Did Vikings Really Discover America First? | Boring History For Sleep

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Welcome back my tired friends 
tonight. 

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We are settling into a question 
that has sparked debate in 

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classrooms and living rooms for 
Generations. 

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The story of Viking exploration 
is not about conquest or drama 

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but about cold Ocean, Spray 
creaking Timber and the quiet 

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courage of sailors who pointed 
their ships. 

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Toward an unknown Horizon. 
It's all about a genuinely 

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boring history story here. 
So let's unwind If you are new 

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here and our content helps, you 
achieve what? 

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You come here, for, feel free to
follow, leave a like and tell me

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where you're listening from and 
what time it is. 

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Now, dim the lights, grab your 
sleep mask, and be sure to turn 

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on a fan for some white noise. 
You've probably heard the claim 

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before liking's reached North 
America centuries before 

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Columbus set foot in the 
Caribbean. 

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The statement feels Bold and 
revisionist, the kind of 

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historical tidbit that gets 
mentioned at dinner parties or 

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slips into documentary 
narration. 

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But the evidence for Norse 
presents in the new world is not

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speculation or wishful, thinking
it sits in the ground at the 

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northern tip of Newfoundland in 
the form of iron nails and 

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swords and the unmistakable 
traces of people who crossed an 

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ocean and built something on the
other side. 

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The question is not whether 
Vikings arrived. 

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The question is what that 
arrival meant, how it happened, 

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and why a thriving settlement 
lasted only a few years before 

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being abandoned to the wind and 
the long grass. 

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You're standing in your living 
room with a book in your hand. 

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The book is about explorers and 
somewhere in the middle 

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chapters. 
There is a section on Leif 

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Erikson and something called 
Vinland. 

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The author writes with 
confidence Vikings reached 

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America around the year. 1000, 
they built structures. 

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They interacted with indigenous 
people. 

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Then they left. 
The details feel sparse as if 

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the author is summarizing a 
story, everyone already knows. 

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But you do not know the story, 
not really. 

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You know, Columbus sailed in 
1492 and you probably learned 

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that date before you learn to 
multiply fractions, the Viking 

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claim feels like a footnote that
never quite made it into the 

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main narrative. 
The disconnect is not your 

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fault. 
History. 

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Education has a way of smoothing
edges and choosing convenience 

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starting points. 
Columbus gets the credit because

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his arrival sparked to sustained
connection between Europe and 

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the Americas. 
A chain of events that were 

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shaped continents and 
populations and trade routes. 

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The Viking voyages, by contrast 
left. 

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Almost no lasting impact on 
either side of the Atlantic. 

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The Norse did not return with 
gold or spices. 

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They did not establish trade 
networks or launch follow-up 

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Expeditions. 
They came, they stayed briefly 

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and they vanished from the 
historical record for centuries.

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That absence made it easy to 
dismiss the sargas as myth. 

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To assume the stories of Western
lands were exaggerations or 

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allegories. 
All the kind of Wishful fiction 

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that seafaring cultures tend to 
produce. 

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But then in 1960 a Norwegian 
couple named Helga and Anne. 

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Steining stad began poking 
around the northern coast of 

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Newfoundland. 
They were looking for vanland. 

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The place described in medieval 
Norse texts, they were not the 

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first to search dozens of 
amateur historians and 

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enthusiastic Scandinavians had 
combed shorelines and excavated 

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promising site. 
Convinced they would find The 

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Smoking Gun that proved the 
sargas were real. 

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Most came up empty. 
The inks were more methodical. 

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They talked to locals, studied 
the landscape and eventually 

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zeroed in on a spot called 
Lawson Meadows. 

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The name means jellyfish Cove 
which does not sound 

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particularly heroic but beneath 
the grass they found the remains

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of Norse buildings iron Nails a 
bronze pin Slag from Iron 

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smelting. 
The evidence was unambiguous 

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Vikings had been there. 
The discovery did not make front

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pages news everywhere but it 
changed the conversation among 

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historians and archaeologists. 
It moved the Viking voyages from

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the realm of Legend into the 
realm of documented fact. you 

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could stand in Newfoundland and 
touch the foundations of a 

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structure built by people who, 
sailed from Greenland a thousand

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years ago, The question shifted.
It was no longer the Vikings 

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reached America. 
It was how they got there, what 

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they did and why they did not 
stay. 

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You put the book down and stare 
out the window. 

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Outside the world is dark and 
still. 

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Somewhere in that Darkness, if 
you sailed far enough East and 

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then North you would reach the 
same Waters, Leif Erikson 

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crossed. 
The ocean has not changed much 

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in a millennium, it is still 
cold and unpredictable still 

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capable of swallowing ships and 
lives without a trace. 

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The Vikings who made that 
Crossing were not superhuman. 

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They were skilled sailors with 
good ships, and a practical 

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understanding of wind and 
current but they were all 

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gamblers willing to push into 
the unknown on the strength of a

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rumor or vague description from 
someone who claimed to have seen

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land to the West. 
That mix of skill and 

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recklessness is what makes their
story compelling? 

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They were not Mythic Heroes. 
They were farmers and Traders 

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who happened to own boats? 
The question of Discovery is 

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more complicated than it sounds.
When we say Vikings discovered 

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America, we are using a very 
specific definition of 

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discovery. 
We mean they were the first 

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Europeans to arrive, but that 
framing ignores the fact that 

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people had been living in North 
America for thousands of years 

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before any North Ship appeared 
on the horizon. 

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The term Discovery implies 
emptiness as if the land was 

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waiting to be found, it was not,
it was inhabited shaped and 

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understood by indigenous 
communities, who had their own 

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histories and migration, and 
stories about the world. 

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The Viking arrival was an 
encounter, not Revelation. 

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It was a meeting between two 
groups, who had no idea the 

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other existed, you sit down and 
imagine the moment, a Norse ship

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rounding, a headland and 
spotting smoke from a fire on 

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shore. 
The crew squinting to make out 

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shapes on the beach. 
The people on Shore watching a 

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strange vessel with a square 
sale and carved dragon head 

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approached their land. 
Neither group knows what to make

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of the other. 
There is no shared language, no 

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common frame of reference The 
encounter will be brief and 

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confusing and within a few 
years, the Norse will leave the 

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indigenous. 
People will remain, that fact 

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matters, it changes the weight 
of the word discovery. 

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You're standing on a beach in 
Norway. 

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The year is 900 and something. 
The sand is cold under your feet

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and the wind smells like salt 
and fish and wet rope. 

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Behind you. 
A small crowd, has gathered to 

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watch a new ship, being pushed 
into the water for the first 

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time. 
Ship is beautiful in a 

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utilitarian way. 
It is about 70 feet long, 

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clinker built with overlapping 
planks that Flex slightly with 

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the ways. 
The wood is Oak, chosen for its 

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strength and resistance to rot. 
The planks are held together 

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with Iron rivets. 
Thousands of them hammered in to

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place by a shipwright who 
learned the craft from his 

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father. 
There is no key in the modern 

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sense but there is a long 
Central Timber that runs the 

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length of the ship and gives its
structure, the Master's Pine 

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tall and straight and the sale 
is woven wool die died, red or 

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white or left natural Brown. 
This is not a warship though. 

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It could serve that purpose of 
needed. 

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It is a Nar, a cargo vessel 
designed for long-distance 

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trade. 
The lines are broader than a 

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long ship, the hull deeper, more
stable. 

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It can carry livestock Timber, 
barrels of dried. 

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Fish sacks of grain. 
It can also carry people. 

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If you're planning to cross the 
North Atlantic and establish a 

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new settlement, this is the ship
you want. 

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It is slow compared to a Sleek 
raiding vessel but it is C 

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worthy. 
It can handle rough, weather and

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heavy loads without capsizing 
The Norse design the ships 

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through trial and error. 
Refining the shape and 

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proportions over Generations 
until they had a vessel that 

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could survive the open ocean. 
Crowd watches as the ship 

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floats. 
Free there is no champagne 

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bottle. 
No, formal ceremony, someone 

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shouts. 
Something you do not quite catch

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and the crew scrambles aboard. 
They lower the oars in to the 

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water and begin, rowing out past
the breakers. 

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Once they're clear of the shore,
they raise the sale. 

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The wind catchers the wall and 
pulls the ship forward. 

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You watch it, move across the 
water, graceful and purposeful 

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and you think about how fragile 
it looks the sea is vast and 

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indifferent. 
The ship is a collection of 

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wooden planks held together with
Iron and tar and hope. 

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But it works. 
It has always worked The Norse 

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have been using ships like this 
to cross Open Water for 

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centuries. 
The construction of Anar takes 

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months of careful work. 
The shipwright starts with the 

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Keel selecting a single Oak 
Timber that runs the entire 

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length of the vessel. 
This Timber must be straight and

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strong. 
Free of major knots or 

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weaknesses. 
Once, the Keel is laid, the 

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Builder, attaches the stem, and 
Stern posts curved pieces that 

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Rise Up from each end. 
Then comes the planking. 

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Each plank is carefully shaped 
to overlap the one below. 

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It creating a flexible Hull that
can bend with the ways rather 

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than fighting against them. 
The planks are fastened with 

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iron rivets driven through from 
the outside and clenched over a 

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metal washer on the inside the 
gaps between planks are sealed 

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with tarde wool or animal hair 
pressed into the seams to keep 

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water out. 
The result is a hole that is 

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both light and strong and now 
weighs far less than you would 

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expect for a vessel of its size.
This matters when you're trying 

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to beat the ship or drag it up 
onto Shore for repairs. 

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The Norse do not build, docks or
Harbors. 

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They pulled their ships right up
onto the sand or gravel. 

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A lighter ship is easier to 
move. 

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The flexibility of the clink of 
Bill. 

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Hull also means the ship can 
handle rough Seas without 

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breaking apart. 
The planks gives slightly as the

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waves hit absorbing the impact, 
rather than transferring all the

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stress to a rigid frame. 
It is an elegant solution to a 

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complex problem, refined over 
generations of trial and error. 

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Inside the ship, there is no 
deck and no real shelter. 

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The cargo area is open to the 
sky when the weather turns bad, 

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the crew huddles under leather 
or wool tarps trying to stay 

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dry. 
Everything gets wet eventually, 

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the sea spray soaks through 
clothing rain, fills the bilge 

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you bail constantly using wooden
Scoops or buckets to throw 

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water, back over the side. 
Your hands are raw from the 

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work, your back, aches, from 
bending over. 

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But you keep bailing because the
alternative is letting the ship 

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fill with water and sink. 
Food on a long. 

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Voyage is monotonous and often 
an appetizing you eat. 

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Dried fish hard as wood and 
salty enough to make your mouth.

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Pucker you eat flatbread that 
crumbles into dust when you bite

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it? 
You eat dried meat. 

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If you are lucky though, it is 
tough and stringy. 

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Fresh food spoils quickly 
without Refrigeration. 

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So most of what you carry has 
been preserved by salting 

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smoking or drying. 
Water is stored in wooden 

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barrels and it tastes like the 
barrel after a few days. 

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You ration it. 
Carefully running out of water. 

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Is a death sentence. 
You can survive for weeks 

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without food if necessary, but 
without water, you will die in 

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DayZ. 
Sleep is difficult the ship. 

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Never stops moving the deck, 
pitches and rolls with the 

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waves, you curl up on a pile of 
cargo or find a spot between the

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ribs of the hole where you can 
wedge yourself. 

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In the wood is hard, the cold 
seeps through your clothes, you 

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drift in and out of 
Consciousness, never quite 

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getting the Deep Sleep, your 
body, craves days, blur 

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together, you lose track of 
time. 

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The only markers are sunrise and
sunset the rhythm of the oars, 

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the changing direction of the 
wind navigation, is the tricky 

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part. 
There are no Maps, no compasses,

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no GPS, coordinates to punch 
into a screen, the Norse 

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navigate by observation and 
memory. 

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They watch the Sun during the 
day, noting its height and 

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angle. 
At night, they use the Stars, 

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particularly the North Star to 
maintain their heading, they pay

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attention to wave, patterns wind
direction, the flight Paths of 

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00:12:11,808 --> 00:12:15,000
seabirds if they see a gannet 
heading west in the evening, 

232
00:12:15,000 --> 00:12:17,100
they know there is land in that 
direction. 

233
00:12:17,100 --> 00:12:19,500
The bird is returning to its 
Roost. 

234
00:12:19,500 --> 00:12:22,500
The Norse do not think of this 
as magic or guesswork. 

235
00:12:22,500 --> 00:12:26,600
It is practical knowledge 
accumulated over lifetime spent 

236
00:12:26,600 --> 00:12:29,400
at sea. 
They know how to read the water,

237
00:12:29,400 --> 00:12:31,300
the way a farmer, knows how to 
read the sky. 

238
00:12:32,000 --> 00:12:35,400
One tool that might have been 
used as the Sunstone a piece of 

239
00:12:35,400 --> 00:12:39,100
calcite or Iceland spa that 
polarizes light and can help 

240
00:12:39,100 --> 00:12:43,600
locate the sun even on overcast 
days. historians debate, whether

241
00:12:43,600 --> 00:12:46,500
the Norse actually used this 
technique, but the physics 

242
00:12:46,500 --> 00:12:50,200
checks out If you hold the 
crystal up to the sky and rotate

243
00:12:50,200 --> 00:12:53,300
it, the light passing through 
will brighten and dim in 

244
00:12:53,300 --> 00:12:56,300
predictable ways. 
You can use that information to 

245
00:12:56,300 --> 00:12:59,600
figure out where the sun is even
if it is hidden behind clouds. 

246
00:13:00,500 --> 00:13:04,500
It's not a full proof method but
in an environment where fog and 

247
00:13:04,500 --> 00:13:07,100
overcast skies are common. 
It could make the difference 

248
00:13:07,100 --> 00:13:10,000
between holding your course and 
drifting off into empty ocean. 

249
00:13:11,200 --> 00:13:13,800
The Crossing from Norway to 
Iceland takes about a week in 

250
00:13:13,800 --> 00:13:18,000
good conditions from Iceland to 
Greenland another week from 

251
00:13:18,000 --> 00:13:21,000
Greenland to the eastern coast 
of North America, maybe four or 

252
00:13:21,000 --> 00:13:23,100
five days. 
If the wind is favorable, but 

253
00:13:23,100 --> 00:13:26,300
conditions are rarely ideal 
storms blow in without warning 

254
00:13:26,300 --> 00:13:29,100
fog blankets, the ocean for days
at a time. 

255
00:13:29,900 --> 00:13:33,200
The crew sits in the cold wet 
and miserable bailing water and 

256
00:13:33,200 --> 00:13:36,200
trying to keep the ship. 
On course, there is no shelter, 

257
00:13:36,200 --> 00:13:40,000
no place to get warm or dry, you
eat dried fish and stale bread. 

258
00:13:40,000 --> 00:13:44,100
You drink, rain water collected 
in barrels or sea water, boiled 

259
00:13:44,100 --> 00:13:47,700
down to reduce the salt content.
If you are lucky, you spot land 

260
00:13:47,700 --> 00:13:48,800
before your supplies. 
Run out. 

261
00:13:48,800 --> 00:13:52,100
If you are unlucky you drift off
course and run out of food and 

262
00:13:52,100 --> 00:13:54,600
water, ships, disappear, all the
time. 

263
00:13:54,600 --> 00:13:57,900
The sagas are full of stories 
about vessels that sailed West 

264
00:13:57,900 --> 00:14:01,700
and were never seen again. 
For every successful Voyage, 

265
00:14:01,700 --> 00:14:04,000
there are probably several that 
ended in disaster. 

266
00:14:04,000 --> 00:14:06,900
You think about what it would 
feel like to be on that ship. 

267
00:14:06,900 --> 00:14:10,200
Your three days out from 
Greenland and you have not seen 

268
00:14:10,200 --> 00:14:13,600
land since you left the ocean 
stretches in every direction, 

269
00:14:13,600 --> 00:14:18,500
gray and featureless the sale 
cracks in the wind, the ship 

270
00:14:18,500 --> 00:14:22,100
Rises and falls with the swells 
in your stomach Rises and falls 

271
00:14:22,100 --> 00:14:24,900
with it. 
You are cold and wet and tired. 

272
00:14:24,900 --> 00:14:28,000
And you have started to wonder 
if the stories about land to the

273
00:14:28,008 --> 00:14:30,700
west to true or if you were 
sailing toward nothing. 

274
00:14:31,800 --> 00:14:35,200
Then someone shouts you look up 
and see a dark line on the 

275
00:14:35,200 --> 00:14:37,200
horizon. 
It could be a cloud. 

276
00:14:37,200 --> 00:14:38,900
It could be a trick of the 
light. 

277
00:14:39,700 --> 00:14:42,600
But as you get closer, the line 
resolves into something solid 

278
00:14:42,600 --> 00:14:46,800
trees, rocks, a coastline, you 
have made it. 

279
00:14:48,000 --> 00:14:50,500
The Norse were not, the only 
seafarers in the medieval world 

280
00:14:50,500 --> 00:14:54,100
but they were among the best. 
They understood that the ocean 

281
00:14:54,100 --> 00:14:57,800
was not a barrier but a highway.
If you had a good ship in the 

282
00:14:57,800 --> 00:15:00,200
skills to sail it, you could 
reach places that were 

283
00:15:00,200 --> 00:15:04,000
inaccessible by land that 
mindset, drove their expansion 

284
00:15:04,000 --> 00:15:08,400
Westward, they settled Iceland 
in the late 800s Greenland in 

285
00:15:08,400 --> 00:15:12,200
the 980s and reached the coast 
of North America sometime around

286
00:15:12,200 --> 00:15:15,800
the year 1000. 
Each step was a leap into the 

287
00:15:15,800 --> 00:15:18,300
unknown. 
And each settlement was a gamble

288
00:15:18,300 --> 00:15:20,900
against the harsh, reality of 
climate and geography. 

289
00:15:21,900 --> 00:15:24,200
Some gambles paid off, others 
did not. 

290
00:15:25,700 --> 00:15:28,200
Your standing on a grassy slope 
in southern Greenland. 

291
00:15:29,400 --> 00:15:33,700
The year is 985 and you are part
of a group of settlers who have 

292
00:15:33,700 --> 00:15:36,800
just arrived from Iceland. 
The journey took longer than 

293
00:15:36,800 --> 00:15:40,400
expected. 
A storm blew you off course, and

294
00:15:40,400 --> 00:15:43,600
you spent two days bailing 
water, and praying to Thor or 

295
00:15:43,600 --> 00:15:45,600
Christ or whoever might be 
listening. 

296
00:15:46,500 --> 00:15:49,100
But you may made it. 
The ship is pulled up on the 

297
00:15:49,100 --> 00:15:52,600
beach below and your belongings 
are scattered across the grass. 

298
00:15:53,600 --> 00:15:56,500
Tent Flaps in the wind a cow 
loans. 

299
00:15:56,500 --> 00:16:00,100
Nervously unhappy about the sea 
Crossing and the unfamiliar 

300
00:16:00,100 --> 00:16:02,900
surroundings. 
You look around and try to 

301
00:16:02,900 --> 00:16:06,300
assess your new home. 
The landscape is not what you 

302
00:16:06,300 --> 00:16:09,100
expected. 
The name, Greenland suggested, 

303
00:16:09,100 --> 00:16:12,400
something Lush and inviting. 
And to be fair, the southern tip

304
00:16:12,400 --> 00:16:14,000
of the island is greener than 
Iceland. 

305
00:16:14,700 --> 00:16:17,200
There is grass here. 
There are low shrubs and 

306
00:16:17,208 --> 00:16:20,700
wildflowers in the summer, but 
there are also glaciers on the 

307
00:16:20,700 --> 00:16:23,400
horizon. 
Vast sheets of ice that glow, 

308
00:16:23,400 --> 00:16:26,700
blue white in the Sun, the 
winters will be brutal, the 

309
00:16:26,700 --> 00:16:30,300
growing season will be short. 
You will need to rely on hunting

310
00:16:30,300 --> 00:16:33,000
and fishing to supplement 
whatever crops you can coats 

311
00:16:33,000 --> 00:16:36,200
from the thin soil. 
This is not an easy place to 

312
00:16:36,200 --> 00:16:40,900
live, but it is not impossible. 
The man who led this Expedition,

313
00:16:40,900 --> 00:16:43,600
Eric the Red has been here 
before. 

314
00:16:44,500 --> 00:16:47,700
He spent three years, exploring 
the coast after being exiled 

315
00:16:47,700 --> 00:16:51,200
from Iceland for killing a 
neighbor in a dispute, over some

316
00:16:51,200 --> 00:16:54,900
borrowed Timber. 
He knows where the best pasture 

317
00:16:54,900 --> 00:16:58,900
land is where the fjords provide
Shelter From The Wind where the 

318
00:16:58,908 --> 00:17:03,200
seals and walrus congregate. 
He has chosen this spot 

319
00:17:03,200 --> 00:17:05,900
carefully. 
Eric is a persuasive man. 

320
00:17:05,900 --> 00:17:09,099
He convinced several dozen 
families to leave Iceland and 

321
00:17:09,099 --> 00:17:12,400
join him in Greenland, promising
them land and opportunity. 

322
00:17:12,400 --> 00:17:15,700
The name. 
Greenland itself is part of the 

323
00:17:15,700 --> 00:17:18,200
sales pitch. 
It sounds more appealing than 

324
00:17:18,200 --> 00:17:22,500
ice-covered rock or fueled full 
of icebergs Erik understands 

325
00:17:22,500 --> 00:17:25,200
that branding matters even in 
the 10th Century. 

326
00:17:25,200 --> 00:17:28,800
He needs people to come with him
because a settlement needs 

327
00:17:28,800 --> 00:17:32,800
population to survive. 
You cannot Farm or hunt or build

328
00:17:32,800 --> 00:17:36,400
houses by yourself. 
You need neighbors people to 

329
00:17:36,400 --> 00:17:38,900
trade with and marry and help 
when things go wrong. 

330
00:17:39,900 --> 00:17:43,000
Erica sold the vision and now he
has to make it work. 

331
00:17:44,300 --> 00:17:45,800
The first few years are 
difficult. 

332
00:17:46,500 --> 00:17:50,900
The settlers build sod houses, 
low structures with Turf walls 

333
00:17:50,900 --> 00:17:53,900
and Driftwood beams. 
The roofs are covered with more 

334
00:17:53,900 --> 00:17:59,000
sod and the Interiors are dark 
and Smoky you burn Driftwood or 

335
00:17:59,000 --> 00:18:03,100
dried Heather for Heat and the 
smoke has no good way to escape 

336
00:18:03,100 --> 00:18:06,900
your eyes. 
Sting your clothes smell like 

337
00:18:06,900 --> 00:18:10,100
smoke all the time, but the 
house is warm. 

338
00:18:10,100 --> 00:18:11,700
And that is what matters? 
What? 

339
00:18:12,000 --> 00:18:15,600
Outside the wind howls across 
the Fjord and the temperature 

340
00:18:15,600 --> 00:18:16,900
drops. 
Well below freezing. 

341
00:18:17,900 --> 00:18:22,100
Inside you are alive. 
The construction of a sod house 

342
00:18:22,100 --> 00:18:25,800
is labor intensive, but 
practical You start by digging 

343
00:18:25,800 --> 00:18:29,200
shallow trenches to Mark the 
outline of the walls then you 

344
00:18:29,200 --> 00:18:32,800
cut blocks of turf from nearby 
Hillside each block about the 

345
00:18:32,800 --> 00:18:35,800
size of a large brick. 
The turf is layered like 

346
00:18:35,800 --> 00:18:38,300
masonry. 
Each block overlapping the one 

347
00:18:38,300 --> 00:18:41,300
below. 
The walls gross slowly one block

348
00:18:41,300 --> 00:18:44,800
at a time until they reach about
five or six feet in height. 

349
00:18:45,700 --> 00:18:49,000
The turf is heavy when wet, 
which is most of the time and 

350
00:18:49,000 --> 00:18:51,700
cutting it requires a sharp 
spade and strong shoulders. 

351
00:18:52,500 --> 00:18:54,900
But Turf is also an excellent 
insulator. 

352
00:18:54,900 --> 00:18:59,200
It keeps the heat in during 
winter and the cool air in 

353
00:18:59,200 --> 00:19:02,700
during summer. the walls are 
thick, sometimes three feet 

354
00:19:02,700 --> 00:19:06,000
across, providing a buffer 
against the brutal Greenland 

355
00:19:06,000 --> 00:19:10,900
climate The roof requires Timber
which is scarce, use whatever 

356
00:19:10,900 --> 00:19:13,700
Driftwood, you can find 
Scavenging along the beaches for

357
00:19:13,700 --> 00:19:17,000
logs that have washed ashore 
from Siberia or Northern Canada.

358
00:19:17,800 --> 00:19:20,600
The wood is often whether and 
twisted not ideal for 

359
00:19:20,600 --> 00:19:24,300
construction, but you make it 
work, you lay the Timbers across

360
00:19:24,300 --> 00:19:27,200
the walls to create a frame. 
Then cover the frame with more 

361
00:19:27,200 --> 00:19:29,800
turf. 
The result is a low squat 

362
00:19:29,800 --> 00:19:32,900
building that blends into the 
landscape from a distance. 

363
00:19:32,900 --> 00:19:34,700
It looks like a grass covered 
Mound. 

364
00:19:35,800 --> 00:19:38,500
Only the smoke rising from the 
roof hole gives away human 

365
00:19:38,500 --> 00:19:41,300
presence inside. 
The house is divided into 

366
00:19:41,300 --> 00:19:43,700
sections. 
The main hall is where you cook 

367
00:19:43,700 --> 00:19:46,300
eat. 
And socialise there is a long 

368
00:19:46,300 --> 00:19:50,500
half running down the center 
line with stones, the fire burns

369
00:19:50,500 --> 00:19:53,200
constantly during the winter 
months fed with whatever fuel 

370
00:19:53,200 --> 00:19:56,200
you can find. 
Driftwood is preferred but you 

371
00:19:56,208 --> 00:19:59,700
also burn dried seaweed animal 
dung and Heather. 

372
00:20:00,500 --> 00:20:03,800
The smoke Rises toward the roof,
where some of it escapes through

373
00:20:03,800 --> 00:20:06,400
a hole and the rest. 
Settles into the turf gradually,

374
00:20:06,400 --> 00:20:10,100
turning the interior black the 
walls aligned with benches made 

375
00:20:10,100 --> 00:20:13,000
of wood or stone covered with 
Furs and woven blankets. 

376
00:20:13,000 --> 00:20:16,400
These benches serve as seats 
during the day and beds at 

377
00:20:16,400 --> 00:20:20,000
night. 
Privacy is non-existent everyone

378
00:20:20,000 --> 00:20:23,500
sleeps in the same room shoulder
to shoulder sharing body heat. 

379
00:20:24,200 --> 00:20:27,800
The smaller rooms are used for 
storage or for specific tasks. 

380
00:20:27,800 --> 00:20:32,500
One room might hold barrels of 
preserved food, another might be

381
00:20:32,500 --> 00:20:35,500
a workspace where you repair 
tools or process hides. 

382
00:20:35,500 --> 00:20:39,900
The rooms are cold and dark lit.
Only by small oil lamps that 

383
00:20:39,900 --> 00:20:43,500
burn seal fat and casted. 
Dim flickering light. 

384
00:20:44,500 --> 00:20:47,200
You spend as little time in 
these spaces as possible 

385
00:20:47,200 --> 00:20:50,800
venturing in only, when 
necessary to retrieve supplies 

386
00:20:50,800 --> 00:20:55,000
or complete tasks. 
Daily life in Greenland revolves

387
00:20:55,000 --> 00:20:58,900
around survival in the summer. 
You work from dawn until dusk 

388
00:20:58,900 --> 00:21:00,600
making the most of the long 
days. 

389
00:21:00,600 --> 00:21:04,400
You plant barley and oats in the
thin soil though. 

390
00:21:04,400 --> 00:21:07,300
The growing season is so short 
that the crops often do not 

391
00:21:07,300 --> 00:21:10,000
ripen properly. 
You harvest, what? 

392
00:21:10,000 --> 00:21:13,700
You can and store it for winter.
You cut hay from The Meadows. 

393
00:21:13,700 --> 00:21:18,500
Endless hours of backbreaking 
work with a sigh The hay is 

394
00:21:18,500 --> 00:21:21,000
dried and stored to feed the 
livestock through the winter 

395
00:21:21,000 --> 00:21:25,200
without hey the animal starve 
without animals. 

396
00:21:25,200 --> 00:21:28,800
You starve. 
The equation is simple and 

397
00:21:28,800 --> 00:21:31,600
unforgiving. 
You also fish and hunt. 

398
00:21:31,600 --> 00:21:34,400
The fjords are full of cod and 
Char. 

399
00:21:34,400 --> 00:21:37,700
He catch them with lines and 
Nets then gut and dry them on 

400
00:21:37,700 --> 00:21:41,600
wooden racks, the dried fish 
will keep for months providing 

401
00:21:41,600 --> 00:21:43,700
protein when fresh food is 
unavailable. 

402
00:21:44,500 --> 00:21:47,300
Seals are hunted along the 
coast, you watch for them, 

403
00:21:47,300 --> 00:21:49,500
basking on rocks, or swimming 
near the ice. 

404
00:21:50,400 --> 00:21:55,300
A successful seal hunt provides 
meat fat for lamps and skins for

405
00:21:55,300 --> 00:21:59,000
clothing and boots. 
Fat is particularly valuable. 

406
00:21:59,800 --> 00:22:03,200
You render it into oil which 
burns clean and provides light 

407
00:22:03,200 --> 00:22:05,900
during the dark winter months in
the Autumn. 

408
00:22:05,900 --> 00:22:09,700
You hunt Caribou Inland the 
caribou migrate through certain 

409
00:22:09,700 --> 00:22:13,500
valleys at predictable times and
you set up Ambush points along 

410
00:22:13,500 --> 00:22:16,300
their routes. 
A single Caribou provides enough

411
00:22:16,300 --> 00:22:19,900
meat to feed a family for weeks.
The hides a tan and used for 

412
00:22:19,900 --> 00:22:22,300
bedding or clothing. 
Nothing is wasted. 

413
00:22:22,300 --> 00:22:25,000
Bones are carved into needles 
and tools. 

414
00:22:25,000 --> 00:22:27,800
Antlers are fashioned in to 
handles for knives. 

415
00:22:27,800 --> 00:22:32,800
Dried and used as thread, the 
Norse greenlanders, develop a 

416
00:22:32,808 --> 00:22:35,000
deeper, appreciation for 
resourcefulness. 

417
00:22:36,100 --> 00:22:39,500
When you live on the edge of the
habitable World, waste is a 

418
00:22:39,500 --> 00:22:41,600
luxury. 
You cannot afford the Greenland,

419
00:22:41,600 --> 00:22:44,800
Norse developer mixed economy. 
They raise sheep and cattle, 

420
00:22:44,800 --> 00:22:48,000
though, the animals are smaller 
and hardier than their European 

421
00:22:48,000 --> 00:22:52,600
cousins, they fish for COD and 
seal and Hunt walrus for ivory. 

422
00:22:53,300 --> 00:22:57,400
Walrus tusks are valuable. 
They can be traded in Norway or 

423
00:22:57,400 --> 00:23:00,000
Iceland for grain and iron and 
other Goods. 

424
00:23:00,000 --> 00:23:02,000
The greenlanders cannot produce 
themselves. 

425
00:23:03,000 --> 00:23:05,500
The ivory trade becomes the 
backbone of the Greenland 

426
00:23:05,500 --> 00:23:09,500
economy, a way to stay connected
to the wider Norse world, even 

427
00:23:09,500 --> 00:23:11,100
though you are living on the 
edge of the map. 

428
00:23:12,000 --> 00:23:16,100
Settlements grow by the year 
1000, there are about 2000 

429
00:23:16,100 --> 00:23:18,900
people living in Greenland 
spread across two main areas. 

430
00:23:19,700 --> 00:23:22,100
The Eastern settlement is the 
larger and more prosperous 

431
00:23:22,100 --> 00:23:26,200
located in the south-west. 
The west and settlement is 

432
00:23:26,200 --> 00:23:28,800
farther. 
North smaller and more isolated.

433
00:23:29,800 --> 00:23:31,700
Life in both places is 
precarious. 

434
00:23:32,600 --> 00:23:35,500
Climate is Harsh and the growing
season is short. 

435
00:23:35,500 --> 00:23:38,800
If the hay Harvest fails, the 
livestock starve. 

436
00:23:38,800 --> 00:23:43,400
If the hunting is poor people go
hungry There is no margin for 

437
00:23:43,400 --> 00:23:47,800
error, every decision matters. 
But Greenland is not the end of 

438
00:23:47,808 --> 00:23:50,100
the world. 
It is the edge of the Known 

439
00:23:50,100 --> 00:23:53,100
World, which is different. 
The Norse have always been 

440
00:23:53,100 --> 00:23:55,200
curious about what lies Beyond 
the Horizon. 

441
00:23:55,200 --> 00:23:59,300
They have always pushed father, 
sailed longer taken bigger 

442
00:23:59,300 --> 00:24:01,800
risks. 
So, when someone sailing along 

443
00:24:01,800 --> 00:24:04,800
the Greenland Coast gets blown 
off course, and sees land to the

444
00:24:04,800 --> 00:24:09,700
West, the new spreads quickly, 
the land is forested, which is 

445
00:24:09,700 --> 00:24:14,300
exciting because Greenland has 
very few trees Timber scarce. 

446
00:24:14,300 --> 00:24:17,600
And valuable, if there is a 
source of wood across the water 

447
00:24:17,600 --> 00:24:21,300
that changes the equation, it 
makes a western Voyage, not just

448
00:24:21,300 --> 00:24:23,300
an adventure but a practical 
necessity. 

449
00:24:23,300 --> 00:24:26,500
You hear the story from a Trader
who arrived from the Eastern 

450
00:24:26,500 --> 00:24:29,000
settlement. 
He says, a man named biyani. 

451
00:24:29,000 --> 00:24:32,000
Haraldson was sailing to 
Greenland to visit his father. 

452
00:24:33,000 --> 00:24:36,100
The Army missed Greenland 
entirely ended up too far, west 

453
00:24:36,100 --> 00:24:39,000
and spotted a coastline. 
That did not match any known 

454
00:24:39,000 --> 00:24:40,900
description. 
He did not land. 

455
00:24:40,900 --> 00:24:43,900
He turned his ship around and 
sailed back to Greenland. 

456
00:24:44,700 --> 00:24:47,300
But he talked about what he saw 
and other people listened. 

457
00:24:48,000 --> 00:24:51,600
One of those people was Leif 
Ericson, the son of Eric, the 

458
00:24:51,600 --> 00:24:55,800
Red Leaf is Young and ambitious 
and eager to prove himself, he 

459
00:24:55,800 --> 00:24:58,500
hears about the western land and
decides to go looking for it. 

460
00:24:58,500 --> 00:25:02,400
You think about what that 
decision means Leaf has no map. 

461
00:25:02,400 --> 00:25:04,900
No detail description of where 
the land is or what it looks 

462
00:25:04,900 --> 00:25:08,500
like he has beanies Vegas count 
and his own skills as Navigator,

463
00:25:08,500 --> 00:25:12,800
he will be sailing into complete
uncertainty with no guarantee of

464
00:25:12,800 --> 00:25:14,800
finding anything or making it 
back. 

465
00:25:15,700 --> 00:25:19,500
But he is going anyway. 
That combination of confidence 

466
00:25:19,500 --> 00:25:23,300
and recklessness is, what 
defines the Norse expansion. 

467
00:25:24,000 --> 00:25:25,800
They do not wait for perfect 
information. 

468
00:25:25,800 --> 00:25:29,900
They act on incomplete data and 
figure things out as they go. 

469
00:25:29,900 --> 00:25:33,200
You're standing on the deck of 
Leif Erikson ship. 

470
00:25:33,200 --> 00:25:37,700
The year is somewhere around 
1,000, the exact date is fuzzy 

471
00:25:37,700 --> 00:25:41,200
because the Norse do not keep 
detailed records and the sagas 

472
00:25:41,200 --> 00:25:43,700
that describe, this Voyage were 
written down, two centuries 

473
00:25:43,700 --> 00:25:46,500
later. 
But the basic outline is clear. 

474
00:25:46,500 --> 00:25:51,100
Leaf has bought Johnny ship 
assembled, a crew of about 35 

475
00:25:51,100 --> 00:25:55,900
men and set sail from Greenland.
You are heading west in to 

476
00:25:55,900 --> 00:25:59,900
Waters, no one you know as ever 
explored the mood on the ship is

477
00:25:59,900 --> 00:26:03,800
a mix of excitement and unease. 
Everyone is curious about what 

478
00:26:03,800 --> 00:26:06,900
you will find, but everyone is 
also aware that this could go 

479
00:26:06,900 --> 00:26:11,600
badly ship sink Cruise starve. 
The ocean does not care about 

480
00:26:11,600 --> 00:26:14,700
your Ambitions. 
The first land you spot is not 

481
00:26:14,700 --> 00:26:17,400
promising. 
It is Rocky and Barren with 

482
00:26:17,400 --> 00:26:20,500
glaciers visible inland Leaf 
calls it. 

483
00:26:20,500 --> 00:26:23,300
Hello. 
And which means Flats don't 

484
00:26:23,300 --> 00:26:25,300
land. 
Modern Scholars. 

485
00:26:25,300 --> 00:26:27,600
Think this is Baffin Island 
though. 

486
00:26:27,600 --> 00:26:30,600
The identification is not 
certain you do not linger. 

487
00:26:30,600 --> 00:26:34,300
There is nothing here. 
Worth settling you sail South 

488
00:26:34,300 --> 00:26:36,200
along the coast looking for 
something better. 

489
00:26:37,000 --> 00:26:38,900
The approach to hellu land is 
cautious. 

490
00:26:38,900 --> 00:26:43,200
The crew keeps the ship well 
offshore wary of hidden rocks 

491
00:26:43,200 --> 00:26:45,900
and unexpected. 
Currents through the gray. 

492
00:26:45,900 --> 00:26:49,600
Mist, you see Cliffs Rising 
straight up from the water, dark

493
00:26:49,600 --> 00:26:52,800
and forbidding. 
The stone is mostly granite. 

494
00:26:52,800 --> 00:26:57,500
Wethered and ancient. 
There are no trees, no signs of 

495
00:26:57,500 --> 00:26:59,800
vegetation Beyond a few patches 
of lichen. 

496
00:27:00,700 --> 00:27:04,000
Ice clings to the upper reaches 
of the cliffs, remnants of 

497
00:27:04,008 --> 00:27:07,900
winter, that never fully melt 
even in summer, you pass a 

498
00:27:07,900 --> 00:27:11,400
glacier the cars into the sea 
and the sound is like thunder 

499
00:27:11,400 --> 00:27:15,500
rolling across the water. 
Chunks of ice Bob in the ways. 

500
00:27:15,500 --> 00:27:20,200
Some small, as your fist others,
the size of house is you give 

501
00:27:20,200 --> 00:27:23,000
them a wide berth colliding with
ice at speed. 

502
00:27:23,000 --> 00:27:25,000
Could punch a hole through the 
ship's Hull. 

503
00:27:25,900 --> 00:27:28,900
Someone suggests going a short 
to explore, but Leaf shake his 

504
00:27:28,900 --> 00:27:30,800
head. 
There is nothing to gain from 

505
00:27:30,800 --> 00:27:33,700
Landing here. 
No, Timba, no game animals that 

506
00:27:33,700 --> 00:27:36,500
you can see just rock and ice 
and wind. 

507
00:27:38,000 --> 00:27:41,700
You can continue South the ship,
rising and falling with the 

508
00:27:41,700 --> 00:27:44,000
swells. 
The crew is quiet. 

509
00:27:44,000 --> 00:27:48,200
Everyone is scanning The Horizon
hoping for something more 

510
00:27:48,200 --> 00:27:51,700
promising. 
The next landfall is more 

511
00:27:51,700 --> 00:27:55,300
interesting. 
The coast is forested with long 

512
00:27:55,300 --> 00:28:00,300
sandy beaches and shallow water.
Leaf names it Markland, meaning 

513
00:28:00,300 --> 00:28:03,200
forestland. 
This is probably Labrador. 

514
00:28:03,900 --> 00:28:06,800
The crew goes ashore briefly and
you walk through the trees. 

515
00:28:07,700 --> 00:28:12,100
Timber is good, quality tall, 
straight Pines and Spruce. 

516
00:28:12,800 --> 00:28:15,700
You could build houses with 
this, would you could build 

517
00:28:15,700 --> 00:28:19,700
ships, but Leaf wants to keep 
going, he's looking for The 

518
00:28:19,700 --> 00:28:23,400
Place Beyond, he described the 
place that sounded most fertile 

519
00:28:23,400 --> 00:28:26,200
and promising. 
You get back on the ship and 

520
00:28:26,200 --> 00:28:29,200
continue South. 
The Landing at Markland, is your

521
00:28:29,200 --> 00:28:31,500
first chance to stretch your 
legs in DayZ. 

522
00:28:31,500 --> 00:28:35,000
The beaches covered with smooth 
Stones, worn around. 

523
00:28:35,000 --> 00:28:38,100
By the ways. 
You walk up past the high tide 

524
00:28:38,100 --> 00:28:42,300
line and into the forest, the 
smells different here, rich with

525
00:28:42,300 --> 00:28:44,200
the scent of pine, resin and 
damper. 

526
00:28:45,400 --> 00:28:48,600
The trees are tall and straight 
their bark rough under your 

527
00:28:48,600 --> 00:28:51,300
fingers. 
You find animal tracks in the 

528
00:28:51,300 --> 00:28:55,200
soft ground near a stream. 
Dear probably or something 

529
00:28:55,200 --> 00:28:57,800
similar. 
The presence of game is a good 

530
00:28:57,800 --> 00:29:00,400
sign. 
It means the land can support 

531
00:29:00,400 --> 00:29:04,100
life beyond fish and seabirds. 
The crew spends a few hours 

532
00:29:04,100 --> 00:29:07,200
exploring. 
Someone finds a beaver dam in a 

533
00:29:07,200 --> 00:29:10,000
nearby Creek. 
Someone else discovers, a stand 

534
00:29:10,000 --> 00:29:13,200
of birch trees which are 
valuable for making canoes or 

535
00:29:13,200 --> 00:29:15,700
containers. 
There is a sense of excitement. 

536
00:29:15,700 --> 00:29:19,900
This place has potential but 
Leaf is not satisfied. 

537
00:29:19,900 --> 00:29:24,000
He wants to find the land beanie
described, the place with the 

538
00:29:24,000 --> 00:29:28,000
mildest climate and the most 
resources, you load back onto 

539
00:29:28,000 --> 00:29:29,500
the ship and push off from 
Shore. 

540
00:29:29,500 --> 00:29:33,800
The forest recedes behind you as
you sail South following the 

541
00:29:33,800 --> 00:29:36,300
coastline. 
After several more days of 

542
00:29:36,300 --> 00:29:38,800
sailing, you reach a spot that 
feels right. 

543
00:29:38,800 --> 00:29:43,300
The coastline is sheltered with 
a Broad Bay and a river flowing 

544
00:29:43,300 --> 00:29:46,300
into the sea. 
The land is green and rolling. 

545
00:29:46,300 --> 00:29:50,100
There are berries, growing wild 
and the crew finds grapes or 

546
00:29:50,100 --> 00:29:54,000
something that resembles greats.
Leaf calls the place Vineland 

547
00:29:54,000 --> 00:29:56,900
meaning why land or Great Vine 
land? 

548
00:29:57,800 --> 00:30:01,600
The name is caused endless 
debate among historians grapes. 

549
00:30:01,600 --> 00:30:04,900
Do not grow that far north today
and it is unclear whether the 

550
00:30:04,900 --> 00:30:07,300
climate was significantly warmer
1000 years ago. 

551
00:30:08,100 --> 00:30:10,100
Some Scholars. 
Think the crew found wild 

552
00:30:10,100 --> 00:30:13,900
berries and mistook them for 
grapes, others think they found 

553
00:30:13,900 --> 00:30:16,300
actual grapes at a more 
southerly latitude. 

554
00:30:16,300 --> 00:30:19,900
The truth is probably buried 
somewhere in the imprecise 

555
00:30:19,900 --> 00:30:23,100
language of the sagas, and the 
limits of Botanical evidence, 

556
00:30:23,100 --> 00:30:27,000
the river is teeming with 
salmon, you can see them from 

557
00:30:27,000 --> 00:30:29,300
the ship dark shapes moving 
through. 

558
00:30:29,300 --> 00:30:32,600
The Clear Water, the crew Rose 
the ship up the river, a short 

559
00:30:32,608 --> 00:30:35,000
distance, looking for a good 
place to beach it. 

560
00:30:35,000 --> 00:30:38,900
You find a spot where the bank 
is low and the ground is firm. 

561
00:30:38,900 --> 00:30:42,300
The ship is pulled up onto the 
shore and you unload. 

562
00:30:42,300 --> 00:30:46,500
The cargo everything is damp 
from The Voyage, you spread 

563
00:30:46,500 --> 00:30:48,700
first and clothing out to dry in
the Sun. 

564
00:30:49,700 --> 00:30:53,300
Feeling of solid ground under 
your feet is almost disorienting

565
00:30:53,300 --> 00:30:58,300
after so many days at sea. 
You walk in circles, stretching 

566
00:30:58,300 --> 00:31:01,400
your legs working, the stiffness
out of your joints. 

567
00:31:01,400 --> 00:31:04,800
He spend the rest of the summer,
exploring the area and building 

568
00:31:04,800 --> 00:31:07,500
a small settlement, the 
structures are simple. 

569
00:31:07,500 --> 00:31:11,800
You dig, trenches and stacks sod
to create walls, you use 

570
00:31:11,800 --> 00:31:13,800
Driftwood and Timber for roof 
beams. 

571
00:31:13,800 --> 00:31:16,600
The buildings are not meant to 
be permanent. 

572
00:31:16,600 --> 00:31:21,000
They are shelter's places to 
sleep and store supplies. 

573
00:31:21,000 --> 00:31:24,000
While you assess, whether this 
land is worth a larger 

574
00:31:24,000 --> 00:31:27,400
investment. 
The crew fishes and hunts. 

575
00:31:28,100 --> 00:31:31,700
You find salmon in the river 
more abundant than anything you 

576
00:31:31,700 --> 00:31:34,500
have seen in Greenland. 
The weather is mild. 

577
00:31:34,500 --> 00:31:37,100
There is no snow yet and the 
days are long. 

578
00:31:37,108 --> 00:31:42,600
This place feels like a gift. 
Crew falls into a routine in the

579
00:31:42,600 --> 00:31:46,000
mornings you work on the 
buildings by midday the sun is 

580
00:31:46,000 --> 00:31:48,000
warm enough. 
That you shed your outer layers.

581
00:31:48,000 --> 00:31:51,800
You eat a simple meal of dried 
fish and whatever berries or 

582
00:31:51,800 --> 00:31:55,400
greens you can forage. 
In the afternoon, some of the 

583
00:31:55,400 --> 00:31:57,700
crew fish While others explore 
the surrounding area. 

584
00:31:58,600 --> 00:32:02,400
You find wild game in the 
forest, deer a common and 

585
00:32:02,400 --> 00:32:04,300
someone manages to kill one with
a spear. 

586
00:32:04,300 --> 00:32:08,900
The venison is fresh and tender,
a welcome change from dried fish

587
00:32:08,900 --> 00:32:12,900
and salted meat, you roasted 
over an open fire and the smell 

588
00:32:12,900 --> 00:32:14,800
draws. 
Everyone to the fire pit. 

589
00:32:15,600 --> 00:32:17,200
For a few hours. 
The mood is light. 

590
00:32:17,200 --> 00:32:21,900
People laugh and tell stories. 
This place feels like home or at

591
00:32:21,900 --> 00:32:24,200
least like it could become home 
with enough time and effort. 

592
00:32:25,500 --> 00:32:29,600
But the season is short. 
By Autumn Leaf, decides it is 

593
00:32:29,600 --> 00:32:32,900
time to head back to Greenland. 
You load the ship with Timber 

594
00:32:32,900 --> 00:32:34,800
and whatever other resources you
have gathered. 

595
00:32:34,800 --> 00:32:38,300
The return Voyage is uneventful,
and when you arrived in 

596
00:32:38,300 --> 00:32:40,000
Greenland Leaf is greeted as a 
hero. 

597
00:32:40,000 --> 00:32:43,300
He has found new land, he has 
brought back Timber. 

598
00:32:43,300 --> 00:32:45,900
He has proven that the Western 
Voyage is possible. 

599
00:32:45,900 --> 00:32:50,100
Other people will want to follow
and they do over the next few 

600
00:32:50,100 --> 00:32:52,300
years. 
Several more expeditions set out

601
00:32:52,300 --> 00:32:55,400
for Vinland Leafs brother Thor. 
Veiled leads one. 

602
00:32:55,400 --> 00:32:58,500
Another Expedition includes a 
man named thorfinn. 

603
00:32:58,500 --> 00:33:05,000
Carl sefnco this Voyage is 
larger with multiple ships and 

604
00:33:05,008 --> 00:33:09,100
plans to establish a permanent 
settlement, they bring livestock

605
00:33:09,100 --> 00:33:12,600
tools, everything needed to 
start a new life but the 

606
00:33:12,600 --> 00:33:17,000
settlement does not last The 
sargas described conflicts with 

607
00:33:17,000 --> 00:33:21,800
indigenous, people referred to 
in the text as scrolling. the 

608
00:33:21,800 --> 00:33:25,700
term is vague and probably 
pejorative used by the Norse to 

609
00:33:25,700 --> 00:33:29,800
describe anyone who was not 
Norse the encounters attempts 

610
00:33:29,800 --> 00:33:34,600
and sometimes violent The Norse 
have Superior iron weapons that 

611
00:33:34,600 --> 00:33:37,900
they have vastly outnumbered 
after a few years, the settlers 

612
00:33:37,900 --> 00:33:39,600
decide the risks, outweigh, the 
benefits. 

613
00:33:39,600 --> 00:33:41,400
They pack up and returned to 
Greenland. 

614
00:33:42,400 --> 00:33:45,000
Thoughtful Expedition is 
particularly notable for its 

615
00:33:45,000 --> 00:33:48,200
tragic end. 
The Saga describes, the crew 

616
00:33:48,200 --> 00:33:51,700
sailing along the coast 
exploring inlets and Bays. 

617
00:33:51,700 --> 00:33:55,300
They find a beautiful spot with 
sandy beaches and forests 

618
00:33:55,300 --> 00:33:59,100
reaching down to the water. 
Thorville declares that this is 

619
00:33:59,100 --> 00:34:00,500
where he wants to build his 
house. 

620
00:34:01,300 --> 00:34:02,900
The crew goes a short to 
explore. 

621
00:34:02,900 --> 00:34:07,000
They find three skin boats, 
pulled up on the beach and under

622
00:34:07,000 --> 00:34:10,400
each boat, a three men. 
The Norse call these people 

623
00:34:10,400 --> 00:34:14,800
scrolling. 
The encounter turns violent, the

624
00:34:14,800 --> 00:34:18,199
Norse kill eight of the nine 
men, one Escapes in a boat. 

625
00:34:19,400 --> 00:34:23,000
Thorvald and his crew returned 
to their ship but soon they see 

626
00:34:23,000 --> 00:34:26,199
a fleet of skin boats 
approaching the indigenous 

627
00:34:26,199 --> 00:34:29,699
people attack with arrows, Thor 
Valdosta in the armpit by an 

628
00:34:29,699 --> 00:34:31,300
arrow. 
The wound is fatal. 

629
00:34:31,300 --> 00:34:33,300
He asked to be buried on the 
Headland. 

630
00:34:33,300 --> 00:34:37,000
He had chosen for his home site,
the crews in there and returns 

631
00:34:37,000 --> 00:34:40,000
to Greenland. 
With the news thorfinn Carlson's

632
00:34:40,000 --> 00:34:43,600
Expedition is more ambitious. 
He brings three ships and about 

633
00:34:43,600 --> 00:34:46,500
160 people including women and 
children. 

634
00:34:46,500 --> 00:34:49,400
They plan to establish a 
permanent Colony. 

635
00:34:49,400 --> 00:34:53,100
They bring cattle sheep and 
everything needed for farming. 

636
00:34:54,400 --> 00:34:57,500
The group settles in Vinland and
spends the first winter there. 

637
00:34:57,500 --> 00:35:00,200
The winter is mild compared to 
Greenland. 

638
00:35:00,200 --> 00:35:03,900
There is enough grazing for the 
livestock, the settlers are 

639
00:35:03,900 --> 00:35:07,600
optimistic in the spring. 
They encounter the indigenous 

640
00:35:07,600 --> 00:35:10,300
people. 
The first meeting is cautious 

641
00:35:10,300 --> 00:35:13,700
but not hostile. 
The Indigenous people arrive in 

642
00:35:13,700 --> 00:35:16,900
skin boats, staring at the North
with curiosity. 

643
00:35:17,700 --> 00:35:20,300
The Norse and the indigenous. 
People try to communicate 

644
00:35:20,300 --> 00:35:24,800
through gestures, eventually 
they begin to trade, the Norse 

645
00:35:24,800 --> 00:35:28,200
offer red cloth, which the 
indigenous people find 

646
00:35:28,200 --> 00:35:33,000
fascinating in exchange, they 
receive Furs and pelts. 

647
00:35:33,000 --> 00:35:38,400
The trade goes well both sides 
seem satisfied but the peace 

648
00:35:38,400 --> 00:35:43,200
does not last Saga describes a 
bull belonging to the Norse 

649
00:35:43,200 --> 00:35:45,800
running out of the woods and 
bellowing Indigenous. 

650
00:35:45,800 --> 00:35:48,500
People are terrified by the 
noise and flea in their boats. 

651
00:35:48,500 --> 00:35:52,400
They do not return for three 
weeks when they do return, they 

652
00:35:52,400 --> 00:35:55,400
come in large numbers. 
The mood is different. 

653
00:35:55,400 --> 00:35:59,000
There is tension in the air. 
The Norse realized something is 

654
00:35:59,000 --> 00:36:01,100
wrong. 
The indigenous, people begin 

655
00:36:01,100 --> 00:36:04,700
shooting arrows, the Norse, 
formed a defensive line, but 

656
00:36:04,700 --> 00:36:07,500
they are outnumbered several 
Norse are wounded. 

657
00:36:08,400 --> 00:36:11,700
The battle is chaotic and 
frightening eventually the 

658
00:36:11,700 --> 00:36:15,000
indigenous people withdraw, but 
the message is clear. 

659
00:36:15,000 --> 00:36:19,500
The Norse are not, welcome Cal 
Stefani and his people discuss 

660
00:36:19,500 --> 00:36:22,300
their options. 
They could stay and fight, but 

661
00:36:22,300 --> 00:36:25,800
the odds are against them, they 
could try to negotiate the 

662
00:36:25,800 --> 00:36:27,800
language barrier, makes that 
nearly impossible. 

663
00:36:29,100 --> 00:36:30,900
In the end, they decide to 
leave. 

664
00:36:30,900 --> 00:36:33,400
They load their ships and 
returned to Greenland. 

665
00:36:34,400 --> 00:36:37,300
The dream of a permanent 
settlement in Vineland dies with

666
00:36:37,300 --> 00:36:39,800
that decision. 
You think about why the 

667
00:36:39,800 --> 00:36:42,400
settlement failed Vineland had 
resources. 

668
00:36:42,400 --> 00:36:47,000
It had Timber and fish and 
fertile land, but it was also 

669
00:36:47,000 --> 00:36:50,400
far from Greenland which was 
itself far from Iceland and 

670
00:36:50,400 --> 00:36:53,200
Norway. 
The supply chain was stretched 

671
00:36:53,200 --> 00:36:55,300
too thin, if something went 
wrong. 

672
00:36:55,300 --> 00:36:58,800
There was no one to call for 
help the indigenous presence. 

673
00:36:58,800 --> 00:37:00,700
Added another layer of 
complication. 

674
00:37:00,700 --> 00:37:04,200
The Norse were used to dealing 
with other Norse, or with 

675
00:37:04,200 --> 00:37:08,300
Christian Europeans, they had no
framework for co-existing with a

676
00:37:08,300 --> 00:37:12,100
completely different culture. 
The language barrier alone would

677
00:37:12,100 --> 00:37:15,700
have been insurmountable in the 
threat of violence and the 

678
00:37:15,700 --> 00:37:19,700
settlement becomes untenable. 
The Norse could have stayed if 

679
00:37:19,700 --> 00:37:22,500
they had been willing to fight a
long-term War over the land, 

680
00:37:22,500 --> 00:37:26,300
that they were not. 
They were farmers and Traders 

681
00:37:26,300 --> 00:37:30,400
not conquerors when it became 
clear, that staying in Vineland 

682
00:37:30,400 --> 00:37:34,500
would require constant conflict.
They chose to leave the Voyages 

683
00:37:34,500 --> 00:37:36,200
to Vineland do not stop 
immediately. 

684
00:37:36,200 --> 00:37:39,600
The sargas mentioned, occasional
trips to gather Timber. 

685
00:37:39,600 --> 00:37:42,600
But there is no sustained effort
to re-establish a settlement 

686
00:37:42,600 --> 00:37:46,200
over time, the Voyages, become 
less frequent, and then stopped 

687
00:37:46,200 --> 00:37:49,700
altogether. 
Vinland Fades from active Norse 

688
00:37:49,700 --> 00:37:52,500
Consciousness. 
It becomes a story a place that 

689
00:37:52,500 --> 00:37:56,300
existed once but no longer 
matters, Greenland itself, will 

690
00:37:56,300 --> 00:37:59,800
eventually be abandoned. 
The climate cools, the 

691
00:37:59,800 --> 00:38:04,300
Greenland, North struggled to 
survive, By the 1500s, the 

692
00:38:04,300 --> 00:38:07,800
settlements are empty. 
The descendants of Eric, the Red

693
00:38:07,800 --> 00:38:12,000
and Leif Ericson absorbed back 
into Iceland or dead from 

694
00:38:12,000 --> 00:38:16,000
starvation and disease. 
The western expansion ends, not 

695
00:38:16,000 --> 00:38:18,100
with a bang, but with a Quiet 
Retreat. 

696
00:38:18,900 --> 00:38:21,100
Your standing in a field in 
Northern Newfoundland. 

697
00:38:21,100 --> 00:38:24,600
The year is 1960 and your 
holding a shovel. 

698
00:38:25,600 --> 00:38:31,400
Feel is unremarkable covered in 
low grass and wildflowers to the

699
00:38:31,400 --> 00:38:33,600
east. 
You can see the ocean to the 

700
00:38:33,600 --> 00:38:35,500
West. 
There are low Hills and more 

701
00:38:35,500 --> 00:38:38,500
grass. 
This does not look like a place 

702
00:38:38,500 --> 00:38:42,900
where history was made but Helga
ingstad thinks otherwise, he's 

703
00:38:42,900 --> 00:38:44,600
been searching for Vinland for 
years. 

704
00:38:44,600 --> 00:38:47,900
And this spot matches the 
descriptions in the saga's 

705
00:38:47,900 --> 00:38:49,700
better than anywhere else is 
examined. 

706
00:38:50,500 --> 00:38:55,100
There is a sheltered Bay, there 
is a river, the landscape fits. 

707
00:38:55,100 --> 00:38:59,200
He is convinced the local 
landowner to let him dig and now

708
00:38:59,200 --> 00:39:02,800
he is carefully removing layers 
of turf and soil looking for 

709
00:39:02,800 --> 00:39:05,300
anything that might indicate 
human activity. 

710
00:39:06,500 --> 00:39:10,700
First finds a subtle. 
Patches of discolored soil, that

711
00:39:10,700 --> 00:39:13,000
suggests old walls or post 
holes. 

712
00:39:14,000 --> 00:39:17,100
Fragments of charcoal that 
indicate fires, were once it 

713
00:39:17,100 --> 00:39:19,500
here. 
Then something more definitive 

714
00:39:19,500 --> 00:39:24,700
appears an iron nail corroded 
and bent, but unmistakably Norse

715
00:39:24,700 --> 00:39:27,900
and style. 
The Norse used iron Nails in 

716
00:39:27,900 --> 00:39:31,100
their buildings and ships. 
The indigenous people of this 

717
00:39:31,100 --> 00:39:35,000
region, did not smell iron. 
If there is an iron nail in the 

718
00:39:35,000 --> 00:39:37,700
ground, someone from across the 
ocean, put it there. 

719
00:39:38,400 --> 00:39:42,500
The nail is small, maybe three 
inches long, it's surface rough 

720
00:39:42,500 --> 00:39:45,400
with rust. 
But its presence changes, 

721
00:39:45,400 --> 00:39:49,100
everything it is, physical 
proof, tangible evidence. 

722
00:39:49,100 --> 00:39:52,100
That cannot be dismissed as 
coincidence or contamination. 

723
00:39:53,200 --> 00:39:56,700
Ingstad holds it carefully 
turning it over in his palm. 

724
00:39:56,700 --> 00:39:58,900
This is what he has been 
searching for. 

725
00:39:58,900 --> 00:40:02,400
This is the connection between 
the medieval sagas and the 

726
00:40:02,400 --> 00:40:05,600
physical world. 
The nail is not alone as the 

727
00:40:05,600 --> 00:40:10,600
excavation continues more iron 
objects appear, another nail, a 

728
00:40:10,600 --> 00:40:14,600
rivet fragments of worked iron 
that suggests metalworking took 

729
00:40:14,600 --> 00:40:17,400
place here. 
Each find is documented, 

730
00:40:17,400 --> 00:40:21,900
photographed and cataloged The 
teamwork slowly and methodically

731
00:40:21,900 --> 00:40:25,400
aware that they are uncovering 
something significant. 

732
00:40:26,300 --> 00:40:30,500
Ingstad calls in his wife and 
stina in staad. 

733
00:40:30,500 --> 00:40:33,300
Who is an archaeologist? 
Together. 

734
00:40:33,300 --> 00:40:35,400
They organized a proper 
excavation. 

735
00:40:36,300 --> 00:40:39,200
Over the next several years, 
they uncover the foundations of 

736
00:40:39,208 --> 00:40:42,800
eight buildings. 
The structures are arranged in a

737
00:40:42,800 --> 00:40:47,400
small cluster near the water. 
Wolves are made of sod and the 

738
00:40:47,400 --> 00:40:49,800
layout matches Norse 
construction techniques 

739
00:40:49,800 --> 00:40:53,000
documented in Iceland. 
And Greenland, the buildings 

740
00:40:53,000 --> 00:40:56,000
include what appears to be a 
large Hall, several smaller 

741
00:40:56,000 --> 00:40:58,700
dwellings and a workshop in the 
workshop. 

742
00:40:58,700 --> 00:41:02,400
They find evidence of iron 
smelting, there are pieces of 

743
00:41:02,400 --> 00:41:06,000
slag, the waste material 
leftover from heating, iron, 

744
00:41:06,000 --> 00:41:09,700
ore, and extracting the metal 
The indigenous people of North 

745
00:41:09,700 --> 00:41:13,100
America did not smelt iron. 
This is Norse work. 

746
00:41:13,100 --> 00:41:16,300
No question. 
The excavation reveals layers of

747
00:41:16,300 --> 00:41:20,200
history at the lowest level. 
There are the foundations and 

748
00:41:20,200 --> 00:41:24,000
artifacts left by the Norse. 
Above that centuries of 

749
00:41:24,008 --> 00:41:26,400
accumulated soil and organic 
matter. 

750
00:41:26,400 --> 00:41:30,600
The site was abandoned and left 
undisturbed allowing, the 

751
00:41:30,600 --> 00:41:32,900
archaeological record to remain 
intact. 

752
00:41:32,900 --> 00:41:37,300
This is rare Most historical 
sites are disturbed by 

753
00:41:37,308 --> 00:41:39,800
subsequent occupation or natural
processes. 

754
00:41:40,900 --> 00:41:44,000
But Lonesome Meadows sat 
untouched for 900 years 

755
00:41:44,000 --> 00:41:46,200
preserving the evidence in 
place. 

756
00:41:47,000 --> 00:41:50,600
The team finds a bronze pin. 
The kind used to fasten cloaks. 

757
00:41:51,400 --> 00:41:55,000
The pin is small and delicate 
with a simple design, it is 

758
00:41:55,000 --> 00:41:58,700
definitely in origin. 
Similar pins, have been found in

759
00:41:58,700 --> 00:42:02,300
Iceland and Greenland and the 
style matches artifacts from the

760
00:42:02,308 --> 00:42:06,100
10th and 11th centuries. 
The pin is a personal item, 

761
00:42:06,100 --> 00:42:08,300
something that belonged to an 
individual. 

762
00:42:08,300 --> 00:42:12,200
You can imagine someone wearing 
it fastening their cloak against

763
00:42:12,200 --> 00:42:16,600
the wind going about their daily
tasks, then losing it the pin, 

764
00:42:16,600 --> 00:42:18,500
falling into the grass and 
disappearing. 

765
00:42:19,800 --> 00:42:23,300
Nine centuries later, an 
archaeologist brushes away, the 

766
00:42:23,300 --> 00:42:27,300
soil, and finds it again. 
Other artifacts include a 

767
00:42:27,300 --> 00:42:30,300
soapstone spindle. 
Whorl used for spinning wool 

768
00:42:30,300 --> 00:42:32,700
into thread. 
This suggests that women were 

769
00:42:32,700 --> 00:42:36,200
part of the Expedition or at 
least that domestic activities. 

770
00:42:36,200 --> 00:42:38,700
Like textile production were 
taking place at the site. 

771
00:42:39,700 --> 00:42:43,700
The Norse did not Travel Lite. 
They brought tools and supplies 

772
00:42:43,700 --> 00:42:45,700
and the means to produce the 
things they needed. 

773
00:42:46,500 --> 00:42:49,700
The spindle whorl is evidence of
a community trying to establish 

774
00:42:49,700 --> 00:42:52,300
itself. 
Not just a temporary camp. 

775
00:42:53,600 --> 00:42:55,300
The building's themselves. 
Tell us tell a story. 

776
00:42:55,308 --> 00:43:00,000
The largest structure is a halt 
about 70 feet, long and 50 feet 

777
00:43:00,000 --> 00:43:02,100
wide. 
This would have been the 

778
00:43:02,100 --> 00:43:05,900
communal space where people ate 
socialized and slept. 

779
00:43:06,700 --> 00:43:10,200
The walls are thick sod and the 
roof was supported by wooden 

780
00:43:10,200 --> 00:43:13,300
posts. 
The interior was divided into 

781
00:43:13,300 --> 00:43:16,000
sections with a long half 
running down the center. 

782
00:43:17,000 --> 00:43:19,800
The half stones are still in 
place blackened by countless 

783
00:43:19,800 --> 00:43:23,500
fires, you can see where people 
sat on benches along the walls 

784
00:43:23,500 --> 00:43:26,900
where the cooked their meals, 
where they gather for warmth and

785
00:43:26,900 --> 00:43:30,100
companionship the smaller 
buildings, serve different 

786
00:43:30,100 --> 00:43:32,900
purposes. 
One appears to be a workshop 

787
00:43:32,900 --> 00:43:37,200
where iron was smelted. 
Floor is littered with slag and 

788
00:43:37,200 --> 00:43:40,000
charcoal. 
There are remnants of a furnace 

789
00:43:40,000 --> 00:43:44,100
built from Stone and clay. 
The Norse was skilled metal 

790
00:43:44,100 --> 00:43:47,000
workers and they brought that 
knowledge with them to the new 

791
00:43:47,000 --> 00:43:50,200
world. 
Iron was essential for tools and

792
00:43:50,200 --> 00:43:54,100
weapons being able to produce it
on site meant they did not have 

793
00:43:54,100 --> 00:43:56,800
to rely entirely on supplies 
brought from Greenland. 

794
00:43:56,800 --> 00:44:00,700
Another building might have been
a boat repair shed the location 

795
00:44:00,700 --> 00:44:03,000
near the water and the presence 
of iron Nails. 

796
00:44:03,000 --> 00:44:05,100
Suggest it was used for 
maintaining ships. 

797
00:44:05,900 --> 00:44:08,500
The north ships required 
constant upkeep. 

798
00:44:09,200 --> 00:44:12,900
Planks needed to be replaced 
rivets needed to be tightened. 

799
00:44:13,600 --> 00:44:17,900
Sales needed to be repaired. 
A dedicated space for this work 

800
00:44:17,900 --> 00:44:20,100
would have been essential for 
any long-term settlement. 

801
00:44:21,100 --> 00:44:24,700
The radiocarbon dating of 
charcoal and organic materials 

802
00:44:24,700 --> 00:44:27,500
from the site confirms the Norse
presence. 

803
00:44:28,300 --> 00:44:32,100
The dates cluster around the 
year 1000, give or take a few 

804
00:44:32,108 --> 00:44:34,700
decades. 
This matches, the timeline 

805
00:44:34,700 --> 00:44:38,200
described in the sagas, the 
archaeological evidence of the 

806
00:44:38,200 --> 00:44:41,500
written sources. 
Align, the sagas were not myths.

807
00:44:42,200 --> 00:44:45,000
They were based on real events. 
Real voyage's. 

808
00:44:45,000 --> 00:44:47,700
Real people who crossed an ocean
and built something on the other

809
00:44:47,700 --> 00:44:51,100
side. 
Fines are exciting, but they 

810
00:44:51,100 --> 00:44:54,300
also raise questions. 
How long were people living 

811
00:44:54,300 --> 00:44:56,400
here? 
Was this a permanent settlement 

812
00:44:56,400 --> 00:44:59,400
or a temporary Camp. 
How many people were involved? 

813
00:44:59,400 --> 00:45:02,700
The archaeological evidence 
suggests a small group. 

814
00:45:02,700 --> 00:45:05,900
Maybe a few dozen individuals 
staying for a few years at most.

815
00:45:06,700 --> 00:45:09,000
The buildings are well 
constructed but not elaborate 

816
00:45:09,000 --> 00:45:15,100
this was not a thriving Colony. 
It was a toehold a test run, the

817
00:45:15,100 --> 00:45:18,100
Norse came. 
They built they stayed for a 

818
00:45:18,108 --> 00:45:23,500
while and then they left. 
Sight was never reoccupied, the 

819
00:45:23,500 --> 00:45:28,900
building's fell into ruin the 
sod walls, collapsed grass, grew

820
00:45:28,900 --> 00:45:34,300
over everything. 900 years, the 
site set undisturbed quietly 

821
00:45:34,300 --> 00:45:37,800
holding evidence of one of the 
most remarkable voyages in human

822
00:45:37,800 --> 00:45:40,600
history. 
You crouched down and look at 

823
00:45:40,608 --> 00:45:44,500
the remains of a post hole, 
someone cut a tree shaped it 

824
00:45:44,508 --> 00:45:48,000
into a post and drove it into 
the ground to support a roof 

825
00:45:48,000 --> 00:45:50,700
beam. 
That person lived here. 

826
00:45:51,600 --> 00:45:56,200
They woke up in this place. 
Eight meals did chores, talk to 

827
00:45:56,200 --> 00:45:59,600
their companions looked out at 
the ocean and wondered if they 

828
00:45:59,600 --> 00:46:04,000
would ever see Greenland again. 
The human connection feels 

829
00:46:04,000 --> 00:46:07,200
tangible. 
This is not abstract history. 

830
00:46:07,200 --> 00:46:11,100
This is the physical trace of 
people who crossed an ocean in a

831
00:46:11,100 --> 00:46:13,400
wooden ship and built something 
on the other side. 

832
00:46:14,400 --> 00:46:16,000
The Discovery at Lonesome 
Meadows. 

833
00:46:16,000 --> 00:46:19,000
Settles the debate about whether
Vikings reach North, America, 

834
00:46:19,000 --> 00:46:22,100
they did. 
The evidence is in the ground 

835
00:46:22,100 --> 00:46:26,900
but it also complicates The 
Narrative, the sargas describe 

836
00:46:26,900 --> 00:46:29,300
multiple voyages and multiple 
Landing sites. 

837
00:46:29,300 --> 00:46:35,300
They mentioned Vinland Markland.
So Meadows is clearly a North 

838
00:46:35,300 --> 00:46:38,800
site but is it Vinland? 
The sargas say Vineland had 

839
00:46:38,800 --> 00:46:41,700
greats and grapes. 
Do not grow this far. 

840
00:46:41,700 --> 00:46:46,800
North Some Scholars think. 
So, Meadows was a base camp, a 

841
00:46:46,800 --> 00:46:49,400
place to repair ships, and 
gather supplies before heading 

842
00:46:49,400 --> 00:46:53,400
farther south. others think the 
great detail in the sagas is 

843
00:46:53,400 --> 00:46:57,300
exaggerated or misunderstood the
truth is murky. 

844
00:46:58,000 --> 00:47:01,300
The sagas are not precise 
historical documents, the 

845
00:47:01,300 --> 00:47:04,100
stories by the people who told 
them. 

846
00:47:04,100 --> 00:47:09,000
And the audience is who listened
Details shift events are 

847
00:47:09,000 --> 00:47:13,500
compressed or expanded names are
embellished trying to match Saga

848
00:47:13,500 --> 00:47:16,300
descriptions to Modern geography
is like trying to reconstruct a 

849
00:47:16,308 --> 00:47:17,900
photograph. 
From someone's verbal 

850
00:47:17,900 --> 00:47:20,900
description. 
You can get close, but you will 

851
00:47:20,900 --> 00:47:25,800
never have perfect clarity. 
Still Lotso Meadows is enough. 

852
00:47:25,800 --> 00:47:30,100
It proves the Norse were here. 
It gives the sagas credibility. 

853
00:47:31,200 --> 00:47:34,000
For decades Scholars. 
Dismissed, the Vinland stories 

854
00:47:34,000 --> 00:47:38,500
as legend or wishful thinking 
the ink studs excavation forced 

855
00:47:38,500 --> 00:47:41,500
to reassessment. 
The Norse were capable Sailors 

856
00:47:41,500 --> 00:47:45,600
and explorers they reached North
America 500 years before 

857
00:47:45,600 --> 00:47:48,400
Columbus that fact is no longer 
in dispute. 

858
00:47:49,200 --> 00:47:52,300
You think about the families who
lived at lawn, so Meadows, they 

859
00:47:52,300 --> 00:47:54,200
were not heroes in the Epic 
sense. 

860
00:47:54,200 --> 00:47:57,800
They were ordinary people doing 
difficult work in an unfamiliar 

861
00:47:57,800 --> 00:47:59,600
place. 
They missed home. 

862
00:47:59,600 --> 00:48:03,300
They worried about supplies, 
they argued about decisions, 

863
00:48:03,300 --> 00:48:07,000
they got sick and tired and 
scared and then they left. 

864
00:48:08,200 --> 00:48:11,200
The settlement did not fail 
because the land was bad or 

865
00:48:11,200 --> 00:48:14,300
because the Norse lacked skill, 
it failed because the 

866
00:48:14,300 --> 00:48:17,700
circumstances were wrong. 
The distance was too great. 

867
00:48:17,700 --> 00:48:20,100
The support network was too 
thin. 

868
00:48:20,100 --> 00:48:23,600
The presence of indigenous 
people made co-existence 

869
00:48:23,600 --> 00:48:27,000
difficult, the Norse made a 
rational decision to cut their 

870
00:48:27,000 --> 00:48:28,300
losses and returned to 
Greenland. 

871
00:48:29,600 --> 00:48:32,500
That decision has shaped how we 
understand their legacy. 

872
00:48:33,500 --> 00:48:36,500
They discovered America, but 
they did not stay. 

873
00:48:37,400 --> 00:48:39,700
The discovery mattered less than
we might think. 

874
00:48:40,700 --> 00:48:44,900
You're sitting in a monastery in
Iceland, the year is 1200 and 

875
00:48:44,900 --> 00:48:48,100
something. 
Outside the wind howls across 

876
00:48:48,100 --> 00:48:52,000
the lava Fields. 
Inside the room is dim and cold,

877
00:48:52,000 --> 00:48:54,900
you're a scribe. 
And your job is to write down 

878
00:48:54,900 --> 00:48:58,300
the stories that people tell. 
These stories have been passed 

879
00:48:58,300 --> 00:49:01,900
down, orally for Generations, 
shifting slightly with each 

880
00:49:01,900 --> 00:49:05,000
retelling. 
Your task is to fix them in 

881
00:49:05,000 --> 00:49:08,300
writing to create a permanent 
record before the old 

882
00:49:08,300 --> 00:49:11,700
storytellers die and the stories
die with them. 

883
00:49:11,700 --> 00:49:15,600
The story you're working on 
today is about Leif Ericson and 

884
00:49:15,600 --> 00:49:18,600
his journey to Vinland. 
You have heard the story many 

885
00:49:18,600 --> 00:49:22,200
times different versions, 
emphasized different details. 

886
00:49:22,200 --> 00:49:25,400
Some say Leaf was blown off 
course and stumbled onto 

887
00:49:25,400 --> 00:49:28,400
Vineland by accident others. 
Say he went looking for, it 

888
00:49:28,408 --> 00:49:31,600
deliberately following beanie. 
Hey Olson's description. 

889
00:49:31,600 --> 00:49:33,900
You're not sure which version is
correct. 

890
00:49:33,900 --> 00:49:39,000
So you include both, Your job is
to record what people say not to

891
00:49:39,000 --> 00:49:40,300
judge. 
Whether it is true. 

892
00:49:40,300 --> 00:49:43,700
The process of writing is slow 
and painstaking. 

893
00:49:43,700 --> 00:49:47,800
You use a quill made from a 
goose feather dipped in ink made

894
00:49:47,800 --> 00:49:51,600
from soot and water. 
The parchment is expensive made 

895
00:49:51,600 --> 00:49:53,900
from calf skin. 
That has been scraped thin and 

896
00:49:53,900 --> 00:49:57,000
stretched smooth. 
You cannot afford to waste it. 

897
00:49:57,000 --> 00:50:01,200
Each word must be carefully, 
formed each line straight and 

898
00:50:01,200 --> 00:50:06,100
even your hand cramps after an 
hour of writing, you flex your 

899
00:50:06,100 --> 00:50:09,800
fingers and continue. 
The story must be preserved. 

900
00:50:10,500 --> 00:50:13,000
The old men who remember the 
Voyages are dying. 

901
00:50:13,000 --> 00:50:16,100
Once they are gone, the 
knowledge dies with them unless 

902
00:50:16,100 --> 00:50:19,700
it is written down. 
You write in Old Norse, the 

903
00:50:19,700 --> 00:50:23,500
language of your ancestors, the 
words flow onto the page in a 

904
00:50:23,508 --> 00:50:25,800
script that is both functional 
and elegant. 

905
00:50:26,600 --> 00:50:30,300
You describe Leafs departure 
from Greenland, the crew loading

906
00:50:30,300 --> 00:50:33,100
the ship with supplies the 
farewells on the beach. 

907
00:50:33,100 --> 00:50:37,600
You describe, the voyage West, 
the days at Sea with nothing, 

908
00:50:37,600 --> 00:50:40,000
but water, and sky in every 
direction. 

909
00:50:41,200 --> 00:50:44,500
You describe the sighting of 
land first, hello? 

910
00:50:44,500 --> 00:50:49,500
And then Markland finally 
Vineland, you try to capture the

911
00:50:49,500 --> 00:50:52,800
sense of wonder and apprehension
that must have accompanied these

912
00:50:52,800 --> 00:50:55,700
discoveries. 
The Norse was sailing into the 

913
00:50:55,700 --> 00:50:59,200
unknown and they knew it. 
The sargas are not dry 

914
00:50:59,200 --> 00:51:03,300
historical accounts, they are 
stories meant to entertain and 

915
00:51:03,300 --> 00:51:06,400
instruct. 
They include dialogue, dramatic 

916
00:51:06,400 --> 00:51:08,800
moments conflicts between 
characters. 

917
00:51:08,800 --> 00:51:12,400
The scribes who wrote them down 
at his literary flourishes, 

918
00:51:12,400 --> 00:51:16,300
descriptions of weather and 
Landscape interior thoughts of 

919
00:51:16,300 --> 00:51:20,700
the protagonists These additions
make the sagas more engaging, 

920
00:51:20,700 --> 00:51:24,500
but they also make them harder 
to trust as factual records. 

921
00:51:24,500 --> 00:51:26,800
How much of the dialogue 
actually happened? 

922
00:51:26,800 --> 00:51:29,600
How much was invented to make 
the story more compelling? 

923
00:51:30,700 --> 00:51:33,100
The line between history and 
literature is blurry. 

924
00:51:33,800 --> 00:51:37,500
One passage you write describes 
Leafs discovery of greats in 

925
00:51:37,500 --> 00:51:39,900
Vinland. 
The Saga says that a German 

926
00:51:39,900 --> 00:51:42,800
member of the crew. 
A man named turkey and went 

927
00:51:42,800 --> 00:51:47,600
exploring and came back excited.
He had found Vines growing wild 

928
00:51:47,600 --> 00:51:51,600
heavy with fruit, Tier spoke in 
his native language at first, 

929
00:51:51,600 --> 00:51:54,300
too excited to remember his 
Norse. 

930
00:51:55,100 --> 00:51:58,400
When he calmed down, he 
explained what he had found Leaf

931
00:51:58,400 --> 00:52:02,600
was pleased grapes, meant wine 
and wine was a luxury in 

932
00:52:02,600 --> 00:52:05,700
Greenland. 
The crew harvested, the greats, 

933
00:52:05,700 --> 00:52:07,000
and filled the ship's boat with 
them. 

934
00:52:07,000 --> 00:52:10,300
They also loaded Timber as much 
as the ship could carry. 

935
00:52:11,100 --> 00:52:13,800
When they returned to Greenland 
Leaf, gave the land. 

936
00:52:13,800 --> 00:52:20,500
Its name Vinland Weiland. 
Passage is vivid and specific. 

937
00:52:21,600 --> 00:52:25,400
But is it true? 
Did Takeya really find grapes or

938
00:52:25,400 --> 00:52:27,900
did he find something else that 
the Norse Mr. Stuck for grapes. 

939
00:52:28,600 --> 00:52:32,500
Did he speak excitedly in German
or is that a detail added to 

940
00:52:32,500 --> 00:52:36,400
make the moment more dramatic? 
You do not know you write what 

941
00:52:36,400 --> 00:52:39,500
you've heard and you trust that 
future readers will understand 

942
00:52:39,500 --> 00:52:44,300
the nature of the text. 
The sagas are not gospels, their

943
00:52:44,300 --> 00:52:46,600
stories shaped by memory and 
Imagination. 

944
00:52:46,600 --> 00:52:49,500
This is how the sagas were 
created. 

945
00:52:49,500 --> 00:52:52,700
They are not historical 
documents in the modern sense. 

946
00:52:52,700 --> 00:52:56,300
They are stories shaped by the 
culture and values of the people

947
00:52:56,300 --> 00:53:00,800
who told them the sargas 
emphasized bravery, honor, and 

948
00:53:00,800 --> 00:53:04,100
the Deeds of Great Men. 
They are less interested in 

949
00:53:04,100 --> 00:53:07,100
mundane details, like how many 
nails were used to build a house

950
00:53:07,100 --> 00:53:09,000
or what people ate for 
breakfast. 

951
00:53:10,100 --> 00:53:12,600
The result is a body of 
literature that is rich in 

952
00:53:12,600 --> 00:53:15,700
narrative, but frustratingly, 
vague on specifics. 

953
00:53:16,800 --> 00:53:20,200
When historians try to use the 
sargas to reconstruct events, 

954
00:53:20,200 --> 00:53:23,700
they have to navigate layers of 
embellishment and compression. 

955
00:53:24,700 --> 00:53:27,400
Names might be wrong. 
Dates are almost never give an 

956
00:53:28,100 --> 00:53:32,100
distance is a described in terms
of sailing time which varies 

957
00:53:32,100 --> 00:53:35,600
depending on wind and weather. 
The sargas are valuable sources 

958
00:53:35,600 --> 00:53:37,700
but they require careful 
interpretation. 

959
00:53:38,600 --> 00:53:40,700
Two Saugus. 
Described the Voyages to 

960
00:53:40,700 --> 00:53:43,700
Vinland. 
The Saga of Erik the Red and The

961
00:53:43,708 --> 00:53:47,200
Saga of the greenlanders. 
They were written down in the 

962
00:53:47,200 --> 00:53:51,600
13th century, about 200 years 
after the events they describe. 

963
00:53:52,500 --> 00:53:54,200
The two sagas do not always 
agree. 

964
00:53:54,200 --> 00:53:56,900
They present different sequences
of events. 

965
00:53:56,900 --> 00:54:00,000
Different characters. 
Playing key roles different 

966
00:54:00,000 --> 00:54:04,200
reasons for why the settlements 
were abandoned historians have 

967
00:54:04,200 --> 00:54:07,500
spent careers, trying to 
reconcile the discrepancies to 

968
00:54:07,500 --> 00:54:09,500
figure out, which version is 
more reliable. 

969
00:54:10,400 --> 00:54:13,400
The consensus is that both 
sagars contain elements of 

970
00:54:13,400 --> 00:54:16,500
truth, but neither is a 
perfectly accurate account. 

971
00:54:17,400 --> 00:54:20,800
They are approximations memory 
filtered through time and 

972
00:54:20,800 --> 00:54:22,900
reshaped by the needs of 
Storytelling. 

973
00:54:23,800 --> 00:54:28,000
The sargas described Vineland in
glowing terms, the land is 

974
00:54:28,000 --> 00:54:30,200
fertile. 
The grass is thick. 

975
00:54:30,200 --> 00:54:34,600
The rivers are full of salmon. 
The Winter's, a mi this 

976
00:54:34,600 --> 00:54:37,700
description has led Scholars to 
speculate about where Vineland 

977
00:54:37,700 --> 00:54:40,300
was located. 
If greats were growing wild 

978
00:54:40,300 --> 00:54:43,700
Finland must have been farther 
south, the Newfoundland, maybe 

979
00:54:43,700 --> 00:54:45,400
it was Nova Scotia or New 
England. 

980
00:54:46,200 --> 00:54:49,800
But the great detail could also 
be a literary, flourish, a way 

981
00:54:49,800 --> 00:54:51,400
to make the new land sound 
appealing. 

982
00:54:52,700 --> 00:54:56,400
The Norse loved wine and a land 
where wine grapes grew would 

983
00:54:56,400 --> 00:54:58,500
have been seen as particularly 
desirable. 

984
00:54:59,500 --> 00:55:03,600
Whether the grapes were real or 
metaphorical is hard to say the 

985
00:55:03,600 --> 00:55:05,700
sargas. 
Also, describe encounters with 

986
00:55:05,708 --> 00:55:10,700
indigenous people, the Norse 
called them scrolling a term 

987
00:55:10,700 --> 00:55:13,300
that carries a dismissive or 
derogatory tone. 

988
00:55:14,000 --> 00:55:17,800
The encounters are not friendly.
The sargas described trading 

989
00:55:17,800 --> 00:55:21,200
sessions that go well initially,
but then devolve into violence 

990
00:55:21,200 --> 00:55:24,800
in one account the Norse trade 
red cloth for furs. 

991
00:55:25,700 --> 00:55:28,400
The indigenous people are happy 
with the deal until the Norse, 

992
00:55:28,400 --> 00:55:32,300
run out of cloth. 
Tensions rise, a fight breaks 

993
00:55:32,300 --> 00:55:35,800
out. 
People die the Norse Retreat, to

994
00:55:35,808 --> 00:55:39,600
their settlement and fortify it.
More skirmishes, follow. 

995
00:55:40,500 --> 00:55:43,200
The eventually, the north 
decided situation is untenable 

996
00:55:43,200 --> 00:55:45,400
and leave. 
You think about what these 

997
00:55:45,400 --> 00:55:48,200
encounters must have been like 
from the indigenous perspective.

998
00:55:49,000 --> 00:55:52,400
Imagine you are living on the 
coast and one day, a strange 

999
00:55:52,400 --> 00:55:55,400
ship appears the people on the 
ship look different. 

1000
00:55:56,200 --> 00:55:58,900
Speaker language. 
You do not understand and carry 

1001
00:55:58,900 --> 00:56:00,300
weapons. 
Made of a material. 

1002
00:56:00,300 --> 00:56:04,800
You have never seen. they are 
not hostile at first but they 

1003
00:56:04,800 --> 00:56:08,500
are clearly weary they build 
structures and start cutting 

1004
00:56:08,500 --> 00:56:11,300
down trees. 
They act as if the land is 

1005
00:56:11,300 --> 00:56:14,500
theirs, even though you and your
community have been living here 

1006
00:56:14,500 --> 00:56:18,200
for Generations. 
The situation is confusing and 

1007
00:56:18,200 --> 00:56:20,800
threatening. 
When the strangers offer to 

1008
00:56:20,808 --> 00:56:23,500
trade, you go along hoping to 
learn more about them. 

1009
00:56:24,900 --> 00:56:28,700
Strangers are unpredictable. 
Small disputes escalate into 

1010
00:56:28,700 --> 00:56:31,900
violence, eventually you and 
your community decide. 

1011
00:56:31,900 --> 00:56:36,000
These people need to leave you 
outnumber them and you know, the

1012
00:56:36,000 --> 00:56:38,600
land better than they do. 
You make it clear? 

1013
00:56:38,600 --> 00:56:40,800
They are not welcome. 
They leave. 

1014
00:56:41,900 --> 00:56:44,300
The sargas do not give the 
indigenous perspective. 

1015
00:56:44,300 --> 00:56:47,200
They are written by Norse. 
Scribes for Norse. 

1016
00:56:47,200 --> 00:56:50,500
Audience is the indigenous 
people of background characters 

1017
00:56:50,500 --> 00:56:53,600
obstacles to be overcome or 
enemies to be fought. 

1018
00:56:54,500 --> 00:56:56,000
But their presence is 
undeniable. 

1019
00:56:56,000 --> 00:56:58,800
The other reason, the Norse 
settlements fail. 

1020
00:57:00,000 --> 00:57:03,400
If the land had been empty the 
Norse might have stayed but it 

1021
00:57:03,400 --> 00:57:06,300
was not empty. 
It was home to people who had 

1022
00:57:06,300 --> 00:57:09,000
their own claims and their own 
reasons to defend it. 

1023
00:57:09,800 --> 00:57:13,900
The sarso mentioned, subsequent 
voyages to Markland the forest 

1024
00:57:13,900 --> 00:57:17,800
land to gather Timba. these 
voyages continued for several 

1025
00:57:17,800 --> 00:57:20,300
decades, after the violent 
settlements were abandoned, 

1026
00:57:21,100 --> 00:57:23,700
Timber is valuable and Greenland
has almost none. 

1027
00:57:23,700 --> 00:57:28,300
Avoid to Markland takes a week 
or two depending on whether It 

1028
00:57:28,300 --> 00:57:30,700
is risky but the reward is worth
it. 

1029
00:57:31,600 --> 00:57:33,600
Eventually these voyages stop as
well. 

1030
00:57:34,400 --> 00:57:37,700
The reasons are not clear. 
Maybe the risks became too 

1031
00:57:37,700 --> 00:57:40,200
great. 
Maybe the Greenland Norse found 

1032
00:57:40,200 --> 00:57:43,500
other sources of Timber 
Driftwood washed ashore from 

1033
00:57:43,500 --> 00:57:47,000
Siberia, maybe the knowledge of 
how to reach Markland was lost 

1034
00:57:47,000 --> 00:57:52,000
when key Navigators died. 
The sargas do not say you closed

1035
00:57:52,000 --> 00:57:55,500
the book and think about what 
the sagar's reveal, they confirm

1036
00:57:55,500 --> 00:57:57,000
that the Norse reached North 
America. 

1037
00:57:57,000 --> 00:58:01,300
They provide names and rough 
chronologies they describe the 

1038
00:58:01,300 --> 00:58:03,800
geography in enough detail that 
modern Scholars, can make 

1039
00:58:03,800 --> 00:58:06,200
educated guesses about where the
Norse went. 

1040
00:58:07,300 --> 00:58:08,900
But they do not answer every 
question. 

1041
00:58:08,900 --> 00:58:14,300
They leave gaps contradictions 
and ambiguity that is the nature

1042
00:58:14,300 --> 00:58:16,800
of oral tradition. 
Stories. 

1043
00:58:16,800 --> 00:58:19,800
Evolved details are forgotten or
invented. 

1044
00:58:19,800 --> 00:58:23,500
The sargas are not perfect but 
they are what we have. 

1045
00:58:24,500 --> 00:58:27,000
Combined with the archaeological
evidence at long. 

1046
00:58:27,000 --> 00:58:29,700
So Meadows, they give us a 
picture of Norse. 

1047
00:58:29,700 --> 00:58:34,100
Exploration that is incomplete. 
But compelling the Norse crossed

1048
00:58:34,100 --> 00:58:37,800
the Atlantic, they built 
settlements they interacted with

1049
00:58:37,800 --> 00:58:39,900
indigenous people. 
They left. 

1050
00:58:39,900 --> 00:58:43,900
That is the story. 
You are sitting at your kitchen 

1051
00:58:43,900 --> 00:58:46,500
table with a cup of tea. 
Outside. 

1052
00:58:46,500 --> 00:58:49,600
The evening is settling in. 
You have been thinking about the

1053
00:58:49,600 --> 00:58:53,400
Viking voyages all night, 
turning the details over in your

1054
00:58:53,400 --> 00:58:55,600
mind. 
The question that brought you 

1055
00:58:55,600 --> 00:58:59,800
here was simple, did Vikings 
really discover America first. 

1056
00:59:00,600 --> 00:59:02,300
The answer turns out to be 
complicated. 

1057
00:59:03,500 --> 00:59:05,800
Depends on what you mean by 
discover and what you mean by 

1058
00:59:05,800 --> 00:59:08,700
first. 
If we Define Discovery as the 

1059
00:59:08,700 --> 00:59:12,200
first time someone set foot on a
land mass then the answer goes 

1060
00:59:12,200 --> 00:59:15,600
back. 
Thousands of years First people 

1061
00:59:15,600 --> 00:59:18,900
to discover America were the 
ancestors of modern indigenous 

1062
00:59:18,900 --> 00:59:22,900
communities who migrated from 
Asia across the Bering land 

1063
00:59:22,900 --> 00:59:26,800
bridge during the last ice age. 
They were the true discoverers, 

1064
00:59:26,800 --> 00:59:30,300
the ones who explored and empty 
continent and made it home. 

1065
00:59:31,200 --> 00:59:33,900
By the time, the north arrived 
America had been discovered 

1066
00:59:33,900 --> 00:59:37,100
settled and shaped by human 
hands for millennia. 

1067
00:59:38,200 --> 00:59:41,800
If we narrow the definition to 
the first European to arrive, 

1068
00:59:41,800 --> 00:59:45,200
then yes, the Vikings discovered
America. 

1069
00:59:46,300 --> 00:59:49,400
They reached the continent 
around the year, 1,000 nearly 

1070
00:59:49,400 --> 00:59:53,300
five centuries before Columbus, 
that is a significant fact. 

1071
00:59:53,300 --> 00:59:57,200
It challenges, the Euro Centric 
narrative, that places Columbus 

1072
00:59:57,200 --> 01:00:01,000
at the center of the story. 
It reminds us that the Atlantic 

1073
01:00:01,000 --> 01:00:05,300
was not an impossible barrier. 
People crossed it long before 

1074
01:00:05,300 --> 01:00:09,900
the age of exploration driven by
curiosity and necessity and the 

1075
01:00:09,900 --> 01:00:12,200
simple desire to see what was on
the other side. 

1076
01:00:13,900 --> 01:00:16,900
But the Viking voyages did not 
change history in the way 

1077
01:00:16,900 --> 01:00:21,700
Columbus's voyages. 
Did the Norse came and left the 

1078
01:00:21,700 --> 01:00:23,200
established. 
No lasting presence. 

1079
01:00:23,200 --> 01:00:26,600
They did not start trade 
networks or launch, follow-up 

1080
01:00:26,600 --> 01:00:30,300
Expeditions the knowledge of 
Vineland faded from European 

1081
01:00:30,300 --> 01:00:33,500
consciousness. 
By the time Columbus sailed in 

1082
01:00:33,508 --> 01:00:37,900
1492, the Norse voyages were 
forgotten or dismissed as myth. 

1083
01:00:39,100 --> 01:00:42,600
Columbus's arrival by contrast 
triggered a sustained connection

1084
01:00:42,600 --> 01:00:46,900
between Europe and the Americas.
It set in motion colonization 

1085
01:00:46,900 --> 01:00:52,900
conquest and the exchange of 
plants, animals diseases and 

1086
01:00:52,900 --> 01:00:55,000
ideas that reshaped both 
continents. 

1087
01:00:55,900 --> 01:01:00,200
The Norse Discovery was real but
it was a femoral did not matter 

1088
01:01:00,200 --> 01:01:03,000
in the way we usually mean, when
we talk about historical events,

1089
01:01:03,000 --> 01:01:06,700
that matter, the distinction 
between Discovery and encounter 

1090
01:01:06,700 --> 01:01:10,100
is important. 
Discovery implies that something

1091
01:01:10,100 --> 01:01:14,300
was lost or hidden and then 
found that America was never 

1092
01:01:14,300 --> 01:01:17,300
lost. 
It was always here inhabited by 

1093
01:01:17,300 --> 01:01:21,200
people who knew it intimately. 
When the nurse arrived, they did

1094
01:01:21,200 --> 01:01:24,500
not discover a new world. 
They encountered an existing one

1095
01:01:24,500 --> 01:01:28,500
that encounter was brief and 
ultimately inconsequential for 

1096
01:01:28,500 --> 01:01:32,000
both sides, the Norse left the 
indigenous. 

1097
01:01:32,000 --> 01:01:36,600
People remained life continued 
the encounter did not reshape 

1098
01:01:36,600 --> 01:01:38,600
the culture in any meaningful 
way. 

1099
01:01:39,400 --> 01:01:41,700
You think about what the Norse 
Voyage is teach us? 

1100
01:01:41,700 --> 01:01:45,100
They teach us that human beings 
are curious and Restless. 

1101
01:01:45,100 --> 01:01:49,800
We push boundaries, we explore, 
we take risks, the Norse were 

1102
01:01:49,800 --> 01:01:52,400
not superhuman. 
They were ordinary people with 

1103
01:01:52,400 --> 01:01:55,700
extraordinary skills and a 
willingness to sail into the 

1104
01:01:55,700 --> 01:01:59,500
unknown, they built ships, that 
could cross oceans, they 

1105
01:01:59,500 --> 01:02:02,700
navigated by the stars and the 
Sun and the flight of birds. 

1106
01:02:02,700 --> 01:02:05,700
They survived in harsh 
environments because they were 

1107
01:02:05,700 --> 01:02:09,400
adaptable and resourceful those 
qualities are worth celebrating.

1108
01:02:11,000 --> 01:02:13,800
The Norse approach to 
exploration was fundamentally 

1109
01:02:13,800 --> 01:02:16,600
practical. 
They were not driven by abstract

1110
01:02:16,600 --> 01:02:20,400
ideals of Discovery or Conquest.
They were looking for resources,

1111
01:02:20,400 --> 01:02:25,000
timber for building land for 
farming opportunities for trade.

1112
01:02:25,800 --> 01:02:27,800
When they found Vineland, they 
assess it. 

1113
01:02:27,800 --> 01:02:30,600
The way of farmer assesses. 
A field is the soil. 

1114
01:02:30,600 --> 01:02:33,800
Good is their fresh water. 
Can we grow crops? 

1115
01:02:33,800 --> 01:02:37,900
Here, can we survive the winter?
The answers were mostly. 

1116
01:02:37,900 --> 01:02:41,100
Yes, but the presence of 
indigenous people complicated, 

1117
01:02:41,100 --> 01:02:44,500
everything the Norse were not 
equipped to handle prolonged 

1118
01:02:44,500 --> 01:02:47,400
conflict. 
They were settlers not soldiers.

1119
01:02:47,400 --> 01:02:50,800
When it became clear that 
staying would require fighting 

1120
01:02:50,800 --> 01:02:54,600
they chose to leave. 
This pragmatism extends to how 

1121
01:02:54,600 --> 01:02:58,100
they remembered the Voyages. 
The sagas do not glorify 

1122
01:02:58,100 --> 01:03:01,600
failure, they do not protect 
that Finland was a great 

1123
01:03:01,600 --> 01:03:03,800
success. 
They acknowledge that the 

1124
01:03:03,800 --> 01:03:07,200
settlements were abandoned, they
described the conflicts and the 

1125
01:03:07,200 --> 01:03:09,900
difficulties. 
The Norse were honest about 

1126
01:03:09,900 --> 01:03:12,600
their limitations. 
They knew they had reached the 

1127
01:03:12,600 --> 01:03:15,400
edge of what was possible with 
their resources and Technology. 

1128
01:03:16,200 --> 01:03:19,500
That honesty is rare. 
In historical accounts, most 

1129
01:03:19,500 --> 01:03:22,300
cultures prefer to focus on 
their triumphs and downplay 

1130
01:03:22,300 --> 01:03:25,700
their setbacks. 
The Norse did both, they 

1131
01:03:25,700 --> 01:03:29,100
celebrated Leafs Discovery, but 
they also admitted that the 

1132
01:03:29,100 --> 01:03:33,000
discovery LED no way. 
The Voyages all to teach us 

1133
01:03:33,000 --> 01:03:35,900
humility. 
The Norse was skilled sailors 

1134
01:03:35,900 --> 01:03:39,500
but they were not conquerors 
they could not impose their will

1135
01:03:39,500 --> 01:03:41,200
on a land that was already 
occupied. 

1136
01:03:41,200 --> 01:03:45,800
They tried to establish 
settlements and they fail That 

1137
01:03:45,800 --> 01:03:48,900
failure is instructive as the 
Voyages themselves. 

1138
01:03:48,900 --> 01:03:52,100
It reminds us. 
That exploration is not the same

1139
01:03:52,100 --> 01:03:54,600
as domination arriving 
somewhere. 

1140
01:03:54,600 --> 01:03:58,200
Does not give you ownership. 
The Norse learned that lesson 

1141
01:03:58,200 --> 01:04:01,500
the hard way they left Finland. 
Not because they lacked courage 

1142
01:04:01,500 --> 01:04:04,000
or determination, but because 
they were pragmatic. 

1143
01:04:04,900 --> 01:04:08,300
They recognized that the costs 
outweighed, the benefits that 

1144
01:04:08,300 --> 01:04:13,000
pragmatism is a kind of wisdom. 
The story of Viking, exploration

1145
01:04:13,000 --> 01:04:16,900
is often told as an adventure 
Tale, full of Brave Sailors and 

1146
01:04:16,900 --> 01:04:21,900
dramatic voyages, and it is that
But it is also a story about 

1147
01:04:21,900 --> 01:04:24,900
limits. 
The Norse pushed as far as they 

1148
01:04:24,900 --> 01:04:28,300
could, and then they stopped, 
they reached the edge of what 

1149
01:04:28,300 --> 01:04:30,600
was possible with their 
technology and their resources. 

1150
01:04:30,600 --> 01:04:34,900
They could cross the ocean but 
they could not sustain a 

1151
01:04:34,900 --> 01:04:38,800
settlement on the other side 
that limit Define their legacy, 

1152
01:04:38,800 --> 01:04:42,700
they discovered America, but 
they did not change it. 

1153
01:04:43,500 --> 01:04:46,700
They left footprints that were 
buried under grass for 900 

1154
01:04:46,700 --> 01:04:48,700
years. 
When those Footprints were 

1155
01:04:48,700 --> 01:04:52,800
finally uncovered, they told us 
a story of human ambition and 

1156
01:04:52,800 --> 01:04:56,700
human limitation bound together 
in a way that feels both 

1157
01:04:56,700 --> 01:05:01,700
humbling and inspiring. 
You finish your tea and set the 

1158
01:05:01,700 --> 01:05:04,300
cup down. 
The question you started with 

1159
01:05:04,300 --> 01:05:06,300
has been answered. 
Sort of. 

1160
01:05:07,100 --> 01:05:09,900
Yes, Vikings discovered America 
first. 

1161
01:05:09,900 --> 01:05:13,700
If we were talking about 
Europeans But the discovery was 

1162
01:05:13,700 --> 01:05:16,600
fleeting it mattered less than 
we might hope. 

1163
01:05:17,300 --> 01:05:20,000
The Norse came they saw and they
left. 

1164
01:05:20,900 --> 01:05:22,800
The land they found was not 
empty. 

1165
01:05:22,800 --> 01:05:25,700
It was home to people who had 
their own histories and their 

1166
01:05:25,700 --> 01:05:28,900
own claims. 
The encounter between Norse and 

1167
01:05:28,908 --> 01:05:31,200
Indigenous, people was brief and
inconclusive. 

1168
01:05:31,200 --> 01:05:34,300
It did not lead to Lasting 
change for the group. 

1169
01:05:34,300 --> 01:05:38,700
In that sense, the Viking 
voyages are a footnote an 

1170
01:05:38,700 --> 01:05:41,500
interesting detail in the 
largest story of human migration

1171
01:05:41,500 --> 01:05:46,700
and exploration. 
But footnotes matter, they had 

1172
01:05:46,700 --> 01:05:49,100
texture. 
They complicate the narrative. 

1173
01:05:50,200 --> 01:05:53,500
Fact, that Vikings reached 
America before Columbus does not

1174
01:05:53,500 --> 01:05:57,200
diminished Columbus's voyages, 
it just puts them in a different

1175
01:05:57,200 --> 01:05:59,900
context. 
It reminds us that history is 

1176
01:05:59,900 --> 01:06:03,300
messy and non-linear. 
Discoveries are not always 

1177
01:06:03,300 --> 01:06:07,600
followed by consequences. 
Blu-rays does not always lead to

1178
01:06:07,600 --> 01:06:10,400
Conquest. 
Sometimes people cross an ocean 

1179
01:06:10,400 --> 01:06:14,600
build, a few houses and go home.
That is what the Norse did. 

1180
01:06:15,400 --> 01:06:18,500
It is not the story we were 
taught in school but it is the 

1181
01:06:18,500 --> 01:06:22,300
story, the evidence supports and
there is something satisfying 

1182
01:06:22,300 --> 01:06:25,700
about that. 
The sargas were not myths The 

1183
01:06:25,700 --> 01:06:27,300
north really did sale to 
Finland. 

1184
01:06:27,300 --> 01:06:30,300
They left traces in the ground 
that we can still see today. 

1185
01:06:31,100 --> 01:06:34,500
Those traces are small and 
unassuming but they are real, 

1186
01:06:34,500 --> 01:06:37,600
they connect us to a moment. 
A thousand years ago, when 

1187
01:06:37,600 --> 01:06:40,000
someone stood on a beach in 
Newfoundland and wondered what 

1188
01:06:40,000 --> 01:06:43,200
it would be like to live there. 
The answer it turned out was 

1189
01:06:43,200 --> 01:06:45,600
that it was too hard, so they 
left. 

1190
01:06:46,600 --> 01:06:49,700
And that is okay. 
Not every story ends with 

1191
01:06:49,700 --> 01:06:52,400
Triumph. 
Some end with a Quiet Retreat. 

1192
01:06:52,400 --> 01:06:57,100
A return to familiar Shores a 
decision to let the unknown stay

1193
01:06:57,100 --> 01:07:00,000
unknown for a while longer. 
So there you have it. 

1194
01:07:00,000 --> 01:07:05,000
My tired broken toes, Viking's 
reached America five centuries 

1195
01:07:05,000 --> 01:07:07,700
before Columbus built structures
at law. 

1196
01:07:07,700 --> 01:07:10,700
So Meadows and left. 
When the challenges outweighed 

1197
01:07:10,700 --> 01:07:14,700
the rewards, the discovery was 
real but it was so fleeting. 

1198
01:07:15,600 --> 01:07:19,000
Sagas preserved the memory and 
modern archaeology confirmed it.

1199
01:07:19,700 --> 01:07:23,100
The story does not have a tidy 
ending, but history raily does 

1200
01:07:24,200 --> 01:07:26,600
If you enjoyed this journey 
through nors exploration, 

1201
01:07:26,600 --> 01:07:29,800
consider sharing it with someone
who might appreciate a different

1202
01:07:29,800 --> 01:07:34,000
take on the Discovery narrative.
Until next time rest. 

1203
01:07:34,000 --> 01:07:37,400
Well. 
The ocean is wide, the stars are

1204
01:07:37,400 --> 01:07:39,400
bright and the Vikings made it 
across. 

1205
01:07:39,400 --> 01:07:48,100
That is enough. 
So friends, we're going into a 

1206
01:07:48,100 --> 01:07:51,600
quiet corner of the 1920s, away 
from the headlines and the 

1207
01:07:51,600 --> 01:07:54,400
noise. 
Here in the everyday moments 

1208
01:07:54,400 --> 01:07:57,700
between morning, routines and 
evening rest, you'll find a 

1209
01:07:57,700 --> 01:08:01,400
different kind of story. 
One of small freedoms, simple 

1210
01:08:01,400 --> 01:08:04,000
choices. 
And the gentle rhythm of a 

1211
01:08:04,000 --> 01:08:07,200
changing world. 
Let yourself settle into this 

1212
01:08:07,200 --> 01:08:11,300
time into these ordinary days 
that felt in their own way. 

1213
01:08:11,300 --> 01:08:15,000
Quietly. 
Mind blowing You wake to 

1214
01:08:15,000 --> 01:08:18,800
sunlight filtering through 
cotton curtains in a room, you 

1215
01:08:18,800 --> 01:08:22,399
share with another working 
woman, the alarm clock on the 

1216
01:08:22,399 --> 01:08:24,399
bedside table reads, seven in 
the morning. 

1217
01:08:25,200 --> 01:08:28,100
Your roommate is already 
stirring, feet touching the cold

1218
01:08:28,100 --> 01:08:32,100
floor, reaching for her robe, 
the radiator clanks Softly As 

1219
01:08:32,108 --> 01:08:35,100
the building's heat begins to 
rise outside. 

1220
01:08:35,100 --> 01:08:38,800
You can hear automobile engines 
starting the distant Rumble of 

1221
01:08:38,800 --> 01:08:42,200
the elevated train and the city 
beginning its weak day rhythm. 

1222
01:08:43,100 --> 01:08:45,899
You rise and move through the 
familiar pattern of mourning 

1223
01:08:45,899 --> 01:08:49,399
preparation, the bathroom down 
the hall is shared by four 

1224
01:08:49,399 --> 01:08:52,200
Apartments. 
So timing matters, you gather 

1225
01:08:52,200 --> 01:08:54,899
your toiletries in a small 
basket and wait your turn. 

1226
01:08:54,899 --> 01:08:58,300
Yes, smells of soap and steam 
from early Bays. 

1227
01:08:58,300 --> 01:09:01,800
When the room is free, you step 
inside and lock the door behind 

1228
01:09:01,800 --> 01:09:04,200
you. 
The mirror shows your face 

1229
01:09:04,200 --> 01:09:07,200
without makeup hair still pinned
from sleep. 

1230
01:09:07,899 --> 01:09:12,600
You wash with cold water first, 
then warm using a simple cake of

1231
01:09:12,608 --> 01:09:15,200
soap. 
The routine is quick and 

1232
01:09:15,200 --> 01:09:19,800
practiced back in your room. 
You sit at the small vanity you 

1233
01:09:19,800 --> 01:09:22,000
and your roommate have 
positioned between your beds. 

1234
01:09:23,000 --> 01:09:25,200
The surface holds a modest 
collection of items. 

1235
01:09:25,200 --> 01:09:30,300
A comb hair pins, a compact of 
face powder a tube of lipstick 

1236
01:09:30,300 --> 01:09:34,899
and a small bottle of perfume 
You begin with your hair, which 

1237
01:09:34,899 --> 01:09:39,100
you cut short three months ago? 
the decision felt significant at

1238
01:09:39,100 --> 01:09:43,000
the time, but now it's simply is
Fact of your appearance, 

1239
01:09:43,000 --> 01:09:45,899
requiring daily attention but 
far. 

1240
01:09:45,899 --> 01:09:48,500
Less time than the long hair. 
You want pined up each morning. 

1241
01:09:48,500 --> 01:09:52,300
You comb through the short Ways 
work in Pomade between your 

1242
01:09:52,300 --> 01:09:55,600
palms before, running your hands
through to create the smooth 

1243
01:09:55,600 --> 01:09:59,700
shape you prefer. 
Some women, you know, achieve 

1244
01:09:59,700 --> 01:10:01,800
the Sleek look with more 
elaborate methods. 

1245
01:10:01,800 --> 01:10:04,200
But you've found this simple 
approach works. 

1246
01:10:04,200 --> 01:10:08,000
Well enough for your office job.
The goal is neat, modern and 

1247
01:10:08,000 --> 01:10:10,900
professional. 
You secure one side with a small

1248
01:10:10,900 --> 01:10:13,500
clip. 
Dressing happens in stages. 

1249
01:10:13,500 --> 01:10:18,100
First, the undergarments a 
cotton combination garment that 

1250
01:10:18,100 --> 01:10:20,700
replaced the courses. 
Your mother still wears, then 

1251
01:10:20,700 --> 01:10:23,500
stockings rolled and secured 
with simple garters. 

1252
01:10:24,400 --> 01:10:26,800
Freedom of movement. 
You feel is not something you 

1253
01:10:26,800 --> 01:10:31,100
think about consciously anymore.
But it's there in every gesture.

1254
01:10:31,100 --> 01:10:37,900
Every step you can bend. 
Reach, sit, and stand without 

1255
01:10:37,900 --> 01:10:41,400
restriction. 
This is normal now, your dress 

1256
01:10:41,408 --> 01:10:44,900
hangs on a hook behind the door.
You chose it from a department 

1257
01:10:44,900 --> 01:10:48,300
store to seasons ago. 
A simple shift in dark blue with

1258
01:10:48,300 --> 01:10:51,700
a dropped waist and hemline that
falls, just below your knees. 

1259
01:10:51,700 --> 01:10:56,700
The fabric is rayon practical 
and easy to care for, you step 

1260
01:10:56,700 --> 01:11:00,600
into it and fasten the buttons 
along the side over this, a 

1261
01:11:00,600 --> 01:11:03,400
cardigan for warmth. 
Choose a low heel and 

1262
01:11:03,400 --> 01:11:05,000
comfortable for walking and 
standing. 

1263
01:11:05,000 --> 01:11:08,800
You will walk six blocks to the 
streetcar stand during the 

1264
01:11:08,800 --> 01:11:12,100
commute of seats are full and 
spend most of your work day on 

1265
01:11:12,100 --> 01:11:14,300
your feet or perched, on a stool
at your desk. 

1266
01:11:15,400 --> 01:11:18,700
Your roommate is dressing at the
same time moving around the 

1267
01:11:18,700 --> 01:11:21,700
small space in a practice dance 
of shared territory. 

1268
01:11:22,600 --> 01:11:25,600
You exchange brief observations 
about the weather in the day 

1269
01:11:25,600 --> 01:11:27,900
ahead. 
She works as a telephone 

1270
01:11:27,900 --> 01:11:31,800
operator and will leave 15 
minutes before you She mentioned

1271
01:11:31,800 --> 01:11:35,200
stopping for coffee on her walk.
You can consider doing the same 

1272
01:11:35,200 --> 01:11:39,000
breakfast is minimal. 
In the building shared kitchen, 

1273
01:11:39,000 --> 01:11:42,700
you prepare toast and tea. 
Other residents, move through 

1274
01:11:42,700 --> 01:11:45,600
the space. 
Some hurried others taking their

1275
01:11:45,600 --> 01:11:48,700
time, a woman, you know, 
slightly from the third floor, 

1276
01:11:48,700 --> 01:11:52,300
but as bread at the counter 
beside you, she mentions a 

1277
01:11:52,300 --> 01:11:54,800
moving picture. 
She saw over the weekend, you 

1278
01:11:54,800 --> 01:11:58,300
make a mental note of the title,
The Kitchen smells of toast and 

1279
01:11:58,300 --> 01:12:01,500
coffee and the faint mustiness 
of the building itself. 

1280
01:12:01,500 --> 01:12:05,200
You eat standing near the window
looking down at the street. 

1281
01:12:06,100 --> 01:12:09,000
People are moving in both 
directions, most on foot some 

1282
01:12:09,000 --> 01:12:10,600
waiting, at the corner, for the 
streetcar. 

1283
01:12:10,600 --> 01:12:14,600
The rhythm is steady and 
predictable you recognize this 

1284
01:12:14,600 --> 01:12:18,300
flow and a part of it. 
The city has patterns and you've

1285
01:12:18,300 --> 01:12:22,200
learned them. 
At 8:15, you gather your handbag

1286
01:12:22,200 --> 01:12:25,200
and light coat your roommate 
left minutes ago. 

1287
01:12:25,200 --> 01:12:28,700
You lock the apartment door and 
descend three, flights of 

1288
01:12:28,708 --> 01:12:32,100
stairs, joining the stream of 
people leaving the building. 

1289
01:12:33,000 --> 01:12:35,400
Outside. 
The air is cool but not cold. 

1290
01:12:35,400 --> 01:12:39,600
Autumn is settling in. 
You walk at a moderate Pace. 

1291
01:12:39,600 --> 01:12:43,400
Neither rushing nordling. 
The root is familiar. 

1292
01:12:44,200 --> 01:12:47,900
Past the corner grosser, the 
drugs store and the new stand 

1293
01:12:47,900 --> 01:12:51,100
where headlines shout about 
politics and sports, but you 

1294
01:12:51,108 --> 01:12:53,500
rarely stopped to read, had the 
streetcar. 

1295
01:12:53,500 --> 01:12:57,400
Stop you wait with a dozen 
others, the car arrives, Belle, 

1296
01:12:57,400 --> 01:13:00,700
clanging you board. 
Drop your fare into the box and 

1297
01:13:00,700 --> 01:13:03,500
move toward the back. 
The car is full but not 

1298
01:13:03,500 --> 01:13:06,600
uncomfortably. 
So you stand holding the leather

1299
01:13:06,600 --> 01:13:09,700
strap, that hangs from the 
ceiling, swaying slightly as the

1300
01:13:09,708 --> 01:13:13,300
vehicle moves, along its tracks.
Through the Windows, you watch 

1301
01:13:13,300 --> 01:13:18,400
the city pass storefronts office
buildings and pedestrians on 

1302
01:13:18,400 --> 01:13:21,900
sidewalks. 
Your workplace is a large office

1303
01:13:21,900 --> 01:13:25,600
building downtown, you work in 
the stenography pool on the 8th 

1304
01:13:25,600 --> 01:13:28,500
floor, taking dictation and 
typing correspondence for 

1305
01:13:28,500 --> 01:13:33,000
several managers, the work is 
steady, requiring concentration,

1306
01:13:33,000 --> 01:13:35,900
but not creativity. 
You're good at it. 

1307
01:13:35,900 --> 01:13:40,000
You arrive sign in, hang your 
coat and hat on the rack, 

1308
01:13:40,000 --> 01:13:43,100
designated for your section and 
take your place at your desk. 

1309
01:13:44,000 --> 01:13:46,300
The room holds 20 women at 
typewriters. 

1310
01:13:46,300 --> 01:13:50,800
The sound is a constant clatter.
A rhythm, you've grown 

1311
01:13:50,800 --> 01:13:53,900
accustomed to your fingers move 
across the keys without 

1312
01:13:53,900 --> 01:13:57,200
conscious thought translating 
the short hand in your notebook 

1313
01:13:57,200 --> 01:14:01,400
into type to letters the 
managers rotate through handing,

1314
01:14:01,400 --> 01:14:04,000
you new assignments and 
collecting completed work. 

1315
01:14:04,000 --> 01:14:07,700
You nod, take notes and return 
to typing. 

1316
01:14:09,100 --> 01:14:13,300
Morning passes in this pattern 
at noon you and two other women 

1317
01:14:13,300 --> 01:14:15,200
from your floor, leave the 
building together. 

1318
01:14:15,200 --> 01:14:19,600
You walk to a nearby lunchroom, 
a simple establishment with a 

1319
01:14:19,608 --> 01:14:22,500
counter and a dozen small 
tables. 

1320
01:14:22,500 --> 01:14:25,700
The menu is written on a board 
behind the register. 

1321
01:14:25,700 --> 01:14:28,600
Your order soup and a sandwich 
and hot tea. 

1322
01:14:29,500 --> 01:14:33,000
The food arrives quickly, you 
eat, while discussing practical 

1323
01:14:33,000 --> 01:14:37,000
matters a shop, having a sale on
stockings, the new beauty, 

1324
01:14:37,000 --> 01:14:40,100
parlor, opening, two streets 
over and the upcoming weekend, 

1325
01:14:40,100 --> 01:14:43,100
the conversation is easy and 
requires little effort. 

1326
01:14:43,100 --> 01:14:46,300
These women are not intimate 
friends but they share this 

1327
01:14:46,300 --> 01:14:50,600
daily routine this space and 
these small exchanges it is 

1328
01:14:50,600 --> 01:14:54,700
companionable After 30 minutes, 
you pay your bill and return to 

1329
01:14:54,700 --> 01:14:58,200
the office, the afternoon, 
stretches ahead, similar to the 

1330
01:14:58,200 --> 01:15:01,300
morning. 
More dictation more typing, more

1331
01:15:01,300 --> 01:15:03,900
letters about business matters. 
You understand, only 

1332
01:15:03,900 --> 01:15:08,400
peripherally At 5:00, you cover 
your typewriter, collect your 

1333
01:15:08,400 --> 01:15:12,000
belongings and leave. 
The streetcar home is more 

1334
01:15:12,000 --> 01:15:14,900
crowded than the morning ride 
you stand again. 

1335
01:15:14,900 --> 01:15:18,200
Pressed among other bodies, all 
moving in the same direction. 

1336
01:15:18,200 --> 01:15:23,300
Tired workers shop girls, and 
Clarks the collective fatigue is

1337
01:15:23,300 --> 01:15:26,400
palpable, but not oppressive. 
This is simply the end of the 

1338
01:15:26,400 --> 01:15:29,200
work day. 
Back at your building, you climb

1339
01:15:29,200 --> 01:15:31,700
the stairs, more slowly than you
descended them in the morning. 

1340
01:15:32,500 --> 01:15:37,000
Your roommate is not yet home, 
you unlock the door step inside 

1341
01:15:37,000 --> 01:15:40,400
and set down your handbag. 
Their apartment is quiet. 

1342
01:15:41,200 --> 01:15:43,600
You remove your shoes and feel 
immediate relief. 

1343
01:15:44,400 --> 01:15:47,400
Your feet ache in the familiar 
way they do after a day of 

1344
01:15:47,400 --> 01:15:50,700
standing and walking. 
You have an hour before you need

1345
01:15:50,700 --> 01:15:53,500
to think about dinner. 
You sit on your bed, leaning, 

1346
01:15:53,500 --> 01:15:55,500
against the wall and pick up the
magazine. 

1347
01:15:55,500 --> 01:15:57,900
You've been reading in pieces 
over the past week. 

1348
01:15:58,600 --> 01:16:02,900
The Articles discuss fashion 
homemaking tips and serialized 

1349
01:16:02,900 --> 01:16:07,200
fiction you read without deep 
concentration, allowing your 

1350
01:16:07,200 --> 01:16:11,300
mind to rest. 
Outside the sounds of the city 

1351
01:16:11,300 --> 01:16:15,300
continued, but here in this 
small room, there is temporary 

1352
01:16:15,300 --> 01:16:18,400
Stillness. 
When your roommate returns, you 

1353
01:16:18,400 --> 01:16:23,400
discuss evening plans tonight, 
those nothing scheduled, you 

1354
01:16:23,400 --> 01:16:26,500
agree to prepare a simple meal 
together in the shared kit, and 

1355
01:16:26,500 --> 01:16:28,800
then perhaps attend. 
A moving picture at the 

1356
01:16:28,800 --> 01:16:32,400
neighborhood theater. 
Or perhaps just stay in and read

1357
01:16:32,400 --> 01:16:34,300
the decision. 
Can wait. 

1358
01:16:35,100 --> 01:16:39,300
For now, you remain where you 
are resting letting the day 

1359
01:16:39,300 --> 01:16:42,700
settle behind you. 
This is the shape of an ordinary

1360
01:16:42,700 --> 01:16:45,000
weak day. 
It repeats with small, 

1361
01:16:45,000 --> 01:16:48,500
variations different 
conversations, different meals, 

1362
01:16:48,500 --> 01:16:50,900
different weather. 
But the essential pattern 

1363
01:16:50,900 --> 01:16:56,300
remains you wait. 
Prepare work, eat return. 

1364
01:16:56,300 --> 01:16:59,900
And rest. 
Within this structure, you make 

1365
01:16:59,900 --> 01:17:03,000
small choices. 
That feel significant, the color

1366
01:17:03,000 --> 01:17:06,500
of your lipstick, the route, you
walk, the magazine you purchase.

1367
01:17:07,200 --> 01:17:10,100
These choices are yours in a way
that feels different from how 

1368
01:17:10,100 --> 01:17:13,600
your mother's life unfolded. 
Not dramatically different. 

1369
01:17:14,400 --> 01:17:19,200
Quietly, noticeably, so your 
appearance requires daily 

1370
01:17:19,200 --> 01:17:21,300
attention and a collection of 
skills. 

1371
01:17:21,300 --> 01:17:25,400
You've acquired gradually The 
process is not mysterious or 

1372
01:17:25,400 --> 01:17:29,000
difficult but it does demand 
time and consistency. 

1373
01:17:29,800 --> 01:17:33,200
You've learned what works for 
your face, your hair, and your 

1374
01:17:33,200 --> 01:17:36,100
body, and you follow these 
methods with the same 

1375
01:17:36,100 --> 01:17:37,900
reliability, you bring to your 
work. 

1376
01:17:38,600 --> 01:17:40,400
Hair Care begins with the cut 
itself. 

1377
01:17:41,400 --> 01:17:44,800
You visit a beauty parlor, every
six weeks to maintain the shape.

1378
01:17:45,700 --> 01:17:48,800
The establishment is a bright 
clean space with several chairs 

1379
01:17:48,800 --> 01:17:52,200
arranged before large mirrors. 
You make an appointment for 

1380
01:17:52,200 --> 01:17:54,800
Saturday morning. 
Arriving to find three other 

1381
01:17:54,800 --> 01:17:58,000
women already seated in very 
stages of service. 

1382
01:17:58,000 --> 01:18:03,000
The smell is chemical and floral
at once permanent wave solution 

1383
01:18:03,000 --> 01:18:05,800
shampoo hair. 
Tonic and perfume. 

1384
01:18:06,800 --> 01:18:09,800
Your stylist is a woman near 
your age who trained in the new 

1385
01:18:09,800 --> 01:18:11,900
methods of cutting and shaping 
short hair. 

1386
01:18:12,800 --> 01:18:16,500
She works quickly snipping and 
checking proportions, creating 

1387
01:18:16,500 --> 01:18:18,800
the clothes, fit around your 
head, that modern style 

1388
01:18:18,800 --> 01:18:22,400
requires. 
The entire process takes 30 

1389
01:18:22,400 --> 01:18:25,500
minutes you pay at the front 
desk leaving with hair. 

1390
01:18:25,500 --> 01:18:28,000
That will hold its shape for 
another several weeks with daily

1391
01:18:28,000 --> 01:18:30,800
maintenance. 
That maintenance happens each 

1392
01:18:30,800 --> 01:18:34,000
morning and evening. 
You dampen your hair slightly 

1393
01:18:34,000 --> 01:18:38,600
apply per made and comb it into 
smooth waves against your skull.

1394
01:18:39,500 --> 01:18:43,300
Some nights, you set it with 
pins and a net, creating more 

1395
01:18:43,300 --> 01:18:45,300
defined waves for the following 
day. 

1396
01:18:46,300 --> 01:18:48,000
The pins press against your 
scalp. 

1397
01:18:48,000 --> 01:18:50,400
As you sleep, a minor 
discomfort. 

1398
01:18:50,400 --> 01:18:52,600
You've grown used to in the 
morning. 

1399
01:18:52,600 --> 01:18:56,200
You remove them carefully comb 
through and assess the result. 

1400
01:18:57,100 --> 01:19:00,700
Usually satisfactory other 
women, you know, achieve 

1401
01:19:00,700 --> 01:19:04,300
different effects, some prefer 
the tight marcelled waves, 

1402
01:19:04,300 --> 01:19:07,900
created with heated ions. 
You try this once and found it 

1403
01:19:07,900 --> 01:19:11,500
time-consuming and risky. 
The iron must be exactly the 

1404
01:19:11,500 --> 01:19:13,100
right temperature to avoid 
singing. 

1405
01:19:13,100 --> 01:19:16,500
The hair, you watched a friend 
burn, a small section near her 

1406
01:19:16,500 --> 01:19:20,600
Temple and decided the sleeker 
simpler method, suited, you 

1407
01:19:20,600 --> 01:19:23,200
better. 
Cosmetics or a newer habit. 

1408
01:19:23,200 --> 01:19:27,300
Your mother wore minimal makeup.
Perhaps a dusting of powder for 

1409
01:19:27,300 --> 01:19:30,600
special occasions. 
You wear it daily though. 

1410
01:19:30,600 --> 01:19:33,300
Not heavily. 
The routine is standardized. 

1411
01:19:33,300 --> 01:19:36,400
Now familiar enough that you can
complete it while your mind, 

1412
01:19:36,400 --> 01:19:40,500
wanders to other topics face 
powder comes first, you open the

1413
01:19:40,500 --> 01:19:43,300
compact. 
A small round case that fits in 

1414
01:19:43,300 --> 01:19:46,600
your palm and use the attached 
puff to dust powder over your 

1415
01:19:46,600 --> 01:19:50,200
nose cheeks and forehead. 
The shade is meant to be 

1416
01:19:50,200 --> 01:19:52,100
slightly pale than your natural 
skin. 

1417
01:19:52,100 --> 01:19:56,300
Creating the smooth matte 
appearance, the current fashion 

1418
01:19:56,300 --> 01:19:59,400
favors. 
You blend carefully avoiding 

1419
01:19:59,400 --> 01:20:02,600
obvious lines. 
The powder reduces shine and 

1420
01:20:02,600 --> 01:20:05,900
creates a base for the rest. 
Rouge is applied sparingly to 

1421
01:20:05,900 --> 01:20:09,400
the apples of your cheeks. 
You use your fingertip warming, 

1422
01:20:09,400 --> 01:20:12,300
the cream between finger and 
thumb before patting it onto 

1423
01:20:12,300 --> 01:20:15,600
your skin. 
The goal is a subtle flush. 

1424
01:20:15,600 --> 01:20:20,200
Not obvious color. 
You blend the edges, and there's

1425
01:20:20,200 --> 01:20:23,200
no clear line between Rouge and 
unrug skin. 

1426
01:20:24,100 --> 01:20:27,200
Some women, you've seen apply 
rouge and dramatic circles or 

1427
01:20:27,200 --> 01:20:30,300
streets. 
You find, this garish and prefer

1428
01:20:30,300 --> 01:20:33,700
restraint, Lipstick is the 
element you most enjoy. 

1429
01:20:33,700 --> 01:20:37,300
You own three cubes and slightly
different shades of red and 

1430
01:20:37,300 --> 01:20:39,408
Rose. 
You select based on your 

1431
01:20:39,416 --> 01:20:42,800
clothing or your mood, the 
application requires a steady 

1432
01:20:42,800 --> 01:20:47,300
hand, you outline, your lips, 
first, creating the bow shape, 

1433
01:20:47,300 --> 01:20:51,100
that fashion, currently prefers 
slightly exaggerated from your 

1434
01:20:51,100 --> 01:20:54,500
natural lip line, then you fill 
in the color pressing your lips 

1435
01:20:54,500 --> 01:20:56,200
together to distribute it 
evenly. 

1436
01:20:57,100 --> 01:21:00,400
The Finish is matte and stays in
place reasonably well though. 

1437
01:21:00,400 --> 01:21:04,000
You'll need to reapply after 
eating I makeup is minimal for 

1438
01:21:04,000 --> 01:21:06,600
daytime. 
You darken your lashes slightly 

1439
01:21:06,600 --> 01:21:10,100
with a block of mascara wetting,
a small brush and running it 

1440
01:21:10,100 --> 01:21:12,500
over the product before applying
it to your lashes. 

1441
01:21:13,200 --> 01:21:16,400
The effect is subtle for 
evening, you might add a touch 

1442
01:21:16,408 --> 01:21:19,600
of dark powder along your lash 
line to Define your eyes. 

1443
01:21:19,600 --> 01:21:22,700
But this is optional. 
Your eyebrows are shaped with 

1444
01:21:22,700 --> 01:21:26,600
tweezers once a week plucked 
into a thinner more arched line 

1445
01:21:26,600 --> 01:21:29,900
than they grow naturally. the 
process is uncomfortable, but 

1446
01:21:29,900 --> 01:21:33,900
brief Skin care happens at 
night, you remove your makeup 

1447
01:21:33,900 --> 01:21:37,600
with Cold Cream massaging. 
The thick substance over your 

1448
01:21:37,600 --> 01:21:40,900
face until the Cosmetics 
dissolve, then wiping it away 

1449
01:21:40,900 --> 01:21:44,000
with a soft cloth. 
Your skin feels clean and 

1450
01:21:44,000 --> 01:21:47,800
slightly tight off afterward. 
You apply a light moisturizing 

1451
01:21:47,800 --> 01:21:50,700
cream before bed. 
This nightly removal is 

1452
01:21:50,700 --> 01:21:54,300
essential sleeping and makeup 
leads to clogged pores and 

1453
01:21:54,300 --> 01:21:57,900
blemishes problems. 
You work to avoid Clothing 

1454
01:21:57,900 --> 01:22:01,500
maintenance is equally routine, 
you hand wash stockings and 

1455
01:22:01,500 --> 01:22:03,900
undergarments in the bathroom 
sink, every few days. 

1456
01:22:03,900 --> 01:22:07,000
Hanging them to dry on a line, 
strong near the radiator. 

1457
01:22:08,200 --> 01:22:10,000
Dresses. 
Require less frequent washing 

1458
01:22:10,000 --> 01:22:13,100
but regular care. 
You check hems for loose 

1459
01:22:13,100 --> 01:22:16,600
threads, reinforced buttons and 
brush away, dust and lint. 

1460
01:22:17,400 --> 01:22:20,800
Once a month, you take items 
that need more thorough cleaning

1461
01:22:20,800 --> 01:22:22,600
to a laundry service to blocks 
away. 

1462
01:22:23,500 --> 01:22:27,300
They wash and press for a 
reasonable fee, you owned six 

1463
01:22:27,300 --> 01:22:31,200
dresses, suitable for work. 
Three skirts with a company in 

1464
01:22:31,200 --> 01:22:34,100
blouses and two nicer dresses 
for evening wear. 

1465
01:22:35,000 --> 01:22:38,300
This is adequate. 
You rotate through them allowing

1466
01:22:38,300 --> 01:22:39,800
each to wear between wearing 
rings. 

1467
01:22:40,500 --> 01:22:43,300
Your clothing hangs on hooks and
a small rod in the corner of 

1468
01:22:43,308 --> 01:22:45,800
your room. 
You've learned to maximize 

1469
01:22:45,800 --> 01:22:50,200
limited space folding items that
can be folded and hanging items 

1470
01:22:50,200 --> 01:22:53,800
that shouldn't be creased. 
Shoes are practical Investments,

1471
01:22:53,800 --> 01:22:58,000
you own three pairs, your 
everyday work shoes, with Lowe's

1472
01:22:58,000 --> 01:23:01,900
sturdy heals, a pair of house, 
slippers and one pair of 

1473
01:23:01,900 --> 01:23:05,200
lighter, pretty issues for 
dancing or social occasions. 

1474
01:23:06,000 --> 01:23:09,700
The work shoes show the most 
where you have them resoled when

1475
01:23:09,700 --> 01:23:13,100
necessary maintaining them, 
because good shoes are expensive

1476
01:23:13,100 --> 01:23:16,700
and your budget is limited. 
Undergarments have changed 

1477
01:23:16,700 --> 01:23:18,500
significantly from what your 
mother wore. 

1478
01:23:19,200 --> 01:23:22,100
You owned several cotton 
combination suits, that replace 

1479
01:23:22,100 --> 01:23:25,400
the separate pieces and boned 
corsets of previous decades. 

1480
01:23:26,200 --> 01:23:28,900
These all-in-one garments are 
comfortable and allow free 

1481
01:23:28,900 --> 01:23:31,500
movement. 
You also own a few braziers, 

1482
01:23:31,500 --> 01:23:35,400
soft cotton Affairs that 
flattened rather than enhance. 

1483
01:23:36,300 --> 01:23:39,100
The current silhouette favors a 
straight boyish figure. 

1484
01:23:39,900 --> 01:23:42,100
Your naturally slender which 
suits the fashion. 

1485
01:23:42,100 --> 01:23:45,300
But some women, you know, bind 
their breasts to achieve a 

1486
01:23:45,300 --> 01:23:48,100
flatter line. 
You find this unnecessary for 

1487
01:23:48,100 --> 01:23:52,000
yourself stockings are a 
constant expense and concerned 

1488
01:23:52,000 --> 01:23:55,800
they're made of silk, or rayon 
delicate and prone to runs. 

1489
01:23:55,800 --> 01:23:58,700
You roll them carefully each 
morning, checking for weak 

1490
01:23:58,700 --> 01:24:01,700
spots, despite your care, they 
snag and tear. 

1491
01:24:01,700 --> 01:24:04,900
You meant small runs with a 
needle and thread that matches 

1492
01:24:04,900 --> 01:24:07,300
the stocking color. 
But larger tears mean the 

1493
01:24:07,300 --> 01:24:10,600
stockings are finished. 
You purchased new ones regularly

1494
01:24:10,600 --> 01:24:12,800
choosing between affordability 
and quality. 

1495
01:24:13,800 --> 01:24:17,700
The cheaper ones run faster, the
better ones last longer but cost

1496
01:24:17,700 --> 01:24:20,300
more upfront. 
You found a middle ground that 

1497
01:24:20,300 --> 01:24:23,900
works for your budget. 
Perfume is a luxury but you 

1498
01:24:23,900 --> 01:24:26,300
maintain a small bottle, you 
apply it. 

1499
01:24:26,300 --> 01:24:29,800
Sparingly a dab behind each year
at your wrists. 

1500
01:24:30,500 --> 01:24:34,400
The scent is light and floral. 
It fades within a few hours but 

1501
01:24:34,400 --> 01:24:37,900
provides a pleasant awareness in
the morning. you wear it most 

1502
01:24:37,900 --> 01:24:41,100
days, skipping only when you're 
low on funds or feeling 

1503
01:24:41,100 --> 01:24:45,500
particularly practical Manicures
you do yourself sitting at the 

1504
01:24:45,508 --> 01:24:47,400
vanity with your small kit of 
tools. 

1505
01:24:47,400 --> 01:24:51,600
You file, your nails, short and 
round, push back your cuticles 

1506
01:24:51,600 --> 01:24:54,100
and buff the nail surface into 
it. 

1507
01:24:54,100 --> 01:24:57,900
Shines, sometimes you apply a 
clear polish red polish is 

1508
01:24:57,900 --> 01:25:01,500
popular, but you save this for 
special occasions for daily, 

1509
01:25:01,500 --> 01:25:04,200
wear clean shaped nails as 
efficient. 

1510
01:25:05,000 --> 01:25:08,600
All of this upkeep the hair, the
Cosmetics, the clothing care 

1511
01:25:08,600 --> 01:25:12,400
requires time, and money. 
You budget both carefully. 

1512
01:25:13,300 --> 01:25:16,100
And now in the morning, 30 
minutes in the evening and 

1513
01:25:16,100 --> 01:25:18,600
portions of your weekend are 
devoted to maintaining your 

1514
01:25:18,600 --> 01:25:21,600
appearance. 
It expenses, factored into your 

1515
01:25:21,600 --> 01:25:26,800
weekly budget, alongside rent, 
food and transportation. you 

1516
01:25:26,800 --> 01:25:30,500
accept this as part of Modern 
Life part of working in an 

1517
01:25:30,500 --> 01:25:33,800
office where appearance matters 
and part of participating in 

1518
01:25:33,800 --> 01:25:38,200
social life where presentation 
is noticed and judged The result

1519
01:25:38,200 --> 01:25:40,600
is an external self. 
That feels intentional and 

1520
01:25:40,600 --> 01:25:43,500
controlled. 
You're not naturally glamorous 

1521
01:25:43,500 --> 01:25:47,800
but you are neat. 
Current and appropriate. you 

1522
01:25:47,800 --> 01:25:50,900
look like the other young women 
on the streetcar in the office 

1523
01:25:50,900 --> 01:25:55,400
and at the lunchroom, you fit 
the time and place you inhabit. 

1524
01:25:55,400 --> 01:25:59,500
This matters in ways both 
practical and personal your 

1525
01:25:59,500 --> 01:26:03,600
appearance, opens certain doors,
allow certain assumptions and 

1526
01:26:03,600 --> 01:26:06,800
grants you a kind of provisional
belonging in spaces where women 

1527
01:26:06,800 --> 01:26:08,500
like you are still relatively 
new. 

1528
01:26:09,700 --> 01:26:11,900
Your friendships form. 
Primarily through shared 

1529
01:26:11,900 --> 01:26:16,800
circumstances, work the building
where you live and the places 

1530
01:26:16,800 --> 01:26:20,500
you regularly visit. these 
connections range from casual 

1531
01:26:20,500 --> 01:26:24,000
acquaintances to genuine 
closeness with most falling 

1532
01:26:24,000 --> 01:26:27,300
somewhere in between The 
structure of your life creates 

1533
01:26:27,300 --> 01:26:30,400
natural opportunities for 
interaction, and you've learned 

1534
01:26:30,400 --> 01:26:34,000
to recognize which relationships
might deeper and which will 

1535
01:26:34,000 --> 01:26:38,600
remain pleasantly surface. 
Level, At the office you share 

1536
01:26:38,600 --> 01:26:41,600
space with 19, other women in 
the stenography pool. 

1537
01:26:41,600 --> 01:26:46,000
You know, all their names, 
recognize their habits and 

1538
01:26:46,000 --> 01:26:48,800
understand the informal higher 
arches that govern the room. 

1539
01:26:49,700 --> 01:26:54,300
Some are fast a typists, some of
being there longer and some are 

1540
01:26:54,300 --> 01:26:58,400
favored by particular managers. 
You occupy a middle position. 

1541
01:26:59,300 --> 01:27:03,600
Competent, reliable neither 
exceptional, nor struggling 

1542
01:27:03,600 --> 01:27:06,900
three of these women have become
your regular lunch companions. 

1543
01:27:06,900 --> 01:27:10,500
You gravitate toward each other 
naturally, leaving the building 

1544
01:27:10,500 --> 01:27:14,100
together at noon, walking to the
same handful of restaurants in 

1545
01:27:14,100 --> 01:27:17,900
rotation, The conversation 
during these meals is practical 

1546
01:27:17,900 --> 01:27:21,000
and Light. 
You discuss work frustrations in

1547
01:27:21,000 --> 01:27:25,600
general terms, never mentioning 
specific managers by name you 

1548
01:27:25,600 --> 01:27:29,700
share information about sales at
stores new products and changes 

1549
01:27:29,700 --> 01:27:32,600
in the neighborhood. 
One woman recently became 

1550
01:27:32,600 --> 01:27:35,200
engaged and sometimes talks 
about her wedding plans. 

1551
01:27:35,200 --> 01:27:39,200
You listen offer appropriate 
responses and feel, neither 

1552
01:27:39,200 --> 01:27:42,700
envious, nor particularly 
invested after work. 

1553
01:27:42,700 --> 01:27:45,900
These friendships rarely, 
extend, he part of the office 

1554
01:27:45,900 --> 01:27:48,400
entrance heading in different 
directions to different 

1555
01:27:48,400 --> 01:27:51,300
neighborhoods? 
On rare occasions, you might 

1556
01:27:51,300 --> 01:27:53,800
arrange to attend a moving 
picture together on a Saturday 

1557
01:27:53,800 --> 01:27:57,300
afternoon, but this requires 
coordination and planning that 

1558
01:27:57,300 --> 01:27:59,400
often feels like more effort 
than it's worth. 

1559
01:28:00,100 --> 01:28:03,300
Friendship is real but contained
within specific, boundaries 

1560
01:28:03,300 --> 01:28:06,400
closer, friendships exist with 
women in your building. 

1561
01:28:06,400 --> 01:28:09,600
Your roommate is the most 
constant presence in your daily 

1562
01:28:09,600 --> 01:28:11,900
life. 
You've shared this apartment for

1563
01:28:11,900 --> 01:28:16,900
14 months, you know, her habits,
her moods and her family 

1564
01:28:16,900 --> 01:28:19,100
history. 
She knows yours. 

1565
01:28:20,000 --> 01:28:23,800
You negotiate shared space with 
minimal conflict, having 

1566
01:28:23,800 --> 01:28:27,100
established clear patterns, 
early on you, each have 

1567
01:28:27,100 --> 01:28:31,300
particular shelves, particular 
Hooks and particular times for 

1568
01:28:31,300 --> 01:28:35,400
bathing and dressing you split 
costs evenly and keep track of 

1569
01:28:35,408 --> 01:28:37,400
shared expenses in a small 
notebook. 

1570
01:28:38,300 --> 01:28:41,000
Your relationship is cooperative
rather than intimate. 

1571
01:28:41,000 --> 01:28:44,100
You enjoy each other's company 
without depending on it. 

1572
01:28:44,900 --> 01:28:47,600
Some evenings you spend 
together, talking while 

1573
01:28:47,600 --> 01:28:49,900
preparing dinner or getting 
ready to go out. 

1574
01:28:50,800 --> 01:28:53,000
Other evenings you exist in 
parallel. 

1575
01:28:53,000 --> 01:28:57,000
She reading on her bed while you
write letters at the desk, both 

1576
01:28:57,000 --> 01:29:00,500
content in the shared silence. 
You trust her with your 

1577
01:29:00,500 --> 01:29:03,000
belongings, your space, and your
basic privacy. 

1578
01:29:03,000 --> 01:29:06,500
This trust is earned through 
consistent considerate, 

1579
01:29:06,500 --> 01:29:09,900
behavior, on both sides. 
Two other women in the building 

1580
01:29:09,900 --> 01:29:12,800
have become regular friends, 
they share an apartment on the 

1581
01:29:12,800 --> 01:29:15,700
floor below. 
Yours both work, retail jobs, 

1582
01:29:15,700 --> 01:29:17,500
different stores and different 
schedules. 

1583
01:29:18,400 --> 01:29:21,600
When you're free time aligns, 
you gather in one apartment or 

1584
01:29:21,600 --> 01:29:25,400
the other, you play cards, 
sometimes simple games that 

1585
01:29:25,400 --> 01:29:28,700
require minimal concentration. 
You look through magazines 

1586
01:29:28,700 --> 01:29:33,600
together, discussing fashion and
celebrities with mild interest, 

1587
01:29:33,600 --> 01:29:38,100
you practice new hairstyles on 
each other experimenting with 

1588
01:29:38,100 --> 01:29:42,300
techniques seen in photographs 
or suggested by beauty parlor 

1589
01:29:42,300 --> 01:29:45,600
stylists. 
These gatherings are relaxed and

1590
01:29:45,600 --> 01:29:48,400
unstructured. 
Someone might bring food to 

1591
01:29:48,400 --> 01:29:52,200
share, you talk about your jobs 
about families, back home and 

1592
01:29:52,200 --> 01:29:54,600
about small dreams and practical
plans. 

1593
01:29:54,600 --> 01:29:58,300
One woman is saving money to 
visit her sister in another 

1594
01:29:58,300 --> 01:30:00,700
state. 
Another wants to take a business

1595
01:30:00,700 --> 01:30:02,100
course to improve her 
employment. 

1596
01:30:02,100 --> 01:30:06,300
Prospects these goals are modest
and achievable you discuss them 

1597
01:30:06,300 --> 01:30:09,500
seriously offering encouragement
and practical suggestions. 

1598
01:30:10,300 --> 01:30:12,600
Through these friends, you've 
been introduced to other young 

1599
01:30:12,600 --> 01:30:15,700
women in similar circumstances. 
The network. 

1600
01:30:15,700 --> 01:30:19,900
Expands gradually, connecting 
office workers and Shop girls. 

1601
01:30:19,900 --> 01:30:21,700
And telephone operators. 
Across the neighborhood. 

1602
01:30:22,800 --> 01:30:25,600
You recognize many faces now 
when you're out walking. 

1603
01:30:26,600 --> 01:30:28,800
You exchanged, greetings and 
brief updates. 

1604
01:30:29,600 --> 01:30:32,800
This web of loose connections, 
creates a sense of community 

1605
01:30:32,800 --> 01:30:35,000
without requiring deep 
commitment. 

1606
01:30:36,100 --> 01:30:39,300
Dance halls provide another 
context for social interaction. 

1607
01:30:39,300 --> 01:30:43,000
Your attend, perhaps twice a 
month sometimes with your 

1608
01:30:43,000 --> 01:30:46,600
roommate, sometimes with the 
women from down stairs and 

1609
01:30:46,600 --> 01:30:49,000
occasionally with the larger 
group assembled through various 

1610
01:30:49,000 --> 01:30:51,600
connections. 
The Halls are large bright 

1611
01:30:51,600 --> 01:30:54,300
spaces with live music and 
crowds of young people. 

1612
01:30:54,300 --> 01:30:58,600
You pay a small admission fee at
the door and enter a room filled

1613
01:30:58,600 --> 01:31:02,600
with sound and movement. 
The dancing itself is energetic 

1614
01:31:02,600 --> 01:31:06,400
but not wild, you know the 
popular steps the Charleston, 

1615
01:31:06,400 --> 01:31:08,700
the black bottom various Fox 
trots. 

1616
01:31:08,700 --> 01:31:12,600
And two steps you learned by 
watching by practicing with 

1617
01:31:12,600 --> 01:31:16,200
friends and by simply joining in
and picking up the patterns. 

1618
01:31:16,900 --> 01:31:18,900
Some dancers are skilled and 
inventive. 

1619
01:31:18,900 --> 01:31:22,800
Most like, you are competent 
enough to participate without 

1620
01:31:22,800 --> 01:31:26,600
embarrassment. 
Men ask you to dance, you accept

1621
01:31:26,600 --> 01:31:29,900
or decline based on quick 
assessments, does he seem 

1622
01:31:29,900 --> 01:31:34,500
Pleasant sober and respectful 
most dancers last for one song? 

1623
01:31:34,500 --> 01:31:38,200
Then you return to your friends?
Occasionally a partner is 

1624
01:31:38,208 --> 01:31:39,600
interesting enough that you 
dance. 

1625
01:31:39,600 --> 01:31:43,100
Several songs in succession 
conversation happens between 

1626
01:31:43,100 --> 01:31:47,300
dance, is shouted over the music
or spoken during brief pauses 

1627
01:31:47,300 --> 01:31:50,500
topics. 
Alight, where do you work? 

1628
01:31:50,500 --> 01:31:53,500
Where do you live and do you 
come here, often? 

1629
01:31:53,500 --> 01:31:56,900
You exchange names? 
Sometimes addresses? 

1630
01:31:57,900 --> 01:32:01,700
Most of these encounters lead 
nowhere. a few of resulted in 

1631
01:32:01,700 --> 01:32:05,900
further invitations, to a moving
picture to dinner to another 

1632
01:32:05,900 --> 01:32:09,600
dance, you've dated several men 
casually over the past two 

1633
01:32:09,600 --> 01:32:14,300
years, the pattern is familiar, 
initial meetings, a few planned 

1634
01:32:14,300 --> 01:32:18,400
outings, perhaps some physical 
affection kissing hand holding 

1635
01:32:19,300 --> 01:32:22,100
Than either a gradual fade or an
explicit ending. 

1636
01:32:22,100 --> 01:32:25,400
When one of you loses interest 
or circumstances change. 

1637
01:32:26,100 --> 01:32:29,200
You're not looking for a husband
urgently though, you don't rule 

1638
01:32:29,200 --> 01:32:33,000
out eventual marriage. 
For now, these casual courtships

1639
01:32:33,000 --> 01:32:36,400
provide companionship and 
entertainment without demanding 

1640
01:32:36,400 --> 01:32:38,100
significant. 
Emotional investment. 

1641
01:32:39,200 --> 01:32:43,700
Cafes and tea rooms off a 
quieter social spaces. you visit

1642
01:32:43,700 --> 01:32:47,500
these alone sometimes bringing a
book or magazine content in your

1643
01:32:47,500 --> 01:32:50,900
own company among other people 
Other times you meet friends 

1644
01:32:50,900 --> 01:32:53,900
there sitting at small tables 
for an hour or two in the 

1645
01:32:53,900 --> 01:32:57,500
afternoon on weekends. 
You order teal coffee sometimes 

1646
01:32:57,500 --> 01:33:00,000
a pastry. 
The atmosphere is calm and 

1647
01:33:00,000 --> 01:33:02,900
bright. 
Conversation flows easily in 

1648
01:33:02,900 --> 01:33:05,900
these settings, covering 
whatever comes to mind without 

1649
01:33:05,900 --> 01:33:09,300
pressure or urgency. 
You've also joined a small 

1650
01:33:09,300 --> 01:33:11,800
lending library that operates 
out of a Bookshop to 

1651
01:33:11,800 --> 01:33:14,100
neighborhoods away for a monthly
fee. 

1652
01:33:14,100 --> 01:33:15,700
You can borrow books from their 
collection. 

1653
01:33:15,700 --> 01:33:19,900
You visit every few weeks 
browsing the shells, sometimes 

1654
01:33:19,900 --> 01:33:22,900
asking the owner for 
recommendations other members 

1655
01:33:22,900 --> 01:33:26,200
browse at the same time, you've 
struck up conversations with a 

1656
01:33:26,200 --> 01:33:29,000
few of them discussing books, 
you've read and authors you 

1657
01:33:29,000 --> 01:33:31,700
favor. 
One woman close to your age 

1658
01:33:31,700 --> 01:33:35,200
suggested, you might enjoy a 
particular novel, you borrowed 

1659
01:33:35,200 --> 01:33:36,900
it. 
And later thanked her for the 

1660
01:33:36,908 --> 01:33:40,800
recommendation, These brief 
exchanges feel meaningful in 

1661
01:33:40,800 --> 01:33:44,100
their own small way. 
Your social life is neither 

1662
01:33:44,100 --> 01:33:47,800
isolated nor overwhelming. 
You have people to talk to 

1663
01:33:47,800 --> 01:33:52,500
places to go and activities that
fill your free time pleasantly. 

1664
01:33:52,500 --> 01:33:57,300
You also have Solitude when you 
want it privacy in your routines

1665
01:33:57,300 --> 01:34:00,400
and space to think without 
constant demands on your 

1666
01:34:00,400 --> 01:34:03,600
attention. 
Balance feels right? 

1667
01:34:03,600 --> 01:34:07,300
Most of the time, your part of a
community of young women 

1668
01:34:07,300 --> 01:34:10,800
navigating, similar 
circumstances, creating lives 

1669
01:34:10,800 --> 01:34:13,300
that include work and 
Independence and pleasure in 

1670
01:34:13,300 --> 01:34:16,800
manageable proportions, rest 
happens in fragments throughout 

1671
01:34:16,800 --> 01:34:20,000
your day woven between activity 
and obligation. 

1672
01:34:20,000 --> 01:34:24,000
You've learned to recognize when
your body and mind need a pause 

1673
01:34:24,000 --> 01:34:27,300
and you've developed small 
rituals that provide relief 

1674
01:34:27,300 --> 01:34:29,900
without requiring significant 
time or planning. 

1675
01:34:31,200 --> 01:34:34,100
Sunday mornings your most 
expansive period of rest. 

1676
01:34:34,900 --> 01:34:38,300
You wake without an alarm 
allowing your body to determine 

1677
01:34:38,300 --> 01:34:42,800
when it's ready to rise. 
Usually, this happens between 8 

1678
01:34:42,800 --> 01:34:47,100
and 9 oclock later than your 
weekday schedule permits, you 

1679
01:34:47,100 --> 01:34:49,600
remain in bed after waking 
enjoying the softness of the 

1680
01:34:49,600 --> 01:34:52,600
sheets and pillow and the warmth
under your blanket. 

1681
01:34:53,300 --> 01:34:56,100
Outside, the city sounds 
different on Sunday. 

1682
01:34:56,100 --> 01:35:00,100
Fewer automobiles, no Factory 
whistles and church bells. 

1683
01:35:00,100 --> 01:35:03,500
Ringing in the distance. 
Your roommate typically wakes 

1684
01:35:03,500 --> 01:35:06,000
around the same time. 
You exchange quiet. 

1685
01:35:06,000 --> 01:35:09,900
Greetings Discussing whether to 
rise immediately or linger a 

1686
01:35:09,900 --> 01:35:14,200
while longer. 
Often you choose to linger line 

1687
01:35:14,200 --> 01:35:17,700
in your separate beds talking in
a leisurely fashion about 

1688
01:35:17,700 --> 01:35:20,200
nothing. 
In particular, the conversation 

1689
01:35:20,200 --> 01:35:24,000
meanders without destination. 
You might mention a dream, you 

1690
01:35:24,000 --> 01:35:26,600
had or comment on the quality of
light, coming through the 

1691
01:35:26,600 --> 01:35:28,900
window. 
She might share a memory from 

1692
01:35:28,900 --> 01:35:31,100
childhood or wander aloud about 
the weather. 

1693
01:35:31,100 --> 01:35:34,000
Eventually you rise and move 
through your morning 

1694
01:35:34,000 --> 01:35:36,500
preparations at a slower Pace 
than weak days. 

1695
01:35:36,500 --> 01:35:40,900
Allow You take a long bath, if 
the bathrooms available soaking 

1696
01:35:40,900 --> 01:35:43,300
in hot water until your skin is 
pink and soft. 

1697
01:35:44,100 --> 01:35:47,700
You wash your hair, wrap it in a
towel and return to your room to

1698
01:35:47,700 --> 01:35:50,900
dry it slowly. 
By the radiator you dress in 

1699
01:35:50,900 --> 01:35:54,500
comfortable clothing. 
A simple skirt and blouse or 

1700
01:35:54,500 --> 01:35:57,000
sometimes loose, trousers, that 
you wear only at home. 

1701
01:35:57,000 --> 01:36:00,700
No corset, no stockings. 
No restrictive elements. 

1702
01:36:01,500 --> 01:36:03,600
Breakfast on Sunday is more 
substantial. 

1703
01:36:03,600 --> 01:36:07,900
You might prepare eggs in the 
shared kitchen, toast bread, and

1704
01:36:07,900 --> 01:36:11,000
Brew fresh coffee. 
You eat at the small table in 

1705
01:36:11,000 --> 01:36:14,000
your room, reading the 
newspaper, or a magazine while 

1706
01:36:14,000 --> 01:36:18,600
you choose slowly, there is no 
rush, no schedule to keep the 

1707
01:36:18,600 --> 01:36:22,200
morning can unfold at whatever 
Pace feels natural after 

1708
01:36:22,200 --> 01:36:24,100
breakfast. 
The day opens to various 

1709
01:36:24,100 --> 01:36:26,700
possibilities. 
Sometimes you remain in your 

1710
01:36:26,700 --> 01:36:30,500
room reading for hours, you 
settle into the upholstered 

1711
01:36:30,500 --> 01:36:34,300
chair near the window feet, 
tucked under you book propped, 

1712
01:36:34,300 --> 01:36:37,000
on your knees, sunlight moves 
across the floor. 

1713
01:36:37,000 --> 01:36:41,800
As you read, marking time with 
out, urgency you finish chapters

1714
01:36:41,800 --> 01:36:46,500
turn pages, lose yourself in 
fictional worlds or learn about 

1715
01:36:46,500 --> 01:36:52,200
topics that interest you History
by ography novels, your tastes 

1716
01:36:52,200 --> 01:36:55,100
of broad, the reading is purely 
for pleasure. 

1717
01:36:55,100 --> 01:36:57,600
Requiring, nothing from you, but
attention. 

1718
01:36:58,800 --> 01:37:02,100
Other Sundays, you venture out 
for war, walks you dress, more 

1719
01:37:02,100 --> 01:37:04,800
fully and leave the building 
with no particular destination. 

1720
01:37:04,800 --> 01:37:08,500
In mind, you walk through your 
neighborhood and into adjacent 

1721
01:37:08,500 --> 01:37:12,300
ones, observing shop Windows 
watching people on their way to 

1722
01:37:12,300 --> 01:37:16,000
or from church and noticing 
seasonal changes in trees and 

1723
01:37:16,000 --> 01:37:19,700
Gardens. 
The walking is meditative your 

1724
01:37:19,700 --> 01:37:22,600
mind free to wander while your 
body moves, steadily forward. 

1725
01:37:22,600 --> 01:37:26,100
You return home refreshed in a 
way that has nothing to do with 

1726
01:37:26,100 --> 01:37:29,300
physical rest. 
Sometimes you visit a museum or 

1727
01:37:29,300 --> 01:37:32,300
gallery. 
Admission is often free or very 

1728
01:37:32,300 --> 01:37:36,200
cheap on Sundays, you move 
through quiet rooms, looking at 

1729
01:37:36,200 --> 01:37:39,900
paintings and artefacts reading 
explanatory cards. 

1730
01:37:40,700 --> 01:37:44,700
The pace is entirely yours. 
You can stand before a single 

1731
01:37:44,700 --> 01:37:48,000
painting for 10 minutes, if it 
holds your interest or pass 

1732
01:37:48,000 --> 01:37:50,500
through rooms quickly, if 
nothing catches your attention, 

1733
01:37:51,900 --> 01:37:55,200
The experience is solitary. 
Even when others are present, 

1734
01:37:55,200 --> 01:37:59,500
each person absorbed in their 
own observation during the work 

1735
01:37:59,500 --> 01:38:01,500
week. 
Rest comes in smaller 

1736
01:38:01,500 --> 01:38:05,000
increments, your lunch. 
Hour provides a midday break 

1737
01:38:05,000 --> 01:38:07,200
though. 
You usually spend it eating and 

1738
01:38:07,200 --> 01:38:09,400
socializing rather than truly 
resting? 

1739
01:38:10,300 --> 01:38:13,100
The real respite comes in the 
evening after dinner, when 

1740
01:38:13,100 --> 01:38:16,100
you've completed your necessary 
tasks and continues, how to 

1741
01:38:16,100 --> 01:38:17,800
spend the remaining hours before
bed. 

1742
01:38:18,700 --> 01:38:21,700
Some evening's, you simply sit, 
you position yourself 

1743
01:38:21,700 --> 01:38:25,100
comfortably, perhaps on your bed
with pillows, supporting your 

1744
01:38:25,100 --> 01:38:28,100
back and allow yourself to do 
nothing in particular. 

1745
01:38:29,300 --> 01:38:33,000
You might look out the window 
watching the street below, you 

1746
01:38:33,000 --> 01:38:35,700
might close your eyes and listen
to the sounds of the building. 

1747
01:38:36,200 --> 01:38:40,000
Footsteps in the hallway, water 
running in pipes, and muffled 

1748
01:38:40,000 --> 01:38:41,800
voices, from neighboring 
Apartments. 

1749
01:38:42,600 --> 01:38:45,608
This deliberate Stillness feels 
restorative after a day of 

1750
01:38:45,616 --> 01:38:49,700
constant movement and noise 
reading in the evening serves a 

1751
01:38:49,700 --> 01:38:51,200
different purpose than Sunday 
reading. 

1752
01:38:51,900 --> 01:38:55,500
The evening session is shorter 
often interrupted by the need to

1753
01:38:55,500 --> 01:38:58,100
prepare for bed, or by your 
roommate, wanting to talk. 

1754
01:38:59,200 --> 01:39:03,800
You read lighter material, 
sometimes magazines serialized 

1755
01:39:03,800 --> 01:39:08,000
stories and simple novels that. 
Don't demand deep concentration.

1756
01:39:08,900 --> 01:39:12,400
The reading soothes, you 
occupying, your mind just enough

1757
01:39:12,400 --> 01:39:15,900
to prevent anxious thoughts from
circulating while not 

1758
01:39:15,900 --> 01:39:17,400
stimulating you into 
wakefulness. 

1759
01:39:18,800 --> 01:39:21,000
You've also developed to habit 
of writing letters in the 

1760
01:39:21,000 --> 01:39:23,200
evening. 
You may maintain corresponded 

1761
01:39:23,200 --> 01:39:25,900
with your mother two sisters and
a few friends from your 

1762
01:39:25,900 --> 01:39:29,400
hometown. 
The righting is meditative You 

1763
01:39:29,400 --> 01:39:33,000
sit at the small desk Pen in 
Hand, describing your weak in 

1764
01:39:33,000 --> 01:39:37,100
simple terms, you ask questions 
about their lives, Chef small, 

1765
01:39:37,100 --> 01:39:40,600
observations about City Life and
maintain connections across 

1766
01:39:40,600 --> 01:39:43,500
distance. 
The act of forming words on 

1767
01:39:43,500 --> 01:39:47,600
paper Watching Ink flow from the
pen tip feels calming. 

1768
01:39:48,400 --> 01:39:50,500
You're not trying to be clever 
or impressive. 

1769
01:39:50,500 --> 01:39:53,800
You're simply recording your 
existence and acknowledging 

1770
01:39:53,800 --> 01:39:56,500
theirs. 
When weather permits you 

1771
01:39:56,500 --> 01:39:59,200
sometimes sit on the buildings, 
front steps in the evening. 

1772
01:39:59,200 --> 01:40:02,200
Other residents do the same. 
You exchanged? 

1773
01:40:02,200 --> 01:40:05,600
Greetings comment on the 
temperature and watch people 

1774
01:40:05,600 --> 01:40:09,800
passing on the sidewalk. 
These interactions are brief and

1775
01:40:09,800 --> 01:40:13,300
undemanding, your present 
without being required to engage

1776
01:40:13,300 --> 01:40:16,900
deeply, the fresh air and change
of scenery from your room 

1777
01:40:16,900 --> 01:40:19,800
provide refreshment. 
Weekday afternoons, 

1778
01:40:19,800 --> 01:40:22,400
occasionally, offer unexpected 
moments of rest. 

1779
01:40:22,400 --> 01:40:25,800
If work is slow, you might have 
periods of waiting between 

1780
01:40:25,800 --> 01:40:28,800
assignments. 
You sit at your desk hands 

1781
01:40:28,800 --> 01:40:32,600
folded, allowing your mind to 
drift. you look around the 

1782
01:40:32,600 --> 01:40:36,500
office noting small details, a 
crack in the ceiling plaster, 

1783
01:40:36,500 --> 01:40:40,000
the way sunlight angles Through 
the Windows and the particular 

1784
01:40:40,000 --> 01:40:43,800
rhythm of your co-workers 
typing, These moments are brief 

1785
01:40:43,800 --> 01:40:47,300
but valuable small. 
Pause is in the days momentum. 

1786
01:40:48,200 --> 01:40:51,900
Saturday afternoons after 
completing necessary, Aaron and 

1787
01:40:51,908 --> 01:40:55,400
chores, sometimes open into 
longer rest periods. 

1788
01:40:56,100 --> 01:40:59,700
You return to your room tasks 
completed with several hours of 

1789
01:40:59,700 --> 01:41:03,000
freedom. 
You might nap lying down fully 

1790
01:41:03,000 --> 01:41:05,900
clothed on your bed. 
Sinking into brief sleep. 

1791
01:41:06,600 --> 01:41:10,300
You wake feeling slightly 
disoriented but refreshed, ready

1792
01:41:10,300 --> 01:41:12,300
to move into the evenings 
activities? 

1793
01:41:13,400 --> 01:41:16,500
Rest also comes through 
monotonous physical tasks that 

1794
01:41:16,500 --> 01:41:21,400
don't require mental engagement.
Mending clothes, washing dishes 

1795
01:41:21,400 --> 01:41:24,200
and organizing your small 
collection of belongings. 

1796
01:41:24,200 --> 01:41:28,000
These activities allow your mind
to wander while your hands stay 

1797
01:41:28,000 --> 01:41:30,500
occupied. 
The repetitive motions are 

1798
01:41:30,500 --> 01:41:33,400
soothing, you find yourself 
thinking about nothing in 

1799
01:41:33,400 --> 01:41:37,000
particular or following long 
chains of Association from one 

1800
01:41:37,000 --> 01:41:39,500
thought to another without 
purpose or conclusion. 

1801
01:41:39,500 --> 01:41:43,000
You've learned to distinguish 
between tiredness that require 

1802
01:41:43,000 --> 01:41:47,900
sleep and tiredness that 
requires only Stillness. the 

1803
01:41:47,900 --> 01:41:50,500
first demands that you go to bed
and surrender to 

1804
01:41:50,500 --> 01:41:55,200
unconsciousness, can be 
addressed by sitting quietly by 

1805
01:41:55,200 --> 01:41:59,100
slowing down and by giving 
yourself permission to do less. 

1806
01:42:00,000 --> 01:42:04,100
You honor both types responding 
to what your body and mind seem 

1807
01:42:04,100 --> 01:42:06,900
to need. 
Your relationship with food is 

1808
01:42:06,900 --> 01:42:10,300
practical and routine. 
You eat to sustain yourself. 

1809
01:42:10,300 --> 01:42:14,400
Choosing items that are 
affordable, convenient and 

1810
01:42:14,400 --> 01:42:17,500
reasonably, satisfying cooking 
is a skill. 

1811
01:42:17,500 --> 01:42:19,200
You possess but don't 
particularly enjoy. 

1812
01:42:19,200 --> 01:42:22,300
So you minimize the time and 
effort, it requires while still 

1813
01:42:22,300 --> 01:42:25,600
ensuring you eat adequate. 
Totally Breakfast, is the meal 

1814
01:42:25,600 --> 01:42:28,300
you most often. 
Prepare yourself in the shared 

1815
01:42:28,300 --> 01:42:30,700
kitchen of your building. 
You make toast over the small 

1816
01:42:30,700 --> 01:42:33,400
gas stove. 
Butter, it while it's still warm

1817
01:42:33,400 --> 01:42:36,200
and eat it standing by the 
window with a cup of tea. 

1818
01:42:37,200 --> 01:42:40,400
Sometimes you add an egg fried 
in a small pan with a bit of 

1819
01:42:40,408 --> 01:42:44,000
butter, the egg requires 
attention, but Cooks quickly. 

1820
01:42:44,900 --> 01:42:48,000
You slide it onto your toast and
eat the combination with a fork.

1821
01:42:48,000 --> 01:42:51,000
Washing your plate immediately 
afterward to avoid leaving 

1822
01:42:51,000 --> 01:42:54,500
dishes in the shared space. 
On mornings when you're running 

1823
01:42:54,500 --> 01:42:58,100
late or feel particularly 
unmotivated you skip cooking 

1824
01:42:58,100 --> 01:43:01,000
entirely. 
You grab a piece of fruit from 

1825
01:43:01,000 --> 01:43:04,000
the bowl, you keep on your 
windowsill and buy coffee from 

1826
01:43:04,000 --> 01:43:05,400
the cart near your office 
building. 

1827
01:43:06,200 --> 01:43:09,700
The vendor knows your face. 
If not your name hand, you the 

1828
01:43:09,700 --> 01:43:12,300
cup efficiently and take your 
coins. 

1829
01:43:12,300 --> 01:43:15,700
You drink the coffee while 
walking, the final block to work

1830
01:43:15,700 --> 01:43:18,700
disposing of the cup in a bin 
near the entrance. 

1831
01:43:18,700 --> 01:43:22,000
Lunch during the work week 
happens, at one of several 

1832
01:43:22,000 --> 01:43:25,300
establishments near your office,
the lunchroom you visit most 

1833
01:43:25,300 --> 01:43:27,600
frequently serves simple. 
Filling food quickly. 

1834
01:43:28,500 --> 01:43:33,900
The menu rarely changes suit 
sandwiches, basic salads and 

1835
01:43:33,900 --> 01:43:36,100
daily specials announced on the 
chalkboard. 

1836
01:43:36,800 --> 01:43:40,100
You typically order soup and 
half a sandwich, a combination 

1837
01:43:40,100 --> 01:43:42,400
that satisfies without making 
you feel heavy for the 

1838
01:43:42,408 --> 01:43:45,100
afternoon's work. 
The soup is usually 

1839
01:43:45,100 --> 01:43:49,500
vegetable-based, warm and salty,
served in a wide bowl with 

1840
01:43:49,500 --> 01:43:53,800
crackers on the side. 
The sandwich is reliable sliced,

1841
01:43:53,800 --> 01:43:56,200
chicken or ham or cheese between
soft white bread. 

1842
01:43:57,100 --> 01:44:00,700
You eat efficiently, finishing 
your meal in 20 minutes, leaving

1843
01:44:00,700 --> 01:44:03,400
time to relax briefly before 
returning to the office. 

1844
01:44:04,500 --> 01:44:07,300
To order with your meal is 
served in a thick ceramic cup, 

1845
01:44:07,300 --> 01:44:12,300
hot and slightly bitter. 
You add milk and sugar stirring 

1846
01:44:12,300 --> 01:44:15,900
with small spoon, the warmth of 
the cup in your hands is 

1847
01:44:15,900 --> 01:44:18,400
comforting especially on cold 
days. 

1848
01:44:19,200 --> 01:44:22,000
Other lunch options include a 
cafeteria style restaurant, 

1849
01:44:22,000 --> 01:44:25,700
where you select items from a 
display case and carry your 

1850
01:44:25,700 --> 01:44:28,700
trade to a table. 
This offers more variety but 

1851
01:44:28,700 --> 01:44:32,200
takes slightly longer You choose
items that look fresh? 

1852
01:44:33,100 --> 01:44:36,300
A serving of green beans mashed 
potatoes and a slice of 

1853
01:44:36,300 --> 01:44:39,400
meatloaf. 
The quality is inconsistent, but

1854
01:44:39,400 --> 01:44:42,500
generally acceptable. 
Everything is mild and well, 

1855
01:44:42,500 --> 01:44:45,700
cooked designed to appeal, to 
many people without offending. 

1856
01:44:45,700 --> 01:44:49,000
Anyone On Saturdays, when you're
out running errands, you 

1857
01:44:49,000 --> 01:44:51,200
sometimes stop at a drugstore 
lunch counter. 

1858
01:44:51,900 --> 01:44:55,700
You sit on a round stool at the 
long counter, your handbag on 

1859
01:44:55,700 --> 01:44:58,500
your lap or hung on the hook 
beneath the counters Edge. 

1860
01:44:59,700 --> 01:45:03,000
A server takes your order often,
a chicken, salad sandwich, and a

1861
01:45:03,000 --> 01:45:07,400
glass of milk and delivers it 
quickly. you eat while observing

1862
01:45:07,400 --> 01:45:11,400
the other patrons, the rhythm of
the staff and the orderly flow 

1863
01:45:11,400 --> 01:45:15,700
of this small commercial space 
Dinner varies more depending on 

1864
01:45:15,700 --> 01:45:19,700
your energy and plans on nights 
when you're staying in you and 

1865
01:45:19,700 --> 01:45:22,000
your roommate often. 
Prepare a simple meal together 

1866
01:45:22,000 --> 01:45:25,600
in the shared kitchen. 
You pull ingredients splitting 

1867
01:45:25,600 --> 01:45:29,500
the cost pasta with tomato sauce
appears frequently on your menu.

1868
01:45:30,400 --> 01:45:33,100
The pasta cooks and boiling 
water while you heat the sauce. 

1869
01:45:33,100 --> 01:45:36,400
And another pan adding a bit of 
butter to improve the flavor, 

1870
01:45:36,400 --> 01:45:40,300
you serve it and shallow bowls 
eating in your room with the 

1871
01:45:40,300 --> 01:45:43,600
bowls balance on your laps. 
Other common dinners include 

1872
01:45:43,600 --> 01:45:46,600
scrambled. 
Eggs with toast can soup heated 

1873
01:45:46,600 --> 01:45:50,200
and eaten with bread or cold 
plate of cheese crackers, and 

1874
01:45:50,200 --> 01:45:53,800
sliced vegetables. 
These meals require minimal 

1875
01:45:53,800 --> 01:45:57,300
cooking skill and clean up. 
They provide adequate nutrition 

1876
01:45:57,300 --> 01:45:59,600
without demanding significant 
time or money. 

1877
01:46:00,400 --> 01:46:02,900
You've accepted that your meals 
are more functional than 

1878
01:46:02,900 --> 01:46:06,000
enjoyable, a reasonable 
compromise, given your limited 

1879
01:46:06,000 --> 01:46:07,700
resources and cooking 
facilities. 

1880
01:46:08,900 --> 01:46:11,900
When you eat at restaurants in 
the evening, the choices, expand

1881
01:46:11,900 --> 01:46:15,200
a modest, family, run 
establishment, two blocks from 

1882
01:46:15,200 --> 01:46:17,400
your building serves. 
Hearty portions of American 

1883
01:46:17,400 --> 01:46:22,000
food, roasted chicken pot, roast
and pork chops accompanied by 

1884
01:46:22,000 --> 01:46:25,500
potatoes and cooked vegetables, 
you order the meal of the day. 

1885
01:46:25,500 --> 01:46:28,700
Whatever is available, trusting.
It will be filling and decent. 

1886
01:46:28,700 --> 01:46:32,600
The restaurant is warm and 
slightly noisy with families and

1887
01:46:32,600 --> 01:46:35,100
working. 
People filling the tables you 

1888
01:46:35,100 --> 01:46:38,600
eat steadily, cleaning your 
plate, feeling Satisfied, by the

1889
01:46:38,600 --> 01:46:41,100
end. 
Chinese restaurants have become 

1890
01:46:41,100 --> 01:46:44,000
popular in your neighborhood. 
You've eaten at one several 

1891
01:46:44,000 --> 01:46:47,600
times initially uncertain, about
the unfamiliar flavors but 

1892
01:46:47,600 --> 01:46:51,200
growing to enjoy them. 
You order Chop Suey, a mix of 

1893
01:46:51,200 --> 01:46:54,200
vegetables and meat in a savory 
sauce served over rice. 

1894
01:46:55,300 --> 01:46:57,700
Food is different from what you 
grew up eating but not so 

1895
01:46:57,700 --> 01:47:01,400
strange that you can't enjoy it.
Use a fork rather than 

1896
01:47:01,400 --> 01:47:05,000
attempting Chopsticks, which 
feel awkward and inefficient in 

1897
01:47:05,000 --> 01:47:08,500
your hands on special occasions.
You might splurge on a nice 

1898
01:47:08,500 --> 01:47:10,900
restaurant. 
These evening's happening 

1899
01:47:10,900 --> 01:47:14,700
frequently, perhaps once every 
few months, when you've saved a 

1900
01:47:14,700 --> 01:47:17,700
bit extra, when someone is 
celebrating something, the 

1901
01:47:17,700 --> 01:47:20,600
restaurants have tablecloths and
proper menus and servers who 

1902
01:47:20,600 --> 01:47:23,900
take your order formally. 
You might order fish or steak 

1903
01:47:23,900 --> 01:47:26,700
items. 
You rarely buy to cook yourself.

1904
01:47:27,600 --> 01:47:30,200
The presentation is more 
careful, the portions more 

1905
01:47:30,200 --> 01:47:34,000
modest but better. 
Prepared, you eat slowly aware 

1906
01:47:34,000 --> 01:47:37,500
of the money being spent wanting
to fully appreciate the 

1907
01:47:37,500 --> 01:47:40,600
experience. 
Suites are occasional treats 

1908
01:47:40,600 --> 01:47:44,400
rather than daily habits. 
You buy a pastry from a bakery 

1909
01:47:44,400 --> 01:47:47,900
on Saturday morning, sometimes 
eating it fresh while walking 

1910
01:47:47,900 --> 01:47:51,600
home with your other purchases. 
The bakery sells cookies, small 

1911
01:47:51,600 --> 01:47:55,400
cakes and sweet rolls. 
You choose based on what looks 

1912
01:47:55,400 --> 01:47:58,300
appealing paying for a single 
item rather than buying in 

1913
01:47:58,300 --> 01:48:02,700
quantity. the pastries gone in a
few bites, but the momentary 

1914
01:48:02,700 --> 01:48:06,800
pleasure justifies, the small 
expense Ice cream in summer. 

1915
01:48:06,800 --> 01:48:10,200
Is another Indulgence. 
You buy a cone from a vendor or 

1916
01:48:10,200 --> 01:48:12,600
a small parlor. 
Eating it while sitting on a 

1917
01:48:12,608 --> 01:48:16,100
bench in a nearby park. 
The cold sweetness is 

1918
01:48:16,100 --> 01:48:20,200
particularly satisfying on hot 
evening's you watch it, melts 

1919
01:48:20,200 --> 01:48:23,800
slightly licking it quickly to 
prevent drips finishing it 

1920
01:48:23,800 --> 01:48:24,900
before. 
It becomes messy. 

1921
01:48:25,700 --> 01:48:28,800
Your beverage choices are 
limited and predictable, you 

1922
01:48:28,800 --> 01:48:31,500
drink tea. 
Most often both at home and in 

1923
01:48:31,500 --> 01:48:34,800
restaurants. 
Coffee occasionally usually in 

1924
01:48:34,800 --> 01:48:36,900
the morning when you need 
something stronger than tea, 

1925
01:48:36,900 --> 01:48:40,100
water from the tap when you're 
thirsty and nothing else is 

1926
01:48:40,100 --> 01:48:43,000
available. 
Milk sometimes with breakfast or

1927
01:48:43,000 --> 01:48:46,700
lunch, you rarely drink alcohol,
finding it expensive and 

1928
01:48:46,700 --> 01:48:50,800
unnecessary for your daily life.
That social Gatherings, you 

1929
01:48:50,800 --> 01:48:54,300
might accept a glass of wine or 
a cocktail if offered sipping it

1930
01:48:54,300 --> 01:48:57,600
slowly to make it last but you 
never see it out independently. 

1931
01:48:58,500 --> 01:49:02,400
Grocery shopping happens weekly,
you visit a market several 

1932
01:49:02,400 --> 01:49:04,800
blocks from your building 
carrying a cloth bag for your 

1933
01:49:04,800 --> 01:49:08,700
purchases. 
You buy Basics bread, butter 

1934
01:49:08,700 --> 01:49:14,400
eggs tea sugar cane Goods, 
seasonal vegetables and 

1935
01:49:14,400 --> 01:49:16,500
occasionally inexpensive cuts of
meat. 

1936
01:49:16,500 --> 01:49:20,500
You've learned to judge quality 
to Select Produce that's fresh 

1937
01:49:20,500 --> 01:49:24,500
but not premium price and to 
Compare costs between similar 

1938
01:49:24,500 --> 01:49:29,400
items. your budget for food is 
tight, so these decisions matter

1939
01:49:30,300 --> 01:49:33,100
You store perishables in the 
small ice box in the shared 

1940
01:49:33,100 --> 01:49:36,300
kitchen labeling, your items 
with your apartment number to 

1941
01:49:36,300 --> 01:49:39,800
prevent confusion. 
Non-perishables you keep in your

1942
01:49:39,800 --> 01:49:42,900
room on a shelf, designated for 
food items. 

1943
01:49:42,900 --> 01:49:46,700
You may maintain a mental 
inventory noting when supplies 

1944
01:49:46,700 --> 01:49:48,800
were unload and adding items to 
your shopping list. 

1945
01:49:49,800 --> 01:49:53,100
Eating alone is common for you, 
you've grown comfortable with it

1946
01:49:53,100 --> 01:49:57,100
finding it, neither sad, nor 
particularly notable you eat at 

1947
01:49:57,100 --> 01:49:59,000
your own pace. 
Reading, while you chew, 

1948
01:49:59,000 --> 01:50:02,900
thinking your own thoughts. 
Shared meals happen, frequently,

1949
01:50:02,900 --> 01:50:06,600
enough lunch with co-workers, 
dinner, with your roommate. 

1950
01:50:06,600 --> 01:50:10,600
Occasional restaurant outings 
with friends that solitary 

1951
01:50:10,600 --> 01:50:14,000
eating feels like a normal 
variation rather than a lack. 

1952
01:50:14,800 --> 01:50:18,300
The rhythm of regular meals 
structures, your days breakfast,

1953
01:50:18,300 --> 01:50:21,600
lunch and dinner. 
These fixed points, provide 

1954
01:50:21,600 --> 01:50:25,200
stability, and predictability. 
You rarely skip meals, 

1955
01:50:25,200 --> 01:50:28,600
understanding that consistent, 
eating maintains your energy for

1956
01:50:28,600 --> 01:50:32,800
work and other activities. 
Food is fuel necessary and 

1957
01:50:32,800 --> 01:50:35,900
mostly unremarkable. 
But also occasionally Pleasant. 

1958
01:50:36,800 --> 01:50:39,500
The source of small 
satisfactions woven into the 

1959
01:50:39,500 --> 01:50:43,200
larger pattern of your life. 
Evening's open differently 

1960
01:50:43,200 --> 01:50:44,700
depending on the day in your 
energy. 

1961
01:50:45,600 --> 01:50:48,200
The time between finishing 
dinner and preparing for bed 

1962
01:50:48,200 --> 01:50:51,500
Rangers from one hour to four 
and you've learned to fill it. 

1963
01:50:51,500 --> 01:50:54,700
In ways that feel restorative 
and enjoyable without requiring 

1964
01:50:54,700 --> 01:50:58,800
elaborate planning or expense 
Simplest evenings involves 

1965
01:50:58,800 --> 01:51:01,900
staying in your apartment. 
You settle in to comfortable 

1966
01:51:01,900 --> 01:51:03,800
clothes. 
After removing your work, attire

1967
01:51:03,800 --> 01:51:08,900
changing into a warn skirt and 
soft, blows or when your certain

1968
01:51:08,900 --> 01:51:12,300
of not receiving visitors loose,
trousers, and a cotton shirt. 

1969
01:51:13,300 --> 01:51:16,700
You remove your shoes, which 
provides immediate relief after 

1970
01:51:16,700 --> 01:51:19,900
a day of walking and standing 
your feet spread naturally 

1971
01:51:19,900 --> 01:51:21,900
against the floor, muscles 
relaxing. 

1972
01:51:22,700 --> 01:51:25,200
In your roommate, might spend 
the evening in companionable 

1973
01:51:25,200 --> 01:51:28,900
parallel activity. 
She sits on her bed writing 

1974
01:51:28,900 --> 01:51:31,500
letters while you sit at the 
desk leafing through a magazine.

1975
01:51:32,300 --> 01:51:34,800
Neither of you feels obligated 
to entertain the other. 

1976
01:51:35,700 --> 01:51:38,900
The shared silence is 
comfortable broken, occasionally

1977
01:51:38,900 --> 01:51:42,900
by brief comments or questions. 
Sometimes you read aloud, short 

1978
01:51:42,900 --> 01:51:46,500
passages, that amuse or interest
you she responds or doesn't 

1979
01:51:46,500 --> 01:51:50,500
depending on her mood? 
This unstructured, time feels 

1980
01:51:50,500 --> 01:51:52,900
valuable precisely because it 
demands nothing. 

1981
01:51:53,600 --> 01:51:56,200
Radio programs have become part 
of your evening routine. 

1982
01:51:56,200 --> 01:51:59,700
Several nights a week, your 
building doesn't have radios in 

1983
01:51:59,700 --> 01:52:02,700
individual apartment's, but the 
couple on the second floor, 

1984
01:52:02,700 --> 01:52:05,100
invite its neighbors to gather 
in their larger room when 

1985
01:52:05,100 --> 01:52:08,900
popular programs are You and 
your roommate go down together, 

1986
01:52:08,900 --> 01:52:13,200
joining six or eight, other 
residents, arranged on chairs 

1987
01:52:13,200 --> 01:52:15,300
and floor. 
Cushions around the radio set, 

1988
01:52:15,300 --> 01:52:19,100
the voices coming from the 
speaker, create a peculiar sense

1989
01:52:19,100 --> 01:52:20,600
of connection to the wider 
world. 

1990
01:52:21,600 --> 01:52:24,600
You listen to music programs, 
comedy shows and dramatic 

1991
01:52:24,600 --> 01:52:28,000
cereals. 
The experiences communal but not

1992
01:52:28,000 --> 01:52:31,900
interactive everyone. 
Focuses on the radio listening 

1993
01:52:31,900 --> 01:52:34,900
together, occasionally laughing 
at the same moments. 

1994
01:52:35,600 --> 01:52:38,200
When the program ends people 
dispersed back to their own 

1995
01:52:38,200 --> 01:52:40,300
apartments with minimal 
conversation. 

1996
01:52:40,900 --> 01:52:43,800
You've come for the program. 
Not for socializing though. 

1997
01:52:43,800 --> 01:52:47,800
The Gathering provides both. 
Moving pictures are your most 

1998
01:52:47,800 --> 01:52:51,400
frequent evening outing. 
The neighborhood theater is a 12

1999
01:52:51,400 --> 01:52:55,100
minute walk from your building. 
It shows films six nights a 

2000
01:52:55,100 --> 01:52:57,800
week, changing the program three
times weekly. 

2001
01:52:59,500 --> 01:53:02,100
Admission is Affordable enough 
that you can attend weekly 

2002
01:53:02,100 --> 01:53:06,100
without straining your budget. 
You go alone, sometimes with 

2003
01:53:06,100 --> 01:53:09,200
your roommate other times and 
occasionally with a larger group

2004
01:53:09,200 --> 01:53:12,300
of friends. 
The theater's a large or Nate 

2005
01:53:12,300 --> 01:53:16,500
space dim except for the 
illuminated screen, you purchase

2006
01:53:16,500 --> 01:53:18,600
your ticket. 
Find a seat in the middle rows 

2007
01:53:18,600 --> 01:53:20,600
and settle in as the lights dim 
further. 

2008
01:53:21,600 --> 01:53:24,300
The piano player begins and 
images flicker to life on the 

2009
01:53:24,308 --> 01:53:27,300
screen. 
You watch Cowboys and comedians 

2010
01:53:27,300 --> 01:53:31,300
romances and Adventures. 
The plots are often simple, but 

2011
01:53:31,300 --> 01:53:36,200
the experience is immersive. 
For 90 minutes, your transported

2012
01:53:36,200 --> 01:53:38,900
from your ordinary life into 
these fictional worlds. 

2013
01:53:40,100 --> 01:53:43,000
Between films. 
You might stop at a nearby ice 

2014
01:53:43,000 --> 01:53:46,800
cream parlor or coffee shop with
whoever you've attended with you

2015
01:53:46,800 --> 01:53:49,600
discuss the picture you just saw
and share opinions about the 

2016
01:53:49,600 --> 01:53:53,000
actors and story. 
The conversation is light and 

2017
01:53:53,008 --> 01:53:56,700
pleasant extending the evening 
slightly before everyone returns

2018
01:53:56,700 --> 01:53:59,600
home. 
Dance halls off a lively evening

2019
01:53:59,600 --> 01:54:02,600
entertainment. 
You attend less frequently than 

2020
01:54:02,600 --> 01:54:04,600
moving pictures, perhaps, twice 
a month. 

2021
01:54:05,600 --> 01:54:07,500
The atmosphere is energetic and 
social. 

2022
01:54:08,400 --> 01:54:12,100
Live bands, play current popular
music, and the floors filled 

2023
01:54:12,100 --> 01:54:14,600
with couples and groups, 
learning and Performing the 

2024
01:54:14,600 --> 01:54:17,800
latest dance steps. 
You dance, some numbers, sit 

2025
01:54:17,800 --> 01:54:20,500
out, others and talk with 
friends between songs. 

2026
01:54:21,400 --> 01:54:25,100
The dancing itself is physical 
and requires coordination but 

2027
01:54:25,100 --> 01:54:28,500
you've practiced enough that the
movements come naturally you 

2028
01:54:28,500 --> 01:54:31,900
follow your partner's lead 
stepping and turning in rhythm 

2029
01:54:31,900 --> 01:54:35,100
with the music. 
Some partners are skilled, 

2030
01:54:35,100 --> 01:54:37,600
making the dance, smooth and 
enjoyable. 

2031
01:54:38,600 --> 01:54:42,100
Others, a clumsy stepping on 
your feet or losing the Rhythm 

2032
01:54:42,100 --> 01:54:44,300
you smile. 
Politely through both 

2033
01:54:44,300 --> 01:54:47,300
experiences. 
Knowing the dance will end soon.

2034
01:54:47,300 --> 01:54:51,900
Regardless, Between dances, you 
cool down, Fanning yourself with

2035
01:54:51,900 --> 01:54:54,000
your hand or stepping outside 
for fresh air. 

2036
01:54:54,000 --> 01:54:57,600
The Halls can become warm with 
the Press of bodies and the 

2037
01:54:57,600 --> 01:55:01,500
exertion of dancing outside 
small groups gather on the 

2038
01:55:01,500 --> 01:55:05,000
sidewalk talking and laughing. 
You join a cluster of 

2039
01:55:05,008 --> 01:55:08,300
acquaintances participating in 
the conversation without 

2040
01:55:08,300 --> 01:55:12,300
dominating it. 
Topics are trivial comments 

2041
01:55:12,300 --> 01:55:15,600
about other, dancers 
observations about the band and 

2042
01:55:15,600 --> 01:55:17,000
plans for the rest of the 
weekend. 

2043
01:55:17,000 --> 01:55:21,300
Quiet a social Gatherings happen
in friends Apartments, you 

2044
01:55:21,300 --> 01:55:24,800
attend small parties where six 
or 10 people crowd into spaces, 

2045
01:55:24,800 --> 01:55:27,900
similar to your own. 
Someone might bring a phonograph

2046
01:55:27,900 --> 01:55:30,500
and records and you play music 
while talking. 

2047
01:55:31,300 --> 01:55:34,900
People perch on beds sit on the 
floor and lean against walls. 

2048
01:55:34,900 --> 01:55:37,600
The atmosphere is relaxed and 
informal. 

2049
01:55:37,600 --> 01:55:41,000
You know, most of the people 
present at least slightly and 

2050
01:55:41,000 --> 01:55:44,100
conversation flows naturally 
across multiple small groups. 

2051
01:55:44,900 --> 01:55:47,700
These gatherings sometimes 
include light Refreshments 

2052
01:55:47,700 --> 01:55:52,900
cookies, someone bake to fruit 
and crackers and cheese. 

2053
01:55:52,900 --> 01:55:57,000
You nibble, while talking 
holding a small plate, there's 

2054
01:55:57,000 --> 01:55:59,100
no pressure to drink alcohol, 
though. 

2055
01:55:59,100 --> 01:56:01,100
Some people bring bottles and 
shared drinks. 

2056
01:56:01,800 --> 01:56:04,700
You accept a small glass, if 
offered but nurses slowly 

2057
01:56:04,700 --> 01:56:08,800
preferring to stay clear-headed.
Occasionally attend organised 

2058
01:56:08,800 --> 01:56:12,700
social events lectures at a 
local library, concerts in 

2059
01:56:12,700 --> 01:56:15,300
public parks during summer and 
Community. 

2060
01:56:15,300 --> 01:56:16,900
Gatherings at neighborhood 
centers. 

2061
01:56:16,900 --> 01:56:20,100
The structured events provides 
something to do outside your 

2062
01:56:20,100 --> 01:56:23,500
apartment without requiring 
significant expense or 

2063
01:56:23,500 --> 01:56:26,000
commitment. 
You sit among strangers, 

2064
01:56:26,000 --> 01:56:30,300
listening to a speaker discuss a
topic of general interest or 

2065
01:56:30,300 --> 01:56:32,200
watching performers on a 
makeshift stage. 

2066
01:56:33,100 --> 01:56:36,700
The quality varies. 
But the novelty itself has value

2067
01:56:36,700 --> 01:56:39,400
walking is another form of 
evening leisure. 

2068
01:56:40,100 --> 01:56:41,900
You stroll through your 
neighborhood and Beyond 

2069
01:56:41,900 --> 01:56:45,400
observing the city as it 
transitions from day to night. 

2070
01:56:46,200 --> 01:56:47,600
Shop. 
Windows light up. 

2071
01:56:48,200 --> 01:56:51,500
Street lamps, cast, pools of 
Illumination and restaurants, 

2072
01:56:51,500 --> 01:56:55,200
fill with dinner, patrons. 
You walk without destination 

2073
01:56:55,200 --> 01:56:59,500
turning down streets that 
interests you pausing to look at

2074
01:56:59,500 --> 01:57:04,100
window displays or watch Street 
musicians perform. sometimes you

2075
01:57:04,100 --> 01:57:07,500
walk with a companion, 
maintaining a steady Pace while 

2076
01:57:07,500 --> 01:57:11,800
talking Other times you walk 
alone content in your own 

2077
01:57:11,800 --> 01:57:14,700
thoughts. 
The city at night, feels 

2078
01:57:14,700 --> 01:57:19,400
different from daytime quieter. 
In some ways Lively are in 

2079
01:57:19,408 --> 01:57:23,000
others, you feel safe enough in 
the areas, you know, staying on 

2080
01:57:23,000 --> 01:57:26,400
well, lit populated streets. 
Remaining alert to your 

2081
01:57:26,408 --> 01:57:28,100
surroundings without feeling 
anxious. 

2082
01:57:29,300 --> 01:57:31,900
Reading continues into the 
evening often. 

2083
01:57:31,900 --> 01:57:35,700
Becoming your final activity 
before bed preparation, you 

2084
01:57:35,700 --> 01:57:39,400
return to whatever book your 
currently absorbed in settling 

2085
01:57:39,400 --> 01:57:41,600
into a comfortable position with
good light. 

2086
01:57:42,300 --> 01:57:44,900
Your reading tastes includes 
novels biographies. 

2087
01:57:44,900 --> 01:57:48,900
And popular nonfiction. 
You progress through books, 

2088
01:57:48,900 --> 01:57:53,300
steadily finishing one every 
week or two borrowing, new ones 

2089
01:57:53,300 --> 01:57:56,100
from the lending library or 
occasionally, purchasing 

2090
01:57:56,100 --> 01:58:00,400
inexpensive Editions. 
Letter writing, fill some 

2091
01:58:00,400 --> 01:58:02,200
evenings. 
You maintain regular 

2092
01:58:02,200 --> 01:58:04,900
correspondence with family and a
few distant friends. 

2093
01:58:05,700 --> 01:58:09,400
The writing is neither a chore 
nor a passionate Pursuit, but a 

2094
01:58:09,400 --> 01:58:12,000
pleasant way to maintain 
connections while occupying your

2095
01:58:12,000 --> 01:58:15,300
hands and mind. 
You describe your weak and 

2096
01:58:15,300 --> 01:58:18,900
straightforward terms, ask 
questions about their lives and 

2097
01:58:18,900 --> 01:58:21,000
share observations about City 
living. 

2098
01:58:21,000 --> 01:58:23,600
That might interest them. 
They completed letters. 

2099
01:58:23,600 --> 01:58:26,300
Wait in your room and you can 
mail them on your way to work. 

2100
01:58:27,200 --> 01:58:29,600
Some evening's, you simply 
prepare for the next day? 

2101
01:58:30,400 --> 01:58:33,100
You lay out your clothing, 
checking for necessary, repairs 

2102
01:58:33,100 --> 01:58:35,400
or cleaning. 
You review your schedule, 

2103
01:58:35,400 --> 01:58:37,700
confirming appointments or 
plans. 

2104
01:58:37,700 --> 01:58:40,100
You prepare your lunch. 
If you're bringing one from 

2105
01:58:40,100 --> 01:58:44,200
home, wrapping Saint ranges and 
wax paper and storing them in 

2106
01:58:44,200 --> 01:58:47,700
the icebox. 
These practical tasks, provide a

2107
01:58:47,700 --> 01:58:51,200
sense of control and Readiness, 
allowing you to sleep without 

2108
01:58:51,200 --> 01:58:54,000
worrying about the morning. 
By 9 or 10:00? 

2109
01:58:54,000 --> 01:58:55,800
You're usually ready to begin 
winding down? 

2110
01:58:56,600 --> 01:58:58,900
Evening's don't extend late on 
work nights. 

2111
01:58:58,900 --> 01:59:01,200
You need adequate sleep to 
function. 

2112
01:59:01,200 --> 01:59:04,800
Well, the next day and you've 
learned to prioritize rest over 

2113
01:59:04,800 --> 01:59:08,500
extended socializing. 
We can evenings might stretch 

2114
01:59:08,500 --> 01:59:11,500
later but even then you rarely 
stay out past midnight. 

2115
01:59:12,400 --> 01:59:15,900
The life, you're living requires
energy and alertness and you 

2116
01:59:15,908 --> 01:59:19,700
protect your capacity for both 
the transition from evening 

2117
01:59:19,700 --> 01:59:21,900
activity to sleep, follows a 
sequence. 

2118
01:59:21,900 --> 01:59:25,700
You've refined over time, each 
step prepares your body and mind

2119
01:59:25,700 --> 01:59:29,200
for rest creating a ritual that 
signals the Days end. 

2120
01:59:30,200 --> 01:59:32,000
You Begin by removing your 
clothing. 

2121
01:59:33,000 --> 01:59:36,300
If you've been out, you hang 
your dress or skirt carefully, 

2122
01:59:36,300 --> 01:59:39,600
checking for stains or damage 
that need attention. 

2123
01:59:40,400 --> 01:59:44,100
You drape stockings over a chair
to are overnight noting, any 

2124
01:59:44,100 --> 01:59:47,600
runs that require mending. 
If the clothes are still fresh 

2125
01:59:47,600 --> 01:59:50,400
enough for another wearing, you 
arrange them to minimize. 

2126
01:59:50,400 --> 01:59:53,200
Ringling. 
If they need cleaning, you set 

2127
01:59:53,200 --> 01:59:56,400
them aside in your laundry pile.
Your undergarments come off 

2128
01:59:56,400 --> 02:00:00,000
next, the relief of removing 
your Brazil and garters is 

2129
02:00:00,000 --> 02:00:04,200
immediate and physical, your 
skin shows slight indentations 

2130
02:00:04,200 --> 02:00:06,400
where elastic pressed against 
flesh all day. 

2131
02:00:07,300 --> 02:00:11,200
You massage, these areas 
briefly, restoring circulation, 

2132
02:00:11,200 --> 02:00:16,000
your body feels lighter, Freer, 
and able to breathe and move 

2133
02:00:16,000 --> 02:00:18,400
without constraint at the 
vanity. 

2134
02:00:18,400 --> 02:00:21,000
You face the most involved part 
of your nighttime routine, 

2135
02:00:21,000 --> 02:00:25,200
removing your makeup, you open 
the jar of Cold Cream. 

2136
02:00:26,100 --> 02:00:29,000
A quite substance that smells 
slightly medicinal. 

2137
02:00:29,800 --> 02:00:32,700
You scoop out a generous amount 
and begin, spreading it over 

2138
02:00:32,700 --> 02:00:35,300
your face, massaging it into 
your skin. 

2139
02:00:36,400 --> 02:00:38,200
Cream. 
Warms from contact with your 

2140
02:00:38,200 --> 02:00:43,100
skin, becoming more liquid 
dissolving, the powder Rouge and

2141
02:00:43,100 --> 02:00:46,200
lipstick. 
You use a soft cloth to wipe 

2142
02:00:46,200 --> 02:00:48,200
away the cream and dissolved 
cosmetic. 

2143
02:00:49,100 --> 02:00:53,300
The cloth shows streaks of 
color, red from your lipstick 

2144
02:00:53,300 --> 02:00:58,100
ping from your Rouge and beige 
from your powder. 

2145
02:00:59,100 --> 02:01:03,400
You wipe methodically making 
sure to remove all traces from 

2146
02:01:03,400 --> 02:01:06,700
your hairline, around your nose 
and under your chin. 

2147
02:01:07,700 --> 02:01:11,300
You rinse the cloth in the base 
of water on your vanity, wring 

2148
02:01:11,300 --> 02:01:14,200
it out and wipe again and until 
your face feels completely 

2149
02:01:14,200 --> 02:01:18,700
clean. your reflection in the 
mirror, looks soft and now young

2150
02:01:18,700 --> 02:01:24,200
apps and certainly more exposed 
Your skin is your actual skin. 

2151
02:01:24,200 --> 02:01:28,400
Not the perfected version, you 
present to the world, you apply 

2152
02:01:28,400 --> 02:01:30,700
a light moisturizing cream 
patting. 

2153
02:01:30,700 --> 02:01:34,300
It gently into your face and 
neck. your skin absorbs, the 

2154
02:01:34,300 --> 02:01:38,400
moisture feeling Supple and 
cared for You brush your teeth 

2155
02:01:38,400 --> 02:01:41,600
at the sink, in the bathroom, 
using tooth powder and a brush. 

2156
02:01:41,608 --> 02:01:45,400
You keep in a small case, the 
powder Taste of mint and chalk 

2157
02:01:45,400 --> 02:01:49,300
you, scrub thoroughly, rinse and
run your tongue over your teeth 

2158
02:01:49,300 --> 02:01:52,500
to check for cleanliness. 
You wash your face again with 

2159
02:01:52,500 --> 02:01:54,600
plain water and Pat. 
It dry with a towel. 

2160
02:01:54,600 --> 02:01:57,400
Your hair requires attention 
before bed. 

2161
02:01:58,100 --> 02:02:01,400
If your planning to set it, you 
dump and section slightly and 

2162
02:02:01,400 --> 02:02:04,700
wind them around your fingers, 
securing each curl with a pin. 

2163
02:02:05,800 --> 02:02:09,200
A pins press against your scalp 
mildly uncomfortable, but 

2164
02:02:09,200 --> 02:02:12,900
tolerable, you tie a soft scarf 
over your head to protect the 

2165
02:02:12,900 --> 02:02:16,100
set while you sleep. 
On nights when you skip setting,

2166
02:02:16,100 --> 02:02:19,600
you simply brush your hair 
thoroughly, removing Tangles and

2167
02:02:19,608 --> 02:02:22,300
distributing natural oils from 
scalp to ends. 

2168
02:02:22,300 --> 02:02:27,300
Use the toilet, wash your hands,
and check your reflection one 

2169
02:02:27,300 --> 02:02:31,100
final time without makeup in 
your nightgown with your hair 

2170
02:02:31,100 --> 02:02:34,200
covered or unpinned. 
You look entirely different from

2171
02:02:34,200 --> 02:02:37,800
your daytime self. 
This private version feels more 

2172
02:02:37,800 --> 02:02:40,400
genuine, though. 
You show it to almost no one. 

2173
02:02:41,000 --> 02:02:43,500
Back in your room, you pull on 
your nightgown. 

2174
02:02:43,500 --> 02:02:46,900
A simple cotton garment that 
falls to mid calf. 

2175
02:02:47,600 --> 02:02:51,300
The fabric is soft from many 
Washings in Winter. 

2176
02:02:51,300 --> 02:02:53,900
You, add a bed jacket for extra 
warmth. 

2177
02:02:54,800 --> 02:02:58,700
Your feet are bare against the 
floor toes spreading naturally. 

2178
02:02:58,700 --> 02:03:02,400
If your roommate is already in 
bed, you move quietly, 

2179
02:03:02,400 --> 02:03:05,800
respecting her rest. 
If she still awake, you might 

2180
02:03:05,800 --> 02:03:07,700
exchange. 
A few words about the day or 

2181
02:03:07,700 --> 02:03:10,700
plans for tomorrow. 
The conversation is brief and 

2182
02:03:10,700 --> 02:03:13,400
drowsy your both ready for 
sleep. 

2183
02:03:13,400 --> 02:03:18,000
Not sustained interaction. 
You turn down your bed, folding 

2184
02:03:18,000 --> 02:03:19,500
the blanket and top sheet 
carefully. 

2185
02:03:20,800 --> 02:03:22,300
Sheets are cool against your 
skin. 

2186
02:03:22,300 --> 02:03:25,800
As you slide between them. 
You arrange your pillow testing 

2187
02:03:25,800 --> 02:03:28,100
different positions and until 
you find the most comfortable 

2188
02:03:28,100 --> 02:03:31,700
angle for your head neck, your 
body begins to relax into the 

2189
02:03:31,700 --> 02:03:35,700
mattress, muscles. 
Releasing the days tension you 

2190
02:03:35,700 --> 02:03:37,500
reach for the lamp on your 
bedside table. 

2191
02:03:37,500 --> 02:03:40,200
Turning the switch to extinguish
the light. 

2192
02:03:41,500 --> 02:03:45,400
Darkness fills the room broken, 
only by feint lumination from 

2193
02:03:45,400 --> 02:03:46,900
the Street, Lamp outside your 
window. 

2194
02:03:46,900 --> 02:03:50,800
Your eyes are just gradually. 
You can make out the shape of 

2195
02:03:50,800 --> 02:03:54,400
furniture, the rectangle of the 
window and the form of your 

2196
02:03:54,400 --> 02:03:58,400
roommate in her bed across the 
room. the building settles into 

2197
02:03:58,400 --> 02:04:02,900
its nighttime, sounds, you hear 
Footsteps in the hallway, water 

2198
02:04:02,900 --> 02:04:07,200
running in pipes and The Creeks 
of floorboards above you These 

2199
02:04:07,200 --> 02:04:09,700
sounds are familiar and 
non-threatening part of the 

2200
02:04:09,700 --> 02:04:12,800
building's personality. 
You've learned to distinguish 

2201
02:04:12,800 --> 02:04:16,600
between normal sounds and those 
that might signal problems and 

2202
02:04:16,600 --> 02:04:18,600
everything you hear tonight is 
routine. 

2203
02:04:19,200 --> 02:04:22,700
Your mind begins to slow its 
racing thoughts, you review the 

2204
02:04:22,700 --> 02:04:26,400
day, briefly noting what went 
well and what didn't, but 

2205
02:04:26,400 --> 02:04:29,600
without dwelling or analyzing 
you think ahead to tomorrow 

2206
02:04:29,600 --> 02:04:31,800
running through your schedule 
mentally. 

2207
02:04:31,800 --> 02:04:36,300
But without anxiety. 
These thoughts are gentle and 

2208
02:04:36,300 --> 02:04:39,600
unfocused slipping away as sleep
approaches. 

2209
02:04:40,500 --> 02:04:43,500
Sometimes you remain aware of 
the boundary between waking and 

2210
02:04:43,500 --> 02:04:46,600
sleeping. 
Feeling yourself drift closer to

2211
02:04:46,600 --> 02:04:49,100
unconsciousness, while still 
technically aware. 

2212
02:04:50,300 --> 02:04:53,600
Other times, sleep arrived. 
So smoothly that you don't 

2213
02:04:53,600 --> 02:04:57,400
notice the transition. 
One moment your thinking drowsy 

2214
02:04:57,400 --> 02:05:02,000
thoughts, the next URL, swear 
entirely in the confused logic 

2215
02:05:02,000 --> 02:05:05,400
of Dreams. 
Your sleep is usually sound and 

2216
02:05:05,400 --> 02:05:09,200
uninterrupted you've developed 
the capacity to sleep through. 

2217
02:05:09,200 --> 02:05:12,600
Normal building noises, other 
residents coming home. 

2218
02:05:12,600 --> 02:05:16,500
Late occasional Street Sounds 
and the rumble of distant 

2219
02:05:16,500 --> 02:05:20,100
trains. 
Only unusual noises wake you, 

2220
02:05:20,100 --> 02:05:24,100
and even then you typically 
assess the situation quickly and

2221
02:05:24,100 --> 02:05:27,600
return to sleep. 
Your dreams are varied and 

2222
02:05:27,600 --> 02:05:31,900
mostly forgotten by Mourning. 
Sometimes you dream about work, 

2223
02:05:31,900 --> 02:05:36,800
endless typing stacks of papers 
and managers making demands. 

2224
02:05:36,800 --> 02:05:41,400
Sometimes, you dream about your 
family, your childhood home and 

2225
02:05:41,400 --> 02:05:45,800
situations that blend memory and
invention Sometimes the dreams 

2226
02:05:45,800 --> 02:05:48,200
are strange and disconnected 
following. 

2227
02:05:48,200 --> 02:05:51,300
No rational plot. 
You rarely remember them in 

2228
02:05:51,308 --> 02:05:54,800
detail retaining only vague 
impressions of mood and setting 

2229
02:05:54,800 --> 02:05:58,500
your body shifts positions 
naturally throughout the night 

2230
02:05:58,500 --> 02:06:03,200
you might sleep on your back on 
your side or curled slightly 

2231
02:06:03,200 --> 02:06:06,400
with knees drawn up. 
You rarely wake fully during 

2232
02:06:06,400 --> 02:06:09,500
these adjustments moving 
instinctively to maintain 

2233
02:06:09,500 --> 02:06:13,500
comfort. 
The mattress is familiar, molded

2234
02:06:13,500 --> 02:06:15,600
slightly to your preferred 
sleeping position. 

2235
02:06:16,600 --> 02:06:20,300
In the deepest part of night, 
the city quiets. 

2236
02:06:21,000 --> 02:06:23,200
Fewer ought to Beals pass on the
street below. 

2237
02:06:24,200 --> 02:06:27,200
The building becomes still. 
You sleep through these hours. 

2238
02:06:27,200 --> 02:06:31,000
Undisturbed your body performing
its necessary, rest and 

2239
02:06:31,000 --> 02:06:35,400
restoration, your breathing is 
slow and steady your heartbeat 

2240
02:06:35,400 --> 02:06:40,400
calm and your mind at rest. 
Taught morning, your sleep 

2241
02:06:40,400 --> 02:06:43,300
becomes lighter. 
You might wake, briefly note, 

2242
02:06:43,300 --> 02:06:46,900
the darkness still outside your 
window and return to sleep, or 

2243
02:06:46,900 --> 02:06:48,400
you might remain in a half 
awake. 

2244
02:06:48,400 --> 02:06:51,700
State aware of sounds and 
Sensations but not fully 

2245
02:06:51,700 --> 02:06:54,900
conscious. 
This lighter, sleep continues 

2246
02:06:54,900 --> 02:06:56,800
until your alarm sounds or 
natural. 

2247
02:06:56,800 --> 02:06:59,200
Waking pulls. 
You fully back to awareness. 

2248
02:07:00,000 --> 02:07:04,600
The cycle completes itself, 
you'll wait rise and begin the 

2249
02:07:04,600 --> 02:07:06,500
process of preparing yourself 
for the day. 

2250
02:07:07,600 --> 02:07:12,100
But for now, in these nighttime 
hours, you simply rest your body

2251
02:07:12,100 --> 02:07:16,600
repairs itself, your mind 
processes, the days experience 

2252
02:07:16,600 --> 02:07:20,800
is you exist, in a state of 
necessary, unconsciousness 

2253
02:07:20,800 --> 02:07:23,800
Gathering energy for tomorrow's 
demands. 

2254
02:07:24,600 --> 02:07:27,600
Sleep is perhaps the most 
democratic aspect of your life. 

2255
02:07:28,500 --> 02:07:33,500
Rich or poor fashionable, or 
plain everyone requires it in 

2256
02:07:33,500 --> 02:07:37,300
sleep, your reduced to your most
basic self, a breathing body. 

2257
02:07:37,300 --> 02:07:42,800
Arresting mind, a human being 
required, renewal Flapper 

2258
02:07:42,800 --> 02:07:46,400
Persona, you can construct each 
morning Falls away completely in

2259
02:07:46,400 --> 02:07:49,100
these hours. 
What remains is simpler and more

2260
02:07:49,100 --> 02:07:52,400
essential the foundation upon 
which everything else is built. 

2261
02:07:53,400 --> 02:07:56,900
Your life as a young working 
woman in the 1920s is not a 

2262
02:07:56,900 --> 02:07:59,600
dramatic Revolution, but a 
gradual shift in what's 

2263
02:07:59,600 --> 02:08:03,200
considered normal. you're not 
consciously rebelling or making 

2264
02:08:03,200 --> 02:08:06,500
Grand statements, You're simply 
living according to the options 

2265
02:08:06,500 --> 02:08:09,900
available to you making choices 
that feel reasonable and right 

2266
02:08:09,900 --> 02:08:14,000
for your circumstances The 
changes you embody are visible 

2267
02:08:14,000 --> 02:08:18,300
in small daily details. 
Your short hair saves time and 

2268
02:08:18,300 --> 02:08:20,500
feels modern but it's also 
practical. 

2269
02:08:21,300 --> 02:08:23,200
Your knee. 
Length, skirts, allow easier 

2270
02:08:23,200 --> 02:08:26,700
movement for walking, climbing 
stairs, and boarding street 

2271
02:08:26,700 --> 02:08:29,200
cars. 
Your Cosmetics, enhance your 

2272
02:08:29,200 --> 02:08:32,100
appearance, but also signal 
participation in current 

2273
02:08:32,100 --> 02:08:34,100
fashion. 
In professional workplace 

2274
02:08:34,100 --> 02:08:37,600
culture, and in Social 
expectations of your peer group,

2275
02:08:37,608 --> 02:08:41,200
your work provides income, that 
allows Independence. 

2276
02:08:41,200 --> 02:08:44,400
You pay your own rent. 
Buy your own clothing and food 

2277
02:08:44,400 --> 02:08:47,500
and make decisions about how to 
spend your money and time. 

2278
02:08:47,500 --> 02:08:50,900
This financial autonomy is 
perhaps the most significant 

2279
02:08:50,900 --> 02:08:53,900
aspect of your life. 
You're not waiting for marriage 

2280
02:08:53,900 --> 02:08:56,100
to begin adult life. 
You're living it. 

2281
02:08:56,100 --> 02:08:59,900
Now, supporting yourself 
building routines and skills and

2282
02:08:59,900 --> 02:09:04,600
relationships on your own terms.
The independence is not absolute

2283
02:09:04,600 --> 02:09:07,500
or unlimited. 
Your salary is modest, 

2284
02:09:07,500 --> 02:09:11,400
restricting your choices. 
Your gender still closest 

2285
02:09:11,400 --> 02:09:14,000
certain professional doors and 
limits advancement. 

2286
02:09:14,900 --> 02:09:17,500
Social expectations. 
Still pressure, you toward 

2287
02:09:17,500 --> 02:09:18,400
eventual, marriage and 
motherhood. 

2288
02:09:19,500 --> 02:09:23,000
But Within These constraints, 
you exercise more control over 

2289
02:09:23,000 --> 02:09:26,300
your life than your mother did 
at your age and significantly 

2290
02:09:26,300 --> 02:09:29,400
more than your grandmother. 
You don't often think about this

2291
02:09:29,400 --> 02:09:33,100
in historical terms, you're not 
aware of living through a 

2292
02:09:33,100 --> 02:09:36,900
transformative period. 
From your perspective, You're 

2293
02:09:36,900 --> 02:09:40,400
simply navigating the world as 
it currently exists, making the 

2294
02:09:40,400 --> 02:09:43,400
best choices available with the 
information and resources you 

2295
02:09:43,400 --> 02:09:45,600
have. 
The fact that these choices 

2296
02:09:45,600 --> 02:09:48,200
differ from what previous 
generations of women experience,

2297
02:09:48,200 --> 02:09:52,800
is not your primary concern. 
Your mother, sometimes expresses

2298
02:09:52,800 --> 02:09:56,500
concern about your lifestyle, 
she worries about your safety 

2299
02:09:56,500 --> 02:10:00,300
living in the city, your lack of
supervision and your delayed 

2300
02:10:00,300 --> 02:10:03,700
marriage prospects. 
You reassure her without fully 

2301
02:10:03,700 --> 02:10:07,200
engaging with her fears? 
You understand that her frame of

2302
02:10:07,200 --> 02:10:11,000
reference is different what 
seems risky or inappropriate to 

2303
02:10:11,000 --> 02:10:14,800
her feels normal to you. 
You love her and respect her 

2304
02:10:14,800 --> 02:10:18,100
experience but you cannot live 
according to her expectations 

2305
02:10:18,100 --> 02:10:22,500
without sacrificing the life 
your building your younger 

2306
02:10:22,500 --> 02:10:26,800
sister, sometimes expresses Envy
Still lives at home in your 

2307
02:10:26,800 --> 02:10:30,300
small, Hometown working, as a 
teacher living under your 

2308
02:10:30,300 --> 02:10:34,400
parents roof and rules. 
She sees your Independence as 

2309
02:10:34,400 --> 02:10:37,300
glamorous and exciting. 
You try to explain the 

2310
02:10:37,300 --> 02:10:41,100
realities, the smaller 
apartment, the repetitive work, 

2311
02:10:41,100 --> 02:10:44,800
the constant budgeting, and the 
occasional loneliness. 

2312
02:10:45,900 --> 02:10:48,300
But you also acknowledge the 
truth in her perception. 

2313
02:10:48,300 --> 02:10:52,000
You do have freedoms, she 
doesn't you can stay out late 

2314
02:10:52,000 --> 02:10:55,400
without explaining yourself. 
Spend your money as you choose 

2315
02:10:55,400 --> 02:10:58,900
and see friends without 
permission the men, you know, 

2316
02:10:58,900 --> 02:11:01,300
relate to you differently than 
they would have a decade 

2317
02:11:01,300 --> 02:11:03,600
earlier. 
They're more likely to encounter

2318
02:11:03,600 --> 02:11:07,300
you as a co-worker if fellow 
resident in a mixed building or 

2319
02:11:07,300 --> 02:11:11,600
a casual acquaintance in Social 
settings, The strict chaperone 

2320
02:11:11,600 --> 02:11:15,200
requirements have relaxed. 
You can go to dinner with a man 

2321
02:11:15,200 --> 02:11:18,700
without a third person present. 
You can walk alone in public 

2322
02:11:18,700 --> 02:11:23,200
spaces without scandal. these 
small freedoms reshape our 

2323
02:11:23,200 --> 02:11:25,600
relationships develop Not all 
men. 

2324
02:11:25,600 --> 02:11:28,800
Approve of these changes. 
Some find working women 

2325
02:11:28,800 --> 02:11:32,100
threatening or improper. 
Some still expect traditional 

2326
02:11:32,100 --> 02:11:36,000
courtship and marriage patterns.
You navigate these attitudes 

2327
02:11:36,000 --> 02:11:39,400
carefully avoiding conflicts 
when possible and standing your 

2328
02:11:39,400 --> 02:11:42,300
ground when necessary. 
You've learned to distinguish 

2329
02:11:42,300 --> 02:11:45,500
between men who respect your 
Independence and those who 

2330
02:11:45,500 --> 02:11:48,300
tolerate it, while hoping to 
eliminate it through marriage, 

2331
02:11:48,300 --> 02:11:51,600
the women's suffrage movement, 
which succeeded in gaining 

2332
02:11:51,600 --> 02:11:54,200
voting rights. 
Before you came of age, created 

2333
02:11:54,200 --> 02:11:56,200
a foundation for your current 
freedoms. 

2334
02:11:56,200 --> 02:11:59,800
You vote in elections are right?
You exercise, seriously, if not 

2335
02:11:59,800 --> 02:12:03,300
passionately You understand that
women fought for this privilege,

2336
02:12:03,300 --> 02:12:05,400
though. 
You don't involve yourself in 

2337
02:12:05,400 --> 02:12:08,800
political activism. 
Your energy goes toward managing

2338
02:12:08,800 --> 02:12:12,600
your daily life, not toward 
organizing for the change. 

2339
02:12:13,300 --> 02:12:15,800
You and your peers sometimes 
discuss women's roles and 

2340
02:12:15,800 --> 02:12:17,800
rights. 
But these conversations are 

2341
02:12:17,800 --> 02:12:21,300
usually practical rather than 
theoretical you talk about 

2342
02:12:21,300 --> 02:12:25,300
workplace, discrimination wage 
inequality and limited 

2343
02:12:25,300 --> 02:12:28,800
advancement opportunities. 
You share strategies for 

2344
02:12:28,800 --> 02:12:31,500
handling difficult situations, 
support each. 

2345
02:12:31,500 --> 02:12:35,000
Other's career Ambitions and 
validate each other's choices. 

2346
02:12:36,000 --> 02:12:39,100
But you don't see yourself as 
political activists or social 

2347
02:12:39,100 --> 02:12:41,900
revolutionaries. 
The changes your living through 

2348
02:12:41,900 --> 02:12:46,300
are cultural as much as legal. 
Standards of propriety of 

2349
02:12:46,300 --> 02:12:49,100
shifted. 
What's considered scandalous or 

2350
02:12:49,100 --> 02:12:51,600
inappropriate has been redefined
though? 

2351
02:12:51,600 --> 02:12:55,200
Not entirely or uniformly. 
You navigate these shifting 

2352
02:12:55,200 --> 02:12:58,100
boundaries carefully aware that 
your freedom depends. 

2353
02:12:58,100 --> 02:13:02,000
Partly on, not pushing too far. 
Not violating Unwritten rules. 

2354
02:13:02,000 --> 02:13:05,900
That still govern social 
acceptance. your appearance, the

2355
02:13:05,900 --> 02:13:09,700
short hair, the makeup, the 
modern clothing marks, you, as a

2356
02:13:09,700 --> 02:13:12,800
particular type of young woman, 
This visibility has 

2357
02:13:12,800 --> 02:13:16,500
consequences, it signals 
availability for certain kinds 

2358
02:13:16,500 --> 02:13:19,900
of social interaction, it 
suggests particular attitudes 

2359
02:13:19,900 --> 02:13:23,300
and values, you're aware of 
being read and judge based on 

2360
02:13:23,308 --> 02:13:25,900
these visual markers. 
Even when the judgements are 

2361
02:13:25,900 --> 02:13:29,500
inaccurate, the term flapper 
itself, carries mixed 

2362
02:13:29,500 --> 02:13:32,400
connotations. 
Some use it affectionately to 

2363
02:13:32,400 --> 02:13:36,000
describe modern young women. 
Others, use it dismissively or 

2364
02:13:36,000 --> 02:13:40,700
critically suggesting 
superficiality impropriety or 

2365
02:13:40,700 --> 02:13:43,700
moral laxness. 
You don't use the term to 

2366
02:13:43,700 --> 02:13:46,800
describe yourself. 
You simply are who you are 

2367
02:13:46,800 --> 02:13:49,600
living your life. 
Making your choice. 

2368
02:13:49,600 --> 02:13:53,300
Is the label is applied to you 
by others and you have limited 

2369
02:13:53,300 --> 02:13:55,100
control over what they mean by 
it. 

2370
02:13:55,900 --> 02:13:58,400
Your life includes Pleasures. 
Your grandmother never 

2371
02:13:58,400 --> 02:14:04,000
experienced moving pictures 
radio programs dance, halls 

2372
02:14:04,000 --> 02:14:07,000
restaurant meals and travel for 
leisure. 

2373
02:14:07,700 --> 02:14:09,700
But it also includes pressures 
and challenges. 

2374
02:14:09,700 --> 02:14:14,100
She didn't face workplace 
competition, financial 

2375
02:14:14,100 --> 02:14:18,100
self-sufficiency, and navigating
complex social situations 

2376
02:14:18,100 --> 02:14:21,000
without clear guidelines or 
family oversight. 

2377
02:14:21,600 --> 02:14:25,300
You sometimes feel tired, not 
just physically, but in a deeper

2378
02:14:25,308 --> 02:14:28,000
way. 
The constant effort of 

2379
02:14:28,000 --> 02:14:32,000
maintaining your Independence 
managing your appearance meeting

2380
02:14:32,000 --> 02:14:36,200
work demands and navigating 
social expectations can be 

2381
02:14:36,208 --> 02:14:39,700
exhausting. 
You push through this tiredness 

2382
02:14:39,700 --> 02:14:44,700
most days, but it accumulates. 
Your rest periods, your quiet, 

2383
02:14:44,700 --> 02:14:48,400
evening's and your Sundays alone
are essential for continuing. 

2384
02:14:49,100 --> 02:14:52,500
You don't know what your future 
holds married is likely. 

2385
02:14:52,500 --> 02:14:55,400
At some point though, not 
certain and not immediate 

2386
02:14:55,400 --> 02:14:58,400
children are probable though, 
you have not yet developed, 

2387
02:14:58,400 --> 02:14:59,900
strong feelings about 
motherhood. 

2388
02:15:00,700 --> 02:15:04,100
Career advancement is limited by
your gender, but small 

2389
02:15:04,100 --> 02:15:07,300
progressions are possible. 
You might learn new skills, 

2390
02:15:07,300 --> 02:15:10,700
change jobs or move to a 
different neighborhood or City. 

2391
02:15:11,500 --> 02:15:14,500
What you do know is that the 
life, you're living now matters,

2392
02:15:14,500 --> 02:15:18,400
these years of Independence, 
work friendship, and small 

2393
02:15:18,400 --> 02:15:21,000
freedoms are shaping who you're 
becoming. 

2394
02:15:21,700 --> 02:15:24,700
They're not merely a waiting 
period before real life begins. 

2395
02:15:24,700 --> 02:15:28,900
They are real life valuable in 
themselves, creating memories 

2396
02:15:28,900 --> 02:15:32,900
and experiences and capabilities
you'll carry forward regardless 

2397
02:15:32,900 --> 02:15:36,500
of what comes next. the city 
around you is changing 

2398
02:15:36,500 --> 02:15:40,900
constantly new buildings rise 
and old ones are demolished 

2399
02:15:41,600 --> 02:15:46,100
Transportation improves 
Technologies, advanced Fashion 

2400
02:15:46,100 --> 02:15:50,400
shifts from season to season, 
political landscape, transformed

2401
02:15:50,400 --> 02:15:55,600
economic conditions fluctuate. 
You adapt to these changes as 

2402
02:15:55,600 --> 02:15:58,500
they occur. 
Maintaining your core routines 

2403
02:15:58,500 --> 02:16:00,200
while adjusting details as 
necessary. 

2404
02:16:00,200 --> 02:16:03,800
Your contributions to this 
changing World a modest. 

2405
02:16:03,800 --> 02:16:06,900
But real You perform work. 
That keeps businesses 

2406
02:16:06,900 --> 02:16:11,400
functioning you participate in 
economic activity as both a 

2407
02:16:11,400 --> 02:16:15,200
Wagner and a consumer. 
You model new possibilities for 

2408
02:16:15,200 --> 02:16:18,000
women's lives. 
Even if only to the few people 

2409
02:16:18,000 --> 02:16:21,600
who observe you directly. 
You maintain relationships that 

2410
02:16:21,600 --> 02:16:25,800
sustain you and others. 
You exist, persist and continue.

2411
02:16:26,500 --> 02:16:30,200
The night deepens around you as 
you rest in your small room, the

2412
02:16:30,200 --> 02:16:35,100
city quiets outside your window,
your breathing slows steady and 

2413
02:16:35,108 --> 02:16:38,200
regular tomorrow will bring 
another ordinary day. 

2414
02:16:38,200 --> 02:16:42,299
Waking preparing, working eating
resting and sleeping. 

2415
02:16:43,299 --> 02:16:47,200
The pattern repeats with small 
variations creating the texture 

2416
02:16:47,200 --> 02:16:49,900
of your life. 
You are a young woman in the 

2417
02:16:49,900 --> 02:16:53,700
1920s, living independently 
working for wages and making 

2418
02:16:53,700 --> 02:16:56,000
choices about your appearance 
and activities and 

2419
02:16:56,000 --> 02:16:59,100
relationships. 
Your neither a rebel or a 

2420
02:16:59,100 --> 02:17:01,700
revolutionary, neither a victim 
or a Pioneer. 

2421
02:17:01,700 --> 02:17:05,400
You are simply yourself 
navigating the world as you 

2422
02:17:05,400 --> 02:17:09,200
find, it building a life that 
feels authentic and manageable 

2423
02:17:09,200 --> 02:17:12,100
within the constraints and 
possibilities of your time. 

2424
02:17:13,100 --> 02:17:17,000
Sleep comes gently settling over
you like a familiar blanket. 

2425
02:17:18,000 --> 02:17:21,600
Day releases its hold. 
Your mind drifts into the 

2426
02:17:21,600 --> 02:17:25,299
formless territory of Dreams, 
your body rests, and repairs 

2427
02:17:25,299 --> 02:17:28,100
itself, the world continues 
outside. 

2428
02:17:28,100 --> 02:17:34,400
But here in this moment there is
only Stillness only breathe only

2429
02:17:34,400 --> 02:17:38,100
the quiet continuity of another 
night passing in to another 

2430
02:17:38,100 --> 02:17:44,500
Dawn, Close your eyes for a 
moment. 

2431
02:17:44,500 --> 02:17:48,200
And Imagine This. 
You're living 5,000 years ago 

2432
02:17:48,200 --> 02:17:52,000
and the Sun is setting. 
But this isn't the sunset, you 

2433
02:17:52,000 --> 02:17:55,000
know, where you simply flip a 
light switch and continue your 

2434
02:17:55,000 --> 02:17:56,600
evening as though, nothing 
happened. 

2435
02:17:57,299 --> 02:17:59,600
This Sunset is changing 
everything. 

2436
02:17:59,600 --> 02:18:03,100
The world around, you is 
transforming from a place of 

2437
02:18:03,100 --> 02:18:06,299
activity and relative, safety 
into something else. 

2438
02:18:06,299 --> 02:18:12,500
Entirely A realm of Shadows, 
unknown sounds and Mysteries 

2439
02:18:12,500 --> 02:18:16,100
that your rationale modern mind 
can barely comprehend for 

2440
02:18:16,100 --> 02:18:19,400
ancient people's night wasn't 
just the absence of day. 

2441
02:18:19,400 --> 02:18:23,299
It was a completely separate 
dimension of existence as 

2442
02:18:23,299 --> 02:18:27,700
different from daytime, as water
is from are When darkness fell, 

2443
02:18:27,700 --> 02:18:31,200
you weren't just losing light. 
You were entering sacred 

2444
02:18:31,200 --> 02:18:33,799
territory where the rules of 
ordinary life. 

2445
02:18:33,799 --> 02:18:37,299
No longer fully applied, the 
ancient Egyptians believed that 

2446
02:18:37,299 --> 02:18:41,000
each Sunset marked the beginning
of Roz, perilous Journey Through

2447
02:18:41,000 --> 02:18:44,299
the underworld. 
Your evening wasn't just about 

2448
02:18:44,299 --> 02:18:47,700
getting sleepy and tucking in. 
It was about witnessing, a 

2449
02:18:47,700 --> 02:18:52,200
cosmic drama, where the sun, god
battled chaos itself to ensure 

2450
02:18:52,200 --> 02:18:55,500
morning would come again. 
Imagine trying to fall asleep 

2451
02:18:55,500 --> 02:18:59,500
while genuinely worried that 
Sunrise wasn't guaranteed, that 

2452
02:18:59,500 --> 02:19:03,900
night might actually win this 
time in ancient Greece night was

2453
02:19:03,900 --> 02:19:08,400
personified as NYX a goddess. 
So powerful, that even Zeus, 

2454
02:19:08,400 --> 02:19:12,000
King of the Gods was said to 
avoid angering her Knight wasn't

2455
02:19:12,000 --> 02:19:14,600
something you controlled with 
lamps and electronics. 

2456
02:19:14,600 --> 02:19:18,799
It was a force that controlled 
you and you needed to approach 

2457
02:19:18,799 --> 02:19:21,100
it with the kind of respect. 
You might reserve for a 

2458
02:19:21,100 --> 02:19:23,299
powerful. 
But unpredictable neighbor, this

2459
02:19:23,299 --> 02:19:26,400
relationship with Darkness 
shaped everything about how 

2460
02:19:26,400 --> 02:19:28,000
ancient people prepared for 
sleep. 

2461
02:19:28,799 --> 02:19:31,000
You didn't just brush your teeth
and set an alarm. 

2462
02:19:31,000 --> 02:19:35,400
You performed rituals said 
prayers arrange, protective 

2463
02:19:35,400 --> 02:19:38,500
symbols, and essentially 
prepared for a journey into the 

2464
02:19:38,500 --> 02:19:42,000
unknown. 
Because that's what sleep was a 

2465
02:19:42,000 --> 02:19:44,400
journey, where your conscious 
self departed and something else

2466
02:19:44,400 --> 02:19:46,700
to go over the Romans had a 
saying. 

2467
02:19:47,500 --> 02:19:50,700
In okta koncilja, which means 
the night brings Council. 

2468
02:19:50,700 --> 02:19:54,700
They believe that Darkness had 
its own wisdom, that problems 

2469
02:19:54,700 --> 02:19:57,900
unsolvable in daylight could 
find Solutions in the mysterious

2470
02:19:57,900 --> 02:20:01,700
hours after sunset. 
Your evening was not wasted time

2471
02:20:01,700 --> 02:20:05,100
before the real day began. 
It was a valuable period when 

2472
02:20:05,100 --> 02:20:07,800
different kinds of thinking 
became possible, ancient 

2473
02:20:07,800 --> 02:20:10,500
people's understood something. 
We've largely forgotten in our 

2474
02:20:10,500 --> 02:20:14,200
artificially lit world, Darkness
does something to human 

2475
02:20:14,200 --> 02:20:18,100
consciousness without electric 
lights, your eyes would begin 

2476
02:20:18,100 --> 02:20:21,900
producing melatonin much earlier
in the evening triggered by the 

2477
02:20:21,900 --> 02:20:25,900
gradual diming of natural light.
Your body would start its shut 

2478
02:20:25,908 --> 02:20:29,700
down sequence naturally, Guided 
by the same rhythms that had 

2479
02:20:29,700 --> 02:20:32,500
governed, human biology for 
hundreds of thousands of years, 

2480
02:20:32,500 --> 02:20:37,200
picture yourself in a Bronze Age
Village as Twilight deepens, the

2481
02:20:37,200 --> 02:20:40,000
temperature drops. 
Noticeably, you can feel it on 

2482
02:20:40,000 --> 02:20:42,800
your skin, like a gentle, exhale
from the Earth itself. 

2483
02:20:44,000 --> 02:20:48,100
Bird shift from daytime songs to
nighttime calls their evening 

2484
02:20:48,108 --> 02:20:51,800
chorus marking the transition. 
Cooking fires around the 

2485
02:20:51,800 --> 02:20:53,900
settlement glow. 
Brighter as the ambient light, 

2486
02:20:53,900 --> 02:20:57,100
Fades, creating islands of 
warmth and safety in the 

2487
02:20:57,100 --> 02:21:00,000
Gathering Darkness. 
Sound changed, too. 

2488
02:21:00,900 --> 02:21:03,900
Daytime noise is people working 
animals, moving children 

2489
02:21:03,900 --> 02:21:07,300
playing, gradually give way to a
different acoustic landscape. 

2490
02:21:08,100 --> 02:21:11,400
Knight in sex, begin, their 
rhythmic chirping, creating a 

2491
02:21:11,400 --> 02:21:14,100
natural white noise. 
That's both comforting and 

2492
02:21:14,100 --> 02:21:18,300
slightly, eerie. 
Somewhere in the distance, a 

2493
02:21:18,300 --> 02:21:20,600
dog. 
Barks, the sound carrying 

2494
02:21:20,600 --> 02:21:24,700
farther in the cooler. 
Air your sense of smell becomes 

2495
02:21:24,700 --> 02:21:28,100
more acute in the darkness. 
You notice the smoke from the 

2496
02:21:28,100 --> 02:21:31,900
fires more intensely mixed with 
the scent of whatever was cooked

2497
02:21:31,900 --> 02:21:35,000
for the evening meal. 
There's the earthy smell of the 

2498
02:21:35,008 --> 02:21:38,200
ground cooling. 
Releasing the days absorbed 

2499
02:21:38,200 --> 02:21:40,800
Heat. 
If your near water, you might 

2500
02:21:40,800 --> 02:21:44,300
detect the mineral scent of 
moisture rising as Dew, begins 

2501
02:21:44,300 --> 02:21:48,500
to form ancient peoples created,
elaborate threshold rituals to 

2502
02:21:48,500 --> 02:21:50,600
mark this transition from day to
night. 

2503
02:21:51,500 --> 02:21:55,200
In many cultures you would never
go to sleep without some form of

2504
02:21:55,208 --> 02:21:58,700
protection ritual. 
This wasn't Superstition in the 

2505
02:21:58,700 --> 02:22:00,000
way. 
We might dismiss it today. 

2506
02:22:00,000 --> 02:22:04,900
It was practical psychology, a 
way of creating mental Security 

2507
02:22:04,900 --> 02:22:07,300
in a world that offered very 
little physical security. 

2508
02:22:07,300 --> 02:22:11,500
Once Darkness fell a Babylonian 
family might recite prayers to 

2509
02:22:11,500 --> 02:22:15,300
their household Gods before 
sleeping touching small Clay 

2510
02:22:15,300 --> 02:22:17,700
figurines that represented 
Divine protection. 

2511
02:22:18,500 --> 02:22:21,600
An ancient Celtic household 
would Bank, their fire carefully

2512
02:22:21,600 --> 02:22:24,900
believe in that, keeping a small
flame alive through the night 

2513
02:22:24,900 --> 02:22:27,900
would ensure the family's 
continuity and protect against 

2514
02:22:27,900 --> 02:22:31,100
malevolent Spirits. 
In ancient China, the evening 

2515
02:22:31,100 --> 02:22:34,100
routine involves specific 
attention to the Direction's 

2516
02:22:34,100 --> 02:22:37,900
your sleeping position mattered,
because different orientations 

2517
02:22:37,900 --> 02:22:41,200
aligned you with different 
Cosmic forces sleeping with your

2518
02:22:41,200 --> 02:22:44,000
head pointing North was 
generally avoided because that 

2519
02:22:44,000 --> 02:22:46,000
was the direction associated 
with death. 

2520
02:22:46,700 --> 02:22:49,200
The dead were laid out that way 
and you didn't want to 

2521
02:22:49,200 --> 02:22:52,000
accidentally signal to the 
universe that you were ready to 

2522
02:22:52,000 --> 02:22:54,600
join them. 
Permanently, the sacredness of 

2523
02:22:54,600 --> 02:22:57,700
night, also meant that certain 
activities were forbidden after 

2524
02:22:57,700 --> 02:23:00,800
Dark. 
Many ancient cultures believed 

2525
02:23:00,800 --> 02:23:02,200
that cutting your nails at 
night. 

2526
02:23:02,200 --> 02:23:05,600
Would bring bad luck. 
That sweeping off to Sunset 

2527
02:23:05,600 --> 02:23:09,500
would sweep away your Prosperity
or that looking into mirrors. 

2528
02:23:09,500 --> 02:23:11,000
And darkness, might reveal 
things. 

2529
02:23:11,000 --> 02:23:14,300
You weren't meant to see. 
These weren't random 

2530
02:23:14,300 --> 02:23:18,000
superstitions, they were ways of
acknowledging that nighttime 

2531
02:23:18,000 --> 02:23:21,800
operated under different rules. 
For ancient people's, the act of

2532
02:23:21,808 --> 02:23:24,400
lying down to sleep was 
spiritually significant. 

2533
02:23:25,300 --> 02:23:28,800
You were voluntarily making 
yourself vulnerable surrendering

2534
02:23:28,800 --> 02:23:31,800
Consciousness and trusting that 
you'd wake up again in the 

2535
02:23:31,808 --> 02:23:34,200
morning. 
In a world without modern 

2536
02:23:34,200 --> 02:23:38,100
security without emergency 
services without the extensive. 

2537
02:23:38,100 --> 02:23:41,100
Safety nets. 
We take for granted, this was a 

2538
02:23:41,108 --> 02:23:44,500
genuine Act of Faith. 
The darkness itself was 

2539
02:23:44,500 --> 02:23:47,300
populated with entities, that 
modern people no longer 

2540
02:23:47,300 --> 02:23:51,300
acknowledge depending on your 
culture, the night might contain

2541
02:23:51,300 --> 02:23:55,800
helpful Spirits, harmful demons,
the wandering, Souls of the dead

2542
02:23:55,800 --> 02:23:59,900
or Divine Messengers, Your 
bedtime rituals weren't just 

2543
02:23:59,900 --> 02:24:03,500
about relaxation. 
They were about negotiating safe

2544
02:24:03,500 --> 02:24:05,900
Passage through a landscape. 
That was simultaneously, 

2545
02:24:05,900 --> 02:24:08,600
physical and Supernatural 
ancient people. 

2546
02:24:08,600 --> 02:24:12,100
Also understood that night was 
when healing happened when the 

2547
02:24:12,100 --> 02:24:15,800
body repaired itself and when 
dreams brought messages from 

2548
02:24:15,800 --> 02:24:20,300
gods or the Deep unconscious, 
Sleep wasn't empty time. 

2549
02:24:20,300 --> 02:24:23,300
It was when important work 
occurred work. 

2550
02:24:23,300 --> 02:24:25,600
That couldn't happen during the 
busy daylight hours. 

2551
02:24:25,600 --> 02:24:27,200
When you're conscious mind was 
in control. 

2552
02:24:27,200 --> 02:24:30,600
Here's something that might blow
your mind as you lie, there in 

2553
02:24:30,600 --> 02:24:33,600
your comfortable bed, planning 
to sleep straight, through until

2554
02:24:33,600 --> 02:24:36,200
morning, Your ancestors didn't 
sleep. 

2555
02:24:36,200 --> 02:24:38,500
That way. 
For most of human history, 

2556
02:24:38,500 --> 02:24:42,400
sleeping through the night in 
one continuous stretch would 

2557
02:24:42,400 --> 02:24:45,100
have seemed as weird as eating 
one meal a day or speaking in 

2558
02:24:45,100 --> 02:24:48,100
rhyme all the time. 
Welcome to the world of by 

2559
02:24:48,100 --> 02:24:51,900
facing sleep or as historians 
call it first, sleep. 

2560
02:24:51,900 --> 02:24:56,000
And second sleep. 
This pattern was so Universal 

2561
02:24:56,000 --> 02:24:58,600
across pre-industrial societies 
that. 

2562
02:24:58,600 --> 02:25:02,100
It's almost certainly how humans
naturally slept for thousands of

2563
02:25:02,100 --> 02:25:05,500
years before electric lighting 
fundamentally rewired, our 

2564
02:25:05,500 --> 02:25:08,600
relationship with Darkness. 
Imagine your typical winter 

2565
02:25:08,600 --> 02:25:12,000
night in medieval Europe though.
Similar patterns existed in 

2566
02:25:12,000 --> 02:25:16,300
ancient Rome, medieval China and
virtually everywhere humans 

2567
02:25:16,300 --> 02:25:20,600
lived before industrialization. 
Around eight or nine, in the 

2568
02:25:20,608 --> 02:25:24,500
evening when darkness had fully 
settled, and there was really 

2569
02:25:24,500 --> 02:25:26,900
nothing productive. 
You could do by the dim light of

2570
02:25:26,900 --> 02:25:29,000
candles, or oil lamps, you'd go 
to bed. 

2571
02:25:30,000 --> 02:25:32,100
But you wouldn't call it going 
to bed for the night. 

2572
02:25:32,100 --> 02:25:35,000
You'd be starting your first 
sleep. 

2573
02:25:35,000 --> 02:25:38,700
You'd sleep deeply for about 
four hours, which would take you

2574
02:25:38,700 --> 02:25:40,400
to around midnight or one in the
morning. 

2575
02:25:40,400 --> 02:25:43,500
Then something natural and 
expected would happen. 

2576
02:25:43,500 --> 02:25:47,100
You'd wake up. 
But here's the crucial part. 

2577
02:25:47,100 --> 02:25:51,100
This wasn't insomnia, this 
wasn't a sleep disorder. 

2578
02:25:51,100 --> 02:25:53,400
This wasn't you doing something 
wrong. 

2579
02:25:53,400 --> 02:25:58,000
This was normal and anticipated.
And even valued the hours 

2580
02:25:58,000 --> 02:25:59,800
between first, sleep, and second
sleep. 

2581
02:25:59,800 --> 02:26:03,300
Usually, lasting one to two 
hours were considered special. 

2582
02:26:04,300 --> 02:26:07,700
These midnight hours had a 
particular quality, a liminal 

2583
02:26:07,700 --> 02:26:10,500
feeling that made them different
from any other time of day. 

2584
02:26:11,400 --> 02:26:16,000
The world was at its quietest 
its darkest, its most intimate 

2585
02:26:16,000 --> 02:26:20,100
ancient people's used this time 
in ways that might surprise you.

2586
02:26:20,100 --> 02:26:24,000
Some people would like quietly 
in bed thinking and reflecting 

2587
02:26:25,100 --> 02:26:28,100
historical records suggest. 
This was considered an excellent

2588
02:26:28,100 --> 02:26:31,400
time for contemplation. 
The processing, the days of 

2589
02:26:31,400 --> 02:26:33,600
events and for working through 
problems. 

2590
02:26:34,500 --> 02:26:37,600
Your mind was wrested from the 
first sleep but hadn't yet been 

2591
02:26:37,600 --> 02:26:40,400
pulled into the busyness of 
daytime consciousness. 

2592
02:26:41,600 --> 02:26:45,200
Medieval prayer books, actually 
specified prayers meant to be 

2593
02:26:45,208 --> 02:26:47,600
said during these wakeful 
midnight hours. 

2594
02:26:47,600 --> 02:26:50,000
Others would engage in quiet 
activities. 

2595
02:26:50,000 --> 02:26:52,700
You might tend the fire check on
children. 

2596
02:26:52,700 --> 02:26:56,500
Have a small snack or visit the 
privy Some people would use this

2597
02:26:56,500 --> 02:27:00,300
time for intimate relations with
their Partners medical texts. 

2598
02:27:00,300 --> 02:27:02,900
From the medieval period 
suggests, this timing was 

2599
02:27:02,900 --> 02:27:06,500
considered particularly good for
conception as the body was 

2600
02:27:06,500 --> 02:27:08,600
rested. 
But, not yet depleted by a full 

2601
02:27:08,608 --> 02:27:11,600
night's sleep in communities. 
Where people lived in close 

2602
02:27:11,600 --> 02:27:14,500
quarters, that was most 
communities throughout history. 

2603
02:27:14,500 --> 02:27:18,500
These midnight hours might 
involve quiet conversations 

2604
02:27:19,500 --> 02:27:22,100
Hiral documents, mentioned 
people, visiting neighbors, 

2605
02:27:22,100 --> 02:27:25,400
during these wake flowers, 
knowing that others would also 

2606
02:27:25,400 --> 02:27:27,000
be awake between their two 
sleeps. 

2607
02:27:28,100 --> 02:27:31,100
It was like a secret society of 
night wakeful people. 

2608
02:27:31,100 --> 02:27:35,600
All observing a rhythm that felt
as natural as breathing, the 

2609
02:27:35,600 --> 02:27:38,200
ancient Romans had a term 
conquer beer. 

2610
02:27:38,200 --> 02:27:41,200
Not day, which referred to the 
time when people go to bed 

2611
02:27:41,200 --> 02:27:45,300
acknowledging, that this was an 
extended process rather than a 

2612
02:27:45,300 --> 02:27:48,300
single moment. 
The sleeping arrangements and 

2613
02:27:48,300 --> 02:27:51,800
social patterns suggest they too
experienced. 

2614
02:27:51,800 --> 02:27:55,500
This divided sleep, though. 
They left fewer specific records

2615
02:27:55,500 --> 02:27:57,300
about it than medieval 
Europeans. 

2616
02:27:57,300 --> 02:27:59,800
Did what's fascinating? 
Is that when you look at 

2617
02:27:59,800 --> 02:28:02,700
descriptions of sleep, from 
ancient and medieval sources? 

2618
02:28:02,700 --> 02:28:06,000
They almost always talk about 
sleeps, plural. 

2619
02:28:07,000 --> 02:28:10,100
After the first sleep appears in
everything from Homer to 

2620
02:28:10,100 --> 02:28:13,700
Medieval court documents. 
It wasn't a figure of speech. 

2621
02:28:13,700 --> 02:28:17,300
It was simply describing how 
sleep actually worked. 

2622
02:28:17,300 --> 02:28:20,900
This pattern makes biological 
sense when you understand, human

2623
02:28:20,900 --> 02:28:25,000
sleep, architecture in darkness 
without artificial. 

2624
02:28:25,000 --> 02:28:28,700
Light suppressing, melatonin 
production, your body, produces 

2625
02:28:28,700 --> 02:28:33,300
this sleep hormone in two ways. 
First wave creates sleepiness in

2626
02:28:33,300 --> 02:28:36,400
the early evening, then there's 
a natural dip in the middle of 

2627
02:28:36,400 --> 02:28:38,800
the night. 
This is when ancient people 

2628
02:28:38,800 --> 02:28:43,200
would wake between sleeps The 
second wave of melatonin would 

2629
02:28:43,200 --> 02:28:46,100
then carry you through your 
second sleep until natural 

2630
02:28:46,100 --> 02:28:49,100
morning lights suppress. 
Melatonin production and you'd 

2631
02:28:49,100 --> 02:28:53,000
wake for the day the end of bi 
phasic sleep, coincided with the

2632
02:28:53,000 --> 02:28:55,900
introduction of Street lighting 
and later domestic electric 

2633
02:28:55,900 --> 02:28:58,700
lighting. 
When you could extend the useful

2634
02:28:58,700 --> 02:29:02,000
day Beyond Sunset, when you 
could read and work and 

2635
02:29:02,000 --> 02:29:05,100
socialize long after dark. 
The first sleep gradually 

2636
02:29:05,100 --> 02:29:08,700
shifted later and later 
eventually it merged with the 

2637
02:29:08,708 --> 02:29:11,100
second sleep into one continuous
block. 

2638
02:29:12,000 --> 02:29:15,100
Within just a few Generations 
humans, forgot that we'd ever 

2639
02:29:15,100 --> 02:29:18,800
slept any other way, but your 
body has an entirely forgotten 

2640
02:29:18,800 --> 02:29:21,100
ever. 
Wake up at two or three in the 

2641
02:29:21,108 --> 02:29:23,800
morning and lie. 
There, feeling alert, not really

2642
02:29:23,800 --> 02:29:27,700
tired, just awake. 
You might be experiencing the 

2643
02:29:27,700 --> 02:29:31,500
echo of this ancient pattern, 
your biology expecting you to be

2644
02:29:31,500 --> 02:29:33,800
up for a while before returning 
to Second sleep. 

2645
02:29:34,600 --> 02:29:37,300
Instead of treating this as 
insomnia and getting frustrated 

2646
02:29:37,300 --> 02:29:41,600
ancient people's would have 
simply accepted it perhaps even.

2647
02:29:41,600 --> 02:29:44,600
Welcome did it as quiet time for
Thought or intimacy. 

2648
02:29:44,600 --> 02:29:47,800
The quality of sleep in this 
pattern was apparently quite 

2649
02:29:47,800 --> 02:29:50,300
good. 
When researchers have studied 

2650
02:29:50,300 --> 02:29:53,400
people sleeping without 
artificial lighting, their 

2651
02:29:53,400 --> 02:29:57,600
natural rhythms to emerge, they 
often spontaneously developed by

2652
02:29:57,600 --> 02:30:02,500
phasing sleep and Report feeling
more rested, less groggy and 

2653
02:30:02,500 --> 02:30:05,100
more mentally clear than they do
with continuous sleep. 

2654
02:30:05,100 --> 02:30:08,100
Ancient peoples, also noticed 
something interesting about 

2655
02:30:08,100 --> 02:30:11,700
dreams in this pattern. 
The dreams during first sleep, 

2656
02:30:11,700 --> 02:30:14,500
often felt different from those 
during Second sleep. 

2657
02:30:15,100 --> 02:30:18,200
First sleep dreams might be more
about processing the days of 

2658
02:30:18,200 --> 02:30:21,700
events and working through 
immediate concerns. 

2659
02:30:22,400 --> 02:30:25,400
Second sleep dreams, coming 
after the wakeful interlude, 

2660
02:30:25,400 --> 02:30:29,600
often felt more Vivid, more 
symbolic and more like the kinds

2661
02:30:29,600 --> 02:30:33,300
of dreams that carried meaning, 
or messages in some cultures, 

2662
02:30:33,300 --> 02:30:36,800
the time between sleeps, was 
specifically devoted to dream 

2663
02:30:36,800 --> 02:30:39,500
interpretation. 
You might wake from firstly, 

2664
02:30:39,500 --> 02:30:43,500
reflect on whatever you dreamed,
perhaps to discuss it quietly 

2665
02:30:43,500 --> 02:30:46,400
with your partner and then 
return to Second sleep with the 

2666
02:30:46,408 --> 02:30:48,000
dreams, meaning as the last 
thing. 

2667
02:30:48,000 --> 02:30:51,100
In your conscious mind before 
slipping back under the 

2668
02:30:51,100 --> 02:30:53,000
Practical aspects of by facing 
sleep. 

2669
02:30:53,000 --> 02:30:57,300
Also suited pre-industrial life.
Fires needed, 10 through the 

2670
02:30:57,300 --> 02:30:59,800
night. 
They were your heat Source your 

2671
02:30:59,800 --> 02:31:03,200
protection against predators and
your breakfast cooking method. 

2672
02:31:04,000 --> 02:31:05,900
Waking naturally. 
In the middle of the night 

2673
02:31:05,900 --> 02:31:08,800
meant, someone could add fuel to
the fire without disrupting the 

2674
02:31:08,800 --> 02:31:12,000
group sleep with deliberate 
watches or shifts security. 

2675
02:31:12,000 --> 02:31:16,000
Concerns also made the wakeful 
period useful in a world without

2676
02:31:16,000 --> 02:31:19,400
alarm systems, or police forces.
Having a period, when most 

2677
02:31:19,400 --> 02:31:22,400
adults naturally woke up meant 
better protection for sleeping 

2678
02:31:22,400 --> 02:31:25,600
communities. 
It's hard to sneak up on a 

2679
02:31:25,600 --> 02:31:27,700
village when half the population
is lying. 

2680
02:31:27,700 --> 02:31:30,400
Quietly, awaken the dark 
listening to the night sounds 

2681
02:31:30,400 --> 02:31:33,400
picture. 
This, you've spent your entire 

2682
02:31:33,400 --> 02:31:36,000
day Outdoors, because that's 
where everything happens. 

2683
02:31:36,000 --> 02:31:38,600
Work? 
Cooking socializing. 

2684
02:31:39,500 --> 02:31:41,600
As evening approaches when it's 
time to sleep. 

2685
02:31:41,600 --> 02:31:44,800
Would you really want to confine
yourself to a dark? 

2686
02:31:44,800 --> 02:31:48,200
Stuffy interior. 
For many ancient people's, the 

2687
02:31:48,200 --> 02:31:51,600
answer was a resounding. 
No, they slept outside under the

2688
02:31:51,600 --> 02:31:54,800
sky in ways that might make your
modern camping trip. 

2689
02:31:54,800 --> 02:31:58,500
Look overly complicated in 
ancient Mesopotamia during the 

2690
02:31:58,500 --> 02:32:00,900
brutal summer heat. 
When temperatures could easily 

2691
02:32:00,900 --> 02:32:06,000
exceed 110 degrees Fahrenheit 
Wealthy City dwellers would 

2692
02:32:06,000 --> 02:32:09,400
carry their beds up to their 
flat roof tops as evening fell. 

2693
02:32:10,200 --> 02:32:13,200
This wasn't roughing it. 
This was practical climate 

2694
02:32:13,200 --> 02:32:15,600
control combined, with Cosmic 
entertainment. 

2695
02:32:16,600 --> 02:32:20,300
You'd lie there on your Reed mat
or wooden bed frame looking up 

2696
02:32:20,300 --> 02:32:23,500
at stars so bright and numerous 
they seemed close enough to 

2697
02:32:23,500 --> 02:32:27,000
touch while the days heat 
gradually radiated from the 

2698
02:32:27,000 --> 02:32:30,400
roof, top beneath you and 
whatever Breeze existed could 

2699
02:32:30,400 --> 02:32:33,200
reach your cooling skin. 
The roof, top bedroom was a 

2700
02:32:33,208 --> 02:32:37,000
feature of Urban Design across 
the ancient near East. houses 

2701
02:32:37,000 --> 02:32:39,800
with specifically built with 
flat roof, strong enough to 

2702
02:32:39,800 --> 02:32:43,800
support sleeping families, These
weren't emergency measures for 

2703
02:32:43,800 --> 02:32:46,500
unusually hot nights. 
They were primary sleeping 

2704
02:32:46,500 --> 02:32:50,700
locations for months at a time. 
You'd carry up your bedding at 

2705
02:32:50,700 --> 02:32:52,800
Sunset. 
Sleep through the relatively 

2706
02:32:52,800 --> 02:32:56,000
cooler night hours, and bring 
everything back down at dawn. 

2707
02:32:56,000 --> 02:32:59,100
Before the sun turned your roof.
Top into a skillet ancient 

2708
02:32:59,100 --> 02:33:01,700
Egyptians took outdoor sleeping.
Even further. 

2709
02:33:01,700 --> 02:33:05,700
The wealthy might have sleeping 
porches or Pavilions designed to

2710
02:33:05,708 --> 02:33:07,600
catch the evening Breeze from 
the Nile. 

2711
02:33:07,600 --> 02:33:10,400
These structures were 
essentially architectural 

2712
02:33:10,400 --> 02:33:14,100
solutions to the climate. 
With open sides, allowing air 

2713
02:33:14,100 --> 02:33:17,100
circulation while protecting 
sleepers from the more intense 

2714
02:33:17,100 --> 02:33:20,500
Sun during daytime hours when 
someone might want to nap, but 

2715
02:33:20,500 --> 02:33:23,700
even ordinary Egyptians often 
slept Outdoors during warmer 

2716
02:33:23,700 --> 02:33:27,300
months, your typical farmer or 
laborer might simply spread a 

2717
02:33:27,300 --> 02:33:29,300
mat on the ground outside their 
small home. 

2718
02:33:29,300 --> 02:33:32,400
Using the house itself as a 
Windbreak, if needed. 

2719
02:33:33,200 --> 02:33:35,700
The Earth beneath you would 
still be warm from the day son. 

2720
02:33:35,700 --> 02:33:39,800
Creating a natural heated pad 
while the Open Sky allowed body 

2721
02:33:39,800 --> 02:33:43,600
heat to dissipate the sensory 
experience of sleeping outdoors 

2722
02:33:43,600 --> 02:33:46,700
in ancient times was entirely 
different from Modern camping. 

2723
02:33:47,500 --> 02:33:51,200
There was no distant hum of 
Highways, no airplane, contrails

2724
02:33:51,200 --> 02:33:54,300
overhead and no light, pollution
washing out the Stars. 

2725
02:33:55,200 --> 02:33:58,800
The darkness was profound, 
textured and Alive. 

2726
02:33:58,800 --> 02:34:03,800
Your ears would attune to night.
Sounds wind moving through crops

2727
02:34:03,800 --> 02:34:07,300
or palm fronds. 
The distant calls of nightbirds 

2728
02:34:07,300 --> 02:34:10,300
or jackals and the clothes 
rustling of small. 

2729
02:34:10,300 --> 02:34:12,400
Nocturnal creatures. 
Going about their business, 

2730
02:34:12,400 --> 02:34:15,800
ancient peoples developed 
sophisticated knowledge of how 

2731
02:34:15,800 --> 02:34:19,400
to sleep safely Outdoors 
location mattered enormously. 

2732
02:34:19,400 --> 02:34:23,300
You'd avoid loss spots where 
cold air settled and mourning 

2733
02:34:23,300 --> 02:34:26,700
due would be heavy yes. 
You'd position yourself to catch

2734
02:34:26,700 --> 02:34:29,500
any Breeze but also avoid being 
too exposed to win. 

2735
02:34:29,500 --> 02:34:33,600
That might kill you before Dawn.
You'd sleep on slightly elevated

2736
02:34:33,600 --> 02:34:35,200
ground where water wouldn't 
pull. 

2737
02:34:35,200 --> 02:34:39,500
If unexpected rain came in 
ancient Greece and Rome summer 

2738
02:34:39,500 --> 02:34:42,000
sleeping Arrangements, often 
involve the guardian or 

2739
02:34:42,000 --> 02:34:45,000
Courtyard. 
Wealthy Romans would have slave 

2740
02:34:45,000 --> 02:34:47,200
set up couches in their 
peristyle Gardens. 

2741
02:34:47,200 --> 02:34:51,000
Those lovely, colonnaded spaces 
that were half indoors and half 

2742
02:34:51,000 --> 02:34:54,200
Outdoors, you'd fall asleep to 
the sound of a fountain. 

2743
02:34:54,200 --> 02:34:58,100
Surrounded by night, blooming 
flowers, and herbs who sensed 

2744
02:34:58,100 --> 02:34:59,400
became more intense in the 
cooler. 

2745
02:34:59,400 --> 02:35:01,200
Evening are the Greek 
philosopher. 

2746
02:35:01,200 --> 02:35:04,400
Diogenes famously slept in a 
large ceramic jar in the 

2747
02:35:04,408 --> 02:35:08,200
marketplace of Athens taking the
outdoor sleeping concept to an 

2748
02:35:08,200 --> 02:35:11,100
extreme that probably seemed 
eccentric even then. 

2749
02:35:12,600 --> 02:35:15,400
But his choice reflected a 
widespread understanding that 

2750
02:35:15,400 --> 02:35:17,400
sleeping Outdoors wasn't a 
hardship. 

2751
02:35:17,400 --> 02:35:20,800
It was often more comfortable 
than being inside ancient 

2752
02:35:20,800 --> 02:35:24,300
Chinese culture developed the 
concept of sleeping, porches and

2753
02:35:24,300 --> 02:35:26,800
Pavilions. 
And Gardens particularly for 

2754
02:35:26,800 --> 02:35:30,100
summer months, these structures 
were carefully positioned to 

2755
02:35:30,100 --> 02:35:33,300
maximize evening breezes and 
Morning Light while. 

2756
02:35:33,300 --> 02:35:35,700
Providing some protection from 
Sudden rain. 

2757
02:35:36,600 --> 02:35:39,400
The philosophy behind them 
wasn't just practical, it 

2758
02:35:39,400 --> 02:35:42,600
included ideas about connecting 
with natural energy, flows, 

2759
02:35:42,600 --> 02:35:46,400
during sleeps, vulnerable hours 
in Ancient India, sleeping 

2760
02:35:46,400 --> 02:35:48,900
Outdoors under mosquito Nets, 
was common practice. 

2761
02:35:49,900 --> 02:35:53,400
These nets were marvels of 
practical engineering, light 

2762
02:35:53,400 --> 02:35:57,000
enough to allow air circulation,
fine, enough to keep out insects

2763
02:35:57,000 --> 02:36:00,300
and often beautiful enough to 
serve as decorative elements. 

2764
02:36:00,300 --> 02:36:04,100
During the day, you'd sleep 
under a canopy of cotton or silk

2765
02:36:04,100 --> 02:36:08,500
the fabric moving gently with 
any Breeze, creating a private 

2766
02:36:08,500 --> 02:36:12,000
cocoon under the Open Sky. 
The Aboriginal peoples of 

2767
02:36:12,000 --> 02:36:15,100
Australia had perhaps the most 
sophisticated outdoor sleeping 

2768
02:36:15,100 --> 02:36:18,900
practices refined over 10s of 
thousands of years. 

2769
02:36:19,900 --> 02:36:22,400
The understood how to read the 
land for the best sleeping 

2770
02:36:22,400 --> 02:36:26,100
spots, how to position 
themselves relative to Fires for

2771
02:36:26,100 --> 02:36:30,100
warmth without smoking halation.
How to use windbreaks, 

2772
02:36:30,100 --> 02:36:33,600
effectively and how to stay 
comfortable in climate's ranging

2773
02:36:33,600 --> 02:36:37,000
from tropical to Desert 
Australian Aboriginal sleeping 

2774
02:36:37,000 --> 02:36:38,900
positions. 
Even had a temperature unit 

2775
02:36:38,900 --> 02:36:43,400
named after the Three Dog Night 
on cold nights, you'd sleep with

2776
02:36:43,400 --> 02:36:46,100
dogs dingoes in their case for 
warmth. 

2777
02:36:46,900 --> 02:36:49,300
A one dog night was chilly, but 
manageable. 

2778
02:36:50,100 --> 02:36:53,400
Three Dog Night meant. 
It was seriously cold, requiring

2779
02:36:53,400 --> 02:36:55,400
three, dogs to maintain a 
comfortable, sleeping 

2780
02:36:55,400 --> 02:36:59,100
temperature. these were pets in 
the modern sense, they were 

2781
02:36:59,108 --> 02:37:02,700
living breathing sleeping bags 
for nomadic peoples, across the 

2782
02:37:02,700 --> 02:37:06,600
ancient world sleeping under the
stars wasn't a choice but a way 

2783
02:37:06,608 --> 02:37:10,800
of life Where to in tribes in 
the Arabian, Desert perfected, 

2784
02:37:10,800 --> 02:37:13,800
the art of sleeping outdoors in 
extremely challenging 

2785
02:37:13,800 --> 02:37:16,500
conditions. 
They understood how to find 

2786
02:37:16,500 --> 02:37:19,300
ground that would radiate, 
warmth through the cold desert 

2787
02:37:19,300 --> 02:37:22,000
night. 
How to position camps to avoid 

2788
02:37:22,000 --> 02:37:25,100
flash floods in Wade's and how 
to create a fish. 

2789
02:37:25,100 --> 02:37:27,500
And Shelter From the intense 
son, while maintaining 

2790
02:37:27,500 --> 02:37:31,100
ventilation, the Bedouin knew 
that sleeping directly on Sand 

2791
02:37:31,100 --> 02:37:35,500
was usually uncomfortable, it 
provided no insulation and lost 

2792
02:37:35,500 --> 02:37:40,100
heat rapidly after sunset. 
Instead, they'd use multiple 

2793
02:37:40,100 --> 02:37:44,100
layers of woven goat hair 
blankets, creating a system that

2794
02:37:44,100 --> 02:37:48,700
insulated From Below while 
providing warmth above the goat 

2795
02:37:48,700 --> 02:37:50,400
hair. 
Naturally, repels some moisture 

2796
02:37:50,400 --> 02:37:52,900
and provided better. 
Insulation than plant fiber 

2797
02:37:52,900 --> 02:37:56,300
textiles ancient peoples, 
sleeping Outdoors developed 

2798
02:37:56,300 --> 02:37:59,200
intimate, knowledge of the night
sky, that served, both practical

2799
02:37:59,200 --> 02:38:03,100
and spiritual purposes, you'd 
Mark Time by constellations 

2800
02:38:03,100 --> 02:38:06,600
positions predict, whether by 
the appearance of the sky, and 

2801
02:38:06,600 --> 02:38:09,800
the behavior of animals and 
navigate by stars were 

2802
02:38:09,800 --> 02:38:12,400
necessary, the sky wasn't just 
seen. 

2803
02:38:12,400 --> 02:38:17,000
It was your clock calendar and 
weather for cast combined, 

2804
02:38:17,000 --> 02:38:20,300
seasonal changes determined 
sleeping Arrangements in most 

2805
02:38:20,300 --> 02:38:24,100
ancient cultures Some of meant 
sleeping Outdoors or in the most

2806
02:38:24,100 --> 02:38:27,200
ventilated spaces. 
Possible, winter meant 

2807
02:38:27,200 --> 02:38:31,300
retreating to whatever interior 
spaces existed, often shared 

2808
02:38:31,300 --> 02:38:34,100
with animals whose body heat 
contributed to warming. 

2809
02:38:34,100 --> 02:38:38,000
Small dwellings, but even in 
Winter, many ancient people's 

2810
02:38:38,000 --> 02:38:41,000
preferred sleeping near open 
doorways or Windows. 

2811
02:38:41,000 --> 02:38:45,300
When weather permitted valuing 
fresh air over sealed warmth. 

2812
02:38:46,100 --> 02:38:49,000
Spiritual dimension of sleeping.
Under the Open Sky, was 

2813
02:38:49,000 --> 02:38:52,600
significant for many cultures. 
Some believe that sleeping 

2814
02:38:52,600 --> 02:38:55,400
Outdoors made you more 
accessible to Divine messages 

2815
02:38:55,400 --> 02:38:59,400
and dreams that the unobstructed
connection between your sleeping

2816
02:38:59,400 --> 02:39:02,700
mind and the cosmos allowed for 
clearer communication with 

2817
02:39:02,700 --> 02:39:06,400
whatever gods or Spirits. 
You recognized Native American 

2818
02:39:06,400 --> 02:39:09,200
tribes across North America, 
often preferred sleeping under 

2819
02:39:09,200 --> 02:39:11,600
the stars, even when other 
options existed. 

2820
02:39:12,500 --> 02:39:14,400
The practice wasn't just about 
Comfort. 

2821
02:39:14,400 --> 02:39:18,500
It reflected a philosophical 
position about Humanity's place 

2822
02:39:18,500 --> 02:39:21,800
in the natural world. 
Being enclosed in solid 

2823
02:39:21,800 --> 02:39:24,800
structures for sleeping seemed 
almost insulting to the Earth 

2824
02:39:24,800 --> 02:39:29,200
and Sky, a rejection of the 
world that provided everything 

2825
02:39:29,200 --> 02:39:32,400
you needed. 
Get ready for this one privacy 

2826
02:39:32,400 --> 02:39:35,200
while sleeping is a modern 
luxury that your ancestors would

2827
02:39:35,200 --> 02:39:37,300
have found bizarre and possibly 
even disturbing. 

2828
02:39:38,200 --> 02:39:40,600
For most of human history, 
sleeping alone wasn't just 

2829
02:39:40,600 --> 02:39:42,700
unusual. 
It was actually considered 

2830
02:39:42,700 --> 02:39:47,400
unhealthy potentially dangerous,
and maybe even a sign of social 

2831
02:39:47,400 --> 02:39:50,800
failure, picture a typical 
medieval English household 

2832
02:39:50,800 --> 02:39:54,900
though, similar Arrangements, 
existed in ancient Rome Tang, 

2833
02:39:54,900 --> 02:39:57,800
dinasti China and in indigenous 
cultures worldwide. 

2834
02:39:59,200 --> 02:40:03,700
The entire family, parents 
children, possibly grandparents 

2835
02:40:03,700 --> 02:40:07,600
maybe apprentices or servants 
would sleep in the same room. 

2836
02:40:08,400 --> 02:40:11,200
Not because they had no other 
choice but because sleeping 

2837
02:40:11,200 --> 02:40:15,200
together was the expected. 
Normal healthy way to do it. 

2838
02:40:15,200 --> 02:40:18,300
This communal sleeping wasn't 
just about body heat 

2839
02:40:18,300 --> 02:40:21,700
conservation though in drafty 
ancient buildings that were 

2840
02:40:21,700 --> 02:40:26,100
certainly a practical benefit. 
It was about security, social 

2841
02:40:26,100 --> 02:40:29,400
bonding, and a fundamental 
understanding of human nature 

2842
02:40:29,400 --> 02:40:33,300
that we've largely abandoned in 
modern Western culture in 

2843
02:40:33,300 --> 02:40:35,900
ancient Japan. 
The concept of separate bedrooms

2844
02:40:35,900 --> 02:40:38,700
didn't really exist in most 
households until remarkably 

2845
02:40:38,700 --> 02:40:42,700
recently, Families would spread 
ones across their main living 

2846
02:40:42,700 --> 02:40:45,800
space each evening and sleep 
together in the same room. 

2847
02:40:46,700 --> 02:40:49,200
The act of laying out sleeping 
mats and tucking them away in 

2848
02:40:49,200 --> 02:40:52,300
the morning, was part of the 
daily Rhythm, a ritual that 

2849
02:40:52,300 --> 02:40:55,100
marked the transition between 
waking and sleeping life. 

2850
02:40:55,100 --> 02:40:58,400
Ancient, Romans, sleeping 
Arrangements of varied by class.

2851
02:40:58,400 --> 02:41:02,700
But shared this communal aspect.
A wealthy Roman household might 

2852
02:41:02,700 --> 02:41:04,000
have sleeping. 
Cubicles. 

2853
02:41:04,000 --> 02:41:08,800
Cubicle off the atrium but these
small rooms often contained 

2854
02:41:08,800 --> 02:41:11,900
multiple beds. 
Parents and young children would

2855
02:41:11,900 --> 02:41:15,000
share space while older children
and household, servants, might 

2856
02:41:15,000 --> 02:41:16,400
sleep in other group 
derangements? 

2857
02:41:17,300 --> 02:41:20,900
Sleeping alone was so unusual 
that when it happened writers 

2858
02:41:20,900 --> 02:41:24,500
mentioned its specifically as 
noteworthy, the ancient Greeks 

2859
02:41:24,500 --> 02:41:27,800
had a similar approach. 
Their homes were designed around

2860
02:41:27,800 --> 02:41:31,200
a central Courtyard with 
sleeping rooms, radiating off 

2861
02:41:31,200 --> 02:41:33,600
it. 
But privacy, as we understand it

2862
02:41:33,600 --> 02:41:37,900
individual rooms for individual 
sleepers wasn't the goal. 

2863
02:41:39,000 --> 02:41:42,200
The word alone in ancient Greek,
could carry connotations of 

2864
02:41:42,200 --> 02:41:45,700
Exile or punishment. 
Why would anyone voluntarily 

2865
02:41:45,700 --> 02:41:48,400
endure that condition for the 
vulnerable hours of sleep? 

2866
02:41:48,400 --> 02:41:51,200
In medieval Europe? 
The Great Hall of castles and 

2867
02:41:51,200 --> 02:41:54,300
manor houses often served as the
communal bedroom for most of the

2868
02:41:54,300 --> 02:41:56,900
household. 
The Lord and Lady might have a 

2869
02:41:56,900 --> 02:41:59,100
slightly more private space 
though. 

2870
02:41:59,100 --> 02:42:01,600
Private still often meant 
sharing with children and 

2871
02:42:01,600 --> 02:42:05,000
trusted servants but everyone 
else would bed down in the main 

2872
02:42:05,000 --> 02:42:07,600
hall. 
You'd fall asleep to the sound 

2873
02:42:07,600 --> 02:42:11,200
of other people, breathing 
shifting, occasionally snoring 

2874
02:42:11,200 --> 02:42:14,900
maybe talking in their sleep. 
This Arrangement had practical 

2875
02:42:14,900 --> 02:42:18,700
Security benefits, In a world 
before alarm systems, and police

2876
02:42:18,700 --> 02:42:20,900
forces. 
Having many people sleeping in 

2877
02:42:20,900 --> 02:42:23,400
the same space meant better 
protection against Intruders. 

2878
02:42:24,300 --> 02:42:27,100
If someone unusual entered 
during the night, multiple 

2879
02:42:27,100 --> 02:42:30,400
people would like to wake and 
raise the alarm but the communal

2880
02:42:30,400 --> 02:42:32,800
sleeping went deeper than mere 
practicality. 

2881
02:42:32,800 --> 02:42:36,400
Ancient people's understood. 
Something about human psychology

2882
02:42:36,400 --> 02:42:39,600
that we're only now 
rediscovering through research 

2883
02:42:39,600 --> 02:42:43,400
humans, regulate their nervous 
systems through proximity to 

2884
02:42:43,400 --> 02:42:47,500
other humans Sleeping near 
people, you trust actually helps

2885
02:42:47,500 --> 02:42:51,100
you achieve deeper more restful 
sleep because your subconscious 

2886
02:42:51,100 --> 02:42:54,700
doesn't need to maintain. 
High alert levels, babies and 

2887
02:42:54,700 --> 02:42:55,700
young. 
Children slept with their 

2888
02:42:55,708 --> 02:42:58,700
parents, as a matter, of course,
in virtually all ancient 

2889
02:42:58,700 --> 02:43:02,400
cultures, The modern Western 
practice of putting infants and 

2890
02:43:02,408 --> 02:43:06,300
separate rooms would have struck
ancient peoples as negligent. 

2891
02:43:06,900 --> 02:43:11,300
Potentially cruel and dangerous.
How could you protect your child

2892
02:43:11,300 --> 02:43:14,100
respond to their needs? 
Or ensure? 

2893
02:43:14,100 --> 02:43:16,200
They survive the night. 
If they were in another room, 

2894
02:43:16,200 --> 02:43:19,900
the ancient practice of communal
sleeping included, elaborate 

2895
02:43:19,900 --> 02:43:22,300
social rules about positioning 
and higher Archie. 

2896
02:43:23,000 --> 02:43:26,100
In a Roman household where you 
slept relative to others, 

2897
02:43:26,100 --> 02:43:30,100
reflected your status. 
In a Japanese household, the 

2898
02:43:30,100 --> 02:43:32,600
specific location of each 
person's futon. 

2899
02:43:32,600 --> 02:43:37,000
Followed careful protocols. 
These were arbitrary rules, they

2900
02:43:37,000 --> 02:43:39,600
were ways of maintaining social 
harmony even during the 

2901
02:43:39,600 --> 02:43:42,700
vulnerable hours of sleep. 
Medieval ins took communal 

2902
02:43:42,700 --> 02:43:45,200
sleeping to levels that would 
horrify modern Travelers. 

2903
02:43:46,000 --> 02:43:49,500
You didn't rent a room. 
You rented a space in a bed that

2904
02:43:49,500 --> 02:43:51,800
bed would likely contain several
other Travelers. 

2905
02:43:51,800 --> 02:43:54,200
Complete strangers. 
Who had also paid for their 

2906
02:43:54,200 --> 02:43:58,000
spot. 
The large beds at Inns weren't 

2907
02:43:58,000 --> 02:44:00,400
romantic. 
They were an efficient use of 

2908
02:44:00,408 --> 02:44:04,200
space, allowing innkeepers to 
accommodate many Travelers in 

2909
02:44:04,200 --> 02:44:06,908
limited rooms. 
He shared in beds, had their own

2910
02:44:06,916 --> 02:44:10,500
etiquette, you'd sleep in your 
day clothes, perhaps removing 

2911
02:44:10,500 --> 02:44:12,800
outer layers. 
You'd position yourself, 

2912
02:44:12,800 --> 02:44:15,600
carefully to minimize, 
disturbing your bed Partners, 

2913
02:44:15,600 --> 02:44:18,200
you'd accept that someone else's
cold feet. 

2914
02:44:18,200 --> 02:44:21,000
Might touch your leg during the 
night and that was just part of 

2915
02:44:21,000 --> 02:44:23,800
traveling. 
Complaints about sharing beds 

2916
02:44:23,800 --> 02:44:26,000
with strangers, don't appear in 
historical records. 

2917
02:44:26,000 --> 02:44:30,600
It was simply how ins worked 
ancient people's understood that

2918
02:44:30,600 --> 02:44:33,300
sleeping near others provided 
warmth in ways that made 

2919
02:44:33,300 --> 02:44:36,100
survival possible in cold 
climates without Modern Heating.

2920
02:44:37,100 --> 02:44:41,000
In Norse long houses, the entire
extended family Clan might sleep

2921
02:44:41,000 --> 02:44:45,000
in one, large, communal, space 
with the warmth from many bodies

2922
02:44:45,000 --> 02:44:48,200
and the central fire making the 
structure habitable through 

2923
02:44:48,200 --> 02:44:51,300
brutal Winters. 
The social bonding that occurred

2924
02:44:51,300 --> 02:44:54,900
through communal sleeping was 
significant, you developed deep 

2925
02:44:54,900 --> 02:44:59,600
familiarity with your households
rhythms who snored Who Rose for 

2926
02:44:59,600 --> 02:45:03,600
the privy multiple times, who 
talked in their sleep and whose 

2927
02:45:03,600 --> 02:45:07,400
babies woke for feeding. 
This intimate knowledge of each 

2928
02:45:07,400 --> 02:45:10,100
other's patterns created, social
cohesion. 

2929
02:45:10,100 --> 02:45:13,500
That's hard to replicate when 
everyone sleeps in isolation. 

2930
02:45:13,500 --> 02:45:17,800
In ancient China, the Kang a 
heated platform bed large enough

2931
02:45:17,800 --> 02:45:21,200
for entire families served as 
the center of household life 

2932
02:45:21,200 --> 02:45:24,700
during winter months, The family
would sleep together on this 

2933
02:45:24,700 --> 02:45:27,000
warm surface during waking 
hours. 

2934
02:45:27,000 --> 02:45:30,000
It might serve as a workspace or
dining surface. 

2935
02:45:30,000 --> 02:45:33,300
The king wasn't just Furniture, 
it was the heart of the 

2936
02:45:33,308 --> 02:45:36,600
household and sleeping on it. 
Together, reinforced family 

2937
02:45:36,600 --> 02:45:40,400
bonds, monastic communities took
communal sleeping to an 

2938
02:45:40,400 --> 02:45:44,000
Institutional level medieval 
monks would sleep in dormitories

2939
02:45:44,000 --> 02:45:48,000
rows of simple beds or sleeping 
Platforms in one large room. 

2940
02:45:49,000 --> 02:45:51,100
This Arrangement served 
religious purposes. 

2941
02:45:51,100 --> 02:45:55,500
It promoted, humility 
discouraged, private Vice and 

2942
02:45:55,500 --> 02:45:58,500
created an atmosphere of 
communal spiritual discipline. 

2943
02:45:59,700 --> 02:46:03,000
But it also reflected the same 
deep human preference for 

2944
02:46:03,000 --> 02:46:06,000
sleeping in groups that existed 
in secular life. 

2945
02:46:06,000 --> 02:46:09,800
You might have a glass of water 
on your nightstand, maybe your 

2946
02:46:09,800 --> 02:46:14,400
phone charging, perhaps a book. 
Now imagine if your bedside was 

2947
02:46:14,400 --> 02:46:19,700
crowded with amulets talismans 
herbs, magical, symbols, and 

2948
02:46:19,700 --> 02:46:22,700
various objects designed to 
protect you from the very 

2949
02:46:22,700 --> 02:46:26,500
specific dangers, that looked in
the dark, welcome to bedtime 

2950
02:46:26,500 --> 02:46:30,500
rituals across ancient cultures,
we're going to sleep was as much

2951
02:46:30,500 --> 02:46:34,100
spiritual preparation, as 
physical settling ancient 

2952
02:46:34,100 --> 02:46:36,800
Egyptians took nighttime 
protection seriously. 

2953
02:46:37,800 --> 02:46:40,700
The typical household might have
small figurines of protective 

2954
02:46:40,700 --> 02:46:42,900
deities, positioned around 
sleeping areas. 

2955
02:46:44,100 --> 02:46:48,100
Best a dwarf, god with a lion's 
mane and a rather comical 

2956
02:46:48,100 --> 02:46:50,800
appearance. 
Particularly popular for bedroom

2957
02:46:50,800 --> 02:46:53,700
protection. 
He looked Fierce enough to scare

2958
02:46:53,700 --> 02:46:56,600
off, harmful spirits, but 
friendly enough that you 

2959
02:46:56,600 --> 02:46:58,400
wouldn't mind having him watch 
over you all night. 

2960
02:46:58,400 --> 02:47:01,400
These protective Figures were 
mere decoration. 

2961
02:47:02,200 --> 02:47:05,100
Families would address them 
directly during evening rituals,

2962
02:47:05,100 --> 02:47:08,500
essentially asking for security 
through the vulnerable night 

2963
02:47:08,500 --> 02:47:10,900
hours. 
You might touch the amulet, 

2964
02:47:10,900 --> 02:47:14,300
while reciting a brief prayer or
formula creating a small 

2965
02:47:14,300 --> 02:47:17,600
ceremony that marked the 
transition from waking concerned

2966
02:47:17,600 --> 02:47:20,400
to sleeping. 
Trust the ancient Romans had 

2967
02:47:20,400 --> 02:47:22,200
their layers. 
Household. 

2968
02:47:22,200 --> 02:47:24,800
Protective spirits that watched 
over the family's well-being. 

2969
02:47:25,800 --> 02:47:28,600
Before sleep, you might leave a 
small offering at the lararium, 

2970
02:47:28,600 --> 02:47:32,300
the household Shrine, perhaps a 
bit of food, or a pinch of 

2971
02:47:32,308 --> 02:47:34,800
incense, this wasn't 
Superstition. 

2972
02:47:34,800 --> 02:47:38,700
It was relationship maintenance 
with the supernatural forces 

2973
02:47:38,700 --> 02:47:41,700
that shared your home. 
Many ancient cultures, believed 

2974
02:47:41,700 --> 02:47:44,800
that specific plants had 
nighttime protective properties.

2975
02:47:44,800 --> 02:47:48,800
Medieval Europeans might stuff, 
pillows, or mattresses with 

2976
02:47:48,800 --> 02:47:52,000
herbs like mugwort believed to 
prevent nightmares. 

2977
02:47:52,000 --> 02:47:56,300
And promote prophetic dreams The
strong slightly, bitter scent 

2978
02:47:56,300 --> 02:47:59,200
would be the last thing he 
smelled before, sleep, and 

2979
02:47:59,200 --> 02:48:01,900
possibly, the first thing you 
notice, if you woke during the 

2980
02:48:01,900 --> 02:48:05,700
night, lavender chamomile, and 
Vervain found their way into 

2981
02:48:05,700 --> 02:48:08,700
sleeping space as across ancient
Mediterranean cultures. 

2982
02:48:09,600 --> 02:48:11,000
These weren't just Pleasant 
scents. 

2983
02:48:11,000 --> 02:48:13,300
They were considered spiritually
significant. 

2984
02:48:14,400 --> 02:48:17,100
Lavender was associated with 
Purity and protection. 

2985
02:48:17,100 --> 02:48:21,800
Camera was connected to solar 
deities and thus provided a link

2986
02:48:21,800 --> 02:48:25,700
to light even during Darkness 
The vein was believed to prevent

2987
02:48:25,700 --> 02:48:29,000
evil spirits, from approaching 
sleepers, ancient Chinese 

2988
02:48:29,000 --> 02:48:31,800
sleeping rituals involved. 
Careful attention to placement 

2989
02:48:31,800 --> 02:48:34,700
and direction. 
You might hang specific 

2990
02:48:34,700 --> 02:48:38,200
talismans on the wall. 
Facing your bed, images of 

2991
02:48:38,200 --> 02:48:41,800
protective deities. 
Coins arranged in auspicious 

2992
02:48:41,800 --> 02:48:46,000
patterns or rickon charms with 
prayers or formulas designed to 

2993
02:48:46,000 --> 02:48:50,000
ward off nightmare bringing 
spirits The bedroom became a 

2994
02:48:50,000 --> 02:48:53,000
carefully, curated space where 
every object had a protective 

2995
02:48:53,000 --> 02:48:55,300
purpose. 
The placement of mirrors was 

2996
02:48:55,300 --> 02:48:58,700
particularly important in many 
cultures, ancient peoples, 

2997
02:48:58,700 --> 02:49:01,100
generally avoided having 
mirrors, and sleeping areas. 

2998
02:49:01,100 --> 02:49:03,900
Or if mirrors were present 
they'd be covered at night. 

2999
02:49:05,300 --> 02:49:07,900
The reasoning. 
Varied, some believed mirrors, 

3000
02:49:07,900 --> 02:49:11,400
could trap Souls others thought 
they provided portway for 

3001
02:49:11,400 --> 02:49:14,900
spirits to enter the physical 
world and still others, worry 

3002
02:49:14,900 --> 02:49:17,700
that catching your reflection. 
While in the vulnerable state 

3003
02:49:17,700 --> 02:49:21,900
between sleeping and waking 
could bring bad luck in Ancient 

3004
02:49:21,900 --> 02:49:24,300
India. 
The practice of placing sacred 

3005
02:49:24,300 --> 02:49:26,900
items near sleeping space is 
highly developed. 

3006
02:49:27,800 --> 02:49:31,100
You might have a small oil lamp 
burning through the night, not 

3007
02:49:31,100 --> 02:49:34,200
just for light, but as a 
symbolic presence of divine 

3008
02:49:34,200 --> 02:49:38,200
awareness, The flickering flame 
represented the Eternal 

3009
02:49:38,200 --> 02:49:42,200
unchanging reality beyond the 
illusions of both waking and 

3010
02:49:42,200 --> 02:49:45,600
sleeping Consciousness. 
Many ancient cultures prescribed

3011
02:49:45,600 --> 02:49:49,200
specific prayers or recitations 
to be performed while lying down

3012
02:49:49,200 --> 02:49:52,200
to sleep. 
These were quick mumbles, they 

3013
02:49:52,200 --> 02:49:55,200
were substantial verbal 
formulas, that served multiple 

3014
02:49:55,200 --> 02:49:59,200
purposes, they calm the Mind 
marked, the transition to sleep 

3015
02:49:59,200 --> 02:50:03,000
in vocht protection and 
sometimes asked for specific 

3016
02:50:03,000 --> 02:50:05,300
kinds of dreams or messages 
during the night. 

3017
02:50:05,300 --> 02:50:09,000
Ancient Mesopotamians, used 
clay, tablets inscribed with 

3018
02:50:09,000 --> 02:50:12,900
protective spells, positioned 
around sleeping areas to create 

3019
02:50:12,900 --> 02:50:16,900
a perimeter of safety. 
These tablets contained, 

3020
02:50:16,900 --> 02:50:20,400
elaborate formulas, addressing 
various nighttime dangers, 

3021
02:50:20,400 --> 02:50:25,500
Demons of disease, spirits of 
chaos, and the ghosts of those 

3022
02:50:25,500 --> 02:50:28,400
who died untimely deaths and 
might be angry about it. 

3023
02:50:29,400 --> 02:50:32,900
Reading these tablets today, you
realize how many specific 

3024
02:50:32,900 --> 02:50:36,200
threats ancient people's worried
about during sleeps 

3025
02:50:36,200 --> 02:50:39,000
vulnerability. 
The concept of The Nightmare has

3026
02:50:39,000 --> 02:50:40,700
much older Roots than you might 
imagine. 

3027
02:50:40,700 --> 02:50:44,400
And the word itself reflects 
ancient belief systems. 

3028
02:50:44,400 --> 02:50:48,500
The mayor part comes from a 
proto-germanic word for a spirit

3029
02:50:48,508 --> 02:50:52,700
that sits on sleepers chests, 
causing bad dreams and breathing

3030
02:50:52,700 --> 02:50:55,500
difficulties. 
Various cultures had their own 

3031
02:50:55,500 --> 02:51:00,600
version, the incubus in medieval
European tradition, the lidar in

3032
02:51:00,600 --> 02:51:04,200
Hungarian folklore and the 
shaytan Layla in Arabic 

3033
02:51:04,200 --> 02:51:07,200
tradition protection against 
these nightmare Spirits 

3034
02:51:07,200 --> 02:51:09,800
involved, physical towers of War
during sleep. 

3035
02:51:10,700 --> 02:51:13,500
Ancient people's might wear 
amulets, strong on cords around 

3036
02:51:13,500 --> 02:51:16,200
their necks. 
Sexual rings that featured 

3037
02:51:16,200 --> 02:51:20,300
protective symbols or small bags
of herbs and Stones tucked under

3038
02:51:20,300 --> 02:51:23,600
pillows or mattresses. 
These weren't just comforting 

3039
02:51:23,600 --> 02:51:26,800
superstitions, they were 
Technologies of Consciousness 

3040
02:51:26,800 --> 02:51:30,400
tools, that helped the sleeping 
mind feel secure enough to 

3041
02:51:30,400 --> 02:51:33,900
release into deep rest. 
The practice of placing iron 

3042
02:51:33,900 --> 02:51:37,100
near the bed, was common across,
many ancient cultures from 

3043
02:51:37,100 --> 02:51:41,600
Celtic Britain to ancient China.
Iron was believed to repel or 

3044
02:51:41,600 --> 02:51:45,000
confuse malevolent spirits. 
You might find an iron 

3045
02:51:45,000 --> 02:51:46,500
horseshoe. 
Nailed above the bedroom, 

3046
02:51:46,500 --> 02:51:50,700
entrance iron, Nails driven into
the bed frame or small iron 

3047
02:51:50,700 --> 02:51:53,400
objects positioned at the 
corners of sleeping spaces. 

3048
02:51:54,400 --> 02:51:58,700
The metal itself was considered 
magically potent, its strength 

3049
02:51:58,700 --> 02:52:01,900
and durability translating into 
spiritual protective power 

3050
02:52:01,900 --> 02:52:04,700
ancient people. 
Also use sound for nighttime 

3051
02:52:04,700 --> 02:52:08,300
protection, Bells were 
particularly popular, they're 

3052
02:52:08,300 --> 02:52:10,100
Clear. 
Tone was believed to disperse, 

3053
02:52:10,100 --> 02:52:14,200
harmful entities, you might have
small bells so into the hanging 

3054
02:52:14,200 --> 02:52:17,700
around your bed positioned. 
So that any movement of the 

3055
02:52:17,700 --> 02:52:22,000
fabric would create gentle 
chiming The sound wouldn't 

3056
02:52:22,000 --> 02:52:25,200
necessarily wake you but it 
would create an acoustic 

3057
02:52:25,200 --> 02:52:27,900
environment believed to be 
inhospitable to nightmare 

3058
02:52:27,900 --> 02:52:30,400
Spirits. 
Salt appeared frequently in 

3059
02:52:30,400 --> 02:52:34,400
ancient sleeping, rituals a line
of salt to cross the threshold 

3060
02:52:34,400 --> 02:52:37,300
of the sleeping Room. 
Salt scattered in the corners, 

3061
02:52:37,300 --> 02:52:41,300
or small bags of salt under the 
pillow, all these practices 

3062
02:52:41,300 --> 02:52:44,400
existed across diverse cultures.
Salt. 

3063
02:52:44,400 --> 02:52:47,800
Preservative properties, made it
symbolically powerful against 

3064
02:52:47,800 --> 02:52:51,100
Decay and Corruption. 
And this power extended to 

3065
02:52:51,100 --> 02:52:53,100
spiritual protection during 
sleeps. 

3066
02:52:53,100 --> 02:52:56,700
Vulnerability dreams, themselves
were so important to ancient 

3067
02:52:56,700 --> 02:52:59,600
cultures. 
That inducing specific kinds of 

3068
02:52:59,600 --> 02:53:04,000
dreams became a major focus of 
bed time, rituals If you wanted 

3069
02:53:04,000 --> 02:53:07,000
prophetic dreams, you might 
sleep with a piece of paper 

3070
02:53:07,000 --> 02:53:10,100
under your pillow on which you'd
written a question for the Gods.

3071
02:53:10,900 --> 02:53:13,500
In ancient Greece, sick people 
would sleep in temples, 

3072
02:53:13,500 --> 02:53:17,600
dedicated to a sleepiest. 
The god of healing hoping to 

3073
02:53:17,600 --> 02:53:21,000
receive cure instructions in 
their dreams, the practice of 

3074
02:53:21,000 --> 02:53:25,000
incubation, deliberately 
sleeping, and sacred spaces to 

3075
02:53:25,000 --> 02:53:28,400
receive Divine dreams was 
formalized in many ancient 

3076
02:53:28,400 --> 02:53:30,600
cultures. 
You'd undergo purification 

3077
02:53:30,600 --> 02:53:35,600
rituals, make offerings, recites
specific prayers and then sleep 

3078
02:53:35,600 --> 02:53:39,200
in the temple precincts. 
The expectation, was that the 

3079
02:53:39,200 --> 02:53:42,100
deity associated with that 
space, would visit your dreams 

3080
02:53:42,100 --> 02:53:45,000
with Messengers, healing or 
guidance. 

3081
02:53:45,000 --> 02:53:48,300
Imagine walking into a furniture
store where the bed options 

3082
02:53:48,300 --> 02:53:51,300
include a pile of leather straps
stretched across a wooden frame.

3083
02:53:51,300 --> 02:53:55,500
A woven Reed mat that gets 
rolled up each morning a sand 

3084
02:53:55,500 --> 02:53:59,300
filled pit line with animal 
hides or a platform. 

3085
02:53:59,300 --> 02:54:02,100
Designed primarily to keep your 
way from flawed dwelling 

3086
02:54:02,100 --> 02:54:05,200
scorpions. 
Welcome to ancient bedroom 

3087
02:54:05,200 --> 02:54:09,300
furniture where Comfort was 
defined very differently than it

3088
02:54:09,300 --> 02:54:12,600
is in your mattress store. 
Catalog, the ancient Egyptians 

3089
02:54:12,600 --> 02:54:15,600
actually had Fairly 
sophisticated beds, at least by 

3090
02:54:15,600 --> 02:54:19,100
pre-modern standards. 
If you are wealthy, you might 

3091
02:54:19,100 --> 02:54:22,300
own a wooden bed frame elevated 
on legs carved to look like 

3092
02:54:22,300 --> 02:54:25,600
animal paws. 
Usually lion or bull feet 

3093
02:54:25,600 --> 02:54:28,700
because nothing says restful 
sleep. 

3094
02:54:28,700 --> 02:54:33,200
Like thinking about powerful 
animals, these frames held a 

3095
02:54:33,200 --> 02:54:37,000
sleeping surface made of woven 
rope or leather straps creating 

3096
02:54:37,000 --> 02:54:39,900
a slightly yielding platform 
that distributed weight 

3097
02:54:39,900 --> 02:54:43,200
reasonably well but here's the 
part that might make you squirt.

3098
02:54:44,000 --> 02:54:47,600
Egyptian beds, Had A peculiar 
feature called a headrest, which

3099
02:54:47,600 --> 02:54:50,500
was nothing like your plump 
pillow, in Stead. 

3100
02:54:50,500 --> 02:54:54,900
It was a curved piece of wood 
stone or ceramic position to 

3101
02:54:54,900 --> 02:54:57,600
support your neck while your 
head hung off the bed's Edge. 

3102
02:54:57,600 --> 02:55:00,300
Your skull would be suspended in
air. 

3103
02:55:00,300 --> 02:55:03,200
While your neck rested. 
On this hard curved surface, 

3104
02:55:03,200 --> 02:55:06,900
Egyptians apparently found this 
comfortable, or at least 

3105
02:55:06,900 --> 02:55:10,500
preferable to Alternatives. 
These headrests served multiple 

3106
02:55:10,500 --> 02:55:13,600
purposes Beyond next. 
Support the elevated. 

3107
02:55:13,600 --> 02:55:16,500
Your head away from crawling. 
Insects that might Traverse the 

3108
02:55:16,500 --> 02:55:18,000
sleeping surface during the 
night. 

3109
02:55:18,700 --> 02:55:21,500
The kept your elaborate 
hairstyles from getting crushed 

3110
02:55:21,500 --> 02:55:23,700
hair maintenance, was serious 
business. 

3111
02:55:23,700 --> 02:55:27,000
In ancient Egypt, and they were 
believed to have protective 

3112
02:55:27,000 --> 02:55:29,800
properties. 
Some were decorated with images 

3113
02:55:29,800 --> 02:55:33,300
of gods or protective symbols 
positioned, right? 

3114
02:55:33,300 --> 02:55:35,500
At the vulnerable passage 
between the skull and body. 

3115
02:55:35,500 --> 02:55:39,600
The ancient Romans elevated bed 
designed to an art form at least

3116
02:55:39,600 --> 02:55:43,200
for the wealthy A well-off Roman
might sleep on a lectus, 

3117
02:55:43,200 --> 02:55:46,900
essentially, a couch that served
double duty for reclining during

3118
02:55:46,900 --> 02:55:51,000
meals, and sleeping at night. 
These featured wooden frames 

3119
02:55:51,000 --> 02:55:55,200
often beautifully decorated with
inlays and carvings with the 

3120
02:55:55,200 --> 02:55:58,400
sleeping surface created by a 
lattice of rope or leather 

3121
02:55:58,400 --> 02:56:03,200
straps topped with cushions 
stuffed with wool straw or if 

3122
02:56:03,200 --> 02:56:07,500
you were truly wealthy down 
feathers, but most Romans, like,

3123
02:56:07,500 --> 02:56:10,900
most ancient people's slept on 
much simpler surfaces. 

3124
02:56:11,900 --> 02:56:13,400
Straw filled mattress on the 
floor. 

3125
02:56:13,400 --> 02:56:16,400
A simple wooden platform or even
just blanket. 

3126
02:56:16,400 --> 02:56:20,100
Spread directly on the ground a 
far more common than elaborate 

3127
02:56:20,100 --> 02:56:23,200
bed frame. 
Straw had the advantage of being

3128
02:56:23,200 --> 02:56:27,300
cheap and readily renewable and 
providing some insulation from 

3129
02:56:27,300 --> 02:56:31,000
cold floors. 
Its disadvantages included a 

3130
02:56:31,000 --> 02:56:34,700
tracking various insects and 
needing frequent replacement 

3131
02:56:34,700 --> 02:56:39,500
when it became compressed. 
And frankly unpleasant, ancient 

3132
02:56:39,500 --> 02:56:41,600
Greek beds were similar to Roman
ones. 

3133
02:56:42,200 --> 02:56:45,700
Featuring the same basic design 
of wooden frames with ropes, 

3134
02:56:45,700 --> 02:56:48,500
sleeping surfaces. 
But the Greeks added an 

3135
02:56:48,500 --> 02:56:52,900
interesting innovation. 
Klein, a type of couch bed that 

3136
02:56:52,900 --> 02:56:56,800
featured raised edges on three 
sides, creating a semi-enclosed 

3137
02:56:56,800 --> 02:57:00,700
sleeping space. 
These raised edges weren't just 

3138
02:57:00,700 --> 02:57:03,200
decorative. 
They helped to keep bedding and 

3139
02:57:03,200 --> 02:57:05,100
sleepers from Rolling off during
the night. 

3140
02:57:06,000 --> 02:57:10,100
Functioned as backrest during 
waking hours and created a cycle

3141
02:57:10,100 --> 02:57:13,400
sense of protected space in 
ancient China. 

3142
02:57:13,400 --> 02:57:15,700
The king that he did platform 
bed. 

3143
02:57:15,700 --> 02:57:19,300
Mentioned earlier, represented, 
sophisticated engineering, 

3144
02:57:19,300 --> 02:57:23,600
applied to sleeping comfort. 
The Kang was essentially a brick

3145
02:57:23,600 --> 02:57:26,900
or clay platform built over a 
system of flus that carried warm

3146
02:57:26,900 --> 02:57:29,100
smoke from the kitchen or 
heating fire. 

3147
02:57:30,000 --> 02:57:33,600
The surface would be warm 
sometimes almost hot providing 

3148
02:57:33,600 --> 02:57:37,000
radiant heat from Below. 
Families would cover this 

3149
02:57:37,000 --> 02:57:41,200
platform with maps and cushions 
creating a sleeping surface that

3150
02:57:41,200 --> 02:57:45,400
remained comfortably warm. 
Even during bitter Winters, the 

3151
02:57:45,400 --> 02:57:48,000
thermal mass of the king meant, 
it would stay warm for hours 

3152
02:57:48,000 --> 02:57:51,100
after the fire went out, 
providing consistent warmth 

3153
02:57:51,100 --> 02:57:53,900
through the night. 
But it also meant you needed to 

3154
02:57:53,900 --> 02:57:57,200
be careful about the temperature
too hot and you'd be 

3155
02:57:57,200 --> 02:58:00,800
uncomfortable too cool. 
And you'd lose the main benefit.

3156
02:58:02,000 --> 02:58:05,800
Managing a can was something of 
an art form, requiring attention

3157
02:58:05,800 --> 02:58:09,000
to fire temperature, flew draft 
and seasonal adjustments. 

3158
02:58:09,000 --> 02:58:12,700
Japanese sleeping surfaces were 
elegant in their simplicity. 

3159
02:58:13,700 --> 02:58:16,900
The futon wasn't the thick 
folded mattress that Western has

3160
02:58:16,900 --> 02:58:20,200
associated with that word. 
Traditional futons were 

3161
02:58:20,200 --> 02:58:23,900
relatively thin cotton batting 
mattresses, laid directly onto 

3162
02:58:23,900 --> 02:58:26,800
Tammy. 
Mats, those woven Rush grass 

3163
02:58:26,800 --> 02:58:30,500
Floor Covering that have slight 
cushioning and natural humidity,

3164
02:58:30,500 --> 02:58:34,100
regulating properties. 
You'd sleep on a surface. 

3165
02:58:34,100 --> 02:58:37,400
That was barely an inch or two 
thick yet millions of people 

3166
02:58:37,400 --> 02:58:39,100
found this comfortable for 
centuries. 

3167
02:58:39,100 --> 02:58:42,200
The practice of laying out and 
putting away Foods. 

3168
02:58:42,200 --> 02:58:45,100
Daily had practical benefits 
beyond space saving. 

3169
02:58:45,800 --> 02:58:48,900
It meant your bedding aired out 
regularly, preventing the 

3170
02:58:48,900 --> 02:58:52,000
moisture accumulation that could
lead to mildew in Japan's, 

3171
02:58:52,000 --> 02:58:55,100
humid, climate. 
It meant examining your sleeping

3172
02:58:55,100 --> 02:58:58,600
surface regularly for any issues
and it meant that sleeping 

3173
02:58:58,600 --> 02:59:00,500
wasn't something that happened 
in a separate. 

3174
02:59:00,500 --> 02:59:04,000
Dedicated room, it was an 
activity that temporarily 

3175
02:59:04,000 --> 02:59:07,500
transformed your living space 
Viking sleeping Arrangements, 

3176
02:59:07,500 --> 02:59:10,000
combined practicality with 
communal living. 

3177
02:59:10,900 --> 02:59:13,800
In Norse longhouses platforms 
along the walls served as 

3178
02:59:13,808 --> 02:59:17,600
multi-purpose surfaces seating 
during the day and sleeping 

3179
02:59:17,600 --> 02:59:20,600
spots at night. 
These platforms were typically 

3180
02:59:20,600 --> 02:59:22,700
covered with Furs and woven 
blankets. 

3181
02:59:23,500 --> 02:59:27,400
You'd borrow into layers of wool
and animal hide, creating an 

3182
02:59:27,400 --> 02:59:30,700
insulated cocoon against the 
cold while the central fire 

3183
02:59:30,700 --> 02:59:33,600
burned through the night. 
The quality of your sleeping 

3184
02:59:33,600 --> 02:59:36,400
Furs reflected your status in 
Viking Society. 

3185
02:59:36,400 --> 02:59:40,500
A wealthy Chieftain might have 
bare Furs or luxurious seal 

3186
02:59:40,500 --> 02:59:43,900
skins while ordinary Farmers, 
may do with sheep skin or 

3187
02:59:43,900 --> 02:59:46,300
cowhide. 
But everyone understood the 

3188
02:59:46,300 --> 02:59:49,700
prince of all layers of material
that trapped air provided 

3189
02:59:49,700 --> 02:59:53,100
insulation and animal furs with 
their natural oils. 

3190
02:59:53,100 --> 02:59:56,400
Repelled some moisture while 
retaining warmth Hammocks 

3191
02:59:56,400 --> 02:59:59,700
developed by indigenous peoples 
in Central and South America 

3192
02:59:59,700 --> 03:00:03,600
represent, perhaps the most 
Innovative sleeping surface in 

3193
03:00:03,600 --> 03:00:07,000
the ancient world. 
Woven from plant fibers or 

3194
03:00:07,000 --> 03:00:09,800
cotton hammocks can conform to 
your body shape. 

3195
03:00:09,800 --> 03:00:14,200
Distributed weight evenly 
capture off the ground away from

3196
03:00:14,200 --> 03:00:18,000
snakes and insects and allowed 
air circulation that made them 

3197
03:00:18,000 --> 03:00:20,600
comfortable even in hot humid 
climates. 

3198
03:00:20,600 --> 03:00:23,100
The hammock wasn't just a 
portable bed. 

3199
03:00:23,100 --> 03:00:26,500
It was a sophisticated 
understanding of ergonomics and 

3200
03:00:26,500 --> 03:00:29,800
climate adaptation. 
When European explorers 

3201
03:00:29,800 --> 03:00:33,000
encountered hammocks, they were 
impressed enough to adopt them 

3202
03:00:33,000 --> 03:00:36,200
for use on ships where they 
proved ideal for cramped 

3203
03:00:36,200 --> 03:00:40,300
quarters, and moving vessels, 
the gentle swaying motion, that 

3204
03:00:40,300 --> 03:00:42,200
might seem disorienting to 
Modern hammock. 

3205
03:00:42,200 --> 03:00:45,400
Novices was apparently something
ancient peoples adapted to 

3206
03:00:45,400 --> 03:00:50,300
easily ancient Mesopotamian beds
based on archaeological evidence

3207
03:00:50,300 --> 03:00:54,400
and artistic depictions often 
featured very high frames that 

3208
03:00:54,400 --> 03:00:56,800
required steps or stools to 
climb into. 

3209
03:00:57,800 --> 03:01:01,600
This wasn't just status display,
it was practical, elevation of 

3210
03:01:01,600 --> 03:01:06,100
floor level drafts insects and 
the dust that settle during the 

3211
03:01:06,100 --> 03:01:08,800
night. 
You decently be sleeping on a 

3212
03:01:08,800 --> 03:01:10,700
platform, several feet off the 
ground. 

3213
03:01:10,700 --> 03:01:14,700
With the cycle benefit of being 
literally above whatever called 

3214
03:01:14,700 --> 03:01:18,300
across floors in the darkness, 
the mattresses, and bedding used

3215
03:01:18,300 --> 03:01:20,700
on these elevated frames varied 
by wealth. 

3216
03:01:20,700 --> 03:01:26,500
But followed similar principles 
layers of textiles wool, linen 

3217
03:01:26,500 --> 03:01:30,100
or cotton, depending on what was
locally available would be 

3218
03:01:30,108 --> 03:01:33,900
stacked to create cushioning. 
These layers could be adjusted 

3219
03:01:33,900 --> 03:01:36,200
seasonally more layers for 
winter. 

3220
03:01:36,200 --> 03:01:40,100
Warmth fewer for summer Comfort.
Ancient Indian beds. 

3221
03:01:40,100 --> 03:01:43,100
Mentioned in texts like the 
Kamasutra could be quite 

3222
03:01:43,100 --> 03:01:46,300
elaborate affairs. 
A proper pad, might have a 

3223
03:01:46,308 --> 03:01:50,100
wooden frame with Ivory inlays 
posts, supporting a canopy to 

3224
03:01:50,100 --> 03:01:53,300
keep insects away, and 
mattresses stuffed with various 

3225
03:01:53,300 --> 03:01:56,800
materials, depending on the 
season, cotton for summer wool 

3226
03:01:56,800 --> 03:01:59,200
for winter. 
The canopy wasn't just 

3227
03:01:59,200 --> 03:02:02,600
practical, it created an 
intimate space within the larger

3228
03:02:02,600 --> 03:02:04,800
room. 
A private realm where the 

3229
03:02:04,808 --> 03:02:08,400
outside world was temporarily 
suspended in ancient Persia the 

3230
03:02:08,400 --> 03:02:11,600
concept of sleeping in Comfort 
reached remarkable Heights among

3231
03:02:11,600 --> 03:02:14,100
the wealthy. 
Beds might feature silk, 

3232
03:02:14,100 --> 03:02:17,300
cushions, find linen, sheets and
elaborate hangings. 

3233
03:02:18,300 --> 03:02:21,500
Even ordinary Persians, 
understood the basics sleeping 

3234
03:02:21,500 --> 03:02:24,500
surfaces should be slightly 
yielding should provide 

3235
03:02:24,500 --> 03:02:27,600
insulation from ground, cold, 
and should be high enough to 

3236
03:02:27,600 --> 03:02:30,500
discourage, casual insect 
traffic bedding. 

3237
03:02:30,500 --> 03:02:33,000
Materials across ancient 
cultures, reflected 

3238
03:02:33,000 --> 03:02:35,800
sophisticated, understanding of 
textile properties. 

3239
03:02:36,900 --> 03:02:40,400
Linen was prized in hot climates
for its coolness and moisture 

3240
03:02:40,400 --> 03:02:43,500
wicking abilities. 
Wool was valued in colder 

3241
03:02:43,500 --> 03:02:45,700
regions for its insulating 
properties. 

3242
03:02:45,700 --> 03:02:49,800
Even, when damp Silk wear of 
available was treasured for its 

3243
03:02:49,800 --> 03:02:53,400
smooth texture and temperature 
regulating qualities, the 

3244
03:02:53,400 --> 03:02:56,100
ancient practice of stuffing 
mattresses and cushions with 

3245
03:02:56,100 --> 03:02:59,300
various plant materials, 
demonstrates remarkable, 

3246
03:02:59,300 --> 03:03:03,100
knowledge of Natural Resources. 
Beyond obvious choices like 

3247
03:03:03,100 --> 03:03:07,600
straw and wool, ancient peoples,
use materials, like dried grass 

3248
03:03:07,600 --> 03:03:12,500
Moss leaves, and even seaweed 
Each material had specific 

3249
03:03:12,500 --> 03:03:17,400
properties, some lasted longer, 
some smelled better, some were 

3250
03:03:17,400 --> 03:03:21,400
softer, and some repelled in sex
more, effectively flax, the 

3251
03:03:21,400 --> 03:03:24,700
plant used to make linen. 
Also produce seeds that could be

3252
03:03:24,700 --> 03:03:28,100
used as mattress stuffing. 
Flax seeds in a cloth. 

3253
03:03:28,100 --> 03:03:32,000
Sack created a rustling shifting
surface that can form to body 

3254
03:03:32,000 --> 03:03:34,600
shape. 
Some ancient peoples believed 

3255
03:03:34,600 --> 03:03:38,300
sleeping on flaxseed promoted. 
Good health though, whether this

3256
03:03:38,300 --> 03:03:41,200
had any basis beyond the placebo
effect is unclear. 

3257
03:03:41,200 --> 03:03:44,600
Ancient people also understood 
the importance of bedding 

3258
03:03:44,600 --> 03:03:47,700
cleanliness, though, their 
standards and methods differed 

3259
03:03:47,700 --> 03:03:50,400
from ours. 
Bedding would be aired regularly

3260
03:03:50,400 --> 03:03:54,100
in sunlight which naturally 
killed some bacteria and 

3261
03:03:54,100 --> 03:03:57,400
parasites. 
Textile covering will be washed 

3262
03:03:57,400 --> 03:04:00,200
when possible though launching 
large items. 

3263
03:04:00,200 --> 03:04:03,200
Like mattress covers was labor, 
intensive, and couldn't be done 

3264
03:04:03,200 --> 03:04:07,000
frequently, the presence of bed 
bugs, flees and other parasites 

3265
03:04:07,000 --> 03:04:08,900
was largely accepted as 
inevitable. 

3266
03:04:09,700 --> 03:04:12,700
Ancient people's developed 
various strategies to minimize 

3267
03:04:12,700 --> 03:04:15,800
these pests. 
Certain herbs scattered in 

3268
03:04:15,808 --> 03:04:18,100
Bedding. 
Supposedly repelled, insects 

3269
03:04:18,100 --> 03:04:21,700
regular replacement of organic 
stuffing, materials and 

3270
03:04:21,700 --> 03:04:24,500
occasionally more drastic 
measures like burning and 

3271
03:04:24,500 --> 03:04:28,100
replacing infested materials 
entirely bed frames themselves. 

3272
03:04:28,100 --> 03:04:31,600
Often Incorporated design 
features meant to deter pests. 

3273
03:04:32,400 --> 03:04:35,400
Smooth surfaces gave insects 
fewer places to hide. 

3274
03:04:36,100 --> 03:04:39,300
Some ancient peoples would place
the legs of beds in small dishes

3275
03:04:39,300 --> 03:04:43,200
of water or oil, creating moats 
that crawling insects could not 

3276
03:04:43,200 --> 03:04:46,000
cross. 
Others used materials or 

3277
03:04:46,000 --> 03:04:49,600
finishes that insects supposedly
dislike though, the 

3278
03:04:49,608 --> 03:04:53,400
effectiveness of these methods 
was probably limited the concept

3279
03:04:53,400 --> 03:04:55,100
of separate beds for married 
couples. 

3280
03:04:55,100 --> 03:04:59,000
Now, common In some cultures 
would have seemed strange to 

3281
03:04:59,000 --> 03:05:02,200
most ancient people's married 
couples slept together. 

3282
03:05:02,200 --> 03:05:05,700
As a matter, of course, often 
embeds barely large enough for 

3283
03:05:05,700 --> 03:05:08,600
two. 
This wasnt just about intimacy. 

3284
03:05:08,600 --> 03:05:11,900
It was about the fundamental 
understanding that sleeping 

3285
03:05:11,900 --> 03:05:14,500
together was normal that sharing
warmth. 

3286
03:05:14,500 --> 03:05:17,100
And space was how humans 
naturally rested. 

3287
03:05:17,100 --> 03:05:19,500
Imagine a world without alarm 
clocks. 

3288
03:05:19,500 --> 03:05:21,700
Not just turning off your 
phone's alarm. 

3289
03:05:21,700 --> 03:05:25,500
Imagine a world where the very 
concept of an artificial wake up

3290
03:05:25,508 --> 03:05:29,700
signal doesn't exist. 
Your internal clock synchronized

3291
03:05:29,700 --> 03:05:31,900
with natural light cycles would 
be your alarm. 

3292
03:05:33,100 --> 03:05:37,500
Sun rising Birds, beginning, 
their mourning chorus, the 

3293
03:05:37,500 --> 03:05:40,200
temperature shift is Darkness 
gave way today. 

3294
03:05:41,300 --> 03:05:44,800
These would be your wake-up call
and they'd be far more gradual 

3295
03:05:44,800 --> 03:05:47,200
and gentle than the jarring. 
Electronic beep. 

3296
03:05:47,200 --> 03:05:50,400
You probably experienced this 
morning ancient peoples woke 

3297
03:05:50,400 --> 03:05:53,400
with the dawn not because they 
were particularly virtuous or 

3298
03:05:53,400 --> 03:05:57,100
ambitious but because that's 
when melatonin production shut 

3299
03:05:57,100 --> 03:06:00,900
off in response to increasing 
light and their bodies naturally

3300
03:06:00,900 --> 03:06:05,800
transitioned from sleep to 
wakefulness, Without our 

3301
03:06:05,800 --> 03:06:07,600
artificial lighting to extend 
the evening. 

3302
03:06:07,600 --> 03:06:09,800
They go to sleep, much earlier 
than you do. 

3303
03:06:09,800 --> 03:06:12,600
So waking up at dawn, meant 
getting adequate sleep. 

3304
03:06:12,600 --> 03:06:16,100
Not shortening it. 
The process of waking was itself

3305
03:06:16,100 --> 03:06:19,300
quite different instead of an 
Abrupt transition from 

3306
03:06:19,300 --> 03:06:23,200
unconsciousness to alarm, 
induced Panic, ancient peoples 

3307
03:06:23,200 --> 03:06:25,800
would experience a gradual, 
emergence into consciousness, 

3308
03:06:27,000 --> 03:06:29,300
Pre-dawn light would start 
registering through closed 

3309
03:06:29,300 --> 03:06:32,000
eyelids. 
The temperature would shift as 

3310
03:06:32,000 --> 03:06:34,000
the sun's first. 
Raise began warming. 

3311
03:06:34,000 --> 03:06:37,900
The air, the sound inventor 
would change as daytime animals 

3312
03:06:37,900 --> 03:06:40,400
and insects became active. 
This gradual. 

3313
03:06:40,400 --> 03:06:43,000
Awakening meant that people 
often drifted in out of 

3314
03:06:43,008 --> 03:06:46,700
Consciousness for a period 
before fully waking, you might 

3315
03:06:46,708 --> 03:06:50,300
become semi-aware of your 
surroundings shift position. 

3316
03:06:51,100 --> 03:06:54,200
Perhaps register the presence of
other people, staring nearby. 

3317
03:06:55,000 --> 03:06:58,000
Then drift back into light 
sleep, before finally opening 

3318
03:06:58,000 --> 03:07:01,300
your eyes to the day. 
Ancient Romans had a specific 

3319
03:07:01,300 --> 03:07:04,200
term for the pre-dawn hours 
DeLuca. 

3320
03:07:04,200 --> 03:07:08,100
Meaning when Dave begins to 
light up, this wasn't clock 

3321
03:07:08,100 --> 03:07:11,100
time. 
It was experiential time the 

3322
03:07:11,100 --> 03:07:14,700
period when darkness hadn't 
fully lifted, but enough light 

3323
03:07:14,700 --> 03:07:16,700
existed to begin daily 
activities. 

3324
03:07:17,800 --> 03:07:21,200
For early Rises and most Romans 
were early risers by modern 

3325
03:07:21,200 --> 03:07:24,300
standards. 
This was when the day actually 

3326
03:07:24,300 --> 03:07:27,100
started the morning. 
Rituals that followed waking 

3327
03:07:27,100 --> 03:07:29,900
were as a laborator as the 
evening once though, with 

3328
03:07:29,900 --> 03:07:33,300
different purposes. 
Where evening rituals focused on

3329
03:07:33,300 --> 03:07:37,000
protection and preparation for 
vulnerability morning, rituals 

3330
03:07:37,000 --> 03:07:40,700
emphasized, purification 
gratitude and preparation for 

3331
03:07:40,700 --> 03:07:43,500
the days activities. 
Ancient Egyptians would 

3332
03:07:43,500 --> 03:07:47,100
immediately wash upon waking 
using water from clay vessels 

3333
03:07:47,100 --> 03:07:50,300
kept in their homes. 
This wasnt just hygiene. 

3334
03:07:50,300 --> 03:07:54,500
It was spiritual cleansing, 
washing away the night and any 

3335
03:07:54,500 --> 03:07:58,800
harmful influences and counted 
during sleeps Journey. the water

3336
03:07:58,800 --> 03:08:02,000
for morning washing might have 
been centered with oils or herbs

3337
03:08:02,000 --> 03:08:05,700
turning a practical activity 
into a sense 3 rituals that 

3338
03:08:05,700 --> 03:08:09,600
marked the transition to waking 
consciousness morning prayers or

3339
03:08:09,600 --> 03:08:12,600
acknowledgments to household 
Gods came next in many cultures 

3340
03:08:13,600 --> 03:08:16,500
Having been protected through 
the night, you'd Express 

3341
03:08:16,500 --> 03:08:20,300
gratitude and perhaps request 
guidance or Good Fortune for the

3342
03:08:20,300 --> 03:08:23,500
day ahead. 
These weren't lengthy ceremonies

3343
03:08:23,500 --> 03:08:27,300
just brief recognitions that 
you'd survived another night and

3344
03:08:27,300 --> 03:08:30,700
were beginning another day. 
The ancient practice of dream 

3345
03:08:30,700 --> 03:08:33,200
interpretation often occur 
during these early morning 

3346
03:08:33,200 --> 03:08:37,500
hours, That had a particularly 
Vivid or disturbing dream. 

3347
03:08:37,500 --> 03:08:40,700
You might discuss it with family
members while the dream was 

3348
03:08:40,700 --> 03:08:43,300
still fresh. 
Some cultures kept dream 

3349
03:08:43,300 --> 03:08:46,200
journals or consulted dream, 
interpreters, who maintained 

3350
03:08:46,200 --> 03:08:48,200
elaborate systems for 
understanding dream? 

3351
03:08:48,200 --> 03:08:51,500
Symbolism ancient Chinese 
culture developed sophisticated 

3352
03:08:51,500 --> 03:08:55,600
dream interpretation systems 
with different types of Dreams 

3353
03:08:55,600 --> 03:08:57,300
believed to carry different 
meanings. 

3354
03:08:58,200 --> 03:09:00,900
A dream during first sleep, 
might be treated differently 

3355
03:09:00,900 --> 03:09:02,400
than a dream during Second 
sleep. 

3356
03:09:03,200 --> 03:09:05,700
Dreams that occurred just before
waking were considered 

3357
03:09:05,700 --> 03:09:08,300
particularly significant as 
though. 

3358
03:09:08,300 --> 03:09:10,900
The message is being conveyed 
needed to be immediately 

3359
03:09:10,900 --> 03:09:13,600
available to waking 
consciousness breakfast. 

3360
03:09:13,600 --> 03:09:15,600
As we know it a substantial 
meal. 

3361
03:09:15,600 --> 03:09:18,200
Eaten shortly after waking 
didn't exist. 

3362
03:09:18,200 --> 03:09:21,600
In many ancient cultures. 
Romans, generally skipped, 

3363
03:09:21,600 --> 03:09:24,500
morning, food, or had only a 
small bite of bread. 

3364
03:09:25,900 --> 03:09:27,600
The main meal came in the 
afternoon. 

3365
03:09:28,600 --> 03:09:31,600
This pattern makes sense, when 
you consider the ancient peoples

3366
03:09:31,600 --> 03:09:34,000
might have had a light snack 
During the wakeful period 

3367
03:09:34,000 --> 03:09:37,600
between first and second sleep. 
Meaning, they weren't waking 

3368
03:09:37,600 --> 03:09:40,200
from as long, a fast as modern 
breakfast suggests. 

3369
03:09:40,700 --> 03:09:43,300
However, morning drinks were 
important to cross many 

3370
03:09:43,300 --> 03:09:45,500
cultures. 
Ancient peoples, would drink 

3371
03:09:45,500 --> 03:09:48,600
water sometimes flavored with 
herbs or diluted wine. 

3372
03:09:49,400 --> 03:09:53,200
These morning beverages served 
practical purposes rehydration 

3373
03:09:53,200 --> 03:09:57,300
after the night. 
But also ritual purposes, a 

3374
03:09:57,300 --> 03:10:00,000
first taste that marked the 
transition from sleeping to 

3375
03:10:00,000 --> 03:10:02,900
waking State. 
The social aspects of morning in

3376
03:10:02,900 --> 03:10:06,100
communal, living situations 
meant that waking up involved 

3377
03:10:06,100 --> 03:10:08,100
immediately re-engaging with 
your household. 

3378
03:10:09,100 --> 03:10:11,600
There was no private morning 
routine in a separate bedroom. 

3379
03:10:11,600 --> 03:10:14,900
No time to gradually caffeinated
in isolation. 

3380
03:10:14,900 --> 03:10:19,000
You'd wake to find others 
already stirring and you'd all 

3381
03:10:19,000 --> 03:10:21,000
navigate the transition from 
sleep to wakefulness. 

3382
03:10:21,000 --> 03:10:24,600
As a group, children, waking in 
ancient households would be 

3383
03:10:24,608 --> 03:10:26,900
integrated into the morning 
routine immediately. 

3384
03:10:27,700 --> 03:10:31,200
There was no concept of letting 
children sleep in or shielding 

3385
03:10:31,200 --> 03:10:32,600
them from the early morning 
activities. 

3386
03:10:33,800 --> 03:10:36,700
From Young ages children 
participated in morning, chores 

3387
03:10:36,700 --> 03:10:40,200
and rituals learning The rhythms
of daily life through immersion 

3388
03:10:40,200 --> 03:10:43,300
ancient people was also had to 
deal with the Practical 

3389
03:10:43,300 --> 03:10:47,100
consequences of sleep. 
Bedding needed to be aired or 

3390
03:10:47,100 --> 03:10:49,600
put away. 
Sleeping spaces needed to be 

3391
03:10:49,600 --> 03:10:53,200
converted to daytime, use and 
Knight soil needed to be 

3392
03:10:53,200 --> 03:10:56,300
disposed of. 
These morning, chores weren't 

3393
03:10:56,300 --> 03:10:57,300
optional. 
Extras. 

3394
03:10:57,300 --> 03:10:59,800
They were essential parts of 
daily life. 

3395
03:10:59,800 --> 03:11:03,400
That everyone participated in 
the Morning, Light itself had 

3396
03:11:03,400 --> 03:11:07,100
significance Beyond mere 
visibility Ancient cultures, 

3397
03:11:07,100 --> 03:11:09,600
generally believed that Morning,
Light carried, special 

3398
03:11:09,600 --> 03:11:13,100
properties. 
That the first of sun held power

3399
03:11:13,100 --> 03:11:17,000
that dissipated as the day 
progressed, some people made a 

3400
03:11:17,000 --> 03:11:21,100
point of exposing themselves to 
early morning, sunlight standing

3401
03:11:21,100 --> 03:11:24,200
in doorways, or Windows to let 
the door like fall on their 

3402
03:11:24,200 --> 03:11:26,600
skin. 
This practice had biological 

3403
03:11:26,600 --> 03:11:29,600
validity that ancient people's 
couldn't have understood in 

3404
03:11:29,600 --> 03:11:33,200
modern terms, Morning, light, 
exposure helps reset your 

3405
03:11:33,200 --> 03:11:35,800
circadian. 
Rhythm suppresses lingering, 

3406
03:11:35,800 --> 03:11:38,600
melatonin and triggers cortisol 
production. 

3407
03:11:38,600 --> 03:11:42,600
That helps you feel alert. 
Ancient people's new empirically

3408
03:11:42,600 --> 03:11:44,600
that greeting. 
The Dawn made, you feel better 

3409
03:11:44,600 --> 03:11:47,900
even if they attributed this to 
spiritual rather than 

3410
03:11:47,900 --> 03:11:52,000
biochemical mechanisms seasonal.
Variations in Sunrise, meant 

3411
03:11:52,000 --> 03:11:55,100
that morning occurred at quite 
different clock times throughout

3412
03:11:55,100 --> 03:11:57,900
the year. 
Ancient people's adjusted, their

3413
03:11:57,900 --> 03:11:59,800
schedules naturally with these 
changes. 

3414
03:12:00,700 --> 03:12:03,400
Some are might mean waking very 
early by modern standards. 

3415
03:12:03,400 --> 03:12:07,700
Winter, might mean sleeping. 
Later, this flexible 

3416
03:12:07,700 --> 03:12:10,900
relationship with time governed 
by natural light rather than 

3417
03:12:10,900 --> 03:12:14,900
arbitrary clock conventions. 
Kept ancient peoples, more 

3418
03:12:14,900 --> 03:12:16,600
synchronized with natural 
rhythms. 

3419
03:12:16,600 --> 03:12:19,500
The Morning Sounds of ancient 
communities would have been 

3420
03:12:19,500 --> 03:12:23,900
remarkably different from Modern
morning commutes of traffic and 

3421
03:12:23,900 --> 03:12:26,100
alarm clocks. 
You'd hear roosters crowing 

3422
03:12:26,100 --> 03:12:28,800
animals, being let out of 
nighttime enclosures. 

3423
03:12:28,800 --> 03:12:32,800
The first sounds of cooking 
fires being kindled, water, 

3424
03:12:32,800 --> 03:12:36,100
being drawn from Wells, and 
people, greeting neighbors, as 

3425
03:12:36,100 --> 03:12:39,700
they emerged into the new day 
morning, was also when dreams 

3426
03:12:39,700 --> 03:12:42,300
would fade from memory. 
And most people though, 

3427
03:12:42,300 --> 03:12:46,600
particularly vivid dreams might 
linger Ancient people who wanted

3428
03:12:46,600 --> 03:12:49,500
to remember their dreams would 
speak them aloud immediately 

3429
03:12:49,500 --> 03:12:53,000
upon waking telling them to 
Companions or repeating them to 

3430
03:12:53,000 --> 03:12:56,100
themselves. 
This practice of dream telling 

3431
03:12:56,100 --> 03:12:58,900
helped preserve the dream 
content, and also serve social 

3432
03:12:58,900 --> 03:13:02,400
functions as dream sharing was 
often a way of maintaining 

3433
03:13:02,400 --> 03:13:06,400
intimate bonds, the physical 
sensation of waking, in ancient 

3434
03:13:06,400 --> 03:13:09,500
sleeping Arrangements on 
surfaces harder than modern 

3435
03:13:09,500 --> 03:13:13,600
mattresses in rooms without 
climate control, possibly, with 

3436
03:13:13,600 --> 03:13:15,900
morning due on your face, if 
you'd slept Outdoors. 

3437
03:13:16,900 --> 03:13:19,100
Would have been quite different 
from Modern waking. 

3438
03:13:19,800 --> 03:13:22,300
Your body would be stiff from 
the night's rest needing 

3439
03:13:22,300 --> 03:13:24,400
movement and stretching to 
limber up. 

3440
03:13:25,000 --> 03:13:27,500
This morning stiffness would 
motivate people to begin 

3441
03:13:27,500 --> 03:13:31,400
physical activity fairly quickly
after waking, which probably 

3442
03:13:31,400 --> 03:13:33,600
contributed to overall Fitness 
levels. 

3443
03:13:33,600 --> 03:13:36,200
Ancient peoples. 
Understood that how you began 

3444
03:13:36,200 --> 03:13:40,600
the day, influenced, everything 
that followed Morning wasn't 

3445
03:13:40,600 --> 03:13:43,100
just a time to mechanically 
prepare for work. 

3446
03:13:43,100 --> 03:13:46,700
It was when you set your mental 
and spiritual orientation for 

3447
03:13:46,700 --> 03:13:50,200
the hours ahead. 
The rituals prayers, greetings 

3448
03:13:50,200 --> 03:13:53,700
and small ceremonies that marked
the transition from sleep to 

3449
03:13:53,700 --> 03:13:58,000
wakefulness or investments in 
having a good day, creating 

3450
03:13:58,000 --> 03:14:01,300
positive momentum that would 
carry through until evening when

3451
03:14:01,300 --> 03:14:04,000
the cycle began. 
Again, as you lie there tonight 

3452
03:14:04,000 --> 03:14:07,200
in your controlled environment 
with your white noise machine 

3453
03:14:07,200 --> 03:14:11,800
and your sleep tracking app. 
Consider, this ancient people's 

3454
03:14:11,800 --> 03:14:15,400
understood something about sleep
that are modern obsession with 

3455
03:14:15,400 --> 03:14:19,500
optimization sometimes misses 
They knew that sleep wasn't 

3456
03:14:19,500 --> 03:14:22,400
something to be conquered 
controlled or perfected. 

3457
03:14:22,400 --> 03:14:25,400
It was something to be 
surrendered to a natural 

3458
03:14:25,400 --> 03:14:27,100
process. 
That worked best when you 

3459
03:14:27,100 --> 03:14:30,000
stopped trying to manage it. 
The ancient relationship with 

3460
03:14:30,000 --> 03:14:32,600
sleep was fundamentally 
different from ours. 

3461
03:14:33,400 --> 03:14:36,200
Sleep wasn't a problem to solve 
or a resource to optimize. 

3462
03:14:36,200 --> 03:14:40,100
It was simply part of the 
natural cycle of life, as 

3463
03:14:40,100 --> 03:14:43,900
inevitable and necessary as 
breathing, You didn't worry 

3464
03:14:43,900 --> 03:14:45,400
about whether you were getting 
the right? 

3465
03:14:45,400 --> 03:14:49,100
Kind of sleep or achieving 
optimal REM percentages. 

3466
03:14:50,000 --> 03:14:54,500
You slept when darkness fell 
woke, when light returned and 

3467
03:14:54,500 --> 03:14:58,400
trusted that your body knew what
it needed, this trust in natural

3468
03:14:58,400 --> 03:15:01,400
processes extended to dealing 
with sleep difficulties. 

3469
03:15:02,300 --> 03:15:05,000
If you couldn't sleep, you 
didn't Panic about it, you'd 

3470
03:15:05,000 --> 03:15:08,600
like quietly thinking, perhaps, 
doing the contemplative work 

3471
03:15:08,600 --> 03:15:11,500
that the period between first 
and second sleep was meant for 

3472
03:15:12,600 --> 03:15:15,300
The understanding was that your 
body would have eventually sleep

3473
03:15:15,300 --> 03:15:17,800
when it truly needed to and 
forcing. 

3474
03:15:17,800 --> 03:15:20,100
It was counterproductive ancient
people. 

3475
03:15:20,100 --> 03:15:23,100
Also recognized that sleep needs
vary in varied by season. 

3476
03:15:24,000 --> 03:15:27,600
Winter sleep was longer and 
deeper matching the extended 

3477
03:15:27,600 --> 03:15:30,300
Darkness. 
Summer, sleep was lighter and 

3478
03:15:30,300 --> 03:15:32,800
shorter aligning with brief 
nights. 

3479
03:15:33,800 --> 03:15:36,500
Seasonal variation in sleep 
patterns is something modern 

3480
03:15:36,500 --> 03:15:39,400
society. 
Largely ignores expecting 

3481
03:15:39,400 --> 03:15:43,800
consistently duration year round
despite living at latitudes 

3482
03:15:43,800 --> 03:15:46,900
where daylight varies 
dramatically The quality of 

3483
03:15:46,908 --> 03:15:49,900
Darkness also affected ancient 
sleep in ways we rarely 

3484
03:15:49,900 --> 03:15:53,100
experience. 
True Darkness, the kind that 

3485
03:15:53,100 --> 03:15:57,000
exists miles from any artificial
light source, produces a depth 

3486
03:15:57,000 --> 03:16:00,500
of visual Blackness that most 
modern people never encounter. 

3487
03:16:01,600 --> 03:16:06,000
In this profound Darkness, your 
eyes would fully adapt your 

3488
03:16:06,000 --> 03:16:09,500
pupils dilating to their 
maximum, and you'd perceive 

3489
03:16:09,500 --> 03:16:13,200
subtle variations in darkness, 
that would be invisible in light

3490
03:16:13,200 --> 03:16:17,200
polluted modern environments. 
This quality of Darkness did 

3491
03:16:17,200 --> 03:16:18,600
something to human 
consciousness. 

3492
03:16:19,600 --> 03:16:22,700
Without any light stimuli your 
brain would fully commit and 

3493
03:16:22,700 --> 03:16:24,100
nighttime. 
Neurochemistry. 

3494
03:16:24,900 --> 03:16:27,900
Melatonin production would be 
robust and sustained. 

3495
03:16:28,800 --> 03:16:31,400
The transition between waking 
and sleeping, Consciousness 

3496
03:16:31,400 --> 03:16:35,600
would be smoother, less jarring.
Sleep itself would be deeper in 

3497
03:16:35,600 --> 03:16:38,400
its deep phases and more 
complete in its Cycles. 

3498
03:16:38,400 --> 03:16:41,800
Ancient people's experience. 
Whether during sleep in ways, 

3499
03:16:41,800 --> 03:16:46,700
modern people don't rain on a 
thatched roof, wind moving 

3500
03:16:46,700 --> 03:16:49,600
through the sleeping space 
temperature drops during the 

3501
03:16:49,600 --> 03:16:53,000
night, all these would register 
and sleeping Consciousness. 

3502
03:16:53,000 --> 03:16:57,800
Creating a continuous thread of 
awareness, connecting sleeper to

3503
03:16:57,800 --> 03:17:01,000
environment. 
You will never completely 

3504
03:17:01,000 --> 03:17:04,700
isolated from the natural world 
even during sleeps deepest 

3505
03:17:04,700 --> 03:17:07,100
phases. 
This ongoing connection to the 

3506
03:17:07,100 --> 03:17:10,300
environment meant that ancient 
peoples, developed sophisticated

3507
03:17:10,300 --> 03:17:12,900
unconscious awareness of 
nighttime conditions. 

3508
03:17:14,000 --> 03:17:17,100
You'd wake, if wind shifted to a
direction that might bring rain 

3509
03:17:17,100 --> 03:17:20,000
into your sleeping space. 
You'd stir if the temperature 

3510
03:17:20,000 --> 03:17:22,400
dropped enough to require 
pulling up additional covering 

3511
03:17:23,100 --> 03:17:26,400
You'd register unusual sounds 
that might signal danger without

3512
03:17:26,400 --> 03:17:29,400
fully waking. 
This vigilance was the price of 

3513
03:17:29,400 --> 03:17:32,900
sleeping in less protected 
environments, but it also kept 

3514
03:17:32,900 --> 03:17:37,000
you integrated with Naturals. 
The social dimension of sleep 

3515
03:17:37,000 --> 03:17:39,200
also created different patterns 
of consciousness. 

3516
03:17:40,300 --> 03:17:42,700
Sleeping near other people. 
Met your sleeping mind was 

3517
03:17:42,700 --> 03:17:45,400
tracking their presence their 
breathing rhythms and their 

3518
03:17:45,400 --> 03:17:48,800
movements. 
This wasn't exactly awareness. 

3519
03:17:48,800 --> 03:17:53,100
You weren't conscious of it? 
But it created a baseline of 

3520
03:17:53,100 --> 03:17:55,500
social connection that continued
through sleep. 

3521
03:17:56,500 --> 03:18:00,100
Humans are social animals and 
having that social presence 

3522
03:18:00,100 --> 03:18:03,900
during vulnerability may have 
been deeply comforting at levels

3523
03:18:03,900 --> 03:18:06,300
below. 
Conscious recognition ancient 

3524
03:18:06,300 --> 03:18:09,900
peoples had elaborate folklore 
about sleep and it's liminal 

3525
03:18:09,900 --> 03:18:14,300
States. the hypnagogic period 
that transitional State between 

3526
03:18:14,300 --> 03:18:18,100
waking and sleeping was 
recognized as a special, kind of

3527
03:18:18,100 --> 03:18:22,300
Consciousness where Visions 
might appear where the boundary 

3528
03:18:22,300 --> 03:18:26,000
between inner and outer worlds 
became porous Some cultures 

3529
03:18:26,000 --> 03:18:29,700
deliberately cultivated this 
state for divination or creative

3530
03:18:29,700 --> 03:18:32,200
inspiration. 
Similarly, the hypnopompic. 

3531
03:18:32,200 --> 03:18:34,800
Period. 
The transition from sleep to 

3532
03:18:34,800 --> 03:18:39,000
waking was considered 
significant Messages received in

3533
03:18:39,000 --> 03:18:42,800
the state Visions seen or 
thoughts, arising might be 

3534
03:18:42,800 --> 03:18:46,500
treated as particularly 
important representing the last 

3535
03:18:46,500 --> 03:18:48,200
communications from the 
dreaming. 

3536
03:18:48,200 --> 03:18:50,700
Mind before waking 
consciousness, reasserted 

3537
03:18:50,700 --> 03:18:55,100
control sleep paralysis, that 
unsettling experience where you 

3538
03:18:55,100 --> 03:18:58,400
wake up, but can't move was 
universally recognized and 

3539
03:18:58,400 --> 03:19:00,800
explained through various 
cultural Frameworks. 

3540
03:19:01,600 --> 03:19:05,800
Where the scene as visits from 
Spirits attacks by demons or 

3541
03:19:05,800 --> 03:19:10,000
natural physiological events. 
Ancient people had ways of 

3542
03:19:10,000 --> 03:19:12,400
understanding and coping with 
these experiences. 

3543
03:19:13,200 --> 03:19:16,200
The cultural explanations might 
seem superstitious to Modern 

3544
03:19:16,200 --> 03:19:18,400
minds but they served in 
Portland. 

3545
03:19:18,400 --> 03:19:22,100
Psychological functions, giving 
people Frameworks for processing

3546
03:19:22,100 --> 03:19:26,100
frightening experience's ancient
understanding of sleep. 

3547
03:19:26,100 --> 03:19:29,700
Also, included recognition that 
some people naturally needed 

3548
03:19:29,700 --> 03:19:32,900
more sleep than others that 
sleep patterns varied across 

3549
03:19:32,900 --> 03:19:35,300
life stages. 
And that temporary sleep. 

3550
03:19:35,300 --> 03:19:38,600
Disruption is usually resolve 
themselves without intervention.

3551
03:19:39,500 --> 03:19:42,700
This wisdom that sleep is 
inherently variable and 

3552
03:19:42,700 --> 03:19:46,200
self-regulating is something 
modern sleep science. 

3553
03:19:46,200 --> 03:19:50,100
As essentially rediscovered 
ancient peoples, also recognize 

3554
03:19:50,100 --> 03:19:52,800
the connection between physical 
activity and Sleep Quality, 

3555
03:19:53,700 --> 03:19:56,400
Their daily lives. 
Involved far more physical labor

3556
03:19:56,400 --> 03:20:00,500
than most modern occupations. 
Require this natural exhaustion.

3557
03:20:00,500 --> 03:20:02,900
Produced good. 
Sleep is a simple consequence of

3558
03:20:02,900 --> 03:20:06,500
bodies needing recovery. 
The modern epidemic of sleep 

3559
03:20:06,500 --> 03:20:09,900
problems correlates with 
sedentary lifestyles in ways 

3560
03:20:09,900 --> 03:20:13,500
that ancient people's never 
experience because their lives 

3561
03:20:13,500 --> 03:20:17,300
demanded physical engagement. 
The absence of caffeine in most 

3562
03:20:17,300 --> 03:20:21,300
ancient cultures tea and coffee 
came later, meant that people's 

3563
03:20:21,300 --> 03:20:24,600
natural sleep wake rhythms 
weren't disrupted by stimulants.

3564
03:20:24,600 --> 03:20:27,900
You'd feel sleepy when your body
said it was time to sleep 

3565
03:20:27,900 --> 03:20:31,100
without artificial alertness 
from afternoon, coffee 

3566
03:20:31,100 --> 03:20:33,300
interfering with natural 
drowsiness. 

3567
03:20:34,100 --> 03:20:37,800
Your circadian rhythm would 
operate cleanly undisturbed by 

3568
03:20:37,800 --> 03:20:40,300
chemical. 
Intervention's ancient people 

3569
03:20:40,300 --> 03:20:43,300
also benefited from the absence 
of blue light exposure in the 

3570
03:20:43,300 --> 03:20:46,800
hours before sleep. 
Every light source, they used 

3571
03:20:46,800 --> 03:20:50,600
fires oil lamps can handle's 
omitted warm. 

3572
03:20:50,600 --> 03:20:54,000
Reddish light, that didn't 
suppress melatonin production 

3573
03:20:54,000 --> 03:20:58,100
the way modern screens do. 
The evening hours would see the 

3574
03:20:58,100 --> 03:21:01,700
natural ramping up of sleep, 
hormones uninterrupted by the 

3575
03:21:01,700 --> 03:21:04,800
biological alarm signals that 
blue light, sends to the brain, 

3576
03:21:04,800 --> 03:21:07,500
as you prepare to sleep tonight.
Surrounded by modern 

3577
03:21:07,500 --> 03:21:10,100
conveniences, that would have 
seen miraculous to ancient 

3578
03:21:10,100 --> 03:21:12,700
peoples. 
You might wonder which approach 

3579
03:21:12,700 --> 03:21:16,500
to sleep is actually better. 
The honest answer is 

3580
03:21:16,500 --> 03:21:19,700
complicated. 
Modern Life has brought enormous

3581
03:21:19,700 --> 03:21:23,600
benefits. climate control 
protection from predators and 

3582
03:21:23,600 --> 03:21:27,000
disease, vectors comfortable 
mattresses and the ability to 

3583
03:21:27,000 --> 03:21:30,700
sleep securely even when living 
alone These aren't trivial 

3584
03:21:30,700 --> 03:21:33,900
advantages, but anciently 
patterns, also, offered 

3585
03:21:33,900 --> 03:21:34,800
benefits. 
We've lost. 

3586
03:21:35,900 --> 03:21:39,300
The synchronization with natural
light, Cycle's the social 

3587
03:21:39,300 --> 03:21:43,300
bonding of communal sleeping. 
The bi phasic sleep pattern that

3588
03:21:43,300 --> 03:21:47,100
included in contemplation time 
the integration with seasonal 

3589
03:21:47,100 --> 03:21:49,600
rhythms. 
All these represented a kind of 

3590
03:21:49,608 --> 03:21:52,700
wisdom we've traded away from 
Modern sleeper Arrangements. 

3591
03:21:52,700 --> 03:21:55,800
The real lesson isn't the 
ancient sleep was better or 

3592
03:21:55,800 --> 03:21:59,500
worse than modern sleep but that
sleep is deeply influenced by 

3593
03:21:59,500 --> 03:22:02,800
culture environment and 
expectations. 

3594
03:22:03,800 --> 03:22:06,100
Ancient people's didn't have 
worse sleep because their 

3595
03:22:06,100 --> 03:22:08,800
mattresses were lumpy and their 
rooms were cold. 

3596
03:22:08,800 --> 03:22:13,000
They had different sleep adapted
to different circumstances and 

3597
03:22:13,000 --> 03:22:16,300
serving different needs. 
Your ancestors would find your 

3598
03:22:16,300 --> 03:22:19,600
sleeping arrangements as 
strangers as you find theirs, a 

3599
03:22:19,600 --> 03:22:23,100
rumal to yourself a mattress. 
So soft it might swallow you 

3600
03:22:23,900 --> 03:22:27,200
Complete darkness achieved 
through room darkening shades. 

3601
03:22:28,000 --> 03:22:29,700
Temperature control to the 
degree. 

3602
03:22:30,600 --> 03:22:32,600
To them. 
This would seem like sleeping in

3603
03:22:32,600 --> 03:22:36,200
an isolation chamber, cut off 
from Human connection natural 

3604
03:22:36,200 --> 03:22:39,000
rhythms and the protective 
presence of family and 

3605
03:22:39,008 --> 03:22:42,200
household, but they'd probably 
also appreciate aspects of 

3606
03:22:42,200 --> 03:22:45,200
modern sleep, not having to 
worry about Predators or 

3607
03:22:45,200 --> 03:22:48,600
Intruders, would be a relief. 
Sleeping on a surface that 

3608
03:22:48,600 --> 03:22:50,400
doesn't hurt your back. 
Would be welcome. 

3609
03:22:50,400 --> 03:22:53,700
Having sufficient blankets to 
stay warm all night would be 

3610
03:22:53,708 --> 03:22:57,100
luxurious. 
Being able to sleep past Dawn, 

3611
03:22:57,100 --> 03:23:00,800
if you want to would seem like 
incredible Freedom, as you drift

3612
03:23:00,800 --> 03:23:04,300
off to night your participating 
in one of Humanity's, most 

3613
03:23:04,300 --> 03:23:08,500
ancient activities, one that is 
connected every generation of 

3614
03:23:08,500 --> 03:23:12,000
humans who have ever lived your 
surrendering to the same 

3615
03:23:12,000 --> 03:23:14,500
vulnerability that your 
ancestors, surrendered to 

3616
03:23:14,500 --> 03:23:18,200
trusting that Consciousness will
return in the morning. 

3617
03:23:18,200 --> 03:23:21,600
Just as it has for countless 
Millennia, the rituals you 

3618
03:23:21,600 --> 03:23:24,000
perform before sleep. 
King. 

3619
03:23:24,000 --> 03:23:27,300
Lots setting alarms arranging 
pillows. 

3620
03:23:28,300 --> 03:23:30,300
Echo. 
The protective rituals, ancient 

3621
03:23:30,300 --> 03:23:34,300
people's performed even if the 
specific threats your guarding 

3622
03:23:34,300 --> 03:23:38,000
against of change, The desire 
for security during 

3623
03:23:38,000 --> 03:23:41,100
vulnerability is universal, 
whether you're addressing it 

3624
03:23:41,100 --> 03:23:44,500
with talismans and prayers or 
deadbolts and alarm systems. 

3625
03:23:44,500 --> 03:23:48,400
And as you sleep, your brain 
will do, essentially what your 

3626
03:23:48,400 --> 03:23:51,500
ancestors brains did cycle 
through sleep stages. 

3627
03:23:51,500 --> 03:23:56,800
Consolidate memories process, 
emotions clean metabolic waste 

3628
03:23:56,800 --> 03:24:00,000
from neural tissue and prepare 
for tomorrow's waking hours. 

3629
03:24:01,200 --> 03:24:05,100
Fundamental neurobiology of 
sleep hasn't changed even if 

3630
03:24:05,100 --> 03:24:08,100
nearly everything else, about 
how we sleep as transformed. 

3631
03:24:08,100 --> 03:24:12,400
So sleep well tonight knowing 
your participating in ancient 

3632
03:24:12,400 --> 03:24:16,200
human tradition Whether your 
sleeping alone or with a partner

3633
03:24:16,200 --> 03:24:20,700
in a soft bed or a firm one, 
waking to an alarm or to Natural

3634
03:24:20,700 --> 03:24:23,200
Light. 
Your joining, billions of humans

3635
03:24:23,200 --> 03:24:26,500
across thousands of years who 
have closed their eyes each 

3636
03:24:26,500 --> 03:24:30,000
night and trusted that morning 
would come and it always has 

3637
03:24:35,700 --> 03:24:38,500
high in the Andes mountains 
where the air grows thin and 

3638
03:24:38,500 --> 03:24:42,600
clouds drift between ancient 
Peaks, a vast Empire once 

3639
03:24:42,600 --> 03:24:44,700
stretched across the backbone of
South America. 

3640
03:24:45,900 --> 03:24:49,100
The Inca empire thrived for 
generations with roads that 

3641
03:24:49,100 --> 03:24:52,200
connected distant, valleys 
Terraces, that climbed 

3642
03:24:52,200 --> 03:24:55,800
impossible, slopes and systems 
of governments that would 

3643
03:24:55,800 --> 03:24:58,100
influence the region for 
centuries to come. 

3644
03:24:59,500 --> 03:25:01,700
What happened? 
When two vastly different 

3645
03:25:01,700 --> 03:25:04,900
worlds? 
Met is a story not of endings, 

3646
03:25:04,900 --> 03:25:09,500
but of unexpected blendings and 
surprising continuity that still

3647
03:25:09,500 --> 03:25:13,300
shape the Andes today. 
You stand at dawn on a Stone 

3648
03:25:13,308 --> 03:25:15,500
Road that seems to defy gravity 
itself. 

3649
03:25:16,600 --> 03:25:19,300
The paving stones beneath your 
feet have been fitted together. 

3650
03:25:19,300 --> 03:25:22,900
So precisely that not even a 
blade of grass could slip 

3651
03:25:22,900 --> 03:25:27,200
between them this road stretches
ahead of you climbing toward a 

3652
03:25:27,200 --> 03:25:30,000
mountain pass so high that you 
can see your breath in the cold 

3653
03:25:30,000 --> 03:25:33,100
morning air and the Inca Road 
system was something that would 

3654
03:25:33,100 --> 03:25:35,700
have impressed even the most 
jaded Roman engineer. 

3655
03:25:36,500 --> 03:25:40,400
Over 20,000 miles of carefully. 
Maintained Pathways connected, 

3656
03:25:40,400 --> 03:25:43,600
the Empire from modern-day 
Colombia to Central Chile. 

3657
03:25:44,500 --> 03:25:47,800
You can imagine the planing 
required every stone had to be 

3658
03:25:47,808 --> 03:25:49,700
carried to exactly the right 
spot. 

3659
03:25:49,700 --> 03:25:53,800
Every bridge had to span rushing
Rivers at just the right angle. 

3660
03:25:54,800 --> 03:25:57,400
What makes these roads 
remarkable is how they adapted 

3661
03:25:57,400 --> 03:25:59,300
to the landscape rather than 
fighting it? 

3662
03:26:00,200 --> 03:26:03,600
When the train became too steep 
for a gradual slope, the road 

3663
03:26:03,600 --> 03:26:07,700
transformed into stairs. 
Thousands of steps carved into 

3664
03:26:07,700 --> 03:26:11,800
mountainsides, Your legs would 
burn after climbing them, but 

3665
03:26:11,800 --> 03:26:13,700
you would reach Heights that 
seemed impossible. 

3666
03:26:14,600 --> 03:26:17,800
Along these roads, every few 
miles you would find a tombow. 

3667
03:26:17,800 --> 03:26:22,200
These were rest houses stocked 
with supplies, dried potatoes, 

3668
03:26:22,200 --> 03:26:25,400
and freeze-dried meat weighted 
in storage rooms built into 

3669
03:26:25,400 --> 03:26:29,000
Hillside. 
Blankets woven from alpaca wool,

3670
03:26:29,000 --> 03:26:31,100
offered warmth during Cold 
Mountain nights. 

3671
03:26:31,700 --> 03:26:33,900
Fresh water collected in stone 
channels. 

3672
03:26:34,800 --> 03:26:37,100
The system worked because of 
something called the meter. 

3673
03:26:37,100 --> 03:26:39,500
This was a form of Labor 
Service. 

3674
03:26:39,500 --> 03:26:42,100
Where communities contributed 
worked to the Empire. 

3675
03:26:43,000 --> 03:26:47,300
Some people maintained roads 
others staff, the tambos still 

3676
03:26:47,300 --> 03:26:50,600
others served as chassis the 
relay Runners who carried 

3677
03:26:50,600 --> 03:26:54,000
messages across the Empire. 
Imagine being a chassis. 

3678
03:26:54,800 --> 03:26:58,000
You wake Before Dawn in a small 
Stone House at tombow. 

3679
03:26:58,600 --> 03:27:02,200
Your job is to run at full speed
to the next station, perhaps 

3680
03:27:02,200 --> 03:27:05,300
five or six miles away. 
You carry a kipu? 

3681
03:27:05,300 --> 03:27:08,000
A bundle of knotted strings. 
That record information. 

3682
03:27:09,200 --> 03:27:12,200
When you arrive at the next 
tombow, breathless and tired. 

3683
03:27:12,200 --> 03:27:15,200
Another Runner takes the chi, 
poo, and Sprints onward. 

3684
03:27:16,000 --> 03:27:19,200
Messages could travel over 100 
miles in a single day, using 

3685
03:27:19,200 --> 03:27:22,300
this relay system. 
News from the coast could reach 

3686
03:27:22,300 --> 03:27:25,500
the Highland capital of Cusco 
faster than seemed possible. 

3687
03:27:26,400 --> 03:27:29,600
Administrative updates flowed 
constantly along these arteries 

3688
03:27:29,600 --> 03:27:32,000
of Empire. 
The funny thing about these 

3689
03:27:32,000 --> 03:27:34,700
roads is that they were built 
without wheeled vehicles in 

3690
03:27:34,700 --> 03:27:37,000
mind. 
The Inca never developed the 

3691
03:27:37,000 --> 03:27:40,100
wheel for transportation. 
The train was too mountainous 

3692
03:27:40,100 --> 03:27:43,900
for carts anyway. 
Instead llamas carried Goods. 

3693
03:27:43,900 --> 03:27:47,700
In neat packs, they could 
navigate narrow mountain paths. 

3694
03:27:47,700 --> 03:27:49,600
That would have been impossible 
for wagons. 

3695
03:27:49,600 --> 03:27:53,900
You watch a train of llamas 
passing on the road now their 

3696
03:27:53,900 --> 03:27:56,400
soft padded feet? 
Make almost, no sound on the 

3697
03:27:56,400 --> 03:27:59,900
stones. 
They carry bundles of maize from

3698
03:27:59,900 --> 03:28:02,200
a warm Valley, to a cold 
Highland town. 

3699
03:28:03,200 --> 03:28:06,400
The handlers walk alongside 
occasionally, making soft, 

3700
03:28:06,400 --> 03:28:09,800
clicking sounds to keep the 
animals moving. the road also 

3701
03:28:09,800 --> 03:28:13,500
served as a unifying cultural 
Force when you walked along an 

3702
03:28:13,500 --> 03:28:17,100
Inca Road, you knew in the 
Empire, the consistent 

3703
03:28:17,100 --> 03:28:21,100
engineering, the regular spacing
of tambo's, the carefully 

3704
03:28:21,100 --> 03:28:23,900
maintained surface, all 
communicated, order and 

3705
03:28:23,900 --> 03:28:28,100
organization, This was a 
landscape shaped by human hands 

3706
03:28:28,100 --> 03:28:30,900
and human planning. 
Suspension bridges. 

3707
03:28:30,900 --> 03:28:34,300
Were another Marvel of Inca 
engineering woven from plant 

3708
03:28:34,300 --> 03:28:36,600
fibers. 
These Bridges swayed, over 

3709
03:28:36,600 --> 03:28:40,600
gorgeous, hundreds of feet deep.
Walking across one required 

3710
03:28:40,600 --> 03:28:44,000
steady nerves. 
The bridge would Sway and Creak 

3711
03:28:44,000 --> 03:28:47,900
with each step below a river 
might rush so far down. 

3712
03:28:47,900 --> 03:28:49,700
That the sound barely reached 
your ears. 

3713
03:28:50,500 --> 03:28:52,800
Communities rebuild, these 
Bridges annually. 

3714
03:28:52,800 --> 03:28:55,500
It was a communal event that 
brought people together. 

3715
03:28:56,400 --> 03:28:58,600
Everyone helped braids the 
massive cables. 

3716
03:28:59,300 --> 03:29:02,300
Someone always knew the 
traditional patterns, someone 

3717
03:29:02,300 --> 03:29:05,100
else remembered the knots that 
had to be tied in exactly the 

3718
03:29:05,100 --> 03:29:07,500
right sequence. 
The knowledge passed from 

3719
03:29:07,500 --> 03:29:11,100
generation to generation at 
night, you might sleep in a 

3720
03:29:11,108 --> 03:29:15,100
tombow with other Travelers. 
The stone walls held warmth from

3721
03:29:15,100 --> 03:29:17,700
a fire pit. 
Smoke found its way out. 

3722
03:29:17,700 --> 03:29:21,100
Through gaps in the thatched 
roof, you would share stories 

3723
03:29:21,100 --> 03:29:24,300
with Merchants heading to 
distant markets with a fischels 

3724
03:29:24,300 --> 03:29:27,800
carrying administrative messages
with pilgrims traveling to 

3725
03:29:27,800 --> 03:29:30,100
Sacred site. 
The roads. 

3726
03:29:30,100 --> 03:29:32,200
Also, connected different 
ecological zones. 

3727
03:29:32,200 --> 03:29:35,600
The Inca Empire spanned an 
incredible range of 

3728
03:29:35,608 --> 03:29:38,500
environments. 
Tropical forest gave way to 

3729
03:29:38,508 --> 03:29:42,800
Cloud, forests High grasslands 
called Pune stretched for miles.

3730
03:29:43,900 --> 03:29:48,100
Desert Coast in fishing 
communities, each Zone, produced

3731
03:29:48,100 --> 03:29:51,100
different Goods. 
This meant that variety flowed 

3732
03:29:51,100 --> 03:29:54,300
along the roads. 
Coca leaves from warm, Valley is

3733
03:29:54,300 --> 03:29:57,800
travel to cold Highlands. 
Dried fish from the coast moved.

3734
03:29:57,800 --> 03:30:01,600
Inland potatoes from high 
altitude Farms fed people in 

3735
03:30:01,600 --> 03:30:04,500
warmer regions. 
The roads, made this exchange 

3736
03:30:04,500 --> 03:30:08,000
possible and regular you 
continue walking as the sun 

3737
03:30:08,000 --> 03:30:10,800
climbs higher the morning, chill
Burns away. 

3738
03:30:11,600 --> 03:30:15,000
At this altitude, the sunlight 
feels more intense than at sea 

3739
03:30:15,000 --> 03:30:18,600
level, you can feel it on your 
skin like a gentle pressure. 

3740
03:30:19,600 --> 03:30:22,700
Sky overhead is a blue so deep, 
it almost looks purple. 

3741
03:30:22,700 --> 03:30:26,200
Stone markers appear along the 
road at regular intervals. 

3742
03:30:26,200 --> 03:30:31,300
These helped travel as measured 
distance the spiritual waypoints

3743
03:30:31,300 --> 03:30:35,500
Travelers would sometimes leave 
small offerings, a smooth Pebble

3744
03:30:35,500 --> 03:30:38,600
Place to carefully. 
A handful of coca leaves. 

3745
03:30:39,500 --> 03:30:42,300
These small gestures honored, 
the journey and the road itself.

3746
03:30:43,400 --> 03:30:45,500
The maintenance of these roads 
was constant. 

3747
03:30:45,500 --> 03:30:49,800
Work, rain could wash out 
sections, landslides might block

3748
03:30:49,800 --> 03:30:53,200
passes freeze and thought Cycles
could crack Stones. 

3749
03:30:53,200 --> 03:30:57,000
Every year Community, sent 
workers to repair their sections

3750
03:30:57,000 --> 03:31:00,600
of Road, it was a never-ending 
task that required coordination 

3751
03:31:00,600 --> 03:31:03,900
across the entire Empire. 
What you're walking on 

3752
03:31:03,900 --> 03:31:06,700
represents, not just 
engineering, but also political 

3753
03:31:06,700 --> 03:31:09,700
philosophy. 
The Inca believed in reciprocity

3754
03:31:09,700 --> 03:31:12,500
the Empire provided 
infrastructure and organization 

3755
03:31:12,500 --> 03:31:17,000
in return communities, 
contributed labor and loyalty. 

3756
03:31:17,700 --> 03:31:21,800
This system of mutual obligation
held everything together as you 

3757
03:31:21,800 --> 03:31:23,700
walk. 
You notice how the road has been

3758
03:31:23,700 --> 03:31:27,500
adapted for drainage Small 
channels cut into the pavement 

3759
03:31:27,500 --> 03:31:31,800
guide water away after a rain. 
The road surface dries quickly. 

3760
03:31:31,800 --> 03:31:35,500
This attention to detail meant 
the roads remained usable year 

3761
03:31:35,500 --> 03:31:39,400
round in most places. 
The rodeo shaped how people 

3762
03:31:39,400 --> 03:31:41,100
thought about distance and 
connection. 

3763
03:31:42,000 --> 03:31:44,800
Places were not measured in 
miles, but in days of travel. 

3764
03:31:45,600 --> 03:31:48,500
A town five days away was 
thought of differently than one 

3765
03:31:48,500 --> 03:31:51,800
just one day distance. 
The roads created their own 

3766
03:31:51,800 --> 03:31:55,400
geography of time and movement. 
You passed through a small 

3767
03:31:55,400 --> 03:31:57,700
settlement built right alongside
the road. 

3768
03:31:58,500 --> 03:32:01,900
Stonehouse's clustered together,
people are starting their daily 

3769
03:32:01,900 --> 03:32:05,100
routines. 
Smoke rises from cooking fires. 

3770
03:32:05,100 --> 03:32:08,200
Someone is grinding maze on a 
flat stone. 

3771
03:32:09,200 --> 03:32:11,900
The rhythmic sound of stone on 
Stone creates a soothing 

3772
03:32:11,900 --> 03:32:14,600
pattern. 
These roads were become crucial 

3773
03:32:14,600 --> 03:32:16,300
during the transformation that 
was coming. 

3774
03:32:16,300 --> 03:32:19,900
They would carry not just Inca 
officials and goods. 

3775
03:32:19,900 --> 03:32:24,500
But also new ideas, new people 
and new ways of organizing 

3776
03:32:24,500 --> 03:32:28,100
Society. 
The infrastructure that held the

3777
03:32:28,100 --> 03:32:31,300
empire together would become the
Skeleton on which something new 

3778
03:32:31,300 --> 03:32:34,600
would be built. 
You find yourself standing at 

3779
03:32:34,600 --> 03:32:36,700
the base of an agricultural 
terrorist system. 

3780
03:32:36,700 --> 03:32:41,000
So extensive it looks like giant
stairs climbing toward the 

3781
03:32:41,000 --> 03:32:43,900
clouds. 
Each terrorist is a carefully. 

3782
03:32:43,900 --> 03:32:46,900
Engineered platform that 
transforms a steep. 

3783
03:32:46,900 --> 03:32:49,000
Mountainside into productive 
farmland. 

3784
03:32:49,900 --> 03:32:53,500
The Bottom Terrace alone, could 
be in acre or more above it. 

3785
03:32:53,500 --> 03:32:56,000
Dozens more climb in measured 
steps. 

3786
03:32:57,000 --> 03:32:59,300
Walk up to one of these Terraces
and run your hand. 

3787
03:32:59,300 --> 03:33:02,400
Along the retaining wall, the 
stones have been shaped and 

3788
03:33:02,400 --> 03:33:05,200
fitted with the same Precision 
you saw on the roads. 

3789
03:33:06,000 --> 03:33:09,000
Water flows through small 
channels, cut into the stone. 

3790
03:33:09,000 --> 03:33:12,500
The system moves moisture from 
terrorists to terrorists in 

3791
03:33:12,508 --> 03:33:16,300
exactly calculated amounts. 
The Genius of these. 

3792
03:33:16,300 --> 03:33:19,300
Terraces goes beyond just 
creating flat farming space. 

3793
03:33:19,300 --> 03:33:22,300
Each level creates its own 
microclimate. 

3794
03:33:22,300 --> 03:33:25,800
The bottom Terrace's closer to 
the valley floor. 

3795
03:33:25,800 --> 03:33:29,000
Stay warmer. 
The top Terraces thousands of 

3796
03:33:29,000 --> 03:33:32,900
feet higher remain cooler. 
This means Farmers could grow 

3797
03:33:32,900 --> 03:33:36,100
different crops at different 
levels on the same Mountainside.

3798
03:33:37,000 --> 03:33:39,400
On the warmest. 
Lowest Terraces, you might find 

3799
03:33:39,400 --> 03:33:43,200
Maize growing in neat rows. 
Stork swayed. 

3800
03:33:43,200 --> 03:33:46,200
Gently in the Valley, Breeze 
climb a few levels and you 

3801
03:33:46,200 --> 03:33:49,300
encounter quinoa, a grain that 
tolerates cooler. 

3802
03:33:49,300 --> 03:33:52,800
Temperatures higher, still 
potatoes, thrive in conditions 

3803
03:33:52,800 --> 03:33:54,600
that would kill more delicate 
plants. 

3804
03:33:55,400 --> 03:33:58,100
The Inca. 
Cultivated over 3,000 varieties 

3805
03:33:58,100 --> 03:34:01,300
of potato. 
This might sound excessive until

3806
03:34:01,300 --> 03:34:04,500
you understand the logic? 
Different varieties, suited 

3807
03:34:04,500 --> 03:34:08,300
different altitudes, different 
soil types, different amounts of

3808
03:34:08,300 --> 03:34:11,600
rainfall. 
Some potatoes grew best in sandy

3809
03:34:11,600 --> 03:34:16,400
soil, others, preferred, clay. 
Some matured quickly While 

3810
03:34:16,400 --> 03:34:18,400
others needed a longer growing 
season. 

3811
03:34:19,300 --> 03:34:22,100
This diversity was also 
insurance against crop failure. 

3812
03:34:22,100 --> 03:34:26,200
If one variety succumbed to 
frost or disease, others would 

3813
03:34:26,200 --> 03:34:29,100
survive. 
The Empire never relied on a 

3814
03:34:29,100 --> 03:34:34,000
single crop or a single variety.
Diversity meant resilience you 

3815
03:34:34,000 --> 03:34:35,500
watch Farmers working on The 
Terraces. 

3816
03:34:35,500 --> 03:34:37,900
Now they move with practice 
deficiency. 

3817
03:34:37,900 --> 03:34:42,000
One person breaks up soil with a
foot plow called a tackler. 

3818
03:34:42,000 --> 03:34:45,700
This tool is essentially a long 
pole with a footrest and a 

3819
03:34:45,700 --> 03:34:49,700
bronze or stone blade. 
The farmer steps on the footrest

3820
03:34:49,700 --> 03:34:53,000
drives the blade into Earth and 
levers up a chunk of soil. 

3821
03:34:53,900 --> 03:34:56,800
Behind the person with the to 
color others, break up the 

3822
03:34:56,800 --> 03:34:58,700
loosened Earth with their hands 
and tools. 

3823
03:34:58,700 --> 03:35:02,300
They create furrows and mounds 
seeds. 

3824
03:35:02,300 --> 03:35:05,100
Go into specific patterns that 
have been refined over 

3825
03:35:05,100 --> 03:35:08,600
Generations. 
Everyone knows their role, no 

3826
03:35:08,600 --> 03:35:11,200
one needs to give instructions, 
the work happens. 

3827
03:35:11,200 --> 03:35:13,900
Communally families from a 
village work together. 

3828
03:35:13,900 --> 03:35:16,700
Moving from one family's plot to
another today. 

3829
03:35:16,700 --> 03:35:18,600
They plant your Terraces 
tomorrow. 

3830
03:35:18,600 --> 03:35:23,100
You help plant theirs This 
reciprocal labor, another form 

3831
03:35:23,100 --> 03:35:26,000
of meter. 
Maid the agricultural system 

3832
03:35:26,000 --> 03:35:30,100
function smoothly, Someone 
starts singing as they work. 

3833
03:35:30,100 --> 03:35:33,300
The melody is simple and 
repetitive others. 

3834
03:35:33,300 --> 03:35:36,600
Join in the song, helps 
coordinate the rhythm of work. 

3835
03:35:36,600 --> 03:35:39,400
It also makes the time pass more
pleasantly. 

3836
03:35:40,200 --> 03:35:41,900
You cannot help but smile at the
sound. 

3837
03:35:41,900 --> 03:35:44,900
Echoing off the stone walls 
between Terraces. 

3838
03:35:44,900 --> 03:35:47,000
You notice small Stone 
buildings. 

3839
03:35:47,000 --> 03:35:51,000
These are storage facilities 
called colchas the Inca 

3840
03:35:51,000 --> 03:35:54,000
locations where air circulation 
kept stored Goods. 

3841
03:35:54,000 --> 03:35:54,900
Drying. 
Cool. 

3842
03:35:55,700 --> 03:36:00,100
Potatoes quinoa, dried meat. 
And other Foods could last for 

3843
03:36:00,100 --> 03:36:04,800
years when properly stored The 
culture system was remarkable in

3844
03:36:04,800 --> 03:36:07,500
its scale. 
The Empire maintained vast 

3845
03:36:07,500 --> 03:36:11,300
reserves of food in the 
storehouses in years of plenty, 

3846
03:36:11,300 --> 03:36:15,800
the Surplus went into storage. 
In years of poor harvest, the 

3847
03:36:15,800 --> 03:36:20,700
reserve sustained communities. 
This buffer against famine was a

3848
03:36:20,700 --> 03:36:24,200
key feature of Inca governance, 
you peek inside a culture. 

3849
03:36:24,200 --> 03:36:28,700
The interior is dim and cool 
pottery vessels line, the walls 

3850
03:36:28,700 --> 03:36:32,700
each sealed carefully. 
The floor is slightly raised to 

3851
03:36:32,700 --> 03:36:36,700
prevent moisture from seeping in
ventilation gaps in the walls. 

3852
03:36:36,700 --> 03:36:41,700
Create gentle air movement. 
The smell is earthy and dry one 

3853
03:36:41,700 --> 03:36:44,900
of the most ingenious Inca. 
Agricultural Innovations was 

3854
03:36:44,900 --> 03:36:48,100
freeze. 
Dried potato called chuno The 

3855
03:36:48,100 --> 03:36:50,500
process took advantage of the 
extreme temperature. 

3856
03:36:50,500 --> 03:36:53,500
Fluctuation in the high Andes at
night. 

3857
03:36:53,500 --> 03:36:57,500
Temperatures, might drop well 
below freezing during the day, 

3858
03:36:57,500 --> 03:37:01,000
the sun could be intense Farmers
would spread potatoes on the 

3859
03:37:01,000 --> 03:37:05,100
ground during the dry season at 
night, the potatoes froze, solid

3860
03:37:05,100 --> 03:37:08,700
during the day, they thought 
people would walk on the 

3861
03:37:08,700 --> 03:37:11,100
potatoes. 
Squeezing out moisture this 

3862
03:37:11,100 --> 03:37:13,900
cycle repeated for several days 
until the potatoes were 

3863
03:37:13,900 --> 03:37:17,600
completely dehydrated. 
The result was a food that could

3864
03:37:17,608 --> 03:37:22,200
last for years without spoiling.
Cunio was lightweight and easy 

3865
03:37:22,200 --> 03:37:26,400
to transport. 
Rehydrated in soups or stews it 

3866
03:37:26,400 --> 03:37:30,400
provided nutrition during lean 
times or on Long Journeys, you 

3867
03:37:30,400 --> 03:37:35,200
try a piece of rehydrated cunio.
Now Texture is unusual but not 

3868
03:37:35,200 --> 03:37:38,300
unpleasant. 
It tastes earthy and substantial

3869
03:37:38,300 --> 03:37:42,000
the agricultural calendar, 
governed, much of Inca life. 

3870
03:37:42,600 --> 03:37:46,600
Planting Seasons Harvest times 
and ritual, observances, all 

3871
03:37:46,600 --> 03:37:48,400
followed the patterns of the 
farming year. 

3872
03:37:49,300 --> 03:37:52,000
The Empire tracked, time partly 
through these agricultural 

3873
03:37:52,000 --> 03:37:54,800
Cycles. 
The year was divided into 

3874
03:37:54,800 --> 03:37:57,500
periods that corresponded to 
what needed to happen in the 

3875
03:37:57,500 --> 03:38:00,400
fields. 
Irrigation was another piece of 

3876
03:38:00,400 --> 03:38:03,600
the Agricultural puzzle water 
from Mountain Streams. 

3877
03:38:03,600 --> 03:38:06,100
And springs was channeled 
through carefully engineered 

3878
03:38:06,100 --> 03:38:09,800
systems, Stone channels carried 
water for miles. 

3879
03:38:10,700 --> 03:38:14,400
The gradients were calculated so
precisely that water flowed at 

3880
03:38:14,400 --> 03:38:19,200
exactly the right speed too fast
and it would erode channels, two

3881
03:38:19,200 --> 03:38:22,100
slow. 
And it would stagnate You follow

3882
03:38:22,100 --> 03:38:24,700
one of these irrigation channels
as it winds along a hillside. 

3883
03:38:25,900 --> 03:38:30,400
The water runs clear and cold 
every so often a small gate 

3884
03:38:30,400 --> 03:38:33,200
allows Farmers to divert water 
onto their Terraces. 

3885
03:38:33,200 --> 03:38:38,100
The gates are simple, but 
effective, Flat stone slides 

3886
03:38:38,100 --> 03:38:41,200
into grooves, cut into the 
channel walls, the system 

3887
03:38:41,200 --> 03:38:43,700
required coordination 
communities. 

3888
03:38:43,700 --> 03:38:45,600
Had to agree on water 
distribution. 

3889
03:38:45,600 --> 03:38:48,800
Someone living at the top of the
system, could not take all the 

3890
03:38:48,808 --> 03:38:51,600
water and leave nothing for 
those Downstream. 

3891
03:38:52,700 --> 03:38:57,400
Rules, governed usage disputes 
were settled by local officials 

3892
03:38:57,400 --> 03:39:00,100
who understood both the 
technical requirements and the 

3893
03:39:00,100 --> 03:39:03,600
social dynamics. 
At higher altitudes where Frost 

3894
03:39:03,600 --> 03:39:06,500
was more common, the Inca 
developed another clever 

3895
03:39:06,500 --> 03:39:10,100
technique they built walls on 
the uphill side of terraces. 

3896
03:39:10,100 --> 03:39:13,700
These walls, absorbed heat 
during the day and radiated it 

3897
03:39:13,700 --> 03:39:16,300
at night. 
The slight temperature increase 

3898
03:39:16,300 --> 03:39:20,100
could be enough to prevent frost
from damaging crops you rest for

3899
03:39:20,100 --> 03:39:22,500
a moment. 
On one of these walls, the stone

3900
03:39:22,500 --> 03:39:26,800
is warm from the Sun around you.
The terrorist landscape creates 

3901
03:39:26,800 --> 03:39:30,300
a pattern of horizontal lines 
climbing toward distant Peaks. 

3902
03:39:31,600 --> 03:39:34,900
It is beautiful in a way that 
combines human Ingenuity with 

3903
03:39:34,900 --> 03:39:38,300
natural topography. 
Children play Among The 

3904
03:39:38,300 --> 03:39:40,600
Terraces, their laughter, 
echoing across the valley. 

3905
03:39:40,600 --> 03:39:44,100
They chased each other up and 
down the stone staircases that 

3906
03:39:44,100 --> 03:39:47,900
connect the different levels. 
One child has fashioned a toy 

3907
03:39:47,900 --> 03:39:51,800
llama from dried grass. 
Another pretends to be a shasky 

3908
03:39:51,800 --> 03:39:53,900
running with an imaginary 
message. 

3909
03:39:54,600 --> 03:39:58,100
These agricultural systems 
represented hundreds of years of

3910
03:39:58,100 --> 03:40:01,500
accumulated knowledge, each 
generation learned from the 

3911
03:40:01,500 --> 03:40:03,500
previous one and added 
refinements. 

3912
03:40:04,100 --> 03:40:07,900
The placement of every Terrace, 
the composition of every soil 

3913
03:40:07,900 --> 03:40:10,900
mixture. 
The timing of every planting was

3914
03:40:10,900 --> 03:40:15,300
informed by long experience. 
Terraces also had a spiritual 

3915
03:40:15,300 --> 03:40:18,000
dimension. 
The Earth was not just a 

3916
03:40:18,000 --> 03:40:21,500
resource to be exploited, it was
alive and deserving of respect. 

3917
03:40:22,600 --> 03:40:25,100
Before planting Farmers might 
make smaller offerings. 

3918
03:40:25,100 --> 03:40:28,400
A bit of coca leaf, a flash of 
chichar. 

3919
03:40:29,000 --> 03:40:33,400
The fermented maze drink. 
These gestures acknowledged, the

3920
03:40:33,400 --> 03:40:35,300
relationship between humans and 
the land. 

3921
03:40:36,100 --> 03:40:39,400
As the sun begins to set, you 
watch The Terraces filled with 

3922
03:40:39,400 --> 03:40:42,700
golden light. 
The green of growing crops glows

3923
03:40:42,700 --> 03:40:46,500
against the grace stone walls, 
Shadows length and across the 

3924
03:40:46,508 --> 03:40:48,400
valley floor. 
Farmers. 

3925
03:40:48,400 --> 03:40:51,200
Begin heading home their tools, 
over their shoulders, 

3926
03:40:51,200 --> 03:40:55,400
conversation flowing easily. 
This agricultural system would 

3927
03:40:55,400 --> 03:40:59,200
proved remarkably durable. 
The Terraces themselves would 

3928
03:40:59,200 --> 03:41:03,700
remain productive for centuries.
The varieties of crops the 

3929
03:41:03,700 --> 03:41:07,200
techniques of cultivation. 
The communal labor patterns 

3930
03:41:07,200 --> 03:41:10,400
would all adapt and persist even
as political systems changed 

3931
03:41:10,400 --> 03:41:13,800
around them. 
Arrived in Cusco just as Morning

3932
03:41:13,800 --> 03:41:15,900
Light touches the mountains, 
surrounding the city. 

3933
03:41:16,600 --> 03:41:18,600
This is the capital of the 
Taiwan. 

3934
03:41:18,600 --> 03:41:21,700
Tinsu the name, the Inca gave to
their empire. 

3935
03:41:21,700 --> 03:41:23,900
It means the four parts 
together. 

3936
03:41:24,700 --> 03:41:27,700
Cusco sits at the center, the 
naval of the world. 

3937
03:41:28,600 --> 03:41:31,100
The city is laid out in the 
shape of a puma. 

3938
03:41:31,100 --> 03:41:34,700
If viewed from above the head is
the Fortress of Saxe 1. 

3939
03:41:34,700 --> 03:41:38,900
Man, on a hill, overlooking the 
city, the body sprays across the

3940
03:41:38,900 --> 03:41:41,500
valley floor. 
The tail extends toward the 

3941
03:41:41,500 --> 03:41:45,400
South This symbolic layout 
reflects the Inca attention to 

3942
03:41:45,400 --> 03:41:48,900
meaning an architecture. 
You walk through streets, paved 

3943
03:41:48,900 --> 03:41:52,800
with smooth Stones. 
The buildings on either side are

3944
03:41:52,800 --> 03:41:54,800
constructed from precisely 
fitted blocks. 

3945
03:41:55,600 --> 03:41:59,400
Some of these stones are 
enormous, weighing many tons yet

3946
03:41:59,400 --> 03:42:01,900
they fit together with 
impossible accuracy. 

3947
03:42:02,700 --> 03:42:04,900
The famous 12, angled Stone in a
wall. 

3948
03:42:04,900 --> 03:42:08,700
Catches your eye, 12 surfaces 
meet at precise angles. 

3949
03:42:08,700 --> 03:42:13,200
No mortar holds it in place, 
friction and gravity do all the 

3950
03:42:13,200 --> 03:42:15,300
work. 
The streets are narrow and 

3951
03:42:15,300 --> 03:42:17,900
straight. 
They create channels for air to 

3952
03:42:17,900 --> 03:42:20,300
flow through the city on hot 
days. 

3953
03:42:20,300 --> 03:42:24,400
This creates Pleasant breezes, 
when rain falls the water on 

3954
03:42:24,400 --> 03:42:28,800
swiftly through channels cut 
into the pavement, City drains 

3955
03:42:28,800 --> 03:42:31,500
efficiently at the center of 
Cusco lies. 

3956
03:42:31,500 --> 03:42:34,300
The coricancha. 
Temple of the Sun. 

3957
03:42:35,000 --> 03:42:37,500
This is the most sacred site in 
the Empire. 

3958
03:42:38,600 --> 03:42:41,400
The Walls inside were once 
covered with sheets of gold. 

3959
03:42:42,100 --> 03:42:44,800
Sunlight streaming through 
Windows, would reflect off 

3960
03:42:44,800 --> 03:42:46,900
these. 
Golden surfaces filling. 

3961
03:42:46,900 --> 03:42:51,300
The interior, with warm light, 
the effect must be breathtaking.

3962
03:42:51,300 --> 03:42:54,400
You imagine standing in the 
quora country on the morning of 

3963
03:42:54,400 --> 03:42:57,500
the winter solstice. 
Sunlight enters through a 

3964
03:42:57,500 --> 03:43:00,600
precisely positioned window and 
illuminates. 

3965
03:43:00,600 --> 03:43:04,900
A specific spot on the wall. 
this moment marks the turning 

3966
03:43:04,900 --> 03:43:08,200
point of the year, when the sun 
begins its return Journey North 

3967
03:43:09,300 --> 03:43:12,300
The priest who designed this new
exactly how to align 

3968
03:43:12,300 --> 03:43:14,400
architecture with Celestial 
movements? 

3969
03:43:15,200 --> 03:43:18,200
The Inca tract time through 
careful, observation of the sun,

3970
03:43:18,200 --> 03:43:22,700
moon and stars on the horizon 
marked solar positions 

3971
03:43:22,700 --> 03:43:25,800
throughout the year. 
A planting and harvest calendar 

3972
03:43:25,800 --> 03:43:29,300
depended on these observations. 
Festivals occurred at 

3973
03:43:29,300 --> 03:43:31,100
astronomically significant 
moments. 

3974
03:43:31,800 --> 03:43:34,400
Walk through the city in UC 
evidence of careful planning 

3975
03:43:34,400 --> 03:43:36,900
everywhere. 
Water flows through Stone 

3976
03:43:36,900 --> 03:43:40,400
channels along the streets, 
public plazas, provide Gathering

3977
03:43:40,400 --> 03:43:45,000
spaces, storehouses line, the 
hillsides, around the city, The 

3978
03:43:45,000 --> 03:43:48,500
population of Cusco might have 
reached 50,000 or more at its 

3979
03:43:48,500 --> 03:43:50,800
height. 
The social organization of the 

3980
03:43:50,808 --> 03:43:53,200
city, reflects the broader 
structure of the Empire 

3981
03:43:53,200 --> 03:43:57,100
different neighborhoods, house 
different groups, Artisans 

3982
03:43:57,100 --> 03:44:00,100
clustered together. 
Metal workers had their area 

3983
03:44:00,100 --> 03:44:02,700
Weavers worked in another 
section. 

3984
03:44:03,400 --> 03:44:06,600
Royal families occupied the most
prestigious locations near the 

3985
03:44:06,600 --> 03:44:09,300
center. 
You watch A procession moving 

3986
03:44:09,300 --> 03:44:12,700
through one of the main plazas 
people carry large bundles 

3987
03:44:12,700 --> 03:44:16,100
wrapped in fine cloth. 
These are the mummies of former 

3988
03:44:16,100 --> 03:44:18,700
in Corollas. 
The dead Emperors still 

3989
03:44:18,700 --> 03:44:20,600
participate in important 
ceremony. 

3990
03:44:21,700 --> 03:44:24,500
They sit at feasts their 
attendance offering them food 

3991
03:44:24,500 --> 03:44:27,500
and drink. 
This might seem strange to 

3992
03:44:27,500 --> 03:44:31,300
Outsiders, but it makes perfect 
sense within Inca cosmology. 

3993
03:44:32,400 --> 03:44:35,000
The relationship between the 
living and the dead was more 

3994
03:44:35,000 --> 03:44:38,800
fluid in Inca thought, than in 
many other cultures ancestors 

3995
03:44:38,800 --> 03:44:42,600
remained active presences. 
Their wisdom could be consulted 

3996
03:44:42,600 --> 03:44:44,600
their possessions were 
maintained. 

3997
03:44:44,600 --> 03:44:48,200
They continue to own land and 
receive tribute even after 

3998
03:44:48,200 --> 03:44:51,000
death. 
This created an interesting 

3999
03:44:51,000 --> 03:44:54,500
problem, each new Inca Emperor 
had to acquire his own wealth 

4000
03:44:54,500 --> 03:44:57,800
and land because his 
predecessors resources belong to

4001
03:44:57,800 --> 03:44:59,700
that predecessors, mummy and 
lineage. 

4002
03:45:00,600 --> 03:45:05,100
This encouraged expansion, each 
ruler needed to conquer new 

4003
03:45:05,100 --> 03:45:06,600
territories to support his 
household. 

4004
03:45:06,600 --> 03:45:11,100
The city's markets, Buzz with 
activity, you wander through 

4005
03:45:11,100 --> 03:45:13,500
stalls, displaying goods from 
across the empire. 

4006
03:45:14,300 --> 03:45:17,700
Bright textiles from Highland 
Weavers, hang alongside carved, 

4007
03:45:17,700 --> 03:45:20,700
wooden items. 
Pottery of various Styles and 

4008
03:45:20,700 --> 03:45:22,900
functions is arranged in neat 
rows. 

4009
03:45:22,900 --> 03:45:27,900
Metalwork gleams in the sunlight
One vendor offers dried chilies 

4010
03:45:27,900 --> 03:45:32,400
from a warm Valley, the smell is
sharp and complex another sells 

4011
03:45:32,400 --> 03:45:36,500
varieties of Maize and different
colors, white, yellow, red, 

4012
03:45:36,500 --> 03:45:41,500
purple, and even black kernels, 
Phil woven boss gets you wonder 

4013
03:45:41,500 --> 03:45:44,100
at the patience required to 
develop such diversity. 

4014
03:45:44,100 --> 03:45:46,700
The markets operate without 
money. 

4015
03:45:46,700 --> 03:45:50,600
The Inca did not use currency in
the way other civilizations did 

4016
03:45:50,600 --> 03:45:55,000
instead exchange happened 
through barter and through the 

4017
03:45:55,000 --> 03:45:59,400
reciprocal obligations, that 
structured Society, You might 

4018
03:45:59,408 --> 03:46:02,900
trade your woven cloth for 
someone else's Pottery or you 

4019
03:46:02,900 --> 03:46:05,600
might receive Goods as part of 
your service to the Empire. 

4020
03:46:06,700 --> 03:46:09,100
Record keeping was essential in 
such a system. 

4021
03:46:10,000 --> 03:46:13,600
Quipu served this purpose, 
brilliantly, these bundles of 

4022
03:46:13,600 --> 03:46:15,800
knotted strings, recorded 
quantities. 

4023
03:46:15,800 --> 03:46:20,400
Transactions census data, and 
possibly even narrative 

4024
03:46:21,200 --> 03:46:23,300
Different colors of string meant
different things. 

4025
03:46:23,300 --> 03:46:28,200
The type of not conveyed meaning
The position of a knot on the 

4026
03:46:28,200 --> 03:46:31,900
string, indicated value, you 
examine a quipu. 

4027
03:46:31,900 --> 03:46:35,700
Now the main chord has dozens of
subsidiary strings hanging from 

4028
03:46:35,700 --> 03:46:39,400
it. 
Each string has several knots a 

4029
03:46:39,400 --> 03:46:41,800
specialist called a Cooper, 
kamiak can read these knots like

4030
03:46:41,800 --> 03:46:45,000
you might read a page of text. 
They can tell you exactly how 

4031
03:46:45,000 --> 03:46:46,700
many llamas are in a particular 
region. 

4032
03:46:46,700 --> 03:46:49,800
How much Maize was harvested? 
How many people owe Labor 

4033
03:46:49,800 --> 03:46:52,200
Service? 
This system of record, keeping 

4034
03:46:52,200 --> 03:46:54,800
allowed the Empire to function 
with remarkable efficiency. 

4035
03:46:55,800 --> 03:46:58,700
Administrators knew what 
resources were available and 

4036
03:46:58,700 --> 03:47:01,800
where they were located. 
They could plan distributions, 

4037
03:47:01,800 --> 03:47:04,700
organized labor projects and 
respond to shortages. 

4038
03:47:05,700 --> 03:47:09,000
The palace complexes of Cusco, 
demonstrate another aspect of 

4039
03:47:09,000 --> 03:47:11,800
Inca architecture. 
Each Emperor, built his own 

4040
03:47:11,800 --> 03:47:15,000
Palace rather than occupying, 
his predecessors residents. 

4041
03:47:15,800 --> 03:47:19,200
These compounds included, living
quarters storage, areas, 

4042
03:47:19,200 --> 03:47:23,500
Guardians and ceremonial spaces.
You peek in to one of these 

4043
03:47:23,500 --> 03:47:26,400
Garden Courtyards plants grow in
carefully. 

4044
03:47:26,400 --> 03:47:30,000
Tended beds, small channels, 
bring water to each section 

4045
03:47:30,000 --> 03:47:33,700
Stone benches offer places to 
sit and enjoy the space. 

4046
03:47:34,500 --> 03:47:38,300
The garden is both beautiful and
productive with flowers, growing

4047
03:47:38,300 --> 03:47:42,300
alongside herbs and vegetables. 
The concept of beauty and 

4048
03:47:42,300 --> 03:47:44,700
increase Aesthetics valued both 
Form and Function. 

4049
03:47:44,700 --> 03:47:49,200
A well-made storage jar was 
beautiful precisely because it 

4050
03:47:49,200 --> 03:47:53,500
performed its function so well 
The smooth curve of its belly, 

4051
03:47:53,500 --> 03:47:57,900
the strength of its base, the 
comfortable grip of its handles.

4052
03:47:57,900 --> 03:48:02,600
All contributed to its beauty. 
Textile production was highly 

4053
03:48:02,600 --> 03:48:06,700
valued in Inca Society. 
Fine cloth served as a measure 

4054
03:48:06,700 --> 03:48:10,000
of wealth and Status. 
The emperor wore garments made 

4055
03:48:10,000 --> 03:48:13,700
from the softest alpaca wool 
woven with intricate patterns. 

4056
03:48:13,700 --> 03:48:18,700
These textiles took months to 
produce every thread was spun by

4057
03:48:18,700 --> 03:48:21,400
hand. 
Every pattern was created by 

4058
03:48:21,400 --> 03:48:25,800
skilled fingers on a back strap.
Loom you watch a weaver working 

4059
03:48:25,800 --> 03:48:28,700
now? 
She sits with the loom stretched

4060
03:48:28,700 --> 03:48:30,700
between a post and a strap 
around her waist. 

4061
03:48:31,600 --> 03:48:33,500
Her fingers move with quick 
precision. 

4062
03:48:34,400 --> 03:48:37,300
Colored threads created 
geometric pattern, the gross 

4063
03:48:37,300 --> 03:48:40,700
slowly across the fabric. 
She pulls his occasionally to 

4064
03:48:40,700 --> 03:48:42,600
adjust tension, or select a new 
color. 

4065
03:48:43,500 --> 03:48:45,800
The patterns in textiles were 
not merely decorative. 

4066
03:48:45,800 --> 03:48:49,800
They conveyed information about 
the where is region status and 

4067
03:48:49,800 --> 03:48:52,500
affiliation. 
Someone trained in reading, 

4068
03:48:52,500 --> 03:48:55,300
these visual languages could 
learn much about person from 

4069
03:48:55,300 --> 03:48:58,800
their clothing. as evening, 
approaches you climb to a 

4070
03:48:58,800 --> 03:49:02,600
vantage point, overlooking the 
city Smoke rises from thousands 

4071
03:49:02,600 --> 03:49:06,600
of cooking, fires, the smell of 
roasting meat and quinoa. 

4072
03:49:06,600 --> 03:49:09,300
Stew drifts on the breeze. 
The city. 

4073
03:49:09,300 --> 03:49:11,400
Settles into its evening, 
rhythms. 

4074
03:49:12,200 --> 03:49:16,300
People Gather in Courtyards to 
share meals children, finish 

4075
03:49:16,300 --> 03:49:21,300
their games and head inside. 
The mountains surrounding Cusco,

4076
03:49:21,300 --> 03:49:25,000
catch the last Light, their 
peaks glowing pink, and orange 

4077
03:49:25,000 --> 03:49:27,100
Shadows. 
Fill the valleys. 

4078
03:49:27,100 --> 03:49:30,100
The temperature drops quickly as
the sun disappears. 

4079
03:49:30,100 --> 03:49:34,600
You pull your cloak Tighter and 
appreciate the warmth of alpaca 

4080
03:49:34,600 --> 03:49:37,600
wool this city with its precise 
architecture. 

4081
03:49:37,600 --> 03:49:41,600
And complex, social organization
represents the achievement of 

4082
03:49:41,600 --> 03:49:43,300
the Inca civilization at his 
height. 

4083
03:49:44,200 --> 03:49:46,500
It is a place where the 
Practical and the spiritual 

4084
03:49:46,500 --> 03:49:50,100
intertwine were efficient 
administration supports millions

4085
03:49:50,100 --> 03:49:53,500
of people, across diverse 
Landscapes, where tradition and 

4086
03:49:53,500 --> 03:49:57,400
Innovation, walk hand in hand. 
You begin to understand 

4087
03:49:57,400 --> 03:50:00,500
something peculiar about how the
Inca organized their 

4088
03:50:00,500 --> 03:50:04,200
relationship with the landscape.
Unlike Empires, that spread 

4089
03:50:04,200 --> 03:50:06,900
horizontally across relatively 
uniform, terrain. 

4090
03:50:06,900 --> 03:50:09,300
The Inca Empire stretched 
vertically. 

4091
03:50:09,300 --> 03:50:13,100
Embracing radical environmental,
differences within short 

4092
03:50:13,100 --> 03:50:15,900
distances. 
Stand at sea level on the 

4093
03:50:15,908 --> 03:50:19,100
Pacific coast. 
The air is humid and smells of 

4094
03:50:19,100 --> 03:50:22,600
salt and seaweed. 
Fog rolls in most mornings 

4095
03:50:22,600 --> 03:50:26,200
creating a gray blanket that 
burns off by midday. 

4096
03:50:27,200 --> 03:50:29,900
The temperature stays relatively
constant year round. 

4097
03:50:29,900 --> 03:50:33,900
This is the coastal desert. 
One of the driest places on 

4098
03:50:33,900 --> 03:50:36,000
Earth despite being right next 
to an ocean. 

4099
03:50:36,800 --> 03:50:40,700
Now imagine traveling in land 
within a single day of hard. 

4100
03:50:40,700 --> 03:50:43,500
Walking you climb from this 
desert into fertile river. 

4101
03:50:43,500 --> 03:50:47,400
Valleys here, irrigation 
channels built by cultures that 

4102
03:50:47,400 --> 03:50:49,900
preceded. 
The Inca Tern dry land into 

4103
03:50:49,900 --> 03:50:53,900
Garden's cotton grows in neat 
Fields, fruit trees, produced 

4104
03:50:53,900 --> 03:50:56,900
mangoes, avocados and other 
crops impossible at higher 

4105
03:50:56,900 --> 03:51:00,600
elevations, continue climbing 
The Valleys narrow and the air 

4106
03:51:00,600 --> 03:51:03,100
grows thinner. 
You enter the cloud forest Zone 

4107
03:51:03,100 --> 03:51:06,900
where moisture condenses on 
vegetation and drips constantly.

4108
03:51:06,900 --> 03:51:11,100
Everything is green and damp 
orchids cling to tree branches. 

4109
03:51:11,100 --> 03:51:13,400
The sound of water is 
everywhere. 

4110
03:51:13,400 --> 03:51:17,900
Highest still you break through 
the clouds into the Puna, the 

4111
03:51:17,900 --> 03:51:22,600
high grassland The air here is 
so thin that exertion leaves you

4112
03:51:22,600 --> 03:51:26,000
gossiping. 
The sun feels intense with the 

4113
03:51:26,000 --> 03:51:29,800
filtering effect of thicker 
atmosphere temperatures can 

4114
03:51:29,800 --> 03:51:32,400
swing from warm to freezing 
within hours. 

4115
03:51:33,200 --> 03:51:36,300
This vertical landscape created 
a unique economic system. 

4116
03:51:36,300 --> 03:51:39,500
Instead of controlling large 
horizontal territories, 

4117
03:51:39,500 --> 03:51:42,800
communities, controlled 
vertical, strips that included 

4118
03:51:42,800 --> 03:51:45,400
access to multiple ecological 
zones. 

4119
03:51:46,300 --> 03:51:49,400
A single ethnic group might have
settlements and resource rights 

4120
03:51:49,400 --> 03:51:51,100
from the coast to the high 
mountains. 

4121
03:51:51,900 --> 03:51:53,300
This meant that people from the 
cold. 

4122
03:51:53,300 --> 03:51:56,500
Pune could send Representatives 
down to warmer valleys to grow 

4123
03:51:56,500 --> 03:51:59,500
maze. 
Coastal Community might maintain

4124
03:51:59,500 --> 03:52:02,700
outposts in the highlands to 
access wall and high altitude 

4125
03:52:02,700 --> 03:52:05,500
crops. 
This vertical archipelago 

4126
03:52:05,500 --> 03:52:09,000
system, predated the Inca but 
was incorporated into their 

4127
03:52:09,000 --> 03:52:12,300
administrative framework. 
You follow a caravan. 

4128
03:52:12,300 --> 03:52:15,600
Now, as it travels, this 
vertical route, the Lamaze carry

4129
03:52:15,600 --> 03:52:18,300
dried fish from the coasts 
upward toward Highland 

4130
03:52:18,300 --> 03:52:20,900
communities. 
They will return loaded with 

4131
03:52:20,900 --> 03:52:24,900
wool and freeze-dried potatoes. 
This exchange has happened for 

4132
03:52:24,900 --> 03:52:27,900
Generations. 
The roots are ancient, the 

4133
03:52:27,900 --> 03:52:32,000
journey takes days each night, 
the Caravan stops at a different

4134
03:52:32,000 --> 03:52:35,600
elevation. 
The air changes the sound change

4135
03:52:36,800 --> 03:52:41,200
At the coast waves and seabirds 
create the soundscape, in the 

4136
03:52:41,200 --> 03:52:44,800
middle elevations, insects and 
frogs provide evening chorus. 

4137
03:52:44,800 --> 03:52:48,400
In the highlands, the wind makes
the primary sound whistling 

4138
03:52:48,400 --> 03:52:51,400
through, rocks and grass, The 
people traveling with this 

4139
03:52:51,400 --> 03:52:54,100
Caravan come from different 
communities but know each other.

4140
03:52:54,108 --> 03:52:58,500
Well, these roots bring regular 
contact, they share news as they

4141
03:52:58,500 --> 03:53:04,300
travel a birth in one Village, a
successful harvest in another A 

4142
03:53:04,300 --> 03:53:07,500
coming Festival. 
Information flows along these 

4143
03:53:07,500 --> 03:53:09,500
vertical paths just as good to 
do. 

4144
03:53:09,500 --> 03:53:14,100
You taste the food prepared at 
each elevation at the coast fish

4145
03:53:14,100 --> 03:53:16,400
stew. 
Seasoned with Chiles in The 

4146
03:53:16,400 --> 03:53:20,300
Valleys fresh fruit that bursts 
with flavor in the highlands. 

4147
03:53:20,300 --> 03:53:25,100
Thick soup made from dried meat 
and chuno each Zone contributes,

4148
03:53:25,100 --> 03:53:26,900
its Specialties to the diets of 
others. 

4149
03:53:26,900 --> 03:53:31,400
The clothing also changes with 
altitude, Coastal people, wear, 

4150
03:53:31,400 --> 03:53:34,700
lighter cotton, garments 
Highland, dwellers layer, alpaca

4151
03:53:34,700 --> 03:53:37,900
wool against the cold The 
Caravan members, carry extra 

4152
03:53:37,900 --> 03:53:40,300
clothing and change as they move
between zones. 

4153
03:53:40,300 --> 03:53:43,700
This system created 
interdependence between 

4154
03:53:43,700 --> 03:53:46,700
communities. 
No single group could be 

4155
03:53:46,700 --> 03:53:50,400
entirely self-sufficient. 
Everyone needed resources from 

4156
03:53:50,400 --> 03:53:53,700
other elevations, this 
interdependence, promoted 

4157
03:53:53,700 --> 03:53:58,600
exchange and reduced conflict. 
Why fight with people you depend

4158
03:53:58,600 --> 03:54:02,700
on for essential Goods? 
The Inca formalized and extended

4159
03:54:02,700 --> 03:54:05,600
this vertical system. 
They built the roads that may 

4160
03:54:05,600 --> 03:54:08,100
travel easier. 
They established the tambos that

4161
03:54:08,100 --> 03:54:11,500
made long Journeys possible. 
They created administrative 

4162
03:54:11,500 --> 03:54:14,800
structures that facilitated 
exchange across ecological 

4163
03:54:14,800 --> 03:54:18,200
boundaries. 
You rest at a tombow located at 

4164
03:54:18,200 --> 03:54:21,800
a mid elevation point, travelers
from both directions, passed 

4165
03:54:21,800 --> 03:54:25,000
through Coastal Traders, heading
up Highland. 

4166
03:54:25,000 --> 03:54:28,300
Herders heading down the tombow 
keeper knows everyone. 

4167
03:54:28,300 --> 03:54:32,500
He asks about conditions on the 
trails shares information, about

4168
03:54:32,500 --> 03:54:37,000
weather patterns offers advice 
on timing The conversations you 

4169
03:54:37,008 --> 03:54:40,000
overhear reveal the complexity 
of the exchange Networks. 

4170
03:54:40,800 --> 03:54:43,200
Someone mentioned that a 
particular Valley produced 

4171
03:54:43,200 --> 03:54:47,100
exceptional maze this year. 
Another person notes that alpaca

4172
03:54:47,100 --> 03:54:51,300
wool prices of shifted slightly.
Third, discusses. 

4173
03:54:51,300 --> 03:54:53,700
The best time to move llamas 
between pastures. 

4174
03:54:54,600 --> 03:54:57,400
These economic relationships 
were embedded in Social and 

4175
03:54:57,400 --> 03:55:01,500
ritual Frameworks exchange often
happened during festivals and 

4176
03:55:01,500 --> 03:55:05,500
ceremonies a Highland community.
Might travel to a coastal Shrine

4177
03:55:05,500 --> 03:55:09,000
for a particular celebration, 
bringing Gifts of wall and meet 

4178
03:55:09,900 --> 03:55:12,800
The coastal hosts would 
reciprocate with fish on Cotton 

4179
03:55:12,800 --> 03:55:17,100
reciprocity was the fundamental 
principle you gave because you 

4180
03:55:17,100 --> 03:55:21,000
would receive you received 
because you gave this created 

4181
03:55:21,000 --> 03:55:24,400
ongoing relationships rather 
than one-time transactions. 

4182
03:55:24,400 --> 03:55:27,600
The goal was not to maximize 
individual profit but to 

4183
03:55:27,600 --> 03:55:31,900
maintain balance and connection.
The interstate inserted itself 

4184
03:55:31,900 --> 03:55:34,500
into these exchange networks as 
another participant. 

4185
03:55:35,500 --> 03:55:39,000
Community sent labor and goods 
to the state through the mitter 

4186
03:55:39,000 --> 03:55:42,000
system. 
The state redistributed, some of

4187
03:55:42,000 --> 03:55:44,900
these resources and used others 
to support Specialists 

4188
03:55:44,900 --> 03:55:49,500
administrators and the army. 
You watch a group of mitter 

4189
03:55:49,500 --> 03:55:51,300
workers, repairing, a section of
Road. 

4190
03:55:51,300 --> 03:55:54,200
They work with the same communal
efficiency. 

4191
03:55:54,200 --> 03:55:58,100
You saw in the agricultural, 
Terraces some break up, damaged 

4192
03:55:58,100 --> 03:56:03,000
Stone others, Shake New pieces, 
a few prepare for the sections 

4193
03:56:03,000 --> 03:56:05,600
that require it. 
They sing as they work 

4194
03:56:05,600 --> 03:56:07,700
coordinating, their efforts 
through Rhythm. 

4195
03:56:07,700 --> 03:56:10,800
These workers are fulfilling 
their labor obligation to the 

4196
03:56:10,800 --> 03:56:13,700
Empire. 
In return, they receive food 

4197
03:56:13,700 --> 03:56:15,600
from State storehouses while 
they work. 

4198
03:56:16,600 --> 03:56:19,500
Their communities are exempt 
from other obligations during 

4199
03:56:19,500 --> 03:56:22,900
their service period. 
The system creates a sense of 

4200
03:56:22,900 --> 03:56:25,900
participation in something 
larger than individual Villages.

4201
03:56:25,900 --> 03:56:29,500
The vertical landscape also 
influenced spiritual beliefs, 

4202
03:56:29,500 --> 03:56:33,200
different elevations had 
different sacred associations 

4203
03:56:33,200 --> 03:56:37,400
High, Peaks were powerful places
where Earth touched sky. 

4204
03:56:38,500 --> 03:56:42,500
Coast was where the world met. 
The Great Water Springs and 

4205
03:56:42,500 --> 03:56:45,000
caves had their own spiritual 
significance. 

4206
03:56:45,000 --> 03:56:49,100
Pilgrimages often involved, 
vertical Journeys, you might 

4207
03:56:49,100 --> 03:56:52,300
travel from your home Village to
a sacred mountain, peak to make 

4208
03:56:52,300 --> 03:56:55,300
offerings. 
The journey itself was part of 

4209
03:56:55,300 --> 03:56:58,100
the devotion, the effort of 
climbing through different 

4210
03:56:58,100 --> 03:57:00,700
zones. 
Demonstrated commitment, you 

4211
03:57:00,700 --> 03:57:04,200
make such a pilgrimage now 
Starting in a warm Valley, you 

4212
03:57:04,200 --> 03:57:07,400
climb toward a mountain Shrine. 
The path is steep and your 

4213
03:57:07,400 --> 03:57:11,000
breath comes in gas. 
A physical exertion becomes a 

4214
03:57:11,000 --> 03:57:14,300
meditation. 
Each step is an offering at The 

4215
03:57:14,300 --> 03:57:16,400
Shrine you find a simple stone 
platform. 

4216
03:57:17,100 --> 03:57:20,900
Previous pilgrims of left small 
offerings Pebbles arranged in 

4217
03:57:20,908 --> 03:57:25,700
patterns bundles of dry grasses.
You add your own, a handful of 

4218
03:57:25,700 --> 03:57:28,900
coca leaves, the wind 
immediately, scatters some of 

4219
03:57:28,900 --> 03:57:32,000
them, this is acceptable, the 
gesture matters. 

4220
03:57:32,000 --> 03:57:34,100
More than the permanence from 
this height. 

4221
03:57:34,100 --> 03:57:36,500
You can see the landscape 
spreading Below in bands of 

4222
03:57:36,508 --> 03:57:40,100
color and texture. 
The green of cultivated valleys,

4223
03:57:40,100 --> 03:57:44,400
the brown of desert Coast, the 
gray of rock and ice on Peaks 

4224
03:57:44,400 --> 03:57:48,600
Above This visual representation
of the Vertical World, reminds 

4225
03:57:48,600 --> 03:57:50,900
you of the interconnections that
make life possible. 

4226
03:57:51,800 --> 03:57:55,300
The Descent is quicker, but 
requires different skills, your 

4227
03:57:55,300 --> 03:57:59,300
knees, absorb the impact of each
downward step the thickens. 

4228
03:57:59,300 --> 03:58:03,900
As you lose altitude, your ears 
pop. color seem more vibrant as 

4229
03:58:03,900 --> 03:58:08,200
oxygen becomes more abundant 
Back in a valley settlement, you

4230
03:58:08,200 --> 03:58:11,600
join in an evening meal, the 
food on the table represents the

4231
03:58:11,600 --> 03:58:13,600
vertical archipelago in 
miniature. 

4232
03:58:14,400 --> 03:58:18,500
Fish from the coast potatoes 
from the highlands peppers from 

4233
03:58:18,500 --> 03:58:21,400
warm, valleys quinoa from 
mid-elevation. 

4234
03:58:21,400 --> 03:58:25,100
Each ingredient, traveled to 
reach this table, the 

4235
03:58:25,100 --> 03:58:27,600
conversation during the meal. 
Rangers across topics. 

4236
03:58:27,600 --> 03:58:31,200
Someone discusses techniques for
dying wall with different 

4237
03:58:31,200 --> 03:58:32,900
plants. 
Found at various elevations, 

4238
03:58:32,900 --> 03:58:37,000
another person describes a new 
terrorist system being built in 

4239
03:58:37,000 --> 03:58:40,700
a neighboring Valley. 
Child asks about the snow on 

4240
03:58:40,700 --> 03:58:44,000
distant Peaks. 
This web vertical connections, 

4241
03:58:44,000 --> 03:58:47,000
this constant movement of people
and goods up and down the 

4242
03:58:47,000 --> 03:58:51,000
mountainsides created a 
civilization adapted to one of 

4243
03:58:51,000 --> 03:58:53,900
Earth's. 
Most challenging landscapes The 

4244
03:58:53,900 --> 03:58:58,100
system was sophisticated 
resilient and deeply tied to the

4245
03:58:58,108 --> 03:59:02,200
specific geography of the Andes.
You're working in a coastal 

4246
03:59:02,200 --> 03:59:04,900
settlement when news arrives of 
something strange. 

4247
03:59:05,600 --> 03:59:08,900
Vessels unlike any seen before 
have appeared on the horizon? 

4248
03:59:09,700 --> 03:59:13,100
There are enormous with great 
sheets of cloth, that catch the 

4249
03:59:13,100 --> 03:59:15,700
wind. 
They do not look like the Reed 

4250
03:59:15,700 --> 03:59:18,300
boats or wooden rafts for to 
Coastal people. 

4251
03:59:18,300 --> 03:59:22,200
The news creates curiosity, 
rather than immediate alarm, 

4252
03:59:22,900 --> 03:59:24,800
Strange things sometimes wash up
on beaches. 

4253
03:59:24,800 --> 03:59:27,400
Interesting objects from distant
lands. 

4254
03:59:27,400 --> 03:59:31,200
These vessels might be just 
another curiosity, though. 

4255
03:59:31,200 --> 03:59:34,700
Their size is remarkable. 
You join others walking to the 

4256
03:59:34,700 --> 03:59:38,300
beach to see for yourself. 
Sure enough, far offshore you 

4257
03:59:38,300 --> 03:59:41,900
can make out shape that match 
the description they're too far 

4258
03:59:41,900 --> 03:59:45,000
away to see details but their 
presence is undeniable. 

4259
03:59:46,300 --> 03:59:49,600
Some of the vessels send smaller
boats towards Shore, people 

4260
03:59:49,600 --> 03:59:52,100
emerge from these boats, who, 
look, unlike anyone you have 

4261
03:59:52,100 --> 03:59:55,100
encountered. 
The skin is covered with hair, 

4262
03:59:55,100 --> 03:59:57,700
they wear layers of strange 
materials. 

4263
03:59:57,700 --> 04:00:00,600
They carry objects that glint in
the sunlight. 

4264
04:00:01,400 --> 04:00:04,300
The newcomer seem as curious 
about you, as you are about 

4265
04:00:04,300 --> 04:00:08,100
them, they make gestures and 
sounds that carry no meaning. 

4266
04:00:08,100 --> 04:00:11,100
You can decipher you, try 
speaking to them in your 

4267
04:00:11,108 --> 04:00:13,700
language. 
They clearly do not understand. 

4268
04:00:13,700 --> 04:00:17,900
Someone tries hand signals. 
This works slightly better. 

4269
04:00:19,000 --> 04:00:22,400
One of the strangers offers a 
small object, a bead of some 

4270
04:00:22,408 --> 04:00:26,300
material, you do not recognize 
it is smooth and brightly 

4271
04:00:26,300 --> 04:00:30,900
colored you accept it and offer 
in return, a small bag of dried 

4272
04:00:30,900 --> 04:00:34,000
fish. 
The Stranger seems pleased. 

4273
04:00:34,000 --> 04:00:38,400
These initial encounters are 
tentative and Confused, neither 

4274
04:00:38,400 --> 04:00:39,700
group knows what to make of the 
other. 

4275
04:00:40,700 --> 04:00:43,000
The coastal people of heard of 
many different groups in the 

4276
04:00:43,000 --> 04:00:46,400
Empire but these strangers fit? 
No known category. 

4277
04:00:46,400 --> 04:00:50,400
Their clothing is bizarre. 
Their speeches incomprehensible.

4278
04:00:50,400 --> 04:00:54,100
There are objects are mysterious
The Strangers seem particularly 

4279
04:00:54,100 --> 04:00:57,900
interested in metal objects. 
When someone wearing a couple 

4280
04:00:57,900 --> 04:01:00,300
ornament approaches, the 
strangers become animated. 

4281
04:01:00,300 --> 04:01:04,300
They point and gesture they seem
to want to know where the metal 

4282
04:01:04,300 --> 04:01:06,800
came from. 
This interesting metal would 

4283
04:01:06,800 --> 04:01:09,200
become a defining feature of the
early encounters. 

4284
04:01:10,000 --> 04:01:13,000
The Strangers possess a 
particular kind of intense focus

4285
04:01:13,000 --> 04:01:17,000
when they see gold or silver, 
local people, find this Focus 

4286
04:01:17,000 --> 04:01:21,300
peculiar metals are valuable 
certainly, but the strangers 

4287
04:01:21,300 --> 04:01:25,400
reaction seems disproportionate 
you watch as communication 

4288
04:01:25,400 --> 04:01:27,600
slowly develops over days of 
interaction. 

4289
04:01:28,400 --> 04:01:31,400
Certain words begin to carry. 
Meaning of the language barrier.

4290
04:01:32,100 --> 04:01:34,000
Hand gestures. 
Acquire agreed upon 

4291
04:01:34,008 --> 04:01:36,900
significance. 
Both groups become slightly 

4292
04:01:36,900 --> 04:01:39,300
better at predicting, what the 
others might do or want. 

4293
04:01:40,100 --> 04:01:43,800
The Strangers show interest in 
supplies, they need food and 

4294
04:01:43,800 --> 04:01:47,700
water, Coastal, communities are 
accustomed to hosting Travelers 

4295
04:01:47,700 --> 04:01:49,800
and providing for those passing 
through. 

4296
04:01:50,900 --> 04:01:54,200
Offering Hospitality to 
strangers aligns with cultural 

4297
04:01:54,200 --> 04:01:57,600
values. 
People bring fish fruits and 

4298
04:01:57,600 --> 04:02:01,600
water to the beach in return. 
The strangers offer objects from

4299
04:02:01,600 --> 04:02:06,000
their vessels glass, beads 
become popular metal tools with 

4300
04:02:06,000 --> 04:02:08,400
extremely sharp edges, 
generating Trust. 

4301
04:02:09,400 --> 04:02:12,800
Some textiles with unusual 
weaves and colors circulate 

4302
04:02:12,800 --> 04:02:16,000
among local people. 
The Strangers try to communicate

4303
04:02:16,000 --> 04:02:19,700
questions about the land and its
organizational, they want to 

4304
04:02:19,700 --> 04:02:23,600
know about political structures 
about wealth about sources of 

4305
04:02:23,600 --> 04:02:27,000
metal. the questions are 
difficult to understand at 

4306
04:02:27,000 --> 04:02:30,100
first, But gradually their 
interests become clearer. 

4307
04:02:31,000 --> 04:02:34,200
News of the strangers, travels 
Inland along the road networks 

4308
04:02:34,200 --> 04:02:36,900
Runners. 
Carry reports to administrative 

4309
04:02:36,900 --> 04:02:39,500
centers. 
The message is described the 

4310
04:02:39,500 --> 04:02:42,900
vessels, the appearance of the 
strangers, their behaviors and 

4311
04:02:42,900 --> 04:02:45,900
apparent interests. 
The information is noted and 

4312
04:02:45,900 --> 04:02:50,000
stored on Coopers administrative
responses, come back from 

4313
04:02:50,000 --> 04:02:52,900
Regional centers, observe the 
strangers. 

4314
04:02:52,900 --> 04:02:56,400
Provide Hospitality as 
appropriate report, any 

4315
04:02:56,400 --> 04:03:00,100
significant developments do not 
interfere with their movements 

4316
04:03:00,100 --> 04:03:02,300
unless they threaten communities
or resources. 

4317
04:03:02,300 --> 04:03:05,700
The Strangers move along the 
coasts, stopping at different 

4318
04:03:05,700 --> 04:03:08,300
settlements. 
They follow patterns, that seem 

4319
04:03:08,300 --> 04:03:11,800
odd to local observers. 
They asked similar questions 

4320
04:03:11,800 --> 04:03:14,500
everywhere. 
They show the same interest in 

4321
04:03:14,500 --> 04:03:17,000
metals. 
They seem to be searching for 

4322
04:03:17,000 --> 04:03:19,300
something. 
At one coastal town. 

4323
04:03:19,300 --> 04:03:20,900
The Strangers. 
Encounter someone who has 

4324
04:03:20,900 --> 04:03:23,000
learned a few words of their 
language during previous 

4325
04:03:23,000 --> 04:03:25,800
contacts. 
This person become a bridge, 

4326
04:03:25,800 --> 04:03:28,500
translating haltingly between 
languages. 

4327
04:03:29,500 --> 04:03:32,200
The strangers question's become 
somewhat clearer, though. 

4328
04:03:32,200 --> 04:03:35,300
Still puzzling. 
They ask about a powerful ruler,

4329
04:03:35,300 --> 04:03:39,300
they ask about gold and silver, 
they asked about cities in the 

4330
04:03:39,300 --> 04:03:41,600
mountains. 
Their question suggests, they 

4331
04:03:41,600 --> 04:03:44,400
have heard stories about the 
Empire and are trying to 

4332
04:03:44,400 --> 04:03:48,900
understand its organization. 
Local officials decide to send a

4333
04:03:48,900 --> 04:03:51,500
small delegation with gifts to 
the Inca Court. 

4334
04:03:51,500 --> 04:03:55,000
The gifts include samples of 
what the strangers have offered 

4335
04:03:55,000 --> 04:03:57,800
in trade. 
The delegation also carries 

4336
04:03:57,800 --> 04:03:59,900
detailed descriptions of the 
encounters. 

4337
04:04:00,700 --> 04:04:03,700
This information helps the 
Imperial Administration, begin 

4338
04:04:03,700 --> 04:04:06,300
forming an understanding of who 
these strangers might be. 

4339
04:04:07,200 --> 04:04:09,400
The Strangers for their parts 
seem to be having their own 

4340
04:04:09,400 --> 04:04:11,800
debates. 
You, observe them gathering in 

4341
04:04:11,800 --> 04:04:14,200
groups and engaging an animated 
discussions. 

4342
04:04:15,200 --> 04:04:17,200
Sometimes these discussions 
become heated. 

4343
04:04:17,200 --> 04:04:19,200
You wonder what their arguing 
about. 

4344
04:04:19,200 --> 04:04:22,100
Some of the strangers seemed 
more interested in peaceful 

4345
04:04:22,100 --> 04:04:24,900
exchange, others appear. 
More aggressive in their 

4346
04:04:24,908 --> 04:04:28,400
gestures and bearing This 
division within their group is 

4347
04:04:28,400 --> 04:04:31,500
visible even to observers who 
cannot understand their words. 

4348
04:04:32,400 --> 04:04:34,400
Months. 
Pass with occasional encounters 

4349
04:04:34,400 --> 04:04:36,900
along the coast. 
The Strangers sometimes 

4350
04:04:36,900 --> 04:04:41,800
disappear for long periods, then
return They seem to be exploring

4351
04:04:41,800 --> 04:04:45,900
learning. 
They asked about roots and to 

4352
04:04:45,900 --> 04:04:50,300
the mountains about the location
of important centers about the 

4353
04:04:50,300 --> 04:04:54,000
organization of power. 
Few individuals from Coastal 

4354
04:04:54,000 --> 04:04:56,700
communities, begin to learn 
fragments of the strangers 

4355
04:04:56,700 --> 04:04:59,500
language. 
Similarly, some strangers pick 

4356
04:04:59,500 --> 04:05:01,600
up words and phrases from local 
languages. 

4357
04:05:02,500 --> 04:05:06,600
This slow linguistic bridge 
building makes communication 

4358
04:05:06,600 --> 04:05:09,900
incrementally easier. 
The Strangers demonstrate 

4359
04:05:09,900 --> 04:05:11,800
technologies, that generate 
interest. 

4360
04:05:12,700 --> 04:05:15,700
Their metal tools hold edges 
longer than bronze implements. 

4361
04:05:16,600 --> 04:05:19,400
The textiles include materials 
are known in the region. 

4362
04:05:20,200 --> 04:05:23,400
They have ways of making marks 
and flat surfaces that preserve 

4363
04:05:23,400 --> 04:05:26,100
information, different from the 
kipu system. 

4364
04:05:27,100 --> 04:05:29,600
You try to explain quipus to one
of the strangers. 

4365
04:05:29,600 --> 04:05:31,800
You show. 
How not record numbers. 

4366
04:05:32,700 --> 04:05:36,700
The Strangers seems fascinated, 
but also frustrated, they want 

4367
04:05:36,700 --> 04:05:40,500
to understand the system fully 
but the complexity is not easily

4368
04:05:40,500 --> 04:05:42,300
conveyed across the language 
barrier. 

4369
04:05:43,100 --> 04:05:46,100
In return, one of the strangers 
tries to explain their markings 

4370
04:05:46,100 --> 04:05:49,400
system, they make dark traces on
a pale surface. 

4371
04:05:50,400 --> 04:05:53,000
These traces apparently convey 
meaning to those who can 

4372
04:05:53,000 --> 04:05:55,900
interpret them. 
You find the system interesting,

4373
04:05:55,900 --> 04:05:59,700
but opaque How can static marks 
on a Surface? 

4374
04:05:59,700 --> 04:06:02,700
Replace the tactile Precision of
knotted strings. 

4375
04:06:03,700 --> 04:06:06,000
The Strangers seem to have 
hierarchies among themselves. 

4376
04:06:06,000 --> 04:06:08,200
Some give orders and others 
follow. 

4377
04:06:08,200 --> 04:06:11,500
This is familiar enough. 
What is less clear? 

4378
04:06:11,500 --> 04:06:14,700
Is the exact nature of their 
Authority structures? 

4379
04:06:14,700 --> 04:06:18,000
They have leaders, but the 
relationship between these 

4380
04:06:18,000 --> 04:06:21,600
leaders is puzzling. 
Time continues to pass. 

4381
04:06:22,500 --> 04:06:25,400
The strangers become a strange 
but gradually more familiar 

4382
04:06:25,400 --> 04:06:27,100
presence. 
Along parts of the coast. 

4383
04:06:27,900 --> 04:06:31,800
Coastal communities, adapt to 
occasional encounters, trade 

4384
04:06:31,800 --> 04:06:36,200
continues information flows to 
administrative centers life goes

4385
04:06:36,200 --> 04:06:40,100
on with this new element added 
to its patterns, your present in

4386
04:06:40,100 --> 04:06:42,900
cashier marker on a day that 
will become famous for all the 

4387
04:06:42,900 --> 04:06:45,400
wrong reasons though. 
You do not know this yet. 

4388
04:06:46,200 --> 04:06:50,000
This setting is a high Valley 
comfortable, and well organized.

4389
04:06:50,800 --> 04:06:54,000
The Inca ruler at a Wilder has 
brought a large Entourage here. 

4390
04:06:54,700 --> 04:06:58,100
The Strangers now, understood to
be called a spaniels have 

4391
04:06:58,100 --> 04:07:01,700
requested a meeting. 
The preparation for the meeting 

4392
04:07:01,700 --> 04:07:04,600
involves careful, thought about 
protocol and presentation. 

4393
04:07:05,500 --> 04:07:08,200
To help her represents the 
Pinnacle of a sophisticated 

4394
04:07:08,200 --> 04:07:10,100
administrative and cultural 
system. 

4395
04:07:10,100 --> 04:07:13,900
He is surrounded by officials 
advisors and attendance who 

4396
04:07:13,900 --> 04:07:16,200
understand their roles in 
maintaining the Dignity of 

4397
04:07:16,200 --> 04:07:18,900
Empire. 
The Espionage arrive in the 

4398
04:07:18,900 --> 04:07:20,900
plaza. 
There are fewer in number than 

4399
04:07:20,900 --> 04:07:23,900
the ink on Terraria but carry 
themselves with their own sense 

4400
04:07:23,900 --> 04:07:27,100
of important. 
Their leader whose name sounds 

4401
04:07:27,100 --> 04:07:30,100
like Pizarro approaches with 
several companions. 

4402
04:07:30,100 --> 04:07:33,600
What happens in cajas? 
Not something easily told as a 

4403
04:07:33,608 --> 04:07:35,900
peaceful story. 
The fundamental 

4404
04:07:35,900 --> 04:07:38,800
misunderstandings between the 
two groups, the different 

4405
04:07:38,800 --> 04:07:40,500
assumptions about power and 
legitimacy. 

4406
04:07:40,500 --> 04:07:43,900
The ultimate outcome, all 
involve elements that are not 

4407
04:07:43,908 --> 04:07:47,100
gentle or sleep friendly. 
But what matters for 

4408
04:07:47,100 --> 04:07:50,700
understanding the transformation
that follows is recognizing that

4409
04:07:50,700 --> 04:07:54,600
this encounter revealed profound
differences in worldview? 

4410
04:07:55,500 --> 04:07:58,900
The espanyol is operated within 
a framework of religious Mission

4411
04:07:58,900 --> 04:08:02,700
and political expansion that 
made no sense to incur 

4412
04:08:02,700 --> 04:08:05,400
Observers. 
Their demands for submissions 

4413
04:08:05,400 --> 04:08:08,400
seem to come from nowhere, 
backed by no established 

4414
04:08:08,400 --> 04:08:10,700
relationship or reciprocal 
obligation. 

4415
04:08:11,500 --> 04:08:14,000
The Inca for their part 
represented, an authority 

4416
04:08:14,000 --> 04:08:17,400
structure based on demonstrated.
Administrative capacity, 

4417
04:08:17,400 --> 04:08:21,100
military success. 
And divine mandate that the 

4418
04:08:21,100 --> 04:08:23,400
espanolas neither recognized nor
understood. 

4419
04:08:24,500 --> 04:08:27,500
Which side was speaking past the
other in fundamental ways. 

4420
04:08:28,600 --> 04:08:31,100
What followed transformed the 
political landscape of the 

4421
04:08:31,108 --> 04:08:35,000
Andes, but did not destroy the 
cultural and social systems that

4422
04:08:35,000 --> 04:08:38,900
had developed over centuries. 
The roads continued to function.

4423
04:08:40,000 --> 04:08:44,200
Terraces continued to produce 
food the vertical exchange 

4424
04:08:44,200 --> 04:08:47,500
networks, continued, to operate 
the people who lived in 

4425
04:08:47,500 --> 04:08:50,800
communities across the Empire 
continued, their daily lives. 

4426
04:08:51,500 --> 04:08:54,700
You find yourself traveling the 
same roads months after the 

4427
04:08:54,700 --> 04:08:58,300
political upheaval in kaija 
marker, the stones beneath your 

4428
04:08:58,300 --> 04:09:02,100
feet are unchanged. 
The tombow still provide rest 

4429
04:09:02,100 --> 04:09:05,300
and supplies. 
The ski still run their relay 

4430
04:09:05,300 --> 04:09:07,200
routes though. 
Now they sometimes carry 

4431
04:09:07,200 --> 04:09:09,600
messages for new authorities as 
well as traditional 

4432
04:09:09,600 --> 04:09:13,100
administrators. 
The Espanol quickly discovered 

4433
04:09:13,100 --> 04:09:15,100
that they could not simply 
replace the existing 

4434
04:09:15,100 --> 04:09:19,000
administrative system. 
The empire was too complex to 

4435
04:09:19,000 --> 04:09:22,500
geographically dispersed to 
dependent on Specialized 

4436
04:09:22,500 --> 04:09:25,200
knowledge. 
They needed the roads, they 

4437
04:09:25,200 --> 04:09:28,100
needed the storage systems. 
They needed the records kept in,

4438
04:09:28,100 --> 04:09:31,700
Kuiper's, they needed people who
understood how everything worked

4439
04:09:32,900 --> 04:09:35,100
Many local administrators found 
themselves. 

4440
04:09:35,100 --> 04:09:38,600
Continuing to perform similar 
functions under new nominal 

4441
04:09:38,600 --> 04:09:40,800
leadership. 
The collection and 

4442
04:09:40,800 --> 04:09:44,200
redistribution of goods. 
Continued the organizational. 

4443
04:09:44,200 --> 04:09:47,800
Labour continued though 
sometimes directed toward a 

4444
04:09:47,800 --> 04:09:50,000
different projects. 
The maintenance of 

4445
04:09:50,000 --> 04:09:53,300
infrastructure continued. 
You watch this adaptation 

4446
04:09:53,300 --> 04:09:55,500
happening in a regional 
administrative Center. 

4447
04:09:55,500 --> 04:09:58,400
The building is the same The 
Record Keeper. 

4448
04:09:58,400 --> 04:10:01,300
Still maintain their Creepers. 
The storage room still hold 

4449
04:10:01,300 --> 04:10:05,200
Emergency Food Supplies but now 
expands administrators appear 

4450
04:10:05,200 --> 04:10:07,600
periodically to observe and make
demands. 

4451
04:10:08,500 --> 04:10:11,100
The Espionage bring their own 
systems of record-keeping. 

4452
04:10:11,100 --> 04:10:15,200
They make marks on paper using 
feathers dipped in dark liquid. 

4453
04:10:15,200 --> 04:10:18,800
They seem to trust these marks 
more than they trust creepers, 

4454
04:10:18,800 --> 04:10:22,300
which frustrates the local 
record Keepers who know their 

4455
04:10:22,300 --> 04:10:25,300
system is more reliable. 
Gradually, some local people 

4456
04:10:25,300 --> 04:10:27,500
learn to read and write in the 
Espanol system. 

4457
04:10:27,500 --> 04:10:30,900
This becomes a valuable skill 
that creates new opportunities. 

4458
04:10:32,100 --> 04:10:34,700
These individuals can serve as 
Bridges between the two 

4459
04:10:34,700 --> 04:10:38,000
administrative cultures, the 
road system becomes more 

4460
04:10:38,000 --> 04:10:40,900
important than ever. 
Yes, spaniels, use it 

4461
04:10:40,900 --> 04:10:43,900
extensively to move between the 
Highland cities and the coast. 

4462
04:10:44,700 --> 04:10:47,200
They established their own rest 
stations, alongside the 

4463
04:10:47,200 --> 04:10:50,800
traditional tambos, the traffic 
on the roads, actually increases

4464
04:10:50,800 --> 04:10:53,600
you encounter and spaniel 
traveler struggling with 

4465
04:10:53,600 --> 04:10:55,600
altitude sickness at a high 
pass. 

4466
04:10:56,500 --> 04:10:58,400
Thin air effects newcomer 
severely. 

4467
04:10:59,200 --> 04:11:02,500
Local people offer coca leaves, 
which help with the Simpsons, 

4468
04:11:02,500 --> 04:11:06,500
the espanyol accepts greatly. 
Then asked questions about the 

4469
04:11:06,500 --> 04:11:10,600
plant and its uses this pattern 
of adaptation and learning goes 

4470
04:11:10,600 --> 04:11:13,500
both ways. 
The spaniels need to understand 

4471
04:11:13,500 --> 04:11:17,600
local conditions to function. 
Local people need to understand 

4472
04:11:17,600 --> 04:11:20,300
the new political reality to 
navigate it successfully. 

4473
04:11:21,600 --> 04:11:23,700
Neither side can simply ignore 
the other. 

4474
04:11:24,500 --> 04:11:27,400
Agricultural systems. 
Continue with relatively little 

4475
04:11:27,400 --> 04:11:31,700
disruption, The Terraces still 
need maintenance crops still 

4476
04:11:31,700 --> 04:11:33,500
need planting at appropriate 
times. 

4477
04:11:34,300 --> 04:11:37,300
The varieties are potatoes and 
quinoa that sustain the Empire 

4478
04:11:37,300 --> 04:11:40,500
remain productive. 
Farmers continue applying 

4479
04:11:40,500 --> 04:11:42,700
knowledge accumulated over 
Generations. 

4480
04:11:42,700 --> 04:11:47,500
The espanyol show great interest
in certain crops, potatoes are a

4481
04:11:47,500 --> 04:11:50,400
revelation to them. 
This plant that thrives at high 

4482
04:11:50,400 --> 04:11:53,100
altitude, that can be stored for
long periods. 

4483
04:11:53,100 --> 04:11:57,200
That produces reliable yields 
seems almost miraculous. 

4484
04:11:57,200 --> 04:12:00,700
They begin, sending samples back
across the ocean to their 

4485
04:12:00,700 --> 04:12:04,000
Homeland. 
Similarly, maze impresses them, 

4486
04:12:04,000 --> 04:12:08,300
the variety of colors and uses 
surprises, a spaniola observers,

4487
04:12:08,300 --> 04:12:11,900
they had not imagined that, a 
grain could be so diverse and 

4488
04:12:11,900 --> 04:12:14,300
adaptable. 
They write descriptions in their

4489
04:12:14,300 --> 04:12:17,300
marking system trying to capture
what they are learning. 

4490
04:12:18,000 --> 04:12:20,200
The spaniels bring their own 
plants and animals. 

4491
04:12:20,200 --> 04:12:23,100
Wheat begins to be cultivated in
suitable. 

4492
04:12:23,100 --> 04:12:27,900
Valleys Barley finds a niche at 
certain elevations, cattle and 

4493
04:12:27,900 --> 04:12:32,000
sheep are introduced adding to 
the existing herds of llamas and

4494
04:12:32,000 --> 04:12:35,000
alpacas. 
You watch this biological mixing

4495
04:12:35,000 --> 04:12:38,200
with interest? 
peep seem to do well in Highland

4496
04:12:38,200 --> 04:12:42,300
pastures their wool is different
from alpaca wool Corsa, but 

4497
04:12:42,300 --> 04:12:46,800
abundant Local herders, begin to
learn about managing these new 

4498
04:12:46,800 --> 04:12:48,100
animals. 
Fruit trees. 

4499
04:12:48,100 --> 04:12:49,900
From Europe, are planted in 
appropriate. 

4500
04:12:49,900 --> 04:12:53,800
Climates some Thrive, some 
struggle, the olive trees that 

4501
04:12:53,800 --> 04:12:57,100
the Espanol plant with such hope
mostly fail in these conditions.

4502
04:12:58,500 --> 04:13:01,200
Peaches and apples. 
Find favorable environments and 

4503
04:13:01,200 --> 04:13:04,400
begin to spread. 
The vertical archipelago system 

4504
04:13:04,400 --> 04:13:06,100
adapts to include these new 
elements. 

4505
04:13:06,100 --> 04:13:09,700
Communities, begin to 
incorporate espanol crops into 

4506
04:13:09,700 --> 04:13:13,000
their exchange networks. 
A village that grows wheat in 

4507
04:13:13,000 --> 04:13:16,000
addition, to traditional crops. 
Now has another commodity to 

4508
04:13:16,000 --> 04:13:18,700
trade. 
Religious practices become an 

4509
04:13:18,700 --> 04:13:21,300
area of significant pressure and
negotiation. 

4510
04:13:22,100 --> 04:13:25,000
The Spanish, bring their 
Christianity and want local 

4511
04:13:25,000 --> 04:13:28,200
people to adopt it. 
But religious change happens 

4512
04:13:28,200 --> 04:13:31,600
unevenly an incompletely. 
Many people incorporate, 

4513
04:13:31,600 --> 04:13:34,400
Christian elements, into 
existing spiritual Frameworks, 

4514
04:13:34,400 --> 04:13:36,700
rather than replacing one system
with another. 

4515
04:13:37,600 --> 04:13:40,000
You observe a festival that 
blends traditions. 

4516
04:13:40,800 --> 04:13:42,500
There are Christian symbols and 
prayers. 

4517
04:13:42,500 --> 04:13:46,000
The basic structure and timing 
of the celebration follow 

4518
04:13:46,000 --> 04:13:50,000
ancient patterns. 
Sacred locations of the same 

4519
04:13:50,000 --> 04:13:52,700
mountains and springs that have 
always been revered. 

4520
04:13:53,500 --> 04:13:56,000
The offerings include both old 
and new elements. 

4521
04:13:56,900 --> 04:13:59,800
This religious blending would 
characterize and Dean 

4522
04:13:59,800 --> 04:14:03,400
spirituality for centuries. 
The Christianity that develops 

4523
04:14:03,400 --> 04:14:07,400
in the region is distinctly 
Andean incorporating, local 

4524
04:14:07,400 --> 04:14:11,300
understandings and practices. 
The espanyol is officially 

4525
04:14:11,300 --> 04:14:14,000
considered this proper 
conversion but the reality is 

4526
04:14:14,000 --> 04:14:18,000
more complex. 
Language mixing all so begins. 

4527
04:14:18,800 --> 04:14:21,500
Spanish words, enter local 
languages, especially for New 

4528
04:14:21,500 --> 04:14:25,100
Concepts and objects. 
Local words, enter the Spanish 

4529
04:14:25,100 --> 04:14:28,300
spoken in the region, 
particularly terms for plants 

4530
04:14:28,300 --> 04:14:32,000
animals and geographical 
features that have no Spanish 

4531
04:14:32,000 --> 04:14:34,500
equivalent. 
You listen to a conversation 

4532
04:14:34,500 --> 04:14:38,700
between a, local administrator 
and an espanol of official, they

4533
04:14:38,700 --> 04:14:42,000
are discussing the organization 
of the building project, the 

4534
04:14:42,000 --> 04:14:43,900
conversation, shifts between 
languages. 

4535
04:14:45,000 --> 04:14:48,100
Some concepts are easier to 
express in one language in the 

4536
04:14:48,108 --> 04:14:52,900
other both speakers adapt. the 
craft Traditions with new 

4537
04:14:52,900 --> 04:14:57,200
influences, Weavers, begin 
incorporating, a spaniel designs

4538
04:14:57,200 --> 04:15:00,900
alongside traditional patterns 
Metal workers, learn new 

4539
04:15:00,900 --> 04:15:03,900
techniques from espanol Smith's,
while maintaining their own 

4540
04:15:03,900 --> 04:15:07,100
methods. 
Pottery begins to show, mixed 

4541
04:15:07,100 --> 04:15:10,400
influences, you examine a piece 
of cloth that demonstrates this 

4542
04:15:10,400 --> 04:15:12,400
blending. 
The backstrap Loom. 

4543
04:15:12,400 --> 04:15:16,000
Technique is traditional, the 
patterns include both, Andy and 

4544
04:15:16,000 --> 04:15:19,800
geometric designs and espanol 
influence floral motifs. 

4545
04:15:19,800 --> 04:15:22,000
The dyes come from traditional 
plants. 

4546
04:15:22,000 --> 04:15:24,400
The result is something new that
emerges. 

4547
04:15:24,400 --> 04:15:28,900
From both Traditions, Urban 
spaces, transform gradually in, 

4548
04:15:28,900 --> 04:15:32,700
Cusco the Espanol, build their 
churches and houses using Inca 

4549
04:15:32,700 --> 04:15:35,500
foundations. 
The massive stone walls remain 

4550
04:15:35,500 --> 04:15:39,300
but new structures. 
Rise above, the city becomes a 

4551
04:15:39,300 --> 04:15:41,700
visible representation of 
cultural layering. 

4552
04:15:42,500 --> 04:15:45,800
Walking through these transform 
streets, you see, Inca, 

4553
04:15:45,800 --> 04:15:49,300
Stoneworks, supporting espanyol 
architecture sometimes, the 

4554
04:15:49,300 --> 04:15:54,000
contrast is Stark sometimes, the
integration is smooth, the city 

4555
04:15:54,000 --> 04:15:56,200
contains both history 
simultaneously. 

4556
04:15:56,200 --> 04:15:59,400
The administrative divisions of 
the Empire are partially 

4557
04:15:59,400 --> 04:16:03,200
maintained but also modified 
Some traditional province is 

4558
04:16:03,200 --> 04:16:06,200
recognizable units under new 
name's. 

4559
04:16:06,200 --> 04:16:09,100
Others are reorganized. 
According to Espanol 

4560
04:16:09,100 --> 04:16:12,300
preferences, the result is a 
patchwork of old and new 

4561
04:16:12,308 --> 04:16:15,600
organizational logic. 
You work with a local creeper 

4562
04:16:15,600 --> 04:16:18,600
ayok, who was trying to 
translate old records into the 

4563
04:16:18,600 --> 04:16:21,600
new marking system. 
The process is challenging. 

4564
04:16:21,600 --> 04:16:26,400
Some information translates, 
easily other data loses Nuance 

4565
04:16:26,400 --> 04:16:29,400
in the translation. 
He does his best to preserve the

4566
04:16:29,400 --> 04:16:32,800
essential information while 
making it accessible to Espanola

4567
04:16:32,800 --> 04:16:36,200
administrators. 
The Meta system continues, but 

4568
04:16:36,200 --> 04:16:38,900
becomes more exploitative under 
espanol Direction. 

4569
04:16:39,700 --> 04:16:42,600
The reciprocal nature of the 
traditional system, erodes 

4570
04:16:42,600 --> 04:16:45,600
Community. 
Still provide labor, the 

4571
04:16:45,600 --> 04:16:47,100
benefits. 
They receive in return. 

4572
04:16:47,100 --> 04:16:50,200
Diminish This creates tension 
and hardship. 

4573
04:16:51,200 --> 04:16:53,500
Despite these problems, many 
elements of daily life. 

4574
04:16:53,500 --> 04:16:57,500
Remain surprisingly, continuous 
family, still gather for meals 

4575
04:16:57,500 --> 04:17:00,900
prepared, using traditional 
methods children still learn 

4576
04:17:00,900 --> 04:17:04,500
agricultural techniques from 
their parents communities. 

4577
04:17:04,500 --> 04:17:08,500
Still organized Collective labor
for planting and harvest You 

4578
04:17:08,500 --> 04:17:11,100
attend a community work party 
for planting potatoes. 

4579
04:17:11,900 --> 04:17:14,500
The process is exactly as it has
been for Generations. 

4580
04:17:15,700 --> 04:17:20,600
Foot plow breaks the soil hands 
Place Seeds songs, coordinate 

4581
04:17:20,600 --> 04:17:25,000
the Rhythm. the espanyol of 
introduced many changes, but 

4582
04:17:25,000 --> 04:17:28,400
this pattern persists, You sit 
in a Mountain Village. 

4583
04:17:28,400 --> 04:17:31,500
Several Generations after the 
initial encounters between the 

4584
04:17:31,500 --> 04:17:35,900
Inca and the espanyol The 
political structure is fully 

4585
04:17:35,900 --> 04:17:39,500
transformed into what is now 
called the viceroyalty of Peru. 

4586
04:17:39,500 --> 04:17:43,000
But daily life in this Village 
shows how much is persisted. 

4587
04:17:43,000 --> 04:17:46,600
Alongside what has changed? 
The houses are built using 

4588
04:17:46,600 --> 04:17:49,500
traditional techniques stone 
foundation. 

4589
04:17:49,500 --> 04:17:54,000
Supported Adobe walls, thatched 
roof shed, rain effectively the 

4590
04:17:54,000 --> 04:17:57,200
layout of the village follows. 
Ancient patterns with houses, 

4591
04:17:57,200 --> 04:18:01,200
clustered around communal 
spaces, but look closer and you 

4592
04:18:01,208 --> 04:18:04,900
see new elements, some houses 
have doors with metal hinges, 

4593
04:18:04,900 --> 04:18:09,100
their spaniel innovation. 
Few families have iron tools. 

4594
04:18:09,100 --> 04:18:10,600
Alongside traditional 
implements. 

4595
04:18:11,400 --> 04:18:14,900
Chickens scratch in the dirt 
birds that didn't exist here 

4596
04:18:14,900 --> 04:18:18,200
before the strangers arrived, 
the agricultural Terraces on the

4597
04:18:18,208 --> 04:18:21,200
hillside above the village of 
the same ones built Generations 

4598
04:18:21,200 --> 04:18:24,200
ago. 
The maintenance continues as it 

4599
04:18:24,200 --> 04:18:26,800
always had. 
But now the crops include wheat 

4600
04:18:26,800 --> 04:18:31,600
alongside traditional quinoa. 
Bali gross on Terraces that once

4601
04:18:31,600 --> 04:18:35,600
held only native grains, the 
communal labor that maintains 

4602
04:18:35,600 --> 04:18:38,100
these Terraces still follows 
traditional patterns. 

4603
04:18:39,000 --> 04:18:42,700
Families work together. 
Moving from plot to plot, the 

4604
04:18:42,700 --> 04:18:46,400
reciprocal, obligations, remain 
strong, but the songs they sing 

4605
04:18:46,400 --> 04:18:50,900
while working now mixed Quench 
and Spanish words, The Melodies 

4606
04:18:50,900 --> 04:18:54,100
blend old and new, you walked to
the Village Church. 

4607
04:18:54,100 --> 04:18:57,700
A building that stands were a 
traditional sacred site once was

4608
04:18:59,000 --> 04:19:02,500
The structure uses both Inca 
stonework and espanol 

4609
04:19:02,500 --> 04:19:06,400
architectural elements. 
Inside Christian imagery 

4610
04:19:06,400 --> 04:19:08,600
dominates. 
But you notice that the 

4611
04:19:08,600 --> 04:19:12,400
orientations and proportions 
Echo, older, spiritual patterns.

4612
04:19:13,200 --> 04:19:16,200
The festival celebrated in the 
village throughout the year 

4613
04:19:16,200 --> 04:19:17,600
show. 
Similar blending. 

4614
04:19:18,300 --> 04:19:21,800
Christmas is observed, but the 
timing and some practices 

4615
04:19:21,800 --> 04:19:24,900
connect to the summer solstice 
celebrations that preceded, it 

4616
04:19:24,900 --> 04:19:28,500
Eastern, corporates elements, 
that relate to harvest timing. 

4617
04:19:29,100 --> 04:19:31,300
The religious calendar has 
become a fusion. 

4618
04:19:31,300 --> 04:19:34,800
You observe a village meeting 
about organizing labor for a 

4619
04:19:34,800 --> 04:19:36,800
repair project on the irrigation
system. 

4620
04:19:37,700 --> 04:19:41,600
The discussion happens partly in
quechua and partly in Spanish. 

4621
04:19:42,700 --> 04:19:45,700
The decision-making process 
follows traditional consensus 

4622
04:19:45,700 --> 04:19:49,200
building methods. 
The project itself serves needs 

4623
04:19:49,200 --> 04:19:52,800
that have existed for centuries.
The irrigation Channel still 

4624
04:19:52,800 --> 04:19:55,300
carry water from Mountain 
Springs to The Terraces. 

4625
04:19:55,300 --> 04:19:59,700
The same careful maintenance 
keeps them functioning Some 

4626
04:19:59,700 --> 04:20:02,000
sections. 
Now include espanol style 

4627
04:20:02,000 --> 04:20:06,400
features a stone bridge crosses 
one channel, using an arch 

4628
04:20:06,400 --> 04:20:08,700
design that would have been 
unfamiliar to earlier 

4629
04:20:08,700 --> 04:20:12,100
Generations. in the Village 
Market, which happens weekly, 

4630
04:20:12,100 --> 04:20:15,900
you see the continuing vertical 
exchange networks in action, 

4631
04:20:16,600 --> 04:20:20,200
People from lower elevations, 
bring maze peppers and fruits, 

4632
04:20:20,200 --> 04:20:24,300
Highlanders trade wool, 
freeze-dried potatoes and salt. 

4633
04:20:25,100 --> 04:20:26,800
The Espana's of added their own 
Goods. 

4634
04:20:26,800 --> 04:20:30,900
To this flow metal tools, glass,
beads and manufactured cloth 

4635
04:20:30,900 --> 04:20:33,600
from a cross. 
The ocean circulate alongside 

4636
04:20:33,600 --> 04:20:36,500
traditional items. 
The language of the market 

4637
04:20:36,500 --> 04:20:40,200
reveals the cultural mixing 
vendors, call out in a mix of 

4638
04:20:40,200 --> 04:20:43,800
Quench and Spanish numbers. 
Might be counted in either 

4639
04:20:43,800 --> 04:20:45,700
language depending on what is 
being discussed? 

4640
04:20:47,000 --> 04:20:50,700
That night items have names in 
both languages others only in 

4641
04:20:50,700 --> 04:20:53,300
one. 
You notice that some traditional

4642
04:20:53,300 --> 04:20:56,000
weaving patterns have been 
preserved with remarkable 

4643
04:20:56,000 --> 04:21:00,000
accuracy across Generations. 
A woman selling textiles. 

4644
04:21:00,000 --> 04:21:03,400
Shows you a design that matches 
exactly, the patterns recorded 

4645
04:21:03,400 --> 04:21:05,800
in Old pieces, stored in 
community memory. 

4646
04:21:06,600 --> 04:21:09,000
The technique has been passed 
down without break. 

4647
04:21:09,800 --> 04:21:13,400
But other textiles show 
Innovation and change new colors

4648
04:21:13,400 --> 04:21:15,600
have been achieved using a 
spaniel dies. 

4649
04:21:15,600 --> 04:21:19,200
New patterns, have emerged that 
combined elements from both 

4650
04:21:19,200 --> 04:21:22,000
Traditions. 
The art form continues to be 

4651
04:21:22,000 --> 04:21:25,500
vibrant and creative rather than
merely preserving the past. 

4652
04:21:26,400 --> 04:21:28,300
The food preparation methods in 
the village. 

4653
04:21:28,300 --> 04:21:30,800
Remain largely traditional you 
watch. 

4654
04:21:30,800 --> 04:21:34,500
Someone preparing tunio using 
the same freeze-drying process 

4655
04:21:34,500 --> 04:21:36,700
that has been used for hundreds 
of years. 

4656
04:21:37,700 --> 04:21:40,700
The technique works as well as 
it ever did, but the evening 

4657
04:21:40,700 --> 04:21:43,500
meal includes elements from both
culinary traditions. 

4658
04:21:44,400 --> 04:21:47,100
Potatoes prepared in the 
traditional way, sit alongside 

4659
04:21:47,100 --> 04:21:51,200
bread made from wheat. 
Local herbs season a stew. 

4660
04:21:51,200 --> 04:21:54,100
That includes both native and 
introduced ingredients. 

4661
04:21:54,800 --> 04:21:57,100
The meal is a blend that tastes 
of both history. 

4662
04:21:57,100 --> 04:22:01,700
This stories told on Long Winter
evenings also showed this mixing

4663
04:22:02,500 --> 04:22:05,800
Traditional narratives about 
Mountain Spirits and ancestor 

4664
04:22:05,800 --> 04:22:07,300
Heroes. 
Continue to be shared. 

4665
04:22:08,300 --> 04:22:11,600
But now they co-exist with 
stories about espanol Saints and

4666
04:22:11,600 --> 04:22:14,800
biblical figures. 
Sometimes the different story 

4667
04:22:14,800 --> 04:22:17,200
Traditions influence each other 
in interesting ways. 

4668
04:22:18,200 --> 04:22:21,000
You listen to an elder, telling 
a story that seamlessly Blends 

4669
04:22:21,000 --> 04:22:25,500
incur and Christian elements. 
A traditional hero undertakes, a

4670
04:22:25,500 --> 04:22:29,000
quest that includes both ancient
sacred sites and Colonial 

4671
04:22:29,000 --> 04:22:32,000
churches. 
The Narrative logic draws from 

4672
04:22:32,000 --> 04:22:35,000
both Traditions without seeming 
to find the contradictory. 

4673
04:22:35,900 --> 04:22:38,900
The knowledge of medicinal 
plants can continue to be passed

4674
04:22:38,900 --> 04:22:42,000
down through generations. 
Someone who knows how to use 

4675
04:22:42,000 --> 04:22:44,400
local plants for healing is 
still valuable and respected. 

4676
04:22:45,800 --> 04:22:49,300
But this knowledge is expanded 
to include espanol plant 

4677
04:22:49,300 --> 04:22:52,400
medicines as well. 
Healers learn about both systems

4678
04:22:52,400 --> 04:22:55,300
and use, whichever seems most 
effective for a given situation.

4679
04:22:55,300 --> 04:23:00,300
You feel ill, one day and 
consult a local healer She 

4680
04:23:00,300 --> 04:23:03,800
examines you and prescribes a 
mixture of traditional herbs 

4681
04:23:03,800 --> 04:23:06,200
prepared in the way her 
grandmother taught her. 

4682
04:23:06,800 --> 04:23:09,900
But she also suggests a prayer 
to a Christian Saint known for 

4683
04:23:09,900 --> 04:23:12,500
healing. 
She sees no conflict in 

4684
04:23:12,500 --> 04:23:15,100
combining. 
These approaches the raising of 

4685
04:23:15,108 --> 04:23:17,400
children, incorporates both 
traditional and new elements 

4686
04:23:17,400 --> 04:23:20,400
children, still learn the 
agricultural knowledge. 

4687
04:23:20,400 --> 04:23:23,700
They will need, they still learn
the social obligations that 

4688
04:23:23,700 --> 04:23:27,300
structure community life. 
But now they might also learn to

4689
04:23:27,300 --> 04:23:30,600
read and write in Spanish. 
Some might learn Christian 

4690
04:23:30,600 --> 04:23:34,100
prayers, alongside traditional 
teachings, you watched children 

4691
04:23:34,100 --> 04:23:36,900
playing a game that combined 
elements from both cultures. 

4692
04:23:36,900 --> 04:23:40,400
The basic structure is 
traditional but they have 

4693
04:23:40,400 --> 04:23:42,600
Incorporated new rules and 
elements. 

4694
04:23:43,600 --> 04:23:46,200
The game is recognizable, but 
has evolved. 

4695
04:23:46,900 --> 04:23:50,900
The children invent variations, 
as they play continuing a 

4696
04:23:50,900 --> 04:23:54,400
process of adaptation. the 
clothing people wear shows, 

4697
04:23:54,400 --> 04:23:57,900
perhaps the most visible 
blending Traditional woven 

4698
04:23:57,900 --> 04:24:01,700
garments in Andean patterns, are
worn alongside espanol style 

4699
04:24:01,700 --> 04:24:04,600
pieces. 
Someone might wear a traditional

4700
04:24:04,600 --> 04:24:07,300
woven shawl over Spanish style 
shirt. 

4701
04:24:08,100 --> 04:24:10,800
Hats incorporate elements from 
both Traditions. 

4702
04:24:10,800 --> 04:24:14,500
The result is a distinctive 
Regional style, that is purely 

4703
04:24:14,500 --> 04:24:18,700
neither ink or Espanol. 
The road system continues to 

4704
04:24:18,700 --> 04:24:21,100
function though. 
Now it serves the colonial 

4705
04:24:21,100 --> 04:24:23,800
Administration as well as 
traditional purposes. 

4706
04:24:24,700 --> 04:24:27,900
You travel these roads and see 
both old and new Travelers 

4707
04:24:27,900 --> 04:24:32,100
traditional Traders, carrying 
goods between ecological zones. 

4708
04:24:32,100 --> 04:24:36,000
Colonial officials moving 
between a menstruated centers, 

4709
04:24:36,000 --> 04:24:39,900
the roads serve everyone at the 
tambos along these roads you 

4710
04:24:39,900 --> 04:24:42,900
find a similar mixture 
Traditional Hospitality 

4711
04:24:42,900 --> 04:24:45,900
continues. 
But the tambos now sometimes 

4712
04:24:45,900 --> 04:24:48,700
catered to a spaniel Travelers 
with their different needs and 

4713
04:24:48,700 --> 04:24:52,200
expectations. 
The food offered might include 

4714
04:24:52,200 --> 04:24:54,100
both traditional and European 
elements. 

4715
04:24:54,100 --> 04:24:57,700
You rest at a tombow and share a
meal with other Travelers 

4716
04:24:57,700 --> 04:25:01,500
conversation, ranges across 
topics in multiple languages. 

4717
04:25:01,500 --> 04:25:05,300
Someone discusses the price of 
wool in the Colonial Market. 

4718
04:25:05,300 --> 04:25:09,300
Another person shares news about
a traditional Festival being 

4719
04:25:09,300 --> 04:25:13,400
played a third mentioned changes
in the middle labor system. 

4720
04:25:13,400 --> 04:25:17,400
The conversation moves fluidly 
between Colonial and traditional

4721
04:25:17,400 --> 04:25:20,300
concerns. 
The knowledge preserved in quite

4722
04:25:20,300 --> 04:25:23,500
bus has been partially lost but 
also partially maintained. 

4723
04:25:24,400 --> 04:25:26,900
Some quip will come. 
My Ox continue their work 

4724
04:25:26,900 --> 04:25:30,100
though, often translating their 
records into Spanish written 

4725
04:25:30,100 --> 04:25:32,200
documents for Colonial 
administrators. 

4726
04:25:32,200 --> 04:25:36,200
The skill is diminishing, but 
has not completely disappeared. 

4727
04:25:36,900 --> 04:25:40,100
You meet an old quipu Cameo? 
Who teaches you to read a simple

4728
04:25:40,100 --> 04:25:42,600
quipu. 
His fingers move along the 

4729
04:25:42,600 --> 04:25:45,200
strings. 
With practiced ease, he can feel

4730
04:25:45,200 --> 04:25:48,700
the knots and know their meaning
without looking he worries that 

4731
04:25:48,700 --> 04:25:51,900
this knowledge will die with his
generation but he continues 

4732
04:25:51,900 --> 04:25:55,300
teaching, anyone willing to 
learn The metal working 

4733
04:25:55,300 --> 04:25:59,200
Traditions have been influenced 
by espanol technique's, local 

4734
04:25:59,200 --> 04:26:02,200
Smiths have learned new methods 
for working Iron and Steel. 

4735
04:26:03,500 --> 04:26:05,900
But they also maintain 
traditional techniques for 

4736
04:26:05,900 --> 04:26:09,800
working copper and bronze. 
The resulting craft combined 

4737
04:26:09,800 --> 04:26:13,500
elements from both traditions. 
The commissioner metal tool from

4738
04:26:13,500 --> 04:26:16,800
a local Smith. 
The design is traditional but he

4739
04:26:16,808 --> 04:26:20,100
uses a spaniel steal, the 
handling corporates. 

4740
04:26:20,100 --> 04:26:24,200
Traditional woodworking 
technique Finished product works

4741
04:26:24,200 --> 04:26:26,700
better than either, traditional 
loan could have produced. 

4742
04:26:27,600 --> 04:26:30,600
The astronomical knowledge, that
guided planting and festivals 

4743
04:26:30,600 --> 04:26:34,500
continues in modified 4. people 
still observe the sun's 

4744
04:26:34,500 --> 04:26:38,000
movements and the appearance of 
stars but now this knowledge 

4745
04:26:38,000 --> 04:26:42,100
exists alongside Christian 
calendar dates The two systems 

4746
04:26:42,100 --> 04:26:43,900
are reconciled in practical 
ways. 

4747
04:26:43,900 --> 04:26:47,400
A farmer explains to you when to
plant a particular crop. 

4748
04:26:47,400 --> 04:26:50,900
He references both the 
traditional solar observations 

4749
04:26:50,900 --> 04:26:54,100
is ancestors used and the 
Christian calendar dates 

4750
04:26:54,100 --> 04:26:56,200
recognized by Colonial 
authorities. 

4751
04:26:56,900 --> 04:26:59,700
For him, both systems provide 
useful information. 

4752
04:26:59,700 --> 04:27:03,400
The political organization of 
the village, reflects Colonial 

4753
04:27:03,400 --> 04:27:05,600
structures overlaid on 
traditional ones. 

4754
04:27:06,300 --> 04:27:09,500
There are Colonial appointed 
officials but there are also 

4755
04:27:09,500 --> 04:27:13,000
traditional Community leaders. 
Decisions often require 

4756
04:27:13,000 --> 04:27:16,600
navigating both systems. 
This can be complicated, but 

4757
04:27:16,600 --> 04:27:18,700
people have learned to work 
within the Dual structure. 

4758
04:27:18,700 --> 04:27:22,600
You attend a village council 
meeting where both Colonial and 

4759
04:27:22,600 --> 04:27:26,000
traditional authorities are 
present the discussion must 

4760
04:27:26,000 --> 04:27:28,000
satisfy both sets of 
expectations. 

4761
04:27:28,000 --> 04:27:32,300
The decision-making process 
draws from both governance 

4762
04:27:32,300 --> 04:27:35,200
Traditions. 
The result is workable if not 

4763
04:27:35,200 --> 04:27:38,900
always elegant, The music of the
region shows, beautiful 

4764
04:27:38,900 --> 04:27:41,500
blending. 
Traditional instruments, like 

4765
04:27:41,500 --> 04:27:45,600
the pan, flute, and drums 
continued to be played. but a 

4766
04:27:45,600 --> 04:27:48,100
spaniel instruments like guitars
have been adopted and 

4767
04:27:48,100 --> 04:27:52,400
transformed into something 
distinctly and new forms of 

4768
04:27:52,400 --> 04:27:55,500
Music emerge that belong fully 
to neither tradition, but to 

4769
04:27:55,500 --> 04:27:58,500
both, You hear musicians playing
at a festival? 

4770
04:27:59,300 --> 04:28:01,300
The guitar rhythms have an 
Andean quality. 

4771
04:28:01,300 --> 04:28:03,000
That would be unfamiliar in 
Spain. 

4772
04:28:03,700 --> 04:28:06,800
The Pan Flute, Melodies 
incorporate harmonies influenced

4773
04:28:06,800 --> 04:28:10,000
by European music. 
The result is something unique 

4774
04:28:10,000 --> 04:28:12,900
and lovely. 
As evening, settles over the 

4775
04:28:12,900 --> 04:28:15,500
village, you reflect on the 
complexity of cultural 

4776
04:28:15,500 --> 04:28:19,200
transformation. 
Espanol, brought change and 

4777
04:28:19,200 --> 04:28:21,900
disruption. 
But they did not and could not 

4778
04:28:21,900 --> 04:28:26,100
erase what existed before? 
The people of the Andes adapted,

4779
04:28:26,100 --> 04:28:29,700
resisted negotiated, and created
something new from the Collision

4780
04:28:29,700 --> 04:28:32,700
of traditions. 
The Terraces still climb the 

4781
04:28:32,700 --> 04:28:36,100
mountains, the roads still 
crossed the landscape. it's 

4782
04:28:36,100 --> 04:28:39,400
changed network, still move 
goods between elevations, the 

4783
04:28:39,400 --> 04:28:44,600
people still plan and harvest 
weave and billed celebrate and 

4784
04:28:44,600 --> 04:28:48,800
remember The Inca Empire as a 
political entity transformed 

4785
04:28:48,800 --> 04:28:52,300
into something else but Inca 
civilization continued in 

4786
04:28:52,300 --> 04:28:56,700
modified form you fall asleep in
a village house the sound of 

4787
04:28:56,700 --> 04:28:59,400
evening activity outside 
gradually quieting. 

4788
04:29:00,400 --> 04:29:02,800
The roof of you, is that in the 
traditional way. 

4789
04:29:03,600 --> 04:29:06,600
The walls around you use Ancient
construction techniques. 

4790
04:29:08,100 --> 04:29:11,900
But the blanket covering you was
woven on a Spanish style floor, 

4791
04:29:11,900 --> 04:29:14,300
loom using both and Ian and 
European patterns. 

4792
04:29:15,100 --> 04:29:18,100
Your surrounded, by the long 
blending of Two Worlds into 

4793
04:29:18,100 --> 04:29:21,700
something that belongs to both 
and to neither something 

4794
04:29:21,700 --> 04:29:24,100
distinctly and wonderfully and 
Ian. 

4795
04:29:24,800 --> 04:29:28,500
Mourning light fills the valley.
Once again you awaken look out 

4796
04:29:28,500 --> 04:29:31,500
across Terraces that have been 
producing food for hundreds of 

4797
04:29:31,508 --> 04:29:34,000
years and will continue for 
hundreds more. 

4798
04:29:35,200 --> 04:29:38,700
The mountains stand on changed, 
their peaks catching the first 

4799
04:29:38,700 --> 04:29:40,900
son as they have since long 
before humans. 

4800
04:29:40,900 --> 04:29:44,500
Walk these paths. 
The transformation of the Inca 

4801
04:29:44,500 --> 04:29:47,900
Empire after Spanish, arrival 
was profound, but not absolute. 

4802
04:29:48,800 --> 04:29:52,000
What emerged was neither purely 
ink or purely Spanish? 

4803
04:29:52,800 --> 04:29:55,700
At a Rich Blend that Drew 
strength from both Traditions. 

4804
04:29:55,700 --> 04:29:58,800
The roads that connected the 
Empire became roads of the 

4805
04:29:58,800 --> 04:30:00,900
colonial period and late to the 
Republic. 

4806
04:30:02,000 --> 04:30:05,000
The crops domesticated in these 
mountains spread across the 

4807
04:30:05,000 --> 04:30:08,600
world while European plants 
found homes in Andy and soil. 

4808
04:30:09,500 --> 04:30:12,400
The language spoken in these. 
Valleys today, carries catch 

4809
04:30:12,400 --> 04:30:14,500
your words, alongside Spanish 
ones. 

4810
04:30:15,300 --> 04:30:18,400
Festivals celebrated Mark, both 
Christian and traditional 

4811
04:30:18,400 --> 04:30:21,000
calendars. 
The music played Blends 

4812
04:30:21,000 --> 04:30:24,200
instruments and styles from 
different continents, the 

4813
04:30:24,200 --> 04:30:27,800
textiles woven combine ancient 
techniques with new designs. 

4814
04:30:28,900 --> 04:30:32,500
What survived was not a museum 
piece Frozen in time but a 

4815
04:30:32,500 --> 04:30:35,700
living culture that adapted 
while maintaining core elements 

4816
04:30:35,700 --> 04:30:39,300
of identity and practice. 
The people of the Andes remained

4817
04:30:39,300 --> 04:30:42,100
people of the Andes even as 
their world transformed around 

4818
04:30:42,100 --> 04:30:45,000
them, they found ways to 
preserve What mattered while 

4819
04:30:45,000 --> 04:30:49,500
learning what proved useful. 
The story of the Inca Empires 

4820
04:30:49,500 --> 04:30:53,800
transformation is ultimately a 
story of human, resilience and 

4821
04:30:53,800 --> 04:30:57,600
creativity. 
It shows how culture persists 

4822
04:30:57,600 --> 04:31:02,000
not through rigid preservation 
but through flexible adaptation 

4823
04:31:02,000 --> 04:31:06,300
it demonstrates how knowledge 
passes between Generations even 

4824
04:31:06,300 --> 04:31:08,400
through periods of tremendous 
change. 

4825
04:31:09,600 --> 04:31:12,700
As you stand on Ancient Road, 
watching the sunrise over 

4826
04:31:12,700 --> 04:31:15,300
mountains that have witnessed 
countless such mornings. 

4827
04:31:15,300 --> 04:31:18,100
You understand? 
That history is not a series of 

4828
04:31:18,100 --> 04:31:21,300
ending, but a flow of continuity
and change. 

4829
04:31:21,300 --> 04:31:26,300
The Inca Empire transformed but 
it never entirely disappeared. 

4830
04:31:26,300 --> 04:31:29,600
It lives on, in The Terraces 
that still feed people. 

4831
04:31:29,600 --> 04:31:34,400
In the words still spoken in the
pattern still woven and in the 

4832
04:31:34,400 --> 04:31:38,200
mountains still revered This is 
the entire story of 

4833
04:31:38,200 --> 04:31:46,200
transformation. 
Imagine yourself in a muddy 

4834
04:31:46,200 --> 04:31:48,000
Marketplace. 
In what would become France in? 

4835
04:31:48,000 --> 04:31:52,300
1347 Horse manure, roasting meat
unwashed bodies. 

4836
04:31:52,300 --> 04:31:55,400
And what you hope is just 
spoiled, cabbage, are all in the

4837
04:31:55,408 --> 04:31:58,600
air. 
Around you pilgrims grip their 

4838
04:31:58,600 --> 04:32:01,300
possessions anxiously Traders 
bargain in three different 

4839
04:32:01,308 --> 04:32:04,300
languages and a lute player 
plays with more passion than 

4840
04:32:04,300 --> 04:32:06,700
skill. 
Imagine now that you're a spy 

4841
04:32:06,700 --> 04:32:10,200
and not just a tourist in this 
medieval seen But set aside, 

4842
04:32:10,200 --> 04:32:13,100
your preconceived notions about 
Espionage based on television 

4843
04:32:13,100 --> 04:32:16,100
and film. 
This is not a place for tuxedos 

4844
04:32:16,100 --> 04:32:20,200
Martini, slick, technology or 
dramatic car chases rather your 

4845
04:32:20,200 --> 04:32:22,100
boots. 
Leak, your most likely wearing 

4846
04:32:22,100 --> 04:32:25,300
the same Rothwell and tunic. 
You've owned for three years and

4847
04:32:25,300 --> 04:32:28,000
your idea of Cutting Edge. 
Technology is a quill pen that 

4848
04:32:28,000 --> 04:32:30,900
doesn't split when you write 
medieval Espionage, was more. 

4849
04:32:30,900 --> 04:32:33,500
Akin to being a traveling 
salesman with trust issues and 

4850
04:32:33,500 --> 04:32:36,600
less James Bond. 
In actuality the majority of 

4851
04:32:36,600 --> 04:32:39,500
medieval spies were regular 
people carrying out risky tasks 

4852
04:32:39,500 --> 04:32:43,000
for Mega pay in a time when both
were far more delicate than they

4853
04:32:43,000 --> 04:32:47,800
are now a patchwork of Kingdoms 
dutchies city-states and 

4854
04:32:47,800 --> 04:32:51,300
ecclesiastical territories. 
The Medieval World was viewed 

4855
04:32:51,300 --> 04:32:53,600
with the same suspicion. 
You might have for a neighbor 

4856
04:32:53,600 --> 04:32:56,000
who constantly plays music too 
loudly. 

4857
04:32:56,800 --> 04:33:00,000
Although information was 
powerful, it spread quickly and 

4858
04:33:00,000 --> 04:33:02,900
obtaining it frequently required
someone to travel hundreds of 

4859
04:33:02,908 --> 04:33:06,000
miles through areas where being 
caught asking the wrong 

4860
04:33:06,000 --> 04:33:09,000
questions, could land on 
anywhere from incarceration to 

4861
04:33:09,000 --> 04:33:12,099
being stretched on a rack 
medieval rulers had to rely on 

4862
04:33:12,108 --> 04:33:14,500
human intelligence networks. 
That functioned with the 

4863
04:33:14,508 --> 04:33:16,700
efficiency of a medieval Postal 
Service. 

4864
04:33:16,700 --> 04:33:20,200
Meaning that letters arrived 
when they arrived, assuming they

4865
04:33:20,200 --> 04:33:22,500
arrived at all. 
And often contained information 

4866
04:33:22,500 --> 04:33:24,900
that was already outdated. 
By the time they reach their 

4867
04:33:24,900 --> 04:33:27,599
destination. 
This was in contrast to our 

4868
04:33:27,599 --> 04:33:30,099
modern world of instant 
communication and satellites 

4869
04:33:30,099 --> 04:33:33,099
surveillance, the individuals 
who became medieval spies were 

4870
04:33:33,099 --> 04:33:35,300
not chosen for their Advanced 
degrees in international 

4871
04:33:35,300 --> 04:33:37,599
relations or recruited from 
prestigious Academy. 

4872
04:33:37,599 --> 04:33:41,400
They were traders who could 
track truth, movements priests 

4873
04:33:41,400 --> 04:33:43,500
who could learn about noble 
families, from confession 

4874
04:33:43,500 --> 04:33:46,700
servants, who worked in high 
profile homes and could listen 

4875
04:33:46,700 --> 04:33:49,700
in on conversations and 
travelers of all Stripes who 

4876
04:33:49,700 --> 04:33:52,000
could move between areas without
drawing too much. 

4877
04:33:52,008 --> 04:33:55,000
Notice in the world in which 
these early Intelligence 

4878
04:33:55,000 --> 04:33:58,500
Officers worked, the dist. 
Between Espionage and lawful 

4879
04:33:58,500 --> 04:34:01,200
business was, as hazy as that 
between Magic and Medicine 

4880
04:34:01,200 --> 04:34:04,200
military. 
Fortifications may also be noted

4881
04:34:04,200 --> 04:34:06,700
by a merchant collecting 
information about trade routes. 

4882
04:34:07,300 --> 04:34:10,300
A pilgrim visiting places of 
worship might notice political 

4883
04:34:10,300 --> 04:34:12,900
unrest in other areas 
correspondence. 

4884
04:34:12,900 --> 04:34:16,099
Containing diplomatic Secrets 
could be discovered by a 

4885
04:34:16,099 --> 04:34:17,800
scholar, copying manuscripts in 
different. 

4886
04:34:17,800 --> 04:34:21,800
Monasteries the work required, a
certain kind of Courage, not the

4887
04:34:21,800 --> 04:34:25,800
heroic heroism of combat Glory, 
but the quiet bravery of someone

4888
04:34:25,800 --> 04:34:28,900
who was prepared to like 
convincingly, keep up a full 

4889
04:34:28,900 --> 04:34:32,500
identity for months at a time 
and accept that being discovered

4890
04:34:32,500 --> 04:34:35,200
could mean, not just death, but 
particularly unpleasant death. 

4891
04:34:35,200 --> 04:34:37,200
That was proceeded by intense 
interrogation. 

4892
04:34:37,200 --> 04:34:41,400
About exactly what you and who 
you'd told the majority of 

4893
04:34:41,400 --> 04:34:44,099
medieval spies were always aware
that they were balancing on a 

4894
04:34:44,099 --> 04:34:47,900
tightrope over a very deep 
Abyss, their life, and career 

4895
04:34:47,900 --> 04:34:49,800
could end in an instant. 
If they say something 

4896
04:34:49,800 --> 04:34:54,000
inappropriate acts, suspiciously
or are recognized by someone 

4897
04:34:54,000 --> 04:34:57,000
from a pastor assignment, it was
a job that required 

4898
04:34:57,000 --> 04:35:00,200
psychological fortitude. 
In addition to courage, which 

4899
04:35:00,200 --> 04:35:03,200
most people just lacked. 
There was very little truth to 

4900
04:35:03,200 --> 04:35:05,300
the romanticized. 
Portrayal of the enigmatic, 

4901
04:35:05,300 --> 04:35:09,599
medieval spy SL Shadows and 
luring information from 

4902
04:35:09,599 --> 04:35:13,000
unwearing Nobles. 
The majority of Espionage work 

4903
04:35:13,000 --> 04:35:15,800
involved living conditions that 
would make modern Backpackers 

4904
04:35:15,800 --> 04:35:19,200
complain Place scales that 
hardly covered basic survival 

4905
04:35:19,200 --> 04:35:22,900
needs and long stretches of 
border into first with genuine 

4906
04:35:22,900 --> 04:35:25,000
Terror. 
Yet, these ordinary individuals 

4907
04:35:25,000 --> 04:35:27,599
built the networks of 
intelligence that influence the 

4908
04:35:27,599 --> 04:35:31,900
outcome of Wars molded, medieval
politics and sometimes altered 

4909
04:35:31,900 --> 04:35:34,700
the path of History. 
Their work was dangerous, 

4910
04:35:34,700 --> 04:35:38,500
necessary, a nearly 
unacknowledged by the societies,

4911
04:35:38,500 --> 04:35:41,700
they served their Tales should 
be told because they were the 

4912
04:35:41,700 --> 04:35:43,700
unsung heroes of medieval 
statecraft. 

4913
04:35:43,700 --> 04:35:47,200
Imagine managing a medieval 
intelligence agency which is 

4914
04:35:47,200 --> 04:35:49,700
essentially the same as a 
tempting to set up a 

4915
04:35:49,700 --> 04:35:52,200
neighborhood watch program in 
multiple Nations where the 

4916
04:35:52,207 --> 04:35:54,800
majority of people are 
illiterate and everyone speaks a

4917
04:35:54,800 --> 04:35:57,300
different language. 
For this unachievable position. 

4918
04:35:57,300 --> 04:36:00,300
Who would you hire? 
Almost anyone who could travel 

4919
04:36:00,300 --> 04:36:02,900
without drawing suspicion? 
Had a good reason to ask 

4920
04:36:02,900 --> 04:36:06,300
questions and had the emotional 
strength to keep up a full site.

4921
04:36:06,300 --> 04:36:09,200
Identity while constantly 
running the risk of being caught

4922
04:36:09,200 --> 04:36:12,300
was the answer. 
It turned out, Medieval spy 

4923
04:36:12,300 --> 04:36:15,700
Master's needed people who could
complete the task regardless of 

4924
04:36:15,700 --> 04:36:17,200
their background or social 
standing. 

4925
04:36:17,200 --> 04:36:20,500
So, they weren't very picky. 
It makes sense, that medieval 

4926
04:36:20,500 --> 04:36:22,599
intelligence networks were 
anchored by Merchants. 

4927
04:36:22,599 --> 04:36:25,800
They had good reason to inquire 
about everything from local 

4928
04:36:25,800 --> 04:36:29,099
prices to political stability, 
traveled wide Lee, and 

4929
04:36:29,099 --> 04:36:30,900
frequently crossed political 
boundaries. 

4930
04:36:31,599 --> 04:36:34,900
While conducting perfectly 
normal business operations, a 

4931
04:36:34,900 --> 04:36:37,500
wool Merchants traveling from 
England to Flanders could 

4932
04:36:37,500 --> 04:36:41,099
observe military preparations. 
Record changes in fortifications

4933
04:36:41,099 --> 04:36:43,800
and learn about diplomatic 
relationships. 

4934
04:36:43,800 --> 04:36:47,099
These Merchants spies worked in 
a society where politics and 

4935
04:36:47,099 --> 04:36:50,400
business were closely linked. 
The trader who purchased your 

4936
04:36:50,400 --> 04:36:53,000
grain may be tallying, the 
number of soldiers in your 

4937
04:36:53,000 --> 04:36:56,099
Garrison and the same person who
sold you, silke may also be 

4938
04:36:56,099 --> 04:36:57,900
assessing the defenses of your 
city. 

4939
04:36:58,599 --> 04:37:01,000
In a time, when most people 
understood business better than 

4940
04:37:01,000 --> 04:37:03,700
they understood International 
politics, it was Espionage 

4941
04:37:03,700 --> 04:37:06,800
masquerading as capitalism and 
it worked remarkably. 

4942
04:37:06,800 --> 04:37:09,800
Well for various reasons, 
religious leaders were good 

4943
04:37:09,800 --> 04:37:13,400
spies throughout Europe monks 
priests and Friars could move 

4944
04:37:13,400 --> 04:37:16,700
between monasteries and churches
frequently bringing with them 

4945
04:37:16,700 --> 04:37:19,400
official letters that made for 
ideal cover for intelligence 

4946
04:37:19,400 --> 04:37:21,599
operations. 
Due to their religious 

4947
04:37:21,599 --> 04:37:24,800
responsibilities, they were able
to enter Noble homes and were 

4948
04:37:24,800 --> 04:37:27,599
typically literate, which was 
uncommon in medieval Society, 

4949
04:37:27,599 --> 04:37:31,200
while traveling between 
monasteries a Franciscan Friar 

4950
04:37:31,200 --> 04:37:33,900
could pretend to be on Strictly 
religious business while 

4951
04:37:33,900 --> 04:37:36,400
carrying messages between 
intelligence Networks. 

4952
04:37:37,099 --> 04:37:39,900
Confessions could reveal 
political secrets about a family

4953
04:37:39,900 --> 04:37:43,000
to a priest. 
Letters exposing diplomatic 

4954
04:37:43,000 --> 04:37:46,500
schemes may be found by a monk 
copying manuscripts in a Noble's

4955
04:37:46,500 --> 04:37:49,099
Library. 
Intelligence Services made full 

4956
04:37:49,099 --> 04:37:51,500
use of the freedom with, which 
religious leaders moved through 

4957
04:37:51,500 --> 04:37:54,599
medieval Society, although 
historians have frequently 

4958
04:37:54,599 --> 04:37:57,700
ignored their contributions. 
Women played important roles in 

4959
04:37:57,700 --> 04:38:01,400
medieval espionage, While women 
from lower social classes could 

4960
04:38:01,400 --> 04:38:04,200
work as servants in important 
households, where they could 

4961
04:38:04,200 --> 04:38:06,500
listen in on conversations and 
watch activities. 

4962
04:38:06,500 --> 04:38:09,599
That provided important 
information Noble, women had 

4963
04:38:09,599 --> 04:38:12,099
access to court circles and 
family networks, that were 

4964
04:38:12,099 --> 04:38:15,400
closed to men the duchess's lady
in waiting, May gain knowledge 

4965
04:38:15,400 --> 04:38:18,400
of marriage talks, that could 
Forge New political Connections 

4966
04:38:18,400 --> 04:38:21,400
in a Bishop's Home. 
The kitchen maid May overhear 

4967
04:38:21,400 --> 04:38:24,800
conversations about church 
politics, In order to provide 

4968
04:38:24,800 --> 04:38:27,700
information about military 
movements, a Tavern, Keepers 

4969
04:38:27,700 --> 04:38:30,200
wife might overhear 
conversations between traveling 

4970
04:38:30,200 --> 04:38:32,599
Nobles. 
Because of their alleged lack of

4971
04:38:32,599 --> 04:38:36,099
visibility in medieval politics.
Women were actually very good 

4972
04:38:36,099 --> 04:38:39,000
spies in the multilingual 
political environment of 

4973
04:38:39,000 --> 04:38:42,200
medieval Europe, the ability to 
read and write in multiple 

4974
04:38:42,200 --> 04:38:45,099
languages made Scholars and 
Clark's valuable recruits for 

4975
04:38:45,099 --> 04:38:48,400
intelligence work. 
While a Clark who handled 

4976
04:38:48,400 --> 04:38:51,800
correspondence for a noble 
household Mike copy confidential

4977
04:38:51,800 --> 04:38:55,300
documents or add false 
information to Communications a 

4978
04:38:55,300 --> 04:38:58,099
scholar, who could read Latin 
French and German could also act

4979
04:38:58,099 --> 04:39:01,800
as a translator in analyst. 
Most unexpectedly a large number

4980
04:39:01,800 --> 04:39:04,900
of medieval spies were what we 
might refer to as Freelancers. 

4981
04:39:04,900 --> 04:39:08,200
People who obtained information 
and sold it to anyone who would 

4982
04:39:08,200 --> 04:39:11,099
pay for it. 
These included artists who 

4983
04:39:11,099 --> 04:39:13,800
worked on Military 
fortifications itinerant, 

4984
04:39:13,800 --> 04:39:17,099
entertainers, who entertained in
aristocratic courts, and even 

4985
04:39:17,099 --> 04:39:20,400
Beggars who were so prevalent in
medieval society that they were 

4986
04:39:20,400 --> 04:39:23,400
practically invisible. 
A Minstrel could convey messages

4987
04:39:23,400 --> 04:39:26,400
between various factions and 
observe political relationships 

4988
04:39:26,400 --> 04:39:27,900
while performing in different 
courts. 

4989
04:39:28,900 --> 04:39:31,599
Detailed information about 
defensive capabilities could be 

4990
04:39:31,599 --> 04:39:34,200
obtained, from a Mason working 
on Castle fortifications. 

4991
04:39:34,200 --> 04:39:37,500
It's possible for a beggar 
outside of Noble's. 

4992
04:39:37,500 --> 04:39:39,700
Home to overhear conversations 
that contain crucial 

4993
04:39:39,700 --> 04:39:42,500
information. 
Their capacity to integrate into

4994
04:39:42,500 --> 04:39:44,600
medieval Society. 
While retaining the cycle, 

4995
04:39:44,600 --> 04:39:48,000
fortitude required for Espionage
work, was what bound these 

4996
04:39:48,000 --> 04:39:51,300
disparate recruits together? 
They needed to be at ease with 

4997
04:39:51,300 --> 04:39:54,500
lying, able to retain 
complicated information without 

4998
04:39:54,500 --> 04:39:57,100
writing it down and prepared to 
live with the ongoing 

4999
04:39:57,100 --> 04:39:59,200
possibility that their actions 
would be caught. 

5000
04:39:59,200 --> 04:40:02,300
The actual hiring procedure was 
typically, opportunistic and 

5001
04:40:02,300 --> 04:40:06,100
informal An agency, a messenger,
may approach, a merchant who 

5002
04:40:06,100 --> 04:40:10,000
demonstrated intelligence and 
discretion. during his travels, 

5003
04:40:10,000 --> 04:40:13,700
a priest who showed loyalty to a
certain political faction, might

5004
04:40:13,700 --> 04:40:17,400
be asked to collect information,
A servant who demonstrated 

5005
04:40:17,400 --> 04:40:20,700
exceptional Insight could be 
developed as a source of 

5006
04:40:20,700 --> 04:40:22,700
information about their 
employers operations. 

5007
04:40:22,700 --> 04:40:26,100
The majority of medieval spies 
were regular people who took up 

5008
04:40:26,100 --> 04:40:29,600
Espionage as a side job rather 
than professional Intelligence 

5009
04:40:29,600 --> 04:40:32,300
Officers. 
While working covertly for 

5010
04:40:32,300 --> 04:40:35,000
intelligence networks, They 
carried on with their regular 

5011
04:40:35,000 --> 04:40:38,200
lives and careers, which gave 
them the ideal cover for their 

5012
04:40:38,200 --> 04:40:40,000
operations. 
But also meant that they were 

5013
04:40:40,000 --> 04:40:42,600
rarely given the support and 
training that professional spies

5014
04:40:42,600 --> 04:40:46,300
might anticipate medieval 
Espionage as amateur status had 

5015
04:40:46,300 --> 04:40:50,000
benefits and drawbacks 
intelligence networks could on 

5016
04:40:50,000 --> 04:40:53,100
the one hand easily integrated 
into medieval Society. 

5017
04:40:53,900 --> 04:40:57,000
However, it meant that the 
majority of spies acquired their

5018
04:40:57,000 --> 04:41:00,500
skills through trial and error 
frequently with deadly results, 

5019
04:41:00,500 --> 04:41:03,300
for those who made mistakes, 
shut your eyes and visualize 

5020
04:41:03,300 --> 04:41:05,500
organizing a business trip. 
During the Middle Ages. 

5021
04:41:05,500 --> 04:41:10,100
No hotel, reservations, no GPS 
to direct, you know, AAA to call

5022
04:41:10,100 --> 04:41:13,000
in case of an emergency and no 
Airline website to check. 

5023
04:41:13,000 --> 04:41:17,600
Instead, you may have to travel 
for weeks or months through 

5024
04:41:17,600 --> 04:41:19,400
areas where the local government
may find. 

5025
04:41:19,400 --> 04:41:22,400
You suspicious the roads may be 
under Bandit control, and your 

5026
04:41:22,400 --> 04:41:25,100
lodging will make a low cost, 
Motel seem like a five-star 

5027
04:41:25,100 --> 04:41:28,300
hotel, traveling in the Middle. 
Ages was a test of endurance 

5028
04:41:28,300 --> 04:41:32,400
mask rating, as transportation. 
When Rhodes did exist, they were

5029
04:41:32,400 --> 04:41:34,200
frequently little more than dirt
tracks. 

5030
04:41:34,200 --> 04:41:38,000
That in wet weather became muddy
quack Myers, and in dry weather,

5031
04:41:38,000 --> 04:41:42,000
dusty nightmare's. 
After centuries of neglect, the 

5032
04:41:42,000 --> 04:41:44,700
well known Roman roads that had 
once connected Europe were in 

5033
04:41:44,708 --> 04:41:47,000
disrepair. 
And the majority of medieval 

5034
04:41:47,000 --> 04:41:49,800
governments were more concerned 
with constructing Castle's. 

5035
04:41:49,800 --> 04:41:52,800
Then with keeping up with 
Highway Maintenance, traveling 

5036
04:41:52,800 --> 04:41:56,200
was not only uncomfortable for a
medieval spy but it was a 

5037
04:41:56,200 --> 04:41:58,000
continual risk management 
exercise. 

5038
04:41:58,000 --> 04:42:01,300
You might run into local 
officials, who might insist on 

5039
04:42:01,300 --> 04:42:03,500
seeing documents. 
You didn't have fellow 

5040
04:42:03,500 --> 04:42:06,700
Travelers, who might recognize 
you from past assignments, or 

5041
04:42:06,700 --> 04:42:09,500
Bandits who viewed Travelers as 
mobile treasure chests, every 

5042
04:42:09,500 --> 04:42:12,700
mile you travel. 
Just getting from point A to 

5043
04:42:12,700 --> 04:42:15,600
point B, could reveal your cover
and put an end to your mission 

5044
04:42:15,600 --> 04:42:18,700
before it even started. 
Medieval spies had few options 

5045
04:42:18,700 --> 04:42:21,900
for transportation and each had 
its own set of difficulties. 

5046
04:42:21,900 --> 04:42:26,000
It was inexpensive but slow to 
walk and you were exposed to the

5047
04:42:26,000 --> 04:42:28,900
weather Bandits and the 
inquisitive questions of 

5048
04:42:28,900 --> 04:42:31,700
everyone. 
You met An individual traveling 

5049
04:42:31,700 --> 04:42:33,900
alone on foot was either 
extremely impoverished, 

5050
04:42:33,900 --> 04:42:38,700
extremely desperate or extremely
suspicious, all of which are not

5051
04:42:38,708 --> 04:42:41,400
suitable cover identities. 
For intelligence operations, 

5052
04:42:41,400 --> 04:42:44,300
although they offered speed in a
certain level of social 

5053
04:42:44,300 --> 04:42:47,500
respectability horses. 
Also came with high maintenance,

5054
04:42:47,500 --> 04:42:50,700
feeding and cost. 
Since a good horse, was an 

5055
04:42:50,700 --> 04:42:54,800
expensive investment, losing one
to disease accident or thieves 

5056
04:42:54,800 --> 04:42:58,500
could leave a spy stranded far 
from home and unable to finish 

5057
04:42:58,500 --> 04:43:02,400
their mission. additionally 
horses, required food, water and

5058
04:43:02,400 --> 04:43:05,500
rest, which meant making 
frequent stops at locations 

5059
04:43:05,500 --> 04:43:08,800
where inquisitive in Keepers, 
like awkwardly inquire about 

5060
04:43:08,800 --> 04:43:12,100
your destination and line of 
work carrying supplies and 

5061
04:43:12,100 --> 04:43:14,600
keeping a Merchants cover 
identity were two benefits of 

5062
04:43:14,600 --> 04:43:18,500
traveling by Cartel wagon but it
was slow and required good 

5063
04:43:18,500 --> 04:43:22,800
roads, which were frequently 
non-existent, Carts broke down 

5064
04:43:22,800 --> 04:43:26,000
on rough ground got stuck in mud
and caught the attention of 

5065
04:43:26,000 --> 04:43:30,000
Bandits who rightly thought that
anyone with enough Goods to fill

5066
04:43:30,000 --> 04:43:32,800
a wagon might be worth robbing 
Travelers in the Middle Ages. 

5067
04:43:32,800 --> 04:43:35,300
Could find accommodations that 
were anything from hardly 

5068
04:43:35,300 --> 04:43:38,500
suitable to downright hazardous 
When Innes did exist. 

5069
04:43:38,500 --> 04:43:41,400
They were usually a little more 
than spacious rooms with straw 

5070
04:43:41,400 --> 04:43:44,000
mattresses in which Travelers 
shared space with strangers. 

5071
04:43:44,000 --> 04:43:46,500
Who could range from 
professional thieves to honest 

5072
04:43:46,500 --> 04:43:50,200
merchants Food was whatever The 
Innkeeper happened to be serving

5073
04:43:50,200 --> 04:43:52,300
that day. 
There was no privacy and 

5074
04:43:52,300 --> 04:43:55,700
sanitation was rudimentary 
medieval ins were a constant 

5075
04:43:55,700 --> 04:43:58,600
source of difficulty for Aspire 
tempting to keep up a cover 

5076
04:43:58,600 --> 04:44:01,400
identity. 
Other visitors May inquire in 

5077
04:44:01,400 --> 04:44:04,100
depth about your background, 
your destination or your 

5078
04:44:04,100 --> 04:44:06,500
business. 
By collecting information about 

5079
04:44:06,500 --> 04:44:09,000
tourists to sell to local 
authorities or anybody else. 

5080
04:44:09,000 --> 04:44:12,100
Who would pay in Keepers 
frequently served as unofficial 

5081
04:44:12,100 --> 04:44:15,800
intelligence agents themselves. 
Your entire Mission could be 

5082
04:44:15,800 --> 04:44:19,100
jeopardized by a thoughtless 
remark made during dinner or a 

5083
04:44:19,100 --> 04:44:22,300
suspicious object spotted in 
your luggage even worse, was the

5084
04:44:22,300 --> 04:44:25,800
alternative to ins Travelers 
could take refuge in monasteries

5085
04:44:25,800 --> 04:44:27,800
which provided rudimentary 
lodging. 

5086
04:44:27,800 --> 04:44:30,700
But also put them under the roof
of religious leaders who might 

5087
04:44:30,700 --> 04:44:33,300
feel compelled to alert, local 
authorities to questionable 

5088
04:44:33,300 --> 04:44:36,300
activities. 
Although country priest had 

5089
04:44:36,300 --> 04:44:39,000
strong ties to local nobility 
and could provide information 

5090
04:44:39,000 --> 04:44:41,500
about odd. 
Travelers rural churches, 

5091
04:44:41,500 --> 04:44:44,600
occasionally offered Sanctuary, 
although camping outside, had 

5092
04:44:44,600 --> 04:44:47,900
its own risks, it avoided the 
social complications of formal 

5093
04:44:47,900 --> 04:44:50,100
logic. 
Travelers who were alone and 

5094
04:44:50,100 --> 04:44:53,000
vulnerable with the targets of 
Bandit attacks and sleeping 

5095
04:44:53,000 --> 04:44:56,000
outside exposed one to, whether 
that could be anything from 

5096
04:44:56,000 --> 04:44:59,600
mildly uncomfortable to, 
actually fatal If a spy becomes 

5097
04:44:59,600 --> 04:45:02,500
ill or hurts themself while 
camping by themselves, they 

5098
04:45:02,500 --> 04:45:05,200
might just vanish leaving their 
mission uncompleted. 

5099
04:45:05,200 --> 04:45:08,400
And their fate uncertain for 
travelers in the Middle Ages. 

5100
04:45:08,400 --> 04:45:11,900
The weather was a continual 
enemy extreme heat or cold, 

5101
04:45:11,900 --> 04:45:15,100
could kill unprepared, 
Travelers, snow made navigation,

5102
04:45:15,100 --> 04:45:19,600
impossible and rain turned roads
into impossible swamps There 

5103
04:45:19,600 --> 04:45:24,000
were no emergencies to call no 
weather forecast to refer to and

5104
04:45:24,000 --> 04:45:26,500
no assurance that assistance 
would be accessible in the 

5105
04:45:26,500 --> 04:45:28,300
event. 
That conditions deteriorated 

5106
04:45:28,300 --> 04:45:31,600
travel conditions and political 
requirements had to be balanced 

5107
04:45:31,600 --> 04:45:34,500
and medieval spies had to 
schedule their trips around 

5108
04:45:34,500 --> 04:45:38,600
seasonal weather patterns. 
In certain cases the best travel

5109
04:45:38,600 --> 04:45:41,300
times occurred during times when
heightened security made 

5110
04:45:41,300 --> 04:45:44,700
Espionage work, more hazardous. 
And in other case is urgent, 

5111
04:45:44,700 --> 04:45:47,200
intelligence have to be 
delivered in spite of hazardous.

5112
04:45:47,200 --> 04:45:50,500
Weather, medieval travel was as 
difficult on the mind, as it was

5113
04:45:50,500 --> 04:45:53,900
on the body, in addition to 
continuously assuming false 

5114
04:45:53,900 --> 04:45:57,100
identities and remaining on the 
lookout for potential threats. 

5115
04:45:57,700 --> 04:46:01,200
Spies spent weeks or months away
from their homes families, and 

5116
04:46:01,200 --> 04:46:05,000
any emotional support systems, 
even seasoned agents could 

5117
04:46:05,000 --> 04:46:07,400
become emotionally weary and 
prone to making potentially 

5118
04:46:07,400 --> 04:46:10,800
fatal mistakes, due to the 
isolation and stress of medieval

5119
04:46:10,800 --> 04:46:13,800
travel, another ongoing. 
Worry, on medieval travels was 

5120
04:46:13,800 --> 04:46:17,700
food long trips, necessitated 
resupplying, along the way, 

5121
04:46:17,700 --> 04:46:20,600
which meant relying on local 
markets that might not exist, 

5122
04:46:20,600 --> 04:46:24,600
local Cuisine that might not be 
edible, and local prices that 

5123
04:46:24,600 --> 04:46:26,500
might be exorbitant for 
foreigners. 

5124
04:46:26,500 --> 04:46:28,600
Travellers brought what 
Provisions. 

5125
04:46:28,600 --> 04:46:32,000
They could aspires ability to 
finish their mission could be 

5126
04:46:32,000 --> 04:46:35,800
severely jeopardized if they 
became ill from eating poorly or

5127
04:46:35,800 --> 04:46:38,700
were unable to find enough food 
during the Middle Ages. 

5128
04:46:38,700 --> 04:46:41,100
Even the basic tasks of 
navigation was difficult. 

5129
04:46:41,100 --> 04:46:44,900
When Maps were available, they 
were frequently erroneous and 

5130
04:46:44,900 --> 04:46:48,000
depicted political boundaries 
that may have changed since they

5131
04:46:48,000 --> 04:46:50,600
were created. 
The majority of tourists 

5132
04:46:50,600 --> 04:46:53,300
depended on locals for 
directions who may have been 

5133
04:46:53,300 --> 04:46:56,800
helpful deceptive or entirely 
incorrect about Roots. 

5134
04:46:56,800 --> 04:47:00,200
They had never taken themselves 
medieval spies somehow managed 

5135
04:47:00,200 --> 04:47:01,800
to keep up intelligence 
networks. 

5136
04:47:01,800 --> 04:47:04,700
That crossed continents 
transmitted information across 

5137
04:47:04,700 --> 04:47:07,900
political boundaries and updated
their employers on political 

5138
04:47:07,900 --> 04:47:10,900
developments in far-off places. 
In spite of all these obstacles.

5139
04:47:12,300 --> 04:47:15,000
Their accomplishments 
demonstrated, human tenacity 

5140
04:47:15,000 --> 04:47:19,000
resourcefulness and flexibility 
in the face of adversity, that 

5141
04:47:19,000 --> 04:47:21,100
would have tested. 
Even the most advanced, modern 

5142
04:47:21,100 --> 04:47:23,500
Travelers. 
Imagine attempting to send a 

5143
04:47:23,500 --> 04:47:26,700
text message with just a quill 
pen parchment and the hope that 

5144
04:47:26,700 --> 04:47:29,800
it will reach its recipient 
within the next few months, then

5145
04:47:29,800 --> 04:47:34,200
settle back in your cozy chair, 
Now picture yourself stretched 

5146
04:47:34,200 --> 04:47:36,900
on a rack or hanging from a 
gibbet if someone reads that 

5147
04:47:36,900 --> 04:47:40,100
message and intercepts it. 
Greetings from the world of 

5148
04:47:40,100 --> 04:47:43,100
secret communication in the 
Middle Ages when Ingenuity 

5149
04:47:43,100 --> 04:47:46,300
literally, meant the difference 
between life and death because 

5150
04:47:46,300 --> 04:47:49,200
they had no other option. 
Medieval spies had to become 

5151
04:47:49,200 --> 04:47:52,300
experts at the delicate art of 
concealing information from the 

5152
04:47:52,300 --> 04:47:55,000
public. 
Intelligence Officers created 

5153
04:47:55,000 --> 04:47:57,900
increasingly complex techniques 
to hide their actual 

5154
04:47:57,900 --> 04:48:01,300
Communications within seemingly 
innocent correspondence, because

5155
04:48:01,300 --> 04:48:03,700
every message carried the 
potential for execution. 

5156
04:48:03,700 --> 04:48:06,700
If it were discovered the 
simplest method was invisible 

5157
04:48:06,700 --> 04:48:10,000
ink which may sound fancy but 
was typically created using 

5158
04:48:10,000 --> 04:48:13,500
common placing ingredients like 
milk urine or lemon juice? 

5159
04:48:14,300 --> 04:48:17,500
these materials would become 
Brown when heated it, exposing 

5160
04:48:17,500 --> 04:48:21,400
hidden text between the lines of
a regular letter While the true 

5161
04:48:21,400 --> 04:48:24,000
message about troop movements 
was written in milk between the 

5162
04:48:24,000 --> 04:48:27,400
lines invisible until the 
recipient of the parchment near 

5163
04:48:27,400 --> 04:48:30,000
a fire. 
A medieval spy might write a 

5164
04:48:30,000 --> 04:48:32,400
perfectly normal business letter
about wool prices. 

5165
04:48:32,400 --> 04:48:35,700
The problem within visible ink 
was that the recipient had to be

5166
04:48:35,700 --> 04:48:37,600
aware of the existence of a 
hidden message. 

5167
04:48:37,600 --> 04:48:41,700
A know how to make it visible. 
In order to identify when 

5168
04:48:41,700 --> 04:48:43,400
letters contained classified 
information. 

5169
04:48:43,400 --> 04:48:47,200
Medieval intelligence networks 
created complex signaling 

5170
04:48:47,200 --> 04:48:49,700
systems. 
Certain words in the visible 

5171
04:48:49,700 --> 04:48:53,400
text a unique signature or a 
certain Wax Seal, could all be 

5172
04:48:53,408 --> 04:48:56,800
signs that the letter contains 
secret information, book codes 

5173
04:48:56,800 --> 04:48:59,700
were more advanced with 
references to particular words 

5174
04:48:59,700 --> 04:49:02,100
or letters in books that both 
the sender and the recipient 

5175
04:49:02,100 --> 04:49:04,000
owned indicating the true 
message. 

5176
04:49:05,100 --> 04:49:08,000
When a letter refers to the 
wisdom found in the third word 

5177
04:49:08,000 --> 04:49:11,300
of the seventh line on page, 42 
of the chronicle, it may be 

5178
04:49:11,308 --> 04:49:13,700
referencing a particular book 
and providing details 

5179
04:49:13,700 --> 04:49:15,800
instructions on how to decode 
the message. 

5180
04:49:16,600 --> 04:49:19,400
This approached necessitated, 
extensive preparation and 

5181
04:49:19,400 --> 04:49:23,400
cooperation amongst intelligence
agents because books were scarce

5182
04:49:23,400 --> 04:49:24,800
and costly during the Middle 
Ages. 

5183
04:49:24,800 --> 04:49:26,800
Null. 
Scyphers were a special 

5184
04:49:26,808 --> 04:49:29,600
ingenious methods in which the 
actual message was concealed 

5185
04:49:29,600 --> 04:49:31,600
using preset patterns inside the
text. 

5186
04:49:31,600 --> 04:49:34,800
That was visible The first 
letter of each sentence, May 

5187
04:49:34,800 --> 04:49:38,100
spell out the secret information
or every third word, making the 

5188
04:49:38,100 --> 04:49:41,300
actual intelligence. 
A business letter might hide 

5189
04:49:41,300 --> 04:49:44,500
Military Intelligence in the 
final word of each paragraph or 

5190
04:49:44,500 --> 04:49:46,400
a love letter. 
Might have a secret message in 

5191
04:49:46,400 --> 04:49:49,300
the first letter of each line 
using religious texts. 

5192
04:49:49,300 --> 04:49:51,700
As a cover for intelligence 
messages was one of the most 

5193
04:49:51,700 --> 04:49:53,300
inventive ways to hide 
information. 

5194
04:49:53,300 --> 04:49:57,400
A spy might copy out a prayer or
a passage from the Bible, but 

5195
04:49:57,400 --> 04:49:59,900
with extra markings or slightly 
changed letters that would 

5196
04:49:59,900 --> 04:50:02,000
reveal the true. 
Meaning to someone who knew 

5197
04:50:02,000 --> 04:50:04,100
where to look this method 
provided. 

5198
04:50:04,100 --> 04:50:06,700
Excellent cover. 
Because religious, texts were 

5199
04:50:06,700 --> 04:50:09,800
often carried by Travelers and 
religious copying was common 

5200
04:50:09,800 --> 04:50:13,600
steganography, the technique of 
concealing messages within other

5201
04:50:13,600 --> 04:50:17,900
objects, was also employed by 
medieval spies, A wax tablets 

5202
04:50:17,900 --> 04:50:20,900
wooden backing, could have text 
written on it, that would not be

5203
04:50:20,900 --> 04:50:22,400
visible. 
Until the wax was removed. 

5204
04:50:22,400 --> 04:50:25,800
Messengers could be inscribed on
the inside of leather, goods 

5205
04:50:25,800 --> 04:50:29,600
stitched into garments, or even 
Inked on a messenger scalp and 

5206
04:50:29,600 --> 04:50:33,200
concealed by hair growth. 
Finding concealment techniques 

5207
04:50:33,200 --> 04:50:35,800
that would withstand the rough 
treatment of medieval travel was

5208
04:50:35,800 --> 04:50:38,300
crucial. 
Medieval intelligence networks, 

5209
04:50:38,300 --> 04:50:42,000
gave rise to coded languages in 
which common word hidden meaning

5210
04:50:42,000 --> 04:50:46,100
that only Network participants 
knew While a letter from a 

5211
04:50:46,100 --> 04:50:49,200
merchant discussing the purchase
of fine wool, might be reporting

5212
04:50:49,200 --> 04:50:52,500
on Military fortifications. 
A discussion of grain prices 

5213
04:50:52,500 --> 04:50:55,200
might be revealing information 
about political alliances. 

5214
04:50:56,200 --> 04:50:59,100
To prevent detection, these 
codes needed to be carefully 

5215
04:50:59,100 --> 04:51:02,300
used and thoroughly memorized in
ways that are nearly impossible 

5216
04:51:02,300 --> 04:51:05,600
for modern Minds to comprehend. 
Physical objects were used as 

5217
04:51:05,600 --> 04:51:08,800
messaging systems. 
For someone who understood how 

5218
04:51:08,800 --> 04:51:11,700
to read these signals, the 
placement of a candle in a 

5219
04:51:11,700 --> 04:51:15,100
window, the way a cloak was hung
or the arrangement of objects on

5220
04:51:15,100 --> 04:51:16,500
a table could all provide 
information. 

5221
04:51:17,500 --> 04:51:20,100
In order to transmit messages 
without leaving, any written 

5222
04:51:20,100 --> 04:51:23,300
records, that could be found and
used as proof medieval 

5223
04:51:23,300 --> 04:51:25,800
intelligence agents. 
Created complex nonverbal 

5224
04:51:25,800 --> 04:51:29,200
communication systems, the more 
educated members of medieval, 

5225
04:51:29,200 --> 04:51:32,500
intelligence networks used, 
mathematical codes, basic 

5226
04:51:32,500 --> 04:51:34,900
security, for written 
communication was offered by 

5227
04:51:34,900 --> 04:51:38,300
simple substitution ciphers in 
which a different letter or 

5228
04:51:38,300 --> 04:51:42,000
symbol was used for each letter.
More advanced agents employed 

5229
04:51:42,000 --> 04:51:45,100
Polly alphabetic ciphers, which 
made it much harder for 

5230
04:51:45,100 --> 04:51:48,200
unauthorized readers to decipher
the codes by altering the 

5231
04:51:48,200 --> 04:51:51,400
substitution pattern in 
accordance with preset rules, 

5232
04:51:51,400 --> 04:51:55,100
medieval cryptography, face the 
difficulty of striking a balance

5233
04:51:55,100 --> 04:51:59,100
between security and usefulness.
Better protection was offered by

5234
04:51:59,100 --> 04:52:02,800
complex codes but they all took 
longer to encode and decode 

5235
04:52:02,800 --> 04:52:05,000
increased. 
The possibility of mistakes that

5236
04:52:05,000 --> 04:52:07,700
could make messages 
incomprehensible and placed more

5237
04:52:07,700 --> 04:52:09,800
strain on the users memory and 
education. 

5238
04:52:10,500 --> 04:52:13,000
It was worse than useless to 
have a code that was impossible 

5239
04:52:13,000 --> 04:52:16,500
to crack, but impossible to use 
properly, the issue of key 

5240
04:52:16,500 --> 04:52:19,800
distribution or making sure that
senders and recipients had the 

5241
04:52:19,800 --> 04:52:23,000
data required to encode and 
decode messages was another 

5242
04:52:23,000 --> 04:52:25,100
challenge. 
Faced by medieval intelligence 

5243
04:52:25,100 --> 04:52:28,200
Networks, Sharing the secrets 
required for secret, 

5244
04:52:28,200 --> 04:52:31,500
communication, created a paradox
that took a great deal of 

5245
04:52:31,500 --> 04:52:34,500
Ingenuity to resolve in an era 
without secure communication. 

5246
04:52:34,500 --> 04:52:37,700
Medieval secret communication 
was further Complicated by 

5247
04:52:37,700 --> 04:52:41,200
timing codes. 
Possible for messages to be sent

5248
04:52:41,200 --> 04:52:44,900
in segments with each segment 
arriving at a different time and

5249
04:52:44,900 --> 04:52:46,800
only making sense when put 
together correctly. 

5250
04:52:47,800 --> 04:52:50,700
Alternatively, the coded 
information may include the 

5251
04:52:50,700 --> 04:52:54,200
delivery time and date, which 
recipients must account for when

5252
04:52:54,200 --> 04:52:57,600
decoding the message working 
with secret messages, put a lot 

5253
04:52:57,608 --> 04:52:59,300
of psychological strain on 
employees. 

5254
04:53:00,100 --> 04:53:02,700
A single encoding error could 
give the intended recipient. 

5255
04:53:02,700 --> 04:53:04,600
No. 
Meaning at all an entire 

5256
04:53:04,600 --> 04:53:07,000
intelligence Network could be 
exposed by a mistaken 

5257
04:53:07,000 --> 04:53:10,200
concealment. important 
intelligence could end up in the

5258
04:53:10,200 --> 04:53:13,600
hands of the enemy of the wrong 
Messengers, chose, and Under 

5259
04:53:13,600 --> 04:53:15,900
circumstances that made 
Perfection all but impossible 

5260
04:53:15,900 --> 04:53:18,500
medieval spies had to be 
Flawless. 

5261
04:53:18,500 --> 04:53:21,800
Cryptographers medieval secret, 
communication systems were 

5262
04:53:21,800 --> 04:53:24,100
remarkably successful. 
In spite of these obstacles. 

5263
04:53:24,100 --> 04:53:27,500
Intelligence networks were able 
to coordinate intricate 

5264
04:53:27,500 --> 04:53:30,200
operations sustained 
Communications over long 

5265
04:53:30,200 --> 04:53:33,400
distances and protect their most
sensitive data from hostile 

5266
04:53:33,400 --> 04:53:36,700
interception. 
Ingenuity meticulous planning 

5267
04:53:36,700 --> 04:53:38,700
and the kind of attention to 
detail. 

5268
04:53:38,700 --> 04:53:41,000
That could mean the difference 
between personal destruction, 

5269
04:53:41,000 --> 04:53:44,400
and Mission success with the 
foundations of their success. 

5270
04:53:44,400 --> 04:53:48,200
Pour yourself another cup of 
tea, and think about how you 

5271
04:53:48,200 --> 04:53:50,000
would budget for an intelligence
network. 

5272
04:53:50,000 --> 04:53:53,800
If you were a medieval, King 
attempting to manage one, There 

5273
04:53:53,800 --> 04:53:57,400
are no accounting departments to
monitor operating costs, no 

5274
04:53:57,400 --> 04:54:00,800
standardized pay scales and no 
corporate expense accounts. 

5275
04:54:00,800 --> 04:54:04,900
Instead, you're dealing with a 
shadow economy, where your most 

5276
04:54:04,900 --> 04:54:08,900
critical employees are unable to
provide receipts and where in 

5277
04:54:08,900 --> 04:54:12,000
order to protect all parties, 
payment must frequently be 

5278
04:54:12,000 --> 04:54:14,100
disguised as something 
completely different. 

5279
04:54:14,100 --> 04:54:17,400
The financial theories used in 
medieval Espionage would make 

5280
04:54:17,400 --> 04:54:20,800
modern accountants shutter 
generally speaking, spies 

5281
04:54:20,800 --> 04:54:24,100
received a rattic compensation 
that varied greatly based on the

5282
04:54:24,100 --> 04:54:26,800
value of the information they 
provided the risk of their 

5283
04:54:26,800 --> 04:54:29,700
missions and the financial 
standing of their employers. 

5284
04:54:29,700 --> 04:54:32,500
It was the Pinnacle of 
freelancing with no job 

5285
04:54:32,500 --> 04:54:35,400
security, and retirement 
planning, limited to wishing you

5286
04:54:35,400 --> 04:54:38,700
lived, long enough to retired 
evil spies were, typically paid 

5287
04:54:38,700 --> 04:54:41,200
a combination of bonuses for 
certain pieces of valuable 

5288
04:54:41,200 --> 04:54:44,600
intelligence and regular 
stipends for continuing agents. 

5289
04:54:45,400 --> 04:54:48,300
To keep him loyal, a merchant 
who frequently covered political

5290
04:54:48,300 --> 04:54:51,200
events in the cities. 
He visited might get a small 

5291
04:54:51,208 --> 04:54:53,600
annual payment. 
For more significant 

5292
04:54:53,600 --> 04:54:56,100
information, he might get larger
sums. 

5293
04:54:57,400 --> 04:54:59,600
Maintaining credible 
justifications for these 

5294
04:54:59,600 --> 04:55:03,100
Financial transactions was a 
challenge for both the spy and 

5295
04:55:03,100 --> 04:55:06,300
the spymaster as luring as that 
image may be for Hollywood 

5296
04:55:06,300 --> 04:55:08,200
money. 
Couldn't just be handed over in.

5297
04:55:08,200 --> 04:55:11,500
Dim, Alleyways payments had to 
be made under false pretenses 

5298
04:55:11,500 --> 04:55:13,200
that would pass muster if they 
were caught. 

5299
04:55:13,900 --> 04:55:16,700
A spy may be compensated by 
inflated prices for goods. 

5300
04:55:16,700 --> 04:55:19,800
They purportedly sold to their 
Handler loans that were never 

5301
04:55:19,800 --> 04:55:22,800
meant to be paid back or 
winning's from gambling that 

5302
04:55:22,800 --> 04:55:24,300
were actually intelligence 
payments. 

5303
04:55:24,300 --> 04:55:27,400
The Practical reality of 
medieval life complicated, the 

5304
04:55:27,400 --> 04:55:30,600
cost structure of medieval 
Espionage in order to maintain 

5305
04:55:30,600 --> 04:55:33,800
their cover identities. 
And obtain information spies had

5306
04:55:33,800 --> 04:55:37,300
to pay for their own travel 
logging and the various bribes 

5307
04:55:37,300 --> 04:55:40,400
and gifts, they would need In 
order to keep their credibility,

5308
04:55:40,400 --> 04:55:43,800
a spy mask grading, as a 
merchant might have to genuinely

5309
04:55:43,800 --> 04:55:47,000
buy and sell Goods which would 
require them to invest money in 

5310
04:55:47,000 --> 04:55:49,900
inventory, in the hopes that 
their trading operations were 

5311
04:55:49,900 --> 04:55:52,100
generating enough Revenue to 
fund their intelligence 

5312
04:55:52,100 --> 04:55:55,300
operations, medieval spies face 
to specially High. 

5313
04:55:55,300 --> 04:55:57,700
Travel costs. 
The spies earnings from 

5314
04:55:57,708 --> 04:56:00,300
intelligence work could easily 
be outweighed by the cost of 

5315
04:56:00,300 --> 04:56:04,400
horses, food, lodging, and the 
numerous fees and tolls 

5316
04:56:04,400 --> 04:56:08,100
associated with medieval travel.
It's likely that many medieval 

5317
04:56:08,100 --> 04:56:11,500
spies lost money on their 
operations, either accepting a 

5318
04:56:11,500 --> 04:56:13,500
lesser standard of living than 
they could have obtained through

5319
04:56:13,500 --> 04:56:16,600
legal employment, or funding, 
their Espionage efforts with 

5320
04:56:16,600 --> 04:56:20,000
other sources of income. 
For medieval spies financial 

5321
04:56:20,000 --> 04:56:22,500
planning was practically 
impossible due to the erratic 

5322
04:56:22,500 --> 04:56:25,600
nature of intelligence work. 
After months of collecting 

5323
04:56:25,600 --> 04:56:29,200
information for free, a spy may 
be paid handsomely for a, 

5324
04:56:29,200 --> 04:56:30,900
particularly useful piece of 
intelligence. 

5325
04:56:30,900 --> 04:56:34,600
The ability to maintain a cover 
identity, even in times of 

5326
04:56:34,600 --> 04:56:37,400
financial hardship and 
significant personal financial 

5327
04:56:37,400 --> 04:56:39,300
management. 
Skills were necessary in this 

5328
04:56:39,300 --> 04:56:42,400
feast or famine economy. 
Currently exchange issues that 

5329
04:56:42,400 --> 04:56:44,800
did not exist for contemporary 
International operations. 

5330
04:56:44,800 --> 04:56:47,300
Were another issue. 
That medieval intelligence 

5331
04:56:47,300 --> 04:56:50,300
networks had to handle exchange 
rates varied. 

5332
04:56:50,300 --> 04:56:53,400
According to political ties, and
the availability of precious 

5333
04:56:53,400 --> 04:56:56,400
metals and different regions 
used different coins with 

5334
04:56:56,400 --> 04:56:58,300
varying weight and Purity 
requirements. 

5335
04:56:59,100 --> 04:57:02,000
The spy who worked in several 
different areas had to be able 

5336
04:57:02,000 --> 04:57:04,600
to handle the intricate 
Financial aspects of medieval 

5337
04:57:04,600 --> 04:57:08,100
trade while, also working as an 
intelligence officer and a 

5338
04:57:08,100 --> 04:57:11,200
currency Trader medieval spies 
who were able to combine their 

5339
04:57:11,200 --> 04:57:14,000
intelligence work with legal 
business ventures that offered 

5340
04:57:14,000 --> 04:57:17,300
both cover and extra cash were 
frequently, the most successful.

5341
04:57:18,300 --> 04:57:21,100
Carefully selecting trade, 
routes allowed, a merchant spy 

5342
04:57:21,100 --> 04:57:24,100
to conduct lucrative business 
that Finance their intelligence 

5343
04:57:24,100 --> 04:57:26,100
operations. 
While simultaneously, obtaining 

5344
04:57:26,100 --> 04:57:29,400
useful intelligence, A scholar 
spy, could obtain information 

5345
04:57:29,400 --> 04:57:32,900
about political connections, and
get paid for writing services by

5346
04:57:32,900 --> 04:57:35,700
copying manuscripts for 
Aristocrats because they had 

5347
04:57:35,700 --> 04:57:39,100
fewer economic options than men.
Women who worked in medieval 

5348
04:57:39,100 --> 04:57:41,700
intelligence faced unique 
financial difficulties. 

5349
04:57:42,500 --> 04:57:46,200
In a noble home, a female spy 
might serve as a servant earning

5350
04:57:46,200 --> 04:57:49,700
Amiga salary while obtaining 
intelligence but medieval social

5351
04:57:49,700 --> 04:57:52,700
norms limited her options for 
career progression or other 

5352
04:57:52,700 --> 04:57:55,500
employment. 
Because they frequently had to 

5353
04:57:55,500 --> 04:57:57,800
depend more on their handlers 
for financial support. 

5354
04:57:57,800 --> 04:58:01,700
Female spies were more 
susceptible to abuse for many 

5355
04:58:01,700 --> 04:58:04,700
agents, regular banking 
relationships were impossible 

5356
04:58:04,700 --> 04:58:07,400
due to the security requirements
of medieval espionage. 

5357
04:58:08,200 --> 04:58:10,900
Operating under a full side 
density, prevented a spy from 

5358
04:58:10,900 --> 04:58:12,700
keeping accounts under their 
real name. 

5359
04:58:12,700 --> 04:58:15,400
And from having Financial 
records, that could be used to 

5360
04:58:15,400 --> 04:58:17,300
expose their intelligence 
operations. 

5361
04:58:18,000 --> 04:58:21,200
Precious metals or gems were 
likely carried by many medieval 

5362
04:58:21,200 --> 04:58:24,700
spies making them easy targets 
for theft while on the road 

5363
04:58:24,700 --> 04:58:27,500
medieval spies hardly ever plan 
for retirement. 

5364
04:58:27,500 --> 04:58:30,800
There were no Social Security 
Programs or Pension funds. 

5365
04:58:30,800 --> 04:58:33,700
And there was no assurance that 
an intelligence organization 

5366
04:58:33,700 --> 04:58:37,200
would keep paying agents who are
no longer actively contributing.

5367
04:58:38,500 --> 04:58:41,100
If they lived long enough to 
reach old age successful 

5368
04:58:41,100 --> 04:58:43,600
medieval spies had to amass 
enough wealth, during their 

5369
04:58:43,600 --> 04:58:46,800
active careers to sustain 
themselves in their later years.

5370
04:58:46,800 --> 04:58:50,200
Medieval spies families had to 
deal with financial instability.

5371
04:58:50,200 --> 04:58:51,600
That went beyond the agents 
themselves. 

5372
04:58:51,600 --> 04:58:55,300
There was no life insurance, no 
survivor benefits, and 

5373
04:58:55,300 --> 04:58:58,100
frequently no recognition, that 
Aspire been working for their 

5374
04:58:58,100 --> 04:59:00,300
employer. 
If they were killed or vanished 

5375
04:59:00,300 --> 04:59:03,600
during a mission, medieval spies
wives and kids could find 

5376
04:59:03,600 --> 04:59:06,700
themselves unexpectedly poor 
with no way to support 

5377
04:59:06,700 --> 04:59:08,600
themselves. 
And no reason for their loss, 

5378
04:59:08,600 --> 04:59:11,900
medieval intelligence networks 
were able to recruit and retain 

5379
04:59:11,900 --> 04:59:15,000
agents who offered their 
employers valuable services in 

5380
04:59:15,000 --> 04:59:16,800
spite of these financial 
difficulties. 

5381
04:59:17,600 --> 04:59:20,100
People who found that Espionage 
offered better opportunities 

5382
04:59:20,100 --> 04:59:23,100
than traditional employment in 
their social class or who were 

5383
04:59:23,100 --> 04:59:25,000
prepared to accept Financial 
uncertainty. 

5384
04:59:25,000 --> 04:59:28,400
In exchange, for the thrill of 
intelligence work were drawn to 

5385
04:59:28,400 --> 04:59:30,500
the work with its own Payment 
Systems. 

5386
04:59:30,500 --> 04:59:33,200
Financial difficulties and 
strategies for handling. 

5387
04:59:33,200 --> 04:59:35,100
The interplay between money and 
secretly. 

5388
04:59:36,000 --> 04:59:38,400
Shadow economy that ran 
concurrently with the legal 

5389
04:59:38,400 --> 04:59:42,000
economy is revealed by the 
economics of medieval espionage.

5390
04:59:42,800 --> 04:59:45,100
It was capitalism with a 
conspiracy twist, where 

5391
04:59:45,100 --> 04:59:47,900
information was the most 
valuable resource and the cost 

5392
04:59:47,900 --> 04:59:51,300
of Discovery was frequently the 
highest turned down the lights a

5393
04:59:51,300 --> 04:59:53,600
little bit and imagine what it 
would be like to get out of bed.

5394
04:59:53,600 --> 04:59:56,000
Each morning and put on, not 
just your clothes, but a 

5395
04:59:56,000 --> 04:59:59,100
completely different persona. 
Imagine posing as someone else 

5396
04:59:59,100 --> 05:00:02,400
for months or years at a time, 
never being able to let your 

5397
05:00:02,400 --> 05:00:05,300
guard down and never knowing, if
those around, you are buying 

5398
05:00:05,308 --> 05:00:07,000
into your carefully, crafted 
lies. 

5399
05:00:07,700 --> 05:00:10,300
In a world where authenticity 
was a luxury, they couldn't 

5400
05:00:10,300 --> 05:00:13,600
afford medieval spies had to 
learn, not only the methods of 

5401
05:00:13,600 --> 05:00:16,800
obtaining intelligence but also 
the far more challenging art of 

5402
05:00:16,808 --> 05:00:20,000
psychological survival 
maintaining false identities for

5403
05:00:20,000 --> 05:00:23,300
extended periods of time while 
residing close to people who 

5404
05:00:23,300 --> 05:00:26,700
might discover the deception was
the main Obstacle of medieval 

5405
05:00:26,700 --> 05:00:29,000
espionage. 
Compared to contemporary 

5406
05:00:29,000 --> 05:00:31,500
communities. 
Medieval Society was more 

5407
05:00:31,500 --> 05:00:36,200
intimate smaller and suspicious.
Individuals inquired about 

5408
05:00:36,200 --> 05:00:39,500
strangers, new, their neighbors,
and looked for clues that might 

5409
05:00:39,500 --> 05:00:42,500
indicate someone's true 
motivations or background and 

5410
05:00:42,500 --> 05:00:45,500
medieval spy masquerading as a 
merchant needed to be familiar 

5411
05:00:45,500 --> 05:00:48,700
with the finer points, that 
would persuade seasoned traders.

5412
05:00:48,700 --> 05:00:52,600
In addition to the fundamentals 
of business life They had to 

5413
05:00:52,600 --> 05:00:56,200
comprehend seasonal Market. 
Swings trade route, challenges 

5414
05:00:56,200 --> 05:00:59,800
Regional price to spare parties 
and the interpersonal ties 

5415
05:00:59,800 --> 05:01:01,500
between merchants and various 
cities. 

5416
05:01:02,400 --> 05:01:05,200
One discussion with an actual 
Merchants could reveal knowledge

5417
05:01:05,200 --> 05:01:07,400
gaps that could take years to 
fill on their own. 

5418
05:01:07,400 --> 05:01:10,700
There was no way to alleviate 
the psychological stress brought

5419
05:01:10,700 --> 05:01:14,200
on by the ongoing, attention to 
detail needed to maintain cover 

5420
05:01:14,200 --> 05:01:17,500
identities. 
While medieval spies frequently 

5421
05:01:17,500 --> 05:01:20,100
went months without speaking to 
their actual employers or 

5422
05:01:20,100 --> 05:01:23,200
co-workers, modern undercover 
agents can at least communicate 

5423
05:01:23,200 --> 05:01:26,600
with their handlers or take 
breaks from their duties, they 

5424
05:01:26,600 --> 05:01:29,300
maintained personalities. 
That weren't their own lived in 

5425
05:01:29,300 --> 05:01:32,100
total seclusion and were 
surrounded by untrustworthy 

5426
05:01:32,100 --> 05:01:36,000
people for medieval spies memory
became both a psychological 

5427
05:01:36,000 --> 05:01:38,700
burden and an essential survival
skill. 

5428
05:01:38,700 --> 05:01:41,800
They had to recall, the 
intricate fictional histories. 

5429
05:01:41,800 --> 05:01:43,500
They had written for their cover
identities. 

5430
05:01:43,500 --> 05:01:47,900
In addition to the intelligence,
they had gathered The Spy was 

5431
05:01:47,900 --> 05:01:50,600
unable to reliably recall the 
specifics of their fake 

5432
05:01:50,600 --> 05:01:53,100
background. 
A casual inquiry about early 

5433
05:01:53,100 --> 05:01:55,800
life or familial ties, could 
turn into a risky situation, 

5434
05:01:55,800 --> 05:01:58,900
medieval Society. 
Placed a great value on social 

5435
05:01:58,900 --> 05:02:02,700
connections and Community ties. 
Making the social isolation of 

5436
05:02:02,700 --> 05:02:04,800
medieval Espionage specially 
challenging. 

5437
05:02:05,600 --> 05:02:08,200
Suspicion was immediately raised
against those who appeared to 

5438
05:02:08,200 --> 05:02:12,300
have no family ties roots or 
long-standing Community ties. 

5439
05:02:13,100 --> 05:02:15,600
In the Middle Ages had to 
establish credible social 

5440
05:02:15,600 --> 05:02:18,800
networks, while steering, clear 
of intimate connections, that 

5441
05:02:18,800 --> 05:02:20,500
could expose their true 
identities. 

5442
05:02:20,500 --> 05:02:24,200
Medieval Espionage was further 
complicated psychologically by 

5443
05:02:24,200 --> 05:02:27,700
religious conflicts. 
Spies frequently had to maintain

5444
05:02:27,700 --> 05:02:30,400
cover identities that required 
them to support. 

5445
05:02:30,400 --> 05:02:34,300
Political causes they personally
opposed participate in religious

5446
05:02:34,300 --> 05:02:37,700
ceremonies that might violate 
their conscience or pretend to 

5447
05:02:37,700 --> 05:02:40,300
hold religious beliefs that were
at odds with their true beliefs.

5448
05:02:41,200 --> 05:02:44,300
Moral stress resulting from the 
internal struggle between one's 

5449
05:02:44,300 --> 05:02:47,000
personal convictions. 
And professional obligations. 

5450
05:02:47,000 --> 05:02:50,600
Could jeopardize an agent, 
psychological stability and 

5451
05:02:50,600 --> 05:02:52,200
evil. 
Spies lived in a state of 

5452
05:02:52,200 --> 05:02:54,600
chronic anxiety. 
That pervaded every part of 

5453
05:02:54,608 --> 05:02:56,600
their lives due to their 
constant fear of being 

5454
05:02:56,600 --> 05:02:59,400
discovered. 
They couldn't afford to unwind. 

5455
05:02:59,400 --> 05:03:02,800
They couldn't believe their gut,
feelings about people, and they 

5456
05:03:02,800 --> 05:03:05,300
couldn't make true friends with 
anyone they met while on 

5457
05:03:05,300 --> 05:03:07,800
mission's. 
Physical fatigue was only one 

5458
05:03:07,800 --> 05:03:10,500
aspect of the exhaustion brought
on by the hyper vigilance 

5459
05:03:10,500 --> 05:03:13,700
required for survival. 
The moral ambiguity, in guilt of

5460
05:03:13,708 --> 05:03:16,500
their work were other issues 
that medieval spies had to cope 

5461
05:03:16,500 --> 05:03:18,800
with, in order to obtain 
intelligence. 

5462
05:03:18,800 --> 05:03:21,600
They frequently had to lie to 
people, they thought were their 

5463
05:03:21,600 --> 05:03:24,100
friends. 
The tray, the confidence of 

5464
05:03:24,100 --> 05:03:26,700
those who had been kind to them,
or support military, and 

5465
05:03:26,700 --> 05:03:29,300
political initiatives, that 
could endanger innocent people. 

5466
05:03:30,100 --> 05:03:32,300
Over time. 
The psychological toll of these 

5467
05:03:32,300 --> 05:03:36,100
ethical concessions mounted 
resulting in internal strife 

5468
05:03:36,100 --> 05:03:40,000
that might be just as damaging 
as outside dangers, medieval 

5469
05:03:40,000 --> 05:03:43,000
Espionage, mental, health issues
were specially severe because of

5470
05:03:43,000 --> 05:03:46,000
the inability to get support or 
assistance when experience in 

5471
05:03:46,000 --> 05:03:49,600
cycle issues. 
When missions became too much to

5472
05:03:49,600 --> 05:03:51,500
handle. 
There were no supervisors to 

5473
05:03:51,500 --> 05:03:55,200
offer support know colleagues to
confide in and no counselors to 

5474
05:03:55,200 --> 05:03:57,700
consult. 
In order to maintain complete 

5475
05:03:57,700 --> 05:04:00,900
operational, security medieval 
spies had to create their own 

5476
05:04:00,900 --> 05:04:04,200
coping strategies, medieval 
Espionage, put a tremendous 

5477
05:04:04,200 --> 05:04:08,100
strain on family relationships. 
Married spies were required to 

5478
05:04:08,100 --> 05:04:11,600
lie to their wives about their 
whereabouts activities and 

5479
05:04:11,600 --> 05:04:13,900
frequently their core values and
allegiances. 

5480
05:04:14,900 --> 05:04:18,000
Medieval spies had fathers or 
mothers who were mysteriously, 

5481
05:04:18,000 --> 05:04:20,100
evasive about their work and 
often absent. 

5482
05:04:21,000 --> 05:04:23,300
The most significant 
interpersonal relationships in 

5483
05:04:23,300 --> 05:04:26,900
an agent's, life were tainted by
the secrecy required for 

5484
05:04:26,900 --> 05:04:30,200
operational security after 
completing intelligence missions

5485
05:04:30,200 --> 05:04:32,800
returning to normal. 
Life was frequently just as 

5486
05:04:32,800 --> 05:04:35,700
psychologically taxing, as the 
actual Espionage work. 

5487
05:04:35,700 --> 05:04:38,800
In addition to re-adjusting to 
their true identities. 

5488
05:04:38,800 --> 05:04:42,300
Medieval spies had to make 
amends with emotionally distant,

5489
05:04:42,300 --> 05:04:45,400
family members, and friends, and
somehow cope with months or 

5490
05:04:45,400 --> 05:04:49,000
years of Deceit and seclusion 
without being able to talk about

5491
05:04:49,000 --> 05:04:52,200
their experience as with others 
because of the ongoing danger. 

5492
05:04:52,200 --> 05:04:55,600
The cycleogical strain of 
assuming full identities and the

5493
05:04:55,608 --> 05:04:57,300
moral dilemma that came with 
their job. 

5494
05:04:57,300 --> 05:04:59,700
Some medieval spies most likely 
experience. 

5495
05:04:59,700 --> 05:05:02,600
What is now known as 
post-traumatic stress disorder. 

5496
05:05:03,700 --> 05:05:06,800
Medieval Society lacked 
resources to assist intelligence

5497
05:05:06,800 --> 05:05:09,200
agents in recovering from the 
psychological harm of their 

5498
05:05:09,200 --> 05:05:11,800
service because it lacked 
knowledge about mental health 

5499
05:05:11,800 --> 05:05:13,800
and effective treatment 
techniques. 

5500
05:05:13,800 --> 05:05:16,600
Those who are able to 
compartmentalize their emotions,

5501
05:05:16,600 --> 05:05:19,900
keep a clear separation between 
their true and false identities 

5502
05:05:19,900 --> 05:05:23,500
and find ways to defend the 
moral complexity of their work 

5503
05:05:23,500 --> 05:05:28,200
were likely the most successful 
medieval spies However, even 

5504
05:05:28,200 --> 05:05:30,900
these psychologically strong 
people had to pay a price in 

5505
05:05:30,900 --> 05:05:34,000
terms of their capacity to build
genuine, bonds and sustained 

5506
05:05:34,000 --> 05:05:37,200
emotional ties with others, 
medieval intelligence, networks 

5507
05:05:37,200 --> 05:05:39,600
maintained operations, 
throughout Europe for centuries 

5508
05:05:39,600 --> 05:05:42,900
and attracted new recruits in 
spite of these significant 

5509
05:05:42,900 --> 05:05:46,700
psychological obstacles. 
Thrill of doing meaningful work.

5510
05:05:46,700 --> 05:05:50,400
The Fulfillment of supporting 
causes they supported or just 

5511
05:05:50,400 --> 05:05:52,500
the Allure of a life. 
Very different from the few 

5512
05:05:52,500 --> 05:05:54,700
options available to the 
majority of people in medieval 

5513
05:05:54,700 --> 05:05:58,000
Society must have been the 
satisfactions that offset the 

5514
05:05:58,008 --> 05:06:01,800
psychological costs of the job. 
Medieval Espionage psychological

5515
05:06:01,800 --> 05:06:05,200
reality highlights, the human 
cost of intelligence work in a 

5516
05:06:05,200 --> 05:06:08,400
time when mental health was 
poorly understood and there were

5517
05:06:08,400 --> 05:06:11,000
no resources available to 
support those who compromise 

5518
05:06:11,000 --> 05:06:13,500
their psychological well-being 
to further military and 

5519
05:06:13,500 --> 05:06:16,200
political goals. 
These forgotten Heroes of 

5520
05:06:16,200 --> 05:06:19,900
medieval statecraft and could 
burdens long after their active 

5521
05:06:19,900 --> 05:06:23,000
service ended in addition to the
physical risks of their 

5522
05:06:23,000 --> 05:06:26,200
missions. 
Now, let's take a step back and 

5523
05:06:26,200 --> 05:06:29,600
examine the larger picture much 
like when you examine a medieval

5524
05:06:29,600 --> 05:06:32,800
tapestry, where individual 
threads come together to form 

5525
05:06:32,800 --> 05:06:36,300
patterns, that are not visible. 
When you concentrate on any, one

5526
05:06:36,300 --> 05:06:39,900
of them without computers phones
or any other communication 

5527
05:06:39,900 --> 05:06:42,300
technology that we now 
considered necessary, for 

5528
05:06:42,300 --> 05:06:44,900
organizing large-scale 
operations, medieval? 

5529
05:06:45,200 --> 05:06:48,300
Intelligence networks were 
organizational Marvels rather 

5530
05:06:48,300 --> 05:06:51,900
they depended on human memory, 
interpersonal, connections, and 

5531
05:06:51,900 --> 05:06:55,200
Trust structures that were both 
necessary and brittle, imagine 

5532
05:06:55,200 --> 05:06:57,100
attempting to manage a 
contemporary business. 

5533
05:06:57,100 --> 05:07:00,400
With only handwritten letters 
that take weeks to deliver in 

5534
05:07:00,400 --> 05:07:03,800
person, meetings, that required 
days or weeks of travel to set 

5535
05:07:03,800 --> 05:07:06,900
up and staff members who are 
unable to accept their position.

5536
05:07:08,000 --> 05:07:10,700
When medieval spymasters 
established, intelligence 

5537
05:07:10,700 --> 05:07:13,700
networks that crossed continents
and impacted the results of Wars

5538
05:07:13,700 --> 05:07:17,200
succession disputes and 
diplomatic negotiations. 

5539
05:07:17,200 --> 05:07:20,100
They essentially achieved that 
although they didn't call it. 

5540
05:07:20,100 --> 05:07:23,600
That the cell structure served 
as the Cornerstone of medieval 

5541
05:07:23,600 --> 05:07:27,600
intelligence Networks, Agents, 
collaborated in small groups, 

5542
05:07:27,600 --> 05:07:30,400
each with a limited 
understanding of the larger 

5543
05:07:30,400 --> 05:07:32,800
Network. 
The identity of two or three 

5544
05:07:32,808 --> 05:07:36,200
other agents, may be known to a 
merchant spy in one city, but 

5545
05:07:36,200 --> 05:07:39,000
they would have no knowledge of 
intelligence activities in other

5546
05:07:39,000 --> 05:07:42,400
areas, in the event that a 
single agent was apprehended and

5547
05:07:42,400 --> 05:07:45,000
interrogated. 
The network was shielded by this

5548
05:07:45,000 --> 05:07:48,200
division, medieval intelligence 
networks, relied on complex 

5549
05:07:48,200 --> 05:07:51,400
networks of cutouts and 
intermediaries to facilitate 

5550
05:07:51,400 --> 05:07:53,400
communication between various 
components. 

5551
05:07:54,400 --> 05:07:57,200
Spy and London might give 
information to a merchant who 

5552
05:07:57,200 --> 05:08:00,300
would then give it to a monkey 
in Dover who would then included

5553
05:08:00,300 --> 05:08:02,200
in a letter to a monastery in 
Calais. 

5554
05:08:02,900 --> 05:08:06,200
From there, another Monk would 
extract the information and give

5555
05:08:06,208 --> 05:08:09,000
it to a local agent, who would 
then deliver it to a French 

5556
05:08:09,000 --> 05:08:11,300
nobleman who was working for 
English interests. 

5557
05:08:12,000 --> 05:08:14,200
Because everyone in this chain 
was only familiar with their 

5558
05:08:14,200 --> 05:08:17,700
closest Associates, ignorance 
provided security, the 

5559
05:08:17,700 --> 05:08:20,800
authentication problem or how to
confirm that information was 

5560
05:08:20,800 --> 05:08:22,500
authentic. 
And that agents were who they 

5561
05:08:22,500 --> 05:08:25,500
said they were was a challenge 
for medieval intelligence 

5562
05:08:25,500 --> 05:08:28,400
Networks. 
To enable agents to recognize 

5563
05:08:28,400 --> 05:08:32,000
one another and verify their 
legitimacy, they created systems

5564
05:08:32,000 --> 05:08:36,200
of codes, passwords, and 
recognition signals agents who 

5565
05:08:36,200 --> 05:08:38,400
had never met before. 
Could authenticate each other, 

5566
05:08:38,400 --> 05:08:42,500
using a unique letter signing 
style, a phrase incorporated 

5567
05:08:42,500 --> 05:08:45,500
into conversation or a 
distinctive piece of clothing 

5568
05:08:45,500 --> 05:08:48,800
without official schools or 
training programs, new agents 

5569
05:08:48,800 --> 05:08:52,500
had to be recruited and trained.
Potential recruits were found by

5570
05:08:52,500 --> 05:08:55,300
seasoned agents who then 
gradually exposed them to 

5571
05:08:55,300 --> 05:08:58,500
intelligence work and offered 
unofficial apprenticeships, that

5572
05:08:58,500 --> 05:09:01,000
allowed them to gain the skills 
they needed through hands on 

5573
05:09:01,000 --> 05:09:03,800
experience. 
Before taking on more difficult 

5574
05:09:03,800 --> 05:09:07,000
tasks, requiring Advanced 
tradecraft a new recruit. 

5575
05:09:07,000 --> 05:09:10,300
May start out carrying simple 
messages and work their way up, 

5576
05:09:10,300 --> 05:09:13,700
to Gathering basic information, 
medieval intelligence networks 

5577
05:09:13,700 --> 05:09:17,300
face ongoing, quality control 
challenges, multiple sources, 

5578
05:09:17,300 --> 05:09:20,100
had to, be used to confirm 
information and because medieval

5579
05:09:20,100 --> 05:09:23,200
communication was slow, this 
could take weeks or months. 

5580
05:09:24,200 --> 05:09:26,700
False information may have 
already affected significant 

5581
05:09:26,700 --> 05:09:29,400
choices or military operations. 
By the time it was discovered 

5582
05:09:29,400 --> 05:09:32,000
and fixed. 
In order to assess The 

5583
05:09:32,000 --> 05:09:35,300
credibility of sources and 
information, medieval spy 

5584
05:09:35,300 --> 05:09:38,700
Master's had to cultivate their 
intuition, medieval intelligence

5585
05:09:38,700 --> 05:09:41,700
networks needed to be funded 
creatively to avoid, drawing the

5586
05:09:41,700 --> 05:09:43,600
attention of adversarial 
authorities. 

5587
05:09:44,600 --> 05:09:47,400
Without leaving visible Paper, 
Trails money had to be 

5588
05:09:47,408 --> 05:09:50,500
transferred between various 
territories and exchanged 

5589
05:09:50,500 --> 05:09:53,900
between currencies. 
Trade profits were used to fund 

5590
05:09:53,900 --> 05:09:57,600
Espionage activities and 
legitimate companies, places of 

5591
05:09:57,600 --> 05:09:59,900
worship and Merchants 
Enterprises frequently. 

5592
05:09:59,900 --> 05:10:02,700
Functioned as fronts for 
intelligence funding, in 

5593
05:10:02,700 --> 05:10:05,800
addition, medieval intelligence 
networks had to coordinate 

5594
05:10:05,800 --> 05:10:09,000
intricate operations involving 
numerous agents in various 

5595
05:10:09,000 --> 05:10:11,600
locations while maintaining 
operational security. 

5596
05:10:12,400 --> 05:10:14,900
Coordination between agents in 
multiple cities. 

5597
05:10:14,900 --> 05:10:17,800
May be necessary for a plan to 
obtain Intelligence on an 

5598
05:10:17,800 --> 05:10:21,200
enemy's military preparations 
and timing is crucial to its 

5599
05:10:21,200 --> 05:10:23,900
success. 
However, coordinating these 

5600
05:10:23,900 --> 05:10:26,700
activities necessitated 
communication that if 

5601
05:10:26,700 --> 05:10:29,100
intercepted might jeopardize the
network. 

5602
05:10:29,100 --> 05:10:32,700
As a whole medieval intelligence
networks were both strong and 

5603
05:10:32,700 --> 05:10:34,500
weak due to their inherent 
redundancy. 

5604
05:10:34,500 --> 05:10:38,200
The same information could be 
gathered by multiple agents, 

5605
05:10:38,200 --> 05:10:40,600
which would increase the 
likelihood that someone would 

5606
05:10:40,600 --> 05:10:44,100
notice unusual interest in 
certain topics while also 

5607
05:10:44,100 --> 05:10:47,600
providing verification. 
In order to ensure that Vital 

5608
05:10:47,600 --> 05:10:50,900
Information would reach its 
destination, even in the event 

5609
05:10:50,900 --> 05:10:54,100
that some channels were 
compromised networks frequently.

5610
05:10:54,100 --> 05:10:57,700
Maintained parallel channels for
important intelligence because 

5611
05:10:57,700 --> 05:11:00,100
of the potential for allies to 
suddenly turn into enemies. 

5612
05:11:00,100 --> 05:11:03,100
Medieval intelligence networks 
had to adjust to shifting 

5613
05:11:03,100 --> 05:11:06,900
political conditions. 
After a political marriage, a 

5614
05:11:06,900 --> 05:11:10,900
succession crisis, or a change. 
In diplomatic ties an agent who 

5615
05:11:10,900 --> 05:11:14,300
had spent years cultivating 
sources in a certain Court, may 

5616
05:11:14,300 --> 05:11:16,600
find themselves operating in 
hostile territory. 

5617
05:11:17,500 --> 05:11:20,000
To withstand these political 
upheavals and continue to 

5618
05:11:20,000 --> 05:11:22,400
function. 
Effectively networks required 

5619
05:11:22,400 --> 05:11:26,100
adaptability because medieval 
intelligence operations lasted 

5620
05:11:26,100 --> 05:11:28,000
so long. 
They faced particular 

5621
05:11:28,000 --> 05:11:30,700
difficulties that are uncommon 
in contemporary intelligence 

5622
05:11:30,700 --> 05:11:34,700
services Within the same 
families or organizations, some 

5623
05:11:34,700 --> 05:11:37,900
networks, continue to function 
for decades, with agents, 

5624
05:11:37,900 --> 05:11:40,500
transmitting information from 
one generation to the next. 

5625
05:11:41,400 --> 05:11:45,200
Before he retires among may 
choose to hire his successor in 

5626
05:11:45,200 --> 05:11:48,700
continuity of operations. 
While simultaneously building up

5627
05:11:48,700 --> 05:11:50,800
institutional knowledge, that 
could be disastrous. 

5628
05:11:50,800 --> 05:11:54,700
If hostile forces find out the 
seasonality of medieval life 

5629
05:11:54,700 --> 05:11:57,500
presented another challenge for 
medieval intelligence Networks. 

5630
05:11:58,300 --> 05:12:00,300
While summer campaigns and 
harvest Seasons. 

5631
05:12:00,300 --> 05:12:02,800
Brought opportunities and 
challenges that necessitated 

5632
05:12:02,800 --> 05:12:05,900
careful timing of network 
operations, winter weather made 

5633
05:12:05,900 --> 05:12:09,400
travel and communication, much 
more difficult political 

5634
05:12:09,400 --> 05:12:11,000
intelligence had to take into 
consideration. 

5635
05:12:11,000 --> 05:12:14,300
The seasonal movements of noble 
courts, while Military 

5636
05:12:14,300 --> 05:12:17,200
Intelligence had to be collected
and disseminated in accordance 

5637
05:12:17,200 --> 05:12:19,800
with campaign schedules. 
In order to concentrate 

5638
05:12:19,800 --> 05:12:23,400
resources on specific kinds of 
information, the most advanced 

5639
05:12:23,400 --> 05:12:27,800
medieval intelligence networks 
created specialization Some 

5640
05:12:27,800 --> 05:12:30,800
networks kept agents close to 
military headquarters and key 

5641
05:12:30,800 --> 05:12:34,400
fortifications in order to focus
on Military Intelligence, others

5642
05:12:34,400 --> 05:12:36,800
developed sources in 
aristocratic courts, and places 

5643
05:12:36,800 --> 05:12:39,400
of worship in order to 
concentrate on political 

5644
05:12:39,400 --> 05:12:42,100
intelligence, economic 
intelligence networks. 

5645
05:12:42,100 --> 05:12:46,000
Monitored resource availability,
currency fluctuations, and trade

5646
05:12:46,000 --> 05:12:48,100
Trends. 
Despite not having the formal 

5647
05:12:48,100 --> 05:12:50,400
safeguards that contemporary 
intelligence services. 

5648
05:12:50,400 --> 05:12:53,600
Do medieval networks were 
constantly concerned about 

5649
05:12:53,600 --> 05:12:56,900
counterintelligence Because 
their adversaries were also 

5650
05:12:56,900 --> 05:12:59,700
conducting intelligence 
operations medieval. 

5651
05:12:59,700 --> 05:13:02,200
Spies had to be on the lookout 
for any indication that their 

5652
05:13:02,200 --> 05:13:05,800
own actions were being watched. 
As agents, grew weary of one. 

5653
05:13:05,800 --> 05:13:08,900
Another, the paranoia required 
for survival, in this setting 

5654
05:13:08,900 --> 05:13:11,900
could demolish networks. 
From within, although networks 

5655
05:13:11,900 --> 05:13:14,900
had to keep some records in 
order to track agents coordinate

5656
05:13:14,900 --> 05:13:17,900
operations and preserve 
institutional knowledge, the 

5657
05:13:17,900 --> 05:13:20,400
documentation of medieval 
intelligence operations was 

5658
05:13:20,400 --> 05:13:24,000
inevitably minimal. 
There was a continual conflict 

5659
05:13:24,000 --> 05:13:27,700
between operational security and
administrative necessity because

5660
05:13:27,700 --> 05:13:30,700
these records had to be kept 
safe while still being available

5661
05:13:30,700 --> 05:13:34,100
to authorized personnel. 
To avoid Discovery. 

5662
05:13:34,100 --> 05:13:37,100
It's likely that many medieval 
intelligence archives were 

5663
05:13:37,100 --> 05:13:40,300
routinely destroyed in the end. 
The personal traits of those who

5664
05:13:40,300 --> 05:13:43,000
established and maintained 
medieval intelligence networks 

5665
05:13:43,000 --> 05:13:46,400
to determine their success. 
Spymasters had to be able to 

5666
05:13:46,400 --> 05:13:49,600
inspire loyalty while keeping 
the secrecy that made such 

5667
05:13:49,600 --> 05:13:53,300
loyalty dangerous, diplomatic 
skills, with brutal, pragmatism 

5668
05:13:53,300 --> 05:13:56,900
and strategic thinking with 
meticulous attention to detail. 

5669
05:13:57,700 --> 05:14:00,600
Those in charge of the most 
successful medieval intelligence

5670
05:14:00,600 --> 05:14:03,700
operations were most likely 
those who are aware of both the 

5671
05:14:03,700 --> 05:14:05,700
potential and constraints of 
human nature. 

5672
05:14:05,700 --> 05:14:08,900
Breathe deeply and prepare 
yourself for what may be the 

5673
05:14:08,900 --> 05:14:11,700
most sobering portion of our 
medieval Espionage Adventure. 

5674
05:14:12,900 --> 05:14:15,400
Although we have discussed the 
achievements and Innovations of 

5675
05:14:15,400 --> 05:14:18,600
medieval intelligence work. 
The truth is that many 

5676
05:14:18,600 --> 05:14:20,500
operations were a complete 
failure. 

5677
05:14:21,200 --> 05:14:24,000
Frequently, with immediate 
severe and long-lasting effect 

5678
05:14:24,000 --> 05:14:26,900
on those involved. 
In the high stakes world of 

5679
05:14:26,900 --> 05:14:30,700
medieval Espionage, failure 
frequently resulted in torture 

5680
05:14:30,700 --> 05:14:35,000
execution and the dismantling of
entire intelligence networks. 

5681
05:14:35,000 --> 05:14:38,300
In addition to professional 
humiliation or career, setbacks 

5682
05:14:38,300 --> 05:14:41,800
months or years of meticulous. 
Network building could be undone

5683
05:14:41,800 --> 05:14:43,600
by the discovery of a single 
spy. 

5684
05:14:43,600 --> 05:14:46,500
Even the most committed agents 
had a limit to how much 

5685
05:14:46,500 --> 05:14:47,900
suffering they could take 
before. 

5686
05:14:47,900 --> 05:14:50,900
Disclosing what they needed. 
And medieval interrogation, 

5687
05:14:50,900 --> 05:14:53,900
technique were intended to 
elicit information, regardless 

5688
05:14:53,900 --> 05:14:57,700
of the subjects, willingness to 
cooperate, I captured spy could 

5689
05:14:57,708 --> 05:15:00,600
jeopardize the identities and 
whereabouts of dozens of other 

5690
05:15:00,600 --> 05:15:03,000
agents, in addition to their own
mission. 

5691
05:15:03,000 --> 05:15:06,000
The human propensity to grow 
accustomed to successful. 

5692
05:15:06,000 --> 05:15:09,100
Routines was one of the most 
frequent reasons why medieval 

5693
05:15:09,100 --> 05:15:13,100
Espionage efforts failed. 
After years of using the same 

5694
05:15:13,100 --> 05:15:16,300
contact methods travel routes 
and cover story. 

5695
05:15:16,300 --> 05:15:18,600
An agent. 
May become predictable enough 

5696
05:15:18,600 --> 05:15:21,200
for enemy counterintelligence to
recognize and follow. 

5697
05:15:22,000 --> 05:15:25,900
Complacency was fostered by 
success and complacency resulted

5698
05:15:25,900 --> 05:15:27,900
in potentially lethal 
carelessness. 

5699
05:15:27,900 --> 05:15:31,100
When compromised the 
authentication mechanisms that 

5700
05:15:31,100 --> 05:15:34,400
safeguarded medieval 
intelligence networks might also

5701
05:15:34,400 --> 05:15:38,400
turn into a vulnerability Enemy 
agents could infiltrate a 

5702
05:15:38,400 --> 05:15:41,000
network and feed false 
information while identifying 

5703
05:15:41,000 --> 05:15:44,200
legitimate agents if they 
learned the codes passwords or 

5704
05:15:44,200 --> 05:15:46,300
recognition signals that the 
network uses. 

5705
05:15:47,200 --> 05:15:49,500
Because it fostered false 
confidence while actually 

5706
05:15:49,500 --> 05:15:52,500
advancing the objectives of the 
enemy a compromised, or 

5707
05:15:52,500 --> 05:15:55,500
authentication system was worse 
than none at all people, they 

5708
05:15:55,500 --> 05:15:58,900
trusted could betrayed medieval,
spies sometimes for reasons, 

5709
05:15:58,900 --> 05:16:00,700
unrelated to their intelligence 
work. 

5710
05:16:01,400 --> 05:16:04,300
In order to avoid being 
captured, a fellow agent, May 

5711
05:16:04,300 --> 05:16:08,500
divulge networks Secrets, 
personal grievances Financial 

5712
05:16:08,500 --> 05:16:11,600
strains or shifting political 
allegiances could cause a 

5713
05:16:11,600 --> 05:16:15,108
contact to turn against them. 
Family members, felt it was a 

5714
05:16:15,116 --> 05:16:18,500
central to their own Survival. 
They might even turn on spy 

5715
05:16:18,500 --> 05:16:21,500
relatives medieval intelligence 
networks were susceptible to 

5716
05:16:21,500 --> 05:16:25,000
catastrophic failures due to 
their sluggish communication 

5717
05:16:25,000 --> 05:16:27,800
systems by the time. 
It arrived at its destination 

5718
05:16:27,800 --> 05:16:30,900
information, that was correct 
when it was collected could 

5719
05:16:30,900 --> 05:16:34,100
become dangerously out of date. 
When friendly commanders, 

5720
05:16:34,100 --> 05:16:36,900
finally received Military 
Intelligence about enemy troop 

5721
05:16:36,900 --> 05:16:38,900
movements. 
It may have been weeks old 

5722
05:16:38,900 --> 05:16:42,000
causing them to base tactical 
decisions on outdated 

5723
05:16:42,000 --> 05:16:45,000
information vulnerabilities 
created by currency and 

5724
05:16:45,000 --> 05:16:48,200
financial systems are not 
encountered by contemporary 

5725
05:16:48,200 --> 05:16:51,400
intelligence Services. 
If enemy agents, were able to 

5726
05:16:51,400 --> 05:16:54,700
identify odd coins or track down
the origins of financial 

5727
05:16:54,700 --> 05:16:57,600
transactions. 
They could betray a spy using 

5728
05:16:57,600 --> 05:17:01,300
the very funds that were used to
pay them, medieval Espionage 

5729
05:17:01,300 --> 05:17:04,200
employed, a regular payment 
systems, which made it possible 

5730
05:17:04,200 --> 05:17:06,900
for agents to be recognized by 
their suspicious Financial 

5731
05:17:06,900 --> 05:17:10,800
activity, or unexplained wealth 
Intelligence Officers face 

5732
05:17:10,800 --> 05:17:13,800
particular risks due to the 
medical realities of medieval 

5733
05:17:13,800 --> 05:17:16,400
life when working under a full 
side identity. 

5734
05:17:16,400 --> 05:17:19,800
A spy who gets seriously ill may
not be able to keep up their 

5735
05:17:19,800 --> 05:17:22,600
cover. particularly if the 
medical care they require 

5736
05:17:22,600 --> 05:17:25,400
reveals details about their true
activities or background, 

5737
05:17:26,300 --> 05:17:28,700
Disease, kept important Agents 
from fulfilling their 

5738
05:17:28,700 --> 05:17:31,200
responsibilities or meeting 
their contacts. 

5739
05:17:31,200 --> 05:17:35,400
It could jeopardize entire 
networks, medieval spies working

5740
05:17:35,400 --> 05:17:38,400
across, sectarian lines, faced 
unique risks due to religious 

5741
05:17:38,400 --> 05:17:40,900
conflicts. 
If an agent made mistakes that 

5742
05:17:40,900 --> 05:17:43,900
exposed their true religious 
background, they could be 

5743
05:17:43,900 --> 05:17:45,900
exposed because their cover 
identity. 

5744
05:17:45,900 --> 05:17:49,000
Required them to take part in 
religious ceremonies due to the 

5745
05:17:49,000 --> 05:17:50,700
strong religious beliefs of the 
Middle. 

5746
05:17:50,700 --> 05:17:53,800
Ages, religious deception, was 
both essential for many 

5747
05:17:53,800 --> 05:17:57,400
operations and very risky of 
Court, medieval legal systems, 

5748
05:17:57,400 --> 05:18:01,200
produced unpredictable, and 
challenging to manage risks a 

5749
05:18:01,200 --> 05:18:03,500
spy working, under a full 
identity, could find themselves 

5750
05:18:03,500 --> 05:18:06,600
embroiled in legal proceedings 
that could reveal their true 

5751
05:18:06,600 --> 05:18:09,500
Origins. 
Local regulations pertaining to 

5752
05:18:09,500 --> 05:18:12,800
travel business or religion. 
Could present unseen challenges 

5753
05:18:12,800 --> 05:18:15,600
that compelled agents to divulge
more personal information than 

5754
05:18:15,600 --> 05:18:19,100
was safe agents or their 
handlers had no control over how

5755
05:18:19,100 --> 05:18:22,200
weather and natural disasters. 
Could ruin meticulously planned 

5756
05:18:22,200 --> 05:18:25,700
intelligence operations. 
A spy may be forced to take an 

5757
05:18:25,700 --> 05:18:27,900
alternate route that exposes 
them to Discovery. 

5758
05:18:27,900 --> 05:18:30,000
If a bridge is washed out by 
flooding. 

5759
05:18:30,900 --> 05:18:33,100
Time sensitive operations may be
disrupted. 

5760
05:18:33,100 --> 05:18:36,100
If sold meeting's are impossible
due to an exceptionally harsh 

5761
05:18:36,100 --> 05:18:39,400
winter over the course of 
long-term operations spies 

5762
05:18:39,400 --> 05:18:41,500
developed, personal 
relationships, that could lead 

5763
05:18:41,500 --> 05:18:44,600
to both operational success, and
disastrous failure. 

5764
05:18:45,400 --> 05:18:48,200
When an agent maintained, a full
identity, while forming real 

5765
05:18:48,200 --> 05:18:51,200
friendships, or romantic 
relationships, they ran the risk

5766
05:18:51,200 --> 05:18:53,300
of developing emotional issues 
that could impair their 

5767
05:18:53,300 --> 05:18:56,300
judgment. 
However, abruptly terminating 

5768
05:18:56,300 --> 05:18:59,100
these relationships, may also 
raise suspicions that result in 

5769
05:18:59,108 --> 05:19:02,200
Discovery when led by a student 
suspicious leaders. 

5770
05:19:02,200 --> 05:19:04,800
Medieval counterintelligence 
operations, could be 

5771
05:19:04,800 --> 05:19:07,900
surprisingly successful despite 
being less organized than 

5772
05:19:07,900 --> 05:19:11,200
contemporary ones. 
A shrewd nobleman might see 

5773
05:19:11,200 --> 05:19:14,000
Trends in the inquiries made by 
various guests or note that 

5774
05:19:14,008 --> 05:19:16,800
particular kinds of information 
appeared to leak to adversaries 

5775
05:19:16,800 --> 05:19:20,000
on a regular basis. 
It experienced medieval leaders 

5776
05:19:20,000 --> 05:19:22,900
were occasionally able to 
recognize and stop intelligence 

5777
05:19:22,900 --> 05:19:25,200
operations. 
Even in the absence of official 

5778
05:19:25,200 --> 05:19:28,600
counterintelligence training 
failures in, medieval Espionage,

5779
05:19:28,600 --> 05:19:31,400
had far reaching effects that 
went well, beyond the specific 

5780
05:19:31,400 --> 05:19:35,200
agents involved, Inaccurate 
intelligence could cost military

5781
05:19:35,200 --> 05:19:38,800
leaders battles and thousands of
soldiers could lose their lives 

5782
05:19:38,800 --> 05:19:41,600
as a result. 
Diplomatic choices made by 

5783
05:19:41,600 --> 05:19:44,100
political leaders who were 
tricked by enemy operatives 

5784
05:19:44,100 --> 05:19:47,100
could undermine their standing 
for decades failures. 

5785
05:19:47,100 --> 05:19:49,900
In intelligence, could have 
repercussions that affect entire

5786
05:19:49,900 --> 05:19:53,200
kingdoms and the outcome of Wars
most tragically failed. 

5787
05:19:53,200 --> 05:19:55,800
Medieval spies frequently 
suffered alongside their 

5788
05:19:55,800 --> 05:19:59,500
families and Associates. 
The associates of spies who were

5789
05:19:59,500 --> 05:20:01,500
caught may have been punished 
for their involvement in 

5790
05:20:01,500 --> 05:20:05,200
intelligence operations alone. 
As medieval Justice did not 

5791
05:20:05,200 --> 05:20:08,100
always distinguish between major
offenders and their families. 

5792
05:20:09,000 --> 05:20:11,900
Failures in medieval Espionage, 
could have a personal cost to 

5793
05:20:11,900 --> 05:20:15,300
those who are unaware of or did 
not participate in intelligence 

5794
05:20:15,300 --> 05:20:18,600
operations, surviving network 
members faced additional 

5795
05:20:18,600 --> 05:20:21,900
difficulties as a result of the 
psychological effects of seeing 

5796
05:20:21,900 --> 05:20:23,900
or hearing about Espionage 
failures. 

5797
05:20:24,700 --> 05:20:27,400
Agents who were aware that their
co-workers have been taken 

5798
05:20:27,400 --> 05:20:30,500
prisoner and subjected to 
torture had to carry on with 

5799
05:20:30,500 --> 05:20:32,900
their own perilous work while 
dealing with the trauma of 

5800
05:20:32,900 --> 05:20:34,900
knowing that they could suffer 
the same fate. 

5801
05:20:35,500 --> 05:20:38,700
In addition to their other 
psychological burdens medieval 

5802
05:20:38,700 --> 05:20:41,100
spies also had to deal with the 
fear of failure. 

5803
05:20:41,100 --> 05:20:44,500
Medieval intelligence networks, 
persisted in functioning and 

5804
05:20:44,500 --> 05:20:47,500
growing throughout the Medieval 
era in spite of these 

5805
05:20:47,500 --> 05:20:49,400
significant risks and frequent 
breakdowns. 

5806
05:20:50,500 --> 05:20:52,800
Despite being aware of the 
possible, repercussions of 

5807
05:20:52,800 --> 05:20:55,200
failure. 
The individuals involved were 

5808
05:20:55,200 --> 05:20:57,800
strong enough to persevere, and 
the accomplishments were 

5809
05:20:57,800 --> 05:21:01,500
noteworthy enough to offset the 
expenses, their contributions to

5810
05:21:01,500 --> 05:21:04,000
Medieval statecraft are all the 
more noteworthy for their 

5811
05:21:04,000 --> 05:21:05,800
bravery, in the face of such 
dangers. 

5812
05:21:05,800 --> 05:21:10,000
Pour yourself, another cup of 
tea and Marvel at this medieval 

5813
05:21:10,000 --> 05:21:13,100
spies desperate inventiveness in
trying to solve impossible 

5814
05:21:13,100 --> 05:21:16,300
problems, with whatever 
materials they could find led to

5815
05:21:16,300 --> 05:21:18,600
some of the most brilliant 
technological advancements in 

5816
05:21:18,600 --> 05:21:21,100
human history. 
Not from universities or Royal 

5817
05:21:21,100 --> 05:21:23,500
workshops. 
These were not science fiction 

5818
05:21:23,500 --> 05:21:26,000
devices, but rather workable 
Solutions, developed by 

5819
05:21:26,008 --> 05:21:29,100
individuals, who realized that 
staying one step ahead of their 

5820
05:21:29,100 --> 05:21:32,500
adversaries was essential to 
this survival, though, most of 

5821
05:21:32,500 --> 05:21:35,000
it would seem laughably archaic 
by today's standards. 

5822
05:21:35,000 --> 05:21:38,200
The Medieval Era, saw some 
amazing advancements in what we 

5823
05:21:38,208 --> 05:21:42,500
might call Espionage technology.
However, medieval spies 

5824
05:21:42,500 --> 05:21:45,700
developed truly sophisticated 
and frequently, remarkably 

5825
05:21:45,700 --> 05:21:48,400
effective tools and techniques 
within the limitations of 

5826
05:21:48,400 --> 05:21:51,400
medieval Materials Science, and 
Manufacturing capabilities. 

5827
05:21:52,400 --> 05:21:55,300
Spies pushed the limits of what 
could be done with pens, income 

5828
05:21:55,300 --> 05:21:57,800
parchment, and writing, 
technology was essential for 

5829
05:21:57,808 --> 05:21:59,800
intelligence operations during 
the Middle Ages. 

5830
05:21:59,800 --> 05:22:03,700
They created inks that when 
heated or exposed to particular 

5831
05:22:03,700 --> 05:22:07,300
chemicals could change color 
making messages appear or vanish

5832
05:22:07,300 --> 05:22:10,500
as needed inks that were 
invisible until exposed to 

5833
05:22:10,500 --> 05:22:13,800
specific substances. 
That only the intended recipient

5834
05:22:13,800 --> 05:22:17,000
would know how to apply were 
made by some medieval spies 

5835
05:22:17,000 --> 05:22:20,300
another medieval invention that 
called for exceptional patience.

5836
05:22:20,300 --> 05:22:23,000
And skill was the production of 
microscopic text. 

5837
05:22:23,900 --> 05:22:27,000
In order to conceal entire 
intelligence reports, in what 

5838
05:22:27,000 --> 05:22:29,300
seemed to be ornamental 
flourishes, on common documents,

5839
05:22:29,300 --> 05:22:33,100
spies learn to write messages. 
So tiny, that they were nearly 

5840
05:22:33,100 --> 05:22:37,100
imperceptible to the human eye, 
only magnifying glasses, which 

5841
05:22:37,100 --> 05:22:39,100
were uncommon and costly during 
the Middle Ages. 

5842
05:22:39,100 --> 05:22:42,400
Could read these messages at the
hands of medieval intelligence 

5843
05:22:42,400 --> 05:22:45,800
networks sealing wax developed 
into a highly Advanced security 

5844
05:22:45,800 --> 05:22:49,400
technology in order to make it 
nearly impossible to detect 

5845
05:22:49,400 --> 05:22:52,300
tampering, spies developed 
methods for melting and 

5846
05:22:52,300 --> 05:22:55,300
reselling wax. 
Seals, they develop techniques 

5847
05:22:55,300 --> 05:22:57,900
for encoding confidential 
information into the wax itself 

5848
05:22:57,900 --> 05:23:01,200
and made unique seal designs 
with concealed elements, that 

5849
05:23:01,200 --> 05:23:04,400
could confirm authenticity by 
producing phony letters, 

5850
05:23:04,400 --> 05:23:07,400
official seals and travel 
documents that could withstand 

5851
05:23:07,400 --> 05:23:10,300
close examination. 
Medieval spies also made 

5852
05:23:10,300 --> 05:23:14,300
significant advances in the 
field of document forgery. this 

5853
05:23:14,300 --> 05:23:18,100
called for in-depth familiarity 
with the materials methods and 

5854
05:23:18,100 --> 05:23:21,300
administrative processes 
utilized in various regions, in 

5855
05:23:21,300 --> 05:23:25,200
addition to artistic talent A 
successful Forge needed to be 

5856
05:23:25,208 --> 05:23:28,300
familiar with the writing. 
Style's ink formulations and 

5857
05:23:28,300 --> 05:23:31,900
papermaking procedures utilized 
in different administrative and 

5858
05:23:31,900 --> 05:23:34,800
courts Court setting. 
Despite being archaic by today's

5859
05:23:34,800 --> 05:23:38,500
standards optical devices were 
crucial to Medieval intelligence

5860
05:23:38,500 --> 05:23:42,200
operations, Spies developed 
methods for using glass and 

5861
05:23:42,200 --> 05:23:44,900
crystal to magnify small text or
images. 

5862
05:23:44,900 --> 05:23:47,900
Made Simple, telescopes to 
observe activities in the 

5863
05:23:47,900 --> 05:23:51,100
distance and used mirrors, to 
send light signals over long 

5864
05:23:51,100 --> 05:23:53,700
distances. 
These Optical advancements. 

5865
05:23:53,700 --> 05:23:57,500
Necessitated a thorough 
comprehension of medieval mirror

5866
05:23:57,500 --> 05:24:00,300
making and lens. 
Grinding methods, medieval spies

5867
05:24:00,300 --> 05:24:03,200
were able to operate more 
effectively and with less chance

5868
05:24:03,200 --> 05:24:05,000
of being caught. 
Thanks to the development of 

5869
05:24:05,000 --> 05:24:06,800
portable writing and message 
systems. 

5870
05:24:06,800 --> 05:24:10,300
They designed message containers
that could be hidden in places 

5871
05:24:10,300 --> 05:24:12,000
where casual searches wouldn't 
find them. 

5872
05:24:12,000 --> 05:24:15,200
They developed inks, that could 
be quickly mixed from everyday 

5873
05:24:15,200 --> 05:24:18,100
materials and they made writing 
kits, that could be hidden 

5874
05:24:18,100 --> 05:24:20,900
inside everyday objects. 
Even though clock and timing 

5875
05:24:20,900 --> 05:24:22,600
Technologies were still in their
infancy. 

5876
05:24:22,600 --> 05:24:25,800
During the Middle Ages 
intelligence networks, adopted 

5877
05:24:25,800 --> 05:24:28,800
them for security and 
coordination Reasons by using 

5878
05:24:28,800 --> 05:24:32,500
natural phenomena like tide 
cycles star positions and Shadow

5879
05:24:32,500 --> 05:24:35,000
lengths to coordinate activities
across multiple locations. 

5880
05:24:35,000 --> 05:24:38,700
Spies created techniques for 
timing meetings and message 

5881
05:24:38,700 --> 05:24:40,900
deliveries. 
That did not rely on mechanical 

5882
05:24:40,900 --> 05:24:44,500
clocks as spies produced more 
precise and in depth maps of 

5883
05:24:44,500 --> 05:24:47,900
regions, fortifications and 
routes of travel, medieval 

5884
05:24:47,900 --> 05:24:50,200
cartography of evolved into an 
intelligence tool. 

5885
05:24:51,100 --> 05:24:54,900
Militarily sensitive information
such as the locations of Supply 

5886
05:24:54,900 --> 05:24:58,900
caches defensive weaknesses, and
secret routes was frequently 

5887
05:24:58,900 --> 05:25:02,400
included on these Maps. 
Making Maps, required knowledge 

5888
05:25:02,400 --> 05:25:04,400
of military engineering and 
strategic planning. 

5889
05:25:04,400 --> 05:25:07,400
In addition, to geography, 
despite being constrained by 

5890
05:25:07,400 --> 05:25:09,300
medieval manufacturing 
capabilities. 

5891
05:25:09,300 --> 05:25:12,900
Mechanical Devices were 
surprisingly sophisticatedly 

5892
05:25:12,900 --> 05:25:14,600
modified for intelligence 
purposes. 

5893
05:25:15,900 --> 05:25:19,500
Spies made mechanical aids for 
scaling walls or getting around 

5894
05:25:19,500 --> 05:25:22,800
security measures made. 
Lots picking tools that looked 

5895
05:25:22,800 --> 05:25:26,000
like commonplace tools and made 
secret compartments in every day

5896
05:25:26,000 --> 05:25:29,300
objects despite being founded on
what is now regarded as 

5897
05:25:29,300 --> 05:25:31,900
primitive science. 
Medieval intelligence 

5898
05:25:31,900 --> 05:25:34,300
practitioners possess, 
surprisingly sophisticated, 

5899
05:25:34,300 --> 05:25:37,900
chemical knowledge. 
Spies knew how to make sabotage 

5900
05:25:37,900 --> 05:25:41,700
related explosives poisons. 
That could be used covertly and 

5901
05:25:41,700 --> 05:25:44,500
chemical tests that could detect
tampered documents or materials 

5902
05:25:44,500 --> 05:25:47,800
technologies that could Shield 
confidential documents from 

5903
05:25:47,800 --> 05:25:52,100
moisture, insects theft and 
accidental Discovery were needed

5904
05:25:52,100 --> 05:25:54,700
for the preservation and storage
of intelligence data. 

5905
05:25:55,400 --> 05:25:58,400
Waterproof containers hiding 
spots, that could withstand 

5906
05:25:58,400 --> 05:26:01,400
building Renovations and storage
systems that would keep data 

5907
05:26:01,400 --> 05:26:04,300
safe for years or decades while 
still being available to 

5908
05:26:04,300 --> 05:26:06,600
authorized users were all 
inventions of medieval. 

5909
05:26:06,600 --> 05:26:10,800
Spies medieval spies had to 
invent innovative ways to modify

5910
05:26:10,800 --> 05:26:13,700
existing Technologies. 
In order to communicate over 

5911
05:26:13,700 --> 05:26:17,000
great distances, they 
established networks of human 

5912
05:26:17,000 --> 05:26:20,700
Messengers who could transmit 
information more quickly than 

5913
05:26:20,700 --> 05:26:22,900
traditional commercial or 
diplomatic channels. 

5914
05:26:22,900 --> 05:26:26,400
Employed trained Birds to 
deliver messages and device 

5915
05:26:26,400 --> 05:26:28,800
systems of signal fires and 
mirror flashes for quick 

5916
05:26:28,800 --> 05:26:31,200
communication. 
Medieval spies were able to 

5917
05:26:31,200 --> 05:26:34,000
better conceal their activities 
and change their appearances. 

5918
05:26:34,000 --> 05:26:36,800
Thanks to Technologies for 
disguise and concealment. 

5919
05:26:36,800 --> 05:26:40,400
Using the tools and resources 
available in medieval Society. 

5920
05:26:40,400 --> 05:26:43,700
They created ways to alter their
physical appearance, social 

5921
05:26:43,700 --> 05:26:47,500
standing and perceived age These
disguise is needed to be 

5922
05:26:47,500 --> 05:26:49,800
convincing enough to fool. 
Anyone who might come into 

5923
05:26:49,800 --> 05:26:51,600
contact with the spy on a 
regular basis. 

5924
05:26:51,600 --> 05:26:54,900
Over a long period of Time, 
Medieval intelligence networks, 

5925
05:26:54,900 --> 05:26:58,200
created authentication and 
verification systems that were 

5926
05:26:58,200 --> 05:27:01,300
incredibly difficult to forge 
and frequently cleverly 

5927
05:27:01,300 --> 05:27:04,300
straightforward. 
They developed physical tokens 

5928
05:27:04,300 --> 05:27:07,700
that were almost impossible to 
counterfeit identification 

5929
05:27:07,700 --> 05:27:09,700
systems. 
Based on information that only 

5930
05:27:09,700 --> 05:27:12,300
authorized agents would know and
recognition. 

5931
05:27:12,300 --> 05:27:15,100
Protocols, that could confirm 
identity without written 

5932
05:27:15,100 --> 05:27:17,900
records, the creation of 
information processing and 

5933
05:27:17,900 --> 05:27:21,200
Analysis systems by medieval 
spies who lacked formal 

5934
05:27:21,200 --> 05:27:24,100
bureaucratic structures. 
And computers may have been the 

5935
05:27:24,100 --> 05:27:27,800
most remarkable development They
produce systems for monitoring 

5936
05:27:27,800 --> 05:27:31,100
shifting political ties. 
Techniques for integrating data.

5937
05:27:31,100 --> 05:27:34,200
From various sources and 
analytical Frameworks that could

5938
05:27:34,200 --> 05:27:36,500
spot patterns and Trends in 
intricate political 

5939
05:27:36,500 --> 05:27:39,200
circumstances these 
technological advancements. 

5940
05:27:39,200 --> 05:27:42,100
Show how extraordinary 
creativity was driven by 

5941
05:27:42,100 --> 05:27:45,200
practical necessity in the field
of medieval intelligence work. 

5942
05:27:46,000 --> 05:27:49,300
Devil spies operating under 
strict material and 

5943
05:27:49,300 --> 05:27:52,100
technological. 
Limitations developed solutions 

5944
05:27:52,100 --> 05:27:55,500
that were sophisticated in their
application, but often elegant 

5945
05:27:55,500 --> 05:27:59,200
in their simplicity, The 
intelligence technologies that 

5946
05:27:59,200 --> 05:28:02,400
would develop over centuries 
into the systems, utilized by 

5947
05:28:02,400 --> 05:28:05,600
contemporary, intelligence 
agencies were made possible by 

5948
05:28:05,600 --> 05:28:08,200
their Innovations. 
Let's take a step back and 

5949
05:28:08,200 --> 05:28:09,900
track. 
The Unseen strands that link 

5950
05:28:09,900 --> 05:28:13,100
those mud splattered medieval 
spies to the advanced 

5951
05:28:13,100 --> 05:28:15,900
intelligence operations of 
today, as you approach the 

5952
05:28:15,900 --> 05:28:19,600
bottom of your cup and feel the 
soft pull of impending sleep, 

5953
05:28:20,400 --> 05:28:23,600
With the end of the Medieval 
Era, the methods networks and 

5954
05:28:23,600 --> 05:28:25,300
values they created did not 
vanish. 

5955
05:28:26,000 --> 05:28:30,300
Rather they changed adapted and 
served as the Cornerstone for 

5956
05:28:30,300 --> 05:28:32,600
intelligence operations that 
still influence our world. 

5957
05:28:32,600 --> 05:28:35,800
Today, the establishment of 
intelligence gathering as a 

5958
05:28:35,800 --> 05:28:38,500
crucial government function, was
the most fundamental Legacy of 

5959
05:28:38,508 --> 05:28:42,700
medieval Espionage initially. 
Considering spying a repugnant 

5960
05:28:42,700 --> 05:28:46,000
necessity, medieval rulers, 
eventually realized that 

5961
05:28:46,000 --> 05:28:49,400
information was just as crucial 
to preserving political power, 

5962
05:28:49,400 --> 05:28:53,300
as armies as a result of this 
acknowledgment permanent 

5963
05:28:53,300 --> 05:28:56,500
intelligence organizations were 
established which later 

5964
05:28:56,500 --> 05:28:59,000
developed into the National 
Intelligence Services of 

5965
05:28:59,000 --> 05:29:02,000
contemporary nation's. 
Medieval intelligence networks 

5966
05:29:02,000 --> 05:29:04,700
created recruitment guidelines 
that set trends that are still 

5967
05:29:04,708 --> 05:29:07,700
used by contemporary 
organizations intelligence, 

5968
05:29:07,700 --> 05:29:10,400
recruitments still heavily 
favors, those who could travel 

5969
05:29:10,400 --> 05:29:14,000
without suspicion, who naturally
asked questions, and who have 

5970
05:29:14,000 --> 05:29:16,700
the cycle fortitude to keep up 
false identities? 

5971
05:29:17,800 --> 05:29:21,800
The most successful spies as 
demonstrated by medieval spies a

5972
05:29:21,800 --> 05:29:24,200
frequently, those who can blend 
in with the general population. 

5973
05:29:24,200 --> 05:29:27,600
The foundation for contemporary 
intelligence, communication was 

5974
05:29:27,600 --> 05:29:30,700
established by medieval advances
in Secure, communication and 

5975
05:29:30,700 --> 05:29:33,800
cryptography. 
The complex encryption systems 

5976
05:29:33,800 --> 05:29:37,100
that Safeguard contemporary 
intelligence Communications were

5977
05:29:37,100 --> 05:29:39,800
developed from the codes and 
cyphers created by medieval 

5978
05:29:39,800 --> 05:29:42,400
Networks. 
The fundamental concepts of 

5979
05:29:42,400 --> 05:29:46,300
secure, communication message, 
authentication, and key 

5980
05:29:46,300 --> 05:29:49,000
distribution that medieval spies
found difficult to grasp 

5981
05:29:49,000 --> 05:29:52,300
continue to be major obstacles 
for contemporary intelligence 

5982
05:29:52,300 --> 05:29:55,400
organizations, modern 
intelligence Services, continue 

5983
05:29:55,400 --> 05:29:57,900
to employ the organizational 
principles established by the 

5984
05:29:57,900 --> 05:30:00,300
network structures developed by 
medieval intelligence 

5985
05:30:00,300 --> 05:30:02,800
organizations. 
Modern intelligence 

5986
05:30:02,800 --> 05:30:05,900
compartmentalization was based 
on the cell structures that 

5987
05:30:05,900 --> 05:30:08,800
prevented medieval networks from
being totally compromised. 

5988
05:30:08,800 --> 05:30:12,100
When individual agents were 
apprehended one of the main 

5989
05:30:12,100 --> 05:30:14,800
challenges for contemporary 
intelligence operations is 

5990
05:30:14,800 --> 05:30:17,200
maintaining the operational 
security, and coordination, 

5991
05:30:17,200 --> 05:30:20,700
balance that medieval networks 
were able to achieve the 

5992
05:30:20,700 --> 05:30:23,400
fundamentals of contemporary 
defensive intelligence work were

5993
05:30:23,400 --> 05:30:25,500
established by the 
counterintelligence awareness 

5994
05:30:25,500 --> 05:30:29,200
that medieval spies developed in
reaction to enemy intelligence 

5995
05:30:29,200 --> 05:30:32,000
activities. 
Modern counterintelligence 

5996
05:30:32,000 --> 05:30:35,500
doctor in which, assumed hostile
intelligence services, are 

5997
05:30:35,500 --> 05:30:37,900
continuously attempting to 
compromise friendly operations. 

5998
05:30:37,900 --> 05:30:41,700
A medieval understanding that 
intelligence Services must 

5999
05:30:41,700 --> 05:30:43,400
defend themselves against 
deception. 

6000
05:30:43,400 --> 05:30:46,700
And penetration, modern 
forensic, methods for examining 

6001
05:30:46,700 --> 05:30:49,800
intelligence materials of the 
result of medieval advancements 

6002
05:30:49,800 --> 05:30:53,200
in document analysis and 
verification. modern 

6003
05:30:53,200 --> 05:30:56,400
intelligence analysis techniques
which employ technology, but 

6004
05:30:56,400 --> 05:30:59,200
adhere to similar logical 
principles evolved from the 

6005
05:30:59,200 --> 05:31:02,600
abilities that medieval spies 
developed for identifying forged

6006
05:31:02,600 --> 05:31:06,100
documents, evaluating writing 
styles and confirming the 

6007
05:31:06,100 --> 05:31:09,300
reliability of information 
sources, modern knowledge of 

6008
05:31:09,300 --> 05:31:11,900
intelligence operations 
incorporates the psychological 

6009
05:31:11,900 --> 05:31:15,600
understanding of human 
motivation deceit And loyalty 

6010
05:31:15,600 --> 05:31:17,900
that medieval intelligence 
practitioners, acquired. 

6011
05:31:18,600 --> 05:31:22,700
Medieval spies acquired skills, 
in motivating agents, evaluating

6012
05:31:22,700 --> 05:31:25,700
The credibility of sources and 
preserving operational security 

6013
05:31:25,700 --> 05:31:27,600
while fostering fruitful 
collaborations. 

6014
05:31:27,600 --> 05:31:31,200
These realizations continue to 
be essential to contemporary 

6015
05:31:31,200 --> 05:31:34,600
human intelligence activities, 
medieval networks successful, 

6016
05:31:34,600 --> 05:31:37,300
integration of military and 
diplomatic operations with 

6017
05:31:37,300 --> 05:31:40,400
intelligence work, created 
models, that contemporary 

6018
05:31:40,400 --> 05:31:44,200
governments continue to adhere 
to The effective coordination of

6019
05:31:44,200 --> 05:31:47,800
military action diplomacy and 
intelligence was a lesson 

6020
05:31:47,800 --> 05:31:50,700
learned by medieval rulers that 
are still applicable to 

6021
05:31:50,700 --> 05:31:54,000
contemporary National Security 
strategy, modern intelligence 

6022
05:31:54,000 --> 05:31:56,300
funding and financial management
have their roots. 

6023
05:31:56,300 --> 05:31:59,600
In the economic principles that 
guided medieval intelligence 

6024
05:31:59,600 --> 05:32:02,900
operations. 
Just as it was for medieval spy,

6025
05:32:02,900 --> 05:32:06,400
Master's attempting to pay 
agents covertly the problem of 

6026
05:32:06,400 --> 05:32:09,300
Finance in covert operations, 
without leaving, audit trails, 

6027
05:32:09,300 --> 05:32:11,900
that hostile Services could use 
is still present today. 

6028
05:32:11,900 --> 05:32:15,300
Modern intelligent services are 
still confronted with the moral 

6029
05:32:15,300 --> 05:32:17,800
and legal, dilemmas brought up 
by medieval Espionage 

6030
05:32:17,800 --> 05:32:20,800
operations. 
Modern democratic societies, 

6031
05:32:20,800 --> 05:32:24,200
must strike a balance between 
security requirements, legal 

6032
05:32:24,200 --> 05:32:26,500
restrictions, and ethical 
principles. 

6033
05:32:26,500 --> 05:32:29,700
Medieval societies grappled with
the conflict, between the 

6034
05:32:29,700 --> 05:32:32,300
Practical necessity of 
intelligence work and 

6035
05:32:32,300 --> 05:32:35,500
traditional moral and legal 
principles, modern intelligence.

6036
05:32:35,500 --> 05:32:38,200
Technology development is 
characterized by patterns of 

6037
05:32:38,208 --> 05:32:41,400
adaptation and creativity that 
were established by the 

6038
05:32:41,400 --> 05:32:44,000
technological innovations. 
Pioneered by medieval 

6039
05:32:44,000 --> 05:32:46,900
intelligence Networks. 
In the same way that 

6040
05:32:46,900 --> 05:32:49,400
contemporary intelligence 
agencies, modify commercial 

6041
05:32:49,400 --> 05:32:53,100
Technologies for security 
applications, medieval spies who

6042
05:32:53,100 --> 05:32:55,900
modified civilian Technologies 
for intelligence purposes. 

6043
05:32:55,900 --> 05:32:59,600
Started a tradition, medieval 
intelligence Works, global scope

6044
05:32:59,600 --> 05:33:02,300
set the stage for contemporary 
intelligence competition and 

6045
05:33:02,300 --> 05:33:05,400
collaboration cross. 
Political, medieval intelligence

6046
05:33:05,400 --> 05:33:08,300
networks created models for 
state to state intelligence 

6047
05:33:08,300 --> 05:33:11,900
cooperation and competition that
still have an impact on 

6048
05:33:11,900 --> 05:33:13,800
contemporary International 
intelligence, cooperation 

6049
05:33:13,800 --> 05:33:18,100
literature entertainment and the
general Public's perception of 

6050
05:33:18,100 --> 05:33:21,000
intelligence work, all reflect 
the cultural influence of 

6051
05:33:21,008 --> 05:33:24,300
medieval Espionage and continued
to shape how contemporary 

6052
05:33:24,300 --> 05:33:27,800
societies view spies and 
intelligence organizations. 

6053
05:33:27,800 --> 05:33:31,000
The way intelligence work is 
portrayed and understood in 

6054
05:33:31,000 --> 05:33:33,300
popular culture is still 
influenced by The Narrative 

6055
05:33:33,300 --> 05:33:36,900
patterns created by medieval 
Tales of spies and secret 

6056
05:33:36,900 --> 05:33:39,500
agents. 
The value of historical analysis

6057
05:33:39,500 --> 05:33:42,000
for contemporary intelligence 
work was established by the 

6058
05:33:42,000 --> 05:33:45,300
institutional memory, that 
medieval intelligence networks 

6059
05:33:45,300 --> 05:33:49,000
Preserve Medieval practitioners 
set the standard for 

6060
05:33:49,000 --> 05:33:51,700
contemporary intelligence 
services that preserve 

6061
05:33:51,700 --> 05:33:54,700
historical records and analyze 
past operations to enhance 

6062
05:33:54,700 --> 05:33:58,000
present performance by learning 
from the successes and failures 

6063
05:33:58,000 --> 05:34:01,600
of early operations. 
Most significantly medieval 

6064
05:34:01,600 --> 05:34:06,000
Espionage showed that at its 
core intelligence work is not 

6065
05:34:06,000 --> 05:34:09,300
about technology or 
institutional Frameworks but 

6066
05:34:09,300 --> 05:34:13,500
rather about human relationships
and psychology, the success or 

6067
05:34:13,500 --> 05:34:16,800
failure of medieval spies was 
determined by their capacity to 

6068
05:34:16,800 --> 05:34:18,600
comprehend and influence human 
behavior. 

6069
05:34:18,600 --> 05:34:22,300
A skill that is essential to 
intelligence operations, even 

6070
05:34:22,300 --> 05:34:24,900
with all of the modern era's 
technological, advancements. 

6071
05:34:24,900 --> 05:34:28,100
Modern intelligent services are 
still influenced by the moral 

6072
05:34:28,100 --> 05:34:30,900
and Professional Standards set 
by The Bravery and commitment of

6073
05:34:30,900 --> 05:34:34,200
medieval intelligence agents. 
Modern intelligence 

6074
05:34:34,200 --> 05:34:36,900
professionals are still inspired
by the traditions of Service 

6075
05:34:36,900 --> 05:34:40,700
established by medieval spies 
who risk their lives for causes.

6076
05:34:40,700 --> 05:34:43,700
They supported upheld 
Professional Standards in the 

6077
05:34:43,700 --> 05:34:46,900
face of personal danger, and 
serve their societies without 

6078
05:34:46,900 --> 05:34:50,200
much credit or compensation, the
principles and techniques that 

6079
05:34:50,200 --> 05:34:53,200
were initially developed by 
those Anonymous medieval agents,

6080
05:34:53,200 --> 05:34:57,900
who traveled, muddy roads, slept
in flea-infested ins and risk 

6081
05:34:57,900 --> 05:34:59,800
their lives to gather 
information that would shape, 

6082
05:34:59,800 --> 05:35:03,000
the course of history are still 
used by modern intelligence 

6083
05:35:03,000 --> 05:35:05,700
agencies, as they confront new 
challenges, from International 

6084
05:35:05,700 --> 05:35:09,900
terrorism, technological change,
and evolving security threats. 

6085
05:35:09,900 --> 05:35:13,000
Think about the amazing people 
whose stories we have told 

6086
05:35:13,000 --> 05:35:15,400
tonight, as you get ready to 
close this, chapter of history 

6087
05:35:15,400 --> 05:35:18,600
and go to sleep, they were 
regular people who made 

6088
05:35:18,600 --> 05:35:21,900
extraordinary Life Choices. 
People who put up with 

6089
05:35:21,900 --> 05:35:25,600
discomfort risk and anonymity 
for causes that frequently 

6090
05:35:25,600 --> 05:35:27,700
brought the little reward and 
little recognition. 

6091
05:35:27,700 --> 05:35:30,900
The glitzy characters of 
contemporary fiction were not. 

6092
05:35:30,900 --> 05:35:33,100
The medieval spies whose stories
we have exam. 

6093
05:35:33,200 --> 05:35:35,700
And rather they were perhaps 
more admirable. 

6094
05:35:35,700 --> 05:35:39,300
Actual people who bravely 
creatively and resolutely face 

6095
05:35:39,300 --> 05:35:42,400
real challenges, They 
contributed to historical 

6096
05:35:42,400 --> 05:35:44,200
advancements. 
That shape, the world we 

6097
05:35:44,200 --> 05:35:46,900
inherited solved problems. 
That would have challenged 

6098
05:35:46,900 --> 05:35:50,400
contemporary professionals and 
upheld their integrity and 

6099
05:35:50,400 --> 05:35:52,400
situations that would have 
broken many others. 

6100
05:35:52,400 --> 05:35:56,500
These underappreciated Heroes of
medieval statecraft servers are 

6101
05:35:56,500 --> 05:35:59,100
a reminder that history has 
shaped by the innumerable people

6102
05:35:59,100 --> 05:36:02,100
who labor silently in the 
background to maintain 

6103
05:36:02,100 --> 05:36:05,500
Communications, gather 
information and provide the 

6104
05:36:05,500 --> 05:36:09,000
intelligence necessary for 
effective leadership not just by

6105
05:36:09,000 --> 05:36:11,300
kings and queens, conflicts and 
treaties. 

6106
05:36:12,200 --> 05:36:14,300
Their contribution should be 
honored because they were the 

6107
05:36:14,308 --> 05:36:17,900
unsung heroes of their time. 
Their experience is also serve 

6108
05:36:17,900 --> 05:36:20,300
as a reminder that the problems 
intelligence professionals. 

6109
05:36:20,300 --> 05:36:23,600
Face such as striking, a balance
between security and 

6110
05:36:23,600 --> 05:36:26,900
Effectiveness juggling personal,
and professional commitments, 

6111
05:36:26,900 --> 05:36:30,000
and balancing morally 
challenging, but necessary work 

6112
05:36:30,000 --> 05:36:34,200
a universal human struggles that
cut across all time periods, 

6113
05:36:34,200 --> 05:36:38,500
dreams of moonlit castle walls. 
Coded messages, concealed in 

6114
05:36:38,500 --> 05:36:40,600
merchant letters or courageous 
people. 

6115
05:36:40,600 --> 05:36:43,400
Walking perilous roads in 
support of causes they believed 

6116
05:36:43,400 --> 05:36:46,000
in they come to mind as you 
drift off to sleep. 

6117
05:36:47,300 --> 05:36:49,800
These dreams introduce you to a 
never-ending tale of 

6118
05:36:49,800 --> 05:36:53,700
selflessness service, and unsung
bravery that has influenced our 

6119
05:36:53,700 --> 05:36:55,600
world. 
In ways we hardly ever recognize

6120
05:36:55,600 --> 05:36:58,800
all the lives of the medieval 
spies we've met tonight were 

6121
05:36:58,800 --> 05:37:02,100
frequently uncomfortable. 
Dangerous and little known. 

6122
05:37:02,100 --> 05:37:04,500
Their work was vital to the 
societies. 

6123
05:37:04,500 --> 05:37:07,200
They served They serve as a 
reminder. 

6124
05:37:07,200 --> 05:37:10,100
That Civilization is not solely 
dependent on the well known 

6125
05:37:10,100 --> 05:37:11,800
people whose names. 
We can still recall. 

6126
05:37:11,800 --> 05:37:15,200
But also on the innumerable 
unnamed people who make 

6127
05:37:15,200 --> 05:37:19,200
incalculable frequently unseen, 
but always vital contributions 

6128
05:37:19,200 --> 05:37:22,100
to the common good rest easy. 
Knowing that you've spent the 

6129
05:37:22,100 --> 05:37:24,700
evening with some of the bravest
and most devoted people in 

6130
05:37:24,700 --> 05:37:27,700
history, people, whose 
dedication to service and 

6131
05:37:27,700 --> 05:37:31,200
willingness to make sacrifices 
for the greater good made. 

6132
05:37:31,200 --> 05:37:34,000
Traditions, that still serve and
protect our contemporary world. 

6133
05:37:34,000 --> 05:37:37,300
Every intelligence professional 
who carries on their work 

6134
05:37:37,300 --> 05:37:40,100
carries on their legacy and 
their memory is honored. 

6135
05:37:40,100 --> 05:37:43,800
Every time we remember that true
heroism frequently doesn't wear 

6136
05:37:43,800 --> 05:37:48,000
a uniform and doesn't seek 
recognition, sweet dreams and 

6137
05:37:48,000 --> 05:37:50,600
may you rest in peace, knowing 
that courageous people have 

6138
05:37:50,600 --> 05:37:52,600
always worked in silence to 
defend the society. 

6139
05:37:52,600 --> 05:37:55,300
As they served requesting 
nothing more than the 

6140
05:37:55,300 --> 05:37:58,100
Fulfillment of their Duty and 
service to cause his bigger than

6141
05:37:58,100 --> 05:38:02,700
themselves. 
Imagine yourself standing on a 

6142
05:38:02,700 --> 05:38:05,300
frozen ocean that stretches 
Beyond the Horizon in every 

6143
05:38:05,300 --> 05:38:08,000
direction with the sun on a 
former month vacation. 

6144
05:38:09,100 --> 05:38:11,100
There is no gentle Dawn to wake 
you up. 

6145
05:38:11,100 --> 05:38:15,400
No Sunset to Signal bedtime. 
Just an endless Twilight that 

6146
05:38:15,400 --> 05:38:17,900
leaves you questioning whether 
you've accidentally broke in 

6147
05:38:17,900 --> 05:38:21,700
time itself, welcome to the 
polar night, where Arctic 

6148
05:38:21,700 --> 05:38:23,900
explorers from the 1800s and 
early 1900s. 

6149
05:38:23,900 --> 05:38:27,900
Learned that surviving winter 
meant mastering the art of 

6150
05:38:27,908 --> 05:38:31,800
sleeping when your body had 
absolutely no idea what time it 

6151
05:38:31,800 --> 05:38:34,200
was supposed to be. 
These were not your typical 

6152
05:38:34,200 --> 05:38:36,500
camping trips where you could 
just check your phone for the 

6153
05:38:36,500 --> 05:38:40,300
weather, forecast and head home.
If things got dicey once the ice

6154
05:38:40,300 --> 05:38:43,000
locked, their ships in place, 
they were committed to riding 

6155
05:38:43,000 --> 05:38:45,100
out the darkness like passengers
on the world's most 

6156
05:38:45,100 --> 05:38:48,700
uncomfortable cruise ship. the 
thing about Poland is that it 

6157
05:38:48,708 --> 05:38:52,600
doesn't just mean dark, it means
you're circadian rhythm that, 

6158
05:38:52,600 --> 05:38:56,100
internal clock, that tells you 
when to feel sleepy gets tossed 

6159
05:38:56,100 --> 05:38:59,800
around like a snow globe in a 
blizzard, imagine trying to 

6160
05:38:59,800 --> 05:39:01,300
maintain a normal sleep 
schedule. 

6161
05:39:01,300 --> 05:39:04,600
When your brain keeps insisting,
its either perpetually Dawn or 

6162
05:39:04,600 --> 05:39:07,400
perpetually midnight, depending 
on its mood that day. 

6163
05:39:08,300 --> 05:39:10,700
However, this is where the 
situation becomes intriguing. 

6164
05:39:11,500 --> 05:39:14,500
These explorers did not simply 
Retreat to a corner and wait the

6165
05:39:14,508 --> 05:39:17,100
arrival of spring. 
They developed elaborate 

6166
05:39:17,100 --> 05:39:20,000
routines and rituals around 
sleep that would make a luxury 

6167
05:39:20,000 --> 05:39:24,100
hotel concierge jealous. 
They had to because proper rest 

6168
05:39:24,100 --> 05:39:26,500
meant the difference between 
waking up refreshed and ready to

6169
05:39:26,500 --> 05:39:30,000
chip ice off the ship's, Hull or
waking up so disoriented, you 

6170
05:39:30,000 --> 05:39:33,200
might try to put your boots on 
your hands, take the crew of HMS

6171
05:39:33,200 --> 05:39:36,300
Erebus and Terror during 
Franklin's Expedition or the 

6172
05:39:36,300 --> 05:39:39,800
men, aboard announcements Fram. 
They discovered that creating 

6173
05:39:39,800 --> 05:39:42,600
artificial rhythms was like 
teaching your body a new dance 

6174
05:39:42,600 --> 05:39:46,900
awkward at first but eventually 
it would catch on ships. 

6175
05:39:46,900 --> 05:39:50,100
Bells became their metronome, 
marking time in a world where 

6176
05:39:50,100 --> 05:39:52,300
natural time a temporarily 
ceased to exist. 

6177
05:39:53,200 --> 05:39:55,900
The sleeping quarters themselves
were marvels of cramped 

6178
05:39:55,900 --> 05:39:58,600
Ingenuity picture. 
Trying to design a bedroom 

6179
05:39:58,600 --> 05:40:01,900
inside, a wooden ice box that's 
constantly creaking and groaning

6180
05:40:01,900 --> 05:40:05,500
as ice precious squeezes, the 
hull your bedroom might be a 

6181
05:40:05,508 --> 05:40:08,700
space, no, bigger than a modern 
walking closet shared with two 

6182
05:40:08,700 --> 05:40:11,200
or three other, explorers who 
probably hadn't had a proper 

6183
05:40:11,200 --> 05:40:15,200
bath in months. 
Romance was not in the are more 

6184
05:40:15,200 --> 05:40:18,500
like a mixture of unwashed wool,
seal oil and that particular 

6185
05:40:18,500 --> 05:40:21,500
mustiness that develops, when 
damp things, never quite have 

6186
05:40:21,500 --> 05:40:24,800
the chance to dry out. 
The beds themselves were often 

6187
05:40:24,800 --> 05:40:27,800
just wooden frames with rope or 
canvas stretched across them 

6188
05:40:27,800 --> 05:40:30,300
layered, with whatever they 
could acquire for padding. 

6189
05:40:31,100 --> 05:40:33,700
Some Expeditions were lucky 
enough to have proper mattresses

6190
05:40:33,700 --> 05:40:36,600
stuffed with horse hair or 
cotton, but more often than not,

6191
05:40:36,600 --> 05:40:39,100
you were sleeping on a 
collection of blankets Furs and 

6192
05:40:39,108 --> 05:40:41,300
what ever extra clothing you 
weren't currently wearing. 

6193
05:40:42,200 --> 05:40:44,300
It was like playing Tetris with 
your comfort level. 

6194
05:40:44,300 --> 05:40:47,300
How many layers can you add 
before you couldn't actually 

6195
05:40:47,300 --> 05:40:50,000
move? 
Speaking of layers, the clothing

6196
05:40:50,000 --> 05:40:53,300
situation presented, its own 
unique challenges, you couldn't 

6197
05:40:53,300 --> 05:40:55,900
just strip down to your pajamas 
when the temperature inside your

6198
05:40:55,900 --> 05:40:58,400
shelter, hovered around freezing
on a good day. 

6199
05:40:58,400 --> 05:41:02,500
Instead explorers developed a 
complex system of removing just 

6200
05:41:02,500 --> 05:41:04,000
enough clothing to avoid 
overheating. 

6201
05:41:04,000 --> 05:41:07,000
While keeping enough on to 
prevent becoming a popsicle. 

6202
05:41:07,000 --> 05:41:11,500
If the heat Source failed during
the night, The unexpected thing,

6203
05:41:11,500 --> 05:41:14,200
about all this discomfort is 
that it created a strange kind 

6204
05:41:14,200 --> 05:41:16,700
of camaraderie. 
When everyone is equally 

6205
05:41:16,700 --> 05:41:20,100
miserable and equally determined
to survive, you develop a shared

6206
05:41:20,100 --> 05:41:22,900
sense of humor about the 
absurdity of your situation. 

6207
05:41:23,600 --> 05:41:25,900
These men would write in their 
journals about the particular 

6208
05:41:25,900 --> 05:41:29,200
Art of Getting comfortable. 
When comfortable was purely a 

6209
05:41:29,200 --> 05:41:32,100
relative term, like being the 
warmest person in a meat 

6210
05:41:32,100 --> 05:41:35,500
freezer, Now let's discuss the 
evening routine of an Arctic 

6211
05:41:35,500 --> 05:41:38,800
Explorer because getting ready 
for bed in the polar night was 

6212
05:41:38,800 --> 05:41:42,000
less like your modern ritual of 
brushing teeth and more like 

6213
05:41:42,000 --> 05:41:44,400
preparing for a delicate, 
scientific experiment. 

6214
05:41:45,200 --> 05:41:48,500
First there was the question of 
when exactly bedtime occurred 

6215
05:41:48,500 --> 05:41:52,000
without the sun's reliable 
schedule ship captains. 

6216
05:41:52,000 --> 05:41:55,200
Had to impose artificial 
structure usually maintaining 

6217
05:41:55,200 --> 05:41:57,600
the same watch schedules. 
They'd used during normal 

6218
05:41:57,600 --> 05:42:00,200
sailing this meant that 
somewhere around. 

6219
05:42:00,200 --> 05:42:02,400
What would have been the evening
in the Civilized World? 

6220
05:42:02,400 --> 05:42:05,800
You'd hear the call for the 
evening watch change and you'd 

6221
05:42:05,800 --> 05:42:07,900
know it was time to begin the 
elaborate process of 

6222
05:42:07,900 --> 05:42:11,200
transforming yourself from a 
working Explorer into something.

6223
05:42:11,200 --> 05:42:13,400
Vaguely resembling a person 
ready for sleep. 

6224
05:42:14,500 --> 05:42:17,600
The first challenge was heat 
management throughout the day, 

6225
05:42:17,600 --> 05:42:20,300
you'd be an active which 
generated body heat from your 

6226
05:42:20,300 --> 05:42:22,500
movements. 
The initial challenge was 

6227
05:42:22,500 --> 05:42:25,500
managing heat throughout the 
day, you'd be an active 

6228
05:42:25,500 --> 05:42:28,000
generating body heat through 
your movements. 

6229
05:42:28,600 --> 05:42:31,700
Now, you needed to devise a 
method to maintain warmth while 

6230
05:42:31,700 --> 05:42:35,700
remaining still for 8 hours. 
This necessitated a strategy 

6231
05:42:35,700 --> 05:42:39,300
that would impress even a chess 
Grandmaster utilizing too many 

6232
05:42:39,308 --> 05:42:43,300
blankets would result in waking 
up sweating, which in Sub-Zero 

6233
05:42:43,300 --> 05:42:45,500
temperatures would lead to a 
chilling experience. 

6234
05:42:45,500 --> 05:42:48,700
As that moisture, transformed 
into your personal ice sculpture

6235
05:42:49,600 --> 05:42:52,500
The above scenario, required a 
strategy that would make a chess

6236
05:42:52,500 --> 05:42:54,800
Grandmaster proud. 
Too many blankets. 

6237
05:42:54,800 --> 05:42:58,400
And you'd wake up sweating which
in Sub-Zero temperatures meant 

6238
05:42:58,400 --> 05:43:01,300
you'd then wake up freezing. 
As that moisture, turned into 

6239
05:43:01,300 --> 05:43:05,100
your personal ice sculpture. 
Insufficient blankets would 

6240
05:43:05,100 --> 05:43:08,500
result in a night spent 
shivering, akin to a Chihuahua 

6241
05:43:08,500 --> 05:43:11,600
caught in a snowstorm. 
Smart explorers learned to 

6242
05:43:11,600 --> 05:43:14,500
create a layering system that 
they could adjust throughout the

6243
05:43:14,500 --> 05:43:16,700
night. 
They'd start with their base 

6244
05:43:16,700 --> 05:43:19,900
layer of wool undergarments. 
And yes, they slept in the 

6245
05:43:19,900 --> 05:43:23,400
because taking them off meant 
losing precious body heat, and 

6246
05:43:23,400 --> 05:43:26,100
then having to warm up freezing 
fabric against your skin in the 

6247
05:43:26,108 --> 05:43:28,600
morning which was about as 
pleasant as it sounds. 

6248
05:43:29,600 --> 05:43:32,000
Over this they'd add a flannel 
shirt or wool sweater. 

6249
05:43:32,000 --> 05:43:35,400
Then they're outer layer, might 
be a thick wool, coat or fur 

6250
05:43:35,400 --> 05:43:38,300
Parker that could be opened or 
closed depending on how the 

6251
05:43:38,300 --> 05:43:42,300
night was treating them. 
The really experienced to Arctic

6252
05:43:42,300 --> 05:43:45,000
sleepers, learned to position 
extra clothing, within Arm's 

6253
05:43:45,000 --> 05:43:47,200
Reach, creating a buffet of 
warmth options. 

6254
05:43:47,200 --> 05:43:49,100
They could grab without fully 
waking up. 

6255
05:43:49,900 --> 05:43:52,600
Then came the delicate art of 
sharing body heat without 

6256
05:43:52,600 --> 05:43:55,200
driving your bunk mates. 
Absolutely insane. 

6257
05:43:56,000 --> 05:43:58,700
In the smaller shelters and 
ships, you might be sleeping 

6258
05:43:58,700 --> 05:44:01,200
close enough to your companions 
that you could hear, every 

6259
05:44:01,200 --> 05:44:04,400
snore, every toss and turn. 
And every mutter dream about 

6260
05:44:04,400 --> 05:44:08,000
warm beds back home. 
Some explorers became legendary 

6261
05:44:08,000 --> 05:44:09,800
for their ability to sleep 
through anything. 

6262
05:44:10,600 --> 05:44:13,500
A skill that probably saved more
friendships than any amount of 

6263
05:44:13,500 --> 05:44:16,300
Good Intentions. 
The bedding situation itself was

6264
05:44:16,300 --> 05:44:19,300
like solving a daily puzzle. 
Firstly, sleeping bags when 

6265
05:44:19,300 --> 05:44:20,900
available were prized 
possessions. 

6266
05:44:20,900 --> 05:44:24,400
Reindeer hide was particularly 
covered in because it provided 

6267
05:44:24,400 --> 05:44:27,900
insulation, even, when damp and 
staying dry, was often more of a

6268
05:44:27,908 --> 05:44:32,300
hope than a reality But most 
Expeditions had to make do with 

6269
05:44:32,300 --> 05:44:36,300
wool blankets, which worked 
well, until they got wet at 

6270
05:44:36,300 --> 05:44:39,200
which point they became about as
useful for warmth as a wet 

6271
05:44:39,200 --> 05:44:42,500
towel. 
Some clever explorers figured 

6272
05:44:42,500 --> 05:44:44,900
out that creating a small tent, 
within their larger shelter, 

6273
05:44:44,900 --> 05:44:48,300
could trap their body heat more 
effectively, they'd rig up, 

6274
05:44:48,300 --> 05:44:51,700
Canvas, OR extra blankets to 
create a personal cocoon, like 

6275
05:44:51,700 --> 05:44:54,400
building a fort as a child. 
Except this fort might literally

6276
05:44:54,400 --> 05:44:57,500
save your life. 
The mental preparation for sleep

6277
05:44:57,500 --> 05:45:01,000
was just as important as the 
physical preparation, you had to

6278
05:45:01,000 --> 05:45:04,400
train your mind to ignore the 
constant sounds of the ice the 

6279
05:45:04,400 --> 05:45:07,500
grinding cracking and groaning, 
that could sound like the world 

6280
05:45:07,500 --> 05:45:10,400
was slowly tearing itself. 
Apart just outside your thin 

6281
05:45:10,400 --> 05:45:14,500
walls experience, Arctic 
explorers learn to consider 

6282
05:45:14,500 --> 05:45:18,000
these sounds almost comforting 
like a very strange form of 

6283
05:45:18,008 --> 05:45:21,500
white noise that meant the ice 
was moving, but not necessarily 

6284
05:45:21,500 --> 05:45:23,100
threatening their immediate 
survival. 

6285
05:45:24,500 --> 05:45:27,000
Here's something that might 
surprise you eating in, the 

6286
05:45:27,000 --> 05:45:30,400
Arctic wasn't just about staying
fed, it was about staying sane. 

6287
05:45:30,400 --> 05:45:33,900
When you're trapped in Endless, 
Darkness with the same handful 

6288
05:45:33,900 --> 05:45:37,100
of people, for months, on end. 
Mealtime becomes the highlight 

6289
05:45:37,100 --> 05:45:40,500
of your day, Your Entertainment,
your social hour and 

6290
05:45:40,500 --> 05:45:42,900
occasionally, you're only 
reminded that you're still part 

6291
05:45:42,900 --> 05:45:45,300
of the human race. 
But let's start with the 

6292
05:45:45,300 --> 05:45:48,000
Practical side, because Arctic 
nutrition was like trying to 

6293
05:45:48,008 --> 05:45:50,600
fuel a car, with whatever you 
could find in your garage. 

6294
05:45:51,400 --> 05:45:54,400
These explorers needed massive 
amounts of calories to keep 

6295
05:45:54,400 --> 05:45:57,400
their bodies generating Heat. 
but they were working with 

6296
05:45:57,400 --> 05:46:00,600
preserved foods that had been 
packed months or even years 

6297
05:46:00,600 --> 05:46:04,300
earlier, back when someone was 
optimistically assuming they'd 

6298
05:46:04,300 --> 05:46:07,500
still be edible by the time they
were needed, The Staples 

6299
05:46:07,500 --> 05:46:11,500
included items such as salt pork
hardtack, and pemmican, and 

6300
05:46:11,500 --> 05:46:14,700
Incredibly, nutritious and 
appetizing combination of dried 

6301
05:46:14,700 --> 05:46:19,000
meat, fat and berries. 
Imagine trying to get excited 

6302
05:46:19,000 --> 05:46:21,400
about dinner, when your options 
are leathery, meet brick, or 

6303
05:46:21,400 --> 05:46:23,000
crackers. 
That require soaking in hot 

6304
05:46:23,000 --> 05:46:25,100
water before they won't break 
your teeth. 

6305
05:46:25,900 --> 05:46:27,600
But here's where human Ingenuity
kicks. 

6306
05:46:27,600 --> 05:46:30,900
In these men become surprisingly
creative with their limited 

6307
05:46:30,900 --> 05:46:34,700
ingredients, ship's Cooks, who 
are often just regular crew 

6308
05:46:34,700 --> 05:46:37,100
members with slightly more 
enthusiasm for not poisoning. 

6309
05:46:37,100 --> 05:46:40,500
Everyone learn to stretch their 
supplies with elaborate stews 

6310
05:46:40,500 --> 05:46:42,900
and soups that could make a 
small piece of preserved meat. 

6311
05:46:42,900 --> 05:46:45,500
Feel like a feast. 
When padded out with whatever 

6312
05:46:45,500 --> 05:46:47,900
vegetables, they'd managed to 
keep from freezing solid. 

6313
05:46:47,900 --> 05:46:51,100
The preservation methods 
themselves were fascinating and 

6314
05:46:51,100 --> 05:46:54,600
slightly terrified. 
Before Refrigeration, they 

6315
05:46:54,600 --> 05:46:57,400
relied on salt smoking and the 
arctic's. 

6316
05:46:57,400 --> 05:46:59,500
Natural freezer. 
Temperatures to keep food safe. 

6317
05:46:59,500 --> 05:47:02,000
This means that opening a barrel
of salt. 

6318
05:47:02,000 --> 05:47:05,200
Pork was like, unwrapping, a 
present UI never knew whether I 

6319
05:47:05,200 --> 05:47:08,100
would find perfectly preserved, 
meat or something that had 

6320
05:47:08,100 --> 05:47:10,200
developed its own ecosystem 
during the journey. 

6321
05:47:11,200 --> 05:47:14,500
Fresh food became the subject of
dreams and intricate planning 

6322
05:47:14,500 --> 05:47:19,500
some Expeditions brought live 
animals chickens pigs, even cows

6323
05:47:19,500 --> 05:47:23,900
which provided fresh eggs, milk 
or meat for as long as they 

6324
05:47:23,900 --> 05:47:26,000
could be kept alive in the 
freezing conditions. 

6325
05:47:26,700 --> 05:47:29,100
But keeping livestock alive in 
the Arctic was like, trying to 

6326
05:47:29,100 --> 05:47:32,400
run a farm inside a freezer and 
it required constant attention 

6327
05:47:32,400 --> 05:47:36,400
and creativity. 
Hunting became both a necessity 

6328
05:47:36,400 --> 05:47:40,500
and a psychologist lifeline. 
Fresh seal walrus or polar bear.

6329
05:47:40,500 --> 05:47:43,600
Meat, wasn't just nutrition. 
It was proof that you could 

6330
05:47:43,600 --> 05:47:45,900
still interact with the world 
beyond your floating, ice 

6331
05:47:45,900 --> 05:47:48,600
prison. 
The taste of fresh meat after 

6332
05:47:48,600 --> 05:47:51,300
weeks of preserved, rationals 
was apparently transformative. 

6333
05:47:51,300 --> 05:47:54,700
Akin to discovering color after 
living in a world of black and 

6334
05:47:54,700 --> 05:47:59,100
white The cooking facilities 
range from ingenious to barely 

6335
05:47:59,100 --> 05:48:01,800
functional. 
Small Expeditions might have 

6336
05:48:01,800 --> 05:48:04,400
just a single oil lamp or 
alcohol stove, that served 

6337
05:48:04,400 --> 05:48:05,800
double duty for cooking and 
Heating. 

6338
05:48:06,900 --> 05:48:10,400
Larger ships were equipped with 
functional Galley stoves but 

6339
05:48:10,400 --> 05:48:13,300
maintaining their fuel supply 
required constant balancing 

6340
05:48:13,300 --> 05:48:16,800
between maintaining warmth and 
ensuring sufficient energy to 

6341
05:48:16,800 --> 05:48:19,800
prepare hot meals. 
Hot beverages became almost 

6342
05:48:19,800 --> 05:48:23,400
sacred tea coffee and hot 
chocolate weren't just drinks. 

6343
05:48:23,400 --> 05:48:26,300
They were liquid Comfort, 
warmth, you could hold in your 

6344
05:48:26,300 --> 05:48:28,200
hands and feel spreading through
your chest. 

6345
05:48:29,100 --> 05:48:31,600
Many explorers wrote about the 
ritual of their morning. 

6346
05:48:31,600 --> 05:48:34,900
Hot drink with an almost 
religious reverence Describing 

6347
05:48:34,900 --> 05:48:38,200
how that first sip could 
transform their mood and energy 

6348
05:48:38,200 --> 05:48:42,000
for the entire day. 
Water itself was often an 

6349
05:48:42,000 --> 05:48:44,300
adventure, you couldn't just 
turn on a tap. 

6350
05:48:44,300 --> 05:48:47,900
You had to melt ice or snow, 
which sounds simple Until you 

6351
05:48:47,900 --> 05:48:50,900
realize that snow can contain. 
All sorts of interesting things 

6352
05:48:50,900 --> 05:48:54,000
from wind-blown. 
Dirt to organic matter, you'd 

6353
05:48:54,000 --> 05:48:57,800
rather not think about too hard.
Some Expedition set up elaborate

6354
05:48:57,800 --> 05:49:00,700
systems for collecting and 
melting clean ice While others, 

6355
05:49:00,700 --> 05:49:03,000
just whatever was handy and 
hoped for the best. 

6356
05:49:03,800 --> 05:49:06,000
Mealtime in the Arctic wasn't 
just about nutrition. 

6357
05:49:06,000 --> 05:49:09,000
It was about maintaining your 
Humanity in a place that seemed 

6358
05:49:09,000 --> 05:49:12,500
designed to strip it away. 
When you're living in a space 

6359
05:49:12,500 --> 05:49:15,100
smaller than most modern 
apartment with a group of men 

6360
05:49:15,100 --> 05:49:18,600
who have not had privacy and 
months sharing food becomes a 

6361
05:49:18,600 --> 05:49:21,700
delicate social dance that could
make or break the Expeditions 

6362
05:49:21,700 --> 05:49:24,800
morale. 
The dinner hour was often the 

6363
05:49:24,800 --> 05:49:27,100
only time when the entire crew 
would Gather in one place. 

6364
05:49:28,000 --> 05:49:31,100
Creating a temporary sense of 
community that helped combat the

6365
05:49:31,108 --> 05:49:33,400
isolation and claustrophobia of 
their situation. 

6366
05:49:33,400 --> 05:49:36,300
Picture trying to have a 
civilized conversation while 

6367
05:49:36,300 --> 05:49:37,900
balancing a tin plate on your 
lap. 

6368
05:49:38,600 --> 05:49:41,200
Sitting on a wooden crate in a 
room that swaying slightly as 

6369
05:49:41,200 --> 05:49:44,700
the ice shifts around your ship.
With the temperature, just warm 

6370
05:49:44,700 --> 05:49:47,400
enough that your breath doesn't 
fog, but cold enough that your 

6371
05:49:47,400 --> 05:49:49,400
food starts cooling the moment, 
it hits your plate. 

6372
05:49:50,700 --> 05:49:52,600
But these men develop their own 
etiquette. 

6373
05:49:52,600 --> 05:49:55,900
For these strange circumstances 
there were unspoken rules about 

6374
05:49:55,900 --> 05:49:59,200
portion sharing about who got 
first access to the warmest spot

6375
05:49:59,200 --> 05:50:02,000
near the stove and about how to 
politely ignore it when 

6376
05:50:02,000 --> 05:50:04,600
someone's table manners, 
deteriorated under the stress of

6377
05:50:04,608 --> 05:50:08,000
extreme conditions, The 
successful Expeditions were 

6378
05:50:08,000 --> 05:50:11,100
often the ones where the social 
boundaries were respected even 

6379
05:50:11,100 --> 05:50:15,100
when especially when everyone 
was tired cold and probably a 

6380
05:50:15,100 --> 05:50:18,000
little bit crazy. 
Some ship captains, understood 

6381
05:50:18,000 --> 05:50:19,700
the importance of maintaining 
ceremony. 

6382
05:50:19,700 --> 05:50:23,100
Even in the wilderness, they'd 
insist on certain formalities 

6383
05:50:23,100 --> 05:50:26,800
saying grace waiting for 
everyone to be served before 

6384
05:50:26,800 --> 05:50:29,800
starting attempting to maintain 
conversation that went beyond 

6385
05:50:29,800 --> 05:50:33,000
the days work tasks. 
These small rituals helped 

6386
05:50:33,000 --> 05:50:35,600
preserve the feeling that they 
were still civilized human 

6387
05:50:35,600 --> 05:50:39,600
beings temporarily visiting the 
Arctic rather than slowly 

6388
05:50:39,600 --> 05:50:41,000
transforming into something 
else. 

6389
05:50:41,000 --> 05:50:44,400
Entirely the menu planning was 
often a source of both 

6390
05:50:44,400 --> 05:50:48,200
creativity and frustration. 
Cooks had to balance nutritional

6391
05:50:48,200 --> 05:50:50,900
with morale, which meant 
Sometimes using precious 

6392
05:50:50,900 --> 05:50:53,600
supplies to create special meals
for holidays or celebrations. 

6393
05:50:54,800 --> 05:50:57,800
Christmas dinner in the Arctic 
was an exercise in making Magic.

6394
05:50:57,800 --> 05:51:01,300
From mundane ingredients, 
transforming salt, pork and 

6395
05:51:01,300 --> 05:51:04,400
hardtack into something that 
could at least remind everyone 

6396
05:51:04,400 --> 05:51:06,300
of home. 
Even if it didn't actually 

6397
05:51:06,300 --> 05:51:09,600
tastes like it, trade and 
bartering became common within 

6398
05:51:09,600 --> 05:51:12,000
the crew. 
Someone might trade their ration

6399
05:51:12,000 --> 05:51:14,900
of sugar for extra tobacco or 
exchange a portion of their 

6400
05:51:14,900 --> 05:51:17,000
meat, allocation for someone 
else's dried fruit. 

6401
05:51:18,400 --> 05:51:20,800
These small economies helped, 
people feel like they still had 

6402
05:51:20,800 --> 05:51:23,900
some control over their 
circumstances, some of ability 

6403
05:51:23,900 --> 05:51:25,800
to make choices about their 
daily experience. 

6404
05:51:26,800 --> 05:51:30,000
The conversation during meals 
range from practical discussions

6405
05:51:30,000 --> 05:51:33,100
about the next day's work to 
elaborate storytelling sessions 

6406
05:51:33,100 --> 05:51:36,000
where crew members would share 
Tales from their past 

6407
05:51:36,000 --> 05:51:38,900
Adventures, their homes, and 
their plans. 

6408
05:51:38,900 --> 05:51:42,500
For when they return to 
civilization, These stories 

6409
05:51:42,500 --> 05:51:45,500
served multiple purposes. 
They were entertainment. 

6410
05:51:45,500 --> 05:51:48,000
They were a way to share 
knowledge and experience. 

6411
05:51:48,000 --> 05:51:50,700
And they were a method of 
keeping memories of the outside 

6412
05:51:50,700 --> 05:51:52,500
world alive during the long 
isolation. 

6413
05:51:53,400 --> 05:51:56,000
Some Expeditions develop 
Traditions around food that 

6414
05:51:56,000 --> 05:51:59,600
helped Mark the passage of time,
special meals for Sundays 

6415
05:51:59,600 --> 05:52:01,600
birthday. 
Celebrations, with whatever 

6416
05:52:01,600 --> 05:52:04,900
small luxuries could be spared 
and competitions to see who 

6417
05:52:04,900 --> 05:52:07,000
could create the most 
interesting dish from standard 

6418
05:52:07,000 --> 05:52:09,500
rations. 
These Traditions created 

6419
05:52:09,500 --> 05:52:12,600
structure and anticipation in a 
world where every day could 

6420
05:52:12,600 --> 05:52:17,100
otherwise feel exactly the same.
The cleanup after meals was its 

6421
05:52:17,100 --> 05:52:20,400
own challenge washing dishes, 
when water has to be heated from

6422
05:52:20,400 --> 05:52:22,500
Ice and then disposed of 
carefully. 

6423
05:52:22,500 --> 05:52:24,800
You can't just dump dirty 
dishwater. 

6424
05:52:24,800 --> 05:52:27,200
Anywhere, when you're trying to 
keep your living space, sanitary

6425
05:52:27,200 --> 05:52:30,100
meant that every pot and plate 
represented, a significant 

6426
05:52:30,100 --> 05:52:34,400
investment of time and fuel. 
Food storage became a constant 

6427
05:52:34,400 --> 05:52:36,400
concern and occasional source of
drama. 

6428
05:52:37,100 --> 05:52:39,900
Supplies had to be carefully 
rationed and protected from both

6429
05:52:39,900 --> 05:52:42,100
spoilage. 
And the occasional crew member 

6430
05:52:42,100 --> 05:52:45,000
who might be tempted to help 
themselves to extra rations 

6431
05:52:45,000 --> 05:52:49,100
during a moment of weakness. 
The person in charge of the Food

6432
05:52:49,100 --> 05:52:52,400
Supplies held, one of the most 
important, and sometimes most 

6433
05:52:52,400 --> 05:52:56,200
unpopular positions on the 
expedition Let's get back to the

6434
05:52:56,200 --> 05:52:59,400
sleeping situation, because the 
relationship between Arctic 

6435
05:52:59,400 --> 05:53:03,700
explorers and their beds was 
complicated, intimate and often 

6436
05:53:03,700 --> 05:53:07,600
frustrating like a romance novel
written in a freezer, your 

6437
05:53:07,600 --> 05:53:09,300
sleeping area, wasn't just where
you rested. 

6438
05:53:09,300 --> 05:53:13,400
It was your private space your 
sanctuary and sometimes your 

6439
05:53:13,400 --> 05:53:15,500
only escape from the constant 
company of your fellow 

6440
05:53:15,500 --> 05:53:18,400
explorers. 
The architecture of Arctic 

6441
05:53:18,400 --> 05:53:21,800
sleeping was an art form. 
Born from necessity in larger 

6442
05:53:21,800 --> 05:53:25,000
Expeditions with proper ships. 
You might have a hammock strung 

6443
05:53:25,000 --> 05:53:27,300
in the crew. 
Quarters swaying gently with the

6444
05:53:27,308 --> 05:53:29,200
movement of ice pressing against
the hull. 

6445
05:53:29,900 --> 05:53:33,400
The Rhythm could be soothing 
like being rocked to sleep until

6446
05:53:33,400 --> 05:53:37,400
the ice decided to shift more 
dramatically and suddenly you're

6447
05:53:37,400 --> 05:53:39,700
experiencing what felt like 
sleeping in a paint mixer. 

6448
05:53:40,600 --> 05:53:43,200
Smaller Expeditions or those who
had to abandon their ships, 

6449
05:53:43,200 --> 05:53:46,100
created sleeping Arrangements, 
that would challenge even the 

6450
05:53:46,100 --> 05:53:50,200
most creative interior designer.
Snow houses when properly built 

6451
05:53:50,200 --> 05:53:54,600
could actually be quite cozy. 
The snow provided insulation and

6452
05:53:54,600 --> 05:53:57,000
body heat could warm the 
interior to almost comfortable 

6453
05:53:57,000 --> 05:53:59,900
temperatures. 
But almost comfortable, when 

6454
05:53:59,900 --> 05:54:03,000
you're talking about sleeping in
a snow house, still means your 

6455
05:54:03,000 --> 05:54:06,800
basically camping inside of very
elaborate Ice Cube the bed time 

6456
05:54:06,800 --> 05:54:09,300
routine in these conditions, 
required strategic thinking, 

6457
05:54:09,300 --> 05:54:11,600
that would impress a military 
logistics officer? 

6458
05:54:11,600 --> 05:54:15,100
You had to time your 
preparation, just write, two 

6459
05:54:15,100 --> 05:54:18,200
early and you'd lie awake in 
your confined space getting 

6460
05:54:18,200 --> 05:54:21,400
claustrophobic too late and 
you'd be fumbling with frozen 

6461
05:54:21,400 --> 05:54:24,000
buckles and ties in the dark 
while your body heat disappeared

6462
05:54:24,000 --> 05:54:27,300
into the Arctic air. 
Getting undressed for sleep was 

6463
05:54:27,300 --> 05:54:30,500
like performing a magic trick. 
In Reverse, you had to remove 

6464
05:54:30,500 --> 05:54:32,200
layers without losing the 
warmth. 

6465
05:54:32,200 --> 05:54:35,100
Those layers had been trapping 
then quickly borrow into your 

6466
05:54:35,100 --> 05:54:37,300
sleeping arrangements before 
your body temperature could 

6467
05:54:37,300 --> 05:54:40,000
drop. 
Some explorers became remarkably

6468
05:54:40,000 --> 05:54:43,700
skilled at this process able to 
transition from Fully Dressed to

6469
05:54:43,700 --> 05:54:45,600
properly bedded down in just a 
few minutes. 

6470
05:54:46,500 --> 05:54:49,300
Sharing of sleeping spaces, 
created its own etiquette and 

6471
05:54:49,300 --> 05:54:52,000
occasional comedy. 
When you're pressed close enough

6472
05:54:52,000 --> 05:54:54,800
to your fellow explorer that you
can feel their breathing and 

6473
05:54:54,800 --> 05:54:56,700
hear every shift they make 
during the night. 

6474
05:54:56,700 --> 05:54:59,600
You develop, a heightened, 
awareness of personal habits 

6475
05:54:59,600 --> 05:55:01,900
that you probably never wanted 
to know about. 

6476
05:55:02,900 --> 05:55:06,800
Some men like human icebergs 
seem to absorb warmth from the 

6477
05:55:06,800 --> 05:55:10,600
air around them While others 
like natural furnaces generated 

6478
05:55:10,600 --> 05:55:12,100
heat that could warm their 
neighbors. 

6479
05:55:12,900 --> 05:55:15,500
Snoring became both a blessing 
and a curse in these tight 

6480
05:55:15,500 --> 05:55:18,400
Quarters on one hand steady 
snoring. 

6481
05:55:18,400 --> 05:55:20,800
Could provide a rhythmic 
backdrop that helped mask other 

6482
05:55:20,800 --> 05:55:24,300
disturbing sounds from outside 
on the other hand when you're 

6483
05:55:24,300 --> 05:55:26,700
already struggling to sleep in 
uncomfortable conditions, 

6484
05:55:26,700 --> 05:55:30,100
listening to someone sawing logs
to feet from your ear, could 

6485
05:55:30,100 --> 05:55:34,000
drive you to the edge of sanity.
The dreams that came in Arctic 

6486
05:55:34,000 --> 05:55:36,800
sleep, were often more Vivid and
strange than normal dreams. 

6487
05:55:36,800 --> 05:55:39,200
Probably due to the combination 
of stress. 

6488
05:55:39,200 --> 05:55:41,900
Unusual sleeping conditions and 
diet changes. 

6489
05:55:41,900 --> 05:55:45,800
Many explorers wrote about 
remarkably detailed dreams of 

6490
05:55:45,800 --> 05:55:50,000
home of warm beds of foods. 
They missed of summer days. 

6491
05:55:50,000 --> 05:55:53,800
That felt impossibly distant. 
These dreams could be either a 

6492
05:55:53,800 --> 05:55:56,200
blessing, providing mental 
escape from their harsh reality 

6493
05:55:56,200 --> 05:55:59,100
or torture making the morning 
Awakening. 

6494
05:55:59,100 --> 05:56:02,300
Even more difficult. 
Waking up in Arctic conditions 

6495
05:56:02,300 --> 05:56:06,200
required its own set of survival
skills, the transition from 

6496
05:56:06,200 --> 05:56:09,000
whatever warmth you'd managed to
accumulate during the night to 

6497
05:56:09,000 --> 05:56:13,100
the reality of Sub-Zero are was 
like jumping into a cold pool 

6498
05:56:13,100 --> 05:56:16,100
except the pool was your entire 
living environment. 

6499
05:56:17,100 --> 05:56:20,100
Some explorers learn to keep 
essential items Within Reach. 

6500
05:56:20,100 --> 05:56:22,800
So they could partially dress 
while still under their covers 

6501
05:56:22,800 --> 05:56:25,200
extending the warmth as long as 
possible. 

6502
05:56:25,200 --> 05:56:28,100
The condition of your bedding 
became crucial to your 

6503
05:56:28,100 --> 05:56:31,700
well-being and morale Damp 
blankets or sleeping Furs, could

6504
05:56:31,700 --> 05:56:35,200
become frozen solid overnight 
creating a choice between 

6505
05:56:35,200 --> 05:56:38,900
sleeping with frozen bedding or 
taking the time and fuel to Thor

6506
05:56:38,900 --> 05:56:42,200
and dry everything before sleep.
Assuming you have the resources 

6507
05:56:42,200 --> 05:56:44,300
to do. 
So personal sleeping 

6508
05:56:44,300 --> 05:56:47,800
accessories, became precious 
possessions a comfortable pillow

6509
05:56:47,800 --> 05:56:50,500
made from extra clothing, or 
whatever, soft materials were 

6510
05:56:50,500 --> 05:56:52,300
available. 
Could mean the difference 

6511
05:56:52,300 --> 05:56:54,100
between rest and a night of neck
pain. 

6512
05:56:55,000 --> 05:56:57,800
Some explorers fashioned wooden 
supports or repurpose their 

6513
05:56:57,800 --> 05:57:00,200
boots. 
As makeshift pillows, resulting 

6514
05:57:00,200 --> 05:57:03,500
in inventive solutions, that may
amuse modern campers, but were 

6515
05:57:03,500 --> 05:57:05,300
crucial for their comfort in 
those harsh. 

6516
05:57:05,300 --> 05:57:08,900
Conditions, living through the 
polar night meant developing an 

6517
05:57:08,900 --> 05:57:12,400
entirely new relationship with 
time Consciousness and what it 

6518
05:57:12,408 --> 05:57:16,000
means to be awake or a sleep. 
When the sun disappears for 

6519
05:57:16,000 --> 05:57:18,600
months, your body's natural 
rhythms, don't just get 

6520
05:57:18,600 --> 05:57:21,900
confused, they staged a full 
Rebellion, that would make a 

6521
05:57:21,900 --> 05:57:23,300
toddler's. 
Tantrum look like a model of 

6522
05:57:23,300 --> 05:57:26,700
emotional regulation. 
The psychological effects of 

6523
05:57:26,700 --> 05:57:29,400
endless Darkness was something 
these early explorers had to 

6524
05:57:29,400 --> 05:57:32,700
navigate without any of the 
scientific understanding we have

6525
05:57:32,700 --> 05:57:36,700
today about seasonal affective 
disorder or circadian, rhythm 

6526
05:57:36,700 --> 05:57:40,400
disruption. they just knew that 
after a few weeks of continuous 

6527
05:57:40,400 --> 05:57:43,600
Twilight, their minds started 
playing tricks on them in ways 

6528
05:57:43,600 --> 05:57:48,600
that range from mildly annoying 
to genuinely concerning some men

6529
05:57:48,600 --> 05:57:51,700
found themselves sleeping at odd
hours wide awake when they 

6530
05:57:51,700 --> 05:57:54,600
should have been worn out or 
sleeping for much longer or 

6531
05:57:54,600 --> 05:57:58,300
shorter periods than normal. 
Others experience to kind of 

6532
05:57:58,300 --> 05:58:02,000
dreamy wakefulness where the 
boundaries between sleeping and 

6533
05:58:02,000 --> 05:58:05,700
waking became blurred like 
living in a constant state of 

6534
05:58:05,700 --> 05:58:08,800
just having awakened from a nap 
but never feeling fully alert. 

6535
05:58:10,100 --> 05:58:12,800
The smarter Expedition leaders 
learned to create artificial 

6536
05:58:12,800 --> 05:58:15,400
rhythms to help their Crews 
maintain some semblance of 

6537
05:58:15,400 --> 05:58:18,500
normal sleep patterns. 
This might mean maintaining 

6538
05:58:18,500 --> 05:58:21,400
strict, watch schedules, 
requiring everyone to be present

6539
05:58:21,400 --> 05:58:24,800
for meals at specific times or 
creating evening activities that

6540
05:58:24,800 --> 05:58:27,800
help signal to the brain that 
bedtime was approaching even 

6541
05:58:27,800 --> 05:58:29,800
when the light outside hadn't 
changed in weeks. 

6542
05:58:30,700 --> 05:58:33,300
Reading became both a blessing 
and a challenge during these 

6543
05:58:33,300 --> 05:58:36,200
long nights. 
Those Expeditions lucky enough 

6544
05:58:36,200 --> 05:58:39,000
to have brought books found that
reading could help pass the time

6545
05:58:39,000 --> 05:58:43,000
and provide mental stimulation. 
But reading by oil lamp or 

6546
05:58:43,000 --> 05:58:46,300
Candlelight in cold conditions 
was demanding on the eyes and 

6547
05:58:46,300 --> 05:58:49,100
required careful management of 
precious fuel supplies. 

6548
05:58:49,100 --> 05:58:52,500
Some men would save their 
reading for just before sleep 

6549
05:58:52,500 --> 05:58:55,200
using it as a mental transition 
activity. 

6550
05:58:55,200 --> 05:58:58,200
While others found that reading 
made them more alert when they 

6551
05:58:58,200 --> 05:59:02,000
needed to be winding down. 
The development of indoor games 

6552
05:59:02,000 --> 05:59:04,100
and activities became crucial 
for mental health. 

6553
05:59:04,100 --> 05:59:08,400
During the long Darkness, card 
games storytelling sessions and 

6554
05:59:08,400 --> 05:59:10,100
music. 
If anyone had brought 

6555
05:59:10,100 --> 05:59:13,500
instruments served, a dual 
purpose as both entertainment 

6556
05:59:13,500 --> 05:59:15,400
and markers of the passage of 
time. 

6557
05:59:16,200 --> 05:59:18,800
Knowing that every evening after
dinner, there would be a card 

6558
05:59:18,800 --> 05:59:21,600
game or story session helped 
create the Rhythm that the 

6559
05:59:21,600 --> 05:59:23,300
missing son could no longer 
provide. 

6560
05:59:24,200 --> 05:59:26,900
Personal hygiene during these 
extended periods, became both 

6561
05:59:26,900 --> 05:59:29,900
more challenging and more 
important than you might expect.

6562
05:59:31,000 --> 05:59:33,400
When you're living in close 
quarters with the same people 

6563
05:59:33,400 --> 05:59:36,100
for months, small issues can 
become major problems. 

6564
05:59:37,200 --> 05:59:39,500
But washing in Sub-Zero, 
temperatures with limited Water,

6565
05:59:39,500 --> 05:59:44,200
Supplies required planning, and 
motivational to maintain when 

6566
05:59:44,200 --> 05:59:47,000
you were already struggling with
the cycle effects of isolation 

6567
05:59:47,000 --> 05:59:50,500
and darkness, some explorers 
found that maintaining small 

6568
05:59:50,500 --> 05:59:53,300
personal rituals help them cope 
with the disorientation of 

6569
05:59:53,300 --> 05:59:56,000
Endless Night. 
This might mean keeping a 

6570
05:59:56,000 --> 05:59:59,000
detailed Journal maintaining a 
specific morning routine, 

6571
05:59:59,000 --> 06:00:02,000
regardless of what the light 
outside looked like, or 

6572
06:00:02,000 --> 06:00:05,000
dedicating time, each day to 
some form of physical exercise 

6573
06:00:05,000 --> 06:00:07,100
within the confined spaces of 
their shelter. 

6574
06:00:07,800 --> 06:00:10,500
The quality of sleep during 
polar night often differed from 

6575
06:00:10,508 --> 06:00:13,800
that of normal sleep. 
Many explorers reported more 

6576
06:00:13,800 --> 06:00:17,500
vivid dreams, more frequent 
waking during the night and a 

6577
06:00:17,500 --> 06:00:20,200
general sense that their sleep 
was less restful even when they 

6578
06:00:20,200 --> 06:00:22,300
managed to receive adequate 
hours of rest. 

6579
06:00:23,100 --> 06:00:26,400
This change was probably due to 
the combination of stress, the 

6580
06:00:26,400 --> 06:00:30,000
unfamiliar environment, and the 
disruption of normal light dark 

6581
06:00:30,000 --> 06:00:32,000
cycles, that help regulate deep 
sleep. 

6582
06:00:32,800 --> 06:00:35,800
Temperature regulation during 
sleep, became a complex dance. 

6583
06:00:35,800 --> 06:00:37,400
That required constant 
adjustment. 

6584
06:00:38,200 --> 06:00:40,500
The inside of shelters could 
vary dramatically and 

6585
06:00:40,500 --> 06:00:43,100
temperature depending on wind 
conditions, the effect of 

6586
06:00:43,100 --> 06:00:47,300
heating sources and how well the
structure was insulated learning

6587
06:00:47,300 --> 06:00:50,300
to sleep comfortably. 
Despite these fluctuations was a

6588
06:00:50,300 --> 06:00:53,300
skill that separated the 
successful Arctic sleepers from 

6589
06:00:53,300 --> 06:00:55,300
those who spent their nights 
tossing and turning. 

6590
06:00:55,300 --> 06:00:58,800
The sound of the Arctic night, 
created their own soundtrack for

6591
06:00:58,800 --> 06:01:02,500
sleep, Beyond the ice sound, we 
mentioned earlier there were 

6592
06:01:02,500 --> 06:01:05,200
wind patterns, the sounds of 
other crew members moving 

6593
06:01:05,200 --> 06:01:07,600
around. 
The occasional animal noise from

6594
06:01:07,600 --> 06:01:10,300
outside and the various creeks 
and settling sounds of their 

6595
06:01:10,300 --> 06:01:12,900
shelter. 
Learning to identify which 

6596
06:01:12,900 --> 06:01:16,400
sounds were normal and which 
might indicate a problem became 

6597
06:01:16,400 --> 06:01:18,200
part of the Bedtime mental 
routine. 

6598
06:01:18,900 --> 06:01:21,800
Eventually, every Arctic 
Explorer had to master the art 

6599
06:01:21,800 --> 06:01:24,900
of waking up, when mourning was 
purely a theoretical concept 

6600
06:01:24,900 --> 06:01:28,600
without, the sun's gentle 
nudging, or even the promise of 

6601
06:01:28,600 --> 06:01:32,000
daylight to motivate getting out
of your warm cocoon starting 

6602
06:01:32,000 --> 06:01:35,300
each day, became an act of pure 
willpower that were challenge, 

6603
06:01:35,300 --> 06:01:36,600
even the most disciplined 
person. 

6604
06:01:37,500 --> 06:01:39,900
The wake-up call in Arctic 
Expeditions was usually 

6605
06:01:39,900 --> 06:01:42,600
artificial. 
A ship's Bell, someone calling 

6606
06:01:42,600 --> 06:01:45,700
out or simply the gradually 
increase in activity of other 

6607
06:01:45,700 --> 06:01:49,900
crew members starting their day.
But responding to these cues 

6608
06:01:49,900 --> 06:01:52,400
when your body had no natural 
reason to believe it was more 

6609
06:01:52,400 --> 06:01:54,800
mourning required developing 
mental tricks. 

6610
06:01:54,800 --> 06:01:57,300
That modern shift workers would 
recognize and appreciate. 

6611
06:01:58,300 --> 06:02:01,200
Smart explorers learn to prepare
for morning the night before 

6612
06:02:01,200 --> 06:02:04,500
laying out clothes in order, 
keeping a centralized items 

6613
06:02:04,500 --> 06:02:07,500
within easy reach. 
And most importantly, having a 

6614
06:02:07,500 --> 06:02:10,300
plan for the first few minutes 
after waking, that would get the

6615
06:02:10,300 --> 06:02:13,700
moving before, the cold could 
fully register and convinced 

6616
06:02:13,700 --> 06:02:15,300
them to borrow back under their 
covers. 

6617
06:02:15,300 --> 06:02:18,700
For just five more minutes that 
could easily stretch into hours.

6618
06:02:19,900 --> 06:02:22,600
The first task of the Arctic 
morning was usually rekindling 

6619
06:02:22,600 --> 06:02:25,200
or tending to heating sources 
that had been banked overnight. 

6620
06:02:26,100 --> 06:02:28,800
This meant someone had to be 
brave enough to leave their warm

6621
06:02:28,800 --> 06:02:31,800
sleeping area and Venture into 
the coldest part, of the shelter

6622
06:02:31,800 --> 06:02:34,400
to coax fires back to life or 
light oil lamps. 

6623
06:02:35,100 --> 06:02:38,500
This thankless, but crucial job 
often rotated among crew members

6624
06:02:38,500 --> 06:02:42,000
or was taken on by early risers 
who found it easier to get 

6625
06:02:42,000 --> 06:02:43,800
moving once they were already up
and active. 

6626
06:02:44,400 --> 06:02:46,100
Breakfast. 
In the Arctic wasn't just the 

6627
06:02:46,100 --> 06:02:48,900
first meal of the day. 
It was proof that you had 

6628
06:02:48,900 --> 06:02:52,000
successfully survived another 
night and were ready to face 

6629
06:02:52,000 --> 06:02:54,100
whatever challenges. 
The endless, Twilight might 

6630
06:02:54,100 --> 06:02:58,500
bring Hot drinks were important 
in the morning, providing 

6631
06:02:58,500 --> 06:03:01,500
internal warmth that helped 
motivate the body to continue 

6632
06:03:01,500 --> 06:03:04,200
functioning when external 
conditions were consistently 

6633
06:03:04,200 --> 06:03:07,200
hostile. 
Getting dressed in Arctic 

6634
06:03:07,200 --> 06:03:09,800
conditions was like putting on 
Armor for battle against the 

6635
06:03:09,800 --> 06:03:12,000
elements. 
The process had to be done 

6636
06:03:12,000 --> 06:03:15,300
efficiently to avoid losing body
heat, but also carefully to 

6637
06:03:15,300 --> 06:03:17,800
ensure that all layers were 
properly arranged and that 

6638
06:03:17,800 --> 06:03:21,400
nothing was forgotten. 
Wet or improperly worn clothing,

6639
06:03:21,400 --> 06:03:23,900
could be dangerous. 
So the morning dressing routine 

6640
06:03:23,900 --> 06:03:27,200
became a practice sequence that 
each Explorer perfected through 

6641
06:03:27,200 --> 06:03:30,900
experience Personal grooming in 
the Arctic morning was often 

6642
06:03:30,900 --> 06:03:34,400
reduced to the absolute Basics 
but maintaining some standards 

6643
06:03:34,400 --> 06:03:36,000
helped preserve morale and 
dignity. 

6644
06:03:36,900 --> 06:03:40,800
A quick wash with melted snow 
water combing, hair and tending 

6645
06:03:40,800 --> 06:03:43,100
to any minor injuries or 
frostbite concerns. 

6646
06:03:43,100 --> 06:03:46,100
These small acts of self-care 
helped maintain the 

6647
06:03:46,100 --> 06:03:49,400
psychological boundary between 
survival mode and simply giving 

6648
06:03:49,400 --> 06:03:53,600
up on civilization entirely. 
The transition from the relative

6649
06:03:53,600 --> 06:03:56,600
shelter of sleeping areas to the
full reality of Arctic 

6650
06:03:56,600 --> 06:03:59,900
conditions was always a shock. 
No matter how many times you'd 

6651
06:03:59,900 --> 06:04:02,500
experienced it. 
Stepping outside for necessary. 

6652
06:04:02,500 --> 06:04:05,200
Tasks meant facing are that 
could literally take your breath

6653
06:04:05,200 --> 06:04:07,300
away. 
Wind that felt like it was 

6654
06:04:07,300 --> 06:04:10,500
trying to strip the warmth from 
your body and a landscape that 

6655
06:04:10,500 --> 06:04:12,900
remained unforgiving, beautiful 
and hostile. 

6656
06:04:14,200 --> 06:04:17,300
But here's the remarkable thing 
about these Arctic, explorers 

6657
06:04:17,300 --> 06:04:20,100
they developed, not just the 
skills to survive these 

6658
06:04:20,100 --> 06:04:22,800
conditions. 
But often a strange appreciation

6659
06:04:22,800 --> 06:04:27,100
for the unique experience, they 
were living Many wrote about 

6660
06:04:27,100 --> 06:04:30,700
moments of unexpected Beauty, 
the play of Aurora across the 

6661
06:04:30,708 --> 06:04:33,700
sky during clear nights, the 
intricate patterns of ice 

6662
06:04:33,700 --> 06:04:35,700
formation and the profound 
silence. 

6663
06:04:35,700 --> 06:04:38,800
That could only be found in 
places far from civilization. 

6664
06:04:39,800 --> 06:04:42,800
As you settle into your own warm
bed tonight in a room with 

6665
06:04:42,800 --> 06:04:45,600
electric lights and central 
heating with the promise of 

6666
06:04:45,608 --> 06:04:49,600
dawn, just hours away, you can 
appreciate both how far we've 

6667
06:04:49,600 --> 06:04:53,100
come and how remarkable those 
early Arctic explorers truly 

6668
06:04:53,100 --> 06:04:55,600
were. 
They faced months of darkness 

6669
06:04:55,600 --> 06:04:59,100
and cold with nothing but wool 
oil lamps and human 

6670
06:04:59,100 --> 06:05:02,200
determination? 
They turned survival into an art

6671
06:05:02,208 --> 06:05:05,300
form and somehow managed to 
maintain their Humanity in 

6672
06:05:05,300 --> 06:05:07,300
conditions. 
That seem designed to strip it 

6673
06:05:07,300 --> 06:05:09,300
away. 
Their Legacy isn't just the 

6674
06:05:09,300 --> 06:05:11,600
geographical knowledge, they 
gained, or the roots, they 

6675
06:05:11,600 --> 06:05:15,600
mapped, but the proof that human
beings can adapt almost anything

6676
06:05:15,600 --> 06:05:18,400
when they have to. 
And that sometimes the most 

6677
06:05:18,400 --> 06:05:21,400
important survival tool is the 
ability to find humor and 

6678
06:05:21,400 --> 06:05:24,500
camaraderie, even when you're 
sleeping in what amounts to a 

6679
06:05:24,500 --> 06:05:27,600
very expensive Ice Cube. 
So as you drift off to sleep, in

6680
06:05:27,600 --> 06:05:30,600
your comfortable bed, perhaps, 
you'll spare a thought for those

6681
06:05:30,600 --> 06:05:33,300
brave souls who spent their 
nights, in the endless, Arctic 

6682
06:05:33,300 --> 06:05:37,300
Darkness sharing, warmth and 
stories, and the simple comfort 

6683
06:05:37,300 --> 06:05:39,300
of knowing that morning, would 
come eventually. 

6684
06:05:39,800 --> 06:05:42,500
Even if the sun had temporarily 
forgotten how to rise.