Why is strange matter so strange?

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Speaker 1: Are you worried that something out there in space might kill us all every day? Man? You mean like aliens. We haven't even started the podcast yet and we're already talking about aliens. Actually, this one time, I was not talking about aliens. There are other things out there in space that can kill us. Yeah, there are other things out there that could end humanity. Oh, I see what you mean, like a killer meteor. I'm thinking about something much much stranger. Him or Hamdack, cartoonists and the creator of PhD comics. Hi, I'm Daniel. I'm a particle physicist, and I'm sometimes described as a strange personality. But well of their podcast, Daniel and Jorge explain this Strange Universe, a production of I Heart Radio That's right, in which we go out there on mental journeys into the universe and bring home the strange, the bonkers, the crazy, but the real and pipe it directly into your brain. That's right. We'd like to think about and talk about all the amazing things that are out there in space, out there in the far reaches of the universe, and also right here in front of us, in the small things around us that are sort of normal for the universe. But if you, if you as humans sort of think about it, they're kind of strange. We like to peel back the layer of reality that you encounter in your everyday life and reveal to you that the universe is far weirder, far more amazing, far more beautiful, far more nasty, and far more strange than you might have imagined, and potentially far more dangerous than you thought. Definitely more dangerous. There's a lot of stuff out there that could Oh man, what out there can't kill? You? Love the fourth dimension, it's all you need. Um. It's amazing to me how many like new ideas in physics end up being potentially deadly, like oh, it turns out the Higgs Boson field might collapse, ending the universe, or wow, the universe says this massive expansion, which could isolate us from all other sorts of um galaxies out there. It's incredible that none of these new ideas and physics like provide coziness or warmth or like, you know, I think it's strange to know that you're not surprised anymore. I mean, by now you should know that every time you uncover, you lift the rock, there's something there I can kill all of humanity. Maybe maybe you should stop. Maybe maybe it says something about the fragility of our experience that anything that tells us that our situation is not typical or not unique, and that most of the universe is different shows us how most of the universe is inhospitable to human life and coziness. I think it says more about the fragility of physics funding, because if you included in every proposal like, hey, we want to discover this, but we might end up the story humanity, then somehow conveniently that doesn't get mentioned. Or maybe we should use that as clickbit in our physics funding, like or you know, a black hole might eat the Earth and that is the birth of a super villain. Right there, ladies and gentlemen, Daniel has now officially become mad Scientists villain in the bottom. Oh boy, that's you. You've practiced that. I feel that just sort of bubbled up out of me, you know, like the moment of birth of me as a super villain. I'll put my cape on. Wait, villains work cape only with the big lapels. If that's just a giant lapels. All right, I'm turning my collar up and being prepared to plan for the end of humanity. Popping the collar. All right, Well, there are a lot of things out there in the universe and a lot of stuff that we haven't discovered that yet, right, and a lot of that might be weird or it might be kind of dangerous for humanity, for the sort of unstable existence of the universe. Yeah, and this is sort of a different dimension of weirdness. Like we're used to the fact that things out there far away in space might be different. There are stars and black holes and weird stuff out there that doesn't happen here. But there's another kind of direction of weirdness, which is like what can matter do? Like, can matter do things that we're not familiar with? Can inform weird new stable states that we haven't seen yet because we haven't created the conditions. You know, imagine if we lived on a planet, for example, that never had had iron on it because it just wasn't iron from nearby supernovas, and somebody showed up both like iron, Like, whoa, that's interesting, We've never seen that. Like a new kind of matter, Yeah, a new kind of matter. What if you could rearrange the lego pieces of the universe into new amazing kinds of stuff, because it's incredible, like the diversity of different kinds of things you can make with the same lego pieces, right, the same building blocks you can make you know, helium and hydrogen and iron and ice cream and hamsters and all of that stuff. So there must be new weird kinds of stuff out there we haven't discovered. And so that's totally possible, Like it's possible that there's a matter that that can be made that we haven't made here on Earth you've ever seen. Yeah, it's totally possible. And you know, there's sort of two branches there. One it's like, take the matter and annihilated to try to make new fundamental particles. That's the kind of thing I work on by smashing particles together at the LHC. But a whole other question is like, don't smash the particles, just rearrange them trying to build up new stuff, you know, trying to put them together into new combinations and see if you can make weird new kinds of matter. And you know that's legos with reality. Yeah, the deepest legos ever, the most universal set of legos ever. Well to be on the podcast, we'll be talking about one such possible kind, possible or real kind of matter out there um that could potentially exist and which could potentially be maybe interesting and or deadly or dangerous to the universe. I think deadly definitely means interesting. You can't be interesting or deadly. Deadly definitely interesting. Unlike. Yeah, I'm totally not interested in dying, so that is not interesting to me. You're not interested in things that might kill you. If I'm like, hey, Jorge, it is a huge boulder about to fall and you fall in your house, you'd be like, not interested. I rather just tell me get out of your house. You know, you don't have to explain to me what's happening, what's coming towards me. Summurise, summurise, summerise, Right, yeah, too long, didn't read Now you're dead? All right. I'll start my emails at the top with get out of your house. Yeah, priority, priority, get out and let me explain to you why that's fair. That's barrels start with a call to action. Yeah, so there's as very interesting kind of matter out there that is theoretical, Daniel, it's for for real, Well, that's the question, you know, we don't. No, it's currently theoretical, but it might be real. It might be out there in the universe right now, waiting to gobble us up and destroy your house. Wow. Well, if it is possible, it is definitely going to be very strange, and so to be. On the podcast, we'll be asking the question what is strange matter? Daniel? This sounds really strange to me. It's maybe the one time physicists have given something an appropriate name, like like, you guys, you guys saw this or thought about it, and you're like, whoa, that's strange. That's basically summarized the history of particle physics between the nineteen and nine sixties. Yeah, why wasn't everything else named strange? Why why is this particular one? I guess we'll get into it. We'll get into it. Yeah, But like, unless you think I'm stranger, you're strange. We're made of normal matter. People discovered new kinds of matter, which to them was strange, So strange sort of means not normal. Yeah, I mean, what does strange mean to you? Horror? Like, Hey, I'm gonna make you some strange ice cream. Expect me like favor ice cream. I feel like I'm not gonna like it. I feel right away that it's gonna be like garlic with cilantro. That's probably fair. And if I offered you a bowl of strange matter, I wouldn't recommend you actually eat it, all right, So, um, but we're wondering, as usual, if this is something that people have heard about or read about maybe or even the thought about possibly existing out there in the in the universe. And so, as usual, Daniel went out there into the streets to ask perfect strangers if they had ever heard of strange matter or it's I guess related cousin strange lets. That's right. And here's what folks around campus had to say when I accosted them with this strange question. No, no, that sounds it sounds cool. What do you think it might be tendom? Guess um, I think of the dark matter when you say that stuff we don't really know much about. Maybe it's not solid liquid or gas. No no, no, no, no, that's guess what I'm matter that doesn't behave like the matter that we already understand. No, no, no, I think strange only like scientific thing that I know about. It isn't a cork, isn't there a strange quirk. All right, I guess that that shouldn't be too strange. And nobody had heard about strange matter. It is strange. But I like how these answers are all like no, no, no, there's not like m let me think about No, there's like no, there's no subtlety here. Didn't tickle anybody's brain or make them think about something else or give them a hint of something. It's like, maybe there hasn't been a lot of clickbait about this, or no nova specials about strange matter. It hasn't really penetrated the culturals. Like guys, nobody's worried about it. So everybody, um, listen to this podcast episode and prepare your strange a matter of proof bunker. Do you think maybe people were suspicious of you, like maybe they thought you were pranking them, like, because it does sound sort of sound like something NG out of I don't know, fifties sci fi like strange Matter. I don't know. I asked them this question just after I asked them the question about which physics adventure they would like, which we did recently on the podcast. So I think you know they were primed to think in a fun way to expand their minds. There was just no reaction there. There's just there's wrung Nobell. This is like if I picked two random words, you know, have you heard of dragon souffla, and they'd be like, what, No, I don't know what that is and I don't even want to know, Teach, I don't even wanted to know. It's excellent with garlic ice cream, by the way, dragon soufla the scoop of garlic ice cream on the side, I feel like this is really close to stranger things, Like really stranger things are made would be made out of strange matter. I don't know what the upside down is made of, but yeah, but actually maybe the upside down is where every up cork is a down cork and every down cork is an upcourt. Oh wow, Daniel, you totally call them. Yeah, that that's would be why it's called the upside down. I know exactly. It's actually a physics reason for something, all right, So let's get into this strange topic and Daniels, so they explained to us what is strange matter? Right, So we have a few different concepts. We want to tease a part on the show. I want to strange matter, and then later we'll talk about strange lits and strange stars. But when particle physicists talk about strange matter, what they mean is any matter containing this one particular cork, which is called a strange cork. Now, you and I don't have any strange quirks in us, or at least not any real strange quirks. Like you and I are made of protons and neutrons and electrons. And remember that inside the protons and neutrons we have two kinds of quirks, up quirks and down corks. This would be matter made out of like protons and neutrons, but in which the courts inside of him are all this kind of cork, which is a strange cork. That's right. We now know that in the universe there are six kinds of corks up down charms, strange top bottom, and protons and neutrons are made out of three upquirks and down quirks mixed together there. And you can put these lego pieces together to make lots of different kind of particles. You can put the up quorks together to make pions. You can do all sorts of crazy stuff. But if you add a strange cork. If you used the strange cork lego, then we call it strange matter. Oh, I see, And why was that cork called strange? Was it like the strange cousin that nobody could figure out or what was it? Is there something particularly strange about this as opposed to like a charm cork or a top cork. Yeah, well, it comes from the early history of particle physics. We first were trying to figure out, like, what are all the kind of particles that are out there? We knew protons and neutrons and electrons, and then people started building particle colliders, and in particle colliders they would smash stuff together and they could get more energy. And the thing about the strange cork is that it's heavier than these other corks. It's more massive, so cost more energy to make. So this is the first time they could ever make it, and they made these particles that had strange quirks in them, though at the time they didn't know they were strange quirks. And these particles were a little weird. There were chaons and sigma particles, and they had sort of strange behaviors compared to protons and neutrons, and specifically the thing that was strange about these particles is that they lived longer than anyone expected for such heavy particles. Remember, usually heavy particles decay down very quickly to lighter particles. These new particles strangely stuck around a bit longer than anyone expected before decaying. Oh wait, so they made stuff that made out of strange matter. Like they made strange matter and they're like, well, what this is weird? Yeah, they we do this all the time at particle colliders. It's not that unusual now. I mean, it's still strange in its behavior. But like, we smash particles together and we get kaons out. Kon is a combination of an upcork and a strange cork, or a down cork and a strange cork. Wait, what do you mean, Like if they pair together, they form a special particle. Yeah. Like we talked in our podcast about how quirks can never be by themselves, and so they either have to be like with an antiquork, or you need triple see neither pairs of corks or triplets. If you get like an up and a strange to pair together, you call that a kon. If you get like two ups and a strange together, that's a sigma particle. If you mix up the kinds of the basic particles, and so that's possible. You can mix like a two up corks and a strange cork and they'll be happy together. They will be happy together, but not for very long. These particles are all unstable because they have this strange cork in them, and the strange cork is heavy and it decays, so sometimes it will decay to a down cork. And so these particles are energy or something and spit out some energy precisely um. And so these particles are very short lived. They're very strange. They have weird behaviors. They some of them switch back and forth from one kind to another. But they're all very unstable. But we make this all the time. Every collision we make at the Large Hadron Collider, every twenty five nano seconds, we're producing some strange quirks and so therefore some strange matter, but it never lasts for very long. These particles are normal, no longer strange. They just have the name strange from kind of back when you didn't you couldn't figure figure them out. Yeah, and it was really kind of an exciting time and particle physics. Sometimes I wonder if they were having more fun back then than here, because back then they were every time they do you want to make physics great again, Daniel, Yes, I want to make physics great again. Now, every time they turned on the collider they discovered a new particle because they were able to get these little quirks to fit together in a new way. Because you've got three different quirks now up down in strange they didn't have the energy to make any of the other heavier ones. There's a lot of different combinations, and so there's a lot of particles to discover, and they didn't have any idea what was going on. So every time he turned it on, you're like, oh my gosh, here's another particle. Oh, here's another particle. And then and they called it the Era of the Particle Zoo because they were just like, every time you turn this thing on, new particles popped out. And then finally somebody, it took like twenty years. Finally somebody in the sixties was like, you know what, this would all make sense if you had three basic particles and all this spectrum of particles. All this zoo of particles were just rearrangements of those three and he was able to explain all of those in terms of these basic idea. These quarks up and down in the strange and that's like and the charm one to write, not the charm yet we hadn't seen the charm, so we only ever made particles with the up, down and strange. And that's like a real moment of insight. Oh I see. But um, so they discovered all three quarks at the same time, like up, down and strange at the same time. Where did they know about the up and down? And then they discovered the strange. They didn't know about the up and down, like as a real thing. It was sort of like developing as an idea. And then somebody said, you know, if you have these three particles inside, then it explains all of this that's happening. There are a lot of different ways to try to explain. It's like everybody's looking at this huge list of particles, and remember the game and particle physics is simplified is describe everything we see in the universe in terms of the smallest set of building blocks. Were always trying to peel back one layer of reality. So this is a huge success is to say, oh, I have some new idea for an even smaller particle that explains all the weirdness we're seeing. I guess my question is why wasn't why we're in the up and downs called weird and bizarre? Well, because they're part of me and you. They're normal, they're every day, they're they're all around us. Right. Oh, they saw that that regular matter that we're familiar with is made out of just ups and downs, these other versions of normal matter, which which which is strange? And they found that the what that the common ingredient was this strange cork. Yeah, And there's this property called strangeness, which is turns out to be just like related to how many strange corks you have in you. Strangeness, yeah, is related to how many strange corks are in a particle. And some forces conserve strangeness and some forces don't conserve strangeness. And so it was a real puzzle for a while, but it was all put together just by understanding that there are three kinds of quirks and you can put them together in lots of different ways to make this incredible variety of particles. Then strange matter is just anything that has a strange quirk in it, or that is made entirely out of strange court. That's right. It's anything that has at least one strange cork in it. And you can make matter out of just strange quirks. In fact, the guy who proposed this, the guy who had this idea um you know, of quirks, he stood up at a conference and he proposed this and he predicted, He said, if my idea is correct, then there should also be this particle that's pure strange quirks. And he predicted how you would find it and how heavy it would be before he was seen, and he was right. So that's pretty awesome, he called his shot. Yeah, so that's strange matter. And so I have a lot of opinions about the way you guys name things as usual, but nice. We'll get into what happens to this kind of matter and whether or not it actually is something we should worry about destroying the universe or not. But first let's take a quick break, all right. I know, so strange matter you're telling me, is just any kind of matter that is that has a little bit of or is made with this particular core called the strange cork. And so that's that's what makes it strange. Like, if you had this court, then you are you automatically strangely? Do you behave strangely or did? That's just the name you get, that's just the name you get. And whether you consider these particles to be behaving strangely just depends really on your perspective. It's totally subjective. But at the time when these particles were found, they did things other particles weren't doing. You know, they had weird decay patterns, they would turn into each other, they would slash back and forth from one particle to another. Uh, they were a little weird. Some of these particles, for example, violate some conservation laws that we hadn't seen other particles violate, like CP violation, charts parody violation was seen in the Chaon system. And so these particles are a little strange. Yeah, they're strange from normal matter, which is us, yes, which and we are made of just up and down corks or vanilla and chocolate corks. But you know what we don't know is what else can this strange cork do? Can it can it create other weirder kinds of matter that we haven't seen here on Earth? We haven't even created in particle colliders that could do bizarre stuff we haven't anticipated. Oh you mean, like can we if you were to sort of be more creative with this strange cork, what else could you make with it? Yeah? Or if you had really weird conditions like the center of a neutron star or you know, the Big Bang or very high energy particle collisions, could you make new kinds of matter with strange quirks that we haven't seen before that have completely different properties? And that's what people talk about when they talk about strange lits. It sounds sort of cute, right, like, um, you know something you would name for your pet or something like, you know, strange lito or something strange geno or something, but it's actually quite potentially potentially quite scary and dangerous. It's cute and years great. A lot of things fall in that category. It's like the Bundy from my depathon. But so that's what um, So, that's what a strange lit is. It's a kind of strange matter. It's a kind of strange matter in a particular configuration. That we haven't seen before. Oh so I see, so it's hypothetical. So far, it's hypothetical. Nobody's ever seen strange lists before. Strange matter we create all the time in particle collisions. Strange lists are a hypothetical new combination of quarks that we've never observed but could potentially end us. And it comes from this sort of idea of maybe forming an entirely new kind of matter. We're talking earlier about how quirks are usually bound into triplets, you know, like up up down or up down down. That's what gives you protons and neutrons, or sometimes into pairs. But the idea is that maybe quarks, if you squeeze them enough, if you compress them enough, like in the center of really danse stars, they might form some new kind of matter where it's not just pair or triplets, but like you know, thirty or fifty or a hundred or a million quarks could form some sort of like mega particle and it all behaves is one or does it just behave like a big blob? It behaves like one big blob, but it's like in one big bound state. So this is what they call quark matter. Oh, I see you mean like it's stable, like it doesn't just break apart right away, like it stays in that blob. Nobody really knows, and it's really hard to calculate these things, and it's completely hypothetical, and they don't think it's stable unless here's the key, unless you add strange quirks to it. So you make a big blob of cork matter, and if you have some strange quirks in it, it could end up in this configuration that is actually very stable. So it could be like an enormous blob like essentially a single particle like the size of a star um that's totally stable. So you call it a particle because it's quarks bound together. Yeah, and you know, proton is three quarks bound together, and a kon is two quarks bound together. And so if instead of just having a pile of neutrons, if you squeeze them enough so they become like one big particle, so that the bonds between the corks are sort of equivalent anywhere across the particle, then you think of it like, you know, I think of it like one big particle at least. And you're saying that the secret ingredient would need to be strange particles at quarks. Like without the strange quarks, you couldn't have this heaven. Yeah, you need the strange quirks to make this sort of theoretical matter happen. And so that's what strangelets are. They're this weird new combination of up quarks, down corks and strange quirks in this way that's not like bound inside one little particle, but potentially can grow. Right It's not just three quirks. It could be five, it could be a hundred, it could be ten million corks. It could be tended the ten. It's like a special recipe because you told me, you said earlier, the sigma particles are also up down and strange, but there's like a like a near recipe for the sigma particle. Exactly Sigma particles, one kind of sigma particle is up down stream. But this would be a new configuration of them that that doesn't decay right away. Yeah, it wouldn't just be three. You could be three or six or a billion, and it doesn't decay right away. And it's it's the kind of thing and you can only make it in very high energy, high density configurations like the inside of a neutron star or you know, particle collisions. And again it's theoretical. Nobody knows if you could actually make this stuff, but the numbers, the calculations we do suggest that it might be possible. Okay, so um, so it's a hypothetical type of matter which might be super stable, very stable, and maybe even contagious. Yeah, that's the amazing thing is number one. It's super stable. And the reason for that is sort of interesting. It's like you could combine just up quirks and down quirks this way, squeeze them together to make something really dense, but it wouldn't be very stable. And if you add strange quirks, it becomes stable for this weird reason because the particles don't like to sort of share spots. Like you know how electrons when you have them are atom they fill up different orbitals. You add another electron, they don't just sit on top of each other. That's because they're fermions and they don't like to be in the same quantum state. There are rules that say that you to two of these can be at the same spot. Yeah, so you can't add another electron in the same spot, but you could add another different kind of particle, like you could have a muon orbiting your proton, and it's okay if it's in the same energy levels the electron, because they're not the same kind of particle. And so what why why are these strange lots so interesting? Are they just because there's theoretical and they could be they could exist? Well, I mean everybody's interested in like new kinds of matter. I mean, who doesn't like sit around on a Saturday afternoon one or new kinds of matter? Right, I mean everybody does that, right? Um. No, Theoretically they're interesting, like could you make this new hyper stable kind of matter? And in this case, the matter is extra stable because the strange quirks can fill in the sort of lower energy levels that the up corks and down corks can't because they're a different kind of particle. And it's fascinating because it could grow, like if they encounter a new kind of matter, it could spread this sort of strange littleness. What what do you mean, like how could it? It would turn like I'm made out of up and down. Course you're saying if I touch one of these blobs of strange lead matter. It would somehow turn some of my up and ups and down corks into strange corks, and you become bizarro Jorge or you know, strange strange warhe Yeah, then the comberbat horn more strange? Is that your voice? Yeah? So you know the only thing that prevents you from being a strange lid is that you don't have strange quirks in you. Um, but any of the down quirks in your body could get converted to strange quirks. They just need some energy. They could get upgraded. They could get yeah, literally upgraded to strange quirks. And that might happen if I touched some of this strange lad matter. Yeah, and nobody knows. Again, does strange that matter exists and if so, what properties as a have? But in some versions of this theory, then yeah, it adds to itself. When it encounters other kinds of matter, it converts that matter into strange lit matter like collapses it because strange that matter is more stable than other kinds of matter. So you can imagine sort of like our normal kind of matter just sort of like waiting to turn into strangelets. And as soon as you get one nearby, like crystallizes, Like if you put a drop of sugar into sugar water, it'll form a huge crystal around it. It's like a seed that spreads its pattern. And what would happen to me if I touched this strangelet matter? Would I just automatically sort of get blobified and then absorbed into the bigger blob or would it still be me except I would be sort of strange and have superpowers. I'm usually the one has unanswerable philosophical questions. But would you still be you? Well, you become very dense because strange matter is extraordinarily dense. It's much denser than like the content of a neutron star. So the original Jorge particles would be, you know, condensed to something like the size of a tiny little drop. And whether you would still feel like you, I don't know. You might feel more like Benedict commer Batch. I suppose more like Paul run and Admin. It sounds like you get smaller, Yeah, you would get smaller. Maybe that's what the pim particle is, Daniel. Maybe it's a strange particle. Yeah, that makes everything contest all right, Well, now you need to write to Marvel and get credit for that one. So we're even then I'll take half of those profits. We are just rolling the movies advice here. So you're saying that you could maybe create protons and neutrons out of this strange matter and then you could still have atoms and stuff. We don't think you would have like atoms inside of it. There's no like division between the particles. You don't get protons and neutrons. It's like this, just the morgue. Yeah, I think it probably would be the end of Jorge exactly. So I wouldn't recommend it. Now, you tell me. All right, let's get into whether or not this is real and whether it can happen, and whether we should be worried about this coming here and absorbing us and obliterating us and turning us into a strange live matter. But first let's take another quick break. All right, Daniel, it is strange matter. Well, we know a strange matter is real, But are these strange lids that might absorb things and destroy everything? Is that real? Should we be worried about it? Well, we don't know if it's real. We can't say that it's not. We've never seen it before. But it's sort of theoretically makes some sense, so it's worth taking seriously. I'm not suggesting you, like change the way you live your life, but it could be that there are a lot of these strangers out there and we just haven't seen them yet. Oh I see, you can't disprove it, so therefore you've got to consider it like aliens. It's just like aliens are like me being mistaken by Benedict comber Back. It could happen. It could happen, and there are a lot of times in physics that were in this scenario where we haven't really looked, so we don't know if it's there. And then the more we look, the more we can say, if it's there, it's rare. And then once we've looked, like really exhaustively, we can say, well, either it doesn't exist or it's super duper rare. And we're in that situation with a lot of particles like magnetic monopoles that we talked about on the project, but in this case we've only sort of recently begun to figure out, like how to look for strangelets. It doesn't happen in normal occurrences. It sounds like it's it sounds like it only happens in the core of like super dance stars or high energy collisions, and and it like it. Even if you created some here on Earth, it might be difficult to sustain, right, because we're not inside of an nuentrance star. You don't need to be inside a dense environment to sustain it, just to create it. Just like you can make heavy metals and the inside of the Sun, and then when they blow up, there's still those heavy metals, right, iron lanes here on Earth. It doesn't just fall apart into protons and neutrons. Right. It's stable. And that's the thing with this stuff is that it's it's there. Once you make it, it's there, and anything it touches it will grow and add onto it because it's more stable than this other kind of matter. So like collapses normal matter into strange lit matter. Oh, it's more stable than regular matter. It's more stable. It's like a lower estate. So what you're saying that if you create something the large hadron collider and it touches the walls of the collider, it can just grow and grow and swallow up the whole earth. That's exactly what I'm saying and is that Daniel interesting or qute to you? Does that sound like a like a fun, fuzzy outcome for the huge human race. I think it would be pretty spectacular but pretty cool to see on screen. It's not something we are worried about. Me. We took it seriously, We thought about it, we did the calculations, and just like whether the LHC will create black holes, we're not worried about it because the same kind of collisions are happening all the time right now in the atmosphere, really high energy particles smashing into other particles from cosmic rays. So we think if that was likely to happen um at, the LHC would have already happened in the atmosphere, and we don't see that. So we don't think the LFC is powerful enough to create strangelets if they do exist. You don't think. We don't think, but you know, keep your ears open. But you're saying, but a scenario might be that you do create these things and it does sort of like spread and swallow up and suddenly the whole earth is just a giant ball of strange cords, you know, floating around like a blob, not even that giant because it would collapse into a very very dense matter, so like all the mass of the Earth would get turned into strangelets, would be like the size of a grapefruit. And then it would just sit there in place of the Earth and still go around the Sun and the Moon would still go around this blob, but we wouldn't be would be all sorts, this one little ball of energy. Yeah, we'd be living our strangest life. Um, And that's one scenario. Like if we actually made strange that's on Earth, but not something we're worried about. And you know, we've been turned We turned this thing on years ago. We've been doing collisions every seconds for almost a decade, so not something to worry about. But it's possible that you're still here, don't worry. If you're listening to this podcast, then your final word. But it's possible that there are other scenarios out there in the universe that are capable of making strangelets, like the core of a neutron star. We haven't made it here because maybe we don't have enough energy, but there are places with enough energy to make this strange lit matter. If it's real, if it's actually a thing that can happen in our universe. We think it's possible to make them in the core of neutron stars, where it's very very dense, remember neutron stars, or places where it's had a gravitational collapse, it's stopped burning, is no more m forces or pressure pushing out, so it's like really densely packed, and all the protons and electrons have gotten squeezed together and converted into neutrons. If you push even further, then we think that maybe the core of that could turn into a strangelet which would then spread and take over the entire star. Oh, it would go from like a neutron star to a strangelet star. Yeah, to us, they call it a strange star. And we can look at stars and try to tell if that's happened. Like we've seen some neutron stars, and we can look at them and look at the sort of radiation from them, and so far, all the neutron stars we've seen look like they're just normal, vanilla, amazingly crazy weird neutron stars that they haven't converted to strange stars. And you know, this depends on our understanding of how what this would look like from really far away using on the X rays. But so far it seems like it hasn't happened. And you know, if the calculations are correct, then it's the kind of thing that should happen to neutron stars eventually. So if we haven't seen one ever turn into a strange star, then maybe it's not possible. Maybe it's not possible. Yeah, maybe it's just a strange dream. Maybe it's just a strange idea from afternoon physicist who didn't have enough coffee. Or strange lets, Yes, strange lets. Could they be like inside of a black hole or something? Well, actually, that's the only thing you can do to save yourself from strange. That's like if you saw a blob of strange that's heading here, there's almost nothing you can do to like divert it or you know, prevented, because anything that touches it just makes it bigger. Um. But if you could somehow funnel it into a black hole, yeah, then you'd be safe. But then you have to worry about the black hole. Yes, yes, then you have to worry about the black hole. It's like you got a rabbit problem, so you put a bunch of wolves on your property and wolf problem. But hey, I like these long term physics solutions. It's all about putting out one by your long term with another fire. But even if we're not making them inside neutron stars, it might be that they're out there anyway. There could be what we call primordial strangelets. Primordial strange it are things that were made in the Big Bang because the densest, craziest, hottest party in the universe, of course, was the verse very first few moments when things were really hot and crazy, and it could be that a few strangets were made back then and they're still floating around. Emily might not see them. We wouldn't see them. They don't like glow or anything. But one of them could just like bump into the Earth and then the whole earth becomes a strangelet. The whole Earth becomes a strangelet. And of course that hasn't happened yet, and we've never seen a planet disappear, and we've been watching for a while, and you know, so that tells you something about how unlikely it is. But we just don't know. And there's some people do calculations and they suggest that there are more strangelets out there than stars in the universe. But you know, I don't know, that's like physicists having way too many cups of coffee and they're like, dude, even that's strange for us. But you know, it's important to sort of stretch your mental muscles to think about all the ways that the universe could be toticipate these things, and to think about how to protect yourself, you know, fund this proposal to build a shield against strange matter, or we might all die. Well. I think it's pretty interesting still to just think about the idea that that there are kinds of matter that we haven't touched upon, you know, like there are maybe there are strange ways to arrange the legos of the universe, and ways that are sort of like cool and interesting and might be maybe even solve all all of our problems. There definitely are. And you know, another direction of this research is just to make new elements, you know, use up quirks and down corks and combine protons and neutrons and a way to make heavier and heavier elements. And I having kept up with it, but you know, they're up into the teens or maybe evento the hundred twenties and the periodic table, and so there's a lot of really fascinating ways to combine things together to make new kinds of goo. There's a lot of different directions to go, and we've only explored, you know, a little bit. And so it's another one of these angles where you realize that we have a tiny little slice of the past will experiences that humans can have in this universe. There's all sorts of different kind of stuff out there waiting for us to discover it or for us to invent right, yeah, and then for it to destroy us hopefully not all right, Well, I hope you enjoyed this strange trip down into the little legos of the universe and think to think about all different ways in which normal and strange that you can assemble the universe together. And remember that this is mostly a mental exercise. We're wondering how can matter fit together, what kind of things can be in the universe, And for us, it's just interesting and fascinating to think about all the ways that this can happen. It's not something we worry about. I do not think you need to worry about strange that's destroying your house, But Yeah, So next time we'll get into charm matter, Daniel or we will. Actually we're gonna do an episode about how the charm cork was discovered. That pretty crazy story. All right, Well, thanks for joining us. We hope you enjoyed that. See you next time. Yea, before you still have a question after listening to all these explanations, please drop us a line. We'd love to hear from you. You can find us on Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram at Daniel and Jorge That's one word, or email us at Feedback at Daniel and Jorge dot com. Thanks for listening, and remember that Daniel and Jorge Explain the Universe is a production of I Heart Radio. 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