Astronauts could soon benefit from dissolvable eye insert

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Hello, and welcome to this episode of the

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Physics World weekly podcast,

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which focuses on a fascinating

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aspect of space medicine.

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Physics World's Tammy Freeman takes up the story.

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Spending time in space has a big impact

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on the human body and can cause a

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range of health issues.

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Many astronauts develop vision problems

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as microgravity causes body fluids to redistribute towards

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the head, which can lead to swelling in

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the eye and compression of the optic nerve.

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While eye conditions can generally be treated with

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medication,

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delivering drugs in space is not a straightforward

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task.

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Eye drops simply don't work without gravity.

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To address this problem, researchers in Hungary are

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developing a tiny dissolvable eye insert

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that could deliver medication directly to the eye.

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The grain of rice sized insert has now

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been tested by an astronaut on the International

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Space Station.

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So I'm very pleased to be joined today

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by two members of the development team,

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Zoltan Nagy,

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director of the department of ophthalmology

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at Semmelweis University,

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and Diana Bologweiser,

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associate professor at Budapest University of Technology and

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Economics

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and lead researcher at SpinSplit.

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Welcome both to the podcast.

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So my first question

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is why are vision problems so common among

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astronauts?

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I think it's a very interesting question. The

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detailed and complete pattern mechanism of vision problems,

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among

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zero gravity is still to be

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perfectly,

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clarified.

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However,

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since we're, zero gravity, it causes fluid shift

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in the human body. So it can cause

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edema in the head and also in the

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central nervous system

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and especially within the eye.

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It's called a neuro ophthalmic problem. So SUNS,

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spaceflight associated

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neuroocular syndrome.

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And so it can cause a vision problem

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for the astronauts and especially in long term,

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space shift.

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And,

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we know that,

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in the near future,

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the human race is,

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trying to make a long term,

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spacecraft to the, let's say, to the Mars

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or whatsoever.

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And so they can cause an oedema in

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the macular area. This is the most sensitive

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part of the eye, and it's responsible

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for sharp visual acuity.

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So we,

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if we know about this, then we should

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do something.

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And, there's a medication,

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a nonsteroid

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anti inflammatory drop, which if we administer,

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then it can prevent

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and treat,

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the edema of the macular area.

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But it it is a fluid.

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So, therefore, we thought that we have to

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do something because among zero gravity,

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drops are really not working.

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So so what what's the main problem? Why

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why can't we use the drops in space?

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You know, then in amongst zero gravity, the

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absence of gravity, dosing of fluid drops is

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nearly impossible

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because it evaporates in,

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in the air,

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due

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to instability of the drops. And placing a

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required amount of drops is also challenging among,

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zero gravity.

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So the accurate administration of the, drugs by

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drops has limitation,

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on ground,

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maybe as well.

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So the,

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therefore, we

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have to find a solution

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how to administer,

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the drops, and it should not be in

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a fluid state, that it should be in

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a solid state.

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So, there was the,

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motivation for developing

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the so called

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eye eye insert.

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So you decided to create a solid insert

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to treat SANS, which is spaceflight associated

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neuro ocular syndrome?

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So SANS is one of the top five

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health problems noticed during space mission.

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The occurrence is usually fifty percent after a

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few months of, spaceflight.

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The rate of vision loss ranges from minor

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to, quite,

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severe,

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problems

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where could be also,

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caused

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so called legal blindness.

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And this is very important for the astronauts

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because they have to see what they do,

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with the computer instrumentation

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in spacecraft.

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So to address these problems of SANS, the

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precise and simple dosing of ophthalmic drugs used

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for topical treatments is a key issue.

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So, therefore, we saw that we have to

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do a solid solution,

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which can be soaked by the,

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medication like, the, non steroid anti inflammatory,

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fluid.

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And to insert in the lower lid, of

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the eye, it, solves dissolves,

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within

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a certain time, a certain time span,

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and, can be the drug can be released,

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and the drug can have the effect, on

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the eye

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without,

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using,

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drops.

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Okay. So, the device is based on nanofibers.

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So what's the role of the nanofibers in

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this?

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Yes.

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It was mentioned by the professor that we

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have to make a solid formula

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which can contains,

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different,

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drugs or or active pharmaceutical

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in ingredients in the future.

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But,

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if you want to prepare an eye drop,

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it's not too,

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hard to to produce because

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you have to reach a quite stable solution,

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using water and and almost that. So but

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to create a solid formula is it's not

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easy to do.

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And, previously,

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we worked a lot with nanofibers,

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which means

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electrospoon,

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nanofibers.

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And, it means that we produce these, polymeric

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fibers using

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electrospinning

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technique.

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It's a so called electro hydrodynamic

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method

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to

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form solid,

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but quite soft,

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materials, mattresses, which contains,

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like a tissue, like a nonwoven tissue, of

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these,

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nanofibers.

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And, the basic,

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concept of this technology

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is to make make us a a stable

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solution

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from your drug candidate

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and make a stable solution from your,

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basic polymer materials.

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After that, you should make a good,

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homogen

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mixture, from these two component.

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And after that,

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you can, apply this outer spinning technique,

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which means,

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rapid

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almost immediate,

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dryness of this, liquid,

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component mixture.

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And after that, you can, collect this

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dried by but, soft,

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nonwoven

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scaffolds.

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And during this process, this, polymer

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change,

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which can be found in in in the,

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initial precursor mixture

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can entrap or encapsulate

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the drug component inside

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the fibers.

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So this,

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this process

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mean the drug formulation step.

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And it's also important to note that,

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this polymer chain can encapsulate

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small molecular drugs

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or macromolecular

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drugs or biological

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agents

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because the shaping,

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of these,

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components are so flexible.

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So this matrix,

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will,

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be presented

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as an institute

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formation,

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next to the next to the,

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drag components.

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And the final materials,

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we will be a very, very flexible tissue

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like,

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matrices.

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And after that, you have to have to

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make

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a so called downstream process to to create

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the final form, of this tissue.

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And in this project, this this was the

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the most maybe one of the most, innovative

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step how we can form this this,

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eye insert to to ensure

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the the required geometry,

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size, surface properties, physical chemical,

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properties, and so on and so on.

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So, our innovation,

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involve

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some existing method,

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but finally,

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hopefully, you make a brand new mixture of

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of the existing method to to create something

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new which can be maybe a promising alternative,

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for example, to create,

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eye disease in in space and, of course,

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on the ground as well.

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Okay. So, basically, you've got these sort of,

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biocompatible

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polymers,

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and then they are, the drug is is

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incorporated into them, and you make them the

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correct size and and everything. So

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how how long a time period can the

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insert deliver drugs? So if you put it

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into your eye, can it sort of deliver

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over a longer

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time period? Because obviously, with eye drops, you

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have to do them every few hours,

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which Yes. It's

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very, very,

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interesting and straightforward question because the,

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we we we, saw that, this is the

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one of the the unique advantages

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advantage of nanofibers,

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because it's on demand. So, you you can

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set up,

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the the dissolution properties of this insert

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by the selection of

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the the good,

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type of polymers,

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the the structural properties, the morphological,

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properties.

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For example, the molecular mass of the polymer

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is one of the the key properties which

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can directly influence this solution,

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profile.

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So, if you want and if you need,

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rapid, dissolution,

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you can make

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detailed optimization

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to find the the good polymer candidate and

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good airflow spinning,

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conditions.

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Or if you need an elongated,

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this solution, elongated release of the drug, for

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example, to make a much more

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extended

290
00:10:58,534 --> 00:10:59,034
therapeutic

291
00:10:59,414 --> 00:10:59,914
window,

292
00:11:00,294 --> 00:11:01,654
you can you can find,

293
00:11:02,054 --> 00:11:03,274
other type of polymer

294
00:11:03,735 --> 00:11:06,855
to to ensure a much slower, dissolution. For

295
00:11:06,855 --> 00:11:07,355
example,

296
00:11:08,454 --> 00:11:09,174
one day,

297
00:11:09,654 --> 00:11:12,430
time frame. So it strongly depend on on

298
00:11:12,430 --> 00:11:14,769
the aims of the final therapeutic application,

299
00:11:15,309 --> 00:11:16,930
but we have the possibility,

300
00:11:17,870 --> 00:11:21,250
to to control this, physical chemical properties,

301
00:11:21,629 --> 00:11:24,509
of of of the drug release. And it's

302
00:11:24,509 --> 00:11:27,164
also very important to know that, okay, we

303
00:11:27,164 --> 00:11:28,785
we know the the,

304
00:11:29,404 --> 00:11:33,004
suitable drug candidate, for example, to treat, the

305
00:11:33,004 --> 00:11:34,304
SANS, symptoms.

306
00:11:34,684 --> 00:11:37,184
But our study on the ISS was,

307
00:11:37,644 --> 00:11:39,985
a very, very important first step,

308
00:11:40,589 --> 00:11:43,009
just to to make a technological demonstration

309
00:11:43,389 --> 00:11:46,750
that this type of drug carrier system can

310
00:11:46,750 --> 00:11:49,309
be a good direction or not. So our

311
00:11:49,309 --> 00:11:52,829
first experience was about to to test and

312
00:11:52,829 --> 00:11:53,325
check,

313
00:11:54,285 --> 00:11:57,184
the applicability of this so called empty,

314
00:11:57,725 --> 00:11:58,865
of the mic insert

315
00:11:59,165 --> 00:12:01,745
which, didn't contain drug.

316
00:12:02,445 --> 00:12:05,165
Only just the the carrier, materials and the

317
00:12:05,165 --> 00:12:06,785
polymeric components because,

318
00:12:07,449 --> 00:12:09,389
of course, you have to have to,

319
00:12:10,490 --> 00:12:12,350
check a lot of official regulation,

320
00:12:13,289 --> 00:12:14,829
stated by our

321
00:12:15,610 --> 00:12:16,909
official governmental

322
00:12:18,169 --> 00:12:18,669
systems

323
00:12:19,049 --> 00:12:20,169
or or has,

324
00:12:20,649 --> 00:12:23,174
offices. And, of course, we have to,

325
00:12:24,615 --> 00:12:27,254
have to pass a lot of safety and

326
00:12:27,254 --> 00:12:28,475
and other test,

327
00:12:29,654 --> 00:12:30,294
which was,

328
00:12:31,254 --> 00:12:34,534
required by the Nasar, Exxon, SLS, and so

329
00:12:34,534 --> 00:12:35,194
on. So

330
00:12:35,519 --> 00:12:36,720
we we have have to,

331
00:12:37,200 --> 00:12:39,139
find the type of polymer,

332
00:12:39,519 --> 00:12:40,180
the applicable

333
00:12:40,720 --> 00:12:41,220
liquids,

334
00:12:42,080 --> 00:12:44,660
the the shape and the other, other parameters

335
00:12:44,720 --> 00:12:45,620
of the insert

336
00:12:47,040 --> 00:12:48,000
to to make,

337
00:12:48,480 --> 00:12:48,960
really,

338
00:12:49,535 --> 00:12:51,634
safe and and and applicable,

339
00:12:52,654 --> 00:12:53,475
drug resistant.

340
00:12:54,575 --> 00:12:56,495
I would I would like to add something

341
00:12:56,495 --> 00:12:56,995
that,

342
00:12:58,654 --> 00:12:59,315
in space,

343
00:13:00,095 --> 00:13:03,090
you might need a long term application of

344
00:13:03,730 --> 00:13:06,070
drugs like the anti inflammatory

345
00:13:07,009 --> 00:13:10,710
drops and, might be also short term, needed,

346
00:13:10,850 --> 00:13:11,590
like antibiotics.

347
00:13:12,690 --> 00:13:13,190
Usually,

348
00:13:13,649 --> 00:13:16,930
during earth conditions, antibiotics should be administered about

349
00:13:16,930 --> 00:13:19,144
three, four times a day. But,

350
00:13:20,565 --> 00:13:23,764
this slow release could be very important for

351
00:13:23,764 --> 00:13:25,625
the non steroidal anti inflammatory

352
00:13:26,644 --> 00:13:27,625
drugs. So,

353
00:13:28,165 --> 00:13:30,085
in the near future, we have to test

354
00:13:30,085 --> 00:13:30,585
that,

355
00:13:31,684 --> 00:13:32,504
which component,

356
00:13:33,125 --> 00:13:34,504
is responsible for

357
00:13:35,580 --> 00:13:38,779
long release and for short release. And in

358
00:13:38,779 --> 00:13:40,700
spacecraft, in long long term,

359
00:13:41,100 --> 00:13:41,600
spacecraft,

360
00:13:43,100 --> 00:13:44,799
astronauts might have conjunctivitis

361
00:13:45,500 --> 00:13:45,899
such,

362
00:13:46,460 --> 00:13:48,000
intraocular pressure elevation,

363
00:13:48,965 --> 00:13:51,785
and so not only macular and sun related

364
00:13:52,004 --> 00:13:52,504
problems.

365
00:13:52,965 --> 00:13:55,285
So I think we we have to prepare

366
00:13:55,285 --> 00:13:55,605
that,

367
00:13:56,404 --> 00:13:57,865
quite many optometic,

368
00:13:59,045 --> 00:14:01,625
drugs should be available on spacecraft.

369
00:14:03,009 --> 00:14:05,090
Okay. And and could the insert be used

370
00:14:05,090 --> 00:14:06,790
to deliver more than one drug?

371
00:14:07,730 --> 00:14:08,230
Yes.

372
00:14:09,730 --> 00:14:11,970
We have a lot of, quite long and

373
00:14:11,970 --> 00:14:13,190
interesting discussion,

374
00:14:13,649 --> 00:14:16,309
with professor and and with our, team.

375
00:14:17,625 --> 00:14:18,125
And,

376
00:14:18,745 --> 00:14:20,605
we have a lot of idea,

377
00:14:22,024 --> 00:14:23,004
what type of,

378
00:14:23,465 --> 00:14:26,345
drugs can be a good candidate to to

379
00:14:26,345 --> 00:14:29,865
treat other disease not only. So we don't

380
00:14:29,865 --> 00:14:30,684
want to focusing,

381
00:14:31,740 --> 00:14:34,860
only on SARS, but other general parameters can

382
00:14:34,860 --> 00:14:37,419
be also caused, during the space vet or,

383
00:14:37,419 --> 00:14:38,080
of course,

384
00:14:38,700 --> 00:14:41,179
in on in the on ground, patient care,

385
00:14:41,500 --> 00:14:42,159
as well.

386
00:14:43,019 --> 00:14:44,559
So, yes, absolutely.

387
00:14:45,659 --> 00:14:46,559
It it was,

388
00:14:47,904 --> 00:14:48,644
a basic,

389
00:14:49,105 --> 00:14:49,605
basic,

390
00:14:50,225 --> 00:14:50,725
requirement

391
00:14:51,105 --> 00:14:52,865
in our team to make,

392
00:14:53,424 --> 00:14:56,965
more or less generally applicable drug delivery system,

393
00:14:57,184 --> 00:14:58,485
which can be applied,

394
00:14:58,865 --> 00:14:59,605
to formulate,

395
00:15:00,225 --> 00:15:00,725
different,

396
00:15:01,585 --> 00:15:01,950
drugs.

397
00:15:02,910 --> 00:15:05,490
Let let me give you one practical example

398
00:15:05,629 --> 00:15:06,129
that,

399
00:15:06,990 --> 00:15:07,490
in,

400
00:15:07,870 --> 00:15:08,370
normal,

401
00:15:08,830 --> 00:15:10,610
patients, glaucoma patients,

402
00:15:10,910 --> 00:15:14,129
there are medication which has two different components.

403
00:15:14,269 --> 00:15:14,769
So,

404
00:15:15,424 --> 00:15:16,064
I think,

405
00:15:16,544 --> 00:15:17,605
on this example,

406
00:15:18,784 --> 00:15:20,485
we have to work on that that,

407
00:15:21,985 --> 00:15:22,485
several,

408
00:15:23,345 --> 00:15:26,804
drugs can be inserted into this insert then

409
00:15:27,230 --> 00:15:29,889
can can have, the effect, among,

410
00:15:31,149 --> 00:15:33,230
zero gravity. So I think this is very

411
00:15:33,230 --> 00:15:34,909
important, and it was a very good question.

412
00:15:34,909 --> 00:15:38,370
So already there are medications in Earth's conditions

413
00:15:38,669 --> 00:15:41,970
with, two or three kind of different, drugs.

414
00:15:42,394 --> 00:15:45,115
So on on this principle, we can, use

415
00:15:45,115 --> 00:15:46,794
this idea also among,

416
00:15:47,355 --> 00:15:47,855
spacecrafts.

417
00:15:49,915 --> 00:15:52,315
Okay. And then my next question is, how

418
00:15:52,315 --> 00:15:54,495
easy is the insert to use?

419
00:15:55,929 --> 00:15:58,889
Yes. It's a good question because it strongly

420
00:15:58,889 --> 00:16:01,070
depends on the on the user, of course.

421
00:16:03,209 --> 00:16:04,829
I I think it's not

422
00:16:05,929 --> 00:16:08,909
more difficult than to apply a simple,

423
00:16:09,289 --> 00:16:10,909
regular contact lens

424
00:16:11,445 --> 00:16:14,425
anyway because, it's it's a very, very small

425
00:16:16,004 --> 00:16:16,504
object.

426
00:16:18,004 --> 00:16:18,504
Yes.

427
00:16:18,884 --> 00:16:21,285
Maybe we can we can use the example

428
00:16:21,285 --> 00:16:22,184
of, for example,

429
00:16:22,725 --> 00:16:23,545
small rice,

430
00:16:24,004 --> 00:16:24,504
piece.

431
00:16:25,764 --> 00:16:27,330
But, it's a very, very,

432
00:16:27,809 --> 00:16:29,669
important difference that our

433
00:16:30,049 --> 00:16:33,029
inserts are so soft and flexible.

434
00:16:35,090 --> 00:16:35,590
And

435
00:16:36,129 --> 00:16:38,549
just have to put this small,

436
00:16:39,304 --> 00:16:40,924
ophthalmic insert manually,

437
00:16:41,384 --> 00:16:43,964
into your lower eyelid.

438
00:16:44,345 --> 00:16:45,464
And after that,

439
00:16:46,105 --> 00:16:48,044
maybe after few blinking,

440
00:16:49,304 --> 00:16:50,204
and after

441
00:16:50,824 --> 00:16:52,365
half or one minute,

442
00:16:53,230 --> 00:16:53,970
you won't

443
00:16:54,350 --> 00:16:54,830
feel,

444
00:16:55,230 --> 00:16:55,889
the veering,

445
00:16:56,509 --> 00:16:58,370
of of of this insert.

446
00:16:58,750 --> 00:16:59,490
And, anyway,

447
00:17:00,509 --> 00:17:01,410
your your

448
00:17:02,990 --> 00:17:03,490
vision,

449
00:17:04,430 --> 00:17:05,410
will be exactly,

450
00:17:06,109 --> 00:17:06,849
the same,

451
00:17:07,755 --> 00:17:09,134
with inserts and without,

452
00:17:09,994 --> 00:17:10,494
inserts,

453
00:17:11,195 --> 00:17:11,855
of course.

454
00:17:12,555 --> 00:17:14,335
And, if if you,

455
00:17:15,355 --> 00:17:15,855
don't,

456
00:17:16,555 --> 00:17:17,755
pull down your,

457
00:17:18,154 --> 00:17:18,654
eyelid,

458
00:17:19,275 --> 00:17:20,414
and other people

459
00:17:20,875 --> 00:17:21,359
won't,

460
00:17:21,839 --> 00:17:22,339
realize

461
00:17:22,880 --> 00:17:25,119
that you wear the insert or not because

462
00:17:25,119 --> 00:17:25,619
it's,

463
00:17:26,400 --> 00:17:26,900
absolutely,

464
00:17:28,640 --> 00:17:29,140
absolutely,

465
00:17:30,559 --> 00:17:31,059
discreet.

466
00:17:31,359 --> 00:17:31,859
So,

467
00:17:33,359 --> 00:17:35,059
I think it's a good good point.

468
00:17:35,920 --> 00:17:36,420
And,

469
00:17:37,144 --> 00:17:39,884
yes, maybe, of course, it needs some training,

470
00:17:40,984 --> 00:17:44,105
because you have to put something into your

471
00:17:44,105 --> 00:17:46,984
eye. So, obviously, you have to practice it.

472
00:17:46,984 --> 00:17:48,924
But, as I know, if you,

473
00:17:49,960 --> 00:17:50,700
go to,

474
00:17:51,319 --> 00:17:53,339
shop land shop and and want to,

475
00:17:53,960 --> 00:17:54,779
be a first

476
00:17:55,159 --> 00:17:57,480
contact lens user, you have to do the

477
00:17:57,480 --> 00:17:59,339
same procedure just to

478
00:17:59,720 --> 00:18:00,700
to to train,

479
00:18:01,159 --> 00:18:03,319
the the application of the lens. So I

480
00:18:03,319 --> 00:18:04,904
think it's it's very similar,

481
00:18:05,924 --> 00:18:07,144
with our, inserts,

482
00:18:07,845 --> 00:18:10,565
as well. It's not more complicated than,

483
00:18:10,884 --> 00:18:13,605
dropping into the eye. It cannot be seen,

484
00:18:13,605 --> 00:18:15,765
and it cannot be fed within a couple

485
00:18:15,765 --> 00:18:19,259
of seconds. So and it dissolves automatically by

486
00:18:19,259 --> 00:18:20,640
itself and releasing,

487
00:18:21,099 --> 00:18:21,839
the drug,

488
00:18:22,220 --> 00:18:23,200
which is incorporated.

489
00:18:23,660 --> 00:18:26,220
So I think it's quite easy to use.

490
00:18:26,220 --> 00:18:27,519
I think also notes,

491
00:18:29,019 --> 00:18:31,484
can make much more difficult tasks.

492
00:18:32,125 --> 00:18:32,625
Yes.

493
00:18:33,005 --> 00:18:33,505
Anyway,

494
00:18:34,045 --> 00:18:36,204
that was one of the first, in the

495
00:18:36,204 --> 00:18:37,025
most important,

496
00:18:37,404 --> 00:18:39,984
questions said that, okay, we have experience

497
00:18:40,684 --> 00:18:41,424
on the ground,

498
00:18:41,804 --> 00:18:44,045
with the natural condition. And,

499
00:18:44,444 --> 00:18:45,184
for example,

500
00:18:47,460 --> 00:18:49,460
the aim of of the study on the

501
00:18:49,460 --> 00:18:49,960
ISS,

502
00:18:50,899 --> 00:18:52,279
is to to explore

503
00:18:52,740 --> 00:18:55,159
the differences in the insert application,

504
00:18:55,460 --> 00:18:56,119
the manually,

505
00:18:57,220 --> 00:18:59,399
the the effect, and and and

506
00:18:59,904 --> 00:19:01,845
the the feelings of the insert viewing,

507
00:19:02,545 --> 00:19:04,704
on on on the ISS. So it's a

508
00:19:04,704 --> 00:19:05,605
very important,

509
00:19:06,065 --> 00:19:06,565
question.

510
00:19:07,345 --> 00:19:08,545
Yeah. So, I mean, I was I was

511
00:19:08,545 --> 00:19:09,924
gonna ask. So, basically,

512
00:19:10,305 --> 00:19:12,884
in very recent Axiom mission four,

513
00:19:13,200 --> 00:19:15,919
these eye inserts were taken to the International

514
00:19:15,919 --> 00:19:16,899
Space Station

515
00:19:17,519 --> 00:19:18,980
for this testing in space,

516
00:19:19,839 --> 00:19:21,940
and the experiment was called ENGSANS.

517
00:19:22,640 --> 00:19:24,319
So, can you tell me a bit more

518
00:19:24,319 --> 00:19:26,099
about what these tests involved?

519
00:19:29,565 --> 00:19:30,125
Yes. So,

520
00:19:31,085 --> 00:19:31,585
because,

521
00:19:32,684 --> 00:19:36,144
you know, it's very, difficult to to involve,

522
00:19:37,565 --> 00:19:38,704
analytical systems,

523
00:19:39,244 --> 00:19:41,244
on on the ISS because, of course, it

524
00:19:41,244 --> 00:19:42,545
has a lot of, limitation.

525
00:19:43,759 --> 00:19:45,039
We wanted to explore,

526
00:19:45,359 --> 00:19:46,899
at the first time that,

527
00:19:47,759 --> 00:19:48,980
just just to collect,

528
00:19:49,359 --> 00:19:52,819
some some extra information about the, insert placing,

529
00:19:52,960 --> 00:19:55,380
insert wearing, how it can, affect

530
00:19:56,000 --> 00:19:56,720
the the simple,

531
00:19:57,634 --> 00:19:58,615
vision properties.

532
00:19:59,234 --> 00:20:00,434
So to to do,

533
00:20:00,835 --> 00:20:01,335
this,

534
00:20:03,474 --> 00:20:05,095
we apply some standardized

535
00:20:05,634 --> 00:20:06,134
questionnaire,

536
00:20:07,394 --> 00:20:08,214
which is,

537
00:20:08,835 --> 00:20:11,414
which is good to to make an objective

538
00:20:11,875 --> 00:20:12,375
information

539
00:20:14,250 --> 00:20:15,789
about the the vision,

540
00:20:16,250 --> 00:20:16,750
properties.

541
00:20:17,370 --> 00:20:19,769
This is the abbreviation of, visual,

542
00:20:20,170 --> 00:20:20,670
sensing,

543
00:20:21,450 --> 00:20:24,350
setup and the ocular surface disease index.

544
00:20:25,424 --> 00:20:27,125
It contains some standardized,

545
00:20:28,464 --> 00:20:29,365
direct question

546
00:20:29,744 --> 00:20:30,484
to measure,

547
00:20:31,505 --> 00:20:34,944
these these, these properties on the wearing, on

548
00:20:34,944 --> 00:20:36,464
the application, and and,

549
00:20:37,264 --> 00:20:39,444
and about the the the division,

550
00:20:39,825 --> 00:20:40,325
properties,

551
00:20:41,849 --> 00:20:44,509
because, you know, it's not easy to tell,

552
00:20:45,130 --> 00:20:47,630
something because it can be so subjective

553
00:20:47,930 --> 00:20:48,430
to

554
00:20:48,809 --> 00:20:50,029
to to describe.

555
00:20:50,570 --> 00:20:53,230
So, we really want to to apply

556
00:20:53,535 --> 00:20:56,115
something standardized and and, and measurable,

557
00:20:58,975 --> 00:20:59,555
a test,

558
00:21:00,174 --> 00:21:00,914
on it.

559
00:21:01,295 --> 00:21:02,275
And, of course,

560
00:21:05,055 --> 00:21:07,634
we we try to try to,

561
00:21:07,934 --> 00:21:08,434
involve

562
00:21:11,589 --> 00:21:12,250
some tests,

563
00:21:13,349 --> 00:21:14,170
with with

564
00:21:14,710 --> 00:21:18,089
OCT measurements to make a comparison

565
00:21:18,789 --> 00:21:20,809
between the prayer and the post flight

566
00:21:21,190 --> 00:21:21,690
condition

567
00:21:22,630 --> 00:21:24,315
of of of the eye.

568
00:21:24,634 --> 00:21:27,054
And, of course, we have other,

569
00:21:27,754 --> 00:21:28,254
tests,

570
00:21:28,954 --> 00:21:30,075
to make this this,

571
00:21:30,554 --> 00:21:31,934
a comparative study,

572
00:21:33,194 --> 00:21:33,694
involving,

573
00:21:34,714 --> 00:21:35,214
some

574
00:21:35,754 --> 00:21:37,375
in vitro and ex vivo

575
00:21:39,009 --> 00:21:39,509
investigation

576
00:21:39,890 --> 00:21:42,849
to to check, for example, the changes in

577
00:21:42,849 --> 00:21:44,470
the physical chemical condition,

578
00:21:45,410 --> 00:21:48,609
the the the dissolution conditions and and other

579
00:21:48,609 --> 00:21:51,250
other properties of the insert. And it's also,

580
00:21:51,569 --> 00:21:53,089
important to note that,

581
00:21:54,274 --> 00:21:55,974
beside the the human,

582
00:21:56,515 --> 00:21:57,015
application,

583
00:21:58,595 --> 00:21:58,835
we,

584
00:22:00,115 --> 00:22:01,414
develop some

585
00:22:01,794 --> 00:22:02,294
API,

586
00:22:02,674 --> 00:22:04,214
so active pharmaceutical ingredients

587
00:22:04,674 --> 00:22:05,174
loaded

588
00:22:05,474 --> 00:22:08,134
insert as as well without human application,

589
00:22:08,890 --> 00:22:12,429
but for material research and and pharmaceutical research

590
00:22:13,210 --> 00:22:13,710
because,

591
00:22:14,329 --> 00:22:16,809
we try to plan the future and and

592
00:22:16,809 --> 00:22:18,890
we have to collect the data and the

593
00:22:18,890 --> 00:22:21,390
information. For example, the drug stability

594
00:22:21,769 --> 00:22:24,954
in in this, solid, drug delivery system

595
00:22:25,414 --> 00:22:26,934
just to to see,

596
00:22:27,255 --> 00:22:29,815
what happens and to make a comparison. For

597
00:22:29,815 --> 00:22:30,315
example,

598
00:22:30,855 --> 00:22:31,835
the same drug,

599
00:22:32,375 --> 00:22:33,194
how how,

600
00:22:33,974 --> 00:22:34,875
we'll be affected

601
00:22:35,240 --> 00:22:37,980
in the zero gravity in a classic conversion

602
00:22:38,279 --> 00:22:40,279
hydrop form or in this,

603
00:22:40,680 --> 00:22:42,220
developed solid nanofibers,

604
00:22:42,840 --> 00:22:44,380
delivery system because

605
00:22:44,920 --> 00:22:47,180
these informations are so essential

606
00:22:48,535 --> 00:22:50,134
to to make a good basic for the

607
00:22:50,134 --> 00:22:51,035
further development.

608
00:22:53,335 --> 00:22:55,654
Okay. So when will the findings of the

609
00:22:55,654 --> 00:22:56,154
experiment

610
00:22:56,455 --> 00:22:59,575
be analyzed and shared, and what what are

611
00:22:59,575 --> 00:23:01,335
you hoping to see? What results are you

612
00:23:01,335 --> 00:23:02,154
looking for?

613
00:23:03,740 --> 00:23:05,119
Yes. I think,

614
00:23:06,139 --> 00:23:09,019
it's it it can be well fitted in

615
00:23:09,019 --> 00:23:09,519
every,

616
00:23:09,980 --> 00:23:13,359
basic and applied research. So but, of course,

617
00:23:13,740 --> 00:23:14,960
we are so motivated

618
00:23:15,259 --> 00:23:17,259
to collect the the results, and we get

619
00:23:17,259 --> 00:23:19,674
every help from the program and the exon

620
00:23:19,674 --> 00:23:21,674
space and the NASA as well. So we

621
00:23:21,674 --> 00:23:23,835
are very grateful because we have very nice

622
00:23:23,835 --> 00:23:26,654
collaboration, and we want to use every effort.

623
00:23:26,954 --> 00:23:27,994
But I think,

624
00:23:28,315 --> 00:23:28,815
maybe

625
00:23:29,274 --> 00:23:31,230
between half and one year,

626
00:23:33,150 --> 00:23:35,630
And after that, we we can collect the

627
00:23:35,630 --> 00:23:37,089
data, make the the,

628
00:23:37,630 --> 00:23:41,150
evaluation of the results, and and after that,

629
00:23:41,150 --> 00:23:43,069
we can release and and and we can

630
00:23:43,069 --> 00:23:44,174
make a quite

631
00:23:45,134 --> 00:23:45,615
informative,

632
00:23:45,934 --> 00:23:48,355
scientific dissemination of of our findings.

633
00:23:48,975 --> 00:23:51,134
So I think we have to emphasize that

634
00:23:51,134 --> 00:23:52,515
it was a short term,

635
00:23:53,775 --> 00:23:54,275
spacecraft,

636
00:23:54,654 --> 00:23:55,295
so about,

637
00:23:55,695 --> 00:23:56,190
two weeks.

638
00:23:56,750 --> 00:23:59,789
And so we were curious that, this new

639
00:23:59,789 --> 00:24:01,569
technology for the developed eyesert,

640
00:24:02,109 --> 00:24:02,609
application,

641
00:24:03,950 --> 00:24:05,329
we performed it without,

642
00:24:05,789 --> 00:24:06,289
drugs,

643
00:24:06,990 --> 00:24:08,750
how it works. So it was a so

644
00:24:08,750 --> 00:24:10,529
called empty nanofibers

645
00:24:11,149 --> 00:24:11,549
eyesert,

646
00:24:13,125 --> 00:24:13,945
with the potential,

647
00:24:14,484 --> 00:24:15,144
to have,

648
00:24:16,325 --> 00:24:16,825
drug

649
00:24:17,605 --> 00:24:20,644
delivery system, not only one, but, multiple drugs

650
00:24:20,644 --> 00:24:21,305
as well,

651
00:24:21,765 --> 00:24:22,505
if it's

652
00:24:23,125 --> 00:24:23,625
important.

653
00:24:24,244 --> 00:24:25,625
And, so the first,

654
00:24:26,644 --> 00:24:27,945
task was to prove

655
00:24:28,299 --> 00:24:30,799
that it works among zero gravity.

656
00:24:31,339 --> 00:24:32,079
And then,

657
00:24:32,460 --> 00:24:33,500
we can start,

658
00:24:33,980 --> 00:24:35,839
other experiments that,

659
00:24:36,619 --> 00:24:37,119
longer

660
00:24:37,420 --> 00:24:37,920
dissociation,

661
00:24:39,019 --> 00:24:39,519
time,

662
00:24:40,714 --> 00:24:42,474
how it works. Because,

663
00:24:42,954 --> 00:24:44,015
hydrox usually,

664
00:24:46,394 --> 00:24:47,134
with conservative

665
00:24:47,755 --> 00:24:48,255
material

666
00:24:48,714 --> 00:24:50,734
and without conservative material.

667
00:24:51,355 --> 00:24:53,355
So we have to know that how it

668
00:24:53,355 --> 00:24:54,619
works with this nanofibre

669
00:24:54,920 --> 00:24:57,660
insert that does it influence the conservation,

670
00:24:59,079 --> 00:25:00,059
the drug delivery

671
00:25:00,920 --> 00:25:01,980
process or

672
00:25:02,359 --> 00:25:02,859
not?

673
00:25:03,240 --> 00:25:04,380
How it's how

674
00:25:04,920 --> 00:25:07,259
stable is it for a longer time? Because,

675
00:25:07,894 --> 00:25:09,515
if there will be a

676
00:25:09,894 --> 00:25:11,115
one year or two years

677
00:25:11,575 --> 00:25:13,815
mission, then, this is, I think, a very

678
00:25:13,815 --> 00:25:14,315
important,

679
00:25:14,774 --> 00:25:15,994
question. So the

680
00:25:16,615 --> 00:25:19,274
final result of this, trip will be analyzed

681
00:25:19,335 --> 00:25:22,315
within half and, one year as Diana

682
00:25:23,250 --> 00:25:24,869
told. And, hopefully,

683
00:25:25,650 --> 00:25:27,029
we can conclude that,

684
00:25:28,130 --> 00:25:30,230
it works, and we can go on,

685
00:25:30,529 --> 00:25:31,269
for further,

686
00:25:32,210 --> 00:25:33,590
application and experiment,

687
00:25:34,529 --> 00:25:37,250
in Earth conditions as well and also among

688
00:25:37,250 --> 00:25:37,994
zero gravity.

689
00:25:39,035 --> 00:25:41,835
Okay. Great. I mean and then so the

690
00:25:41,835 --> 00:25:44,734
technology was developed by researchers at Semmelweis

691
00:25:45,035 --> 00:25:45,535
University

692
00:25:45,994 --> 00:25:46,815
and Budapest

693
00:25:47,194 --> 00:25:49,055
University Technology and Economics.

694
00:25:50,315 --> 00:25:52,359
So what were the roles of these two

695
00:25:52,359 --> 00:25:53,339
different institutions?

696
00:25:53,799 --> 00:25:56,220
And, also, how does the company SpinSplit

697
00:25:56,519 --> 00:25:57,740
fit in with it all?

698
00:25:59,720 --> 00:26:00,220
This,

699
00:26:01,079 --> 00:26:02,839
I think we can say it's a quite

700
00:26:02,839 --> 00:26:03,339
complex,

701
00:26:04,440 --> 00:26:04,940
innovation

702
00:26:05,240 --> 00:26:06,140
task. So,

703
00:26:07,365 --> 00:26:08,664
absolutely, it involves,

704
00:26:09,525 --> 00:26:09,924
two,

705
00:26:10,484 --> 00:26:12,345
quite big and great university,

706
00:26:12,965 --> 00:26:15,545
in Hungary. And that was Semmelweis University

707
00:26:16,164 --> 00:26:16,664
and,

708
00:26:17,445 --> 00:26:20,664
Budapest University of Technology and and Economics,

709
00:26:22,860 --> 00:26:22,940
because,

710
00:26:24,059 --> 00:26:25,440
we can we can

711
00:26:26,940 --> 00:26:27,440
define

712
00:26:27,900 --> 00:26:28,400
well,

713
00:26:29,580 --> 00:26:30,240
the different

714
00:26:31,259 --> 00:26:31,759
innovation

715
00:26:32,059 --> 00:26:32,559
area

716
00:26:32,860 --> 00:26:33,360
regarding,

717
00:26:33,820 --> 00:26:35,840
the clinical and pharmaceutical development

718
00:26:36,484 --> 00:26:38,025
side and regarding the technological

719
00:26:38,724 --> 00:26:39,224
side

720
00:26:39,525 --> 00:26:40,825
because, of course,

721
00:26:41,365 --> 00:26:42,884
we have a lot of,

722
00:26:43,285 --> 00:26:43,945
lot of,

723
00:26:45,924 --> 00:26:48,585
engineering question and and a lot of pharmaceutical

724
00:26:48,805 --> 00:26:50,265
question and medical question.

725
00:26:51,549 --> 00:26:52,289
So anyway,

726
00:26:53,150 --> 00:26:55,470
just from my side that, was,

727
00:26:56,109 --> 00:26:57,650
the most, interesting,

728
00:26:58,350 --> 00:27:00,850
part of this project, how we can collaborate

729
00:27:00,990 --> 00:27:02,210
and and work together.

730
00:27:02,924 --> 00:27:03,424
And,

731
00:27:04,445 --> 00:27:05,265
and and,

732
00:27:06,605 --> 00:27:08,945
for example, to make, the clinical

733
00:27:09,884 --> 00:27:12,384
trials and tests and the pharmaceutical investigations

734
00:27:13,644 --> 00:27:15,105
and and and the material

735
00:27:17,029 --> 00:27:17,529
investigations

736
00:27:18,390 --> 00:27:19,990
as well. We I think we can make

737
00:27:19,990 --> 00:27:21,450
a quite, fruitful

738
00:27:22,069 --> 00:27:24,230
collaboration and and nature of of this,

739
00:27:24,789 --> 00:27:25,289
institute.

740
00:27:25,750 --> 00:27:26,490
And, anyway,

741
00:27:26,950 --> 00:27:28,250
spin split, it's it's

742
00:27:29,855 --> 00:27:31,275
spin off like,

743
00:27:31,695 --> 00:27:33,875
small company of, the University

744
00:27:34,414 --> 00:27:36,835
of Technology and and Economics.

745
00:27:37,295 --> 00:27:38,434
And, SpinSplit

746
00:27:38,974 --> 00:27:40,434
company is the responsible,

747
00:27:41,575 --> 00:27:42,755
on the nanofiber

748
00:27:43,214 --> 00:27:44,549
production the nanofiber,

749
00:27:45,410 --> 00:27:45,910
development.

750
00:27:46,450 --> 00:27:48,630
And we have to, develop,

751
00:27:49,170 --> 00:27:51,349
a very first, first time anyway,

752
00:27:52,049 --> 00:27:52,869
the aseptic

753
00:27:53,170 --> 00:27:54,549
production of nanofibers

754
00:27:55,250 --> 00:27:56,769
because it was a very, very,

755
00:27:57,274 --> 00:27:57,774
hard

756
00:27:58,154 --> 00:28:00,794
requirements of the of this project that, if

757
00:28:00,794 --> 00:28:03,134
you want to, develop an off atomic,

758
00:28:03,674 --> 00:28:05,534
drug, you have to be sterile.

759
00:28:06,554 --> 00:28:09,595
And it's very easy to, to do if

760
00:28:09,595 --> 00:28:11,759
you want to make a simple eye drop.

761
00:28:12,240 --> 00:28:14,240
Because, for example, with the applying of a

762
00:28:14,240 --> 00:28:16,480
sterile filtration, you can manage it and that's

763
00:28:16,480 --> 00:28:16,980
all.

764
00:28:17,519 --> 00:28:18,019
Almost.

765
00:28:18,480 --> 00:28:18,960
But,

766
00:28:19,279 --> 00:28:20,720
we have to have to,

767
00:28:21,200 --> 00:28:21,700
integrate

768
00:28:22,000 --> 00:28:22,660
our technology

769
00:28:23,200 --> 00:28:24,900
on a totally new platform

770
00:28:25,525 --> 00:28:27,204
in in the which means the aseptic,

771
00:28:27,525 --> 00:28:28,025
production.

772
00:28:29,125 --> 00:28:29,605
And,

773
00:28:31,525 --> 00:28:33,285
we could get a lot of very, very

774
00:28:33,285 --> 00:28:33,785
straightforward

775
00:28:34,724 --> 00:28:37,065
information and and vision and approach

776
00:28:37,444 --> 00:28:38,424
in in the final,

777
00:28:38,884 --> 00:28:40,105
development step,

778
00:28:40,815 --> 00:28:43,710
anyway. So SpeedStreet was was the the the

779
00:28:43,710 --> 00:28:44,210
main,

780
00:28:45,150 --> 00:28:47,230
the main head to how we can we

781
00:28:47,230 --> 00:28:47,730
can,

782
00:28:48,509 --> 00:28:49,970
develop this this technology,

783
00:28:50,509 --> 00:28:51,809
on on on the aseptic

784
00:28:53,309 --> 00:28:53,809
production.

785
00:28:54,525 --> 00:28:55,585
I think it's

786
00:28:56,684 --> 00:28:59,345
a very nice combination of translational medicine,

787
00:29:00,445 --> 00:29:03,484
and a cooperation between the technical university and

788
00:29:03,484 --> 00:29:06,365
the medical universities of human studies and the

789
00:29:06,365 --> 00:29:07,984
physical and chemical studies.

790
00:29:09,000 --> 00:29:09,660
And historically,

791
00:29:11,720 --> 00:29:12,539
I, as

792
00:29:12,840 --> 00:29:15,019
a lead ophthalmology in the eye clinic,

793
00:29:16,039 --> 00:29:16,779
were involved

794
00:29:17,799 --> 00:29:18,700
in the pre

795
00:29:19,080 --> 00:29:19,580
examination

796
00:29:19,960 --> 00:29:22,059
of the, astronaut applicants.

797
00:29:22,845 --> 00:29:24,544
And then I looked after

798
00:29:24,845 --> 00:29:27,085
in literature and in everywhere that,

799
00:29:27,884 --> 00:29:28,865
what is the

800
00:29:29,164 --> 00:29:31,265
effect of zero gravity on eye?

801
00:29:31,804 --> 00:29:34,144
And I think it was a very interesting,

802
00:29:35,005 --> 00:29:36,365
realization for me that,

803
00:29:37,339 --> 00:29:39,759
the blood circulation goes upward,

804
00:29:40,380 --> 00:29:42,960
in zero gravity in toward of the head.

805
00:29:43,259 --> 00:29:45,339
And we have a lot of diseases in

806
00:29:45,339 --> 00:29:47,279
earth conditions like diabetes,

807
00:29:47,980 --> 00:29:48,220
then,

808
00:29:48,940 --> 00:29:50,080
macular edema,

809
00:29:50,765 --> 00:29:52,784
in age related macular degeneration,

810
00:29:53,565 --> 00:29:56,684
which resembles in symptoms that what can happen

811
00:29:56,684 --> 00:29:57,904
among zero gravity.

812
00:29:58,365 --> 00:30:00,605
And so we have medication for that. And,

813
00:30:01,085 --> 00:30:03,265
but the medic medication, as I,

814
00:30:03,884 --> 00:30:06,890
told you, explained already at the beginning, that

815
00:30:06,890 --> 00:30:08,670
it's a drop formula.

816
00:30:09,450 --> 00:30:11,529
But it, I also found that that it

817
00:30:11,529 --> 00:30:13,230
doesn't work at all in,

818
00:30:13,769 --> 00:30:14,269
among,

819
00:30:14,890 --> 00:30:16,750
space conditions of zero gravity.

820
00:30:17,210 --> 00:30:19,869
And then we met professor Balog and also

821
00:30:20,695 --> 00:30:21,835
professor Diana,

822
00:30:22,615 --> 00:30:26,695
Weiser Balog and, sat down. And, so my

823
00:30:26,695 --> 00:30:29,174
thought was that we have to find out

824
00:30:29,174 --> 00:30:29,674
some

825
00:30:30,055 --> 00:30:32,295
delivery system which works among,

826
00:30:32,855 --> 00:30:33,595
zero gravity.

827
00:30:34,230 --> 00:30:34,730
And

828
00:30:35,109 --> 00:30:37,990
then they had experience with this technology. I

829
00:30:37,990 --> 00:30:39,690
had experience with atomic,

830
00:30:40,069 --> 00:30:44,170
treatment conditions and, also symptoms and the diagnostics.

831
00:30:44,869 --> 00:30:45,609
And so,

832
00:30:46,549 --> 00:30:48,724
how is it started? This is how is

833
00:30:48,724 --> 00:30:49,684
it started about,

834
00:30:50,325 --> 00:30:52,505
let's say, two years ago. And so, gradually,

835
00:30:53,365 --> 00:30:55,144
we could develop this nanofiber

836
00:30:55,845 --> 00:30:56,345
technology.

837
00:30:57,044 --> 00:30:57,444
And,

838
00:30:58,244 --> 00:31:00,484
so I think, we're on the edge that

839
00:31:00,484 --> 00:31:01,944
it also can be used

840
00:31:02,244 --> 00:31:02,744
for

841
00:31:03,180 --> 00:31:04,480
for some other purposes

842
00:31:05,019 --> 00:31:07,100
among Earth's conditions as well. So it's not

843
00:31:07,100 --> 00:31:07,920
only for

844
00:31:08,220 --> 00:31:11,259
the spacecraft. It it can be used also

845
00:31:11,259 --> 00:31:12,640
among, Earth conditions

846
00:31:13,100 --> 00:31:13,840
for other,

847
00:31:14,220 --> 00:31:16,539
eye diseases and problems. So you have to

848
00:31:16,539 --> 00:31:18,000
have a dedicated ophthalmologist,

849
00:31:18,934 --> 00:31:19,515
a physicist,

850
00:31:21,095 --> 00:31:23,355
and a person with

851
00:31:23,815 --> 00:31:25,035
a chemical and,

852
00:31:26,055 --> 00:31:26,555
pharmaceutical

853
00:31:26,934 --> 00:31:27,434
experiences.

854
00:31:28,535 --> 00:31:29,974
Yeah. And then we all all and we

855
00:31:29,974 --> 00:31:30,474
always,

856
00:31:30,775 --> 00:31:31,515
and continuously,

857
00:31:32,134 --> 00:31:33,275
put our inputs.

858
00:31:33,660 --> 00:31:34,160
So,

859
00:31:35,500 --> 00:31:37,100
I think it was a very, very,

860
00:31:37,900 --> 00:31:38,960
so called classic,

861
00:31:40,140 --> 00:31:42,240
type of of collaboration because

862
00:31:42,539 --> 00:31:45,100
they're always in contact. And then always, if

863
00:31:45,100 --> 00:31:46,640
we have a problem, we always,

864
00:31:46,940 --> 00:31:49,424
discuss it and that everybody put put,

865
00:31:50,045 --> 00:31:52,125
the best for three Yes. Then and and

866
00:31:52,125 --> 00:31:54,125
and the best knowledge to to to solve

867
00:31:54,125 --> 00:31:54,625
it.

868
00:31:54,924 --> 00:31:57,505
And, anyway, we we, can get absolutely,

869
00:31:58,125 --> 00:31:58,785
the maximum,

870
00:31:59,244 --> 00:32:00,224
support for,

871
00:32:01,085 --> 00:32:03,565
from the Hunor, program as well because,

872
00:32:04,309 --> 00:32:06,089
this program has also very,

873
00:32:06,789 --> 00:32:07,690
good experts.

874
00:32:08,150 --> 00:32:11,509
And, we always share our expertise. And and

875
00:32:11,509 --> 00:32:13,849
if we have some problems or limits,

876
00:32:15,349 --> 00:32:16,950
we we can we can manage it and

877
00:32:16,950 --> 00:32:18,309
and and solve it. So,

878
00:32:18,904 --> 00:32:20,904
we are very grateful to the Hunor and

879
00:32:20,904 --> 00:32:23,964
the Axiom, space company, as well because

880
00:32:24,505 --> 00:32:25,404
it was a

881
00:32:25,704 --> 00:32:26,684
a big collaboration

882
00:32:26,984 --> 00:32:29,005
and and and and the hard work

883
00:32:30,839 --> 00:32:31,339
together.

884
00:32:32,279 --> 00:32:35,559
Huna, that's the Hungarian to orbit astronaut program.

885
00:32:35,559 --> 00:32:37,419
Yes. Yes. Yeah. Okay. Cool.

886
00:32:37,799 --> 00:32:38,299
So

887
00:32:40,119 --> 00:32:41,880
just looking to the future, could you sort

888
00:32:41,880 --> 00:32:44,625
of just give an example perhaps of how

889
00:32:44,625 --> 00:32:45,285
the ion

890
00:32:45,744 --> 00:32:47,285
could be used to help astronauts

891
00:32:47,744 --> 00:32:49,845
and also how it could be employed

892
00:32:50,224 --> 00:32:52,164
on Earth more generally in the clinic?

893
00:32:52,705 --> 00:32:53,205
Okay.

894
00:32:53,744 --> 00:32:54,305
I think,

895
00:32:54,705 --> 00:32:56,565
results so far are very promising.

896
00:32:57,440 --> 00:32:59,940
So the application of a solid nonfibrous

897
00:33:00,319 --> 00:33:00,819
insert

898
00:33:01,440 --> 00:33:02,259
could represent

899
00:33:03,359 --> 00:33:05,759
a kind of a straightforward approach to treat

900
00:33:05,759 --> 00:33:07,700
eye disease in space. So,

901
00:33:08,400 --> 00:33:10,180
like, macular edema,

902
00:33:10,804 --> 00:33:11,304
like,

903
00:33:12,244 --> 00:33:14,984
some, edema in other part of the retina,

904
00:33:15,765 --> 00:33:16,664
then swelling,

905
00:33:17,045 --> 00:33:19,545
the optic nerve head, and some,

906
00:33:20,644 --> 00:33:21,144
small,

907
00:33:22,325 --> 00:33:24,724
none really significant, but we can call it

908
00:33:24,724 --> 00:33:26,390
infarct within the retinal,

909
00:33:27,330 --> 00:33:27,830
layer.

910
00:33:29,330 --> 00:33:29,830
So,

911
00:33:30,369 --> 00:33:33,190
by adjusting of the drug release, several treatment

912
00:33:33,250 --> 00:33:35,750
protocols can be achieved. So,

913
00:33:37,250 --> 00:33:37,730
like,

914
00:33:38,049 --> 00:33:39,670
intraocular pressure elevation,

915
00:33:40,705 --> 00:33:42,164
because at the start,

916
00:33:42,625 --> 00:33:45,285
the pressure goes up in the head. Sometimes

917
00:33:45,345 --> 00:33:46,485
the face also

918
00:33:46,865 --> 00:33:49,265
swollen a little bit, and also the eye

919
00:33:49,265 --> 00:33:51,365
pressure might go up. And if it's,

920
00:33:52,384 --> 00:33:55,920
stays for a longer period, like, one or

921
00:33:55,920 --> 00:33:58,099
two weeks, then it's needed to be treated.

922
00:33:59,359 --> 00:34:01,759
So I think in long term release and

923
00:34:01,759 --> 00:34:03,380
combined drug, forms,

924
00:34:03,759 --> 00:34:05,140
can be used in,

925
00:34:05,759 --> 00:34:07,680
in space for long term,

926
00:34:08,000 --> 00:34:08,820
space journey.

927
00:34:09,355 --> 00:34:11,275
So we have to prepare that what kind

928
00:34:11,275 --> 00:34:13,055
of, drugs can be

929
00:34:13,434 --> 00:34:15,934
included into one insert and what,

930
00:34:16,235 --> 00:34:19,055
should be, separately in another insert.

931
00:34:20,075 --> 00:34:20,575
So,

932
00:34:21,994 --> 00:34:24,075
but the rapid action of the proper drugs

933
00:34:24,075 --> 00:34:24,735
has also

934
00:34:25,809 --> 00:34:26,550
unique, advantages.

935
00:34:27,170 --> 00:34:29,650
And so in long term, we can use

936
00:34:29,650 --> 00:34:30,309
it also,

937
00:34:31,089 --> 00:34:34,449
in patients in earth conditions who cannot drop

938
00:34:34,449 --> 00:34:37,170
by themselves, for example, but they could put

939
00:34:37,170 --> 00:34:39,429
the because they have a shaking hands,

940
00:34:39,730 --> 00:34:40,469
for example.

941
00:34:40,795 --> 00:34:41,755
But they could put,

942
00:34:42,635 --> 00:34:43,534
this insert,

943
00:34:43,914 --> 00:34:44,974
much more easily

944
00:34:45,434 --> 00:34:46,894
into the lower lid.

945
00:34:47,675 --> 00:34:48,074
And,

946
00:34:48,474 --> 00:34:49,775
also, there are,

947
00:34:50,394 --> 00:34:52,414
for anesthetic purpose before,

948
00:34:53,275 --> 00:34:54,255
an eye operation,

949
00:34:55,059 --> 00:34:56,339
Also, something for,

950
00:34:56,819 --> 00:34:58,280
dilation of the pupil,

951
00:34:58,819 --> 00:34:59,319
then,

952
00:35:00,420 --> 00:35:01,319
pressure lowering,

953
00:35:02,339 --> 00:35:04,679
then also artificial tear because,

954
00:35:05,059 --> 00:35:05,559
in

955
00:35:07,474 --> 00:35:08,035
air condition

956
00:35:09,635 --> 00:35:11,735
using an air condition, the air is very

957
00:35:12,275 --> 00:35:14,535
dry. So some people needed,

958
00:35:15,394 --> 00:35:15,894
some

959
00:35:16,675 --> 00:35:19,255
artificial tear. Also, when we use a computer

960
00:35:19,315 --> 00:35:20,375
screen, for example,

961
00:35:20,675 --> 00:35:22,135
we measure that we blink

962
00:35:23,670 --> 00:35:24,170
twice

963
00:35:24,710 --> 00:35:27,750
less than no among normal condition. So the

964
00:35:27,750 --> 00:35:31,109
dry eye symptoms among computer users are also

965
00:35:31,109 --> 00:35:33,909
very important. And, also, it could be very

966
00:35:33,909 --> 00:35:34,409
similar

967
00:35:35,144 --> 00:35:35,644
your

968
00:35:35,945 --> 00:35:38,545
space scrub journey. So I think the future

969
00:35:38,545 --> 00:35:40,684
is, hopefully with us,

970
00:35:41,945 --> 00:35:44,285
with with this research team. And,

971
00:35:45,224 --> 00:35:48,765
also, I think NASA and ESA, so the

972
00:35:49,849 --> 00:35:52,269
American and also the European Space Agencies,

973
00:35:53,369 --> 00:35:54,110
found it

974
00:35:56,090 --> 00:35:58,170
quite nice, this idea, and so we can

975
00:35:58,170 --> 00:35:58,829
use it,

976
00:35:59,449 --> 00:36:02,989
among space conditions and also among Earth conditions.

977
00:36:04,945 --> 00:36:07,585
Great. And then finally, my my next final

978
00:36:07,585 --> 00:36:08,304
question is,

979
00:36:08,864 --> 00:36:10,484
what's next in the pipeline

980
00:36:10,784 --> 00:36:11,605
for this project?

981
00:36:12,465 --> 00:36:12,965
Yeah.

982
00:36:13,344 --> 00:36:13,744
Now,

983
00:36:14,144 --> 00:36:15,844
we are in the very interesting

984
00:36:16,144 --> 00:36:17,740
so called post flight,

985
00:36:18,140 --> 00:36:19,280
research period.

986
00:36:19,660 --> 00:36:22,220
So it means the the collection and the

987
00:36:22,220 --> 00:36:24,400
evaluation of, of our data.

988
00:36:25,260 --> 00:36:25,760
And,

989
00:36:26,220 --> 00:36:26,720
hopefully,

990
00:36:27,260 --> 00:36:28,800
we will have a lot of,

991
00:36:29,980 --> 00:36:30,480
feedbacks

992
00:36:30,824 --> 00:36:32,204
and and and discussions,

993
00:36:33,864 --> 00:36:34,925
to to

994
00:36:35,945 --> 00:36:36,764
to draw,

995
00:36:37,625 --> 00:36:39,804
the little bit bigger picture,

996
00:36:40,184 --> 00:36:40,824
of the result,

997
00:36:41,385 --> 00:36:42,125
of this

998
00:36:43,784 --> 00:36:44,925
project work.

999
00:36:45,960 --> 00:36:47,500
And, of course, in parallel,

1000
00:36:49,159 --> 00:36:50,460
the the data,

1001
00:36:51,079 --> 00:36:51,579
explanation,

1002
00:36:53,000 --> 00:36:55,340
we have, already started to,

1003
00:36:56,039 --> 00:36:57,500
to to, prepare,

1004
00:36:58,674 --> 00:36:59,815
the further steps,

1005
00:37:00,275 --> 00:37:01,154
which means,

1006
00:37:01,954 --> 00:37:02,914
how we can,

1007
00:37:03,875 --> 00:37:04,375
encapsulate,

1008
00:37:05,154 --> 00:37:05,635
different,

1009
00:37:06,194 --> 00:37:06,694
drugs,

1010
00:37:06,994 --> 00:37:07,974
in the developed,

1011
00:37:08,755 --> 00:37:09,255
nanofiber,

1012
00:37:10,194 --> 00:37:11,335
based, delivery,

1013
00:37:12,090 --> 00:37:12,590
system.

1014
00:37:13,690 --> 00:37:16,910
But it's, important to highlight that it's require

1015
00:37:17,130 --> 00:37:18,510
a lot of paperwork

1016
00:37:18,890 --> 00:37:21,230
and and a lot of, you know, preparation,

1017
00:37:23,769 --> 00:37:24,250
to get,

1018
00:37:24,809 --> 00:37:25,869
the proper permissions

1019
00:37:26,250 --> 00:37:29,114
and license fees and and and other other,

1020
00:37:29,434 --> 00:37:29,934
documentation.

1021
00:37:30,795 --> 00:37:32,015
So it takes very,

1022
00:37:33,195 --> 00:37:34,715
long time and and and,

1023
00:37:35,675 --> 00:37:36,394
bigger for

1024
00:37:38,394 --> 00:37:40,094
but we we wanted to

1025
00:37:41,280 --> 00:37:41,940
turn in

1026
00:37:42,320 --> 00:37:43,860
in in in the future,

1027
00:37:45,199 --> 00:37:45,699
our

1028
00:37:46,000 --> 00:37:46,500
results,

1029
00:37:47,039 --> 00:37:49,679
which can, be get from from the ISS

1030
00:37:49,679 --> 00:37:51,940
of of the Axiom four, mission,

1031
00:37:52,320 --> 00:37:55,140
and we wanted to integrate this experience,

1032
00:37:56,755 --> 00:37:57,574
to continue,

1033
00:37:58,594 --> 00:37:59,414
this work.

1034
00:37:59,715 --> 00:38:01,255
And we want to identify

1035
00:38:02,034 --> 00:38:03,574
the key parameters,

1036
00:38:04,195 --> 00:38:05,894
of the insert development.

1037
00:38:06,675 --> 00:38:07,494
For example,

1038
00:38:09,449 --> 00:38:10,349
further optimization

1039
00:38:11,130 --> 00:38:12,269
regarding the

1040
00:38:12,570 --> 00:38:13,070
geometry,

1041
00:38:13,449 --> 00:38:14,190
the shape,

1042
00:38:14,570 --> 00:38:17,070
the surface properties, and and other other,

1043
00:38:17,849 --> 00:38:18,349
other,

1044
00:38:20,170 --> 00:38:20,670
parameters

1045
00:38:21,130 --> 00:38:22,269
of of the insert.

1046
00:38:23,515 --> 00:38:26,894
And and, it's a very interesting period because,

1047
00:38:28,954 --> 00:38:29,454
maybe

1048
00:38:30,074 --> 00:38:31,295
we can make

1049
00:38:32,235 --> 00:38:35,135
an existed, but maybe a new approach,

1050
00:38:35,920 --> 00:38:38,099
how we can make this further development

1051
00:38:38,960 --> 00:38:41,699
because we have a lot of additional information.

1052
00:38:42,320 --> 00:38:43,140
For example,

1053
00:38:44,480 --> 00:38:45,860
the the space conditions

1054
00:38:46,480 --> 00:38:47,360
and and we,

1055
00:38:48,094 --> 00:38:50,674
have results from the clinical investigation

1056
00:38:51,135 --> 00:38:51,795
as well.

1057
00:38:52,094 --> 00:38:53,875
So it's a very nice task

1058
00:38:54,255 --> 00:38:56,674
to make a good and straightforward mixture

1059
00:38:56,974 --> 00:38:59,454
from from this result and and and to

1060
00:38:59,454 --> 00:39:01,474
make a good basis for the further development.

1061
00:39:02,210 --> 00:39:05,089
I think the physical and chemical analysis and

1062
00:39:05,089 --> 00:39:08,150
also that how, this insert behaves,

1063
00:39:09,409 --> 00:39:11,029
in Earth condition with,

1064
00:39:11,969 --> 00:39:13,989
drug and without drug, very important.

1065
00:39:14,545 --> 00:39:17,105
And so in the future, we have to

1066
00:39:17,105 --> 00:39:17,905
find out that,

1067
00:39:19,264 --> 00:39:20,005
one drug,

1068
00:39:21,184 --> 00:39:22,724
multiple drug administration,

1069
00:39:24,385 --> 00:39:25,284
is the better,

1070
00:39:25,744 --> 00:39:26,965
how it really works

1071
00:39:27,824 --> 00:39:28,965
with, normal

1072
00:39:29,639 --> 00:39:30,699
humans, not

1073
00:39:31,400 --> 00:39:32,139
only astronauts.

1074
00:39:32,519 --> 00:39:34,599
And then we can also use it,

1075
00:39:35,000 --> 00:39:36,380
among zero gravity.

1076
00:39:36,920 --> 00:39:37,400
And,

1077
00:39:37,880 --> 00:39:38,380
hopefully,

1078
00:39:39,480 --> 00:39:42,539
all experiments can be finished and concluded

1079
00:39:43,184 --> 00:39:45,125
until the, long term

1080
00:39:45,824 --> 00:39:46,324
spacecraft

1081
00:39:47,744 --> 00:39:50,305
journey starts within couple of years. So I

1082
00:39:50,305 --> 00:39:50,805
would

1083
00:39:52,144 --> 00:39:52,644
summarize,

1084
00:39:53,184 --> 00:39:56,340
like this. So we go on this path,

1085
00:39:56,340 --> 00:39:57,559
and, hopefully,

1086
00:39:58,099 --> 00:39:59,320
there will be some,

1087
00:40:00,180 --> 00:40:03,059
very new things which can be used and

1088
00:40:03,059 --> 00:40:04,680
can be favorable for,

1089
00:40:05,860 --> 00:40:09,059
patients in Earth, so among normal conditions and

1090
00:40:09,059 --> 00:40:10,965
also among zero gravity conditions.

1091
00:40:12,405 --> 00:40:16,244
Excellent. Well, thank you, Zoltan and Diana, for

1092
00:40:16,244 --> 00:40:17,545
speaking with us today.

1093
00:40:18,405 --> 00:40:20,025
Thank you very much the opportunity.

1094
00:40:20,565 --> 00:40:21,625
I do. Clear.

1095
00:40:21,925 --> 00:40:24,164
It was so interesting to talk about our

1096
00:40:24,164 --> 00:40:24,664
project.

1097
00:40:25,139 --> 00:40:25,880
Thank you.

1098
00:40:26,179 --> 00:40:26,920
Thank you.

1099
00:40:34,579 --> 00:40:37,799
That was Physics World's Tammy Freeman in conversation

1100
00:40:38,260 --> 00:40:39,079
with Diana

1101
00:40:39,619 --> 00:40:41,695
Balog Weiser of SpinSplit

1102
00:40:42,155 --> 00:40:43,054
and Budapest

1103
00:40:43,434 --> 00:40:43,934
University

1104
00:40:44,235 --> 00:40:44,894
of Technology

1105
00:40:45,275 --> 00:40:46,175
and Economics

1106
00:40:46,795 --> 00:40:50,014
and Zoltan Nagy of Semmelweis University.

1107
00:40:50,635 --> 00:40:51,775
Thanks to Tammy,

1108
00:40:52,074 --> 00:40:55,454
Zoltan, and Diana for a fascinating discussion.

1109
00:40:56,019 --> 00:40:58,739
And a special thanks to our producer, Fred

1110
00:40:58,739 --> 00:40:59,239
Isles.

1111
00:40:59,860 --> 00:41:01,640
We'll be back again next week.