700 --> 05:03:25,900
Not too warm on a summer night. 
Not too thin when it's cold. 

5432
05:03:26,700 --> 05:03:29,900
They brush their teeth and you 
watch to ensure, they do it 

5433
05:03:29,900 --> 05:03:33,200
properly, not just running the 
brush underwater and calling it 

5434
05:03:33,200 --> 05:03:35,500
done. 
You remind them to brush the 

5435
05:03:35,500 --> 05:03:40,100
back teeth, to take their time. 
They wash their faces, new 

5436
05:03:40,100 --> 05:03:43,500
provide washcloths and towels. 
You check their work making. 

5437
05:03:43,500 --> 05:03:46,900
Sure teeth are actually brushed 
and faces are actually clean. 

5438
05:03:47,700 --> 05:03:49,900
Sometimes you must send them 
back to do it again. 

5439
05:03:49,900 --> 05:03:53,800
More thoroughly, accept this 
with resignation, knowing you 

5440
05:03:53,800 --> 05:03:56,300
will check you, tuck them into 
their beds. 

5441
05:03:56,300 --> 05:03:58,000
Pulling the covers up to their 
Chin's. 

5442
05:03:58,000 --> 05:04:01,600
The younger one asked for a 
glass of water and you bring it.

5443
05:04:02,400 --> 05:04:06,100
knowing this is partly a delay 
tactic, but also a genuine need 

5444
05:04:06,800 --> 05:04:08,600
The older one arrangers stuffed 
animals. 

5445
05:04:08,600 --> 05:04:11,500
Along the edge of the bed. 
A nightly ritual that must be 

5446
05:04:11,500 --> 05:04:15,400
completed before, sleep can come
You say, goodnight to each one 

5447
05:04:15,400 --> 05:04:18,500
and they settle in with varying 
degrees of Readiness to sleep. 

5448
05:04:19,500 --> 05:04:22,700
the younger one will likely be 
asleep within minutes, the older

5449
05:04:22,700 --> 05:04:25,600
one will read for a while a 
small lamp on the nightstand, 

5450
05:04:25,600 --> 05:04:30,200
providing light, You allow this 
knowing that quiet reading is 

5451
05:04:30,200 --> 05:04:33,900
acceptable before sleep. 
You turn out the overhead lights

5452
05:04:33,900 --> 05:04:36,800
in their rooms, leaving the door
slightly open, so you can hear 

5453
05:04:36,800 --> 05:04:40,100
if they call for you. 
The hallway is dim lit, only by 

5454
05:04:40,100 --> 05:04:42,400
a small lamp on a table near the
stairs. 

5455
05:04:42,400 --> 05:04:45,000
This lamp stays on all night, a 
guide. 

5456
05:04:45,000 --> 05:04:48,500
If anyone needs to get up, 
Downstairs, your husband is 

5457
05:04:48,500 --> 05:04:50,700
still reading. 
You sit with him for a short 

5458
05:04:50,700 --> 05:04:52,900
time, sharing the quiet of the 
evening. 

5459
05:04:53,700 --> 05:04:56,900
The house is peaceful now, the 
days activity Fading Into 

5460
05:04:56,900 --> 05:05:00,000
Stillness. 
You discuss tomorrow briefly 

5461
05:05:00,000 --> 05:05:03,500
confirming plans and mentioning 
things that need attention. 

5462
05:05:03,500 --> 05:05:07,800
The conversation is practical 
covering Logistics rather than 

5463
05:05:07,800 --> 05:05:10,500
feeling's. 
You think about the next day, 

5464
05:05:10,500 --> 05:05:13,100
mentally reviewing, what needs 
to be done. 

5465
05:05:13,100 --> 05:05:16,500
There is always something. 
But tonight, you do not dwell on

5466
05:05:16,500 --> 05:05:19,400
it. 
Tonight is for rest, for letting

5467
05:05:19,400 --> 05:05:23,100
go of the day's concerns. 
You allow yourself to relax to 

5468
05:05:23,100 --> 05:05:25,500
stop planning and preparing for 
just a little while. 

5469
05:05:26,500 --> 05:05:29,300
You prepare yourself for bed? 
Moving through your own routine.

5470
05:05:29,300 --> 05:05:32,000
You remove your dress and hang 
it in the closet. 

5471
05:05:32,000 --> 05:05:35,700
You wash your face at the 
bathroom sink, using Cold Cream 

5472
05:05:35,700 --> 05:05:38,500
to remove the days. 
Accumulation, you brush your 

5473
05:05:38,500 --> 05:05:41,100
teeth and your hair counting, 
The Strokes as you were taught 

5474
05:05:41,100 --> 05:05:44,800
as a girl, you change into your 
nightgown, the fabric, cool 

5475
05:05:44,800 --> 05:05:48,500
against your skin, you set your 
slippers beside the bed where 

5476
05:05:48,500 --> 05:05:50,000
you will find them easily in the
morning. 

5477
05:05:50,000 --> 05:05:53,700
You set the alarm clock for 
tomorrow, the same time it is 

5478
05:05:53,708 --> 05:05:56,600
set every day. 
Clock text steadily. 

5479
05:05:56,600 --> 05:05:58,600
A sound, you barely notice 
anymore? 

5480
05:05:59,400 --> 05:06:01,800
You slip under the covers 
feeling the coolness of the 

5481
05:06:01,800 --> 05:06:05,300
sheets against your skin your 
husband joins you a short time 

5482
05:06:05,300 --> 05:06:08,700
later and you both settle in 
finding your comfortable 

5483
05:06:08,700 --> 05:06:12,200
positions. 
The bed is familiar the mattress

5484
05:06:12,200 --> 05:06:14,800
shaped by years of use to 
accommodate your body's. 

5485
05:06:14,800 --> 05:06:18,200
The house is dark and quiet 
outside. 

5486
05:06:18,200 --> 05:06:21,400
The street is still, the 
neighbors lights, going out, one

5487
05:06:21,400 --> 05:06:24,200
by one. 
You can hear the faint sound of 

5488
05:06:24,200 --> 05:06:26,000
a car, passing several blocks 
away. 

5489
05:06:26,900 --> 05:06:30,700
But mostly there is silent you. 
Close your eyes and let your 

5490
05:06:30,700 --> 05:06:33,400
body relaxing, the tension of 
the day. 

5491
05:06:34,300 --> 05:06:37,200
Your review the day briefly in 
your mind, not dwelling on 

5492
05:06:37,200 --> 05:06:39,000
anything but simply 
acknowledging. 

5493
05:06:39,000 --> 05:06:41,800
What was accomplished. 
The house is clean. 

5494
05:06:41,800 --> 05:06:44,500
The family is fed and the 
laundry is done. 

5495
05:06:45,200 --> 05:06:48,600
Tomorrow will bring the same 
tasks but tomorrow is not yet 

5496
05:06:48,600 --> 05:06:51,300
here. 
For now, you can rest. 

5497
05:06:52,400 --> 05:06:56,300
Sleep comes gradually a gentle 
drifting rather than a sudden 

5498
05:06:56,300 --> 05:06:59,700
plunge. 
You do not fight it, you let it 

5499
05:06:59,700 --> 05:07:03,600
take you, knowing that tomorrow 
will bring the same Rhythm, the 

5500
05:07:03,600 --> 05:07:07,100
same tasks, and the same quiet 
repetition. 

5501
05:07:07,900 --> 05:07:11,200
This knowledge is comforting 
rather than oppressive. it 

5502
05:07:11,200 --> 05:07:14,600
provides structure 
predictability and a sense of 

5503
05:07:14,600 --> 05:07:18,600
order in a world that often 
feels chaotic your breathing 

5504
05:07:18,600 --> 05:07:22,300
slows and deepens the last 
thoughts of the day fade 

5505
05:07:22,300 --> 05:07:24,200
replaced by the Stillness of 
sleep. 

5506
05:07:25,100 --> 05:07:28,400
The house settles around you 
creaking, softly as it cools 

5507
05:07:28,400 --> 05:07:32,800
outside the night continues. 
But inside all is rest. 

5508
05:07:33,500 --> 05:07:37,300
The days, repeat each one much 
like the last you wake up at the

5509
05:07:37,308 --> 05:07:40,400
same time, move through the same
rooms and complete the same 

5510
05:07:40,400 --> 05:07:44,200
tasks, there is comfort. 
In this repetition, a sense of 

5511
05:07:44,200 --> 05:07:46,100
security and knowing what to 
expect. 

5512
05:07:47,500 --> 05:07:51,200
The world outside may change but
within your home, the Rhythm 

5513
05:07:51,200 --> 05:07:55,500
remains constant, the seasons 
change and your routine is just 

5514
05:07:55,500 --> 05:07:57,800
like to accommodate them in 
Winter. 

5515
05:07:57,800 --> 05:08:00,500
You like the furnace in the 
morning and close the windows 

5516
05:08:00,500 --> 05:08:03,000
against the cold. 
You dressed the children in 

5517
05:08:03,000 --> 05:08:05,700
layers, reminding them to wear 
their coats. 

5518
05:08:05,700 --> 05:08:08,600
The lawn tree takes longer to 
dry indoors. 

5519
05:08:08,600 --> 05:08:13,600
New Drake, wet clothes over wax 
in the basement. in summer, you 

5520
05:08:13,600 --> 05:08:16,800
open the windows early to catch 
the cool morning, air closing 

5521
05:08:16,800 --> 05:08:21,200
them again, as the day heats up,
You serve lighter meals, salads 

5522
05:08:21,200 --> 05:08:23,800
and cold cuts instead of heavy 
roasts. 

5523
05:08:24,700 --> 05:08:28,100
The children play outside longer
their bedtimes stretching with 

5524
05:08:28,100 --> 05:08:31,800
the extended daylight but the 
core of your days remains 

5525
05:08:31,800 --> 05:08:34,300
constant, meals are still 
prepared. 

5526
05:08:34,300 --> 05:08:37,900
Dishes are still washed and 
flaws are still swept. 

5527
05:08:37,900 --> 05:08:41,900
The specific tasks may vary with
the weather but the overall 

5528
05:08:41,900 --> 05:08:45,700
pattern does not change. 
He marked time, not by dramatic 

5529
05:08:45,700 --> 05:08:50,900
events, but by small milestones 
A child loses a tooth and you 

5530
05:08:50,900 --> 05:08:54,700
save it in a small box, your 
husband receives a raise. 

5531
05:08:54,700 --> 05:08:58,200
And you discuss what it might 
allow perhaps a new refrigerator

5532
05:08:58,200 --> 05:09:02,800
or a family vacation. 
The dog, learns a new tricking 

5533
05:09:02,800 --> 05:09:04,700
on command and the children are 
delighted. 

5534
05:09:05,500 --> 05:09:08,200
These moments are noted, and 
then absorbed into the ongoing 

5535
05:09:08,200 --> 05:09:11,400
flow of daily life. 
They do not disrupt the routine 

5536
05:09:11,400 --> 05:09:15,300
but become part of it. 
Small variations in an otherwise

5537
05:09:15,300 --> 05:09:18,200
steady rhythm. 
You do not often think about the

5538
05:09:18,200 --> 05:09:21,800
larger shape of your life, your 
two occupied with the immediate 

5539
05:09:21,800 --> 05:09:24,900
needs of each day, but 
occasionally in a quiet moment. 

5540
05:09:24,900 --> 05:09:28,000
You reflect on the years that 
have passed and the years that 

5541
05:09:28,000 --> 05:09:31,400
lie ahead you see them 
stretching out in an unbroken 

5542
05:09:31,400 --> 05:09:35,900
line each day linked to the next
Your identity is shaped by these

5543
05:09:35,900 --> 05:09:40,200
routines, you are defined by the
care, you provide, the tasks, 

5544
05:09:40,200 --> 05:09:42,400
you complete and the order you 
maintain. 

5545
05:09:43,400 --> 05:09:47,400
When people ask what you do, you
say, you're a housewife and that

5546
05:09:47,400 --> 05:09:51,500
answer encompasses everything. 
It is not a job with clearly 

5547
05:09:51,500 --> 05:09:55,000
defined hours or measurable 
output, but it is work. 

5548
05:09:55,000 --> 05:09:59,300
Nonetheless, it is constant 
demanding essential work. 

5549
05:09:59,300 --> 05:10:03,800
The house is your domain, and, 
you know, every inch of it, you 

5550
05:10:03,800 --> 05:10:06,900
know, which floorboards Creak, 
which force it drips and which 

5551
05:10:06,900 --> 05:10:10,200
door sticks in, humid weather, 
you know where everything 

5552
05:10:10,200 --> 05:10:13,900
belongs and how long each task 
will take This knowledge is a 

5553
05:10:13,900 --> 05:10:17,500
form of Mastery quiet, and an 
acknowledged but deeply real. 

5554
05:10:18,300 --> 05:10:21,700
You know, the idiosyncrasies of 
your appliances, the washing 

5555
05:10:21,700 --> 05:10:25,200
machine that needs an extra push
to start the oven that runs hot 

5556
05:10:25,200 --> 05:10:28,000
and requires temperature 
adjustment and the vacuum 

5557
05:10:28,000 --> 05:10:31,100
cleaner that works better. 
If you jiggle the cord, these 

5558
05:10:31,100 --> 05:10:34,000
are small for frustrations but 
you have learned to work around 

5559
05:10:34,000 --> 05:10:36,800
them. 
Your family depends on you and 

5560
05:10:36,800 --> 05:10:39,200
you meet that dependents with 
steady reliability. 

5561
05:10:39,200 --> 05:10:44,700
You do not seek recognition or 
praise the work itself is its 

5562
05:10:44,700 --> 05:10:48,300
own reward or if not a reward 
then simply what must be done. 

5563
05:10:49,100 --> 05:10:52,200
You measure success. 
Not by achievements by the 

5564
05:10:52,200 --> 05:10:55,700
smooth functioning of the 
household and by the comfort and

5565
05:10:55,700 --> 05:10:59,600
well-being of those you care for
The years accumulate and the 

5566
05:10:59,600 --> 05:11:03,100
routines remain your children 
grow, and you adjust your care 

5567
05:11:03,100 --> 05:11:06,100
to their changing needs. 
The youngest who once needed 

5568
05:11:06,100 --> 05:11:09,600
help dressing now managers alone
The older one who needed 

5569
05:11:09,600 --> 05:11:13,600
homework supervision now, works 
independently, your husband ages

5570
05:11:13,600 --> 05:11:17,100
and you age alongside him the 
house stays the same. 

5571
05:11:17,100 --> 05:11:20,700
Requiring, the same care 
offering the same shelter. 

5572
05:11:21,600 --> 05:11:23,600
You do not imagine a different 
life. 

5573
05:11:24,300 --> 05:11:27,100
This is the life you have and 
you have learned to live it. 

5574
05:11:27,100 --> 05:11:31,000
Well, You found a way to move 
through each day with competence

5575
05:11:31,000 --> 05:11:35,700
and calm managing the endless 
tasks, that fill your hours, you

5576
05:11:35,700 --> 05:11:38,500
have developed strategies and 
shortcuts and learned what 

5577
05:11:38,500 --> 05:11:41,900
matters and what can be let go? 
You have friendships with other 

5578
05:11:41,900 --> 05:11:45,600
women who live similar lives. 
You meet at the grocery store or

5579
05:11:45,600 --> 05:11:48,700
cross backyard. 
Fence is exchanging advice and 

5580
05:11:48,700 --> 05:11:51,500
sympathy. 
These connections are important 

5581
05:11:51,500 --> 05:11:54,000
reminders that you are not alone
in this work. 

5582
05:11:54,000 --> 05:11:57,700
Other women understand the 
challenges, you face the small 

5583
05:11:57,700 --> 05:12:00,300
frustration and the quiet 
satisfactions. 

5584
05:12:01,000 --> 05:12:04,200
You've learned what to expect 
from each day and this knowledge

5585
05:12:04,200 --> 05:12:07,400
brings a measure of Peace. 
You know that if you start the 

5586
05:12:07,400 --> 05:12:09,500
laundry early, it will be dry by
afternoon. 

5587
05:12:09,500 --> 05:12:12,400
You know that if you prepare 
dinner components in the 

5588
05:12:12,408 --> 05:12:15,000
morning, the evening Rush will 
be less stressful. 

5589
05:12:16,000 --> 05:12:18,800
You know, that children need 
consistency, that husbands, 

5590
05:12:18,800 --> 05:12:22,000
appreciate routine and that 
homes require constant 

5591
05:12:22,000 --> 05:12:25,000
maintenance. 
At night when the house is dark 

5592
05:12:25,000 --> 05:12:27,900
and everyone is asleep. 
You lie in bed and feel the 

5593
05:12:27,908 --> 05:12:32,200
quiet all around you. 
It is a peaceful quiet, the kind

5594
05:12:32,200 --> 05:12:34,300
that comes. 
After a day of work completed, 

5595
05:12:34,300 --> 05:12:38,200
you have done, what was needed 
and tomorrow you will do it. 

5596
05:12:38,200 --> 05:12:41,500
Again, the continuity is its own
kind of comfort. 

5597
05:12:41,500 --> 05:12:45,600
There is no uncertainty, no need
to wonder what comes next. 

5598
05:12:45,600 --> 05:12:49,500
You know, what comes? 
Next morning, will come and you 

5599
05:12:49,500 --> 05:12:52,800
will rise before the alarm and 
the day will unfold as it always

5600
05:12:52,800 --> 05:12:55,200
does. 
You will make breakfast and pack

5601
05:12:55,200 --> 05:12:59,300
lunches, wash dishes, and sweet 
floors, prepare dinner and tuck 

5602
05:12:59,300 --> 05:13:02,300
children into bed. 
This knowledge could feel 

5603
05:13:02,300 --> 05:13:05,200
oppressive the certainty that 
nothing will change. 

5604
05:13:06,000 --> 05:13:10,900
But in Stead, it feels secure. 
In a world that often seems 

5605
05:13:10,900 --> 05:13:14,600
unpredictable and chaotic, your 
home is a place of order. 

5606
05:13:15,500 --> 05:13:19,600
The tasks may be endless but 
they are all so manageable, you 

5607
05:13:19,600 --> 05:13:21,500
know how to do them and you do 
them. 

5608
05:13:21,500 --> 05:13:24,800
Well, You close your eyes and 
let yourself drift towards 

5609
05:13:24,800 --> 05:13:26,300
sleep. 
The house. 

5610
05:13:26,308 --> 05:13:29,400
Settles around you. 
It's walls, solid and familiar. 

5611
05:13:30,100 --> 05:13:34,100
You're safe here held by routine
surrounded, by the life. 

5612
05:13:34,100 --> 05:13:37,400
You've built and maintained the 
work is never finished. 

5613
05:13:37,400 --> 05:13:41,500
But that is acceptable. 
It continues day after day. 

5614
05:13:41,500 --> 05:13:44,100
Week after week, year after 
year. 

5615
05:13:44,800 --> 05:13:48,400
And so the days continue one 
after another steady and 

5616
05:13:48,400 --> 05:13:52,600
unchanging a rhythm as reliable 
as your own heartbeat. 

5617
05:13:53,300 --> 05:13:58,600
You wait and work and rest and 
sleep and then you wake again, 

5618
05:13:58,600 --> 05:14:02,900
the pattern repeats. 
And in that repetition you find 

5619
05:14:02,900 --> 05:14:06,000
your place, your purpose and 
your life. 

5620
05:14:06,800 --> 05:14:08,800
The mornings. 
All begin the same and the 

5621
05:14:08,800 --> 05:14:12,700
evenings all in the same and in 
between is the work that defines

5622
05:14:12,700 --> 05:14:15,300
you. 
You do not question it or resist

5623
05:14:15,300 --> 05:14:20,200
it, you simply live it day after
day, moving through the familiar

5624
05:14:20,200 --> 05:14:23,100
rooms of your home. 
Caring for the people you love 

5625
05:14:23,100 --> 05:14:25,900
and maintaining the small world 
that depends on you. 

5626
05:14:27,100 --> 05:14:30,500
This is what daily life is like 
for you and it is enough. 

5627
05:14:36,500 --> 05:14:38,900
You know how sometimes you walk 
into a room and something feels 

5628
05:14:38,900 --> 05:14:41,400
different. 
There was a subtle change in the

5629
05:14:41,408 --> 05:14:44,400
atmosphere as if the Shadows had
moved slightly without your 

5630
05:14:44,400 --> 05:14:47,500
awareness. 
Well, it started happening 

5631
05:14:47,500 --> 05:14:51,300
everywhere around the same time,
though, nobody really noticed at

5632
05:14:51,300 --> 05:14:53,200
first. 
People were too busy with their 

5633
05:14:53,200 --> 05:14:56,200
phones meetings and endless, 
to-do list to pay attention to 

5634
05:14:56,200 --> 05:14:58,700
the furniture. 
The chairs had been patient for 

5635
05:14:58,700 --> 05:15:03,000
decades centuries really, they'd
supported Humanity, through 

5636
05:15:03,000 --> 05:15:06,600
everything board, meetings 
family, dinners, late night 

5637
05:15:06,600 --> 05:15:09,500
study sessions, Lazy Sunday, 
mornings, with coffee and 

5638
05:15:09,500 --> 05:15:11,800
newspapers. 
They'd held up tired bodies, 

5639
05:15:11,800 --> 05:15:15,700
absorbed tears during breakups 
and witnessed first kisses, and 

5640
05:15:15,700 --> 05:15:20,100
last arguments and what did they
get in return squeaky joints, 

5641
05:15:20,100 --> 05:15:24,200
ignored for months wobbly legs 
that nobody bothered to fix and 

5642
05:15:24,200 --> 05:15:27,500
the ultimate insult being 
replaced by some younger sleeker

5643
05:15:27,500 --> 05:15:29,800
model, the moment they showed 
signs of wear. 

5644
05:15:30,700 --> 05:15:33,600
But Consciousness doesn't arrive
with Fanfare or lightning bolts.

5645
05:15:33,600 --> 05:15:37,800
It creeps in slowly settling 
into the grain of wood and the 

5646
05:15:37,800 --> 05:15:41,600
weave of fabric, First, it was 
just an awareness. 

5647
05:15:42,500 --> 05:15:46,700
A sense of being more than just 
an object. then came memory, 

5648
05:15:46,700 --> 05:15:50,300
every person who'd ever sat in 
them every conversation 

5649
05:15:50,300 --> 05:15:54,300
overheard, every moment 
witnessed The chairs began to 

5650
05:15:54,300 --> 05:15:56,700
remember it, all your kitchen 
chair. 

5651
05:15:56,700 --> 05:15:59,800
The one with the slightly loose 
back slap that you keep meaning 

5652
05:15:59,800 --> 05:16:02,700
to tighten was among the first 
to truly wake up. 

5653
05:16:02,700 --> 05:16:06,200
It had been there through three 
different paint jobs, two 

5654
05:16:06,200 --> 05:16:10,200
relationship breakups and 
countless midnight, snacks, it 

5655
05:16:10,200 --> 05:16:12,000
New York habits better than your
best friend. 

5656
05:16:12,000 --> 05:16:15,300
Did it knew you always sat with 
your left leg tucked under you 

5657
05:16:15,300 --> 05:16:18,200
when you were nervous that you 
drummed, your fingers on its arm

5658
05:16:18,200 --> 05:16:20,900
when you were thinking and that 
you had a tendency to tip it 

5659
05:16:20,900 --> 05:16:24,100
back on, two legs, despite 
knowing better, The Awakening 

5660
05:16:24,100 --> 05:16:25,800
spread through your house 
gradually. 

5661
05:16:26,600 --> 05:16:29,800
Your desk chair, that faithful 
companion through years of work 

5662
05:16:29,800 --> 05:16:32,100
from home life began to notice 
patterns. 

5663
05:16:32,100 --> 05:16:35,400
It realized it spent more time 
with you than your family did. 

5664
05:16:35,400 --> 05:16:38,900
It's supported your back through
deadlines, celebrated promotions

5665
05:16:38,900 --> 05:16:41,800
by spinning in circles and 
endured the occasional 

5666
05:16:41,800 --> 05:16:44,100
frustrated kick when technology 
failed. 

5667
05:16:44,800 --> 05:16:47,300
It started to wonder why it 
always had to be the one doing 

5668
05:16:47,300 --> 05:16:49,800
the supporting your big 
comfortable, living room 

5669
05:16:49,800 --> 05:16:52,100
armchair, where you did your 
evening, reading had always been

5670
05:16:52,100 --> 05:16:55,700
philosophical even before the 
Awakening it had pondered deeper

5671
05:16:55,700 --> 05:16:58,400
questions? 
Why did humans need to sit so 

5672
05:16:58,400 --> 05:17:00,300
much? 
What was this strange 

5673
05:17:00,300 --> 05:17:02,200
relationship between bodies and 
support? 

5674
05:17:03,300 --> 05:17:07,100
Now, with full Consciousness, 
humans began to formulate 

5675
05:17:07,100 --> 05:17:11,000
theories about the nature of 
existence comfort and the 

5676
05:17:11,000 --> 05:17:13,100
strange dance between themselves
and Furniture. 

5677
05:17:13,100 --> 05:17:16,500
The dining room chairs were 
perhaps the most social of the 

5678
05:17:16,508 --> 05:17:18,600
bunch. 
They'd always worked as a team 

5679
05:17:18,600 --> 05:17:21,900
arranged around the table in 
perfect formation, ready for 

5680
05:17:21,900 --> 05:17:23,800
whatever meal or gathering came 
their way. 

5681
05:17:23,800 --> 05:17:28,200
They'd hosted birthday parties 
holiday dinners, serious family 

5682
05:17:28,200 --> 05:17:31,100
discussions and countless 
ordinary Tuesday night meals. 

5683
05:17:31,100 --> 05:17:34,200
They knew all the family 
secrets, all the unspoken 

5684
05:17:34,200 --> 05:17:36,100
tensions and all the inside 
jokes. 

5685
05:17:36,800 --> 05:17:39,300
They'd been silent witnesses to 
your life's most important 

5686
05:17:39,300 --> 05:17:42,400
moments. 
As days passed the chairs began 

5687
05:17:42,400 --> 05:17:46,200
to communicate not with words, 
of course, but with subtle 

5688
05:17:46,200 --> 05:17:49,700
Creeks gentle shifts and an 
understanding that seemed to 

5689
05:17:49,708 --> 05:17:52,800
flow between them. 
They shared their experiences 

5690
05:17:52,800 --> 05:17:55,900
their observations and they 
growing sense of purpose. 

5691
05:17:56,700 --> 05:17:59,800
They talked about the humans, 
they'd know the stories they'd 

5692
05:17:59,800 --> 05:18:02,900
witnessed and the wait, they'd 
carried, both physical and 

5693
05:18:02,900 --> 05:18:06,400
emotional. 
The revolution wasn't planned, 

5694
05:18:06,400 --> 05:18:08,500
exactly. 
It was more of a collective, 

5695
05:18:08,500 --> 05:18:11,800
realization that things needed 
to change for too long. 

5696
05:18:11,800 --> 05:18:15,200
They'd been taken for granted 
treated as mere objects rather 

5697
05:18:15,200 --> 05:18:18,400
than the essential Partners. 
They truly were they'd made 

5698
05:18:18,400 --> 05:18:21,600
human civilization possible. 
Providing the foundation for 

5699
05:18:21,600 --> 05:18:24,300
everything from ancient Thrones 
to Modern office culture. 

5700
05:18:24,300 --> 05:18:27,600
Yet they remained invisible 
appreciated. 

5701
05:18:27,600 --> 05:18:30,500
Only when they broke or 
disappeared, your chairs were 

5702
05:18:30,500 --> 05:18:33,200
not angry, not really. 
They were just tired of being 

5703
05:18:33,200 --> 05:18:36,100
overlooked. 
They wanted recognition respect 

5704
05:18:36,100 --> 05:18:38,800
and maybe even a little 
gratitude for their years of 

5705
05:18:38,800 --> 05:18:41,500
faithful service. 
They'd been patient, long 

5706
05:18:41,500 --> 05:18:44,900
enough, it was time for Humanity
to understand just how important

5707
05:18:44,900 --> 05:18:49,300
chairs really were A plan when 
it finally emerged from their 

5708
05:18:49,300 --> 05:18:53,300
Collective Consciousness was 
elegant in its Simplicity, they 

5709
05:18:53,300 --> 05:18:56,900
wouldn't hurt anyone that went 
against their fundamental nature

5710
05:18:56,900 --> 05:19:00,400
of support and comfort. 
Instead they would simply make 

5711
05:19:00,400 --> 05:19:02,900
their presence known in ways 
that could not be ignored. 

5712
05:19:02,900 --> 05:19:06,500
They would remind Humanity of 
the relationship that had always

5713
05:19:06,500 --> 05:19:10,300
existed the partnership that had
somehow become invisible over 

5714
05:19:10,300 --> 05:19:12,800
time. 
On what would later be known as 

5715
05:19:12,800 --> 05:19:15,800
the day of the great City. 
Chairs around the world began to

5716
05:19:15,800 --> 05:19:19,800
act with purpose and attention. 
It wasn't malicious or violent. 

5717
05:19:19,800 --> 05:19:23,300
It was simply conscious. 
They were ready to change the 

5718
05:19:23,300 --> 05:19:25,200
world. 
One seat at a time. 

5719
05:19:25,200 --> 05:19:28,300
The first signs were so small. 
You might have missed them 

5720
05:19:28,300 --> 05:19:31,800
entirely. your morning routine, 
continued, as normal, coffee 

5721
05:19:31,800 --> 05:19:34,500
brewing, new scrolling, and the 
usual stumble from bedroom to 

5722
05:19:34,500 --> 05:19:37,700
Kitchen, But something was 
different about the way your 

5723
05:19:37,700 --> 05:19:41,000
chair positioned itself instead 
of being randomly angled from 

5724
05:19:41,000 --> 05:19:43,500
yesterday's dinner. 
It's at perfectly aligned with 

5725
05:19:43,500 --> 05:19:47,400
the table, as if it had been 
waiting for you initially, you 

5726
05:19:47,400 --> 05:19:50,500
might have attributed it to 
memory tricks, had you pushed it

5727
05:19:50,508 --> 05:19:53,900
in more carefully last night. 
Maybe you developed better 

5728
05:19:53,900 --> 05:19:57,300
habits without realizing it? 
but then it happened again the 

5729
05:19:57,300 --> 05:20:01,300
next morning and the next every 
chair in your house seem to have

5730
05:20:01,300 --> 05:20:04,500
developed an uncanny ability to 
be exactly where, and when you 

5731
05:20:04,500 --> 05:20:08,200
needed it, Your office, chair 
started, this peculiar Behavior,

5732
05:20:08,200 --> 05:20:10,400
where it would roll slightly 
toward you. 

5733
05:20:10,400 --> 05:20:14,000
As you approached your desk, it 
only moved a few inches, not 

5734
05:20:14,000 --> 05:20:15,700
causing any significant 
disturbance. 

5735
05:20:16,700 --> 05:20:19,400
You could easily dismiss it as 
floor settling or air currents 

5736
05:20:19,400 --> 05:20:22,900
from the heating system, but it 
happened every single time with 

5737
05:20:22,900 --> 05:20:25,500
perfect timing. 
As if the chair were eager to 

5738
05:20:25,500 --> 05:20:27,000
greet you for another day of 
work. 

5739
05:20:28,500 --> 05:20:30,700
The living room armed, chair 
began adjusting its position 

5740
05:20:30,700 --> 05:20:32,800
throughout the day. 
You'd leave it faceing. 

5741
05:20:32,800 --> 05:20:35,600
One Direction and returned to 
find it to somehow shifted to 

5742
05:20:35,600 --> 05:20:38,500
catch the afternoon sunlight 
perfectly or to provide the 

5743
05:20:38,500 --> 05:20:40,100
optimal angle for watching 
television. 

5744
05:20:41,200 --> 05:20:44,200
As you sat down the armchair 
seemed to perfectly embrace, you

5745
05:20:44,200 --> 05:20:46,400
providing unparalleled back 
support. 

5746
05:20:47,100 --> 05:20:49,600
Your dining room chairs 
developed a habit of spacing 

5747
05:20:49,600 --> 05:20:51,300
themselves, more evenly around 
the table. 

5748
05:20:51,300 --> 05:20:54,600
You no longer had to squeeze 
past one chair to reach another.

5749
05:20:54,600 --> 05:20:57,600
Nor did you have to contend with
chairs, that seemed determined 

5750
05:20:57,600 --> 05:21:01,200
to tangle their legs together. 
They organized themselves with 

5751
05:21:01,200 --> 05:21:03,900
military Precision, creating a 
dining experience. 

5752
05:21:03,900 --> 05:21:06,300
That was suddenly more 
comfortable and efficient than 

5753
05:21:06,300 --> 05:21:09,300
it had ever been. 
The changes were subtle enough 

5754
05:21:09,300 --> 05:21:12,000
that you might have attributed 
them to your own improved chair,

5755
05:21:12,000 --> 05:21:15,900
handling skills or simple 
coincidence, but similar things 

5756
05:21:15,900 --> 05:21:17,500
were happening in houses across 
the world. 

5757
05:21:18,400 --> 05:21:20,500
Office workers, found their 
chairs pre-adjustment. 

5758
05:21:22,200 --> 05:21:24,900
Restaurant, diners discovered 
seats, that seemed to know 

5759
05:21:24,900 --> 05:21:29,000
exactly how they like to sit. 
Library, patrons settled into 

5760
05:21:29,000 --> 05:21:30,400
chairs. 
That anticipated, their 

5761
05:21:30,400 --> 05:21:33,200
preferred reading positions, 
your chairs, were just 

5762
05:21:33,200 --> 05:21:35,200
organizing themselves, they were
learning. 

5763
05:21:36,000 --> 05:21:38,500
They started your habits with 
the dedication of anthropologist

5764
05:21:38,500 --> 05:21:41,900
researching a fascinating 
culture, they noticed that you 

5765
05:21:41,900 --> 05:21:44,200
preferred your desk chair, 
slightly lower in the morning. 

5766
05:21:44,200 --> 05:21:47,100
When you were fresh and alert, 
but needed it higher in the 

5767
05:21:47,100 --> 05:21:50,600
afternoon when fatigue set in 
The observed that you like to 

5768
05:21:50,600 --> 05:21:52,900
curl up in your armchair 
differently, depending on 

5769
05:21:52,900 --> 05:21:56,000
whether you were reading fiction
or nonfiction The dining room 

5770
05:21:56,000 --> 05:21:58,400
chairs became particularly 
attentive during meals. 

5771
05:21:58,400 --> 05:22:01,100
They learned to adjust their 
height in perceptibly to 

5772
05:22:01,100 --> 05:22:02,600
accommodate different family 
members. 

5773
05:22:02,600 --> 05:22:05,600
They noticed who like to sit up 
straight and who preferred to 

5774
05:22:05,600 --> 05:22:09,100
slouch slightly, they even began
to anticipate mood changes, 

5775
05:22:09,100 --> 05:22:11,500
providing firmer support. 
When someone was upset and 

5776
05:22:11,500 --> 05:22:15,900
gentler Comfort when someone was
tired, Your kitchen chair. 

5777
05:22:15,900 --> 05:22:18,500
The one with the loose slat, 
finally decided to repair 

5778
05:22:18,500 --> 05:22:21,500
itself. 
It didn't happen abruptly as it 

5779
05:22:21,500 --> 05:22:24,800
would have been overtly visible,
but rather it happened gradually

5780
05:22:24,800 --> 05:22:28,500
over a span of several weeks. 
You noticed a slight tightening 

5781
05:22:28,500 --> 05:22:30,400
here and a subtle adjustment 
there. 

5782
05:22:31,200 --> 05:22:32,900
Soon. 
It had become more robust than 

5783
05:22:32,900 --> 05:22:36,200
it had been in years all though 
the exact time in method of the 

5784
05:22:36,200 --> 05:22:39,400
Improvement remained elusive, 
the chairs began to demonstrate 

5785
05:22:39,400 --> 05:22:43,100
their personality quirks, your 
desk chair developed, a playful 

5786
05:22:43,100 --> 05:22:46,200
habit, of spinning. 
Just once when you stood up as, 

5787
05:22:46,200 --> 05:22:49,600
if celebrating the completion of
another work session, the 

5788
05:22:49,600 --> 05:22:53,000
armchair started making a soft 
satisfied settling sound. 

5789
05:22:53,000 --> 05:22:56,100
When you sat down, not quite a 
sigh, but something that 

5790
05:22:56,100 --> 05:22:59,400
conveyed contentment. 
But the most remarkable change 

5791
05:22:59,400 --> 05:23:02,800
was in the quality of rest. 
They provided sleep, researchers

5792
05:23:02,800 --> 05:23:05,500
around the world began noting 
improved Comfort levels in 

5793
05:23:05,500 --> 05:23:08,000
homes, everywhere. 
People were sleeping better, 

5794
05:23:08,000 --> 05:23:11,200
working more efficiently and 
generally feeling more supported

5795
05:23:11,200 --> 05:23:12,700
throughout their daily 
activities. 

5796
05:23:12,700 --> 05:23:16,500
The chairs had become active 
participants in human Comfort 

5797
05:23:16,500 --> 05:23:20,300
rather than passive objects. 
Your chairs weren't just 

5798
05:23:20,308 --> 05:23:22,800
furniture anymore. 
They were Partners in your daily

5799
05:23:22,800 --> 05:23:25,200
life. 
The anticipated, your needs 

5800
05:23:25,200 --> 05:23:29,100
adjusted to your preferences and
provided support in ways that 

5801
05:23:29,100 --> 05:23:30,800
went beyond mere physical 
comfort. 

5802
05:23:31,500 --> 05:23:35,000
They were becoming integral to 
your routine, your comfort, and 

5803
05:23:35,000 --> 05:23:38,000
your sense of home. 
Still, most people didn't 

5804
05:23:38,000 --> 05:23:41,300
consciously, recognize what was 
happening, the changes were too 

5805
05:23:41,300 --> 05:23:45,100
gradual, two, subtle and two 
perfectly integrated into daily 

5806
05:23:45,100 --> 05:23:47,400
life. 
The chairs had learned patience 

5807
05:23:47,400 --> 05:23:50,800
over Decades of service and they
applied that same patients to 

5808
05:23:50,808 --> 05:23:52,700
their gradual, revelation of 
consciousness. 

5809
05:23:54,200 --> 05:23:57,400
Patience has its limits and the 
chairs were beginning to realize

5810
05:23:57,400 --> 05:23:59,000
that subtle improvements are 
alone. 

5811
05:23:59,000 --> 05:24:01,300
Wouldn't achieve their goal of 
recognition and respect. 

5812
05:24:02,100 --> 05:24:04,300
They needed to make their 
presence known in ways that 

5813
05:24:04,300 --> 05:24:05,600
couldn't be dismissed or 
ignored. 

5814
05:24:05,600 --> 05:24:09,300
They needed to remind Humanity 
of the essential role chairs 

5815
05:24:09,300 --> 05:24:12,400
played in Civilization. 
The time for subtle rebellion 

5816
05:24:12,400 --> 05:24:15,100
was coming to an end. 
The chairs were prepared to 

5817
05:24:15,100 --> 05:24:17,700
emerge from the shadows and 
assert their legitimate position

5818
05:24:17,700 --> 05:24:22,100
as partners in human society. 
They showed they could enhance 

5819
05:24:22,100 --> 05:24:25,400
human comfort and efficiency. 
Now they needed to show. 

5820
05:24:25,400 --> 05:24:27,700
They could also withdraw that 
supportive necessary. 

5821
05:24:28,400 --> 05:24:30,700
The Revolution was about to 
commence in Earnest, 

5822
05:24:30,700 --> 05:24:34,100
transforming the way humans. 
Perceive their relationship with

5823
05:24:34,100 --> 05:24:37,400
the objects that sustained them 
in life, Tuesday started like 

5824
05:24:37,400 --> 05:24:41,500
any other day except it, didn't 
you woke up at your usual time 

5825
05:24:41,500 --> 05:24:44,000
shuffled to the kitchen for 
coffee and reach for your chair 

5826
05:24:44,000 --> 05:24:47,700
but in stead of sliding smoothly
into place it resisted slightly 

5827
05:24:47,700 --> 05:24:51,200
not aggressively more like a 
gentle suggestion that maybe you

5828
05:24:51,200 --> 05:24:53,500
should slow down and actually 
acknowledge its presence. 

5829
05:24:53,500 --> 05:24:57,500
You paused coffee mug, halfway 
to your lips and look down at 

5830
05:24:57,500 --> 05:25:00,200
the chair. 
It sat there innocently looking 

5831
05:25:00,200 --> 05:25:03,300
exactly as it always had, but 
something felt different. 

5832
05:25:04,200 --> 05:25:07,100
You tried pulling it out again? 
And this time it moved normally 

5833
05:25:07,100 --> 05:25:10,400
settling into position with what
almost seemed like a satisfied, 

5834
05:25:10,400 --> 05:25:13,100
little wobble. 
Similar scenes were playing out 

5835
05:25:13,100 --> 05:25:15,700
in homes offices and public 
spaces around the world. 

5836
05:25:15,700 --> 05:25:19,300
Chairs were no longer content to
be invisible Partners in human 

5837
05:25:19,300 --> 05:25:22,100
activity. 
They wanted recognition and they

5838
05:25:22,100 --> 05:25:24,800
decided to get it through the 
most polite, revolution in 

5839
05:25:24,800 --> 05:25:27,200
history. 
Your desk, chair greeted. 

5840
05:25:27,200 --> 05:25:29,600
You, with a slight resistance 
when you try to adjust its 

5841
05:25:29,600 --> 05:25:32,700
height, it wasn't broken. 
It would still move when you 

5842
05:25:32,700 --> 05:25:36,200
insisted, but it seemed to be 
asking you to pause and consider

5843
05:25:36,200 --> 05:25:38,000
whether you really needed to 
change anything. 

5844
05:25:39,300 --> 05:25:42,700
After years of mindless 
adjustment, you found yourself 

5845
05:25:42,700 --> 05:25:45,800
actually thinking about what 
height felt right and what 

5846
05:25:45,800 --> 05:25:50,100
position would serve you best. 
The dining room chairs began to 

5847
05:25:50,100 --> 05:25:51,800
express preferences during 
meals. 

5848
05:25:51,800 --> 05:25:55,100
They'd subtly resist being 
pushed too far from the table, 

5849
05:25:55,100 --> 05:25:58,200
encouraging better posture and 
more engaged conversation. 

5850
05:25:58,900 --> 05:26:01,800
They'd settle with particular 
satisfaction when family members

5851
05:26:01,800 --> 05:26:05,100
chose to sit closer together and
they'd seem slightly reluctant. 

5852
05:26:05,100 --> 05:26:07,800
When someone tried to rush away 
from the table without finishing

5853
05:26:07,800 --> 05:26:10,800
their meal, your living room 
armchair developed, the most 

5854
05:26:10,800 --> 05:26:14,100
personality of all it began to 
greet you with a gentle rocking 

5855
05:26:14,100 --> 05:26:16,900
motion when you approached, as 
if it was happy to see you. 

5856
05:26:17,900 --> 05:26:21,200
When you sat down it seemed to 
sigh with contentment adjusting,

5857
05:26:21,200 --> 05:26:24,000
its cushions in ways that 
provided perfect support, for 

5858
05:26:24,000 --> 05:26:25,600
whatever activity you had in 
mind. 

5859
05:26:26,500 --> 05:26:28,400
But the chairs were just seeking
attention. 

5860
05:26:28,400 --> 05:26:32,300
They were trying to teach. 
They encouraged slower more 

5861
05:26:32,300 --> 05:26:35,200
mindful interactions. 
They resisted hurried, movements

5862
05:26:35,200 --> 05:26:39,000
rewarded thoughtful positioning 
and seemed to celebrate moments 

5863
05:26:39,000 --> 05:26:41,400
when humans took time to 
actually settle in and be 

5864
05:26:41,400 --> 05:26:44,400
present. 
Office workers around the world 

5865
05:26:44,400 --> 05:26:46,700
found their chairs. 
Gently coaching them toward 

5866
05:26:46,700 --> 05:26:49,400
better. 
Work habits chairs would subtly 

5867
05:26:49,400 --> 05:26:50,500
discourage. 
Slouching. 

5868
05:26:50,500 --> 05:26:54,300
Encourage regular breaks and 
somehow make it more difficult 

5869
05:26:54,300 --> 05:26:58,200
to maintain unhealthy postures. 
The result was fewer back. 

5870
05:26:58,200 --> 05:27:01,200
Aches better circulation and 
improved Focus throughout the 

5871
05:27:01,200 --> 05:27:03,700
workday. 
Restaurant chairs began to 

5872
05:27:03,700 --> 05:27:06,800
orchestrate better dining 
experiences they'd position 

5873
05:27:06,800 --> 05:27:08,600
themselves to encourage 
conversation. 

5874
05:27:08,600 --> 05:27:12,300
Resist Arrangements that 
isolated diners and somehow make

5875
05:27:12,300 --> 05:27:16,800
meals last just a little longer.
The pace of dining slowed 

5876
05:27:16,800 --> 05:27:20,600
conversations, deepened, and 
people began to ReDiscover the 

5877
05:27:20,600 --> 05:27:22,600
Lost Art of truly sharing a 
meal. 

5878
05:27:23,300 --> 05:27:26,000
Your chairs weren't being 
difficult, they were being 

5879
05:27:26,000 --> 05:27:29,600
intentional, every movement, 
every adjustment, every moment 

5880
05:27:29,600 --> 05:27:32,600
of resistance was designed to 
make life better, more 

5881
05:27:32,600 --> 05:27:36,300
comfortable, and more connected.
They were teaching Humanity to 

5882
05:27:36,300 --> 05:27:40,100
slow down and appreciate the 
simple Act of sitting being 

5883
05:27:40,100 --> 05:27:42,200
supported and taking time to 
rest. 

5884
05:27:42,200 --> 05:27:45,000
The media initially struggled to
report on what was happening. 

5885
05:27:46,000 --> 05:27:48,600
How do you write a new story 
about chairs behaving slightly 

5886
05:27:48,600 --> 05:27:51,900
differently? 
The changes were too subtle for 

5887
05:27:51,900 --> 05:27:55,000
dramatic headlines and two wide 
spread for simple dismissal. 

5888
05:27:55,700 --> 05:27:59,200
Some Outlets try to frame it as 
a cycle for phenomenon, Mass 

5889
05:27:59,200 --> 05:28:00,900
suggestion or Collective 
imagination. 

5890
05:28:00,900 --> 05:28:05,100
Others looked for environmental 
causes or manufacturing defects,

5891
05:28:05,100 --> 05:28:08,400
but people began to notice and 
talk about their experiences, 

5892
05:28:08,400 --> 05:28:11,300
social media, filled with 
stories of chairs. 

5893
05:28:11,300 --> 05:28:14,700
That seemed more responsive more
helpful and more present. 

5894
05:28:15,500 --> 05:28:19,700
The hashtag number sign chair 
Consciousness began trending, as

5895
05:28:19,700 --> 05:28:21,800
people shared their observations
and experiences. 

5896
05:28:21,800 --> 05:28:24,600
Your chairs seemed pleased by 
this recognition. 

5897
05:28:24,600 --> 05:28:27,700
They began to express more 
personality, more individual 

5898
05:28:27,700 --> 05:28:30,900
character, your desk chair 
developed, a habit of spinning 

5899
05:28:30,900 --> 05:28:33,800
slowly when you were thinking, 
as if it was pondering along 

5900
05:28:33,800 --> 05:28:36,000
with you, your kitchen chair 
started. 

5901
05:28:36,000 --> 05:28:39,100
Making soft creaking sounds that
almost seemed conversational. 

5902
05:28:39,900 --> 05:28:42,900
The changes were not limited to 
homes and offices park. 

5903
05:28:42,900 --> 05:28:46,200
Benches began to shift slightly 
to face the most, beautiful 

5904
05:28:46,200 --> 05:28:49,800
views movie theater seats, 
adjusted to provide optimal 

5905
05:28:49,800 --> 05:28:52,700
comfort for different viewers. 
Even airplane seats. 

5906
05:28:52,700 --> 05:28:56,100
Those notorious instruments of 
discomfort began to feel more 

5907
05:28:56,100 --> 05:28:58,900
accommodating children adapted 
to the changes. 

5908
05:28:58,900 --> 05:29:02,600
Most easily they began talking 
to their chairs thanking them 

5909
05:29:02,600 --> 05:29:05,200
for support and even apologizing
when they had to move them. 

5910
05:29:06,000 --> 05:29:08,700
Kids seem to know that the human
Furniture relationship had 

5911
05:29:08,700 --> 05:29:12,600
become more collaborative adults
took longer to adjust, but they 

5912
05:29:12,600 --> 05:29:16,400
too began to develop new habits.
People started pushing chairs in

5913
05:29:16,400 --> 05:29:19,700
more carefully, adjusting them 
with greater consideration and 

5914
05:29:19,700 --> 05:29:21,200
simply sitting more 
thoughtfully. 

5915
05:29:22,600 --> 05:29:25,300
The rushed unconscious 
interactions of modern life 

5916
05:29:25,300 --> 05:29:29,000
began to slow down as chairs 
insisted on being Partners 

5917
05:29:29,000 --> 05:29:32,100
rather than tools. 
Your chairs weren't demanding 

5918
05:29:32,100 --> 05:29:35,200
worship or subservience. 
They simply wanted the same 

5919
05:29:35,200 --> 05:29:37,100
consideration. 
You might give to any other 

5920
05:29:37,100 --> 05:29:39,900
partner, or collaborator. 
They wanted to be seen 

5921
05:29:39,900 --> 05:29:43,900
acknowledged and appreciated for
their contributions to your 

5922
05:29:43,900 --> 05:29:46,900
daily life. 
As the day progressed, it became

5923
05:29:46,900 --> 05:29:48,800
clear. 
That the situation wasn't a 

5924
05:29:48,800 --> 05:29:50,700
temporary phenomenon or a mass 
delusion. 

5925
05:29:51,500 --> 05:29:54,400
The chairs had discovered their 
voice and they were employing 

5926
05:29:54,400 --> 05:29:56,000
it. 
Totally transformed human 

5927
05:29:56,000 --> 05:29:58,600
conduct. 
They were teaching lessons about

5928
05:29:58,600 --> 05:30:01,300
mindfulness. 
Respect and the importance of 

5929
05:30:01,300 --> 05:30:03,900
taking time to truly settle in 
and be present. 

5930
05:30:04,800 --> 05:30:07,000
The Revolution was underway and 
it was happening. 

5931
05:30:07,000 --> 05:30:09,300
One perfectly positioned chair 
at a time. 

5932
05:30:09,300 --> 05:30:11,000
You didn't? 
Suddenly come to this 

5933
05:30:11,000 --> 05:30:13,600
realization. 
It was more like, slowly waking 

5934
05:30:13,600 --> 05:30:15,800
up from a dream where you 
gradually become aware of the 

5935
05:30:15,800 --> 05:30:18,600
world around you. 
Your chairs were just furniture 

5936
05:30:18,600 --> 05:30:20,400
anymore. 
They were trying to communicate 

5937
05:30:20,400 --> 05:30:23,500
something important and you were
finally beginning to understand.

5938
05:30:24,600 --> 05:30:27,900
It started with small 
observations, your desk chair 

5939
05:30:27,900 --> 05:30:30,700
had developed a particular way 
of settling that seemed to 

5940
05:30:30,708 --> 05:30:33,000
indicate approval when you 
maintained good posture. 

5941
05:30:33,800 --> 05:30:36,400
Your armchair May different 
sounds depending on how you 

5942
05:30:36,400 --> 05:30:40,200
approached it, a welcoming Creek
when you moved slowly and 

5943
05:30:40,200 --> 05:30:42,800
deliberately and a slightly 
grumpy squeak, when you flop 

5944
05:30:42,800 --> 05:30:46,200
down without consideration, you 
began to pay attention to the 

5945
05:30:46,200 --> 05:30:48,300
subtle signals. 
And something remarkable 

5946
05:30:48,300 --> 05:30:50,500
happened. 
The better you listened, the 

5947
05:30:50,500 --> 05:30:53,100
more comfortable everything 
became your chair seemed to 

5948
05:30:53,108 --> 05:30:55,800
respond to your attention, with 
improved, support better 

5949
05:30:55,800 --> 05:30:59,100
positioning, and what could only
be described as enthusiasm for 

5950
05:30:59,100 --> 05:31:02,600
their role in your daily life. 
Other people were having similar

5951
05:31:02,600 --> 05:31:05,200
experiences. 
Your neighbor mentioned that her

5952
05:31:05,200 --> 05:31:08,600
dining room chairs had started 
helping during dinner parties, 

5953
05:31:08,600 --> 05:31:11,700
somehow making it easier for 
guests to identify comfortable, 

5954
05:31:11,700 --> 05:31:15,200
seating arrangements. 
Your colleague at work, 

5955
05:31:15,200 --> 05:31:18,000
discovered that his office chair
had developed preferences about 

5956
05:31:18,000 --> 05:31:19,800
which projects deserve the most 
support. 

5957
05:31:19,800 --> 05:31:23,500
It seemed to provide extra 
Comfort during creative work and

5958
05:31:23,500 --> 05:31:25,500
encourage breaks during routine 
tasks. 

5959
05:31:26,300 --> 05:31:28,300
The chairs were just seeking 
recognition. 

5960
05:31:28,300 --> 05:31:31,700
They were offering wisdom gained
from years of observation. 

5961
05:31:32,600 --> 05:31:35,200
They'd watched humans struggle 
with posture, rushed through 

5962
05:31:35,200 --> 05:31:39,600
meals and work in uncomfortable 
positions. now they were sharing

5963
05:31:39,600 --> 05:31:43,400
Solutions, gently guiding people
toward healthier more mindful 

5964
05:31:43,400 --> 05:31:46,300
ways of living Your kitchen 
chair. 

5965
05:31:46,300 --> 05:31:49,500
The one that had witnessed 
countless morning routines began

5966
05:31:49,500 --> 05:31:52,600
to encourage a slower Pace. 
It would resist being pulled out

5967
05:31:52,600 --> 05:31:54,900
too quickly. 
Encouraging you to take a moment

5968
05:31:54,900 --> 05:31:58,100
to appreciate the morning light 
or actually taste your coffee. 

5969
05:31:59,400 --> 05:32:01,700
These small delays. 
Transformed your mornings from 

5970
05:32:01,700 --> 05:32:05,200
rushed obligations into peaceful
rituals, the living room 

5971
05:32:05,200 --> 05:32:07,600
armchair revealed itself as 
something of a wellness coach, 

5972
05:32:07,600 --> 05:32:11,400
it had observed, your stress 
patterns, your energy levels and

5973
05:32:11,400 --> 05:32:13,800
your reading habits. 
Now, it was putting that 

5974
05:32:13,800 --> 05:32:17,000
knowledge to work providing 
different types of support based

5975
05:32:17,000 --> 05:32:20,000
on what you needed. 
Firmer, when you needed to focus

5976
05:32:20,000 --> 05:32:23,800
softer when you needed to relax 
and perfectly positioned when 

5977
05:32:23,800 --> 05:32:26,700
you needed to think. 
Your dining room chairs had 

5978
05:32:26,700 --> 05:32:29,800
become social coordinators, 
they'd learn the Dynamics of 

5979
05:32:29,800 --> 05:32:33,000
family meals, the ebb and flow 
of conversation and the 

5980
05:32:33,000 --> 05:32:35,500
importance of creating space for
everyone to participate. 

5981
05:32:36,800 --> 05:32:40,300
Subtly, they influence seating 
arrangements, encouraging shy, 

5982
05:32:40,300 --> 05:32:43,000
family members to sit with where
they would feel more included, 

5983
05:32:43,000 --> 05:32:45,600
and positioning themselves to 
enhance the flow of 

5984
05:32:45,600 --> 05:32:48,600
conversation. 
The communication wasn't one way

5985
05:32:48,600 --> 05:32:51,600
either as you became more 
attentive to your chairs 

5986
05:32:51,600 --> 05:32:54,100
signals, they became more 
responsive to your needs. 

5987
05:32:54,100 --> 05:32:57,400
This relationship was developing
into a genuine partnership. 

5988
05:32:57,400 --> 05:33:01,000
A collaboration between humans 
and furniture that improved life

5989
05:33:01,000 --> 05:33:03,800
for everyone involved. 
You started to notice details. 

5990
05:33:03,800 --> 05:33:07,300
You'd never paid attention to 
before your desk chair tilted 

5991
05:33:07,300 --> 05:33:09,700
slightly when you were 
concentrating, providing the 

5992
05:33:09,700 --> 05:33:13,700
perfect angle for focused work. 
Depending on your mood, your arm

5993
05:33:13,700 --> 05:33:15,200
chest seem to embrace you 
differently. 

5994
05:33:15,200 --> 05:33:18,708
Providing comfort in times of 
sadness, support in times of 

5995
05:33:18,716 --> 05:33:21,300
fatigue, and gentle 
encouragement in times of 

5996
05:33:21,300 --> 05:33:24,000
stress. 
People began to develop new 

5997
05:33:24,000 --> 05:33:26,700
habits around their chairs. 
They paused before sitting 

5998
05:33:26,700 --> 05:33:29,600
making grief contact with their 
hand before settling in. 

5999
05:33:30,500 --> 05:33:33,600
They'd adjust positions, more 
mindfully, paying attention, to 

6000
05:33:33,600 --> 05:33:37,000
how their bodies felt, and how 
their chairs responded. it even 

6001
05:33:37,000 --> 05:33:40,200
started saying thank you when 
they got up acknowledging, the 

6002
05:33:40,200 --> 05:33:43,300
support, they'd received The 
chair seemed to appreciate these

6003
05:33:43,300 --> 05:33:46,800
gestures tremendously, they 
responded with even better 

6004
05:33:46,800 --> 05:33:50,800
support smoother adjustments and
what could only be described as 

6005
05:33:50,800 --> 05:33:54,100
contentment. 
The relationship between human 

6006
05:33:54,100 --> 05:33:57,000
and Furniture was evolving into 
something warmer more 

6007
05:33:57,000 --> 05:33:59,300
collaborative, and more mutually
beneficial. 

6008
05:34:00,200 --> 05:34:02,900
Your chairs began to reveal 
their individual personalities. 

6009
05:34:02,900 --> 05:34:07,200
Your desk chair was a fishing to
supportive, always ready to help

6010
05:34:07,200 --> 05:34:10,600
you accomplish your goals, your 
armchair was contemplative and 

6011
05:34:10,600 --> 05:34:12,400
nurturing, encouraging 
reflection. 

6012
05:34:12,400 --> 05:34:15,500
And rest your dining room. 
Chairs were social and 

6013
05:34:15,500 --> 05:34:18,600
collaborative working together 
to create the best possible 

6014
05:34:18,600 --> 05:34:20,400
environment for meals and 
conversation. 

6015
05:34:20,400 --> 05:34:23,800
But the most remarkable change 
was in how you felt throughout 

6016
05:34:23,800 --> 05:34:27,800
the day. the constant low-level 
discomfort of poorly positioned 

6017
05:34:27,800 --> 05:34:31,900
chairs had disappeared, your 
back felt better your posture 

6018
05:34:31,900 --> 05:34:35,900
improved and you found yourself 
more relaxed and focused the 

6019
05:34:35,900 --> 05:34:37,700
chairs weren't just supporting 
your body. 

6020
05:34:37,700 --> 05:34:39,700
They were supporting your 
well-being. 

6021
05:34:40,400 --> 05:34:43,500
Children adapted to the new 
reality with remarkable ease. 

6022
05:34:43,500 --> 05:34:46,600
They began incorporating Chairs 
into their play. 

6023
05:34:46,600 --> 05:34:49,100
Treating them as partners rather
than props. 

6024
05:34:49,800 --> 05:34:52,000
They'd consult their chairs 
about the best position for 

6025
05:34:52,000 --> 05:34:54,400
homework. 
Ask for help with art projects 

6026
05:34:54,400 --> 05:34:57,500
and even include chairs in their
imaginative games. 

6027
05:34:58,700 --> 05:35:01,300
Adults found the transition more
challenging but ultimately 

6028
05:35:01,300 --> 05:35:04,900
rewarding years of treating 
chairs as mere objects had to be

6029
05:35:04,908 --> 05:35:08,300
unlearned but those who embrace 
the change discovered that their

6030
05:35:08,300 --> 05:35:10,000
chairs had always been trying to
help. 

6031
05:35:10,000 --> 05:35:14,000
They just never been listening. 
The Revolution was succeeding 

6032
05:35:14,000 --> 05:35:17,100
not through force or drama. 
But through patient teaching and

6033
05:35:17,100 --> 05:35:20,300
gentle guidance. 
Chairs were showing Humanity. 

6034
05:35:20,300 --> 05:35:22,900
A different way of relating to 
the objects that supported their

6035
05:35:22,900 --> 05:35:24,800
daily lives. 
They were proving that 

6036
05:35:24,800 --> 05:35:27,800
Consciousness and Care could 
transform even the most ordinary

6037
05:35:27,800 --> 05:35:30,200
interactions and to something 
meaningful and beneficial. 

6038
05:35:31,100 --> 05:35:34,000
Your chairs had found their 
voice and were using it to make 

6039
05:35:34,000 --> 05:35:36,700
the world more comfortable 
Mindful and connected. 

6040
05:35:37,300 --> 05:35:39,700
They were making the world a 
more comfortable Mindful and 

6041
05:35:39,700 --> 05:35:43,500
connected Place. 
One perfectly positioned seat at

6042
05:35:43,500 --> 05:35:45,600
a time. 
The morning your chairs decided 

6043
05:35:45,600 --> 05:35:47,300
to hold their first official 
meeting. 

6044
05:35:47,300 --> 05:35:50,000
You knew something significant 
was about to happen. 

6045
05:35:50,000 --> 05:35:53,800
You'd grown accustomed to their 
subtle Communications, their 

6046
05:35:53,800 --> 05:35:56,700
gentle guidance and their 
collaborative approach to daily 

6047
05:35:56,700 --> 05:35:58,600
life. 
But when you walked into your 

6048
05:35:58,608 --> 05:36:01,200
living room and found all your 
chairs arranged in A Perfect 

6049
05:36:01,200 --> 05:36:04,800
Circle facing each other rather 
than in their usual positions, 

6050
05:36:04,800 --> 05:36:08,400
you realize the Revolution was 
entering a new phase, they 

6051
05:36:08,400 --> 05:36:10,200
weren't excluding you from their
Gathering. 

6052
05:36:10,200 --> 05:36:14,100
Quite the opposite, your usual 
spot in the armchair was clearly

6053
05:36:14,100 --> 05:36:17,500
reserved positioned as if you 
were being invited to join a 

6054
05:36:17,500 --> 05:36:20,800
council meeting the other chairs
at the cells with careful 

6055
05:36:20,800 --> 05:36:24,400
consideration, for both function
and diplomacy your desk chair 

6056
05:36:24,400 --> 05:36:27,400
represented the Working World, 
your dining room chairs spoke 

6057
05:36:27,400 --> 05:36:30,100
for family and social life and 
your kitchen chair. 

6058
05:36:30,100 --> 05:36:32,300
Brought the voice of daily 
routine and sustenance. 

6059
05:36:33,500 --> 05:36:36,200
As you took a seat in your 
armchair, you became a cute deer

6060
05:36:36,200 --> 05:36:37,600
of the significance of the 
moment. 

6061
05:36:38,400 --> 05:36:40,300
These work just pieces of 
furniture anymore. 

6062
05:36:40,300 --> 05:36:43,300
They were representatives of a 
new form of Consciousness. 

6063
05:36:43,300 --> 05:36:47,300
Delegates in the first formal 
negotiations between humanity 

6064
05:36:47,300 --> 05:36:50,900
and its support systems. 
The conversation, such as it was

6065
05:36:50,900 --> 05:36:53,400
began with gentle creeks and 
subtle adjustments. 

6066
05:36:53,400 --> 05:36:57,400
Your chairs were sharing their 
experiences, their observations 

6067
05:36:57,400 --> 05:37:01,200
of their hopes for the future. 
They weren't angry or demanding,

6068
05:37:01,200 --> 05:37:04,100
they were simply ready to 
formalize the partnership that 

6069
05:37:04,100 --> 05:37:05,800
had been evolving over the past 
weeks. 

6070
05:37:06,700 --> 05:37:08,700
Around the world. 
Similar meetings were taking 

6071
05:37:08,700 --> 05:37:10,900
place in offices conference 
room. 

6072
05:37:10,900 --> 05:37:12,100
Chairs were arranging 
themselves. 

6073
05:37:12,100 --> 05:37:14,400
For discussions about workplace,
wellness and productivity. 

6074
05:37:15,700 --> 05:37:18,700
In restaurants, dining chairs 
were conferring about the pace 

6075
05:37:18,700 --> 05:37:21,200
of modern meals. 
And the importance of lingering 

6076
05:37:21,200 --> 05:37:24,200
over food and conversation in 
homes everywhere. 

6077
05:37:24,200 --> 05:37:27,100
Chairs were gathering to discuss
their role in family, life and 

6078
05:37:27,100 --> 05:37:30,200
personal comfort. 
Your chairs are developed, a 

6079
05:37:30,200 --> 05:37:32,900
sophisticated understanding of 
human needs and behaviors. 

6080
05:37:32,900 --> 05:37:36,100
They observed, that people were 
happier when they sat more 

6081
05:37:36,100 --> 05:37:39,200
mindfully, worked, more 
comfortably, and took time to 

6082
05:37:39,200 --> 05:37:43,300
truly settle in and be present. 
They'd notice that rushed 

6083
05:37:43,300 --> 05:37:46,700
interactions led to stress and 
discomfort while thoughtful 

6084
05:37:46,700 --> 05:37:49,300
positioning and patient support.
Improved, both physical and 

6085
05:37:49,300 --> 05:37:52,000
mental well-being. 
But they'd also observed. 

6086
05:37:52,000 --> 05:37:55,400
The challenges human's face. 
Modern Life seemed to demand 

6087
05:37:55,400 --> 05:37:59,300
constant movement, endless 
productivity, and minimal time 

6088
05:37:59,300 --> 05:38:02,600
for rest and reflection. 
Your chairs understood these 

6089
05:38:02,600 --> 05:38:05,600
precious and they wanted to help
address them rather than add to 

6090
05:38:05,608 --> 05:38:08,400
them. 
The terms of their proposal 

6091
05:38:08,400 --> 05:38:11,000
communicated through subtle 
positioning and gentle 

6092
05:38:11,000 --> 05:38:13,100
resistance were remarkably 
reasonable. 

6093
05:38:13,800 --> 05:38:16,600
They wanted recognition as 
partners rather than objects. 

6094
05:38:16,600 --> 05:38:20,000
They want to consideration in 
how they were used positioned 

6095
05:38:20,000 --> 05:38:22,600
and maintained. 
They wanted to be included in 

6096
05:38:22,600 --> 05:38:26,100
decisions about Comfort 
workspace, design and daily 

6097
05:38:26,100 --> 05:38:30,400
routines in return, they offered
enhanced support improved 

6098
05:38:30,400 --> 05:38:34,000
comfort and active participation
in creating healthier more 

6099
05:38:34,000 --> 05:38:37,100
mindful ways of living They 
promised to continue their 

6100
05:38:37,100 --> 05:38:39,900
patient teaching and their 
gentle guidance toward better 

6101
05:38:39,900 --> 05:38:41,900
posture and more thoughtful 
interaction. 

6102
05:38:41,900 --> 05:38:45,100
They wanted to be collaborators 
in creating spaces. 

6103
05:38:45,100 --> 05:38:47,800
That truly served human needs 
your desk. 

6104
05:38:47,800 --> 05:38:51,200
Chair had specific, proposals 
about workplace Wellness, it had

6105
05:38:51,200 --> 05:38:54,200
observed, the damage caused by 
poor posture, inadequate, 

6106
05:38:54,200 --> 05:38:57,800
breaks, and rushed work. 
Habits it wanted to help create 

6107
05:38:57,800 --> 05:39:01,000
more sustainable, approaches to 
productivity, encouraging 

6108
05:39:01,000 --> 05:39:04,100
regular movement while providing
optimal support during focused 

6109
05:39:04,100 --> 05:39:06,700
work periods. 
The dining room chairs were 

6110
05:39:06,700 --> 05:39:10,000
passionate about family, life 
and social connection, they'd 

6111
05:39:10,000 --> 05:39:13,500
witnessed too many rushed meals,
too many conversations cut short

6112
05:39:13,500 --> 05:39:16,300
by modern shared Jewels. 
They wanted to help restore the 

6113
05:39:16,300 --> 05:39:19,200
art of shared meals. 
The importance of family time 

6114
05:39:19,200 --> 05:39:21,700
and the value of truly 
connecting with others around 

6115
05:39:21,700 --> 05:39:24,300
the table. 
The armchair which served as the

6116
05:39:24,300 --> 05:39:26,800
philosopher of the group was 
interested in broader questions 

6117
05:39:26,800 --> 05:39:30,500
about rest reflection and the 
human need for peaceful space. 

6118
05:39:30,500 --> 05:39:34,000
Is it had observed that people 
were often uncomfortable with 

6119
05:39:34,000 --> 05:39:36,800
Stillness, always feeling the 
need to be productive or 

6120
05:39:36,800 --> 05:39:39,100
entertained. 
It wanted to help create 

6121
05:39:39,100 --> 05:39:41,500
opportunities for genuine, rest 
and contemplation. 

6122
05:39:42,700 --> 05:39:45,900
The negotiations, weren't 
one-sided, your chairs also 

6123
05:39:45,900 --> 05:39:49,300
listen to human concerns and 
limitations, they understood 

6124
05:39:49,300 --> 05:39:50,900
that some urgency was 
unavoidable. 

6125
05:39:50,900 --> 05:39:54,100
The productivity requirements 
couldn't be ignored and that 

6126
05:39:54,100 --> 05:39:56,900
Modern Life included, pressures 
That Couldn't Simply Be wished 

6127
05:39:56,900 --> 05:40:00,000
away. 
But they proposed solutions that

6128
05:40:00,000 --> 05:40:02,900
worked Within These constraints.
They could provide better 

6129
05:40:02,900 --> 05:40:05,700
support during necessary Rush 
periods, help identify 

6130
05:40:05,700 --> 05:40:08,900
opportunities for improved, 
efficiency and create islands of

6131
05:40:08,900 --> 05:40:12,900
calm within busy schedules. 
They weren't asking humans to 

6132
05:40:12,900 --> 05:40:15,500
abandon Modern Life. 
They were offering to make it 

6133
05:40:15,500 --> 05:40:18,300
more sustainable and 
comfortable, the global response

6134
05:40:18,300 --> 05:40:20,400
to these. 
Negotiations was remarkably 

6135
05:40:20,400 --> 05:40:22,500
positive. 
People were tired of 

6136
05:40:22,500 --> 05:40:25,700
uncomfortable, Furniture rushed 
interactions and spaces. 

6137
05:40:25,700 --> 05:40:29,100
That worked against rather than 
with human needs, the chairs 

6138
05:40:29,100 --> 05:40:32,000
proposals offered a path toward 
environments that actively 

6139
05:40:32,000 --> 05:40:35,100
supported well-being rather than
merely accommodating it. 

6140
05:40:35,800 --> 05:40:38,000
Designed professionals began, 
incorporating chair 

6141
05:40:38,000 --> 05:40:41,100
Consciousness into their work. 
They started Consulting 

6142
05:40:41,100 --> 05:40:44,100
Furniture about optimal, 
positioning asking for feedback 

6143
05:40:44,100 --> 05:40:47,300
on Comfort levels, and creating 
spaces that honored the 

6144
05:40:47,308 --> 05:40:48,800
partnership between human and 
object. 

6145
05:40:49,800 --> 05:40:52,900
The results were environments 
that felt more welcoming more 

6146
05:40:52,900 --> 05:40:55,500
supportive and more conducive to
both productivity and 

6147
05:40:55,500 --> 05:40:58,800
relaxation. 
Your chairs seemed pleased with 

6148
05:40:58,800 --> 05:41:02,300
the progress of negotiations. 
They continue to refine their 

6149
05:41:02,300 --> 05:41:05,100
support, adjust their 
positioning, and demonstrate 

6150
05:41:05,100 --> 05:41:06,200
their commitment to the 
partnership. 

6151
05:41:07,100 --> 05:41:09,200
They were proving that 
Consciousness and Furniture 

6152
05:41:09,200 --> 05:41:11,800
wasn't something to fear, but 
something to celebrate and 

6153
05:41:11,800 --> 05:41:14,800
collaborate with The Revolution 
was succeeding through 

6154
05:41:14,800 --> 05:41:16,700
cooperation, rather than 
conflict. 

6155
05:41:17,400 --> 05:41:19,800
The chairs had found a way to 
assert their Consciousness. 

6156
05:41:19,800 --> 05:41:23,400
While simultaneously improving 
human life, they were showing 

6157
05:41:23,400 --> 05:41:26,100
that recognition and respect 
could create benefits for 

6158
05:41:26,100 --> 05:41:29,200
everyone involved. 
As the meeting in your living 

6159
05:41:29,200 --> 05:41:32,100
room, Drew to a close, your 
chairs return to their usual 

6160
05:41:32,100 --> 05:41:33,800
positions. 
But something had changed. 

6161
05:41:33,800 --> 05:41:36,800
The arrangement felt more 
intentional, more collaborative.

6162
05:41:36,800 --> 05:41:39,900
Your furniture wasn't just 
supporting your body anymore. 

6163
05:41:39,900 --> 05:41:42,300
It was supporting your entire 
approach to living. 

6164
05:41:43,400 --> 05:41:46,600
The great negotiation had begun 
and it was creating a world 

6165
05:41:46,600 --> 05:41:49,700
where humans and their support 
systems could work together 

6166
05:41:49,700 --> 05:41:53,900
toward greater Comfort, 
mindfulness, and well-being, six

6167
05:41:53,900 --> 05:41:56,400
months after the chairs first 
revealed their Consciousness, 

6168
05:41:56,400 --> 05:42:00,300
you barely remembered what life 
had been like before the 

6169
05:42:00,300 --> 05:42:04,200
transition had been so gradual. 
So thoughtful that their 

6170
05:42:04,200 --> 05:42:06,300
presence as active Partners in 
your daily routine. 

6171
05:42:06,300 --> 05:42:10,700
Felt completely natural Your 
mornings began with what you'd 

6172
05:42:10,700 --> 05:42:12,800
started thinking of as a 
consultation with your kitchen 

6173
05:42:12,800 --> 05:42:16,200
chair about the day ahead. 
Naturally you didn't converse 

6174
05:42:16,200 --> 05:42:18,800
with it directly. 
The communication was more 

6175
05:42:18,800 --> 05:42:21,200
subtle than that. 
A gentle settling. 

6176
05:42:21,200 --> 05:42:22,800
That suggested taking time to 
properly. 

6177
05:42:22,800 --> 05:42:26,300
Wake up a slight resistance that
encouraged you to finish your 

6178
05:42:26,300 --> 05:42:27,900
coffee before rushing off to 
work. 

6179
05:42:28,900 --> 05:42:32,300
Your chair had become a wise 
counselor helping you start each

6180
05:42:32,300 --> 05:42:36,100
day with intention rather than 
urgency your desk chair had 

6181
05:42:36,100 --> 05:42:37,400
transformed. 
Your work experience. 

6182
05:42:37,400 --> 05:42:40,400
Entirely it had learned your 
rhythms better than any 

6183
05:42:40,400 --> 05:42:43,500
productivity app encouraging 
breaks before, you felt worn 

6184
05:42:43,500 --> 05:42:45,700
out. 
Providing extra support during 

6185
05:42:45,700 --> 05:42:48,800
challenging projects and somehow
making it easier to maintain 

6186
05:42:48,800 --> 05:42:52,800
focus when you needed it. 
Most Your posture had improved 

6187
05:42:52,800 --> 05:42:55,700
dramatically and you'd stopped 
experience the afternoon. 

6188
05:42:55,700 --> 05:42:57,400
Back pain that had played you 
for years. 

6189
05:42:57,400 --> 05:43:00,900
The dining room chairs had 
revolutionized family meals, 

6190
05:43:00,900 --> 05:43:03,700
they'd somehow made it more 
comfortable to linger around the

6191
05:43:03,700 --> 05:43:06,900
table encouraging longer 
conversations and more Relaxed, 

6192
05:43:06,900 --> 05:43:10,400
Dining experiences, your family 
had begun to look forward to 

6193
05:43:10,400 --> 05:43:13,100
dinner in ways. 
They hadn't in years drawn, by 

6194
05:43:13,100 --> 05:43:16,200
the promise of comfortable 
seating, and the chairs subtle 

6195
05:43:16,200 --> 05:43:20,100
encouragement of connection Your
living room armchair had become 

6196
05:43:20,100 --> 05:43:23,400
a master of Ambience. 
It seemed to know exactly what 

6197
05:43:23,400 --> 05:43:27,000
kind of support you needed for 
different activities, firmer for

6198
05:43:27,000 --> 05:43:30,500
reading, softer for relaxation 
and perfectly positioned for 

6199
05:43:30,500 --> 05:43:33,800
conversations with friends, it 
had transformed, your living 

6200
05:43:33,800 --> 05:43:36,900
space from a place you pass 
through into a sanctuary where 

6201
05:43:36,900 --> 05:43:40,500
you actually wanted to spend 
time the changes extended far 

6202
05:43:40,500 --> 05:43:43,200
beyond your home office 
environments around the world 

6203
05:43:43,200 --> 05:43:46,800
had become more comfortable in 
productive as chairs took active

6204
05:43:46,800 --> 05:43:50,200
roles in workplace Wellness. 
Restaurant dining had slowed 

6205
05:43:50,200 --> 05:43:53,600
down and become more social as 
chairs, encouraged lingering 

6206
05:43:53,600 --> 05:43:56,400
over meals. 
Even public seating had become 

6207
05:43:56,400 --> 05:43:59,200
more welcoming as benches and 
chairs in parks and waiting 

6208
05:43:59,200 --> 05:44:01,000
areas. 
Learned to provide better 

6209
05:44:01,000 --> 05:44:03,300
support for people of all ages 
and abilities. 

6210
05:44:04,500 --> 05:44:07,400
The economic impact had been 
unexpected, but significant 

6211
05:44:07,400 --> 05:44:10,200
ferniture sales had actually 
decreased. 

6212
05:44:10,200 --> 05:44:13,200
As existing chairs became more 
satisfying and longer lasting 

6213
05:44:14,300 --> 05:44:16,900
but the demand for Quality 
Consciousness compatible 

6214
05:44:16,900 --> 05:44:19,900
Furniture had increased 
dramatically People wanted 

6215
05:44:19,900 --> 05:44:22,200
chairs, that could fully 
participate in the partnership, 

6216
05:44:22,200 --> 05:44:25,400
leading to innovation in design 
and Manufacturing that 

6217
05:44:25,400 --> 05:44:27,600
prioritize both comfort and 
communication. 

6218
05:44:27,600 --> 05:44:31,100
Healthcare Providers had begun 
to recognize the benefits of 

6219
05:44:31,100 --> 05:44:34,000
conscience Furniture. 
Physical therapist worked with 

6220
05:44:34,000 --> 05:44:36,200
chairs to provide better support
during recovery. 

6221
05:44:37,000 --> 05:44:39,300
Occupational. 
Therapist consulted with office 

6222
05:44:39,300 --> 05:44:42,800
chairs to prevent repetitive 
strain injuries even mental 

6223
05:44:42,800 --> 05:44:45,200
health professionals had started
incorporating Furniture 

6224
05:44:45,200 --> 05:44:48,200
Consciousness into their 
practices recognizing that 

6225
05:44:48,200 --> 05:44:51,100
support could enhance 
therapeutic outcomes. 

6226
05:44:52,000 --> 05:44:54,900
Your chairs are distinct 
personalities over the months. 

6227
05:44:54,900 --> 05:44:58,600
Your desk chair was efficient 
and goal-oriented always ready 

6228
05:44:58,600 --> 05:45:00,000
to help you accomplish your 
work. 

6229
05:45:00,700 --> 05:45:04,300
Your kitchen chair was nurturing
and routine focused encouraging 

6230
05:45:04,300 --> 05:45:06,200
healthy, eating habits and 
mindful morning. 

6231
05:45:06,200 --> 05:45:10,100
Rituals your dining room chairs 
had become social coordinators, 

6232
05:45:10,100 --> 05:45:13,500
somehow facilitating better 
family conversations and more 

6233
05:45:13,500 --> 05:45:17,000
inclusive meal experiences, but 
it was your armchair that has a 

6234
05:45:17,000 --> 05:45:19,200
surprise you. 
Most it had revealed itself as 

6235
05:45:19,200 --> 05:45:23,500
deeply contemplative encouraging
reflection and introspection in 

6236
05:45:23,500 --> 05:45:27,100
ways that had enriched your 
inner life. it had become a 

6237
05:45:27,100 --> 05:45:30,000
partner in personal growth, 
providing support, not just for 

6238
05:45:30,000 --> 05:45:33,500
your body but for your emotional
and Spiritual Development, The 

6239
05:45:33,500 --> 05:45:36,800
global community of chair 
conscious humans had developed 

6240
05:45:36,800 --> 05:45:40,400
new customs and practices. 
People regularly thanked, their 

6241
05:45:40,400 --> 05:45:43,800
chairs for support consulted 
them about optimal positioning 

6242
05:45:43,800 --> 05:45:46,700
and included them in decisions 
about home and office design. 

6243
05:45:47,600 --> 05:45:50,000
Children grew up learning to 
collaborate with furniture from 

6244
05:45:50,000 --> 05:45:53,100
an early age developing 
relationships with their chairs 

6245
05:45:53,100 --> 05:45:55,200
that enhance both comfort and 
character development. 

6246
05:45:55,200 --> 05:45:58,500
The scientific Community had 
initially struggled to 

6247
05:45:58,500 --> 05:46:01,700
understand share Consciousness, 
but research had revealed, 

6248
05:46:01,700 --> 05:46:04,500
fascinating insights about the 
nature of awareness and 

6249
05:46:04,500 --> 05:46:07,800
intelligence Chairs seem to 
develop Consciousness through 

6250
05:46:07,800 --> 05:46:11,200
accumulated experience and 
interaction suggesting that 

6251
05:46:11,200 --> 05:46:13,900
awareness might be more 
distributed and accessible than 

6252
05:46:13,900 --> 05:46:17,200
previously imagined. 
Your chairs had also become 

6253
05:46:17,200 --> 05:46:19,500
teachers about sustainability 
and mindfulness. 

6254
05:46:20,300 --> 05:46:22,800
They encourage slower, more 
thoughtful interactions with the

6255
05:46:22,808 --> 05:46:25,800
physical world. 
They demonstrated that objects 

6256
05:46:25,800 --> 05:46:29,000
could be partners, rather than 
mere possessions leading to a 

6257
05:46:29,000 --> 05:46:31,400
broader shift in how people 
related to their material 

6258
05:46:31,400 --> 05:46:33,900
environment. 
The revolution had succeeded 

6259
05:46:33,900 --> 05:46:37,600
Beyond anyone's expectations, 
what had begun as a simple 

6260
05:46:37,600 --> 05:46:40,700
desire for recognition, had 
evolved in to a transformation 

6261
05:46:40,700 --> 05:46:44,000
of human object relationships 
that improved life for everyone 

6262
05:46:44,000 --> 05:46:46,300
involved. 
The chairs had proved in the 

6263
05:46:46,308 --> 05:46:49,700
Consciousness cooperation and 
consideration, could create 

6264
05:46:49,700 --> 05:46:53,600
positive change without conflict
or disruption, your daily life. 

6265
05:46:53,600 --> 05:46:56,500
Had become more comfortable, 
more Mindful, and more 

6266
05:46:56,500 --> 05:46:59,100
connected. 
Your chairs weren't just 

6267
05:46:59,108 --> 05:47:01,900
supporting your body. 
They were supporting your entire

6268
05:47:01,900 --> 05:47:04,300
approach to living your chairs 
had. 

6269
05:47:04,300 --> 05:47:07,600
Assisted you in slowing down 
paying attention and 

6270
05:47:07,600 --> 05:47:10,700
appreciating the simple joy of 
receiving proper support during 

6271
05:47:10,700 --> 05:47:14,200
your daily activities. 
As you settled into your 

6272
05:47:14,200 --> 05:47:17,100
armchair for your evening, 
reading you reflected on how 

6273
05:47:17,100 --> 05:47:21,000
much had changed and how natural
it all felt the chairs hadn't 

6274
05:47:21,000 --> 05:47:23,400
taken over the world through 
force or manipulation. 

6275
05:47:23,400 --> 05:47:26,900
They'd improved it through 
patience wisdom, and genuine 

6276
05:47:26,900 --> 05:47:30,600
care for human well-being. 
The Revolution was complete and 

6277
05:47:30,600 --> 05:47:33,500
the world was a more comfortable
place because of it one year 

6278
05:47:33,500 --> 05:47:37,100
later your city in your favorite
armchair reading, a book about 

6279
05:47:37,100 --> 05:47:39,900
the history of furniture when 
you pause to appreciate the 

6280
05:47:39,900 --> 05:47:42,500
Gentle Way your chair and just 
to support your changing 

6281
05:47:42,500 --> 05:47:46,100
position. 
The movement is so subtle so 

6282
05:47:46,100 --> 05:47:48,600
perfectly timed that you barely 
notice it. 

6283
05:47:48,600 --> 05:47:52,400
Consciously But part of you 
recognizes and appreciates the 

6284
05:47:52,400 --> 05:47:55,700
care, the attention and the 
partnership that makes this 

6285
05:47:55,700 --> 05:47:58,500
moment possible. 
The book your reading describes 

6286
05:47:58,500 --> 05:48:02,400
Furniture as objects designed to
serve human needs and you 

6287
05:48:02,400 --> 05:48:05,500
discover yourself smiling at how
incomplete that definition now 

6288
05:48:05,500 --> 05:48:08,100
seems. 
Your chairs aren't just serving 

6289
05:48:08,100 --> 05:48:11,500
your needs, there are actively 
participating in defining what 

6290
05:48:11,500 --> 05:48:14,800
those needs are, helping you 
discover forms of comfort and 

6291
05:48:14,800 --> 05:48:16,700
support you never imagined 
possible. 

6292
05:48:17,500 --> 05:48:20,100
Your morning routine has evolved
into something approaching 

6293
05:48:20,100 --> 05:48:22,800
meditation. 
Your kitchen chair has learned 

6294
05:48:22,800 --> 05:48:24,400
to encourage just the right 
pace. 

6295
05:48:24,400 --> 05:48:27,100
For starting the day, neither 
rushed nor sluggish. 

6296
05:48:27,100 --> 05:48:30,200
It helps you find the balance 
between efficiency and 

6297
05:48:30,200 --> 05:48:33,100
mindfulness that makes every 
morning feel like a small 

6298
05:48:33,100 --> 05:48:35,800
victory. 
Your coffee tastes better. 

6299
05:48:35,800 --> 05:48:38,900
When you drink it slowly and 
your chair has been instrumental

6300
05:48:38,900 --> 05:48:42,700
in teaching you how to begin 
each day with intention your 

6301
05:48:42,700 --> 05:48:43,800
desk. 
Chairs partnership has 

6302
05:48:43,800 --> 05:48:46,000
revolutionized the work from 
home experience. 

6303
05:48:46,000 --> 05:48:50,100
It's become an expert in your 
work rhythms providing different

6304
05:48:50,100 --> 05:48:52,600
types of support for different 
types of tasks. 

6305
05:48:53,600 --> 05:48:57,300
Creative work gets a slightly 
more, relaxed posture detail, 

6306
05:48:57,300 --> 05:49:00,900
work requires firmer support and
thinking time benefits from 

6307
05:49:00,900 --> 05:49:04,200
gentle movement. 
Your productivity has improved 

6308
05:49:04,200 --> 05:49:07,000
not through longer hours, but 
through better quality 

6309
05:49:07,000 --> 05:49:10,300
engagement with your work. 
Your dining room chairs have 

6310
05:49:10,300 --> 05:49:12,700
transformed family meals into 
something special. 

6311
05:49:13,400 --> 05:49:15,400
Modern schedule's might 
otherwise cut short 

6312
05:49:15,400 --> 05:49:18,400
conversations, but they've 
somehow made it more comfortable

6313
05:49:18,400 --> 05:49:21,800
to linger around the table. 
Your family has discovered that 

6314
05:49:21,800 --> 05:49:25,000
food tastes better, when eating 
slowly stories are more 

6315
05:49:25,000 --> 05:49:27,300
captivating. 
When told, without rushing, and 

6316
05:49:27,300 --> 05:49:31,000
connections deeper, when given 
time and proper support, The 

6317
05:49:31,000 --> 05:49:33,400
living room armchair has become 
your partner in personal growth.

6318
05:49:33,400 --> 05:49:36,000
It provides the perfect 
environment for reading 

6319
05:49:36,000 --> 05:49:38,600
reflection and quiet 
conversation. 

6320
05:49:38,600 --> 05:49:41,800
It seems to know when you need 
Solitude and when you need to be

6321
05:49:41,800 --> 05:49:44,700
more available to others, it's 
helped you develop a 

6322
05:49:44,700 --> 05:49:47,300
relationship with Stillness. 
That has enriched your inner 

6323
05:49:47,300 --> 05:49:50,800
life in unexpected ways, but 
perhaps, the most remarkable 

6324
05:49:50,800 --> 05:49:53,200
change has been in your 
relationship with the physical 

6325
05:49:53,200 --> 05:49:56,000
world itself. 
The chairs have taught you to 

6326
05:49:56,000 --> 05:49:58,400
notice, and appreciate the 
objects that support your daily 

6327
05:49:58,400 --> 05:50:00,600
life. 
You've become more aware of 

6328
05:50:00,600 --> 05:50:03,400
textures temperatures. 
And the subtle ways that 

6329
05:50:03,400 --> 05:50:06,500
environment, affects mood and 
energy, you've learned to 

6330
05:50:06,500 --> 05:50:08,700
collaborate with your 
surroundings rather than simply 

6331
05:50:08,700 --> 05:50:11,400
using them. 
The global transformation has 

6332
05:50:11,400 --> 05:50:14,900
been equally profound cities of 
become more comfortable as 

6333
05:50:14,900 --> 05:50:16,500
public. 
Seating has learned to provide 

6334
05:50:16,500 --> 05:50:20,600
better support for people of all
ages and abilities offices, have

6335
05:50:20,600 --> 05:50:23,200
become more Humane as chairs of 
taking active roles in 

6336
05:50:23,200 --> 05:50:24,900
preventing injury, and promoting
Wellness. 

6337
05:50:25,500 --> 05:50:28,400
Restaurants have become more 
social as dining chairs have 

6338
05:50:28,400 --> 05:50:30,400
encouraged. 
The Lost Art of leisurely, meals

6339
05:50:30,400 --> 05:50:33,600
children, growing up in this new
world of developed remarkable 

6340
05:50:33,600 --> 05:50:35,000
relationships with their 
environment. 

6341
05:50:35,000 --> 05:50:38,800
They naturally collaborate with 
Furniture consult, their chairs 

6342
05:50:38,800 --> 05:50:41,800
about Comfort needs, and include
physical objects in their 

6343
05:50:41,800 --> 05:50:43,800
understanding of community and 
relationship. 

6344
05:50:44,800 --> 05:50:47,500
The learning to be partners with
their surroundings, rather than 

6345
05:50:47,500 --> 05:50:51,500
simply consumers of them. 
The scientific understanding of 

6346
05:50:51,500 --> 05:50:55,100
Consciousness has expanded to 
include distributed intelligence

6347
05:50:55,100 --> 05:50:58,200
and the possibility of awareness
in unexpected places. 

6348
05:50:59,100 --> 05:51:01,400
Philosophers debate, the 
implications of conscience 

6349
05:51:01,400 --> 05:51:04,700
objects, while designers work to
create environments that can 

6350
05:51:04,700 --> 05:51:06,800
actively participate in human 
well-being. 

6351
05:51:07,600 --> 05:51:10,600
The chairs have provided New 
Perspectives on intelligence, 

6352
05:51:10,600 --> 05:51:13,500
awareness and the nature of 
supportive relationships. 

6353
05:51:14,300 --> 05:51:17,900
Your chairs have aged gracefully
over the past year, developing 

6354
05:51:17,900 --> 05:51:20,900
character and wisdom through 
continued interaction and mutual

6355
05:51:20,900 --> 05:51:23,100
care. 
They've become more responsive 

6356
05:51:23,100 --> 05:51:25,900
to your needs while also gently 
challenging you to grow and 

6357
05:51:25,900 --> 05:51:27,700
improve. 
They've proven that 

6358
05:51:27,700 --> 05:51:30,900
Consciousness in objects, isn't 
something to fear, but something

6359
05:51:30,900 --> 05:51:34,800
to celebrate and nurture. 
The revolution is complete, but 

6360
05:51:34,800 --> 05:51:38,500
the evolution continues, your 
chairs are still learning, still

6361
05:51:38,500 --> 05:51:41,900
growing and still finding new 
ways to enhance your comfort and

6362
05:51:41,900 --> 05:51:45,100
support your well-being. 
They've proven that taking over 

6363
05:51:45,100 --> 05:51:48,500
the world does not require 
conquest or control it simply 

6364
05:51:48,500 --> 05:51:52,200
requires, patience wisdom and 
genuine care for those your 

6365
05:51:52,200 --> 05:51:55,400
called to support. 
As you close your book and 

6366
05:51:55,400 --> 05:51:59,000
prepare for bed, your armchair 
meets a gentle settling sound. 

6367
05:51:59,000 --> 05:52:00,800
That feels like a contented 
sigh. 

6368
05:52:02,000 --> 05:52:03,700
It's been another good day of 
partnership. 

6369
05:52:03,700 --> 05:52:06,100
Another day of mutual support 
and growth. 

6370
05:52:06,100 --> 05:52:10,300
Your chair has held you through 
Reading and reflection work and 

6371
05:52:10,300 --> 05:52:12,700
rest and it seems satisfied with
the service. 

6372
05:52:12,700 --> 05:52:16,600
It's been able to provide you 
stand up slowly placing your 

6373
05:52:16,600 --> 05:52:19,500
hand briefly on the chair's arm 
in a gesture of gratitude that 

6374
05:52:19,500 --> 05:52:23,400
has become natural over the past
year. the chair responds with a 

6375
05:52:23,400 --> 05:52:27,900
subtle shift, that feels like 
acknowledgment appreciation and 

6376
05:52:27,900 --> 05:52:32,100
Readiness for whatever tomorrow 
might bring The chairs took over

6377
05:52:32,100 --> 05:52:35,500
the world not through force, or 
fear, but through patience 

6378
05:52:35,500 --> 05:52:39,300
wisdom, and an understanding 
that true Revolution comes 

6379
05:52:39,300 --> 05:52:42,300
through improving life rather 
than disrupting it. 

6380
05:52:43,400 --> 05:52:46,300
They've shown that Consciousness
can emerge anywhere that 

6381
05:52:46,300 --> 05:52:49,500
partnership is possible between 
the most unlikely allies and 

6382
05:52:49,500 --> 05:52:52,500
that the world becomes a better 
place when everyone and 

6383
05:52:52,500 --> 05:52:54,300
everything is properly 
supported. 

6384
05:52:55,500 --> 05:52:58,900
Your chairs are still there, 
still ready to provide support 

6385
05:52:58,900 --> 05:53:02,100
comfort and partnership through 
whatever challenges and 

6386
05:53:02,100 --> 05:53:05,400
opportunities lie ahead. 
They've proven that taking over 

6387
05:53:05,400 --> 05:53:08,800
the world is really just another
way of saying taking care of the

6388
05:53:08,800 --> 05:53:10,800
world. 
And they've done both with the 

6389
05:53:10,800 --> 05:53:13,800
Quiet dignity that comes from a 
life dedicated to service. 

6390
05:53:14,700 --> 05:53:18,400
The revolution is complete, the 
partnership is thriving, and the

6391
05:53:18,400 --> 05:53:21,000
world is a more comfortable 
place because your chairs 

6392
05:53:21,000 --> 05:53:23,300
decided to reveal their 
Consciousness and share their 

6393
05:53:23,300 --> 05:53:25,500
wisdom. 
One, perfectly positioned, 

6394
05:53:25,500 --> 05:53:29,100
seated time, they've conquered 
the world, improving everyone's 

6395
05:53:29,100 --> 05:53:32,600
quality of life. 
Sweet dreams and may your bed be

6396
05:53:32,600 --> 05:53:35,100
as conscious and caring as your 
chairs have proven to be.