How Things Were Made in the 1800s: A Gentle Look at Old Craftsmanship | Boring History

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Hey, my little sleepy friends. 
Let's take a quiet Journey back 

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to a time when making things 
required patient skill and the 

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kind of attention to detail that
our modern world has mostly 

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forgotten. 
This is a story about hands. 

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Calloused, skilled and deeply 
knowledgeable hands that shape 

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the world one careful stroke at 
a time. 

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So, before we begin, as always, 
please take a moment to like the

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video and subscribe, as it helps
us, and let me know where you're

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tuning in from, and what time it
is for you. 

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Now, dim your lights, get 
comfortable, and prepare to be 

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bored to sleep by yours. 
Truly, Close your eyes from a 

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moment and imagine the year 
1800. 

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There's no hum of electricity in
the background. 

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No distant traffic noise and no 
notification sounds breaking. 

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Your concentration? 
Instead the world announces 

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itself through different 
rhythms, the clip-clop of horses

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on cobblestones the distant ring
of a church bell marking the 

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hour or perhaps the Creak of a 
wooden cart making its way down 

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a dirt road. 
In this world, nearly 

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Everything. 
You Touch has been made by 

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someone. 
You could actually meet Your 

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shoes were crafted by the 
cobbler, three streets over the 

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one who shops smells of leather 
and beeswax. 

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Your shirt was woven by someone 
who knew the sheep that provided

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the wool and maybe even helped 
cheer them on a bright spring 

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morning. 
The nails holding your house 

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together were hammered out one 
by one. 

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By a blacksmith, whose 
grandfather taught him, the 

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trade, who learned it from his 
own grandfather before that. 

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The 1800s occupy. 
This fascinating middle ground 

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in human history, a bridge 
between the ancient world of 

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pure handcraft and our Modern 
Age of mass production. 

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At the centuries beginning 
methods of making things hadn't 

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changed substantially in 
hundreds of years. 

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A medieval Craftsmen transported
to 1800 would reasonably at home

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in most workshops? 
But by 1900 factories were 

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humming with machinery, and that
same medieval Craftsmen would 

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have thought he'd stumbled into 
some kind of mechanical fever 

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dream. 
You have to understand that in 

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1800 the concept of shopping as 
we know it. 

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Barely existed. 
You didn't browse through 

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identical products made in 
distant factories. 

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Instead you visited crafts 
people, who would make something

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specifically for you. 
Shaped to your measurements 

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built to last not months or 
years but potentially 

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Generations, every object 
carried the fingerprints. 

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Sometimes literally of its 
maker, this wasn't romanticized.

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Simplicity life was hard. 
Work was demanding and making 

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even basic necessities required 
skills that took years to 

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master. 
There was something in this way 

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of making things that we've 
largely lost. 

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A direct relationship between 
maker and user between material 

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and finished object. 
And between the time, something 

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took to create and the value, 
placed upon it, The 1800s would 

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watch this entire system, 
transform. 

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Steam engines, would gradually 
replace water wheels and muscle 

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power. 
Factories would centralize work 

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that had once been scattered 
across thousands of small 

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workshops. 
Skills passed down through 

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apprenticeship, would begin to 
be codified in technical manuals

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that anyone could theoretically 
learn from. 

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It was progress, certainly, but 
it came with cost that Crafts 

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People of the time could feel in
their bones. 

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What's fascinating is how long 
traditional craftsmanship? 

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Persisted alongside these new 
industrial methods? 

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Even as factories began, 
producing cheap textiles, 

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handweavers, continued their 
work, creating Fabrics that 

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machines couldn't yet match. 
While mass produced Furniture 

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filled modest. 
Homes skilled cabinet makers 

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still crafted pieces for those 
who value their Artistry over 

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economy. 
The century became a long slow 

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negotiation between handmade 
quality and manufactured 

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quantity. 
Between individual Artistry and 

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standardized efficiency. 
Tonight, we're going to explore 

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this world through the hands and
workshops of the people who made

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it. 
Not the famous inventors or 

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industrial magnates whose names 
Phil history books, but the 

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blacksmiths and Carpenters 
Weavers, and cobblers Tinkers, 

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and countless other Crafts. 
People Who skills shaped daily 

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life. 
Their world moved at the pace of

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careful, work measured not in 
metrics. 

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And deadlines in the time, it 
takes to do something properly. 

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So settle in deeper, adjust your
pillow. 

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And let's step into workshops, 
where the air smells of wood, 

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shavings and cold smoke, where 
time is marked by the rhythm of 

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tools meeting material and where
making something beautiful and 

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useful is simply how you spend 
your day? 

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The blacksmith's, Workshop is 
the heart of any 1800s town or 

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Village you can usually smell it
before you see it. 

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Distinctive scent of cold smoke 
mixed with hot metal, and the 

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slightly accurate Tang of 
quenched, iron meeting water. 

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It's early morning as you 
approach and already the forge 

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is glowing radiating heat. 
That feels Pleasant in the cool 

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Dawn are but will become 
oppressive by midday. 

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Step inside and your eyes. 
Need a moment to adjust to the 

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dimness punctuated by the 
brilliant orange, yellow glow of

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the forge. 
The blacksmith is already at 

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work. 
These Craftsmen often start 

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Before Sunrise because metal 
work demands the best hours of 

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the day and the mind is sharpest
and the hands steadiest. 

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Watch how he works. 
Because there's a rhythm to 

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blacksmithing. 
That's almost Musical. 

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The iron rod goes into the Ford 
nestled in the carefully. 

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Banked coals that maintain a 
temperature of around 2000 

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degrees Fahrenheit. 
Not that anyone in 1800 is 

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measuring temperatures 
precisely. 

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The blacksmith knows his Heat by
color. 

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Black Iron that begins to show a
faint, red glow, red, that 

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brightens to orange or orange 
that lightens to yellow. 

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And finally, the rare white heat
reserved for welding two pieces 

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together. 
While the iron heats, the 

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blacksmith might prepare his 
tools or check previous work. 

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But mostly he's watching that 
glow waiting for the precise 

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moment when the metal is ready. 
Pull it out too soon and the 

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metal won't move under the 
hammer. 

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Wait too long, and you might 
burn the iron ruining its 

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properties it's a judgment that 
takes years to develop based not

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on thermometers, but on the 
subtle shifts in color that tell

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an experience, I everything 
about the metal state When the 

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moment is right, the iron comes 
out of the forge in a smooth 

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practice motion. 
No hesitation because hesitation

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means lost heat and wasted work.
The metal goes onto the Anvil, 

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that massive block of iron. 
That might weigh 200 pounds or 

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more sitting on a stump of 
hardwood that has been specially

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selected for its ability to 
absorb shock without splitting. 

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Then comes the hammer and this 
is where blacksmithing reveals 

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itself as something, more than 
simple pounding. 

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Each strike is deliberate placed
with precision and varying, 

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enforced, depending on what the 
blacksmith wants to achieve. 

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Light Taps to spread the metal 
gradually heavier blows to move 

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it more dramatically the hammer 
almost dancing at Cross the iron

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surface. 
He sound Echoes through the 

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workshop. 
Ring ring ring ring a rhythm 

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that people in town used to Mark
the passage of their day. 

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The way we might laugh at a 
clock. 

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Between Heating and hammering, 
the blacksmith might return the 

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piece to the forge a dozen times
or more. 

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There's no rushing, this process
metal has its own pace and 

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forcing. 
It leads to cracks weak spots. 

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Or pieces that won't hold up to 
use. 

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You learn patience at the forge 
or you learn to fail repeatedly.

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What amazes modern observers is 
the range of things a blacksmith

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creates, obviously there are 
horseshoes and these aren't 

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simple u-shaped stamped out of 
flatbar stock. 

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Each shoe is shaped to the 
specific who fit will protect 

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with nail holes carefully. 
Placed in the end shape to 

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provide the right grip, Skilled 
farrier, a blacksmith 

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specializing. 
In horse, care can look at a 

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horse's stance and gate and make
shoes. 

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That correct problems or enhance
performance. 

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The Horseshoes are just the 
beginning. 

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The blacksmith makes the nails 
that Holdings together, crafting

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them from Iron rods, drawing 
them out to the right length and

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taper then cutting them off with
sharp blow. 

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Skills Smith can make hundreds 
of Nails in a day. 

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Each one shaped by hand each one
slightly unique. 

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He makes the hinges that allowed
doors to swing latches that keep

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them closed and the hooks that 
hang pots over fires, Farm tools

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flow from the blacksmith's 
Forge, plow blades. 

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That must be hard enough to 
break soil, but flexible enough 

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not to shatter on rocks, hose 
and rakes axes, and axes. 

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Each tool is created with 
intimate knowledge of how it 

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will be used. 
And acts for felling, trees. 

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Differs from one, meant for 
splitting firewood, and both 

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differ from the smaller hatches 
used for kindling. 

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The blacksmith knows these 
distinctions in his muscles in 

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the automatic adjustments is 
hands make while working. 

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More delicate work happens too. 
The same hands that can swing a 

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heavy Sledgehammer. 
Can also craft intricate 

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scrollwork for decorative Gates 
forming hot iron into curves and

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spirals with tools. 
That look almost like chopsticks

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Fire pokers terminating handles 
shaped like twisting vines or 

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animal heads. 
Door-knockers become small works

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of art while remaining perfectly
functional. 

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The blacksmith's Workshop, 
collects a lifetime of 

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specialized tools, many of which
he's made himself, dozens of 

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different hammers, hang within 
easy, reach ball peen, hammers 

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for shaping, crosspine hammers 
for drawing out metal and 

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straight pin, hammers for 
creating grooves. 

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Tongues of every conceivable 
shape grip, different sized and 

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shaped pieces, swages Fullers, 
and Hardies fit into the Anvil's

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Hardy hole each designed for 
specific shaping operations. 

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The physical demands of 
blacksmithing, leave their Mark 

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blacksmiths, typically develop 
one arm noticeably larger than 

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the other from constantly 
swinging. 

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The hammer burns are inevitable,
tiny scars, dot forearms, and 

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hands from Sparks and accidental
contact with hot metal. 

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The constant heat means working 
in relatively like clothing, 

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even in Winter stepping outside 
periodically for Relief when the

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forge becomes unbearable. 
But there's deep satisfaction in

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this work, start with a straight
bar of iron and through patient 

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heating hammering and shaping 
you create something that didn't

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exist before. 
Something useful that will serve

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its purpose for decades or 
longer. 

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Objects made by the 1800s 
blacksmiths are still in use 

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today. 
Testimony to the quality of work

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done. 
When taking time to do things, 

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right? 
Wasn't considered optional. 

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As evening approaches and the 
blacksmith Banks is for the 

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night, the workshop begins to 
cool the days work. 

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Hangs on hooks or rests on 
shells. 

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Horseshoes waiting to be fitted 
tools, ready for pickup and 

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projects in various stages of 
completion. 

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Tomorrow the forge will glow. 
Again, the hammer will ring and 

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more iron will be transformed 
into the 1000 useful. 

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Things that hold a 
pre-industrial world together. 

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The blacksmith washes, the coal 
dust from his face and hands at 

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the pump outside. 
And as he does, you notice his 

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hands. 
Scarred calloused and incredibly

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strong but also capable of 
delicate precision. 

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These are the hands that hold 
together. 

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Everything in the town. 
One. 

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Careful Hammer. 
Blow at a time. 

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Walk past the blacksmith's Forge
and a few buildings down, you'll

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find the Carpenters Workshop, an
entirely different world despite

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both Craftsmen working with 
their hands. 

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Where the blacksmith domain is 
dominated by fire and metal. 

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The Carpenters. 
Workshop speaks in the quieter 

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language of wood. 
It's very grains and colors the 

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way different species, responded
tools in the subtle music of 

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sharp blades meeting Timber. 
First thing that strikes you 

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entering a carp and his Workshop
is the smell. 

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It's one of the most Pleasant 
Aromas in the pre-industrial 

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world. 
Fresh wood shaving the slight 

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resinous Center of pine. 
The deeper richer smell of oak 

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or walnut. 
Perhaps a hint of linseed oil 

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and Beeswax. 
It's a smell that tells your 

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brain to relax. 
That says something beautiful is

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being created here, without the 
violence of hammer and Forge. 

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The workshop is dominated by 
workbenches Massive Affairs, 

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made of hardwood that won't 
budge during cleaning or 

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soaring. 
These benches are Marvels in 

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themselves featuring vices that 
can grip boards from multiple 

234
00:13:17,800 --> 00:13:21,400
angles, dog holes that allow 
boards to be secured lengthwise 

235
00:13:21,400 --> 00:13:24,800
and surfaces kept meticulously 
flat because they're the 

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00:13:24,808 --> 00:13:26,700
reference plane for all work, 
done upon them. 

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A carpenter might spend weeks 
building his primary work bench 

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knowing, it will serve them for 
his entire career. 

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00:13:34,200 --> 00:13:38,000
Like streams in through large 
Windows Carpenters, need good 

240
00:13:38,000 --> 00:13:39,900
natural. 
Light to see grain patterns, 

241
00:13:39,900 --> 00:13:44,100
check if surfaces truly flat and
spot defects in wood. 

242
00:13:45,200 --> 00:13:48,200
Unlike the blacksmith who works 
with glowing metal visible in 

243
00:13:48,200 --> 00:13:51,800
any light, the Carpenters work 
requires the subtle perception. 

244
00:13:51,800 --> 00:13:55,900
The only good daylight provides 
the tools hanging on the walls, 

245
00:13:55,900 --> 00:13:59,200
represent generations of 
refinement, saws of every 

246
00:13:59,200 --> 00:14:01,800
description. 
Crosscut saws for cutting cross.

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00:14:01,800 --> 00:14:04,200
The grain, rip saws for cutting 
with it. 

248
00:14:04,200 --> 00:14:08,500
Smaller back saws for precise, 
joinery work, coping saws for 

249
00:14:08,508 --> 00:14:10,900
Curves and bow saws for quick, 
rough cuts. 

250
00:14:11,900 --> 00:14:15,100
Each saw has been sharpened and 
set by the carpenter himself. 

251
00:14:15,900 --> 00:14:19,400
Because in the 1800s sending 
tools out for sharpening would 

252
00:14:19,400 --> 00:14:21,200
be like, sending your teeth out 
for cleaning. 

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00:14:22,000 --> 00:14:24,800
These are intimate extensions of
your body that you maintain 

254
00:14:24,800 --> 00:14:28,100
yourself. 
Planes, represent a Carpenters 

255
00:14:28,100 --> 00:14:29,900
precision tools and a 
well-equipped. 

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00:14:29,900 --> 00:14:33,600
Workshop might have 20 or more. 
Smoothing planes create 

257
00:14:33,600 --> 00:14:35,000
surfaces. 
So perfect. 

258
00:14:35,000 --> 00:14:39,000
They seem almost polished Jack 
Planes were moved material 

259
00:14:39,000 --> 00:14:42,100
quickly for initial shaping. 
Jointer planes. 

260
00:14:42,100 --> 00:14:46,000
True Long edges. 
Specialty planes, cut grooves, 

261
00:14:46,000 --> 00:14:49,000
Rapids and moldings, and 
profiles that range from simple 

262
00:14:49,000 --> 00:14:53,200
to astonishingly complex. 
Some molding planes create 

263
00:14:53,200 --> 00:14:55,900
shapes, so intricate you'd think
they require Machinery? 

264
00:14:55,900 --> 00:15:01,500
But no. just a perfectly shaped 
blade, careful adjustment, and 

265
00:15:01,700 --> 00:15:06,300
Steady, practice strokes. 
Watch a carpenter work and you 

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00:15:06,308 --> 00:15:08,800
see decision-making happening 
with every board selected. 

267
00:15:09,700 --> 00:15:12,400
Wood isn't a uniform material 
like metal or plastic. 

268
00:15:12,400 --> 00:15:17,000
Each piece is unique with grain 
patterns notes potential. 

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00:15:17,000 --> 00:15:19,300
Weak spots, an individual 
character. 

270
00:15:20,400 --> 00:15:23,000
The carpenter learns to read, 
would the way you might read 

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00:15:23,000 --> 00:15:26,800
faces, understanding at a 
glance, which boards will work 

272
00:15:26,800 --> 00:15:30,900
for which purposes. 
A simple board selection for a 

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00:15:30,900 --> 00:15:33,200
table might involve considering 
six different pieces. 

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00:15:34,200 --> 00:15:37,700
This one has beautiful grain but
are not right where stress will 

275
00:15:37,708 --> 00:15:40,400
be concentrated. 
At it aside. 

276
00:15:41,200 --> 00:15:44,500
That one's grain runs slightly 
diagonal, which means it might. 

277
00:15:44,500 --> 00:15:48,400
Couple twists, maybe useful for 
something else but not this 

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00:15:48,400 --> 00:15:51,200
project. 
This third piece has straight 

279
00:15:51,200 --> 00:15:54,400
grain. 
No significant defects and the 

280
00:15:54,400 --> 00:15:55,900
right color. 
Perfect. 

281
00:15:57,000 --> 00:15:58,600
These judgments happen in 
seconds. 

282
00:15:58,600 --> 00:16:02,900
But rest on years of experience 
with how would behaves Joinery, 

283
00:16:02,900 --> 00:16:05,500
the art of connecting pieces of 
wood without visible. 

284
00:16:05,500 --> 00:16:10,100
Fasteners is where carpentry 
becomes almost magical the 

285
00:16:10,100 --> 00:16:13,100
carpenter cuts are 10 on on one 
piece and a mortar in another 

286
00:16:13,100 --> 00:16:16,600
when fitted together, they 
created joints stronger than 

287
00:16:16,600 --> 00:16:19,800
either piece alone. 
Through 10s show their ends 

288
00:16:19,800 --> 00:16:24,100
decoratively hidden, tenon's 
disappear in the joint pieces. 

289
00:16:24,100 --> 00:16:27,200
Dovetails lock drawers together 
with an elegant. 

290
00:16:27,200 --> 00:16:28,800
That's both beautiful and 
functional. 

291
00:16:28,800 --> 00:16:32,100
Those angled pins and Tails 
can't pull apart. 

292
00:16:32,100 --> 00:16:36,000
No matter how hard you tug 
Creating these joints requires 

293
00:16:36,000 --> 00:16:38,000
Precision measured not in 
millimeters. 

294
00:16:38,000 --> 00:16:42,800
But in the thickness of a pencil
line, two tight and pieces won't

295
00:16:42,800 --> 00:16:47,800
fit together or might crack when
forced two loose and the joints.

296
00:16:48,900 --> 00:16:51,900
Carpenter Works to something 
called a piston fit. 

297
00:16:52,600 --> 00:16:55,600
Snug enough that pieces require 
firm pressure to join. 

298
00:16:55,600 --> 00:16:58,400
But not so tight. 
They require hammering which can

299
00:16:58,400 --> 00:17:00,400
bruise the wood or crack 
delicate parts. 

300
00:17:01,300 --> 00:17:04,500
Hand tools create this 
Precision, a well-sharpened, 

301
00:17:04,500 --> 00:17:08,800
chisel removes wood in whisper, 
thin shavings, the carpenter 

302
00:17:08,800 --> 00:17:11,200
controlling it with subtle. 
Pressure changes and angles 

303
00:17:11,200 --> 00:17:14,500
feeling in his hands when he's 
approaching the layout line, 

304
00:17:14,500 --> 00:17:17,400
marking gauges score reference 
lines. 

305
00:17:17,400 --> 00:17:20,200
So fine, you can barely see them
until light catches them at the 

306
00:17:20,200 --> 00:17:23,599
right angle. 
The carpenter Works in a state 

307
00:17:23,599 --> 00:17:29,100
of deep concentration where time
seems to slow down and every cut

308
00:17:29,100 --> 00:17:33,800
every shaving removed and every 
test fit becomes its own small 

309
00:17:33,800 --> 00:17:36,900
meditation. 
But carpentry isn't just joinery

310
00:17:36,900 --> 00:17:40,000
and precision work. 
There's all the rough carpentry 

311
00:17:40,000 --> 00:17:43,600
of framing building's where 
speed and strength Mata more 

312
00:17:43,600 --> 00:17:47,100
than a furniture makers. 
Finesse Carpenters, build the 

313
00:17:47,100 --> 00:17:49,600
bones of houses bars and 
churches. 

314
00:17:49,600 --> 00:17:54,300
Heavy Timber frames joined with 
pegged mortise and Tenon joints 

315
00:17:54,300 --> 00:17:56,400
that will support, roofs for 
centuries. 

316
00:17:57,400 --> 00:18:00,600
These same craft men might spend
morning hours, framing a barn 

317
00:18:00,600 --> 00:18:02,700
Edition. 
And after noon hours, creating 

318
00:18:02,700 --> 00:18:07,200
delicate in leh work from music 
box, The versatility required is

319
00:18:07,200 --> 00:18:10,000
impressive. 
A carpenter might be asked to 

320
00:18:10,000 --> 00:18:13,100
build anything from a simple 
stool to an elaborate staircase 

321
00:18:13,100 --> 00:18:16,100
from storage boxes, to carved 
mantel pieces. 

322
00:18:16,100 --> 00:18:21,100
Each project requires different 
skills, different approaches and

323
00:18:21,100 --> 00:18:23,800
different ways of thinking about
how pieces fit together. 

324
00:18:23,800 --> 00:18:27,900
The Common Thread is 
understanding would how it moves

325
00:18:27,900 --> 00:18:32,200
with humidity changes, her grain
Direction, affects strength, and

326
00:18:32,200 --> 00:18:34,600
how different species work with 
various tools. 

327
00:18:34,600 --> 00:18:37,100
Finishing is where projects come
alive. 

328
00:18:37,100 --> 00:18:40,700
The carpenter might apply oil, 
that brings out depth in the 

329
00:18:40,708 --> 00:18:45,400
grain making plain Woods 
suddenly seemed precious beeswax

330
00:18:45,400 --> 00:18:49,200
buffed to a soft shine. 
Protect surfaces while providing

331
00:18:49,200 --> 00:18:54,000
a texture Pleasant to touch. 
Stains can darken or even change

332
00:18:54,000 --> 00:18:56,800
colors though? 
Many Carpenters, prefer natural 

333
00:18:56,800 --> 00:18:58,900
finishes that show Woods. 
True character. 

334
00:19:00,200 --> 00:19:05,100
The finishing process is slow. 
Applying thin coats letting them

335
00:19:05,100 --> 00:19:09,100
dry completely and sometimes 
robbing surfaces with fine 

336
00:19:09,100 --> 00:19:13,000
abrasives between coats to 
create glass smooth results. 

337
00:19:13,900 --> 00:19:16,800
As you watch a carpenter work, 
you notice how his movements 

338
00:19:16,800 --> 00:19:19,800
flow from one task to another 
without wasted motion. 

339
00:19:20,700 --> 00:19:24,300
Tools are returned to specific 
spots without looking, because 

340
00:19:24,300 --> 00:19:26,300
he knows exactly where 
everything lives. 

341
00:19:27,100 --> 00:19:31,000
Sawdust is swept aside, not in 
big periodic cleanups, but 

342
00:19:31,000 --> 00:19:34,300
continuously keeping the 
workspace clear and preventing 

343
00:19:34,300 --> 00:19:36,200
dust from interfering with 
precision. 

344
00:19:37,000 --> 00:19:39,100
There's a quiet efficiency to 
the work. 

345
00:19:39,100 --> 00:19:42,100
A sense that every action has 
been refined through. 

346
00:19:42,100 --> 00:19:44,300
Countless repetitions until it 
happens. 

347
00:19:44,300 --> 00:19:48,600
Almost automatically. the items 
leaving a Carpenters Workshop 

348
00:19:48,600 --> 00:19:53,500
range from purely utilitarian to
genuinely artistic a plain Pine 

349
00:19:53,500 --> 00:19:57,000
storage chest built for an attic
might be made just as carefully 

350
00:19:57,000 --> 00:20:00,100
as a walnut escorted for a 
healthy Merchants home. 

351
00:20:01,300 --> 00:20:03,900
The carpenter takes pride in 
both because making things, 

352
00:20:03,900 --> 00:20:07,800
well, is simply how you work is.
Not something you turn on and 

353
00:20:07,800 --> 00:20:11,800
off base on how much someone is 
paying as after moonlights 

354
00:20:11,800 --> 00:20:15,200
through the workshop Windows 
casting Long Shadows across 

355
00:20:15,200 --> 00:20:16,800
Work. 
Benches covered in shaving. 

356
00:20:16,800 --> 00:20:19,900
You realize your watching 
something that connects back 

357
00:20:19,900 --> 00:20:23,400
with through time to the first 
person who realized a sharp tool

358
00:20:23,400 --> 00:20:25,500
could shake wood into something 
useful. 

359
00:20:25,500 --> 00:20:30,900
The methods are ancient refined 
over Millennia and in the 1800s 

360
00:20:30,900 --> 00:20:33,300
still very much alive and 
Central to daily life. 

361
00:20:34,300 --> 00:20:36,500
The carpenter like the 
blacksmith will pass these 

362
00:20:36,500 --> 00:20:39,300
skills to apprentices will spend
Years Learning, not just 

363
00:20:39,300 --> 00:20:42,600
techniques but the deeper wisdom
of working with natural 

364
00:20:42,600 --> 00:20:45,500
materials. 
It's not knowledge that fits 

365
00:20:45,500 --> 00:20:50,000
easily into books, too much, 
depends on feel and subtle 

366
00:20:50,000 --> 00:20:54,200
sensory cues and on judgments 
that can't be fully articulated.

367
00:20:54,900 --> 00:20:59,300
You learn it by doing over and 
over until your hands, know 

368
00:20:59,300 --> 00:21:03,800
things your brain could explain.
Leave the Carpenters Workshop 

369
00:21:03,800 --> 00:21:06,000
and make your way to where 
textile work happens. 

370
00:21:06,000 --> 00:21:11,100
Sometimes in dedicated workshops
but often in homes because 

371
00:21:11,100 --> 00:21:13,400
spinning and weaving 
traditionally belong to the 

372
00:21:13,400 --> 00:21:16,100
domestic sphere, more than the 
professional craft shop. 

373
00:21:17,000 --> 00:21:20,000
The gendered division of labor 
in the 1800s meant that while 

374
00:21:20,000 --> 00:21:23,700
blacksmithing in carpentry were 
almost exclusively male domains 

375
00:21:24,500 --> 00:21:27,900
Textile work was one of the few 
crafts where Women's expertise 

376
00:21:27,900 --> 00:21:31,400
was recognized and valued 
though, rarely paid as much as 

377
00:21:31,400 --> 00:21:34,600
men's work. 
Step into a Weaver's workspace, 

378
00:21:34,600 --> 00:21:37,400
your entering a realm of 
incredible, patience and 

379
00:21:37,400 --> 00:21:40,400
precision. 
The dominant feature, is the 

380
00:21:40,400 --> 00:21:42,900
loom. 
A massive wooden framework that 

381
00:21:42,900 --> 00:21:47,000
might be 8 feet long and equally
tall as complex as any machine, 

382
00:21:47,000 --> 00:21:51,400
but entirely mechanical operated
by hands and feet in a 

383
00:21:51,400 --> 00:21:54,900
choreographed sequence that 
creates fabric from Individual 

384
00:21:54,900 --> 00:21:57,700
threads. 
Before we get to weaving, 

385
00:21:57,700 --> 00:22:00,900
though, we need to talk about 
spinning because yarn doesn't 

386
00:22:00,900 --> 00:22:04,200
create itself. 
The Spinners starts with raw 

387
00:22:04,200 --> 00:22:08,100
fiber wool from sheep flax that 
will become linen. 

388
00:22:08,100 --> 00:22:11,200
And later in the century, cotton
that arrived from Southern 

389
00:22:11,200 --> 00:22:16,400
plantations, These fibers are 
cleaned carded to align them and

390
00:22:16,400 --> 00:22:19,500
then transformed into thread 
through one of Humanity's oldest

391
00:22:19,500 --> 00:22:21,900
Technologies. 
The spinning wheel. 

392
00:22:23,300 --> 00:22:25,800
There's something almost 
hypnotic about watching skilled 

393
00:22:25,800 --> 00:22:29,300
spinning. 
The wheel turns powered by a 

394
00:22:29,300 --> 00:22:33,000
treadle, the spinner rocks with 
one foot while their hands feed 

395
00:22:33,000 --> 00:22:36,700
fiber onto the spindle. 
The trick is maintaining exactly

396
00:22:36,700 --> 00:22:40,300
the right tension and feed rate.
Too much fiber too fast. 

397
00:22:40,300 --> 00:22:43,900
Create lumpy weak yard, two 
little crates thread. 

398
00:22:43,900 --> 00:22:46,000
So thin it breaks under his own 
weight. 

399
00:22:46,800 --> 00:22:49,400
The spin is hands dance. 
This balance automatically 

400
00:22:49,400 --> 00:22:54,500
adjusting based on field, 
creating thread of consistent 

401
00:22:54,500 --> 00:22:58,100
thickness, yard after yard, my 
laugh after miles. 

402
00:22:59,000 --> 00:23:02,700
Different fibers required. 
Different approaches Wool with 

403
00:23:02,700 --> 00:23:06,100
its natural crimp and scales 
practically wants to become 

404
00:23:06,100 --> 00:23:08,500
yarn. 
The fibers grip. 

405
00:23:08,500 --> 00:23:10,800
Each other. 
Eagerly Flax is more 

406
00:23:10,800 --> 00:23:14,000
challenging. 
Requiring moisture often just 

407
00:23:14,000 --> 00:23:17,700
the slight dampness of breath 
and careful handling to 

408
00:23:17,700 --> 00:23:21,100
transform, stiff fibers into the
smooth, strong thread. 

409
00:23:21,100 --> 00:23:24,300
That becomes linen. 
Cotton, when it arrives 

410
00:23:24,300 --> 00:23:27,700
presents, its own unique 
challenges with shorter fibers, 

411
00:23:27,700 --> 00:23:30,000
that required different spinning
techniques. 

412
00:23:31,000 --> 00:23:34,000
Skilled spinner can produce 
enormous, quantities of yarn, 

413
00:23:34,000 --> 00:23:37,600
several miles in a day's work, 
but this production comes only 

414
00:23:37,600 --> 00:23:41,300
after years of practice. 
Prentice Spinners create yarn 

415
00:23:41,300 --> 00:23:46,000
that's an adventure thick here, 
thin there and periodically 

416
00:23:46,000 --> 00:23:50,200
lumpy or breaking entirely. 
Master spin is produced thread. 

417
00:23:50,200 --> 00:23:54,100
So consistent, you could mistake
it for factory work if factories

418
00:23:54,100 --> 00:23:58,400
existed at the level needed to 
match human skill, The spun 

419
00:23:58,400 --> 00:24:00,200
yard, their needs preparation 
for weaving. 

420
00:24:00,200 --> 00:24:05,300
Its wound onto bobbins measured 
in to specific lengths and 

421
00:24:05,300 --> 00:24:07,700
organized by color. 
If a patterned fabric is 

422
00:24:07,700 --> 00:24:12,300
planned, this preparation is 
tedious, but absolutely crucial.

423
00:24:13,200 --> 00:24:16,300
Shortcuts here, create problems 
that might not appear, until the

424
00:24:16,300 --> 00:24:19,200
fabric is half finished and 
impossible to fix. 

425
00:24:19,200 --> 00:24:23,900
Now, the loom Setting up a loom 
is an undertaking that can take 

426
00:24:23,900 --> 00:24:26,900
days or weeks depending on 
fabric complexity. 

427
00:24:27,800 --> 00:24:31,000
The warp threads, the ones that 
run lengthwise in the finished 

428
00:24:31,000 --> 00:24:33,900
cloth must be measured to exact 
lengths. 

429
00:24:34,300 --> 00:24:38,000
Threaded through heddles tiny 
Loops that lift threads in 

430
00:24:38,000 --> 00:24:40,400
sequence and wound onto the 
Looms. 

431
00:24:40,400 --> 00:24:44,600
Back beam under perfect tension.
Getting the tension, right? 

432
00:24:44,600 --> 00:24:48,800
Is critical inconsistent. 
Tension creates wavy puckered 

433
00:24:48,800 --> 00:24:51,600
fabric. 
That's essentially ruined once 

434
00:24:51,600 --> 00:24:54,900
the warp is prepared. 
Weaving itself, is rhythmic 

435
00:24:54,900 --> 00:24:58,200
process. 
The Weaver sits or stands at the

436
00:24:58,200 --> 00:25:02,300
loom different styles, prefer 
different positions and Begins 

437
00:25:02,300 --> 00:25:04,700
the repeated sequence that 
creates fabric. 

438
00:25:05,600 --> 00:25:08,800
Treadles oppressed lifting some 
warp threads while lowering 

439
00:25:08,800 --> 00:25:11,400
others creating a gap called a 
shed. 

440
00:25:12,300 --> 00:25:16,100
Through this shed flies the 
shuttle carrying the weft thread

441
00:25:16,100 --> 00:25:20,900
from one side to the other. 
A beta swing's forward packing, 

442
00:25:20,900 --> 00:25:24,900
the new thread tightly against 
previous ones, then different 

443
00:25:24,900 --> 00:25:28,400
treadles created different shed 
and the shuttle returns. 

444
00:25:29,300 --> 00:25:33,900
This repeated action shared 
shuttle beat shared shuttle, 

445
00:25:33,900 --> 00:25:39,300
beat continues for hours days or
weeks on complex projects. 

446
00:25:40,400 --> 00:25:43,000
The rhythm of weaving is 
meditative, but requires 

447
00:25:43,000 --> 00:25:46,100
constant attention. 
The weft thread must be 

448
00:25:46,100 --> 00:25:50,700
tensioned correctly, too tight 
in the fabric pulls inward too 

449
00:25:50,700 --> 00:25:54,500
loose and it waves at the edges.
The beat must be consistent to 

450
00:25:54,500 --> 00:25:58,300
create even fabric. 
Thread breaks, require careful, 

451
00:25:58,300 --> 00:26:01,900
mending mid-wave. 
Patterned Fabrics, the Weaver 

452
00:26:01,900 --> 00:26:05,400
must follow, sometimes complex 
sequences of treadle presses 

453
00:26:05,400 --> 00:26:08,800
holding patterns in mind or 
working from written 

454
00:26:08,800 --> 00:26:13,000
instructions, creating designs 
through the systematic, raising 

455
00:26:13,000 --> 00:26:15,500
and lowering of different 
combinations of threads. 

456
00:26:16,400 --> 00:26:19,200
Simple plain weave. 
The basic over under pattern 

457
00:26:19,200 --> 00:26:22,500
creates dirty fabric efficiently
though. 

458
00:26:22,500 --> 00:26:26,100
Efficiently in hand weaving 
terms means several hours, to 

459
00:26:26,100 --> 00:26:29,600
create a yard of cloth. 
More complex weaves create 

460
00:26:29,600 --> 00:26:31,000
different properties and 
patterns. 

461
00:26:31,000 --> 00:26:35,500
Twill weave with its diagonal 
lines, produces stronger, fabric

462
00:26:35,500 --> 00:26:37,700
particularly suitable for work 
clothes. 

463
00:26:38,800 --> 00:26:42,500
Satin weave creates smooth 
lustrous surfaces for fancier 

464
00:26:42,500 --> 00:26:47,400
applications pattern weaves can 
create checks strikes or even 

465
00:26:47,400 --> 00:26:50,700
pictorial images though these 
require enormous skill and 

466
00:26:50,700 --> 00:26:54,400
patience. 
Sounds of a working Loom, create

467
00:26:54,400 --> 00:26:56,300
a rhythm, you can hear 
throughout buildings, where 

468
00:26:56,300 --> 00:27:00,300
Weavers work. 
A thump of treadles, the swoosh 

469
00:27:00,300 --> 00:27:03,500
of the shuttle and the 
authoritative thwack of the beta

470
00:27:03,500 --> 00:27:07,100
compacting threads. 
In communities with multiple 

471
00:27:07,100 --> 00:27:11,000
Weavers, these sounds layer over
each other creating an almost 

472
00:27:11,000 --> 00:27:12,800
musical background to daily 
life. 

473
00:27:13,800 --> 00:27:16,800
Physical demands of textile 
work, differ from blacksmithing 

474
00:27:16,800 --> 00:27:19,100
or carpentry, but a no less 
real. 

475
00:27:19,800 --> 00:27:23,200
Spinners developed strong 
Nimble, fingers might experience

476
00:27:23,200 --> 00:27:25,300
back pain from hunching over 
Wheels. 

477
00:27:26,200 --> 00:27:28,600
Weavers need good upper body 
strength for throwing shuttles 

478
00:27:28,600 --> 00:27:31,800
and Swinging beaters. 
Plus the Lakes strength to 

479
00:27:31,800 --> 00:27:35,100
operate treadles for hours. 
Both crafts demand. 

480
00:27:35,100 --> 00:27:38,300
Excellent vision for seeing 
thread defects and maintaining 

481
00:27:38,300 --> 00:27:41,800
consistent work. 
The range of fabrics produced by

482
00:27:41,800 --> 00:27:45,700
hand is stunning. practical 
woolens for everyday, clothing, 

483
00:27:45,700 --> 00:27:49,800
heavy enough to keep out Winter 
Wind Delicate Linens For 

484
00:27:49,800 --> 00:27:53,600
undergarments and summer wear 
surprisingly cool against skin. 

485
00:27:54,400 --> 00:27:57,600
Later cotton Fabrics combined 
comfort with durability. 

486
00:27:58,700 --> 00:28:01,000
Find worsteds with their smooth 
dressy. 

487
00:28:01,000 --> 00:28:04,100
Finish. 
Course sacking for grain storage

488
00:28:04,100 --> 00:28:08,800
canvas, for sales and Tents, 
each type requires different 

489
00:28:08,800 --> 00:28:12,200
fiber, preparation, spinning 
techniques and weaving patterns.

490
00:28:13,100 --> 00:28:17,100
Colors come from natural, dyes 
Indigo for blues, madder root, 

491
00:28:17,100 --> 00:28:20,800
for Reds, and weld for yellows 
with combinations and more 

492
00:28:20,800 --> 00:28:23,300
dense, creating a surprisingly 
large pallet. 

493
00:28:24,000 --> 00:28:27,900
Dying as its own crafting, 
knowledge of chemistry before 

494
00:28:27,900 --> 00:28:30,600
chemistry had that name and 
understanding of how different 

495
00:28:30,600 --> 00:28:34,100
fibers take up different dies 
and how to achieve consistent 

496
00:28:34,100 --> 00:28:37,300
colors batch after batch. 
A die is Workshop. 

497
00:28:37,300 --> 00:28:41,700
Smells of things, both Pleasant 
and decidedly not onion skins 

498
00:28:41,700 --> 00:28:46,100
and walnut holes but also stale 
urine used as a modern to help 

499
00:28:46,100 --> 00:28:49,000
colors adhere as the 1800s 
progressed. 

500
00:28:49,000 --> 00:28:52,000
Textile work is among the first 
crafts to feel in industrial 

501
00:28:52,000 --> 00:28:54,900
pressure. 
Mechanized spinning Mills can 

502
00:28:54,900 --> 00:28:57,200
produce yarn faster than any 
hand spinner. 

503
00:28:57,200 --> 00:29:00,500
Power looms though primitive by 
later. 

504
00:29:00,500 --> 00:29:03,900
Standards gradually. 
Replace hand Weavers for basic 

505
00:29:03,900 --> 00:29:06,900
Fabrics. 
This transition is painful. 

506
00:29:06,900 --> 00:29:09,800
Textile workers who've spent 
lifetime's. 

507
00:29:09,800 --> 00:29:12,700
Mastering their craft watch 
their skills become 

508
00:29:12,700 --> 00:29:16,600
economically. 
Absolute within years, Pan 

509
00:29:16,600 --> 00:29:18,700
spinning and weaving persist 
throughout the century for 

510
00:29:18,700 --> 00:29:22,100
specialized work. 
Machine made Fabrics, might be 

511
00:29:22,100 --> 00:29:26,200
cheap, but they can't match the 
quality of hand woven Linens, 

512
00:29:26,200 --> 00:29:30,900
the subtle color variations of 
hand-dyed Yarns or the complex 

513
00:29:30,900 --> 00:29:34,800
patterns that skilled Weavers 
can create there remains a 

514
00:29:34,800 --> 00:29:38,900
market for truly fine, textiles,
even as everyday Fabrics, 

515
00:29:38,900 --> 00:29:40,600
increasingly come from 
factories. 

516
00:29:42,000 --> 00:29:46,900
In this transitional moment you 
can see both worlds coexisting a

517
00:29:46,900 --> 00:29:51,000
weaver might work with Factory. 
Spun yarn to save time but still

518
00:29:51,000 --> 00:29:54,300
produce fabric on a handloom 
because that's where quality and

519
00:29:54,308 --> 00:29:58,900
complexity come from a Spiner. 
Might still prepare specialty 

520
00:29:58,900 --> 00:30:02,700
Yarns for knitting or specific 
weaving projects, even while 

521
00:30:02,700 --> 00:30:07,700
Factory on fills most needs 
Craft adapt finding niches where

522
00:30:07,700 --> 00:30:11,100
hand skills still matters. 
Even as machines, take over mass

523
00:30:11,100 --> 00:30:13,100
production. 
Beyond the established 

524
00:30:13,100 --> 00:30:17,000
craftspeople with permanent 
Workshops, the 1800s economy. 

525
00:30:17,000 --> 00:30:20,700
Includes a fascinating category 
of workers, who move between 

526
00:30:20,700 --> 00:30:24,000
settled life and travel between 
making new things. 

527
00:30:24,000 --> 00:30:27,700
And repairing old ones. 
These are the Tinkers, cobblers,

528
00:30:27,700 --> 00:30:30,100
and various other repair 
Specialists, who form a kind of 

529
00:30:30,100 --> 00:30:33,300
circulatory system in the 
pre-industrial economy. 

530
00:30:33,300 --> 00:30:37,000
Keeping things working long 
past, what we consider, they 

531
00:30:37,000 --> 00:30:40,600
useful Life, The Cobbler shops, 
smells immediately distinctive 

532
00:30:40,600 --> 00:30:43,800
leather, and various stages from
Rawhide to finish. 

533
00:30:43,800 --> 00:30:48,200
Work beeswax for waterproofing, 
and the distinctive Tang of 

534
00:30:48,200 --> 00:30:50,500
tanning chemicals. 
That never quite leaves, the 

535
00:30:50,500 --> 00:30:53,000
material. 
It's a smaller more intimate 

536
00:30:53,000 --> 00:30:55,300
space than the blacksmiths or 
Carpenters Workshop. 

537
00:30:55,300 --> 00:30:58,900
Because kobler work is 
detail-oriented and precise 

538
00:30:58,900 --> 00:31:02,600
working with materials measured 
in inches rather than feet. 

539
00:31:03,700 --> 00:31:07,600
Shoes in the 1800s of valuable 
items expensive enough. 

540
00:31:07,600 --> 00:31:12,200
That most people own perhaps two
pairs one for every day work and

541
00:31:12,200 --> 00:31:14,600
a better pair for church or 
special occasions. 

542
00:31:15,500 --> 00:31:18,600
Children might go barefoot in 
summer, to save where on their 

543
00:31:18,600 --> 00:31:21,300
shoes. 
This means shoes need to last 

544
00:31:21,300 --> 00:31:24,200
and when they wear out, they 
need repair rather than 

545
00:31:24,200 --> 00:31:27,200
replacement. 
The cobbler starts shoe repair 

546
00:31:27,200 --> 00:31:29,900
by examining the Warren item 
with practice eyes. 

547
00:31:29,900 --> 00:31:33,100
The soul is nearly through at 
the ball of the foot where 

548
00:31:33,100 --> 00:31:34,900
weight concentrates with each 
step. 

549
00:31:34,900 --> 00:31:39,300
This is typical where the heel 
is compressed on one side 

550
00:31:39,300 --> 00:31:41,400
because the wearer walks 
slightly off balance. 

551
00:31:42,300 --> 00:31:44,300
This is information. 
The cobbler files away. 

552
00:31:45,200 --> 00:31:47,900
The upper leather is still 
sound, which means this shoe has

553
00:31:47,900 --> 00:31:50,100
years of life left with proper 
repair. 

554
00:31:51,300 --> 00:31:53,900
Resoling a shoe is unexpectedly 
complex. 

555
00:31:54,800 --> 00:31:57,400
The old soul must be removed, 
carefully to avoid damaging. 

556
00:31:57,400 --> 00:32:00,700
The upper, the remaining leather
is cleaned and prepared. 

557
00:32:00,700 --> 00:32:05,400
The new Soul cut from heavier 
than the upper is shaped to 

558
00:32:05,400 --> 00:32:08,000
match. 
Then attached not with glue, 

559
00:32:08,000 --> 00:32:09,900
which won't hold up to water and
stress. 

560
00:32:09,900 --> 00:32:14,600
But by stitching, each Stitch 
pulled tight with waxed thread, 

561
00:32:14,600 --> 00:32:18,500
that won't rot The cobbler's 
hands guide, a curved needle 

562
00:32:18,500 --> 00:32:22,000
through holes made by a 
specialized all each Stitch. 

563
00:32:22,000 --> 00:32:24,900
Placed with Precision because 
shoes literally carried through 

564
00:32:24,900 --> 00:32:30,100
life and sloppy work means 
premature failure. new shoes or 

565
00:32:30,100 --> 00:32:33,000
even more interesting, the 
cobbler begins with measurement,

566
00:32:33,000 --> 00:32:37,500
not just foot length, but width 
in Step height and any 

567
00:32:37,500 --> 00:32:41,500
peculiarities of shape that 
affect fit These measurements 

568
00:32:41,500 --> 00:32:45,100
might be carefully recorded for 
regular customers or the cobbler

569
00:32:45,100 --> 00:32:47,700
might simply remember them 
because he's made shoes for this

570
00:32:47,700 --> 00:32:50,200
person before and memory is 
reliable. 

571
00:32:50,200 --> 00:32:55,400
When you make perhaps 20 pairs a
year rather than thousands Shoe 

572
00:32:55,400 --> 00:32:58,900
making starts with last a wooden
form shaped like a foot. 

573
00:32:58,900 --> 00:33:01,500
Cobbler's own lasts in various 
sizes. 

574
00:33:01,500 --> 00:33:03,700
Possibly carved from rough 
forms. 

575
00:33:03,700 --> 00:33:08,200
Refined to fit specific feet. 
Around this last the shoe is 

576
00:33:08,200 --> 00:33:10,800
built layer by layer the insole 
forms. 

577
00:33:10,800 --> 00:33:14,400
The foundation upper leather is 
cut in pattern pieces, then 

578
00:33:14,400 --> 00:33:17,700
carefully stitched together. 
This stitching must be strong 

579
00:33:17,700 --> 00:33:20,900
but invisible from the outside 
because lumps and a regularity 

580
00:33:20,900 --> 00:33:24,400
is create blisters. 
The upper is stretched over the 

581
00:33:24,400 --> 00:33:26,500
last and temporarily tacked in 
place. 

582
00:33:27,400 --> 00:33:31,100
Then comes the soul attached 
with more of that, careful hand 

583
00:33:31,100 --> 00:33:34,000
stitching. 
The heel is built up from 

584
00:33:34,000 --> 00:33:37,000
stacked leather, each layer 
glued, and then pegged with 

585
00:33:37,000 --> 00:33:40,500
wooden pegs, that compressed in 
to lock under use, creating a 

586
00:33:40,500 --> 00:33:44,600
solid structure. 
Final finishing includes Edge 

587
00:33:44,600 --> 00:33:49,300
trimming, burnishing cut edges 
smooth and possibly applying 

588
00:33:49,300 --> 00:33:53,600
waterproofing compounds. the 
result isn't just a shoe, but a 

589
00:33:53,600 --> 00:33:57,600
fitted item specifically crafted
for its wearers feet like to 

590
00:33:57,600 --> 00:34:02,300
last years with proper care and 
periodic Rizzoli Hoop making 

591
00:34:02,300 --> 00:34:07,000
represents the cobbler's highest
art tall lever complex fitting 

592
00:34:07,000 --> 00:34:10,699
and multiple pieces. 
Carefully joined Good boots. 

593
00:34:10,699 --> 00:34:12,699
Are expensive enough. 
That they represent a 

594
00:34:12,699 --> 00:34:16,100
significant investment but there
are so essential equipment. 

595
00:34:16,100 --> 00:34:18,199
For anyone working outdoors and 
all weather. 

596
00:34:19,199 --> 00:34:21,600
The cobbler takes particular 
pride in Boots because they 

597
00:34:21,600 --> 00:34:24,600
showcase skill while serving 
crucial practical needs. 

598
00:34:25,500 --> 00:34:28,699
Then there are the Tinkers, more
mobile crafts, people who travel

599
00:34:28,699 --> 00:34:32,500
regular circuits through rural 
areas, arriving with tools, and 

600
00:34:32,500 --> 00:34:35,699
materials, to repair metal items
to small, or simple for the 

601
00:34:35,708 --> 00:34:38,300
blacksmith, but essential to 
daily life. 

602
00:34:39,199 --> 00:34:43,100
The Tinker carries a remarkable 
portable Workshop soldering 

603
00:34:43,100 --> 00:34:47,800
irons that can be heated in any 
fire flux and solder various 

604
00:34:47,800 --> 00:34:51,400
Hammers and forming tools sheets
of tin and other repair 

605
00:34:51,400 --> 00:34:54,400
materials. 
All organized in a pack or cart.

606
00:34:55,199 --> 00:34:58,700
Tin where was hugely popular in 
the 1800s, lightweight 

607
00:34:58,700 --> 00:35:02,600
relatively cheap and useful, for
everything from cups to lanterns

608
00:35:02,600 --> 00:35:06,900
to storage containers. 
Tin is also thin and prone to 

609
00:35:06,908 --> 00:35:11,100
developing leaks or cracks. 
That's where the Tinker comes 

610
00:35:11,100 --> 00:35:14,300
in. 
Moving from house to house Farm 

611
00:35:14,300 --> 00:35:18,500
to farm offering repairs. 
That extend ten items, useful, 

612
00:35:18,500 --> 00:35:21,800
life substantially, watch a 
tinkerer work. 

613
00:35:21,800 --> 00:35:25,600
And you see clever improvisation
a pot with a hole in the bottom,

614
00:35:25,600 --> 00:35:28,800
receives a carefully. 
Fitted patch edges, cleaned, and

615
00:35:28,800 --> 00:35:32,900
fluxed and solemn, melted and 
flowed to create a watertight 

616
00:35:32,900 --> 00:35:35,800
seal. 
A bent pan is carefully 

617
00:35:35,800 --> 00:35:38,700
straightened using wooden 
mallets that won't damage the 

618
00:35:38,700 --> 00:35:41,500
thin metal. 
A handle that's come loose is 

619
00:35:41,500 --> 00:35:44,900
reattached with small rivets. 
Each repair is quick. 

620
00:35:45,600 --> 00:35:48,800
The Tinker must keep moving to 
make a living but also carefully

621
00:35:48,800 --> 00:35:52,200
done because reputation matters 
and a failed repair in. 

622
00:35:52,200 --> 00:35:54,900
One household means lost 
business throughout the region. 

623
00:35:56,300 --> 00:36:00,000
Something as also craft new 
items, cutting and folding tin 

624
00:36:00,000 --> 00:36:03,800
sheets and to functional shapes.
A simple cup can be made in 

625
00:36:03,800 --> 00:36:07,700
minutes, he Circle for the 
bottom, a rectangle wrapped 

626
00:36:07,700 --> 00:36:11,200
around and joined for the side. 
The two pieces soldered together

627
00:36:11,200 --> 00:36:14,000
and handled formed from wired 
attached. 

628
00:36:14,800 --> 00:36:18,600
The result isn't fancy, but it 
holds liquid and cost a fraction

629
00:36:18,600 --> 00:36:20,400
of pottery or wooden 
alternatives. 

630
00:36:21,300 --> 00:36:24,200
The Tinkers lifestyle is harder 
than settled crafts. 

631
00:36:24,200 --> 00:36:28,100
People's travel means. 
Exposure to weather irregular 

632
00:36:28,100 --> 00:36:32,400
income and constant hauling of 
tools and materials, but it also

633
00:36:32,400 --> 00:36:36,700
brings Independence variety and 
the satisfaction of being 

634
00:36:36,700 --> 00:36:39,800
welcomed in communities where 
your skills solve real problems.

635
00:36:40,800 --> 00:36:44,200
The Tinker becomes a familiar 
figure returning each season 

636
00:36:44,200 --> 00:36:47,000
with news from other places and 
ready hands to fix. 

637
00:36:47,000 --> 00:36:50,600
What's broken? 
Both cobblers and Tinkers 

638
00:36:50,600 --> 00:36:53,500
represent something essential 
about the 1800 economy. 

639
00:36:54,200 --> 00:36:56,500
The assumption that things 
should be repaired rather than 

640
00:36:56,500 --> 00:37:00,700
replaced that skilled hands. 
Can extend useful life, almost 

641
00:37:00,700 --> 00:37:04,300
indefinitely, and that throwing 
away something that can be fixed

642
00:37:04,300 --> 00:37:06,600
as wasteful, bordering on 
immoral. 

643
00:37:07,500 --> 00:37:10,000
This attitude stems partly from 
necessity. 

644
00:37:10,000 --> 00:37:14,200
New things are expensive but 
also from a deeper sense that 

645
00:37:14,200 --> 00:37:17,000
well made items deserve respect 
and care. 

646
00:37:18,300 --> 00:37:20,100
Specialized knowledge. 
These repair Crafts. 

647
00:37:20,100 --> 00:37:22,800
People carry is impressive. 
A complicated. 

648
00:37:22,800 --> 00:37:25,700
Look at one shoes soles and 
diagnose, medical conditions 

649
00:37:25,700 --> 00:37:30,100
affecting the way as gate. 
Tinker knows which solders work 

650
00:37:30,100 --> 00:37:33,900
with which metals how to 
compensate for tins tendency to 

651
00:37:33,900 --> 00:37:37,900
crack in cold weather and which 
flux clean surfaces best. 

652
00:37:39,100 --> 00:37:43,200
This knowledge comes from 
experience years of seeing what 

653
00:37:43,200 --> 00:37:47,500
works and what fails learning 
from mistakes and refining 

654
00:37:47,500 --> 00:37:50,400
techniques. 
Physical wear shows on these 

655
00:37:50,400 --> 00:37:53,600
Crafts People, Too. 
Cobblers, often, develop vision 

656
00:37:53,600 --> 00:37:56,800
problems from clothes. 
Work in poor light hunched 

657
00:37:56,800 --> 00:38:00,500
posture, from bending over work 
and strong hands from pulling 

658
00:38:00,500 --> 00:38:04,000
stitches, tight. 
Thousands of times, Tinkers 

659
00:38:04,000 --> 00:38:07,200
might have burned scars from hot
soldering irons or acidic flux 

660
00:38:07,200 --> 00:38:08,500
weather. 
Beaten. 

661
00:38:08,500 --> 00:38:12,200
Skin from outdoor work, and 
strong Backs from carrying their

662
00:38:12,200 --> 00:38:16,300
portable workshops. yet both 
professionals provide genuine 

663
00:38:16,300 --> 00:38:19,800
satisfaction The cobbler who 
delivers repaired boots. 

664
00:38:19,800 --> 00:38:22,500
Knows the wearer can now. 
Work safely through winter. 

665
00:38:23,400 --> 00:38:26,300
The tinkerer Who patches a 
farmers Milk Pail as prevented 

666
00:38:26,300 --> 00:38:29,400
waste and saved money that 
family needs for other things. 

667
00:38:30,300 --> 00:38:33,600
These aren't Grand achievements 
that change history but their 

668
00:38:33,600 --> 00:38:35,600
real improvements to real 
people's lives. 

669
00:38:35,600 --> 00:38:38,500
That matters in immediate 
tangible ways. 

670
00:38:39,400 --> 00:38:42,000
As the century progresses. 
Both professions face 

671
00:38:42,000 --> 00:38:45,200
challenges. 
Factory made shoes though. 

672
00:38:45,200 --> 00:38:47,700
Initially lower quality become 
cheap enough. 

673
00:38:47,700 --> 00:38:50,100
That repair costs can exceed 
replacement costs. 

674
00:38:51,100 --> 00:38:53,900
Tinware gives way to stamped 
Metal Goods, that can't be 

675
00:38:53,908 --> 00:38:56,700
repaired as easily. 
The itinerant. 

676
00:38:56,700 --> 00:39:00,700
Tinker begins to disappear while
cobblers, increasingly focus on 

677
00:39:00,700 --> 00:39:02,800
new shoe sales rather than 
repairs. 

678
00:39:02,800 --> 00:39:07,200
But throughout the 1800s, both 
remain vital parts of the 

679
00:39:07,200 --> 00:39:11,500
economic fabric, keeping things 
working, extending useful life 

680
00:39:11,500 --> 00:39:14,800
and serving communities with 
skills learned through long 

681
00:39:14,800 --> 00:39:17,700
apprenticeship. 
Midway through the 1800 

682
00:39:17,700 --> 00:39:21,100
something fundamental begin 
shifting in how things are made.

683
00:39:22,000 --> 00:39:24,900
The change doesn't happen 
overnight, it's more like 

684
00:39:24,900 --> 00:39:28,100
watching the tide come in each 
way of reaching slightly 

685
00:39:28,100 --> 00:39:30,500
further. 
Gradually transforming the 

686
00:39:30,500 --> 00:39:34,300
landscape, what we call. 
The Industrial Revolution isn't 

687
00:39:34,300 --> 00:39:38,300
really a revolution at all, but 
a slow uneven transition from 

688
00:39:38,300 --> 00:39:42,400
hand production to mechanize 
manufacturing from small 

689
00:39:42,400 --> 00:39:46,500
workshops to large factories and
from Crafts People to machine 

690
00:39:46,500 --> 00:39:50,500
operators, the trouts formation 
starts differently for each 

691
00:39:50,500 --> 00:39:53,500
craft. 
Textile work, as we mentioned 

692
00:39:53,500 --> 00:39:55,800
feels industrial pressure 
earliest. 

693
00:39:56,700 --> 00:40:00,600
By the 1820s and 30s mechanized 
spinning Mills are producing 

694
00:40:00,600 --> 00:40:03,800
yarn faster and cheaper than any
hand spinner can match. 

695
00:40:04,700 --> 00:40:08,300
Power looms, follow gradually, 
improving from crude first 

696
00:40:08,300 --> 00:40:12,000
versions to machines capable of 
producing serviceable cloth. 

697
00:40:13,100 --> 00:40:14,900
Handweavers. 
Who have spent lifetimes 

698
00:40:14,900 --> 00:40:16,500
mastering their craft? 
Watch. 

699
00:40:16,500 --> 00:40:18,800
Their economic value plummet 
within a generation. 

700
00:40:20,000 --> 00:40:23,100
But here's what's interesting. 
the immediate result isn't that 

701
00:40:23,100 --> 00:40:27,700
handcrafts people disappear 
instead, the markets splits, 

702
00:40:28,500 --> 00:40:32,400
Cheap standardized Goods flow 
from Factory trees, basic 

703
00:40:32,400 --> 00:40:36,200
Fabrics, simple clothing and 
utilitarian items. 

704
00:40:37,200 --> 00:40:41,500
Meanwhile custom, work 
high-quality goods and complex 

705
00:40:41,500 --> 00:40:46,300
items still require hand skills.
A factory can produce plain 

706
00:40:46,300 --> 00:40:49,400
cotton shirting by the mile but 
the shirt itself. 

707
00:40:49,400 --> 00:40:53,600
Still needs a skilled tailor to 
cut and sew Machine made 

708
00:40:53,600 --> 00:40:57,200
Furniture fills modest homes, 
but wealthy buyers, still 

709
00:40:57,200 --> 00:40:58,900
commissioned Craftsman for 
pieces. 

710
00:40:58,900 --> 00:41:02,500
That showed genuine artistry. 
The Carpenters, crafted 

711
00:41:02,500 --> 00:41:06,600
illustrates this split nicely. 
Early, woodworking Machinery, 

712
00:41:06,600 --> 00:41:10,700
steam, powered saws and planers 
that can Surface lumbar faster 

713
00:41:10,700 --> 00:41:13,700
than any hand tool doesn't 
eliminate Carpenters. 

714
00:41:13,700 --> 00:41:17,700
But changes, what they do 
instead of spending days hand 

715
00:41:17,700 --> 00:41:20,400
planing rough. 
Lumber flat Carpenters. 

716
00:41:20,400 --> 00:41:27,700
Can now Buy Water-powered 
Sawmills mean Carpenters 

717
00:41:27,700 --> 00:41:30,300
received boards. 
Rather than whole logs changing 

718
00:41:30,300 --> 00:41:32,700
their work but not eliminating 
their skills. 

719
00:41:33,500 --> 00:41:36,300
What carpenters lose in this 
transition is a certain kind of 

720
00:41:36,308 --> 00:41:38,900
control. 
When you prepare your own lumber

721
00:41:38,900 --> 00:41:43,100
from logs, you understand that 
would intimately, see its grain 

722
00:41:43,100 --> 00:41:47,000
structure revealed with each saw
cut, notice subtle variations in

723
00:41:47,000 --> 00:41:50,600
color, and density and make 
decisions about how each board 

724
00:41:50,600 --> 00:41:54,300
can best be used. 
With premiered Lumber, this is 

725
00:41:54,300 --> 00:41:58,100
intimate knowledge, become less 
necessary, the work gets faster 

726
00:41:58,100 --> 00:42:01,000
but perhaps slightly less 
connected to the material 

727
00:42:01,000 --> 00:42:04,000
itself. 
Blacksmithing faces a different 

728
00:42:04,000 --> 00:42:07,300
kind of industrial pressure iron
foundries. 

729
00:42:07,300 --> 00:42:10,800
Begin producing casting for 
items, previously forged by hand

730
00:42:10,800 --> 00:42:15,400
pot, hooks fireplace equipment 
and decorative elements. 

731
00:42:16,400 --> 00:42:21,200
Later factories produce Nails by
Machine, the one identical to 

732
00:42:21,200 --> 00:42:24,500
the next far cheaper than Hand 
Forged versions. 

733
00:42:25,600 --> 00:42:28,500
The blacksmith's bread and 
butter work gradually erodes as 

734
00:42:28,500 --> 00:42:31,500
Factory products, fill needs 
that once required a trip to the

735
00:42:31,500 --> 00:42:36,200
Smithy yet blacksmiths adapt 
rather than disappear factories 

736
00:42:36,200 --> 00:42:39,800
can produce standard items, but 
custom work still requires the 

737
00:42:39,800 --> 00:42:42,500
forge. 
A farmer needs, a specialized 

738
00:42:42,500 --> 00:42:44,700
tool for his particular soil 
conditions. 

739
00:42:44,700 --> 00:42:49,800
A factory bracket doesn't quite 
fit an unusual situation, and a 

740
00:42:49,800 --> 00:42:53,800
machine breaks needs apart 
fabricated to match These jobs 

741
00:42:53,800 --> 00:42:57,500
still come to the blacksmith. 
the work becomes more varied and

742
00:42:57,500 --> 00:43:00,300
less predictable, require 
requiring broader skills and 

743
00:43:00,300 --> 00:43:04,300
more creative problems solving 
The relationship between Crafts 

744
00:43:04,300 --> 00:43:08,700
People and machines evolves. 
In unexpected ways, many Crafts 

745
00:43:08,700 --> 00:43:12,100
People initially fear and resist
machine or seeing it as 

746
00:43:12,100 --> 00:43:13,900
competition that will destroy 
their livelihoods. 

747
00:43:15,300 --> 00:43:18,300
But gradually some realize that 
machines can be tools rather 

748
00:43:18,300 --> 00:43:21,400
than replacements. 
Carpenter might use a power 

749
00:43:21,400 --> 00:43:24,800
source to quickly Dimension. 
Lumber then employ hand skills 

750
00:43:24,800 --> 00:43:27,900
for joinery and finishing a 
blacksmith might purchase 

751
00:43:27,900 --> 00:43:31,300
factory made barstock rather 
than forging it from raw iron 

752
00:43:31,300 --> 00:43:35,100
saving time for the specialized 
shaping the machines can't do. 

753
00:43:36,400 --> 00:43:40,000
This hybrid approach, combining 
machine efficiency with hand 

754
00:43:40,000 --> 00:43:43,700
skill becomes increasingly 
common as the century 

755
00:43:43,700 --> 00:43:47,200
progresses. 
It represents a pragmatic Middle

756
00:43:47,200 --> 00:43:50,500
Ground between pure handcraft 
and full mechanization. 

757
00:43:51,200 --> 00:43:55,500
The crafts person becomes lesser
of raw materials and more a 

758
00:43:55,500 --> 00:43:58,700
skilled assembler and finisher 
using machine made components, 

759
00:43:58,700 --> 00:44:02,000
but adding value through 
expertise that machines can't 

760
00:44:02,000 --> 00:44:05,200
replicate. 
The experience of learning craft

761
00:44:05,200 --> 00:44:09,000
changes during this period, too.
Traditional apprenticeship 

762
00:44:09,000 --> 00:44:12,700
years, spent with a master 
learning by observation and 

763
00:44:12,700 --> 00:44:16,600
practice begins competing with 
technical schools where Theory 

764
00:44:16,600 --> 00:44:19,000
can be taught to multiple 
students simultaneously. 

765
00:44:20,400 --> 00:44:24,400
Rickman manuals appear trying to
codify knowledge previously, 

766
00:44:24,400 --> 00:44:28,300
passed orally. 
The young person in 1850 might 

767
00:44:28,300 --> 00:44:32,400
learn carpentry partly through 
books and classes, whereas their

768
00:44:32,400 --> 00:44:35,600
grandparent learned entirely 
through hands-on experience. 

769
00:44:36,600 --> 00:44:39,800
This shift from tacit to 
explicit, knowledge has profound

770
00:44:39,800 --> 00:44:43,900
effects on one hand, it 
democratizes skills. 

771
00:44:43,900 --> 00:44:47,700
Anyone with access to books can 
theoretically learn techniques. 

772
00:44:47,700 --> 00:44:51,600
Previously guarded within Kraft 
gills, On the other hand, 

773
00:44:51,600 --> 00:44:53,700
something gets Lost in 
Translation. 

774
00:44:53,700 --> 00:44:58,600
The subtle judgment about when 
wood is ready to cut, the feel 

775
00:44:58,600 --> 00:45:00,500
of metal, a proper forging 
temperature. 

776
00:45:00,500 --> 00:45:04,300
And the sound of a properly, 
sharpened tool, these things are

777
00:45:04,300 --> 00:45:08,000
hard to convey in writing. 
The manual can tell you what to 

778
00:45:08,000 --> 00:45:11,500
do but struggles to communicate 
the embodied knowledge of how it

779
00:45:11,500 --> 00:45:15,400
should feel when done right? 
Economic pressures. 

780
00:45:15,400 --> 00:45:18,400
Intensifiers factory production 
expands. 

781
00:45:19,100 --> 00:45:21,900
A hand Weaver might earn a 
decent income in 1820. 

782
00:45:21,900 --> 00:45:26,200
Struggle in 1840, and be 
essentially priced out of basic 

783
00:45:26,200 --> 00:45:30,800
textile production by 18660. 
Some crafts, people adapt by 

784
00:45:30,800 --> 00:45:34,600
specializing, in luxury markets,
where hand quality commands 

785
00:45:34,600 --> 00:45:39,000
premium prices, others abandoned
traditional crafts and entirely,

786
00:45:39,000 --> 00:45:42,500
perhaps, moving to factory work 
themselves or finding new 

787
00:45:42,500 --> 00:45:45,700
occupations. 
The transition is, rarely smooth

788
00:45:45,700 --> 00:45:48,600
or easy. 
Community's experience, these 

789
00:45:48,600 --> 00:45:50,500
changes and deeply personal 
ways. 

790
00:45:51,400 --> 00:45:53,300
A town that wants supported 
three. 

791
00:45:53,300 --> 00:45:56,900
Cobblers might now support one 
as cheaper, Factory shoes, 

792
00:45:56,900 --> 00:45:59,400
reduced demand for repairs and 
custom work. 

793
00:46:00,300 --> 00:46:03,600
The blacksmith shop might employ
apprentices as Factory Goods, 

794
00:46:03,600 --> 00:46:07,400
replace hand-forged items. 
Young people growing up in the 

795
00:46:07,408 --> 00:46:10,700
1870s might see craft 
apprenticeships as outdated, 

796
00:46:10,700 --> 00:46:14,300
paths to Poverty, rather than 
respected routes to Skilled 

797
00:46:14,300 --> 00:46:16,600
work. 
Yet, throughout this transition 

798
00:46:16,600 --> 00:46:21,800
certain values associated with 
handcraft, persist there remains

799
00:46:21,800 --> 00:46:24,600
appreciation for things made 
with care for the visible 

800
00:46:24,600 --> 00:46:28,800
evidence of skilled hands and 
for items crafted to last rather

801
00:46:28,800 --> 00:46:30,600
than replace when fashion 
changes. 

802
00:46:31,500 --> 00:46:34,700
A factory made chair, might be 
cheap, but it won't match the 

803
00:46:34,700 --> 00:46:38,000
satisfaction of sitting in 
something across and built 

804
00:46:38,000 --> 00:46:40,100
specifically. 
For you shape to your 

805
00:46:40,100 --> 00:46:42,700
proportions and finish to your 
preferences. 

806
00:46:42,700 --> 00:46:46,200
The aesthetic debate, between 
handmade and machine-made. 

807
00:46:46,200 --> 00:46:49,200
Intensifies. 
Later in the century critics, 

808
00:46:49,200 --> 00:46:53,000
argue that machine production 
creates solar uniformity that it

809
00:46:53,000 --> 00:46:56,100
values quantity over quality and
that it severs. 

810
00:46:56,100 --> 00:46:59,200
The connection between maker and
user that gave handcrafted its 

811
00:46:59,200 --> 00:47:03,900
meaning. fenders counter that 
machines, democratize Goods, 

812
00:47:03,900 --> 00:47:08,300
previously available, only to 
the wealthy That they free human

813
00:47:08,300 --> 00:47:12,200
energy for higher purposes than 
repetitive manual labor and that

814
00:47:12,200 --> 00:47:14,900
progress, shouldn't be feared 
simply because it's different. 

815
00:47:14,900 --> 00:47:19,300
Both sides have valid points and
the century ends without 

816
00:47:19,300 --> 00:47:23,400
resolving the tension. 
By 1900 factories dominate 

817
00:47:23,400 --> 00:47:27,800
production of basic Goods. 
Handcraft, persists in Nature's 

818
00:47:27,800 --> 00:47:32,800
where quality customization or 
Artistry matter, more than price

819
00:47:32,800 --> 00:47:36,700
the crafts, don't die, but 
transformed, finding new 

820
00:47:36,700 --> 00:47:39,700
purposes in a world where making
things by hand, has become a 

821
00:47:39,700 --> 00:47:41,700
choice rather than the only 
option. 

822
00:47:42,900 --> 00:47:44,500
What's lost in this 
transformation? 

823
00:47:44,500 --> 00:47:46,900
Is a certain relationship to 
material objects. 

824
00:47:47,900 --> 00:47:51,600
When everything you owned was 
made by identifiable hands often

825
00:47:51,600 --> 00:47:55,700
in your own communities objects,
carry stories, you know who 

826
00:47:55,700 --> 00:47:59,800
sheep provided Woolf your shirt,
who spun and wove, the fabric 

827
00:47:59,800 --> 00:48:02,000
and who cut and Stitch the 
Garment. 

828
00:48:02,900 --> 00:48:06,900
This chain of creation is 
visible personal and grounded in

829
00:48:06,900 --> 00:48:09,500
relationships. 
Factory Goods. 

830
00:48:09,500 --> 00:48:13,200
Sever these connections. 
You have no relationship to the 

831
00:48:13,200 --> 00:48:15,200
people or places that produced 
them. 

832
00:48:15,200 --> 00:48:18,900
They arrive in your life as 
finished objects with no visible

833
00:48:18,900 --> 00:48:21,600
history. 
What's gained is abundance? 

834
00:48:22,700 --> 00:48:25,500
Factory production makes 
previously expensive items 

835
00:48:25,500 --> 00:48:29,500
affordable to working people? 
The ability to purchase adequate

836
00:48:29,500 --> 00:48:33,400
clothing, decent furniture and 
useful tools, without saving for

837
00:48:33,400 --> 00:48:36,500
months or years represents 
genuine material Improvement. 

838
00:48:37,600 --> 00:48:39,900
Question isn't whether 
industrialization brought 

839
00:48:39,900 --> 00:48:41,800
benefits? 
It clearly did. 

840
00:48:41,800 --> 00:48:44,800
But whether those benefits came 
at Cost, we didn't fully 

841
00:48:44,800 --> 00:48:48,600
anticipate The crafts people 
living through this transition 

842
00:48:48,600 --> 00:48:53,100
have complex experiences. 
Some Embrace change seeing 

843
00:48:53,100 --> 00:48:57,500
opportunities in new methods, 
others resist, bitterly watching

844
00:48:57,500 --> 00:48:59,700
skills. 
They spent decades, mastering 

845
00:48:59,700 --> 00:49:03,300
become economically. 
Irrelevant Most for somewhere 

846
00:49:03,300 --> 00:49:07,000
between adapting where possible 
while mourning, what's lost? 

847
00:49:08,000 --> 00:49:09,500
Their perspective offers 
insights. 

848
00:49:09,500 --> 00:49:12,800
We might consider in our own era
of technological disruption. 

849
00:49:13,700 --> 00:49:16,400
As the 19th century ends, the 
workshop World we've been 

850
00:49:16,400 --> 00:49:20,500
exploring exist more in memory 
than present reality. the 

851
00:49:20,500 --> 00:49:24,200
blacksmith's Forge still glows 
in small towns but factory made 

852
00:49:24,200 --> 00:49:28,100
Metal Goods film, most needs 
Carpenters, still apply their 

853
00:49:28,100 --> 00:49:31,200
trade but increasingly with 
power tools and Factory milled. 

854
00:49:31,200 --> 00:49:34,600
Lumber Weavers. 
Who wants were common in every 

855
00:49:34,600 --> 00:49:37,900
Community have large Lee moved 
to factory employment or 

856
00:49:37,900 --> 00:49:42,200
abandoned textile work entirely 
Tinker circuit as ended 

857
00:49:42,200 --> 00:49:45,500
replaced, by mail order 
catalogs, offering cheap 

858
00:49:45,500 --> 00:49:48,500
replacement Goods. 
Yet, the knowledge doesn't 

859
00:49:48,500 --> 00:49:52,200
entirely disappear. 
Skills passed a hobbyists and 

860
00:49:52,200 --> 00:49:55,800
artists who practice traditional
crafts for pleasure rather than 

861
00:49:55,800 --> 00:49:59,200
necessity. 
Museums preserve tools and 

862
00:49:59,200 --> 00:50:03,300
techniques written records and 
photographs capture methods 

863
00:50:03,300 --> 00:50:05,200
before the last practitioners 
die. 

864
00:50:06,100 --> 00:50:09,800
Thread of connection remains 
however tenuous linking us back 

865
00:50:09,800 --> 00:50:13,300
to ways of making that dominated
Human Experience for thousands 

866
00:50:13,300 --> 00:50:16,400
of years. 
As you settle deeper into 

867
00:50:16,400 --> 00:50:19,400
Comfort, perhaps your tea is 
called, and your considering 

868
00:50:19,400 --> 00:50:22,600
whether to brew more or maybe 
sleep is starting to gently pull

869
00:50:22,600 --> 00:50:25,200
at your way. 
And let's think about how the 

870
00:50:25,200 --> 00:50:28,500
craft world of the 1800 still 
touches your life today. 

871
00:50:28,500 --> 00:50:32,500
Often in ways, you don't notice 
until you pause to consider, 

872
00:50:33,400 --> 00:50:35,100
That wooden cutting board in 
your kitchen. 

873
00:50:35,100 --> 00:50:38,000
If it's a good one, made by a 
small producer or rather than 

874
00:50:38,000 --> 00:50:41,900
Mass manufactured overseas was 
probably created using 

875
00:50:41,900 --> 00:50:44,500
techniques and 19th. 
Century Carpenter would 

876
00:50:44,500 --> 00:50:48,000
recognize immediately. 
Someone selected, the wood for 

877
00:50:48,000 --> 00:50:52,000
appropriate grain cut. 
It carefully, sanded its smooth 

878
00:50:52,000 --> 00:50:54,300
and finished it with food, safe 
oil. 

879
00:50:55,300 --> 00:50:58,600
The tools might be electric 
rather than hand powered, but 

880
00:50:58,600 --> 00:51:03,000
the basic principles 
understanding wood working with 

881
00:51:03,000 --> 00:51:06,800
rather than Against the Grain 
creating smooth surfaces that 

882
00:51:06,800 --> 00:51:09,700
won't Harbor bacteria. 
These have not changed. 

883
00:51:10,900 --> 00:51:13,800
The same continuity appears in 
countless modern objects. 

884
00:51:14,600 --> 00:51:17,500
Quality leather goods, still 
involve many hand operations, 

885
00:51:17,500 --> 00:51:21,100
cutting stitching and Edge 
finishing because machines 

886
00:51:21,100 --> 00:51:24,300
struggle with three-dimensional 
forms and variable materials 

887
00:51:24,300 --> 00:51:28,400
find furniture while often 
involving power tools for rough.

888
00:51:28,400 --> 00:51:32,900
Work still requires hand skills 
for joinery finishing and 

889
00:51:32,900 --> 00:51:35,800
creating the details that 
distinguish craftsmanship from 

890
00:51:35,800 --> 00:51:39,500
Mere Construction. 
Blacksmithing written offers 

891
00:51:39,500 --> 00:51:43,100
dead by the mid-20th century has
experienced an unexpected 

892
00:51:43,100 --> 00:51:46,400
Renaissance. 
Contemporary blacksmiths, create

893
00:51:46,400 --> 00:51:50,000
everything from architectural, 
metalwork to kitchen knives to 

894
00:51:50,000 --> 00:51:53,400
decorative art. 
They use the same basic 

895
00:51:53,400 --> 00:51:57,800
techniques heating hammering 
shaping that their 1800 

896
00:51:57,800 --> 00:52:01,800
predecessors employed though. 
Modern forges might burn propane

897
00:52:01,800 --> 00:52:04,500
rather than coal and temperature
control. 

898
00:52:04,500 --> 00:52:07,700
Might involve Thermo couples 
rather than reading metal color.

899
00:52:08,500 --> 00:52:11,000
This revival isn't just 
nostalgic hobby work. 

900
00:52:11,000 --> 00:52:14,500
As genuine demand for Hand 
Forged items because they 

901
00:52:14,500 --> 00:52:17,400
possess qualities machine 
production can't easily. 

902
00:52:17,400 --> 00:52:22,100
Replicate, A handful forged 
knife has subtle variations in 

903
00:52:22,100 --> 00:52:25,800
thickness and shape that 
distributes stress better than 

904
00:52:25,800 --> 00:52:30,000
uniform Factory knives. 
Hand Forged architectural 

905
00:52:30,000 --> 00:52:31,900
elements. 
Bring visual interest to 

906
00:52:31,900 --> 00:52:35,700
buildings increasingly dominated
by standardization. 

907
00:52:36,700 --> 00:52:40,600
People respond to evidence of 
human hands in creation, even if

908
00:52:40,600 --> 00:52:43,100
they can't articulate exactly 
why it matters. 

909
00:52:44,000 --> 00:52:46,900
The knowledge preserved in 
traditional crafts or informs 

910
00:52:46,900 --> 00:52:50,100
modern innovation. 
Engineer studying traditional 

911
00:52:50,100 --> 00:52:53,700
joinery discover principles that
Inspire new fastening systems, 

912
00:52:53,700 --> 00:52:58,800
textile designers analyzing hand
woven fabrics, find patterns and

913
00:52:58,800 --> 00:53:01,600
structural approaches that 
translate into Innovative 

914
00:53:01,600 --> 00:53:05,000
materials. 
The past isn't just history. 

915
00:53:05,000 --> 00:53:07,400
It's a repository of human 
problems. 

916
00:53:07,400 --> 00:53:10,700
Solving that took thousands of 
years to develop and shouldn't 

917
00:53:10,700 --> 00:53:12,100
be carelessly. 
Discarded. 

918
00:53:13,200 --> 00:53:15,900
Contemporary makers, often 
describe feeling connected to 

919
00:53:15,900 --> 00:53:18,600
long lineages when they practice
traditional crafts. 

920
00:53:19,300 --> 00:53:22,300
The Weaver at a handloom 
experience as the same rhythms 

921
00:53:22,300 --> 00:53:26,700
faces, the same challenges and 
makes the same subtle judgments 

922
00:53:26,700 --> 00:53:29,000
as Weavers, 500 or 5,000 years 
ago. 

923
00:53:30,500 --> 00:53:34,200
There's something profound in 
this continuity. sense that your

924
00:53:34,200 --> 00:53:38,200
participating in fundamental 
human activities, that transcend

925
00:53:38,200 --> 00:53:42,700
particular moments or cultures 
the satisfaction people find in 

926
00:53:42,700 --> 00:53:45,500
handcrafted whether as 
professionals or hobbyists 

927
00:53:45,500 --> 00:53:49,300
speaks to needs that, industrial
production does not fulfill 

928
00:53:50,200 --> 00:53:53,500
Making something with your hands
watching it emerge. 

929
00:53:53,500 --> 00:53:55,300
Raw materials through your 
efforts. 

930
00:53:55,300 --> 00:53:58,300
Knowing exactly what went into 
its creation. 

931
00:53:59,100 --> 00:54:02,600
These experiences provide a kind
of fulfillment that purchasing 

932
00:54:02,600 --> 00:54:04,600
finished goods, never quite 
matches. 

933
00:54:05,600 --> 00:54:08,800
In an increasingly digital age 
where much work involves 

934
00:54:08,800 --> 00:54:12,900
manipulating abstractions the 
concreteness of craft becomes 

935
00:54:12,900 --> 00:54:15,900
particularly appealing modern 
craft education. 

936
00:54:15,900 --> 00:54:20,400
Draws heavily on 19th century. 
Traditions woodworking classes, 

937
00:54:20,400 --> 00:54:22,800
teach joinery technique. 
That would be familiar to 

938
00:54:22,800 --> 00:54:26,600
Victorian Carpenters. 
Blacksmithing workshops cover 

939
00:54:26,600 --> 00:54:29,500
forging methods unchanged in 
centuries. 

940
00:54:30,400 --> 00:54:33,300
Textile Arts programs, 
introduced students to spinning 

941
00:54:33,300 --> 00:54:36,900
and weaving using equipment. 
The differs only in details from

942
00:54:36,900 --> 00:54:39,100
what crafts people use 
throughout the 1800s. 

943
00:54:40,200 --> 00:54:43,300
The knowledge transferred across
Generations because it's based 

944
00:54:43,300 --> 00:54:45,900
on unchanging properties, of 
materials and human 

945
00:54:45,900 --> 00:54:49,200
capabilities. 
What's changed is the economic 

946
00:54:49,200 --> 00:54:51,900
context. 
And 19th century crafts. 

947
00:54:51,900 --> 00:54:54,600
Person practiced their trade 
because it was how they earned 

948
00:54:54,600 --> 00:54:57,000
their living. 
The only way, most people could 

949
00:54:57,000 --> 00:54:59,600
acquire necessary Goods was 
through, craft production. 

950
00:55:00,600 --> 00:55:02,400
Modern crafts. 
People often have different 

951
00:55:02,400 --> 00:55:06,300
motivations, artistic 
expression, connection to 

952
00:55:06,300 --> 00:55:10,500
tradition resistance, to 
disposability and the simple 

953
00:55:10,500 --> 00:55:14,600
satisfaction of making economic 
pressure still exists. 

954
00:55:15,500 --> 00:55:18,800
Craft businesses must compete 
with cheap manufactured goods. 

955
00:55:19,700 --> 00:55:22,700
But it's not the existential 
necessity at once was. 

956
00:55:23,700 --> 00:55:26,400
The appreciation for handcraft 
has also changed. 

957
00:55:27,100 --> 00:55:31,800
In the 1800s, handmade was 
simply normal, the default State

958
00:55:31,800 --> 00:55:35,200
of Affairs. 
Today handmade special 

959
00:55:35,200 --> 00:55:38,400
distinctive and worth premium 
pricing. 

960
00:55:39,200 --> 00:55:42,500
This shift reflects how rare 
genuine handcrafters become? 

961
00:55:43,200 --> 00:55:46,400
When everything was made by hand
individual pieces were 

962
00:55:46,400 --> 00:55:48,800
remarkable. 
Now that mass production, 

963
00:55:48,800 --> 00:55:52,400
dominates evidence of hand 
skill, commands attention and 

964
00:55:52,400 --> 00:55:55,000
respect. 
This creates an interesting 

965
00:55:55,000 --> 00:55:57,900
irony. 
Handcrafted has become luxury 

966
00:55:57,900 --> 00:56:00,900
goods accessible. 
Mainly to those with money for 

967
00:56:00,900 --> 00:56:03,300
premium products or time for 
hobby Pursuit. 

968
00:56:04,300 --> 00:56:07,900
The skills that once served 
everyone now often serve wealthy

969
00:56:07,900 --> 00:56:11,100
collectors or become leisure 
activities for those with 

970
00:56:11,100 --> 00:56:15,100
adequate resources. 
This isn't entirely negative. 

971
00:56:15,100 --> 00:56:18,100
It's preserved, knowledge, that 
might otherwise have 

972
00:56:18,100 --> 00:56:21,000
disappeared. 
But it represents a profound 

973
00:56:21,000 --> 00:56:24,900
change in craft social role, yet
the hunger for connection to 

974
00:56:24,900 --> 00:56:30,400
making persists across economic 
classes, DIY culture, maker 

975
00:56:30,400 --> 00:56:33,600
spaces and YouTube tutorials 
teaching traditional skills. 

976
00:56:33,600 --> 00:56:38,000
These phenomena suggest a 
widespread desire to understand 

977
00:56:38,000 --> 00:56:40,800
how things are made and to 
participate in making. 

978
00:56:41,800 --> 00:56:45,000
The specific economic 
circumstances differ from the 

979
00:56:45,000 --> 00:56:48,100
1800s. 
But the human impulse to create 

980
00:56:48,100 --> 00:56:50,500
with hands and tools remains 
constant. 

981
00:56:51,500 --> 00:56:55,000
Environmental awareness is given
traditional craft new relevance,

982
00:56:55,000 --> 00:56:59,700
the 1800s emphasis on repair 
over replacement on making 

983
00:56:59,700 --> 00:57:03,000
things to last and on working 
with natural rather than 

984
00:57:03,000 --> 00:57:06,500
synthetic materials. 
These approaches a line well 

985
00:57:06,500 --> 00:57:09,800
with contemporary, 
sustainability, concerns, a 

986
00:57:09,800 --> 00:57:11,600
handmade. 
Wooden chair that last 

987
00:57:11,600 --> 00:57:15,700
generation's has far less 
environmental impact than cheap 

988
00:57:15,700 --> 00:57:17,800
furniture designed for planned 
obsolescence. 

989
00:57:18,800 --> 00:57:21,700
Traditional crafts in 
sustainability looks 

990
00:57:21,700 --> 00:57:24,600
increasingly wise, rather than 
merely old fashioned. 

991
00:57:25,500 --> 00:57:28,300
The pace of craft work offers 
another kind of value in our 

992
00:57:28,300 --> 00:57:31,500
accelerated world. 
Everything about traditional 

993
00:57:31,500 --> 00:57:35,700
making is slow the years of 
skill development, the careful 

994
00:57:35,700 --> 00:57:39,600
material selection and the 
patient execution of techniques 

995
00:57:39,600 --> 00:57:43,200
that can't be rushed. 
This slowness frustrates, modern

996
00:57:43,200 --> 00:57:47,100
efficiency, obsessed thinking, 
but provides an antidote to 

997
00:57:47,100 --> 00:57:51,000
constant acceleration. 
Weaver who spends weeks creating

998
00:57:51,000 --> 00:57:54,200
yards of fabric? 
The woodworker who completes 

999
00:57:54,200 --> 00:57:58,100
perhaps one piece per month. 
And the blacksmith who Heats and

1000
00:57:58,100 --> 00:58:01,900
hammers, the same piece dozens 
of time's, they're all working 

1001
00:58:01,900 --> 00:58:04,900
at human speed. 
The pace at which careful 

1002
00:58:04,900 --> 00:58:08,700
attention can be sustained. 
A sleep begins pulling more 

1003
00:58:08,700 --> 00:58:11,400
insistently in this journey 
through the craft world of the 

1004
00:58:11,400 --> 00:58:16,000
1800s, near its end, consider 
what lessons that vanished world

1005
00:58:16,000 --> 00:58:19,000
might offer. 
Not that we should, or could 

1006
00:58:19,000 --> 00:58:22,000
return to pre-industrial 
production, that's neither 

1007
00:58:22,000 --> 00:58:26,600
possible nor probably desirable.
But perhaps there's wisdom in 

1008
00:58:26,600 --> 00:58:28,500
how Crafts People approach their
work. 

1009
00:58:29,400 --> 00:58:33,400
Patient skilled development, the
respect for materials, the 

1010
00:58:33,400 --> 00:58:36,600
assumption that things should be
made well enough to last, and 

1011
00:58:36,600 --> 00:58:39,200
the direct connection between 
maker and user. 

1012
00:58:40,300 --> 00:58:45,300
The blacksmith Carpenter Weaver 
cobbler and Tinker with visited 

1013
00:58:45,300 --> 00:58:46,700
tonight. 
Worked in a world. 

1014
00:58:46,700 --> 00:58:50,800
Vastly different from ours. 
They face challenges with solved

1015
00:58:50,800 --> 00:58:52,900
and limitations. 
We've transcended. 

1016
00:58:53,800 --> 00:58:56,400
But they also possess knowledge 
and practice values that 

1017
00:58:56,400 --> 00:59:00,600
industrialization swept aside, 
not always to our benefit. 

1018
00:59:01,700 --> 00:59:05,200
The workshop world of the 1800s 
can't be recovered but 

1019
00:59:05,200 --> 00:59:07,900
understanding it might help us 
think more carefully about what 

1020
00:59:07,900 --> 00:59:11,400
we make, how we make it and why 
we make it. 

1021
00:59:12,300 --> 00:59:15,800
The workshops of grown quiet. 
Now, the forges cool to 

1022
00:59:15,800 --> 00:59:19,500
Darkness, the last faint heat 
dissipating into the night, air.

1023
00:59:20,700 --> 00:59:23,100
Would shave things live where 
they fell on the Carpenters 

1024
00:59:23,100 --> 00:59:25,400
floor when waiting for 
tomorrow's sweep. 

1025
00:59:26,900 --> 00:59:31,100
The loom stand silent, its 
threads holding tension even in 

1026
00:59:31,100 --> 00:59:33,900
Stillness ready for the Weavers 
return. 

1027
00:59:35,700 --> 00:59:38,300
In the Cobbler Shop 
half-finished shoes. 

1028
00:59:38,300 --> 00:59:41,000
Rest on their lasts leather 
slowly. 

1029
00:59:41,000 --> 00:59:45,300
Conforming to the wooden forms 
beneath these spaces will wake 

1030
00:59:45,300 --> 00:59:47,300
again with Morning Light and 
renewed activity. 

1031
00:59:48,500 --> 00:59:52,400
Blacksmith will rake Kohl's back
to life feeding the forge until 

1032
00:59:52,400 --> 00:59:54,400
it closed that perfect orange 
yellow. 

1033
00:59:55,700 --> 00:59:58,500
The carpenter will test Edge 
sharpness with his thumb. 

1034
00:59:59,300 --> 01:00:03,000
A casual gesture, born from 
Decades of repetition before 

1035
01:00:03,000 --> 01:00:07,200
beginning the days first cuts. 
The Weaver will settle at a loom

1036
01:00:07,200 --> 01:00:11,000
feet finding treadles 
automatically hands reaching for

1037
01:00:11,000 --> 01:00:12,600
the shuttle before conscious 
thought. 

1038
01:00:12,600 --> 01:00:15,500
Even suggested. 
The cobbler will thread is 

1039
01:00:15,500 --> 01:00:18,500
needle with waxed cord and 
continue stitching. 

1040
01:00:18,500 --> 01:00:22,200
Where yesterday ended? 
But tonight, as you drift 

1041
01:00:22,200 --> 01:00:24,400
towards sleep, you can hold in 
your mind. 

1042
01:00:24,400 --> 01:00:29,200
This world of skilled hands and 
patient work where time moved at

1043
01:00:29,200 --> 01:00:31,800
the pace of careful, craft and 
making something. 

1044
01:00:31,800 --> 01:00:33,800
Well was simply how you lived 
your life? 

1045
01:00:34,800 --> 01:00:38,400
It's a world that existed just a
few Generations ago, close 

1046
01:00:38,400 --> 01:00:40,100
enough that your 
great-grandparents might have 

1047
01:00:40,100 --> 01:00:42,100
known people who lived entirely 
within it. 

1048
01:00:42,100 --> 01:00:45,600
Yet distant enough that it's 
rhythms and assumptions feel 

1049
01:00:45,600 --> 01:00:48,700
almost foreign. 
Now, The Crafts People of the 

1050
01:00:48,700 --> 01:00:51,100
1800s left legacies beyond the 
objects. 

1051
01:00:51,100 --> 01:00:54,200
They made, they preserved 
knowledge accumulated, over 

1052
01:00:54,200 --> 01:00:58,400
Millennia refined through 
countless repetitions and passed

1053
01:00:58,400 --> 01:01:01,300
from experienced hands, to 
novice ones with patient 

1054
01:01:01,300 --> 01:01:04,400
instruction. 
They demonstrated that work 

1055
01:01:04,400 --> 01:01:06,400
could be a source of Pride and 
satisfaction. 

1056
01:01:07,600 --> 01:01:10,900
Creating useful, Beauty was a 
worthy occupation and that 

1057
01:01:10,900 --> 01:01:13,900
taking time to do things 
properly produced results worth 

1058
01:01:13,900 --> 01:01:16,800
the investment. 
They also showed how quickly 

1059
01:01:16,800 --> 01:01:20,600
entire world can transform. 
The workshop culture that 

1060
01:01:20,600 --> 01:01:24,300
dominated Human Experience for 
thousands of years, largely 

1061
01:01:24,300 --> 01:01:28,500
vanished within a single Century
swept aside by industrial 

1062
01:01:28,500 --> 01:01:30,800
methods that promised and 
delivered abundance. 

1063
01:01:31,800 --> 01:01:33,800
The crafts people who live 
through this transition. 

1064
01:01:33,800 --> 01:01:37,600
Experienced it as loss and gain 
intermingled watching their 

1065
01:01:37,600 --> 01:01:40,700
skills become economically 
marginal, while material 

1066
01:01:40,700 --> 01:01:44,100
standards improved around them. 
What survived this 

1067
01:01:44,100 --> 01:01:47,600
transformation, the knowledge 
itself preserved in books, 

1068
01:01:47,600 --> 01:01:51,700
museums and continued practice 
by those who value it Beyond 

1069
01:01:51,700 --> 01:01:55,100
mere economics. 
The appreciation for Quality 

1070
01:01:55,100 --> 01:01:58,800
that transcends price for 
evidence of human care and 

1071
01:01:58,800 --> 01:02:04,000
skill. for objects that tell 
stories through their making the

1072
01:02:04,000 --> 01:02:06,900
understanding that some 
satisfactions come only through 

1073
01:02:06,900 --> 01:02:11,200
direct engagement with materials
that creating with your hands 

1074
01:02:11,200 --> 01:02:14,500
feed something in human nature 
that observational consumption. 

1075
01:02:14,500 --> 01:02:18,300
Cannot As your breathing deepens
and sleep approaches. 

1076
01:02:18,300 --> 01:02:21,900
Let your last waking thoughts, 
rest with those Crafts People. 

1077
01:02:22,900 --> 01:02:26,200
The blacksmith feeling metal 
temperature through color, the 

1078
01:02:26,200 --> 01:02:29,300
carpenter reading grain patterns
like familiar text. 

1079
01:02:29,300 --> 01:02:32,800
The Weaver, maintaining Rhythm 
through thousands of shuttle 

1080
01:02:32,800 --> 01:02:36,000
throws and the cobbler stitching
with a Precision measured in 

1081
01:02:36,000 --> 01:02:39,500
fractional inches. 
They lived lives of physical 

1082
01:02:39,500 --> 01:02:43,900
work and mental engagement of 
skill, slowly accumulated, and 

1083
01:02:43,900 --> 01:02:47,800
patiently, applied of intimate 
knowledge about how materials 

1084
01:02:47,800 --> 01:02:50,000
behave and how hands can shape 
them. 

1085
01:02:50,800 --> 01:02:53,400
They made the world that our 
industrial civilization is 

1086
01:02:53,400 --> 01:02:56,100
built. 
Upon every Factory technique 

1087
01:02:56,100 --> 01:03:00,400
began as someone's handcrafted, 
refined and mechanized, but 

1088
01:03:00,400 --> 01:03:04,800
rooted in human Discovery. 
Every modern convenience rests 

1089
01:03:04,800 --> 01:03:07,800
on foundations of knowledge 
developed by countless Anonymous

1090
01:03:07,800 --> 01:03:10,000
Crafts. 
People solving practical 

1091
01:03:10,000 --> 01:03:12,400
problems with available 
materials and engineering. 

1092
01:03:13,700 --> 01:03:16,500
The workshops are mostly gone 
now, but what they taught us 

1093
01:03:16,500 --> 01:03:20,700
remains waiting to be remembered
by those who paused to consider 

1094
01:03:20,700 --> 01:03:23,700
how things were made before 
making became an industrial 

1095
01:03:23,700 --> 01:03:26,900
process. 
The 1800s crafts. 

1096
01:03:26,900 --> 01:03:30,300
People worked in a world lit by 
candles and heated by wood fires

1097
01:03:30,300 --> 01:03:34,000
where Horse Transport was still 
new technology and most people 

1098
01:03:34,000 --> 01:03:36,100
lived within a few miles of 
their birthplace. 

1099
01:03:37,300 --> 01:03:41,800
Core experiences, the 
satisfaction of skilled work a 

1100
01:03:41,800 --> 01:03:43,300
frustration of difficult 
materials. 

1101
01:03:43,300 --> 01:03:47,700
The pride in completed projects,
the relationships with customers

1102
01:03:47,700 --> 01:03:51,800
who became friends, these remain
fundamentally human regardless 

1103
01:03:51,800 --> 01:03:56,100
of era Sleep comes now pulling. 
You gently away from these 

1104
01:03:56,100 --> 01:03:59,900
Workshop visits. 
As you surrender to it, perhaps 

1105
01:03:59,900 --> 01:04:02,900
you carry with you A Renewed 
appreciation, for how things are

1106
01:04:02,900 --> 01:04:06,400
made for the hands and Minds 
behind objects from take for 

1107
01:04:06,400 --> 01:04:09,300
granted granted. 
And for the Deep history of 

1108
01:04:09,300 --> 01:04:12,500
human making that connect 
backward through time to the 

1109
01:04:12,500 --> 01:04:16,500
first person who shaped a useful
tool and forward to whatever 

1110
01:04:16,500 --> 01:04:20,600
future we craft for ourselves. 
Forge will glow again. 

1111
01:04:20,600 --> 01:04:24,700
Tomorrow, the saw will bite into
would the shuttle will fly 

1112
01:04:24,700 --> 01:04:28,100
through its shed and leather 
will yield to needle and thread.

1113
01:04:28,100 --> 01:04:32,100
The work continues because it 
must because we need things 

1114
01:04:32,100 --> 01:04:34,600
made. 
Well, Because some knowledge is 

1115
01:04:34,600 --> 01:04:38,300
too valuable to lose and because
making with our hands reminds 

1116
01:04:38,300 --> 01:04:39,800
us. 
What it means to be human in a 

1117
01:04:39,808 --> 01:04:43,000
world increasingly dominated by 
machines and algorithms. 

1118
01:04:44,400 --> 01:04:46,800
Rest. 
Now in this knowledge somewhere 

1119
01:04:46,800 --> 01:04:50,300
tonight someone is practicing 
these ancient crafts, keeping 

1120
01:04:50,300 --> 01:04:54,800
knowledge alive, making things 
with patience and skill and 

1121
01:04:54,800 --> 01:04:57,800
maintaining connection to ways 
of working that have served 

1122
01:04:57,800 --> 01:05:00,100
Humanity. 
Since we first learned to shape 

1123
01:05:00,100 --> 01:05:04,800
our world rather than merely 
inhabit, it The story of craft 

1124
01:05:04,800 --> 01:05:09,500
is your story too, how we make 
things, how we make meaning and 

1125
01:05:09,500 --> 01:05:12,400
how we make our way through the 
world with skilled hands and 

1126
01:05:12,400 --> 01:05:16,900
thoughtful Minds sleep. 
Well, and may your dreams be 

1127
01:05:16,900 --> 01:05:19,500
filled with the Quiet 
satisfaction of work done. 

1128
01:05:19,500 --> 01:05:24,200
Well of materials, transformed 
through skill of things made to 

1129
01:05:24,200 --> 01:05:26,800
last by people who cared enough 
to make them properly. 

1130
01:05:28,100 --> 01:05:31,500
Tomorrow, you'll wake to a world
vastly different from the 1800s,

1131
01:05:31,500 --> 01:05:33,100
Workshop culture, we visited 
tonight. 

1132
01:05:34,400 --> 01:05:38,600
Somewhere in that modern world 
ancient skills, persist ancient 

1133
01:05:38,600 --> 01:05:41,700
rhythms continue. 
And the fundamental human 

1134
01:05:41,700 --> 01:05:44,800
impulse to create with our hands
remains a strong as ever. 

1135
01:05:46,200 --> 01:05:48,000
Apps. 
That's the real Legacy of those 

1136
01:05:48,000 --> 01:05:52,600
19th century Crafts People not 
just the objects they made but 

1137
01:05:52,600 --> 01:05:54,200
there are minder that making 
things. 

1138
01:05:54,200 --> 01:05:58,200
Well matters. 
The craft has value Beyond 

1139
01:05:58,200 --> 01:06:02,000
economics and that some of our 
deepest satisfactions come from 

1140
01:06:02,008 --> 01:06:04,200
creating rather than merely 
consuming. 

1141
01:06:05,400 --> 01:06:09,600
The workshops are quiet now. 
The Tool's rest, the materials 

1142
01:06:09,600 --> 01:06:13,800
wait and you rest to carrying 
forward this story of how things

1143
01:06:13,800 --> 01:06:17,800
were made when making required, 
not just pressing buttons but 

1144
01:06:17,800 --> 01:06:22,600
understanding materials deeply 
developing skills patiently and 

1145
01:06:22,600 --> 01:06:25,800
working with the kind of care 
that can be neither automated 

1146
01:06:25,800 --> 01:06:37,200
nor rushed. 
Picture. 

1147
01:06:37,200 --> 01:06:40,000
This. 
It's 1911 and you've just landed

1148
01:06:40,000 --> 01:06:42,700
what everyone calls a good job 
at the local textile mill. 

1149
01:06:42,700 --> 01:06:45,600
Your family's practically 
throwing a party because hey 

1150
01:06:45,600 --> 01:06:47,100
steady work is steady work, 
right? 

1151
01:06:48,000 --> 01:06:49,600
Little. 
Do you know you have just 

1152
01:06:49,600 --> 01:06:52,200
committed to what feels like a 
very long, very loud. 

1153
01:06:52,200 --> 01:06:55,700
And very dusty Adventure filled 
with creative ways to dislike 

1154
01:06:55,700 --> 01:06:59,100
your life. 
Your first day starts at 5:30 

1155
01:06:59,100 --> 01:07:00,700
a.m. which wouldn't be a 
problem. 

1156
01:07:00,700 --> 01:07:05,100
If you would say a rooster But 
you're not, you're a human being

1157
01:07:05,100 --> 01:07:08,000
who needs sleep and the mill, 
whistled doesn't care about your

1158
01:07:08,000 --> 01:07:11,700
beauty rest, that whistle become
your new alarm clock, your lunch

1159
01:07:11,700 --> 01:07:14,700
Bell, and your freedom song. 
All rolled into one ear 

1160
01:07:14,700 --> 01:07:17,400
splitting package. 
It's like having a very punctual

1161
01:07:17,400 --> 01:07:19,300
Furious metal bird living in 
your neighborhood. 

1162
01:07:20,500 --> 01:07:23,200
Walking into the mill for the 
first time is like, stepping 

1163
01:07:23,200 --> 01:07:26,100
into another world. 
If that world were designed by 

1164
01:07:26,100 --> 01:07:28,200
someone who really, really hated
Comfort. 

1165
01:07:28,200 --> 01:07:32,500
The noise hits you first. 
Imagine a thousand typewriters 

1166
01:07:32,500 --> 01:07:34,100
have an argument with a brass 
band. 

1167
01:07:34,100 --> 01:07:37,100
While someone runs a cheese 
grater over a chalkboard, that's

1168
01:07:37,100 --> 01:07:41,300
your new soundtrack, 12 hours a 
day, six days, a week, the air 

1169
01:07:41,300 --> 01:07:44,400
inside feels thick enough to 
chew cotton dust, floats 

1170
01:07:44,400 --> 01:07:46,200
everywhere. 
Like the world's most annoying 

1171
01:07:46,200 --> 01:07:50,900
snow, except this snow makes you
cough and never melts, you'll 

1172
01:07:50,900 --> 01:07:53,000
spend your first week thinking, 
you're coming down with 

1173
01:07:53,000 --> 01:07:55,800
something until you realize that
scratchy throat and those 

1174
01:07:55,800 --> 01:07:57,800
sneezing fits aren't temporary 
visitors. 

1175
01:07:57,800 --> 01:08:01,500
They're your new roommates. 
Your supervisor, a man who 

1176
01:08:01,500 --> 01:08:05,400
smiled disappeared sometime 
around 1897 explains your job. 

1177
01:08:05,400 --> 01:08:08,700
With the enthusiasm of someone 
reading a grocery list, you'll 

1178
01:08:08,700 --> 01:08:11,500
be 10 machines that look like 
they were by someone who 

1179
01:08:11,500 --> 01:08:13,800
thought. 
You know what this device needs 

1180
01:08:13,800 --> 01:08:18,500
more ways to catch fingers? 
These mechanical beasts consume 

1181
01:08:18,500 --> 01:08:22,200
cotton and expel thread and 
their temperament is akin to 

1182
01:08:22,207 --> 01:08:23,899
that of a cat during a 
thunderstorm. 

1183
01:08:24,700 --> 01:08:27,700
The learning curve is steep, 
which is a polite way of saying,

1184
01:08:27,700 --> 01:08:30,700
your first month feeling like 
you're trying to juggle, while 

1185
01:08:30,700 --> 01:08:32,399
riding a unicycle in an 
earthquake. 

1186
01:08:33,300 --> 01:08:36,000
Every machine has its 
personality and most of them 

1187
01:08:36,000 --> 01:08:38,800
have bad attitudes. 
There's the one that jams. 

1188
01:08:38,800 --> 01:08:41,399
If you look at it wrong, the one
that makes a weird clicking 

1189
01:08:41,399 --> 01:08:42,899
sound. 
That means either everything's 

1190
01:08:42,899 --> 01:08:46,300
fine or run for your life and 
the one that seems to wait until

1191
01:08:46,300 --> 01:08:48,300
you're distracted to break 
something expensive. 

1192
01:08:48,300 --> 01:08:51,300
Your fellow workers. 
Welcome you with the kind of 

1193
01:08:51,300 --> 01:08:54,000
tired solidarity that comes from
shared suffering. 

1194
01:08:54,800 --> 01:08:57,899
They will teach you important 
information, such as which water

1195
01:08:57,899 --> 01:09:01,500
fountain actually works where to
hide when the floor supervisor 

1196
01:09:01,500 --> 01:09:05,300
is in a bad mood, and how to eat
lunch in exactly 12 minutes. 

1197
01:09:05,300 --> 01:09:08,800
Since that is all the time, 
you're given these people become

1198
01:09:08,800 --> 01:09:12,200
your Mill, family bonded, 
together by cotton dust, and the

1199
01:09:12,207 --> 01:09:14,700
mutual understanding that 
everyone's just trying to make 

1200
01:09:14,700 --> 01:09:16,700
it through another day, without 
losing a finger. 

1201
01:09:17,500 --> 01:09:20,600
The pace sounds decent when they
tell you about it, until you 

1202
01:09:20,600 --> 01:09:24,399
realize that decent is relative.
Sure you're making more than the

1203
01:09:24,399 --> 01:09:27,600
guy who sweeps streets but 
you're all so working twice as 

1204
01:09:27,600 --> 01:09:30,000
hard and breathing are that's 
more cotton than not oxygen, 

1205
01:09:30,000 --> 01:09:34,100
your wages might cover. 
Rent food may be a small luxury 

1206
01:09:34,100 --> 01:09:36,800
like soap. 
Forget about those fancy things 

1207
01:09:36,800 --> 01:09:39,700
like saving money or buying 
clothes that don't smell 

1208
01:09:39,700 --> 01:09:43,500
permanently of machine oil. 
By the end of your first week, 

1209
01:09:43,500 --> 01:09:47,200
you've acquired what everyone 
refers to as a mill, cough, a 

1210
01:09:47,200 --> 01:09:49,700
Charming, little ailment that 
will accompany you constantly. 

1211
01:09:50,500 --> 01:09:52,800
Your hands are already showing 
the signs of your new 

1212
01:09:52,800 --> 01:09:55,600
profession. 
Small cuts from handling rough 

1213
01:09:55,600 --> 01:09:58,900
materials. 
Calluses from gripping tools and

1214
01:09:58,900 --> 01:10:01,200
a general toughness that comes 
from shaking hands with 

1215
01:10:01,200 --> 01:10:04,500
Machinery all day. 
Your mother would cry if she saw

1216
01:10:04,500 --> 01:10:08,000
your hands, but then again, your
mother isn't trying to feed a 

1217
01:10:08,008 --> 01:10:11,500
family on Mill wages. 
The worst part would just 

1218
01:10:11,500 --> 01:10:14,600
getting started. 
Your typical day begins before 

1219
01:10:14,600 --> 01:10:17,000
the sun recalls its task the 
mill, whistle. 

1220
01:10:17,000 --> 01:10:19,600
Doesn't care if you went to bed.
Late, if you're feeling under 

1221
01:10:19,600 --> 01:10:21,800
the weather, or if you'd rather 
spend the morning, doing 

1222
01:10:21,800 --> 01:10:26,500
literally, anything else. 
Screams at 5:30 a.m. sharp and 

1223
01:10:26,500 --> 01:10:29,500
you better be screaming back or 
at least stumbling toward the 

1224
01:10:29,500 --> 01:10:31,500
mill. 
Gates breakfast, is what ever? 

1225
01:10:31,500 --> 01:10:34,700
You can grab and stuff in your 
mouth while walking typically 

1226
01:10:34,700 --> 01:10:38,300
breakfast consists of bread, 
perhaps a company by a smidge of

1227
01:10:38,300 --> 01:10:42,100
butter, if you are indulging, in
luxury is a luxury most days, 

1228
01:10:42,100 --> 01:10:45,300
which means your facing 12 hours
of Machinery maintenance, on 

1229
01:10:45,300 --> 01:10:48,700
whatever enthusiasm you can 
muster from stale bread and the 

1230
01:10:48,700 --> 01:10:52,700
fear of unemployment The walk to
work becomes a parade of the 

1231
01:10:52,700 --> 01:10:55,800
perpetually exhausted. 
You join a stream of fellow 

1232
01:10:55,800 --> 01:10:57,500
workers? 
All moving with the same 

1233
01:10:57,500 --> 01:11:00,500
determined shuffling of people. 
Who'd, rather be anywhere else. 

1234
01:11:00,500 --> 01:11:04,000
But no, they can't afford to be 
everyone's carrying their lunch 

1235
01:11:04,000 --> 01:11:06,200
pail. 
A tin box that contains what 

1236
01:11:06,200 --> 01:11:09,800
Optimist, call a meal and 
realistic call Food shaped 

1237
01:11:09,800 --> 01:11:11,600
objects. 
That might keep you alive until 

1238
01:11:11,600 --> 01:11:15,000
quitting time. 
Clocking in is not form, you 

1239
01:11:15,000 --> 01:11:15,800
have to be there. 
Exactly. 

1240
01:11:15,800 --> 01:11:18,400
On time. 
Not early enough to seem eager, 

1241
01:11:18,400 --> 01:11:20,200
not late enough to get docked 
pay. 

1242
01:11:21,500 --> 01:11:25,000
The time clock doesn't forgive, 
and neither does your supervisor

1243
01:11:25,000 --> 01:11:28,000
being two minutes? 
Late means losing half an hour's

1244
01:11:28,000 --> 01:11:31,200
wages, which might not sound 
like much until you realize that

1245
01:11:31,200 --> 01:11:33,700
half an hour's wages, could mean
the difference between having 

1246
01:11:33,700 --> 01:11:36,500
meat for dinner or making 
friends with potatoes again. 

1247
01:11:37,300 --> 01:11:39,700
Once you're officially on the 
clock, the machines, demand, 

1248
01:11:39,700 --> 01:11:42,400
your complete attention. 
They're like mechanical 

1249
01:11:42,400 --> 01:11:44,800
toddlers. 
They need constant watching and 

1250
01:11:44,800 --> 01:11:47,100
frequent fixing and they'll hurt
themselves. 

1251
01:11:47,100 --> 01:11:50,200
The moment you look away, your 
job is to keep the thread 

1252
01:11:50,200 --> 01:11:53,700
running smoothly, which sounds 
simple Until you realize that 

1253
01:11:53,700 --> 01:11:58,000
smoothly is a foreign concept to
most textile Machinery, threads 

1254
01:11:58,000 --> 01:12:00,900
break. 
They break a lot when a thread 

1255
01:12:00,900 --> 01:12:03,900
snaps, everything stops until 
you can tie it back together. 

1256
01:12:04,700 --> 01:12:07,700
Your tasks might sound easy, but
try doing it quickly while 

1257
01:12:07,700 --> 01:12:10,200
wearing thick work gloves 
squinting through cotton dust 

1258
01:12:10,200 --> 01:12:14,500
and knowing that every second of
downtime is a second, your 

1259
01:12:14,500 --> 01:12:17,200
supervisor is mentally. 
Calculating how much money your 

1260
01:12:17,200 --> 01:12:20,900
costing, the company, the noise,
never stops ever. 

1261
01:12:21,800 --> 01:12:23,800
You learn to communicate using 
gestures. 

1262
01:12:23,800 --> 01:12:25,900
Because shouting over the 
Machinery, makes your voice 

1263
01:12:25,900 --> 01:12:28,900
hoarse by noon. 
You develop your own sign 

1264
01:12:28,900 --> 01:12:31,300
language with your co-workers 
pointing means. 

1265
01:12:31,300 --> 01:12:36,000
Look out waving means help in 
the Universal gesture of 

1266
01:12:36,000 --> 01:12:38,800
clutching, your throat. 
Means I need water before I pass

1267
01:12:38,800 --> 01:12:40,700
out. 
Speaking of water. 

1268
01:12:40,700 --> 01:12:43,900
Staying hydrated is like trying 
to fill a bucket with a hole in 

1269
01:12:43,900 --> 01:12:45,800
it. 
You sweat constantly from the 

1270
01:12:45,800 --> 01:12:48,600
heat of the machines and the 
physical work, but getting a 

1271
01:12:48,608 --> 01:12:51,900
drink means leaving your 
station, which means risking a 

1272
01:12:51,900 --> 01:12:53,600
lecture from your supervisor 
about productivity. 

1273
01:12:53,600 --> 01:12:57,000
You learn to gulp water like a 
marathon runner whenever you can

1274
01:12:57,000 --> 01:13:00,900
sneak away for 30 seconds. 
Lunch break is exactly 30 

1275
01:13:00,900 --> 01:13:02,700
minutes and that includes the 
time. 

1276
01:13:02,700 --> 01:13:04,400
It takes to find a clean spot to
sit. 

1277
01:13:04,400 --> 01:13:08,100
Unwrap your food, eat it and get
back to your machine. 

1278
01:13:09,200 --> 01:13:12,900
Most days, you can consume cold 
sandwiches oblivious, to the 

1279
01:13:12,900 --> 01:13:14,400
fact that cotton dust and 
machine. 

1280
01:13:14,400 --> 01:13:15,900
Oil have covered your clean 
spot. 

1281
01:13:16,800 --> 01:13:21,200
Gourmet dining. 
It is not The afternoon drags on

1282
01:13:21,200 --> 01:13:24,900
endlessly, in August, your back 
aches, from bending, over 

1283
01:13:24,900 --> 01:13:27,600
machines. 
Your feet throb from standing on

1284
01:13:27,600 --> 01:13:30,600
concrete floors, and your hands 
are starting to feel like they 

1285
01:13:30,600 --> 01:13:34,400
belong to someone else. 
The clock on the wall moves with

1286
01:13:34,400 --> 01:13:37,400
the speed of continental drift 
and you find yourself checking 

1287
01:13:37,400 --> 01:13:42,300
it every few minutes certain 
that it must be broken. by 6 

1288
01:13:42,300 --> 01:13:45,900
p.m. when the final whistle 
blows, you earned every penny of

1289
01:13:45,908 --> 01:13:49,700
your wages and then some walking
home is an excruciating 

1290
01:13:49,700 --> 01:13:53,000
experience and the prospect of 
repeating the entire process 

1291
01:13:53,000 --> 01:13:57,100
tomorrow fills you with Dread. 
However, at least you have 

1292
01:13:57,100 --> 01:14:00,200
Sunday off a day, you'll spend 
recuperating sufficiently to 

1293
01:14:00,200 --> 01:14:03,100
resent Monday morning. 
Once more working in a textile 

1294
01:14:03,100 --> 01:14:06,100
mill in 1911 is like playing a 
daily game called, what's going 

1295
01:14:06,100 --> 01:14:08,900
to try to hurt me today. 
The rules are straightforward. 

1296
01:14:08,908 --> 01:14:12,500
Every object in the mill, 
carries the potential for danger

1297
01:14:12,500 --> 01:14:16,100
other people's possessions 
serve, as safety equipment, and 

1298
01:14:16,100 --> 01:14:18,500
your best defense is 
attentiveness and optimism. 

1299
01:14:18,500 --> 01:14:21,300
Let's start with the machines 
themselves, shall we? 

1300
01:14:21,300 --> 01:14:24,400
These mechanical Marvels were 
designed by Engineers who 

1301
01:14:24,400 --> 01:14:26,900
apparently thought safety 
features were for weaklings. 

1302
01:14:27,800 --> 01:14:31,300
Exposed gears spin happily at 
eye level, ready to grab loose 

1303
01:14:31,300 --> 01:14:34,400
clothing, hair or any body part.
Foolish enough to get too close.

1304
01:14:35,300 --> 01:14:38,700
The spinning wheels and belts 
created Symphony of moving parts

1305
01:14:38,700 --> 01:14:41,900
that look like they were 
inspired by medieval torture 

1306
01:14:41,900 --> 01:14:44,300
devices. 
Your fingers become precious 

1307
01:14:44,300 --> 01:14:46,300
Commodities. 
Every textile. 

1308
01:14:46,300 --> 01:14:49,400
Worker has stories about someone
who got too close to the Picker 

1309
01:14:49,400 --> 01:14:51,600
or learned the hard way about 
the carding machine. 

1310
01:14:51,600 --> 01:14:54,600
You develop an almost 
Supernatural awareness of where 

1311
01:14:54,600 --> 01:14:57,600
your hands are at all times. 
Because losing a finger, doesn't

1312
01:14:57,600 --> 01:14:59,800
just hurt. 
It means you can't work and if 

1313
01:14:59,800 --> 01:15:03,700
you can't work, you can't eat. 
Cotton dust poses a unique 

1314
01:15:03,700 --> 01:15:07,600
threat, it gets into everything,
your lungs, your eyes, your 

1315
01:15:07,600 --> 01:15:10,500
food, your clothes, and probably
your dreams. 

1316
01:15:10,500 --> 01:15:13,800
You breathe it, you eat it. 
And you wear at home, like the 

1317
01:15:13,800 --> 01:15:18,500
world's most persistent perfume.
After a few months, you develop 

1318
01:15:18,500 --> 01:15:21,100
a condition that everyone 
politely refers to as Mill 

1319
01:15:21,100 --> 01:15:24,100
cough, although cotton lung 
would be a more accurate 

1320
01:15:24,100 --> 01:15:26,900
description. 
It starts as a little tickle, in

1321
01:15:26,900 --> 01:15:29,000
your throat and grows into a 
reliable companion. 

1322
01:15:29,000 --> 01:15:30,200
That accompanies, you 
everywhere. 

1323
01:15:31,100 --> 01:15:34,100
Then there's the noise, not just
loud, but the kind of loud that 

1324
01:15:34,100 --> 01:15:37,100
makes your ears ring for hours. 
After you leave work, you find 

1325
01:15:37,100 --> 01:15:39,800
yourself shouting at home 
without realizing it because 

1326
01:15:39,800 --> 01:15:41,300
you're hearing has adjusted to 
compete. 

1327
01:15:41,300 --> 01:15:44,500
With the constant Roar of 
Machinery, the constant Roar of 

1328
01:15:44,500 --> 01:15:46,900
Machinery, encourages your 
family to speak up during 

1329
01:15:46,900 --> 01:15:49,700
dinner, making quiet 
conversations obsolete. 

1330
01:15:50,700 --> 01:15:53,600
The summer, heat transforms the 
mill into a sauna like 

1331
01:15:53,600 --> 01:15:57,000
environment complete with cotton
dust and a constant risk of 

1332
01:15:57,000 --> 01:16:00,200
mechanical injury. 
The large machines produce heat 

1333
01:16:00,200 --> 01:16:03,200
to kin to Tiny furnaces. 
And when combined with the 

1334
01:16:03,200 --> 01:16:06,900
intense summer on the tin roof, 
the working conditions escalate 

1335
01:16:06,900 --> 01:16:08,600
from discomfort to potential 
death. 

1336
01:16:09,500 --> 01:16:12,100
Heat exhaustion, regularly 
causes workers to collapse 

1337
01:16:12,100 --> 01:16:14,400
prompting. 
A response to resolving a 

1338
01:16:14,400 --> 01:16:16,900
maschine jam quickly and 
returning to work. 

1339
01:16:17,900 --> 01:16:20,800
Fire is another constant worry 
though, nobody likes to talk 

1340
01:16:20,800 --> 01:16:23,700
about it, much. 
All that cotton dust hanging in 

1341
01:16:23,700 --> 01:16:26,100
the air is basically kindling 
waiting for a spark. 

1342
01:16:26,100 --> 01:16:28,700
The wooden floors are soaked 
with machine oil. 

1343
01:16:28,700 --> 01:16:31,600
The electrical systems are what 
you might generously call 

1344
01:16:31,600 --> 01:16:33,600
experimental and everyone 
smokes. 

1345
01:16:33,600 --> 01:16:35,400
Because hey, what's one more 
risk? 

1346
01:16:35,900 --> 01:16:39,500
Fire drills consists mainly of 
hoping nothing catches fire and 

1347
01:16:39,500 --> 01:16:41,700
trusting that you can run faster
than the Flames. 

1348
01:16:41,700 --> 01:16:44,400
The chemical treatments used on 
the Cotton, create their own 

1349
01:16:44,400 --> 01:16:47,800
problems, your skin develops, a 
permanent relationship with 

1350
01:16:47,800 --> 01:16:51,100
various dies and treating agents
that would make a chemist 

1351
01:16:51,100 --> 01:16:53,900
nervous. 
Your hands acquire captivating, 

1352
01:16:53,900 --> 01:16:57,200
Hughes that remain unwash of new
acquire, the ability to 

1353
01:16:57,200 --> 01:17:00,400
distinguish various chemical 
processes, solely through scent,

1354
01:17:00,400 --> 01:17:05,200
not a choice but a necessity 
Accidents happen with the 

1355
01:17:05,200 --> 01:17:08,500
regularity of Sunrise. 
Someone gets their sleeve caught

1356
01:17:08,500 --> 01:17:11,000
in a machine and other worker 
slips on the oil. 

1357
01:17:11,000 --> 01:17:14,200
Slick floors, or somebody 
forgets just how hot those metal

1358
01:17:14,200 --> 01:17:17,200
Parts can get. 
The company's response to 

1359
01:17:17,200 --> 01:17:20,300
workplace injuries is usually 
some variation of be more 

1360
01:17:20,300 --> 01:17:23,100
careful. 
Next time accompanied by lecture

1361
01:17:23,100 --> 01:17:24,100
of about personal 
responsibility. 

1362
01:17:25,800 --> 01:17:29,800
Your feet in case, in whatever 
boots you can afford, spend 12 

1363
01:17:29,800 --> 01:17:32,400
hours a day on concrete, floors,
that seemed designed to cause 

1364
01:17:32,400 --> 01:17:36,300
maximum discomfort. 
By the end of each day, walking 

1365
01:17:36,300 --> 01:17:39,300
feels like balancing on two 
clubs and you develop a deep 

1366
01:17:39,308 --> 01:17:41,700
appreciation for any opportunity
to sit down. 

1367
01:17:41,700 --> 01:17:44,900
The worst part is that all these
hazards are, just part of the 

1368
01:17:44,900 --> 01:17:47,200
job. 
Nobody talks about making things

1369
01:17:47,200 --> 01:17:49,200
safer. 
They talk about being tougher, 

1370
01:17:49,200 --> 01:17:52,700
more careful and more aware. 
You adapt out of necessity 

1371
01:17:52,700 --> 01:17:55,900
forming reflexes and habits that
could potentially keep you 

1372
01:17:55,900 --> 01:17:57,700
alive. 
Long enough to earn your wages 

1373
01:17:57,700 --> 01:18:00,700
and tomorrow you get to do it 
all over again. 

1374
01:18:00,700 --> 01:18:04,600
Let's talk about money because 
in 1911, your relationship with 

1375
01:18:04,600 --> 01:18:07,600
money is a textile. 
Worker is complicated like being

1376
01:18:07,600 --> 01:18:10,300
married to someone who promises 
to love you but keeps forgetting

1377
01:18:10,300 --> 01:18:13,700
to show up for dinner. 
Your weekly wages sound almost 

1378
01:18:13,700 --> 01:18:16,400
respectable when the supervisor 
mentions them during hiring, 

1379
01:18:16,400 --> 01:18:18,400
maybe eight or nine dollars a 
week. 

1380
01:18:18,408 --> 01:18:21,400
If you're lucky and experience, 
that's real money. 

1381
01:18:22,200 --> 01:18:25,000
At least it's real money until 
you start trying to spend it on 

1382
01:18:25,000 --> 01:18:29,400
real things like food, rent, and
the occasional luxury of soap 

1383
01:18:29,400 --> 01:18:32,200
that doesn't smell like lie. 
Here's where things get 

1384
01:18:32,200 --> 01:18:34,800
interesting in that. 
Not actually interesting more 

1385
01:18:34,800 --> 01:18:38,700
like, depressing way. 
The company has mastered the art

1386
01:18:38,700 --> 01:18:42,000
of giving generously while 
simultaneously, taking advantage

1387
01:18:42,000 --> 01:18:44,500
of you. 
Sure, they pay you weekly wages 

1388
01:18:44,500 --> 01:18:47,500
but they've also created a 
beautiful system of fines 

1389
01:18:47,500 --> 01:18:50,900
deductions and company policies 
that ensure most of your money 

1390
01:18:50,900 --> 01:18:52,500
never actually makes it to your 
pocket. 

1391
01:18:52,500 --> 01:18:56,100
If you arrive later at work you 
will incur penalties that will 

1392
01:18:56,100 --> 01:18:58,100
cost. 
You does the machine breakdown 

1393
01:18:58,100 --> 01:19:01,400
because of normal wear and tear 
somehow that's your fault too 

1394
01:19:01,400 --> 01:19:04,800
and it'll cost you need to buy 
work supplies conveniently. 

1395
01:19:04,800 --> 01:19:07,400
The Company Store is 
conveniently located, ready to 

1396
01:19:07,400 --> 01:19:09,900
sell you everything at prices. 
That would make a highway robber

1397
01:19:09,900 --> 01:19:12,800
blush. 
Your thread, your needles, even 

1398
01:19:12,800 --> 01:19:15,800
your machine oil, all come out 
of your wages at rates. 

1399
01:19:15,800 --> 01:19:18,000
That make you wonder if the 
children of the company store 

1400
01:19:18,000 --> 01:19:21,400
owner to attend Harvard. 
The company housing is another 

1401
01:19:21,400 --> 01:19:23,900
beautiful scam. 
They offer you a place to live 

1402
01:19:23,900 --> 01:19:27,000
which sounds generous Until you 
realize their charging rent. 

1403
01:19:27,000 --> 01:19:29,900
That eats up nearly half your 
way wages for the privilege of 

1404
01:19:29,900 --> 01:19:32,300
living in what amounts to a 
wooden box with Windows. 

1405
01:19:33,300 --> 01:19:35,900
The construction of these 
houses, reflects the meticulous 

1406
01:19:35,900 --> 01:19:39,700
attention to detail and 
craftsmanship of someone 

1407
01:19:39,700 --> 01:19:41,600
attempting to complete a project
before lunch. 

1408
01:19:42,600 --> 01:19:45,000
The walls are thin enough that 
you know, everything about your 

1409
01:19:45,000 --> 01:19:49,000
neighbor's lives, the roof leaks
with artistic creativity and the

1410
01:19:49,008 --> 01:19:51,300
plumbing works on the same 
principles as prayer. 

1411
01:19:53,000 --> 01:19:55,900
Food becomes a daily exercise in
Creative mathematics. 

1412
01:19:55,900 --> 01:19:59,100
You learn to make meals out of 
ingredients that cost almost 

1413
01:19:59,100 --> 01:20:01,700
nothing and fill you up. 
Just enough to keep working. 

1414
01:20:02,600 --> 01:20:05,600
Potatoes become your best friend
beans, become your steady 

1415
01:20:05,600 --> 01:20:08,200
companion, and meet becomes that
exciting. 

1416
01:20:08,200 --> 01:20:10,000
Acquaintances you see maybe once
a week. 

1417
01:20:10,000 --> 01:20:12,800
If you're lucky, you develop 
cooking skills that would 

1418
01:20:12,800 --> 01:20:16,108
impress a frontier Pioneer, how 
to make filling soup out of 

1419
01:20:16,116 --> 01:20:19,800
Bones and vegetables that other 
people might throw away how to 

1420
01:20:19,800 --> 01:20:23,200
stretch a small piece of meat 
across three days of meals, and 

1421
01:20:23,200 --> 01:20:25,600
how to make bread last longer by
eating less of it. 

1422
01:20:26,700 --> 01:20:28,500
Your work. 
Clothes are another expense that

1423
01:20:28,500 --> 01:20:32,300
nobody mentioned during the 
machines are hard on fabric, the

1424
01:20:32,300 --> 01:20:35,100
dust and chemicals stain, 
everything permanently, and you 

1425
01:20:35,100 --> 01:20:37,900
need at least two sets of work 
clothes, so you can wash one 

1426
01:20:37,900 --> 01:20:41,200
while wearing the other Buying 
new clothes means going without 

1427
01:20:41,200 --> 01:20:43,700
something else. 
So you learn to patch mend and 

1428
01:20:43,700 --> 01:20:46,600
where things until they're more 
patched than the original 

1429
01:20:46,600 --> 01:20:49,000
fabric. 
Saving money is like trying to 

1430
01:20:49,008 --> 01:20:52,400
hold water in your hands 
technically possible but require

1431
01:20:52,400 --> 01:20:54,300
in perfect conditions and a lot 
of luck. 

1432
01:20:55,000 --> 01:20:57,700
Most weeks you're doing. 
Well, if you break even a good 

1433
01:20:57,708 --> 01:21:00,400
week means you have a few coins 
left over for something special 

1434
01:21:00,400 --> 01:21:02,700
like better food or maybe a 
newspaper. 

1435
01:21:02,700 --> 01:21:06,200
A bad week means choosing 
between paying rent on time or 

1436
01:21:06,200 --> 01:21:09,300
eating properly. 
The really frustrating part is 

1437
01:21:09,300 --> 01:21:13,000
watching The Millers drive past 
in their fancy carriages wearing

1438
01:21:13,000 --> 01:21:16,300
clothes that cost more than you 
make in a year living in houses 

1439
01:21:16,300 --> 01:21:17,900
that could fit your entire 
neighborhood. 

1440
01:21:17,900 --> 01:21:21,400
They talk about the Dignity of 
work and the value of honest 

1441
01:21:21,400 --> 01:21:24,000
labor, while paying wages that 
make dignity feel like an 

1442
01:21:24,000 --> 01:21:25,800
expensive luxury, you can't 
afford. 

1443
01:21:27,100 --> 01:21:30,700
Medical expenses are 
particularly cruel, get sick or 

1444
01:21:30,700 --> 01:21:32,800
injured, and you lose wages for 
the days. 

1445
01:21:32,800 --> 01:21:36,100
You can't work. 
Need to see a doctor that cost 

1446
01:21:36,100 --> 01:21:37,400
money. 
You don't have for treatment, 

1447
01:21:37,400 --> 01:21:40,400
you can't afford. 
The company solution is usually 

1448
01:21:40,400 --> 01:21:44,200
some variation of work through 
it or maybe you should have been

1449
01:21:44,200 --> 01:21:46,700
more careful. 
You'll find financial planning 

1450
01:21:46,700 --> 01:21:49,200
consists, mainly of, hoping 
nothing, unexpected happens. 

1451
01:21:49,200 --> 01:21:53,100
Because unexpected things cost 
money, you don't have A broken 

1452
01:21:53,100 --> 01:21:56,800
shoe, a sick child or a winter. 
That's colder than usual. 

1453
01:21:56,800 --> 01:21:59,500
Any of these can turn a tight 
budget into a financial 

1454
01:21:59,500 --> 01:22:02,200
disaster. 
But hey at least you have steady

1455
01:22:02,200 --> 01:22:04,300
work, right? 
That's what everyone keeps 

1456
01:22:04,300 --> 01:22:07,200
telling you anyway, social life 
as a textile worker. 

1457
01:22:07,200 --> 01:22:10,700
In 1911 is like trying to have a
party in a library during an 

1458
01:22:10,700 --> 01:22:14,100
earthquake technically possible.
But you're working with some 

1459
01:22:14,100 --> 01:22:18,400
serious, limitations your Social
Circle consists, mainly of other

1460
01:22:18,400 --> 01:22:21,400
people who understand why you 
smell permanently of cotton dust

1461
01:22:21,400 --> 01:22:24,200
and machine or oil. 
These are folks who don't judge 

1462
01:22:24,200 --> 01:22:27,200
you for falling asleep, 
mid-conversation, or for having 

1463
01:22:27,208 --> 01:22:29,600
hands that look like you've been
wrestling with mechanical 

1464
01:22:29,600 --> 01:22:32,400
equipment, all day, because 
they've got the same problems. 

1465
01:22:32,400 --> 01:22:35,700
You Bond over shared misery, in 
a way that's both heartwarming 

1466
01:22:35,700 --> 01:22:39,500
and deeply depressing. 
The mill becomes its own little 

1467
01:22:39,500 --> 01:22:43,600
Community complete with all the 
drama gossip and petty feuds, 

1468
01:22:43,600 --> 01:22:45,600
you'd expect. 
When you stick a bunch of tired 

1469
01:22:45,600 --> 01:22:47,900
underpaid people together for 12
hours a day. 

1470
01:22:48,700 --> 01:22:51,900
You learn everyone's business, 
whether you want to or not who's

1471
01:22:51,900 --> 01:22:55,100
behind on rent, whose husband 
drinks too much, who's been 

1472
01:22:55,108 --> 01:22:58,000
sneaking, extra breaks, and 
who's been getting cozy with the

1473
01:22:58,008 --> 01:23:00,300
floor supervisor in hopes of 
easier assignments. 

1474
01:23:01,300 --> 01:23:04,400
Romance in the mill is 
complicated, potential partner. 

1475
01:23:04,400 --> 01:23:07,500
Surround you understanding your 
life because they share it. 

1476
01:23:07,500 --> 01:23:11,400
On the other hand, everyone's 
exhausted stressed about money 

1477
01:23:11,400 --> 01:23:14,900
and covered in Cotton dust which
doesn't exactly create ideal 

1478
01:23:14,900 --> 01:23:16,500
conditions for romantic 
relationships. 

1479
01:23:17,800 --> 01:23:21,000
Mill courtships tend to be 
practical Affairs, finding 

1480
01:23:21,000 --> 01:23:23,600
someone who can help you survive
rather than someone who makes 

1481
01:23:23,600 --> 01:23:25,900
your heart flutter. 
Your work schedule. 

1482
01:23:25,900 --> 01:23:28,600
Makes having a social life about
a simple as juggling while 

1483
01:23:28,600 --> 01:23:32,700
blindfolded you work six days a 
week, 12 hours a day, which 

1484
01:23:32,700 --> 01:23:35,800
leaves you Sunday to recover, do
laundry, buy groceries. 

1485
01:23:35,800 --> 01:23:39,100
And maybe if you're very lucky, 
have something resembling fun. 

1486
01:23:39,800 --> 01:23:43,200
Sunday becomes sacred the one 
day when you can remember what 

1487
01:23:43,200 --> 01:23:45,600
it feels like to be a human 
being, instead of a machine 

1488
01:23:45,600 --> 01:23:50,100
tender The company Town, social 
hierarchy is fascinating in its 

1489
01:23:50,100 --> 01:23:53,000
own Twisted, way at the top, 
you've got the mill owners and 

1490
01:23:53,008 --> 01:23:56,400
managers living in their fancy 
houses, on the hill, hosting 

1491
01:23:56,400 --> 01:23:59,500
Garden parties, and complaining 
about the difficulty of finding 

1492
01:23:59,500 --> 01:24:01,900
good help. 
Below them of the skilled 

1493
01:24:01,900 --> 01:24:05,000
workers and supervisors, who get
to look down on the regular 

1494
01:24:05,000 --> 01:24:06,500
Mill. 
Hands while still being looked 

1495
01:24:06,500 --> 01:24:09,600
down on by management. 
At the bottom, you've got the 

1496
01:24:09,600 --> 01:24:12,700
newest workers, the ones who 
have not figured out the system 

1497
01:24:12,700 --> 01:24:14,300
yet, and still think things 
might get better. 

1498
01:24:14,300 --> 01:24:18,300
Entertainment options are 
limited but creative There's 

1499
01:24:18,300 --> 01:24:20,700
usually a company store that 
doubles as a gathering place, 

1500
01:24:20,700 --> 01:24:24,000
where you can buy overpriced 
goods and catch up on Gossip. 

1501
01:24:24,000 --> 01:24:27,400
Sometimes, there's a church 
which serves as both spiritual 

1502
01:24:27,400 --> 01:24:31,300
comfort and Social Club The 
really exciting social events 

1503
01:24:31,300 --> 01:24:34,400
might include a company picnic 
once a year where management 

1504
01:24:34,400 --> 01:24:37,400
makes speeches about the MILF 
family while serving food that 

1505
01:24:37,400 --> 01:24:40,400
cost less per person than most 
workers make in an hour. 

1506
01:24:41,300 --> 01:24:44,000
Drinking is popular, which 
probably won't surprise anyone 

1507
01:24:44,000 --> 01:24:46,700
who spent 12 hours a day 
tending, temperamental machinery

1508
01:24:46,700 --> 01:24:50,400
for wages that barely cover. 
Rent, the local taverns, 

1509
01:24:50,400 --> 01:24:53,400
understand their clientele 
working people who need to 

1510
01:24:53,400 --> 01:24:56,100
forget their problems for a few 
hours and don't have much money 

1511
01:24:56,100 --> 01:24:59,200
to spend doing it. 
These establishments serve 

1512
01:24:59,200 --> 01:25:02,100
drinks, strong enough to cut 
through cotton dust and cheap 

1513
01:25:02,100 --> 01:25:04,400
enough that you can afford to 
buy around for your fellow. 

1514
01:25:04,400 --> 01:25:08,400
Sufferers your reputation in the
community is directly linked to 

1515
01:25:08,400 --> 01:25:11,700
your work performance and your 
ability to remain silent about 

1516
01:25:11,700 --> 01:25:15,500
working conditions, complain, 
too much and your label to 

1517
01:25:15,500 --> 01:25:17,600
troublemaker. 
If you make in frequent 

1518
01:25:17,600 --> 01:25:20,800
complaints, people may perceive 
you as being unresponsive to 

1519
01:25:20,800 --> 01:25:23,200
management. 
There's a narrow path between 

1520
01:25:23,200 --> 01:25:25,700
being considered a good worker 
and being considered someone 

1521
01:25:25,700 --> 01:25:29,300
who's giving up on life entirely
letters from family members who 

1522
01:25:29,300 --> 01:25:32,300
don't work in Mills become 
precious Treasures offering 

1523
01:25:32,300 --> 01:25:34,800
glimpses into a world where 
people have time for things, 

1524
01:25:34,800 --> 01:25:38,100
like Hobbies, where Sunday is 
actually a day of rest and where

1525
01:25:38,100 --> 01:25:40,700
conversations are conducted 
through gestures over the Roar 

1526
01:25:40,700 --> 01:25:43,500
of machinery. 
These letters remind you that 

1527
01:25:43,500 --> 01:25:46,500
there's life beyond the mill 
walls even if that life feels 

1528
01:25:46,500 --> 01:25:50,000
increasingly distant the social 
pressure to appear grateful for 

1529
01:25:50,000 --> 01:25:53,100
your job is constant. 
Anyone who suggests that working

1530
01:25:53,100 --> 01:25:56,500
conditions could be better is 
quickly reminded that jobs are 

1531
01:25:56,500 --> 01:25:59,200
scare and there are plenty of 
people who would love to have 

1532
01:25:59,200 --> 01:26:01,700
your position. 
This phenomenon creates a 

1533
01:26:01,700 --> 01:26:04,700
community of people who are 
simultaneously miserable and 

1534
01:26:04,700 --> 01:26:08,500
afraid to admit it, which makes 
for some very interesting social

1535
01:26:08,500 --> 01:26:12,200
dynamics, however, it's 
comforting to share your misery 

1536
01:26:12,200 --> 01:26:15,300
with others by now, your body 
has become a Living testament to

1537
01:26:15,300 --> 01:26:19,000
the joys of industrial labor. 
If bodies were books, yours 

1538
01:26:19,000 --> 01:26:22,300
would be titled, everything that
can go wrong in a textile mill, 

1539
01:26:22,300 --> 01:26:25,700
a personal Journey, your hands 
deserve their chapter. 

1540
01:26:25,700 --> 01:26:29,200
In this sad story, they've 
transformed from whatever they 

1541
01:26:29,200 --> 01:26:31,600
used to be into something. 
Resembling leather gloves that 

1542
01:26:31,600 --> 01:26:35,600
have been through a war. 
Calluses have calluses and your 

1543
01:26:35,600 --> 01:26:38,000
fingers have developed their own
independent relationship with 

1544
01:26:38,000 --> 01:26:40,700
pain. 
You can identify different types

1545
01:26:40,700 --> 01:26:43,700
of thread by feel alone. 
Not because you're particularly 

1546
01:26:43,700 --> 01:26:46,800
skilled, but because you're 
nerve ending of being educated, 

1547
01:26:46,800 --> 01:26:49,300
by thousands of hours of 
handling, rough materials. 

1548
01:26:50,200 --> 01:26:52,800
The constant vibration from the 
machines has given your hands. 

1549
01:26:52,800 --> 01:26:55,900
A permanent slight, Trevor like 
you're always cold or nervous. 

1550
01:26:56,900 --> 01:26:59,500
This condition makes simple 
tasks at home, surprisingly 

1551
01:26:59,500 --> 01:27:03,100
difficult, eating soup, becomes 
an adventure writing a letter 

1552
01:27:03,100 --> 01:27:06,500
turns into an exercise in 
patience and trying to thread a 

1553
01:27:06,500 --> 01:27:08,800
needle for personal sowing 
projects as like performing 

1554
01:27:08,800 --> 01:27:12,100
surgery, while riding a horse. 
You're hearing is being 

1555
01:27:12,100 --> 01:27:15,400
subjected to an intensity, that 
would make a prize fighter 

1556
01:27:15,400 --> 01:27:18,500
sympathetic. 
Constant Roar of Machinery has 

1557
01:27:18,500 --> 01:27:20,400
left you with a permanent 
ringing in your ears. 

1558
01:27:20,400 --> 01:27:23,900
That sounds like a very small 
very persistent Bell. 

1559
01:27:23,900 --> 01:27:28,400
That never stops chiming. 
You find yourself asking people 

1560
01:27:28,400 --> 01:27:32,100
to repeat things, not because 
you're not paying attention, but

1561
01:27:32,100 --> 01:27:35,200
because normal conversation has 
become surprisingly quiet 

1562
01:27:35,200 --> 01:27:37,000
compared to your workplace 
soundtrack. 

1563
01:27:37,800 --> 01:27:40,400
Your lungs have developed their 
own cotton processing for 

1564
01:27:40,400 --> 01:27:43,100
facility. 
The mild cough that started as 

1565
01:27:43,100 --> 01:27:45,900
an occasional tickle as evolved 
into a reliable companion. 

1566
01:27:45,900 --> 01:27:48,200
That wakes up with you every 
morning and stays with you 

1567
01:27:48,200 --> 01:27:50,900
throughout the day. 
You produce more cotton colored 

1568
01:27:50,900 --> 01:27:53,900
phlegm than any human should, 
and you've learned to time your 

1569
01:27:53,900 --> 01:27:56,200
coughing fit so they don't 
interfere with machine 

1570
01:27:56,200 --> 01:27:59,100
operation. 
Your back has aged about 20 

1571
01:27:59,100 --> 01:28:02,200
years and the first few months 
of Millwork all that bending 

1572
01:28:02,200 --> 01:28:05,300
over machine's, lifting 
materials and standing on 

1573
01:28:05,308 --> 01:28:07,400
concrete floors. 
As giving your spine, the 

1574
01:28:07,400 --> 01:28:11,400
personality of an angry old man.
You awaken with stiffness and 

1575
01:28:11,400 --> 01:28:13,700
your escalating pain and retire 
to bed. 

1576
01:28:13,700 --> 01:28:17,100
With a sense of resentment, your
feet have their complaints to 

1577
01:28:17,100 --> 01:28:20,400
file, 12 hours a day on 
concrete, floors, in whatever 

1578
01:28:20,400 --> 01:28:23,000
boots, you can afford, has given
you an intimate relationship 

1579
01:28:23,000 --> 01:28:26,500
with foot pain. 
Your arches are Fallen, your 

1580
01:28:26,500 --> 01:28:29,200
heels ache and your toes of 
developed their own Survival 

1581
01:28:29,200 --> 01:28:32,200
strategies. 
Each day, you walk home with the

1582
01:28:32,208 --> 01:28:35,900
Gate of someone who has hiked up
hill in uncomfortable shoes, a 

1583
01:28:35,900 --> 01:28:39,300
situation that is not far from 
reality, the heat and humidity 

1584
01:28:39,300 --> 01:28:41,900
of the mill of done, strange 
things to your skin. 

1585
01:28:41,900 --> 01:28:45,000
You've developed, a permanent 
light Sheen of perspiration 

1586
01:28:45,000 --> 01:28:47,700
mixed with cotton dust that 
gives you the appearance of 

1587
01:28:47,700 --> 01:28:49,700
someone who's been lightly 
breaded for frying. 

1588
01:28:50,500 --> 01:28:53,600
Your complexion has taken on the
pale slightly grayish, tone of 

1589
01:28:53,600 --> 01:28:56,100
someone who spends most of their
daylight hours indoors under 

1590
01:28:56,100 --> 01:28:58,900
artificial lighting. 
Your sleep patterns have been 

1591
01:28:58,900 --> 01:29:01,000
completely reorganized around 
exhaustion. 

1592
01:29:01,000 --> 01:29:04,300
You don't wake up, so much as 
get dragged back to awareness by

1593
01:29:04,300 --> 01:29:06,100
the mill. 
Whistle, and you don't so much, 

1594
01:29:06,100 --> 01:29:08,100
go to sleep as collapse into 
unconsciousness. 

1595
01:29:08,100 --> 01:29:11,200
Your dreams. 
When you remember them, often 

1596
01:29:11,200 --> 01:29:13,900
feature the sound of machinery, 
and the feel of cotton dust in 

1597
01:29:13,900 --> 01:29:16,700
your throat. 
Your appetite has changed too. 

1598
01:29:17,500 --> 01:29:20,100
The physical demands of the 
work, make you hungry, but the 

1599
01:29:20,100 --> 01:29:22,000
dust and chemicals, you, breathe
all day. 

1600
01:29:22,000 --> 01:29:24,300
Have given food. 
A slightly metallic after taste,

1601
01:29:24,300 --> 01:29:27,000
everything you eat. 
Seems to have a faint cotton 

1602
01:29:27,000 --> 01:29:29,300
flavor, Which is less appealing 
than it sounds. 

1603
01:29:29,300 --> 01:29:32,800
The worst part is that all these
physical changes are considered 

1604
01:29:32,800 --> 01:29:37,000
normal even expected Nobody 
talks about preventing them. 

1605
01:29:37,000 --> 01:29:41,200
They talk about enduring them. 
Your body is depreciating like a

1606
01:29:41,208 --> 01:29:44,300
piece of Machinery. 
Wearing out from constant use 

1607
01:29:44,300 --> 01:29:47,400
under difficult conditions. 
And the general attitude is that

1608
01:29:47,400 --> 01:29:49,800
such degradation is simply the 
price of employment. 

1609
01:29:50,600 --> 01:29:53,100
Your mirror becomes less and 
less friendly over time. 

1610
01:29:53,100 --> 01:29:56,300
The person looking back at you 
has the appearance of someone 

1611
01:29:56,300 --> 01:29:58,500
who's been through something 
difficult and prolonged. 

1612
01:29:59,100 --> 01:30:02,000
Your posture has changed. 
Your expression has developed. 

1613
01:30:02,000 --> 01:30:05,400
A permanent slightly tired look 
and your hands are always 

1614
01:30:05,400 --> 01:30:08,600
slightly stained with dies and 
oils that never quite wash 

1615
01:30:08,600 --> 01:30:10,800
clean. 
But hey, at least you're 

1616
01:30:10,800 --> 01:30:13,600
building character, right? 
That's what people who don't 

1617
01:30:13,600 --> 01:30:16,900
work in Mills, like to say, 
anyway, after months or years of

1618
01:30:16,900 --> 01:30:19,100
this, lovely life. 
You may be asking, does it get 

1619
01:30:19,100 --> 01:30:21,500
better? 
Well, that depends on your 

1620
01:30:21,500 --> 01:30:24,200
definition of better and your 
relationship with reality. 

1621
01:30:25,500 --> 01:30:28,600
Venturi some workers managed to 
break free from the mill. 

1622
01:30:28,600 --> 01:30:31,900
Life. 
All the term Escape may be 

1623
01:30:31,900 --> 01:30:35,000
overly dramatic. 
A few workers managed to save 

1624
01:30:35,000 --> 01:30:36,700
enough money to start small 
businesses. 

1625
01:30:36,700 --> 01:30:39,300
Usually, in textiles since that 
is what they know. 

1626
01:30:40,400 --> 01:30:43,800
Others marry into slightly 
better circumstances or move to 

1627
01:30:43,800 --> 01:30:46,700
different towns, where the Mills
pay, marginally better wages, 

1628
01:30:46,700 --> 01:30:50,100
the success stories circulate 
throughout the mill Community 

1629
01:30:50,100 --> 01:30:54,200
like in chanting tails and 
everyone assemblance of Hope to 

1630
01:30:54,200 --> 01:30:57,600
continue attending work. 
The really optimistic workers 

1631
01:30:57,600 --> 01:31:00,200
talk about their children, 
having Better Lives, getting 

1632
01:31:00,200 --> 01:31:03,300
education and learning trades 
that don't involve breathing 

1633
01:31:03,300 --> 01:31:07,200
cotton dust for 12 hours a day. 
This notion becomes your 

1634
01:31:07,200 --> 01:31:10,400
motivation on the worst days. 
The idea that your suffering 

1635
01:31:10,408 --> 01:31:13,400
might mean something if it gives
the Next Generation, a chance at

1636
01:31:13,400 --> 01:31:16,500
something better. 
It's a beautiful thought, even 

1637
01:31:16,500 --> 01:31:18,900
if the mill owners children are 
already getting those better 

1638
01:31:18,900 --> 01:31:21,600
chances, while, yours are 
learning to patch clothes and 

1639
01:31:21,600 --> 01:31:24,600
stretch soup, You develop 
survival strategies. 

1640
01:31:24,600 --> 01:31:26,200
That would impress a Wilderness 
guide. 

1641
01:31:26,200 --> 01:31:29,700
You learn exactly how to pace 
yourself to last 12 hours, 

1642
01:31:29,700 --> 01:31:32,400
without collapsing. 
How to eat meals, that provide 

1643
01:31:32,400 --> 01:31:35,900
maximum energy for minimum cost 
and how to sleep deeply enough 

1644
01:31:35,900 --> 01:31:37,800
in six hours to function the 
next day. 

1645
01:31:39,000 --> 01:31:41,700
You become an expert in the art 
of functioning while miserable, 

1646
01:31:41,700 --> 01:31:46,000
which is a skill, nobody teaches
but everyone in the mill somehow

1647
01:31:46,000 --> 01:31:48,600
learns. 
The milk Community develops, its

1648
01:31:48,600 --> 01:31:52,100
own support systems workers, 
share food when someone's family

1649
01:31:52,100 --> 01:31:53,800
is struggling cover for each 
other. 

1650
01:31:53,800 --> 01:31:56,800
When illness strikes and pass 
along information about better 

1651
01:31:56,800 --> 01:32:00,200
jobs or safer machines. 
You learn, that solidarity isn't

1652
01:32:00,200 --> 01:32:02,900
just a fancy word. 
It's what keeps you alive? 

1653
01:32:02,900 --> 01:32:05,200
When the company sees you as 
Expendable equipment? 

1654
01:32:06,100 --> 01:32:09,200
Some days, he catch glimpses of 
the world outside the mill 

1655
01:32:09,200 --> 01:32:10,700
walls. 
And remember that. 

1656
01:32:10,700 --> 01:32:13,000
There are people living entirely
different lives. 

1657
01:32:13,000 --> 01:32:16,700
They wake up when they want to 
work at jobs that don't slowly 

1658
01:32:16,700 --> 01:32:19,700
kill them and have money left 
over after paying for basic 

1659
01:32:19,700 --> 01:32:23,300
necessities. 
Glimpses are both inspiring and 

1660
01:32:23,300 --> 01:32:26,000
deeply depressing like looking 
through a window. 

1661
01:32:26,000 --> 01:32:29,600
A party, you're not invited to 
Slowly, the political landscape 

1662
01:32:29,600 --> 01:32:33,500
is beginning to change labor, 
unions, workplace safety laws 

1663
01:32:33,500 --> 01:32:35,900
and the radical idea that 
workers might deserve. 

1664
01:32:35,900 --> 01:32:37,800
Basic protections are being 
discussed. 

1665
01:32:37,800 --> 01:32:40,900
These conversations happen in 
Whispers because Mill, owners 

1666
01:32:40,900 --> 01:32:43,300
don't appreciate employees who 
think too much about their 

1667
01:32:43,300 --> 01:32:45,900
rights. 
Seeds of change are being 

1668
01:32:45,908 --> 01:32:50,400
planted watered by the shared 
misery of thousands of workers, 

1669
01:32:50,400 --> 01:32:53,900
who are starting to realize that
grateful for any job, might not 

1670
01:32:53,900 --> 01:32:55,400
be the best approach to 
employment. 

1671
01:32:56,600 --> 01:32:59,600
Your relationship with work 
itself, becomes complicated in 

1672
01:32:59,600 --> 01:33:03,000
ways that are hard to explain to
people who've never spent years 

1673
01:33:03,000 --> 01:33:06,100
of their lives tending machines.
That seem designed to break down

1674
01:33:06,100 --> 01:33:09,700
at the worst possible moments. 
You develop a grudging respect 

1675
01:33:09,700 --> 01:33:12,800
for your toughness a pride in 
your ability to survive 

1676
01:33:12,800 --> 01:33:14,700
conditions that would break 
softer people. 

1677
01:33:14,700 --> 01:33:17,300
At the same time you're acutely 
aware that. 

1678
01:33:17,300 --> 01:33:20,900
This toughness came at a cost 
your health, your time, your 

1679
01:33:20,900 --> 01:33:22,800
dreams of doing something else 
with your life. 

1680
01:33:23,800 --> 01:33:27,000
Years later, if you're lucky 
enough to have those years, you 

1681
01:33:27,000 --> 01:33:28,300
will probably have mixed 
feelings. 

1682
01:33:28,300 --> 01:33:31,700
When you look back on your milk 
experience, you will likely feel

1683
01:33:31,700 --> 01:33:34,300
a mixture of pride in your 
survival, hangar at the 

1684
01:33:34,308 --> 01:33:37,900
conditions you endured and a 
deep appreciation, for any work,

1685
01:33:37,900 --> 01:33:40,400
that allows you to breathe clean
air and keep your fingers 

1686
01:33:40,400 --> 01:33:43,000
intact. 
You'll tell stories that sound 

1687
01:33:43,000 --> 01:33:45,900
almost unbelievable to people 
who've never worked in heavy 

1688
01:33:45,900 --> 01:33:49,300
industry and you'll probably 
downplay just how bad it really 

1689
01:33:49,300 --> 01:33:52,600
was, because some experiences 
too big and complicated to 

1690
01:33:52,600 --> 01:33:54,100
explain to people who weren't 
there. 

1691
01:33:54,800 --> 01:33:58,400
The mill whistle that sound that
dominated your life for so long,

1692
01:33:58,400 --> 01:34:02,800
will always trigger memories. 
Years later hearing a similar 

1693
01:34:02,800 --> 01:34:05,800
sound will transport you back to
those early mornings, those long

1694
01:34:05,800 --> 01:34:07,900
days. 
And that particular combination 

1695
01:34:07,900 --> 01:34:11,700
of exhaustion and determination 
that characterized New Life. 

1696
01:34:12,600 --> 01:34:15,000
But here's the thing about 
surviving difficult experience, 

1697
01:34:15,000 --> 01:34:18,400
is they teach you what your 
capable of enduring and that 

1698
01:34:18,400 --> 01:34:20,000
knowledge becomes part of Who 
You Are. 

1699
01:34:20,800 --> 01:34:23,800
You learn your tougher more 
resourceful and more resilient 

1700
01:34:23,800 --> 01:34:27,500
than you thought. 
And sometimes on quiet Sunday 

1701
01:34:27,500 --> 01:34:29,700
mornings, when you're not 
rushing to answer a mill, 

1702
01:34:29,700 --> 01:34:32,300
whistle that knowledge feels 
almost worth the price. 

1703
01:34:32,300 --> 01:34:42,500
You paid for it. 
Almost Imagine yourself sitting 

1704
01:34:42,500 --> 01:34:46,500
in your favorite armchair in 
1939 perhaps with lukewarm cup 

1705
01:34:46,500 --> 01:34:49,700
of tea on the side table as the 
world prepares to undergo 

1706
01:34:49,700 --> 01:34:53,500
unprecedented transformations. 
But the people who are about to 

1707
01:34:53,500 --> 01:34:55,900
change, it had no idea. 
They were writing the most 

1708
01:34:55,908 --> 01:34:59,000
expensive recipe ever. 
The recipe required, 

1709
01:34:59,000 --> 01:35:02,900
approximately 130,000 
individuals, the duration of 

1710
01:35:02,900 --> 01:35:06,700
three years and sufficient funds
to establish a modest Nation. 

1711
01:35:06,700 --> 01:35:10,500
It all started because some very
smart people, got very worried 

1712
01:35:11,100 --> 01:35:13,800
Imagine the feeling you get when
you realize you left the stove 

1713
01:35:13,800 --> 01:35:17,100
on and imagine that feeling 
multiplied by the entire future 

1714
01:35:17,100 --> 01:35:20,500
of civilization. 
That's roughly what Leo salad 

1715
01:35:20,500 --> 01:35:23,200
felt when he heard that German 
scientists had figured out how 

1716
01:35:23,200 --> 01:35:26,800
to split uranium atoms. 
Solar was a genius who could 

1717
01:35:26,800 --> 01:35:29,500
probably calculate the 
trajectory of falling toast in 

1718
01:35:29,500 --> 01:35:31,900
his pajamas. 
But even he could not foresee 

1719
01:35:31,900 --> 01:35:35,700
the consequence of his concern. 
The amusing thing about salad is

1720
01:35:35,700 --> 01:35:38,200
that he was the kind of guy who 
would patent an idea for a 

1721
01:35:38,200 --> 01:35:40,800
nuclear reactor, then 
immediately realized, it might 

1722
01:35:40,800 --> 01:35:42,400
be dangerous and try to keep it 
secret. 

1723
01:35:42,400 --> 01:35:45,900
It's like inventing dynamite and
then Whispering the recipe. 

1724
01:35:46,600 --> 01:35:50,200
He spent most of 1939 pacing 
around New York like likely 

1725
01:35:50,200 --> 01:35:52,200
frightening, pigeons with his 
intense expression. 

1726
01:35:52,200 --> 01:35:55,600
Trying to persuade anyone who 
would listen that American 

1727
01:35:55,600 --> 01:35:57,600
needed to outpace Germany in the
atomic race. 

1728
01:35:58,500 --> 01:36:01,700
But you can't just walk into the
White House and say, hey, we 

1729
01:36:01,700 --> 01:36:05,100
need to build a massive bomb. 
Well, you can try, but they'll 

1730
01:36:05,100 --> 01:36:06,800
probably escort you out rather 
quickly. 

1731
01:36:07,900 --> 01:36:10,200
So, Cilla did what any 
reasonable person would do. 

1732
01:36:10,200 --> 01:36:12,300
He got, Einstein to write a 
letter. 

1733
01:36:13,100 --> 01:36:16,600
Apparently even in 1939 name 
recognition held significant 

1734
01:36:16,600 --> 01:36:19,700
importance, Einstein, who 
probably just wanted to work on 

1735
01:36:19,708 --> 01:36:22,800
his theories and peace, found 
himself accidentally, becoming 

1736
01:36:22,800 --> 01:36:26,900
the Godfather of the atomic age.
He later recognized the irony 

1737
01:36:26,900 --> 01:36:30,100
given that he was a pacifist who
had previously expressed a 

1738
01:36:30,100 --> 01:36:31,400
preference for being a 
Lighthouse Keeper. 

1739
01:36:31,400 --> 01:36:36,200
Over a physicist Roosevelt got 
the letter in October 1939, 

1740
01:36:36,200 --> 01:36:39,300
right around the time, he was 
dealing with a dozen other world

1741
01:36:39,300 --> 01:36:41,600
ending problems. 
You have to admire the man's 

1742
01:36:41,600 --> 01:36:45,200
ability to prioritize most of 
us, get overwhelmed choosing 

1743
01:36:45,200 --> 01:36:48,000
what to watch on streaming 
services, but FDR was juggling 

1744
01:36:48,000 --> 01:36:51,900
potential, nuclear weapons, a 
World War and probably wondering

1745
01:36:51,900 --> 01:36:54,000
if his morning coffee was strong
enough for any of this. 

1746
01:36:54,900 --> 01:36:57,800
The initial response was about 
as enthusiastic as you'd expect 

1747
01:36:57,800 --> 01:37:01,500
from a government bureaucracy, 
they formed a committee, nothing

1748
01:37:01,500 --> 01:37:04,100
conveys, the urgency of a 
world-changing scientific 

1749
01:37:04,100 --> 01:37:06,500
breakthrough, more effectively 
than the formation of the 

1750
01:37:06,500 --> 01:37:08,800
committee. 
The Iranian committee as they 

1751
01:37:08,808 --> 01:37:12,800
call it met a few times, 
allocated a whopping 6,000 

1752
01:37:12,800 --> 01:37:15,400
dollars for research and 
probably spent more on coffee. 

1753
01:37:15,400 --> 01:37:18,200
The uranium, it was the 
governmental equivalent of 

1754
01:37:18,200 --> 01:37:22,000
putting a Band-Aid on a volcano.
But here's where the story gets 

1755
01:37:22,000 --> 01:37:24,300
intriguing in. 
That uniquely American Way. 

1756
01:37:25,200 --> 01:37:28,000
While the committee was busy 
being committee like Pearl, 

1757
01:37:28,000 --> 01:37:30,900
Harbor happened. 
Suddenly the abstract concept 

1758
01:37:30,900 --> 01:37:33,300
of, maybe we should look into 
this Atomic thing. 

1759
01:37:33,300 --> 01:37:36,800
Became we need this Atomic thing
yesterday and will build it 

1760
01:37:36,800 --> 01:37:38,700
bigger than anyone has ever 
built anything. 

1761
01:37:39,600 --> 01:37:42,700
And to General Leslie, Groves, a
man who had just finished 

1762
01:37:42,700 --> 01:37:45,700
building the Pentagon and was 
probably looking forward to a 

1763
01:37:45,700 --> 01:37:49,100
comfortable quiet desk job. 
Instead, he got handed the 

1764
01:37:49,100 --> 01:37:52,100
Manhattan Project which was like
being asked to organize the 

1765
01:37:52,100 --> 01:37:55,300
world's most dangerous science 
fair with unlimited funding and 

1766
01:37:55,300 --> 01:37:57,800
a deadline, that could determine
the fate of democracy. 

1767
01:37:58,600 --> 01:38:01,500
Grove's was the kind of military
mind who could look at an 

1768
01:38:01,500 --> 01:38:04,200
impossible task and immediately.
Start figuring out how to make 

1769
01:38:04,200 --> 01:38:07,800
it slightly less impossible, 
once bed sheet at a time. 

1770
01:38:07,808 --> 01:38:11,200
The beautiful absurdity of the 
Manhattan Project was already 

1771
01:38:11,200 --> 01:38:14,400
becoming clear. 
You had theoretical physicists 

1772
01:38:14,400 --> 01:38:16,800
who could barely balance their 
checkbooks being asked to create

1773
01:38:16,808 --> 01:38:19,300
the most practical and 
devastating weapon in history. 

1774
01:38:19,300 --> 01:38:22,900
While military men who 
understood Logistics had to wrap

1775
01:38:22,900 --> 01:38:25,500
their heads around Concepts that
sounded like they belonged in 

1776
01:38:25,500 --> 01:38:29,000
comic books and so began the 
most improbable collaboration in

1777
01:38:29,000 --> 01:38:32,400
human history where the marriage
of pure science and applied 

1778
01:38:32,400 --> 01:38:34,200
paranoia would reshape 
everything. 

1779
01:38:34,200 --> 01:38:37,400
Now, you might think that 
assembling the world's greatest 

1780
01:38:37,400 --> 01:38:40,900
scientific Minds would be like 
organizing a really intellectual

1781
01:38:40,900 --> 01:38:42,700
dinner party. 
You'd be wrong. 

1782
01:38:43,500 --> 01:38:45,200
It was more like trying to hurt 
cats. 

1783
01:38:45,200 --> 01:38:47,900
If the cats were Nobel Prize 
winners with strong opinions 

1784
01:38:47,900 --> 01:38:51,600
about quantum mechanics, and an 
alarming tendency to argue about

1785
01:38:51,600 --> 01:38:53,800
theoretical physics at 
inappropriate volume. 

1786
01:38:54,900 --> 01:38:58,200
General Grove's, bless his 
practical heart approached, this

1787
01:38:58,200 --> 01:39:00,200
challenge the way. 
Any good military man. 

1788
01:39:00,200 --> 01:39:04,700
Would he made lists? 
Lots of lists list of scientists

1789
01:39:04,700 --> 01:39:08,400
list of locations list of things
they need, and probably a list 

1790
01:39:08,408 --> 01:39:11,100
of reasons why this was either 
the best or worst assignment of 

1791
01:39:11,100 --> 01:39:14,300
his career. 
He realized pretty quickly that 

1792
01:39:14,300 --> 01:39:17,000
managing brilliant people was 
like, managing regular people. 

1793
01:39:17,800 --> 01:39:19,700
Except they could prove you 
wrong with math. 

1794
01:39:20,700 --> 01:39:23,100
The first real breakthrough 
came, when someone suggested 

1795
01:39:23,100 --> 01:39:25,700
they recruit Robert Oppenheimer 
to lead the scientific effort. 

1796
01:39:26,600 --> 01:39:28,900
Now, Oppenheimer was an 
interesting choice. 

1797
01:39:28,900 --> 01:39:31,800
He was brilliant. 
Absolutely, but he was also the 

1798
01:39:31,800 --> 01:39:35,300
kind of guy who quoted Sanskrit 
at cocktail parties and had a 

1799
01:39:35,300 --> 01:39:38,100
habit of making everyone around 
him feel slightly undereducated.

1800
01:39:38,100 --> 01:39:42,100
He was like that friend who can 
discuss wine literature and 

1801
01:39:42,100 --> 01:39:46,000
nuclear physics with equal 
fluency except instead of being 

1802
01:39:46,000 --> 01:39:49,000
annoying at dinner parties. 
He was about to become the most 

1803
01:39:49,000 --> 01:39:52,900
famous scientists in America. 
What made Oppenheimer, perfect 

1804
01:39:52,900 --> 01:39:54,500
for the job. 
Wasn't just his scientific 

1805
01:39:54,500 --> 01:39:56,900
credentials though. 
Those were impressive enough. 

1806
01:39:56,900 --> 01:40:00,400
It was his ability to translate 
between the language of pure 

1807
01:40:00,400 --> 01:40:02,900
science and the language of weed
results. 

1808
01:40:02,900 --> 01:40:06,400
Now please, he could talk to a 
theoretical physicist about 

1809
01:40:06,400 --> 01:40:09,500
quantum mechanics in the morning
and explain to a general why 

1810
01:40:09,500 --> 01:40:11,100
they needed more funding in the 
afternoon. 

1811
01:40:11,100 --> 01:40:14,700
All while maintaining the kind 
of cool demeanor that suggested.

1812
01:40:14,700 --> 01:40:17,300
He found the whole thing 
intellectually fascinating 

1813
01:40:17,300 --> 01:40:20,700
rather than terrifying. 
You can't run a massive 

1814
01:40:20,700 --> 01:40:23,100
scientific project from 
University offices, and 

1815
01:40:23,100 --> 01:40:26,900
borrowed, Laboratories, they 
needed space and not just any 

1816
01:40:26,900 --> 01:40:30,500
space. 
They needed Secrets space really

1817
01:40:30,500 --> 01:40:33,500
secret space. 
Kind of secret space where you 

1818
01:40:33,500 --> 01:40:36,200
could accidentally change the 
world without anyone noticing 

1819
01:40:36,200 --> 01:40:40,600
until it was too late. 
Enter Los Alamos, New Mexico, a 

1820
01:40:40,600 --> 01:40:42,400
location. 
So remote that it made the 

1821
01:40:42,400 --> 01:40:44,500
middle of nowhere look like 
downtown Manhattan. 

1822
01:40:44,500 --> 01:40:48,200
It was perfect in the way that 
only truly imperfect places can 

1823
01:40:48,200 --> 01:40:51,100
be perfect. 
The site was isolated enough. 

1824
01:40:51,100 --> 01:40:53,800
That any accidental explosions 
would mostly just bother the 

1825
01:40:53,800 --> 01:40:57,300
local Wildlife, but accessible 
enough that they could actually 

1826
01:40:57,300 --> 01:41:00,300
transport equipment and people 
without requiring pack mules. 

1827
01:41:01,100 --> 01:41:04,200
The original plan was to house, 
maybe 30 scientists there. 

1828
01:41:04,200 --> 01:41:08,000
This was a bit like planning, a 
small dinner party and having it

1829
01:41:08,000 --> 01:41:10,400
turned into a wedding reception 
for 500 people. 

1830
01:41:11,300 --> 01:41:14,000
By the end of the project, Los 
Alamos had grown from a sleepy 

1831
01:41:14,000 --> 01:41:17,500
Ranch School into a secret City 
with its own post office school 

1832
01:41:17,500 --> 01:41:20,600
system and probably the highest 
concentration of advanced 

1833
01:41:20,600 --> 01:41:24,400
degrees per square mile in human
history but Los Alamos was just 

1834
01:41:24,400 --> 01:41:27,500
one piece of the puzzle. 
The Manhattan Project ended up 

1835
01:41:27,500 --> 01:41:29,600
requiring an entire secret 
infrastructure. 

1836
01:41:29,600 --> 01:41:32,800
Spread across the country. 
They built massive facilities in

1837
01:41:32,800 --> 01:41:36,100
Oak Ridge, Tennessee, where they
would separate uranium Isotopes,

1838
01:41:36,100 --> 01:41:38,700
using methods that were equal 
parts, brilliant and Brute 

1839
01:41:38,700 --> 01:41:43,000
Force, They constructed another 
enormous complex in Hanford, 

1840
01:41:43,000 --> 01:41:46,200
Washington for producing 
plutonium, because apparently 

1841
01:41:46,200 --> 01:41:48,600
one type of nuclear material 
wasn't enough for their 

1842
01:41:48,600 --> 01:41:52,200
ambitious plans, the logistics 
alone were mind-boggling. 

1843
01:41:52,200 --> 01:41:54,800
Try explaining to your 
accountant that you need to 

1844
01:41:54,800 --> 01:41:58,100
build several cities from 
scratch hire tens of thousands 

1845
01:41:58,100 --> 01:42:01,200
of people and consume more 
electricity than some entire 

1846
01:42:01,200 --> 01:42:03,400
States. 
All for a project, you can't 

1847
01:42:03,400 --> 01:42:07,100
actually tell anyone about the 
Tennessee Valley Authority found

1848
01:42:07,100 --> 01:42:10,600
itself powering what looked like
the industrial equivalent of a 

1849
01:42:10,600 --> 01:42:13,900
small Alien Invasion and they 
just had to trust that someone 

1850
01:42:13,900 --> 01:42:16,300
somewhere knew what they were 
doing. 

1851
01:42:17,600 --> 01:42:20,100
The security measures were so 
elaborate they boarded on 

1852
01:42:20,100 --> 01:42:21,900
comedy. 
Workers at Oak. 

1853
01:42:21,900 --> 01:42:24,300
Ridge were told they were 
helping with the war effort but 

1854
01:42:24,300 --> 01:42:26,700
most had no idea what they were 
actually producing. 

1855
01:42:27,500 --> 01:42:30,500
Some thought they were making 
Industrial Equipment, others 

1856
01:42:30,500 --> 01:42:32,500
assumed it was, some kind of 
super fuel. 

1857
01:42:33,500 --> 01:42:35,800
A few probably suspected. 
They were involved in something 

1858
01:42:35,800 --> 01:42:38,500
important but the 
compartmentalization was so 

1859
01:42:38,500 --> 01:42:40,600
thorough. 
You could work on the Manhattan 

1860
01:42:40,600 --> 01:42:43,900
Project for three years and 
still have only the vaguest idea

1861
01:42:43,900 --> 01:42:45,200
what you'd actually 
accomplished. 

1862
01:42:45,200 --> 01:42:48,900
Meanwhile, back at Los Alamos. 
Oppenheimer was facing the 

1863
01:42:48,900 --> 01:42:52,300
unique challenge of creating a 
functional Community where the 

1864
01:42:52,300 --> 01:42:55,100
residents included, some of the 
most brilliant and temperamental

1865
01:42:55,100 --> 01:42:58,700
people on the planet, all living
in temporary housing in the 

1866
01:42:58,708 --> 01:43:01,700
middle of the desert working on 
something that might either end 

1867
01:43:01,700 --> 01:43:04,900
the war or accidentally end. 
Everything else it was like 

1868
01:43:04,900 --> 01:43:07,600
summer camp for adults. 
If summer, camp involved in 

1869
01:43:07,608 --> 01:43:09,800
nuclear physics in the fate of 
Civilization. 

1870
01:43:09,800 --> 01:43:13,200
Now, here's where things get 
really interesting in the 

1871
01:43:13,200 --> 01:43:15,600
special way that only 
theoretical physics can be 

1872
01:43:15,600 --> 01:43:17,900
interesting. 
Your dealing with people who 

1873
01:43:17,900 --> 01:43:20,900
spend their days thinking about 
things so small, you can't see 

1874
01:43:20,900 --> 01:43:22,600
them. 
Even with the most powerful 

1875
01:43:22,600 --> 01:43:26,200
microscopes yet these invisible 
things contain enough energy to 

1876
01:43:26,200 --> 01:43:29,200
level cities, it's like to 
discovering that dust bunnies 

1877
01:43:29,200 --> 01:43:31,400
under your couch could power 
your entire neighborhood. 

1878
01:43:31,400 --> 01:43:34,400
If only you could figure out how
to Convince them to cooperate. 

1879
01:43:34,400 --> 01:43:37,700
The basic concept of nuclear 
fission sounds almost simple. 

1880
01:43:37,700 --> 01:43:41,300
When you say it quickly, you 
take a uranium, atom, you split 

1881
01:43:41,300 --> 01:43:44,900
it, and it releases energy. 
But saying that is like saying 

1882
01:43:44,900 --> 01:43:47,700
baking a cake when you're 
actually trying to construct a 

1883
01:43:47,700 --> 01:43:50,300
12 tier wedding cake. 
While blindfolded using 

1884
01:43:50,300 --> 01:43:53,200
ingredients, you've never seen 
before and following a recipe 

1885
01:43:53,200 --> 01:43:55,600
written in a language that was 
just invented yesterday. 

1886
01:43:56,900 --> 01:43:59,500
The first challenge was getting 
the right kind of uranium 

1887
01:43:59,500 --> 01:44:04,300
natural, uranium is mostly 
uranium 238, which is about as 

1888
01:44:04,300 --> 01:44:06,400
useful for making bombs as a 
chocolate teapot. 

1889
01:44:06,400 --> 01:44:11,400
What they needed was uranium 
235, which makes up less than 1%

1890
01:44:11,400 --> 01:44:14,300
of natural uranium. 
It's like needing to separate 

1891
01:44:14,300 --> 01:44:18,000
red M&Ms from a swimming pool 
full of mixed M&M's, except the 

1892
01:44:18,000 --> 01:44:20,800
M&M's are invisible. 
They're trying to kill you and 

1893
01:44:20,800 --> 01:44:23,200
you can only tell them apart 
using methods, that hadn't been 

1894
01:44:23,200 --> 01:44:26,500
invented yet. 
The scientists at Oak Ridge 

1895
01:44:26,500 --> 01:44:28,000
approached. 
This problem with the kind of 

1896
01:44:28,000 --> 01:44:30,600
methodical determination that 
only comes from having 

1897
01:44:30,600 --> 01:44:33,900
absolutely no choice. 
They tried several different 

1898
01:44:33,900 --> 01:44:37,300
separation methods, including 
one that involved giant Electro 

1899
01:44:37,300 --> 01:44:40,600
magnets called calutron. 
These machines were enormous and

1900
01:44:40,600 --> 01:44:43,900
consumed so much electricity 
that they basically turned the 

1901
01:44:43,908 --> 01:44:47,400
separation of uranium ice hopes 
into an industrial process. 

1902
01:44:47,400 --> 01:44:50,500
That could be seen from space of
satellites had existed. 

1903
01:44:50,500 --> 01:44:54,200
Then however, uranium was not 
the soul option of available 

1904
01:44:54,200 --> 01:44:57,800
nuclear reactors. 
Could create plutonia an element

1905
01:44:57,800 --> 01:45:01,400
absent in nature. 
Plutonium was like, uranium's 

1906
01:45:01,400 --> 01:45:05,000
more complicated cousin, 
potentially more powerful but 

1907
01:45:05,000 --> 01:45:07,600
also more difficult to work with
and with a personality that 

1908
01:45:07,600 --> 01:45:10,100
could charitably be described as
temperamental. 

1909
01:45:10,800 --> 01:45:14,000
Creating plutonium required 
building nuclear reactors which 

1910
01:45:14,000 --> 01:45:16,100
brought its own special set of 
challenges. 

1911
01:45:16,100 --> 01:45:19,300
The first reactor was built 
under the football stadium, at 

1912
01:45:19,300 --> 01:45:21,700
the University of Chicago. 
Because apparently, someone 

1913
01:45:21,700 --> 01:45:23,900
thought that the best place to 
test Humanity's. 

1914
01:45:23,900 --> 01:45:27,400
First controlled nuclear chain 
reaction was directly underneath

1915
01:45:27,400 --> 01:45:30,900
a major American city. 
The physicists in charge of this

1916
01:45:30,900 --> 01:45:34,200
experiment in Rica fairy was 
reportedly betting on whether 

1917
01:45:34,200 --> 01:45:37,200
the reaction would stop when 
they wanted it to which shows 

1918
01:45:37,200 --> 01:45:38,900
how well they understood what 
they were doing. 

1919
01:45:39,700 --> 01:45:41,400
Fairy. 
Incidentally, the kind of 

1920
01:45:41,400 --> 01:45:44,300
scientist who could calculate, 
complex physics problems in his 

1921
01:45:44,300 --> 01:45:46,600
head while other people were 
still looking for their 

1922
01:45:46,600 --> 01:45:50,100
calculator, he was also famous 
for his ability to estimate 

1923
01:45:50,100 --> 01:45:53,300
almost anything, give him a few 
minutes and some basic 

1924
01:45:53,300 --> 01:45:54,900
information. 
And he could tell you 

1925
01:45:54,900 --> 01:45:58,200
approximately how many piano 
tuners lived in Chicago or how 

1926
01:45:58,200 --> 01:46:01,100
much energy would be released by
various theoretical nuclear 

1927
01:46:01,100 --> 01:46:03,900
explosions. 
This skill turned out to be 

1928
01:46:03,900 --> 01:46:07,000
surprisingly useful when dealing
with weapons that released more 

1929
01:46:07,000 --> 01:46:10,400
energy than anyone had ever 
handled before the Chicago 

1930
01:46:10,400 --> 01:46:13,200
reactor worked. 
Thanks without accidentally 

1931
01:46:13,200 --> 01:46:16,600
eliminating the Midwest and it 
provided the proof of concept 

1932
01:46:16,600 --> 01:46:19,100
needed to build much larger 
reactors at Hanford. 

1933
01:46:20,500 --> 01:46:23,300
These reactors were designed to 
produce plutonium on an 

1934
01:46:23,300 --> 01:46:26,200
industrial scale. 
Turning the abstract concept of 

1935
01:46:26,200 --> 01:46:29,200
artificially created elements 
into something measured in 

1936
01:46:29,200 --> 01:46:31,700
tonnes rather than microscopic 
quantities. 

1937
01:46:32,500 --> 01:46:35,200
However, obtaining nuclear 
material was only half the 

1938
01:46:35,200 --> 01:46:37,600
challenge. 
The other half was figuring out 

1939
01:46:37,600 --> 01:46:40,900
how to make it explode in a 
controlled predictable, way that

1940
01:46:40,900 --> 01:46:43,500
would release all that energy at
exactly the right moment. 

1941
01:46:44,400 --> 01:46:47,100
This step turned out to be 
significantly more complicated 

1942
01:46:47,100 --> 01:46:50,400
than anyone had anticipated. 
Like the difference between 

1943
01:46:50,400 --> 01:46:53,300
lighting a candle and conducting
a symphony, orchestra made 

1944
01:46:53,300 --> 01:46:57,000
entirely of Fire. 
The simplest design called gun 

1945
01:46:57,000 --> 01:47:00,400
type worked by shooting, one 
piece of uranium in to another 

1946
01:47:00,400 --> 01:47:04,000
piece of uranium rapidly. 
It was elegant in its Simplicity

1947
01:47:04,000 --> 01:47:07,100
like Nuclear Physics designed by
someone who really understood 

1948
01:47:07,100 --> 01:47:11,900
hammers, but this method only 
worked with uranium 235 and they

1949
01:47:11,900 --> 01:47:13,800
didn't have enough for more than
one bomb. 

1950
01:47:15,200 --> 01:47:18,000
Plutonium bomb required, a 
completely different approach 

1951
01:47:18,000 --> 01:47:21,900
called implosion which involves 
around a ball of plutonium with 

1952
01:47:21,900 --> 01:47:24,900
conventional explosive and 
detonating them all at. 

1953
01:47:24,900 --> 01:47:28,000
Exactly the same moment 
compressing the plutonium until 

1954
01:47:28,000 --> 01:47:31,700
it reached critical mass. 
Achieving this required such 

1955
01:47:31,700 --> 01:47:34,600
Precision that it would make 
Swiss watchmakers nervous. 

1956
01:47:34,600 --> 01:47:38,400
If the timing was off by even a 
few microseconds, the result 

1957
01:47:38,400 --> 01:47:41,500
would be an expensive dud 
instead of a nuclear explosion. 

1958
01:47:42,700 --> 01:47:45,400
This was the kind of problem 
that kept brilliant people awake

1959
01:47:45,400 --> 01:47:48,300
at night, staring at the ceiling
and wondering if they were about

1960
01:47:48,300 --> 01:47:51,300
to change the world or just 
create the most elaborate 

1961
01:47:51,300 --> 01:47:55,800
failure in scientific history by
the summer of 1945 Los Alamos 

1962
01:47:55,800 --> 01:47:58,300
scientists had been engaged in 
the world's most expensive 

1963
01:47:58,300 --> 01:48:01,700
science project for over two 
years despite possessing, 

1964
01:48:01,700 --> 01:48:05,200
numerous theories calculations 
and mathematical equations. 

1965
01:48:05,200 --> 01:48:08,200
They remained uncertain. 
If any of them would truly 

1966
01:48:08,200 --> 01:48:12,300
function It's akin to dedicating
three years to the construction 

1967
01:48:12,300 --> 01:48:16,100
of a car, only to discover that 
you've never actually attempted 

1968
01:48:16,100 --> 01:48:19,500
to operate the key. 
The gun-type uranium bomb was 

1969
01:48:19,500 --> 01:48:22,400
simple enough, that they felt 
confident it would work without 

1970
01:48:22,400 --> 01:48:25,200
testing. 
This level of confidence in an 

1971
01:48:25,200 --> 01:48:28,400
untested, nuclear weapon was 
either remarkably bold or 

1972
01:48:28,400 --> 01:48:31,600
extremely naive, depending on 
how you looked at it. 

1973
01:48:32,400 --> 01:48:35,700
However the plutonium implosion 
bomb presented a distinct 

1974
01:48:35,700 --> 01:48:38,000
challenge. 
It was so complex and 

1975
01:48:38,000 --> 01:48:39,800
temperamental that betting the 
war on it. 

1976
01:48:39,800 --> 01:48:42,700
Without a test would have been 
like performing brain surgery, 

1977
01:48:42,700 --> 01:48:44,500
based on a cookbook, you'd 
written yourself. 

1978
01:48:45,400 --> 01:48:48,700
So they decided to conduct a 
test which presented its own 

1979
01:48:48,700 --> 01:48:52,000
unique set of challenges. 
What would be the most suitable 

1980
01:48:52,000 --> 01:48:53,900
location to test a nuclear 
weapon? 

1981
01:48:53,900 --> 01:48:57,800
You cannot simply head to the 
nearby firing range and hope for

1982
01:48:57,800 --> 01:49:00,500
a favorable outcome. 
You need somewhere remote 

1983
01:49:00,500 --> 01:49:01,500
enough. 
That if something goes 

1984
01:49:01,500 --> 01:49:05,000
spectacularly wrong you won't 
accidentally eliminate half of 

1985
01:49:05,000 --> 01:49:06,800
civilization. 
Before you've had a chance to 

1986
01:49:06,800 --> 01:49:10,200
use your weapon on the enemy. 
They chose a site in the New 

1987
01:49:10,200 --> 01:49:12,800
Mexico. 
Desert about 200 miles south of 

1988
01:49:12,800 --> 01:49:16,000
Los Alamos, called Trinity. 
The name was oppenheimer's 

1989
01:49:16,000 --> 01:49:19,600
Choice inspired by a John Donne 
poem because apparently even 

1990
01:49:19,600 --> 01:49:22,200
when you're about to test 
Humanity's first nuclear weapon,

1991
01:49:22,200 --> 01:49:23,800
you still have time for 
literature. 

1992
01:49:24,700 --> 01:49:28,700
The site was flat empty and Far 
Enough from major population 

1993
01:49:28,700 --> 01:49:32,100
centers that anyone expected 
consequences would mostly affect

1994
01:49:32,100 --> 01:49:36,000
lizards and tumbleweeds? 
Preparing for the test was like 

1995
01:49:36,000 --> 01:49:38,300
planning the world's most 
dangerous camping trip. 

1996
01:49:38,300 --> 01:49:41,200
They had to transport an 
incredibly delicate and 

1997
01:49:41,200 --> 01:49:45,000
expensive nuclear devices across
desert roads that were barely 

1998
01:49:45,000 --> 01:49:46,500
suitable for regular 
automobiles. 

1999
01:49:46,500 --> 01:49:50,500
Then assemble it in a temporary 
laboratory that had been built 

2000
01:49:50,500 --> 01:49:54,000
in the middle of nowhere. 
The bomb itself was nicknamed, 

2001
01:49:54,000 --> 01:49:57,300
the gadget with the kind of 
casual understatement that 

2002
01:49:57,300 --> 01:50:00,600
suggested, they were discussing 
a new kitchen, appliance rather 

2003
01:50:00,600 --> 01:50:02,300
than a weapon that could level a
city. 

2004
01:50:03,300 --> 01:50:05,800
The scientists and military 
personnel involved in the tests.

2005
01:50:05,800 --> 01:50:07,800
Were dealing with unprecedented 
questions. 

2006
01:50:08,600 --> 01:50:11,500
How far away did you need to be 
to observe a nuclear explosion 

2007
01:50:11,500 --> 01:50:14,400
safely? 
Nobody knew because nobody had 

2008
01:50:14,400 --> 01:50:16,400
ever observed a nuclear 
explosion before. 

2009
01:50:17,300 --> 01:50:20,200
They made their best guesses 
based on calculations and hope 

2010
01:50:20,200 --> 01:50:21,500
they weren't catastrophically 
wrong. 

2011
01:50:21,500 --> 01:50:25,700
Some of the scientists brought 
suntan lotion as if protecting 

2012
01:50:25,700 --> 01:50:28,600
against nuclear radiation, was 
similar to preventing a mild 

2013
01:50:28,608 --> 01:50:31,300
sunburn. 
The test was scheduled for the 

2014
01:50:31,300 --> 01:50:36,200
early morning hours of July, 
16th, 1945, partly for security 

2015
01:50:36,200 --> 01:50:38,900
reasons, and partly, because 
someone thought it would be 

2016
01:50:38,900 --> 01:50:41,600
easier to see the explosion 
against the pre-dawn sky. 

2017
01:50:42,800 --> 01:50:46,000
As the countdown approached, the
level of tension at the site was

2018
01:50:46,000 --> 01:50:48,300
probably measurable with 
scientific instruments. 

2019
01:50:49,000 --> 01:50:51,500
These were people who had spent 
years of their lives working 

2020
01:50:51,500 --> 01:50:54,500
toward this moment and they were
about to find out if they'd 

2021
01:50:54,500 --> 01:50:57,500
created a revolutionary weapon, 
all the world's most expensive. 

2022
01:50:57,500 --> 01:51:00,400
Firework Oppenheimer. 
In the other key scientists 

2023
01:51:00,400 --> 01:51:03,400
gather at control bunker about 
six miles from Ground Zero, 

2024
01:51:03,400 --> 01:51:06,200
which seemed like a safe 
distance Until you realize that 

2025
01:51:06,200 --> 01:51:09,700
nobody actually knew what 
constituted a safe distance from

2026
01:51:09,700 --> 01:51:13,100
Humanity's first nuclear 
explosion, they laid down on the

2027
01:51:13,100 --> 01:51:16,300
ground facing away from the 
blast site with instructions to 

2028
01:51:16,300 --> 01:51:18,500
look only after the initial 
Flash and passed. 

2029
01:51:18,500 --> 01:51:21,200
It was like being told to watch 
the world's most important 

2030
01:51:21,200 --> 01:51:26,200
Sunrise through your eyelids at 
5:29 a.m. the gadget detonated 

2031
01:51:26,200 --> 01:51:29,300
with a force equivalent to about
21,000 tons of TNT. 

2032
01:51:30,600 --> 01:51:33,400
For a brief moment, the 
explosion created temperatures 

2033
01:51:33,400 --> 01:51:37,000
comparable to the surface of the
Sun and light brighter than the 

2034
01:51:37,000 --> 01:51:39,800
sun itself. 
The Flash was visible from over 

2035
01:51:39,800 --> 01:51:43,700
160 miles away, and the sound of
the explosion Was Heard nearly 

2036
01:51:43,700 --> 01:51:47,300
100 miles distant. 
Several observers reported that 

2037
01:51:47,300 --> 01:51:50,800
for a few seconds, it was as if 
there were two sons in the sky, 

2038
01:51:50,800 --> 01:51:55,000
the mushroom cloud, Rose to over
40,000 feet and the heat from 

2039
01:51:55,000 --> 01:51:57,700
the explosion turned. 
The desert sand into a greenish 

2040
01:51:57,700 --> 01:52:01,300
glass that they later called 
trinitite the steel tower that 

2041
01:52:01,300 --> 01:52:04,600
held the bomb vaporized along 
with everything else within a 

2042
01:52:04,600 --> 01:52:08,100
substantial radius of ground 
zero in the space of a few 

2043
01:52:08,100 --> 01:52:09,700
seconds. 
The theoretical had become 

2044
01:52:09,700 --> 01:52:13,700
devastatingly real Oppenheimer 
later said that he watched the 

2045
01:52:13,700 --> 01:52:16,600
explosion aligned from the 
pagadi came to mind. 

2046
01:52:16,600 --> 01:52:20,700
Now, I am become death destroyer
of worlds. 

2047
01:52:20,700 --> 01:52:23,900
It was the kind of literary 
reference that seemed almost 

2048
01:52:23,900 --> 01:52:27,400
absurdly intellectual given the 
circumstances but it captured 

2049
01:52:27,400 --> 01:52:29,100
the magnitude of what they had 
just witnessed. 

2050
01:52:29,100 --> 01:52:32,900
They had successfully created a 
weapon that could destroy entire

2051
01:52:32,900 --> 01:52:36,300
cities in an instant. 
The test was a complete success 

2052
01:52:36,300 --> 01:52:39,900
which meant that the Manhattan 
Project had achieved its primary

2053
01:52:39,900 --> 01:52:42,600
goal, they had beaten Germany to
the atomic bomb. 

2054
01:52:43,500 --> 01:52:45,900
Of course by this point Germany 
had already surrendered. 

2055
01:52:45,900 --> 01:52:49,300
So the original motivation for 
the project was somewhat moot. 

2056
01:52:50,100 --> 01:52:52,600
But there was still Japan to 
consider and the war in the 

2057
01:52:52,608 --> 01:52:56,800
Pacific was far from over. 
As the mushroom cloud dissipated

2058
01:52:56,800 --> 01:53:00,100
over the New Mexico, desert. 
The scientists and military 

2059
01:53:00,100 --> 01:53:03,000
personnel at Trinity, began 
grappling with the implications 

2060
01:53:03,000 --> 01:53:05,600
of what they had. 
Just accomplished, they had 

2061
01:53:05,608 --> 01:53:07,600
unlocked a portal that would 
never reopen. 

2062
01:53:07,600 --> 01:53:10,100
Now, comes the part of the 
story, where things get 

2063
01:53:10,100 --> 01:53:12,500
complicated in ways that make 
quantum physics look 

2064
01:53:12,500 --> 01:53:15,100
straightforward. 
You have this incredibly 

2065
01:53:15,100 --> 01:53:19,300
powerful weapon that works 
exactly as advertised a war that

2066
01:53:19,300 --> 01:53:22,700
still raging in the Pacific and 
a bunch of very smart people. 

2067
01:53:22,700 --> 01:53:25,800
Suddenly realizing that creating
the thing was actually the easy 

2068
01:53:25,800 --> 01:53:29,400
part The real challenge in 
deciding what to do with it. 

2069
01:53:30,300 --> 01:53:33,100
Pressed President Truman who had
inherited both the president's 

2070
01:53:33,100 --> 01:53:36,300
and the Manhattan Project from 
Roosevelt found himself in the 

2071
01:53:36,308 --> 01:53:38,600
position of having to make 
decisions about weapons. 

2072
01:53:38,600 --> 01:53:42,700
He barely understood Imagine 
being given the keys to a weapon

2073
01:53:42,700 --> 01:53:45,600
that could destroy cities and 
being told to learn how to use 

2074
01:53:45,600 --> 01:53:49,100
it in a few weeks Truman, was a 
practical man who preferred 

2075
01:53:49,100 --> 01:53:52,300
straightforward problems with 
straightforward Solutions but 

2076
01:53:52,300 --> 01:53:54,300
there was nothing 
straightforward about Atomic. 

2077
01:53:54,300 --> 01:53:57,100
Weapons military estimates for 
the invasion. 

2078
01:53:57,100 --> 01:54:01,100
Of Japan were extremely sobering
operation downfall as it was 

2079
01:54:01,100 --> 01:54:04,000
known, had the potential to 
cause over a million American 

2080
01:54:04,000 --> 01:54:07,000
casualties and several million 
Japanese deaths. 

2081
01:54:07,000 --> 01:54:10,600
These weren't abstract numbers 
on a strategic planning document

2082
01:54:10,600 --> 01:54:14,800
they represented real people 
families and entire communities.

2083
01:54:14,800 --> 01:54:18,800
The alternative was using Atomic
weapons against Japanese cities,

2084
01:54:18,800 --> 01:54:22,500
which would also kill enormous 
numbers of civilians but might 

2085
01:54:22,500 --> 01:54:24,900
end the war quickly enough to 
prevent an even larger 

2086
01:54:24,900 --> 01:54:27,700
catastrophe. 
It's the kind of decision that 

2087
01:54:27,700 --> 01:54:30,600
would keep anyone awake at 
night, the kind of moral 

2088
01:54:30,600 --> 01:54:32,900
calculation that has no clearly.
Right answer. 

2089
01:54:32,900 --> 01:54:37,000
Do you choose the option that 
kills fewer people overall, but 

2090
01:54:37,000 --> 01:54:39,900
involves using weapons of 
unprecedented destructive power.

2091
01:54:40,800 --> 01:54:42,600
Or do you choose the 
conventional Invasion? 

2092
01:54:42,600 --> 01:54:45,700
That might ultimately cost more 
lives but doesn't cost the 

2093
01:54:45,700 --> 01:54:50,300
threshold into nuclear warfare. 
Some of the scientists involved 

2094
01:54:50,300 --> 01:54:53,500
in the Manhattan Project was 
seriously reconsidering their 

2095
01:54:53,500 --> 01:54:58,000
involvement in its creation? 
Leo silard, who had started the 

2096
01:54:58,000 --> 01:55:00,500
whole thing with his worries 
about German Atomic research. 

2097
01:55:00,500 --> 01:55:03,700
Now, found himself trying to 
stop the use of the weapons. 

2098
01:55:03,700 --> 01:55:06,700
He had helped create he and 
several other scientists 

2099
01:55:06,700 --> 01:55:08,800
petitioned. 
Truman to demonstrate the bomb's

2100
01:55:08,800 --> 01:55:11,400
power without using it against 
populated areas. 

2101
01:55:11,400 --> 01:55:15,500
By detonating it over an 
uninhabited area where Japanese 

2102
01:55:15,500 --> 01:55:17,700
leaders could Witnesses 
destructive potential. 

2103
01:55:18,600 --> 01:55:21,400
But military planners argued 
that a demonstration might not 

2104
01:55:21,400 --> 01:55:23,600
be convincing enough to force 
Japanese surrender. 

2105
01:55:24,300 --> 01:55:26,500
Especially if the bond to 
detonate properly. 

2106
01:55:27,900 --> 01:55:30,600
He had exactly two. 
Operational, Atomic weapons. 

2107
01:55:30,600 --> 01:55:35,500
Little boy, the uranium bomb and
fat, man, the plutonium bomb and

2108
01:55:35,500 --> 01:55:38,300
using one for a demonstration, 
would leave them with only one 

2109
01:55:38,300 --> 01:55:42,000
weapon for actual combat use. 
It was like having two bullets 

2110
01:55:42,000 --> 01:55:44,600
and wondering whether to file 
one into the air as a warning 

2111
01:55:44,600 --> 01:55:47,300
shot. 
The decision-making process was 

2112
01:55:47,300 --> 01:55:49,900
complicated by the fact that 
many of the people involved 

2113
01:55:49,900 --> 01:55:53,000
still didn't fully understand 
what they were dealing with. the

2114
01:55:53,000 --> 01:55:55,500
long-term effects of radiation 
exposure weren't well, 

2115
01:55:55,500 --> 01:55:58,600
understood the political 
implications of introducing 

2116
01:55:58,600 --> 01:56:01,200
nuclear weapons to Warfare, 
hadn't been fully considered 

2117
01:56:02,100 --> 01:56:04,700
They were making decisions about
the future of human conflict 

2118
01:56:04,700 --> 01:56:08,700
with incomplete information and 
under enormous time, pressure, 

2119
01:56:08,700 --> 01:56:12,500
Japanese resistant was fears and
showed no signs of diminishing. 

2120
01:56:13,400 --> 01:56:16,100
The battle of Okinawa had 
demonstrated the terrible cost 

2121
01:56:16,100 --> 01:56:19,400
of invading fortified Japanese 
positions, and intelligence 

2122
01:56:19,400 --> 01:56:22,400
suggested that the Japanese were
preparing to defend their home 

2123
01:56:22,400 --> 01:56:24,400
islands with even greater 
determination. 

2124
01:56:25,400 --> 01:56:28,000
McCarthy attacks were in 
frequency and intensity. 

2125
01:56:28,800 --> 01:56:31,500
From a purely military 
perspective, anything that could

2126
01:56:31,500 --> 01:56:33,900
end the war quickly was worth 
serious consideration. 

2127
01:56:35,000 --> 01:56:38,000
On the other hand, several 
high-ranking military officials 

2128
01:56:38,000 --> 01:56:40,500
questioned whether Atomic 
weapons were necessary at all. 

2129
01:56:41,200 --> 01:56:43,400
Some argued that Japan was 
already on the verge of 

2130
01:56:43,408 --> 01:56:47,300
surrender due to Conventional 
bombing Naval blockade and the 

2131
01:56:47,300 --> 01:56:49,300
Soviet entry into the war 
against Japan. 

2132
01:56:49,300 --> 01:56:52,600
Others suggested that the 
primary motivation for using the

2133
01:56:52,600 --> 01:56:56,300
bombs was not to defeat Japan 
but to demonstrate American 

2134
01:56:56,300 --> 01:56:58,500
nuclear capability to the Soviet
Union. 

2135
01:56:58,500 --> 01:57:03,300
Thereby initiating the Cold War.
The target selection process was

2136
01:57:03,300 --> 01:57:06,800
grimly, methodically military 
planners wanted cities that were

2137
01:57:06,800 --> 01:57:09,900
militarily, significant but had 
not been heavily damaged by 

2138
01:57:09,900 --> 01:57:13,200
conventional bombing so that the
effects of the atomic weapon 

2139
01:57:13,200 --> 01:57:14,800
could be clearly observed and 
documented. 

2140
01:57:14,800 --> 01:57:19,000
They also wanted targets that 
would have maximum cycle impact 

2141
01:57:19,000 --> 01:57:22,500
on Japanese leadership. 
The final Target list included 

2142
01:57:22,500 --> 01:57:27,700
Hiroshima, kakura negata and 
Nagasaki Kyoto was initially on 

2143
01:57:27,708 --> 01:57:29,700
the list as well. 
But Secretary of War Henry 

2144
01:57:29,700 --> 01:57:33,100
Stimson, reportedly removed it 
from consideration because he 

2145
01:57:33,100 --> 01:57:35,700
had visited the city in 
appreciated, its cultural and 

2146
01:57:35,700 --> 01:57:39,000
historical significance. 
It's one of those small human 

2147
01:57:39,000 --> 01:57:43,100
moments that had enormous 
consequences, a single person's 

2148
01:57:43,100 --> 01:57:46,000
aesthetic, sensibility 
potentially saving a city and 

2149
01:57:46,000 --> 01:57:48,700
its hundreds of thousands of 
inhabitants from nuclear 

2150
01:57:48,700 --> 01:57:51,900
destruction. 
As the decision deadline 

2151
01:57:51,900 --> 01:57:55,500
approached Truman was receiving 
advice from multiple directions,

2152
01:57:55,500 --> 01:57:59,200
much of it contradictory 
military commanders wanted to 

2153
01:57:59,200 --> 01:58:01,200
use the weapons to save American
lives. 

2154
01:58:01,200 --> 01:58:04,300
There was a divide among 
scientists between those seeking

2155
01:58:04,300 --> 01:58:07,300
to demonstrate the bombs power 
and those advocating for its 

2156
01:58:07,300 --> 01:58:11,500
decisive use. political advisors
were thinking about post-war 

2157
01:58:11,500 --> 01:58:15,100
relationships with both Japan 
and the Soviet Union in the end 

2158
01:58:15,100 --> 01:58:17,900
Truman, made the decision that 
he believed would end the war, 

2159
01:58:17,900 --> 01:58:21,900
most quickly, and save the most 
lives overall whether he was 

2160
01:58:21,900 --> 01:58:24,700
right or wrong as a question 
that historians and ethicist 

2161
01:58:24,700 --> 01:58:29,000
continued to debate today, But 
in the summer of 1945, with 

2162
01:58:29,000 --> 01:58:32,600
incomplete information and 
enormous pressure, he chose to 

2163
01:58:32,608 --> 01:58:35,200
authorize the use of atomic 
weapons, against Japan. 

2164
01:58:36,100 --> 01:58:38,200
It was a decision that would 
define, not just the end of 

2165
01:58:38,208 --> 01:58:41,100
World War 2, but the beginning 
of the nuclear age on the 

2166
01:58:41,100 --> 01:58:46,700
morning of August, 6th, 1945 the
crew of the Enola, Gay, a B-29, 

2167
01:58:46,700 --> 01:58:49,700
bomber named after the Pilot's 
mother took off from Tiny and 

2168
01:58:49,700 --> 01:58:53,100
Ireland, carrying little boy, 
the uranium bomb that had never 

2169
01:58:53,100 --> 01:58:55,900
been tested, but was expected to
work based on theoretical 

2170
01:58:55,900 --> 01:58:58,500
calculations. 
It's important to take a moment 

2171
01:58:58,500 --> 01:59:00,800
to appreciate the surreal nature
of this moment. 

2172
01:59:01,600 --> 01:59:03,900
They were piloting. 
An untested nuclear weapon over 

2173
01:59:03,900 --> 01:59:07,300
the Pacific, Ocean relying on 
three years of theoretical 

2174
01:59:07,300 --> 01:59:10,200
physics, and Engineering to 
perform precisely as intended at

2175
01:59:10,208 --> 01:59:12,800
The crucial moment. 
Colonel Paul. 

2176
01:59:12,800 --> 01:59:16,300
Tibbets the pilot probably had 
the strangest job description in

2177
01:59:16,300 --> 01:59:19,400
military history that morning. 
He was essentially a delivery 

2178
01:59:19,400 --> 01:59:23,100
driver except his package could 
destroy an entire city and his 

2179
01:59:23,100 --> 01:59:26,500
route included flying over enemy
territory while carrying the 

2180
01:59:26,500 --> 01:59:29,100
most expensive and dangerous 
Cargo in human history. 

2181
01:59:30,400 --> 01:59:32,800
The crew had been told, they 
were carrying a very powerful 

2182
01:59:32,800 --> 01:59:35,800
bomb, but most didn't know they 
were about to witness the first 

2183
01:59:35,800 --> 01:59:39,400
use of nuclear weapons. 
In Warfare Hiroshima was chosen 

2184
01:59:39,400 --> 01:59:42,100
as the primary target partly 
because it was an important 

2185
01:59:42,100 --> 01:59:45,000
military Center and partly 
because it had been largely 

2186
01:59:45,000 --> 01:59:48,300
spared from conventional bombing
making it ideal for observing 

2187
01:59:48,300 --> 01:59:53,000
the effects of atomic weapons. 
The city had about 350,000. 

2188
01:59:53,000 --> 01:59:56,600
People going about their morning
routines unaware that they were 

2189
01:59:56,600 --> 01:59:58,400
about to witness a historic 
moment. 

2190
01:59:59,400 --> 02:00:02,900
At 8:15 a.m. local time. 
Little boy, detonated about 

2191
02:00:02,900 --> 02:00:07,500
1,900 feet above the city 
center, the explosion created a 

2192
02:00:07,500 --> 02:00:08,900
fireball with temperatures 
exceeding. 

2193
02:00:08,900 --> 02:00:11,900
Those at the center of the sun 
followed by a Shockwave that 

2194
02:00:11,900 --> 02:00:14,500
destroyed virtually, everything 
within a one-mile radius. 

2195
02:00:15,400 --> 02:00:18,900
The mushroom cloud. 
Rose to over 60,000 feet and the

2196
02:00:18,908 --> 02:00:20,900
Flash of light was visible for 
miles. 

2197
02:00:21,700 --> 02:00:25,100
Suddenly a bustling Metropolis, 
transformed into the epicenter 

2198
02:00:25,100 --> 02:00:28,000
of the nuclear era. 
The immediate destruction was 

2199
02:00:28,000 --> 02:00:31,500
almost incomprehensible 
buildings, simply vanished, 

2200
02:00:31,500 --> 02:00:34,700
people who are close to the 
hyper Center of vaporized. 

2201
02:00:34,700 --> 02:00:37,600
So quickly that their Shadows 
were burned into concrete and 

2202
02:00:37,600 --> 02:00:41,300
Stone Surfaces, the intense 
heat, the crushing force of the 

2203
02:00:41,308 --> 02:00:43,900
Shockwave or the collapse of 
buildings killed. 

2204
02:00:43,900 --> 02:00:48,000
Others Tens of thousands died 
immediately and tens of 

2205
02:00:48,000 --> 02:00:49,500
thousands. 
More would die in the following 

2206
02:00:49,500 --> 02:00:52,200
days and weeks from radiation 
sickness Burns and injuries. 

2207
02:00:53,600 --> 02:00:56,800
Back in Washington, the news of 
Hiroshima has destruction was 

2208
02:00:56,800 --> 02:01:00,500
received with a mixed of relief 
satisfaction and growing 

2209
02:01:00,500 --> 02:01:02,700
awareness of what had just been 
Unleashed. 

2210
02:01:03,500 --> 02:01:06,400
Truman announced the attack 
publicly explaining that the 

2211
02:01:06,400 --> 02:01:09,700
United States had developed the 
new and revolutionary increase 

2212
02:01:09,700 --> 02:01:14,000
in destruction and warning Japan
to surrender or face a rain of 

2213
02:01:14,008 --> 02:01:17,600
Ruin from the air, the like of 
which has never been seen on 

2214
02:01:17,600 --> 02:01:20,300
this Earth but Japan did not 
immediately surrender. 

2215
02:01:21,100 --> 02:01:23,100
The Japanese government was 
still processing, the 

2216
02:01:23,100 --> 02:01:25,500
implications of what had 
happened to Hiroshima, when 

2217
02:01:25,500 --> 02:01:28,900
three days later. 
Another B-29 took off from 

2218
02:01:28,900 --> 02:01:32,200
tinian, carrying Fatman the 
plutonium bomb that had been 

2219
02:01:32,200 --> 02:01:36,100
successful tested at Trinity. 
The original Target was Cura. 

2220
02:01:36,900 --> 02:01:39,500
The cloud cover forced the crew 
to divert to their secondary 

2221
02:01:39,500 --> 02:01:44,600
Target Nagasaki. 
Nagasaki was a port city with 

2222
02:01:44,600 --> 02:01:49,000
significant military industry, 
home to about 240,000 people. 

2223
02:01:49,700 --> 02:01:53,900
fat man detonated at 11:02 a.m. 
on August 9th, creating another 

2224
02:01:53,900 --> 02:01:58,500
mushroom cloud, and another zone
of complete devastation, The 

2225
02:01:58,508 --> 02:02:01,400
bomb was actually more powerful 
than little boy, but the hilly 

2226
02:02:01,400 --> 02:02:04,400
terrain of Nagasaki limited, the
destruction somewhat compared to

2227
02:02:04,400 --> 02:02:08,100
the flat geography of Hiroshima.
The two atomic bombings killed 

2228
02:02:08,100 --> 02:02:12,300
over 200,000 people, most of 
them civilians and demonstrated 

2229
02:02:12,300 --> 02:02:15,000
that the United States possessed
weapons of unprecedented 

2230
02:02:15,000 --> 02:02:17,900
destructive power. 
More importantly, from a 

2231
02:02:17,900 --> 02:02:20,800
strategic perspective, they 
showed that America could 

2232
02:02:20,800 --> 02:02:22,900
produce these weapons and was 
willing to use them. 

2233
02:02:24,100 --> 02:02:26,600
The message to both Japan and 
the rest of the world was 

2234
02:02:26,600 --> 02:02:30,100
unmistakable, the rules of 
warfare had fundamentally 

2235
02:02:30,100 --> 02:02:32,300
changed. 
Emperor. 

2236
02:02:32,300 --> 02:02:36,000
Hirohito announced Japan's, 
surrender on August 15th, 1945, 

2237
02:02:36,000 --> 02:02:40,700
citing, a new and most cruel 
bomb as one of the factors in 

2238
02:02:40,700 --> 02:02:43,900
his decision. 
The war was over, but the 

2239
02:02:43,900 --> 02:02:47,300
nuclear age had begun, the 
scientists and Engineers who had

2240
02:02:47,300 --> 02:02:49,800
worked on the Manhattan Project 
found themselves. 

2241
02:02:49,800 --> 02:02:53,400
Grappling with the reality that 
their theoretical calculations 

2242
02:02:53,400 --> 02:02:55,800
are translated into actual human
destruction. 

2243
02:02:55,800 --> 02:02:59,800
On an unprecedented scale. 
Some like, Oppenheimer were 

2244
02:02:59,800 --> 02:03:02,800
haunted by what they had helped 
create others, argued that the 

2245
02:03:02,800 --> 02:03:06,300
bombs had actually saved lives 
by ending the war quickly and 

2246
02:03:06,300 --> 02:03:08,200
preventing a costly invasion of 
Japan. 

2247
02:03:09,100 --> 02:03:12,300
Whether the atomic bombings were
necessary or Justified remains a

2248
02:03:12,300 --> 02:03:15,500
topic of debate, but it is 
undeniable that they represented

2249
02:03:15,500 --> 02:03:17,400
a significant shift in human 
history. 

2250
02:03:19,000 --> 02:03:21,500
The Manhattan Project had 
succeeded in its primary 

2251
02:03:21,500 --> 02:03:24,700
objective, it had created 
weapons powerful enough to end 

2252
02:03:24,700 --> 02:03:29,200
World War 2 but it also created 
something else a world where the

2253
02:03:29,208 --> 02:03:31,500
complete destruction of 
civilization was now 

2254
02:03:31,500 --> 02:03:34,500
theoretically possible, where 
the stakes of international 

2255
02:03:34,500 --> 02:03:37,000
conflicted had been raised 
beyond anything previously 

2256
02:03:37,000 --> 02:03:40,200
imaginable? 
As the aftermath of Hiroshima 

2257
02:03:40,200 --> 02:03:43,900
and Nagasaki receded, the 
scientists who had dedicated 

2258
02:03:43,900 --> 02:03:48,000
three years to their clandestine
work, came to understand that 

2259
02:03:48,000 --> 02:03:49,800
their efforts were far from 
concluded. 

2260
02:03:49,800 --> 02:03:53,000
They had sold the technical 
challenge of nuclear weapons. 

2261
02:03:53,000 --> 02:03:56,200
But they had also created 
political ethical, and strategic

2262
02:03:56,200 --> 02:03:59,400
challenges that would define in 
international relations for 

2263
02:03:59,400 --> 02:04:03,100
generations to come, the atomic 
age had arrived and there was no

2264
02:04:03,100 --> 02:04:06,500
going back when the celebration 
parade ended and the newspapers 

2265
02:04:06,500 --> 02:04:09,100
stopped running headline about 
the miracle weapons that had 

2266
02:04:09,100 --> 02:04:11,700
ended the war. 
The people who had created those

2267
02:04:11,700 --> 02:04:14,600
weapons found themselves dealing
with a peculiar kind of 

2268
02:04:14,600 --> 02:04:17,000
Hangover. 
It wasn't the sort you get from 

2269
02:04:17,000 --> 02:04:20,300
too much champagne at a victory 
party, but the kind that comes 

2270
02:04:20,300 --> 02:04:23,900
from realizing you fundamentally
changed the world and aren't 

2271
02:04:23,900 --> 02:04:24,900
entirely. 
Sure. 

2272
02:04:24,900 --> 02:04:29,500
Whether you should feel proud or
terrified, the Manhattan Project

2273
02:04:29,500 --> 02:04:32,900
had been such a massive 
all-consuming effort that many 

2274
02:04:32,900 --> 02:04:35,500
of the scientists involved. 
Hadn't really had time to think 

2275
02:04:35,500 --> 02:04:37,500
about what would happen after 
they succeeded. 

2276
02:04:38,300 --> 02:04:41,400
It's akin to devoting three 
years to the construction of a 

2277
02:04:41,400 --> 02:04:44,200
race car, only to abruptly, 
discover you don't know where to

2278
02:04:44,200 --> 02:04:46,700
steer it. 
They had sold the technical 

2279
02:04:46,700 --> 02:04:50,300
problem of nuclear weapons with 
brilliant efficiency, but they 

2280
02:04:50,300 --> 02:04:52,100
had inadvertently created 
problems. 

2281
02:04:52,100 --> 02:04:54,500
That were much more complicated 
than mere physics. 

2282
02:04:55,300 --> 02:04:58,200
Oppenheimer who had led the 
scientific effort at Los Alamos 

2283
02:04:58,200 --> 02:05:01,500
found himself in the strange 
position of being simultaneously

2284
02:05:01,500 --> 02:05:05,600
celebrated as a hero and viewed 
with suspicion as a potential 

2285
02:05:05,600 --> 02:05:08,500
security risk. 
He had become the most famous 

2286
02:05:08,500 --> 02:05:11,600
scientists in America. 
The father of the atomic bomb, 

2287
02:05:11,600 --> 02:05:15,200
but he was also, someone who 
quoted Sanskrit, poetry and had 

2288
02:05:15,208 --> 02:05:18,000
complicated, political views 
that made government officials 

2289
02:05:18,000 --> 02:05:20,400
nervous. 
It's challenging to be a 

2290
02:05:20,400 --> 02:05:22,200
national icon. 
When you keep reminding people 

2291
02:05:22,200 --> 02:05:24,400
that the thing that made you 
famous could also destroy 

2292
02:05:24,400 --> 02:05:27,100
civilization. 
The other scientists went to 

2293
02:05:27,100 --> 02:05:30,200
universities and research 
institutions taking with them 

2294
02:05:30,200 --> 02:05:32,800
the knowledge of how to build 
nuclear weapons and the burden 

2295
02:05:32,800 --> 02:05:34,300
of knowing what those weapons 
could do. 

2296
02:05:35,300 --> 02:05:38,000
Some through themselves into 
peaceful applications of nuclear

2297
02:05:38,000 --> 02:05:41,500
technology hoping to balance the
destructive potential of their 

2298
02:05:41,500 --> 02:05:43,900
work with beneficial uses for 
atomic energy. 

2299
02:05:43,900 --> 02:05:47,800
Others became advocates for 
nuclear disarmament arguing that

2300
02:05:47,800 --> 02:05:49,800
the weapons. 
They had helped create were two 

2301
02:05:49,800 --> 02:05:51,600
dangerous for Any Nation to 
possess. 

2302
02:05:52,600 --> 02:05:55,300
But the most significant change 
was in how countries thought 

2303
02:05:55,300 --> 02:05:57,200
about war and international 
relations. 

2304
02:05:57,200 --> 02:06:00,700
The atomic bomb had made the 
concept of total Victory 

2305
02:06:00,700 --> 02:06:03,600
obsolete because it now 
potentially meant total 

2306
02:06:03,600 --> 02:06:05,000
Destruction for everyone 
involved. 

2307
02:06:05,800 --> 02:06:08,200
It was like discovering that 
winning an argument could result

2308
02:06:08,200 --> 02:06:11,400
in both, participants being 
struck by lightning, The 

2309
02:06:11,400 --> 02:06:14,100
traditional logic of warfare 
where you could defeat your 

2310
02:06:14,100 --> 02:06:15,600
enemies without destroying 
yourself. 

2311
02:06:15,600 --> 02:06:18,500
No longer applied when nuclear 
weapons were involved. 

2312
02:06:19,500 --> 02:06:22,400
The Soviet Union which had been 
America's Allied during the war 

2313
02:06:22,400 --> 02:06:25,800
immediately began working on its
own nuclear weapons program. 

2314
02:06:25,800 --> 02:06:29,300
Joseph Stalin was not the sort 
of leader who was comfortable 

2315
02:06:29,300 --> 02:06:30,700
with other countries having 
weapon. 

2316
02:06:30,700 --> 02:06:34,600
He didn't possess Sally weapons 
that could level entire cities. 

2317
02:06:35,500 --> 02:06:38,300
The race to develop nuclear 
weapons became the foundation of

2318
02:06:38,300 --> 02:06:39,800
what would be called the Cold 
War. 

2319
02:06:39,800 --> 02:06:43,800
A decade's long standoff between
superpowers armed with enough. 

2320
02:06:43,800 --> 02:06:45,900
Nuclear weapons to destroy each 
other. 

2321
02:06:45,900 --> 02:06:49,400
Many times over the scientists 
who had worked on the Manhattan 

2322
02:06:49,400 --> 02:06:51,800
Project. 
Watch the development with a 

2323
02:06:51,800 --> 02:06:54,200
mixture of resignation and 
Horror. 

2324
02:06:54,800 --> 02:06:57,700
Many thought that nuclear 
weapons would be so obviously 

2325
02:06:57,700 --> 02:07:00,500
bad that no sane leader would 
want to make more. 

2326
02:07:01,300 --> 02:07:04,100
Instead, they discovered that 
human nature was more 

2327
02:07:04,100 --> 02:07:07,100
complicated than nuclear physics
and that the existence of 

2328
02:07:07,100 --> 02:07:09,900
nuclear weapons seem to make 
other countries want nuclear 

2329
02:07:09,900 --> 02:07:14,000
weapons even more desperately. 
Nuclear testing became a regular

2330
02:07:14,000 --> 02:07:17,500
occurrence with both the United 
States and the Soviet Union 

2331
02:07:17,500 --> 02:07:21,300
detonating increasingly powerful
weapons in remote locations 

2332
02:07:21,300 --> 02:07:24,600
around the world. 
The hydrogen bomb developed in 

2333
02:07:24,600 --> 02:07:27,600
the early 1950s made the weapons
used against Japan. 

2334
02:07:27,600 --> 02:07:31,300
Looks small by comparison, it 
was comparable to the difference

2335
02:07:31,300 --> 02:07:34,600
between a firecracker and a 
volcano with both having the 

2336
02:07:34,600 --> 02:07:38,500
potential to destroy human 
civilization if misused The 

2337
02:07:38,500 --> 02:07:41,600
legacy of the Manhattan Project 
extended far beyond military 

2338
02:07:41,600 --> 02:07:44,800
applications nuclear power. 
Plants began generating 

2339
02:07:44,800 --> 02:07:48,600
electricity nuclear medicine, 
revolutionized cancer treatment 

2340
02:07:48,600 --> 02:07:52,300
and radioactive isotope became 
essential tools for scientific 

2341
02:07:52,300 --> 02:07:55,100
research. 
Same knowledge that had created 

2342
02:07:55,100 --> 02:07:56,900
the most destructive weapons in 
history. 

2343
02:07:56,900 --> 02:08:00,500
Also led to innovations that 
saved lives and advanced human 

2344
02:08:00,500 --> 02:08:02,100
understanding of the natural 
world. 

2345
02:08:03,200 --> 02:08:05,900
But perhaps the most lasting 
Legacy of the Manhattan Project 

2346
02:08:05,900 --> 02:08:08,800
was the way it changed, how we 
think about the relationship 

2347
02:08:08,800 --> 02:08:14,000
between science and Society. 
Before 1945, most people viewed 

2348
02:08:14,000 --> 02:08:17,600
scientific research as 
inherently beneficial a pure 

2349
02:08:17,600 --> 02:08:19,900
pursuit of knowledge that 
inevitably led to human 

2350
02:08:19,900 --> 02:08:23,600
progress. 
After Hiroshima and Nagasaki it 

2351
02:08:23,600 --> 02:08:25,200
became clear that scientific 
knowledge. 

2352
02:08:25,200 --> 02:08:28,700
Could be used for purposes that 
were anything but beneficial and

2353
02:08:28,700 --> 02:08:31,100
that scientists had 
responsibilities that extended 

2354
02:08:31,100 --> 02:08:35,200
beyond their Laboratories The 
Manhattan Project demonstrated 

2355
02:08:35,200 --> 02:08:38,600
that given enough resources, 
brilliant people and sufficient 

2356
02:08:38,600 --> 02:08:41,900
motivation humans could solve or
must any technical problem. 

2357
02:08:42,900 --> 02:08:45,700
But it also showed that solving 
technical problems was often 

2358
02:08:45,700 --> 02:08:48,000
easier than dealing with the 
consequences of those Solutions.

2359
02:08:48,900 --> 02:08:52,400
The scientists had successfully 
built nuclear weapons, but they 

2360
02:08:52,408 --> 02:08:55,500
had opened a world where the 
continued, existence of human 

2361
02:08:55,500 --> 02:08:58,500
civilization depended on the 
wisdom and Restraint of 

2362
02:08:58,500 --> 02:09:02,900
political leaders. as you settle
in for sleep tonight it's worth 

2363
02:09:02,900 --> 02:09:05,800
remembering that the story of 
the Manhattan Project is 

2364
02:09:05,800 --> 02:09:09,300
ultimately a story about human 
beings trying to solve an 

2365
02:09:09,300 --> 02:09:12,600
unprecedented problem under 
enormous pressure making 

2366
02:09:12,608 --> 02:09:15,600
decisions with incomplete 
information and dealing with 

2367
02:09:15,600 --> 02:09:19,700
consequences, they couldn't 
fully anticipate The scientists 

2368
02:09:19,700 --> 02:09:22,000
engineers and military 
personnel. 

2369
02:09:22,000 --> 02:09:25,100
Involved were not fundamentally 
different from people today. 

2370
02:09:25,900 --> 02:09:28,600
They were just people trying to 
do their jobs in extraordinary, 

2371
02:09:28,600 --> 02:09:32,300
circumstances, the atomic age 
that began in the New Mexico. 

2372
02:09:32,300 --> 02:09:37,400
Desert in 1945 is still with us 
today and probably always will 

2373
02:09:37,400 --> 02:09:41,100
be the knowledge of how to split
atoms and release enormous 

2374
02:09:41,100 --> 02:09:44,000
amounts of energy. 
Cannot be uninvented, and the 

2375
02:09:44,000 --> 02:09:46,600
weapons created during the 
Manhattan Project of shaped 

2376
02:09:46,600 --> 02:09:48,800
international relations for over
70 years. 

2377
02:09:49,700 --> 02:09:51,700
But perhaps, that's not entirely
a bad thing. 

2378
02:09:51,700 --> 02:09:55,300
The existence of nuclear weapons
has made large-scale Wars 

2379
02:09:55,300 --> 02:09:57,600
between major Powers extremely 
risky. 

2380
02:09:57,600 --> 02:10:01,000
Creating a strange kind of peace
through the threat of mutual 

2381
02:10:01,000 --> 02:10:03,400
destruction. 
It's not the most comforting 

2382
02:10:03,400 --> 02:10:06,600
foundation for international 
stability, but it has worked so 

2383
02:10:06,600 --> 02:10:16,500
far. 
Should this your settling in 

2384
02:10:16,500 --> 02:10:18,500
with your evening tea? 
Maybe wandering. 

2385
02:10:18,500 --> 02:10:21,200
What life was really like for 
women in one of his most 

2386
02:10:21,200 --> 02:10:25,300
mysterious Empires. 
Well, grab that blanket a little

2387
02:10:25,308 --> 02:10:29,000
tighter because the truth about 
ottoman women is far more 

2388
02:10:29,000 --> 02:10:32,700
fascinating than any Hollywood 
movie ever suggested. 

2389
02:10:32,700 --> 02:10:35,200
Let's start by throwing out 
everything. 

2390
02:10:35,200 --> 02:10:36,900
You think, you know about 
harems? 

2391
02:10:36,900 --> 02:10:41,100
Could you imagine those Gauzy 
perfume Chambers filled with 

2392
02:10:41,100 --> 02:10:44,700
languishing Butters? 
This is Pure Fantasy, my friend.

2393
02:10:44,700 --> 02:10:47,900
The reality was more like a 
cross between a boarding school,

2394
02:10:47,900 --> 02:10:51,800
a finishing Academy. 
And if we're being honest, very 

2395
02:10:51,800 --> 02:10:54,900
exclusive sorority house with 
serious political clout. 

2396
02:10:55,700 --> 02:10:58,400
You see the ottoman Imperial 
hair and wasn't just where the 

2397
02:10:58,408 --> 02:11:01,200
salt and kept his wives. 
It was the nerve center of 

2398
02:11:01,200 --> 02:11:04,300
female power in an Empire that 
stretched from Hungary to Yemen.

2399
02:11:05,100 --> 02:11:07,700
Think of it as the Ultimate 
Women's networking event that 

2400
02:11:07,700 --> 02:11:10,600
lasted for centuries. 
The women there were just 

2401
02:11:10,600 --> 02:11:13,100
sitting around eating Turkish 
Delight in fanning themselves. 

2402
02:11:13,100 --> 02:11:16,700
They were running businesses, 
influencing politics and quite 

2403
02:11:16,700 --> 02:11:20,200
literally shaping the future of 
three continents, take her home 

2404
02:11:20,200 --> 02:11:23,200
to for instance, you might know 
her as rocks Salon if you've 

2405
02:11:23,200 --> 02:11:24,800
watched any Turkish drama as 
lately. 

2406
02:11:24,800 --> 02:11:28,000
This Ukrainian woman, didn't 
just catch the eye of Suleiman 

2407
02:11:28,000 --> 02:11:30,600
the Magnificent. 
She completely revolutionized, 

2408
02:11:30,600 --> 02:11:34,500
how Imperial marriage is worked.
For her Sultan's, didn't marry 

2409
02:11:34,500 --> 02:11:38,500
their concubine's after her? 
Well, let's just say she rewrote

2410
02:11:38,500 --> 02:11:39,600
the rules while having 
breakfast. 

2411
02:11:40,600 --> 02:11:42,600
Here's what really tickles me 
about ottoman. 

2412
02:11:42,600 --> 02:11:45,400
Women's history, while European 
ladies were still asking 

2413
02:11:45,400 --> 02:11:48,100
permission to read books. 
Ottoman women were founding 

2414
02:11:48,100 --> 02:11:51,700
libraries commissioning mosques 
and running International Trade 

2415
02:11:51,700 --> 02:11:54,500
Networks. 
The vileda, sultan the mother of

2416
02:11:54,500 --> 02:11:57,800
the reigning Sultan wielded more
real political power than most 

2417
02:11:57,800 --> 02:12:01,200
Kings in Europe, she controlled 
her, own Court, budget, and 

2418
02:12:01,200 --> 02:12:04,500
intelligence Network surpassing 
the capabilities of any modern 

2419
02:12:04,500 --> 02:12:07,500
diplomat. 
The morning routine in the Harem

2420
02:12:07,500 --> 02:12:09,100
would put your yoga class to 
shame. 

2421
02:12:09,100 --> 02:12:11,300
These. 
Women started their days in 

2422
02:12:11,300 --> 02:12:13,600
communal baths that were 
architectural Marvels. 

2423
02:12:13,600 --> 02:12:17,100
Imagine soaking in warm marble 
pools, while discussing the 

2424
02:12:17,100 --> 02:12:20,300
latest political developments 
and planning, which Public Works

2425
02:12:20,300 --> 02:12:24,300
projects to fund next The Hammam
wasn't just about getting clean.

2426
02:12:24,300 --> 02:12:27,900
It was where deals were made 
alliances formed and the 

2427
02:12:27,908 --> 02:12:31,000
Empire's future quietly decided 
over rows centered Steam. 

2428
02:12:32,000 --> 02:12:34,400
And speaking of morning 
routines, let's talk about 

2429
02:12:34,400 --> 02:12:36,600
coffee. 
Yes, coffee. 

2430
02:12:37,700 --> 02:12:39,900
Ottoman women were among the 
first to embrace this 

2431
02:12:39,900 --> 02:12:42,400
revolutionary. 
Beverage turning coffee houses, 

2432
02:12:42,400 --> 02:12:45,000
in to informal centers, of 
female Social Power. 

2433
02:12:45,900 --> 02:12:48,300
While the men were off, 
conquering territories, the 

2434
02:12:48,300 --> 02:12:51,100
women were conquering hearts and
Minds over perfectly brewed, 

2435
02:12:51,100 --> 02:12:54,100
Turkish coffee. 
They even developed a labyrinth 

2436
02:12:54,100 --> 02:12:56,400
coffee, fortune telling 
Traditions that still exists 

2437
02:12:56,400 --> 02:12:59,100
today. 
Because apparently reading the 

2438
02:12:59,100 --> 02:13:02,100
future and coffee grounds as 
both practical and entertaining.

2439
02:13:03,000 --> 02:13:05,600
the clothing, these women were 
would make modern fashion 

2440
02:13:05,600 --> 02:13:09,600
designers, weep With Envy Forget
those flimsy hair and pants from

2441
02:13:09,600 --> 02:13:12,800
costume shops. 
Real ottoman women dressed in 

2442
02:13:12,800 --> 02:13:16,300
layers of silk, and velvet that 
cost more than small kingdoms. 

2443
02:13:16,300 --> 02:13:20,100
Their caftans were walking art, 
galleries, embroidered with 

2444
02:13:20,100 --> 02:13:22,300
Golden Threads that told stories
of Their Own. 

2445
02:13:23,300 --> 02:13:26,200
Single sleeve might feature, 
motifs representing their 

2446
02:13:26,200 --> 02:13:29,600
Hometown, their achievements, 
and their hopes for the future. 

2447
02:13:30,500 --> 02:13:33,200
Perhaps the most remarkable 
thing about these women was 

2448
02:13:33,200 --> 02:13:36,000
their education. 
While European women were 

2449
02:13:36,000 --> 02:13:38,500
considered well-educated, if 
they could embroidered a nicely 

2450
02:13:38,500 --> 02:13:41,700
ottoman, women were studying 
mathematics, astronomy 

2451
02:13:41,700 --> 02:13:45,600
literature and theology. 
They wrote poetry that 

2452
02:13:45,600 --> 02:13:48,800
influenced entire literary 
movements composed music that 

2453
02:13:48,800 --> 02:13:52,300
echoed through Palace halls and 
engaged in philosophical debate,

2454
02:13:52,300 --> 02:13:54,300
that would challenge any modern 
academic. 

2455
02:13:55,200 --> 02:13:57,600
The evening entertainment in the
Harem wasn't what you'd expect 

2456
02:13:57,600 --> 02:14:00,400
either. 
Instead of belly dancing, which 

2457
02:14:00,400 --> 02:14:03,000
by the way, wasn't even 
particularly ottoman, these 

2458
02:14:03,000 --> 02:14:05,600
women organized sophisticated 
salons, where they discussed 

2459
02:14:05,600 --> 02:14:08,000
everything from architecture to 
military strategy. 

2460
02:14:08,700 --> 02:14:11,100
They were patrons of the Arts 
who discovered and supported 

2461
02:14:11,100 --> 02:14:12,800
some of the Empire's greatest 
talents. 

2462
02:14:12,800 --> 02:14:16,800
So as you drift off tonight, 
remember this, the next time, 

2463
02:14:16,800 --> 02:14:19,200
someone mentions ottoman women. 
You'll know. 

2464
02:14:19,200 --> 02:14:21,700
They weren't just beautiful 
ornaments in a Sultan's 

2465
02:14:21,700 --> 02:14:24,000
collection. 
They were the backbone of an 

2466
02:14:24,000 --> 02:14:26,400
Empire. 
The power behind the throne and 

2467
02:14:26,400 --> 02:14:29,000
quite possibly having more fun 
than anyone gives them credit. 

2468
02:14:29,000 --> 02:14:32,100
For now that you're comfortable,
let's slip into the silk 

2469
02:14:32,100 --> 02:14:34,600
slippers of the most powerful 
woman in the Ottoman Empire. 

2470
02:14:34,600 --> 02:14:39,200
The validity sultan Imagine 
waking up each morning knowing 

2471
02:14:39,200 --> 02:14:41,700
that your decisions could 
literally reshape the map of the

2472
02:14:41,700 --> 02:14:44,100
world before lunch. 
There's no pressure, right? 

2473
02:14:45,600 --> 02:14:49,300
The Valle de Sultan's day 
started Before Sunrise, not due 

2474
02:14:49,300 --> 02:14:51,700
to her preference for early 
mornings, but due to the 

2475
02:14:51,700 --> 02:14:55,600
unpredictable nature of running 
a transcontinental Empire, the 

2476
02:14:55,600 --> 02:14:58,400
morning briefing would make any 
modern CEOs head spin. 

2477
02:14:59,000 --> 02:15:02,000
Reports from provincial 
Governors update on Military 

2478
02:15:02,000 --> 02:15:04,700
campaigns intelligence from the 
Venetian Ambassador. 

2479
02:15:04,700 --> 02:15:09,400
And oh yes making sure her son 
the salt and remember to eat 

2480
02:15:09,400 --> 02:15:11,400
something besides dates and 
honey for breakfast. 

2481
02:15:12,500 --> 02:15:14,700
These women were just figured 
heads with fancy titles. 

2482
02:15:14,700 --> 02:15:18,600
They can control in enormous, 
budgets manage, vast, real 

2483
02:15:18,600 --> 02:15:20,900
estate, portfolios, and 
maintained diplomatic 

2484
02:15:20,900 --> 02:15:23,600
correspondence with Queen's and 
empresses across Europe. 

2485
02:15:24,400 --> 02:15:28,300
Safiya Sultan mother of mehmed 
III once casually decided to 

2486
02:15:28,300 --> 02:15:31,000
fund the construction of a 
massive mosque complex in 

2487
02:15:31,000 --> 02:15:33,800
Istanbul. 
In response to the treasurer's 

2488
02:15:33,800 --> 02:15:37,700
concerns about the cost. 
She said, well, Build It Anyway.

2489
02:15:37,700 --> 02:15:41,600
The Empire can afford it and if 
it can't, we'll just conquer 

2490
02:15:41,600 --> 02:15:45,100
somewhere wealthy. 
Talk about confidence in your 

2491
02:15:45,100 --> 02:15:47,900
family business, the 
bureaucracy, these women had to 

2492
02:15:47,900 --> 02:15:51,200
navigate on a daily basis would 
cause modern politicians, 

2493
02:15:51,200 --> 02:15:55,200
immense anxiety, every morning 
brought a parade of officials 

2494
02:15:55,200 --> 02:15:58,200
each with their agenda, their 
problems and their own, very 

2495
02:15:58,200 --> 02:16:00,000
creative interpretations of the 
truth. 

2496
02:16:00,900 --> 02:16:04,300
The valid assaulted had to be 
part, Diplomat, part, detective 

2497
02:16:04,300 --> 02:16:07,600
and part mother. 
Hen often all before her morning

2498
02:16:07,600 --> 02:16:09,000
coffee had a chance to cool 
down. 

2499
02:16:09,900 --> 02:16:12,900
Interestingly, these women 
established their own informal. 

2500
02:16:12,900 --> 02:16:16,100
Communication, networks 
surpassing the capabilities of 

2501
02:16:16,100 --> 02:16:19,600
any modern social media platform
through a system of loyal 

2502
02:16:19,600 --> 02:16:22,500
servants, strategic marriages 
and carefully placed allies, 

2503
02:16:22,500 --> 02:16:25,900
Sultan could have information 
from the father's corners of the

2504
02:16:25,900 --> 02:16:29,400
Empire on her desk fast at an 
official government reports. 

2505
02:16:29,400 --> 02:16:32,700
They practically invented 
crowdsourcing except instead of 

2506
02:16:32,708 --> 02:16:35,700
entertaining cat videos they 
were sharing intelligence about 

2507
02:16:35,700 --> 02:16:37,299
trade routes and Military 
movements. 

2508
02:16:37,299 --> 02:16:40,799
The midday meal in the valley. 
Assault and quarters wasn't just

2509
02:16:40,799 --> 02:16:43,000
lunch. 
It was a diplomatic Summit 

2510
02:16:43,000 --> 02:16:45,600
discussed as a social Gathering 
picture. 

2511
02:16:45,600 --> 02:16:49,100
This You're trying to enjoy your
stuffed grape leaves while 

2512
02:16:49,100 --> 02:16:52,100
simultaneously mediating, a 
dispute between two provincial 

2513
02:16:52,100 --> 02:16:55,000
Governors, planning your 
daughter's wedding to strengthen

2514
02:16:55,000 --> 02:16:58,299
an alliance with Crimean 
nobility and deciding whether to

2515
02:16:58,299 --> 02:17:00,600
support your son's latest 
military Adventure. 

2516
02:17:01,700 --> 02:17:04,799
It was just another Tuesday in 
the life of the most powerful 

2517
02:17:04,799 --> 02:17:08,500
woman in the Empire. 
The real magic unfolded during 

2518
02:17:08,500 --> 02:17:12,500
afternoon audiences petitioners 
would line up Merchant seeking 

2519
02:17:12,500 --> 02:17:15,299
trade, privileges Scholars, 
requesting patronage, and 

2520
02:17:15,299 --> 02:17:18,100
mothers asking for their sons 
released from military service. 

2521
02:17:19,200 --> 02:17:22,100
The valley, their Sultan had to 
be Solomon and Mother Teresa 

2522
02:17:22,100 --> 02:17:25,299
rolled into one dispensing, 
Justice, and mercy, and equal 

2523
02:17:25,299 --> 02:17:27,600
measure. 
And she had to do it all while 

2524
02:17:27,600 --> 02:17:30,700
wearing about 15 pounds of 
ceremonial robes and headdress 

2525
02:17:30,700 --> 02:17:33,500
that required its own 
architectural support system. 

2526
02:17:34,700 --> 02:17:37,200
The paperwork alone would 
terrify a modern administrator. 

2527
02:17:37,200 --> 02:17:40,600
Every decision had to be 
documented every favor, 

2528
02:17:40,600 --> 02:17:44,000
carefully recorded and every 
Alliance meticulously tracked. 

2529
02:17:44,900 --> 02:17:47,500
These women were managing 
complex political relationships 

2530
02:17:47,500 --> 02:17:49,200
across dozens of cultures and 
languages. 

2531
02:17:49,200 --> 02:17:52,500
All while maintaining the 
delicate balance between Islamic

2532
02:17:52,500 --> 02:17:55,900
law Imperial traditional and 
practical necessity. 

2533
02:17:57,100 --> 02:18:00,000
But perhaps the most exhausting 
part of a valid Sultan's, day 

2534
02:18:00,008 --> 02:18:01,600
was managing the family 
Dynamics. 

2535
02:18:02,400 --> 02:18:05,000
Imagine trying to keep peace 
between multiple daughters in 

2536
02:18:05,000 --> 02:18:08,200
law, who each think their son 
should be the next Sultan while 

2537
02:18:08,200 --> 02:18:10,400
also making sure your own son 
doesn't make any 

2538
02:18:10,400 --> 02:18:13,799
catastrophically bad decisions. 
It was like, running family 

2539
02:18:13,799 --> 02:18:16,400
therapy sessions for people who 
had armies at their disposal. 

2540
02:18:17,100 --> 02:18:20,100
The evening hours, brought a 
different kind of work, a 

2541
02:18:20,100 --> 02:18:22,100
meticulous, cultivation of 
culture and learning that 

2542
02:18:22,100 --> 02:18:25,000
elevated, the ottoman Court to a
position of European Envy. 

2543
02:18:25,600 --> 02:18:29,000
These women were patrons of 
poets, Architects, musicians, 

2544
02:18:29,000 --> 02:18:31,700
and Scholars. 
They commissioned breathtaking. 

2545
02:18:31,700 --> 02:18:34,600
Works of art funded. 
Scientific Expeditions that 

2546
02:18:34,600 --> 02:18:37,700
enriched human knowledge and 
supported literary salons. 

2547
02:18:37,700 --> 02:18:41,100
That produce some of the world's
greatest poetry and through it 

2548
02:18:41,100 --> 02:18:45,299
all, they maintain their Grace, 
their dignity and their sense of

2549
02:18:45,299 --> 02:18:47,400
humor. 
Managing an Empire. 

2550
02:18:47,400 --> 02:18:50,799
Spanning three continents 
requires one to either embrace 

2551
02:18:50,799 --> 02:18:54,200
the absurdity of the situation 
or succumb to complete Insanity.

2552
02:18:55,100 --> 02:18:58,299
Thankfully, the majority of the 
moped for laughter which likely 

2553
02:18:58,299 --> 02:19:01,299
explains why their legacy 
endures today, despite the 

2554
02:19:01,299 --> 02:19:04,600
collapse of many other, powerful
dynasties, pull that blanket up 

2555
02:19:04,600 --> 02:19:07,200
a little higher because we're 
about to dive into the most 

2556
02:19:07,200 --> 02:19:11,400
misunderstood aspect of Ottoman.
Women's lives Love and Marriage.

2557
02:19:12,200 --> 02:19:15,200
And trust me, it's nothing like 
what you've seen in those 

2558
02:19:15,200 --> 02:19:18,299
dramatic television series where
everyone seems to spend their 

2559
02:19:18,299 --> 02:19:21,000
entire day gazing, longingly 
through lattice windows. 

2560
02:19:22,000 --> 02:19:25,799
Firstly, let's tackle the most 
significant issue the Sultan in 

2561
02:19:25,799 --> 02:19:28,700
the harem Ottoman. 
Marriage politics was so 

2562
02:19:28,700 --> 02:19:31,299
complex, they'd make modern 
dating apps look simple. 

2563
02:19:31,299 --> 02:19:33,700
These were not merely romantic 
Arrangements. 

2564
02:19:33,700 --> 02:19:36,799
They were International treaties
accompanied by a wedding cake. 

2565
02:19:37,500 --> 02:19:40,299
Entire regions are weighted the 
marriage of an ottoman princess 

2566
02:19:40,299 --> 02:19:43,100
as the alliance had the 
potential to shift the balance 

2567
02:19:43,100 --> 02:19:45,299
of power from the Adriatic to 
the Black Sea. 

2568
02:19:45,299 --> 02:19:48,600
Take princess Miramar daughter 
of sleiman the Magnificent. 

2569
02:19:49,900 --> 02:19:54,600
Prince married to grand vizier 
rustam Pasha was not merely a 

2570
02:19:54,600 --> 02:19:56,800
romantic Union despite their 
Mutual fondness. 

2571
02:19:56,800 --> 02:20:00,600
But a strategic maneuver that 
solidified power and showed 

2572
02:20:00,600 --> 02:20:03,500
loyalty and extended her 
influence beyond the traditional

2573
02:20:03,500 --> 02:20:06,900
realm of a wife. 
She basically became the 

2574
02:20:06,900 --> 02:20:09,900
Empire's unofficial foreign 
minister except with better 

2575
02:20:09,900 --> 02:20:13,000
jewelry and significantly more 
dramatic family dinners. 

2576
02:20:13,900 --> 02:20:16,900
But here's what's truly 
fascinating, ottoman, women had 

2577
02:20:16,900 --> 02:20:19,200
far more say in their marriages 
than their European 

2578
02:20:19,200 --> 02:20:22,400
counterparts. 
While English and French ladies 

2579
02:20:22,400 --> 02:20:26,100
were being traded like poker 
chips, ottoman, women specially 

2580
02:20:26,100 --> 02:20:28,800
those of higher rank, could 
negotiate, their marriage 

2581
02:20:28,800 --> 02:20:32,100
contracts, specify their rights 
and even include divorce 

2582
02:20:32,100 --> 02:20:35,000
clauses. 
Before prenuptial agreements. 

2583
02:20:35,000 --> 02:20:38,300
Gain popularity, ottoman. 
Women were crafting prenuptial 

2584
02:20:38,300 --> 02:20:40,400
agreements that would leave 
modern lawyers, envious. 

2585
02:20:41,100 --> 02:20:44,100
The whole concubine system. 
While obviously problematic by. 

2586
02:20:44,100 --> 02:20:47,100
Today's standards was actually 
more nuanced than most people 

2587
02:20:47,100 --> 02:20:49,800
realize. 
Many of these women wielded 

2588
02:20:49,800 --> 02:20:53,900
enormous influence accumulated, 
vast personal wealth and 

2589
02:20:53,900 --> 02:20:56,700
maintained their households 
after their formal relationships

2590
02:20:56,700 --> 02:20:58,800
ended. 
Some became powerful 

2591
02:20:58,800 --> 02:21:01,100
businesswoman. 
Others devoted themselves to 

2592
02:21:01,100 --> 02:21:04,800
charitable works and quite a few
became the power behind various 

2593
02:21:04,800 --> 02:21:07,600
political movements. 
Rather than being passive 

2594
02:21:07,600 --> 02:21:09,500
victims. 
These women actively 

2595
02:21:09,500 --> 02:21:12,900
participated in the process 
often outperforming their male 

2596
02:21:12,900 --> 02:21:15,500
counterparts. 
The marriage ceremony is in the 

2597
02:21:15,508 --> 02:21:18,100
ottoman Court surpass, the 
Grandeur of modern Royal 

2598
02:21:18,100 --> 02:21:20,300
wedding's. 
We're talking weeklong 

2599
02:21:20,300 --> 02:21:23,800
celebrations, that involved the 
entire city, with processions, 

2600
02:21:23,800 --> 02:21:26,200
fireworks, and enough food to 
feed a small army. 

2601
02:21:27,200 --> 02:21:29,400
The bride's true. 
So alone could fund the military

2602
02:21:29,400 --> 02:21:32,300
campaign featuring textiles from
across the Empire. 

2603
02:21:32,300 --> 02:21:36,100
Jewelry that required its 
security detail and household 

2604
02:21:36,100 --> 02:21:39,100
items crafted by the finest 
artists and the known world. 

2605
02:21:40,300 --> 02:21:42,800
But the real drama happened 
after the wedding, and these 

2606
02:21:42,800 --> 02:21:45,400
women had to navigate the 
intricate social hierarchies of 

2607
02:21:45,400 --> 02:21:48,600
their new homes. 
An ottoman bride wasn't just 

2608
02:21:48,600 --> 02:21:51,700
marrying a man. 
She was entering a complex web 

2609
02:21:51,700 --> 02:21:55,600
of relationships with other 
wives concubines children and 

2610
02:21:55,600 --> 02:21:59,500
extended family members. 
Success, necessitated The 

2611
02:21:59,500 --> 02:22:02,400
Diplomatic abilities of an 
ambassador, the forbearance of a

2612
02:22:02,408 --> 02:22:06,500
saint and the Strategic Acumen 
of a chess Grandmaster, the love

2613
02:22:06,500 --> 02:22:09,900
letters that survive from this 
period are absolutely delicious.

2614
02:22:10,800 --> 02:22:15,000
These women wrote with passion 
wit and sometimes a delightfully

2615
02:22:15,000 --> 02:22:18,200
cutting sense of humor. 
One princess wrote to her 

2616
02:22:18,200 --> 02:22:21,500
husband, during a military 
campaign, the roses in our 

2617
02:22:21,500 --> 02:22:25,000
garden a blooming beautifully. 
Much like my affection for you 

2618
02:22:25,000 --> 02:22:26,700
though. 
The roses require less 

2619
02:22:26,700 --> 02:22:29,000
maintenance and complained far 
less about the weather. 

2620
02:22:30,000 --> 02:22:32,700
Apparently, even Royal romance 
came with a side of gentle 

2621
02:22:32,700 --> 02:22:35,900
teasing. 
Divorce while not common was 

2622
02:22:35,900 --> 02:22:39,200
possible and sometimes, 
surprisingly, amicable ottoman, 

2623
02:22:39,200 --> 02:22:42,300
women could retain their 
property their titles and often 

2624
02:22:42,300 --> 02:22:45,800
their influence some divorced 
Imperial wives went on to become

2625
02:22:45,800 --> 02:22:50,300
major patron of the Arts funding
Moss schools and charitable 

2626
02:22:50,300 --> 02:22:53,000
foundations. 
They basically invented the 

2627
02:22:53,000 --> 02:22:55,500
concept of independent wealth 
and social influence after 

2628
02:22:55,500 --> 02:22:58,600
marriage, which wasn't exactly 
trending in 16th century, 

2629
02:22:58,600 --> 02:23:01,100
Europe. 
Children from these marriages 

2630
02:23:01,100 --> 02:23:03,500
often became Bridges between 
different cultures, and 

2631
02:23:03,500 --> 02:23:06,600
traditions. 
Ottoman princesses, who married 

2632
02:23:06,600 --> 02:23:09,600
into noble families across the 
Empire didn't just bring 

2633
02:23:09,600 --> 02:23:13,100
political alliances. 
They brought languages Customs 

2634
02:23:13,100 --> 02:23:16,700
artistic traditions, and 
culinary preferences that enrich

2635
02:23:16,700 --> 02:23:19,100
the already diverse, ottoman 
cultural landscape. 

2636
02:23:19,800 --> 02:23:22,800
They were walking cultural 
exchange programs, minus the 

2637
02:23:22,800 --> 02:23:26,200
awkward Icebreaker activities. 
And let's not forget the 

2638
02:23:26,200 --> 02:23:29,000
grandmothers. 
Former wives and mothers who had

2639
02:23:29,000 --> 02:23:31,900
successfully navigated Decades 
of Imperial politics. 

2640
02:23:32,900 --> 02:23:35,900
These women became the 
unofficial advisors the keepers 

2641
02:23:35,900 --> 02:23:39,400
of institutional memory and the 
ones who could gently or not. 

2642
02:23:39,408 --> 02:23:42,700
So, gently remind everyone how 
things were supposed to work. 

2643
02:23:42,700 --> 02:23:46,200
They were living library of 
political wisdom relationship 

2644
02:23:46,200 --> 02:23:49,600
advice and probably some truly 
spectacular gossip. 

2645
02:23:51,100 --> 02:23:55,000
So tonight, as your drifting off
to sleep, remember that ottoman 

2646
02:23:55,000 --> 02:23:58,500
loves stories weren't just about
passion and romance though. 

2647
02:23:58,500 --> 02:24:00,000
There was certainly plenty of 
both. 

2648
02:24:00,000 --> 02:24:03,800
They were about women who that 
love and politics could co-exist

2649
02:24:03,800 --> 02:24:06,300
that the heart and mind could 
work together. 

2650
02:24:06,300 --> 02:24:09,000
And that righting, your own 
rules about relationships could 

2651
02:24:09,000 --> 02:24:11,700
be revolutionary. 
That's wonderful from the palace

2652
02:24:11,700 --> 02:24:15,000
now and into the bustling heart 
of Ottoman Commerce where women 

2653
02:24:15,000 --> 02:24:16,700
were quietly. 
Revolutionizing business 

2654
02:24:16,700 --> 02:24:19,700
practices while everyone else 
was arguing about trade routes 

2655
02:24:20,500 --> 02:24:23,000
grab your imaginary Market 
Basket because we're about to 

2656
02:24:23,000 --> 02:24:25,300
discover that ottoman women 
basically invented on 

2657
02:24:25,308 --> 02:24:28,300
entrepreneurship centuries 
before anyone thought to call it

2658
02:24:28,300 --> 02:24:30,700
that. 
The Grand Bazaar of Istanbul 

2659
02:24:30,700 --> 02:24:32,200
wasn't just a shopping 
destination. 

2660
02:24:32,200 --> 02:24:35,300
It was the New York Stock 
Exchange, Silicon Valley and 

2661
02:24:35,300 --> 02:24:37,500
Wall Street. 
All rolled into one magnificent,

2662
02:24:37,500 --> 02:24:42,000
aromatic Maze, and surprise. 
Women weren't just shopping 

2663
02:24:42,000 --> 02:24:43,800
there. 
They were running the show from 

2664
02:24:43,800 --> 02:24:46,900
behind the scenes, pulling 
strings like Master puppeteers, 

2665
02:24:46,900 --> 02:24:50,000
who happen to have excellent 
taste and textiles meet the 

2666
02:24:50,000 --> 02:24:52,700
two-car honeymoon, the merchant 
women, who operated trading 

2667
02:24:52,700 --> 02:24:56,300
networks, that span from Cairo 
to Crimea, These Works 

2668
02:24:56,300 --> 02:24:59,800
small-time shopkeepers selling 
trinkets to tourists were 

2669
02:24:59,800 --> 02:25:03,100
talking about women who finds 
entire caravan's maintained 

2670
02:25:03,100 --> 02:25:06,700
warehouse's multiple continents 
and could crash local economies 

2671
02:25:06,700 --> 02:25:09,300
simply by deciding not to buy 
silk That season. 

2672
02:25:10,200 --> 02:25:12,800
They were the original Power 
Shoppers except they were 

2673
02:25:12,800 --> 02:25:16,000
shopping wholesale and their 
purchasing decisions affected in

2674
02:25:16,000 --> 02:25:18,700
international trade. 
The textile business was 

2675
02:25:18,700 --> 02:25:22,000
particularly dominated by women 
which makes perfect sense. 

2676
02:25:22,000 --> 02:25:25,300
When you think about it, Who 
better to judge the quality of 

2677
02:25:25,300 --> 02:25:27,800
silk than someone who's been 
wearing it since childhood? 

2678
02:25:28,800 --> 02:25:31,700
These women developed quality 
control standards that European 

2679
02:25:31,700 --> 02:25:35,000
guilds couldn't match, they 
could determine the origin of a 

2680
02:25:35,000 --> 02:25:37,300
piece of fabric by touch alone 
spot. 

2681
02:25:37,300 --> 02:25:40,700
Inferior dies from across a 
crowded Bazaar and negotiate 

2682
02:25:40,700 --> 02:25:44,200
prices that would make modern 
corporate lawyers proud But 

2683
02:25:44,200 --> 02:25:47,300
here's where it gets intriguing.
Many of these business, women 

2684
02:25:47,300 --> 02:25:50,700
were also major creditors. 
They loaned money to everyone 

2685
02:25:50,700 --> 02:25:53,200
from Village Merchants to 
provincial Governors and their 

2686
02:25:53,200 --> 02:25:56,600
record, keeping systems were so 
sophisticated that European 

2687
02:25:56,600 --> 02:25:59,400
banking houses, eventually 
adopted similar practices. 

2688
02:25:59,400 --> 02:26:03,100
They basically invented 
Commercial Banking, except with 

2689
02:26:03,100 --> 02:26:05,500
better customer service and 
considerably more Style. 

2690
02:26:06,200 --> 02:26:09,300
The spice trade was another 
female dominated Arena, which 

2691
02:26:09,300 --> 02:26:12,600
honestly makes perfect sense. 
These women were knowledgeable 

2692
02:26:12,600 --> 02:26:16,100
about the freshness of cardamom 
pods, the value of saffron. 

2693
02:26:16,100 --> 02:26:19,600
And the Art of blending spices 
to elevate, ordinary meals into 

2694
02:26:19,600 --> 02:26:23,100
culinary masterpieces, they 
created preservation techniques 

2695
02:26:23,100 --> 02:26:26,500
shipping methods and quality 
grading systems that remain in 

2696
02:26:26,500 --> 02:26:29,700
use today. 
An ottoman spice Merchants could

2697
02:26:29,700 --> 02:26:32,600
track a products from a village 
in India to a kitchen, in Prague

2698
02:26:32,600 --> 02:26:35,900
surpassing the capabilities of 
modern Supply Chain management. 

2699
02:26:37,000 --> 02:26:39,700
the jewelry business was 
practically a female Monopoly 

2700
02:26:39,700 --> 02:26:43,700
and for good reason, Ottoman. 
Women understood gems, not just 

2701
02:26:43,700 --> 02:26:47,000
as decorative objects, but as 
portable wealth, investment 

2702
02:26:47,000 --> 02:26:50,200
vehicles and insurance policies 
all rolled into one sparkly 

2703
02:26:50,200 --> 02:26:52,400
package. 
They could appraise a ruby 

2704
02:26:52,400 --> 02:26:55,600
faster than modern gemologists 
create demand for specific 

2705
02:26:55,600 --> 02:26:59,300
Stones through strategic wearing
at social events and time their 

2706
02:26:59,300 --> 02:27:02,400
sales to Market fluctuations 
with an accuracy that would 

2707
02:27:02,400 --> 02:27:06,100
impress any modern day trader. 
Will truly remarkable is how 

2708
02:27:06,100 --> 02:27:08,200
these women balance their 
business Empires with their 

2709
02:27:08,200 --> 02:27:12,000
family responsibilities. 
Imagine managing import export 

2710
02:27:12,000 --> 02:27:14,800
operations across three 
continents, ensuring your 

2711
02:27:14,800 --> 02:27:17,800
daughter's wedding is adorned, 
with the finest Linens, your 

2712
02:27:17,800 --> 02:27:21,000
son's education incorporates, 
the latest mathematical Concepts

2713
02:27:21,000 --> 02:27:24,000
and your household functions 
smoothly enough to host 

2714
02:27:24,000 --> 02:27:25,700
diplomatic dinners on short 
notice. 

2715
02:27:26,600 --> 02:27:29,500
These women were the original 
multi-taskers juggling 

2716
02:27:29,500 --> 02:27:31,900
responsibilities that would 
overwhelm most modern 

2717
02:27:31,900 --> 02:27:34,200
Executives. 
These business women's 

2718
02:27:34,200 --> 02:27:37,000
networking capabilities surpass.
Those of modern professional 

2719
02:27:37,000 --> 02:27:40,400
organizations, they maintained 
correspondence with female 

2720
02:27:40,400 --> 02:27:43,400
Merchants from Morocco to 
Malaysia sharing Market 

2721
02:27:43,400 --> 02:27:46,000
intelligence warning. 
Each other about dishonest 

2722
02:27:46,000 --> 02:27:49,400
dealers and coordinating prices 
to maintain profitable margins. 

2723
02:27:50,200 --> 02:27:52,700
They had created an informal 
International Chamber of 

2724
02:27:52,700 --> 02:27:54,800
Commerce centuries. 
Before anyone thought to 

2725
02:27:54,800 --> 02:27:58,300
formalize such organizations. 
Many of these women also became 

2726
02:27:58,300 --> 02:28:01,800
incredible philanthropists using
their wealth to fund Public 

2727
02:28:01,800 --> 02:28:04,900
Works projects that benefited 
entire communities. 

2728
02:28:04,900 --> 02:28:08,300
They built fountains that 
provided free water to Travelers

2729
02:28:08,300 --> 02:28:11,200
established karavan, Sarai that 
offered safe lodging for 

2730
02:28:11,200 --> 02:28:14,100
merchants and funded schools 
that educated children, 

2731
02:28:14,100 --> 02:28:17,500
regardless of their families 
ability to pay They understood 

2732
02:28:17,500 --> 02:28:20,800
that successful business, 
required Healthy Communities, a 

2733
02:28:20,800 --> 02:28:23,000
concept that modern Corporate 
social responsibility. 

2734
02:28:23,000 --> 02:28:24,900
Programs are just beginning to 
ReDiscover. 

2735
02:28:25,600 --> 02:28:28,100
The ottoman system of private 
property rights for women was 

2736
02:28:28,100 --> 02:28:31,400
revolutionary for its time, 
women could own businesses 

2737
02:28:31,400 --> 02:28:34,700
outright inherit commercial 
properties, and pass their 

2738
02:28:34,700 --> 02:28:39,200
Enterprise's to their daughter's
without male interference. this 

2739
02:28:39,200 --> 02:28:42,200
created dynasties of female 
entrepreneurs that spanned 

2740
02:28:42,200 --> 02:28:45,300
generations with business 
knowledge and Trade Secrets 

2741
02:28:45,300 --> 02:28:49,100
passed down through maternal 
lines like family recipes and 

2742
02:28:49,100 --> 02:28:51,900
perhaps most importantly, these 
women improve that Commerce and 

2743
02:28:51,900 --> 02:28:55,600
culture weren't separates fears 
They were patron of the Arts, 

2744
02:28:55,600 --> 02:28:57,700
who commissioned, beautiful 
objects that were also 

2745
02:28:57,700 --> 02:29:00,800
functional trade goods. 
They understood that beauty and 

2746
02:29:00,808 --> 02:29:04,400
practicality could co-exist the 
successful business could 

2747
02:29:04,400 --> 02:29:07,500
support cultural advancement and
that profit and principal 

2748
02:29:07,500 --> 02:29:10,800
weren't mutually exclusive. 
So as you're settling in for the

2749
02:29:10,800 --> 02:29:13,100
night, take a moment to 
appreciate these forgotten, 

2750
02:29:13,100 --> 02:29:16,200
pioneers of international 
Commerce, They were building 

2751
02:29:16,200 --> 02:29:19,500
Global businesses while wearing 
fabulous clothes, maintaining 

2752
02:29:19,500 --> 02:29:21,400
loving families, and 
contributing to their 

2753
02:29:21,400 --> 02:29:24,400
communities, all without a 
single PowerPoint presentation 

2754
02:29:24,400 --> 02:29:28,100
or quarterly earnings call. 
Now that's what I call work-life

2755
02:29:28,100 --> 02:29:30,400
balance. 
Let's dim the light a little and

2756
02:29:30,400 --> 02:29:33,800
settle into the literary salons 
and artistic workshops where 

2757
02:29:33,800 --> 02:29:36,100
ottoman women were quietly. 
Creating some of the most 

2758
02:29:36,100 --> 02:29:40,100
beautiful and influential Works 
in Islamic civilization, pour 

2759
02:29:40,100 --> 02:29:42,900
yourself another cup of tea 
because we're about to meet some

2760
02:29:42,900 --> 02:29:45,800
women who wielded brushes and 
pens like other people wielded 

2761
02:29:45,800 --> 02:29:48,600
swords. 
Imagine walking into a room 

2762
02:29:48,600 --> 02:29:52,700
where poetry flows like wine 
where mathematical equations are

2763
02:29:52,700 --> 02:29:55,800
discussed with the same passion 
as love on it and where the 

2764
02:29:55,800 --> 02:29:58,800
latest architectural plans are 
debated alongside philosophical 

2765
02:29:58,800 --> 02:30:01,500
treatises? 
This wasn't some fantasy 

2766
02:30:01,500 --> 02:30:04,600
literary Society. 
This was just Tuesday evening in

2767
02:30:04,600 --> 02:30:07,500
the household of any educated. 
Ottoman woman worth her 

2768
02:30:07,500 --> 02:30:11,000
embroidered silk take Mary 
Hutton a 15th century poet, who 

2769
02:30:11,000 --> 02:30:14,100
wrote verses so beautiful that 
they're still quoted in Turkish 

2770
02:30:14,100 --> 02:30:17,500
literature classes today. 
However, it's important to note 

2771
02:30:17,500 --> 02:30:19,800
that she wasn't limited to 
writing about flowers and 

2772
02:30:19,800 --> 02:30:22,100
unrequited love. 
Unlike a European 

2773
02:30:22,100 --> 02:30:25,400
contemporaries. 
She wrote sharp witty, social 

2774
02:30:25,400 --> 02:30:28,200
commentary that could slice 
through pretension, like a 

2775
02:30:28,200 --> 02:30:32,000
wellshop and sinemet. 
The Poetry was so influential 

2776
02:30:32,000 --> 02:30:34,900
that it shaped literary 
movements across the ottoman 

2777
02:30:34,900 --> 02:30:38,200
territories and her love poems, 
were so steamy they probably 

2778
02:30:38,200 --> 02:30:41,300
made the sensors blush. 
But poetry was just the 

2779
02:30:41,300 --> 02:30:44,000
beginning. 
Ottoman women were accomplished 

2780
02:30:44,000 --> 02:30:47,000
calligraphers at a time when 
beautiful handwriting was 

2781
02:30:47,000 --> 02:30:48,900
considered. 
One of the highest art forms. 

2782
02:30:48,900 --> 02:30:52,600
They didn't just copy texts. 
They transformed them into 

2783
02:30:52,600 --> 02:30:55,200
visual masterpieces, where the 
words themselves became 

2784
02:30:55,200 --> 02:30:58,100
decorative elements. 
A single page of their work 

2785
02:30:58,100 --> 02:31:00,700
could take months to complete 
with each letter. 

2786
02:31:00,700 --> 02:31:03,600
Carefully crafted to create 
patterns that were both readable

2787
02:31:03,600 --> 02:31:07,300
and breathtakingly beautiful. 
The manuscripts, these women 

2788
02:31:07,300 --> 02:31:09,100
illuminated weren't just lovely 
books. 

2789
02:31:09,100 --> 02:31:12,400
It was a medieval equivalent of 
multimedia presentations. 

2790
02:31:12,400 --> 02:31:16,800
They combined text illustration,
decorative elements, and 

2791
02:31:16,800 --> 02:31:20,000
sometimes even mathematical, 
diagrams into cohesive works of 

2792
02:31:20,000 --> 02:31:22,300
art. 
These women were essentially 

2793
02:31:22,300 --> 02:31:25,900
graphic designers working with 
gold leaf and crushed gemstones 

2794
02:31:25,900 --> 02:31:28,800
instead of Photoshop and their 
Creations have survived 

2795
02:31:28,800 --> 02:31:31,800
centuries. 
While most digital art from 20 

2796
02:31:31,800 --> 02:31:35,100
years ago, is already obsolete. 
Music was another realm where 

2797
02:31:35,100 --> 02:31:38,200
ottoman excelled though? 
They face the Intriguing 

2798
02:31:38,200 --> 02:31:40,800
challenge of performing in a 
culture that valued privacy. 

2799
02:31:41,500 --> 02:31:44,200
So what did they do? 
They created intimate musical 

2800
02:31:44,200 --> 02:31:47,700
Traditions that flourished in 
private spaces, the composed 

2801
02:31:47,700 --> 02:31:51,100
pieces, specifically for small, 
Gatherings developed, new 

2802
02:31:51,100 --> 02:31:54,400
instrumental techniques suited 
to domestic settings and passed 

2803
02:31:54,400 --> 02:31:57,100
down musical, knowledge through 
female-only networks. 

2804
02:31:57,100 --> 02:31:58,900
That preserve traditions for 
centuries. 

2805
02:32:00,000 --> 02:32:02,700
The mathematical achievements of
Ottoman women are particularly 

2806
02:32:02,700 --> 02:32:05,700
impressive, mainly because 
nobody expected them to be 

2807
02:32:05,700 --> 02:32:08,700
interested in numbers. 
These women, studied astronomy, 

2808
02:32:08,700 --> 02:32:10,500
not just for intellectual 
curiosity. 

2809
02:32:10,500 --> 02:32:14,200
But, because understanding 
Celestial movements was crucial 

2810
02:32:14,200 --> 02:32:18,100
for everything from agricultural
planning to navigation, Some 

2811
02:32:18,100 --> 02:32:20,600
became skilled enough to 
calculate prayer times for their

2812
02:32:20,600 --> 02:32:24,500
entire regions, create accurate 
calendars, and even predicted 

2813
02:32:24,500 --> 02:32:28,000
with remarkable Precision, 
despite the apparent male, 

2814
02:32:28,000 --> 02:32:30,800
dominance in the field of 
architecture, ottoman, women 

2815
02:32:30,800 --> 02:32:32,900
were responsible for 
commissioning and designing 

2816
02:32:32,900 --> 02:32:35,000
buildings, that can continue to 
astonish today. 

2817
02:32:35,000 --> 02:32:38,800
They didn't just hire Architects
and say, make it pretty. 

2818
02:32:38,800 --> 02:32:42,600
They were intimately involved in
every detail from the 

2819
02:32:42,600 --> 02:32:44,800
mathematical proportions that 
created perfect. 

2820
02:32:44,800 --> 02:32:48,000
Acoustics to the decorative 
programs that told complex 

2821
02:32:48,000 --> 02:32:51,300
symbolic stories. 
The Miramar Sultan mosque in 

2822
02:32:51,300 --> 02:32:54,500
Istanbul, for example, was 
designed to align with the Sun. 

2823
02:32:54,500 --> 02:32:57,500
So the anniversary of the 
Sultan's birthday like would 

2824
02:32:57,500 --> 02:33:01,000
illuminate the interior in a 
specific pattern, that's not 

2825
02:33:01,000 --> 02:33:04,200
just architecture. 
That's poetry written in stone 

2826
02:33:04,200 --> 02:33:07,500
and sunlight. 
The textile Arts reached levels 

2827
02:33:07,500 --> 02:33:10,700
of sophistication under ottoman 
women, that modern factories 

2828
02:33:10,700 --> 02:33:13,700
still struggle to match. 
They developed weaving 

2829
02:33:13,700 --> 02:33:16,800
techniques that created Fabrics.
So fine, they seem to float 

2830
02:33:16,800 --> 02:33:19,200
dying methods. 
That produced colors of 

2831
02:33:19,200 --> 02:33:22,800
impossible, vibrancy and 
embroidery patterns so complex. 

2832
02:33:22,800 --> 02:33:25,500
They required mathematical 
understanding to execute 

2833
02:33:25,500 --> 02:33:28,800
properly. 
A single ottoman Court kaftan, 

2834
02:33:28,800 --> 02:33:32,100
might contain more artistic and 
Technical Innovation than most 

2835
02:33:32,100 --> 02:33:36,400
Contemporary Art installations. 
Perhaps most remarkably, these 

2836
02:33:36,400 --> 02:33:39,000
women understood that art and 
learning weren't separate from 

2837
02:33:39,000 --> 02:33:41,300
daily life. 
They were integral to it. 

2838
02:33:42,200 --> 02:33:45,100
Taught their children to 
appreciate Beauty alongside 

2839
02:33:45,100 --> 02:33:48,400
practical skills. 
Integrated artistic elements 

2840
02:33:48,400 --> 02:33:51,300
into everyday objects and 
created environments, where 

2841
02:33:51,300 --> 02:33:55,000
creative, and intellectual 
curiosity was simply part of the

2842
02:33:55,000 --> 02:33:58,400
family culture, the library's, 
these women established weren't 

2843
02:33:58,400 --> 02:34:01,200
just collections of books. 
They were community centers 

2844
02:34:01,200 --> 02:34:03,400
where knowledge was shared 
across social boundaries. 

2845
02:34:03,400 --> 02:34:06,900
They funded copying projects 
that preserved, ancient texts 

2846
02:34:06,900 --> 02:34:10,900
sponsored translations that made
foreign knowledge accessible and

2847
02:34:10,900 --> 02:34:13,700
maintained correspondence with 
Scholars across the known world.

2848
02:34:15,000 --> 02:34:17,400
They were essentially running 
early versions of research 

2849
02:34:17,400 --> 02:34:21,100
University's except with better 
food and more comfortable 

2850
02:34:21,100 --> 02:34:24,000
seating. 
Many of these women also became 

2851
02:34:24,000 --> 02:34:26,800
accomplished Physicians, 
combining traditional knowledge 

2852
02:34:26,800 --> 02:34:30,400
with new medical discoveries. 
They maintain detailed records 

2853
02:34:30,400 --> 02:34:33,700
of their treatments developed 
new remedies and trained other 

2854
02:34:33,700 --> 02:34:36,600
women in Medical Arts. 
Some specialized in women's 

2855
02:34:36,600 --> 02:34:40,200
health, others in Pediatrics. 
And a few became renowned for 

2856
02:34:40,208 --> 02:34:43,400
their surgical skills. 
They understood that healing was

2857
02:34:43,400 --> 02:34:46,600
both an art and science, 
requiring not just technical 

2858
02:34:46,600 --> 02:34:49,700
knowledge, but also intuitive 
understanding of human nature. 

2859
02:34:50,700 --> 02:34:53,300
What strikes me most about these
ottoman, women artists and 

2860
02:34:53,300 --> 02:34:56,700
Scholars is their confidence. 
They didn't apologize for their 

2861
02:34:56,700 --> 02:34:58,600
intelligence or hide their 
accomplishments. 

2862
02:34:58,600 --> 02:35:03,200
They signed their Works engaged 
in public debates and claimed 

2863
02:35:03,200 --> 02:35:05,800
their place in intellectual 
Traditions with the kind of bold

2864
02:35:05,800 --> 02:35:08,300
assurance that modern women are 
still fighting to achieve. 

2865
02:35:09,100 --> 02:35:12,300
So tonight, as your drifting 
towards sleep, remember these 

2866
02:35:12,300 --> 02:35:15,300
women who understood that beauty
and knowledge were not luxuries,

2867
02:35:15,300 --> 02:35:19,000
but Necessities that creative 
and intellect could flourish 

2868
02:35:19,000 --> 02:35:21,000
together. 
And that the most lasting 

2869
02:35:21,000 --> 02:35:24,700
revolution's are often fought 
with brushes pens and the 

2870
02:35:24,700 --> 02:35:27,700
radical Act of refusing to be 
anything less than brilliant. 

2871
02:35:27,700 --> 02:35:31,400
Now, reclined comfortably as we 
delve into the ways, ottoman 

2872
02:35:31,400 --> 02:35:35,100
women transform their religious 
devotion into a potent Force for

2873
02:35:35,100 --> 02:35:38,500
social transformation, fostering
communities, and providing 

2874
02:35:38,500 --> 02:35:40,700
support to the vulnerable with a
refinement. 

2875
02:35:40,700 --> 02:35:43,000
That would impress any 
contemporary nonprofit 

2876
02:35:43,000 --> 02:35:45,600
organization. 
These women, understood that 

2877
02:35:45,600 --> 02:35:48,600
faith without action was like 
tea without warmth. 

2878
02:35:49,300 --> 02:35:53,500
Technically still tea but 
missing the whole point. the 

2879
02:35:53,508 --> 02:35:57,000
concept of charitable giving in 
Islamic tradition, provided 

2880
02:35:57,000 --> 02:36:00,000
ottoman, women, with a unique 
opportunity to exercise public 

2881
02:36:00,000 --> 02:36:03,000
influence while maintaining 
their religious and social 

2882
02:36:03,000 --> 02:36:06,000
standing They took this 
opportunity and ran with it. 

2883
02:36:06,000 --> 02:36:09,400
Like marathon runners who happen
to be carrying purses full of 

2884
02:36:09,408 --> 02:36:12,100
gold coins. 
The scale of their charitable 

2885
02:36:12,100 --> 02:36:14,500
Works was staggering. 
We're talking about social 

2886
02:36:14,500 --> 02:36:17,200
programs that supported entire 
communities for Generations. 

2887
02:36:17,200 --> 02:36:22,000
Consider goulash Sultan who in 
the early 18th century 

2888
02:36:22,000 --> 02:36:23,700
established. 
One of the most comprehensive 

2889
02:36:23,700 --> 02:36:25,900
charitable foundations in 
ottoman history. 

2890
02:36:26,900 --> 02:36:31,400
Hercules, a charitable complex 
included, a mosque, a school, a 

2891
02:36:31,400 --> 02:36:35,100
hospital, a caravan Sarah for 
travelers kitchens for the poor 

2892
02:36:35,100 --> 02:36:38,800
and workshops for artists. 
It was basically a One-Stop 

2893
02:36:38,800 --> 02:36:41,800
Social Services Center that 
provided everything from 

2894
02:36:41,800 --> 02:36:45,400
emergency medical care to job. 
Training all funded and managed 

2895
02:36:45,400 --> 02:36:47,800
by one. 
Remarkably organized woman who 

2896
02:36:47,800 --> 02:36:49,400
apparently never met a social 
problem. 

2897
02:36:49,400 --> 02:36:51,900
She couldn't solve with careful 
planning and generous funding. 

2898
02:36:52,900 --> 02:36:55,700
The hospital system, these women
developed was revolutionary for 

2899
02:36:55,700 --> 02:36:59,000
its time, these women were not 
merely constructing a place for 

2900
02:36:59,000 --> 02:37:01,000
the sick to lie down and hope 
for Recovery. 

2901
02:37:01,000 --> 02:37:04,600
In Stead, they were establishing
medical institutions equipped 

2902
02:37:04,600 --> 02:37:08,100
with specialized departments 
skilled staff and cutting-edge 

2903
02:37:08,100 --> 02:37:10,900
treatment methods. 
Some of these hospitals had 

2904
02:37:10,900 --> 02:37:13,800
separate wings for different. 
Ailments libraries for medical 

2905
02:37:13,800 --> 02:37:16,400
research and even music therapy 
programs. 

2906
02:37:16,400 --> 02:37:19,000
Because these women understood 
that healing involved more than 

2907
02:37:19,000 --> 02:37:21,600
just physical treatment. 
And here's what's really 

2908
02:37:21,600 --> 02:37:24,900
impressive the financial 
management systems they created 

2909
02:37:24,900 --> 02:37:26,700
to sustain these charitable 
works. 

2910
02:37:27,600 --> 02:37:29,000
These weren't just one time 
donation. 

2911
02:37:29,000 --> 02:37:33,000
They were in designed to 
generate income in perpetuity 

2912
02:37:33,000 --> 02:37:36,500
these women were essentially 
creating sustainable funding 

2913
02:37:36,500 --> 02:37:39,700
models for social programs, 
complete with diverse fight 

2914
02:37:39,700 --> 02:37:42,200
investment portfolios, 
Professional Management 

2915
02:37:42,200 --> 02:37:45,200
structures and accountability. 
Measures that ensure their 

2916
02:37:45,200 --> 02:37:48,300
charitable intention would be 
carried out long after they were

2917
02:37:48,300 --> 02:37:50,800
gone, the educational 
institutions. 

2918
02:37:50,800 --> 02:37:53,900
They founded were particularly 
groundbreaking while Europe was 

2919
02:37:53,900 --> 02:37:55,700
still debating. 
Whether women should learn to 

2920
02:37:55,700 --> 02:37:58,700
read ottoman women were 
establishing schools that taught

2921
02:37:58,700 --> 02:38:01,900
everything from basic literacy, 
to advanced mathematics. 

2922
02:38:01,900 --> 02:38:04,700
Often to students regardless of 
their ability to pay. 

2923
02:38:04,700 --> 02:38:08,500
They understood that educational
was the most effective form of 

2924
02:38:08,500 --> 02:38:10,800
Charity. 
Because it gave people tools to 

2925
02:38:10,800 --> 02:38:13,400
improve their circumstances 
rather than just temporary 

2926
02:38:13,400 --> 02:38:15,700
relief. 
Many of these charitable 

2927
02:38:15,700 --> 02:38:18,400
foundations, specifically 
focused on supporting other 

2928
02:38:18,400 --> 02:38:21,100
women and children. 
They provided dowries, for 

2929
02:38:21,108 --> 02:38:25,200
orphaned girls job, training for
widows childcare for working, 

2930
02:38:25,200 --> 02:38:27,900
mothers and safe. 
Shelter for women, fleeing 

2931
02:38:27,900 --> 02:38:31,100
difficult situations, they 
created support networks, that 

2932
02:38:31,100 --> 02:38:34,800
function like early versions of 
social safety nets, except these

2933
02:38:34,800 --> 02:38:37,500
were funded by voluntary 
contributions and managed by 

2934
02:38:37,508 --> 02:38:39,900
people who actually understood 
the needs of their communities. 

2935
02:38:39,900 --> 02:38:43,400
The soup kitchens called 
Emirates that these women 

2936
02:38:43,400 --> 02:38:46,300
established weren't just places 
where hungry people could get a 

2937
02:38:46,300 --> 02:38:48,600
meal. 
They were community centers that

2938
02:38:48,600 --> 02:38:51,900
served hot food to anyone who 
showed up regardless of their 

2939
02:38:51,900 --> 02:38:54,300
religion, ethnicity or social 
status. 

2940
02:38:55,100 --> 02:38:58,900
Some served thousands of meals 
daily with menus that varied 

2941
02:38:58,900 --> 02:39:00,500
according to season and 
availability. 

2942
02:39:01,400 --> 02:39:04,100
These women understood that 
dignity was as important as 

2943
02:39:04,100 --> 02:39:07,500
nutrition, so they created 
spaces that treated every 

2944
02:39:07,500 --> 02:39:11,600
visitor with respect and care. 
The Public Works projects funded

2945
02:39:11,600 --> 02:39:14,800
by ottoman, women's charitable 
foundations transformed entire 

2946
02:39:14,800 --> 02:39:16,900
cities. 
They built fountains that 

2947
02:39:16,900 --> 02:39:19,700
provided clean water to 
neighborhoods bridges, that 

2948
02:39:19,700 --> 02:39:23,500
connected communities roads, 
that facilitated trade and 

2949
02:39:23,500 --> 02:39:27,000
public baths that promoted 
health and hygiene They 

2950
02:39:27,000 --> 02:39:29,400
understood that individual 
charity was important, but 

2951
02:39:29,400 --> 02:39:31,900
systemic improvements could 
benefit everyone for 

2952
02:39:31,900 --> 02:39:34,800
Generations. 
What's particularly remarkable 

2953
02:39:34,800 --> 02:39:37,800
is how these women balance their
charitable works with their 

2954
02:39:37,800 --> 02:39:40,800
family responsibilities and 
social obligations. 

2955
02:39:40,800 --> 02:39:44,000
They weren't choosing between 
personal happiness and public 

2956
02:39:44,000 --> 02:39:46,700
service. 
They were integrating both into 

2957
02:39:46,700 --> 02:39:48,900
lives that were remarkably full 
and purposeful. 

2958
02:39:49,500 --> 02:39:51,500
They manage charitable 
foundations. 

2959
02:39:51,500 --> 02:39:54,800
While raising children 
maintained social relationships,

2960
02:39:54,800 --> 02:39:58,200
while overseeing construction 
projects and fulfilled religious

2961
02:39:58,200 --> 02:40:00,500
obligations while 
revolutionizing Community 

2962
02:40:00,500 --> 02:40:03,700
Support Systems. 
The pilgrimage facilities, these

2963
02:40:03,700 --> 02:40:05,800
women established deserves 
special mention. 

2964
02:40:05,800 --> 02:40:15,200
They built. 
These work just hostiles. 

2965
02:40:15,200 --> 02:40:18,100
They were full-service Travel 
Centers with Veterinary, Care 

2966
02:40:18,100 --> 02:40:21,700
for Animals, security for 
valuable goods and guide for 

2967
02:40:21,700 --> 02:40:24,600
milia with local conditions. 
They understood that 

2968
02:40:24,600 --> 02:40:27,500
facilitating religious 
obligations was itself, a form 

2969
02:40:27,500 --> 02:40:30,200
of worship. 
Many of these women also became 

2970
02:40:30,200 --> 02:40:32,600
renowned for their personal 
accessibility to people in. 

2971
02:40:32,600 --> 02:40:36,200
Need they maintained regular 
audience's where anyone could 

2972
02:40:36,200 --> 02:40:40,400
petition for help advice or 
intervention, They listen to 

2973
02:40:40,408 --> 02:40:43,900
family disputes mediated 
business conflicts and provided 

2974
02:40:43,900 --> 02:40:46,700
Counsel on everything from 
marriage problems to Career 

2975
02:40:46,700 --> 02:40:49,400
decisions. 
They were essentially serving as

2976
02:40:49,400 --> 02:40:53,400
informal social workers 
therapists and career counselors

2977
02:40:53,400 --> 02:40:57,300
for their entire communities. 
The Interfaith cooperation 

2978
02:40:57,300 --> 02:40:59,400
fostered. 
By these charitable Works was 

2979
02:40:59,400 --> 02:41:01,900
remarkable for any era. 
Ottoman. 

2980
02:41:01,900 --> 02:41:04,800
Women's Foundation served people
of all religious, backgrounds 

2981
02:41:04,800 --> 02:41:08,800
employed staff from diverse 
communities and created spaces, 

2982
02:41:08,800 --> 02:41:11,200
where different Traditions could
co-exist peacefully. 

2983
02:41:12,300 --> 02:41:15,600
They understood that effective, 
charity required setting aside 

2984
02:41:15,600 --> 02:41:18,200
theological differences in favor
of shared Humanity. 

2985
02:41:19,300 --> 02:41:22,500
Perhaps most importantly, these 
women created models of 

2986
02:41:22,500 --> 02:41:25,000
leadership that emphasize 
service rather than power 

2987
02:41:25,000 --> 02:41:28,600
collaboration, rather than 
competition and long-term 

2988
02:41:28,600 --> 02:41:31,600
Community benefit rather than 
short-term personal gain. 

2989
02:41:32,800 --> 02:41:35,400
Proof that religious devotion 
and social action could work 

2990
02:41:35,400 --> 02:41:37,300
together to create positive 
change. 

2991
02:41:37,300 --> 02:41:40,000
That wealth came with 
responsibilities as well as 

2992
02:41:40,000 --> 02:41:42,100
Privileges. 
And that the most lasting 

2993
02:41:42,100 --> 02:41:44,900
monuments are often the ones 
that improve daily life for 

2994
02:41:44,900 --> 02:41:47,400
ordinary people. 
So as you're preparing for sleep

2995
02:41:47,400 --> 02:41:51,000
tonight, take comfort in knowing
that centuries ago, women were 

2996
02:41:51,000 --> 02:41:54,100
working tirelessly to create 
communities where everyone had 

2997
02:41:54,100 --> 02:41:57,800
access to food, shelter, 
education and medical care. 

2998
02:41:57,800 --> 02:42:01,700
They understood that Faith, 
required action that privileged 

2999
02:42:01,700 --> 02:42:04,500
demanded service. 
And that the best way to honor 

3000
02:42:04,500 --> 02:42:07,400
Divine blessings was to share 
them generously with others, as 

3001
02:42:07,400 --> 02:42:10,100
we reach the end of our journey 
through the remarkable world of 

3002
02:42:10,100 --> 02:42:12,400
Ottoman women. 
Let's pull back the curtains on 

3003
02:42:12,400 --> 02:42:16,200
history's grandest stage and see
how these extraordinary women 

3004
02:42:16,200 --> 02:42:19,200
influence, not just their own 
time, but areas as well. 

3005
02:42:20,200 --> 02:42:23,900
Pour yourself one last couple of
that evening tea because their 

3006
02:42:23,900 --> 02:42:26,200
legacy is far more present in 
our modern world. 

3007
02:42:26,200 --> 02:42:29,800
The new, you might imagine. 
The Diplomatic networks, these 

3008
02:42:29,800 --> 02:42:32,600
women created didn't disappear 
when the Ottoman Empire ended. 

3009
02:42:32,600 --> 02:42:36,300
They evolved in to the informal.
Cultural exchanges that still 

3010
02:42:36,300 --> 02:42:38,700
connect communities across 
former ottoman territories 

3011
02:42:38,700 --> 02:42:41,200
today. 
When you taste authentic, 

3012
02:42:41,200 --> 02:42:45,100
Turkish coffee in a Bosnian 
Cafe, admire geometric patterns 

3013
02:42:45,100 --> 02:42:48,700
in Moroccan tile work or hear 
certain melodic structures in 

3014
02:42:48,700 --> 02:42:51,400
Greek folk music your 
experiencing the lasting 

3015
02:42:51,400 --> 02:42:54,000
influence of women, who 
understood that culture travels 

3016
02:42:54,000 --> 02:42:56,900
along relationship networks more
effectively than through. 

3017
02:42:56,900 --> 02:43:00,300
Any official channels. 
The business practices pioneered

3018
02:43:00,300 --> 02:43:03,000
by ottoman Merchants. 
Women became foundational 

3019
02:43:03,000 --> 02:43:06,300
elements of international 
Commerce, their understanding of

3020
02:43:06,300 --> 02:43:09,600
quality control customer service
and Market diversification 

3021
02:43:09,600 --> 02:43:13,200
influence trading practices 
across the Mediterranean and 

3022
02:43:13,200 --> 02:43:16,400
Beyond some of the commercial 
families, they established 

3023
02:43:16,400 --> 02:43:19,600
continued operating for 
centuries adapting to changing 

3024
02:43:19,600 --> 02:43:23,000
political circumstances while 
maintaining the core principles 

3025
02:43:23,000 --> 02:43:26,100
of ethical, dealing and 
Community investment that, these

3026
02:43:26,100 --> 02:43:29,800
women had established modern 
feminism was more to these 

3027
02:43:29,800 --> 02:43:33,000
ottoman than most people 
realize, though, the connections

3028
02:43:33,000 --> 02:43:35,800
aren't always obvious. 
There are assumption that women 

3029
02:43:35,800 --> 02:43:38,600
could own property management 
businesses influence politics 

3030
02:43:38,600 --> 02:43:41,900
and contribute to intellectual 
life created precedence that 

3031
02:43:41,900 --> 02:43:44,600
later reformers could point to 
when arguing for women's rights.

3032
02:43:45,600 --> 02:43:48,300
They proved that female 
intelligence and capability 

3033
02:43:48,300 --> 02:43:51,800
weren't radical new Concepts. 
They were historical realities 

3034
02:43:51,800 --> 02:43:54,600
that had been temporarily 
forgotten rather than recently 

3035
02:43:54,600 --> 02:43:58,100
discovered. 
The educational institutions, 

3036
02:43:58,100 --> 02:44:01,100
they founded evolved into some 
of the most prestigious schools 

3037
02:44:01,100 --> 02:44:03,200
and universities in the modern 
Middle East. 

3038
02:44:03,200 --> 02:44:06,400
In Balkans the libraries, they 
established safeguarded, 

3039
02:44:06,400 --> 02:44:09,300
manuscripts and knowledge that 
the political upheavals of the 

3040
02:44:09,300 --> 02:44:13,400
19th and 20th, centuries might 
have otherwise erased. their 

3041
02:44:13,400 --> 02:44:15,700
understanding that education 
should be accessible, regardless

3042
02:44:15,700 --> 02:44:19,700
of family background influenced 
later, educational reforms the 

3043
02:44:19,700 --> 02:44:23,200
region, But perhaps most 
importantly, these women 

3044
02:44:23,200 --> 02:44:26,100
demonstrated that power could be
exercised with grace. 

3045
02:44:26,100 --> 02:44:29,500
That wealth could be managed 
with generosity and that 

3046
02:44:29,500 --> 02:44:32,200
influence could be used for 
Community benefit rather than 

3047
02:44:32,200 --> 02:44:35,700
personal aggrandizement. 
In an era, when political 

3048
02:44:35,700 --> 02:44:39,100
leadership, often seems divorced
from moral consideration, there 

3049
02:44:39,100 --> 02:44:41,200
are example of combining 
Authority with the 

3050
02:44:41,200 --> 02:44:43,200
responsibility. 
Feels remarkably relevant. 

3051
02:44:43,200 --> 02:44:45,900
The architectural Legacy is 
impossible to ignore. 

3052
02:44:46,600 --> 02:44:49,100
Building's commissioned by 
ottoman, still dominates, 

3053
02:44:49,100 --> 02:44:52,600
skylines from Istanbul to 
Damascus, elegant domes and 

3054
02:44:52,600 --> 02:44:55,500
graceful minerets serving as 
daily reminders, that beauty and

3055
02:44:55,500 --> 02:44:59,900
function can co-exist perfectly.
Modern Architects, still study 

3056
02:44:59,900 --> 02:45:01,900
their use of light space and 
proportion. 

3057
02:45:01,900 --> 02:45:05,200
Finding inspiration in design 
principles developed by women. 

3058
02:45:05,200 --> 02:45:08,100
Who understood that building 
should nurture the human Spirit 

3059
02:45:08,100 --> 02:45:09,800
as well as serve practical 
needs. 

3060
02:45:10,600 --> 02:45:13,400
The charitable foundations, they
established created models that 

3061
02:45:13,400 --> 02:45:16,500
influenced later development of 
Social Services throughout the 

3062
02:45:16,500 --> 02:45:19,400
former ottoman territories. 
Their understanding that 

3063
02:45:19,400 --> 02:45:22,400
effective charity, required 
sustainable funding professional

3064
02:45:22,400 --> 02:45:25,600
management and Community input 
helped shape modern approaches 

3065
02:45:25,600 --> 02:45:29,600
to non-profit organizations Some
of their original foundations 

3066
02:45:29,600 --> 02:45:32,600
are still operating today. 
Nearly half a millennium after 

3067
02:45:32,600 --> 02:45:35,500
their establishment, a testament
to the foresight of their 

3068
02:45:35,500 --> 02:45:38,400
Founders. 
What most profoundly impresses 

3069
02:45:38,400 --> 02:45:41,700
me about these women is their 
ability to be both contemporary 

3070
02:45:41,700 --> 02:45:44,200
and innovative. 
They worked within the 

3071
02:45:44,200 --> 02:45:47,100
constraints and opportunities of
their historical moment, while 

3072
02:45:47,100 --> 02:45:49,900
consistently pushing boundaries 
and expanding possibilities. 

3073
02:45:49,900 --> 02:45:53,900
They understood that change. 
Often happens, gradually through

3074
02:45:53,900 --> 02:45:56,600
the accumulation of small 
Innovations, and incremental, 

3075
02:45:56,600 --> 02:46:00,000
expansions of what's considered,
normal or acceptable, there are 

3076
02:46:00,000 --> 02:46:02,700
approached, a problem solving 
remains remarkably relevant. 

3077
02:46:02,700 --> 02:46:05,700
They combined practical 
intelligence with creative 

3078
02:46:05,700 --> 02:46:08,600
thinking used available 
resources efficiently while 

3079
02:46:08,600 --> 02:46:11,400
maintaining high standards and 
understood that lasting 

3080
02:46:11,400 --> 02:46:13,200
Solutions. 
Usually required building 

3081
02:46:13,200 --> 02:46:16,000
consensus rather than imposing 
change through Force. 

3082
02:46:16,000 --> 02:46:18,800
They were natural systems 
thinkers, who could seek 

3083
02:46:18,800 --> 02:46:21,600
connections and long-term 
consequences that others missed 

3084
02:46:22,500 --> 02:46:25,000
The cultural synthesis. 
They fostered blending 

3085
02:46:25,000 --> 02:46:27,400
influences from across the 
Empire while maintaining 

3086
02:46:27,400 --> 02:46:29,100
distinctive. 
Local characteristics. 

3087
02:46:29,100 --> 02:46:32,200
Offers lessons for our 
increasingly connected, but 

3088
02:46:32,200 --> 02:46:35,600
culturally anxious world. 
Proved that diversity, could be 

3089
02:46:35,608 --> 02:46:38,300
a source of strength rather than
division that different 

3090
02:46:38,300 --> 02:46:40,500
Traditions could enrich each 
other without losing their 

3091
02:46:40,500 --> 02:46:44,200
essential characteristics and 
the Cosmopolitan sophistication 

3092
02:46:44,200 --> 02:46:46,300
could co-exist with deep local 
roots. 

3093
02:46:47,200 --> 02:46:50,500
Perhaps most encouragingly these
women remind us that individual 

3094
02:46:50,500 --> 02:46:53,100
action can have far-reaching 
historical consequences. 

3095
02:46:54,100 --> 02:46:56,800
They didn't wait for permission 
to build hospitals established 

3096
02:46:56,800 --> 02:47:01,300
schools or create businesses. 
They identified needs developed 

3097
02:47:01,300 --> 02:47:04,600
Solutions and implemented 
changes using whatever resources

3098
02:47:04,600 --> 02:47:05,900
and Authority. 
They could access. 

3099
02:47:07,200 --> 02:47:10,200
They understood that history is 
made by people who decide to act

3100
02:47:10,200 --> 02:47:12,200
rather than wait for ideal 
circumstances. 

3101
02:47:13,100 --> 02:47:14,600
Their lives. 
Also demonstrate, that 

3102
02:47:14,600 --> 02:47:16,700
fulfillment comes from using 
whatever talents and 

3103
02:47:16,700 --> 02:47:19,100
opportunities. 
You have to contribute something

3104
02:47:19,100 --> 02:47:20,700
meaningful to the world around 
you. 

3105
02:47:21,600 --> 02:47:24,400
Whether they were writing, 
poetry managing, trade networks 

3106
02:47:24,400 --> 02:47:27,600
designing buildings or caring 
for the sick, they approach 

3107
02:47:27,600 --> 02:47:31,000
their work with dedication 
intelligence and a deep sense of

3108
02:47:31,000 --> 02:47:33,400
purpose that made their 
activities feel significant, 

3109
02:47:33,400 --> 02:47:36,400
rather than merely busy. 
So as you're drifting off to 

3110
02:47:36,400 --> 02:47:39,600
sleep tonight, carry with you, 
the knowledge that centuries 

3111
02:47:39,600 --> 02:47:43,100
ago, women were living fully 
realized lives, building 

3112
02:47:43,100 --> 02:47:47,400
businesses, creating art shaping
politics and caring for their 

3113
02:47:47,400 --> 02:47:50,100
communities with a confidence 
and competence that still 

3114
02:47:50,100 --> 02:47:53,300
inspires they face different 
challenges than we do. 

3115
02:47:53,300 --> 02:47:56,900
But their fundamental approach 
to life, combining ambition, 

3116
02:47:56,900 --> 02:48:00,300
with compassion intelligence, 
with wisdom and personal 

3117
02:48:00,300 --> 02:48:03,800
fulfillment with social 
contribution remains as relevant

3118
02:48:03,800 --> 02:48:06,500
today. 
As it was 500 years ago, their 

3119
02:48:06,500 --> 02:48:10,800
legacy Whispers that you too can
live boldly think creatively and

3120
02:48:10,800 --> 02:48:14,200
leave the world a little better 
than you found it. and really, 

3121
02:48:15,000 --> 02:48:17,900
what better thought could there 
be to carry into your dreams? 

3122
02:48:17,900 --> 02:48:20,900
And that Timeless remind her 
that extraordinary lives are 

3123
02:48:20,900 --> 02:48:24,500
built from ordinary days. 
Lived, with purpose Grace, Just 

3124
02:48:24,500 --> 02:48:26,400
Enough. 
Audacity to believe that changes

3125
02:48:26,400 --> 02:48:33,900
always possible. 
Let me tell you about a boy who 

3126
02:48:33,900 --> 02:48:36,100
would grow up to touch the 
ceiling of the most famous 

3127
02:48:36,100 --> 02:48:39,300
Chapel in the world. 
Imagine yourself relaxing in a 

3128
02:48:39,300 --> 02:48:40,000
cozy. 
Chair. 

3129
02:48:40,000 --> 02:48:44,900
On a Carmi evening. 
He was born on March, 6th 1475 

3130
02:48:44,900 --> 02:48:49,000
in the small Hillside town of 
capris where the Morning Mist 

3131
02:48:49,000 --> 02:48:51,600
clung to Old Stone houses. 
Like slumbering cats. 

3132
02:48:51,600 --> 02:48:55,800
His name was Michelangelo Borneo
but his friends just called him 

3133
02:48:55,800 --> 02:48:57,900
Michelle. 
Do you know how certain things 

3134
02:48:57,900 --> 02:49:01,000
appeal to certain kids? 
Well some people chase 

3135
02:49:01,000 --> 02:49:03,900
butterflies and others. 
Adore books, young Michelle, had

3136
02:49:03,900 --> 02:49:07,000
a peculiar Obsession. 
He was gathering Pebbles and 

3137
02:49:07,000 --> 02:49:10,200
examining their shapes turning 
them over in his tiny hands, as 

3138
02:49:10,200 --> 02:49:13,100
if they were Secrets while other
6 year olds were playing with 

3139
02:49:13,100 --> 02:49:16,700
wooden toys. 
His father, lot of Vico was a 

3140
02:49:16,700 --> 02:49:19,700
local magistrate, think of him 
as the town's official paper 

3141
02:49:19,700 --> 02:49:23,100
pusher and he had Grand plans 
for his son, that definitely 

3142
02:49:23,100 --> 02:49:25,000
didn't involve getting Dusty 
with a rocks. 

3143
02:49:25,700 --> 02:49:28,700
When Michelle was little the 
family relocated to Florence 

3144
02:49:28,700 --> 02:49:32,000
which would later serve as both 
his inspiration and playground. 

3145
02:49:32,900 --> 02:49:35,900
In the 1480s Florence was more 
than just a city. 

3146
02:49:35,900 --> 02:49:39,200
It was like living inside a 
jewelry box with ideas and art 

3147
02:49:39,200 --> 02:49:42,300
glistening on every surface. 
The meditative family ruled 

3148
02:49:42,300 --> 02:49:44,900
there as wealthy Patron who 
collected artists in the same 

3149
02:49:44,900 --> 02:49:46,800
way that some people collect 
rare coins. 

3150
02:49:47,700 --> 02:49:50,900
But they were not King's, when 
Michelle was just six years old,

3151
02:49:50,900 --> 02:49:54,400
his mother Francesca passed 
away, children are shaped by 

3152
02:49:54,400 --> 02:49:56,800
Los. 
Sometimes it pushes them towards

3153
02:49:56,800 --> 02:49:59,400
something bigger and other 
times, it makes them Retreat 

3154
02:49:59,400 --> 02:50:01,600
inward. 
It appeared to do both from 

3155
02:50:01,600 --> 02:50:03,600
Shell. 
He grew quieter and more 

3156
02:50:03,600 --> 02:50:07,100
perceptive spending hours, 
observing stone masons fixed 

3157
02:50:07,100 --> 02:50:09,600
structures because he was 
captivated by their ability to 

3158
02:50:09,600 --> 02:50:12,600
bend hard marble. 
In an attempt to guide him 

3159
02:50:12,608 --> 02:50:16,300
toward a respectable career in 
banking or government his father

3160
02:50:16,300 --> 02:50:20,100
enrolled him in Grammar School. 
Michelle however, had different 

3161
02:50:20,100 --> 02:50:22,500
plans. 
He would doodle in the margins 

3162
02:50:22,500 --> 02:50:25,400
of his books and stead of 
focusing on Latin conjugations, 

3163
02:50:25,400 --> 02:50:29,100
creating intricate drawings of 
hands faces, and the way light 

3164
02:50:29,100 --> 02:50:32,500
fell across a windowsill 
Michelle couldn't help himself 

3165
02:50:32,500 --> 02:50:35,300
but his teachers weren't amused 
for him. 

3166
02:50:35,300 --> 02:50:37,400
Creating art was more than just 
a hobby. 

3167
02:50:37,400 --> 02:50:41,600
It was a way of life. 
At the age of 13, Mitchell 

3168
02:50:41,600 --> 02:50:45,100
joined, Dominican Dayo, one of 
Florence's most prosperous 

3169
02:50:45,100 --> 02:50:47,800
painters as an apprentice 
defying. 

3170
02:50:47,800 --> 02:50:49,900
His father's wishes and likely 
amid. 

3171
02:50:49,900 --> 02:50:53,400
Some heated family disputes. 
He can appreciate Lord of ecos 

3172
02:50:53,400 --> 02:50:54,700
horror. 
If you can picture your 

3173
02:50:54,700 --> 02:50:57,300
adolescent today, declaring 
their dropping out to pursue a 

3174
02:50:57,300 --> 02:51:00,700
career as a street artist. 
However, as his often the case 

3175
02:51:00,700 --> 02:51:04,800
with future, Geniuses Michelle 
was obstetric The girl and I are

3176
02:51:04,800 --> 02:51:06,500
Workshop. 
Resembled, an art Factory from 

3177
02:51:06,500 --> 02:51:09,700
the Renaissance apprentices 
prepared canvases, ground 

3178
02:51:09,700 --> 02:51:12,100
pigments and picked up skills by
imitating. 

3179
02:51:12,100 --> 02:51:15,200
The Master's methods. 
For Michelle painting was a bit 

3180
02:51:15,200 --> 02:51:18,600
confining but most boys were 
excited to eventually paint a 

3181
02:51:18,600 --> 02:51:21,900
small portion of a larger piece.
Because of the three-dimensional

3182
02:51:21,900 --> 02:51:24,200
challenge of bringing life from 
inanimate Stone. 

3183
02:51:24,200 --> 02:51:28,000
He continued to gravitate 
towards sculpture his story 

3184
02:51:28,000 --> 02:51:29,600
takes an intriguing turn at this
point. 

3185
02:51:29,600 --> 02:51:33,800
In his Gardens Lorenzo de Medici
also known as Lorenzo. 

3186
02:51:33,800 --> 02:51:36,800
The Magnificent had established 
a sort of art academy. 

3187
02:51:36,800 --> 02:51:40,500
Young Artists could study 
classical sculpture and receive 

3188
02:51:40,500 --> 02:51:43,100
instruction from the best at 
this experimental School. 

3189
02:51:44,500 --> 02:51:47,300
Michelle was invited to join 
after Lorenzo Scout saw his 

3190
02:51:47,308 --> 02:51:49,600
work. 
The boy who had been Gathering 

3191
02:51:49,600 --> 02:51:52,700
Pebbles was now touching marble 
that had been carved before the 

3192
02:51:52,700 --> 02:51:55,500
birth of Christ and strolling 
through Garden's, brimming with 

3193
02:51:55,500 --> 02:51:58,800
statues, from ancient Rome, it 
was like winning the Renaissance

3194
02:51:58,800 --> 02:52:02,800
Lottery to live in the Medici 
household. ideas crackled in the

3195
02:52:02,800 --> 02:52:06,900
air like logs on a fire poets, 
recited new verses and 

3196
02:52:06,900 --> 02:52:10,000
philosophers debated at the 
tables where you ate, even 

3197
02:52:10,000 --> 02:52:12,700
though Michelle was only 15, and
still developing his lanky 

3198
02:52:12,700 --> 02:52:15,600
frame, he was taking in 
everything, the art 

3199
02:52:15,600 --> 02:52:18,800
conversations and the 
realization that people could 

3200
02:52:18,800 --> 02:52:22,700
make beautiful things that would
last He once carved a sleeping 

3201
02:52:22,700 --> 02:52:25,700
Cupid, that was so realistic and
expertly done that. 

3202
02:52:25,700 --> 02:52:29,400
Someone proposed artificially 
aging it and marking it as an 

3203
02:52:29,400 --> 02:52:32,800
antique Roman item. 
The strategy was successful 

3204
02:52:32,800 --> 02:52:36,900
until the buyer realized the 
fraud The Collector however was 

3205
02:52:36,900 --> 02:52:40,800
impressed, rather than incensed.
Was this young person capable of

3206
02:52:40,808 --> 02:52:43,200
deceiving professionals? 
At that moment. 

3207
02:52:43,200 --> 02:52:46,100
Michelle became aware of a 
significant aspect of himself. 

3208
02:52:46,100 --> 02:52:51,000
He was not merely talented but 
exceptionally so This type of 

3209
02:52:51,000 --> 02:52:54,900
talent only occurs, perhaps once
every generation like learning 

3210
02:52:54,900 --> 02:52:57,000
you can fly but not being sure. 
You want to take off. 

3211
02:52:57,000 --> 02:52:59,200
It was both exhilarating and 
terrifying. 

3212
02:53:00,200 --> 02:53:03,200
As you go to sleep tonight, 
visualize that young man 

3213
02:53:03,200 --> 02:53:07,100
standing among marble statues. 
In those Medici Gardens, his 

3214
02:53:07,100 --> 02:53:09,100
hands already smeared with stone
dust. 

3215
02:53:09,100 --> 02:53:13,000
His mind racing with ideas, he 
had not yet been able to grasp 

3216
02:53:13,900 --> 02:53:16,700
When Michelle was 21 years old 
and packing, his few possessions

3217
02:53:16,700 --> 02:53:20,400
for Rome in 1496. 
He felt as though the world was 

3218
02:53:20,400 --> 02:53:24,100
waiting for him. 
His school had been Flora's but 

3219
02:53:24,100 --> 02:53:27,700
Rome, ah, Rome was the 
birthplace of Legends and the 

3220
02:53:27,708 --> 02:53:31,200
making of reputations. 
Imagine him traveling towards 

3221
02:53:31,200 --> 02:53:34,300
the city that had ruled the 
world on that dusty road, most 

3222
02:53:34,300 --> 02:53:37,700
likely on a borrowed horse with 
his Sketchbook securely tucked 

3223
02:53:37,700 --> 02:53:41,600
away in his saddlebag. 
In the late 1400s Rome resembled

3224
02:53:41,600 --> 02:53:44,700
a huge archaeological site where
people continue to live and 

3225
02:53:44,700 --> 02:53:47,100
work. 
There were pieces of the ancient

3226
02:53:47,100 --> 02:53:50,100
empire everywhere. 
You looked walls constructed 

3227
02:53:50,100 --> 02:53:53,500
from stones that had seen 
Caesar's victories, marble 

3228
02:53:53,500 --> 02:53:56,500
statues without arms but still 
exuding strength and broken 

3229
02:53:56,500 --> 02:53:58,300
columns, supporting Tavern 
roofs. 

3230
02:53:59,000 --> 02:54:02,000
It was like entering Paradise 
for an artist who was enamored 

3231
02:54:02,000 --> 02:54:04,700
with classical Beauty. 
A French Cardinal who wanted 

3232
02:54:04,700 --> 02:54:06,800
something unique for his tomb 
gave. 

3233
02:54:06,800 --> 02:54:08,900
Michelle his first significant 
Commission. 

3234
02:54:10,100 --> 02:54:12,700
The young sculptor proposed a 
pitar Mary. 

3235
02:54:12,700 --> 02:54:15,600
Holding the dead Christ and 
spent months, sketching, 

3236
02:54:15,600 --> 02:54:18,500
studying anatomy and preparing 
for what would become his 

3237
02:54:18,500 --> 02:54:21,200
Masterpiece. 
The problem with marble however,

3238
02:54:21,200 --> 02:54:25,500
is that it is not forgiving of 
Errors, a bad cut cannot be 

3239
02:54:25,500 --> 02:54:29,900
repaired or erased each chisel. 
Stroke is a tiny Act of Fate. 

3240
02:54:29,900 --> 02:54:33,200
He spent whole days in the 
workshop working on the pieta 

3241
02:54:33,200 --> 02:54:36,500
like a man possessed coming out 
with marble dust under his 

3242
02:54:36,500 --> 02:54:40,100
fingernails and in his hair. 
Tenderness of the sculpture he 

3243
02:54:40,100 --> 02:54:43,700
made was revolutionary. 
Michelle Mary in Christ as 

3244
02:54:43,700 --> 02:54:46,700
though they were actual people 
caught in a moment of great 

3245
02:54:46,700 --> 02:54:49,300
sorrow and Grace. 
In contrast, to the conventional

3246
02:54:49,300 --> 02:54:52,400
medieval style, that made 
figures appear rigid and 

3247
02:54:52,400 --> 02:54:55,400
symbolic. 
However, something annoying 

3248
02:54:55,400 --> 02:54:58,700
occurred when the piece was 
revealed after admiring it to 

3249
02:54:58,700 --> 02:55:02,200
visitors would inquire who 
carved this and shake their 

3250
02:55:02,200 --> 02:55:04,700
heads incredulously when 
informed that it was a young man

3251
02:55:04,700 --> 02:55:08,300
from Florence. 
One night Michelle did something

3252
02:55:08,300 --> 02:55:09,800
he would never do again in his 
career. 

3253
02:55:09,800 --> 02:55:13,700
He sneaked back and carved his 
name directly on Mary sash 

3254
02:55:13,700 --> 02:55:17,300
saying Michelangelo Buona Roti 
Florentine made this. 

3255
02:55:18,300 --> 02:55:20,600
Like a Renaissance graffiti 
artist claiming credit. 

3256
02:55:20,600 --> 02:55:24,000
It's funny to imagine this 
future Universe Master sneaking 

3257
02:55:24,000 --> 02:55:26,600
around, Saint Peter's Basilica 
in the dark with his chisel. 

3258
02:55:26,600 --> 02:55:30,400
However, it was successful. 
Everyone in Rome was suddenly 

3259
02:55:30,400 --> 02:55:32,100
aware of Michaelangelo's 
identity. 

3260
02:55:32,100 --> 02:55:33,900
After the pier Tire established 
his reputation. 

3261
02:55:35,100 --> 02:55:37,900
He also produced his well-known 
sculpture of the Roman wine. 

3262
02:55:37,900 --> 02:55:42,600
God, Bacchus around this period.
Now, the majority of artists 

3263
02:55:42,600 --> 02:55:46,100
depicted Bacchus as a Godlike 
and dignified figure but 

3264
02:55:46,100 --> 02:55:49,700
Michelle had a different vision.
his Backus has the soft body of 

3265
02:55:49,700 --> 02:55:52,500
someone who has had too much 
good living and he appears to be

3266
02:55:52,500 --> 02:55:56,400
a little inebriated swaying, a 
little it was witty and clever 

3267
02:55:56,400 --> 02:56:00,300
demonstrating that Michelle was 
aware of human nature even when 

3268
02:56:00,300 --> 02:56:03,600
he was portraying gods, The 
achievement presented new 

3269
02:56:03,600 --> 02:56:07,200
difficulties Rich customers 
started vying for his attention 

3270
02:56:07,200 --> 02:56:10,400
by paying progressively higher 
prices for his sculptures. 

3271
02:56:11,300 --> 02:56:14,700
Michelle, however was picky 
about his Commissioners, he 

3272
02:56:14,700 --> 02:56:17,300
desired projects that would 
challenge his abilities and 

3273
02:56:17,300 --> 02:56:19,900
allow him to test the limits of 
what marble could accomplish. 

3274
02:56:19,900 --> 02:56:24,000
Not just financial gain. 
Representatives from Florence, 

3275
02:56:24,000 --> 02:56:26,000
showed up one day with an 
interesting proposal. 

3276
02:56:26,800 --> 02:56:29,400
Huge block of marble that had 
been there for decades, was in 

3277
02:56:29,408 --> 02:56:33,300
the city after a few attempts 
earlier sculptors had abandoned.

3278
02:56:33,300 --> 02:56:35,600
It claiming it was defective and
useless. 

3279
02:56:36,600 --> 02:56:38,900
The florentines pondered where 
the Michelle would want to look,

3280
02:56:38,900 --> 02:56:41,900
the block would have to be moved
back to Florence because it was 

3281
02:56:41,900 --> 02:56:45,800
so big 17 feet high. 
Like a physician examining a 

3282
02:56:45,800 --> 02:56:47,400
patient, Michelle. 
Studied the marble. 

3283
02:56:47,400 --> 02:56:50,700
He walked around it, felt its 
surface with his hands and 

3284
02:56:50,700 --> 02:56:54,000
examined, the cuts and grain he 
saw potential where other 

3285
02:56:54,000 --> 02:56:56,900
sculptors saw problems, he could
already picture the figure in 

3286
02:56:56,908 --> 02:56:59,700
prison in side, waiting release 
in his imagination. 

3287
02:57:01,100 --> 02:57:04,400
This commission would become 
David, it wasn't just any 

3288
02:57:04,400 --> 02:57:07,200
Commission. 
Months passed during the 

3289
02:57:07,200 --> 02:57:09,900
negotiations. 
Michelle desired a suitable 

3290
02:57:09,900 --> 02:57:12,700
workspace. 
Sufficient compensation and 

3291
02:57:12,700 --> 02:57:16,600
total creative control. 
The city officials agreed to 

3292
02:57:16,600 --> 02:57:19,800
everything, possibly believing 
that someone would solve their 

3293
02:57:19,800 --> 02:57:22,500
marble problem. 
They were unaware that they were

3294
02:57:22,500 --> 02:57:25,600
commissioning the world's most 
well known sculpture Michelle 

3295
02:57:25,600 --> 02:57:28,300
took a final stroll through the 
historic streets, of Rome, as he

3296
02:57:28,300 --> 02:57:31,300
got ready to head back to 
Florence, he was departing as a 

3297
02:57:31,308 --> 02:57:33,800
master having arrived as a 
budding Young artist. 

3298
02:57:33,800 --> 02:57:37,100
He had learned from the Eternal 
City that beauty could endure 

3299
02:57:37,100 --> 02:57:39,900
centuries of conflict. 
And turmoil, that art could 

3300
02:57:39,900 --> 02:57:42,800
transcend Empires. 
And that a talented hand could 

3301
02:57:42,800 --> 02:57:45,400
transform Stone into a language 
that would endure forever. 

3302
02:57:46,200 --> 02:57:49,000
As you drift off to sleep 
tonight, picture, Michelle 

3303
02:57:49,000 --> 02:57:51,600
already seeing David's face in 
his dreams. 

3304
02:57:51,600 --> 02:57:54,400
Loading that massive block of 
marble onto a cart. 

3305
02:57:55,200 --> 02:57:58,200
Those times when everything in 
your life falls into place, when

3306
02:57:58,200 --> 02:58:00,700
all of your knowledge and 
abilities come together to work 

3307
02:58:00,700 --> 02:58:02,600
on the ideal project at the 
ideal moment. 

3308
02:58:03,300 --> 02:58:07,000
Have a certain Allure that 
moment for Michelle who is now 

3309
02:58:07,000 --> 02:58:09,600
26. 
And back in Florence was when he

3310
02:58:09,600 --> 02:58:12,800
first saw the enormous block of 
marble that would eventually 

3311
02:58:12,800 --> 02:58:15,600
become David. 
The marble had a fascinating 

3312
02:58:15,600 --> 02:58:20,300
backstory decades before it had 
been taken from karara and used 

3313
02:58:20,300 --> 02:58:22,700
to make a sculpture of David for
Florence cathedral. 

3314
02:58:23,500 --> 02:58:25,400
Two, previous sculptors had 
attempted it. 

3315
02:58:25,400 --> 02:58:30,800
August show had started carving 
but abandoned it and Antonio had

3316
02:58:30,800 --> 02:58:35,000
been commissioned to continue 
but also gave up A 1501 the 

3317
02:58:35,000 --> 02:58:38,200
block, which the locals called 
the giant had devolved into a 

3318
02:58:38,208 --> 02:58:41,200
Public Disgrace, akin to a 
costly piece of exercise, 

3319
02:58:41,200 --> 02:58:43,100
equipment collecting dust in a 
corner. 

3320
02:58:44,300 --> 02:58:47,200
In order to safeguard his work 
and his privacy Michelle 

3321
02:58:47,200 --> 02:58:49,700
constructed a wooden shelter 
around the marble in the 

3322
02:58:49,700 --> 02:58:52,400
cathedral Courtyard where he set
up his Workshop. 

3323
02:58:53,200 --> 02:58:55,200
This was his world for the next 
three years. 

3324
02:58:55,200 --> 02:58:58,600
He would get there before the 
sun came up and work until it 

3325
02:58:58,600 --> 02:59:00,600
went out frequently. 
Skipping meals. 

3326
02:59:01,400 --> 02:59:04,300
City officials defended their 
investment, despite complaints 

3327
02:59:04,300 --> 02:59:07,500
from The Neighbors about the 
continuous tapping of a chisel 

3328
02:59:07,500 --> 02:59:09,900
on Stone. 
They had a sneaking suspicion 

3329
02:59:09,900 --> 02:59:12,800
that something extraordinary was
taking place behind those wooden

3330
02:59:12,800 --> 02:59:15,700
walls. 
Reimagining, a well-known tale, 

3331
02:59:15,700 --> 02:59:18,000
was more important to David's 
creation than technical 

3332
02:59:18,000 --> 02:59:20,900
proficiency. 
Earlier artists had depicted 

3333
02:59:20,900 --> 02:59:23,400
David standing over Goliath 
severed head, following his 

3334
02:59:23,400 --> 02:59:26,000
victory. 
Michelle, however, saw things 

3335
02:59:26,000 --> 02:59:29,800
differently, his David is shown 
just before the fight, his 

3336
02:59:29,800 --> 02:59:33,400
muscles tent, his gaze fixed on 
the approaching giant. 

3337
02:59:33,400 --> 02:59:37,100
A young man mustering the will 
to fight an impossible battle, 

3338
02:59:37,100 --> 02:59:41,100
David represented everyone who 
had ever had to overcome in some

3339
02:59:41,100 --> 02:59:44,700
mountable odds, which in played 
stricken war-torn, Renaissance, 

3340
02:59:44,700 --> 02:59:48,800
Italy, mental, most everyone, 
The physical difficulties were 

3341
02:59:48,800 --> 02:59:53,000
tremendous the marble weighed 
more than six tons and stood 17 

3342
02:59:53,000 --> 02:59:56,000
ft tall. 
Michelle had to climb ladders 

3343
02:59:56,000 --> 02:59:58,400
and Scaffolding constantly 
changing his perspective. 

3344
02:59:58,400 --> 03:00:00,500
In order to check his 
proportions. 

3345
03:00:00,500 --> 03:00:04,100
He devised a method for creating
tiny wax models and then 

3346
03:00:04,100 --> 03:00:07,400
enlarging them applying 
mathematical ratios to translate

3347
03:00:07,400 --> 03:00:09,300
his Concepts onto the enormous 
Stone. 

3348
03:00:10,000 --> 03:00:13,700
There were disadvantages to 
working alone on some days when 

3349
03:00:13,700 --> 03:00:15,100
a certain muscle wouldn't look 
right? 

3350
03:00:15,100 --> 03:00:17,600
Or the marble showed an 
unexpected floor. 

3351
03:00:17,600 --> 03:00:20,000
Doubt would creep in like 
morning fog. 

3352
03:00:20,700 --> 03:00:24,000
The times Michelle would 
dedicate whole days to carving 

3353
03:00:24,000 --> 03:00:26,900
and revving a single finger 
until it reached the level of 

3354
03:00:26,908 --> 03:00:30,300
perfection, he had imagined. 
His hands were permanently, 

3355
03:00:30,300 --> 03:00:33,800
discolored his back hurt from, 
looking up all the time and 

3356
03:00:33,800 --> 03:00:36,200
became known for being 
antisocial, though. 

3357
03:00:36,200 --> 03:00:39,000
This was partially due to the 
fact that he simply had no time 

3358
03:00:39,000 --> 03:00:42,100
for socializing. 
He was a slow breakthrough 

3359
03:00:42,100 --> 03:00:45,800
months went by and David shape 
appeared on the stone, like a 

3360
03:00:45,800 --> 03:00:49,700
sunrise cresting Hills. 
The fundamental form came first 

3361
03:00:49,700 --> 03:00:52,500
followed by the definition of 
the muscles and features. 

3362
03:00:52,500 --> 03:00:55,700
And lastly, the amazing detail 
that gave the appearance of 

3363
03:00:55,700 --> 03:00:59,700
living flesh to Marble Michelle 
focused, particularly on David's

3364
03:00:59,700 --> 03:01:03,200
eyes, which still appear to 
track movement and His Hands, 

3365
03:01:03,200 --> 03:01:06,700
which were large to highlight 
his humanity and resolved by 

3366
03:01:06,700 --> 03:01:10,300
1504 word had gotten out that. 
Something extraordinary was 

3367
03:01:10,300 --> 03:01:12,000
taking place in that Workshop. 
In Florence. 

3368
03:01:12,000 --> 03:01:15,200
The response was Swift and 
overwhelming when David was 

3369
03:01:15,200 --> 03:01:19,900
finally unveiled by officials of
citizens gathered merely to gaze

3370
03:01:19,900 --> 03:01:23,900
to learn the technique artists 
traveled from all over Italy, 

3371
03:01:23,900 --> 03:01:27,100
even people who knew nothing 
about art could sense, they were

3372
03:01:27,108 --> 03:01:29,300
seeing something that would 
outlive them all. 

3373
03:01:30,400 --> 03:01:34,200
But then came a delightful 
problem where to put a 17 foot 

3374
03:01:34,200 --> 03:01:36,900
naked, man. 
David was supposed to be 

3375
03:01:36,900 --> 03:01:39,600
positioned high on the 
cathedral, but the sculpture was

3376
03:01:39,600 --> 03:01:41,800
too magnificent to be concealed 
on a rooftop. 

3377
03:01:42,600 --> 03:01:45,000
A placement was discussed by a 
commission of citizens and 

3378
03:01:45,000 --> 03:01:48,400
artists including Leonardo da 
Vinci who had his own views. 

3379
03:01:49,500 --> 03:01:52,700
As a representation of the power
of the Republic, some wanted 

3380
03:01:52,700 --> 03:01:55,000
David to stand in front of the 
plaza Vecchio. 

3381
03:01:55,000 --> 03:01:57,100
Others favored a more secure 
area. 

3382
03:01:57,100 --> 03:02:01,400
The topic of politics came up 
like David and Goliath Florence 

3383
03:02:01,400 --> 03:02:04,100
was a republican circled by 
hostile territories. 

3384
03:02:04,100 --> 03:02:07,500
The sculpture came to represent 
Democratic principles of 

3385
03:02:07,500 --> 03:02:11,500
Oppression, when David was 
eventually erected in front of 

3386
03:02:11,500 --> 03:02:14,600
the palate of echo, it was both 
an artistic and a political 

3387
03:02:14,600 --> 03:02:17,500
statement. 
The installation was a feat of 

3388
03:02:17,500 --> 03:02:20,600
engineering using an intricate 
system of ropes and wooden 

3389
03:02:20,600 --> 03:02:23,900
rollers. 40 men, moved David, 
the half-mile from the workshop 

3390
03:02:23,900 --> 03:02:26,400
to the Piat over the course of 
four days. 

3391
03:02:27,400 --> 03:02:29,900
The procession turned into an 
unplanned celebration of civic 

3392
03:02:29,900 --> 03:02:32,000
pride as people gathered in the 
streets to watch. 

3393
03:02:33,000 --> 03:02:36,500
Michelle who is now 29 had given
Florence and icon. 

3394
03:02:36,500 --> 03:02:39,800
In addition to a sculpture In 
addition to his artistic 

3395
03:02:39,800 --> 03:02:42,800
accomplishments David embodied 
the Renaissance belief that 

3396
03:02:42,800 --> 03:02:45,700
anyone could achieve anything 
with Talent bravery and 

3397
03:02:45,700 --> 03:02:49,000
willpower as you fall asleep. 
Imagine the moment when the 

3398
03:02:49,008 --> 03:02:52,600
scaffolding was finally taken 
down, and David was standing 

3399
03:02:52,600 --> 03:02:56,100
there in all his Splendor 
prepared to take on any Giants, 

3400
03:02:56,100 --> 03:02:59,600
the world might send Something 
happens that completely upends. 

3401
03:02:59,600 --> 03:03:01,600
Everything you believe to be 
true about yourself. 

3402
03:03:01,600 --> 03:03:04,600
Just when you think life is 
settled into a comfortable 

3403
03:03:04,600 --> 03:03:08,500
pattern, Hope, Julius the second
who combined the artistic 

3404
03:03:08,500 --> 03:03:12,100
aspirations of Lorenzo de Medici
the temperament of a Renaissance

3405
03:03:12,100 --> 03:03:15,500
wall Lord, and the Spiritual 
Authority of the papacy was the 

3406
03:03:15,500 --> 03:03:19,300
source of that disruption for 
mechelle. in order to design and

3407
03:03:19,300 --> 03:03:22,100
sculpt a massive tomb, that 
would rival, The Monuments of 

3408
03:03:22,100 --> 03:03:26,200
the ancient Emperors Julius had 
called Michelle to Rome With 

3409
03:03:26,200 --> 03:03:28,700
dozens of figures, adorning the 
three-story marble. 

3410
03:03:28,700 --> 03:03:31,400
Masterpiece Michelle spent 
months making models and 

3411
03:03:31,400 --> 03:03:34,500
drawings, the sculpture Legacy 
would be the work of a lifetime.

3412
03:03:35,900 --> 03:03:39,700
Then Julius had second thoughts.
Imagine Michelle's annoyance, 

3413
03:03:39,700 --> 03:03:42,100
your guests decide. 
They would rather have pizza 

3414
03:03:42,100 --> 03:03:44,900
after you've prepared the 
perfect dinner party purchased 

3415
03:03:44,900 --> 03:03:47,500
all the necessary supplies and 
begun cooking. 

3416
03:03:48,400 --> 03:03:50,900
The pope was the guest in this 
instance, though, and you 

3417
03:03:50,900 --> 03:03:53,100
couldn't exactly dispute, papal,
Authority. 

3418
03:03:53,900 --> 03:03:55,500
Julius came up with a novel 
idea. 

3419
03:03:55,500 --> 03:03:58,900
He wanted Michelle to paint the 
Sistine Chapel ceiling. 

3420
03:03:59,700 --> 03:04:03,600
Michelle objected, but I'm a 
sculptor and he was correct. 

3421
03:04:03,600 --> 03:04:06,800
He had a little experience 
painting and he'd never tried 

3422
03:04:06,800 --> 03:04:10,900
anything as large as Julius had 
in mind. 68 feet above the 

3423
03:04:10,900 --> 03:04:14,500
ground, the Sistine Chapel 
ceiling, covered more than 5,000

3424
03:04:14,500 --> 03:04:17,200
square feet of curved surface 
lying on your back. 

3425
03:04:17,200 --> 03:04:21,000
Would be like painting the 
interior of a cathedral Michels 

3426
03:04:21,000 --> 03:04:22,700
worries, didn't interest 
Julia's. 

3427
03:04:22,700 --> 03:04:26,000
Discussions were short and 
obedience was expected when the 

3428
03:04:26,000 --> 03:04:28,900
pope made a request. 
According to some historians 

3429
03:04:28,900 --> 03:04:32,700
romantic the Pope's architect 
suggested, Michelle for the 

3430
03:04:32,700 --> 03:04:36,200
project despite the fact that it
was all but impossible, possibly

3431
03:04:36,200 --> 03:04:38,700
in the hopes that the sculptor 
would falter and withdraw from 

3432
03:04:38,700 --> 03:04:42,500
the race for julius's favor. 
If thats the case, they 

3433
03:04:42,500 --> 03:04:44,000
misjudged Michelle's 
stubbornness. 

3434
03:04:45,000 --> 03:04:50,000
In 1508 Michelle was 33 years 
old and looking up at a ceiling 

3435
03:04:50,000 --> 03:04:53,100
that seemed to go on forever. 
Trying to figure out how to turn

3436
03:04:53,100 --> 03:04:56,700
plain Plastering to the most 
amazing painted surface and 

3437
03:04:56,700 --> 03:04:58,900
Christian art. 
He would have to come up with 

3438
03:04:58,900 --> 03:05:01,700
ways to paint above without 
getting blinded by paint 

3439
03:05:01,700 --> 03:05:04,700
dripping in his eyes designed 
scaffolding, that wouldn't 

3440
03:05:04,700 --> 03:05:07,500
collapse and somehow come up 
with a cohesive composition, 

3441
03:05:07,500 --> 03:05:11,600
that made sense from 68 feet 
below, The topic was just as 

3442
03:05:11,600 --> 03:05:16,200
intimidating, Julius wanted 
prophets sybils and hundreds of 

3443
03:05:16,208 --> 03:05:19,500
other characters to surround 
scenes from Genesis such as the 

3444
03:05:19,500 --> 03:05:22,600
creation of the world, Adam and 
Eve and Noah's flood. 

3445
03:05:22,600 --> 03:05:24,700
It was more than just a 
painting. 

3446
03:05:24,700 --> 03:05:27,500
It was a comprehensive 
theological program that had to 

3447
03:05:27,500 --> 03:05:31,500
function as both separate scenes
and a cohesive whole reasoning 

3448
03:05:31,500 --> 03:05:34,500
that he would begin the story, 
chronologically Michelle started

3449
03:05:34,500 --> 03:05:37,300
with the flood scene. 
However, it was extremely 

3450
03:05:37,300 --> 03:05:40,000
challenging to work overhead 
while laying on scaffolding. 

3451
03:05:40,800 --> 03:05:43,500
His neck ached from the awkward 
position, paint dripped 

3452
03:05:43,500 --> 03:05:46,400
continuously and the figures he 
thought were Flawless up. 

3453
03:05:46,400 --> 03:05:48,500
Clothes, looked warped down from
floor level. 

3454
03:05:48,500 --> 03:05:51,700
He struggled for weeks before, 
scraping everything off and 

3455
03:05:51,700 --> 03:05:55,900
starting over this time, working
backwards through Genesis, he 

3456
03:05:55,900 --> 03:05:58,700
started with God, distinguishing
between light and darkness. 

3457
03:05:59,600 --> 03:06:02,200
Created clever methods such as 
thickening. 

3458
03:06:02,200 --> 03:06:05,500
His paint mixers to minimize 
dripping making cartoon 

3459
03:06:05,500 --> 03:06:08,900
templates to project designs 
onto the ceiling, and modifying 

3460
03:06:08,900 --> 03:06:11,600
proportions to take the viewing 
angle in to consideration. 

3461
03:06:12,500 --> 03:06:15,300
Most significantly, he 
discovered that the ceiling was 

3462
03:06:15,300 --> 03:06:17,700
an architectural space, that 
could give the impression of 

3463
03:06:17,700 --> 03:06:20,200
depth and movement. 
Rather than a flat surface. 

3464
03:06:20,200 --> 03:06:24,200
The work took up all of his time
during his four years. 

3465
03:06:24,200 --> 03:06:27,000
As a painter, he frequently 
worked by himself in the chapel 

3466
03:06:27,000 --> 03:06:29,800
after dark using only candles 
for illumination. 

3467
03:06:30,900 --> 03:06:33,900
Every brushstroke of those. 
Magnificent figures was created 

3468
03:06:33,900 --> 03:06:37,200
by his hand, but his assistance 
prepared, the paints and 

3469
03:06:37,200 --> 03:06:40,900
cartoons his own lamentable, 
poem about becoming a hunchback 

3470
03:06:40,900 --> 03:06:44,300
from looking up all the time, 
describes the chronic neck, and 

3471
03:06:44,300 --> 03:06:46,800
back pain, he developed that, 
would follow him for the rest of

3472
03:06:46,808 --> 03:06:49,600
his life. 
Psychological pressure matched. 

3473
03:06:49,600 --> 03:06:53,800
The physical toll Julius would 
show up out of the blue scaling,

3474
03:06:53,800 --> 03:06:56,500
the scaffolding to check on 
progress and give unsolicited 

3475
03:06:56,500 --> 03:06:59,000
advice. 
The pope was impatient 

3476
03:06:59,000 --> 03:07:01,600
constantly asking when the work 
would be finished. 

3477
03:07:02,600 --> 03:07:05,300
Michelle almost got hit with 
julius's walking stick for as 

3478
03:07:05,300 --> 03:07:07,000
well known reply when it's 
finished. 

3479
03:07:07,800 --> 03:07:11,600
But over time magic occurred 
figures of amazing Beauty and 

3480
03:07:11,600 --> 03:07:13,500
strength started to emerge from 
the ceiling. 

3481
03:07:13,500 --> 03:07:17,400
His God wasn't the distant. 
Symbolic, deity of medieval art,

3482
03:07:17,400 --> 03:07:20,800
but a dynamic Creator sweeping 
through space with cosmic 

3483
03:07:20,800 --> 03:07:23,600
energy. 
The most well known gesture in 

3484
03:07:23,608 --> 03:07:24,800
art. 
History is Adams. 

3485
03:07:24,800 --> 03:07:27,900
Awakening touch. 
Flat sealing became a vision of 

3486
03:07:27,908 --> 03:07:31,500
Heaven as the prophets and 
civils appeared to occupy actual

3487
03:07:31,500 --> 03:07:35,000
architectural spaces. 
The way, all of these components

3488
03:07:35,000 --> 03:07:37,500
came together was the most 
amazing accomplishment. 

3489
03:07:38,400 --> 03:07:40,300
Visitors could follow the 
creation story. 

3490
03:07:40,300 --> 03:07:42,400
While being awed by the 
individual figures. 

3491
03:07:42,400 --> 03:07:45,600
Exquisite beauty as they read, 
the ceiling from the chapel 

3492
03:07:45,600 --> 03:07:49,300
floor, which resembled a huge 
illuminated manuscript, Tonight,

3493
03:07:49,300 --> 03:07:52,300
as you close your eyes, picture,
Michelle standing, atop that 

3494
03:07:52,308 --> 03:07:55,700
scaffolding exhausted and 
covered in paint producing 

3495
03:07:55,700 --> 03:07:57,600
pictures, that will all future 
Generations. 

3496
03:07:57,600 --> 03:08:00,800
Every great Endeavor, has a 
turning point when you take 

3497
03:08:00,800 --> 03:08:04,100
stock and discover that you've 
produced something, that even 

3498
03:08:04,100 --> 03:08:07,800
you were surprised by when the 
scaffolding was eventually, 

3499
03:08:07,800 --> 03:08:11,700
taken down in October 1512, 
Michelangelo was able to see the

3500
03:08:11,700 --> 03:08:14,700
finished, Sistine Chapel ceiling
for the first time from the 

3501
03:08:14,700 --> 03:08:17,300
ground floor. 
Just like any other visitor who 

3502
03:08:17,308 --> 03:08:19,300
might happen to wander in from 
the Roman streets. 

3503
03:08:20,800 --> 03:08:23,700
The unveiling was a combination 
of religious ceremony, political

3504
03:08:23,700 --> 03:08:27,300
theater and art exhibition. 
As one might anticipate from a 

3505
03:08:27,300 --> 03:08:31,300
paper of in Renaissance Rome. 
In their finest robes Cardinals 

3506
03:08:31,300 --> 03:08:34,600
and diplomats assembled artists 
traveled from all over Italy, to

3507
03:08:34,600 --> 03:08:37,800
observe, what everyone knew 
would be unprecedented and 

3508
03:08:37,800 --> 03:08:41,000
inquisitive Roman's flocked out 
side to catch a glimpse of what 

3509
03:08:41,000 --> 03:08:44,300
their cities Master at achieved.
There was an instantaneous and 

3510
03:08:44,300 --> 03:08:47,600
profound silent as those heavy, 
wooden doors opened in the crowd

3511
03:08:47,600 --> 03:08:50,500
filed in. 
And something is so Exquisite 

3512
03:08:50,500 --> 03:08:52,500
that it leaves people 
speechless, you know what I 

3513
03:08:52,500 --> 03:08:54,700
mean? 
That's precisely what took 

3514
03:08:54,700 --> 03:08:57,400
place. 
Standing with their next craned 

3515
03:08:57,400 --> 03:09:00,400
back and their mouths, open 
grown men who had lived their 

3516
03:09:00,400 --> 03:09:03,400
entire lives surrounded by Art 
tempted to take in what they 

3517
03:09:03,400 --> 03:09:06,800
were witnessing. 
The ceiling had been turned into

3518
03:09:06,800 --> 03:09:09,000
a window to Heaven, not just 
painted. 

3519
03:09:09,700 --> 03:09:12,100
Michelle had created an 
architectural illusion. 

3520
03:09:12,100 --> 03:09:15,100
So convincing that visitors felt
they were looking up through 

3521
03:09:15,100 --> 03:09:19,100
actual stone Frameworks at real 
figures inhabiting, Celestial 

3522
03:09:19,100 --> 03:09:23,500
space, each scene. 
God's sweeping the cosmos atom 

3523
03:09:23,500 --> 03:09:27,200
waking up even merging. 
From Adam's side was Flawless on

3524
03:09:27,200 --> 03:09:30,200
its own but they all came 
together like the movements of a

3525
03:09:30,200 --> 03:09:33,600
symphony Of course, Pope Julius 
was Victorious. 

3526
03:09:33,600 --> 03:09:36,700
He'd commissioned the piece for 
political, as well as artistic 

3527
03:09:36,700 --> 03:09:39,600
reasons demonstrating to the 
world that people Rome was 

3528
03:09:39,600 --> 03:09:42,400
capable of creating one, as on 
par with those of classical 

3529
03:09:42,400 --> 03:09:45,000
Antiquity. 
However, Julius appeared 

3530
03:09:45,000 --> 03:09:47,200
astonished by the 
accomplishments of his erratic. 

3531
03:09:47,200 --> 03:09:51,400
Sculptor undoubtedly, the 
ceiling was propaganda, but it 

3532
03:09:51,408 --> 03:09:53,600
was propaganda of such Sublime 
Beauty. 

3533
03:09:53,600 --> 03:09:55,800
That it took on a much higher 
significant. 

3534
03:09:56,700 --> 03:09:58,400
As usual, Michelle was already 
planning. 

3535
03:09:58,400 --> 03:10:01,000
His next Endeavor. 
He was still essentially a 

3536
03:10:01,000 --> 03:10:03,900
sculptor even though the four 
years of painting had been an 

3537
03:10:03,900 --> 03:10:06,700
unusual diversion. 
He desired to go back to the 

3538
03:10:06,700 --> 03:10:09,600
marble statues that had been 
patiently, waiting in julius's 

3539
03:10:09,600 --> 03:10:13,500
Workshop to his tomb but like 
popes Julius, had other ideas, 

3540
03:10:13,500 --> 03:10:16,200
the relationship between 
Michelle and Julius was 

3541
03:10:16,200 --> 03:10:20,900
fascinating to observe, both of 
them had strong Wills Ardent art

3542
03:10:20,900 --> 03:10:23,300
lovers and were completely 
confident in their own 

3543
03:10:23,300 --> 03:10:25,900
abilities. 
Their arguments were legendary 

3544
03:10:25,900 --> 03:10:28,500
at one point. 
Michelle actually left Rome and 

3545
03:10:28,500 --> 03:10:30,300
had to be brought back by people
apologies. 

3546
03:10:30,300 --> 03:10:33,500
However, they were able to 
understand one another in the 

3547
03:10:33,500 --> 03:10:37,200
way that challenging people 
occasionally do, Despite his 

3548
03:10:37,200 --> 03:10:40,300
complaints Michelle flourished, 
under the pressure of impossible

3549
03:10:40,300 --> 03:10:43,400
Commissioners in Julius saw 
genius, where he saw it. 

3550
03:10:44,200 --> 03:10:47,000
Michelle likely believed that he
would finally be able to work on

3551
03:10:47,000 --> 03:10:49,600
his own projects after julius's 
death in 1513. 

3552
03:10:50,700 --> 03:10:53,600
Michelle had been raised in the 
Medici family, so it should have

3553
03:10:53,600 --> 03:10:54,900
been good news that he was. 
Now. 

3554
03:10:54,900 --> 03:10:59,600
Dealing with the new Pope Leo, 
the tenth who was a Medici But 

3555
03:10:59,600 --> 03:11:02,900
Leo, had his own artistic vision
and his own favorite artists, 

3556
03:11:02,900 --> 03:11:06,400
including Raphael, who was 
painting the papal apartment 

3557
03:11:06,400 --> 03:11:08,000
while Michelle was working 
overhead. 

3558
03:11:08,000 --> 03:11:11,900
In the system Chapel the Rivalry
with Raphael gives Michelle's 

3559
03:11:11,900 --> 03:11:15,500
story a humorous side, plot 
Charming, tactful at ease around

3560
03:11:15,500 --> 03:11:17,900
customers and capable of running
sizeable. 

3561
03:11:17,900 --> 03:11:20,900
Workshops Raphael was everything
Michelle wasnt? 

3562
03:11:21,700 --> 03:11:24,600
Raphael was hosting, elegant 
dinner parties and graciously 

3563
03:11:24,600 --> 03:11:27,400
accepting commission after 
commission while Michelle was up

3564
03:11:27,400 --> 03:11:30,500
on scaffolding covered in paint 
complaining, about people. 

3565
03:11:30,500 --> 03:11:34,300
Meddling nonetheless, the two 
artists valued one another's 

3566
03:11:34,300 --> 03:11:36,800
Creations. 
Although he would never publicly

3567
03:11:36,800 --> 03:11:39,200
acknowledged. 
It Michelle valued, Rafael's, 

3568
03:11:39,200 --> 03:11:42,000
compositional abilities, and 
Technical Innovations and 

3569
03:11:42,000 --> 03:11:44,200
Raphael used elements. 
He had learned from studying 

3570
03:11:44,200 --> 03:11:46,000
Mitchell's sealing in his own 
paintings. 

3571
03:11:46,000 --> 03:11:49,100
It was the kind of high-level 
professional rivalry that 

3572
03:11:49,100 --> 03:11:52,000
motivates both sides to achieve 
more Leo. 

3573
03:11:52,000 --> 03:11:54,900
The 10th wanted Michelangelo to 
be involved in the facade. 

3574
03:11:54,900 --> 03:11:58,100
Design of Saint Peters, Peter's 
Basilica because he had big 

3575
03:11:58,100 --> 03:12:01,000
plans for it. 
One of the most frustrating 

3576
03:12:01,000 --> 03:12:04,400
periods in Michels career 
resulted from this years, of 

3577
03:12:04,400 --> 03:12:07,500
building architectural models 
and drawings visiting marble 

3578
03:12:07,500 --> 03:12:10,400
quarries and setting up. 
Workshops only to have the 

3579
03:12:10,400 --> 03:12:12,400
project shelled when people 
funds ran out. 

3580
03:12:13,500 --> 03:12:16,700
Michelle had made promises 
signed contracts, and hired 

3581
03:12:16,700 --> 03:12:18,500
staff. 
And all of that vanished 

3582
03:12:18,500 --> 03:12:20,400
overnight due to politics at the
Vatican. 

3583
03:12:21,200 --> 03:12:23,700
Michelle learned a valuable 
lesson about the risky nature of

3584
03:12:23,700 --> 03:12:27,000
our artistic patronage from 
these people, let Downs money, 

3585
03:12:27,000 --> 03:12:30,200
vanished, priorities, shifted 
and Pope's passed away. 

3586
03:12:30,200 --> 03:12:33,700
He needed to choose projects 
more carefully and guard against

3587
03:12:33,700 --> 03:12:35,400
the whims of influential 
patrons. 

3588
03:12:35,400 --> 03:12:38,900
If he hoped to produce work, 
that would last But his 

3589
03:12:38,900 --> 03:12:41,200
reputation was set in stone by 
the Sistine ceiling. 

3590
03:12:41,200 --> 03:12:44,300
People traveled from all over 
Europe to witness it. 

3591
03:12:44,300 --> 03:12:47,600
It was the subject of intense 
study by other artists who 

3592
03:12:47,600 --> 03:12:48,800
sought to comprehend his 
methods. 

3593
03:12:48,800 --> 03:12:52,700
Poet started writing about it. 
Michelle had accomplished, 

3594
03:12:52,700 --> 03:12:55,300
something that goes beyond 
typical artistic achievement. 

3595
03:12:55,300 --> 03:12:59,400
He had produced art that people 
would travel great distances to 

3596
03:12:59,400 --> 03:13:01,700
view a sleep draws near to 
night. 

3597
03:13:01,700 --> 03:13:05,900
Imagine those first viewers in 
the Sistine Chapel, their faces 

3598
03:13:05,900 --> 03:13:09,800
lit by candlelight looking up in
or at pictures that seem to make

3599
03:13:09,800 --> 03:13:12,100
Genesis come to life. 
Mastery. 

3600
03:13:12,100 --> 03:13:15,100
And one area frequently leads to
unexpected opportunities. 

3601
03:13:15,100 --> 03:13:18,400
In other areas a lesson that 
life has a way of imparting to 

3602
03:13:18,400 --> 03:13:21,100
us. 
Michelle experience, this lesson

3603
03:13:21,100 --> 03:13:24,600
dramatically in his later years,
new Challengers that would push 

3604
03:13:24,600 --> 03:13:26,000
him. 
Well, beyond his comfort zone, 

3605
03:13:26,000 --> 03:13:29,700
an uncovered talents, He was 
unaware, he possessed came as he

3606
03:13:29,700 --> 03:13:33,400
approached his 50s old age by 
Renaissance standards. 

3607
03:13:34,100 --> 03:13:36,600
When Pope Clement, the seventh 
asked him to design a library. 

3608
03:13:36,600 --> 03:13:41,000
It was the first surprise, the 
Laurentian library in Florence a

3609
03:13:41,000 --> 03:13:42,700
groundbreaking facility that 
would house. 

3610
03:13:42,700 --> 03:13:45,900
The Medici family's Priceless 
manuscript collection was not 

3611
03:13:45,900 --> 03:13:49,200
just any Library similar to his 
approach to sculpture. 

3612
03:13:49,200 --> 03:13:52,500
Michelle viewed architecture as 
an expression of the fundamental

3613
03:13:52,500 --> 03:13:55,700
character of a building rather 
than as one of ornamentation. 

3614
03:13:56,400 --> 03:14:00,500
His design was audacious. 
With its rows of wooden reading 

3615
03:14:00,500 --> 03:14:02,200
desks and well-proportioned 
windows. 

3616
03:14:02,200 --> 03:14:05,100
That, let in soft light, the 
reading room, resembled the 

3617
03:14:05,108 --> 03:14:09,000
Serene Hull of a ship. 
However, his true genius was 

3618
03:14:09,000 --> 03:14:10,900
displayed in the vestibule at 
the entrance. 

3619
03:14:10,900 --> 03:14:14,100
With steps that curved and 
divided in ways, that gave the 

3620
03:14:14,100 --> 03:14:15,600
impression that stone was 
Liquid. 

3621
03:14:15,600 --> 03:14:19,200
He constructed a staircase that 
appeared to flow like frozen 

3622
03:14:19,200 --> 03:14:22,200
lava even. 
Now visitors still stop on those

3623
03:14:22,200 --> 03:14:25,000
stairs feeling, as though they 
are viewing architectural, 

3624
03:14:25,000 --> 03:14:28,300
sculpture, it was both happy and
sad to work in Florence. 

3625
03:14:28,300 --> 03:14:31,100
Once more, the city of his youth
had changed. 

3626
03:14:31,100 --> 03:14:35,100
Political upheavals, had 
scattered old friends, and the 

3627
03:14:35,108 --> 03:14:38,000
optimistic, humanism of his 
early years had been tempered by

3628
03:14:38,000 --> 03:14:42,400
War play and religious 
Reformation, kills in poetry 

3629
03:14:42,400 --> 03:14:45,900
grew and he began Penning verses
that showed a more reflective 

3630
03:14:45,900 --> 03:14:49,500
side of himself. 
His poems were masterpieces but 

3631
03:14:49,500 --> 03:14:53,400
they were deeply personal, 
exploring themes of Aging faith 

3632
03:14:53,400 --> 03:14:55,300
and the meaning of artistic 
creation. 

3633
03:14:56,600 --> 03:14:59,300
Victoria kelana. 
Remarkable woman who was a poet 

3634
03:14:59,308 --> 03:15:02,400
religious reformer and 
intellectual force in her own, 

3635
03:15:02,400 --> 03:15:04,200
right? 
Became one of his most 

3636
03:15:04,200 --> 03:15:05,900
significant friends during this 
time. 

3637
03:15:06,800 --> 03:15:10,300
A deep spiritual bond, founded 
on a neutral interest in poetry,

3638
03:15:10,300 --> 03:15:13,300
art and religious issues was 
unique for its time. 

3639
03:15:14,100 --> 03:15:16,500
Few people ever faced the 
intellectual challenges that 

3640
03:15:16,500 --> 03:15:19,600
Michelle faced from Vittoria and
their correspondence shows. 

3641
03:15:19,600 --> 03:15:22,100
A gentle thoughtful side of the 
great artists. 

3642
03:15:22,100 --> 03:15:26,600
When Vittoria died in 1547 
Michelle was devastated. 

3643
03:15:27,500 --> 03:15:31,300
At 72, when most men of his age,
had long since passed away, he 

3644
03:15:31,300 --> 03:15:34,300
was grieving the loss of a 
person who had recognized his 

3645
03:15:34,300 --> 03:15:37,600
art and his inner turmoil. 
He was questioning everything at

3646
03:15:37,600 --> 03:15:41,200
the time of her death, including
his face, his artistic Legacy, 

3647
03:15:41,200 --> 03:15:44,800
and the significance of his 
worldly success, which had 

3648
03:15:44,800 --> 03:15:47,100
brought him Fame, but not 
necessarily piece. 

3649
03:15:48,200 --> 03:15:50,000
Pope Paul. 
The third asked him to paint a 

3650
03:15:50,000 --> 03:15:52,600
scene of the last judgment on 
the system chapels altar wall 

3651
03:15:52,600 --> 03:15:55,800
during this depressing time. 
Michelle was hesitant because 

3652
03:15:55,800 --> 03:15:57,700
the chapel already held his best
painting. 

3653
03:15:57,700 --> 03:16:01,400
He was a sculptor first and 
foremost, and the subject matter

3654
03:16:01,400 --> 03:16:04,800
required him to confront 
uncomfortable, personal themes 

3655
03:16:04,800 --> 03:16:09,200
of death and divine Justice. 
However, his most emotionally 

3656
03:16:09,200 --> 03:16:11,400
impactful painting turned out to
be The Last Judgement. 

3657
03:16:12,600 --> 03:16:15,800
Full humanism of the ceiling had
vanished to be replaced by a 

3658
03:16:15,800 --> 03:16:18,300
more somber picture of humanity 
being held ultimately 

3659
03:16:18,300 --> 03:16:20,700
responsible. 
His Christ figure is a strong 

3660
03:16:20,708 --> 03:16:23,700
judge whose gesture separates 
the saved from the Damned. 

3661
03:16:23,700 --> 03:16:26,000
Not the Kindred Redeemer of 
traditional art. 

3662
03:16:26,800 --> 03:16:29,900
With figures Rising towards 
salvation or falling toward 

3663
03:16:29,900 --> 03:16:33,700
damnation, in a cosmic drama, 
that filled the entire wall, the

3664
03:16:33,700 --> 03:16:36,900
composition worlds with movement
and emotion the painting 

3665
03:16:36,900 --> 03:16:39,800
immediately sparked controversy 
his figures. 

3666
03:16:39,800 --> 03:16:43,600
According to some critics were 
too intense, too muscular and 

3667
03:16:43,600 --> 03:16:47,100
two nude for a place of worship.
Michelle's strong. 

3668
03:16:47,100 --> 03:16:49,700
Humanistic Vision was becoming 
outdated as the 

3669
03:16:49,708 --> 03:16:51,400
counter-reformation got 
underway. 

3670
03:16:51,400 --> 03:16:53,800
A new restrictions were placed 
on religious art. 

3671
03:16:54,500 --> 03:16:57,700
He became known as the underwear
painter because later artists 

3672
03:16:57,700 --> 03:17:00,000
would actually paint draperies 
over some of his figures. 

3673
03:17:00,000 --> 03:17:02,400
The criticism didn't matter to 
Michelle. 

3674
03:17:02,400 --> 03:17:05,600
He painted not for the Acclaim 
of the day but for God and 

3675
03:17:05,600 --> 03:17:09,100
future Generations. 
His mature view of human nature,

3676
03:17:09,100 --> 03:17:10,800
was embodied in the last 
judgment. 

3677
03:17:10,800 --> 03:17:14,400
He was profoundly aware of both 
human potential and human 

3678
03:17:14,400 --> 03:17:17,500
Frailty without being cynically 
pessimistic or naively 

3679
03:17:17,500 --> 03:17:20,000
optimistic. 
Having been named Chief 

3680
03:17:20,000 --> 03:17:23,700
Architect in 1547. 
He was also supervising the 

3681
03:17:23,700 --> 03:17:26,400
building of the new Saint 
Peter's Basilica. 

3682
03:17:27,500 --> 03:17:30,200
Creating a structure that would 
represent Christianity while 

3683
03:17:30,200 --> 03:17:33,200
resulting massive engineering 
and design issues was possibly 

3684
03:17:33,200 --> 03:17:37,200
his biggest architectural, 
challenge his solution, the huge

3685
03:17:37,200 --> 03:17:39,900
Dome that would dominate the 
Roman Skyline and serve as an 

3686
03:17:39,908 --> 03:17:42,600
inspiration for Cathedral. 
Builders for centuries was 

3687
03:17:42,600 --> 03:17:46,200
characteristically audacious. 
His last years were spent 

3688
03:17:46,200 --> 03:17:49,600
working on some Peter's the 
project with the commitment of 

3689
03:17:49,600 --> 03:17:53,000
someone who knew it would be his
last Masterpiece and refused 

3690
03:17:53,000 --> 03:17:55,800
payment, believing it to be a 
service to God. 

3691
03:17:56,500 --> 03:17:59,000
By fusing traditional 
proportions, with cutting-edge 

3692
03:17:59,000 --> 03:18:01,600
engineering. 
The domes design produced a 

3693
03:18:01,600 --> 03:18:02,800
building. 
That was both technically 

3694
03:18:02,800 --> 03:18:05,000
outstanding and spiritually. 
Uplifting. 

3695
03:18:05,900 --> 03:18:09,200
As you drift off to sleep 
picture, Michelle in his 70s. 

3696
03:18:09,200 --> 03:18:13,100
Still scaling scaffolding 
pushing the envelope and finding

3697
03:18:13,100 --> 03:18:16,400
new ways to use paint and stone 
to further his endless Creative 

3698
03:18:16,400 --> 03:18:19,800
Vision. 
Seeing a great artists face 

3699
03:18:19,800 --> 03:18:22,300
their own mortality. 
While continuing to create with 

3700
03:18:22,300 --> 03:18:25,000
unwavering passion is incredibly
moving. 

3701
03:18:25,900 --> 03:18:30,000
This is precisely the story that
Michelle's last decades tell a 

3702
03:18:30,000 --> 03:18:33,400
man in his 70s and 80s who never
slowed down, who can continue to

3703
03:18:33,400 --> 03:18:36,600
push boundaries despite his body
reminding him every day that he 

3704
03:18:36,600 --> 03:18:41,100
was after all human. 
Michelle was 75 years old by 

3705
03:18:41,100 --> 03:18:44,600
1550, which is nearly 
Unthinkable for a person born in

3706
03:18:44,608 --> 03:18:48,000
the 15th century. 
His peers were mostly long dead.

3707
03:18:48,800 --> 03:18:53,100
Rafael had passed away in 1520 
and Leonardo in 1519. 

3708
03:18:53,100 --> 03:18:56,700
In addition to his artistic 
competitors, Michelle had 

3709
03:18:56,700 --> 03:19:00,900
outlived entire generations of 
admirers critics and patrons. 

3710
03:19:01,700 --> 03:19:04,800
Nevertheless, he kept up his 
work on Saint Peter's, Basilica 

3711
03:19:04,800 --> 03:19:09,100
with the Vigor of a man, half 
his age, his last Obsession and 

3712
03:19:09,100 --> 03:19:12,800
what an obsession it was was the
Dome of Saint Peters Not only 

3713
03:19:12,800 --> 03:19:15,200
was he designing a roof but he 
was also building. 

3714
03:19:15,200 --> 03:19:17,500
What would become Rome's? 
Most iconic silhouette. 

3715
03:19:18,200 --> 03:19:20,400
A building. 
So precisely proportioned that 

3716
03:19:20,400 --> 03:19:23,000
it appears to hover over the 
Vatican like a visible prayer. 

3717
03:19:23,800 --> 03:19:26,800
How to support that much weight 
at that height while designing, 

3718
03:19:26,800 --> 03:19:30,700
an interior space, that inspires
rather than intimidates was a 

3719
03:19:30,708 --> 03:19:33,600
huge engineering challenge as 
usual. 

3720
03:19:33,600 --> 03:19:36,900
Michelle came up with a creative
solution, he created a 

3721
03:19:36,900 --> 03:19:39,700
double-shell dome with an outer 
Dome, that would form the 

3722
03:19:39,700 --> 03:19:42,900
external profile, and an inner 
Dome that guests would see from 

3723
03:19:42,900 --> 03:19:46,000
inside the Basilica, this 
enabled him to maximize the 

3724
03:19:46,000 --> 03:19:48,800
architectural impact on the 
outside, as well as the 

3725
03:19:48,800 --> 03:19:53,500
spiritual experience Within 
Despite the domes 4502 foot 

3726
03:19:53,500 --> 03:19:57,000
elevation, it feels cozy and 
protective from within, rather 

3727
03:19:57,000 --> 03:19:59,800
than intimidating. 
Delegating more than Michelle 

3728
03:19:59,800 --> 03:20:01,800
ever felt. 
Comfortable with was necessary 

3729
03:20:01,800 --> 03:20:03,200
to work on, such a large 
project. 

3730
03:20:03,200 --> 03:20:07,100
In his last year's, he had to 
entrust assistance with details 

3731
03:20:07,100 --> 03:20:09,700
that he would have insisted on 
carving himself early in his 

3732
03:20:09,700 --> 03:20:12,200
career. 
Someone who had always felt that

3733
03:20:12,208 --> 03:20:14,600
only his own hand could 
accomplish the Perfection he 

3734
03:20:14,600 --> 03:20:17,400
desired. 
This was both challenging and 

3735
03:20:17,400 --> 03:20:19,900
freeing. 
While others took care of the 

3736
03:20:19,900 --> 03:20:22,800
execution, he could concentrate 
on the big picture. 

3737
03:20:23,500 --> 03:20:26,200
During these years, his poetry 
increased in frequency and 

3738
03:20:26,200 --> 03:20:29,200
intimacy. 
Him writing verses was similar 

3739
03:20:29,200 --> 03:20:31,500
to sketching. 
It allowed him to process 

3740
03:20:31,500 --> 03:20:34,800
thoughts and feelings without 
the physical strain of painting,

3741
03:20:34,800 --> 03:20:38,200
or carving his poem show, a man 
struggling with issues that 

3742
03:20:38,200 --> 03:20:41,800
success was unable to resolve 
such as what happens to people 

3743
03:20:41,800 --> 03:20:45,800
when they die, give an eternity,
what purpose do accomplishments 

3744
03:20:45,800 --> 03:20:48,100
on Earth. 
Serve, how does an artist, get 

3745
03:20:48,100 --> 03:20:50,000
ready to abandon and complete 
pieces. 

3746
03:20:50,000 --> 03:20:53,400
One of his most poignant final 
poems questioned, his art 

3747
03:20:53,400 --> 03:20:56,400
directly asking whether all of 
his painted scenes. 

3748
03:20:56,400 --> 03:20:59,300
And marble Figures were merely a
diversion from deeper spiritual 

3749
03:20:59,300 --> 03:21:01,600
issues, or if they were actually
prayers. 

3750
03:21:02,400 --> 03:21:05,700
This was no pretense, Michelle 
truly questioned whether his 

3751
03:21:05,700 --> 03:21:07,800
life's work had made him more or
less like God. 

3752
03:21:08,600 --> 03:21:10,900
Ironically some were 
acknowledging his work as 

3753
03:21:10,900 --> 03:21:14,000
possibly the greatest artistic 
accomplishment in human history 

3754
03:21:14,000 --> 03:21:16,800
while Michelle was doubting its 
spiritual worth. 

3755
03:21:17,500 --> 03:21:20,100
People traveled from all over 
Europe to view his artwork. 

3756
03:21:20,100 --> 03:21:23,900
His methods were assiduously 
studied by Young Artists while 

3757
03:21:23,900 --> 03:21:25,900
he was still alive. 
Authors started, writing 

3758
03:21:25,900 --> 03:21:28,300
biographies, treating him, as a 
living legend. 

3759
03:21:28,300 --> 03:21:31,700
This attention was both 
rewarding and taxing for 

3760
03:21:31,700 --> 03:21:33,700
Michelle. 
Always a recluse who felt more 

3761
03:21:33,700 --> 03:21:35,200
at ease with marble, than with 
people. 

3762
03:21:35,200 --> 03:21:38,800
He was suddenly expected to play
the part of a Renaissance Master

3763
03:21:38,800 --> 03:21:41,000
for a never-ending parade of 
admirers. 

3764
03:21:41,700 --> 03:21:45,100
He became known for being rough 
with guests but those who knew 

3765
03:21:45,100 --> 03:21:47,900
him well saw this as shyness 
rather than conceit. 

3766
03:21:49,300 --> 03:21:53,300
Three weeks before his 89th 
birthday on February 18th, 1564.

3767
03:21:53,300 --> 03:21:56,100
Michelle passed away quietly at 
home in Rome. 

3768
03:21:56,100 --> 03:21:58,700
Even though he had been feeling 
ill for a few days. 

3769
03:21:58,700 --> 03:22:01,400
He had nearly finished the 
architectural drawings for Saint

3770
03:22:01,400 --> 03:22:04,900
Peters Witnesses, claimed that 
his final remarks discussed 

3771
03:22:04,900 --> 03:22:08,100
finishing, the Dome, even as he 
was dying, he was contemplating 

3772
03:22:08,100 --> 03:22:10,800
unfinished business. 
He completely changed 

3773
03:22:10,800 --> 03:22:13,400
Renaissance culture, as 
evidenced, by the immediate 

3774
03:22:13,400 --> 03:22:17,300
reaction to his death. 
As a church prints Pope Pius, 

3775
03:22:17,300 --> 03:22:20,800
the fourth wanted him to be 
buried in Saint Peters, his body

3776
03:22:20,800 --> 03:22:23,400
was ordered to be returned to 
his birthplace by the City of 

3777
03:22:23,400 --> 03:22:26,000
Florence. 
In Rome artists started 

3778
03:22:26,000 --> 03:22:29,800
organizing or Nate funeral 
rituals an era came to an end 

3779
03:22:29,800 --> 03:22:32,600
with Michels passing. 
He was no longer just an artist 

3780
03:22:32,600 --> 03:22:36,400
but a cultural Force His impact 
goes well beyond our history. 

3781
03:22:36,400 --> 03:22:39,800
You can see Michelle's Legacy 
every time you see a government 

3782
03:22:39,800 --> 03:22:43,000
building with a classical dough,
he helped create the concepts 

3783
03:22:43,000 --> 03:22:45,100
that are echoed. 
Whenever someone discusses the 

3784
03:22:45,100 --> 03:22:49,000
Divine spark of creativity 
artists, are always imitating 

3785
03:22:49,000 --> 03:22:51,600
him when they refuse to 
sacrifice their vision for 

3786
03:22:51,600 --> 03:22:54,900
financial gain. 
As you fall asleep, visualize 

3787
03:22:54,900 --> 03:22:57,000
missions, Dome rising over Rome 
in the evening. 

3788
03:22:57,000 --> 03:23:00,200
Light, a monument to one man's 
conviction that people are 

3789
03:23:00,200 --> 03:23:03,000
capable of producing art that 
endures for centuries. 

3790
03:23:03,000 --> 03:23:06,000
Monuments that bridge, the gap 
between Earthly craft and 

3791
03:23:06,000 --> 03:23:09,500
eternal aspiration and beauty 
that surpasses Empires. 

3792
03:23:10,900 --> 03:23:12,600
Dream. 
Sweet dreams. 

3793
03:23:18,900 --> 03:23:22,000
The man history would call. 
Augustus was born Gaius Octavius

3794
03:23:22,000 --> 03:23:26,000
on September the 23rd 63 BCE in 
a modest neighborhood. 

3795
03:23:26,000 --> 03:23:29,200
On the Palatine Hill, though. 
His lineage, traced, to Once, 

3796
03:23:29,200 --> 03:23:32,700
influential equestrian, family, 
Few guests he'd one day. 

3797
03:23:32,708 --> 03:23:35,500
Transformed Rome from a republic
steeped in centuries of 

3798
03:23:35,508 --> 03:23:38,200
tradition into something new by 
Heritage. 

3799
03:23:38,200 --> 03:23:41,600
He was Julius Caesar's 
grand-nephew but the link hardly

3800
03:23:41,600 --> 03:23:44,200
guaranteed, a grand Destiny as a
child. 

3801
03:23:44,200 --> 03:23:48,600
Gaius Octavius was overshadowed 
by civil Strife that had already

3802
03:23:48,600 --> 03:23:51,400
scarred. 
The Republic politicians viewed 

3803
03:23:51,400 --> 03:23:55,400
in the Senate while distant. 
Generals Sula Pompey, and 

3804
03:23:55,400 --> 03:23:59,600
eventually Caesar vied for 
Supremacy, young Octavius, lost 

3805
03:23:59,600 --> 03:24:02,700
his father, early, leaving him 
under the care of a determined 

3806
03:24:02,700 --> 03:24:06,300
mother attia and a circle of 
influential relatives. 

3807
03:24:07,000 --> 03:24:10,300
She recognized her son's 
potential but also grasped the 

3808
03:24:10,300 --> 03:24:13,300
swirl of political tension that 
might devour him if he didn't 

3809
03:24:13,300 --> 03:24:18,000
maneuver cleverly, By 
adolescents, Octavius had 

3810
03:24:18,000 --> 03:24:22,200
gleaned, that survival in Rome, 
demanded, alliance's strategic 

3811
03:24:22,200 --> 03:24:25,500
marriages and unwavering loyalty
at least publicly. 

3812
03:24:26,400 --> 03:24:29,400
In private one, had to maintain 
a flexible mindset. 

3813
03:24:30,200 --> 03:24:33,200
He read oratory studied Roman 
law, and learned to interpret 

3814
03:24:33,200 --> 03:24:35,000
the subtle power plays, Among 
Senators. 

3815
03:24:35,000 --> 03:24:39,400
Observers described him as quiet
watchful and possessed of a 

3816
03:24:39,400 --> 03:24:43,100
composure Beyond his years. 
The biggest shift in his fortune

3817
03:24:43,100 --> 03:24:48,800
came in 46 BCE when Julius 
Caesar from triumphs and Gaul 

3818
03:24:48,800 --> 03:24:53,200
and a decisive Civil War, 
Victory adopted Octavius as his 

3819
03:24:53,200 --> 03:24:55,900
posthumous son and designated 
heir. 

3820
03:24:56,600 --> 03:24:59,100
Caesar brought the teenager to 
Spain from a minor campaign, 

3821
03:24:59,100 --> 03:25:01,600
giving him a taste of military 
life. 

3822
03:25:01,600 --> 03:25:04,800
The young man seriousness 
impressed Caesar's aides, 

3823
03:25:04,800 --> 03:25:06,900
though. 
Few predicted that this untested

3824
03:25:06,900 --> 03:25:09,700
youth could ever fill Caesar's 
sandals indeed? 

3825
03:25:09,700 --> 03:25:13,400
Caesar himself was at the Apex 
of power, proclaiming reforms 

3826
03:25:13,400 --> 03:25:16,800
and holding lavish triumphs He 
restructured the Senate and 

3827
03:25:16,800 --> 03:25:21,400
extended citizenship to many to 
some heated close to monarchy 

3828
03:25:21,400 --> 03:25:24,000
rumors whispered, he might 
declare himself King. 

3829
03:25:25,000 --> 03:25:30,200
Then came The Ides of March 44 
BCE Cesar fell under 23 knife 

3830
03:25:30,200 --> 03:25:34,000
thrusts in the Senate betrayal 
orchestrated by supposed friends

3831
03:25:34,000 --> 03:25:37,300
like Brutus and Cassius while 
studying in a Greek city 

3832
03:25:37,300 --> 03:25:40,100
Octavius received news of 
Caesar's assassination. 

3833
03:25:41,100 --> 03:25:44,600
At first, he reeled the 
consequence was not only the 

3834
03:25:44,600 --> 03:25:48,000
loss of a powerful figure in his
life but also a Potential Threat

3835
03:25:48,000 --> 03:25:51,100
to his security. 
He learned, however, that sees 

3836
03:25:51,100 --> 03:25:54,600
as will name him Heir, it was an
astonishing leap for someone 

3837
03:25:54,600 --> 03:25:58,500
barely out of adolescents. 
Many Roman Elites dismissed him 

3838
03:25:58,500 --> 03:26:01,500
as a mere porn. 
Mark, Antony Caesars longtime 

3839
03:26:01,500 --> 03:26:04,600
Ally seemed the natural 
inheritor of Caesar's Legacy 

3840
03:26:04,600 --> 03:26:08,300
overshadowing. 
The youth But Octavius was no 

3841
03:26:08,300 --> 03:26:10,200
Pawn. 
He returned to Italy with 

3842
03:26:10,200 --> 03:26:13,600
measured caution adopting. 
The name Gaius Julius Caesar 

3843
03:26:13,600 --> 03:26:17,700
octavianus, commonly shortened 
to Octavian flaunting that he 

3844
03:26:17,700 --> 03:26:22,000
was Caesar's son in every sense,
but blood his presence ignited, 

3845
03:26:22,000 --> 03:26:25,800
Roman politics, Antony 
charismatic, and bold tried 

3846
03:26:25,800 --> 03:26:29,300
dismissing him as the boy, while
the Senate still reeling from 

3847
03:26:29,300 --> 03:26:33,500
Caesar's dictatorship sought to 
exploit friction between Antony 

3848
03:26:33,500 --> 03:26:36,400
and Octavian. 
The entire city braced for 

3849
03:26:36,408 --> 03:26:40,500
another civil war Octavian. 
Played a subtle game forming 

3850
03:26:40,500 --> 03:26:43,700
alliances with Caesar's 
Veteran's, Distributing funds 

3851
03:26:43,700 --> 03:26:46,700
from Seasons State and 
projecting an image of filial 

3852
03:26:46,700 --> 03:26:48,900
piety. 
In the meantime, Octavian 

3853
03:26:48,900 --> 03:26:52,100
experimented with the Senate 
suggesting that he might back 

3854
03:26:52,100 --> 03:26:54,600
them in their opposition to 
Anthony aspirations. 

3855
03:26:55,600 --> 03:26:58,600
Pivotal moment occurred, when 
Cicero there are renowned orator

3856
03:26:58,600 --> 03:27:02,500
who harbored animosity towards 
Antony realized that Octavian 

3857
03:27:02,500 --> 03:27:07,400
could potentially serve as a 
useful instruments beaches known

3858
03:27:07,400 --> 03:27:11,500
as the philippics lambasted and 
Antony as a new Tyrant, he 

3859
03:27:11,500 --> 03:27:13,100
portrayed Octavian as a 
necessary. 

3860
03:27:13,100 --> 03:27:17,000
Bulwark to restore the Republic 
Perhaps Cicero believed he could

3861
03:27:17,000 --> 03:27:20,900
guide this youth like a puppet. 
Yet octavian's mild demeanor, 

3862
03:27:20,900 --> 03:27:25,100
masked a decisive streak using 
the Senate's endorsement, he 

3863
03:27:25,100 --> 03:27:26,800
raised Legions to confront 
Anthony. 

3864
03:27:27,500 --> 03:27:30,900
Culminating in skirmishes near 
mutina ashke in Northern Italy. 

3865
03:27:31,600 --> 03:27:35,100
Though, Anthony survived the 
scuffles burnished octavian's 

3866
03:27:35,100 --> 03:27:37,900
reputation. 
He was no figurehead but the 

3867
03:27:37,900 --> 03:27:41,300
alliance of convenience between 
Octavian and the Senate didn't 

3868
03:27:41,300 --> 03:27:45,500
last. 
The cunning youth recognized the

3869
03:27:45,500 --> 03:27:49,000
Senate's hypocrisy, they wanted 
to destroy Anthony, but had 

3870
03:27:49,000 --> 03:27:50,800
little interest in truly 
elevated him. 

3871
03:27:51,700 --> 03:27:55,500
So Octavian pivoted, forging the
second triumvirate with Anthony 

3872
03:27:55,500 --> 03:28:01,200
and lepidus in 43 BC. 
This formal packed was sealed 

3873
03:28:01,200 --> 03:28:03,200
with the legal authority to 
reshape the state. 

3874
03:28:04,200 --> 03:28:07,500
Through proscription lists. 
They purged enemies, including 

3875
03:28:07,500 --> 03:28:10,200
Cicero. 
The triumphant was divided, the 

3876
03:28:10,200 --> 03:28:14,100
Roman World among themselves. 
Lepida, Scott Africa, Antony the

3877
03:28:14,100 --> 03:28:18,600
East and Octavian, the West. the
teenage up star to descended to 

3878
03:28:18,600 --> 03:28:21,500
the Pinnacle of power in Just 
over a year since season's 

3879
03:28:21,500 --> 03:28:25,700
murder Rome, reeled uncertain, 
if this triumvirate would 

3880
03:28:25,700 --> 03:28:28,600
restore order or simply 
replicate the horrors of past 

3881
03:28:28,600 --> 03:28:32,400
civil conflicts, As Octavian 
settled into his portion of the 

3882
03:28:32,400 --> 03:28:35,500
Empire, he realized the West 
Italy Gaul. 

3883
03:28:35,500 --> 03:28:37,700
And Spain would test his 
capacity for governance. 

3884
03:28:37,700 --> 03:28:42,200
He faced rebellious Legions 
distrust from veterans and a 

3885
03:28:42,200 --> 03:28:45,800
public exhausted by War. 
Meanwhile, Anthony pursued 

3886
03:28:45,800 --> 03:28:49,200
campaigns in the East forging 
ties with Cleopatra of Egypt, 

3887
03:28:49,200 --> 03:28:54,200
lepidus drifted into irrelevance
the seeds for fresh rivalry was 

3888
03:28:54,200 --> 03:28:56,500
sown. 
Thus began a pivotal chapter in 

3889
03:28:56,500 --> 03:29:00,100
which Octavian would refine his 
political Acumen balancing 

3890
03:29:00,100 --> 03:29:02,000
brutality with Promises of 
stability. 

3891
03:29:02,900 --> 03:29:06,500
From there, the path to becoming
Augustus the revered first 

3892
03:29:06,500 --> 03:29:11,100
citizen of Rome would be paved 
by cunning alliances and a 

3893
03:29:11,108 --> 03:29:13,700
strategic mine that never 
blinked a compromise or 

3894
03:29:13,700 --> 03:29:16,400
confrontational. 
Having seized power in the 

3895
03:29:16,400 --> 03:29:19,600
second triumvirate. 
Octavian found himself juggling 

3896
03:29:19,600 --> 03:29:22,400
alliances with two older. 
More seasoned strongman. 

3897
03:29:22,400 --> 03:29:27,000
And lepidus lepidus though 
nominally part of their ruling 

3898
03:29:27,000 --> 03:29:30,200
Coalition soon, revealed himself
incompetent in handling. 

3899
03:29:30,200 --> 03:29:33,700
The African province's Antony 
posed a far more formidable 

3900
03:29:33,700 --> 03:29:38,200
presence commanded Legions loyal
to seize his memory yearned for 

3901
03:29:38,200 --> 03:29:41,200
Glory in the East and more 
crucial was forging a personal 

3902
03:29:41,200 --> 03:29:44,000
and political bond with 
Cleopatra the seventh, the 

3903
03:29:44,000 --> 03:29:47,700
charismatic Queen of Egypt. 
This Union combined Anthony's, 

3904
03:29:47,700 --> 03:29:49,900
martial, replication with 
Cleopatra's wealth, and 

3905
03:29:49,908 --> 03:29:53,200
strategic position an alliance 
that might overshadow, anything.

3906
03:29:53,200 --> 03:29:57,800
Octavian could muster in Italy 
in Rome Octavian projected, a 

3907
03:29:57,800 --> 03:30:00,400
measured calm claiming to 
restore order to the Western 

3908
03:30:00,400 --> 03:30:03,200
provinces. 
He oversaw land distributions to

3909
03:30:03,200 --> 03:30:06,100
Veterans and often messy 
process, that displaced 

3910
03:30:06,100 --> 03:30:09,000
countless small farmers and 
generated local resentment. 

3911
03:30:09,900 --> 03:30:13,000
He skillfully transformed, these
forced resettlement into acts of

3912
03:30:13,000 --> 03:30:15,600
generosity. 
Acting each settled veteran to 

3913
03:30:15,600 --> 03:30:18,800
Express gratitude. 
With each step. 

3914
03:30:19,700 --> 03:30:23,700
Tavian built a personal loyalty 
Network parting ways with older 

3915
03:30:23,700 --> 03:30:27,500
Elites who stood in his way. 
This era remained soaked in the 

3916
03:30:27,508 --> 03:30:30,800
blood of prescription though. 
Some historians note, that the 

3917
03:30:30,800 --> 03:30:34,100
violence receded once? 
The triumvirate had purged, the 

3918
03:30:34,100 --> 03:30:39,400
most threatening opposition By 
41, to 40 BCE tensions exploded 

3919
03:30:39,400 --> 03:30:43,300
between Octavian and Anthony 
supporters in Perugia near 

3920
03:30:43,300 --> 03:30:46,800
modern-day Peru. 
Lucius Antonius, Antonis, 

3921
03:30:46,800 --> 03:30:50,100
brother, and fulvia. 
And his wife led a Revolt hoping

3922
03:30:50,100 --> 03:30:54,500
to reassert antonyms in Italy. 
Octavian's Legions besieged 

3923
03:30:54,500 --> 03:30:58,200
Perugia starving the rebels in 
to surrender the city's 

3924
03:30:58,200 --> 03:31:01,000
inhabitants suffered, a cruel 
Fate, The Siege left them 

3925
03:31:01,000 --> 03:31:03,900
starving. 
And after Victory Octavian 

3926
03:31:03,900 --> 03:31:07,900
ordered harsh reprisals while 
Antony himself was absent in the

3927
03:31:07,908 --> 03:31:11,400
East this event, underscored the
deepening Rift within the 

3928
03:31:11,400 --> 03:31:15,000
triumvirate. 
Despite these skirmishes Anthony

3929
03:31:15,000 --> 03:31:18,400
and Octavian, patched things up 
temporarily at the Treaty of 

3930
03:31:18,408 --> 03:31:22,200
brim Desi. 
In 40, BCE dividing, spheres of 

3931
03:31:22,200 --> 03:31:26,300
influence and new to cement the 
deal Anthony married, octavian's

3932
03:31:26,300 --> 03:31:30,300
sister Octavia, a gesture meant 
to Signal familial Harmony. 

3933
03:31:31,000 --> 03:31:34,800
But the truce felt shaky those 
close to the corridors of power 

3934
03:31:34,800 --> 03:31:38,700
since the deeper competition for
the Ultimate Prize Undisputed 

3935
03:31:38,700 --> 03:31:43,500
control of Rome indeed, as 
Anthony returned East resuming, 

3936
03:31:43,500 --> 03:31:46,100
his romance with Cleopatra and 
planning campaigns against 

3937
03:31:46,100 --> 03:31:49,800
Parthia. 
Octavia lingered behind a lonely

3938
03:31:49,800 --> 03:31:52,600
Testament. 
The alliance's fragility back in

3939
03:31:52,608 --> 03:31:57,400
Rome octavians attention turned 
to Naval struggles sextus 

3940
03:31:57,400 --> 03:32:00,900
Pompey, son of the famous 
Pompey, the great controlled 

3941
03:32:00,900 --> 03:32:04,000
Sicily, and menaced Italy's 
grain Supply, with a pirate 

3942
03:32:04,000 --> 03:32:08,200
Fleet with famine threatening 
Rome Octavian recognized, he 

3943
03:32:08,200 --> 03:32:11,700
needed a strong Admiral 
Enterprises a gripper, his most 

3944
03:32:11,700 --> 03:32:14,200
trusted left tennis and a 
brilliant Naval mine and 

3945
03:32:14,200 --> 03:32:16,700
together. 
They reconfigured, Roman Naval 

3946
03:32:16,700 --> 03:32:20,500
strategy, training, fresh, Crews
and building Advanced ships by 

3947
03:32:20,500 --> 03:32:23,900
36. 
BC, e a gripper defeated sextus 

3948
03:32:23,900 --> 03:32:27,200
Pompey in a series of 
engagements notably at no 

3949
03:32:27,200 --> 03:32:30,700
lockers this Victory brought 
Sicily under Octavian sway. 

3950
03:32:31,300 --> 03:32:34,100
Securing vital grain roots to 
feed Italy's population. 

3951
03:32:34,100 --> 03:32:38,000
Meanwhile, lepidus foolishly, 
tried to flex power in Sicily, 

3952
03:32:38,000 --> 03:32:40,300
but his Legions defected to 
Octavian. 

3953
03:32:40,300 --> 03:32:44,300
Lepidus was stripped of triumvir
power and exiled to a minor 

3954
03:32:44,300 --> 03:32:47,000
religious post leaving. 
Just two men left from the 

3955
03:32:47,000 --> 03:32:51,000
original triumvirate Octavian 
and Antony each commanding. 

3956
03:32:51,000 --> 03:32:54,200
Vast tarot stories each 
suspicious of the others 

3957
03:32:54,200 --> 03:32:57,500
ambitions. 
Anthony Eastern campaigns fed 

3958
03:32:57,500 --> 03:33:00,000
poorly. 
His attempt to conquer path here

3959
03:33:00,000 --> 03:33:04,300
in 36 BCE ended in a costly 
Retreat Cleopatra. 

3960
03:33:04,300 --> 03:33:07,500
Determined to preserve her 
influence Finance his next 

3961
03:33:07,500 --> 03:33:10,900
moves, forging a mutual interest
in controlling the Eastern 

3962
03:33:10,900 --> 03:33:14,400
Mediterranean Openly 
acknowledged Cleopatra's 

3963
03:33:14,400 --> 03:33:19,000
children, one father by Julius, 
Caesar others by himself and 

3964
03:33:19,000 --> 03:33:23,000
showered them with territorial 
grams in Roman eyes, his 

3965
03:33:23,000 --> 03:33:25,200
donations of Alexandria looks 
scandalous. 

3966
03:33:25,200 --> 03:33:28,500
Bestowing Roman conquered lands 
to Cleopatra's brood was 

3967
03:33:28,500 --> 03:33:32,100
borderline trees and rumors. 
Proliferated in Rome that 

3968
03:33:32,100 --> 03:33:35,600
Cleopatra had Bewitched Antony 
or that he aimed to set up a 

3969
03:33:35,600 --> 03:33:38,200
parallel Empire in the East with
her as co-ruler. 

3970
03:33:39,000 --> 03:33:41,400
Octavian sees the propaganda 
Advantage. 

3971
03:33:41,400 --> 03:33:44,800
He depicted Antony as a man in 
Thorold by an Egyptian, 

3972
03:33:44,800 --> 03:33:49,300
seductress Betraying Roman 
Traditions, the Roman populace 

3973
03:33:49,300 --> 03:33:52,600
weary of foreign entanglements 
and suspicious of Queens from 

3974
03:33:52,608 --> 03:33:55,300
the East. 
Responded to such rhetoric. 

3975
03:33:56,500 --> 03:34:00,000
Octavian skillfully, spun 
Cleopatra as a threat to roam, 

3976
03:34:00,000 --> 03:34:01,700
sovereignty and Anthony as a 
traitor. 

3977
03:34:01,700 --> 03:34:06,200
Lost Oriental decadence. 
To formalize, the brake Octavian

3978
03:34:06,200 --> 03:34:09,300
had the Senate revoke and his 
powers in 32 BCE. 

3979
03:34:10,200 --> 03:34:12,700
Spurred by the revelations that 
Anthony's will recognize 

3980
03:34:12,700 --> 03:34:17,100
Cleopatra's children as heirs. 
Final Countdown to Civil War was

3981
03:34:17,100 --> 03:34:20,400
underway, Octavian. 
Lacking Anthonys battle. 

3982
03:34:20,400 --> 03:34:25,800
Hardened image had a gripper in 
31 BCE the decisive 

3983
03:34:25,800 --> 03:34:28,800
confrontation loomed off the 
coast of Greece, the site would 

3984
03:34:28,800 --> 03:34:32,300
be acting where Anthony and 
Cleopatra mustard their combined

3985
03:34:32,300 --> 03:34:35,800
Fleet against octavian's. 
Forces led by gripper, the stage

3986
03:34:35,800 --> 03:34:39,600
was Monumental two massive 
fleets jostling for strategic 

3987
03:34:39,600 --> 03:34:42,900
advantage in the ionian sea. 
And the outcome was set to 

3988
03:34:42,900 --> 03:34:44,500
determine the fate of the Roman 
world. 

3989
03:34:45,400 --> 03:34:48,800
With Cleopatra by Anthony side. 
Everything was on the line 

3990
03:34:48,800 --> 03:34:51,000
Victory. 
Might reshape the Mediterranean 

3991
03:34:51,000 --> 03:34:54,300
power map. 
But if Anthony fell, so, Mike 

3992
03:34:54,300 --> 03:34:57,900
Cleopatra's dream of an Eastern 
Empire in the lead up to actium.

3993
03:34:57,900 --> 03:35:01,000
Desertions plagued Anthony's 
ranks, morale. 

3994
03:35:01,000 --> 03:35:02,900
Sank, as men realized 
Cleopatra's presence 

3995
03:35:02,900 --> 03:35:06,300
overshadowed purely Roman 
concerns in contrast. 

3996
03:35:06,300 --> 03:35:10,700
Octavian's message was crisp. 
Preserve Rome from a foreign 

3997
03:35:10,700 --> 03:35:14,300
Queen's grasp The families of 
legionaries pin their hopes on 

3998
03:35:14,300 --> 03:35:17,500
his victory, for stability, 
clouds of tension, gathered 

3999
03:35:17,500 --> 03:35:19,500
poised to break in the greatest 
naval. 

4000
03:35:19,500 --> 03:35:22,500
Showdown Rome had seen in 
Generations by now. 

4001
03:35:22,500 --> 03:35:26,100
Octavian's transformation from 
an underestimated youth to a 

4002
03:35:26,100 --> 03:35:29,100
political Colossus was 
unmistakable yet, he still had 

4003
03:35:29,100 --> 03:35:32,300
to seize final legitimacy from 
the swirling chaos of War. 

4004
03:35:33,200 --> 03:35:38,300
actium September 2nd, 31 BCE 
Rome's future hinged on the 

4005
03:35:38,300 --> 03:35:42,600
ionian, Seas choppy Waters and 
Denise Fleet bolstered by clear,

4006
03:35:42,600 --> 03:35:46,500
Patrick's Egyptian squadron's 
faced off against, octavian's 

4007
03:35:46,500 --> 03:35:50,500
ships under a grippers command 
Many expected an even fight, 

4008
03:35:50,500 --> 03:35:54,700
both sides fielded formidable 
War galleys but intangible 

4009
03:35:54,700 --> 03:35:58,300
factors loomed. 
Large morale, discipline, and 

4010
03:35:58,300 --> 03:36:02,500
the Stark difference in 
leadership Unity by midday, the 

4011
03:36:02,500 --> 03:36:06,300
swirling melee erupted? 
A gripper vessels employed, 

4012
03:36:06,300 --> 03:36:10,200
better tactics, staying mobile 
and exploiting the heavier less 

4013
03:36:10,200 --> 03:36:12,400
maneuverable designs of 
Anthony's ships. 

4014
03:36:13,100 --> 03:36:14,800
Cleopatra lingered. 
In the distance. 

4015
03:36:14,800 --> 03:36:17,200
Her presence more symbolic than 
military. 

4016
03:36:17,200 --> 03:36:21,400
Decisive in a dramatic twist 
Cleopatra abruptly. 

4017
03:36:21,400 --> 03:36:23,100
Withdrew her Squadron 
mid-battle. 

4018
03:36:23,900 --> 03:36:26,700
Perhaps panicked by the 
unfolding chaos or following a 

4019
03:36:26,700 --> 03:36:28,900
secret plan seeing her Sail 
Away. 

4020
03:36:28,900 --> 03:36:33,000
Anthony torn between loyalty to 
his Roman forces and Devotion to

4021
03:36:33,008 --> 03:36:35,900
Cleopatra abandoned. 
The fight to chase after her. 

4022
03:36:36,700 --> 03:36:39,500
With their Commander gone. 
The remaining ships collapsed 

4023
03:36:39,500 --> 03:36:42,800
and confusion. 
The gripper snatched to decisive

4024
03:36:42,800 --> 03:36:46,200
Victory, The Battered remnants 
of Antony's Fleet, either 

4025
03:36:46,200 --> 03:36:51,000
surrendered or burned the news 
rapidly disseminated and Antony 

4026
03:36:51,000 --> 03:36:54,700
and Cleopatra had absconded 
condemning thousands of soldiers

4027
03:36:54,700 --> 03:36:58,100
to an unwinnable battle. 
This Victory altered, Rome's, 

4028
03:36:58,100 --> 03:37:00,600
destiny. 
Teton wasn't just a naval 

4029
03:37:00,600 --> 03:37:03,200
Triumph it shattered. 
The last credible threat 

4030
03:37:03,200 --> 03:37:07,400
octavians, ascendancy over the 
following months, Octavian 

4031
03:37:07,400 --> 03:37:12,200
pursued Anthony and Cleopatra to
Egypt, by August, 30 BCE, with 

4032
03:37:12,200 --> 03:37:14,800
his forces surrounding 
Alexandria, their fate was 

4033
03:37:14,800 --> 03:37:17,900
sealed, Upon discovering the 
rumor death of Cleopatra. 

4034
03:37:17,900 --> 03:37:21,900
Antony collapsed onto his sword 
overcome, with despair 

4035
03:37:21,900 --> 03:37:25,500
Cleopatra, witnessing, the city 
overrun and refusing to be 

4036
03:37:25,500 --> 03:37:28,200
paraded. 
As a captive in Rome reportedly 

4037
03:37:28,200 --> 03:37:32,400
took her life, her method of 
venomous as to her breast became

4038
03:37:32,400 --> 03:37:35,600
legendary, With that ptolemaic 
Egypt. 

4039
03:37:35,600 --> 03:37:38,800
The last Hellenistic Kingdom 
ended falling under Roman 

4040
03:37:38,800 --> 03:37:40,900
control, having neutralized 
every rival. 

4041
03:37:40,900 --> 03:37:45,600
Octavian returned to Rome in 29,
BCE triumphant, the gates of 

4042
03:37:45,600 --> 03:37:50,000
Janus, symbolizing Wars presence
reached indicating piece across 

4043
03:37:50,000 --> 03:37:54,000
the empire for the first time in
ages, the Senate exhausted, by 

4044
03:37:54,000 --> 03:37:57,500
Decades of civil Strife, pin 
their hopes on this young 

4045
03:37:57,500 --> 03:38:01,500
Victor, they held him as 
imperative commander and 

4046
03:38:01,500 --> 03:38:04,600
showered him with honors. 
But Octavian realized the 

4047
03:38:04,600 --> 03:38:07,900
critical lesson from Caesar's 
demise openly brandishing 

4048
03:38:07,900 --> 03:38:11,400
monarchical power, risked 
stirring, Republican resentment,

4049
03:38:11,400 --> 03:38:13,900
he needed a new blueprint for 
dominance. 

4050
03:38:13,900 --> 03:38:16,700
Something that would calm old 
fears while granting him 

4051
03:38:16,700 --> 03:38:19,800
absolute Authority. 
This Balancing Act would Define 

4052
03:38:19,800 --> 03:38:24,400
his next steps in 27, BCE 
Octavian performed a grand 

4053
03:38:24,400 --> 03:38:27,400
gesture. 
He ceremoniously returned power 

4054
03:38:27,400 --> 03:38:31,200
to the Senate and people of Rome
and act broadcast as humility 

4055
03:38:31,200 --> 03:38:34,400
even though the real levers of 
control remained in his hands. 

4056
03:38:34,400 --> 03:38:38,500
The Senate Keen to maintain 
stability, bestowed upon him. 

4057
03:38:38,500 --> 03:38:42,800
The name of gustus, meaning 
revered or venerable This moment

4058
03:38:42,800 --> 03:38:46,100
signaled the official birth of 
the principle of a near of 

4059
03:38:46,100 --> 03:38:48,500
Republican tradition. 
Cloaking a de facto monarchy, 

4060
03:38:48,500 --> 03:38:53,000
Augustus accepted titles 
carefully princeps First Citizen

4061
03:38:53,000 --> 03:38:56,000
imperator. 
Commander in Chief, pontifex 

4062
03:38:56,000 --> 03:38:59,500
Maximus, Chief priests, and 
others combined. 

4063
03:38:59,500 --> 03:39:02,200
These roles gave him 
unassailable control over the 

4064
03:39:02,200 --> 03:39:07,200
Army, religion and State A wave 
of reforms followed Augustus. 

4065
03:39:07,200 --> 03:39:09,900
Reorganized the legions 
stationed, them in provinces 

4066
03:39:09,900 --> 03:39:12,600
under long term. 
Commanding, their loyalty was to

4067
03:39:12,600 --> 03:39:16,600
him, personally, he restructured
provincial governance, reducing 

4068
03:39:16,600 --> 03:39:18,800
corruption by rotating officials
more often. 

4069
03:39:18,800 --> 03:39:22,500
The Senate oversaw, peaceful 
province's, while the emperor 

4070
03:39:22,500 --> 03:39:24,400
kept direct rule over troubled 
spots. 

4071
03:39:25,100 --> 03:39:28,400
Professional Civil Service 
emerged staffed by freedmen and 

4072
03:39:28,400 --> 03:39:30,800
austrians loyal to the empress 
system. 

4073
03:39:30,800 --> 03:39:34,500
This team quietly undercut, the 
old aristocratic networks that 

4074
03:39:34,500 --> 03:39:38,100
once jockeyed for magistracy's 
diminishing potential Rebellion 

4075
03:39:38,100 --> 03:39:42,600
from senatorial upstarts, 
Culturally Augustus, recognized 

4076
03:39:42,600 --> 03:39:45,900
the power of propaganda. 
He sponsored Monumental building

4077
03:39:45,900 --> 03:39:48,700
projects. 
Proclaiming He found Rome a city

4078
03:39:48,700 --> 03:39:51,000
of brick and left it a city of 
marble. 

4079
03:39:51,900 --> 03:39:56,100
Temples were restored, public 
baths, constructed and aqueducts

4080
03:39:56,100 --> 03:39:58,900
extended visible token of a new 
golden age. 

4081
03:39:59,600 --> 03:40:04,000
Poets like Virgil Horus and Ovid
flourished under Imperial 

4082
03:40:04,000 --> 03:40:07,700
patronage weaving narratives of 
Rome's, glorious Heritage, and 

4083
03:40:07,700 --> 03:40:09,300
the necessity of a singular 
leader. 

4084
03:40:09,300 --> 03:40:13,300
The Aeneid recast Trojan myth to
bolster the idea of a Divine 

4085
03:40:13,300 --> 03:40:17,000
Destiny, culminating in 
Augustine, rule Yet not all were

4086
03:40:17,000 --> 03:40:18,800
content. 
Some whispered that this 

4087
03:40:18,800 --> 03:40:21,500
restored Republic was, merely 
subjugation under a cunning 

4088
03:40:21,500 --> 03:40:24,300
autocrat. 
Traditionalists bermed, the end 

4089
03:40:24,300 --> 03:40:27,200
of the truly free consoles and 
tribunes others. 

4090
03:40:27,200 --> 03:40:30,300
Recalling, the terror of endless
Civil Wars found solace in the 

4091
03:40:30,308 --> 03:40:34,500
Pax Romana that Augustus offered
occasional conspiracies, flared,

4092
03:40:34,500 --> 03:40:38,100
typically, from disillusion 
Noble's, or neglected, generals,

4093
03:40:38,100 --> 03:40:39,800
or gustus. 
Handled. 

4094
03:40:39,800 --> 03:40:43,100
The discreetly exiling 
troublemakers or co-opting them 

4095
03:40:43,100 --> 03:40:47,300
with honors rarely did open 
Rebellion for Estimate to how 

4096
03:40:47,300 --> 03:40:50,500
thoroughly heed integrated power
in Every Day Life. 

4097
03:40:51,100 --> 03:40:55,100
A sense of renewal pervaded 
Farmers returned to Fields trade

4098
03:40:55,100 --> 03:40:58,500
routes, revived and legionaries 
redeployed to secure, Frontiers 

4099
03:40:58,500 --> 03:41:01,700
from Germany to Syria. 
The Border Wars never ceased 

4100
03:41:01,700 --> 03:41:05,300
entirely, but within the heart 
of the Empire Travelers found 

4101
03:41:05,300 --> 03:41:08,700
Road safer and commerce. 
Steadier, the younger generation

4102
03:41:08,700 --> 03:41:12,200
lacking first-hand memories of 
the Republic simply accepted 

4103
03:41:12,200 --> 03:41:14,400
that Rome's. 
Fortune Lane a stable principal 

4104
03:41:14,400 --> 03:41:19,500
indeed, many became Ardent 
supporters naming children gayus

4105
03:41:19,500 --> 03:41:23,900
or Lucius after Augustus is 
chosen heirs by the close of the

4106
03:41:23,900 --> 03:41:29,200
20s BCE Augustus was effectively
King in all but name the Senate 

4107
03:41:29,200 --> 03:41:33,100
still convened magistrates still
took office but real decisions 

4108
03:41:33,100 --> 03:41:36,200
were funneled to him some 
historians label the period. 

4109
03:41:36,200 --> 03:41:40,300
The dawn of the Roman Empire, 
the August to Republican, 

4110
03:41:40,300 --> 03:41:42,800
slogans. 
He had forged a new political 

4111
03:41:42,800 --> 03:41:44,600
order that would endure for 
centuries. 

4112
03:41:45,400 --> 03:41:47,200
Bridging. 
The fierce independence of old 

4113
03:41:47,200 --> 03:41:50,500
Rome with the pragmatic 
necessity of a single guiding 

4114
03:41:50,500 --> 03:41:52,100
hand. 
The cost. 

4115
03:41:53,100 --> 03:41:56,300
The cost in the fleeting 
illusion of Republican, Liberty,

4116
03:41:56,300 --> 03:42:00,600
but after generations of civil 
conflict, many Romans gladly 

4117
03:42:00,600 --> 03:42:03,700
paid that price. 
As Augustus Consolidated 

4118
03:42:03,700 --> 03:42:07,400
Authority, he turned to ensure 
the stability of his succession.

4119
03:42:07,400 --> 03:42:10,800
No small feat in a state, once 
steeped in the tradition of 

4120
03:42:10,800 --> 03:42:14,200
elected. 
Stresses, With no biological son

4121
03:42:14,200 --> 03:42:17,200
from his marriages or gustus 
tried weaving, a family 

4122
03:42:17,200 --> 03:42:19,600
dentistry through strategic 
adoptions and marriages. 

4123
03:42:19,600 --> 03:42:23,400
His only child, Julia became a 
political Pawn. 

4124
03:42:23,400 --> 03:42:27,800
Married off to potential heirs 
to cement alliances first came 

4125
03:42:27,800 --> 03:42:32,100
to Dallas or Gus's nephew, then 
a gripper his trusted General in

4126
03:42:32,108 --> 03:42:37,600
companion and later Tiberius his
Stern capable steps on The 

4127
03:42:37,600 --> 03:42:41,300
Empire watched these unions with
Fascination hoping that a 

4128
03:42:41,300 --> 03:42:44,100
suitable successor, might emerge
to prolong the Pax, Romana. 

4129
03:42:45,000 --> 03:42:48,500
Meanwhile, Augustus took a hands
on approach to moral and social 

4130
03:42:48,500 --> 03:42:50,700
reforms. 
He championed legislation 

4131
03:42:50,700 --> 03:42:53,800
encouraging marriage and 
childbirth among Rome's, Elite 

4132
03:42:53,800 --> 03:42:57,500
penalizing, adultery and 
childlessness publicly these 

4133
03:42:57,500 --> 03:43:00,000
laws aimed to revive traditional
Roman virtues. 

4134
03:43:00,000 --> 03:43:04,300
Populating the Empire with 
Upright Citizens privately they 

4135
03:43:04,300 --> 03:43:06,400
served as a moral anchor for the
new regime. 

4136
03:43:06,400 --> 03:43:09,800
Contrasting with the preceding 
Decades of bloody infighting and

4137
03:43:09,800 --> 03:43:13,000
public decadence. 
Critics grumbled that Augustus 

4138
03:43:13,000 --> 03:43:17,000
medaled too far into personal 
lives, yet, many recognized the 

4139
03:43:17,008 --> 03:43:20,500
sense of direction and unity. 
He sought to impose on the 

4140
03:43:20,508 --> 03:43:22,300
Frontiers, the empires 
expansion. 

4141
03:43:22,300 --> 03:43:25,700
Sea sword between Triumph and 
tragedy along the Rhine. 

4142
03:43:25,700 --> 03:43:29,200
Augustus installed Garrison's to
keep the Germanic tribes at Bay 

4143
03:43:29,200 --> 03:43:32,600
in the East, stable alliances 
with client Kings. 

4144
03:43:32,600 --> 03:43:36,500
Prevented major upheavals yet, 
not all expansions succeeded. 

4145
03:43:36,500 --> 03:43:41,100
The infamous variant disaster in
9 CE so three Roman Legions 

4146
03:43:41,100 --> 03:43:44,100
annihilated in the Toto Burg 
Forest by Germanic Warrior's 

4147
03:43:44,100 --> 03:43:48,600
under arminius Rome reeled at 
the blow using about 15,000 men.

4148
03:43:48,600 --> 03:43:52,700
Augustus Shattered by the news 
was said to roam, his Palace, 

4149
03:43:52,700 --> 03:43:56,200
crying quintilius, varus, give 
me back my Legions. 

4150
03:43:57,300 --> 03:44:00,400
The defeat forced him to abandon
major conquests in Germania 

4151
03:44:00,400 --> 03:44:02,600
Shifting, The Boundary to the 
Rhine. 

4152
03:44:02,600 --> 03:44:06,800
This trauma, proved the Empire 
had limits Augustus recognized 

4153
03:44:06,800 --> 03:44:10,300
that consolidating existing, 
provinces might matter more than

4154
03:44:10,300 --> 03:44:14,200
indefinite Conquest. 
Politically the principate 

4155
03:44:14,200 --> 03:44:18,600
outward face promoted consensus,
the Senate passed glowing 

4156
03:44:18,600 --> 03:44:22,900
decrees awarding Augustus 
Tribune, power for Life, letting

4157
03:44:22,900 --> 03:44:24,800
him veto or proposed 
legislation. 

4158
03:44:24,800 --> 03:44:28,100
He used these Powers sparingly 
at least in the public eye 

4159
03:44:28,100 --> 03:44:32,100
Freedom immediate threats or 
Gusto's reign in bracelet. 

4160
03:44:32,100 --> 03:44:35,400
Pageantry Grand triumphal, 
archers, Labyrinth religious 

4161
03:44:35,400 --> 03:44:39,000
festivals and coinage bearing. 
His image with the title father 

4162
03:44:39,000 --> 03:44:42,800
of the Fatherland, Roman 
arrested to outdo each other in 

4163
03:44:42,800 --> 03:44:44,100
praising. 
The Imperial household, 

4164
03:44:44,100 --> 03:44:47,600
sometimes exaggerating their 
Devotion to secure favor. 

4165
03:44:48,400 --> 03:44:51,100
Meanwhile, the populace reveled 
in the improved City 

4166
03:44:51,100 --> 03:44:54,200
infrastructure. 
Circuses and public, Banquets 

4167
03:44:54,200 --> 03:44:57,800
bread and circuses indeed, 
though, Augustus prided himself 

4168
03:44:57,800 --> 03:45:00,800
or not indulging in personal 
extravagance, he lived 

4169
03:45:00,800 --> 03:45:03,000
relatively simply in a house on 
the Palatine. 

4170
03:45:03,000 --> 03:45:06,900
Not in a gilded Palace yet 
within his family Strife. 

4171
03:45:06,900 --> 03:45:10,500
Simmered his daughter, Julia 
stuck in strategic, marriages 

4172
03:45:10,500 --> 03:45:12,600
rebelled through scandalous 
conduct. 

4173
03:45:12,600 --> 03:45:14,700
He parted with younger 
patricians. 

4174
03:45:14,700 --> 03:45:16,800
Rumor said she engaged in 
Affairs. 

4175
03:45:16,800 --> 03:45:20,700
That ridiculed augustus' moral 
edicts ultimately, he exiled, 

4176
03:45:20,700 --> 03:45:24,300
his own daughter a movie, he 
found deeply painful, but saw as

4177
03:45:24,300 --> 03:45:27,300
necessary to preserve the 
regime's moral Authority, the 

4178
03:45:27,300 --> 03:45:31,300
public gossiped concluding that 
even Augustus, the Paragon of 

4179
03:45:31,300 --> 03:45:34,500
virtue couldn't tame personal 
scandal in his household. 

4180
03:45:35,300 --> 03:45:38,000
Another blow came when favored 
grandsons died young. 

4181
03:45:38,800 --> 03:45:40,800
Fracturing. 
The carefully plotted succession

4182
03:45:40,800 --> 03:45:43,300
line, Tiberius or steering 
aloof. 

4183
03:45:43,300 --> 03:45:46,900
Gradually merged as the likely 
are though, father and stepson 

4184
03:45:46,900 --> 03:45:51,300
had an uneasy dynamic. in the 
realm of culture, a golden age, 

4185
03:45:51,300 --> 03:45:54,300
flourished, or so the 
retrospective label claimed 

4186
03:45:55,100 --> 03:45:58,200
Patronage from Augustus and his 
confidence, like Messina 

4187
03:45:58,200 --> 03:46:01,300
supported literary talents, who 
produced enduring works. 

4188
03:46:02,000 --> 03:46:05,500
Virgil's aired, wove, Trojan 
Legends into Rome's Destiny, 

4189
03:46:05,500 --> 03:46:09,900
subtly legitimizing, Augustine 
rule, as fate Livi wrote 

4190
03:46:09,900 --> 03:46:13,200
Monumental histories, praising, 
Roman virtues carefully. 

4191
03:46:13,200 --> 03:46:16,300
Tiptoeing around the Civil Wars 
that had cemented the principle 

4192
03:46:16,300 --> 03:46:20,400
of its verses Charmed readers 
with witty takes on love and 

4193
03:46:20,400 --> 03:46:24,200
mythology until his exile for 
unspecified indiscretions or 

4194
03:46:24,200 --> 03:46:26,300
perhaps for offending the 
Imperial moral code. 

4195
03:46:26,900 --> 03:46:29,600
The tension between creative 
freedom and political lines 

4196
03:46:29,600 --> 03:46:33,400
became a Hallmark of the era's 
art Master sculptors and 

4197
03:46:33,400 --> 03:46:36,700
Architects, harnessed, Greek, 
influences, producing 

4198
03:46:36,700 --> 03:46:40,300
distinctive, Roman designs that 
still Grace surviving ruins, the

4199
03:46:40,300 --> 03:46:43,600
ARA patches celebrating August 
and peace stands. 

4200
03:46:43,600 --> 03:46:48,000
As a prime example, By the dawn 
of the first century CE or 

4201
03:46:48,000 --> 03:46:51,000
gustus principate had reigned 
over two decades of relative 

4202
03:46:51,000 --> 03:46:54,700
stability, children grew up 
knowing no Civil War, a 

4203
03:46:54,700 --> 03:46:56,200
remarkable shift from older 
Generations. 

4204
03:46:56,200 --> 03:47:00,000
The memory of the Republic's 
Freedom drifted into Nostalgia 

4205
03:47:00,000 --> 03:47:03,300
for some While, others believe 
that a single guiding figure was

4206
03:47:03,300 --> 03:47:08,000
the best bulwark against future 
chaos, indeed, many aquestion, 

4207
03:47:08,000 --> 03:47:09,900
and Senators. 
Quite quietly recognized, they 

4208
03:47:09,900 --> 03:47:12,700
were better off under 
predictable Central rule than 

4209
03:47:12,700 --> 03:47:15,700
risking the unpredictability of 
competitive elections that often

4210
03:47:15,700 --> 03:47:18,000
spiraled into assassination or 
civil conflict. 

4211
03:47:18,900 --> 03:47:22,700
Yet the question of the Empire's
longevity remained. if Augustus 

4212
03:47:22,700 --> 03:47:26,300
died unexpectedly would Tiberius
or another figure hold the 

4213
03:47:26,300 --> 03:47:29,500
empire together, Could the 
prints appear Outlast one man's 

4214
03:47:29,500 --> 03:47:32,300
lifetime? 
In the Twilight of his Reign. 

4215
03:47:32,300 --> 03:47:36,200
Augustus orchestrated subtle 
transitions of authority to 

4216
03:47:36,200 --> 03:47:38,600
Tiberius. 
Conferring Powers gradually. 

4217
03:47:39,300 --> 03:47:42,300
He hoped to avoid the abrupt 
vacuum that had ensnared Caesar.

4218
03:47:43,100 --> 03:47:45,600
Whether the Roman world was 
truly ready for a dynastic, 

4219
03:47:45,600 --> 03:47:48,600
monarchy a concept. 
So alien to its older, 

4220
03:47:48,600 --> 03:47:52,100
Republican ethos was an open 
question, but there was no 

4221
03:47:52,100 --> 03:47:56,000
turning back the age of Augustus
had irreversibly shaped a Roman 

4222
03:47:56,000 --> 03:47:58,500
identity now into twined with a 
single rulers. 

4223
03:47:58,500 --> 03:48:01,100
Guiding hand. 
By 14 CE. 

4224
03:48:01,100 --> 03:48:05,300
Augustus was an aging figure. 
His hair had grade, his health 

4225
03:48:05,300 --> 03:48:08,400
group frailer yet his grip on 
power remained firm. 

4226
03:48:09,100 --> 03:48:12,600
He'd spent decades refining, the
principal's mechanics in his 

4227
03:48:12,600 --> 03:48:16,400
direct or indirect control over 
the military legal, and 

4228
03:48:16,400 --> 03:48:19,900
religious fears. 
Mentally, he pondered the last 

4229
03:48:19,900 --> 03:48:23,500
Act of his storyline. 
If the principate was to endure,

4230
03:48:23,500 --> 03:48:27,500
he needed Tiberius his 
designated successor to 

4231
03:48:27,500 --> 03:48:31,200
seamlessly assumed control. 
Some suspected Tiberius 

4232
03:48:31,200 --> 03:48:35,000
possessed, neither Augustus 
Charisma, nor compassion but 

4233
03:48:35,000 --> 03:48:37,400
there was no other candidate 
left with enough legitimacy. 

4234
03:48:38,200 --> 03:48:41,500
That summer, Augustus embarked 
on a journey with Tiberius to 

4235
03:48:41,508 --> 03:48:44,000
Southern Italy. 
Perhaps it was a symbolic 

4236
03:48:44,000 --> 03:48:47,300
Handover or perhaps it was 
simply a final inspection tour 

4237
03:48:47,300 --> 03:48:50,400
along the way his health. 
Deteriorated quickly. 

4238
03:48:50,400 --> 03:48:53,900
Near Nola the place of his 
father's death decades. 

4239
03:48:53,900 --> 03:48:57,500
Prior he lingered in bed, 
occasionally conversing with 

4240
03:48:57,508 --> 03:49:01,100
Tiberius and others from his 
retinue according to tradition. 

4241
03:49:01,100 --> 03:49:04,600
His last words, carried, a hint 
of the theatrical flourish 

4242
03:49:04,600 --> 03:49:07,700
comparing life to a play in 
imploring them to applaud if he 

4243
03:49:07,700 --> 03:49:12,200
had performed. 
Well on August 19th, 14 sea or 

4244
03:49:12,200 --> 03:49:15,900
gustus passed away. 
He was 75 having ruled the 

4245
03:49:15,900 --> 03:49:19,600
Empire effectively for over four
decades longer than anyone had 

4246
03:49:19,600 --> 03:49:24,200
predicted news of his deaths. 
Swiftly in Rome, a tide of 

4247
03:49:24,208 --> 03:49:26,400
mourning ensued. 
The Senate declared him. 

4248
03:49:26,408 --> 03:49:30,300
A god Divas Augustus continuing,
a trend that had begun with 

4249
03:49:30,308 --> 03:49:34,100
Seasons defecation. 
The city's populace, which had 

4250
03:49:34,100 --> 03:49:36,800
never experienced an adult life 
without him as a guide in 

4251
03:49:36,808 --> 03:49:41,600
presence face. 
Uncertain time, rituals eulogies

4252
03:49:41,600 --> 03:49:44,300
and processions offered the 
veneer of continuity. 

4253
03:49:45,300 --> 03:49:48,800
Tiberius stepped into the role 
of Princess, observing the 

4254
03:49:48,800 --> 03:49:52,300
formalities, that'll Guster 
established among the masses 

4255
03:49:52,300 --> 03:49:54,600
grief. 
Mingled with apprehension. 

4256
03:49:54,600 --> 03:49:58,400
No single figure had done more 
to shape the new era of Pax. 

4257
03:49:58,400 --> 03:50:02,700
Romana In the subsequent months,
the city of Rome processed 

4258
03:50:02,700 --> 03:50:04,500
augustus's memory in different 
ways. 

4259
03:50:04,500 --> 03:50:07,800
Loyal Senators, commissioned 
arches and statues. 

4260
03:50:07,800 --> 03:50:10,800
Families were counted how their 
grandparents had lived through 

4261
03:50:10,800 --> 03:50:14,500
Civil Wars until August, 
restored order, freedmen who had

4262
03:50:14,508 --> 03:50:17,900
worked in his administration 
wept or exploited the transition

4263
03:50:17,900 --> 03:50:21,700
to jockey for new positions 
across the provinces local 

4264
03:50:21,700 --> 03:50:24,800
Elites who had thrived under 
Augustine patronage worried 

4265
03:50:24,800 --> 03:50:26,900
whether Tiberius would maintain 
the same approach. 

4266
03:50:26,900 --> 03:50:31,100
Despite the news, unsettling the
legions, they remained loyal to 

4267
03:50:31,100 --> 03:50:34,100
the new emperor. 
Some among the legions expected 

4268
03:50:34,100 --> 03:50:38,000
bonuses or reforms leading to 
brief mutinies in the Rhine and 

4269
03:50:38,008 --> 03:50:40,800
pannonia. 
The Tiberius and his capable 

4270
03:50:40,800 --> 03:50:43,200
nephew germanicus. 
Resolved them. 

4271
03:50:44,100 --> 03:50:48,600
As Time passed historians began 
weaving augustus's Reign into 

4272
03:50:48,600 --> 03:50:52,900
Grand narratives, some like Levy
had already praised him in near 

4273
03:50:52,900 --> 03:50:55,700
Mythic terms. 
Others were more subdued 

4274
03:50:55,700 --> 03:50:58,600
acknowledging that while 
Augustus ended civil Strife. 

4275
03:50:58,600 --> 03:51:02,300
He'd also strangled the old 
Republican Liberties a new 

4276
03:51:02,308 --> 03:51:06,200
generation born under Pax 
Romana, however, only understood

4277
03:51:06,200 --> 03:51:08,200
the Republic through ancestral 
stories. 

4278
03:51:09,000 --> 03:51:11,300
They took for granted that a 
single figure guided State 

4279
03:51:11,300 --> 03:51:15,400
policy minted coins with their 
face and overshadowed Senate. 

4280
03:51:16,200 --> 03:51:18,800
The heritage of Civil Wars 
receded into second-hand 

4281
03:51:18,800 --> 03:51:22,200
accounts leaving Augustus as an 
almost fatherly figure in the 

4282
03:51:22,200 --> 03:51:24,300
Roman psyche, the man who 
brought peace? 

4283
03:51:25,300 --> 03:51:28,400
The deeper subtleties of his 
rule, his cunning manipulations 

4284
03:51:28,400 --> 03:51:30,200
the purges that built the 
principate. 

4285
03:51:30,200 --> 03:51:33,700
The clandestine power plays were
overshadowed by the public 

4286
03:51:33,700 --> 03:51:36,900
facade of piety tradition and 
moderation. 

4287
03:51:37,800 --> 03:51:41,400
Indeed, the final version of his
life story shaped by his 

4288
03:51:41,400 --> 03:51:44,800
supporters, cultivated in an 
image of a reluctant ruler who 

4289
03:51:44,800 --> 03:51:47,100
accepted power only for the 
public good. 

4290
03:51:48,300 --> 03:51:51,300
Detractors existed. 
But they rarely had a platform 

4291
03:51:51,300 --> 03:51:53,600
to challenge the official line 
over. 

4292
03:51:53,600 --> 03:51:57,400
Centuries subsequent Emperors 
embraced or distanced themselves

4293
03:51:57,400 --> 03:52:00,600
from August night ideas. some 
attempted to emulate his 

4294
03:52:00,600 --> 03:52:04,200
delicate balance, While others 
fail, allowing cruelty or 

4295
03:52:04,200 --> 03:52:07,800
extravagance to overshadow 
statesmanship An essential 

4296
03:52:07,800 --> 03:52:11,700
Augustine Legacy was the ongoing
Pax, Romana a relative, peace, 

4297
03:52:11,700 --> 03:52:15,100
that spammed from Britain to the
Freight's though, Wars on the, 

4298
03:52:15,100 --> 03:52:18,600
Frontiers never vanished 
Germanic raids revolts in Judea 

4299
03:52:18,600 --> 03:52:21,800
tensions. 
With pathya, the empires core, 

4300
03:52:21,800 --> 03:52:26,200
heartlands prospered, trade 
routes thrived carrying goods 

4301
03:52:26,200 --> 03:52:27,900
from a cross. 
The Mediterranean and Beyond 

4302
03:52:27,900 --> 03:52:31,400
well, Roman law code extended 
deeper into newly integrated 

4303
03:52:31,400 --> 03:52:33,900
communities. 
This stability, boosted, 

4304
03:52:33,900 --> 03:52:36,800
population growth, Urban 
Development and cultural 

4305
03:52:36,800 --> 03:52:39,600
exchange fostering an 
environment where future 

4306
03:52:39,600 --> 03:52:43,000
historians philosophers and 
Architects, found the resources 

4307
03:52:43,000 --> 03:52:45,300
to flourish and subsequent 
centuries. 

4308
03:52:46,000 --> 03:52:49,000
Questions, when they emerged in 
the Empire pointed to the 

4309
03:52:49,000 --> 03:52:52,400
stable, Roman roads built under 
Augustine expansions as an 

4310
03:52:52,400 --> 03:52:54,600
inadvertent Gateway for their 
missionaries to travel. 

4311
03:52:55,400 --> 03:52:58,600
Even mundane aspects 
standardized coinage. 

4312
03:52:58,600 --> 03:53:02,400
Consistent administrative 
provinces owed much to the 

4313
03:53:02,400 --> 03:53:07,000
Augusta blueprint Emperors like 
trajan and Hadrian centuries 

4314
03:53:07,000 --> 03:53:10,500
later, recognized that forging a
stable rule required. 

4315
03:53:10,500 --> 03:53:14,300
A delicate dance, not entirely 
different from augustus's 

4316
03:53:14,300 --> 03:53:18,000
approach, securing, the Loyalty 
of armies, appearing the Senate 

4317
03:53:18,000 --> 03:53:21,500
and wooing, the populace, the 
memory of Augustus therefore 

4318
03:53:21,500 --> 03:53:24,200
served as an archetype for the 
good Emperor. 

4319
03:53:24,200 --> 03:53:27,700
Never mind that the path to his 
power was littered with cunning 

4320
03:53:27,700 --> 03:53:30,900
and bloodshed. 
Ultimately, Augustus success lay

4321
03:53:30,900 --> 03:53:32,500
in Melbourne, contradictory in 
pulses. 

4322
03:53:32,500 --> 03:53:35,800
He revived old festivals yet 
rewrote, the political 

4323
03:53:35,800 --> 03:53:38,300
structure. 
He promised the Senate respect 

4324
03:53:38,300 --> 03:53:41,100
yet, controlled them with 
cunning Championed moral 

4325
03:53:41,100 --> 03:53:44,400
reforms, yet exiled, his 
daughter due to a scandal, the 

4326
03:53:44,400 --> 03:53:48,000
story of his life remains a 
mosaic of ambition, altruism 

4327
03:53:48,000 --> 03:53:51,200
caution. 
And ruthlessness, without him 

4328
03:53:51,200 --> 03:53:54,900
roam might have shattered under 
repeated Civil Wars with him, 

4329
03:53:54,900 --> 03:53:58,400
the Republic mutated into an 
Empire anchored by one man's 

4330
03:53:58,400 --> 03:54:01,000
Authority that delicate 
compromise. 

4331
03:54:01,000 --> 03:54:03,700
Monarchy dressed in Republican 
costume carried. 

4332
03:54:03,700 --> 03:54:07,700
Rome forward for Generations, 
shaping Western history in ways.

4333
03:54:07,700 --> 03:54:11,300
No one in the Smoky Senate Halls
of yesteryear could have fully 

4334
03:54:11,300 --> 03:54:14,800
foreseen. 
Long after Augustus death, the 

4335
03:54:14,800 --> 03:54:16,700
Roman World. 
Recited Legends of his early 

4336
03:54:16,700 --> 03:54:19,900
days from the moment, he claimed
Caesars inheritance to the 

4337
03:54:19,900 --> 03:54:24,800
final, quieting of civil strife,
Poets retold how he found Roman 

4338
03:54:24,800 --> 03:54:28,000
chaos and forged a new dawn of 
order even ordinary citizens. 

4339
03:54:28,000 --> 03:54:32,100
Traveling along roads lined with
his Milestones, felt The Echoes 

4340
03:54:32,100 --> 03:54:34,200
of an emperor who merged 
subtlety with power. 

4341
03:54:35,000 --> 03:54:38,100
Yet historians then are now 
debate whether Augustus truly 

4342
03:54:38,100 --> 03:54:40,900
believed in the facade of 
Republican restoration or simply

4343
03:54:40,900 --> 03:54:42,800
harnessed it to quell potential 
opposition. 

4344
03:54:43,900 --> 03:54:47,300
The notion of restoring, the 
Republic was more than political

4345
03:54:47,300 --> 03:54:49,000
spin. 
It was a psychological 

4346
03:54:49,000 --> 03:54:52,000
necessity. 
Romans had long Pride at 

4347
03:54:52,000 --> 03:54:55,000
themselves on hating Kings. 
Since the Atkins monarchy was 

4348
03:54:55,000 --> 03:54:59,200
expelled centuries earlier by 
adopting titles like Prime cats 

4349
03:54:59,200 --> 03:55:03,800
first among equals and parading 
virtues such as modesty or 

4350
03:55:03,800 --> 03:55:05,700
guster's defected the Specter of
tyranny. 

4351
03:55:06,400 --> 03:55:09,700
He decorated official ceremony 
is with illusions of senatorial.

4352
03:55:09,700 --> 03:55:13,800
Collaboration in practice 
though, every key office and 

4353
03:55:13,800 --> 03:55:17,100
Province was under his watchful 
eye by centralizing, the means 

4354
03:55:17,100 --> 03:55:20,800
to wage war, controlling 
legion's. 

4355
03:55:20,800 --> 03:55:25,500
He rendered any Senator LED 
Rebellion almost impossible This

4356
03:55:25,500 --> 03:55:28,700
system had its share of 
paradoxes freed from the cycle 

4357
03:55:28,700 --> 03:55:31,100
of Civil Wars. 
The Senate could resume its 

4358
03:55:31,100 --> 03:55:34,300
dignified, debates on laws 
awarding, triumphs or passing 

4359
03:55:34,300 --> 03:55:37,300
judgments, but only so far as it
aligned with the emperor's 

4360
03:55:37,300 --> 03:55:40,300
overarching interests. 
Younger Senators who never 

4361
03:55:40,300 --> 03:55:43,300
experienced the chaotic, 
Republic found comfort in the 

4362
03:55:43,308 --> 03:55:46,300
principate security, the 
advanced in a structured career 

4363
03:55:46,300 --> 03:55:50,900
path, questor Prater, Consul 
under August and oversight freed

4364
03:55:50,900 --> 03:55:53,700
from the anxiety of violent. 
Contests a pivoted to 

4365
03:55:53,700 --> 03:55:56,500
administrative tasks like 
refining legal codes or 

4366
03:55:56,500 --> 03:55:59,400
sponsoring public games. 
These changes drained, some 

4367
03:55:59,400 --> 03:56:03,200
Vitality from senatorial life 
but also eliminated, the lethal 

4368
03:56:03,200 --> 03:56:05,900
rivalries that once stained 
Roman politics in blood. 

4369
03:56:07,300 --> 03:56:10,000
Religious transformation. 
Also underscored his Reign. 

4370
03:56:10,000 --> 03:56:14,300
He Imperial cult venerating. 
The empress family took root in 

4371
03:56:14,300 --> 03:56:16,800
the province's temples to dive 
as Julius. 

4372
03:56:16,800 --> 03:56:20,600
The day of fight, Julius Caesar 
dotted Asia Minor in Gaul. 

4373
03:56:20,600 --> 03:56:22,900
Bridging local Traditions with 
Roman identity. 

4374
03:56:24,500 --> 03:56:27,800
Just carefully navigate the line
between piety and blasphemy 

4375
03:56:27,800 --> 03:56:31,600
never outright demanded worship 
of himself in Italy, but in 

4376
03:56:31,608 --> 03:56:35,000
distant province's, cult 
centers, proclaiming his Divine 

4377
03:56:35,000 --> 03:56:40,000
status arose, this practice 
fostered unity as local Elites 

4378
03:56:40,000 --> 03:56:42,100
built shrines to Augustus to 
carry favor. 

4379
03:56:42,800 --> 03:56:45,100
Blending indigenous Gods with 
Roman Imperial? 

4380
03:56:45,100 --> 03:56:49,000
Reverence. 
On a personal level augustus's 

4381
03:56:49,000 --> 03:56:51,100
household dramas. 
Had shaped his paternalistic 

4382
03:56:51,100 --> 03:56:54,700
posture toward the Empire, The 
Heartbreak with Julia the 

4383
03:56:54,700 --> 03:56:58,300
succession fiascos and the 
manipulative marriages taught 

4384
03:56:58,300 --> 03:56:59,900
him. 
That absolute power came at the 

4385
03:56:59,908 --> 03:57:02,900
cost of familial strain, ancient
gossip blind. 

4386
03:57:02,900 --> 03:57:06,000
He was cold or unfeeling to 
those who fell out of favor. 

4387
03:57:07,000 --> 03:57:10,100
But gleaning from the letters 
that survived we see glimpses of

4388
03:57:10,100 --> 03:57:12,900
a man torn between fatherly 
instincts and political 

4389
03:57:12,900 --> 03:57:15,600
necessity. 
He exiled those he loved to 

4390
03:57:15,600 --> 03:57:18,200
maintain the moral facade. 
He'd cultivated for the public 

4391
03:57:18,200 --> 03:57:22,200
real estate that posture 
anchored, the moral Authority by

4392
03:57:22,200 --> 03:57:26,000
his social reforms nor were the 
provincial expansion's always 

4393
03:57:26,000 --> 03:57:30,400
peaceful in the Spanish interior
Augustine, generals waged 

4394
03:57:30,400 --> 03:57:33,100
campaigns to quell tribes that 
refused Roman oversight. 

4395
03:57:33,100 --> 03:57:36,900
The Alpine passes were brought 
onto direct Roman control to 

4396
03:57:36,900 --> 03:57:41,100
secure transalpine trade routes.
Fortress line sprung up along 

4397
03:57:41,100 --> 03:57:44,000
the Danube to repel or monitor 
to the Restless stations. 

4398
03:57:44,000 --> 03:57:47,400
These expansions were not often 
accompanied by Grand triumphal 

4399
03:57:47,400 --> 03:57:50,100
procession. 
Augustus himself, rarely took 

4400
03:57:50,100 --> 03:57:53,500
personal credit preferring to 
let generals hold subdued 

4401
03:57:53,500 --> 03:57:55,900
ceremonies. 
He recognized that the Empire 

4402
03:57:55,900 --> 03:57:58,900
needed no flamboyant displays 
reminiscent of early Warlords. 

4403
03:57:58,900 --> 03:58:03,300
Instead stable from tears, a 
robust Commerce Network and the 

4404
03:58:03,300 --> 03:58:06,400
Pax Romana sense of normalcy, 
proved enough to maintain public

4405
03:58:06,400 --> 03:58:09,400
favor. 
When Tiberius finally, stepped 

4406
03:58:09,400 --> 03:58:12,800
into the Imperial role, most 
people expected continuity. 

4407
03:58:12,800 --> 03:58:16,200
The new emperor inherited not 
just the institutions, but also 

4408
03:58:16,200 --> 03:58:19,900
the attitudes, Augustus had, 
sown Tiberius adhered to many 

4409
03:58:19,900 --> 03:58:22,900
Augustine precedents though. 
His personal style, was more 

4410
03:58:22,900 --> 03:58:26,100
reclusive and severe. 
The senatorial class realized 

4411
03:58:26,100 --> 03:58:29,000
that augustus's blueprint an 
emperor overshadowing, the 

4412
03:58:29,000 --> 03:58:31,400
facade of a free republic would 
continue. 

4413
03:58:32,800 --> 03:58:35,400
No, major push to resurrect a 
purely, Republican system 

4414
03:58:35,400 --> 03:58:38,700
emerged, some die-hard 
Republicans, still existed in 

4415
03:58:38,700 --> 03:58:40,900
the shadows. 
But after Decades of peace and 

4416
03:58:40,900 --> 03:58:43,800
the empires continued growth, 
the majority accepted the 

4417
03:58:43,800 --> 03:58:48,200
principal, as The New Normal. 
Across centuries, augustus's 

4418
03:58:48,200 --> 03:58:51,900
memory sword to near Mythic 
Empress from near to 

4419
03:58:51,900 --> 03:58:54,600
Constantine, either invoke or 
reshaped August. 

4420
03:58:54,600 --> 03:58:58,200
And Tropez on coinage. 
They displayed genealogical ties

4421
03:58:58,200 --> 03:59:00,200
or spelled out. 
Slogans, reminiscent of 

4422
03:59:00,200 --> 03:59:03,500
Augustine virtues. 
Augustus itself became more than

4423
03:59:03,500 --> 03:59:05,500
a name. 
It was an honorific for all 

4424
03:59:05,500 --> 03:59:10,100
subsequent Emperors signifying. 
The same revered status writers,

4425
03:59:10,100 --> 03:59:13,500
compiled accounts of his Reign, 
both praising his modesty and 

4426
03:59:13,500 --> 03:59:17,400
hinting at cunning The next 
generation's face, their crises 

4427
03:59:17,400 --> 03:59:21,500
Caligula's Mania the Jewish 
revolts, or the year of the four

4428
03:59:21,500 --> 03:59:24,100
Emperors. 
Yet, Augustus, Cyrus stood out 

4429
03:59:24,100 --> 03:59:29,100
as time of relative Harmony even
if precariously balanced Looking

4430
03:59:29,100 --> 03:59:30,700
back from a vantage point 
centuries. 

4431
03:59:30,700 --> 03:59:34,300
Later historian, seal gustus is 
the pivot from a fractious 

4432
03:59:34,300 --> 03:59:39,200
Republic to a stable. 
If autocratic Empire Freed from 

4433
03:59:39,208 --> 03:59:42,400
crippling Civil Wars, the 
Mediterranean World blossomed in

4434
03:59:42,408 --> 03:59:45,200
trade and culture. 
The seeds of an architectural 

4435
03:59:45,200 --> 03:59:47,300
Revolution. 
Took root in Rome's, new 

4436
03:59:47,300 --> 03:59:50,200
monuments, bridging Greek 
Artistry with Roman engineering.

4437
03:59:51,000 --> 03:59:53,500
And though the principate 
eventually shifted toward more 

4438
03:59:53,500 --> 03:59:56,900
Evert Emperors like Caligula or 
demission, Augustine model, 

4439
03:59:56,900 --> 04:00:00,400
never vanished. 
The notion of a first citizen 

4440
04:00:00,400 --> 04:00:03,000
quietly. 
Sustaining, the illusions of 

4441
04:00:03,000 --> 04:00:07,200
senatorial dignity underpinned. 
The Empire's structure until the

4442
04:00:07,200 --> 04:00:11,700
West crumbled centuries later. 
Augustus's example, subtle 

4443
04:00:11,700 --> 04:00:15,900
multifaceted and deeply embedded
in Roman tradition, remains a 

4444
04:00:15,900 --> 04:00:18,200
testament to how a single 
individual can reshape the 

4445
04:00:18,200 --> 04:00:19,900
trajectory of an entire 
Civilization. 

4446
04:00:19,900 --> 04:00:24,800
Now, with Millennia gone, since 
all gustas death, we possess a 

4447
04:00:24,800 --> 04:00:27,900
panoramic view of his life and 
Legacy of vantage point that 

4448
04:00:27,900 --> 04:00:30,500
reveals both the glimmering 
Heights and the murky Corners 

4449
04:00:30,500 --> 04:00:34,600
his youthful cunning harnessed 
after Seasons assassination. 

4450
04:00:35,500 --> 04:00:37,800
Established a pattern of 
strategic alliances and 

4451
04:00:37,800 --> 04:00:41,700
Relentless ambition. 
That Fierce Drive, paved his 

4452
04:00:41,700 --> 04:00:45,400
scent from an underestimated are
to the architect of Rome's first

4453
04:00:45,400 --> 04:00:49,100
imperial system, but behind the 
luminescent facade of the Pax. 

4454
04:00:49,100 --> 04:00:53,700
Romana one notices, the ashes of
Republican Liberties, countless 

4455
04:00:53,700 --> 04:00:57,000
casualties of prescriptions and 
a well-managed propaganda 

4456
04:00:57,000 --> 04:00:59,000
machine. 
Smoothing over the sharp edges 

4457
04:00:59,000 --> 04:01:02,800
of absolute power modern 
Scholars, often debate, whether 

4458
04:01:02,800 --> 04:01:07,200
he was a benevolent autocrat, or
a Sly manipulator who exploited 

4459
04:01:07,200 --> 04:01:09,800
War weariness to install, a 
monarchy in all, but name. 

4460
04:01:10,700 --> 04:01:14,400
The truth likely straddles are 
delicate boundary, augustus's 

4461
04:01:14,400 --> 04:01:18,800
reforms streamlining, taxation 
professionalizing, the Army and 

4462
04:01:18,800 --> 04:01:21,900
encouraging moral and cultural 
Revival point to a genuine 

4463
04:01:21,900 --> 04:01:24,100
desire for a robust and during 
order. 

4464
04:01:25,100 --> 04:01:27,900
However, he did not hesitate to 
use lethal measures when they 

4465
04:01:27,900 --> 04:01:31,000
strengthened his position. 
For every Temple. 

4466
04:01:31,000 --> 04:01:34,900
He built there was a political 
rival, he sighed or a province 

4467
04:01:34,900 --> 04:01:36,300
subjugated under Roman 
Authority. 

4468
04:01:37,500 --> 04:01:42,100
In rhetorical terms or gustus 
was no flamboyant orator but his

4469
04:01:42,100 --> 04:01:45,400
Mastery in setting the 
narrative, he let others speak. 

4470
04:01:45,400 --> 04:01:49,000
Extravagantly on his bahal 
poets, loyal Senators, 

4471
04:01:49,000 --> 04:01:52,200
provincial allies and rarely 
contradicted. 

4472
04:01:52,200 --> 04:01:55,800
The glowing accounts that cast 
him as roam savior over time. 

4473
04:01:55,800 --> 04:01:59,500
This cultivated Persona sank, 
deep into Rome's Collective 

4474
04:01:59,500 --> 04:02:04,100
psyche, Even the Senate once 
proud and fractious resigned to 

4475
04:02:04,100 --> 04:02:07,100
his overarching, presence 
content to pass decrees 

4476
04:02:07,100 --> 04:02:09,000
endorsing him as father of the 
Fatherland. 

4477
04:02:09,700 --> 04:02:13,700
The city's plebeians exhausted 
by previous turmoil, embrace, 

4478
04:02:13,700 --> 04:02:17,200
the peace and spectacle Grand 
gladiatorial games, public 

4479
04:02:17,200 --> 04:02:19,600
feasts in the distribution of 
grain. 

4480
04:02:20,300 --> 04:02:23,800
With daily life, less precarious
who dared demand the intangible 

4481
04:02:23,800 --> 04:02:27,400
freedoms of an older era. 
Augustus's, family, tragedies 

4482
04:02:27,400 --> 04:02:31,400
especially around succession 
highlight, the precarious nature

4483
04:02:31,400 --> 04:02:35,300
of hereditary rule. the 
difference between the princely,

4484
04:02:35,300 --> 04:02:39,400
curated for sard and personal 
heartbreak Grand Stark The 

4485
04:02:39,400 --> 04:02:42,400
Exiles of Julia and Avid along 
with the disgraced heirs who 

4486
04:02:42,400 --> 04:02:44,600
died. 
Prematurely pointed to a regime 

4487
04:02:44,600 --> 04:02:47,500
that valued moral discipline and
uniformity over personal 

4488
04:02:47,500 --> 04:02:50,300
Indulgence. 
This was the official narrative 

4489
04:02:50,300 --> 04:02:54,400
in private, some cunning 
courtiers thrived Whispering 

4490
04:02:54,400 --> 04:02:58,100
half truths to maintain favor, 
This Dynamic would play for 

4491
04:02:58,100 --> 04:03:01,200
future Emperors from tiberias 
suspicious watchfulness to 

4492
04:03:01,200 --> 04:03:05,200
Niro's flamboyant. 
Paranoia Architect logically, we

4493
04:03:05,200 --> 04:03:07,200
see all gustan Footprints across
the empire. 

4494
04:03:08,100 --> 04:03:11,400
The city of Rome was adorned 
with the Forum of Augustus, the 

4495
04:03:11,400 --> 04:03:15,100
Temple of Mars, Altar and the 
ARA patches each a testament not

4496
04:03:15,100 --> 04:03:18,200
just to religious devotion. 
But to the Synergy between art 

4497
04:03:18,200 --> 04:03:21,600
and political messaging, And 
provincial cities from Spain to 

4498
04:03:21,600 --> 04:03:26,200
Asia Minor local Elites mirrored
Augustine Styles erecting 

4499
04:03:26,200 --> 04:03:28,100
temples to the Imperial cult and
adopting. 

4500
04:03:28,100 --> 04:03:31,200
Roman architectural motifs this 
cultural assimilation 

4501
04:03:31,200 --> 04:03:34,800
contributed to the forging of a 
Roman identity that transcended 

4502
04:03:34,800 --> 04:03:37,000
narrow tribal or local 
loyalties. 

4503
04:03:37,000 --> 04:03:40,800
Even in the Greek East where 
Hellenic culture had once 

4504
04:03:40,800 --> 04:03:44,300
overshadowed Rome's. 
Your Gustin age, catalyzed a new

4505
04:03:44,308 --> 04:03:47,700
synthesis, merging Greek 
Traditions with Roman rule under

4506
04:03:47,700 --> 04:03:49,500
the notion of a shared packs, 
Romana. 

4507
04:03:50,500 --> 04:03:53,900
When analyzing augustus's Reign 
One can't ignore the question of

4508
04:03:53,908 --> 04:03:57,100
how it impacted future 
governance, the next four 

4509
04:03:57,100 --> 04:03:59,500
centuries of Roman history. 
Revolve around the tension 

4510
04:03:59,500 --> 04:04:02,100
between the illusions of 
Augustine modesty and the 

4511
04:04:02,100 --> 04:04:05,500
reality of Emperors who demanded
worship or indulged capricious, 

4512
04:04:05,500 --> 04:04:09,200
whims the five good Emperors 
from nerve to Marcus. 

4513
04:04:09,200 --> 04:04:13,700
Aurelius, try to Echo, Augustine
virtues focusing on stoic 

4514
04:04:13,700 --> 04:04:17,200
Administration and Public Works 
others, like Caligula or 

4515
04:04:17,200 --> 04:04:20,200
Commodus. 
Abandoned the pretenses exposing

4516
04:04:20,200 --> 04:04:22,900
the Empire to the rawness of 
untempered or talk to see. 

4517
04:04:23,500 --> 04:04:27,200
Through all these fluctuations, 
the concept of the prints, never

4518
04:04:27,200 --> 04:04:31,100
truly vanished, only mutated 
eventually morphing into the 

4519
04:04:31,100 --> 04:04:34,400
openly acknowledged, dominance 
by the time of Diocletian. 

4520
04:04:35,500 --> 04:04:38,600
And popular imagination or 
gustus remains a figure. 

4521
04:04:38,600 --> 04:04:41,400
Akin to a sculptor who took the 
shards of a fractured Republic 

4522
04:04:41,400 --> 04:04:43,100
and molded them into something 
new. 

4523
04:04:43,100 --> 04:04:47,300
He didn't just pacify Rome, he 
re-envisioned its institutions. 

4524
04:04:47,300 --> 04:04:50,900
So thoroughly that later, Roman 
struggled to imagine returning 

4525
04:04:50,900 --> 04:04:53,900
to the old ways. 
Even centuries after the Western

4526
04:04:53,900 --> 04:04:56,900
Empire fell Echoes of his 
centralized governance 

4527
04:04:56,900 --> 04:05:00,900
influenced medieval and modern 
States, his name or gustus 

4528
04:05:00,900 --> 04:05:03,700
became short-handed for a Jasper
firm Overlord. 

4529
04:05:04,400 --> 04:05:06,500
The weight of that 
transformation cannot be 

4530
04:05:06,500 --> 04:05:09,500
overstated. 
Rome Grew From city-state to 

4531
04:05:09,500 --> 04:05:12,600
World empire under the shadows 
of the triumvirate, and the many

4532
04:05:12,600 --> 04:05:16,000
Civil Wars culminating in a 
regime that For Better or Worse 

4533
04:05:16,000 --> 04:05:21,300
outlasted. 1,000 nuances of 
politics, ultimately, augustus's

4534
04:05:21,300 --> 04:05:23,500
greatest Triumph was forging. 
A stable system. 

4535
04:05:23,500 --> 04:05:27,000
Where once only Warlords 
contended, his greatest cost was

4536
04:05:27,000 --> 04:05:30,100
the Republican spirit that 
withered in the process replaced

4537
04:05:30,100 --> 04:05:33,400
by an Empire reliant on one 
man's judgment, whether that 

4538
04:05:33,400 --> 04:05:37,200
trade was worthwhile, depends on
the lens of perspective, those 

4539
04:05:37,200 --> 04:05:41,000
craving order and prosperity 
will those lamenting lost Civic 

4540
04:05:41,000 --> 04:05:44,300
freedoms. 
Even now his story stands as a 

4541
04:05:44,308 --> 04:05:47,400
masterclass and political 
reinvention of how flexible 

4542
04:05:47,400 --> 04:05:50,900
ambition, tempered by paternal 
imagery, can reconstruct a 

4543
04:05:50,900 --> 04:05:54,400
government from ashes and so 
ends the tale of Augustus. 

4544
04:05:54,400 --> 04:05:58,800
The understated youth turned in 
paratore, Quietly slipped, a 

4545
04:05:58,800 --> 04:06:01,300
monarchy into Rome's, heart 
while draping it in the garments

4546
04:06:01,300 --> 04:06:04,200
of tradition. 
With that, cunning forever. 

4547
04:06:04,200 --> 04:06:06,300
We shake the course of Weston 
civilization. 

4548
04:06:13,400 --> 04:06:16,500
Picture yourself settling into a
wooden chair by your half on a 

4549
04:06:16,500 --> 04:06:20,400
crisp to, even in the year. 
1066, You've just finished your 

4550
04:06:20,400 --> 04:06:24,000
barley soup and dark bread and 
the fire crackles with that 

4551
04:06:24,000 --> 04:06:27,000
particular satisfaction. 
That comes from a belly that's 

4552
04:06:27,000 --> 04:06:31,200
finally full after a long day of
backbreaking work, Your bones 

4553
04:06:31,200 --> 04:06:34,400
ache in that familiar way. 
The kind that reminds you that 

4554
04:06:34,400 --> 04:06:37,500
you've earned your rest. 
You step outside to check on the

4555
04:06:37,500 --> 04:06:40,000
chickens one last time and 
that's when you see it. 

4556
04:06:41,200 --> 04:06:43,600
Blazing Sword. 
Hangs in the Western sky. 

4557
04:06:43,600 --> 04:06:46,000
It's fiery tail streaming behind
it. 

4558
04:06:46,000 --> 04:06:47,800
Like the banner of some 
Celestial Army. 

4559
04:06:48,400 --> 04:06:51,600
Your heart pauses, not because 
you're witnessing one of 

4560
04:06:51,600 --> 04:06:55,300
Nature's Most spectacular shows.
But because, you know, with the 

4561
04:06:55,308 --> 04:06:57,900
certainty that comes from a 
lifetime of sermon's and 

4562
04:06:57,900 --> 04:07:00,500
warnings, that this thing in the
sky means trouble. 

4563
04:07:00,500 --> 04:07:04,300
See, you don't live in a world 
where comets are chunks of ice 

4564
04:07:04,300 --> 04:07:07,500
and rock following predictable. 
Orbits, the sun, you live in a 

4565
04:07:07,508 --> 04:07:10,200
world where the heavens are 
God's Own theater and when 

4566
04:07:10,200 --> 04:07:13,300
something unusual appears up 
there, it's not astronomy. 

4567
04:07:14,000 --> 04:07:17,300
It's a Divine Telegram and this 
particular message, looks pretty

4568
04:07:17,300 --> 04:07:19,000
ominous. 
Your medieval brain. 

4569
04:07:19,000 --> 04:07:20,600
Doesn't think. 
Oh, fascinating. 

4570
04:07:20,600 --> 04:07:23,700
A Celestial visitor from the 
outer reaches of our solar 

4571
04:07:23,700 --> 04:07:26,800
system. 
Instead thinks something more 

4572
04:07:26,800 --> 04:07:29,100
along the lines of well that sit
there. 

4573
04:07:29,800 --> 04:07:31,900
Someone's about to die. 
Probably horribly. 

4574
04:07:31,900 --> 04:07:35,300
And it might just be me. 
The thing is you're not being 

4575
04:07:35,300 --> 04:07:37,800
irrational, not by the standards
of your time. 

4576
04:07:37,800 --> 04:07:41,200
Anyway you live in an age where 
the line between the natural and

4577
04:07:41,200 --> 04:07:44,300
Supernatural is as blurry as 
your vision after too much. 

4578
04:07:44,300 --> 04:07:48,400
Ale angels and demons are as 
real as your neighbors cow and 

4579
04:07:48,400 --> 04:07:50,600
the sky serves as God's bulletin
board. 

4580
04:07:50,600 --> 04:07:54,100
Announcing his disapproval of 
Humanity's latest misdeeds. 

4581
04:07:54,100 --> 04:07:56,700
You know, the stories. 
Everyone knows. 

4582
04:07:56,700 --> 04:08:00,200
The story is how a blazing star 
appeared before Jerusalem fell 

4583
04:08:00,200 --> 04:08:02,800
to the Romans. 
How strange that lights in the 

4584
04:08:02,800 --> 04:08:04,700
sky proceeded? 
The death of empress and the 

4585
04:08:04,708 --> 04:08:07,600
fall of Kingdoms? 
Your grandfather told you about 

4586
04:08:07,600 --> 04:08:09,400
the time. 
A Comet appeared, just before 

4587
04:08:09,400 --> 04:08:11,200
the terrible famine that killed 
half the village. 

4588
04:08:12,100 --> 04:08:14,000
For you. 
These stories are more than mere

4589
04:08:14,000 --> 04:08:16,500
entertainment. 
They serve his historical 

4590
04:08:16,500 --> 04:08:19,100
records. 
And here's the thing that makes 

4591
04:08:19,100 --> 04:08:22,400
it even worse, you can't just 
shrug and go back inside. 

4592
04:08:22,400 --> 04:08:26,000
Everyone else in your village is
also witnessed it and their 

4593
04:08:26,000 --> 04:08:28,500
thoughts aligned with yours 
tomorrow. 

4594
04:08:28,500 --> 04:08:31,600
They'll be Whispers at the well,
and anxious glances toward the 

4595
04:08:31,600 --> 04:08:33,600
manor house. 
The priest will have that 

4596
04:08:33,600 --> 04:08:36,300
particular expression. 
That means he's about to deliver

4597
04:08:36,300 --> 04:08:38,400
some very unwelcome news from 
the pulpit. 

4598
04:08:39,100 --> 04:08:41,500
You pull your Woolen cloak, 
tighter around your shoulders. 

4599
04:08:41,500 --> 04:08:45,000
And try to remember if you've 
been particularly sinful lately 

4600
04:08:46,000 --> 04:08:48,400
Did you take that extra turnip 
from the Lord's field? 

4601
04:08:48,400 --> 04:08:51,400
Were you uncharitable toward 
your neighbor when his Pig got 

4602
04:08:51,400 --> 04:08:54,000
into your garden? 
These things matter now because 

4603
04:08:54,000 --> 04:08:57,000
clearly the almighty is paying 
attention and he's not happy 

4604
04:08:57,000 --> 04:09:00,000
about something, the comet. 
Hangs there like a cosmic 

4605
04:09:00,000 --> 04:09:03,100
reproach and you can't help but 
wonder what fresh disaster. 

4606
04:09:03,100 --> 04:09:05,500
It's announcing. 
Do you think the Normans will 

4607
04:09:05,508 --> 04:09:07,800
eventually follow through on 
their threats to invade? 

4608
04:09:07,800 --> 04:09:11,200
Will there be another plague 
will your lord decide to raise 

4609
04:09:11,208 --> 04:09:14,100
the taxes. 
Again in your world, bad news 

4610
04:09:14,100 --> 04:09:17,000
swiftly spreads, across the 
night, sky with a fiery tail. 

4611
04:09:17,000 --> 04:09:20,500
You stand there for what feels 
like ours, but is probably only 

4612
04:09:20,500 --> 04:09:23,900
minutes watching this. 
Unwelcome visitor, you want to 

4613
04:09:23,900 --> 04:09:27,600
appreciate its awful Beauty but 
mostly you want it to leave with

4614
04:09:27,600 --> 04:09:29,100
the disaster. 
It's advertising. 

4615
04:09:30,300 --> 04:09:32,600
If there's one thing you've 
learned in your Hard Scrabble 

4616
04:09:32,600 --> 04:09:36,100
medieval life is usually not the
kind of show you want front row 

4617
04:09:36,100 --> 04:09:39,200
seats, for the next morning 
arrives with all the subtlety of

4618
04:09:39,200 --> 04:09:42,200
a mule kick to the head. 
You wake to the sound of church 

4619
04:09:42,200 --> 04:09:45,900
bells not the regular call to 
morning prayers but the Urgent 

4620
04:09:45,900 --> 04:09:48,500
irregular clanging that means 
father Benedict has something 

4621
04:09:48,500 --> 04:09:52,000
important to announce And 
judging by the Frantic quality 

4622
04:09:52,000 --> 04:09:54,200
of the ringing. 
It's probably not good news 

4623
04:09:54,200 --> 04:09:57,400
about the Harvest Festival. 
You stumble out of your cottage 

4624
04:09:57,400 --> 04:10:00,300
still pulling on your boots to 
find half the village, already 

4625
04:10:00,300 --> 04:10:03,300
gathered in the Square. 
Everyone looks like they've seen

4626
04:10:03,300 --> 04:10:07,300
a ghost which, in a way they 
have, it's the celestial ghost 

4627
04:10:07,300 --> 04:10:11,600
of impending, doom complete with
a fiery tail and a profoundly 

4628
04:10:11,600 --> 04:10:13,900
negative outlook on Humanity's 
moral State. 

4629
04:10:13,900 --> 04:10:17,600
Father, Benedict, stands on the 
church steps is expression. 

4630
04:10:17,600 --> 04:10:20,600
As troubled as everyone else's 
his usually neat. 

4631
04:10:20,600 --> 04:10:23,600
Tonsure is to shovel and he's 
clutching his prayer book, like 

4632
04:10:23,600 --> 04:10:26,000
it might Sprout wings and carry 
him away from this mess. 

4633
04:10:26,800 --> 04:10:29,800
When he speaks his voice has 
that particular Tremor that 

4634
04:10:29,800 --> 04:10:32,200
suggests, he's been up all night
wrestling with theological 

4635
04:10:32,200 --> 04:10:35,400
implications. 
My dear children will begins, 

4636
04:10:35,400 --> 04:10:38,200
you know, immediately that 
whatever follows is going to be 

4637
04:10:38,200 --> 04:10:41,800
the opposite of reassuring. 
The Lord has sent us a sign in 

4638
04:10:41,800 --> 04:10:43,800
the heavens. 
A reminder, of his Divine 

4639
04:10:43,800 --> 04:10:47,300
displeasure with the sins of 
this world, Now here's where 

4640
04:10:47,300 --> 04:10:49,200
medieval logic gets particularly
intriguing. 

4641
04:10:49,200 --> 04:10:53,400
In your time, everything happens
for a reason and that reason is 

4642
04:10:53,400 --> 04:10:56,300
usually either God rewarding the
faithful or God punishing the 

4643
04:10:56,300 --> 04:10:59,100
wicked. 
There are no random Cosmic 

4644
04:10:59,100 --> 04:11:02,200
events or natural phenomena that
occur simply due to the laws of 

4645
04:11:02,200 --> 04:11:05,100
physics. 
When a comet appears, it's 

4646
04:11:05,100 --> 04:11:07,500
because God grabbed it by the 
tail and flung it across the 

4647
04:11:07,500 --> 04:11:09,900
sky. 
Like a cosmic Javelin, aimed 

4648
04:11:09,900 --> 04:11:12,800
directly at whatever Kingdom 
Village, or individual has been 

4649
04:11:12,800 --> 04:11:14,400
getting too big for their 
britches. 

4650
04:11:15,400 --> 04:11:17,900
The mathematics of this system 
are beautifully, simple, and 

4651
04:11:17,900 --> 04:11:21,200
absolutely terrifying. 
Bad things happen because 

4652
04:11:21,200 --> 04:11:25,200
someone somewhere has offended 
the almighty, the bigger, the 

4653
04:11:25,200 --> 04:11:29,500
wicked thing, the bigger the sin
that caused it and a comet a 

4654
04:11:29,500 --> 04:11:31,300
comet is not just any ordinary 
bad thing. 

4655
04:11:31,300 --> 04:11:35,200
That's the cosmic equivalent of 
God taking a serious dance. 

4656
04:11:36,300 --> 04:11:38,900
You glance around your 
neighbor's, all of whom are 

4657
04:11:38,900 --> 04:11:41,600
doing their own moral inventory.
There's Thomas the Miller, 

4658
04:11:41,600 --> 04:11:44,000
you're pretty sure as being 
watering down the flower 

4659
04:11:44,000 --> 04:11:47,700
Margaret, the baker undoubtedly 
overcharges for bread and likely

4660
04:11:47,700 --> 04:11:51,400
fabricates the weight. 
Old Henry is known by everyone 

4661
04:11:51,400 --> 04:11:53,200
to poach rabbits, from the 
Lord's Forest. 

4662
04:11:53,200 --> 04:11:57,400
But he is clever enough to avoid
getting caught, in fact, upon 

4663
04:11:57,400 --> 04:12:00,700
reflection, your village 
resembles a catalog of petty 

4664
04:12:00,700 --> 04:12:04,700
sins and moral compromises. 
Flaming harbinger of divine 

4665
04:12:04,700 --> 04:12:08,100
Justice, suddenly casts a shadow
over your village, making it 

4666
04:12:08,100 --> 04:12:11,600
seem less amusing and more like 
a poor strategic decision. 

4667
04:12:11,600 --> 04:12:15,500
Father, Benedict, continues, his
sermon explaining how comets 

4668
04:12:15,500 --> 04:12:18,800
have historically appeared 
before, great disasters, the 

4669
04:12:18,800 --> 04:12:21,600
medieval catastrophes, which 
included the destruction of 

4670
04:12:21,600 --> 04:12:25,500
cities, the deaths of King's 
famines plagues and invasions 

4671
04:12:25,500 --> 04:12:28,800
were all proceeded by fiery 
visitors from the afterlife 

4672
04:12:29,600 --> 04:12:32,400
Father, Benedict provides 
detailed explanations from most 

4673
04:12:32,400 --> 04:12:35,000
of his points. 
Supplemented by insightful 

4674
04:12:35,000 --> 04:12:37,900
quotes from various Saints who 
shared their perspectives on 

4675
04:12:37,900 --> 04:12:41,500
Celestial phenomena, The truly 
maddening part is that this 

4676
04:12:41,500 --> 04:12:44,300
system of cosmic, cause and 
effect actually makes sense 

4677
04:12:44,300 --> 04:12:48,000
within the medieval worldview. 
If God is all-powerful and all 

4678
04:12:48,000 --> 04:12:50,500
knowing that, nothing happens 
without his permission. 

4679
04:12:51,300 --> 04:12:53,100
If something dramatic happens in
the heavens. 

4680
04:12:53,100 --> 04:12:56,800
It's because he put it there and
if he put it there it's because 

4681
04:12:56,800 --> 04:12:58,000
he's trying to tell you 
something. 

4682
04:12:58,000 --> 04:13:01,200
The only question is if you 
possess the intelligence to 

4683
04:13:01,200 --> 04:13:03,100
decipher that message before 
it's too late. 

4684
04:13:03,100 --> 04:13:06,400
You find yourself nodding in 
agreement with the priests 

4685
04:13:06,400 --> 04:13:09,500
explanation despite a part of 
your mind resisting, the 

4686
04:13:09,500 --> 04:13:11,100
overwhelming unfairness of it 
all. 

4687
04:13:11,100 --> 04:13:14,800
After all, you've been a 
reasonably decent person, you go

4688
04:13:14,800 --> 04:13:16,900
to church, you don't murder 
anyone. 

4689
04:13:16,900 --> 04:13:20,000
You only steal when you're 
really hungry and you've never 

4690
04:13:20,000 --> 04:13:22,700
covered your neighbor's Ox with 
any serious intent. 

4691
04:13:22,700 --> 04:13:26,200
But apparently, the cosmic 
justice system operates on a 

4692
04:13:26,208 --> 04:13:29,100
collective guilt principle and 
your villagers moral. 

4693
04:13:29,100 --> 04:13:31,700
Credit rating has just been 
downgraded to pray for your 

4694
04:13:31,700 --> 04:13:34,500
souls. 
His father, Benedict wraps up 

4695
04:13:34,508 --> 04:13:37,600
his impromptu, sermon with a 
call for increased piety and 

4696
04:13:37,600 --> 04:13:40,400
possibly some emergency 
donations to the church roof 

4697
04:13:40,400 --> 04:13:41,900
fund. 
You can't help but stare up at 

4698
04:13:41,900 --> 04:13:45,300
the morning Sky, the comet isn't
visible now but you know, it's 

4699
04:13:45,300 --> 04:13:47,700
still there. 
Lurking behind the sun like a 

4700
04:13:47,700 --> 04:13:51,700
cosmic bill collector waiting to
serve papers by midday your 

4701
04:13:51,700 --> 04:13:53,200
villagers. 
Descended into a state of 

4702
04:13:53,208 --> 04:13:57,100
organized hysteria its 
remarkable really quickly. 

4703
04:13:57,100 --> 04:14:00,100
A community can pivot from 
mundane concerns about grain 

4704
04:14:00,100 --> 04:14:03,700
storage and pig breeding to 
full-scale apocalyptic anxiety. 

4705
04:14:04,600 --> 04:14:08,100
Everyone becomes an expert on 
Divine wrath and Celestial Omens

4706
04:14:08,100 --> 04:14:11,100
after witnessing a fiery 
visitor, in the night sky. 

4707
04:14:12,300 --> 04:14:15,100
While you attempt to carry out 
your daily tasks, such as 

4708
04:14:15,100 --> 04:14:17,600
feeding, the chickens, and 
fixing the Leaky that in your 

4709
04:14:17,608 --> 04:14:20,800
cottage, it becomes difficult to
focus when half of your 

4710
04:14:20,800 --> 04:14:23,200
neighbor's are convinced that 
the world is on the verge of a 

4711
04:14:23,208 --> 04:14:26,800
catastrophic end and the other 
half a debating, the specifics 

4712
04:14:26,800 --> 04:14:29,300
of this end. 
The blacksmith has become 

4713
04:14:29,300 --> 04:14:32,400
convinced that the comet is 
specifically targeting Smith's 

4714
04:14:32,400 --> 04:14:36,000
Because he once made a horse on 
a Sunday, The baker thinks it's 

4715
04:14:36,000 --> 04:14:38,700
about bread prices, which 
honestly might not be wrong, 

4716
04:14:38,700 --> 04:14:40,700
given what she charges for a 
decent loaf. 

4717
04:14:41,500 --> 04:14:43,900
Young William from the mill is 
certain it's because he's been 

4718
04:14:43,900 --> 04:14:46,700
having in pure thoughts about 
the Merchant's daughter though. 

4719
04:14:46,700 --> 04:14:49,900
Frankly half the village has 
been having pure thoughts about 

4720
04:14:49,900 --> 04:14:53,100
the merchants daughter. 
So if God punished every lustful

4721
04:14:53,100 --> 04:14:56,200
glance with Cosmic fireworks, 
the sky would look like a 

4722
04:14:56,200 --> 04:15:00,100
continuous celebration. 
What's fascinating is how 

4723
04:15:00,100 --> 04:15:02,900
everyone's personal guilt is 
suddenly Cosmic in scope? 

4724
04:15:03,600 --> 04:15:06,100
Do you remember the Apple you 
stole from your neighbor's tree 

4725
04:15:06,100 --> 04:15:10,000
last Autumn clearly grounds for 
divine retribution via a flaming

4726
04:15:10,000 --> 04:15:13,200
Celestial messenger, the 
occasion, when you inform your 

4727
04:15:13,200 --> 04:15:16,200
supervisor that you were too ill
to work, even though you simply 

4728
04:15:16,200 --> 04:15:19,400
wish to sleep in. 
This is undoubtedly, the type of

4729
04:15:19,400 --> 04:15:22,200
moral transgression that 
necessitates a correction from a

4730
04:15:22,208 --> 04:15:24,900
higher power. 
You're sitting on your doorstep,

4731
04:15:24,900 --> 04:15:27,700
trying to patch a hole in your 
boot and listening to the 

4732
04:15:27,700 --> 04:15:30,600
increasingly creative theories 
about what the comet means. 

4733
04:15:30,600 --> 04:15:35,000
When old Martha shuffles over, 
she's The Village's unofficial 

4734
04:15:35,000 --> 04:15:37,100
historian. 
The keeper of all the local 

4735
04:15:37,100 --> 04:15:39,700
disasters, and their supposed 
Celestial announcements. 

4736
04:15:39,700 --> 04:15:43,200
If anyone knows about comics and
their terrible implications, 

4737
04:15:43,200 --> 04:15:46,100
it's Martha. 
Samhain. 

4738
04:15:46,100 --> 04:15:49,400
Just like it, 48 years ago, she 
says settling onto the wooden 

4739
04:15:49,400 --> 04:15:52,000
bench beside your door with the 
careful, Precision of joints, 

4740
04:15:52,000 --> 04:15:55,600
that complain about everything. 
It was the same color, the same 

4741
04:15:55,600 --> 04:15:58,200
terrible brightness. 
You know what happened next? 

4742
04:15:58,200 --> 04:16:01,600
You're not sure you want to know
but Martha is going to tell you 

4743
04:16:01,600 --> 04:16:04,000
anyway. 
There's a gleam in her eye 

4744
04:16:04,000 --> 04:16:06,900
indicating that she is about to 
reveal a particularly juicy 

4745
04:16:06,900 --> 04:16:11,800
piece of historical catastrophe.
The great sickness came through 

4746
04:16:11,800 --> 04:16:15,000
the sickness, claimed the lives 
of every third person in the 

4747
04:16:15,000 --> 04:16:18,800
village, including my first 
husband God, Rest his soul. 

4748
04:16:19,900 --> 04:16:22,700
though between you and me, 
sheleen closer, her voice 

4749
04:16:22,700 --> 04:16:25,500
dropping to a conspiratorial 
whisper, Harold. 

4750
04:16:25,500 --> 04:16:28,000
Had it coming, man? 
Never met a commandment. 

4751
04:16:28,000 --> 04:16:31,500
He couldn't find a way around. 
This is the thing about medieval

4752
04:16:31,500 --> 04:16:33,500
life that makes Comet Fierce so 
perfectly. 

4753
04:16:33,500 --> 04:16:36,400
Reasonable bad. 
Things really do happen with 

4754
04:16:36,400 --> 04:16:40,500
alarming regularity. 
Plagues famines Wars. 

4755
04:16:40,500 --> 04:16:46,200
Floods droughts fires invasions,
it's like living in a cosmic 

4756
04:16:46,200 --> 04:16:49,300
pinball machine where you're the
ball and disaster as every 

4757
04:16:49,300 --> 04:16:51,600
bumper. 
When your Baseline existence 

4758
04:16:51,600 --> 04:16:55,100
includes regular encounters with
death disease and destruction, 

4759
04:16:55,100 --> 04:16:58,100
the appearance of something 
unusual in the sky isn't just 

4760
04:16:58,100 --> 04:17:00,100
Superstition, it's pattern 
recognition. 

4761
04:17:01,400 --> 04:17:05,200
Martha continues her catalogue 
of comic related disasters and 

4762
04:17:05,200 --> 04:17:07,600
you start to understand why your
ancestors developed such a 

4763
04:17:07,600 --> 04:17:10,600
healthy fear of celestial 
visitors in a world where 

4764
04:17:10,600 --> 04:17:13,500
Medical Science consists largely
of bloodletting and prayer. 

4765
04:17:13,500 --> 04:17:16,800
Where crop failure means 
starvation and where political 

4766
04:17:16,800 --> 04:17:19,500
stability is whatever mood. 
The local Lord happens to be in 

4767
04:17:19,500 --> 04:17:21,700
that day. 
Any advance warning of trouble 

4768
04:17:21,700 --> 04:17:24,800
is valuable, even if that 
warning comes in the form of 

4769
04:17:24,800 --> 04:17:27,600
astronomical phenomenon, that 
won't be properly understood for

4770
04:17:27,600 --> 04:17:31,300
another few hundred years. 
Truly clever thing about Comet 

4771
04:17:31,300 --> 04:17:33,700
fear is that it's almost 
impossible to disprove 

4772
04:17:33,700 --> 04:17:37,400
something, bad, always happens. 
Eventually that's just the 

4773
04:17:37,400 --> 04:17:41,100
nature of medieval life, When a 
Calamity occurs, everyone, 

4774
04:17:41,100 --> 04:17:44,500
recalls the comet and reverently
acknowledges, the Divine 

4775
04:17:44,500 --> 04:17:48,100
warnings and Cosmic Justice. 
The fact that bad things also 

4776
04:17:48,100 --> 04:17:51,000
happen, when there aren't any 
comments around is conveniently 

4777
04:17:51,000 --> 04:17:54,300
forgotten in favor of the much 
more, satisfying Narrative of 

4778
04:17:54,300 --> 04:17:58,200
celestial cause and effect. 
As the day progresses, You 

4779
04:17:58,200 --> 04:18:00,700
observe that the Panic begins to
assume a distinctly. 

4780
04:18:00,700 --> 04:18:03,400
Practical aspect. 
People are checking their food 

4781
04:18:03,400 --> 04:18:05,700
stores. 
Making sure their tools are in 

4782
04:18:05,700 --> 04:18:08,800
good repair, settling old debts 
and being unusually. 

4783
04:18:08,800 --> 04:18:10,600
Nice to people. 
They normally can't stand. 

4784
04:18:11,500 --> 04:18:14,200
If a Calamity is imminent, it's 
crucial to prepare thoroughly. 

4785
04:18:14,200 --> 04:18:17,800
And the last thing you want is 
to confront Divine wrath, while 

4786
04:18:17,800 --> 04:18:20,800
in debt, your neighbor or 
harboring resentment towards the

4787
04:18:20,800 --> 04:18:24,300
Miller, evening comes again. 
And with it, the return of your 

4788
04:18:24,300 --> 04:18:28,200
unwelcome Celestial visitor, The
comet hangs in the Western sky 

4789
04:18:28,200 --> 04:18:31,600
like a cosmic Sword of Damocles 
and your beginning to understand

4790
04:18:31,600 --> 04:18:34,400
why your medieval ancestors 
developed such elaborate 

4791
04:18:34,400 --> 04:18:36,000
theories about what these things
meant. 

4792
04:18:36,800 --> 04:18:39,600
When you don't have telescope or
orbital mechanics or any real 

4793
04:18:39,600 --> 04:18:41,700
understanding of what is 
happening beyond the atmosphere.

4794
04:18:42,500 --> 04:18:45,000
Pattern matching becomes your 
primary scientific method. 

4795
04:18:45,000 --> 04:18:50,000
You must admit the patterns are 
quite compelling comets appear, 

4796
04:18:50,000 --> 04:18:53,300
bad things happen. 
Sometimes the timing is 

4797
04:18:53,300 --> 04:18:56,800
remarkably coincidental like the
comet, everyone still talks 

4798
04:18:56,800 --> 04:19:00,700
about that showed up just weeks 
before the terrible winter when 

4799
04:19:00,700 --> 04:19:03,700
the rivers froze solid and half 
the livestock died. 

4800
04:19:03,700 --> 04:19:06,200
Occasionally the connection is 
more General. 

4801
04:19:06,900 --> 04:19:10,000
A comet appears and then 
sometime in the following months

4802
04:19:10,000 --> 04:19:12,200
or years. 
There's a war or plague, or 

4803
04:19:12,200 --> 04:19:16,300
famine, or political upheaval. 
Of course, give them that Wars 

4804
04:19:16,300 --> 04:19:18,600
plagues famines. 
And political upheavals are 

4805
04:19:18,600 --> 04:19:20,700
basically the background noise 
of medieval existence. 

4806
04:19:21,400 --> 04:19:24,600
Connecting them to any unusual 
Celestial event isn't exactly a 

4807
04:19:24,600 --> 04:19:26,700
stretch. 
It's like predicting that 

4808
04:19:26,700 --> 04:19:28,600
sometime after you see a strange
Cloud. 

4809
04:19:28,600 --> 04:19:33,200
It will rain. in medieval 
Europe, the analogous prediction

4810
04:19:33,200 --> 04:19:36,600
would be that upon witnessing a 
comet a calamitous event would 

4811
04:19:36,600 --> 04:19:39,700
inevitably before someone and 
this prediction would almost 

4812
04:19:39,700 --> 04:19:43,900
always proved accurate Your 
contemplating this prediction 

4813
04:19:43,900 --> 04:19:46,900
while sitting outside your 
cottage, sharing a cup of weak 

4814
04:19:46,900 --> 04:19:49,800
ale with your neighbor Edmond. 
He's been unusually thoughtful 

4815
04:19:49,800 --> 04:19:53,100
all day which is notable because
Edmunds usual approach to 

4816
04:19:53,108 --> 04:19:56,100
complex problems is to ignore 
them until they either go away 

4817
04:19:56,100 --> 04:19:58,500
or become someone else's 
responsibility. 

4818
04:19:59,400 --> 04:20:00,900
Been thinking about that thing 
up there. 

4819
04:20:00,900 --> 04:20:04,700
He says gesturing toward the 
comet with his cup wandering. 

4820
04:20:04,700 --> 04:20:07,800
If maybe we're looking at this 
all wrong, The subject is 

4821
04:20:07,800 --> 04:20:10,800
intriguing Edmond having an 
original thought is like seeing 

4822
04:20:10,800 --> 04:20:13,300
a comet unusual enough to Merit 
attention. 

4823
04:20:14,400 --> 04:20:18,100
How do you mean you are? 
Well, Edmond continues warming 

4824
04:20:18,100 --> 04:20:20,500
to his theme. 
What if it's not a warning about

4825
04:20:20,500 --> 04:20:21,600
something that's going to 
happen? 

4826
04:20:21,600 --> 04:20:24,400
Could it be a warning about 
something currently occurring 

4827
04:20:24,400 --> 04:20:25,500
that we have? 
Not yet observed. 

4828
04:20:26,300 --> 04:20:29,300
This interpretation of cosmic 
messaging theory is surprisingly

4829
04:20:29,300 --> 04:20:32,300
sophisticated rather than the 
Comets serving as a 

4830
04:20:32,308 --> 04:20:35,000
foreshadowing of future events. 
It's akin to God. 

4831
04:20:35,000 --> 04:20:37,900
Gently reminding you to take 
notice of a situation that has 

4832
04:20:37,900 --> 04:20:41,000
been unfolding while you've been
preoccupied with other matters. 

4833
04:20:41,000 --> 04:20:44,100
This interpretation has the 
advantage of being almost 

4834
04:20:44,100 --> 04:20:47,500
impossible to argue with is 
their political tension, Brewing

4835
04:20:47,500 --> 04:20:50,700
between neighboring laws as 
there been an unusual number of 

4836
04:20:50,700 --> 04:20:53,300
sick cattle lately. 
Other crops looking a bit too 

4837
04:20:53,300 --> 04:20:56,100
good, this year, setting up for 
complacency and eventual 

4838
04:20:56,100 --> 04:20:58,400
disaster. 
Any of these could be the 

4839
04:20:58,400 --> 04:21:01,300
something that the comet is 
highlighting Edmunds. 

4840
04:21:01,300 --> 04:21:03,600
Theory explains. 
Why Comet seemed to proceed 

4841
04:21:03,600 --> 04:21:07,300
disasters, rather than directly 
calls them, they're not Cosmic 

4842
04:21:07,300 --> 04:21:09,500
artillery shells fired by an 
upset deity. 

4843
04:21:09,500 --> 04:21:12,400
They're more like Divine 
highlighter markers drawing 

4844
04:21:12,400 --> 04:21:14,600
attention to problems that were 
already in the works. 

4845
04:21:14,600 --> 04:21:18,200
You find the idea. 
Oddly comforting, it suggests 

4846
04:21:18,200 --> 04:21:21,500
that may be just may be, there's
still time to address, whatever 

4847
04:21:21,500 --> 04:21:24,700
issue the comet is pointing out.
If you can figure out what it 

4848
04:21:24,700 --> 04:21:27,800
is, anyway. 
The two of you sit in 

4849
04:21:27,800 --> 04:21:31,100
companionable silence watching 
the comet and sipping your ale. 

4850
04:21:31,700 --> 04:21:33,900
Around the village other people 
are doing the same thing 

4851
04:21:33,900 --> 04:21:37,100
standing in doorways, sitting on
benches and gathering in small 

4852
04:21:37,100 --> 04:21:40,000
groups to stare at the sky and 
speculate about meaning. 

4853
04:21:40,800 --> 04:21:43,300
It's like the entire Community 
has become a philosophical 

4854
04:21:43,300 --> 04:21:46,300
Society dedicated to the 
interpretation of celestial 

4855
04:21:46,300 --> 04:21:49,300
phenomena. 
The funny thing is all this 

4856
04:21:49,300 --> 04:21:51,900
Comet watching and disaster, 
theorizing is actually bringing 

4857
04:21:51,900 --> 04:21:54,700
people together. 
Shared anxiety has a way of 

4858
04:21:54,700 --> 04:21:58,200
dissolving Petty Grievances and 
social barriers, the Miller who 

4859
04:21:58,200 --> 04:22:01,000
usually can't be bothered to 
acknowledge Your Existence nods 

4860
04:22:01,000 --> 04:22:03,300
Gravely. 
When you passing on the road the

4861
04:22:03,300 --> 04:22:06,100
Lord Stuart normally as 
approachable as a rapid Badger 

4862
04:22:06,100 --> 04:22:08,800
actually stopped to ask your 
opinion about what the comet 

4863
04:22:08,800 --> 04:22:11,600
might signify. 
You realize that fear serves as 

4864
04:22:11,600 --> 04:22:14,700
a powerful equalizer when 
everyone's worried about the 

4865
04:22:14,700 --> 04:22:17,800
same Cosmic threat, suddenly the
normal hierarchies and social 

4866
04:22:17,800 --> 04:22:22,000
divisions seem less important 
everyone ritual, poor Noble or 

4867
04:22:22,000 --> 04:22:25,000
peasant has the same view of the
troubling visitor, in the 

4868
04:22:25,000 --> 04:22:28,000
Western sky, and the same 
questions about what it means 

4869
04:22:28,000 --> 04:22:31,200
and what to do. 
This communal aspect of comet, 

4870
04:22:31,200 --> 04:22:34,500
fear is probably one of its most
valuable functions in medieval 

4871
04:22:34,500 --> 04:22:38,200
Society, it provides a shared 
experience that transcends 

4872
04:22:38,200 --> 04:22:41,100
individual concerns and creates 
a sense of common purpose. 

4873
04:22:41,100 --> 04:22:45,400
Everyone is on the same Cosmic 
Journey collectively rowing 

4874
04:22:45,400 --> 04:22:48,100
towards an uncertain yet, 
potentially disastrous 

4875
04:22:48,100 --> 04:22:51,500
destination. 
As the evening deepens and the 

4876
04:22:51,500 --> 04:22:54,000
comet becomes more visible 
against the darkening Sky. 

4877
04:22:54,000 --> 04:22:56,800
You can't help but appreciate 
the Elegance Simplicity of 

4878
04:22:56,800 --> 04:22:59,800
medieval cosmology. 
Everything has meaning, 

4879
04:22:59,800 --> 04:23:02,200
everything is connected and 
everything. 

4880
04:23:02,200 --> 04:23:05,300
Ultimately serves a Divine 
Purpose, it's a worldview that 

4881
04:23:05,300 --> 04:23:08,300
leaves no room for chance or 
meaningless coincidence, which 

4882
04:23:08,300 --> 04:23:11,800
means it also leaves no room for
the kind of existential anxiety 

4883
04:23:11,800 --> 04:23:14,300
that comes from living in an 
apparently, purposeless 

4884
04:23:14,300 --> 04:23:16,900
Universe. 
Within three days of the comic 

4885
04:23:16,900 --> 04:23:19,900
crisis, your village has 
established an advanced system 

4886
04:23:19,900 --> 04:23:23,700
of apocalyptic management. 
It's impressive, really how 

4887
04:23:23,700 --> 04:23:26,800
quickly a community can organize
itself around the shared belief 

4888
04:23:26,800 --> 04:23:29,600
that the skies trying to tell 
them something important and 

4889
04:23:29,600 --> 04:23:33,000
probably unpleasant, the 
blacksmith has taken on the role

4890
04:23:33,000 --> 04:23:35,000
of the villages spiritual audit 
committee. 

4891
04:23:35,000 --> 04:23:37,900
Conducting daughter Dora 
assessments to identify 

4892
04:23:37,900 --> 04:23:42,000
everyone's recent transgressions
and recommend suitable penances.

4893
04:23:43,100 --> 04:23:45,800
The baker has started giving 
away day old bread to the poor 

4894
04:23:45,800 --> 04:23:48,200
apparently reasoning that 
excessive charity. 

4895
04:23:48,200 --> 04:23:50,900
Might offset whatever. 
Cosmic imbalance has attracted 

4896
04:23:50,900 --> 04:23:54,100
Divine attention. 
Even the Lord Stewart has been 

4897
04:23:54,100 --> 04:23:57,100
unusually lenient about tax 
collection, which is either a 

4898
04:23:57,100 --> 04:23:59,800
sign of genuine piratey or ever 
since that. 

4899
04:23:59,800 --> 04:24:01,400
He's just as worried as everyone
else. 

4900
04:24:01,400 --> 04:24:05,000
You'll begin to understand that 
medieval Comet fear isn't just 

4901
04:24:05,000 --> 04:24:07,800
about Superstition or ignorance.
It's actually a pretty 

4902
04:24:07,808 --> 04:24:11,000
sophisticated social technology 
for dealing with uncertainty and

4903
04:24:11,000 --> 04:24:14,600
managing Collective anxiety. 
When faced with something 

4904
04:24:14,600 --> 04:24:17,800
potentially threatening but 
fundamentally incomprehensible, 

4905
04:24:17,800 --> 04:24:21,200
the community is instinctively 
developed a response that serves

4906
04:24:21,200 --> 04:24:24,700
multiple practical functions. 
First, it creates social 

4907
04:24:24,700 --> 04:24:28,300
cohesion, everyone's focused on 
the same problem which means 

4908
04:24:28,300 --> 04:24:30,000
everyone's pulling in the same 
direction. 

4909
04:24:31,000 --> 04:24:33,200
Usual, Village, Views. 
And Petty grievances have been 

4910
04:24:33,208 --> 04:24:35,800
temporarily set aside in favor 
of more pressing, Cosmic 

4911
04:24:35,800 --> 04:24:38,100
concerns. 
When you're all potentially 

4912
04:24:38,100 --> 04:24:41,100
facing Divine judgment together,
it's easier to forgive your 

4913
04:24:41,108 --> 04:24:43,300
neighbor for letting his pigs 
route, through your garden. 

4914
04:24:44,000 --> 04:24:47,000
Second, it encourages moral 
reflection and behavioral 

4915
04:24:47,000 --> 04:24:49,500
Improvement. 
A prospect of celestial 

4916
04:24:49,500 --> 04:24:52,500
retribution effectively prompted
individuals to reconsider their 

4917
04:24:52,500 --> 04:24:55,500
recent ethical decisions. 
The Village has become 

4918
04:24:55,500 --> 04:24:59,300
noticeably more civil, more 
generous more Cooperative since 

4919
04:24:59,300 --> 04:25:02,600
the Comet appeared. if Divine 
threats can achieve what's 

4920
04:25:02,600 --> 04:25:05,600
sermons and social pressure 
couldn't Perhaps a little 

4921
04:25:05,608 --> 04:25:08,000
Cosmic, anxiety, holds Merit 
third. 

4922
04:25:08,000 --> 04:25:10,400
It provides a framework for 
Collective action. 

4923
04:25:10,400 --> 04:25:14,200
Instead of everyone panicking 
individually, the community as 

4924
04:25:14,200 --> 04:25:15,800
organized. 
Its worrying to productive 

4925
04:25:15,800 --> 04:25:19,000
channels, food stores are being 
checked and Consolidated. 

4926
04:25:19,000 --> 04:25:21,900
Tools are being repaired. 
Debts, are being settled, 

4927
04:25:21,900 --> 04:25:25,800
relationships, are being mended.
If disaster is coming, at least,

4928
04:25:25,800 --> 04:25:29,400
everyone will face it together 
and prepared your pondering. 

4929
04:25:29,400 --> 04:25:32,600
These sociological insights 
while helping Edmond repair his 

4930
04:25:32,600 --> 04:25:36,900
roof A task, he's been putting 
off for months, but considers 

4931
04:25:36,900 --> 04:25:39,700
urgent given the current 
Celestial circumstances. 

4932
04:25:39,700 --> 04:25:42,600
It's remarkable how the 
possibility of divine 

4933
04:25:42,600 --> 04:25:44,900
displeasure can motivate Home 
Maintenance projects. 

4934
04:25:46,200 --> 04:25:48,300
You know what? 
I find interesting Edmond says 

4935
04:25:48,300 --> 04:25:50,900
pausing in his hammering to 
gesture toward the sky, where 

4936
04:25:50,900 --> 04:25:52,300
the comet will soon become 
visible. 

4937
04:25:53,000 --> 04:25:55,700
How come we never get good 
comments, comments that mean 

4938
04:25:55,700 --> 04:25:58,400
prosperity and favorable 
harvests and peaceful relations 

4939
04:25:58,400 --> 04:26:01,200
with our neighbors. 
This query is actually a 

4940
04:26:01,200 --> 04:26:03,600
profound question about the 
nature of divine communication 

4941
04:26:03,600 --> 04:26:08,400
through astronomical phenomena. 
Why are comets always harbingers

4942
04:26:08,400 --> 04:26:11,000
of Doom? 
Why can't they be harbingers of 

4943
04:26:11,000 --> 04:26:13,600
exceptional? 
Wine vintages, or unusually 

4944
04:26:13,600 --> 04:26:17,000
Cooperative weather patterns and
Stead You can consider this 

4945
04:26:17,000 --> 04:26:18,500
while handing Edmond another 
nail. 

4946
04:26:19,500 --> 04:26:21,600
Maybe because good things don't 
need warnings. 

4947
04:26:21,600 --> 04:26:25,600
You suggest, if God wanted to 
send us prosperity, he just send

4948
04:26:25,600 --> 04:26:27,700
it. 
But if troubles coming, we need 

4949
04:26:27,700 --> 04:26:30,000
time to prepare Edmonds 
thoughtfully. 

4950
04:26:30,000 --> 04:26:33,600
So comets are like Divine early 
Warning Systems. 

4951
04:26:33,600 --> 04:26:37,200
Exactly. 
God's way of saying, heads up, 

4952
04:26:37,200 --> 04:26:38,400
things are about to get 
complicated. 

4953
04:26:38,400 --> 04:26:42,300
This interpretation has the 
advantage of making Comet fierce

4954
04:26:42,300 --> 04:26:46,800
in, not just reasonable, but 
Wise, of course, you should be 

4955
04:26:46,800 --> 04:26:49,400
worried when unusual Celestial 
phenomena appear. 

4956
04:26:49,400 --> 04:26:52,900
They're not just random Cosmic 
events their intelligence 

4957
04:26:52,900 --> 04:26:54,900
briefings from the highest 
possible Authority. 

4958
04:26:54,900 --> 04:26:58,400
Delivered via the most dramatic,
communication, medium available.

4959
04:26:59,100 --> 04:27:02,000
The more you think about it, the
more you appreciate the elegant 

4960
04:27:02,000 --> 04:27:05,900
efficiency of the system? 
Complex bureaucracies or 

4961
04:27:05,900 --> 04:27:08,500
elaborate communication networks
and not necessary. 

4962
04:27:09,300 --> 04:27:11,400
Just grab a convenient chunk of 
ice and rock. 

4963
04:27:11,400 --> 04:27:14,700
Set it on a spectacular 
trajectory through the inner 

4964
04:27:14,700 --> 04:27:16,600
solar system and let human 
pattern. 

4965
04:27:16,600 --> 04:27:20,200
Recognition instincts, do the 
rest every culture on Earth will

4966
04:27:20,200 --> 04:27:22,600
see it. 
Everyone will understand that it

4967
04:27:22,600 --> 04:27:25,600
means something significant and 
everyone will start taking 

4968
04:27:25,600 --> 04:27:29,500
appropriate precautions. 
As evening approaches and the 

4969
04:27:29,500 --> 04:27:32,700
comet becomes visible. 
Again, you and Edmund down from 

4970
04:27:32,700 --> 04:27:34,800
the roof to join. 
The usual Community Comet 

4971
04:27:34,800 --> 04:27:37,400
watching session. 
It's become a nightly ritual. 

4972
04:27:37,400 --> 04:27:40,600
Now, this Collective observation
and interpretation of your 

4973
04:27:40,600 --> 04:27:44,400
unwelcome Celestial visitor, 
people bring cups of ale or weak

4974
04:27:44,400 --> 04:27:46,300
wine. 
Share theories about what the 

4975
04:27:46,300 --> 04:27:49,300
comet might signify and 
generally turn astronomical 

4976
04:27:49,300 --> 04:27:52,000
anxiety into a social event 
Tonight. 

4977
04:27:52,000 --> 04:27:55,200
Father, Benedict has joined the 
group which adds a certain 

4978
04:27:55,200 --> 04:27:57,400
official theological weight to 
the proceedings. 

4979
04:27:57,400 --> 04:28:00,700
He's been Consulting, various 
religious texts about comets and

4980
04:28:00,700 --> 04:28:02,800
their meanings. 
And he has some intriguing 

4981
04:28:02,800 --> 04:28:05,500
insights, to share about the 
historical relationship between 

4982
04:28:05,500 --> 04:28:08,000
Celestial, phenomena and Earthly
events. 

4983
04:28:08,000 --> 04:28:12,300
The thing about Divine warnings,
he explains settling onto a 

4984
04:28:12,300 --> 04:28:14,100
wooden stool that someone has 
thoughtfully provided. 

4985
04:28:15,000 --> 04:28:17,200
Is that they're not just about 
predicting the future. 

4986
04:28:17,200 --> 04:28:20,100
There are about giving us the 
opportunity to change it. 

4987
04:28:20,100 --> 04:28:23,500
A week has passed since your 
Celestial visitor first appeared

4988
04:28:23,500 --> 04:28:26,500
in your beginning to suspect 
that medieval Comet, 

4989
04:28:26,500 --> 04:28:28,700
interpretation might be more art
than science. 

4990
04:28:29,600 --> 04:28:32,500
The village is now generated 
approximately 17, different 

4991
04:28:32,500 --> 04:28:35,400
theories about what the comet 
means, ranging from father, 

4992
04:28:35,400 --> 04:28:38,600
Benedict, scholarly assessment, 
that it represents Divine. 

4993
04:28:38,600 --> 04:28:42,400
Displeasure with moral laxity to
Young William conviction, that 

4994
04:28:42,400 --> 04:28:45,200
it specifically about his 
lustful thoughts, regarding the 

4995
04:28:45,200 --> 04:28:48,600
Merchant's daughter. 
The most creative interpretation

4996
04:28:48,600 --> 04:28:51,700
so far has come from old Henrik 
who believes the comet is 

4997
04:28:51,700 --> 04:28:55,300
actually a beneficial sign, 
God's way of burning away, evil 

4998
04:28:55,300 --> 04:28:57,000
influences. 
So that righteousness can 

4999
04:28:57,000 --> 04:29:00,900
flourish This theory is notably 
popular with people who consider

5000
04:29:00,900 --> 04:29:04,100
themselves generally righteous 
and would prefer Cosmic events 

5001
04:29:04,100 --> 04:29:07,300
to work in their favor for once.
You're sitting by your half 

5002
04:29:07,300 --> 04:29:10,700
mending a torn shirt and 
contemplating the remarkable 

5003
04:29:10,700 --> 04:29:14,100
human capacity to find meaning 
in random events when there's a 

5004
04:29:14,100 --> 04:29:16,800
knock at your door. 
It's Margaret from the 

5005
04:29:16,800 --> 04:29:19,900
Bakehouse. 
Looking unusually flustered and 

5006
04:29:19,900 --> 04:29:22,900
carrying what appears to be an 
entire loaf of her best bread. 

5007
04:29:24,200 --> 04:29:27,000
I need to talk to someone, she 
says, settling into your spare 

5008
04:29:27,000 --> 04:29:30,700
chair without waiting for an 
invitation about the comet about

5009
04:29:30,700 --> 04:29:34,300
what it might really mean. 
You set aside your mending and 

5010
04:29:34,300 --> 04:29:38,000
give her your full attention. 
Margaret rarely indulges and 

5011
04:29:38,000 --> 04:29:39,700
fanciful or theological 
speculation. 

5012
04:29:39,700 --> 04:29:43,100
If she is worried about Cosmic 
implications, there's probably a

5013
04:29:43,100 --> 04:29:46,700
good practical reason. 
I've been thinking about timing.

5014
04:29:46,700 --> 04:29:49,400
She continues breaking off a 
piece of bread and offering it 

5015
04:29:49,408 --> 04:29:52,000
to you. 
When exactly the Comet appeared 

5016
04:29:52,000 --> 04:29:55,000
and what was happening right 
around there and I think I might

5017
04:29:55,000 --> 04:29:58,800
have figured something out. 
This line is intriguing Margaret

5018
04:29:58,800 --> 04:30:01,500
has apparently been conducting 
her own investigation into Comet

5019
04:30:01,500 --> 04:30:04,100
related causation. 
While everyone else has been 

5020
04:30:04,100 --> 04:30:06,600
focusing on moral inventory, and
spiritual preparation. 

5021
04:30:08,100 --> 04:30:10,600
Remember how Lord Jeffery son 
came back from his travels? 

5022
04:30:10,600 --> 04:30:12,500
Just two days before the comet 
showed up. 

5023
04:30:13,100 --> 04:30:14,900
And how did he bring all those 
strangers with him? 

5024
04:30:14,900 --> 04:30:17,300
The one who have been staying at
the manor house? 

5025
04:30:17,300 --> 04:30:20,900
You do remember there had been 
quite a bit of Village gossip 

5026
04:30:20,900 --> 04:30:23,800
about the young Lords 
companions, foreign looking men 

5027
04:30:23,800 --> 04:30:26,400
with expensive clothes and 
secretive conversations. 

5028
04:30:26,400 --> 04:30:30,000
The general consensus was that 
they were probably merchants of 

5029
04:30:30,000 --> 04:30:32,700
some sort though, nobody seemed 
quite sure what they were 

5030
04:30:32,700 --> 04:30:35,700
selling. 
Well, Margaret continues. 

5031
04:30:35,700 --> 04:30:38,100
Lowering her voice. 
Even though you're alone in your

5032
04:30:38,108 --> 04:30:41,700
cottage, Heard from Alice, who 
heard from the cook at the manor

5033
04:30:41,700 --> 04:30:44,500
house, that those aren't 
Merchants at all their soldiers 

5034
04:30:44,500 --> 04:30:48,100
mercenaries and they've been 
asking many questions about the 

5035
04:30:48,100 --> 04:30:51,000
local roads and the best routes 
to the neighboring Lordships 

5036
04:30:51,000 --> 04:30:54,400
suddenly the comet takes on an 
entirely different significant. 

5037
04:30:54,400 --> 04:30:58,200
If Margaret is right, then your 
Celestial visitor isn't warning 

5038
04:30:58,200 --> 04:31:00,300
about Divine displeasure with 
moral failing. 

5039
04:31:00,300 --> 04:31:03,700
It's a warning about human plans
for very Earthly conflict. 

5040
04:31:04,400 --> 04:31:07,700
The cosmic telegram, isn't about
spiritual concerns, it's about 

5041
04:31:07,700 --> 04:31:10,300
political ones. 
This Revelation is both 

5042
04:31:10,300 --> 04:31:13,400
relieving and terrifying. 
This Revelation is both 

5043
04:31:13,400 --> 04:31:17,000
relieving and terrifying as it 
implies that mere improvements 

5044
04:31:17,000 --> 04:31:20,700
in piety and charitable giving 
may not be sufficient to address

5045
04:31:20,700 --> 04:31:22,400
the issues. 
The comet is announcing 

5046
04:31:22,400 --> 04:31:25,900
terrifying because it suggests 
that your village might be about

5047
04:31:25,900 --> 04:31:29,400
to become involved in the kind 
of armed conflict, that tends to

5048
04:31:29,408 --> 04:31:32,000
leave places looking 
significantly less Village like 

5049
04:31:32,000 --> 04:31:35,200
than they did before. 
So what do we do? 

5050
04:31:35,200 --> 04:31:38,900
You ask Margaret shrugs with the
Practical fatalism of someone 

5051
04:31:38,900 --> 04:31:41,700
who has survived several decades
of medieval on certainly. 

5052
04:31:42,500 --> 04:31:45,600
Same thing we do if it was about
Divine wrath prepare for 

5053
04:31:45,608 --> 04:31:49,000
potential difficulties. 
Maintain optimism and avoid 

5054
04:31:49,000 --> 04:31:51,000
becoming entangled in the 
impending chaos. 

5055
04:31:51,900 --> 04:31:53,900
You spend the rest of the 
evening, discussing practical 

5056
04:31:53,900 --> 04:31:55,700
preparations for potential 
conflict. 

5057
04:31:55,700 --> 04:31:58,600
And you realize that the 
villages response to the comet 

5058
04:31:58,600 --> 04:32:01,800
has actually been pretty 
sensible regardless of what the 

5059
04:32:01,800 --> 04:32:05,400
comet actually means food 
stores, checked and Consolidated

5060
04:32:05,400 --> 04:32:08,700
tools, repaired and sharpened, 
debt settled relationships. 

5061
04:32:08,700 --> 04:32:12,300
Mended all of these things are 
just as useful for surviving 

5062
04:32:12,300 --> 04:32:15,900
human, cause disasters. 
As Divine ones, the next morning

5063
04:32:15,900 --> 04:32:19,300
you share Margaret's Theory with
Edmund who receives it with the 

5064
04:32:19,300 --> 04:32:22,100
thoughtful consideration. 
He's been applying to all Comet 

5065
04:32:22,100 --> 04:32:25,500
related intelligence. 
After some discussion you both 

5066
04:32:25,500 --> 04:32:28,000
agree that it doesn't really 
matter whether the comet is 

5067
04:32:28,008 --> 04:32:30,600
warning about spiritual crisis 
or political conflict. 

5068
04:32:31,300 --> 04:32:33,300
The appropriate response is 
pretty much the same. 

5069
04:32:33,300 --> 04:32:36,700
Get ready for trouble and hope 
you're wrong about how awful 

5070
04:32:36,700 --> 04:32:39,700
it's going to be. 
This insight into the practical 

5071
04:32:39,700 --> 04:32:42,100
wisdom of comet fear is oddly 
comforting. 

5072
04:32:42,100 --> 04:32:45,600
Your medieval ancestors, weren't
just superstitious Primitives 

5073
04:32:45,600 --> 04:32:48,700
jumping at shadows in the sky. 
They were people living in, 

5074
04:32:48,700 --> 04:32:52,200
genuinely dangerous and 
unpredictable circumstances and 

5075
04:32:52,200 --> 04:32:54,800
they developed a system. 
For interpreting unusual events 

5076
04:32:54,800 --> 04:32:57,300
that encouraged useful 
precautionary, Behavior, 

5077
04:32:57,300 --> 04:33:01,300
regardless of the specific 
nature of the threat, Whether 

5078
04:33:01,300 --> 04:33:04,900
the comet means divine wrath 
political upheaval natural 

5079
04:33:04,900 --> 04:33:07,400
disaster or just Cosmic 
coincidence. 

5080
04:33:07,400 --> 04:33:10,599
The response is the same pay 
attention, prepare for 

5081
04:33:10,599 --> 04:33:14,200
difficulties work together and 
try to be the kind of person 

5082
04:33:14,200 --> 04:33:17,800
you'd want to be if you knew the
world was watching as evening 

5083
04:33:17,800 --> 04:33:19,500
approaches and the comet becomes
visible. 

5084
04:33:19,500 --> 04:33:22,200
Once again, you find yourself 
looking at it with something 

5085
04:33:22,200 --> 04:33:25,300
approaching appreciation. 
Not because you're happy, it's 

5086
04:33:25,300 --> 04:33:27,000
there. 
But because you're beginning to 

5087
04:33:27,000 --> 04:33:29,599
understand the elegance and 
simplicity of a worldview that 

5088
04:33:29,599 --> 04:33:33,300
treats every unusual event as 
potentially meaningful and every

5089
04:33:33,300 --> 04:33:36,599
bit of meaning, as a call to 
appropriate action, two weeks 

5090
04:33:36,599 --> 04:33:40,200
after your Cosmic visitor first 
appeared Lord, Jeffery son make 

5091
04:33:40,200 --> 04:33:42,900
his announcement. 
There will indeed be a military 

5092
04:33:42,900 --> 04:33:45,400
campaign, though. 
He has the Diplomatic courtesy 

5093
04:33:45,400 --> 04:33:48,300
to call it a defensive 
expedition to secure Regional 

5094
04:33:48,300 --> 04:33:51,300
stability. 
The Mercenaries Margaret spotted

5095
04:33:51,300 --> 04:33:54,200
were Advanced Scouts and the 
young Lord has been planning, 

5096
04:33:54,200 --> 04:33:56,400
what amounts, to a small scale 
invasion of his neighbor's 

5097
04:33:56,400 --> 04:33:59,599
territory, over a disputed claim
to some particularly fertile 

5098
04:33:59,599 --> 04:34:02,300
farmland. 
The comet it turns out was 

5099
04:34:02,300 --> 04:34:04,700
neither a Divine warning, nor a 
Celestial coincidence. 

5100
04:34:04,700 --> 04:34:08,700
It was just excellent timing. 
A cosmic Spotlight, 

5101
04:34:08,700 --> 04:34:12,200
Illuminating, a very Earthly 
drama that was about to unfold 

5102
04:34:12,200 --> 04:34:13,900
whether the heavens cooperated 
or not. 

5103
04:34:15,000 --> 04:34:17,400
But here's the thing about Comet
fear that you're beginning to 

5104
04:34:17,400 --> 04:34:20,500
truly appreciate, it doesn't 
actually matter whether the 

5105
04:34:20,500 --> 04:34:23,599
comic calls the crisis or just 
happened to show up for it. 

5106
04:34:24,599 --> 04:34:27,000
What matters is that its 
appearance motivated your 

5107
04:34:27,000 --> 04:34:28,500
community to prepare for 
trouble? 

5108
04:34:28,500 --> 04:34:32,500
And that preparation is about to
prove extremely valuable The 

5109
04:34:32,500 --> 04:34:35,800
village is, in better shape than
it's been in years food, stores 

5110
04:34:35,800 --> 04:34:38,900
are organized and adequate tools
are prepared and ready. 

5111
04:34:38,900 --> 04:34:41,900
People have settled their debts 
and mended their relationships. 

5112
04:34:41,900 --> 04:34:45,500
The community is more cohesive, 
and Cooperative than anyone can 

5113
04:34:45,500 --> 04:34:48,200
remember. 
When Lord Geoffrey Stewart comes

5114
04:34:48,200 --> 04:34:50,300
around to requisition supplies 
for the campaign. 

5115
04:34:50,300 --> 04:34:52,900
Your village is able to 
contribute without facing 

5116
04:34:52,900 --> 04:34:55,500
starvation. 
He demands men from military 

5117
04:34:55,500 --> 04:34:58,099
service. 
A community is Unified enough to

5118
04:34:58,099 --> 04:35:01,400
negotiate reasonable terms and 
stead of just accepting what 

5119
04:35:01,400 --> 04:35:05,099
ever conscription he imposes. 
Most importantly, when the 

5120
04:35:05,099 --> 04:35:07,599
inevitable refugees start 
arriving from the disputed 

5121
04:35:07,599 --> 04:35:10,599
territory families, fleeing the 
advancing soldiers, and the 

5122
04:35:10,599 --> 04:35:12,700
chaos that always accompanies 
armed conflict. 

5123
04:35:12,700 --> 04:35:14,900
Your village is prepared to 
help. 

5124
04:35:15,800 --> 04:35:19,000
Not only does your village 
provide material assistance but 

5125
04:35:19,000 --> 04:35:21,099
it also provides social and 
emotional support. 

5126
04:35:22,200 --> 04:35:24,700
The comet has reminded everyone 
that we're all vulnerable to 

5127
04:35:24,700 --> 04:35:28,200
forces beyond our control and 
that Mutual support is the best 

5128
04:35:28,200 --> 04:35:31,800
defense against uncertainty your
helping to distribute blankets 

5129
04:35:31,800 --> 04:35:34,300
to the refugee families. 
When old Martha shuffles over, 

5130
04:35:34,300 --> 04:35:37,900
where the satisfied expression 
of someone whose theories have 

5131
04:35:37,900 --> 04:35:41,099
been validated by events, told 
you that comment meant 

5132
04:35:41,099 --> 04:35:43,900
something, she says settling 
beside you on the bench outside 

5133
04:35:43,900 --> 04:35:46,400
the church, Maybe not exactly 
what we thought. 

5134
04:35:46,400 --> 04:35:48,200
But something important, all the
same. 

5135
04:35:48,207 --> 04:35:50,900
So you think the comet actually 
caused all this? 

5136
04:35:50,900 --> 04:35:55,000
You ask genuinely curious about 
her perspective, Martha 

5137
04:35:55,000 --> 04:35:57,700
considers this with the careful 
deliberation of someone who has 

5138
04:35:57,700 --> 04:35:59,599
seen enough history to 
understand its complexity. 

5139
04:36:00,900 --> 04:36:03,599
Maybe, yes, maybe. 
No, but does it matter? 

5140
04:36:03,599 --> 04:36:07,200
The comet got us ready for what 
was coming, whether it knew what

5141
04:36:07,200 --> 04:36:10,300
was coming or not, that 
certainly holds significance. 

5142
04:36:11,099 --> 04:36:13,500
This is the final wisdom of 
medieval Comet fear. 

5143
04:36:13,500 --> 04:36:16,700
It's not really about 
understanding Cosmic causation, 

5144
04:36:16,700 --> 04:36:19,000
or predicting specific 
disasters. 

5145
04:36:19,000 --> 04:36:22,900
It's about maintaining the kind 
of adaptive alertness that helps

5146
04:36:22,900 --> 04:36:26,099
communities survive in genuinely
uncertain circumstances. 

5147
04:36:27,300 --> 04:36:30,300
The comet reminds us that the 
future is uncertain that we 

5148
04:36:30,300 --> 04:36:32,500
should prepare and that we're 
all in this together. 

5149
04:36:32,500 --> 04:36:36,000
As you settle into bed that 
night, you step out side. 

5150
04:36:36,000 --> 04:36:39,200
One last time, to look at your 
Celestial visitor, it's 

5151
04:36:39,200 --> 04:36:42,200
noticeably dimmer now. 
Beginning its long journey back 

5152
04:36:42,200 --> 04:36:45,500
to the outer Darkness, where 
comets spend most of their time,

5153
04:36:46,400 --> 04:36:49,700
In a few more weeks that will 
fade from visibility entirely 

5154
04:36:49,700 --> 04:36:52,900
leaving your village to deal. 
With the Earthly consequences of

5155
04:36:52,900 --> 04:36:56,800
Lourdes Jeffries, territorial 
ambitions But the Comets real 

5156
04:36:56,800 --> 04:36:58,599
work, is already done. 
It. 

5157
04:36:58,599 --> 04:37:01,900
Appeared at exactly the right 
moment to motivate exactly the 

5158
04:37:01,900 --> 04:37:04,300
right kind of preparation. 
For exactly, the right kind of 

5159
04:37:04,308 --> 04:37:07,000
crisis. 
Whether this event was Divine 

5160
04:37:07,000 --> 04:37:10,400
Providence, Cosmic coincidence, 
or just the inevitable 

5161
04:37:10,400 --> 04:37:13,400
intersection of astronomical 
mechanics and human foolishness,

5162
04:37:13,400 --> 04:37:16,000
doesn't really matter. 
What matters is that when 

5163
04:37:16,000 --> 04:37:19,300
unusual things appear in the 
sky, it's probably wise to pay 

5164
04:37:19,308 --> 04:37:21,800
attention. 
This is not because the sky is 

5165
04:37:21,800 --> 04:37:25,000
attempting to convey a message, 
but rather because observing 

5166
04:37:25,000 --> 04:37:28,599
unusual occurrences often serves
as an effective survival tactic,

5167
04:37:28,599 --> 04:37:32,200
the universe is full of 
surprises, some of which require

5168
04:37:32,200 --> 04:37:35,800
preparation cooperation and the 
wisdom to distinguish between 

5169
04:37:35,800 --> 04:37:39,200
the things you can control and 
the things you can't Your 

5170
04:37:39,200 --> 04:37:42,599
medieval ancestors, understood 
these facts instinctively, they 

5171
04:37:42,599 --> 04:37:45,300
lived in a world where 
unexpected events could be fatal

5172
04:37:45,300 --> 04:37:48,700
and preparation often made the 
difference between survival and 

5173
04:37:48,700 --> 04:37:51,500
disaster. 
They developed Comet fear, not 

5174
04:37:51,500 --> 04:37:54,400
because they were superstitious 
Primitives, but because they 

5175
04:37:54,400 --> 04:37:57,400
were practical people dealing 
with practical problems using 

5176
04:37:57,400 --> 04:37:59,099
the best information available 
to them. 

5177
04:38:00,099 --> 04:38:03,099
As you drift off to sleep in 
your cottage, listening to The 

5178
04:38:03,099 --> 04:38:05,700
Familiar sounds of your village 
settle into the night. 

5179
04:38:05,700 --> 04:38:09,000
You find yourself oddly grateful
for your Cosmic visitor, 

5180
04:38:10,099 --> 04:38:12,700
experience taught you valuable 
lessons about Community 

5181
04:38:12,700 --> 04:38:16,400
preparation and the importance 
of taking unusual events, 

5182
04:38:16,400 --> 04:38:20,800
seriously, even if you don't 
fully understand them, The comet

5183
04:38:20,800 --> 04:38:24,800
blazes on through the darkness 
carrying its tail of fire toward

5184
04:38:24,800 --> 04:38:28,599
distant appointments with other 
worlds and civilizations, who 

5185
04:38:28,599 --> 04:38:31,400
will look up at it and wonder 
what it means and what they 

5186
04:38:31,400 --> 04:38:34,500
should do about it. 
Perhaps, if they are wise, they 

5187
04:38:34,500 --> 04:38:36,300
will follow the same path as 
your village. 

5188
04:38:37,000 --> 04:38:41,000
Grace for challenges, hold on to
optimism and keep in mind that 

5189
04:38:41,000 --> 04:38:43,900
we are all merely transitory 
occupants of a small planet. 

5190
04:38:43,900 --> 04:38:47,300
Orbiting a common star in a 
universe brimming with both 

5191
04:38:47,300 --> 04:38:51,500
wonders and dangers sometimes 
the sky catches fire and 

5192
04:38:51,500 --> 04:38:53,599
sometimes that's exactly what we
need to see. 

5193
04:39:04,800 --> 04:39:07,900
Born in the port city of Genoa, 
Christopher Columbus entered, 

5194
04:39:07,900 --> 04:39:10,599
the world under a roof that 
smelled of Salt Air and fish 

5195
04:39:10,599 --> 04:39:13,599
scales. 
His father a woolweaver by 

5196
04:39:13,599 --> 04:39:17,099
trade, held lofty aspirations 
that his son might avoid the 

5197
04:39:17,099 --> 04:39:22,200
repetitive grinding tasks of 
carding spinning and weaving the

5198
04:39:22,200 --> 04:39:25,500
bustle of people coming to trade
in the harbor yelling over each 

5199
04:39:25,500 --> 04:39:27,700
other. 
In half a dozen dialects, made 

5200
04:39:27,700 --> 04:39:30,300
an indelible impression on young
Christopher. 

5201
04:39:30,300 --> 04:39:33,700
As he wondered the narrow alleys
that snaked through the city. 

5202
04:39:33,700 --> 04:39:35,700
He would often pause beside 
ships. 

5203
04:39:35,700 --> 04:39:38,400
Being loaded with cargos bound 
foreign Horizons. 

5204
04:39:38,400 --> 04:39:41,500
No matter the dampness, or the 
fierce winds rolling in from the

5205
04:39:41,500 --> 04:39:44,700
legion sea, he remained in 
trance by the idea of distant 

5206
04:39:44,700 --> 04:39:47,300
lands. 
This Fascination set him apart 

5207
04:39:47,300 --> 04:39:50,600
from others, his age, He was far
less interested in the local 

5208
04:39:50,600 --> 04:39:53,200
gossip about the new bishop or 
who would marry into which 

5209
04:39:53,200 --> 04:39:57,100
family instead, he chased 
fleeting rumors about gold in 

5210
04:39:57,100 --> 04:40:00,500
Shores, where people spoke in 
languages sounding like music. 

5211
04:40:01,400 --> 04:40:04,500
When he was old enough to leave 
home, Columbus began to sail 

5212
04:40:04,500 --> 04:40:08,200
modestly short voyages, in which
he served as a messenger or a 

5213
04:40:08,200 --> 04:40:12,700
humble hand making sure to note 
every detail once, while aboard 

5214
04:40:12,700 --> 04:40:15,900
a small merchant ship, he 
encountered a fierce storm, that

5215
04:40:15,900 --> 04:40:18,700
pitched, the vessels. 
So violently several men were 

5216
04:40:18,700 --> 04:40:22,400
lost at sea yet, Columbus, 
persevered occasionally 

5217
04:40:22,400 --> 04:40:25,100
gripping, the rigging and 
feeling both dread and a certain

5218
04:40:25,108 --> 04:40:27,600
strange Euphoria. 
He later recalled. 

5219
04:40:27,600 --> 04:40:31,300
This episode as the exact moment
he realized that fortune 

5220
04:40:31,300 --> 04:40:36,000
favoured Risk Takers the wind 
stung his face but he felt alive

5221
04:40:36,000 --> 04:40:40,100
in a way that overshadowed the 
fear At that time, the known 

5222
04:40:40,100 --> 04:40:43,100
world for most Europeans was 
bracketed by misunderstandings 

5223
04:40:43,100 --> 04:40:46,600
about what labia on the horizon 
Maps were often imaginative 

5224
04:40:46,600 --> 04:40:50,000
featuring sea monsters, 
swirling, vortexes, or vast? 

5225
04:40:50,000 --> 04:40:52,200
Empty spaces. 
Labeled Terror, Incognito 

5226
04:40:52,200 --> 04:40:56,000
Columbus devoured any chart or 
ragged bit of parchment he could

5227
04:40:56,000 --> 04:40:59,400
find in taverns. 
He listened to Old Sailors speak

5228
04:40:59,400 --> 04:41:03,300
of land Glimpse through schools 
and thick fog and not shown on a

5229
04:41:03,300 --> 04:41:06,200
official charts while some 
dismissed these tools as 

5230
04:41:06,200 --> 04:41:09,000
Barbers. 
Fables Columbus, tuck them away 

5231
04:41:09,000 --> 04:41:11,900
in his mind, like Precious 
Cargo, he made sure to learn 

5232
04:41:11,900 --> 04:41:14,900
from the best navigational minds
of available by day. 

5233
04:41:14,900 --> 04:41:17,700
He subjected himself to the 
strict discipline of mathematics

5234
04:41:17,700 --> 04:41:22,600
angles distance how to track the
sun and stars by night. 

5235
04:41:22,600 --> 04:41:26,000
He poured over translation of 
Ptolemy or any scraps 

5236
04:41:26,000 --> 04:41:29,600
referencing far off kingdoms, 
his curiosity was insatiable, 

5237
04:41:29,600 --> 04:41:33,300
but always tinged with 
pragmatism, even as he immersed 

5238
04:41:33,300 --> 04:41:35,600
himself in Daydreams of unknown 
continents. 

5239
04:41:35,600 --> 04:41:38,300
He meticulously built his 
fundamental knowledge. 

5240
04:41:39,200 --> 04:41:41,600
The pursuit of novelty was 
anchored in the discipline of 

5241
04:41:41,600 --> 04:41:44,000
rigorous study. 
A lesson known. 

5242
04:41:44,000 --> 04:41:46,400
Anecdote concerns a letter 
Columbus received from a 

5243
04:41:46,400 --> 04:41:49,100
Venetian traveler whose name has
been largely forgotten by 

5244
04:41:49,100 --> 04:41:52,900
mainstream history. 
This Venetian, teased glimpses 

5245
04:41:52,900 --> 04:41:56,200
of a rumored, passage a route, 
leading west across the Atlantic

5246
04:41:56,200 --> 04:41:59,800
to Asia's richest, the letter 
wasn't coated with the fluoride 

5247
04:41:59,800 --> 04:42:01,900
hyperbole common in travel 
Accounts at that time. 

5248
04:42:01,900 --> 04:42:06,200
Instead it was almost stark 
describing a place where the sun

5249
04:42:06,200 --> 04:42:10,700
set over expanses of water a few
dead Traverse Columbus cherished

5250
04:42:10,700 --> 04:42:13,900
that letter convinced it held 
the kernel of a secret known, 

5251
04:42:13,900 --> 04:42:16,400
only to a handful of Traders or 
explorers, who lack. 

5252
04:42:16,400 --> 04:42:19,800
The means to follow up on it. 
The Venetian might never have 

5253
04:42:19,800 --> 04:42:22,700
expected his words to incite one
of the most daring Voyages of 

5254
04:42:22,700 --> 04:42:25,700
the age. 
Yet, for Columbus that letter 

5255
04:42:25,700 --> 04:42:28,900
represented, a subtle push a 
sign that the improbable might 

5256
04:42:28,900 --> 04:42:31,600
be real. 
In the decades leading up to his

5257
04:42:31,600 --> 04:42:34,700
famed Expeditions Europe, 
wrestled with power shifts, 

5258
04:42:34,700 --> 04:42:37,100
Italy, city states squabbled 
with each other. 

5259
04:42:37,100 --> 04:42:41,000
The Ottoman Empire Flex control 
over trade routes and Portugal 

5260
04:42:41,000 --> 04:42:44,900
angled for maritime dominance. 
People in Columbus's circles 

5261
04:42:44,900 --> 04:42:47,600
debated, the viability of 
sailing west, to reach the spice

5262
04:42:47,600 --> 04:42:51,700
laid in East, the question was 
more than academic curiosity, it

5263
04:42:51,700 --> 04:42:55,400
came down to wealth alliances, 
and bending the map to serve 

5264
04:42:55,400 --> 04:42:59,400
Power Genoa, sitting at the 
crossroads of so many trading 

5265
04:42:59,400 --> 04:43:02,900
arteries was itself, a testament
to how Maritime Acumen could 

5266
04:43:02,900 --> 04:43:06,100
drive Prosperity. 
Columbus, was neither the best 

5267
04:43:06,100 --> 04:43:09,400
educated nor the wealthiest 
Visionary of his time, but he 

5268
04:43:09,400 --> 04:43:12,500
excelled in marrying lofty, 
dreams with a canny political 

5269
04:43:12,500 --> 04:43:14,900
sense. 
It became apparent to him. 

5270
04:43:14,908 --> 04:43:18,600
That some power be at Portugal 
Spain, or another kingdom. 

5271
04:43:18,600 --> 04:43:22,600
Would eventually roll the dice 
on a transatlantic Venture and 

5272
04:43:22,600 --> 04:43:27,300
he poised with a solid track 
record of smaller voyages, aimed

5273
04:43:27,300 --> 04:43:29,100
to be the chosen instrument of 
that gamble. 

5274
04:43:29,100 --> 04:43:32,600
He saw himself as indispensable 
in Bridging, the Gap between the

5275
04:43:32,600 --> 04:43:36,300
idea and the deed. 
Others might excel in in 

5276
04:43:36,300 --> 04:43:39,900
theorizing or financing. 
Columbus believed he alone, 

5277
04:43:39,900 --> 04:43:42,800
carried the peculiar mix of 
unwavering faith and nautical 

5278
04:43:42,800 --> 04:43:46,700
competence necessary for Success
during these formative years. 

5279
04:43:46,700 --> 04:43:50,000
What truly set Columbus apart 
was not just his willingness to 

5280
04:43:50,000 --> 04:43:53,400
take leaps but his ability to 
accumulate allies and supporters

5281
04:43:53,400 --> 04:43:56,300
behind closed doors. 
He had a gift for speak 

5282
04:43:56,300 --> 04:44:00,200
particularly when discussing 
navigation or potential Wonders 

5283
04:44:00,200 --> 04:44:01,800
that might lie across the 
Atlantic. 

5284
04:44:02,600 --> 04:44:04,700
People described him as a 
steadfast man. 

5285
04:44:04,700 --> 04:44:08,200
Perhaps even stubborn whose 
Vision Shone through in 

5286
04:44:08,200 --> 04:44:10,300
conversation. 
Some dismissed him as 

5287
04:44:10,300 --> 04:44:12,600
overzealous. 
Others were swept up in his 

5288
04:44:12,600 --> 04:44:16,200
unwavering confidence. 
Either way, they remembered him 

5289
04:44:16,200 --> 04:44:19,300
in a society where reputations 
were currency. 

5290
04:44:19,300 --> 04:44:21,800
That was the first step toward 
finding patrons. 

5291
04:44:21,800 --> 04:44:24,300
Who could turn imagination into 
tangible backing? 

5292
04:44:25,100 --> 04:44:28,100
Stories about Columbus often 
skip from his boyhood in Genoa, 

5293
04:44:28,100 --> 04:44:30,200
straight to his lobbying at the 
Spanish Court. 

5294
04:44:31,100 --> 04:44:34,100
Yet these in between years 
during which he sharpened his 

5295
04:44:34,100 --> 04:44:38,600
craft cultivated friendships and
scouted every port for whispered

5296
04:44:38,600 --> 04:44:42,200
Tales were pivotal. 
They formed a crucible in which 

5297
04:44:42,200 --> 04:44:44,800
the idea of sailing west to 
reach what Europe called the 

5298
04:44:44,800 --> 04:44:47,500
Indies, hardened into a driving 
obsession. 

5299
04:44:48,400 --> 04:44:50,800
By the time, he embarked on the 
journeys, that would etch his 

5300
04:44:50,808 --> 04:44:53,400
name into history. 
He was already a seasoned 

5301
04:44:53,400 --> 04:44:55,700
Navigator with Connections in 
multiple courts. 

5302
04:44:55,700 --> 04:44:58,900
Many might have possessed 
theoretical knowledge, or raw 

5303
04:44:58,900 --> 04:45:01,900
courage, but Columbus, combined 
them with a strategic sense of 

5304
04:45:01,908 --> 04:45:05,300
timing and persuasion. 
Ultimately, the summer of these 

5305
04:45:05,300 --> 04:45:09,000
experiences, the near death 
storms, the Midnight Confessions

5306
04:45:09,000 --> 04:45:12,000
of old Sailors, the letters, 
penned by obscure Travelers, 

5307
04:45:12,000 --> 04:45:15,900
wove together. 
Columbus, stood, as a man on the

5308
04:45:15,908 --> 04:45:19,700
cusp of forging something vast. 
He was ready to propose a 

5309
04:45:19,700 --> 04:45:22,200
radical plan to whichever 
monarchy had the audacity to 

5310
04:45:22,200 --> 04:45:25,300
endorse him. 
And that moment was inching 

5311
04:45:25,300 --> 04:45:28,000
closer, every time he set foot 
on a dock, every time he 

5312
04:45:28,000 --> 04:45:30,800
gathered new bits of 
intelligence and every time he 

5313
04:45:30,800 --> 04:45:34,000
closed his eyes at night 
visions, of Uncharted Coast 

5314
04:45:34,000 --> 04:45:35,600
dancing, just beyond the 
darkness. 

5315
04:45:36,700 --> 04:45:40,200
Spain in the late 15th century 
was an agitated, tapestry of 

5316
04:45:40,200 --> 04:45:44,400
ambition religious devotion and 
a desire to surpass other 

5317
04:45:44,400 --> 04:45:48,100
emerging European powers. 
After the Reconquista and the 

5318
04:45:48,100 --> 04:45:51,300
unification under the Catholic 
monarchs King, Ferdinand and 

5319
04:45:51,300 --> 04:45:54,500
Queen Isabella sought new ways 
to Smith their place in the 

5320
04:45:54,500 --> 04:45:57,200
world. 
While Portugal was establishing 

5321
04:45:57,200 --> 04:46:00,700
itself along the African Coast 
using caravels to probe new 

5322
04:46:00,700 --> 04:46:03,800
Waters, Spain faced the 
possibility of being left behind

5323
04:46:04,800 --> 04:46:07,700
Columbus perceived this anxiety,
like a cat sniffing out 

5324
04:46:07,700 --> 04:46:09,900
opportunity. 
He had tried pitching as 

5325
04:46:09,900 --> 04:46:12,100
Westwood plan to the Portuguese 
Crown previously. 

5326
04:46:12,100 --> 04:46:16,100
But was met with hesitation some
say scorn, his proposition 

5327
04:46:16,100 --> 04:46:19,400
sounded, suspiciously like 
gambling with the unknown. 

5328
04:46:20,000 --> 04:46:23,100
Portugal, after all already had 
an established route, circling 

5329
04:46:23,100 --> 04:46:26,200
Africa But the Spanish Corp was 
more impressionable. 

5330
04:46:26,200 --> 04:46:29,600
Perhaps because they were eager 
to LeapFrog over rivals in the 

5331
04:46:29,608 --> 04:46:33,100
exploration race Columbus, bided
his time in Andalusian. 

5332
04:46:33,100 --> 04:46:36,000
Port Towns forging friendships 
with local captains 

5333
04:46:36,000 --> 04:46:39,500
cartographers and the occasional
monk with an interest in exotic 

5334
04:46:39,500 --> 04:46:41,900
geography. 
He cultivated at a sense of 

5335
04:46:41,908 --> 04:46:45,100
Mystique, around himself, 
dropping hints, about rumored 

5336
04:46:45,100 --> 04:46:49,000
Islands, Beyond the Horizon, and
yet winning over the Catholic 

5337
04:46:49,000 --> 04:46:52,300
monarchs demanded more than 
Grand promises Columbus needed 

5338
04:46:52,300 --> 04:46:54,400
to demonstrate some shred of 
credibility. 

5339
04:46:54,400 --> 04:46:58,900
So he appeared at court armed 
with numbers and references will

5340
04:46:58,900 --> 04:47:01,900
many modern experts debate, the 
accuracy of his calculations, 

5341
04:47:01,900 --> 04:47:04,700
especially his underestimation 
of Earth's circumference. 

5342
04:47:04,700 --> 04:47:07,200
He was undoubtedly passionate 
about them. 

5343
04:47:07,200 --> 04:47:10,500
He insisted that the distance 
Westwood to Asia wasn't as 

5344
04:47:10,500 --> 04:47:12,600
colossal as mainstream Scholars 
maintained. 

5345
04:47:12,600 --> 04:47:16,300
Moreover, he insisted on title's
and privileges for himself. 

5346
04:47:16,300 --> 04:47:19,600
If he was successful, this 
wasn't mere Hebrews. 

5347
04:47:19,600 --> 04:47:22,000
He believed that if he 
discovered new lands or 

5348
04:47:22,000 --> 04:47:25,700
profitable routes, he deserved 
recognition and wealth, it's 

5349
04:47:25,700 --> 04:47:28,900
worth noting that Columbus has a
man of his era cloaked his 

5350
04:47:28,908 --> 04:47:31,900
intentioned in religious 
justifications, he talked about 

5351
04:47:31,900 --> 04:47:34,700
bringing Christianity to the far
reaches of the world. 

5352
04:47:34,700 --> 04:47:38,300
This approach resonated with an 
Iberian Court fresh from the 

5353
04:47:38,300 --> 04:47:41,900
triumph over Granada and eager 
to Red Catholic influence 

5354
04:47:41,900 --> 04:47:44,100
abroad. 
But behind the religious 

5355
04:47:44,100 --> 04:47:47,300
language, there was also a 
shrewd negotiator who understood

5356
04:47:47,300 --> 04:47:50,200
that spiritual rhetoric often 
smoothed the path toward 

5357
04:47:50,200 --> 04:47:52,800
funding. 
If you could count your proposed

5358
04:47:52,800 --> 04:47:55,800
Voyage in terms of Salvation or 
the glory of God, you'd find 

5359
04:47:55,808 --> 04:47:57,900
fewer obstacles in the corridors
of power. 

5360
04:47:57,900 --> 04:48:03,000
What followed were months some 
say years of haggling Advisors, 

5361
04:48:03,000 --> 04:48:06,000
to the crown debated where the 
Columbus was an inspired Savant 

5362
04:48:06,000 --> 04:48:08,300
or a full traditional 
geographers. 

5363
04:48:08,300 --> 04:48:11,600
Scoffed, referencing ancient 
authorities, who argued that, 

5364
04:48:11,600 --> 04:48:15,700
the Atlantic was vast filled 
with unknown dangers, a few 

5365
04:48:15,708 --> 04:48:17,200
mermaid. 
That even if Columbus did find 

5366
04:48:17,200 --> 04:48:19,300
land, it could be an 
inhospitable Wilderness. 

5367
04:48:19,300 --> 04:48:21,600
Unworthy of the trouble 
Columbus. 

5368
04:48:21,600 --> 04:48:25,300
However, radiated a calm sense 
of certainly, the occasionally 

5369
04:48:25,300 --> 04:48:28,000
flashed a map, though. 
How detailed these charts were 

5370
04:48:28,000 --> 04:48:31,000
remains a mystery? 
Scholars have speculated for 

5371
04:48:31,000 --> 04:48:33,400
centuries about the source of 
his unwavering Assurance. 

5372
04:48:33,400 --> 04:48:37,200
Some positive hidden documents 
or secret Knowledge gleaned from

5373
04:48:37,200 --> 04:48:40,900
seafarers who stumbled upon 
unknown islets, others assumed, 

5374
04:48:40,900 --> 04:48:44,000
it was sheer stubbornness and 
unshakable conviction that a 

5375
04:48:44,000 --> 04:48:48,600
western sea route must exist. 
Eventually the Catholic monarchs

5376
04:48:48,600 --> 04:48:52,000
took a calculated risk. 
They granted Columbus the funds 

5377
04:48:52,000 --> 04:48:54,700
for three ships, a modest 
investment from their 

5378
04:48:54,700 --> 04:48:57,200
perspective. 
The arrangement was that if he 

5379
04:48:57,200 --> 04:49:00,400
found nothing, the loss would be
brushed aside by the Spanish 

5380
04:49:00,400 --> 04:49:03,500
treasury. 
But if he succeeded Spain would 

5381
04:49:03,500 --> 04:49:06,700
catapult ahead in the Scramble 
for Newlands and trading routes 

5382
04:49:06,700 --> 04:49:10,500
the recollection of Portugal's 
Prosperity from gold and spices 

5383
04:49:10,500 --> 04:49:14,200
weighed heavily on their minds. 
Nobody wanted to miss out on the

5384
04:49:14,200 --> 04:49:18,000
next wave of riches, Columbus. 
Exultant with the Royal nod 

5385
04:49:18,000 --> 04:49:21,800
hurried to assemble a crew. 
People often Overlook the 

5386
04:49:21,800 --> 04:49:23,600
question of how Columbus 
gathered those men. 

5387
04:49:23,600 --> 04:49:25,700
It's true. 
Many were from Modest 

5388
04:49:25,700 --> 04:49:28,400
backgrounds with some rumored to
be on the run from the law. 

5389
04:49:28,400 --> 04:49:31,400
Hoping to escape their past in 
the expanse of the ocean. 

5390
04:49:32,200 --> 04:49:35,700
But it wasn't just Desperado, 
who signed up skilled Navigators

5391
04:49:35,700 --> 04:49:40,000
from Palos and Beyond joined 
intrigued by the potential for 

5392
04:49:40,000 --> 04:49:43,100
fortune. 
The ship's commonly referred to 

5393
04:49:43,100 --> 04:49:45,800
in simplified form as the Nina, 
the Pinta, and the Santa. 

5394
04:49:45,800 --> 04:49:49,400
Maria were repurposed commercial
vessels, not the grand 

5395
04:49:49,400 --> 04:49:51,900
specialized craft of some Modern
imagination. 

5396
04:49:53,100 --> 04:49:56,100
In those final days before 
departure, Columbus prayed 

5397
04:49:56,100 --> 04:49:59,100
publicly at small monasteries 
and confided in a handful of 

5398
04:49:59,100 --> 04:50:02,800
confidants, the air crackled 
with anticipation Coastal 

5399
04:50:02,800 --> 04:50:04,500
communities. 
Whispered about the boldness of 

5400
04:50:04,500 --> 04:50:08,400
it, all some saw it as an act of
Madness or vanity, others felt 

5401
04:50:08,400 --> 04:50:10,700
the giddiness of perhaps 
witnessing, the dawn of a new 

5402
04:50:10,708 --> 04:50:13,100
era, though, they likely didn't 
phase it that way. 

5403
04:50:14,000 --> 04:50:16,600
For his part, Columbus 
maintained a controlled 

5404
04:50:16,600 --> 04:50:19,400
composure, but one can imagine 
the swirl of thoughts in his 

5405
04:50:19,400 --> 04:50:21,600
head. 
What if the critics were right? 

5406
04:50:21,600 --> 04:50:24,000
And Asia? 
Lay much farther than he had 

5407
04:50:24,000 --> 04:50:26,100
predicted? 
What if the currents were too 

5408
04:50:26,100 --> 04:50:28,400
treacherous or the men mutinied 
out of fear? 

5409
04:50:29,900 --> 04:50:34,100
Despite the swirling uncertainty
Columbus pressed on in the 

5410
04:50:34,100 --> 04:50:37,800
context of the times caution 
often yielded smaller gains. 

5411
04:50:37,800 --> 04:50:41,200
While boldness, specially an 
exploration could reshape 

5412
04:50:41,200 --> 04:50:46,500
kingdoms and redefine maps. 
And so in August of 1492 with 

5413
04:50:46,500 --> 04:50:50,500
the last fleeting gusts of 
Summer Wind, he led his ragtag 

5414
04:50:50,500 --> 04:50:52,400
Armada out of Palace, de La 
Frontera. 

5415
04:50:53,400 --> 04:50:57,500
Spain's Coastline faded behind 
them, under a brilliant sky and 

5416
04:50:57,500 --> 04:50:59,900
all that remained was The 
Emptiness of the Atlantic. 

5417
04:51:01,100 --> 04:51:03,500
No one aboard. 
Those three ships fully grasped 

5418
04:51:03,500 --> 04:51:06,100
the magnitude of what they were 
about to set in motion. 

5419
04:51:06,900 --> 04:51:09,900
Columbus was convinced that on 
the other side of that endless 

5420
04:51:09,900 --> 04:51:14,700
Horizon layer gateway to Asia. 
What he actually found would 

5421
04:51:14,700 --> 04:51:18,200
Ripple through history in ways 
neither he nor his Patron's 

5422
04:51:18,200 --> 04:51:21,000
could have been visited yet that
departure day. 

5423
04:51:21,000 --> 04:51:25,000
So often depicted in simplified 
paintings was anything but 

5424
04:51:25,000 --> 04:51:29,700
routine attention on deck, the 
unspoken prayers of the men, the

5425
04:51:29,700 --> 04:51:33,000
Specter of turning back of 
storms threatened, it all brewed

5426
04:51:33,000 --> 04:51:38,400
a potent, mix of Hope, and Dread
Columbus unwavering stood near 

5427
04:51:38,400 --> 04:51:41,500
the ship's Helm mentally. 
Rehearsing his route, likely 

5428
04:51:41,500 --> 04:51:44,100
feeling the weight of his deal 
with Spain's, monarchy on his 

5429
04:51:44,100 --> 04:51:47,300
shoulders, but as a faint 
Breeze, pushed them out to open 

5430
04:51:47,300 --> 04:51:49,700
sea. 
He also might have felt an 

5431
04:51:49,700 --> 04:51:51,600
intoxicating Rush of 
possibility. 

5432
04:51:51,600 --> 04:51:55,400
Sailing into the unknown 
demanded more than bravado, it 

5433
04:51:55,400 --> 04:51:57,400
demanded. 
An unspoken agreement among the 

5434
04:51:57,400 --> 04:52:01,000
crew that they would trust 
Columbus's instincts For Better 

5435
04:52:01,000 --> 04:52:04,400
or Worse for weeks. 
The men heard nothing, but the 

5436
04:52:04,400 --> 04:52:07,400
wind snapping the sails and the 
whole creaking under the 

5437
04:52:07,408 --> 04:52:10,900
pressure of the Open Sea. 
Fears of sea monsters, and 

5438
04:52:10,900 --> 04:52:13,400
bottomless World Pools. 
Circulated in hushed 

5439
04:52:13,400 --> 04:52:16,500
conversations each day. 
Columbus measured. 

5440
04:52:16,500 --> 04:52:18,300
The sun's position with the 
astrolabe. 

5441
04:52:19,000 --> 04:52:21,800
Jotting figures in a logbook he 
kept hidden from prying eyes, 

5442
04:52:21,800 --> 04:52:24,400
rumor has it. 
He maintained two sets of 

5443
04:52:24,400 --> 04:52:25,400
Records. 
One. 

5444
04:52:25,400 --> 04:52:30,200
Genuine one skewed to soothe 
anxious Sailors As Time wore on 

5445
04:52:30,200 --> 04:52:33,300
their diet initially bred 
onions. 

5446
04:52:33,300 --> 04:52:38,100
Salted meat became stale and 
monotonous water turned brackish

5447
04:52:38,100 --> 04:52:42,100
flared as frustrations. 
Boiled over the sense of 

5448
04:52:42,108 --> 04:52:45,400
distance from any known Shore 
was paralyzing for some a few 

5449
04:52:45,408 --> 04:52:48,400
men muttered that they should 
force Columbus to reverse course

5450
04:52:48,400 --> 04:52:51,500
yet each evening. 
Columbus delivered, a kind of 

5451
04:52:51,500 --> 04:52:53,600
pet. 
Talk reminding them of the 

5452
04:52:53,600 --> 04:52:56,900
wealth rumored to be waiting, 
just Beyond the Horizon of the 

5453
04:52:56,900 --> 04:52:59,100
possibility. 
That each day sale, brought them

5454
04:52:59,100 --> 04:53:03,500
closer to Asia's spice markets, 
From a modern perspective such 

5455
04:53:03,500 --> 04:53:06,900
promises might seem manipulative
but within their historical 

5456
04:53:06,900 --> 04:53:09,500
context. 
Columbus was playing the 

5457
04:53:09,500 --> 04:53:11,200
necessary role of morale 
Builder. 

5458
04:53:11,200 --> 04:53:15,000
Along the voyage certain signs, 
stood, fleeting moments of 

5459
04:53:15,008 --> 04:53:18,800
optimism floating clusters of 
seaweed stray. 

5460
04:53:18,800 --> 04:53:22,300
Birds overhead, even the faint 
smell of unfamiliar vegetation 

5461
04:53:22,300 --> 04:53:24,900
on the breeze. 
Sailors, latched onto these 

5462
04:53:24,900 --> 04:53:27,900
Clues like lifelines, 
interpreting them as evidence 

5463
04:53:27,900 --> 04:53:31,500
that land must be near. some 
historians argue that these were

5464
04:53:31,500 --> 04:53:34,900
the crucial threads holding the 
Expedition together when Minds 

5465
04:53:34,900 --> 04:53:39,500
threatened to unravel, Columbus,
however, rarely displayed his 

5466
04:53:39,500 --> 04:53:42,600
own doubts, his journals hint at
the internal terminal. 

5467
04:53:42,600 --> 04:53:45,700
He felt when dazed stretched 
into weeks and no solid 

5468
04:53:45,700 --> 04:53:50,200
Coastline materialized but to 
the men he projected unwavering 

5469
04:53:50,200 --> 04:53:54,100
determination Then came a 
fateful night in October, when 

5470
04:53:54,100 --> 04:53:57,200
the Cry of Tierra Tierra, 
finally broke the silent. 

5471
04:53:57,200 --> 04:54:00,700
The men scrambled to the side of
the ship eyes, scanning the 

5472
04:54:00,700 --> 04:54:05,100
darker eyes and Shrouded in 
Moonlight was a low dark outline

5473
04:54:05,100 --> 04:54:09,600
that could only be land relief, 
excitement and a twinge of 

5474
04:54:09,600 --> 04:54:12,500
disbelief Shot Through The Crew.
They had survived the dreaded 

5475
04:54:12,500 --> 04:54:14,300
emptiness. 
When morning came. 

5476
04:54:14,300 --> 04:54:17,400
They saw a lush Island beaches 
gleaming Under the Sun. 

5477
04:54:17,400 --> 04:54:22,100
Columbus convinced, he was near 
Asia unfold, the Spanish flag 

5478
04:54:22,100 --> 04:54:23,900
and claimed the land for the 
crown. 

5479
04:54:23,900 --> 04:54:27,700
In his diary, he described the 
islands inhabitants as friendly 

5480
04:54:27,700 --> 04:54:32,500
curious and naive about European
ways, he likely wrote with the 

5481
04:54:32,500 --> 04:54:36,200
tinted lens of an outsider 
imposing his own world view, the

5482
04:54:36,200 --> 04:54:38,300
early interactions between 
Columbus, and the indigenous. 

5483
04:54:38,300 --> 04:54:42,500
People often referred to, as the
Taino began with gestures of 

5484
04:54:42,508 --> 04:54:46,000
Goodwill, small Gifts of glass, 
beads and trinkets were 

5485
04:54:46,000 --> 04:54:49,700
exchanged for parrots cotton and
rudimentary gold ornaments. 

5486
04:54:50,800 --> 04:54:53,500
Columbus interpreted these 
gestures in a context, Shake by 

5487
04:54:53,500 --> 04:54:56,200
centuries of European feudal and
Mercantile culture. 

5488
04:54:57,100 --> 04:55:00,600
He wrote excitedly about the 
potential for future riches and 

5489
04:55:00,600 --> 04:55:03,300
the ease with which Spain might 
extend its reach across these 

5490
04:55:03,300 --> 04:55:06,000
lands. 
That initial moment of Wonder 

5491
04:55:06,000 --> 04:55:10,000
two, distinct worlds meeting for
the first time held a fragile 

5492
04:55:10,000 --> 04:55:13,500
promise of mutual discovery. 
Yet history shows us how 

5493
04:55:13,500 --> 04:55:16,600
Illusions can fracture under the
weight of greed and cultural 

5494
04:55:16,600 --> 04:55:19,600
misunderstanding. 
Columbus recorded that some of 

5495
04:55:19,608 --> 04:55:22,200
the Islanders directed him 
farther to the South and West 

5496
04:55:22,200 --> 04:55:24,600
mentioning places with greater 
wealth. 

5497
04:55:24,600 --> 04:55:28,400
So he pressed on navigating 
among the islands of what we 

5498
04:55:28,400 --> 04:55:30,700
now. 
Call the Caribbean, the further 

5499
04:55:30,700 --> 04:55:33,100
he traveled, the more he 
convinced himself that the 

5500
04:55:33,100 --> 04:55:36,000
grandkids palaces might lie just
around the next coastline. 

5501
04:55:36,700 --> 04:55:39,600
You heard stories interpreted 
them through his own lens and 

5502
04:55:39,600 --> 04:55:41,900
wrote letters back to Spain. 
Brimming with excitement. 

5503
04:55:42,900 --> 04:55:45,500
However, the land was not the 
Asia of silks and spices. 

5504
04:55:45,500 --> 04:55:49,600
He had imagined, the mistake was
largely geographical the world 

5505
04:55:49,600 --> 04:55:53,300
was Far bigger than he had 
presumed unwittingly Columbus 

5506
04:55:53,300 --> 04:55:55,100
had stumbled upon a separate 
continent. 

5507
04:55:55,100 --> 04:55:58,300
That was new only to Europeans 
though, not to the millions who 

5508
04:55:58,300 --> 04:56:01,900
are already live there. 
Seeds of future conflict were so

5509
04:56:01,900 --> 04:56:04,300
in these early encounters, the 
Spanish. 

5510
04:56:04,300 --> 04:56:07,900
Crowns policy was expansionist 
steeped in an ideology of 

5511
04:56:07,908 --> 04:56:10,900
superiority in Columbus's 
reports about malleable 

5512
04:56:10,900 --> 04:56:13,100
Islanders, only fuel the monks 
Ambitions. 

5513
04:56:13,100 --> 04:56:16,800
He built a makeshift fort on 
Hispaniola leaving some men 

5514
04:56:16,800 --> 04:56:19,500
behind while he returned to 
Spain with captured Islanders as

5515
04:56:19,500 --> 04:56:23,700
evidence of his discoveries. in 
Modern Eyes, that action signals

5516
04:56:23,700 --> 04:56:26,400
are Grim for shadowing of how 
the new worlds inhabitants would

5517
04:56:26,400 --> 04:56:30,500
be treated as curiosity's labor 
sources or impediments to 

5518
04:56:30,500 --> 04:56:34,800
Colonial aims But in Columbus's 
time such Maneuvers were 

5519
04:56:34,800 --> 04:56:37,700
considered strategic. 
He wanted to ensure further 

5520
04:56:37,700 --> 04:56:39,800
funding by demonstrating 
tangible results. 

5521
04:56:39,800 --> 04:56:43,600
Returning with natives though, 
entirely unethical by 

5522
04:56:43,600 --> 04:56:46,000
contemporary standards. 
Served as proof that he wasn't 

5523
04:56:46,000 --> 04:56:49,600
just spinning tall. 
Tales as he sailed back Columbus

5524
04:56:49,600 --> 04:56:53,200
already envisioned, subsequent 
Expeditions, likely anticipated,

5525
04:56:53,200 --> 04:56:56,400
wealth honors and a permanent 
place in the aristocracy. 

5526
04:56:56,400 --> 04:56:59,200
He had entered the islands as an
emissary of a new Empire in the 

5527
04:56:59,200 --> 04:57:02,200
making much like a businessman 
presenting a prototype to 

5528
04:57:02,208 --> 04:57:04,000
investors. 
He came back with enough 

5529
04:57:04,000 --> 04:57:06,700
evidence to secure additional 
patronage from Spain. 

5530
04:57:06,700 --> 04:57:10,600
Royal reception's greeted him 
upon his return and he responded

5531
04:57:10,600 --> 04:57:13,600
by describing the islands as 
Paradise is brimming with 

5532
04:57:13,600 --> 04:57:15,900
potential for Christian 
conversion and resource 

5533
04:57:15,900 --> 04:57:18,400
extraction. 
The tale of first Contact is 

5534
04:57:18,400 --> 04:57:21,800
often romanticized, but the 
reality was more complex and 

5535
04:57:21,800 --> 04:57:24,500
ominous. 
Suspicion alert beneath the 

5536
04:57:24,500 --> 04:57:26,500
surface. 
Both from the Spanish who found 

5537
04:57:26,508 --> 04:57:29,600
less gold than rumored. 
And from the indigenous peoples,

5538
04:57:29,600 --> 04:57:32,600
who now witnessed the arrival of
more foreigners seeking land and

5539
04:57:32,600 --> 04:57:36,100
labor Columbus's navigational. 
Victory had done knowingly 

5540
04:57:36,100 --> 04:57:37,500
unlocked a door, that would 
soon. 

5541
04:57:37,500 --> 04:57:41,400
See, waves of conquistadors 
missionaries and Fortune Seekers

5542
04:57:41,400 --> 04:57:44,400
flood. 
These Shores for now, though, in

5543
04:57:44,400 --> 04:57:47,300
the immediate aftermath of that 
first voyage Europe, saw, 

5544
04:57:47,300 --> 04:57:50,000
Columbus as a triumphant 
Discoverer, who validated the 

5545
04:57:50,000 --> 04:57:53,200
Westwood route. 
The next chapter would unveil 

5546
04:57:53,200 --> 04:57:54,600
the consequences of that 
discovery. 

5547
04:57:55,600 --> 04:57:58,800
For a brief flickering moment 
there existed and in between 

5548
04:57:58,800 --> 04:58:03,300
time when Europeans and Native 
elanders engaged with out fully 

5549
04:58:03,300 --> 04:58:04,900
understanding. 
What was at stake? 

5550
04:58:06,000 --> 04:58:08,700
The aura of curiosity, pervaded 
their interactions. 

5551
04:58:08,700 --> 04:58:12,500
But behind the Curiosity layer, 
Chasm of cultural difference and

5552
04:58:12,500 --> 04:58:16,300
the looming possibility of 
violence Columbus for all his 

5553
04:58:16,300 --> 04:58:19,000
Zeal and cunning remained 
somewhat oblivious to the 

5554
04:58:19,000 --> 04:58:20,700
Pandora's Box. 
He had pried open. 

5555
04:58:21,600 --> 04:58:24,600
His mind was fixed on proving to
the Spanish crown that he was 

5556
04:58:24,600 --> 04:58:27,300
the man to lead the next wave of
expeditions in to these 

5557
04:58:27,300 --> 04:58:30,600
unfamiliar Waters. 
Confident that wealth and Glory 

5558
04:58:30,600 --> 04:58:33,200
laid just over the horizon. 
Not long. 

5559
04:58:33,200 --> 04:58:36,500
After Columbus's, celebrated 
returned to Spain words, spread 

5560
04:58:36,500 --> 04:58:39,800
throughout Europe about the new 
lands, the name Indies stuck 

5561
04:58:39,800 --> 04:58:42,700
reflecting Columbus's ongoing 
Miss belief that he had neared 

5562
04:58:42,700 --> 04:58:46,100
the outskirts of Asia in 
response, the Spanish Crown 

5563
04:58:46,100 --> 04:58:48,000
organized. 
A second Expedition on a much 

5564
04:58:48,008 --> 04:58:50,600
grander scale. 
Columbus would no longer 

5565
04:58:50,600 --> 04:58:54,000
Commander modest Trio of ships. 
But rather a flotilla aimed at 

5566
04:58:54,000 --> 04:58:55,400
establishing a permanent 
foothold. 

5567
04:58:56,500 --> 04:58:59,800
Soldiers settlers and clergy, 
accompany him each with their 

5568
04:58:59,800 --> 04:59:01,800
own agenda. 
What was the ultimate objective?

5569
04:59:02,900 --> 04:59:05,600
Transform these islands into 
profitable colonies for the 

5570
04:59:05,600 --> 04:59:08,700
Spanish Realm. 
The spectacle of this second 

5571
04:59:08,700 --> 04:59:11,300
voyage, contrasted sharply with 
the tentative nature of the 

5572
04:59:11,308 --> 04:59:16,200
first resources flowed in 
cannons, livestock seeds for 

5573
04:59:16,200 --> 04:59:18,400
European crops, the monarchy and
vision. 

5574
04:59:18,400 --> 04:59:20,600
These Distant Shores is an 
extension of Spanish 

5575
04:59:20,600 --> 04:59:24,400
civilization in Columbus's. 
Eyes, project was both an 

5576
04:59:24,400 --> 04:59:27,400
opportunity and a test He 
welcomed the chance to govern as

5577
04:59:27,408 --> 04:59:30,600
a Viceroy of sorts, but the 
weight of responsibility also 

5578
04:59:30,600 --> 04:59:34,300
rested heavily on his shoulders.
He had to turn Uncharted Islands

5579
04:59:34,300 --> 04:59:37,500
into functioning colonies, 
maintained favor with the crown 

5580
04:59:37,500 --> 04:59:40,600
and keep the natives from 
slipping out of Spanish control.

5581
04:59:41,700 --> 04:59:43,200
A pod arrival back in 
Hispaniola. 

5582
04:59:43,200 --> 04:59:47,000
The atmosphere was palpably 
different where before there had

5583
04:59:47,000 --> 04:59:49,000
been curiosity, now, there was 
tension. 

5584
04:59:49,800 --> 04:59:53,100
The men Columbus had left behind
in the makeshift Fort at engaged

5585
04:59:53,100 --> 04:59:55,600
in violent conflicts with locals
straining. 

5586
04:59:55,600 --> 04:59:58,600
Relations, the Taino were not a 
monolithic group. 

5587
04:59:58,600 --> 05:00:01,700
They had their own leadership, 
alliance's, an internal 

5588
05:00:01,700 --> 05:00:05,400
politics, but collectively, they
recognized that these foreigners

5589
05:00:05,400 --> 05:00:08,500
sought to claim land and 
resources as their own ignoring 

5590
05:00:08,500 --> 05:00:13,500
existing structures discontent 
and confusion spread on both 

5591
05:00:13,500 --> 05:00:16,500
sides often fueled by the 
language Gap. 

5592
05:00:17,500 --> 05:00:20,800
Columbus tried to govern but the
role required more than just 

5593
05:00:20,800 --> 05:00:24,300
navigation skills administering.
A settlement demanded. 

5594
05:00:24,300 --> 05:00:29,900
Diplomacy patience and foresight
pressed by the Spanish crown for

5595
05:00:29,900 --> 05:00:32,700
gold. 
He imposed demands on the Taino 

5596
05:00:32,700 --> 05:00:34,300
for tribute. 
This policy. 

5597
05:00:34,300 --> 05:00:38,100
Alienated them transforming a 
guarded tolerance into outright 

5598
05:00:38,100 --> 05:00:42,100
hostility rebellions flared and 
the Spanish met them with harsh.

5599
05:00:42,100 --> 05:00:44,800
Reprisals, Columbus found 
himself caught between his 

5600
05:00:44,800 --> 05:00:47,900
promise to Spain that these 
territories would yield wealth 

5601
05:00:47,900 --> 05:00:51,000
and the reality that extracting 
riches from these communities 

5602
05:00:51,000 --> 05:00:56,500
required force, or at the very 
least intimidation, Meanwhile 

5603
05:00:56,500 --> 05:00:59,400
frictional arose among the 
Spanish settlers themselves. 

5604
05:00:59,400 --> 05:01:03,700
Not everyone respected Colombus 
Aristocrats resented. 

5605
05:01:03,700 --> 05:01:07,300
Taking orders from a genoese 
outside her soldiers chafed 

5606
05:01:07,300 --> 05:01:10,800
under what they viewed as Cotton
leadership, a swirl of 

5607
05:01:10,800 --> 05:01:14,100
accusation circulated 
mismanagement of supplies, 

5608
05:01:14,100 --> 05:01:17,900
favoritism, and even cruelty 
toward both, settlers and mint 

5609
05:01:17,900 --> 05:01:21,000
on natives. 
Columbus strove to maintain a 

5610
05:01:21,000 --> 05:01:24,200
grip on the situation but a 
ships came and went They Carried

5611
05:01:24,200 --> 05:01:25,500
back to Spain letters and 
rumors. 

5612
05:01:25,500 --> 05:01:27,100
That cast him in a questionable 
light. 

5613
05:01:28,000 --> 05:01:31,100
People who once heralded him as 
a Visionary began to wonder if 

5614
05:01:31,100 --> 05:01:34,300
he was a tyrant and yet, 
Columbus managed to launch 

5615
05:01:34,300 --> 05:01:36,200
further exploration from these 
Colonial. 

5616
05:01:36,200 --> 05:01:41,300
Footholds, he navigated around 
Cuba ventured into Jamaica and 

5617
05:01:41,300 --> 05:01:42,900
glimpsed. 
More of the Caribbean's island 

5618
05:01:42,900 --> 05:01:46,700
chain, each landfall brought new
interactions with indigenous 

5619
05:01:46,700 --> 05:01:49,400
populations. 
Some initial encounters seemed 

5620
05:01:49,400 --> 05:01:53,300
peaceful enough featuring small 
exchanges of goods or gestures 

5621
05:01:53,300 --> 05:01:55,600
of Amity but a Spanish 
Ambitions. 

5622
05:01:55,600 --> 05:01:59,500
Grew tensions invariably 
escalated into conflict even. 

5623
05:01:59,500 --> 05:02:03,000
So Columbus's spirit for 
exploration, never truly dimmed.

5624
05:02:03,800 --> 05:02:06,900
He continued sketching rough 
Maps confiding in his journals 

5625
05:02:06,900 --> 05:02:09,400
about how these islands, might 
connect to the broader Asian 

5626
05:02:09,400 --> 05:02:12,600
continent. 
One underappreciated dimension 

5627
05:02:12,600 --> 05:02:14,600
of Columbus's. 
Second voyage was the attempt to

5628
05:02:14,608 --> 05:02:17,100
introduce the European 
Agriculture and husbandry to the

5629
05:02:17,108 --> 05:02:20,000
new world. 
Horses, pigs, and cattle. 

5630
05:02:20,000 --> 05:02:22,800
Unloaded from Spanish ships, 
trotted cross, Caribbean, 

5631
05:02:22,800 --> 05:02:25,300
Shores. 
For the first time, we can 

5632
05:02:25,300 --> 05:02:27,600
sugarcane seeds were planted 
with the hope that they would 

5633
05:02:27,600 --> 05:02:29,900
Thrive. 
These experiments would have 

5634
05:02:29,900 --> 05:02:33,300
eventually reshape local, 
ecosystems low Columbus, and his

5635
05:02:33,300 --> 05:02:36,100
contemporaries didn't foresee 
how foreign plants and animals 

5636
05:02:36,100 --> 05:02:39,200
could disrupt native habitats. 
They also didn't foresee the 

5637
05:02:39,200 --> 05:02:42,500
profound demographic collapse, 
that would be the keynote due to

5638
05:02:42,500 --> 05:02:47,000
disease forced labor. 
An armed confrontation Amid. 

5639
05:02:47,000 --> 05:02:49,000
The daily swirl of colonial 
Administration. 

5640
05:02:49,000 --> 05:02:52,300
Columbus, also wrestled with 
personal disappointment. 

5641
05:02:53,200 --> 05:02:55,900
Precious metals seemed less 
abundant than he had hinted in 

5642
05:02:55,900 --> 05:02:59,000
his early letters. 
The dream of easy gold faded. 

5643
05:02:59,000 --> 05:03:02,000
Forcing him to tighten the 
screws on both colonists and 

5644
05:03:02,000 --> 05:03:04,300
Native populations to meet 
Spain's expectations. 

5645
05:03:04,300 --> 05:03:08,300
This pressure fueled further 
discontent, some settlers 

5646
05:03:08,300 --> 05:03:11,500
plotted against him. 
Drafting scathing reports to 

5647
05:03:11,500 --> 05:03:14,900
Royal officials Columbus 
responded with imprisonments and

5648
05:03:14,900 --> 05:03:18,500
strict measures hoping to 
maintain order and proved he 

5649
05:03:18,500 --> 05:03:20,600
could handle the 
responsibilities vested in him. 

5650
05:03:21,300 --> 05:03:24,100
He was not entirely oblivious to
the unraveling situation 

5651
05:03:24,100 --> 05:03:26,500
letters. 
He penned to the Spanish Crown 

5652
05:03:26,500 --> 05:03:29,600
reveal a weary individual 
pleading, for more support 

5653
05:03:29,600 --> 05:03:32,700
complaining that rebellious 
colonists undermined his 

5654
05:03:32,708 --> 05:03:35,900
policies and defending his harsh
treatment of natives as 

5655
05:03:35,900 --> 05:03:37,300
necessary. 
Under the circumstances 

5656
05:03:37,300 --> 05:03:41,300
historians continue to debate 
whether these pleased stemmed 

5657
05:03:41,300 --> 05:03:44,300
from genuine concern or 
desperate attempt to preserve 

5658
05:03:44,300 --> 05:03:47,700
his authority. 
Possibly it was both by this 

5659
05:03:47,700 --> 05:03:50,700
stage Columbus was no longer. 
Just the triumphant Mariner who 

5660
05:03:50,708 --> 05:03:52,600
had revealed unknown Islands to 
Europe. 

5661
05:03:52,600 --> 05:03:56,700
He was an embattled Governor 
pinned between Colonial, demands

5662
05:03:56,700 --> 05:04:00,500
rebellious factions and 
Indigenous resistance eventually

5663
05:04:00,500 --> 05:04:03,900
the tensions reached a point 
where the Spanish Crown could no

5664
05:04:03,900 --> 05:04:06,200
longer. 
Ignore the colonial chaos, the 

5665
05:04:06,200 --> 05:04:08,800
Spanish Crown, dispatched 
officials across the Atlantic to

5666
05:04:08,800 --> 05:04:11,500
conduct an investigation 
Columbus's name. 

5667
05:04:11,500 --> 05:04:15,000
Once applauded in Royal Halls 
started to be whispered with 

5668
05:04:15,000 --> 05:04:19,000
skepticism, the monarchy needed 
order and profit, not unending 

5669
05:04:19,000 --> 05:04:20,900
complaints and allegations of 
brutality. 

5670
05:04:21,800 --> 05:04:24,600
Columbus for his part. 
Insisted he remained steadfast 

5671
05:04:24,600 --> 05:04:26,700
in his loyalty. 
That his measures were 

5672
05:04:26,700 --> 05:04:29,900
misrepresented that others were 
so sowing Discord against him. 

5673
05:04:29,900 --> 05:04:34,200
But the drum beat of criticism 
was relentless, These were 

5674
05:04:34,200 --> 05:04:36,700
pivotal years in which the 
promise of new lands collided 

5675
05:04:36,700 --> 05:04:38,600
with the Practical realities of 
Conquest. 

5676
05:04:39,400 --> 05:04:42,200
The idea of finding a paradise 
was replaced by the harsh 

5677
05:04:42,200 --> 05:04:45,600
realities of colonization. 
Columbus is navigational. 

5678
05:04:45,600 --> 05:04:48,100
Achievements could not Shield 
him from the complexities of 

5679
05:04:48,108 --> 05:04:51,100
trying to rule a far-flung. 
Colony under the watchful profit

5680
05:04:51,100 --> 05:04:55,300
Hungry Eyes of the skull of 
Spanish crown and so amid 

5681
05:04:55,300 --> 05:04:57,700
fractious settlers and 
Indigenous communities on the 

5682
05:04:57,700 --> 05:04:59,700
brink. 
The stage was set for a 

5683
05:04:59,708 --> 05:05:02,200
reckoning. 
The once celebrated Admiral, 

5684
05:05:02,200 --> 05:05:05,500
whose unwavering conviction had 
brought him so far, found 

5685
05:05:05,500 --> 05:05:08,300
himself in snared in the 
bureaucracy and violence of 

5686
05:05:08,300 --> 05:05:10,900
Empire building. 
An empire that demanded more 

5687
05:05:10,900 --> 05:05:13,100
than a dream as Spirit could 
easily deliver. 

5688
05:05:14,100 --> 05:05:16,500
When people talk about 
Christopher Columbus today, they

5689
05:05:16,500 --> 05:05:20,600
often reduce him to a single act
that of discovering America. in 

5690
05:05:20,600 --> 05:05:24,100
that narrative, the Nuance of 
his multiple voyages and the 

5691
05:05:24,100 --> 05:05:27,000
complexities of his tenure as a 
colonial administrator often 

5692
05:05:27,000 --> 05:05:31,300
vanish yet its precisely in the 
aftermath of these voyages that 

5693
05:05:31,300 --> 05:05:34,800
the full dimensions of his 
influence and his failures come 

5694
05:05:34,800 --> 05:05:38,900
into Stark relief. 
As Columbus initiated further, 

5695
05:05:38,900 --> 05:05:42,100
Journeys some leading him toward
the coasts of Central and South 

5696
05:05:42,100 --> 05:05:44,400
America. 
He found himself increasingly 

5697
05:05:44,400 --> 05:05:46,200
marginalized by Spanish 
bureaucracy. 

5698
05:05:46,200 --> 05:05:50,500
This shift manifested most 
dramatically in the arrival of 

5699
05:05:50,500 --> 05:05:54,200
franciscano. 
Dear A royal commissioner tasked

5700
05:05:54,200 --> 05:05:56,800
with investigating complaints 
about Columbus's governorship. 

5701
05:05:56,800 --> 05:06:01,100
The new bureaucrat carrying the 
weight of Royal Authority wasted

5702
05:06:01,100 --> 05:06:04,500
little time in gathering 
testimony Both Spaniards and 

5703
05:06:04,508 --> 05:06:05,800
local. 
Islanders were accounted 

5704
05:06:05,800 --> 05:06:09,900
episodes of Cruelty nepotism and
questionable decisions. 

5705
05:06:10,700 --> 05:06:13,700
Boba Diaz was apparently so 
appalled that he arrested 

5706
05:06:13,700 --> 05:06:16,700
Columbus and his brothers 
sending them back to Spain in 

5707
05:06:16,700 --> 05:06:19,600
Chains. 
Legend has it that Columbus wore

5708
05:06:19,600 --> 05:06:22,900
his shackles defiantly, even 
when given the chance to remove 

5709
05:06:22,900 --> 05:06:25,300
them on the ship. 
He saw them as a symbol of 

5710
05:06:25,308 --> 05:06:28,400
Injustice proof that his loyalty
and service were being raped 

5711
05:06:28,400 --> 05:06:31,400
with humiliation. 
It was a potent image for 

5712
05:06:31,400 --> 05:06:34,400
someone who wants to try up for 
the same crown that now, 

5713
05:06:34,400 --> 05:06:37,900
authorized his imprisonment. 
The question of guilt remains 

5714
05:06:37,900 --> 05:06:39,700
Tangled in his historical 
debate. 

5715
05:06:40,400 --> 05:06:43,600
Some accounts suggest that 
Columbus overwhelmed by the 

5716
05:06:43,600 --> 05:06:45,900
Labyrinth of colonial politics 
and the pressure for gold 

5717
05:06:45,900 --> 05:06:49,500
resorted to Extreme. 
Measures others argue 

5718
05:06:49,500 --> 05:06:53,000
bobadilla's actions were also 
politically motivated using 

5719
05:06:53,000 --> 05:06:55,200
Columbus, as a scapegoat to 
appease the crowns to 

5720
05:06:55,200 --> 05:06:57,200
satisfaction with the colonists 
performance. 

5721
05:06:58,400 --> 05:07:00,000
Pond returning to Spain in 
disgrace. 

5722
05:07:00,000 --> 05:07:03,100
Columbus, managed to secure an 
audience with Queen. 

5723
05:07:03,100 --> 05:07:06,700
Isabella Accounts from the time 
suggests that he pleaded his 

5724
05:07:06,700 --> 05:07:09,800
case with tears in his eyes, 
lamenting how he had been 

5725
05:07:09,808 --> 05:07:12,800
treated. 
The queen who once supported 

5726
05:07:12,800 --> 05:07:15,800
him. 
So fervently was moved enough to

5727
05:07:15,800 --> 05:07:18,800
release him. 
However his authority over the 

5728
05:07:18,800 --> 05:07:21,200
new world territories would 
never be fully restored. 

5729
05:07:22,000 --> 05:07:24,800
The monarchy recognized his 
contributions as an Explorer, 

5730
05:07:24,800 --> 05:07:28,600
but deemed his administrative 
methods unacceptable, or at 

5731
05:07:28,600 --> 05:07:31,100
least two fraught with 
controversy to continue under 

5732
05:07:31,100 --> 05:07:34,800
his leadership. 
Despite these setbacks Columbus 

5733
05:07:34,800 --> 05:07:38,800
managed to mount a fourth voyage
albeit with far, fewer resources

5734
05:07:38,800 --> 05:07:42,200
and a more modest mission to 
find a passage to the Indian 

5735
05:07:42,200 --> 05:07:44,400
Ocean. 
He skirted the coast of Central 

5736
05:07:44,400 --> 05:07:48,300
America enduring Hurricane's, 
shipwrecks, and near mutinies, 

5737
05:07:49,100 --> 05:07:51,400
This journey carried a distinct 
sense of desperation. 

5738
05:07:52,300 --> 05:07:55,700
Columbus remained convinced he 
could stumble upon a maritime 

5739
05:07:55,700 --> 05:07:56,900
straight. 
That would vindicate. 

5740
05:07:56,900 --> 05:08:00,500
His original thesis that these 
lands were indeed part of Asia's

5741
05:08:00,500 --> 05:08:04,000
outskirts, he found no such 
passage of course and ended up 

5742
05:08:04,008 --> 05:08:07,600
stranded in Jamaica for a Time 
relying on the uneasy Goodwill 

5743
05:08:07,600 --> 05:08:12,100
of local communities to survive.
During that ordeal Columbus 

5744
05:08:12,100 --> 05:08:14,900
famously exploited, his 
knowledge of an upcoming lunar 

5745
05:08:14,900 --> 05:08:17,500
eclipse to secure provisionals 
from the indigenous people. 

5746
05:08:18,300 --> 05:08:22,200
By predicting, the moon would 
turn dark as a sign of divine 

5747
05:08:22,200 --> 05:08:25,300
displeasure. 
If they withheld supplies you 

5748
05:08:25,300 --> 05:08:27,900
manipulated the local 
population, this episode 

5749
05:08:27,900 --> 05:08:30,400
underscores the lengths, he 
would go to maintain Authority 

5750
05:08:30,400 --> 05:08:33,600
and precarious circumstances, 
and it also points to the 

5751
05:08:33,600 --> 05:08:38,000
lopsided power dynamics at Play.
Even when cut off from Spanish 

5752
05:08:38,000 --> 05:08:41,400
support, Columbus, found ways to
leverage Advanced European 

5753
05:08:41,400 --> 05:08:44,000
knowledge like astronomy for 
short-term advantage. 

5754
05:08:45,000 --> 05:08:47,700
Eventually he managed to return 
to Spain in failing Health 

5755
05:08:47,700 --> 05:08:49,900
battered. 
By the years at Sea, the 

5756
05:08:49,900 --> 05:08:52,900
illusions that he might still be
recognized as the vice Roy of a 

5757
05:08:52,900 --> 05:08:56,200
new Empire that he might uncover
the golden cities of Asia had 

5758
05:08:56,200 --> 05:08:59,500
diminished. 
Queen Isabella's death in 1504 

5759
05:08:59,500 --> 05:09:02,100
further eroded his political 
support. 

5760
05:09:03,100 --> 05:09:06,000
King, Ferdinand was far more 
pragmatic and less inclined to 

5761
05:09:06,000 --> 05:09:08,400
indulge Columbus's petitions for
power or wealth. 

5762
05:09:09,200 --> 05:09:12,400
Over time, other explorers such 
as Amerigo. 

5763
05:09:12,400 --> 05:09:15,300
Vespucci began to map. 
The Contours of the so-called 

5764
05:09:15,300 --> 05:09:18,800
New World, inadvertently, 
challenging Columbus's fixation 

5765
05:09:18,800 --> 05:09:22,100
on Asia in his later years. 
Columbus lived in 

5766
05:09:22,100 --> 05:09:25,200
semi-retirement dogged by 
lawsuits over revenues. 

5767
05:09:25,200 --> 05:09:28,100
He believed were owed to him 
based on his original contract 

5768
05:09:28,100 --> 05:09:30,800
with the crown. 
The once bold dreamer was 

5769
05:09:30,808 --> 05:09:33,600
reduced to lodging legal 
complaints, he penned letters 

5770
05:09:33,600 --> 05:09:36,400
that oscillated between 
self-justification and appeals 

5771
05:09:36,400 --> 05:09:40,700
to higher Christian purposes. 
Even on his deathbed in 1506, he

5772
05:09:40,700 --> 05:09:43,000
seemed unwilling to let go of 
the conviction that he had. 

5773
05:09:43,000 --> 05:09:46,700
Indeed found a western route to 
Asia. from a purely human 

5774
05:09:46,700 --> 05:09:49,800
perspective, these final 
chapters present a poignant 

5775
05:09:49,800 --> 05:09:54,600
figure a man once lauded as an 
unrivaled Pioneer brought Low by

5776
05:09:54,600 --> 05:09:58,100
the Machinery of the Empire, he 
helped expand His tempting to 

5777
05:09:58,100 --> 05:10:02,200
cast him as either the victim or
villain he was in truth, a 

5778
05:10:02,200 --> 05:10:03,500
complex amalgamation of 
ambition. 

5779
05:10:03,500 --> 05:10:09,000
Faith calculation tunnel vision,
His voyages Unleashed colossal 

5780
05:10:09,000 --> 05:10:12,200
consequences for countless 
indigenous peoples, Who Bore the

5781
05:10:12,200 --> 05:10:15,500
brunt of colonization's, 
brutality Zees and cultural 

5782
05:10:15,500 --> 05:10:17,700
upheaval. 
And yet from European 

5783
05:10:17,700 --> 05:10:21,300
standpoint, he undeniably 
altered the map and opened a 

5784
05:10:21,300 --> 05:10:23,400
nearer of unprecedented Maritime
expansion. 

5785
05:10:24,500 --> 05:10:27,000
One might argue that his 
ultimate downfall was that he 

5786
05:10:27,000 --> 05:10:30,400
neither adapted or let go of his
initial misconceptions, how do 

5787
05:10:30,408 --> 05:10:32,900
you recognize these territories 
as a separate landmass? 

5788
05:10:32,900 --> 05:10:36,100
He might have adjusted his 
strategies perhaps forging 

5789
05:10:36,100 --> 05:10:38,400
alliance's or seeking more 
sustainable ways to govern. 

5790
05:10:39,200 --> 05:10:42,200
Stead. 
He persisted year after year in 

5791
05:10:42,200 --> 05:10:45,300
claiming, the Asia was just 
around the corner that a 

5792
05:10:45,300 --> 05:10:47,800
straight or a city of gold would
validate his calculations. 

5793
05:10:47,800 --> 05:10:51,500
This inflexibility collided with
the messy reality of Empire 

5794
05:10:51,500 --> 05:10:54,400
Building. 
The monarchy demanded tangible 

5795
05:10:54,400 --> 05:10:57,300
riches and stability. 
Not unending, quests. 

5796
05:10:57,300 --> 05:11:01,400
Based on outdated assumptions. 
By the time Columbus died, he 

5797
05:11:01,400 --> 05:11:04,900
had seen only fragments of his 
Grand Vision realized the world 

5798
05:11:04,900 --> 05:11:07,700
had indeed changed. 
That largely Beyond his personal

5799
05:11:07,700 --> 05:11:10,900
control ships from other. 
European nations would soon 

5800
05:11:10,900 --> 05:11:14,300
arrive each with their own 
agendas as the scramble to 

5801
05:11:14,308 --> 05:11:16,300
exploit. 
The newly unveiled continents 

5802
05:11:16,300 --> 05:11:20,300
gained momentum Columbus's name 
would echo through centuries, 

5803
05:11:20,300 --> 05:11:23,300
but his latter days were marked 
by a troubled sense of having 

5804
05:11:23,300 --> 05:11:26,100
been eclipse. 
The shimmering illusions that 

5805
05:11:26,100 --> 05:11:29,700
guided him across unknown Waters
faded into a legacy, far more 

5806
05:11:29,708 --> 05:11:33,000
complicated and far more 
transformative than even, he 

5807
05:11:33,000 --> 05:11:36,100
could have imagined The 
ramifications of Columbus's 

5808
05:11:36,100 --> 05:11:39,800
Journeys extended far beyond the
man himself, unleashing, a chain

5809
05:11:39,800 --> 05:11:43,300
of events that would reshape the
globe with each subsequent ship,

5810
05:11:43,300 --> 05:11:46,900
sailing Westwood more European, 
settlers landed on Caribbean, 

5811
05:11:46,900 --> 05:11:48,900
Shores, and eventually the 
mainland. 

5812
05:11:49,900 --> 05:11:52,400
While the Spanish Crown 
extracted gold and silver from 

5813
05:11:52,400 --> 05:11:56,200
mine's carved out of the soil 
indigenous societies buckled 

5814
05:11:56,200 --> 05:11:59,000
under Force labor and diseases, 
like smallpox measles. 

5815
05:11:59,000 --> 05:12:02,900
And influenza these illnesses 
new to the Western Hemisphere 

5816
05:12:02,900 --> 05:12:07,600
devastated populations, who had 
no immunity community that had 

5817
05:12:07,600 --> 05:12:10,700
Thrive for Generations collapse,
their cultural practices 

5818
05:12:10,700 --> 05:12:14,600
disrupted or erased, Within a 
single generation. 

5819
05:12:14,600 --> 05:12:17,900
The vibrant tapestry of the 
Taino and other native groups 

5820
05:12:17,900 --> 05:12:20,400
was forever. 
Transformed some Scholars 

5821
05:12:20,400 --> 05:12:22,800
estimate mortality rates well 
over 70%. 

5822
05:12:22,800 --> 05:12:24,900
In certain areas due to 
epidemics alone. 

5823
05:12:25,700 --> 05:12:29,000
The Spanish approach was 
typically to establishing Comey 

5824
05:12:29,000 --> 05:12:32,200
Enders a system in which 
settlers were granted control 

5825
05:12:32,200 --> 05:12:35,100
over local communities. 
They were supposed to protect 

5826
05:12:35,100 --> 05:12:36,600
and educate them in 
Christianity. 

5827
05:12:36,600 --> 05:12:39,900
But in practice, the system 
turned into a form of 

5828
05:12:39,908 --> 05:12:43,400
enslavement extracting labor, 
while paying minimal heat to 

5829
05:12:43,400 --> 05:12:46,900
well-being, Columbus's initial 
governance might not have 

5830
05:12:46,900 --> 05:12:50,100
single-handedly created these 
policies, but his methods and 

5831
05:12:50,100 --> 05:12:52,100
the crowns encouragement of 
resource exploitation. 

5832
05:12:52,100 --> 05:12:55,100
Set the tone. 
The idea of the Columbian 

5833
05:12:55,100 --> 05:12:58,800
Exchange is often used to 
describe the massive transfer of

5834
05:12:58,800 --> 05:13:02,900
plants, animals, people and 
ideas between the old and new 

5835
05:13:02,900 --> 05:13:05,600
worlds. 
From the Americas came crops 

5836
05:13:05,600 --> 05:13:10,100
like Maize potatoes tomatoes and
cacao which would revolutionize 

5837
05:13:10,100 --> 05:13:11,800
European Cuisine and 
agriculture. 

5838
05:13:11,800 --> 05:13:16,200
Conversely old world animals 
like horses cattle and pigs 

5839
05:13:16,200 --> 05:13:19,400
quickly became fixtures in the 
Americas, changing Landscapes 

5840
05:13:19,400 --> 05:13:21,700
and Indigenous livelihoods this 
exchangeable. 

5841
05:13:21,700 --> 05:13:24,700
Also included the force 
migration of African slaves, who

5842
05:13:24,700 --> 05:13:27,100
were brought in to replace 
decimated, local labor forces, 

5843
05:13:27,100 --> 05:13:29,900
Grimes escalation that Columbus 
may never have directly 

5844
05:13:29,900 --> 05:13:31,900
orchestrated. 
But that followed from the 

5845
05:13:31,900 --> 05:13:34,400
colonial blueprint, he helped 
layout in a broader sense. 

5846
05:13:34,408 --> 05:13:38,300
Columbus's voyages, spark the 
European imagination, Portugal, 

5847
05:13:38,300 --> 05:13:41,000
England France, the Netherlands 
soon. 

5848
05:13:41,000 --> 05:13:43,700
Launched their own missions 
across the Atlantic driven by 

5849
05:13:43,700 --> 05:13:45,800
rumors of riches and unconquered
lands. 

5850
05:13:45,800 --> 05:13:48,800
Competing claims ignited 
conflicts over territory, 

5851
05:13:48,800 --> 05:13:53,000
opening a new age of Imperial 
rivalry. the lines on maps were 

5852
05:13:53,000 --> 05:13:56,400
redrawn countless times each 
iteration leaving a trail of 

5853
05:13:56,400 --> 05:14:01,100
treaties Wars and Boundary 
disputes and so the impetus that

5854
05:14:01,100 --> 05:14:05,000
began with Columbus's belief in 
a Westwood path to Asia spiraled

5855
05:14:05,000 --> 05:14:07,800
into a global upheaval that 
reached far beyond the Caribbean

5856
05:14:08,800 --> 05:14:12,400
as these powers jostled for 
control indigenous Nations 

5857
05:14:12,400 --> 05:14:15,900
across two, continents, faced 
waves of new arrivals, some 

5858
05:14:15,900 --> 05:14:19,500
groups formed alliances with 
Europeans leveraging firearms 

5859
05:14:19,500 --> 05:14:23,300
and trade relationships to gain 
Regional advantages, others 

5860
05:14:23,300 --> 05:14:26,900
resisted colonization with every
means at their disposal whether 

5861
05:14:26,900 --> 05:14:31,000
through Warfare or diplomatic 
negotiation, In that unfolding 

5862
05:14:31,000 --> 05:14:35,800
drama Columbus's role was recast
overshadowed by conquerors like 

5863
05:14:35,800 --> 05:14:39,100
Cortes and Pizarro whose direct 
subjugation of massive 

5864
05:14:39,100 --> 05:14:42,100
civilizations as Tech and Inca 
dwarfed. 

5865
05:14:42,100 --> 05:14:44,500
The swallow scale conquests of 
the first Islands. 

5866
05:14:44,500 --> 05:14:48,500
Yet the initial spark, the 
template for claiming land on 

5867
05:14:48,500 --> 05:14:51,300
the Royal charters. 
Traced back to Columbus's 

5868
05:14:51,300 --> 05:14:53,500
insistence that these lands 
belong to Spain. 

5869
05:14:54,500 --> 05:14:58,600
Over the centuries, his 
reputation, waxed and waned in 

5870
05:14:58,600 --> 05:15:01,800
Spain, he was intimately 
lionized as a national hero 

5871
05:15:01,800 --> 05:15:05,600
though, he was Italian born in 
the emerging United States. 

5872
05:15:06,700 --> 05:15:10,000
Columbus was mythologized as an 
emblem of pioneering Spirit, 

5873
05:15:10,000 --> 05:15:14,000
particularly, during the 19th 
century, when a young Nation 

5874
05:15:14,000 --> 05:15:16,400
sought founding myths, 
disconnected from British 

5875
05:15:16,400 --> 05:15:20,600
colonial rule, Monuments. 
Sprouted in his name poets and 

5876
05:15:20,600 --> 05:15:22,500
chroniclers Polished away. 
The unseemly. 

5877
05:15:22,500 --> 05:15:24,500
Details painting him as a 
Visionary. 

5878
05:15:24,500 --> 05:15:27,500
Chosen by Fate, but as the 
modern era approached, 

5879
05:15:28,100 --> 05:15:31,300
Historians began to piece 
together, the darker facets, the

5880
05:15:31,300 --> 05:15:34,400
enslavement of native peoples. 
The ruthless tactics to extract 

5881
05:15:34,400 --> 05:15:37,400
tribute and the catastrophic 
demographic collapse that 

5882
05:15:37,408 --> 05:15:41,400
accompanied European arrival. 
Within academic circles 

5883
05:15:41,400 --> 05:15:45,000
Columbus's identity has been 
dissected with increasing rigor.

5884
05:15:45,000 --> 05:15:48,408
Was he a brilliant? 
If flawed Mariner caught in the 

5885
05:15:48,416 --> 05:15:52,400
Unstoppable tide of Empire? 
A cunning opportunist who used 

5886
05:15:52,400 --> 05:15:54,900
Royal favour to pursue his quest
for personal Glory. 

5887
05:15:55,600 --> 05:15:57,900
Or a tragic figure, who stumbled
into a continent. 

5888
05:15:57,900 --> 05:16:01,200
He never understood living long.
Enough to see his illusion 

5889
05:16:01,200 --> 05:16:04,300
crumble, the man's Diaries the 
letters. 

5890
05:16:04,300 --> 05:16:06,900
He exchanged with monarchs and 
the records of those who 

5891
05:16:06,900 --> 05:16:10,000
traveled with him, reveal 
contradictions, and complexities

5892
05:16:10,000 --> 05:16:13,700
that defy easy categorization, 
social movements in the late 

5893
05:16:13,700 --> 05:16:16,200
20th and early 21st. 
Centuries further, heightened 

5894
05:16:16,200 --> 05:16:18,600
scrutiny. 
Protesters targeted. 

5895
05:16:18,600 --> 05:16:21,800
Columbus Day Celebrations 
calling attention to the brutal 

5896
05:16:21,800 --> 05:16:25,600
Legacy of colonization for 
indigenous people's Statues were

5897
05:16:25,600 --> 05:16:29,500
defaced public debates, raged 
and local governments declared 

5898
05:16:29,500 --> 05:16:31,700
alternative holidays like 
indigenous people's day. 

5899
05:16:32,600 --> 05:16:35,000
The conversation shifted from 
glorifying Columbus's 

5900
05:16:35,000 --> 05:16:37,900
navigational, triumphs to 
examining the price of others 

5901
05:16:37,900 --> 05:16:40,700
paid for his endeavors. 
Some people clung to the older 

5902
05:16:40,700 --> 05:16:44,000
narrative, seeing him as an icon
of exploration and progress. 

5903
05:16:44,000 --> 05:16:46,900
While others demanded a more 
candid acknowledgment of the 

5904
05:16:46,900 --> 05:16:51,500
suffering woven into his story. 
In many ways, Columbus, embodies

5905
05:16:51,500 --> 05:16:54,900
the Paradox of exploration, a 
thirst for new knowledge and 

5906
05:16:54,900 --> 05:16:58,000
wealth coupled with the violent,
imposition of power over those 

5907
05:16:58,000 --> 05:17:00,600
encountered. 
Modern sentiments, often try to 

5908
05:17:00,600 --> 05:17:04,000
reduce historical figures to 
moral absolutes, hero or 

5909
05:17:04,000 --> 05:17:06,000
villain. 
But people and particularly 

5910
05:17:06,000 --> 05:17:09,100
those who lived centuries ago, 
exist in moral Shades shaped by 

5911
05:17:09,108 --> 05:17:13,300
the context of their times. 
Columbus was no exception, he 

5912
05:17:13,300 --> 05:17:17,000
followed the traditions of his 
Society, exploitation religious 

5913
05:17:17,000 --> 05:17:20,700
Zeal, hierarchical rule while 
also forging New Paths that 

5914
05:17:20,700 --> 05:17:24,600
irrevocably altered, the world's
trajectory Reflecting on this 

5915
05:17:24,600 --> 05:17:26,700
one. 
Sees that the significance of 

5916
05:17:26,700 --> 05:17:28,700
Columbus's voyages, cannot be 
understated. 

5917
05:17:28,700 --> 05:17:33,600
Regardless of how a one judges, 
his personal character, entire 

5918
05:17:33,600 --> 05:17:36,400
continents were thrust into a 
new era of connectivity and 

5919
05:17:36,400 --> 05:17:40,500
strife Commodities, pathogens 
and cultural practices. 

5920
05:17:40,500 --> 05:17:44,300
Mingled in a transoceanic dance 
with consequences that continue 

5921
05:17:44,300 --> 05:17:47,400
to unfold. 
That Global transformation can 

5922
05:17:47,400 --> 05:17:50,600
be traced to this determined 
Navigator, who despite incorrect

5923
05:17:50,600 --> 05:17:54,100
assumptions and an inflexible 
mindset, was the Catalyst for an

5924
05:17:54,100 --> 05:17:58,500
epochal shift. 
History for all its two molten 

5925
05:17:58,500 --> 05:18:02,100
tragedy hinged on that moment. 
He and his crew sighted land and

5926
05:18:02,100 --> 05:18:05,400
won 1492. 
With the benefit of hindsight. 

5927
05:18:05,400 --> 05:18:08,000
We might picture Columbus 
standing at a symbolic 

5928
05:18:08,000 --> 05:18:11,500
Crossroads holding the map of 
his flawed calculations in one 

5929
05:18:11,500 --> 05:18:15,500
hand and a fervent sense of 
Destiny in the other to some he 

5930
05:18:15,500 --> 05:18:18,100
remains an adventurer who proved
the feasibility of crossing the 

5931
05:18:18,100 --> 05:18:20,600
Atlantic. 
Bridging worlds that for 

5932
05:18:20,600 --> 05:18:24,600
thousands of years had developed
independently to others, he 

5933
05:18:24,600 --> 05:18:28,700
represents the darkest impulses 
of colonial ambition, unleashing

5934
05:18:28,700 --> 05:18:32,300
oppression and subjugation on 
societies that neither desired 

5935
05:18:32,300 --> 05:18:36,000
nor invited his arrival. 
Through the prism of five 

5936
05:18:36,000 --> 05:18:38,700
centuries. 
Perhaps both views Holden Merit 

5937
05:18:38,700 --> 05:18:43,300
in twined in the complexity of 
historical momentum, And 

5938
05:18:43,300 --> 05:18:46,100
contemporary times, the story of
Columbus resonates differently, 

5939
05:18:46,100 --> 05:18:49,500
depending on cultural 
educational and National 

5940
05:18:49,500 --> 05:18:52,600
perspectives. 
For those, whose ancestors hail 

5941
05:18:52,600 --> 05:18:56,100
from Europe, his voyages might 
be hailed as the dawn of a new 

5942
05:18:56,108 --> 05:18:59,800
chapter, in global Affairs, an 
invitation to expand her eyes 

5943
05:18:59,800 --> 05:19:03,300
and share and cultural exchanges
for the descendants of 

5944
05:19:03,300 --> 05:19:05,600
indigenous. 
People's, it can symbolize the 

5945
05:19:05,600 --> 05:19:08,100
devastating onset of invasion 
and loss of sovereignty. 

5946
05:19:09,300 --> 05:19:11,700
And for countless African 
families Columbus's, 

5947
05:19:11,700 --> 05:19:14,500
breakthroughs in navigation, 
would pave the way for a 

5948
05:19:14,500 --> 05:19:17,900
transatlantic slave trade. 
Forcibly uprooting Millions from

5949
05:19:17,900 --> 05:19:20,800
their homelands to labor in 
plantations across the Americas.

5950
05:19:20,800 --> 05:19:24,600
If we peel away the Mythic 
layers, we find a man both 

5951
05:19:24,600 --> 05:19:27,200
guided and blinded by the 
convictions of his era. 

5952
05:19:27,800 --> 05:19:31,800
Columbus believed in a cosmology
that insisted earth size was 

5953
05:19:31,800 --> 05:19:33,700
smaller than many experts 
claimed. 

5954
05:19:34,500 --> 05:19:37,100
He also adhered to the 
conviction that Christianity had

5955
05:19:37,100 --> 05:19:41,300
a mission to spread to every 
corner of the globe by force if 

5956
05:19:41,300 --> 05:19:45,000
persuasion failed. 
Even as a young boy haunted by 

5957
05:19:45,000 --> 05:19:48,600
the brine centered are of 
genoa's, docks He likely never 

5958
05:19:48,600 --> 05:19:51,200
pictured how far reaching the 
consequences of his Ambitions 

5959
05:19:51,200 --> 05:19:55,100
would be if anything his early 
dream was to find a direct route

5960
05:19:55,100 --> 05:19:58,400
to Asia, as well, not to become 
the instigator of a massive 

5961
05:19:58,400 --> 05:20:02,600
reordering of human societies. 
His navigational prowess remains

5962
05:20:02,600 --> 05:20:05,800
undeniable crossing, the 
Atlantic in those small vessels 

5963
05:20:05,800 --> 05:20:09,500
demanded skill. 
Courage and an uncanny ability 

5964
05:20:09,500 --> 05:20:13,100
to Rally, terrified, Cruise 
navigated, with rudimentary 

5965
05:20:13,100 --> 05:20:16,700
tools under harsh conditions. 
Forging route, that would later 

5966
05:20:16,700 --> 05:20:20,200
become standard passages for 
ships of exploration, trade, and

5967
05:20:20,200 --> 05:20:23,300
Conquest. 
Indeed the staying power of His 

5968
05:20:23,300 --> 05:20:26,100
Story rests partly on the 
maritime accomplishment itself, 

5969
05:20:26,100 --> 05:20:30,100
proving that a trans, Oceanic 
Crossing could be repeated and 

5970
05:20:30,100 --> 05:20:33,800
systematized yet the same 
willpower that made him persist 

5971
05:20:33,800 --> 05:20:36,800
in the face of skepticism. 
Also, fueled his unwillingness 

5972
05:20:36,800 --> 05:20:39,400
to abandon his original 
assertion that he was in Asia. 

5973
05:20:40,200 --> 05:20:43,400
this insistence might appear 
almost comical, given our modern

5974
05:20:43,400 --> 05:20:47,300
knowledge, but in his time, 
admitting error could jeopardize

5975
05:20:47,300 --> 05:20:50,100
not just personal Pride, but the
entire framework of Royal 

5976
05:20:50,100 --> 05:20:54,400
patronage, Stubbornness 
ironically became a tool for 

5977
05:20:54,400 --> 05:20:56,500
survival in a Cutthroat 
political environment. 

5978
05:20:57,900 --> 05:21:00,500
This historians can continue to 
unearth documents that color in 

5979
05:21:00,500 --> 05:21:02,400
the details of Columbus's 
relationships. 

5980
05:21:02,400 --> 05:21:04,400
With both the Spanish monarchy 
and his relatives. 

5981
05:21:05,200 --> 05:21:07,700
Personal letters reveal a man 
vexed by the shifting. 

5982
05:21:07,700 --> 05:21:10,600
Allegiances at court and haunted
by Financial concerns. 

5983
05:21:10,600 --> 05:21:13,900
Yearned for the wealth and 
social status that successful. 

5984
05:21:13,900 --> 05:21:17,300
Explorers could attain believing
that Divine Providence had 

5985
05:21:17,300 --> 05:21:19,600
chosen him to fulfill a 
Monumental role in human 

5986
05:21:19,600 --> 05:21:21,900
destiny. 
This near Miss ionic. 

5987
05:21:21,900 --> 05:21:24,500
Self-perception sometimes 
contradicted, the messy and 

5988
05:21:24,500 --> 05:21:27,200
often brutal realities. 
He oversaw in the colonies. 

5989
05:21:28,200 --> 05:21:31,500
Where the reviled or revered 
Columbus stands as a testament 

5990
05:21:31,500 --> 05:21:33,800
to how individual actions can 
reverberate through the 

5991
05:21:33,800 --> 05:21:36,000
centuries. 
The controversies surrounding 

5992
05:21:36,000 --> 05:21:39,300
how modern societies. 
Commemorate him reflect broader 

5993
05:21:39,300 --> 05:21:42,000
debate about how we confront our
Collective passed. 

5994
05:21:42,600 --> 05:21:45,200
How do we honor navigational 
Feats, while acknowledging the 

5995
05:21:45,200 --> 05:21:47,400
suffering inflicted by Colonial,
Pursuits. 

5996
05:21:47,400 --> 05:21:50,700
How do we teach the achievements
of exploration, alongside the 

5997
05:21:50,700 --> 05:21:52,400
tragedies that followed in its 
wake? 

5998
05:21:53,300 --> 05:21:56,000
The question of where Columbus 
fits within the moral landscape 

5999
05:21:56,000 --> 05:22:00,400
of History has no simple answer.
For people in their middle years

6000
05:22:00,400 --> 05:22:05,200
like those between 45 and 54 
revisiting Columbus can be a 

6001
05:22:05,200 --> 05:22:06,900
striking exercise in 
reevaluation. 

6002
05:22:06,900 --> 05:22:09,500
Many of us learned a sanitized 
version. 

6003
05:22:09,500 --> 05:22:14,000
In our youth, a simplistic epic 
of heroic Discovery over time, 

6004
05:22:14,000 --> 05:22:16,900
reading more broadly or hearing 
stories from descendants of 

6005
05:22:16,900 --> 05:22:19,300
colonized communities. 
Might challenge those old 

6006
05:22:19,300 --> 05:22:22,200
narratives The Hallmark of 
historical awareness. 

6007
05:22:22,200 --> 05:22:25,400
In one's middle years, often 
involves reconciling childhood 

6008
05:22:25,400 --> 05:22:28,500
lessons with a more nuanced and 
frequently uncomfortable. 

6009
05:22:29,200 --> 05:22:31,700
Truth. 
Columbus's story exemplifies 

6010
05:22:31,700 --> 05:22:36,500
this process today as technology
allows us near, instant access 

6011
05:22:36,500 --> 05:22:39,700
to the world's knowledge. 
It's sobering to recall the Day,

6012
05:22:39,700 --> 05:22:42,300
Columbus ventured into the 
unknown with only sales and 

6013
05:22:42,300 --> 05:22:46,300
unwavering belief that leap 
underpinned by flawed 

6014
05:22:46,300 --> 05:22:48,500
assumptions. 
Still gave birth to our 

6015
05:22:48,500 --> 05:22:52,000
interconnected modern world. 
A world where the Ripple effects

6016
05:22:52,000 --> 05:22:54,700
of his Crossing shape, our 
politics cultures and 

6017
05:22:54,700 --> 05:22:57,600
environment. 
Whether we choose to cast him as

6018
05:22:57,600 --> 05:23:00,100
a Visionary, a reckless 
conqueror or both. 

6019
05:23:00,100 --> 05:23:03,500
The fact remains his voyages 
forever altered the course of 

6020
05:23:03,508 --> 05:23:07,900
history and in contemplating his
legacy, WE peer into the broader

6021
05:23:07,900 --> 05:23:11,000
quandary of how Explorations 
well-intentioned or not. 

6022
05:23:11,008 --> 05:23:14,000
Can unleash forces that 
transcend the visions of those 

6023
05:23:14,000 --> 05:23:17,600
who first set them in motion? 
In closing, the life of 

6024
05:23:17,608 --> 05:23:19,900
Christopher Columbus offers us 
know, tidy. 

6025
05:23:19,900 --> 05:23:22,700
Moral resolution only an 
evolving dialogue about 

6026
05:23:22,700 --> 05:23:26,200
exploration Legacy, and the 
burdensome complexity of the 

6027
05:23:26,200 --> 05:23:30,000
past, If there's a final 
takeaway, it might be this to 

6028
05:23:30,000 --> 05:23:32,600
remember that progress and 
tragedy can arrive hand in hand,

6029
05:23:32,600 --> 05:23:35,100
Columbus dead to sail into the 
unknown. 

6030
05:23:35,100 --> 05:23:39,500
And act that simultaneously 
expanded Horizons and contracted

6031
05:23:39,500 --> 05:23:43,700
the future of countless. 
Others through his story, we see

6032
05:23:43,700 --> 05:23:47,300
the power and Peril of bold 
Endeavors, reminding us that 

6033
05:23:47,300 --> 05:23:50,800
behind every famous voyage 
stands Mosaic of human lives, 

6034
05:23:50,800 --> 05:23:54,600
some Fortune Destiny, others 
swept aside by its Relentless 

6035
05:23:54,600 --> 05:24:02,700
tide, To yourself settling into 
your favorite chair. 

6036
05:24:02,700 --> 05:24:06,400
Maybe with a warm cup of tea as 
we travel back to a time when 

6037
05:24:06,400 --> 05:24:07,900
America was a very different 
place. 

6038
05:24:07,900 --> 05:24:12,000
It's the late 1800s, and if you 
wanted to get somewhere, you'd 

6039
05:24:12,000 --> 05:24:15,800
better have a good pair of shoes
or reliable horse or access to a

6040
05:24:15,800 --> 05:24:18,400
train. 
The idea of every family owning 

6041
05:24:18,400 --> 05:24:20,500
their own personal 
Transportation device. 

6042
05:24:20,500 --> 05:24:23,400
Well, that was about as likely 
as having a computer in your 

6043
05:24:23,408 --> 05:24:25,700
pocket that could connect you to
anyone in the world. 

6044
05:24:25,700 --> 05:24:29,800
Oh wait. 
Our Story begins with a young 

6045
05:24:29,808 --> 05:24:34,000
man named Henry. 
Ford born in 1863 on a farm in 

6046
05:24:34,000 --> 05:24:35,800
what's now Dearborn. 
Michigan. 

6047
05:24:36,600 --> 05:24:40,700
Now Henry wasn't your typical 
Farm Boy, while other kids were 

6048
05:24:40,700 --> 05:24:42,500
content to milk cows and plant 
corn. 

6049
05:24:42,500 --> 05:24:45,800
Henry was the kind of kid who 
take apart the family's pocket 

6050
05:24:45,800 --> 05:24:49,400
watch just to see how it worked.
His father probably wasn't 

6051
05:24:49,400 --> 05:24:52,700
thrilled about this habit much 
like how you might feel if your 

6052
05:24:52,700 --> 05:24:54,800
teenager decided to fix your 
smartphone. 

6053
05:24:55,600 --> 05:24:58,700
Henry had what we'd call today? 
A classic case of mechanical 

6054
05:24:58,700 --> 05:25:01,200
curiosity. 
He couldn't see a machine with 

6055
05:25:01,200 --> 05:25:03,800
that wandering how it ticked, 
literally and figuratively. 

6056
05:25:05,000 --> 05:25:07,800
When Henry first laid eyes on a 
steam engine, at the age of 13, 

6057
05:25:07,800 --> 05:25:11,400
it was an instant connection, 
not the romantic kind of love 

6058
05:25:11,400 --> 05:25:14,000
mind you, but the kind of 
obsession that makes you forget 

6059
05:25:14,000 --> 05:25:16,800
to eat dinner because you're too
busy sketching gear ratios. 

6060
05:25:17,800 --> 05:25:20,900
By 16 Henry had left the farm 
for Detroit which was already 

6061
05:25:20,900 --> 05:25:22,600
becoming a hub of American 
industry. 

6062
05:25:22,600 --> 05:25:26,100
He found work as a machine is 
Apprentice earning two dollars 

6063
05:25:26,100 --> 05:25:29,300
and fifty cents a week. 
To put that in perspective, 

6064
05:25:29,300 --> 05:25:31,600
that's about what you might 
spend on a fancy coffee drink 

6065
05:25:31,600 --> 05:25:34,700
today except Henry had to live 
on it for seven days. 

6066
05:25:35,600 --> 05:25:39,000
But he was learning absorbing 
everything, about how things 

6067
05:25:39,000 --> 05:25:42,400
worked from Steam Engines to the
newfangled electricity. 

6068
05:25:42,400 --> 05:25:44,500
That was just beginning to light
up cities. 

6069
05:25:45,500 --> 05:25:48,400
What made Henry different from 
other tinkerers of his time? 

6070
05:25:48,400 --> 05:25:50,600
Wasn't just his Mechanical 
Aptitude. 

6071
05:25:50,600 --> 05:25:54,300
It was his vision. 
While others saw machines, as 

6072
05:25:54,300 --> 05:25:57,400
individual Marvels, Henry began 
to see them as part of something

6073
05:25:57,400 --> 05:25:59,200
bigger. 
He understood that. 

6074
05:25:59,200 --> 05:26:01,900
The real magic wasn't just in 
making something look but in 

6075
05:26:01,900 --> 05:26:04,800
making it work for everyone. 
The project wasn't just about 

6076
05:26:04,800 --> 05:26:07,200
building a better mousetrap. 
This was about reimagining, how 

6077
05:26:07,200 --> 05:26:10,400
Society itself could function 
during these early years. 

6078
05:26:10,400 --> 05:26:13,400
In Detroit, Henry worked for the
Edison Illuminating Company 

6079
05:26:13,400 --> 05:26:15,800
eventually becoming their chief 
engineer. 

6080
05:26:15,800 --> 05:26:20,200
Yes, that Edison Thomas Edison 
himself working for the man who 

6081
05:26:20,200 --> 05:26:21,600
brought us. 
The light bulb gave Henry 

6082
05:26:21,600 --> 05:26:23,500
front-row seats. 
To the biggest technological 

6083
05:26:23,500 --> 05:26:26,500
revolution of his time. 
He watched how Edison didn't 

6084
05:26:26,500 --> 05:26:29,900
just invent things but created 
entire systems around them. 

6085
05:26:29,900 --> 05:26:33,800
The light bulb was useless 
without power plants wiring and 

6086
05:26:33,800 --> 05:26:38,500
switches Henry was taking notes.
But Henry's real passion project

6087
05:26:38,500 --> 05:26:41,800
was happening in his spare time 
in a little brick shed behind 

6088
05:26:41,800 --> 05:26:44,200
his house. 
He was building what he called a

6089
05:26:44,200 --> 05:26:46,800
Horseless. 
Carriage basically a carriage 

6090
05:26:46,800 --> 05:26:49,500
with out the horse, powered by a
gasoline engine. 

6091
05:26:49,500 --> 05:26:52,300
The Carriage wasn't a completely
original idea. 

6092
05:26:52,300 --> 05:26:56,400
Other inventors were working on 
similar projects but Henry had 

6093
05:26:56,400 --> 05:26:59,300
something different in mind 
while others were creating 

6094
05:26:59,300 --> 05:27:01,300
expensive toys. 
For the wealthy Henry was 

6095
05:27:01,300 --> 05:27:03,400
already dreaming of something 
that Ordinary People. 

6096
05:27:03,700 --> 05:27:07,500
Could afford. 
In 1896 a 2 a.m. on June 

6097
05:27:07,500 --> 05:27:09,500
morning. 
Henry fired up his first 

6098
05:27:09,500 --> 05:27:13,800
successful automobile. 
There was just one problem, the 

6099
05:27:13,800 --> 05:27:15,600
car was wider than the door of 
his Workshop. 

6100
05:27:15,600 --> 05:27:18,300
So what did he do? 
He took an axe to the brick 

6101
05:27:18,300 --> 05:27:20,400
wall? 
His wife Clara watching from the

6102
05:27:20,408 --> 05:27:22,700
doorway in her nightgown 
probably wondered if she'd 

6103
05:27:22,700 --> 05:27:26,400
married a genius or a Madman. 
Time would reveal that it was a 

6104
05:27:26,400 --> 05:27:27,800
combination of both genius and 
Madness. 

6105
05:27:27,800 --> 05:27:32,200
That first car, the quadricycle,
as he called it, could reach the

6106
05:27:32,200 --> 05:27:36,600
Blazing speed of 20 miles per 
hour, To put that in perspective

6107
05:27:36,600 --> 05:27:39,900
that slower than most people 
jogged today, but it was fast 

6108
05:27:39,900 --> 05:27:42,600
enough to scale horses and 
create quite a stir in the 

6109
05:27:42,600 --> 05:27:44,900
neighborhood. 
Henry had achieved a significant

6110
05:27:44,900 --> 05:27:47,400
Milestone. 
He'd proven that his vision was 

6111
05:27:47,400 --> 05:27:49,400
not just a dream, it was 
possible. 

6112
05:27:50,500 --> 05:27:53,500
As you drift off to tonight, 
imagine that moment when Henry 

6113
05:27:53,500 --> 05:27:57,000
first drove his quadricycle 
down, Detroit's dirt roads, the 

6114
05:27:57,000 --> 05:27:58,800
neighbor's, peered out their 
Windows wandering. 

6115
05:27:58,800 --> 05:28:01,900
What that strange Contraption 
was Henry himself, probably 

6116
05:28:01,900 --> 05:28:04,700
grinning from here to ear 
knowing that he just taken the 

6117
05:28:04,700 --> 05:28:07,200
first step toward changing. 
Not just how people got around 

6118
05:28:07,200 --> 05:28:10,100
at how they lived worked. 
And thought about the future. 

6119
05:28:10,100 --> 05:28:13,600
Now, you might think that after 
building his first car Henry, 

6120
05:28:13,600 --> 05:28:16,100
Ford would have immediately 
started mass-producing them. 

6121
05:28:16,100 --> 05:28:18,900
But here's where our story gets 
interesting and where Henry 

6122
05:28:18,900 --> 05:28:20,700
shows, he was more than just a 
good mechanic. 

6123
05:28:20,700 --> 05:28:23,700
He was a dreamer with a 
practical streak and he 

6124
05:28:23,700 --> 05:28:25,300
understood something that many 
inventors. 

6125
05:28:25,300 --> 05:28:28,900
Miss building something once is 
engineering, but building at 

6126
05:28:28,900 --> 05:28:31,500
affordably for millions of 
people that's Revolution, 

6127
05:28:32,600 --> 05:28:35,300
Henry's earlier attempts at 
starting a car company, were to 

6128
05:28:35,300 --> 05:28:37,100
put it, gently learning 
experiences. 

6129
05:28:37,100 --> 05:28:41,300
His first company the Detroit 
automobile company folded faster

6130
05:28:41,300 --> 05:28:45,000
than a cheap lawn chair. 
The cars were too expensive, too

6131
05:28:45,000 --> 05:28:48,700
unreliable and frankly too much.
Like the luxury play things that

6132
05:28:48,700 --> 05:28:51,700
other manufacturers were making 
Henry wanted something 

6133
05:28:51,700 --> 05:28:54,500
different, but he wasn't quite 
sure how to get there yet. 

6134
05:28:55,400 --> 05:28:57,800
This is where Henry's story 
becomes relatable to. 

6135
05:28:57,800 --> 05:29:01,600
Anyone who's ever had a big idea
that seemed impossible, you 

6136
05:29:01,600 --> 05:29:03,800
know, that feeling when you can 
see exactly what you want to 

6137
05:29:03,800 --> 05:29:07,000
accomplish, but every practical 
steps seems to lead to another 

6138
05:29:07,000 --> 05:29:09,300
obstacle. 
That was Henry in the early 

6139
05:29:09,300 --> 05:29:12,000
1900s. 
He could Envision millions of 

6140
05:29:12,000 --> 05:29:15,400
American's driving affordable 
cars, but the math just didn't 

6141
05:29:15,400 --> 05:29:18,100
add up. 
Cars were assembled by skilled 

6142
05:29:18,100 --> 05:29:21,700
Craftsmen one at a time like 
handmade nature. 

6143
05:29:21,700 --> 05:29:25,400
The result was beautiful but 
expensive about 3,000 dollars 

6144
05:29:25,400 --> 05:29:28,500
for a basic model which was more
than most people made in two 

6145
05:29:28,500 --> 05:29:31,100
years. 
But Henry was stubborn in the 

6146
05:29:31,100 --> 05:29:33,900
best possible way. 
Instead of giving up or settling

6147
05:29:33,900 --> 05:29:37,300
for the luxury Market, he became
obsessed with a single question.

6148
05:29:37,300 --> 05:29:40,100
How do you make something both 
good and cheap? 

6149
05:29:40,100 --> 05:29:42,900
It's the same question. 
That would later drive 

6150
05:29:42,900 --> 05:29:45,000
entrepreneurs to create 
everything from affordable 

6151
05:29:45,000 --> 05:29:48,300
computers to budget. 
Airlines Henry was researching 

6152
05:29:48,300 --> 05:29:51,100
cars at a time when most people 
considered them a fleeting 

6153
05:29:51,100 --> 05:29:53,700
trend. 
The Breakthrough came when Henry

6154
05:29:53,700 --> 05:29:56,500
started studying other 
Industries, he spent time in 

6155
05:29:56,500 --> 05:30:00,100
slaughterhouses, not the most 
Pleasant research locations but 

6156
05:30:00,100 --> 05:30:03,600
bear with me here. 
He watched how they processed 

6157
05:30:03,600 --> 05:30:06,800
cattle with each worker 
performing, one specific task as

6158
05:30:06,800 --> 05:30:08,700
the carcass moved along overhead
rails. 

6159
05:30:08,700 --> 05:30:12,100
He visited flour Mills and 
watched grain being processed in

6160
05:30:12,100 --> 05:30:14,300
stages. 
He was seeing the power of 

6161
05:30:14,300 --> 05:30:16,200
breaking down complex tasks into
simple. 

6162
05:30:16,200 --> 05:30:19,100
Repeatable steps. 
The process wasn't just about 

6163
05:30:19,100 --> 05:30:21,900
efficiency. 
It was about democratization. 

6164
05:30:21,900 --> 05:30:25,600
You can only make a few of them 
and they'll be expensive, but if

6165
05:30:25,608 --> 05:30:28,500
you can teach someone to do one 
task, well, you can make a lot 

6166
05:30:28,500 --> 05:30:31,500
of them and they can be cheap. 
It's the same principle that 

6167
05:30:31,500 --> 05:30:34,300
makes your smartphone possible. 
Instead of one person. 

6168
05:30:34,300 --> 05:30:37,600
Handcrafting each phone. 
Thousands of people each to one 

6169
05:30:37,600 --> 05:30:41,300
small part of the process. 
Henry's breakthrough occurred 

6170
05:30:41,300 --> 05:30:44,300
when he realized that instead of
workers circling a stationary 

6171
05:30:44,300 --> 05:30:46,800
car, the car could move past 
these workers. 

6172
05:30:46,800 --> 05:30:49,400
Each person would install one 
component. 

6173
05:30:49,400 --> 05:30:51,600
Then the car would move to the 
next station. 

6174
05:30:52,800 --> 05:30:55,700
It sounds simple now but it was 
revolutionary, then it was like,

6175
05:30:55,700 --> 05:30:58,000
rearranging the entire world of 
manufacturing. 

6176
05:30:58,900 --> 05:31:00,600
But here's what made Henry 
different from other 

6177
05:31:00,600 --> 05:31:03,800
industrialists of his time. 
He didn't just want to make cars

6178
05:31:03,800 --> 05:31:06,100
officially. 
He wanted to make them so 

6179
05:31:06,100 --> 05:31:08,700
efficiently that his own workers
could afford to buy them. 

6180
05:31:08,700 --> 05:31:11,500
This wasn't just good business. 
It was Visionary. 

6181
05:31:11,500 --> 05:31:14,700
He understood that the people 
who made the cars should be able

6182
05:31:14,700 --> 05:31:17,700
to enjoy them. 
It's a lesson that some Modern 

6183
05:31:17,700 --> 05:31:22,300
companies are still learning. 
In 1903, Henry founded the Ford 

6184
05:31:22,300 --> 05:31:25,600
Motor Company with 28,000 
dollars in capital that's 

6185
05:31:25,600 --> 05:31:29,700
roughly 850,000 dollars in 
today's money significant but 

6186
05:31:29,700 --> 05:31:31,400
not the billions. 
We associate with major 

6187
05:31:31,400 --> 05:31:34,400
companies today. 
From the beginning, he was clear

6188
05:31:34,400 --> 05:31:36,900
about his mission. 
I will build a car for the great

6189
05:31:36,900 --> 05:31:40,200
multitude. 
He was not building a car for 

6190
05:31:40,200 --> 05:31:44,600
the wealthy or the elite, but 
for everyone The first Ford 

6191
05:31:44,600 --> 05:31:48,500
Model, A sold for 850 dollars 
which was still expensive, but 

6192
05:31:48,500 --> 05:31:50,300
considerably less than the 
competition. 

6193
05:31:51,300 --> 05:31:54,200
More importantly, Henry was 
already planning for the future.

6194
05:31:54,200 --> 05:31:57,900
He knew that the present was 
just the beginning that the real

6195
05:31:57,900 --> 05:32:01,400
goal was to make cars as common 
as bicycles, his Partners 

6196
05:32:01,400 --> 05:32:03,600
thought he was crazy. 
They wanted to focus on more 

6197
05:32:03,600 --> 05:32:07,300
expensive cars with higher 
profit, margins per unit, But 

6198
05:32:07,300 --> 05:32:10,200
Henry had a different vision of 
profit instead of making a lot 

6199
05:32:10,200 --> 05:32:13,000
of money on a few cars, why not?
Make a little money on many 

6200
05:32:13,000 --> 05:32:15,500
cars. 
As you settle in for the night. 

6201
05:32:15,500 --> 05:32:18,500
Picture Henry in his office 
sketching and calculating 

6202
05:32:18,500 --> 05:32:21,600
rounded by the noise and smoke 
of early Detroit industry. 

6203
05:32:22,400 --> 05:32:25,300
He's not just designing a car. 
He's designing a new way of 

6204
05:32:25,308 --> 05:32:27,500
life. 
He's imagining families, taking 

6205
05:32:27,500 --> 05:32:30,900
Sunday, drives workers commuting
to better jobs in young, people 

6206
05:32:30,900 --> 05:32:32,900
exploring the world beyond their
neighborhoods. 

6207
05:32:32,900 --> 05:32:36,400
His dreaming of an America where
Mobility isn't a privilege, but 

6208
05:32:36,400 --> 05:32:39,700
a possibility for everyone. 
Let's talk about what might be 

6209
05:32:39,700 --> 05:32:43,000
the most important car ever 
built a car so revolutionary 

6210
05:32:43,000 --> 05:32:44,900
that it changed, not just 
Transportation. 

6211
05:32:44,900 --> 05:32:50,000
But the entire fabric of 
American society in 1908 Henry, 

6212
05:32:50,000 --> 05:32:53,200
Ford introduced the Model T and 
if you've ever heard someone 

6213
05:32:53,200 --> 05:32:56,000
jokingly say, you can have any 
color you want, as long as it's 

6214
05:32:56,000 --> 05:32:58,600
black, you're hearing an echo of
this moment in history. 

6215
05:32:58,600 --> 05:33:01,400
But here's the thing about that 
famous quote. 

6216
05:33:01,400 --> 05:33:04,600
It wasn't about Henry being 
stubborn or lacking imagination,

6217
05:33:04,600 --> 05:33:07,500
it was about something much more
profound. 

6218
05:33:08,500 --> 05:33:12,900
The power of standardization. 
By offering the Model T in just 

6219
05:33:12,900 --> 05:33:15,700
one color and it was actually 
dark green initially. 

6220
05:33:15,700 --> 05:33:19,400
But black dried faster Henry 
could streamline production and 

6221
05:33:19,400 --> 05:33:23,400
keep costs down is the same 
principle that makes modern fast

6222
05:33:23,400 --> 05:33:27,100
food, possible, limited options,
but consistent quality and low 

6223
05:33:27,100 --> 05:33:29,500
prices. 
The Model T wasn't just 

6224
05:33:29,500 --> 05:33:31,400
affordable. 
It was practically 

6225
05:33:31,400 --> 05:33:34,200
indestructible. 
Henry, understood that if you're

6226
05:33:34,200 --> 05:33:37,500
going to sell cars to Farmers 
Factory workers and middle class

6227
05:33:37,500 --> 05:33:39,400
families. 
Those cars better be able to 

6228
05:33:39,400 --> 05:33:40,900
handle whatever life throws at 
them. 

6229
05:33:41,800 --> 05:33:45,100
The Model T could drive through 
mud that would stop a modern SUV

6230
05:33:45,100 --> 05:33:48,100
and it was so simple that just 
about anyone could learn to 

6231
05:33:48,100 --> 05:33:51,800
repair it. it was the era 
smartphone, not due to its 

6232
05:33:51,800 --> 05:33:56,800
complexity but because it was 
easy to use Now, imagine you're 

6233
05:33:56,800 --> 05:33:59,900
living in 1908. 
Your world is still largely 

6234
05:33:59,900 --> 05:34:01,500
organized around walking 
distance. 

6235
05:34:02,300 --> 05:34:05,000
You live near where you work, 
you shop at the stores in your 

6236
05:34:05,008 --> 05:34:07,100
neighborhood. 
And if you want to visit family 

6237
05:34:07,100 --> 05:34:10,100
in the next town over, that's a 
major Expedition required, 

6238
05:34:10,100 --> 05:34:13,300
careful planning, The Model T 
changed. 

6239
05:34:13,300 --> 05:34:16,800
All of that. 
Certainly distance became less 

6240
05:34:16,800 --> 05:34:19,500
important than time. 
You could live in one place and 

6241
05:34:19,500 --> 05:34:21,900
work in another, you could shop 
where prices were better, not 

6242
05:34:21,900 --> 05:34:24,900
just where things were closest, 
but here's where Henry's Real 

6243
05:34:24,900 --> 05:34:27,100
Genius shows. 
He didn't just build a car, he 

6244
05:34:27,100 --> 05:34:29,800
built a system. 
He understood that selling cars 

6245
05:34:29,800 --> 05:34:31,900
was useless. 
If people couldn't get parts 

6246
05:34:31,900 --> 05:34:34,700
fuel or repairs. 
So Ford created a network of 

6247
05:34:34,700 --> 05:34:37,800
dealerships across the country. 
Trained mechanics and 

6248
05:34:37,800 --> 05:34:40,800
standardized Parts when your 
Model T broke down in rural 

6249
05:34:40,800 --> 05:34:43,800
Kansas, you could fix it with 
Detroit parts and procedures. 

6250
05:34:43,800 --> 05:34:46,300
It's the same thing thinking 
that makes your phone work. 

6251
05:34:46,300 --> 05:34:49,300
The same way, whether you're in 
New York or Nebraska, the 

6252
05:34:49,300 --> 05:34:52,000
production Innovations would 
just as revolutionary as the car

6253
05:34:52,000 --> 05:34:54,400
itself. 
Henry's assembly line, didn't 

6254
05:34:54,400 --> 05:34:57,400
just make cars fast faster, it 
made them consistently better. 

6255
05:34:57,400 --> 05:35:00,500
When each worker becomes an 
expert at one specific task 

6256
05:35:00,500 --> 05:35:03,700
quality actors, actually 
improved, it's like the 

6257
05:35:03,700 --> 05:35:06,700
difference between a home, cook 
making one elaborate meal and a 

6258
05:35:06,700 --> 05:35:09,000
specialist. 
Making one perfect dish, 100s of

6259
05:35:09,008 --> 05:35:12,300
times. 
In 1908 the Model T sold for 

6260
05:35:12,300 --> 05:35:16,700
825.00. 
By 1925, the price had dropped 

6261
05:35:16,700 --> 05:35:21,000
to 290, even though the car had 
gotten better, that's the 

6262
05:35:21,000 --> 05:35:23,100
opposite of what usually happens
with products. 

6263
05:35:23,100 --> 05:35:25,900
They typically get more 
expensive over time, not 

6264
05:35:25,900 --> 05:35:28,700
cheaper. 
Henry found the learning curve, 

6265
05:35:28,700 --> 05:35:32,600
the more you make something, the
better you get at it and the 

6266
05:35:32,600 --> 05:35:34,800
cheaper it is. 
But the real Revolution was 

6267
05:35:34,800 --> 05:35:38,308
social, the Model, T 
democratized mobility in a way, 

6268
05:35:38,316 --> 05:35:42,200
that changed everything about 
how Americans lived young people

6269
05:35:42,200 --> 05:35:43,800
could Court. 
Someone from the next town. 

6270
05:35:43,800 --> 05:35:47,000
Over families, could live in 
suburbs and commute to city jobs

6271
05:35:47,000 --> 05:35:49,200
Farmers. 
Could get their products to 

6272
05:35:49,200 --> 05:35:52,600
Market faster and cheaper. 
It's hard to overstate how 

6273
05:35:52,600 --> 05:35:55,200
fundamentally these Innovations 
Change Daily Life. 

6274
05:35:55,200 --> 05:35:57,500
The Model T also created 
something. 

6275
05:35:57,500 --> 05:36:00,600
We take for granted today, the 
weekend road trip. 

6276
05:36:01,300 --> 05:36:04,500
Before cars Leisure Travel was 
something only the wealthy could

6277
05:36:04,500 --> 05:36:07,900
afford, but with a Model T, A 
middle-class family could pack 

6278
05:36:07,900 --> 05:36:09,900
up on the Saturday morning and 
explore places. 

6279
05:36:09,900 --> 05:36:12,200
They had only heard about this 
marked. 

6280
05:36:12,200 --> 05:36:14,500
The start of America's passion 
for the open road. 

6281
05:36:14,500 --> 05:36:18,500
Extending from Roots, 66 to the 
interstate highway system 

6282
05:36:18,500 --> 05:36:22,800
Henry's workers were among the 
first to benefit in 1914. 

6283
05:36:22,800 --> 05:36:24,800
He made a decision that shocked 
the business world. 

6284
05:36:24,800 --> 05:36:28,000
He doubled his workers wages to 
five dollars a day. 

6285
05:36:28,000 --> 05:36:32,000
Other industrialists believed. 
He had gone insane but Henry 

6286
05:36:32,000 --> 05:36:33,100
understood something they 
didn't. 

6287
05:36:33,100 --> 05:36:36,100
If his workers could afford to 
buy the cars, they were making, 

6288
05:36:36,100 --> 05:36:40,100
he'd have a whole new market. 
It wasn't just generosity, it 

6289
05:36:40,100 --> 05:36:42,900
was brilliant, business 
strategy, the five dollar day 

6290
05:36:42,900 --> 05:36:46,100
did more than boost sales. 
He created a new kind of middle 

6291
05:36:46,100 --> 05:36:48,600
class. 
Ford workers could afford, not 

6292
05:36:48,600 --> 05:36:51,300
just cars, but homes appliances 
and education for their 

6293
05:36:51,300 --> 05:36:54,300
children, they became consumers.
Not just producers. 

6294
05:36:54,300 --> 05:36:57,500
This era was the beginning of 
the consumer economy that would 

6295
05:36:57,500 --> 05:37:01,100
define 20th century America. 
As you drift towards sleep. 

6296
05:37:01,100 --> 05:37:04,100
Imagine the sound of a Model. 
T puttering down a dirt road in 

6297
05:37:04,100 --> 05:37:07,100
1915. 
Carrying a family on their first

6298
05:37:07,100 --> 05:37:10,200
real vacation or a young 
entrepreneur heading to the city

6299
05:37:10,200 --> 05:37:13,100
to start a business. 
That simple black car was not 

6300
05:37:13,100 --> 05:37:16,200
just Transportation, it was 
possibility, itself, rolling 

6301
05:37:16,200 --> 05:37:17,900
down American, roads and into 
the future. 

6302
05:37:17,900 --> 05:37:20,500
Now, we come to the most 
important part of our story. 

6303
05:37:20,500 --> 05:37:24,000
When Henry, Ford changed, how 
everything was made, the 

6304
05:37:24,000 --> 05:37:26,300
assembly line wasn't just a 
manufacturing technique. 

6305
05:37:26,300 --> 05:37:29,100
It was a complete rethinking of 
how work itself could be 

6306
05:37:29,100 --> 05:37:31,700
organized. 
Like many revolutionary ideas. 

6307
05:37:31,700 --> 05:37:34,900
It began with a simple 
observation and a willingness to

6308
05:37:34,900 --> 05:37:38,000
challenge traditional methods. 
Picture the world of 

6309
05:37:38,000 --> 05:37:39,800
manufacturing before, Henry's 
Innovation. 

6310
05:37:39,800 --> 05:37:43,100
If you desired a car, a skilled 
Craftsmen would construct it 

6311
05:37:43,100 --> 05:37:45,000
from beginning to end. 
He'd be part mechanic. 

6312
05:37:45,000 --> 05:37:48,800
Part artist and part engineer. 
Each car was unique like a 

6313
05:37:48,800 --> 05:37:51,800
handmade piece of furniture. 
It was beautiful in its way. 

6314
05:37:51,800 --> 05:37:55,400
It was a slow expensive and 
required workers with years of 

6315
05:37:55,400 --> 05:37:57,500
training. 
It's like the difference between

6316
05:37:57,500 --> 05:37:59,900
having a Master Chef. 
Prepare your meal from scratch 

6317
05:37:59,900 --> 05:38:03,200
versus having a kitchen staff or
each person specializes in one 

6318
05:38:03,200 --> 05:38:06,500
aspect of the meal. 
Henry's breakthrough came from 

6319
05:38:06,500 --> 05:38:09,500
watching that slaughterhouse we 
mentioned earlier but also from 

6320
05:38:09,500 --> 05:38:12,800
studying his workers, he noticed
that when someone did the same 

6321
05:38:12,808 --> 05:38:15,500
task repeatedly they got 
remarkably quick at it. 

6322
05:38:15,500 --> 05:38:18,900
They became not just slightly 
faster but significantly faster,

6323
05:38:18,900 --> 05:38:22,000
a worker who could install a 
dashboard in 20 minutes. 

6324
05:38:22,000 --> 05:38:25,500
Could do it in five minutes 
after doing it 100 times, the 

6325
05:38:25,500 --> 05:38:28,300
Steep learning curve, led to 
substantial improvements, but 

6326
05:38:28,300 --> 05:38:31,500
the real Innovation was moving 
the work to the worker instead 

6327
05:38:31,500 --> 05:38:34,900
of the worker to the work. 
Instead of Craftsman walking 

6328
05:38:34,900 --> 05:38:36,600
around a stationary car with 
their tools. 

6329
05:38:36,600 --> 05:38:39,700
The car would move along a line,
while workers stayed in one spot

6330
05:38:39,700 --> 05:38:40,800
with their tools. 
Organized. 

6331
05:38:40,800 --> 05:38:44,800
Exactly how they needed them. 
It sounds obvious now, but it 

6332
05:38:44,800 --> 05:38:48,000
was revolutionary, then it's 
akin to the difference between a

6333
05:38:48,000 --> 05:38:50,900
chef frantically Gathering 
ingredients in a kitchen and 

6334
05:38:50,900 --> 05:38:53,400
having everything they need 
within easy reach. 

6335
05:38:54,800 --> 05:38:57,300
The first assembly line at 
Ford's Highland Park plant was 

6336
05:38:57,300 --> 05:39:00,300
almost comically simple. 
They used a rope and police 

6337
05:39:00,300 --> 05:39:03,200
system to drag car frames past 
workers onto wooden floor. 

6338
05:39:03,900 --> 05:39:07,600
But it worked the time to build 
a car drop from 12 hours to two 

6339
05:39:07,600 --> 05:39:10,200
and a half hours almost 
immediately and this Improvement

6340
05:39:10,200 --> 05:39:13,200
was just the beginning. 
As they refine the process, 

6341
05:39:13,200 --> 05:39:15,600
adding conveyors and optimizing 
the workflow. 

6342
05:39:15,600 --> 05:39:19,400
The time kept dropping. 
But here's what made Henry's 

6343
05:39:19,400 --> 05:39:21,100
approach different from other 
industrialists. 

6344
05:39:21,100 --> 05:39:24,200
He obsessed over the details 
that made workers' lives better,

6345
05:39:24,200 --> 05:39:27,900
not just more productive. 
He studied how high the conveyor

6346
05:39:27,900 --> 05:39:31,100
belt should be so workers didn't
have to bend over or reach up. 

6347
05:39:32,000 --> 05:39:34,700
You figured out the optimal 
speed fast enough to maintain 

6348
05:39:34,700 --> 05:39:37,800
efficiency, but not so fast that
workers felt rushed or made 

6349
05:39:37,800 --> 05:39:40,100
mistakes. 
He was essentially inventing 

6350
05:39:40,100 --> 05:39:43,200
ergonomics though, that word 
wouldn't be coined for decades. 

6351
05:39:43,200 --> 05:39:46,700
The results were staggering by 
1914. 

6352
05:39:46,700 --> 05:39:49,900
Ford's Highland Park plant could
produce more cars in a day than 

6353
05:39:49,900 --> 05:39:51,608
most manufacturers could make in
a month. 

6354
05:39:52,500 --> 05:39:57,500
The Model T, which had taken 728
minutes to assemble in 1913 was 

6355
05:39:57,500 --> 05:40:03,000
taking just 93 million by 1914. 
That's not just Improvement, 

6356
05:40:03,000 --> 05:40:06,700
that's transformation. 
But with this efficiency came, a

6357
05:40:06,700 --> 05:40:08,900
new challenges. 
Repetitive work could be 

6358
05:40:08,908 --> 05:40:12,300
mind-numbing worker. 
Turnover was initially high as 

6359
05:40:12,300 --> 05:40:14,600
people found the work boring 
compared to the variety of 

6360
05:40:14,600 --> 05:40:17,800
traditional craftsmanship. 
Henry's solution was typically 

6361
05:40:17,800 --> 05:40:20,100
Direct. 
You paid workers as well enough 

6362
05:40:20,100 --> 05:40:23,500
that they wanted to stay the 
famous five dollars day wasn't 

6363
05:40:23,500 --> 05:40:26,300
just about buying cars. 
It was about creating jobs that 

6364
05:40:26,300 --> 05:40:30,200
people actually wanted to keep 
This is where Henry's philosophy

6365
05:40:30,200 --> 05:40:33,300
really shines through. 
He understood that efficiency 

6366
05:40:33,300 --> 05:40:35,800
without Humanity was ultimately 
self-defeating. 

6367
05:40:36,800 --> 05:40:38,700
Happy workers were productive, 
workers. 

6368
05:40:38,700 --> 05:40:42,100
Well-paid workers were loyal 
workers workers. 

6369
05:40:42,100 --> 05:40:44,700
Who could afford the products? 
They made were also customers. 

6370
05:40:44,700 --> 05:40:47,600
Who was a virtuous cycle. 
That benefited everyone. 

6371
05:40:48,600 --> 05:40:50,800
The assembly line also, 
democratized skill. 

6372
05:40:50,800 --> 05:40:54,500
Previously making cars required 
Master Craftsman with years of 

6373
05:40:54,500 --> 05:40:57,200
training, but Henry's system 
could take someone with no 

6374
05:40:57,200 --> 05:40:59,300
experience and make them 
productive in days. 

6375
05:41:00,200 --> 05:41:02,500
The initiative wasn't about 
replacing skilled workers. 

6376
05:41:02,500 --> 05:41:05,100
It was about creating a new kind
of skilled work. 

6377
05:41:05,900 --> 05:41:08,400
Workers became experts in their 
specific tasks. 

6378
05:41:08,400 --> 05:41:12,100
Often innovating better ways to 
do their jobs, other Industries,

6379
05:41:12,100 --> 05:41:14,600
took notice. 
The assembly line principal 

6380
05:41:14,600 --> 05:41:17,300
spread to everything from 
appliances to electronics, to 

6381
05:41:17,300 --> 05:41:20,900
food processing, even today. 
When you unwrap a smartphone or 

6382
05:41:20,900 --> 05:41:23,700
open a package meal, your 
benefiting from principals, 

6383
05:41:23,700 --> 05:41:27,600
Henry Ford pioneered the modern 
world of abundant affordable 

6384
05:41:27,600 --> 05:41:31,000
Goods traces back to that first 
rope and pulley system dragging.

6385
05:41:31,000 --> 05:41:32,800
Car frame cross a factory floor 
and Detroit. 

6386
05:41:33,700 --> 05:41:36,000
But perhaps the most important 
thing to understand is that 

6387
05:41:36,000 --> 05:41:39,100
Henry didn't just speed up 
production, he made it more 

6388
05:41:39,100 --> 05:41:43,600
predictable. before the assembly
line, you never knew exactly 

6389
05:41:43,600 --> 05:41:46,500
when a car would be finished 
with the assembly line, you 

6390
05:41:46,500 --> 05:41:49,900
could plan production weeks in 
advance, this predictability, 

6391
05:41:49,900 --> 05:41:53,600
made everything else possible 
Supply chains, dealer networks, 

6392
05:41:53,600 --> 05:41:57,500
even consumer financing, As you 
rest tonight, think about how 

6393
05:41:57,500 --> 05:42:00,100
many things in your daily life 
exists because of Henry's 

6394
05:42:00,100 --> 05:42:02,400
Innovations. 
The device you're listening to 

6395
05:42:02,400 --> 05:42:05,100
this on the car in your 
driveway, even the grocery 

6396
05:42:05,100 --> 05:42:07,900
store, where you shop, they all 
know something to that moment, 

6397
05:42:07,900 --> 05:42:11,200
when Henry decided to move the 
work to the worker, instead of 

6398
05:42:11,200 --> 05:42:14,200
the worker to the work, he 
didn't just change how cars were

6399
05:42:14,200 --> 05:42:16,700
made. 
He changed how everything was 

6400
05:42:16,700 --> 05:42:20,900
made January 5th. 1914 was a day
that changed, not just Ford 

6401
05:42:20,900 --> 05:42:24,300
Motor Company, but the entire 
relationship between workers and

6402
05:42:24,300 --> 05:42:27,000
Employers in America. 
On that day Henry. 

6403
05:42:27,000 --> 05:42:29,700
Ford announced something so 
radical, that newspapers across 

6404
05:42:29,700 --> 05:42:31,300
the country struggled, to 
believe it was real. 

6405
05:42:31,300 --> 05:42:34,000
He was going to pay his work as 
five dollars a day. 

6406
05:42:35,100 --> 05:42:36,800
To understand why the news was 
so shocking. 

6407
05:42:36,800 --> 05:42:39,300
You need to know that the 
average industrial wage. 

6408
05:42:39,300 --> 05:42:42,100
At the time, was about two 
dollars and fifty cents a day, 

6409
05:42:42,100 --> 05:42:46,500
Henry wasn't just raising wages,
he was more than doubling them. 

6410
05:42:46,500 --> 05:42:49,300
Other Business Leaders believed,
Henry was insane. 

6411
05:42:49,300 --> 05:42:52,900
The Wall Street Journal called 
it an economic crime and 

6412
05:42:52,900 --> 05:42:54,700
predicted it would ruin Ford 
Motor Company. 

6413
05:42:55,400 --> 05:42:58,200
Competitors, were Furious 
worried that they'd have to 

6414
05:42:58,200 --> 05:43:01,800
raise their wages to compete for
workers, but Henry had done his 

6415
05:43:01,800 --> 05:43:04,200
math and his reasoning was both 
simple and Brilliant. 

6416
05:43:04,200 --> 05:43:07,900
If we pay our work as well, 
they'll be able to buy our cars.

6417
05:43:07,900 --> 05:43:12,300
The immediate effect was chaos 
but the good kind of chaos, the 

6418
05:43:12,300 --> 05:43:15,000
next morning, thousands of men 
lined up outside Ford's Highland

6419
05:43:15,000 --> 05:43:19,000
Park, plant hoping for jobs, 
police had to use fire hoses to 

6420
05:43:19,000 --> 05:43:21,900
control the crowds word spread 
that Ford was paying wages. 

6421
05:43:21,900 --> 05:43:25,000
That could actually support a 
family and workers came from 

6422
05:43:25,000 --> 05:43:27,800
across the country. 
It was like the Gold Rush except

6423
05:43:27,800 --> 05:43:30,300
in stead of searching for gold. 
People were searching for good 

6424
05:43:30,300 --> 05:43:33,200
jobs. 
However, Henry's 5.00 day was 

6425
05:43:33,200 --> 05:43:36,100
not without its limitations 
workers, had to meet certain 

6426
05:43:36,100 --> 05:43:38,400
standards. 
Not just at work, but in their 

6427
05:43:38,400 --> 05:43:42,400
personal lives, Ford created a 
Sociological Department that 

6428
05:43:42,400 --> 05:43:44,700
would visit workers home's to 
ensure they were living 

6429
05:43:44,700 --> 05:43:47,200
properly. 
This meant no drinking, No 

6430
05:43:47,200 --> 05:43:50,300
gambling, keeping a clean house 
and sending children to school. 

6431
05:43:51,800 --> 05:43:54,500
By modern standards, the 
arrangement, seems intrusive and

6432
05:43:54,500 --> 05:43:58,400
paternalistic. 
But in the context of 1914, many

6433
05:43:58,400 --> 05:44:01,100
workers, saw it. 
As a fair trade, a middle-class 

6434
05:44:01,100 --> 05:44:03,100
wage in exchange for middle 
class Behavior. 

6435
05:44:04,000 --> 05:44:05,800
The program worked better than 
even Henry. 

6436
05:44:05,800 --> 05:44:11,100
Expected worker turnover dropped
to under 20% down from over 300%

6437
05:44:11,100 --> 05:44:13,300
annually. 
Meaning, they had to hire three 

6438
05:44:13,300 --> 05:44:16,900
people for every job just to 
keep positions filled Quality 

6439
05:44:16,900 --> 05:44:19,900
improved dramatically 
productivity soared. 

6440
05:44:19,900 --> 05:44:23,200
The workers who stayed were 
invested in their jobs, in a way

6441
05:44:23,208 --> 05:44:25,700
that had never been seen before 
in an industrial America. 

6442
05:44:26,700 --> 05:44:29,000
But the real Revolution was what
happened after work. 

6443
05:44:29,700 --> 05:44:32,600
For the first time in American 
history, you had industrial 

6444
05:44:32,600 --> 05:44:35,000
workers who could afford more 
than just survival. 

6445
05:44:35,000 --> 05:44:37,400
They could buy homes. 
Not just rent them. 

6446
05:44:37,400 --> 05:44:42,100
They could purchase appliances 
furniture and yes, cars it could

6447
05:44:42,108 --> 05:44:44,200
send their children to high 
school instead of putting them 

6448
05:44:44,200 --> 05:44:47,600
to work at age 14, they could 
plan for the future instead of 

6449
05:44:47,600 --> 05:44:50,600
just surviving the present. 
Day Henry, had essentially 

6450
05:44:50,600 --> 05:44:54,900
created a new social class, the 
industrial middle class, these 

6451
05:44:54,900 --> 05:44:57,700
were not Farmers or shopkeepers 
or professionals, they were 

6452
05:44:57,700 --> 05:44:59,800
Factory workers who lived like 
middle class people. 

6453
05:45:00,800 --> 05:45:04,200
The idea was revolutionary. 
Throughout history, people who 

6454
05:45:04,200 --> 05:45:06,200
worked with their hands had 
always been poor. 

6455
05:45:06,900 --> 05:45:09,900
Henry, changed that equation. 
The Ripple effects were 

6456
05:45:09,900 --> 05:45:12,900
enormous. 
When Ford workers could afford 

6457
05:45:12,900 --> 05:45:16,300
to buy home's, the construction 
industry boomed, when they could

6458
05:45:16,300 --> 05:45:19,500
afford appliances, the appliance
industry grew and they could 

6459
05:45:19,500 --> 05:45:22,000
afford cars, the entire 
automotive industry expanded. 

6460
05:45:22,900 --> 05:45:25,800
Henry had discovered something 
that economists would later call

6461
05:45:25,800 --> 05:45:28,700
the multiplier effect. 
When you put money in workers 

6462
05:45:28,700 --> 05:45:31,600
pockets, they spend it, which 
creates more jobs which creates 

6463
05:45:31,600 --> 05:45:34,800
more spending other companies 
slowly began to follow Ford's 

6464
05:45:34,800 --> 05:45:38,100
lead, not out of generosity, but
out of necessity, they 

6465
05:45:38,100 --> 05:45:40,100
discovered what Henry had 
already figured out. 

6466
05:45:40,100 --> 05:45:43,200
Well paid workers were more 
productive, more loyal and more 

6467
05:45:43,200 --> 05:45:45,900
innovative. 
The idea that paying work as 

6468
05:45:45,900 --> 05:45:48,300
well, could build a better 
business challenge, the notion 

6469
05:45:48,300 --> 05:45:50,300
that paying them as little as 
possible would work. 

6470
05:45:51,100 --> 05:45:53,100
But the five dollar day was 
about more than wages. 

6471
05:45:53,100 --> 05:45:56,600
It was about dignity. 
For the first time in industrial

6472
05:45:56,600 --> 05:45:58,900
workers, experienced a sense of 
partnership in the business 

6473
05:45:58,900 --> 05:46:01,300
rather than being mere 
components. 

6474
05:46:01,900 --> 05:46:04,600
They had a stake in the Company 
Success because that success 

6475
05:46:04,600 --> 05:46:08,300
directly affected their lives. 
When the Model T sold, well, 

6476
05:46:08,300 --> 05:46:12,100
Ford workers benefited when the 
company grew their jobs to 

6477
05:46:12,100 --> 05:46:14,900
security increase. 
Henry, also understood something

6478
05:46:14,900 --> 05:46:18,400
that many modern companies have 
forgotten training workers as an

6479
05:46:18,400 --> 05:46:22,500
investment, not Nepal's, the 
Sociological Department didn't 

6480
05:46:22,500 --> 05:46:25,800
just monitor workers Behavior, 
it provided education and 

6481
05:46:25,808 --> 05:46:29,000
support workers could learn 
English, take classes in 

6482
05:46:29,000 --> 05:46:32,500
personal finance and get help 
navigate the bureaucracy of home

6483
05:46:32,500 --> 05:46:35,500
ownership. 
Ford was creating not just 

6484
05:46:35,500 --> 05:46:39,100
employees. 
But citizens, the program wasn't

6485
05:46:39,100 --> 05:46:41,400
perfect the intrusion into 
workers. 

6486
05:46:41,400 --> 05:46:44,600
Private lives was problematic, 
and the standards were sometimes

6487
05:46:44,600 --> 05:46:48,600
arbitrary and culturally biased.
But the fundamental principle 

6488
05:46:48,600 --> 05:46:50,900
that workers should share in the
prosperity. 

6489
05:46:50,900 --> 05:46:53,800
They help create was 
revolutionary and remains 

6490
05:46:53,800 --> 05:46:56,900
relevant today. 
By 1915. 

6491
05:46:56,900 --> 05:46:59,700
Ford workers were buying model 
T's with their own paychecks 

6492
05:46:59,700 --> 05:47:04,100
Henry's forecasted materialized.
His employees had transformed 

6493
05:47:04,100 --> 05:47:07,400
into his clients more than that.
They had become tangible 

6494
05:47:07,400 --> 05:47:09,800
evidence, that the American 
dream was achievable for 

6495
05:47:09,800 --> 05:47:13,000
individuals who employed their 
hands, not just their minds. 

6496
05:47:13,800 --> 05:47:16,300
As you settle into sleep, 
imagine what it must have felt 

6497
05:47:16,300 --> 05:47:20,400
like to be a Ford worker in 1915
driving home in a car, you built

6498
05:47:20,400 --> 05:47:23,000
and paid for with wages. 
That seemed impossible just a 

6499
05:47:23,000 --> 05:47:25,900
few years earlier, you weren't 
just going home from work. 

6500
05:47:25,900 --> 05:47:28,800
You were driving toward a future
that previous generations of 

6501
05:47:28,800 --> 05:47:31,900
workers could never have 
imagined by the 1920s. 

6502
05:47:31,900 --> 05:47:33,900
Something remarkable had 
happened in America. 

6503
05:47:34,700 --> 05:47:37,700
The country had become Mobile in
a way that no Society in human 

6504
05:47:37,700 --> 05:47:41,100
history had ever been before. 
Thanks to Henry Ford's vision 

6505
05:47:41,100 --> 05:47:44,900
and the Model T success cars 
were no longer luxury items for 

6506
05:47:44,900 --> 05:47:47,000
the wealthy. 
They were becoming as common as 

6507
05:47:47,000 --> 05:47:50,200
telephones and electric lights. 
And this transformation was 

6508
05:47:50,200 --> 05:47:53,900
changing everything about how 
Americans lived worked and 

6509
05:47:53,900 --> 05:47:57,100
thought about themselves. 
The numbers telling incredible 

6510
05:47:57,100 --> 05:48:01,100
story in 1910, approximately 
half a million cars were present

6511
05:48:01,100 --> 05:48:05,400
throughout the United States. 
By 1920, there were 9 million by

6512
05:48:05,400 --> 05:48:09,300
1930, there were 26 million, 
that's not just growth. 

6513
05:48:09,300 --> 05:48:12,000
That's a complete transformation
of society. 

6514
05:48:12,000 --> 05:48:15,300
It's like the adoption of 
smartphones, but even more 

6515
05:48:15,300 --> 05:48:17,300
fundamental, because cars change
should wear. 

6516
05:48:17,300 --> 05:48:20,600
People could live work and play.
Think about what this 

6517
05:48:20,600 --> 05:48:22,600
development meant for a typical 
American family. 

6518
05:48:23,500 --> 05:48:26,700
In 1910, your job options were 
limited to what you could reach 

6519
05:48:26,700 --> 05:48:29,400
on foot or by streetcar 
neighborhood stores. 

6520
05:48:29,400 --> 05:48:32,500
Were the only places you could 
shop your social life was 

6521
05:48:32,500 --> 05:48:35,500
limited to people who lived 
nearby your children's education

6522
05:48:35,500 --> 05:48:38,500
was limited to the local school 
by 1925. 

6523
05:48:38,500 --> 05:48:42,300
All of those limitations had 
been swept away. the car had 

6524
05:48:42,300 --> 05:48:45,500
given Ordinary People, a kind of
Freedom that had previously been

6525
05:48:45,500 --> 05:48:48,600
available only to the wealthy, 
The transformation was 

6526
05:48:48,608 --> 05:48:51,800
especially dramatic. 
In rural areas Farmers. 

6527
05:48:51,800 --> 05:48:54,300
Had been among the most isolated
people in America. 

6528
05:48:55,400 --> 05:48:58,000
Sometimes going weeks without 
seeing anyone outside their 

6529
05:48:58,000 --> 05:49:02,200
immediate family, the Model T 
changed that overnight Farmers. 

6530
05:49:02,200 --> 05:49:04,600
Could drive to town for 
supplies, attend church 

6531
05:49:04,600 --> 05:49:07,900
regularly and send their 
children to better schools, they

6532
05:49:07,900 --> 05:49:09,700
could get their crops to Market 
faster and cheaper. 

6533
05:49:09,700 --> 05:49:12,600
They could access medical care 
that had been unreachable 

6534
05:49:12,600 --> 05:49:15,000
before. 
The card didn't just change 

6535
05:49:15,000 --> 05:49:18,100
Rural Life. 
It saved it but perhaps the most

6536
05:49:18,100 --> 05:49:22,100
profound change was in how young
people lived. before cars caught

6537
05:49:22,100 --> 05:49:25,500
ship was a highly supervised a 
fair young men would visit young

6538
05:49:25,500 --> 05:49:28,300
women in their families parlor 
under the watchful eye of 

6539
05:49:28,300 --> 05:49:32,000
parents, the car change all that
Suddenly, young people could go 

6540
05:49:32,000 --> 05:49:35,700
out together alone and explore 
their feelings without constant 

6541
05:49:35,700 --> 05:49:38,600
supervision. 
It's hard to overstate how 

6542
05:49:38,600 --> 05:49:41,200
revolutionary The Invention was 
the car didn't just change 

6543
05:49:41,200 --> 05:49:44,200
Transportation. 
It changed romance, marriage, 

6544
05:49:44,200 --> 05:49:47,100
and family formation. 
Cities began to reshape 

6545
05:49:47,100 --> 05:49:48,300
themselves around the 
automobile. 

6546
05:49:49,200 --> 05:49:52,300
New suburbs sprang up connected 
to downtown areas by roads, 

6547
05:49:52,300 --> 05:49:55,000
rather than streetcar lines. 
Shopping centers. 

6548
05:49:55,000 --> 05:49:58,100
Moved from downtown to the 
outskirts where land was cheaper

6549
05:49:58,100 --> 05:50:01,900
and parking was abundant. the 
mall that quintessentially 

6550
05:50:01,900 --> 05:50:04,900
American institution was born 
from the marriage of cars and 

6551
05:50:04,900 --> 05:50:08,300
commerce, people could live in 
quiet residential areas and 

6552
05:50:08,300 --> 05:50:11,000
commute to work shop at 
convenient locations and still 

6553
05:50:11,000 --> 05:50:14,200
have access to Urban amenities. 
The car also democratized 

6554
05:50:14,200 --> 05:50:16,400
leisure in ways that are 
difficult to imagine today. 

6555
05:50:17,400 --> 05:50:20,600
Before cars vacation travel was 
something only the wealthy could

6556
05:50:20,600 --> 05:50:23,800
afford Working Families. 
Might take a day trip to a 

6557
05:50:23,800 --> 05:50:26,600
nearby lake or park. 
But real travel required trains 

6558
05:50:26,600 --> 05:50:29,000
and hotels that would be on most
people's budgets. 

6559
05:50:29,000 --> 05:50:32,600
The car change that families 
could pack up and drive to 

6560
05:50:32,600 --> 05:50:34,300
National Parks beaches or 
mountains. 

6561
05:50:34,300 --> 05:50:37,200
They could camp along the way 
making vacation travel 

6562
05:50:37,200 --> 05:50:40,800
affordable for the first time 
This phenomenon gave birth to an

6563
05:50:40,800 --> 05:50:45,000
entirely new industry, Roadside 
America, gas, stations motor 

6564
05:50:45,000 --> 05:50:46,800
courts. 
The predecessors of motels 

6565
05:50:46,800 --> 05:50:50,200
diners and tourist attractions. 
Sprang up along major highways 

6566
05:50:50,200 --> 05:50:54,000
Route. 66 the famous highway 
from Chicago to Los Angeles, 

6567
05:50:54,008 --> 05:50:58,400
became a symbol of American 
freedom and Adventure railroads 

6568
05:50:58,400 --> 05:51:01,400
bypass small towns, but if they 
happen to be along a major 

6569
05:51:01,400 --> 05:51:03,900
highway, they suddenly found 
themselves back on the map. 

6570
05:51:04,900 --> 05:51:07,000
But the car Revolution wasn't 
just about Leisure. 

6571
05:51:07,000 --> 05:51:10,700
It was about opportunity 
workers, could live in one place

6572
05:51:10,700 --> 05:51:13,600
and work in another which meant 
they could choose jobs based on 

6573
05:51:13,600 --> 05:51:15,400
quality rather than just 
proximity. 

6574
05:51:16,300 --> 05:51:18,900
Businesses could locate where 
land was cheaper and still 

6575
05:51:18,900 --> 05:51:22,600
attract workers the entire 
economic geography of America 

6576
05:51:22,600 --> 05:51:24,200
was being redrawn by the 
automobile. 

6577
05:51:25,100 --> 05:51:28,400
Henry Ford had predicted this 
transformation but even he was 

6578
05:51:28,400 --> 05:51:31,300
probably surprised by how 
quickly and completely it 

6579
05:51:31,300 --> 05:51:33,700
happened. 
The Model T had become more than

6580
05:51:33,700 --> 05:51:36,100
just a product. 
It was the Catalyst for a new 

6581
05:51:36,108 --> 05:51:39,100
way of life. 
Americans were becoming a mobile

6582
05:51:39,100 --> 05:51:41,900
people always ready to move 
towards better opportunities. 

6583
05:51:41,900 --> 05:51:44,600
New experience is and different 
ways of living. 

6584
05:51:45,800 --> 05:51:49,200
The cycle impact was just as 
important as the Practical one 

6585
05:51:49,200 --> 05:51:52,100
owning a car, gave people, a 
sense of control over their 

6586
05:51:52,100 --> 05:51:53,600
lives that they'd never had 
before. 

6587
05:51:54,600 --> 05:51:57,400
They weren't dependent on 
streetcar schedules or limited 

6588
05:51:57,400 --> 05:52:00,100
to walking distance. 
It could make decisions about 

6589
05:52:00,100 --> 05:52:03,300
where and when to go there it 
was a kind of personal freedom 

6590
05:52:03,300 --> 05:52:05,200
that was entirely new in Human 
Experience. 

6591
05:52:06,000 --> 05:52:09,600
Of course, this transformation 
brought challenges too, traffic 

6592
05:52:09,600 --> 05:52:12,900
jams, parking problems, and air 
pollution with the price of 

6593
05:52:12,900 --> 05:52:15,900
Mobility. 
Traditional communities began to

6594
05:52:15,900 --> 05:52:19,400
break down as people became more
mobile and less tied to specific

6595
05:52:19,400 --> 05:52:22,300
neighborhoods. 
The car enabled suburbanization,

6596
05:52:22,300 --> 05:52:25,000
which had both positive, and 
negative effects on American 

6597
05:52:25,000 --> 05:52:27,700
society. 
But for most Americans in the 

6598
05:52:27,700 --> 05:52:31,900
1920s, the car represented pure 
possibility, it was the physical

6599
05:52:31,900 --> 05:52:33,400
embodiment of the American 
dream. 

6600
05:52:33,400 --> 05:52:36,700
The idea that with hard work and
determination, you could go 

6601
05:52:36,700 --> 05:52:40,300
anywhere and become anything. 
Henry Ford had built more than 

6602
05:52:40,300 --> 05:52:42,700
just an affordable car. 
He had built a machine that made

6603
05:52:42,700 --> 05:52:46,100
dreams feel achievable. 
Imagine the excitement of a 

6604
05:52:46,100 --> 05:52:51,700
family in 1925 packing, their 
Model T for their first real 

6605
05:52:51,700 --> 05:52:54,500
vacation heading out on roads 
that led to places. 

6606
05:52:54,500 --> 05:52:58,200
They'd only read about in books,
they weren't just driving. 

6607
05:52:58,200 --> 05:53:00,700
They were exploring a new kind 
of Freedom that their parents 

6608
05:53:00,700 --> 05:53:03,700
could never have imagined as we 
reached the end of our story as 

6609
05:53:03,700 --> 05:53:06,500
worth reflecting on just how 
completely Henry Ford changed, 

6610
05:53:06,500 --> 05:53:10,500
not just a America but the 
world. by the time, he died in 

6611
05:53:10,500 --> 05:53:14,100
1947, the boy who took apart 
pocket watches on a Michigan 

6612
05:53:14,100 --> 05:53:18,400
Farm, fundamentally altered, how
people lived worked, and thought

6613
05:53:18,400 --> 05:53:22,300
about the future, but his legacy
goes far beyond the millions of 

6614
05:53:22,300 --> 05:53:23,900
cars that rolled his assembly 
line. 

6615
05:53:24,800 --> 05:53:26,900
Henry's greatest achievement 
wasn't technical. 

6616
05:53:26,900 --> 05:53:30,400
It was philosophical. 
He proved that mass production 

6617
05:53:30,400 --> 05:53:32,800
and high wages. 
Could work together that 

6618
05:53:32,800 --> 05:53:35,700
efficiency and Humanity weren't 
opposites and that the people 

6619
05:53:35,700 --> 05:53:38,200
who made things, should also be 
able to afford them. 

6620
05:53:38,900 --> 05:53:40,900
His approach wasn't just a 
business strategy. 

6621
05:53:40,900 --> 05:53:43,800
It was a new way of thinking 
about the relationship between 

6622
05:53:43,800 --> 05:53:47,300
work and prosperity. 
The principles Henry pioneered 

6623
05:53:47,300 --> 05:53:50,200
standardization continuous 
Improvement and treating workers

6624
05:53:50,200 --> 05:53:52,000
as partners rather than just 
labor. 

6625
05:53:52,800 --> 05:53:55,700
Became the foundation of modern 
Manufacturing. 

6626
05:53:56,600 --> 05:53:58,900
When you buy something today 
that both high quality and 

6627
05:53:58,900 --> 05:54:02,200
affordable, your benefiting from
ideas that Henry Ford developed 

6628
05:54:02,200 --> 05:54:05,600
in his Detroit factories. 
From smartphones to Fern 

6629
05:54:05,600 --> 05:54:08,900
Furniture to food the modern 
world of abundant consumer goods

6630
05:54:08,900 --> 05:54:10,600
traces. 
Back to those early assembly 

6631
05:54:10,600 --> 05:54:12,800
lines. 
But perhaps Henry's most 

6632
05:54:12,800 --> 05:54:15,100
important contribution was 
proving that Innovation could be

6633
05:54:15,108 --> 05:54:18,500
democratic. 
Before Ford most new 

6634
05:54:18,500 --> 05:54:21,200
technologies were luxury items 
that gradually became more 

6635
05:54:21,200 --> 05:54:23,900
affordable Henry. 
Reversed that process. 

6636
05:54:23,900 --> 05:54:27,100
He started with the goal of 
making cars, affordable for 

6637
05:54:27,100 --> 05:54:30,800
everyone, then figured out how 
to make them officially He began

6638
05:54:30,800 --> 05:54:33,700
with the customer, not the 
technology and that customer 

6639
05:54:33,700 --> 05:54:36,500
first approach revolutionized. 
How businesses think about 

6640
05:54:36,500 --> 05:54:40,000
innovation? 
The social changes Henry, set in

6641
05:54:40,000 --> 05:54:43,400
motion were even more profound 
than the economic ones, the 

6642
05:54:43,400 --> 05:54:46,400
automobile culture, he created 
the freedom to live, where you 

6643
05:54:46,400 --> 05:54:49,500
want work, where you want and 
travel, where you want became 

6644
05:54:49,500 --> 05:54:52,800
Central to the American 
identity, the suburbs the 

6645
05:54:52,800 --> 05:54:55,400
shopping mall, the family road 
trip the driving restaurant, 

6646
05:54:55,400 --> 05:54:58,900
even the drive-thru Bank. 
All of these Trace back to 

6647
05:54:58,900 --> 05:55:01,000
Henry's decision to make cars 
affordable for ordinary 

6648
05:55:01,000 --> 05:55:03,600
families. 
Henry, also, demonstrated 

6649
05:55:03,600 --> 05:55:06,400
something that many modern 
companies struggle with the 

6650
05:55:06,400 --> 05:55:10,900
power of long-term thinking. 
While his competitors focused on

6651
05:55:10,900 --> 05:55:14,400
quarterly profits, Henry was 
thinking in decades, he 

6652
05:55:14,400 --> 05:55:16,700
understood that building a 
sustainable business meant 

6653
05:55:16,700 --> 05:55:19,900
creating a sustainable Society 
where workers could afford to be

6654
05:55:19,900 --> 05:55:23,100
customers where efficiency 
served Humanity, rather than 

6655
05:55:23,100 --> 05:55:26,200
replacing it and where 
innovation made life better for 

6656
05:55:26,200 --> 05:55:28,500
everyone. 
Not just the wealthy, the 

6657
05:55:28,500 --> 05:55:31,000
influence of Henry's ideas, 
extended far beyond the 

6658
05:55:31,000 --> 05:55:33,900
automotive industry. 
Assembly line, principal 

6659
05:55:33,900 --> 05:55:37,900
transformed manufacturing across
every sector, the concept of 

6660
05:55:37,900 --> 05:55:39,900
paying workers. 
Well enough to be customers 

6661
05:55:39,900 --> 05:55:42,000
influenced labor policy for 
Generations. 

6662
05:55:42,800 --> 05:55:45,600
The idea that mass production 
could create Prosperity rather 

6663
05:55:45,600 --> 05:55:48,800
than just profit became a 
Cornerstone of American Economic

6664
05:55:48,800 --> 05:55:52,700
Policy but Henry story also 
teaches us about the complexity 

6665
05:55:52,700 --> 05:55:55,900
of change the same innovations 
that created Suburban 

6666
05:55:55,900 --> 05:55:58,800
Prosperity. 
Also contributed to Urban Decay 

6667
05:55:59,800 --> 05:56:03,000
The freedom of the automobile 
came with costs pollution 

6668
05:56:03,000 --> 05:56:05,500
traffic and the decline of 
public transportation. 

6669
05:56:06,600 --> 05:56:09,000
The efficiency of mass 
production, sometimes came at 

6670
05:56:09,000 --> 05:56:11,300
the expense of craftsmanship and
individual creativity. 

6671
05:56:11,300 --> 05:56:15,200
Every Revolution brings both 
benefits and challenges and 

6672
05:56:15,200 --> 05:56:18,400
Henry's was no exception. 
What made Henry special wasn't 

6673
05:56:18,400 --> 05:56:20,600
that he was perfect. 
He certainly wasn't. 

6674
05:56:20,600 --> 05:56:24,400
He could be stubborn sometimes 
to the point of damaging his own

6675
05:56:24,408 --> 05:56:27,300
company. 
His paternalistic approach to 

6676
05:56:27,300 --> 05:56:28,900
work. 
A welfare would be unacceptable 

6677
05:56:28,900 --> 05:56:31,600
today. 
His later Embrace of automation 

6678
05:56:31,600 --> 05:56:33,600
over employment, showed the 
limits of his vision. 

6679
05:56:34,400 --> 05:56:37,300
But what made him remarkable was
his ability to see beyond the 

6680
05:56:37,300 --> 05:56:39,500
immediate problem to the larger 
possibilities? 

6681
05:56:40,400 --> 05:56:43,300
Today, as we Face, new 
Revolutions in technology and 

6682
05:56:43,300 --> 05:56:45,200
work. 
Henry's example, remains 

6683
05:56:45,200 --> 05:56:48,700
relevant his approach. 
Starting with human needs rather

6684
05:56:48,700 --> 05:56:51,400
than technical capabilities, 
thinking about workers as 

6685
05:56:51,408 --> 05:56:54,900
partners, rather than costs and 
believing that Innovation should

6686
05:56:54,900 --> 05:56:57,800
serve. 
Everyone not just the few offers

6687
05:56:57,800 --> 05:57:01,100
lessons for our digital age. 
When you drive your car to 

6688
05:57:01,100 --> 05:57:04,200
tomorrow, remember that you're 
not just using a machine, you're

6689
05:57:04,200 --> 05:57:06,800
participating in a revolution 
that began with a young man who 

6690
05:57:06,800 --> 05:57:09,300
couldn't resist taking things 
apart to see how they worked. 

6691
05:57:10,200 --> 05:57:12,500
When you buy something that's 
both high quality and 

6692
05:57:12,500 --> 05:57:15,400
affordable, your benefiting from
principles that Henry Ford 

6693
05:57:15,400 --> 05:57:18,700
pioneered over a century ago. 
Henry proved that work. 

6694
05:57:18,700 --> 05:57:23,200
Can provide not just survival 
but prosperity The boy who left 

6695
05:57:23,200 --> 05:57:25,700
his father's Farm to work in. 
Detroit factories, became the 

6696
05:57:25,700 --> 05:57:28,700
man who showed the world that 
technology could serve Humanity,

6697
05:57:28,700 --> 05:57:32,600
that efficiency could coexist 
with fairness and that 

6698
05:57:32,600 --> 05:57:35,100
Innovation could create 
opportunities for everyone. 

6699
05:57:36,000 --> 05:57:37,600
He didn't just change how cars 
were made. 

6700
05:57:37,600 --> 05:57:40,800
He changed how we think about 
work prosperity, and the 

6701
05:57:40,800 --> 05:57:44,300
possibilities of American Life. 
As you settle into sleep 

6702
05:57:44,300 --> 05:57:46,200
tonight. 
Remember that your living in the

6703
05:57:46,200 --> 05:57:49,300
world that Henry Ford helped 
create a world where Ordinary 

6704
05:57:49,300 --> 05:57:52,000
People can afford extraordinary 
things where Innovation service 

6705
05:57:52,000 --> 05:57:54,700
humanity and where the next 
great breakthrough might come 

6706
05:57:54,700 --> 05:57:57,500
from someone who simply refuses 
to accept that things have to be

6707
05:57:57,500 --> 05:57:58,800
done the way they've always been
done. 

6708
05:58:00,100 --> 05:58:03,400
Remember every Revolution begins
with someone brave enough to 

6709
05:58:03,400 --> 05:58:04,800
imagine that things could be 
different?