Boring History | How Ancient Stoics Handled Being Cheated On | Black Screen

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Hey friends. 
Tonight we're diving into 

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something surprisingly Timeless 
heartbreak. 

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Specifically how the ancient 
stoics handled being cheated on 

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because yes even in togas and 
sandals, people still broke each

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other's hearts. 
But instead of Rage or Revenge, 

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the stoics turn to philosophy. 
They believed emotions could be 

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acknowledged without being 
controlled by them that betrayal

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while painful was part of life's
greater training ground. 

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So before you get comfy, take a 
moment to like the video and 

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subscribe, but only if you enjoy
the production, we provide here 

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on the daily. 
Also, please let us know where 

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you're tuning in from, and what 
time it is for you as we love 

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reaching all into the Earth. 
Now, dim your lights, turn on a 

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fan for some noise and let's see
where this story takes us, shall

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we? 
Picture. 

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This, you're living in ancient 
Rome around 58. 

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You've got your Toga pressed, 
your sandals polished and you 

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think life is pretty good. 
Then you discover your spouse 

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has been spending their 
afternoon with someone else and 

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suddenly your carefully ordered 
World feels about a stable as a 

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house of cards in a windstorm. 
Now, if you are just any regular

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Roman cities and you might have 
done what most people did back 

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there, maybe thrown some pottery
started, a public shouting match

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or plotted, some elaborate 
Revenge involving questionable 

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Seafood left in strategic 
locations, but you're different.

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You've been studying this new 
philosophy called stoicism. 

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You're about to find out whether
all those hours spent reading 

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epic Titus were worth it. 
The stoics proposed the radical 

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notion that you could master 
your reaction, to betrayal, the 

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Betrayal itself had already 
occurred likely, while you were 

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occupied with rearranging your 
collection of Scrolls, but your 

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reaction that was entirely up to
you. 

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And the issue wasn't just 
theoretical philosophy, class 

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nonsense. 
These were practical people. 

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Dealing, with real problems, 
just like you are right now, 

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thousands of years later Marcus 
Aurelius, who spent his days, 

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running an Empire. 
And his Knights writing, what 

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essentially amounted to diary 
entries about not losing his 

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mind, understood the 
circumstances better than most 

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He knew that people would do 
what they wanted. 

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No matter what you want wanted 
or expected. 

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Your spouse choosing to be. 
Unfaithful wasn't really about 

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you controling them. 
It was about you controling, 

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you. 
Taking a deep breath and asking 

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yourself a simple question. 
What exactly can you control in 

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this situation? 
Is the first thing of stoic. 

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Would advise. 
You can't control what your 

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partner did yesterday. 
You can't control whether 

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they'll do it again. 
You cannot influence the actions

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of your partner from yesterday. 
Nor can you determine if they 

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will repeat those actions? 
Additionally, you have no 

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control over whether the 
individual with whom they were 

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Unfaithful. 
Possesses more appealing hair 

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than you. 
However, you do have the power 

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to decide how you will think 
about the situation, how you 

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will respond and what actions 
you will take moving forward. 

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This may seem almost overly 
simplistic but the stoics held a

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strong belief, in the value of 
straightforward truths, but you 

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can control your thoughts 
reactions. 

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And next steps These principles 
might sound almost ridiculously 

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simple, but the stoics were big 
Believers in simple truths. 

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They figured that most of human 
suffering came from trying to 

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control things that were 
completely outside our 

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influence. 
While ignoring the things that 

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were actually within our power, 
it's like spending all your 

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energy, trying to change the 
weather while for getting to 

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grab an umbrella, Seneca. 
Another famous stoic who had 

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plenty of experience with life's
unexpected. 

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Curveballs would probably remind
you that betrayal hurts, 

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precisely because we had 
expectations about how other 

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people should behave. 
We create these elaborate mental

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contracts with the people in our
lives unspoken agreements about 

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loyalty honesty, and not 
sneaking around behind our 

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backs. 
When someone breaks that 

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contract, we feel violated not 
just by their actions but also 

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by the shattering of our 
assumptions about how the world 

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should work. 
But here's where it gets 

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interesting. 
The stoics would suggest that 

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those expectations were the real
problem all along. 

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It's not that your desire for 
faithfulness and honesty was 

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incorrect. 
Those are entirely valid 

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desires, rather, it's because 
you mistakenly believe that your

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strong desire for faithfulness 
and honesty could ensure their 

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fulfillment. 
So there you are standing in 

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your Roman villa or your modern 
apartment holding the pieces of 

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what you thought was your life. 
And some ancient philosopher is 

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essentially telling you that 
this moment is exact moment of 

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discovering betrayal is actually
an opportunity. 

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An opportunity to practice the 
most important skill, any human 

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can develop the ability to 
respond rather than simply 

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react. 
You know what is amusing about 

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finding out. 
You've been cheated on your 

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brain. 
Immediately starts working 

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overtime. 
Like a detective who's had way 

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too much coffee and has 
convinced their about to crack 

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the case of the century. 
You start remembering every 

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little detail how they seem 
distracted last Tuesday. 

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Why they suddenly needed to work
late on Fridays and what that 

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weird smile meant when they 
looked at their phone, your mind

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becomes this Relentless 
investigation machine. 

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And honestly, it's exhausting 
the ancient stoics would have 

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recognized this mental spiral 
immediately. 

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The ancient stoics referred to 
this mental spiral as getting 

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carried away by your initial 
Impressions and they offered 

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some surprisingly practical, 
advice for addressing it. 

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Epictetus who understood a thing
or two about life. 

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Not going. 
According to plan would suggest 

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starting by separating facts. 
From the stories, you tell 

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yourself about those facts. 
Here's what he meant. 

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The fact is that your partner 
was unfaithful, that's it. 

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That's the actual event that 
happened in the world. 

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But then your mind starts adding
layers to this fact. 

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Stories about what it means 
about. 

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You about your worth about your 
future about whether you're 

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attractive enough or interesting
enough or whether you should 

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have seen it coming. 
What do all those additions 

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mean? 
Those aren't facts. 

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These are interpretations and 
interpretations are something 

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you can effectively work with 
this. 

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Does not imply. 
That one should disregard the 

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pain or minimize the 
significance of the trail. 

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The stowitts weren't advocating 
for becoming emotionally numb. 

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They were way too smart for 
that. 

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They understood that pain is a 
natural human response to loss 

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and disappointment, but they 
also understood the difference 

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between pain and suffering pain 
is what happens when something 

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undesirable occurs. 
Suffering occurs, when you take 

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that pain and amplify it with 
narrative about how terrible 

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everything is, how things will 
never improve and how this 

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validates all your deepest fears
about yourself. 

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Marcus, Aurelius used to write 
himself little reminders about 

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this distinction. 
He note that when something 

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unpleasant happened, he had a 
choice. 

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He could experience it as just 
that one unpleasant thing or he 

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could let it contaminate 
everything else in his life. 

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Getting cheated on could be one 
of the worst things that 

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happened or it could prove that 
love is impossible that you're 

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unlovable that you can't trust 
anyone and that you should just 

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get 17 cats and give up on human
relationships. 

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Stoics were all. 
So, surprisingly practical about

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the whole others are going to do
what other people do. 

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Think they weren't naive about 
human nature. 

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Seneca, who lived through some 
pretty dramatic, political times

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and saw plenty of betrayal up 
close to extensively about how 

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people often act out of their 
pain, confusion or weakness 

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rather than out of some 
calculated. 

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Desire to hurt you specifically.
This view doesn't lessen the 

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pain or Justify the Betrayal, 
but it does take you out of the 

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center of someone else's bad 
choices. 

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Maybe your partner cheated, 
because they're going through 

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something, you don't understand,
maybe they cheated because they 

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never learned healthy ways to 
resolve problems in 

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relationships. 
Maybe they cheated because 

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they're fundamentally selfish or
scared or they just make really 

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poor choices when they're 
feeling overwhelmed. 

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These reasons, don't justify the
Betrayal, but they do less in 

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his impact on your humanity. 
And that's vital. 

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There's infidelity can make you 
doubt everything about yourself.

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The stoics would remind you that
someone else's poor choices or 

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information about them, not 
about you. 

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The really revolutionary part of
stoic thinking is how they 

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approach the whole question of 
what you deserve from other 

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people. 
Most of us operate with the 

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underlying assumption that if 
we're good partners loyal loving

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and supportive, then we've 
somehow earned the right to be 

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treated the same way in return. 
The universe owes us 

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faithfulness because we've been 
faithful But the stoics would 

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gently suggest that this entire 
framework is based on a 

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misunderstanding of how the 
world actually works. 

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Even the best partner can be 
betrayed, this isn't due to your

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deservingness or inadequacy, but
rather because individuals 

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possess their own free will 
intricate inner lives and the 

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ability to make Dreadful 
choices. 

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Let's clarify. 
That acceptance does not equate 

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to being a doormat. 
This principle is probably one 

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of the most misunderstood 
aspects of stoic philosophy and 

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it's particularly important when
you're dealing with betrayal. 

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When epic Titus talked about 
accepting, what you cannot 

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control. 
It wasn't suggesting that you 

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should just smile and Nod when 
someone treats you badly. 

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He was emphasizing a more 
practical Point. 

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Resisting reality is a futile 
struggle that depletes your 

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energy and leaves you feeling 
helpless. 

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But how do you accept reality? 
That's actually the first step 

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toward figuring out what you can
do about your situation. 

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Think about it this way? 
As long as you're spending all 

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your mental energy being 
outraged that this thing 

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happened. 
Trying to figure out how to make

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it not happen or spinning. 
Elaborate fantasies about what 

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you should have done differently
to prevent it. 

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You're not available to deal 
with what's actually in front of

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you. 
Right now. 

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You resemble an individual 
standing in the rain, shaking 

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your fist at the clouds and 
insisting that they see being 

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wet rather than seeking shelter,
or obtaining an umbrella. 

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The stoics understood that 
acceptance is actually a form of

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power. 
When you accept that your 

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partner cheated, not that it was
okay, not that. 

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You have to like it, but simply 
that it happened and you can't 

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change. 
The fact that it happened. 

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Suddenly you free up, all, that 
energy, you were using to fight 

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reality. 
And now you can use that energy 

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for something useful, like, 
figuring out what you want to do

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next. 
This is where the stoic approach

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gets intriguing because they 
were big Believers and focusing 

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on the future rather than the 
past. 

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Markus cereal used to remind 
himself that he couldn't change 

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what happened yesterday, but he 
had complete control over what 

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he chose to do today. 
And when you're dealing with 

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infidelity, this perspective can
be liberating. 

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You can't make your partner, not
have cheated, but you can decide

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whether you want to try to work 
things out. 

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Or in the relationship, you 
can't control whether they'll be

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in the future. 
But you can decide what your 

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boundaries are and what you're 
willing to accept going forward.

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You can't erase the hurt and 
betrayal your feeling. 

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But you can choose how to 
process your feelings and what 

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to learn about yourself and your
relationships. 

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Stoics were all. 
So, remarkably practical about 

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the whole forgiveness question. 
They didn't think you owed. 

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Anyone, forgiveness, the 
specially not on someone else's 

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timeline, but they did 
understand that carrying around 

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anger and resentment is 
exhausting and ultimately 

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self-destructive. 
Seneca wrote about how anger is 

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like, picking up a hot cold to 
throw at someone else. 

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You're the one who receives 
burned. 

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This doesn't mean, you have to 
forgive and forget and pretend 

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nothing happened. 
It means that at some point, for

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your own well-being, you might 
choose to let go of the anger, 

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not because the person who hurt,
you deserves it but because you 

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deserve to not carry around that
burden anymore. 

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It's less about them and more 
about you reclaiming, your peace

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of mind, the ancient stoics all 
so had some Modern insights 

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about self-worth. 
They understood that basing, 

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your sense of value on how other
people treat you is essentially 

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giving other people control over
your emotional well-being. 

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If you're worth depends on your 
partner being faithful, then 

238
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their infidelity doesn't just 
betray the relationship. 

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It attacks, your fundamental 
sense of self. 

240
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But what if you're worth was 
based on something more stable? 

241
00:11:49,900 --> 00:11:53,800
What if it was based on your 
character, your values, your 

242
00:11:53,800 --> 00:11:56,000
choices and your growth as a 
person. 

243
00:11:56,000 --> 00:11:59,700
What if it was based on how you 
treat others, how you handled 

244
00:11:59,700 --> 00:12:01,800
difficulties and how you show up
in the world. 

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These are all things that belong
to you, regardless of what 

246
00:12:06,200 --> 00:12:10,800
anyone else does or doesn't do. 
Katas, who lived as a slave 

247
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before, becoming a philosopher 
understood better than most that

248
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other people might control your 
circumstances, but they could 

249
00:12:16,700 --> 00:12:19,400
not control your character 
unless you let them your 

250
00:12:19,400 --> 00:12:22,500
partner's betrayal, might change
your relationship status but it 

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00:12:22,500 --> 00:12:25,400
doesn't have to change who you 
are, or what your capable of or 

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what you deserve in life. 
Here's something the stoics 

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00:12:28,100 --> 00:12:29,800
understood that we're still 
figuring out today. 

254
00:12:30,600 --> 00:12:33,000
Emotions are a lot more like 
weather than we usually admit 

255
00:12:33,000 --> 00:12:37,200
emotions, fluctuate and 
frequency, and intensity, and 

256
00:12:37,200 --> 00:12:40,200
attempting, Direct Control is 
akin to attempting to Halt, the 

257
00:12:40,200 --> 00:12:42,300
rain. 
Just as you can learn to read 

258
00:12:42,300 --> 00:12:44,300
weather patterns and prepare for
storms. 

259
00:12:44,300 --> 00:12:46,500
You can also learn to work with 
your emotions. 

260
00:12:46,500 --> 00:12:50,700
Instead of being completely at 
their Mercy, When you first 

261
00:12:50,700 --> 00:12:53,700
discover infidelity, the 
emotional storm is usually 

262
00:12:53,700 --> 00:12:56,300
pretty intense. 
You might feel angry one minute 

263
00:12:56,300 --> 00:12:59,100
devastated, the next, then maybe
numb and Furious again. 

264
00:12:59,800 --> 00:13:02,300
If you're anything like most 
people, you probably also feel 

265
00:13:02,300 --> 00:13:04,200
guilty about feeling so many 
different things. 

266
00:13:05,100 --> 00:13:07,300
Shouldn't you just be angry or 
just be sad? 

267
00:13:08,100 --> 00:13:10,500
while you cycling through 
emotions, like you're trying on 

268
00:13:10,508 --> 00:13:13,700
different outfits, The stoics 
would tell you that this 

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00:13:13,700 --> 00:13:16,900
emotional chaos is completely 
normal and actually kind of 

270
00:13:16,900 --> 00:13:20,500
useful information epic Titus 
taught that emotions are 

271
00:13:20,500 --> 00:13:22,600
signals. 
They tell you something about 

272
00:13:22,600 --> 00:13:25,800
how you're interpreting, what's 
happening to you, your anger 

273
00:13:25,800 --> 00:13:28,300
might be telling you that an 
important boundary was crossed 

274
00:13:28,300 --> 00:13:30,900
your sadness. 
Might be telling you that you've

275
00:13:30,900 --> 00:13:32,300
lost something that matters to 
you. 

276
00:13:32,300 --> 00:13:35,100
Your fear might be telling you 
that you're worried about, what 

277
00:13:35,100 --> 00:13:38,000
comes next? 
None of these emotions are wrong

278
00:13:38,000 --> 00:13:41,200
or bad. 
They're just information, the 

279
00:13:41,200 --> 00:13:43,400
issue arises. 
When you either, let them make 

280
00:13:43,400 --> 00:13:45,200
all your decisions or try to 
shut them down. 

281
00:13:46,200 --> 00:13:49,100
The stomach is more like being a
weather forecaster for your own 

282
00:13:49,100 --> 00:13:51,400
inner climate. 
You observe what's happening, 

283
00:13:51,400 --> 00:13:54,900
you acknowledge it and then you 
make conscious choices about how

284
00:13:54,900 --> 00:13:58,200
you want to respond Marcus. 
Aurelius used to practice, this 

285
00:13:58,200 --> 00:14:01,300
kind of emotional observation, 
he'd notice when he was feeling 

286
00:14:01,300 --> 00:14:04,600
frustrated or disappointed or 
hurt and instead of immediately 

287
00:14:04,600 --> 00:14:07,700
reacting he'd pause and ask 
himself what story he was 

288
00:14:07,700 --> 00:14:11,100
telling about the situation. 
Was he making it worse by adding

289
00:14:11,100 --> 00:14:14,400
layers of interpretation? 
Was he catastrophizing about the

290
00:14:14,400 --> 00:14:16,500
future? 
Was he taking someone else's 

291
00:14:16,500 --> 00:14:20,000
Behavior more personally than he
needed to such Behavior. 

292
00:14:20,000 --> 00:14:22,200
Doesn't mean you should talk 
yourself out of legitimate 

293
00:14:22,200 --> 00:14:24,100
feelings and someone betrays 
you. 

294
00:14:24,100 --> 00:14:26,400
It's understandable to feel hurt
and angry. 

295
00:14:26,400 --> 00:14:29,900
But there's a difference between
feeling hurt and angry and 

296
00:14:29,900 --> 00:14:32,900
deciding that being hurt and 
angry means your life is ruined,

297
00:14:32,900 --> 00:14:36,200
and you'll never be happy again.
And you should probably start 

298
00:14:36,200 --> 00:14:39,900
collecting ceramic cats and 
become suspicious of everyone 

299
00:14:39,900 --> 00:14:41,300
you meet for the rest of your 
life. 

300
00:14:42,200 --> 00:14:45,300
The stoics were particularly 
Adept at distinguishing between 

301
00:14:45,300 --> 00:14:48,700
what they called First 
Impressions and judgments. 

302
00:14:49,500 --> 00:14:52,000
Your first impression when you 
discover in Fidelity, might be 

303
00:14:52,000 --> 00:14:54,400
something like this is terrible 
and painful. 

304
00:14:54,400 --> 00:14:56,800
That's a pretty accurate for 
first impression. 

305
00:14:57,600 --> 00:14:59,200
But then your mind might add 
judgments. 

306
00:14:59,200 --> 00:15:03,300
Like this means I'm not lovable 
or this proves that all the 

307
00:15:03,300 --> 00:15:07,300
relationships are doomed, or I 
should have known better, those 

308
00:15:07,300 --> 00:15:09,000
judgments are where you have 
some choice. 

309
00:15:09,800 --> 00:15:13,600
You can examine them question 
them and decide whether they're 

310
00:15:13,600 --> 00:15:17,000
actually beneficial or true. 
Maybe the Betrayal does indicate

311
00:15:17,000 --> 00:15:19,000
some problems with this 
particular relationship. 

312
00:15:19,000 --> 00:15:22,500
But does it really proved that 
all relationships are doomed? 

313
00:15:22,500 --> 00:15:26,100
You may wish you had seen some 
red flags, but does that mean 

314
00:15:26,100 --> 00:15:29,000
you should have known better or 
just that your partner got good 

315
00:15:29,000 --> 00:15:32,800
at hiding things. 
Seneca wrote about this process 

316
00:15:32,800 --> 00:15:35,000
as being like a judge in your 
own mental Court. 

317
00:15:35,000 --> 00:15:37,800
You can listen to all the 
different arguments your mind, 

318
00:15:37,800 --> 00:15:41,100
presents the prosecutor who 
insists that this proves your 

319
00:15:41,100 --> 00:15:44,200
fundamentally flawed, the 
defense attorney who argues 

320
00:15:44,200 --> 00:15:46,000
that. 
None of this is your fault and 

321
00:15:46,000 --> 00:15:48,900
the witness who just wants to go
over every detail again and 

322
00:15:48,900 --> 00:15:52,600
again, but ultimately you get to
decide which arguments are 

323
00:15:52,600 --> 00:15:55,600
convincing and which ones are 
just your pain and fear talks. 

324
00:15:56,400 --> 00:15:58,800
This stoic approach. 
Truly liberates, You by 

325
00:15:58,800 --> 00:16:01,100
restoring your control, over 
your emotional life. 

326
00:16:01,100 --> 00:16:04,500
You're not just a victim of 
whatever feelings happen to wash

327
00:16:04,500 --> 00:16:06,100
over. 
You, you're an active 

328
00:16:06,100 --> 00:16:09,600
participant in deciding what 
these feelings mean and how much

329
00:16:09,600 --> 00:16:12,200
power you want to exercise them,
over your choices. 

330
00:16:12,200 --> 00:16:15,500
You know, what's weird about 
major life crises, they have 

331
00:16:15,508 --> 00:16:18,000
this uncomfortable way of 
showing you who you actually are

332
00:16:18,000 --> 00:16:19,500
underneath all the roles you 
play. 

333
00:16:19,500 --> 00:16:23,100
And the image, you try to 
maintain when your world becomes

334
00:16:23,100 --> 00:16:25,900
turned upside down by betrayal, 
all your usual coping, 

335
00:16:25,900 --> 00:16:29,400
mechanisms and social masks tend
to fall away and you're left 

336
00:16:29,408 --> 00:16:31,500
face to face with your raw, 
unfiltered self. 

337
00:16:32,500 --> 00:16:35,500
The stoics actually thought that
such vulnerability was one of 

338
00:16:35,500 --> 00:16:37,300
the most valuable things about 
difficult. 

339
00:16:37,300 --> 00:16:41,300
Experience is Epic Titus used to
tell his students that every 

340
00:16:41,300 --> 00:16:43,500
challenge was an opportunity to 
practice virtue. 

341
00:16:43,500 --> 00:16:47,200
He did this not in a preach, 
your sanctimonious manner, but 

342
00:16:47,200 --> 00:16:51,200
rather in a practical sense When
everything is going well, it's 

343
00:16:51,200 --> 00:16:54,200
easy to think your patient for 
giving resilient and wise. 

344
00:16:54,200 --> 00:16:58,000
But when someone you love 
betrays, you thats, when you 

345
00:16:58,000 --> 00:17:01,000
find out what you're actually 
made of and more importantly, 

346
00:17:01,000 --> 00:17:05,099
that's when you begin to decide 
who you want to become The stoic

347
00:17:05,099 --> 00:17:10,400
identified, four main virtues, 
wisdom Justice, courage and 

348
00:17:10,400 --> 00:17:13,400
Temperance. 
These were abstract ideals 

349
00:17:13,400 --> 00:17:15,400
floating around in some 
philosophical Cloud. 

350
00:17:15,400 --> 00:17:18,099
They were practical skills. 
You could develop through 

351
00:17:18,099 --> 00:17:21,599
practice especially during 
difficult times dealing with 

352
00:17:21,599 --> 00:17:23,400
infidelity. 
It turns out provides your 

353
00:17:23,407 --> 00:17:25,000
opportunities to practice all 
four. 

354
00:17:26,000 --> 00:17:29,200
Wisdom involves seeing 
situations clearly without the 

355
00:17:29,200 --> 00:17:31,900
Distortion of wishful thinking 
or catastrophic fear. 

356
00:17:32,700 --> 00:17:35,900
When you've experienced 
infidelity wisdom requires you 

357
00:17:35,900 --> 00:17:38,700
to be truthful about the events 
without exaggerating or 

358
00:17:38,700 --> 00:17:42,000
downplaying them, it means 
recognizing the difference 

359
00:17:42,000 --> 00:17:43,400
between what, you know, for 
sure. 

360
00:17:43,400 --> 00:17:46,500
And what you're assuming, it 
means acknowledging your 

361
00:17:46,500 --> 00:17:49,200
feelings without letting them 
completely Cloud your judgment. 

362
00:17:50,100 --> 00:17:53,900
Justice in the stoic sense. 
Wasn't about revenge or 

363
00:17:53,900 --> 00:17:55,400
punishment. 
It was about. 

364
00:17:55,400 --> 00:17:58,900
Treating people, fairly 
including yourself, Justice 

365
00:17:58,900 --> 00:18:00,600
Means. 
Holding your partner accountable

366
00:18:00,600 --> 00:18:02,900
for their choices without 
turning them into a cartoon 

367
00:18:02,900 --> 00:18:05,100
villain. 
It means protecting yourself 

368
00:18:05,100 --> 00:18:08,500
from further harm, without 
unnecessarily, inflicting it on 

369
00:18:08,500 --> 00:18:10,600
others. 
It means being fair to yourself 

370
00:18:10,600 --> 00:18:13,100
about what you deserve and what 
you're willing to accept. 

371
00:18:13,900 --> 00:18:16,800
Courage, doesn't just mean being
brave in the face of physical 

372
00:18:16,800 --> 00:18:19,000
danger. 
It means being willing to face 

373
00:18:19,000 --> 00:18:22,500
difficult truths to have hard 
conversations and to make 

374
00:18:22,500 --> 00:18:26,700
changes that scare you When you 
discover infidelity courage, 

375
00:18:26,700 --> 00:18:29,800
might mean confronting your 
partner, even though you're 

376
00:18:29,800 --> 00:18:32,800
afraid of what you might learn. 
It might mean ending a 

377
00:18:32,800 --> 00:18:36,400
relationship, even though you're
terrified of being alone, it may

378
00:18:36,400 --> 00:18:38,700
involve remaining in the 
relationship and striving to 

379
00:18:38,700 --> 00:18:41,700
resolve issues, despite 
uncertainties regarding your 

380
00:18:41,700 --> 00:18:44,500
ability to trust. 
Once more Temperance is about 

381
00:18:44,500 --> 00:18:48,700
moderation and self-control. 
It's probably the most relevant 

382
00:18:48,700 --> 00:18:51,400
virtue when you're dealing with 
the intense emotions that come 

383
00:18:51,400 --> 00:18:54,600
with betrayal Temperance, means 
feeling your anger without 

384
00:18:54,600 --> 00:18:56,600
letting it. 
Consume you, it means 

385
00:18:56,600 --> 00:19:00,200
acknowledging your hurt without 
drowning in self-pity, it 

386
00:19:00,200 --> 00:19:02,800
involves taking care of yourself
without completely shutting 

387
00:19:02,800 --> 00:19:04,700
down, or going completely out of
control. 

388
00:19:04,700 --> 00:19:08,200
Marcus, Aurelius used to write 
about how every difficult 

389
00:19:08,200 --> 00:19:10,700
situation was like a training 
ground for these virtues. 

390
00:19:10,700 --> 00:19:13,600
He'd remind himself that he 
couldn't control what other 

391
00:19:13,600 --> 00:19:16,400
people did, but he could control
whether he responded with 

392
00:19:16,400 --> 00:19:19,500
wisdom, Justice, courage, and 
Temperance. 

393
00:19:19,500 --> 00:19:22,700
And the more he practiced these 
responses the stronger. 

394
00:19:22,700 --> 00:19:26,100
His qualities became This 
perspective can be incredibly 

395
00:19:26,100 --> 00:19:29,200
empowering when you're dealing 
with infidelity rather than 

396
00:19:29,200 --> 00:19:31,500
viewing yourself. 
As merely a victim of someone 

397
00:19:31,500 --> 00:19:34,300
else's poor decisions, you can 
perceive yourself as an 

398
00:19:34,300 --> 00:19:37,300
individual undergoing, a 
comprehensive education in 

399
00:19:37,300 --> 00:19:40,500
essential life skills. 
Your learning, how to maintain 

400
00:19:40,500 --> 00:19:43,200
your integrity under pressure. 
Your learning how to make 

401
00:19:43,200 --> 00:19:45,400
difficult decisions with 
incomplete information. 

402
00:19:45,400 --> 00:19:48,800
Your learning how to take care 
of yourself while still treating

403
00:19:48,800 --> 00:19:53,500
others with basic human decency.
Stoics also recognized that 

404
00:19:53,500 --> 00:19:56,300
character development involves 
more than just persevering 

405
00:19:56,300 --> 00:19:59,200
through challenging times. 
It's about consciously choosing 

406
00:19:59,200 --> 00:20:02,500
to use those challenging times 
as opportunities to become the 

407
00:20:02,500 --> 00:20:05,900
kind of person you want to be. 
Every time you choose to respond

408
00:20:05,900 --> 00:20:08,500
thoughtfully, instead of just 
reacting emotionally, you're 

409
00:20:08,500 --> 00:20:11,100
strengthening your capacity for 
thoughtful responses. 

410
00:20:12,100 --> 00:20:15,700
Every time you choose self-care 
over self-destruction, you're 

411
00:20:15,700 --> 00:20:17,600
building your ability to take 
care of yourself. 

412
00:20:17,600 --> 00:20:20,800
This doesn't mean you have to be
perfect or that you won't make 

413
00:20:20,800 --> 00:20:23,000
mistakes. 
The stoics were compassionate 

414
00:20:23,000 --> 00:20:26,200
about human imperfection, they 
understood that developing 

415
00:20:26,200 --> 00:20:28,000
wisdom. 
And virtue is a lifelong process

416
00:20:28,000 --> 00:20:31,100
and that set backs and failures 
are part of that process. 

417
00:20:31,900 --> 00:20:35,200
What matters isn't being 
Flawless, it's been committed to

418
00:20:35,200 --> 00:20:37,600
learning and growing from what 
ever life throws at you. 

419
00:20:37,600 --> 00:20:41,800
There's something almost magical
about perspective how the same 

420
00:20:41,800 --> 00:20:45,000
situation can look completely 
different, depending on how far 

421
00:20:45,000 --> 00:20:48,300
back you step and how much of 
the bigger picture you can see. 

422
00:20:49,300 --> 00:20:53,300
the ancient stoics were masters 
of this kind of mental out, and 

423
00:20:53,300 --> 00:20:55,600
they applied it to everything, 
including heartbreak and 

424
00:20:55,600 --> 00:20:59,400
betrayal, Marcus, Riley, that 
plenty of experience, with both 

425
00:20:59,400 --> 00:21:02,500
personal loss and the broader 
challenges of human existence 

426
00:21:02,500 --> 00:21:07,200
used to practice, what we might 
call, the view from above He'd 

427
00:21:07,200 --> 00:21:09,000
imagined looking at his problems
from a great height. 

428
00:21:09,700 --> 00:21:13,600
First from a city, then from 
high above the Earth and 

429
00:21:13,600 --> 00:21:18,000
finally, from the perspective of
years decades or even centuries.

430
00:21:18,900 --> 00:21:22,600
He aimed to contextualize his 
problems, not to downplay his 

431
00:21:22,600 --> 00:21:24,400
pain, or deny their 
significance. 

432
00:21:25,200 --> 00:21:27,500
When you're in the immediate 
aftermath of discovering and 

433
00:21:27,500 --> 00:21:31,800
Fidelity, Everything feels 
enormous and permanent the hurt 

434
00:21:31,800 --> 00:21:35,400
feels like it will never end the
anger feels Justified and 

435
00:21:35,400 --> 00:21:37,400
necessary. 
The whole situation. 

436
00:21:37,400 --> 00:21:40,400
Feels like it defines everything
about your life and your future.

437
00:21:41,600 --> 00:21:44,500
But the stoics would gently 
encourage you to experiment with

438
00:21:44,500 --> 00:21:48,000
different time perspectives. 
What if you imagine looking back

439
00:21:48,000 --> 00:21:50,300
at this situation from five 
years in the future? 

440
00:21:50,300 --> 00:21:54,300
What would matter most you then 
the fact that this painful thing

441
00:21:54,300 --> 00:21:57,600
happened or how you chose to 
handle it, what would you want 

442
00:21:57,600 --> 00:22:00,200
to tell your current self about 
getting through this period? 

443
00:22:01,000 --> 00:22:03,500
What would you be proud of 
yourself for doing or not doing?

444
00:22:04,200 --> 00:22:07,200
What if you zoomed out even 
further in the view from the end

445
00:22:07,200 --> 00:22:09,400
of your life? 
When you're old and looking 

446
00:22:09,400 --> 00:22:12,000
back, how much of your life 
story will this betrayal, take 

447
00:22:12,000 --> 00:22:14,100
up what other chapters will 
there be? 

448
00:22:14,100 --> 00:22:17,100
What will you have learned? 
How will this difficult 

449
00:22:17,100 --> 00:22:19,500
experience of contributed to 
your growth as a person? 

450
00:22:20,300 --> 00:22:22,900
This isn't about minimizing the 
Real Pain you're experiencing 

451
00:22:22,900 --> 00:22:25,600
right now. 
It's about remembering that this

452
00:22:25,600 --> 00:22:27,800
moment. 
However, intense and 

453
00:22:27,800 --> 00:22:31,300
overwhelming, it feels is just 
one in a much larger life. 

454
00:22:32,700 --> 00:22:34,700
The stoics understood that we 
suffer more. 

455
00:22:34,700 --> 00:22:38,000
When we lose perspective, when 
we let one painful experience 

456
00:22:38,000 --> 00:22:39,900
Eclipse, everything else about 
our existence. 

457
00:22:39,900 --> 00:22:43,800
Seneca wrote extensively about 
the temporary nature of all 

458
00:22:43,800 --> 00:22:46,200
human experiences, both good and
bad. 

459
00:22:46,200 --> 00:22:49,400
He'd remind himself that periods
of Happiness, don't last forever

460
00:22:49,400 --> 00:22:53,600
but neither do periods of pain, 
everything passes, Everything 

461
00:22:53,600 --> 00:22:56,300
Changes. 
The acute Agony. 

462
00:22:56,300 --> 00:22:59,200
You feel right after discovering
betrayal will not feel the same 

463
00:22:59,200 --> 00:23:01,900
six months from now. 
Even if the situation hasn't 

464
00:23:01,900 --> 00:23:05,200
resulted completely, the stoics 
also had a sophisticated 

465
00:23:05,200 --> 00:23:07,600
understanding of how 
relationships work over time. 

466
00:23:07,600 --> 00:23:10,900
They understood that people 
change that love itself, 

467
00:23:10,900 --> 00:23:13,000
changes. 
And that expecting any 

468
00:23:13,000 --> 00:23:16,600
relationship to remain exactly 
the same forever is unrealistic.

469
00:23:17,500 --> 00:23:20,600
This understanding doesn't 
excuse, betrayal or suggest that

470
00:23:20,600 --> 00:23:23,500
you should accept poor 
treatment, but it does suggest 

471
00:23:23,500 --> 00:23:25,100
that maybe some of our suffering
around. 

472
00:23:25,100 --> 00:23:29,000
Relationship problems comes from
unrealistic expectations about 

473
00:23:29,000 --> 00:23:32,800
permanence and control. 
Consider this, you're likely not

474
00:23:32,800 --> 00:23:34,900
the same individual. 
You were at the onset of your 

475
00:23:34,900 --> 00:23:37,700
relationship. 
You've grown changed. 

476
00:23:37,700 --> 00:23:41,700
Learned new things developed, 
new interests, and maybe even 

477
00:23:41,700 --> 00:23:45,000
discovered parts of yourself. 
You didn't know existed, your 

478
00:23:45,000 --> 00:23:46,600
partner has probably changed 
too. 

479
00:23:46,600 --> 00:23:50,200
Sometimes people change 
incompatible ways and sometimes 

480
00:23:50,200 --> 00:23:53,400
they don't Sometimes people 
change in ways that make them 

481
00:23:53,400 --> 00:23:56,500
better partners and sometimes 
they change in ways that make 

482
00:23:56,500 --> 00:24:00,200
them worse Partners, the stoic 
approach would be to acknowledge

483
00:24:00,200 --> 00:24:02,400
these changes without 
necessarily taking them 

484
00:24:02,400 --> 00:24:04,600
personally. 
It is possible that your 

485
00:24:04,600 --> 00:24:06,700
partner's infidelity reflects 
changes. 

486
00:24:06,700 --> 00:24:09,000
They have undergone or 
challenges, they are facing 

487
00:24:09,900 --> 00:24:12,200
Maybe it says something about 
problems in your relationship 

488
00:24:12,200 --> 00:24:14,500
that neither of you knew how to 
address directly. 

489
00:24:14,500 --> 00:24:18,000
Maybe it doesn't say anything 
particularly meaningful about 

490
00:24:18,000 --> 00:24:20,200
you. 
At all, this perspective can be 

491
00:24:20,200 --> 00:24:23,200
oddly freeing. 
Review, the Betrayal is 

492
00:24:23,200 --> 00:24:26,100
information about where things 
stand right now, rather than as 

493
00:24:26,100 --> 00:24:29,500
proof of some fundamental flaw 
in your self your relationship 

494
00:24:29,500 --> 00:24:33,500
or love in general. 
And right now is just one point,

495
00:24:33,500 --> 00:24:36,400
not a permanent verdict on your 
worth, or your future. 

496
00:24:37,500 --> 00:24:40,300
The stoics were also realistic 
about the fact that some 

497
00:24:40,300 --> 00:24:42,100
relationships simply run their 
course. 

498
00:24:42,100 --> 00:24:45,500
It's not because someone 
committed a heinous act or love 

499
00:24:45,500 --> 00:24:48,300
faltered, but rather, because 
individuals and situations 

500
00:24:48,300 --> 00:24:51,700
undergo Transformations that 
render the continuation of a 

501
00:24:51,700 --> 00:24:54,500
relationship more detrimental 
than beneficial sometimes 

502
00:24:54,500 --> 00:24:57,200
betrayal, is a symptom of a 
relationship that has already 

503
00:24:57,200 --> 00:25:00,500
ended emotionally, even if 
nobody has been willing to admit

504
00:25:00,500 --> 00:25:03,200
it yet, you may think the 
ancient stoics had useful 

505
00:25:03,200 --> 00:25:06,000
insights on betrayal. 
But you may also wonder how to 

506
00:25:06,000 --> 00:25:07,300
apply this to your own 
situation. 

507
00:25:08,500 --> 00:25:11,400
The beautiful thing about stoic 
philosophy is that it was always

508
00:25:11,400 --> 00:25:14,500
meant to be practical, not just 
intellectual ideas to 

509
00:25:14,500 --> 00:25:18,800
contemplate but actual technique
you can use in daily life. the 

510
00:25:18,800 --> 00:25:21,600
stoics developed what they 
called spiritual exercise is 

511
00:25:21,600 --> 00:25:25,000
regular practices, designed to 
train your mind the same way, 

512
00:25:25,000 --> 00:25:28,300
you might train your body, These
work religious, or mystical 

513
00:25:28,300 --> 00:25:31,400
practices but practical mental 
habits that could help you 

514
00:25:31,400 --> 00:25:35,000
respond to difficult situations 
with more wisdom, courage, and 

515
00:25:35,000 --> 00:25:37,600
peace of mind. 
One of the most fundamental 

516
00:25:37,600 --> 00:25:41,200
practices is what epic Titus 
call the dichotomy of control 

517
00:25:41,200 --> 00:25:43,500
every morning. 
Or whenever you're feeling 

518
00:25:43,500 --> 00:25:46,800
overwhelmed, you can take a few 
minutes to sort your concerns 

519
00:25:46,800 --> 00:25:50,000
into two categories. 
Things you can control and 

520
00:25:50,000 --> 00:25:52,900
things, you can't control. 
When you're dealing with 

521
00:25:52,900 --> 00:25:56,200
infidelity, your approach might 
look like acknowledging that you

522
00:25:56,208 --> 00:25:59,200
can't control what your partner 
did, what they're feeling now, 

523
00:25:59,200 --> 00:26:02,800
or what, they'll choose to do in
the future, but you can choose 

524
00:26:02,800 --> 00:26:05,400
how to care for yourself set, 
boundaries Converse and 

525
00:26:05,400 --> 00:26:08,600
interpret events. 
Another useful practice is what 

526
00:26:08,600 --> 00:26:12,300
Marcus Aurelius called, 
objective representation, trying

527
00:26:12,300 --> 00:26:14,300
to see situations as clearly as 
possible. 

528
00:26:14,300 --> 00:26:17,300
Without the emotional coloring 
that can make everything seem 

529
00:26:17,300 --> 00:26:20,500
worse than it actually is. 
Instead of thinking my life is 

530
00:26:20,500 --> 00:26:23,100
ruined, you might practice 
thinking, my partner was 

531
00:26:23,100 --> 00:26:25,800
unfaithful and I'm feeling hurt 
and angry about it. 

532
00:26:25,800 --> 00:26:29,300
Instead of saying I'll never be 
able to trust anyone. 

533
00:26:29,300 --> 00:26:32,700
Again, you might think right 
now, I'm having trouble trusting

534
00:26:32,700 --> 00:26:35,900
and that makes sense. 
Given what I've just learned the

535
00:26:35,900 --> 00:26:38,500
stoics also practice something. 
We might call negative 

536
00:26:38,500 --> 00:26:42,100
visualization, not to make 
themselves miserable, but to 

537
00:26:42,100 --> 00:26:45,800
build resilience and gratitude, 
Imagine what it would be like if

538
00:26:45,800 --> 00:26:49,000
the relationship ended 
completely instead of persuading

539
00:26:49,000 --> 00:26:52,100
yourself that the relationship 
should end, you should reassure 

540
00:26:52,100 --> 00:26:54,100
yourself that you could endure 
it, if it did. 

541
00:26:55,100 --> 00:26:58,400
Offer when we are terrified of a
particular outcome, half of our 

542
00:26:58,400 --> 00:27:01,100
suffering comes from the fear 
itself rather than the actual 

543
00:27:01,100 --> 00:27:04,200
situation. 
Seneca recommended keeping what 

544
00:27:04,200 --> 00:27:07,800
he called a philosophical 
Journal, a regular practice of 

545
00:27:07,800 --> 00:27:10,400
writing about your experiences 
and examining your thoughts and 

546
00:27:10,400 --> 00:27:12,600
reactions. 
When you're dealing with 

547
00:27:12,608 --> 00:27:16,200
betrayal writing, can help you 
sort through the complicated mix

548
00:27:16,200 --> 00:27:18,900
of feelings and thoughts that 
tend to swirl around in your 

549
00:27:18,908 --> 00:27:20,900
head. 
You might write about what 

550
00:27:20,900 --> 00:27:24,500
happened, how you're feeling, 
what you're afraid of what 

551
00:27:24,500 --> 00:27:26,800
you're learning, and what you 
want to do next? 

552
00:27:27,800 --> 00:27:30,500
The key to all of these 
practices is consistency, rather

553
00:27:30,500 --> 00:27:34,400
than Perfection you don't have 
to become a perfectly wise, calm

554
00:27:34,400 --> 00:27:37,300
rational person overnight, you 
just have to be willing to 

555
00:27:37,300 --> 00:27:40,500
practice responding thoughtfully
rather than just reacting 

556
00:27:40,500 --> 00:27:42,900
emotionally. 
And every time you choose to 

557
00:27:42,900 --> 00:27:46,300
pause and think before you act, 
every time you focus on what you

558
00:27:46,300 --> 00:27:49,500
can control rather than what you
can't and every time you treat 

559
00:27:49,500 --> 00:27:52,300
yourself and others with basic 
decent, see despite being hurt 

560
00:27:52,300 --> 00:27:56,500
your strengthening, those mental
muscles, the ancient stoics, 

561
00:27:56,500 --> 00:27:59,000
understood something that we 
sometimes forget in our modern 

562
00:27:59,000 --> 00:28:02,200
world, wisdom, isn't something 
you either have or don't have. 

563
00:28:02,200 --> 00:28:05,200
It's something you develop 
through practice, especially 

564
00:28:05,200 --> 00:28:08,300
through practicing during 
difficult times, your current 

565
00:28:08,300 --> 00:28:11,600
situation painful as it is, is 
actually an opportunity to 

566
00:28:11,600 --> 00:28:13,700
develop some of the most 
valuable life skills. 

567
00:28:13,700 --> 00:28:17,400
There are The ability to stay 
grounded during a crisis, to 

568
00:28:17,400 --> 00:28:19,900
make good decisions Under 
Pressure to maintain your 

569
00:28:19,900 --> 00:28:22,200
integrity. 
When you've been wronged and to 

570
00:28:22,200 --> 00:28:24,000
take care of yourself while 
still treating others. 

571
00:28:24,000 --> 00:28:27,300
With compassion these skills 
will serve you well beyond your 

572
00:28:27,300 --> 00:28:30,600
current relationship drama, 
they'll help you navigate future

573
00:28:30,600 --> 00:28:32,700
challenges with more confidence 
and less suffering. 

574
00:28:32,700 --> 00:28:35,700
They'll help you build better 
relationships because you'll 

575
00:28:35,700 --> 00:28:38,200
know better what you need and 
what you're willing to give. 

576
00:28:38,200 --> 00:28:41,700
They will assist you in 
cultivating self-trust as you 

577
00:28:41,708 --> 00:28:44,600
will recognize your ability to 
manage whatever challenges life 

578
00:28:44,600 --> 00:28:47,200
presents. 
The stoics believed that the 

579
00:28:47,200 --> 00:28:49,900
goal of philosophy wasn't to 
eliminate all problems from 

580
00:28:49,900 --> 00:28:52,200
life. 
That would be impossible and 

581
00:28:52,200 --> 00:28:55,500
probably boring anywhere. 
The goal was to develop the 

582
00:28:55,500 --> 00:28:58,100
inner resources to meet whatever
problems arise with wisdom, 

583
00:28:58,100 --> 00:29:01,300
courage, and Grace. 
In that sense, dealing with 

584
00:29:01,300 --> 00:29:03,500
betrayal isn't just about 
getting through a difficult 

585
00:29:03,500 --> 00:29:05,500
time. 
It's about becoming the kind of 

586
00:29:05,500 --> 00:29:08,600
person who can get through 
difficult times and maybe even 

587
00:29:08,600 --> 00:29:13,800
grow stronger in the process. 
So as you drift deeper into 

588
00:29:13,800 --> 00:29:17,000
sleep friends, remember that 
anything can happen in life, 

589
00:29:17,000 --> 00:29:19,200
always be prepared for what's to
come. 

590
00:29:19,200 --> 00:29:22,000
If you are still struggling to 
snooze, don't worry. 

591
00:29:22,000 --> 00:29:24,800
I have some other stories placed
here accordingly to help you 

592
00:29:24,800 --> 00:29:28,500
rest if you're still awake sweet
dreams and as always sleep tight

593
00:29:28,500 --> 00:29:39,900
and good night. 
Oda Nobunaga arrived in 1534 in 

594
00:29:39,900 --> 00:29:43,300
the unmetal province of owari, 
amid a period in Japan. 

595
00:29:43,300 --> 00:29:46,200
Now remembered for Endless 
conflicts and rapidly shifting 

596
00:29:46,200 --> 00:29:49,500
feudal. 
Allegiances his father Odin. 

597
00:29:49,500 --> 00:29:52,600
No behida was a minor warlord 
grappling with clan in fighting 

598
00:29:52,600 --> 00:29:56,400
local skirmishes and the 
Perpetual risk of larger armies 

599
00:29:56,400 --> 00:29:59,100
from neighboring. 
Provinces there was no guarantee

600
00:29:59,100 --> 00:30:02,400
that the infant Nobunaga would 
transform, the realm families, 

601
00:30:02,400 --> 00:30:06,200
fought alliances crumbled, a new
leaders emerged overnight. 

602
00:30:07,000 --> 00:30:10,700
Yet from the Vantage of time, 
it's clear he planted seeds, 

603
00:30:10,700 --> 00:30:14,100
that would remake Japan. 
Early records, describe a young 

604
00:30:14,100 --> 00:30:18,300
Nobunaga as unruly. 
He spurned, formalities wearing 

605
00:30:18,300 --> 00:30:22,100
outlandish, clothings arriving 
late to Solomon ceremony and 

606
00:30:22,100 --> 00:30:25,400
generally annoying Clan Elders. 
They label him full Hardy or 

607
00:30:25,400 --> 00:30:27,200
even in an embarrassment to the 
odor name. 

608
00:30:28,500 --> 00:30:31,200
But behind that facade of 
flamboyance looked to creative 

609
00:30:31,200 --> 00:30:34,200
mind hungry for novelty. 
He tinkered with foreign 

610
00:30:34,200 --> 00:30:38,400
trinkets asked probing questions
about strategy and displayed a 

611
00:30:38,400 --> 00:30:40,100
knack for analyzing rival 
movements. 

612
00:30:40,900 --> 00:30:44,300
Teachers who try to tame him, 
rarely succeeded yet, they 

613
00:30:44,300 --> 00:30:47,400
noticed flashes of Brilliance 
like the time, he walked the 

614
00:30:47,400 --> 00:30:51,100
perimeter of his father's Castle
pointing out weaknesses and gait

615
00:30:51,100 --> 00:30:54,600
design that grown Samurai 
overlooked, his father's death 

616
00:30:54,600 --> 00:30:58,300
in the 1551 thrust. 
This untested youth into sudden,

617
00:30:58,300 --> 00:31:01,900
prominence instantly, the odor, 
Clan fractured uncle's, 

618
00:31:01,900 --> 00:31:04,500
half-brothers and distant 
cousins jostled for the top 

619
00:31:04,500 --> 00:31:07,000
seat. 
Conventional wisdom suggested 

620
00:31:07,000 --> 00:31:09,600
that the audacious fool of owari
had little chance. 

621
00:31:10,500 --> 00:31:14,900
But in the swirl of that crisis,
Nobunaga made decisive moves, he

622
00:31:14,900 --> 00:31:17,100
broke up HUD short-term packed 
with key. 

623
00:31:17,100 --> 00:31:20,800
Retainers promised, the new 
lands in swiftly, dismantled the

624
00:31:20,800 --> 00:31:23,300
claims of older relatives, who 
underestimated him. 

625
00:31:23,300 --> 00:31:27,600
Some, he exiled and some, he 
subdued military within two 

626
00:31:27,600 --> 00:31:29,900
years. 
He asserted control over most of

627
00:31:29,900 --> 00:31:32,400
the wari. 
Observers realized he was no 

628
00:31:32,400 --> 00:31:35,100
clown. 
He simply despised the old 

629
00:31:35,100 --> 00:31:37,100
ceremonial style and did things 
his own way. 

630
00:31:37,900 --> 00:31:40,900
Rumor has it that around this 
time, a traveling Merchant 

631
00:31:40,900 --> 00:31:44,200
introduced him to Aki buses. 
Matchlock guns from the West. 

632
00:31:44,200 --> 00:31:47,800
Most Samurai saw these Firearms 
as crude and unworthy 

633
00:31:47,800 --> 00:31:50,700
overshadowed by the Elegance of 
swords and Spears. 

634
00:31:51,600 --> 00:31:54,500
Nobunaga though recognize their 
potential. 

635
00:31:55,600 --> 00:31:58,800
And quietly stockpiled them 
ordering gunsmiths to replicate 

636
00:31:58,800 --> 00:32:01,200
or adapt them. 
He tested them in private 

637
00:32:01,200 --> 00:32:04,500
drills, training foot soldiers 
to Fire and discipline volleys. 

638
00:32:05,200 --> 00:32:08,300
The practice was a departure 
from the sengoku norm which 

639
00:32:08,300 --> 00:32:12,200
romanticized heroic duels. 
He aimed to harness the Synergy 

640
00:32:12,200 --> 00:32:15,000
of the ranks prioritizing 
technology over individual 

641
00:32:15,000 --> 00:32:17,600
bravado. 
Such a notion, didn't spread 

642
00:32:17,600 --> 00:32:20,700
widely yet. 
But the seeds were planted for a

643
00:32:20,700 --> 00:32:23,500
new kind of warfare. 
The first major test of his 

644
00:32:23,500 --> 00:32:27,700
cunning came in 1560. 
When in regards yoshimoto, one 

645
00:32:27,700 --> 00:32:30,900
of the era's, most formidable 
Warlords, led a giant army 

646
00:32:30,900 --> 00:32:34,400
through a warri in route 
Capital, the conventional 

647
00:32:34,400 --> 00:32:36,700
approach would have been for 
smaller clowns to hide in 

648
00:32:36,700 --> 00:32:40,000
fortified castles or attempt 
half-hearted skirmishes. 

649
00:32:40,000 --> 00:32:44,000
But Nobunaga went bold, famously
prayed at a local, Shrine, 

650
00:32:44,000 --> 00:32:47,800
offered sake to his men and then
launched a surprise attack at 

651
00:32:47,800 --> 00:32:50,900
IKEA hazama. 
The result was astonishing, 

652
00:32:50,900 --> 00:32:56,400
Yoshi Moto's, vast Force, lulled
into overconfidence collapsed 

653
00:32:56,400 --> 00:32:59,300
onto nobunaga's. 
Ambush yoshimoto, himself was 

654
00:32:59,300 --> 00:33:02,300
killed in the confusion. 
This Victory stun, the Japanese 

655
00:33:02,300 --> 00:33:06,900
archipelago a lesser Clan from 
aware under a Brash young Lord, 

656
00:33:06,900 --> 00:33:09,500
and toppled, one of the biggest 
threats in a single day. 

657
00:33:10,500 --> 00:33:13,600
After okehazama smaller, local, 
Warlords. 

658
00:33:13,600 --> 00:33:16,800
Rushed to align with the odor 
Clan or at least sign neutrality

659
00:33:16,800 --> 00:33:19,500
packs. 
Nobunaga's Prestige sword. 

660
00:33:19,500 --> 00:33:23,000
Yet he did not rest. 
He began forging deeper 

661
00:33:23,000 --> 00:33:26,500
connections with merchants in 
nearby free cities establishing 

662
00:33:26,500 --> 00:33:29,900
an economic backbone. 
He sought alliances with key 

663
00:33:29,900 --> 00:33:33,600
figures in meno and only 
provinces using marriages and 

664
00:33:33,600 --> 00:33:37,000
mutual defense packs. 
At the same time, he displayed 

665
00:33:37,000 --> 00:33:40,700
unpredictability punishing 
uncooperative, Lords harshly, 

666
00:33:40,700 --> 00:33:43,800
sacking their castles and 
installing loyal. 

667
00:33:43,800 --> 00:33:48,400
Retainer families in the void. 
Amid these expansions he showed 

668
00:33:48,400 --> 00:33:51,900
an unusual attitude towards 
status traditional samurai 

669
00:33:51,900 --> 00:33:53,900
lineage mattered less to him and
competence. 

670
00:33:54,700 --> 00:33:58,500
If a farmer's son, displayed 
skill nobunny might Elevate him 

671
00:33:58,500 --> 00:34:00,200
to command squads or handle 
taxes. 

672
00:34:00,200 --> 00:34:03,300
The situation on settled old 
Aristocrats who viewed 

673
00:34:03,300 --> 00:34:06,900
inheritance as the Bedrock of 
power Nobunaga cared little for 

674
00:34:06,900 --> 00:34:10,199
their complaints arguing that 
Victory and stability were more 

675
00:34:10,199 --> 00:34:11,900
important than outmoded 
hierarchies. 

676
00:34:11,900 --> 00:34:15,600
This approach gained him Fierce 
loyalty from those who recognize

677
00:34:15,600 --> 00:34:19,500
that Talent was rewarded but it 
also sewed resentment among the 

678
00:34:19,500 --> 00:34:22,199
Old Guard who saw him as an 
iconoclast. 

679
00:34:23,100 --> 00:34:27,800
By the late 1560s Odeon had 
outgrown the label full. 

680
00:34:27,800 --> 00:34:31,100
He was forging a reputation as a
radical risk taker. 

681
00:34:31,100 --> 00:34:35,500
Combining intimidation strategic
alliances and unconventional 

682
00:34:35,500 --> 00:34:38,400
warfare in Council. 
He might appeared dressed, 

683
00:34:38,400 --> 00:34:43,100
simply focusing on substance 
instead of pomp observers were 

684
00:34:43,100 --> 00:34:47,100
recall that in private, he 
studied Maps meticulously 

685
00:34:47,100 --> 00:34:50,600
pondering, how to break the web 
of petty Wars that kept Japan. 

686
00:34:50,600 --> 00:34:54,699
Fractured, no one yet, imagined 
the scale of his ambition, that 

687
00:34:54,699 --> 00:34:58,200
he'd attempt to unify the entire
land, but the signs were there 

688
00:34:58,200 --> 00:35:02,800
in every bold decision, every 
new alliance and every shattered

689
00:35:02,800 --> 00:35:05,800
old tradition, he was on the 
brink of a far more sweeping 

690
00:35:05,800 --> 00:35:08,900
campaign. 
As his influence grew in Ori 

691
00:35:08,900 --> 00:35:12,800
odor, directed his attention, 
towards the neighboring Mino. 

692
00:35:13,500 --> 00:35:16,700
This domain was under the site 
to Clan known for cunning 

693
00:35:16,700 --> 00:35:19,700
leadership, and strong Castle 
defenses, especially the 

694
00:35:19,708 --> 00:35:23,300
imposing, in Albion Castle 
perched, on a steep hill, local,

695
00:35:23,300 --> 00:35:25,900
Warlords, murmured. 
That men was a fortress in 

696
00:35:25,900 --> 00:35:30,100
region not easily subjugated but
Nobunaga believed that if he 

697
00:35:30,100 --> 00:35:33,500
could seize Mino he would secure
a critical foothold on the route

698
00:35:33,500 --> 00:35:37,500
to Kyoto diplomatically. 
He first tried forging a 

699
00:35:37,500 --> 00:35:40,300
connection he arranged for his 
foster daughter to marry. 

700
00:35:40,300 --> 00:35:43,400
The Seto are the Hope was to 
pave a smoother path. 

701
00:35:44,100 --> 00:35:48,100
Yet the Saito patriarch Saito 
dosan died in a familial 

702
00:35:48,100 --> 00:35:50,200
conflict leaving the clan 
leadership. 

703
00:35:50,200 --> 00:35:53,200
In flux, the new Saito head 
refused to yield. 

704
00:35:53,200 --> 00:35:57,700
Nobunaga changed his strategy. 
He recruited refugees from Nino 

705
00:35:57,700 --> 00:35:59,500
who hated the new Saito 
leadership. 

706
00:35:59,500 --> 00:36:02,900
He cleaned Intel about secret 
Mountain paths and alternative 

707
00:36:02,900 --> 00:36:05,800
supply routes. 
He also hammered away at saito's

708
00:36:05,800 --> 00:36:08,400
border fortifications with 
Relentless minor assaults 

709
00:36:08,400 --> 00:36:12,700
wearing them down around this 
period toyotomi hideyoshi and 

710
00:36:12,700 --> 00:36:15,900
unassuming foot soldier with a 
knack for persuasion captured 

711
00:36:15,900 --> 00:36:19,700
nobunaga's attention. 
He broke at local alliances and 

712
00:36:19,700 --> 00:36:22,700
bribed to underlings to 
sabotage, defenses from within 

713
00:36:22,700 --> 00:36:27,600
the infiltration was so 
effective that by 1567 saito's 

714
00:36:27,600 --> 00:36:31,100
lines crumbled, under a 
well-coordinated strike in Abba,

715
00:36:31,100 --> 00:36:34,600
Castle fell and no, Bernardo 
promptly renamed the Fortress 

716
00:36:34,600 --> 00:36:36,800
gifu symbolizing, a fresh 
chapter. 

717
00:36:37,700 --> 00:36:39,800
Ifu Castle. 
Thus became his new base, 

718
00:36:39,800 --> 00:36:43,200
overshadowing. 
A Waris older seat, local Legend

719
00:36:43,200 --> 00:36:45,000
says he pinned a banner reading 
tanker. 

720
00:36:45,000 --> 00:36:49,400
FUBU roughly, meaning, all the 
realm under one sword nordic's 

721
00:36:49,400 --> 00:36:52,000
motto that showcased his 
aspiration to unified Japan. 

722
00:36:52,000 --> 00:36:56,900
Having secured Mino cast his 
Gaze on Kyoto imperial capital 

723
00:36:56,900 --> 00:37:00,800
of lost much of its luster 
battered by Decades of feuding 

724
00:37:00,800 --> 00:37:03,200
Warlords. 
The ashikaga shogunate. 

725
00:37:03,200 --> 00:37:06,900
Nominally ruling Japan was 
overshadowed by local Powers. 

726
00:37:06,900 --> 00:37:11,600
A figure named ashikaga yoshiaki
approached Nobunaga pleading for

727
00:37:11,600 --> 00:37:16,200
rescue from rival Warlords. 
Sensing opportunity, Nobunaga 

728
00:37:16,200 --> 00:37:20,800
marched on Kyoto in 1568. 
The city's confusion allowed him

729
00:37:20,800 --> 00:37:24,400
to install yoshiaki as Shogun. 
Though it was an arrangement 

730
00:37:24,400 --> 00:37:28,300
reminiscent of a puppet regime. 
Nobunaga intended to influence 

731
00:37:28,300 --> 00:37:31,800
National politics. 
Covertly utilizing yoshiaki, as 

732
00:37:31,800 --> 00:37:35,100
a symbolic leader. 
Kyoto's populace, reacted, with 

733
00:37:35,100 --> 00:37:37,800
mixed emotions. 
Some welcomed an end to chaos 

734
00:37:37,800 --> 00:37:39,500
others. 
Feared, a new Tyrant. 

735
00:37:39,500 --> 00:37:43,500
Nobunaga tried to reassure them 
by rebuilding toads and temples 

736
00:37:43,500 --> 00:37:47,700
wrecked by earlier conflicts he 
minted coinage Finance, local 

737
00:37:47,700 --> 00:37:51,000
markets, and even politely 
introduced fresh laws to curb 

738
00:37:51,000 --> 00:37:53,300
violence in the capitals 
districts. 

739
00:37:54,100 --> 00:37:56,400
Yet, these gestures of 
benevolence coexisted with his 

740
00:37:56,400 --> 00:38:00,600
iron fisted approach to dissent,
for instance, lingering warlord 

741
00:38:00,600 --> 00:38:02,300
forces. 
Who refused to submit found 

742
00:38:02,300 --> 00:38:05,800
themselves crushed among them, 
was the rebellious miyoshi Clan 

743
00:38:05,800 --> 00:38:09,200
the city subdued, its rebellious
Corners over a matter of months?

744
00:38:09,200 --> 00:38:12,500
Nevertheless friction arose with
the Shogun ashikaga. 

745
00:38:12,500 --> 00:38:15,100
Yoshiaki who bristled it being 
overshadowed? 

746
00:38:16,000 --> 00:38:17,900
Yoshi. 
Quietly, tried building a 

747
00:38:17,900 --> 00:38:19,400
alliances among traditional 
clowns. 

748
00:38:19,400 --> 00:38:23,400
Fueling an anti-odor Coalition 
that included powerful Baron's 

749
00:38:23,400 --> 00:38:26,600
like a Sakura and desire. 
The standoff that followed 

750
00:38:26,600 --> 00:38:29,300
tested nobunaga's skill at 
multi-front campaigns. 

751
00:38:29,300 --> 00:38:33,000
Ironically, his brother-in-law, 
as I nagamasa, husband to 

752
00:38:33,000 --> 00:38:37,000
nobunaga's Sister oichi, led the
as I Clan The personal 

753
00:38:37,000 --> 00:38:39,600
heartbreak of Waging War against
his kin weighed heavily. 

754
00:38:39,600 --> 00:38:43,500
Yet Nobunaga pressed on. 
He arranged for alliances with 

755
00:38:43,500 --> 00:38:48,000
Tokugawa ayesu who secured the 
East, allowing the odor main 

756
00:38:48,000 --> 00:38:50,400
Force to handle the azai asakura
threat. 

757
00:38:51,200 --> 00:38:55,300
The battles near Anna Garwood in
1570, proved intense with OTA 

758
00:38:55,300 --> 00:38:57,500
and Tokugawa, armies. 
Eventually prevailing after 

759
00:38:57,500 --> 00:38:59,700
vicious. 
Hand-to-hand fighting this 

760
00:38:59,700 --> 00:39:02,200
Victory though. 
Overshadowed in Popular, by 

761
00:39:02,200 --> 00:39:05,500
larger events signaled, that 
Family Ties would not determine 

762
00:39:05,500 --> 00:39:09,600
from his greater mission Around 
this juncture, Nobunaga 

763
00:39:09,600 --> 00:39:12,200
displayed his approach to 
religious factions, more starkly

764
00:39:12,200 --> 00:39:16,800
the warrior monks of mountie 
near Kyoto allied with the azai 

765
00:39:16,800 --> 00:39:20,600
asakura Coalition, Nobunaga 
demanded their submission, they 

766
00:39:20,600 --> 00:39:24,200
refused in 1571. 
He Unleashed a brutal assault. 

767
00:39:24,200 --> 00:39:28,000
The entire complex at Henry, a 
Coogi was put to Flame and 

768
00:39:28,000 --> 00:39:32,200
thousands of monks novices and 
civilians perished, it was an 

769
00:39:32,200 --> 00:39:33,900
act. 
So Grim at even shocked some of 

770
00:39:33,908 --> 00:39:38,100
nobunaga's storm allies. 
But he justified it claiming 

771
00:39:38,100 --> 00:39:40,600
that the militant monks had 
threatened the capitals order 

772
00:39:40,600 --> 00:39:43,400
for too long for him. 
No sacred label. 

773
00:39:43,400 --> 00:39:46,100
Could Shield an armed group from
the Unstoppable cause of 

774
00:39:46,108 --> 00:39:48,900
unification. 
If an institution medaled 

775
00:39:48,900 --> 00:39:51,500
military, it had to be crushed 
no matter. 

776
00:39:51,508 --> 00:39:54,200
Its spiritual veneer. 
Though these actions 

777
00:39:54,200 --> 00:39:57,000
Consolidated his grip, they 
fueled a reputation for 

778
00:39:57,000 --> 00:40:00,400
ruthlessness people whispered 
that he had become a Demon Lord 

779
00:40:00,400 --> 00:40:03,500
yet. 
Ironically he also cultivated 

780
00:40:03,500 --> 00:40:06,900
appreciation for the Arts. 
He introduced modern style of 

781
00:40:06,900 --> 00:40:10,100
Castle Locker invited 
Portuguese, Artisans to 

782
00:40:10,100 --> 00:40:13,000
demonstrate new building 
techniques, and toyed with the 

783
00:40:13,000 --> 00:40:16,600
newly introduced trend of tea 
ceremony, This contradictory 

784
00:40:16,600 --> 00:40:18,900
mix. 
Stream brutality on the 

785
00:40:18,900 --> 00:40:21,500
battlefield paired with the 
refined cultural, Pursuits. 

786
00:40:21,500 --> 00:40:25,400
Confused many, but it formed the
heart of brunei's method, 

787
00:40:25,400 --> 00:40:29,000
forging a new Japan by blending 
modern Innovation with 

788
00:40:29,000 --> 00:40:34,500
unstoppable Force by 1573 the 
puppet showed in yoshiaki. 

789
00:40:34,500 --> 00:40:37,800
Now thoroughly at odds with 
Nobunaga was exiled. 

790
00:40:37,800 --> 00:40:41,900
The Ashoka shogunate officially 
collapsed from that point 

791
00:40:41,900 --> 00:40:43,900
forward. 
The question wasn't, whether the

792
00:40:43,900 --> 00:40:46,600
old order was gone? 
It was whether no Bernardo could

793
00:40:46,600 --> 00:40:48,700
fill the vacuum before other 
Warlords struck. 

794
00:40:49,700 --> 00:40:52,500
The next moves he made would 
Define the entire future of the 

795
00:40:52,500 --> 00:40:55,900
archipelago. 
The year 1573 Unleashed a new 

796
00:40:55,908 --> 00:40:59,500
dynamic in central Japan. 
The centuries old ashikaga 

797
00:40:59,500 --> 00:41:03,200
shogunate stood dissolved 
leaving a power vacuum that Oda 

798
00:41:03,200 --> 00:41:06,700
Nobunaga sought to fill although
he did not assume the Shogun 

799
00:41:06,700 --> 00:41:08,900
title. 
Some suspect he viewed it as two

800
00:41:08,900 --> 00:41:12,200
entangled with archaic baggage 
he effectively governed from 

801
00:41:12,200 --> 00:41:17,000
Kyoto as the central Warlord. 
Nobunaga's subordinates, notably

802
00:41:17,000 --> 00:41:20,100
hashiba hideyoshi later 
toyotomi, hideyoshi and 

803
00:41:20,100 --> 00:41:23,300
Tokugawa. 
Yesu took on crucial roles, in 

804
00:41:23,300 --> 00:41:26,300
expanding the odor domain and 
stabilizing conquered 

805
00:41:26,300 --> 00:41:30,100
territories, nonetheless pockets
of fierce resistance remained 

806
00:41:30,100 --> 00:41:32,700
including the, might of the 
Takeda clan in eastern. 

807
00:41:32,700 --> 00:41:36,700
Provinces one would not expect 
that a man ascending, so rapidly

808
00:41:36,700 --> 00:41:39,700
would find time for culture yet 
nobunaga's, passion for 

809
00:41:39,700 --> 00:41:43,100
spectacle, grew reports, 
mentioned Grand, Banquets, and 

810
00:41:43,100 --> 00:41:46,700
Kyoto with exotic dishes, 
Portuguese, wine and comedic 

811
00:41:46,700 --> 00:41:48,700
theater performed at Night by 
Torchlight. 

812
00:41:48,700 --> 00:41:53,400
He sponsored the no drama though
in a personal style that adapted

813
00:41:53,400 --> 00:41:57,400
scripts to Lord new Heroes. 
Some older Aristocrats frowned. 

814
00:41:57,400 --> 00:42:01,400
Know they believed was the 
Hallmark of an older refined 

815
00:42:01,400 --> 00:42:07,100
tradition. but to Nobunaga, 
Tradition was a tool, not a 

816
00:42:07,100 --> 00:42:09,900
chain. 
He saw an artistic displays an 

817
00:42:09,900 --> 00:42:13,400
opportunity to unify the 
fracture Elites by enticing them

818
00:42:13,400 --> 00:42:16,500
with entertainment and proving 
that his rule overshadowed, any 

819
00:42:16,500 --> 00:42:20,000
prior pageantry. 
Still wore overshadowed these 

820
00:42:20,000 --> 00:42:22,900
amusements. 
The formidable to catering died.

821
00:42:22,900 --> 00:42:28,000
In 1573 leaving Takeda katsuyori
in charge, though, less 

822
00:42:28,000 --> 00:42:32,000
accomplished than his father. 
Katsurei was no pushover in 

823
00:42:32,000 --> 00:42:34,100
1575. 
He led a formidable. 

824
00:42:34,100 --> 00:42:38,100
Cavalry force in to macawa 
clashing with no buena's Allied 

825
00:42:38,100 --> 00:42:41,000
armies the events. 
Set the stage for the pivotal 

826
00:42:41,000 --> 00:42:45,200
Battle of nagashino typically a 
Cavalry swarm overcame infantry 

827
00:42:45,200 --> 00:42:49,100
but nobunaga's novel approach 
extensive Palisades rotating 

828
00:42:49,100 --> 00:42:51,000
lines of Aqua this year's 
shattered. 

829
00:42:51,000 --> 00:42:54,300
The myth of Unstoppable, horse 
charges the musket. 

830
00:42:54,300 --> 00:42:56,200
Volleys decimated, the takada 
ranks. 

831
00:42:56,200 --> 00:42:59,900
Eyewitnesses described. 
How for the first time, Mast 

832
00:42:59,900 --> 00:43:02,800
Firearms, overcame famous, 
Cavalry Charges in open terrain.

833
00:43:02,800 --> 00:43:07,100
This watershed moment reaffirmed
as reputation as a modernizing 

834
00:43:07,100 --> 00:43:11,100
general who embraced Firearms, 
wholeheartedly Following 

835
00:43:11,100 --> 00:43:15,800
nagashino the Clan's Prestige 
plummeted in enabling Nobunaga 

836
00:43:15,800 --> 00:43:17,900
to extend deeper into Eastern 
domains. 

837
00:43:18,600 --> 00:43:21,500
Meanwhile in the capital, he 
grew more direct and quelling. 

838
00:43:21,500 --> 00:43:24,000
Any recalcitrant Aristocrats, or
religious sects. 

839
00:43:24,000 --> 00:43:27,000
He was rumored to have 
humiliated, certain courtiers, 

840
00:43:27,000 --> 00:43:28,600
who showed insufficient 
obedience. 

841
00:43:29,400 --> 00:43:32,500
Indeed, the swirl of new rumors 
painted him as borderline 

842
00:43:32,500 --> 00:43:36,700
sacrilegious, ignoring the 
established Kami Worship in 

843
00:43:36,700 --> 00:43:39,400
shrines or publicly mocking, 
certain Shrine rituals as 

844
00:43:39,400 --> 00:43:43,000
superstitious this spurred the 
rumor of him being the demon 

845
00:43:43,000 --> 00:43:45,900
warlord culminating. 
In some devout Warriors, forming

846
00:43:45,900 --> 00:43:49,100
tiny conspiracies to rid the 
land of this Empire's figure. 

847
00:43:49,900 --> 00:43:51,400
One. 
Overlooked Dimension was his 

848
00:43:51,400 --> 00:43:54,600
approach to Camaros. 
Beyond the free markets in 

849
00:43:54,600 --> 00:43:57,500
Castle towns. 
No, Bernardo established waste 

850
00:43:57,500 --> 00:43:59,100
stations. 
And lodging posts along, major 

851
00:43:59,100 --> 00:44:02,300
highways he suppressed local 
toll collectors, who bled 

852
00:44:02,300 --> 00:44:04,700
Travelers? 
This policy triggered an 

853
00:44:04,700 --> 00:44:07,800
economic upswing, Caravans from 
the sea to Inland. 

854
00:44:07,800 --> 00:44:12,300
Sea carried, salt, textiles and 
foreign Goods with fewer bribes 

855
00:44:12,300 --> 00:44:14,500
to pay. 
The odor domain. 

856
00:44:14,500 --> 00:44:17,700
Thus build a stable fiscal 
backbone, fueling further 

857
00:44:17,700 --> 00:44:20,900
expansion and enabling him to 
Grant rewards to Loyal vassals 

858
00:44:20,900 --> 00:44:22,400
without bankrupting the 
treasury. 

859
00:44:23,200 --> 00:44:26,200
Such a commercial Savvy. 
Warlord was a novelty in a 

860
00:44:26,200 --> 00:44:28,800
period when Marshall Gloria 
overshadowed, the humbler 

861
00:44:28,800 --> 00:44:33,000
business of Equinox economics, 
Nobunaga also interacted with a 

862
00:44:33,000 --> 00:44:35,100
figure rarely acknowledged in 
mainstream accounts. 

863
00:44:35,100 --> 00:44:40,400
Yasuke often regarded as the 
first African Samurai a tall man

864
00:44:40,400 --> 00:44:44,200
from Portuguese or Italian 
missions yasuke arrived in Japan

865
00:44:44,200 --> 00:44:48,100
under uncertain circumstances 
impressed by his physique and 

866
00:44:48,100 --> 00:44:50,800
exotic. 
Background Nobunaga took an 

867
00:44:50,800 --> 00:44:54,700
interest, eventually welcoming 
him into service letters from 

868
00:44:54,700 --> 00:44:57,600
Jesuit, sauces hint that 
Nobunaga found yasuke is 

869
00:44:57,600 --> 00:45:00,300
presence refreshing. 
The symbol of how broad the 

870
00:45:00,300 --> 00:45:03,000
world truly was some accounts 
mention that. 

871
00:45:03,000 --> 00:45:04,400
Yes. 
Okay, was entrusted with certain

872
00:45:04,400 --> 00:45:07,600
guard duties while the 
authenticity of that Arrangement

873
00:45:07,600 --> 00:45:10,600
has faced debate. 
It underscores how nobunaga's 

874
00:45:10,600 --> 00:45:13,800
curiosity extended, even to 
foreigners of unusual origin. 

875
00:45:14,600 --> 00:45:18,400
Bridging cultural gaps at a time
when xenophobia was rampant by 

876
00:45:18,400 --> 00:45:21,200
the end of the 1570s 
Unstoppable. 

877
00:45:21,200 --> 00:45:23,600
Momentum seemed to define a 
bunch of progress. 

878
00:45:24,300 --> 00:45:27,300
The Hallmark Fortress of auchi 
built near Lake biwa. 

879
00:45:27,300 --> 00:45:30,900
Exemplified his vision part 
strong-hold, part Palacio 

880
00:45:30,900 --> 00:45:34,100
residents with decorative murals
and advanced architectural 

881
00:45:34,100 --> 00:45:36,800
engineering. 
Visitors wrote that climbing 

882
00:45:36,800 --> 00:45:39,900
each floor, revealed new painted
Illusions and hidden defensive 

883
00:45:39,900 --> 00:45:42,600
features. 
An embodiment of both aesthetic 

884
00:45:42,600 --> 00:45:46,000
Flair and martial cunning, he 
invited traveling missionaries, 

885
00:45:46,000 --> 00:45:49,300
Artisans, and, even some rival. 
Lords to see a zucchinis 

886
00:45:49,300 --> 00:45:51,400
Majesty. 
Proclaiming, that his building 

887
00:45:51,400 --> 00:45:55,200
was the model of the future. 
In truth, the structure was also

888
00:45:55,200 --> 00:45:57,700
a statement. 
Odor, ruled soared above the 

889
00:45:57,700 --> 00:46:00,700
old, Petty, provincialism. 
A new day, demanded, new 

890
00:46:00,700 --> 00:46:04,100
monuments. 
Yet Ambitions resentments. 

891
00:46:04,800 --> 00:46:08,700
Many older Clans forced into 
submission, quite likely sought 

892
00:46:08,700 --> 00:46:12,500
to chance to break free. 
The extent of nobunaga's reforms

893
00:46:12,500 --> 00:46:15,500
threatened, the old feudal 
compacts even within his 

894
00:46:15,500 --> 00:46:17,900
retinue. 
Some felt overshadowed by 

895
00:46:17,900 --> 00:46:21,200
hideyoshi, ascendancy or 
frustrated by nobunny as 

896
00:46:21,200 --> 00:46:25,100
ruthless single-mindedness 
betrayal there rarely signaled. 

897
00:46:25,100 --> 00:46:27,200
Openly bubbled beneath the 
surface. 

898
00:46:27,900 --> 00:46:30,700
The old adage that a fortress 
can withstand for an assault. 

899
00:46:30,700 --> 00:46:33,100
But not always internal 
treachery would soon. 

900
00:46:33,100 --> 00:46:37,200
Prove hauntingly apt though, the
warlord pressed onward planning 

901
00:46:37,200 --> 00:46:40,500
fresh campaigns events at the 
cusp of the 1580s. 

902
00:46:40,500 --> 00:46:43,700
Would reveal the Fatal cost of 
ignoring that silent discontent 

903
00:46:43,700 --> 00:46:48,900
in Spring. 1580 Oda Nobunaga 
appeared Invincible the 

904
00:46:48,900 --> 00:46:51,400
formidable, ikko ikki 
strongholds were mostly crushed.

905
00:46:51,400 --> 00:46:55,700
The Takeda Clan was in shambles 
and the capital recognized him 

906
00:46:55,700 --> 00:46:58,900
as the de facto power. 
Yet a cluster of uneasy 

907
00:46:58,900 --> 00:47:02,000
alliances still dotted the map, 
including some Warlords, who 

908
00:47:02,000 --> 00:47:03,900
pretended loyalty while 
resenting odor. 

909
00:47:03,900 --> 00:47:07,400
Dominance Nobunaga, though, 
rarely timid seemed almost 

910
00:47:07,400 --> 00:47:11,800
relaxed that year, hosting 
lavish celebration at zucchi and

911
00:47:11,800 --> 00:47:15,000
paying only mild heed to rumors 
of minor revolts in distant. 

912
00:47:15,000 --> 00:47:18,800
Provinces the Unstoppable, wave 
of Conquest had lulled him into 

913
00:47:18,800 --> 00:47:21,400
believing, only a formidable 
outside, fogger championship. 

914
00:47:22,400 --> 00:47:24,800
Among his retainers Aki 
mitsuhide. 

915
00:47:24,800 --> 00:47:27,700
Quietly navigated the New Order 
mitza. 

916
00:47:27,700 --> 00:47:29,900
Hide had served Nobunaga loyally
yet. 

917
00:47:29,900 --> 00:47:32,900
Their relationship was never 
warm nobunaga's. 

918
00:47:32,900 --> 00:47:35,300
Leadership style often involved 
public dressing Downs of 

919
00:47:35,300 --> 00:47:37,200
subordinates who fail or 
displeased him. 

920
00:47:37,900 --> 00:47:40,700
Some claimed mitsu hide who 
endured multiple humiliations 

921
00:47:40,700 --> 00:47:44,400
once when an odor supply, line 
Fiasco cost, mitza Hyde's, 

922
00:47:44,400 --> 00:47:47,600
mother her life at the hands of 
brighams Nobunaga supposedly 

923
00:47:47,600 --> 00:47:51,700
dismissed at callously, another 
time a minor mishap at a feast 

924
00:47:51,700 --> 00:47:55,700
LED Nobunaga to fling a teacup 
in Anger scalding Amit suhaid 

925
00:47:55,700 --> 00:48:00,000
whether these spats vested into 
hatred remains uncertain but 

926
00:48:00,000 --> 00:48:03,300
it's clear mitsuhide felt 
overshadowed in the swirl of 

927
00:48:03,308 --> 00:48:07,200
odors triumphant expansions many
believed mitsuhide was too 

928
00:48:07,200 --> 00:48:09,500
measured or timid to lash out 
they were mistaken. 

929
00:48:10,500 --> 00:48:13,500
Parallel these tensions, 
Nobunaga decided to press 

930
00:48:13,500 --> 00:48:16,700
further west sending hideyoshi 
to sue the Mori Clan. 

931
00:48:17,500 --> 00:48:21,000
That campaign demanded 
reinforcement Nobunaga prepared 

932
00:48:21,000 --> 00:48:24,600
to dispatch extra troops. 
He halted in Kyoto at honor gem 

933
00:48:24,600 --> 00:48:27,600
Temple intending, a brief rest 
on route to greet, hideyoshi 

934
00:48:27,600 --> 00:48:29,800
forces. 
The temple though. 

935
00:48:29,800 --> 00:48:32,500
Not heavily fortified was 
considered safe enough giving 

936
00:48:32,500 --> 00:48:36,400
the capital's calm Nobunaga was 
traveling lightly with only a 

937
00:48:36,400 --> 00:48:39,300
small guard, most of his main 
Army had been deployed to 

938
00:48:39,300 --> 00:48:42,600
support different operations. 
Some close advisors question 

939
00:48:42,600 --> 00:48:45,300
this vulnerability. 
But no Bernard brushed aside 

940
00:48:45,300 --> 00:48:47,800
their concerns certain no 
serious threat. 

941
00:48:47,800 --> 00:48:53,900
Lurked Then came that fateful 
dawn of June 21st, 1582 a catchy

942
00:48:53,900 --> 00:48:57,100
mitsu hide commanding a 
Detachment under the pretext of 

943
00:48:57,100 --> 00:48:59,900
reinforcing. 
Hideyoshi turned his Force 

944
00:48:59,900 --> 00:49:02,400
abruptly toward onori storming 
in. 

945
00:49:02,400 --> 00:49:04,600
They caught the odegaards 
unawares. 

946
00:49:04,600 --> 00:49:07,900
The temples interior lit with 
flames as mitsu hides. 

947
00:49:07,900 --> 00:49:11,400
Men, torched wooden Halls, 
Nobunaga fought back with sword 

948
00:49:11,400 --> 00:49:13,300
in hand. 
But the odds were overwhelming 

949
00:49:13,300 --> 00:49:17,400
realizing Escape was impossible.
He retreated deeper into the 

950
00:49:17,400 --> 00:49:20,000
complex. 
Sources differ on the details 

951
00:49:20,000 --> 00:49:23,400
but they Converge on the notion 
that he took his life either by 

952
00:49:23,400 --> 00:49:27,400
seppuku or ensuring no capture 
rather than fallen into high 

953
00:49:27,400 --> 00:49:30,100
taunts. 
The Blazing Temple sealed. 

954
00:49:30,100 --> 00:49:32,900
The scene forging an indelible 
final image. 

955
00:49:32,900 --> 00:49:36,600
Japan's mightiest unifier 
consumed by betrayal and fire 

956
00:49:36,600 --> 00:49:40,200
undone not by an external rival,
but by a subordinate, he 

957
00:49:40,200 --> 00:49:42,800
underestimated Mitts a hide 
proclaiming. 

958
00:49:42,800 --> 00:49:45,100
The realm is ours. 
Tried to consolidate. 

959
00:49:46,200 --> 00:49:49,000
But public shock overshadowed 
any acceptance of his coup. 

960
00:49:49,000 --> 00:49:52,700
He had a Yoshi on hearing the 
news swiftly made peace with the

961
00:49:52,700 --> 00:49:55,900
Maury to rush back in a short 
campaign, culminating in the 

962
00:49:55,900 --> 00:49:59,800
Battle of yamazaki Hiroshi, 
avenge Nobunaga defeating 

963
00:49:59,800 --> 00:50:02,900
mitsuhide lest and two weeks 
after homogene mitsuhide. 

964
00:50:02,900 --> 00:50:07,900
A tempting to flee was slain by 
Bandits or ventral peasants and 

965
00:50:07,900 --> 00:50:10,000
ironic and that left no stable 
regime in his weight. 

966
00:50:11,200 --> 00:50:14,000
The Echoes of that betrayal 
lingered for centuries, 

967
00:50:14,000 --> 00:50:18,300
mitsuhide treachery became a 
byword for disloyalty and sudden

968
00:50:18,300 --> 00:50:21,900
reversal of Fortune. 
Nobunaga's demise fractured, the

969
00:50:21,900 --> 00:50:26,100
odor Clan, but the impetus for 
unification, persisted hideyoshi

970
00:50:26,100 --> 00:50:27,800
emerged. 
As the next major figure, 

971
00:50:27,800 --> 00:50:32,000
eventually subjugating much of 
Japan and styling himself as the

972
00:50:32,000 --> 00:50:36,000
unifier Tokugawa. 
Yay, asui, more patient, would 

973
00:50:36,000 --> 00:50:40,200
Outlast them all, and set up the
shogunate, In each subsequent 

974
00:50:40,200 --> 00:50:43,100
stage, the ghost of nobunaga's 
ambition, hoverboard. 

975
00:50:43,600 --> 00:50:47,100
Heinie ASU both acknowledged 
that their expansion's leaned on

976
00:50:47,108 --> 00:50:50,800
the foundation, Nobunaga laid 
the harnessing of firearms, the 

977
00:50:50,800 --> 00:50:54,400
impetus for centralized domain 
and the notion that old feudal 

978
00:50:54,400 --> 00:50:56,400
autonomy should yield to a 
singular Authority. 

979
00:50:57,500 --> 00:51:02,300
In many ways, the abrupt end at 
homogeneous Legacy as a fiery 

980
00:51:02,300 --> 00:51:06,300
Comet unpredictable 
transformative, but short lived.

981
00:51:07,300 --> 00:51:09,600
Story in puzzle over. 
What might have been had he 

982
00:51:09,600 --> 00:51:11,800
survived? 
Would he afford a stable 

983
00:51:11,800 --> 00:51:14,700
monarchy or introduced a new 
bureaucratic structure? 

984
00:51:14,700 --> 00:51:18,400
Might as tolerance of foreign 
presence, have expanded, Japan's

985
00:51:18,400 --> 00:51:21,600
Global Connections early, or 
could he have become a dreaded 

986
00:51:21,600 --> 00:51:25,500
autographed, stifling dissent so
thoroughly as to hamper future 

987
00:51:25,500 --> 00:51:29,200
evolution. the abruptness of his
death leaves, a swirl of 

988
00:51:29,208 --> 00:51:34,300
speculation, the sight of Honor 
G itself stands in Kyoto, the 

989
00:51:34,300 --> 00:51:38,000
much rebuilt after the 
conflagration Tourists pass by a

990
00:51:38,000 --> 00:51:40,000
modest Memorial Often 
overshadowed. 

991
00:51:40,000 --> 00:51:44,500
By more famous temples yet, for 
students of Japan sengoku era 

992
00:51:44,500 --> 00:51:48,100
that place resonates as a 
symbolic Crossroads, the 

993
00:51:48,100 --> 00:51:51,700
Unstoppable warlord ended by his
retainer Pivoting. 

994
00:51:51,700 --> 00:51:53,700
The entire Arc of national 
unification. 

995
00:51:54,900 --> 00:51:58,000
The charge remains from that day
along gone but glimpses 

996
00:51:58,000 --> 00:52:02,100
remaining curated relics Diaries
and a handful of Swords believed

997
00:52:02,100 --> 00:52:03,800
to have belonged to nobunaga's 
retinue. 

998
00:52:04,600 --> 00:52:09,000
Each artifact, underscores the 
transients of power one moment. 

999
00:52:09,000 --> 00:52:12,600
A near omnipotent, figure 
rewriting the lands' destiny, 

1000
00:52:12,600 --> 00:52:15,900
the next of victim of fate and 
betrayal. 

1001
00:52:16,800 --> 00:52:20,800
Thus the final chapter of his 
life, stands not as a 

1002
00:52:20,800 --> 00:52:25,300
diminishment but as a crescendo 
in Falling, hemant the impetus 

1003
00:52:25,300 --> 00:52:28,700
that others carried forth. 
Hideo Shea. 

1004
00:52:29,900 --> 00:52:32,600
And the entire notion of an 
eventually unified Japan and 

1005
00:52:32,600 --> 00:52:36,700
under a single rule, Trace back 
to nobunaga's, Unstoppable wave.

1006
00:52:37,600 --> 00:52:41,300
Forced the country to see the 
old code, where our KX chivalry 

1007
00:52:41,300 --> 00:52:45,500
overshadowed modernization was 
no longer viable in that sense, 

1008
00:52:45,500 --> 00:52:48,600
though, he vanished in Flames 
the brand of Revolution. 

1009
00:52:48,600 --> 00:52:51,500
He championed burned, onward, 
fueling the next. 

1010
00:52:51,500 --> 00:52:54,200
Generation's quest to reorder 
the Nation Under a single 

1011
00:52:54,208 --> 00:52:57,500
banner. 
Post honor G the manner in which

1012
00:52:57,500 --> 00:53:01,600
Oda nobunaga's memory evolved 
offers a profound insight into 

1013
00:53:01,600 --> 00:53:03,500
how Japan processes historical 
figures. 

1014
00:53:04,400 --> 00:53:07,600
In the immediate aftermath many 
Warlords excised him from 

1015
00:53:07,600 --> 00:53:11,000
official genealogies. 
He had after all the dismantled 

1016
00:53:11,000 --> 00:53:14,600
textures of tradition, however, 
within a decade references, 

1017
00:53:14,600 --> 00:53:18,400
re-emerged describing him as the
initial impetus that any warlord

1018
00:53:18,400 --> 00:53:20,100
seeking unification must 
emulate. 

1019
00:53:21,000 --> 00:53:24,000
Some local chroniclers wrote 
tributes praising the Demon's 

1020
00:53:24,000 --> 00:53:27,800
Clarity a phrase that captured 
the Paradox demon and cruelty 

1021
00:53:27,800 --> 00:53:33,000
Clarity in vision. 
Tokugawa after establishing the 

1022
00:53:33,000 --> 00:53:37,600
Tokugawa, shogunate in 1603, 
quietly ensured That official, 

1023
00:53:37,600 --> 00:53:40,600
records didn't overshadow, the 
Tokugawa Ascension narrative 

1024
00:53:40,600 --> 00:53:44,300
with too much odor, idolization.
Yet. 

1025
00:53:44,300 --> 00:53:47,500
IAS super personally revered 
nobel's decisive approach. 

1026
00:53:48,200 --> 00:53:51,000
Private Diaries mention how the 
new Shogun studied old 

1027
00:53:51,000 --> 00:53:54,900
Battlefield notes from okay, 
hazama and nagashino gleaning 

1028
00:53:54,900 --> 00:53:56,500
insights with the potential 
crises. 

1029
00:53:56,500 --> 00:53:59,400
Ironically the official 
narrative downplayed. 

1030
00:53:59,400 --> 00:54:02,700
Odors significance to bolster 
Tokugawa legitimacy, but in 

1031
00:54:02,700 --> 00:54:05,900
private, the recollection of 
odors daring strategies 

1032
00:54:05,900 --> 00:54:09,800
continued to provide valuable 
insights Meanwhile, rural 

1033
00:54:09,800 --> 00:54:13,000
Legends, cropped up casting 
nebula's, a Restless spirit. 

1034
00:54:13,700 --> 00:54:17,000
Farmers told Tales of hearing 
Phantom hoofbeats on the stormy 

1035
00:54:17,000 --> 00:54:20,500
nights said to be his ghost 
re-enacting night raids and some

1036
00:54:20,500 --> 00:54:24,800
folk songs nobunaga's Thunder. 
Referred to unexpected, storms 

1037
00:54:24,800 --> 00:54:28,400
damaging, unharvested Fields, 
nominus sign of Unstoppable, 

1038
00:54:28,400 --> 00:54:31,000
Force. 
Such Tales embedded him in the 

1039
00:54:31,000 --> 00:54:34,000
realm of folk Superstition 
people across province's, 

1040
00:54:34,000 --> 00:54:37,700
specially in regions, want 
scorched by his campaigns, found

1041
00:54:37,700 --> 00:54:41,800
Echoes of both or and Dread in 
these stories by the Edo period.

1042
00:54:41,800 --> 00:54:46,100
Woodblock prints portrayed him 
with stylized armor scowling or 

1043
00:54:46,100 --> 00:54:50,000
triumphant in mid-battle. 
A few dramatization and Kabuki 

1044
00:54:50,000 --> 00:54:52,600
theater though. 
Typically focusing on hideyoshi 

1045
00:54:52,600 --> 00:54:56,600
occasionally included Cameo 
references to Nobunaga as an 

1046
00:54:56,600 --> 00:54:59,800
unyielding presence over 
shadowing, the stage, the 

1047
00:54:59,800 --> 00:55:03,500
sensors of the Tokugawa regime, 
usually avoided to favorably 

1048
00:55:03,500 --> 00:55:07,000
fearful of stirring, rebellious,
sentiments that might Champion a

1049
00:55:07,000 --> 00:55:11,200
Nobunaga style revolt. 
Despite these constraints 

1050
00:55:11,200 --> 00:55:13,400
underground manuscripts 
circulated. 

1051
00:55:13,400 --> 00:55:16,300
That teased out, his modern 
aspects, like his willingness to

1052
00:55:16,300 --> 00:55:18,700
incorporate foreigners or push 
Advanced weapons. 

1053
00:55:19,900 --> 00:55:22,500
Samurai, who read them in 
private might feel emboldened by

1054
00:55:22,500 --> 00:55:24,900
the notion of discarding stale 
tradition, in favor of 

1055
00:55:24,900 --> 00:55:29,700
pragmatic, modernity, The Meiji 
Restoration in the late, 19th 

1056
00:55:29,700 --> 00:55:33,200
century revived interest, as 
Japan opened to the world. 

1057
00:55:33,200 --> 00:55:36,400
Some intellectuals lauded 
nobunaga's, Progressive stance 

1058
00:55:36,400 --> 00:55:39,800
on trade and Technology. 
Claiming he was the first modern

1059
00:55:39,800 --> 00:55:42,700
Japanese. 
Western Scholars who visited 

1060
00:55:42,700 --> 00:55:45,300
found in Nobunaga figure 
reminiscent of Europe's, 

1061
00:55:45,300 --> 00:55:48,200
absolute monarchs. 
A man who overcame medieval 

1062
00:55:48,200 --> 00:55:51,300
fragmentation. 
They wrote comparative essays 

1063
00:55:51,300 --> 00:55:55,900
labeling him, a Japanese Caesar 
or Napoleon in Samurai Forum. 

1064
00:55:55,900 --> 00:55:58,900
Although these analogies were 
simplistic, they further 

1065
00:55:58,900 --> 00:56:02,900
cemented his Global mistake, 
Museum started collecting items 

1066
00:56:02,900 --> 00:56:06,800
rumored to be from his domain 
archibus and partial suits of 

1067
00:56:06,800 --> 00:56:10,400
lacquered armor, each artifact. 
Conveyed a fragment of his 

1068
00:56:10,400 --> 00:56:13,500
Endeavors to propel Japan 
forward centuries in a single 

1069
00:56:13,500 --> 00:56:17,500
generation in the 20th century 
as War raged globally. 

1070
00:56:17,500 --> 00:56:21,000
Some Japanese, militarists 
admired nobunaga's Unstoppable 

1071
00:56:21,000 --> 00:56:23,400
aggression. 
They saw him as a model for 

1072
00:56:23,400 --> 00:56:27,600
unyielding expansion. 
Post-war that sentiment cooled 

1073
00:56:27,600 --> 00:56:30,600
replaced by a more nuanced 
academic approach. 

1074
00:56:30,600 --> 00:56:33,800
The emphasis shifted toward 
analyzing his socio-economic 

1075
00:56:33,800 --> 00:56:38,000
policies, like standardizing 
measure systems or encouraging 

1076
00:56:38,000 --> 00:56:41,800
open trade in Castle towns. 
contemporary historians 

1077
00:56:41,800 --> 00:56:45,500
highlight how those policies 
laid seeds from eventual stable 

1078
00:56:45,500 --> 00:56:49,000
economy under the Tucker gawa, 
even if that regime ionically 

1079
00:56:49,000 --> 00:56:52,300
closed off certain foreign 
influences, Another way of 

1080
00:56:52,300 --> 00:56:55,800
scholarship focuses on the 
cultural interplay, the Synergy 

1081
00:56:55,800 --> 00:56:58,300
of Christian missionaries in the
partial acceptance of their 

1082
00:56:58,300 --> 00:57:00,600
ideas that might have blossomed 
further. 

1083
00:57:00,600 --> 00:57:04,600
Had no Bernardo endured In 
popular culture of the late 20th

1084
00:57:04,600 --> 00:57:05,900
and early 21st. 
Centuries. 

1085
00:57:05,900 --> 00:57:09,500
A deluge of creative retellings,
reimagined him. 

1086
00:57:10,300 --> 00:57:14,200
Video games, featuring sengoku 
battles depict him as a fearsome

1087
00:57:14,200 --> 00:57:17,100
Overlord, with unstoppable 
power-ups, and specialized gun, 

1088
00:57:17,100 --> 00:57:21,100
squads Manga and Anime often 
play with the Demon King label, 

1089
00:57:21,100 --> 00:57:24,700
recasting him in Time, Slips 
scenarios or comedic subplots. 

1090
00:57:24,700 --> 00:57:28,200
Dramas vary from an honorable 
anti-hero forging. 

1091
00:57:28,200 --> 00:57:30,400
Unity to a borderline sadistic 
tyrant. 

1092
00:57:31,600 --> 00:57:34,700
This breadth of interpretations,
testifies to his complexity, 

1093
00:57:34,700 --> 00:57:39,200
even in a comedic Cameo, the 
essence of Unstoppable change 

1094
00:57:39,200 --> 00:57:42,500
remains he's recognized as the 
impetus behind Japan's. 

1095
00:57:42,500 --> 00:57:45,400
Transition from fractions, 
medieval to the cusp of early 

1096
00:57:45,400 --> 00:57:49,600
modern hence the modern lens 
sifts through centuries of 

1097
00:57:49,600 --> 00:57:53,400
contradiction. 
Was he monstrous and cruelty or 

1098
00:57:53,400 --> 00:57:55,300
heroic in forging? 
A stable path? 

1099
00:57:56,000 --> 00:57:59,300
Did he Embrace foreign ideas out
of genuine openness or purely 

1100
00:57:59,300 --> 00:58:02,300
for Advantage? 
Did he Harbours future blueprint

1101
00:58:02,300 --> 00:58:05,400
for a stable monarchy? 
Or was he improvising day by 

1102
00:58:05,400 --> 00:58:07,700
day? 
Exploiting each short-term 

1103
00:58:07,700 --> 00:58:09,500
opportunity, the record 
suggests. 

1104
00:58:09,500 --> 00:58:11,100
All these angles might hold 
truth. 

1105
00:58:11,100 --> 00:58:15,700
He was multifaceted a man on 
Shackled by tradition ready to 

1106
00:58:15,700 --> 00:58:18,800
harness any advantage, 
Unstoppable, until undone by 

1107
00:58:18,800 --> 00:58:20,900
betrayal. 
In that sense. 

1108
00:58:20,900 --> 00:58:24,500
Oda nobunaga's name remains a 
prism, turn it one way. 

1109
00:58:24,500 --> 00:58:26,500
You see? 
A progressive champion of 

1110
00:58:26,500 --> 00:58:29,700
modernization tilted? 
Another, a fearsome Reaper of 

1111
00:58:29,700 --> 00:58:32,600
old shrines and foes Japan's 
memory. 

1112
00:58:32,600 --> 00:58:35,500
And the world's Fascination 
revolve around these shifting 

1113
00:58:35,500 --> 00:58:38,900
lights, among lesser known, 
facets of nobunaga's. 

1114
00:58:38,900 --> 00:58:42,200
Story is his personal retinue of
varied, advisors, some from 

1115
00:58:42,200 --> 00:58:44,800
backgrounds, not typically 
admitted to Samurai Council. 

1116
00:58:44,800 --> 00:58:48,700
He believed that rank was earned
by Merit an unusual stance. 

1117
00:58:48,700 --> 00:58:51,800
For the time, for instance, you 
want to pointed a skilled 

1118
00:58:51,800 --> 00:58:55,400
blacksmith to direct certain 
Siege engine Creations, that was

1119
00:58:55,400 --> 00:58:58,100
heresy, in the eyes of 
traditional samurai, a 

1120
00:58:58,100 --> 00:59:01,600
blacksmith leading Warriors, 
Nobunaga brushed off the critics

1121
00:59:01,600 --> 00:59:04,400
pointing to results the 
blacksmith's. 

1122
00:59:04,400 --> 00:59:07,100
Technical cunning helped Forge, 
Innovative catapults that 

1123
00:59:07,100 --> 00:59:09,100
battered a walled Fortress into 
submission. 

1124
00:59:10,000 --> 00:59:12,600
This anecdote, though, 
overshadowed in mainstream 

1125
00:59:12,600 --> 00:59:16,900
accounts, exemplifies his break 
from hierarchical Norms another,

1126
00:59:16,900 --> 00:59:19,800
overlooked detail lies in the 
realm of intelligence gathering 

1127
00:59:19,800 --> 00:59:22,700
Nobunaga. 
According to scattered Diaries, 

1128
00:59:22,700 --> 00:59:26,300
established and Espionage. 
Networking, Kyoto, and Merchants

1129
00:59:26,300 --> 00:59:28,800
towns. 
He recognized that raw might 

1130
00:59:28,800 --> 00:59:32,100
alone, wouldn't keep him ahead, 
through discreet, Watchers, some

1131
00:59:32,100 --> 00:59:33,700
disguised as traveling 
entertainers. 

1132
00:59:33,700 --> 00:59:37,900
Somers pilgrims cleaned update 
on Rival Lords of alliances, or 

1133
00:59:37,900 --> 00:59:41,000
fractures Buddhist sects, 
plotting, and Secret. this 

1134
00:59:41,000 --> 00:59:44,000
network of information helped 
prevent revolts and enabled him 

1135
00:59:44,000 --> 00:59:48,100
to intercept Clan collusion 
Well, Espionage existed in Prior

1136
00:59:48,100 --> 00:59:52,300
eras, Nobunaga systematized, it 
more thoroughly reflecting, a 

1137
00:59:52,300 --> 00:59:54,200
willingness to adopt, whatever, 
gave him an edge. 

1138
00:59:55,000 --> 00:59:58,000
One, puzzling Dimension was his 
attitude to the Imperial Court. 

1139
00:59:58,800 --> 01:00:01,500
Typically Warlords are the 
revered, the Emperor as a 

1140
01:00:01,508 --> 01:00:05,000
symbolic pivot or ignored him. 
Nobunaga courted. 

1141
01:00:05,000 --> 01:00:07,900
The Court's favor in a measured 
way, offering them economic 

1142
01:00:07,900 --> 01:00:10,800
assistance with furbishing 
certain neglected Palace halls 

1143
01:00:10,800 --> 01:00:12,800
and ensuring the emperor's 
dignity. 

1144
01:00:13,600 --> 01:00:15,000
This was not out of pure 
devotion. 

1145
01:00:15,000 --> 01:00:18,100
It was a strategic move by 
championing, the emperor's 

1146
01:00:18,100 --> 01:00:22,600
Prestige, he legitimized his 
expansion at some ceremonies, he

1147
01:00:22,600 --> 01:00:26,900
arrived in flamboyant a tire. 
Overshadowing lesser Lords then 

1148
01:00:26,900 --> 01:00:30,600
humbly bowed before the emperor 
an odd mixture of vanity and a 

1149
01:00:30,600 --> 01:00:33,100
basins that left watches 
uncertain, how to interpret him.

1150
01:00:34,100 --> 01:00:37,800
the emperor, the powerless in 
martial terms, recognized that 

1151
01:00:37,800 --> 01:00:40,900
nobody's guardianship provided a
stable environment for the 

1152
01:00:40,900 --> 01:00:45,700
courts of survival, thus, a 
polite if uneasy Synergy arose, 

1153
01:00:47,200 --> 01:00:50,600
Nobunaga's personal life, beyond
the political realm remains 

1154
01:00:50,600 --> 01:00:53,400
partially veiled. 
He married multiple times 

1155
01:00:53,400 --> 01:00:55,800
forging alliances with 
significant families. 

1156
01:00:55,800 --> 01:01:00,300
Notably littlest said about deep
personal attachments, some 

1157
01:01:00,300 --> 01:01:02,800
historians wander, if he 
maintained an emotional remove 

1158
01:01:02,800 --> 01:01:05,200
seeing marriage as a strategic 
game. 

1159
01:01:06,100 --> 01:01:08,800
Personal Diary, snippet, 
suggests a fleeting mention of a

1160
01:01:08,800 --> 01:01:13,400
beloved consort but her name 
remains uncertain lost in burned

1161
01:01:13,400 --> 01:01:15,600
records or overshadowed by 
former marriages. 

1162
01:01:15,600 --> 01:01:19,900
The Narrative is incomplete 
overshadowed, by Warfare logs 

1163
01:01:19,900 --> 01:01:22,500
and alliances it. 
Underscores how, the official 

1164
01:01:22,500 --> 01:01:24,600
story seldom captures intimate 
sentiments? 

1165
01:01:24,600 --> 01:01:27,200
Especially for a man. 
So public in ambition. 

1166
01:01:28,100 --> 01:01:31,900
One rumored anecdote from Castle
staff claims that Nobunaga had a

1167
01:01:31,900 --> 01:01:35,400
private reading habit, poetry, 
anthologies, from the hay M, 

1168
01:01:35,400 --> 01:01:36,900
period and Chinese military 
treaters. 

1169
01:01:36,900 --> 01:01:40,600
He found parallels between 
ancient poems praising ephemeral

1170
01:01:40,600 --> 01:01:44,300
blossoms and the transients of 
alliances He told a close 

1171
01:01:44,308 --> 01:01:46,800
retainer that the ephemeral 
nature of cherry blossoms 

1172
01:01:46,800 --> 01:01:48,500
matched. 
The ephemeral nature of men's 

1173
01:01:48,500 --> 01:01:51,700
loyalty some guests, this 
reflection spurred him to adopt 

1174
01:01:51,700 --> 01:01:54,400
Savage efficiency in the 
stamping out, potential threats,

1175
01:01:54,400 --> 01:01:58,100
believing that if a blossom 
would fall, anyway, bested to do

1176
01:01:58,108 --> 01:02:01,100
so on his terms. 
Whether or not that anecdote is 

1177
01:02:01,100 --> 01:02:03,600
fully accurate. 
Pictures, the sense that a 

1178
01:02:03,600 --> 01:02:07,100
philosophical thread ran under 
his pragmatic exterior. 

1179
01:02:08,000 --> 01:02:10,500
As for the everyday peasant or 
merchants in his expanding 

1180
01:02:10,500 --> 01:02:12,900
territory, the experience was 
double-edged. 

1181
01:02:12,900 --> 01:02:16,000
They might face forced 
relocation or heavy Corvette 

1182
01:02:16,000 --> 01:02:18,200
labor to build new 
fortifications, but once 

1183
01:02:18,200 --> 01:02:21,800
integrated they also benefited 
from relative security and New 

1184
01:02:21,800 --> 01:02:25,000
Roads that spurred Commerce. 
Contemporary letters from 

1185
01:02:25,000 --> 01:02:26,900
Village. 
Headmen describe a mix of relief

1186
01:02:26,900 --> 01:02:30,100
at decreased local Warfare, and 
disquiet about the unwavering 

1187
01:02:30,100 --> 01:02:31,700
demands of the outer 
Administration. 

1188
01:02:31,700 --> 01:02:35,700
Taxes might be consistent. 
But if the local official was 

1189
01:02:35,700 --> 01:02:38,600
incompetent, they feared 
nobunaga's retribution. 

1190
01:02:38,600 --> 01:02:42,100
Entire hamlets might be sacked 
if accused of harbouring, 

1191
01:02:42,100 --> 01:02:45,100
rebels. 
So, daily life was balanced 

1192
01:02:45,100 --> 01:02:48,500
between a Karma environment and 
the dread that a single misstep.

1193
01:02:48,500 --> 01:02:52,000
Could provoke a brutal. 
Crackdown As he neared the Final

1194
01:02:52,000 --> 01:02:56,400
Chapter, some retelling, he grew
more flamboyant, he staged 

1195
01:02:56,400 --> 01:02:59,500
Banquets with the Kabuki or 
comedic plays wearing elaborate 

1196
01:02:59,500 --> 01:03:03,900
kimonos, others emphasize and 
increasing paranoia, pushing him

1197
01:03:03,900 --> 01:03:07,400
to punish even mine or a fronts 
possibly both narrower who was 

1198
01:03:07,400 --> 01:03:10,000
contain truth. 
The Synergy of a man who 

1199
01:03:10,000 --> 01:03:12,600
recognized he was on the cusp of
forging a new Epoch. 

1200
01:03:12,600 --> 01:03:15,800
Yet felt the Press of Potential 
betrayals from every corner. 

1201
01:03:15,800 --> 01:03:19,300
Could produce a contradictory 
Stars lavish celebration. 

1202
01:03:19,300 --> 01:03:21,400
One day Savage clamped down the 
next. 

1203
01:03:21,400 --> 01:03:26,200
Ultimately that tension snapped 
at hamaji leaving him consumed 

1204
01:03:26,200 --> 01:03:29,400
by betrayal. 
In the end, these lesser known 

1205
01:03:29,400 --> 01:03:33,400
details, his Espionage, 
unorthodox appointments subtle 

1206
01:03:33,400 --> 01:03:36,200
alliances with the Imperial 
Court and personal reading 

1207
01:03:36,200 --> 01:03:40,800
habits, magnify how complex odor
Nobunaga was not purely, The 

1208
01:03:40,800 --> 01:03:44,400
Demon King not purely, the 
modernizing champion, you 

1209
01:03:44,400 --> 01:03:46,700
Traverse spaces Beyond 
simplistic labels. 

1210
01:03:46,700 --> 01:03:51,200
His story though, overshadowed 
by dramatic battles resonates in

1211
01:03:51,200 --> 01:03:55,000
the subtle underpinnings of how 
he managed Realms resources and 

1212
01:03:55,000 --> 01:03:58,300
relationships. 
It hints that while overshadowed

1213
01:03:58,300 --> 01:04:02,000
by an era of swirling conflict. 
His efforts carved out A New 

1214
01:04:02,008 --> 01:04:05,300
Path from medieval fragmentation
to emergency Central Authority. 

1215
01:04:05,300 --> 01:04:10,200
Paving the way for hideo, Yoshi 
yeisy and the eventual of a 

1216
01:04:10,200 --> 01:04:13,100
stable will be at closed Japan 
under the Tokugawa. 

1217
01:04:14,100 --> 01:04:16,800
Standing at the Confluence of 
myth and factored. 

1218
01:04:16,800 --> 01:04:20,500
Nobunaga remains a singular 
figure in Japan's, historical 

1219
01:04:20,500 --> 01:04:25,300
consciousness, centuries of 
paths that fateful day in 1582. 

1220
01:04:25,300 --> 01:04:30,600
Yet, the shadow of Honor gingers
observers even in modern times 

1221
01:04:30,600 --> 01:04:33,900
see him attention between 
brutality in lightening 

1222
01:04:33,900 --> 01:04:36,200
tradition and radical 
Innovation. 

1223
01:04:36,200 --> 01:04:42,900
His presence Looms in Talk of 
the saint goes because he alone 

1224
01:04:42,900 --> 01:04:47,000
dared to step outside, the old 
rules, so dramatically One 

1225
01:04:47,000 --> 01:04:48,900
wonders. 
How if not for me to heeds coup 

1226
01:04:48,900 --> 01:04:51,800
Japan's path might differ. 
Maybe Nobunaga would have 

1227
01:04:51,800 --> 01:04:55,600
extended even friendly a ties 
with the West fostering deeper 

1228
01:04:55,600 --> 01:04:58,900
trade or adopting new Sciences. 
Some speculate he might have 

1229
01:04:58,900 --> 01:05:00,800
orchestrated a national 
bureaucracy. 

1230
01:05:00,800 --> 01:05:02,800
Well before Tokugawa 
consolidation. 

1231
01:05:02,800 --> 01:05:05,300
Speeding modernization by 
centuries. 

1232
01:05:06,300 --> 01:05:08,800
Others argue, the pace of 
Western contact was still too 

1233
01:05:08,800 --> 01:05:12,300
slow and that his stance on 
Christianity was too ambiguous 

1234
01:05:12,300 --> 01:05:15,700
to create a real opening or 
perhaps his severity would have 

1235
01:05:15,708 --> 01:05:19,600
ignited, a larger civil Revolt, 
cutting his story short anyway, 

1236
01:05:19,600 --> 01:05:24,100
such conjectures swirl Because 
the actual drama ended abruptly 

1237
01:05:24,100 --> 01:05:28,000
leaving a vacuum for hid a Yoshi
and the aasu to fill. 

1238
01:05:29,000 --> 01:05:33,100
Modern Japan historians group in
among the three great unifiers 

1239
01:05:33,100 --> 01:05:37,200
will be at the earliest in the 
most audacious hideyoshi refined

1240
01:05:37,200 --> 01:05:41,200
ASU and trenched but Nobunaga 
was the Unstoppable. 

1241
01:05:41,200 --> 01:05:46,100
Spark various local festivals in
gifu or Nagoya, celebrate him as

1242
01:05:46,100 --> 01:05:47,400
an iconic. 
Local Hero. 

1243
01:05:47,400 --> 01:05:51,600
Perhaps ignoring the cruelty 
that the walls of temples The 

1244
01:05:51,600 --> 01:05:55,900
Duality remains parades costumed
in flamboyant odor regalia, 

1245
01:05:55,900 --> 01:05:59,600
hosting cheerful crowds 
ironically commemorating a man 

1246
01:05:59,608 --> 01:06:03,100
who showed little Mercy to foes,
yet, that contradiction is not 

1247
01:06:03,100 --> 01:06:06,000
lost on participants. 
Who acknowledge that forging a 

1248
01:06:06,000 --> 01:06:07,300
new orders. 
Sell them occurs gently. 

1249
01:06:08,100 --> 01:06:10,800
Schools in Japan, mentioned him 
in textbooks will be at briefly 

1250
01:06:10,800 --> 01:06:14,100
formidable Lord. 
Who championed guns overcame, 

1251
01:06:14,100 --> 01:06:17,800
the imagawa subdued, the Takeda 
and died at honor G. 

1252
01:06:18,700 --> 01:06:21,400
This truncated version rarely 
delves into his approach to 

1253
01:06:21,400 --> 01:06:23,300
governance or the 
transformations in Commerce. 

1254
01:06:23,300 --> 01:06:26,600
He championed meanwhile academic
circles delve deeper 

1255
01:06:26,600 --> 01:06:30,000
re-evaluating newly found 
Diaries or cross-referencing 

1256
01:06:30,000 --> 01:06:33,300
Portuguese Mission letters each 
reexamination can shift. 

1257
01:06:33,300 --> 01:06:36,900
The Nuance was he truly a patron
of broad-minded exchange or just

1258
01:06:36,900 --> 01:06:38,900
pragmatic about receiving 
Advanced Weaponry? 

1259
01:06:38,900 --> 01:06:43,000
It is free market instincts. 
Come from moral convictions or 

1260
01:06:43,000 --> 01:06:45,600
from a desire to centralized 
under his control. 

1261
01:06:46,500 --> 01:06:49,300
The records are incomplete 
showing debates. 

1262
01:06:49,300 --> 01:06:52,600
Continue. 
Outside Japan popular culture 

1263
01:06:52,600 --> 01:06:55,900
globalized his name, strategy 
games depict him as a 

1264
01:06:55,908 --> 01:06:59,500
charismatic conqueror with 
Cutting Edge, muskets animated 

1265
01:06:59,500 --> 01:07:01,300
series swirl into fantasy 
battles. 

1266
01:07:02,200 --> 01:07:05,100
Occasionally, they highlight the
Heartbreak of the trail other 

1267
01:07:05,100 --> 01:07:07,100
times, the Unstoppable 
conquests. 

1268
01:07:07,800 --> 01:07:09,800
In global narratives about 
heroic entire. 

1269
01:07:09,800 --> 01:07:15,400
Stan's comfortably, among 
Genghis, Khan Napoleon and other

1270
01:07:15,400 --> 01:07:19,700
icons of Unstoppable expansion. 
The Mythic Dimension grows with 

1271
01:07:19,700 --> 01:07:23,200
each retailing overshadowing 
smaller truths, like how he 

1272
01:07:23,208 --> 01:07:25,900
dealt daily with Petty, Clan 
disputes or Municipal tax 

1273
01:07:25,900 --> 01:07:28,700
controverses? 
Yet, those small truths made the

1274
01:07:28,700 --> 01:07:32,300
difference in his success. 
The To handle detail from 

1275
01:07:32,300 --> 01:07:35,300
forging muskets to forging packs
with blacksmiths and foreign 

1276
01:07:35,300 --> 01:07:37,900
Traders. 
Perhaps the ultimate takeaway is

1277
01:07:37,900 --> 01:07:40,000
that leadership in a time of 
flux is rarely. 

1278
01:07:40,000 --> 01:07:43,200
Pure nobunaga's story. 
Underscores how seizing the 

1279
01:07:43,200 --> 01:07:46,000
moment demands leaps of 
imagination, a willingness, to 

1280
01:07:46,000 --> 01:07:49,000
adopt, unfamiliar tools and 
Readiness, for pushback from 

1281
01:07:49,000 --> 01:07:52,000
entrenched interests. 
But such leaps can also breed 

1282
01:07:52,000 --> 01:07:56,900
enemies from unexpected places. 
He overcame vast hurdles only to

1283
01:07:56,900 --> 01:07:59,400
be undone by the retainer whose 
loyalty he took for granted. 

1284
01:08:00,500 --> 01:08:03,900
The caution is timeless. 
And stoppable impetus might 

1285
01:08:03,900 --> 01:08:07,300
yield breathtaking victories. 
That ignoring the intricacies of

1286
01:08:07,308 --> 01:08:10,200
trust, can prove fatal for all 
the rancor. 

1287
01:08:10,200 --> 01:08:13,800
The story of Odin Nobunaga is 
also one of bridging a medieval 

1288
01:08:13,800 --> 01:08:17,399
fractiousness to a future marked
by Central governments, the 

1289
01:08:17,399 --> 01:08:19,899
Unstoppable impetus. 
He began was not fully realized 

1290
01:08:19,899 --> 01:08:23,600
in his life time, but the 
impetus did not die at homogene.

1291
01:08:24,399 --> 01:08:28,000
Continued through his successors
Coleman in a unified though, 

1292
01:08:28,000 --> 01:08:30,300
autocratic. 
Tokugawa regime. 

1293
01:08:31,500 --> 01:08:34,800
So in a sense he was the father 
of modern Japan in everything 

1294
01:08:34,800 --> 01:08:37,899
that his official name. 
That's the irony, the one who 

1295
01:08:37,899 --> 01:08:40,500
set the stage for stability, 
never personally enjoyed it. 

1296
01:08:40,500 --> 01:08:44,000
His life ended in a 
conflagration leaving fans of 

1297
01:08:44,000 --> 01:08:47,000
heroic epic to mourn that the 
Unstoppable path ended. 

1298
01:08:47,000 --> 01:08:51,200
Just short of the final victory.
Perhaps that ending paradoxical 

1299
01:08:51,200 --> 01:08:54,700
amplifies, his Legend in a land 
that often underscores the 

1300
01:08:54,700 --> 01:08:56,500
ephemeral beauty of cherry 
blossoms. 

1301
01:08:56,500 --> 01:08:59,899
Fleeting in their Prime 
nobunaga's abrupt demise at the 

1302
01:08:59,899 --> 01:09:02,100
Apex of his might resonates as 
an epic. 

1303
01:09:02,100 --> 01:09:05,600
Tragic, flourish. 
Even as a new Japan, eventually 

1304
01:09:05,600 --> 01:09:08,700
dawned under different hands. 
The memory of the one who dared 

1305
01:09:08,700 --> 01:09:12,700
to break every mold to scorn 
archaic codes, and to forcibly 

1306
01:09:12,700 --> 01:09:15,399
shape, the realm remains an 
endless source of contemplation 

1307
01:09:15,399 --> 01:09:20,100
debate and creative inspiration.
Oda Nobunaga a name that 

1308
01:09:20,100 --> 01:09:23,600
centuries later remains 
intertwined with the Unstoppable

1309
01:09:23,600 --> 01:09:27,500
drive to unify Land once 
splintered by War overshadowed, 

1310
01:09:27,500 --> 01:09:31,200
only by the final violent, twist
of fate, that gave rise to a 

1311
01:09:31,200 --> 01:09:41,600
legend beyond the measure of 
success or failure. the first 

1312
01:09:41,600 --> 01:09:45,000
voice came not with thunderous 
Clarity, but as a whisper easily

1313
01:09:45,000 --> 01:09:49,399
mistaken for Wind Through the 
garden, I was 13 Gathering herbs

1314
01:09:49,399 --> 01:09:51,700
behind my father. 
Jacques house in Delray. 

1315
01:09:53,000 --> 01:09:55,100
Most people remember me? 
Describing the voice as 

1316
01:09:55,100 --> 01:09:58,900
appearing with blinding light at
noon, but the truth differs it 

1317
01:09:58,900 --> 01:10:02,000
was actually dusk the owl. 
When Shadows transform into 

1318
01:10:02,000 --> 01:10:07,700
something else, entirely Jahan, 
Said my name in the old tongue. 

1319
01:10:07,700 --> 01:10:10,900
It was familiar. 
Not commanding or frightening 

1320
01:10:10,900 --> 01:10:12,900
like someone who had known me 
before. 

1321
01:10:12,900 --> 01:10:16,600
I knew myself, I dropped my 
basket herb scattering across 

1322
01:10:16,600 --> 01:10:19,000
soil. 
Still warm from the day's son. 

1323
01:10:19,000 --> 01:10:21,000
No one had prepared me for this 
moment. 

1324
01:10:21,000 --> 01:10:24,800
Even though our priest, father 
of the Franti frequently spoke 

1325
01:10:24,800 --> 01:10:28,600
about Saints and visions, People
imagine I was overcome with 

1326
01:10:28,600 --> 01:10:31,800
religious Ecstasy, but my 
initial reaction was irritation.

1327
01:10:31,800 --> 01:10:33,900
I had chores to finish before 
dark. 

1328
01:10:33,900 --> 01:10:37,100
And mother would scold me for 
dallying only, when the voice 

1329
01:10:37,100 --> 01:10:38,600
came again. 
Three days later, while I 

1330
01:10:38,608 --> 01:10:40,300
attended our sheep, did I begin 
to understand. 

1331
01:10:40,300 --> 01:10:43,200
It was Michael, the Archangel 
though he did not announce 

1332
01:10:43,200 --> 01:10:45,700
himself, grandly he simply began
speaking. 

1333
01:10:45,700 --> 01:10:49,600
As if he were continuing along 
established conversation our 

1334
01:10:49,600 --> 01:10:53,500
village existed in Perpetual 
anxiety, the English and begans 

1335
01:10:53,500 --> 01:10:56,500
raided regularly forcing us to 
flee with our livestock to the 

1336
01:10:56,500 --> 01:10:58,400
nearby fortified island of 
Volare. 

1337
01:10:59,300 --> 01:11:02,000
My father served as a village 
official Dean like called him. 

1338
01:11:02,000 --> 01:11:05,100
And I watched how the weight of 
protecting others bet his 

1339
01:11:05,100 --> 01:11:08,100
shoulders when he returned from 
bearing, neighbors killed in 

1340
01:11:08,100 --> 01:11:11,800
raids. 
It sit silently by our half. 

1341
01:11:13,500 --> 01:11:17,500
Staring at nothing. 
This was the inheritance of 

1342
01:11:17,500 --> 01:11:20,600
every child in Lorraine. 
The knowledge that safety was 

1343
01:11:20,600 --> 01:11:22,600
temporary violence. 
Inevitable. 

1344
01:11:24,200 --> 01:11:27,100
The voices Catherine and 
Margaret joined, Michael. 

1345
01:11:27,100 --> 01:11:30,200
Eventually did not immediately 
speak of saving France. 

1346
01:11:30,200 --> 01:11:34,500
He spoke of me how I must remain
pure, how I must listen 

1347
01:11:34,500 --> 01:11:37,300
carefully. 
People think I was a simple girl

1348
01:11:37,300 --> 01:11:41,200
that Simplicity was impossible 
in our border region where 

1349
01:11:41,200 --> 01:11:45,800
language loyalty and custom 
blurred, we spoke a dialect that

1350
01:11:45,800 --> 01:11:48,900
was neither purely French. 
Nor German we pledged allegiance

1351
01:11:48,900 --> 01:11:51,100
to Lords whose names changed 
with the seasons. 

1352
01:11:51,100 --> 01:11:55,008
You will recognize the dofa. 
They told me once though, I had 

1353
01:11:55,016 --> 01:11:57,800
never traveled beyond our Valley
and had never seen nobility safe

1354
01:11:57,800 --> 01:12:01,700
for occasional passing nights. 
How I inquired, my ignorance 

1355
01:12:01,700 --> 01:12:05,500
weighing heavily on my mind, you
will know was all they answered.

1356
01:12:05,500 --> 01:12:07,600
Mother taught me to sow and 
spin. 

1357
01:12:07,608 --> 01:12:10,900
Not knowing these domestic 
skills would later serve me well

1358
01:12:10,900 --> 01:12:13,600
in Army Camps. 
Father taught me to manage off 

1359
01:12:13,600 --> 01:12:16,600
few acres and to recognize when 
rain threatening the hay 

1360
01:12:16,600 --> 01:12:19,300
Harvest. 
These mundane lessons proved as 

1361
01:12:19,300 --> 01:12:21,400
crucial as anything the voices 
in parted. 

1362
01:12:21,400 --> 01:12:25,900
I hit the voices from everyone, 
especially my dear friend or the

1363
01:12:25,900 --> 01:12:28,000
yet. 
We gathered flowers for the 

1364
01:12:28,000 --> 01:12:31,000
church altars together. 
Gossiped about Village, boys and

1365
01:12:31,000 --> 01:12:34,700
waded in the Meuse River. 
During Summers heat normalcy 

1366
01:12:34,700 --> 01:12:37,800
became my disguise when my 
mother spoke of arranging a 

1367
01:12:37,800 --> 01:12:40,700
marriage with the son of a 
nearby farmer, I neither agreed 

1368
01:12:40,700 --> 01:12:43,600
nor objected though the voices 
had already commanded, my 

1369
01:12:43,600 --> 01:12:47,600
virginity be preserved I simply 
continued spinning wool, 

1370
01:12:47,600 --> 01:12:50,700
kneading bread and appearing 
unchanged while something 

1371
01:12:50,700 --> 01:12:54,000
profound transformed. 
Within me the summer, I turned 

1372
01:12:54,000 --> 01:12:56,800
16 English forces. 
Pushed deeper into our region. 

1373
01:12:56,800 --> 01:12:59,000
I watched refugees stream 
through. 

1374
01:12:59,000 --> 01:13:02,900
Domini women carrying whatever 
possessions they could save men 

1375
01:13:02,900 --> 01:13:05,600
with haunted eyes and children 
to exhausted to cry. 

1376
01:13:05,600 --> 01:13:09,100
They brought stories of 
villages, burned of harvest 

1377
01:13:09,100 --> 01:13:12,500
destroyed, and of casual 
cruelties inflicted by mercenary

1378
01:13:12,500 --> 01:13:14,700
soldiers, who fought for coin 
rather than calls. 

1379
01:13:15,500 --> 01:13:17,900
One night while our family 
sheltered in the church during a

1380
01:13:17,900 --> 01:13:20,200
raid. 
I watched a woman Rock her dead.

1381
01:13:20,200 --> 01:13:23,700
Infant refusing to acknowledge 
the child had stopped breathing 

1382
01:13:23,700 --> 01:13:27,300
hours before. 
Something hardened in me, then a

1383
01:13:27,300 --> 01:13:29,300
resolve that matched. 
The voice is growing urgency. 

1384
01:13:29,300 --> 01:13:32,500
It is time. 
Michael told me as Autumn Leaves

1385
01:13:32,500 --> 01:13:35,700
fell as France bleeds. 
The King's son hides while the 

1386
01:13:35,700 --> 01:13:39,000
kingdom crumbles. 
I'm a girl who cannot read. 

1387
01:13:39,000 --> 01:13:41,300
I answered. 
I've never held a sword. 

1388
01:13:42,000 --> 01:13:44,400
Yet you will lead armies. 
Catherine replied. 

1389
01:13:45,300 --> 01:13:48,300
I laughed aloud at this 
absurdity, earning a questioning

1390
01:13:48,300 --> 01:13:50,700
look from my brother Pierre as 
we gathered kindling in the 

1391
01:13:50,708 --> 01:13:54,900
forest you were chosen before 
birth Margaret, added not for 

1392
01:13:54,900 --> 01:13:58,900
your knowledge, but for your 
heart, As winter approached 

1393
01:13:58,900 --> 01:14:01,500
burgundy and soldiers burned 
part of our village. 

1394
01:14:01,500 --> 01:14:04,200
I helped neighbors. 
Salvage what remained of their 

1395
01:14:04,208 --> 01:14:06,700
homes by digging through Ash for
cooking pots. 

1396
01:14:06,700 --> 01:14:09,300
And for anything usable the 
voice is grew more. 

1397
01:14:09,300 --> 01:14:12,600
Insistent speaking, not just in 
Quiet Moments, but during daily 

1398
01:14:12,600 --> 01:14:16,500
tasks, during mass during rare 
moments of Village celebration. 

1399
01:14:17,500 --> 01:14:21,500
Go to vacuole as they commanded 
speak to Robert de Bodega tour 

1400
01:14:21,500 --> 01:14:25,300
and you the name the Garrison 
Commander, a Gruff Soldier loyal

1401
01:14:25,300 --> 01:14:27,300
to the uncrowned fair. 
What? 

1402
01:14:27,300 --> 01:14:29,800
I didn't know was how a peasant 
girl might gain his audience, 

1403
01:14:29,800 --> 01:14:32,300
how I might convince him of the 
Divine messages. 

1404
01:14:32,300 --> 01:14:35,200
Only, I could hear, but the 
voice is left, no room for 

1405
01:14:35,208 --> 01:14:37,600
doubt. 
I would go, I would speak. 

1406
01:14:37,600 --> 01:14:39,600
I would begin this impossible 
Journey. 

1407
01:14:40,600 --> 01:14:42,600
So, I planted my hair one. 
Final time before. 

1408
01:14:42,600 --> 01:14:44,900
Cutting it away. 
Trading, A daughter's life for 

1409
01:14:44,900 --> 01:14:47,500
something without precedent. 
My cousin Johannes. 

1410
01:14:47,500 --> 01:14:50,100
Last swath thought I was insane.
When I asked him to escort me to

1411
01:14:50,100 --> 01:14:53,000
vocalo. 
Practical man with calloused 

1412
01:14:53,000 --> 01:14:55,600
hands in a Perpetual Furrow 
between his brows nonetheless 

1413
01:14:55,600 --> 01:14:57,800
agreed. 
Perhaps out of curiosity about 

1414
01:14:57,800 --> 01:15:01,000
what a transformed his once 
quiet, cousin into someone who 

1415
01:15:01,000 --> 01:15:04,300
spoke with unnerving certainty. 
Three times. 

1416
01:15:04,300 --> 01:15:05,800
You will knock on the captain's 
door. 

1417
01:15:05,800 --> 01:15:09,900
Catherine had told me twice. 
He will refuse you the third 

1418
01:15:09,900 --> 01:15:13,700
time, he will listen. 
During the January journey to 

1419
01:15:13,700 --> 01:15:17,600
vulner my feet became numb from 
wearing worn, leather shoes, 

1420
01:15:17,600 --> 01:15:21,800
Frost glazed the bare trees, 
like, spun sugar, beautiful and 

1421
01:15:21,800 --> 01:15:24,200
bitter. 
I'd never traveled so far from 

1422
01:15:24,200 --> 01:15:27,400
home a mere 20 miles that 
stretched like a pilgrimage 

1423
01:15:27,400 --> 01:15:30,700
Jerome filled silences with 
nervous chatter about his 

1424
01:15:30,700 --> 01:15:32,400
Vineyard, and about Village 
gossip. 

1425
01:15:32,400 --> 01:15:35,500
Carefully, avoiding questions 
about my purpose and we crested 

1426
01:15:35,500 --> 01:15:38,700
the final Hill. 
What exactly would you say to 

1427
01:15:38,700 --> 01:15:40,400
him? 
You finally are asked as 

1428
01:15:40,400 --> 01:15:42,300
vocalists stonewall's, came into
view. 

1429
01:15:42,300 --> 01:15:46,400
The truth seemed both too simple
and to extraordinary Voices From

1430
01:15:46,400 --> 01:15:49,000
Heaven commanded me to seek an 
audience with the Garrison 

1431
01:15:49,000 --> 01:15:52,000
Commander, so that I could 
eventually lead the dofan to his

1432
01:15:52,000 --> 01:15:56,200
coronation at Ryan's. 
Instead I said only what God 

1433
01:15:56,200 --> 01:15:59,800
wishes me to say. 
Boudreau's guards, Nick at the 

1434
01:15:59,800 --> 01:16:01,900
sight of me a peasant, girl, in 
a home. 

1435
01:16:01,900 --> 01:16:04,400
Spun dress requesting an 
audience with their Commander. 

1436
01:16:05,200 --> 01:16:07,500
That something in my demeanor 
made them hesitate to Simply 

1437
01:16:07,500 --> 01:16:10,400
turn me away. 
Perhaps it was the way I stood 

1438
01:16:10,400 --> 01:16:13,000
as if inhabited by something 
larger than myself. 

1439
01:16:13,800 --> 01:16:16,500
They brought record to the 
Courtyard rather than admitting 

1440
01:16:16,500 --> 01:16:19,800
me to his quarters. 
A public humiliation intended to

1441
01:16:19,800 --> 01:16:23,700
discourage further persistence. 
The Heavenly Lord has a messages

1442
01:16:23,700 --> 01:16:25,300
concerning the welfare of 
France. 

1443
01:16:25,300 --> 01:16:29,000
I announced borrowing formality.
I'd never needed in dhamrait. 

1444
01:16:29,800 --> 01:16:33,200
Both record bearded broad 
shouldered perpetually, armored 

1445
01:16:33,200 --> 01:16:36,200
even in peacetime laughed, not 
cruelty. 

1446
01:16:36,200 --> 01:16:39,200
But with the weariness of a man 
besieged by people claiming 

1447
01:16:39,200 --> 01:16:41,200
special knowledge in Desperate 
Times. 

1448
01:16:42,300 --> 01:16:45,400
Returned to your father child, 
he said, learn to improve your 

1449
01:16:45,400 --> 01:16:47,400
thread spinning skills and stead
of telling stories. 

1450
01:16:48,700 --> 01:16:51,800
I did not argue the voices had 
prepared me for rejection. 

1451
01:16:51,800 --> 01:16:54,600
Your own looked relieved as we 
left for leaving. 

1452
01:16:54,600 --> 01:16:57,900
The Mata concluded that I 
remained in, vocalo, staying 

1453
01:16:57,900 --> 01:17:01,100
with distant relatives, the 
kindly wheelwright honoree in 

1454
01:17:01,100 --> 01:17:04,300
his wife, Catherine larae, who 
took me in despite their 

1455
01:17:04,300 --> 01:17:06,900
confusion about my purpose. 
Daily. 

1456
01:17:06,900 --> 01:17:10,400
I attended mass at the chapel of
Saint Marie, kneeling on Stone 

1457
01:17:10,400 --> 01:17:12,000
floors. 
That proved my knees. 

1458
01:17:12,900 --> 01:17:15,400
Townspeople began noticing. 
The strange girl, who prayed 

1459
01:17:15,400 --> 01:17:19,000
with unusual intensity. 
Some mocked me, others 

1460
01:17:19,000 --> 01:17:21,200
sentencing. 
Something Beyond ordinary Faith,

1461
01:17:21,200 --> 01:17:24,100
began asking for blessings for 
prayers, specific to their 

1462
01:17:24,100 --> 01:17:27,000
troubles. 
I have no power to bless. 

1463
01:17:27,000 --> 01:17:29,400
I told a woman who brought her 
feverish child. 

1464
01:17:29,400 --> 01:17:34,000
I am only a messenger. 
Yet I placed my hands on the 

1465
01:17:34,000 --> 01:17:37,300
child's forehead feeling heat 
radiating through papery skin 

1466
01:17:37,300 --> 01:17:40,900
and prayed anyway. 
When the fever broke three days 

1467
01:17:40,900 --> 01:17:43,000
later. 
Whispers about me change tenor. 

1468
01:17:43,000 --> 01:17:45,500
I was back at bead records door 
six days. 

1469
01:17:45,500 --> 01:17:49,000
After my initial rejection this 
time, he received me properly in

1470
01:17:49,000 --> 01:17:51,900
his Chambers, curious about 
rumors circulating through his 

1471
01:17:51,900 --> 01:17:54,700
town. 
I stood before his massive oak 

1472
01:17:54,700 --> 01:17:57,500
desk, my shadow small against 
the stone wall behind me. 

1473
01:17:58,300 --> 01:18:01,100
You claim Heaven speaks to you. 
He said not bothering with a 

1474
01:18:01,100 --> 01:18:04,800
greeting. 
Not claims truth, the steadiness

1475
01:18:04,800 --> 01:18:07,200
in my voice surprised even me 
today. 

1476
01:18:07,200 --> 01:18:12,500
Nearly all are forces of 
suffered defeat, a skirmish near

1477
01:18:12,500 --> 01:18:16,300
a place called rovere The Ambush
targeted men carrying Lenten, 

1478
01:18:16,300 --> 01:18:18,000
fish and provision for the 
perceived. 

1479
01:18:18,700 --> 01:18:21,300
You will receive confirmation of
the situation in days. 

1480
01:18:22,400 --> 01:18:24,700
I had not known these words 
would come from my mouth until 

1481
01:18:24,700 --> 01:18:28,000
they emerged the voices had 
whispered to the moments before 

1482
01:18:28,000 --> 01:18:31,000
and after his chamber Bode 
records expression. 

1483
01:18:31,000 --> 01:18:33,400
Change from skepticism to 
guarded caution. 

1484
01:18:33,400 --> 01:18:37,100
If the story proves true, he 
began. 

1485
01:18:37,100 --> 01:18:40,800
When it proves true like 
corrected, you will provide me 

1486
01:18:40,800 --> 01:18:44,200
an escort to she know He 
dismissed me without commitment 

1487
01:18:44,200 --> 01:18:47,600
Messengers, confirmed the battle
of the herrings four days later 

1488
01:18:47,600 --> 01:18:50,900
while my prediction was not 
particularly detailed its 

1489
01:18:50,900 --> 01:18:53,800
verification startled, Boudreaux
into taking me. 

1490
01:18:53,800 --> 01:18:57,900
Seriously, on my third visit, he
listened fully, I must dress as 

1491
01:18:57,900 --> 01:19:01,400
a man explained. 
The journey is dangerous and I 

1492
01:19:01,400 --> 01:19:04,900
have been promised protection. 
If I maintain my virtue, what I 

1493
01:19:04,900 --> 01:19:07,300
didn't say is that the voice is 
sometimes revealed to me, 

1494
01:19:07,300 --> 01:19:11,200
glimpses of what awaited roads 
crawling with burgundy, patrols 

1495
01:19:11,200 --> 01:19:14,400
English archers and Forest, 
clearings, and rivers swollen 

1496
01:19:14,400 --> 01:19:17,700
with winter melt A woman 
traveling would face dangers 

1497
01:19:17,700 --> 01:19:21,100
Beyond enemy Soldiers. 
The voice is Promised safety, 

1498
01:19:21,100 --> 01:19:24,300
but required provenance. 
Boudreaux commission Male 

1499
01:19:24,300 --> 01:19:28,000
clothing for me the dark Woolen 
tunic leggings and a boot that 

1500
01:19:28,000 --> 01:19:30,800
needed stuffing at the toes 
order cork. 

1501
01:19:30,800 --> 01:19:33,400
Cut my hair even shorter 
cropping it close to my scalp 

1502
01:19:33,400 --> 01:19:36,100
when I dressed in these garments
for the first time. 

1503
01:19:36,100 --> 01:19:39,700
The local a watched with 
troubled, Fascination, Honore 

1504
01:19:39,700 --> 01:19:41,700
crossed himself, Catherine white
tears. 

1505
01:19:41,700 --> 01:19:45,600
You look honestly, started 
unable to find appropriate 

1506
01:19:45,600 --> 01:19:49,900
words, Like God's instrument. 
I finished for him, though. 

1507
01:19:49,900 --> 01:19:54,100
I felt only like myself, simply 
clad differently, Jeanette, and 

1508
01:19:54,100 --> 01:19:55,500
bertrande. 
Pulan G. 

1509
01:19:55,500 --> 01:19:59,000
Two of bowed, recurs men 
volunteered to accompany me to 

1510
01:19:59,000 --> 01:20:01,700
Chino both later. 
Claimed, divine inspiration, 

1511
01:20:01,700 --> 01:20:04,400
moved them to offer an escort. 
But I saw more Earthly 

1512
01:20:04,400 --> 01:20:07,500
calculation in their eyes 
curiosity about whether the 

1513
01:20:07,500 --> 01:20:10,300
strange girl might truly have 
Heavenly favor whether their 

1514
01:20:10,300 --> 01:20:12,000
fortunes might Rise by 
proximity. 

1515
01:20:13,000 --> 01:20:16,400
The night before, departure Bode
recourse summoned, me once more,

1516
01:20:16,400 --> 01:20:19,900
the chambers single candle cast,
dramatic Shadows across his 

1517
01:20:19,900 --> 01:20:21,900
face. 
Deepening already severe 

1518
01:20:21,900 --> 01:20:25,100
features. 
If you are deceiving us, if you 

1519
01:20:25,100 --> 01:20:28,800
lead my men into danger through 
false prophecy, he let the 

1520
01:20:28,800 --> 01:20:32,200
threat hang on unfinished. 
I move only as directed, I 

1521
01:20:32,200 --> 01:20:34,900
answered your men. 
Safety as precious to Heaven. 

1522
01:20:34,900 --> 01:20:38,900
He handed me a sword, then not 
ceremoniously, but with a 

1523
01:20:38,900 --> 01:20:41,200
practicality that acknowledge 
the dangers ahead. 

1524
01:20:42,200 --> 01:20:45,200
Can you use this? 
I had never held a sword before.

1525
01:20:45,200 --> 01:20:47,000
It's wait. 
Surprise me. 

1526
01:20:47,000 --> 01:20:51,300
The cool against my palm. 
I will not need to I said, 

1527
01:20:51,300 --> 01:20:54,600
others will fight. 
I carry the standard. 

1528
01:20:55,700 --> 01:20:59,700
This answer so specific yet, so 
odd seemed to finally convinced 

1529
01:20:59,700 --> 01:21:03,500
him, he nodded once, reclaim the
sword and uttered words that 

1530
01:21:03,500 --> 01:21:06,700
would become famous, despite 
their lack of theatrical Flair 

1531
01:21:06,700 --> 01:21:10,800
in their actual delivery. 
Go then and let come what comes?

1532
01:21:11,700 --> 01:21:15,700
The following morning, February 
23rd, I departed vocular, with 

1533
01:21:15,700 --> 01:21:19,500
my small escort, townspeople 
gathered to watch some, touching

1534
01:21:19,500 --> 01:21:23,300
my garments as if I were already
a saint a woman pressed a rosary

1535
01:21:23,300 --> 01:21:25,800
into my hand. 
A blacksmith crossed himself. 

1536
01:21:25,800 --> 01:21:29,400
As I passed, I did not look back
at the town's gate, even though 

1537
01:21:29,400 --> 01:21:33,400
homesickness was already pulling
at me, not for Dom Remi, but for

1538
01:21:33,400 --> 01:21:36,000
a Simplicity that I had now 
irrevocably lost. 

1539
01:21:36,900 --> 01:21:40,100
A head layer 11 days of hard 
travel through enemy territory 

1540
01:21:40,100 --> 01:21:42,600
and beyond that challenges. 
I could guess. 

1541
01:21:42,600 --> 01:21:46,600
Leah imagine but Michael's voice
accompanied me Steady as my 

1542
01:21:46,608 --> 01:21:49,600
heartbeat. 
France is Liberation begins with

1543
01:21:49,600 --> 01:21:52,500
each step. 
You take the journey to Shin on 

1544
01:21:52,508 --> 01:21:54,400
tested faith, more than physical
endurance. 

1545
01:21:54,400 --> 01:21:58,000
We traveled, mainly at night, 
the voiding, main roads were 

1546
01:21:58,000 --> 01:22:01,000
English and patrols short 
travelers to Rob or Ransom 

1547
01:22:01,000 --> 01:22:04,100
during daylight hours. 
We hid in a band and Shepherd's,

1548
01:22:04,100 --> 01:22:07,700
Huts, or dense Woodland. 
Genre Mets and who longji, 

1549
01:22:07,700 --> 01:22:10,800
initially insisted, I sleep 
separate from them to protect my

1550
01:22:10,800 --> 01:22:14,400
virtue but practicality soon 
dissolved such Curtis's. 

1551
01:22:14,400 --> 01:22:18,500
We huddled together for warmth, 
in February's biting, cold, my 

1552
01:22:18,500 --> 01:22:21,200
male attire and their owner 
providing sufficient barriers. 

1553
01:22:21,200 --> 01:22:25,000
My companions attitudes toward 
me, evolved, during our journey 

1554
01:22:25,000 --> 01:22:28,000
initial skepticism transformed 
into cautious. 

1555
01:22:28,000 --> 01:22:30,900
Reverence after we narrowly 
avoided of the Gundy and Patrol 

1556
01:22:30,900 --> 01:22:35,000
that should have intercepted us.
the wind shifted pool and gear 

1557
01:22:35,000 --> 01:22:37,500
remarked, not connecting the 
sudden, weather change to my 

1558
01:22:37,508 --> 01:22:41,900
silent prayer moments before 
Later when we reached a swollen 

1559
01:22:41,900 --> 01:22:44,000
river, that Maps showed, no 
Crossing for Miles. 

1560
01:22:44,000 --> 01:22:48,000
A local boy appeared as if 
conjured guiding us to a hidden 

1561
01:22:48,000 --> 01:22:51,000
Ford. 
My escorts exchanged meaningful 

1562
01:22:51,000 --> 01:22:54,300
glances, but I knew these were 
not Miracles, merely the 

1563
01:22:54,300 --> 01:22:56,200
everyday workings of divine 
guidance. 

1564
01:22:57,200 --> 01:22:58,800
Will you truly recognize the 
dough? 

1565
01:22:58,800 --> 01:23:01,200
Phone John asked one evening as 
we warmed. 

1566
01:23:01,200 --> 01:23:03,000
Our hands over a small 
carefully. 

1567
01:23:03,000 --> 01:23:05,800
Shielded fire. 
They say he often hides among 

1568
01:23:05,800 --> 01:23:09,700
his courtiers to test visitors. 
God will identify his anointed. 

1569
01:23:09,700 --> 01:23:12,900
Ion answered the privately, I 
wondered how this recognition 

1570
01:23:12,900 --> 01:23:15,500
would manifest. 
The voices remained 

1571
01:23:15,500 --> 01:23:17,800
frustratingly. 
Vague on practical details. 

1572
01:23:17,800 --> 01:23:22,200
We reached Shin on March 6th the
two more days passed before 

1573
01:23:22,200 --> 01:23:25,300
gaining entrance to the castle. 
We launched in the town below 

1574
01:23:25,300 --> 01:23:28,300
where I endured the first of 
many examinations by Church 

1575
01:23:28,300 --> 01:23:31,200
officials balls and sent to 
determine whether my claims were

1576
01:23:31,200 --> 01:23:34,900
divine inspiration, demonic 
influence, or simple Madness. 

1577
01:23:35,700 --> 01:23:38,400
How can we know God speaks 
through, you demanded. 

1578
01:23:38,400 --> 01:23:41,400
An elderly priest, with 
yellowed, fingers, and breathes,

1579
01:23:41,400 --> 01:23:44,900
sour from fasting by the signs 
that follow. 

1580
01:23:44,900 --> 01:23:47,300
I replied. 
Remembering Catherine's coaching

1581
01:23:47,300 --> 01:23:51,100
God does not ask for Blind 
Faith, but provides confirmation

1582
01:23:51,100 --> 01:23:54,400
for those who truly seek. 
What signs have you performed? 

1583
01:23:54,400 --> 01:23:56,600
None? 
Yet signs. 

1584
01:23:56,600 --> 01:23:58,400
Are not tricks. 
Of The Conjurer performed on 

1585
01:23:58,400 --> 01:24:00,500
demand. 
They unfold as needed. 

1586
01:24:01,600 --> 01:24:04,600
He seemed satisfied with this 
answer, which surprised me. 

1587
01:24:05,500 --> 01:24:07,100
Later. 
I learned he reported favorably 

1588
01:24:07,100 --> 01:24:10,600
on my Orthodoxy noting I 
answered questions about faith 

1589
01:24:10,600 --> 01:24:13,800
with simple Clarity rather than 
elaborate theological 

1590
01:24:13,800 --> 01:24:17,000
constructions, that might 
suggest educated heretical 

1591
01:24:17,000 --> 01:24:21,100
influences when I eventually 
gained entry to the castle, I 

1592
01:24:21,100 --> 01:24:25,000
faced a plan challenge. 
Charles not yet crowned and 

1593
01:24:25,000 --> 01:24:27,800
increasingly doubtful of his 
legitimacy at a range for 

1594
01:24:27,808 --> 01:24:31,200
another man to sit on the throne
while he stood among dozens of 

1595
01:24:31,200 --> 01:24:34,000
richly dressed courtiers. 
The Great Hall. 

1596
01:24:34,000 --> 01:24:37,600
Blazed, with hundreds of 
candles, they're like reflecting

1597
01:24:37,600 --> 01:24:40,500
off jeweled fingers and Golden 
Threads woven through Noble 

1598
01:24:40,500 --> 01:24:42,900
garments. 
The assembled caught watched 

1599
01:24:42,900 --> 01:24:46,400
expectantly many smirking at the
prospect of a peasant girls 

1600
01:24:46,400 --> 01:24:49,400
confusion. 
I had never seen such finery 

1601
01:24:49,400 --> 01:24:53,100
such concentrated wealth. 
For a moment like confidence 

1602
01:24:53,100 --> 01:24:56,600
waived, these were people whose 
everyday garments cost more than

1603
01:24:56,600 --> 01:24:59,400
my family earned in years. 
What arrogance? 

1604
01:24:59,400 --> 01:25:03,100
Brought me here Then Margaret 
whispered not in my ear but 

1605
01:25:03,100 --> 01:25:05,800
directly within my mind. 
Remember your purpose. 

1606
01:25:05,800 --> 01:25:10,700
You are not sent to be dazzled 
by Earthly riches without 

1607
01:25:10,700 --> 01:25:12,600
hesitation. 
I walked directly through the 

1608
01:25:12,600 --> 01:25:15,100
crowd, toward a plainly Dressed 
Man, Standing among the 

1609
01:25:15,100 --> 01:25:18,400
courtiers kneeling before him. 
I said what the voice is 

1610
01:25:18,400 --> 01:25:21,700
prompted. 
God gives you life and Glory 

1611
01:25:21,700 --> 01:25:25,500
gentle though for Charles's face
registered shock quickly, 

1612
01:25:25,500 --> 01:25:29,600
controlled, I am not the king. 
He protested maintaining the 

1613
01:25:29,600 --> 01:25:32,000
charade, I did not call you 
King. 

1614
01:25:32,000 --> 01:25:35,700
I answered, you are the Doha, 
but you will be king when 

1615
01:25:35,700 --> 01:25:39,700
properly consecrated at Raya as 
his God's will. the court 

1616
01:25:39,708 --> 01:25:43,500
murmured, Charles gestured for 
seclusion guiding me to a window

1617
01:25:43,500 --> 01:25:47,000
ledge where we could Converse 
discreetly If you truly come 

1618
01:25:47,000 --> 01:25:50,400
from God, he said, quietly tell 
me something, only Divine 

1619
01:25:50,400 --> 01:25:53,800
knowledge could reveal. 
I repeated words, Michael had 

1620
01:25:53,800 --> 01:25:57,000
given me during our journey. 
You made a private prayer at All

1621
01:25:57,000 --> 01:25:59,300
Saints. 
Last November asking God, for 

1622
01:25:59,300 --> 01:26:02,000
confirmation of your right to 
the throne questioning whether 

1623
01:26:02,000 --> 01:26:04,300
your mother's reputation spoke 
truth about your birth. 

1624
01:26:04,900 --> 01:26:07,600
God answers. 
Now you are the legitimate heir 

1625
01:26:07,600 --> 01:26:10,400
to France. 
Your suffering is seen your 

1626
01:26:10,400 --> 01:26:13,600
doubts are understood, but you 
must claim what heaven has 

1627
01:26:13,600 --> 01:26:18,200
preserved for you. 
Charles paled visibly he later 

1628
01:26:18,200 --> 01:26:20,600
confirmed that he had prayed 
this prayer in solitude. 

1629
01:26:21,400 --> 01:26:23,800
That I knew its contents can 
convince him when nothing else 

1630
01:26:23,800 --> 01:26:26,500
might have. 
Yet, despite this private 

1631
01:26:26,500 --> 01:26:29,300
conviction, Charles remained 
publicly cautious. 

1632
01:26:29,300 --> 01:26:33,100
I was subjected to further 
examination including three 

1633
01:26:33,100 --> 01:26:35,800
weeks of questioning by 
theologians at poitiers who 

1634
01:26:35,800 --> 01:26:38,400
probed for heretical beliefs or 
signs of demonic influence. 

1635
01:26:39,600 --> 01:26:41,700
The examined, my body for 
witches marks. 

1636
01:26:41,700 --> 01:26:45,500
Questioned my insistence on male
attire and tested my knowledge 

1637
01:26:45,500 --> 01:26:48,300
of Christian doctrine. 
What history rarely records, is 

1638
01:26:48,300 --> 01:26:51,000
the humiliation of these 
examinations and the indignity 

1639
01:26:51,000 --> 01:26:54,400
of learned men debating, whether
my virginity indicated Divine 

1640
01:26:54,400 --> 01:26:58,400
protection or simply a lack of 
opportunity, as well as whether 

1641
01:26:58,400 --> 01:27:00,700
my voice were Angels or clever 
demons. 

1642
01:27:01,700 --> 01:27:03,500
One elderly, Theologian 
suggested. 

1643
01:27:03,500 --> 01:27:06,300
I might simply suffer from 
female hysteria due to my 

1644
01:27:06,300 --> 01:27:09,400
unmarried state. 
Perhaps I replied evenly. 

1645
01:27:09,400 --> 01:27:12,800
It does hysteria typically 
predict military outcomes or 

1646
01:27:12,800 --> 01:27:16,400
recognized disguised Kings? 
During these weeks of 

1647
01:27:16,400 --> 01:27:20,300
examination, I grew increasingly
frustrated by delays all Leon 

1648
01:27:20,300 --> 01:27:23,600
remained under seeds, its 
situation deteriorating, the 

1649
01:27:23,600 --> 01:27:26,900
voices became more urgent. 
Sometimes waking me from sleep 

1650
01:27:26,900 --> 01:27:30,400
with commands to move quickly. 
Time, Slips Away, Michael 

1651
01:27:30,400 --> 01:27:33,800
warned, France's heart weakens 
with each passing just passing 

1652
01:27:33,800 --> 01:27:36,200
day. 
I petition Charles repeatedly 

1653
01:27:36,200 --> 01:27:41,200
for Action, facing resistance 
from his adviser George, as a 

1654
01:27:41,208 --> 01:27:44,600
threat to his influence. 
The maid makes Bold claims. 

1655
01:27:44,600 --> 01:27:47,600
He told Charles within my 
hearing, yep, prophecies are 

1656
01:27:47,600 --> 01:27:49,400
cheap while soldiers lives a 
dire. 

1657
01:27:49,400 --> 01:27:53,000
Prophecies made me cheap by 
counter it, but the price of 

1658
01:27:53,000 --> 01:27:54,800
ignorance is the fall of your 
kingdom. 

1659
01:27:55,800 --> 01:27:58,300
Charles wavered between 
believing my Divine mandate and 

1660
01:27:58,300 --> 01:28:01,100
fearing the consequences of 
following an unproven visionary.

1661
01:28:01,800 --> 01:28:05,300
What finally convinced him was 
pragmatism all conventional 

1662
01:28:05,300 --> 01:28:09,100
military strategies had failed. 
His treasury emptied while 

1663
01:28:09,100 --> 01:28:11,000
English territory in France 
expanded. 

1664
01:28:11,800 --> 01:28:14,400
What harm could come from, 
allowing me to attempting The 

1665
01:28:14,400 --> 01:28:16,000
Siege at all. 
Should I fail? 

1666
01:28:16,000 --> 01:28:18,700
My losses would be minimal 
compared to the Daily losses 

1667
01:28:18,700 --> 01:28:21,800
already. 
Incurred. if I succeeded, the 

1668
01:28:21,800 --> 01:28:25,900
reward was in calculable in 
late, April after nearly seven 

1669
01:28:25,900 --> 01:28:29,000
weeks of delay in examination. 
Charles, finally granted me my 

1670
01:28:29,000 --> 01:28:31,600
mission. 
I was provided armor made to my 

1671
01:28:31,600 --> 01:28:33,500
measurements, lightweight 
plates. 

1672
01:28:33,500 --> 01:28:35,600
That nonetheless felt foreign 
against my body. 

1673
01:28:36,300 --> 01:28:40,100
The sword given to me was served
that ordinary not the special 

1674
01:28:40,100 --> 01:28:41,500
blade. 
I described seeing in my 

1675
01:28:41,508 --> 01:28:45,300
vision's There is a sword Meant 
For Me, Explain to Charles 

1676
01:28:45,300 --> 01:28:48,000
buried behind the older at Santa
Catarina. 

1677
01:28:48,000 --> 01:28:51,900
It Bears five crosses on its 
blade and his Lane there since 

1678
01:28:51,900 --> 01:28:55,600
Charles martel's time. 
Charles still testing the limits

1679
01:28:55,600 --> 01:28:56,600
of My Strange. 
Knowledge. 

1680
01:28:56,600 --> 01:28:59,500
Sent men to investigate this 
oddly specific claim. 

1681
01:28:59,500 --> 01:29:02,700
They indeed found an ancient 
sword buried exactly where 

1682
01:29:02,700 --> 01:29:05,900
described its existence are 
known to the local priests. 

1683
01:29:05,900 --> 01:29:09,200
This sword became my physical 
token of divine sanction. 

1684
01:29:09,200 --> 01:29:12,700
However, I primarily carried a 
standard instead of Wheeling 

1685
01:29:12,700 --> 01:29:16,500
weapons, the standard was my 
design, a White Field. 

1686
01:29:16,500 --> 01:29:20,000
Adorned with flood Elite 
bearing, the name's Jesus Maria,

1687
01:29:20,000 --> 01:29:23,700
and depicting God, holding the 
world with angels at his side. 

1688
01:29:24,500 --> 01:29:27,300
This Banner would proceed me 
into battle a visible. 

1689
01:29:27,300 --> 01:29:29,800
Reminder that our cores carried.
Heavenly blessing. 

1690
01:29:30,600 --> 01:29:33,800
Before departing chinon. 
I dictated a letter to the 

1691
01:29:33,800 --> 01:29:35,700
English. 
Commanders surrounding all day 

1692
01:29:35,700 --> 01:29:38,500
on, warning them to depart 
France or face Divine judgment. 

1693
01:29:39,500 --> 01:29:40,900
Scribe. 
Who recorded my words? 

1694
01:29:40,900 --> 01:29:44,100
Kept glancing up in disbelief as
increasingly forceful language 

1695
01:29:44,100 --> 01:29:45,900
flowed from The Peasant, girl 
before him. 

1696
01:29:46,800 --> 01:29:50,100
Surrender to the maid sent by 
God, the king of Heaven, you 

1697
01:29:50,100 --> 01:29:52,400
will not hold the kingdom of 
France from God, the king of 

1698
01:29:52,400 --> 01:29:55,400
heaven, son of Saint, Mary King,
Charles the true heir. 

1699
01:29:56,100 --> 01:30:00,900
Will hold it for God wills it. 
When read aloud afterward, the 

1700
01:30:00,900 --> 01:30:04,000
words sounded strange to my 
ears, both mine and not mine, 

1701
01:30:04,000 --> 01:30:07,000
carrying an authority. 
I'd never possessed in Romney, 

1702
01:30:07,000 --> 01:30:10,600
The courtiers Exchange. 
Troubled glance is uncertain, 

1703
01:30:10,600 --> 01:30:13,300
whether they witnessed inspired 
prophecy or dangerous delusion. 

1704
01:30:14,400 --> 01:30:17,700
However, Charles had chosen to 
support my journey, Charles had 

1705
01:30:17,700 --> 01:30:19,600
gathered equipment in assembled 
troops. 

1706
01:30:19,600 --> 01:30:21,700
The Impossible campaign was 
about to begin. 

1707
01:30:22,900 --> 01:30:26,000
On the evening before our 
departure for all, I stood alone

1708
01:30:26,000 --> 01:30:28,900
on the castle. 
Ramparts watching spring Stars 

1709
01:30:28,900 --> 01:30:33,500
emerge home sickness washed over
me unexpectedly, not for my 

1710
01:30:33,500 --> 01:30:36,700
Village specifically but for 
anonymity for the piece of 

1711
01:30:36,700 --> 01:30:40,100
tending, sheep on quiet 
hillsides Having doubts, 

1712
01:30:40,100 --> 01:30:42,400
Catherine asked her voice. 
Gentle within my mind. 

1713
01:30:42,400 --> 01:30:46,200
No doubt. 
My answered silently and simply 

1714
01:30:46,200 --> 01:30:48,500
a conscious understanding of 
what you can't take back. 

1715
01:30:49,600 --> 01:30:51,900
The path Narrows before you she 
acknowledged. 

1716
01:30:51,900 --> 01:30:55,500
Remember, why you were chosen 
not for skill with sword or 

1717
01:30:55,500 --> 01:30:58,600
strategy, but for perfect faith 
in God's plan. 

1718
01:30:59,300 --> 01:31:01,700
I nodded though. 
No human eyes witness this 

1719
01:31:01,700 --> 01:31:04,400
private exchange. 
Perfect faith. 

1720
01:31:05,200 --> 01:31:09,400
It was not blindness to danger 
or an absence of fear, but a 

1721
01:31:09,400 --> 01:31:13,200
willingness to proceed despite 
both With that understanding, I 

1722
01:31:13,200 --> 01:31:14,700
descended to prepare for 
departure. 

1723
01:31:14,700 --> 01:31:18,500
Ready to transform from examined
curiosity to Battlefield. 

1724
01:31:18,500 --> 01:31:22,200
Commander we departed tours on 
April 27th, with supplies and 

1725
01:31:22,200 --> 01:31:23,700
reinforcements for the besieged 
city. 

1726
01:31:23,700 --> 01:31:26,900
But conflict emerged immediately
between military commanders and 

1727
01:31:26,900 --> 01:31:29,300
me. 
The teenage girl claiming Divine

1728
01:31:29,300 --> 01:31:32,100
guidance, The Army's veteran 
captains. 

1729
01:31:32,100 --> 01:31:38,300
Genuine regarded me with open 
skepticism, they had whether 

1730
01:31:38,300 --> 01:31:40,100
years of defeats and develop 
cautious. 

1731
01:31:40,100 --> 01:31:42,400
Strategies. 
Avoid confrontation. 

1732
01:31:42,400 --> 01:31:46,100
Preserve remaining forces and 
accept that alley on would 

1733
01:31:46,100 --> 01:31:48,000
eventually fall like other 
strong holds before it. 

1734
01:31:49,000 --> 01:31:52,000
God did not send me to follow 
cautious men, informed them 

1735
01:31:52,000 --> 01:31:55,200
during our first counseling on 
will not fall. 

1736
01:31:55,200 --> 01:31:57,300
We will not merely deliver 
supplies. 

1737
01:31:57,300 --> 01:31:59,300
We will break The Siege 
entirely. 

1738
01:32:00,200 --> 01:32:05,000
La here and notorious Soldier 
known for Creative profanity. 

1739
01:32:05,000 --> 01:32:09,700
Stared me in disbelief. 
With what divine win to blow the

1740
01:32:09,700 --> 01:32:12,700
English away. 
They outnumber us, they have 

1741
01:32:12,700 --> 01:32:15,300
secured their positions. 
They outnumbered David against 

1742
01:32:15,300 --> 01:32:18,100
Goliath. 
I replied numbers mean nothing 

1743
01:32:18,100 --> 01:32:22,200
against God's will. 
These exchanges established our 

1744
01:32:22,200 --> 01:32:24,700
working relationship. 
They planned according to 

1745
01:32:24,700 --> 01:32:27,700
military experience and I 
insisted on more aggressive 

1746
01:32:27,700 --> 01:32:31,000
actions and conventional wisdom 
suggested was prudent the 

1747
01:32:31,000 --> 01:32:33,900
compromised that emerged 
involved approaching Ali from an

1748
01:32:33,900 --> 01:32:36,800
unexpected Direction. 
Crossing the Loire, rather than 

1749
01:32:36,800 --> 01:32:39,100
confronting the stronger English
positions directly. 

1750
01:32:40,300 --> 01:32:42,800
This decision portrayed in 
Chronicles as my strategic 

1751
01:32:42,800 --> 01:32:46,000
Brilliance actually resulted 
from practical necessity 

1752
01:32:46,000 --> 01:32:49,800
combined with fortunate timing. 
Spring rains had made the river 

1753
01:32:49,800 --> 01:32:52,700
higher than usual, limiting 
Crossing points, but also 

1754
01:32:52,700 --> 01:32:57,000
focusing English defensive 
positions, my inspiration to 

1755
01:32:57,000 --> 01:32:59,700
approach from the East. 
Simply utilized terrain the 

1756
01:32:59,700 --> 01:33:02,600
English, a deemed too difficult 
to defend Heatherly. 

1757
01:33:02,600 --> 01:33:06,900
We reached the laws, Southern 
Bank on April 29th, for, I 

1758
01:33:06,900 --> 01:33:08,900
dictated another letter to the 
English commanders. 

1759
01:33:08,900 --> 01:33:11,900
This one delivered, by Harold 
directly to their lines. 

1760
01:33:12,700 --> 01:33:15,400
Human of England who have no 
right in this Kingdom of France,

1761
01:33:15,400 --> 01:33:18,100
go away into your country, in 
God's name. 

1762
01:33:18,900 --> 01:33:22,200
And if you do not do this, wait 
Tidings, from the maid, who will

1763
01:33:22,200 --> 01:33:24,800
come to see you shortly to your 
very great injury. 

1764
01:33:25,900 --> 01:33:27,600
The English soldiers who heard 
this message? 

1765
01:33:27,600 --> 01:33:31,400
Reportedly laughed asking if the
French had grown so desperate, 

1766
01:33:31,400 --> 01:33:33,900
they now sent girls to fight 
their battles. 

1767
01:33:33,900 --> 01:33:37,600
William, Glasgow their Commander
sent back a message, threatening

1768
01:33:37,600 --> 01:33:39,800
to burn me as a witch, and hang 
those who followed me as 

1769
01:33:39,800 --> 01:33:42,200
Heretics. 
If captured fear clenched, my 

1770
01:33:42,200 --> 01:33:45,700
stomach upon hearing this not of
burning specifically, but a 

1771
01:33:45,700 --> 01:33:48,500
failure of leading others to 
death, through misplaced 

1772
01:33:48,500 --> 01:33:51,600
confidence. 
That night, I prayed longer than

1773
01:33:51,600 --> 01:33:55,600
usual seeking reassurance from 
my voices would grown somewhat 

1774
01:33:55,600 --> 01:33:57,500
quiet. 
Since my departure from Sheila. 

1775
01:33:58,300 --> 01:34:01,200
English, threatened fire. 
I whispered to the dock of my 

1776
01:34:01,200 --> 01:34:05,600
tent, all human flesh, fears 
Flames Margaret answered 

1777
01:34:05,600 --> 01:34:08,900
compassionately. 
But remember, the true fire is 

1778
01:34:08,900 --> 01:34:12,400
God's purpose burning through 
you, the consumes gout and 

1779
01:34:12,400 --> 01:34:16,600
illuminates the path. 
On April 30th, we successfully 

1780
01:34:16,600 --> 01:34:20,000
transported supplies into all 
your river, barges bringing 

1781
01:34:20,000 --> 01:34:22,400
desperately needed Provisions to
the city's Defenders. 

1782
01:34:22,400 --> 01:34:26,700
I entered that evening during a 
rainstorm soaked and physically 

1783
01:34:26,700 --> 01:34:30,700
exhausted, but filled with 
strange exhilaration citizens 

1784
01:34:30,700 --> 01:34:33,600
line, the narrow streets, 
despite the weather, reaching to

1785
01:34:33,600 --> 01:34:37,100
touch my armor or standard as if
I carry a tangible blessing. 

1786
01:34:38,000 --> 01:34:40,900
Jacques Boucher the city 
treasurer offered his home for 

1787
01:34:40,900 --> 01:34:42,500
my lodging. 
His daughter. 

1788
01:34:42,500 --> 01:34:45,900
Charlotte closest to my age 
among the household helped, 

1789
01:34:45,900 --> 01:34:48,600
remove my armor. 
That the first evening she 

1790
01:34:48,600 --> 01:34:52,100
gasped seeing bruises already 
forming Where Metal had pressed 

1791
01:34:52,100 --> 01:34:53,600
against my skin during the long 
ride. 

1792
01:34:54,600 --> 01:34:57,800
Does it hurt terribly? 
She asked applying herbal Salve 

1793
01:34:57,800 --> 01:35:01,100
to the worst marks. 
Less than fear hurts this city. 

1794
01:35:01,100 --> 01:35:04,300
I answered the truth was. 
I barely noticed physical 

1795
01:35:04,300 --> 01:35:07,000
discomfort. 
My focus had narrowed to a 

1796
01:35:07,000 --> 01:35:08,700
single purpose. 
Fulfilling. 

1797
01:35:08,700 --> 01:35:12,000
What the voice is promised. 
The following day is brought 

1798
01:35:12,000 --> 01:35:15,600
increasing frustration. 
Military commanders insisted on 

1799
01:35:15,600 --> 01:35:19,500
gradual approaches small gains 
and careful conservation of 

1800
01:35:19,500 --> 01:35:22,500
resources. 
I demanded immediate decisive 

1801
01:35:22,500 --> 01:35:26,700
action against key, English 
fortifications, each War counts,

1802
01:35:26,700 --> 01:35:30,200
all became a battle itself, me 
against experienced soldiers, 

1803
01:35:30,200 --> 01:35:35,100
who saw my urgency as naivete on
May 4th while commanders 

1804
01:35:35,100 --> 01:35:38,500
deliberated yet. 
Another cautious plan a briefly 

1805
01:35:38,500 --> 01:35:41,000
in the chamber within dream-like
moments. 

1806
01:35:41,000 --> 01:35:43,000
Michael appeared, with unusual 
Clarity. 

1807
01:35:43,000 --> 01:35:47,400
They attack the Eastern Gate, he
stated without Preamble now. 

1808
01:35:48,900 --> 01:35:51,900
I woke instantly calling from my
Squire to help with armor. 

1809
01:35:52,400 --> 01:35:55,000
Charlotte who had been mending 
nearby looked startled. 

1810
01:35:55,000 --> 01:35:57,400
At my sudden urgency what 
happens. 

1811
01:35:57,400 --> 01:36:00,500
She asked. 
Eastern Gate was all. 

1812
01:36:00,500 --> 01:36:03,200
I managed while struggling 
through my padded undergarment 

1813
01:36:03,200 --> 01:36:06,600
fighting has begun. 
Indeed, while commanders planned

1814
01:36:06,600 --> 01:36:09,300
English forces, had launched a 
surprise assault against Saint 

1815
01:36:09,300 --> 01:36:12,000
Luke, one of the Cities Eastern 
fortifications. 

1816
01:36:13,000 --> 01:36:15,700
By the time I reached the area 
French Defenders were already 

1817
01:36:15,700 --> 01:36:18,900
retreating and disarray. 
Without waiting for formal 

1818
01:36:18,900 --> 01:36:21,300
orders, I wrote directly toward 
the conflict with the 

1819
01:36:21,300 --> 01:36:24,900
standardized, High soldiers, 
later described the events, as 

1820
01:36:24,900 --> 01:36:28,000
miraculous noting, how 
retreating men turned back upon 

1821
01:36:28,000 --> 01:36:31,600
seeing me and how their broken 
courage transformed into a 

1822
01:36:31,600 --> 01:36:34,500
determined Advance. 
The reality was less mystical, 

1823
01:36:34,500 --> 01:36:38,700
but no, less effective. 
In the confusion of battle, a 

1824
01:36:38,700 --> 01:36:42,100
symbolic focal point. 
Distinctive figure on Horseback 

1825
01:36:42,100 --> 01:36:45,800
with an unmistakable Banner, 
provided a rallying point and 

1826
01:36:45,800 --> 01:36:49,200
renewed purpose. 
Who Retreats When Heaven fights 

1827
01:36:49,200 --> 01:36:52,000
alongside us? 
I called my voice caring 

1828
01:36:52,000 --> 01:36:55,000
surprise me, well, across the 
din of combat forward. 

1829
01:36:55,000 --> 01:36:57,400
God has delivered them into our 
hands. 

1830
01:36:59,100 --> 01:37:02,600
The battle termed by evening. 
Saint Luke had fallen to our 

1831
01:37:02,600 --> 01:37:06,100
forces this Victory while modest
and strategic terms. 

1832
01:37:06,100 --> 01:37:10,000
Transformed perceptions 
soldiers, who had doubted began 

1833
01:37:10,000 --> 01:37:13,500
viewing me with superstitious 
ore commanders who had dismissed

1834
01:37:13,500 --> 01:37:15,200
my Council became more willing 
to listen. 

1835
01:37:15,200 --> 01:37:20,500
Yet challenges to Authority 
continued on May the 5th Juno. 

1836
01:37:20,500 --> 01:37:23,400
What the exclude me from 
councils planning operations, 

1837
01:37:23,400 --> 01:37:26,300
without my knowledge upon 
discovering this I confronted 

1838
01:37:26,300 --> 01:37:29,100
him directly. 
Do you believe you can conceal 

1839
01:37:29,100 --> 01:37:32,500
God's battle from his messenger?
I demanded interrupting their 

1840
01:37:32,500 --> 01:37:35,100
clothes meeting. 
Why do you plot in Shadows When 

1841
01:37:35,100 --> 01:37:38,600
Heaven watches were a Godless 
Genoa intelligent politically 

1842
01:37:38,600 --> 01:37:41,500
astute recognized the changing 
mood among troops? 

1843
01:37:42,200 --> 01:37:44,900
We sought only to spare you, the
technical details, your 

1844
01:37:44,900 --> 01:37:47,200
diplomatically spare me. 
Nothing. 

1845
01:37:47,200 --> 01:37:51,100
I counted, I was not sent to be 
spared, but to lead. 

1846
01:37:52,600 --> 01:37:55,000
The following day, The Assault 
on Saint, John LeBlanc, and the 

1847
01:37:55,000 --> 01:37:58,400
Augusta Fortress took place. 
This incident was one of the key

1848
01:37:58,400 --> 01:38:00,800
events that solidified my 
reputation among common 

1849
01:38:00,800 --> 01:38:03,300
soldiers. 
English Defenders had positioned

1850
01:38:03,300 --> 01:38:04,900
archers to cover the main 
approach. 

1851
01:38:05,800 --> 01:38:08,900
As our forces hesitated under 
the deadly reign of arrows, a 

1852
01:38:08,900 --> 01:38:11,400
road forward alone, standard 
Held High. 

1853
01:38:12,400 --> 01:38:14,600
An arrow struck. 
Her armor Witnesses later, 

1854
01:38:14,600 --> 01:38:16,800
reported. 
Yet she continued as if 

1855
01:38:16,808 --> 01:38:20,600
untouched. truth the arrow 
glanced off my shoulder plate, 

1856
01:38:20,600 --> 01:38:24,500
bruising but not penetrating 
more significant than this minor

1857
01:38:24,500 --> 01:38:29,400
miracle was the psychological 
effect of my advanced Soldiers, 

1858
01:38:29,400 --> 01:38:32,300
Shame by a girl's courage, 
surged forward, the 

1859
01:38:32,300 --> 01:38:36,000
fortification fell by evening 
May 7th brought the decisive 

1860
01:38:36,000 --> 01:38:38,700
assault against lateral. 
The main Fortress controlling 

1861
01:38:38,700 --> 01:38:42,300
all Leon's River Crossing. 
Here, my Legend and reality most

1862
01:38:42,300 --> 01:38:45,700
dramatically intersect 
historical accounts described in

1863
01:38:45,700 --> 01:38:49,000
taking an arrow to the shoulder.
Having predicted this injury the

1864
01:38:49,000 --> 01:38:51,100
previous day, the wound was 
real. 

1865
01:38:51,100 --> 01:38:54,000
An English Longbow Arrow. 
Penetrating between neck and 

1866
01:38:54,008 --> 01:38:58,100
shoulder armor but my prediction
had been more General Blood will

1867
01:38:58,100 --> 01:39:00,400
be drawn to Morrow but not all 
of it, French. 

1868
01:39:01,600 --> 01:39:03,200
The pain nearly caused 
unconsciousness. 

1869
01:39:03,200 --> 01:39:06,800
I was pulled from Battle briefly
while the arrow was removed, not

1870
01:39:06,800 --> 01:39:10,100
ceremoniously as depicted in 
romantic paintings but with 

1871
01:39:10,108 --> 01:39:13,800
brutal efficiency by a field 
surgeon who feared wound fever 

1872
01:39:13,800 --> 01:39:17,600
would set in if the barbed head 
remained embedded Poured boiling

1873
01:39:17,600 --> 01:39:20,500
oil into the wound to quartus, 
the bleeding pain that exceeded 

1874
01:39:20,500 --> 01:39:24,000
the original injury. 
Why gasped afterward? 

1875
01:39:25,000 --> 01:39:28,600
Just a little. 
Instead of wine, they gave me 

1876
01:39:28,608 --> 01:39:32,000
consecrated bread communion 
without formal ceremony 

1877
01:39:32,000 --> 01:39:36,100
Battlefield sacrament. 
The pain receded enough that I 

1878
01:39:36,100 --> 01:39:39,100
could stand again by using my 
right arm remained impossible. 

1879
01:39:39,900 --> 01:39:42,600
Military commanders. 
Seeing my condition, ordered a 

1880
01:39:42,600 --> 01:39:44,600
retreat for the day. 
The assault would resume 

1881
01:39:44,600 --> 01:39:46,800
tomorrow. 
They decided without consulting 

1882
01:39:46,800 --> 01:39:49,000
me. 
I heard this decision while 

1883
01:39:49,000 --> 01:39:53,600
having my wound bandaged know I 
countermanded struggling back 

1884
01:39:53,600 --> 01:39:55,700
into partial armor despite 
Charlotte's protests. 

1885
01:39:55,700 --> 01:39:59,100
We finished today English 
resolved wyndalls with each 

1886
01:39:59,100 --> 01:40:01,500
passing hour returning to battle
with the wound. 

1887
01:40:01,500 --> 01:40:04,100
Still fresh became the defining 
moment, Witnesses, remembered, 

1888
01:40:04,100 --> 01:40:07,900
the injured made refusing 
Retreat standard transferred to 

1889
01:40:07,900 --> 01:40:09,900
my left hand. 
While my right arm useless 

1890
01:40:09,900 --> 01:40:13,100
rallying troops for the final 
push as daylight began fading 

1891
01:40:13,900 --> 01:40:16,900
What's rarely recorded is how 
fever already began clouding. 

1892
01:40:16,900 --> 01:40:20,100
My thoughts, how each movement 
sent waves of nausea through me 

1893
01:40:20,100 --> 01:40:22,800
and how the voices seemed to 
speak from an increasingly 

1894
01:40:22,800 --> 01:40:26,300
enormous distance yet. 
Purpose carried me forward, when

1895
01:40:26,300 --> 01:40:29,700
physical strengths should have 
failed, the English Commander, 

1896
01:40:29,700 --> 01:40:33,800
Glasgow who had promised to burn
me as a witch died during this 

1897
01:40:33,800 --> 01:40:35,700
final assault. 
When a makeshift Bridge 

1898
01:40:35,700 --> 01:40:40,100
collapsed beneath him drowned in
the Loire, way down by the very 

1899
01:40:40,100 --> 01:40:43,300
armored meant to protect him 
soldiers on both sides viewed, 

1900
01:40:43,300 --> 01:40:46,600
his death as Divine judgment. 
Superstitious fearing through 

1901
01:40:46,600 --> 01:40:51,000
remaining English forces by 
Nightfall, lateral had fallen, 

1902
01:40:51,000 --> 01:40:54,500
The Siege that had strangled all
day off for seven months broken,

1903
01:40:54,500 --> 01:40:56,300
just four days of concerted 
action. 

1904
01:40:57,200 --> 01:41:00,200
The following morning May 8th. 
Remaining English troops 

1905
01:41:00,200 --> 01:41:02,600
retreated from positions. 
They'd held since October, 

1906
01:41:02,600 --> 01:41:05,300
abandoning equipment and 
supplies in their haste. 

1907
01:41:06,300 --> 01:41:10,200
Allele erupted in Celebration 
Church bells, rang continuously 

1908
01:41:10,200 --> 01:41:13,800
citizens who had expected either
the starvation or mastercorp 

1909
01:41:13,800 --> 01:41:17,000
instead found themselves. 
Liberated accredited, the maid, 

1910
01:41:17,000 --> 01:41:20,100
The Peasant girl from Dahmer me 
who had promised deliverance and

1911
01:41:20,100 --> 01:41:22,500
against all rational, 
expectation delivered it. 

1912
01:41:23,600 --> 01:41:26,000
That Night Fever and weak from 
blood loss. 

1913
01:41:26,000 --> 01:41:28,900
I struggled to understand what a
truly happened. 

1914
01:41:28,900 --> 01:41:33,200
Had God performed Miracles 
through me, I had my presence, 

1915
01:41:33,200 --> 01:41:36,400
simply catalyzed human courage 
that already existed waiting 

1916
01:41:36,400 --> 01:41:38,700
only for symbol and purpose to 
crystallize action. 

1917
01:41:39,700 --> 01:41:43,300
Both Catherine whispered as I 
drifted between Consciousness 

1918
01:41:43,300 --> 01:41:46,000
and dream. 
The greatest Miracles work 

1919
01:41:46,000 --> 01:41:48,400
through natural channels, not to
bite them. 

1920
01:41:49,900 --> 01:41:52,000
Citizens began calling me lepus 
El door. 

1921
01:41:52,008 --> 01:41:55,400
Leon the maid of Orleans a title
that would follow me through 

1922
01:41:55,400 --> 01:41:58,700
history. 
Yet alone in prayer that night I

1923
01:41:58,700 --> 01:42:03,400
remained simply Jeanne aching 
feverish wondering what further 

1924
01:42:03,400 --> 01:42:06,500
price for filling Heaven's 
commands might require by 

1925
01:42:06,500 --> 01:42:10,200
Nightfall. 
Lateral had fallen The Siege 

1926
01:42:10,200 --> 01:42:12,900
that had strangled all the offer
seven months broken, just four 

1927
01:42:12,900 --> 01:42:16,500
days of concerted action. 
The following morning May 8th. 

1928
01:42:16,500 --> 01:42:19,400
Remaining English troops 
retreated from positions. 

1929
01:42:19,400 --> 01:42:22,300
They'd held since October, 
abandoning equipment and 

1930
01:42:22,300 --> 01:42:25,900
supplies in their haste. 
Allele erupted in Celebration 

1931
01:42:25,900 --> 01:42:30,300
Church bells, rang continuously 
citizens who had expected either

1932
01:42:30,300 --> 01:42:32,600
starvation or Mastercard? 
Instead found themselves 

1933
01:42:32,600 --> 01:42:36,600
liberated, they credited, the 
maid The Peasant girl from Don, 

1934
01:42:36,600 --> 01:42:38,800
Remy, who had promised 
deliverance and against all 

1935
01:42:38,800 --> 01:42:43,400
rational expectations delivered 
it That night fevered and weak 

1936
01:42:43,400 --> 01:42:46,500
from blood loss. 
I struggled to understand what a

1937
01:42:46,500 --> 01:42:49,100
truly happened. 
Had God performed Miracles 

1938
01:42:49,100 --> 01:42:52,500
through me who had my presence, 
simply catalyzed human courage 

1939
01:42:52,500 --> 01:42:55,700
that already existed waiting 
only for symbol and purpose to 

1940
01:42:55,700 --> 01:42:58,000
crystallize action. 
Both. 

1941
01:42:58,500 --> 01:43:01,200
Catherine whispered, as I 
drifted between Consciousness 

1942
01:43:01,200 --> 01:43:03,900
and dream. 
The greatest Miracles work 

1943
01:43:03,900 --> 01:43:06,300
through natural channels, not to
pipe them. 

1944
01:43:07,900 --> 01:43:10,000
Citizens began calling the lepus
El door. 

1945
01:43:10,000 --> 01:43:13,300
Leon the maid of Orleans a title
that would follow me through 

1946
01:43:13,300 --> 01:43:16,000
history. 
Yet alone, in prayer that night.

1947
01:43:16,000 --> 01:43:21,400
I remained simply Jeanne aching.
Feverish wondering what further 

1948
01:43:21,400 --> 01:43:23,700
price for filling Heaven's 
commands might require 

1949
01:43:23,700 --> 01:43:27,200
throughout this journey and 
maintained, my male attire and 

1950
01:43:27,200 --> 01:43:30,400
slept fully armored most nights 
surrounded by guards. 

1951
01:43:30,400 --> 01:43:33,900
This practice dating used as 
evidence of impropriety during 

1952
01:43:33,900 --> 01:43:36,500
my trial. 
Served practical purposes beyond

1953
01:43:36,500 --> 01:43:39,700
the voices, commands traveling 
with thousands of soldiers. 

1954
01:43:39,700 --> 01:43:42,900
While identifiably female 
invited dangers, obvious to any 

1955
01:43:42,900 --> 01:43:47,300
woman Divine protection, not 
withstanding, The armor provided

1956
01:43:47,300 --> 01:43:49,300
a physical barrier against 
casual assault. 

1957
01:43:49,300 --> 01:43:52,300
Male clothing, minimized on 
wanted attention during 

1958
01:43:52,300 --> 01:43:55,600
necessary activities. 
We reached Williams on July 

1959
01:43:55,600 --> 01:44:00,200
16th, the city, welcome Charles 
without resistance its citizens 

1960
01:44:00,200 --> 01:44:02,800
lining streets to witness. 
What many of thought impossible 

1961
01:44:02,800 --> 01:44:07,100
months earlier I wrote to Philip
of burgundy that same day urging

1962
01:44:07,100 --> 01:44:10,200
reconciliation with Charles 
calling on him to make good 

1963
01:44:10,200 --> 01:44:12,300
piece, that will last with the 
rightful King. 

1964
01:44:12,300 --> 01:44:15,100
This letter received no 
immediate response but 

1965
01:44:15,100 --> 01:44:18,300
represented my growing political
involvement Beyond Battlefield 

1966
01:44:18,300 --> 01:44:21,100
leadership. 
The coronation ceremony on July.

1967
01:44:21,100 --> 01:44:23,200
The 17th exists in popular 
imagination. 

1968
01:44:23,200 --> 01:44:27,000
As a triumphant culmination, the
maid standing proudly beside her

1969
01:44:27,000 --> 01:44:29,400
King as Divine prophecy as 
fulfilled. 

1970
01:44:30,400 --> 01:44:34,000
Reality contained more nuanced. 
I indeed stood near the altar 

1971
01:44:34,000 --> 01:44:36,500
holding my standard, but 
experience the ceremony with 

1972
01:44:36,500 --> 01:44:39,800
complicated emotions, initially 
relief. 

1973
01:44:39,800 --> 01:44:43,100
Predominated, I had accomplished
the primary Mission the voices 

1974
01:44:43,100 --> 01:44:45,700
me. 
Charles melt before the 

1975
01:44:45,700 --> 01:44:48,600
Archbishop received sacred 
anointing from the holy ampulla 

1976
01:44:48,600 --> 01:44:52,600
and Rose as King, Charles the 
seventh his legitimacy no longer

1977
01:44:52,600 --> 01:44:55,900
questionable as the Archbishop 
placed, the crown on his head. 

1978
01:44:55,900 --> 01:45:00,800
I spontaneously broken to tears.
Now God's work as accomplished. 

1979
01:45:00,800 --> 01:45:04,000
I told him afterward during the 
celebration Feast where I was 

1980
01:45:04,008 --> 01:45:07,000
granted a position of Honor. 
You are the true king of France 

1981
01:45:07,000 --> 01:45:09,100
by holy coronation as well as 
diverse. 

1982
01:45:10,200 --> 01:45:12,900
Charles emotionally moved. 
Despite his typically, reserved 

1983
01:45:12,900 --> 01:45:15,800
nature asked, what reward I 
desired for my service. 

1984
01:45:16,500 --> 01:45:19,900
Courteous, leaned forward, and 
anticipating requests for titles

1985
01:45:19,900 --> 01:45:23,100
lands and wealth, the normal 
currency of Royal gratitude. 

1986
01:45:23,900 --> 01:45:27,900
Grant tax exemption to domini. 
I requested instead my people 

1987
01:45:27,900 --> 01:45:30,200
are poor and of suffered much 
from the wars Passage. 

1988
01:45:31,500 --> 01:45:34,600
This modest request enhanced my 
reputation for saintly 

1989
01:45:34,600 --> 01:45:37,600
disinterest, in worldly gain as 
it costs the crown, almost 

1990
01:45:37,600 --> 01:45:39,500
nothing and showed my lack of 
personal ambition. 

1991
01:45:40,800 --> 01:45:43,600
The voice is never promised a 
personal reward for completing 

1992
01:45:43,600 --> 01:45:44,400
Heavens. 
Tasks. 

1993
01:45:44,400 --> 01:45:47,800
My future remained conspicuously
absent from their pronouncements

1994
01:45:47,800 --> 01:45:51,300
that evening alone in Chambers 
provided within the archbishop's

1995
01:45:51,300 --> 01:45:55,000
palace experience. 
Something unprecedented Silence 

1996
01:45:55,000 --> 01:45:59,000
from the voices that had guided 
me since age 13 I prayed for 

1997
01:45:59,000 --> 01:46:02,500
hours, seeking their familiar 
presence but encountered only 

1998
01:46:02,500 --> 01:46:05,800
ordinary Stillness. 
Have I failed in some manner. 

1999
01:46:05,800 --> 01:46:10,100
I finally asked aloud desperate 
for a response Catherine's voice

2000
01:46:10,100 --> 01:46:11,900
when it finally came sounded 
distant. 

2001
01:46:11,900 --> 01:46:14,300
As if speaking across enormous 
separation. 

2002
01:46:14,300 --> 01:46:18,600
The path of divides Before You 
One Direction, leads to Earthly 

2003
01:46:18,600 --> 01:46:20,800
Glory. 
But spiritual Peril, the other 

2004
01:46:20,800 --> 01:46:23,000
is bodily suffering, but 
Heavenly Triumph. 

2005
01:46:24,100 --> 01:46:26,800
Which should I choose I begged, 
but received no answer. 

2006
01:46:26,800 --> 01:46:29,100
The voice is diminishing 
Clarity. 

2007
01:46:29,100 --> 01:46:33,600
Troubled, me deeply as we 
departed Rams on July 20th for 

2008
01:46:33,600 --> 01:46:35,900
years, they had provided 
unmistakable directions. 

2009
01:46:35,900 --> 01:46:40,500
Now at the moment of greatest 
public Acclaim, they guide much 

2010
01:46:40,500 --> 01:46:44,100
grew and vigorous precisely when
political complexity demanded 

2011
01:46:44,100 --> 01:46:47,800
the clearest understanding 
Charles and his advisors favored

2012
01:46:47,800 --> 01:46:51,800
consolidating recent games 
negotiating with burgundy and 

2013
01:46:51,800 --> 01:46:54,300
avoiding confrontation with 
primary English forces. 

2014
01:46:54,300 --> 01:46:58,300
I advocated for an immediate 
Advance on Paris aiming to 

2015
01:46:58,308 --> 01:47:00,200
strike. 
While our momentum remained 

2016
01:47:00,200 --> 01:47:02,200
strong and English Authority 
appeared. 

2017
01:47:02,200 --> 01:47:05,900
Weakest these Divergent 
strategies reflected fundamental

2018
01:47:05,900 --> 01:47:09,300
differences in perspective. 
Charles thinking and political 

2019
01:47:09,300 --> 01:47:11,400
terms of alliances and 
sustainable power. 

2020
01:47:11,400 --> 01:47:15,000
And me, still operating from a 
Divine mandate to drive foreign 

2021
01:47:15,000 --> 01:47:18,600
forces from France entirely. 
God did not deliver victory at 

2022
01:47:18,600 --> 01:47:21,200
all so you could stop halfway to
complete Liberation. 

2023
01:47:21,200 --> 01:47:24,900
I argued during councils Paris 
is the Kingdom's heart to 

2024
01:47:24,900 --> 01:47:28,400
reclaim it and the English 
position collapses. what I 

2025
01:47:28,400 --> 01:47:31,000
couldn't share was my growing 
fear that time was running out, 

2026
01:47:31,000 --> 01:47:34,100
and that the fading of the 
voices signaled, an impending 

2027
01:47:34,100 --> 01:47:37,800
end to Divine favor, This 
created urgency, I couldn't 

2028
01:47:37,800 --> 01:47:39,400
fully explain to military 
commanders. 

2029
01:47:39,400 --> 01:47:41,100
A custom to deliberate 
campaigns. 

2030
01:47:41,900 --> 01:47:44,700
As we travel through recently, 
liberated territories, common 

2031
01:47:44,700 --> 01:47:47,800
people flocked to see me, 
reaching to touch my armor 

2032
01:47:47,800 --> 01:47:50,700
begging blessings for children 
and offering tokens of 

2033
01:47:50,700 --> 01:47:54,100
appreciation. 
Women wept openly seeing in me. 

2034
01:47:54,100 --> 01:47:56,700
Something that transcended 
conventional limitations placed 

2035
01:47:56,700 --> 01:48:00,500
on our gender men removed caps. 
Respectfully, as if he were in 

2036
01:48:00,508 --> 01:48:02,700
the presence of something 
wholly, this veneration 

2037
01:48:02,700 --> 01:48:05,800
discomforted me, increasingly, I
am not a saint. 

2038
01:48:05,800 --> 01:48:09,500
I told Charlotte Dow Bray Noble 
woman who had joined our 

2039
01:48:09,500 --> 01:48:11,900
traveling Court in attempted to 
collect my discarded garments, 

2040
01:48:11,900 --> 01:48:14,900
as relics. 
I'm only God's messenger nothing

2041
01:48:14,900 --> 01:48:17,400
in myself. 
Yet, God chose you. 

2042
01:48:17,400 --> 01:48:21,000
She countered that distinction 
itself, makes you extraordinary.

2043
01:48:22,300 --> 01:48:25,100
This growing Cult of Personality
served immediate political 

2044
01:48:25,100 --> 01:48:28,900
purposes, rallying support, for 
Charles, demonstrating Divine, 

2045
01:48:28,900 --> 01:48:32,000
favor, for his rule, but created
complications, I was 

2046
01:48:32,008 --> 01:48:36,300
ill-equipped to navigate each 
miraculous attribution each 

2047
01:48:36,300 --> 01:48:39,700
story embellished in retelling 
placed me further from the 

2048
01:48:39,700 --> 01:48:42,100
simple girl who had left on Remy
leaving. 

2049
01:48:42,100 --> 01:48:44,000
Heavens instructions were 
straightforward. 

2050
01:48:45,000 --> 01:48:47,700
By Late July Charles had begun 
secret negotiations with 

2051
01:48:47,700 --> 01:48:50,800
burgundy, seeking diplomatic 
resolution, while publicly 

2052
01:48:50,800 --> 01:48:54,500
maintaining military pressure. 
This strategy made political 

2053
01:48:54,500 --> 01:48:56,200
sense. 
But contradicted, the voices 

2054
01:48:56,200 --> 01:48:59,000
increasingly sporadic. 
Instructions for complete 

2055
01:48:59,000 --> 01:49:00,500
Liberation through direct 
action. 

2056
01:49:01,700 --> 01:49:04,200
The resulting tension manifested
in Council debates. 

2057
01:49:04,200 --> 01:49:06,600
Where my previously, decisive 
guidance. 

2058
01:49:06,600 --> 01:49:10,000
Now competed with experienced 
political advisors offering 

2059
01:49:10,000 --> 01:49:13,800
conventional alternatives. 
You are not sent to negotiate 

2060
01:49:13,800 --> 01:49:17,700
half-measures, Michael told me 
during rare communication, we 

2061
01:49:17,700 --> 01:49:19,800
must fully cleanse France of 
foreign presidents. 

2062
01:49:21,200 --> 01:49:23,800
Yet when I repeated such 
sentiments to Charles and his 

2063
01:49:23,800 --> 01:49:26,500
counselors, they increasingly 
regarded them as militarily 

2064
01:49:26,500 --> 01:49:28,000
unrealistic and politically 
naive. 

2065
01:49:28,000 --> 01:49:31,200
The maid had served her purpose 
in delivering coronation. 

2066
01:49:31,200 --> 01:49:34,500
Now practical governance, 
required compromises, Heaven, 

2067
01:49:34,500 --> 01:49:38,000
seemed unwilling to acknowledge 
this Divergence would soon lead 

2068
01:49:38,000 --> 01:49:40,900
to Paris and decisions that 
would alter my path. 

2069
01:49:40,900 --> 01:49:44,200
Irrevocably August found us 
advancing incrementally toward 

2070
01:49:44,200 --> 01:49:46,600
Paris while Charles 
simultaneously, pursued, 

2071
01:49:46,600 --> 01:49:50,000
negotiations with burgundy. 
This contradictory approach 

2072
01:49:50,000 --> 01:49:52,900
military pressure paired with 
diplomatic Outreach created, 

2073
01:49:52,900 --> 01:49:56,900
strategic confusion, Well, we 
truly attempting to recapture 

2074
01:49:56,900 --> 01:50:00,000
Paris or merely demonstrating 
military capability to 

2075
01:50:00,008 --> 01:50:01,900
strengthen Charles's negotiating
position. 

2076
01:50:03,100 --> 01:50:05,800
The Duke of Bedford English 
region for their child, King 

2077
01:50:05,800 --> 01:50:09,400
Henry, the sick recognized our 
momentum and retreated from 

2078
01:50:09,400 --> 01:50:12,500
direct confrontation reinforcing
Paris. 

2079
01:50:12,500 --> 01:50:14,600
While yielding smaller 
surrounding territories. 

2080
01:50:15,800 --> 01:50:18,900
On August 14th. 
Charles signed a 15-day truce 

2081
01:50:18,900 --> 01:50:21,900
with burgundy, supposedly, 
creating space for peace 

2082
01:50:21,900 --> 01:50:25,000
negotiations, while actually 
providing English forces, 

2083
01:50:25,000 --> 01:50:27,400
critical time to strengthen 
paris's defense's. 

2084
01:50:27,400 --> 01:50:31,100
I opposed this true veerman. 
Sensing opportunities slipping 

2085
01:50:31,100 --> 01:50:33,500
away. 
While you exchange Pleasant 

2086
01:50:33,500 --> 01:50:36,400
messages or enemies, rebuild 
walls and restore courage. 

2087
01:50:36,400 --> 01:50:40,300
I warned Charles the moment for 
decisive action passes with each

2088
01:50:40,300 --> 01:50:43,700
day of delay, The voices, 
though. 

2089
01:50:43,700 --> 01:50:47,900
Less frequent reinforced. 
This urgency Paris must not 

2090
01:50:47,900 --> 01:50:51,100
remain in enemy hands. 
Margaret insisted during prayer.

2091
01:50:51,100 --> 01:50:54,200
The city's, Liberation will 
break English resolved 

2092
01:50:54,200 --> 01:50:58,500
completely Charles wavered 
between my continued insistence 

2093
01:50:58,500 --> 01:51:01,400
on Divine mandate and his 
counselors emphasis on political

2094
01:51:01,400 --> 01:51:04,100
reality. 
The compromise that emerged 

2095
01:51:04,100 --> 01:51:06,900
satisfied. 
No one our forces would advance 

2096
01:51:06,900 --> 01:51:10,200
to paris's outskirts, but of 
salt while the ghost in 

2097
01:51:10,200 --> 01:51:14,200
continued, by late August, we 
established positions at sandini

2098
01:51:14,200 --> 01:51:16,700
within sight of paris's Northern
walls. 

2099
01:51:16,700 --> 01:51:19,200
The city's proximity affected 
me. 

2100
01:51:19,200 --> 01:51:22,000
Strangely after months of 
campaigning focused on the 

2101
01:51:22,000 --> 01:51:25,800
subjective actually seeing its 
towers and spires created an 

2102
01:51:25,800 --> 01:51:28,300
almost physical yearning to 
complete what the voices had 

2103
01:51:28,300 --> 01:51:31,200
promised. 
Daily, I rode reconnaissance 

2104
01:51:31,200 --> 01:51:34,600
along positions facing the city 
studying defenses planning 

2105
01:51:34,600 --> 01:51:37,500
approaches and praying for Clear
instruction that came with 

2106
01:51:37,500 --> 01:51:41,300
decreasing reliability, the 
truce with burgundy expired 

2107
01:51:41,300 --> 01:51:43,800
without meaningful agreement on 
September 8th. 

2108
01:51:43,800 --> 01:51:46,400
I convinced our commanders to 
attempt in assault against 

2109
01:51:46,400 --> 01:51:49,600
paris's defense's near the South
honorary gate despite Charles 

2110
01:51:49,600 --> 01:51:51,700
with holding full support for 
the operation. 

2111
01:51:52,600 --> 01:51:55,200
This partial commitment meant 
attacking with insufficient 

2112
01:51:55,200 --> 01:51:58,200
forces against prepared 
positions, a military mistake 

2113
01:51:58,200 --> 01:52:00,500
Justified only by my 
increasingly desperate 

2114
01:52:00,500 --> 01:52:03,700
insistence that heaven would 
provide necessary advantage. 

2115
01:52:04,400 --> 01:52:07,700
God will blind their Gunners. 
I promised troops assembled for 

2116
01:52:07,700 --> 01:52:10,100
the assault. 
Divine protection, covers us as 

2117
01:52:10,108 --> 01:52:14,600
we reclaim the Kingdom's heart. 
The attack commenced at noon 

2118
01:52:14,600 --> 01:52:17,700
initial progress. 
Seemed to confirm Divine favor. 

2119
01:52:17,700 --> 01:52:20,600
We reached the outer moat with 
minimal casualties and 

2120
01:52:20,600 --> 01:52:22,400
established positions within 
bow. 

2121
01:52:22,400 --> 01:52:25,600
Range of the walls. 
I led a contingent testing depth

2122
01:52:25,600 --> 01:52:28,400
that the inner moat seeking 
Crossing points, while carrying 

2123
01:52:28,400 --> 01:52:30,500
my standard forward as visible 
inspiration. 

2124
01:52:31,400 --> 01:52:35,200
Then reality asserted itself. 
Brutally Paris is Defenders had 

2125
01:52:35,200 --> 01:52:37,600
prepared thoroughly during the 
negotiation delays. 

2126
01:52:38,400 --> 01:52:41,600
Cannon and crossbow fire rain 
down upon exposed positions. 

2127
01:52:41,600 --> 01:52:45,600
The moat proved deeper than 
expected as bottom studded with 

2128
01:52:45,600 --> 01:52:47,800
sharp and Stakes. 
Invisible beneath, muddy water, 

2129
01:52:47,800 --> 01:52:51,200
men died, attempting Crossing's,
that proved impossible without 

2130
01:52:51,200 --> 01:52:55,100
proper equipment, relaxed. 
Near dusk, a crossbow bolt. 

2131
01:52:55,100 --> 01:52:57,500
Struck my thigh penetrating 
deeply. 

2132
01:52:57,500 --> 01:53:00,600
Unlike the alliance injury. 
This wound immediately 

2133
01:53:00,600 --> 01:53:04,200
incapacitated me. 
Continued shouting encouragement

2134
01:53:04,200 --> 01:53:07,300
from where I fell. 
Insisting the attack continued 

2135
01:53:07,300 --> 01:53:10,500
despite my condition but 
commanders ordered Retreat upon 

2136
01:53:10,500 --> 01:53:13,800
seeing the standard Bearer down.
Soldiers carried me from the 

2137
01:53:13,800 --> 01:53:17,400
battlefield as Darkness fell our
forces with drawing and 

2138
01:53:17,400 --> 01:53:19,800
frustration. 
Rather than defeat we had never 

2139
01:53:19,800 --> 01:53:22,200
established positions from which
Victory was possible. 

2140
01:53:22,200 --> 01:53:25,600
The wound itself, while painful 
would heal cleanly. 

2141
01:53:26,200 --> 01:53:29,800
The spiritual injury proved more
significant for the first time I

2142
01:53:29,800 --> 01:53:34,700
had promised divine intervention
that fail to materialize. why I 

2143
01:53:34,700 --> 01:53:37,200
whispered that night, while 
surgeons extracted the bolt 

2144
01:53:37,200 --> 01:53:40,000
using methodical cruelty 
necessary to prevent festering, 

2145
01:53:40,900 --> 01:53:43,300
Why was Paris denied to us? 
When all he was granted. 

2146
01:53:44,500 --> 01:53:46,800
The voice is remained. 
Silent through hours of pain. 

2147
01:53:46,800 --> 01:53:51,600
Their absence felt more painful 
than physical harm had their due

2148
01:53:51,600 --> 01:53:53,900
to some failure. 
Had I misunderstood Heaven's 

2149
01:53:53,900 --> 01:53:58,200
intent all along. 
Charles receiving news of the 

2150
01:53:58,200 --> 01:54:00,800
failed, assault ordered 
immediate withdrawal from 

2151
01:54:00,800 --> 01:54:04,000
paris's facility. 
In my view, this sensible 

2152
01:54:04,000 --> 01:54:07,100
military decision, represented a
personal betrayal, as it 

2153
01:54:07,100 --> 01:54:10,100
abandoned Divine Purpose, and 
favor of political convenience. 

2154
01:54:10,100 --> 01:54:14,500
When I was finally permitted an 
audience, three days later, I 

2155
01:54:14,500 --> 01:54:16,900
found that he was already 
reframing recent events for the 

2156
01:54:16,908 --> 01:54:19,800
courtiers. 
The maid accomplished what God 

2157
01:54:19,800 --> 01:54:23,400
sent her to do, he explained? 
Smoothly Orleans, liberated 

2158
01:54:23,400 --> 01:54:27,400
coronation achieved, perhaps 
Heaven, never intended, paris's 

2159
01:54:27,400 --> 01:54:30,400
immediate recovery You speak for
heaven. 

2160
01:54:30,400 --> 01:54:33,500
Now a challenge to him 
struggling to stand straight. 

2161
01:54:33,500 --> 01:54:36,100
Despite the pain. 
In my bandaged leg, the mission 

2162
01:54:36,100 --> 01:54:39,000
remains incomplete while 
Englishman occupy, French soil. 

2163
01:54:39,000 --> 01:54:42,900
Charles regarded me with the 
complex emotion, gratitude for 

2164
01:54:42,900 --> 01:54:46,200
past service tempered by growing
political inconvenience of my 

2165
01:54:46,200 --> 01:54:49,400
unyielding position. 
France's restoration will 

2166
01:54:49,400 --> 01:54:53,600
require years, not months. 
He said, gently Even Heaven, 

2167
01:54:53,600 --> 01:54:56,400
Must recognize Earthly 
limitations this exchange 

2168
01:54:56,400 --> 01:54:57,900
marked. 
A fundamental shift in our 

2169
01:54:57,900 --> 01:55:01,200
relationship where Charles had 
once needed my perceived Divine 

2170
01:55:01,200 --> 01:55:05,100
sanction to legitimize his rule 
successful coronation. 

2171
01:55:05,100 --> 01:55:06,800
Now provided independent 
Authority. 

2172
01:55:06,800 --> 01:55:09,900
The maid remained useful 
symbolically that increasingly 

2173
01:55:09,900 --> 01:55:13,200
problematic practically as 
military campaigns transition 

2174
01:55:13,200 --> 01:55:16,400
toward diplomatic Solutions. 
Requiring compromise and voices 

2175
01:55:16,400 --> 01:55:19,500
prohibited through Autumn a 
company. 

2176
01:55:19,500 --> 01:55:22,200
The Royal Court as it with Drew 
to safer territory along the 

2177
01:55:22,200 --> 01:55:24,600
Loire. 
My wound healed gradually. 

2178
01:55:24,600 --> 01:55:27,500
While my position diminished 
subtly, still honored 

2179
01:55:27,500 --> 01:55:30,200
ceremonially but increasingly 
excluded from meaningful 

2180
01:55:30,200 --> 01:55:32,900
councils Charles granted me 
Noble. 

2181
01:55:32,900 --> 01:55:35,600
Status in December. 
Providing arms depicting. 

2182
01:55:35,600 --> 01:55:37,700
A sword supporting the crown 
beneath the flood. 

2183
01:55:37,700 --> 01:55:41,700
Elise recognition that pacified 
my supporters while effectively 

2184
01:55:41,700 --> 01:55:43,900
sidelining me from direct 
military command. 

2185
01:55:44,900 --> 01:55:47,600
This period marked my most 
difficult spiritual challenge, 

2186
01:55:47,600 --> 01:55:50,800
the voices returned 
intermittently, that spoke with 

2187
01:55:50,800 --> 01:55:54,000
disturbing and consistency. 
Michael demanded. 

2188
01:55:54,000 --> 01:55:57,200
Continued, aggressive action, 
while Catherine Council 

2189
01:55:57,200 --> 01:56:00,300
patients, Margaret. 
Sometimes suggested accepting, a

2190
01:56:00,308 --> 01:56:03,900
ceremonial role within Charles's
court, but she also insisted 

2191
01:56:03,900 --> 01:56:05,500
that my work remained 
unfinished. 

2192
01:56:06,300 --> 01:56:08,400
These contradictions created 
profound out. 

2193
01:56:08,400 --> 01:56:11,400
I had never experienced during 
the clarity of earlier missions,

2194
01:56:11,400 --> 01:56:14,400
had some of the voices. 
I heard been false all along. 

2195
01:56:15,100 --> 01:56:18,600
Was I now, miss hearing Divine 
instruction or was Heaven 

2196
01:56:18,600 --> 01:56:20,900
itself. 
Divided on France's proper path 

2197
01:56:20,900 --> 01:56:24,100
forward. 
Christmas 1429 found me in 

2198
01:56:24,108 --> 01:56:27,900
ceremonial attendance at court 
celebrations, outwardly honored 

2199
01:56:27,900 --> 01:56:31,600
but inwardly conflicted. 
Elaborate pageantry 

2200
01:56:31,600 --> 01:56:34,600
commemorating Charles's 
coronation performance. 

2201
01:56:34,600 --> 01:56:37,700
Is that already Incorporated 
stylized depiction of the maid 

2202
01:56:37,700 --> 01:56:40,700
as a semi mythical figure. 
Guiding France's researchers. 

2203
01:56:41,400 --> 01:56:46,100
The actual jahani still banded, 
increasingly isolated observed, 

2204
01:56:46,100 --> 01:56:50,000
her transformation into a simple
with growing discomfort that 

2205
01:56:50,000 --> 01:56:52,400
Knight kneeling alone in the 
castle Chapel long. 

2206
01:56:52,400 --> 01:56:55,600
After formal Services concluded 
experience the voices with 

2207
01:56:55,600 --> 01:56:57,900
unusual Clarity after months of 
ambiguity. 

2208
01:56:58,900 --> 01:57:01,900
Your time grows short. 
Michael stated without Preamble,

2209
01:57:01,900 --> 01:57:05,000
you must continue the fight, 
while Freedom remains yours. 

2210
01:57:05,800 --> 01:57:07,500
The king no longer heeds, my 
counsel. 

2211
01:57:07,500 --> 01:57:10,700
I protested commanders, follow 
his Direction, not mine. 

2212
01:57:11,400 --> 01:57:13,800
Then you must act independently 
hero came. 

2213
01:57:13,800 --> 01:57:17,100
The reply better capture by 
enemies than surrender to 

2214
01:57:17,100 --> 01:57:20,200
comfortable irrelevance though. 
Troubling this guidance, offered

2215
01:57:20,200 --> 01:57:22,200
direction that I had been 
lacking for months. 

2216
01:57:23,000 --> 01:57:27,100
As 1429 ended a result to escape
the increasingly gilded 

2217
01:57:27,100 --> 01:57:29,500
constraints of Court life and 
returned to direct action. 

2218
01:57:29,500 --> 01:57:33,300
Even without Royal sanction, 
this decision tactically 

2219
01:57:33,300 --> 01:57:36,800
questionable politically naive 
were determine my fate in ways. 

2220
01:57:36,800 --> 01:57:40,100
The voices, never clearly 
revealed the New Year began with

2221
01:57:40,100 --> 01:57:41,700
me. 
Effectively sidelined at court 

2222
01:57:41,700 --> 01:57:44,300
while Charles pursued diplomatic
arrangements, with burgundy. 

2223
01:57:45,100 --> 01:57:49,100
I chafed at inactivity sensing 
precious time wasting, while the

2224
01:57:49,100 --> 01:57:52,000
voice is grew, increasingly 
urgent about continuing France's

2225
01:57:52,000 --> 01:57:56,900
liberation by March 1430. 
I could bear ceremonial 

2226
01:57:56,900 --> 01:57:59,800
confinement. 
No longer Without Royal 

2227
01:57:59,800 --> 01:58:02,400
permission. 
Technically desertion though my 

2228
01:58:02,400 --> 01:58:05,700
status remained ambiguous, I 
departed secretly with a small 

2229
01:58:05,708 --> 01:58:09,200
company of loyal followers. 
We rode for compensation 

2230
01:58:09,200 --> 01:58:12,400
strategically, vital Town, 
threatened by the Bergen forces 

2231
01:58:12,400 --> 01:58:15,200
north of Paris. 
This decision reflected, both 

2232
01:58:15,200 --> 01:58:18,400
military logic and the voices, 
and systems that action could 

2233
01:58:18,400 --> 01:58:22,100
not wait World convenience. 
My departure created a political

2234
01:58:22,100 --> 01:58:25,700
complications for Charles who 
neither officially commend nor 

2235
01:58:25,700 --> 01:58:27,300
endorsed my independent 
operation. 

2236
01:58:27,300 --> 01:58:30,700
This ambiguity, proved 
ultimately fatal had I remained 

2237
01:58:30,700 --> 01:58:33,800
clearly under Royal protection. 
Subsequent events might have 

2238
01:58:33,800 --> 01:58:38,600
unfolded differently. 
We reached compean April, where 

2239
01:58:38,600 --> 01:58:42,000
the town's Governor gilm de 
flea, welcome to reinforcement, 

2240
01:58:42,000 --> 01:58:46,200
despite its unofficial nature, 
the gundian forces, under Gene 

2241
01:58:46,200 --> 01:58:48,200
Deluxe had been methodically 
isolating. 

2242
01:58:48,200 --> 01:58:52,700
The town, capturing surrounding 
positions, our arrival boosted, 

2243
01:58:52,700 --> 01:58:55,800
Defender, morale temporarily, 
but the Strategic situation, 

2244
01:58:55,800 --> 01:58:59,400
remained precarious. 
On May the 23rd. 

2245
01:58:59,400 --> 01:59:02,000
I led a sortie against burgundy 
in positions at marketing 

2246
01:59:02,000 --> 01:59:06,300
initially achieving surprise. 
However, in enemy reinforcements

2247
01:59:06,300 --> 01:59:09,500
arrived quickly, forcing 
retirement toward the town as 

2248
01:59:09,500 --> 01:59:12,400
our forces retreated across the 
single Bridge into compiere 

2249
01:59:12,400 --> 01:59:15,000
disaster. 
Struck the drawbridge raised. 

2250
01:59:15,000 --> 01:59:18,600
Prematurely stranding. 
Rear guard Defenders, including 

2251
01:59:18,600 --> 01:59:23,200
my sea of outside the walls. 
Of this moment, very 

2252
01:59:23,200 --> 01:59:26,900
dramatically some claimed 
deliberate betrayal by flavy who

2253
01:59:26,900 --> 01:59:29,600
supposedly ordered early closure
knowing I would be captured 

2254
01:59:29,600 --> 01:59:33,300
others suggested simple 
miscommunication during confused

2255
01:59:33,300 --> 01:59:35,500
withdrawal. 
The voices had warned of 

2256
01:59:35,500 --> 01:59:38,600
betrayal for months. 
Trust Only Heaven, not 

2257
01:59:38,600 --> 01:59:42,600
changeable, men like a caution 
repeatedly, but provided no 

2258
01:59:42,600 --> 01:59:44,400
specific protection against this
development. 

2259
01:59:45,500 --> 01:59:47,300
Burgundian soldiers, surrounded 
me. 

2260
01:59:47,300 --> 01:59:50,400
And after a brief battle, they 
pulled me from my horse. 

2261
01:59:51,300 --> 01:59:55,300
A minor nobleman Lionel of one. 
Donny claimed, my surrender. 

2262
01:59:55,300 --> 01:59:58,700
Technically, capturing Me by 
laying hand on my leg, according

2263
01:59:58,700 --> 02:00:02,000
to contemporary accounts. 
My sword raised to continue 

2264
02:00:02,000 --> 02:00:03,700
resistance lowered, upon 
recognition. 

2265
02:00:03,700 --> 02:00:07,000
That futile struggle would only 
result in unnecessary deaths 

2266
02:00:07,000 --> 02:00:09,200
among my few remaining 
companions. 

2267
02:00:10,100 --> 02:00:12,200
I am worth more alive for ransom
than dead. 

2268
02:00:12,200 --> 02:00:15,600
I told one Dawn in a practical 
manner, even though I knew that 

2269
02:00:15,600 --> 02:00:18,900
the ransom would likely never 
materialized, The voices had 

2270
02:00:18,900 --> 02:00:20,800
never specifically predicted 
capture. 

2271
02:00:20,800 --> 02:00:23,900
That had indicated great 
suffering, lay ahead, as part of

2272
02:00:23,908 --> 02:00:27,500
Heaven's plan, initially 
captivity seemed relatively 

2273
02:00:27,500 --> 02:00:30,800
benign, Luxembourg treated me as
a valuable prisoner. 

2274
02:00:30,800 --> 02:00:34,100
While the criminal housing, me, 
reasonably at his castle at 

2275
02:00:34,100 --> 02:00:36,400
boulier. 
I made one escape attempt, 

2276
02:00:36,400 --> 02:00:39,700
nearly succeeding by squeezing 
between wooden bars before being

2277
02:00:39,700 --> 02:00:42,300
recaptured and transferred. 
To more secure confinement of 

2278
02:00:42,300 --> 02:00:47,300
our Castle there luxembourg's, 
aren't and wife, Jean bun, 

2279
02:00:47,300 --> 02:00:50,700
treated me with unexpected 
kindness, providing female 

2280
02:00:50,700 --> 02:00:53,000
clothing, and gentling 
encouragement to abandon male 

2281
02:00:53,000 --> 02:00:54,900
attire, and Military 
aspirations. 

2282
02:00:54,900 --> 02:00:58,400
Their compassion. 
The first feminine 

2283
02:00:58,400 --> 02:01:00,400
companionship. 
I'd experienced since leaving 

2284
02:01:00,400 --> 02:01:04,000
Dahmer me, tempted me toward 
compromise on the voices, would 

2285
02:01:04,000 --> 02:01:06,700
forbid. 
Why must I maintain a male 

2286
02:01:06,700 --> 02:01:08,500
appearance now that fighting has
ended? 

2287
02:01:08,500 --> 02:01:12,300
I asked during prayer, receiving
Catherine's uncompromising 

2288
02:01:12,300 --> 02:01:16,900
response, your mission hasn't 
changed with capture male attire

2289
02:01:16,900 --> 02:01:19,900
remains both practical 
protection and a visible sign of

2290
02:01:19,900 --> 02:01:22,000
the Divine exception to worldly 
constraints. 

2291
02:01:23,300 --> 02:01:26,900
News reached me at borova that 
company is situation worsen 

2292
02:01:26,900 --> 02:01:30,500
daily in desperation. 
I attempted a second Escape in 

2293
02:01:30,500 --> 02:01:33,800
October this time jumping from 
the tower window, approximately 

2294
02:01:33,800 --> 02:01:37,300
70 feet above ground. 
Full should have proof fatal 

2295
02:01:37,300 --> 02:01:39,900
that I survived with only 
bruising and temporary. 

2296
02:01:39,900 --> 02:01:43,500
Unconsciousness was later 
presented as either a miracle or

2297
02:01:43,500 --> 02:01:47,200
evidence of demonic protection. 
Depending on The Interpreter. 

2298
02:01:48,100 --> 02:01:50,700
By November political 
machination surrounding my 

2299
02:01:50,700 --> 02:01:53,400
captivity clarified horribly the
English. 

2300
02:01:53,400 --> 02:01:56,600
Recognizing my symbolic value 
arranged a purchase from 

2301
02:01:56,600 --> 02:02:01,200
Luxembourg for 10,000 levers. 
A substantial sum indicating my 

2302
02:02:01,200 --> 02:02:04,400
importance to their strategy, 
Charles made no counter offer. 

2303
02:02:04,400 --> 02:02:07,000
Effectively abandoning me to the
enemies judgment. 

2304
02:02:08,000 --> 02:02:10,300
The English face to dilemma 
regarding my disposition. 

2305
02:02:11,200 --> 02:02:14,200
Simple, execution of a captured 
enemy committed with him, 

2306
02:02:14,200 --> 02:02:16,700
potentially strengthening French
Resistance, rather than 

2307
02:02:16,700 --> 02:02:20,000
weakening it. 
A more complex strategy emerged.

2308
02:02:20,000 --> 02:02:23,100
Systematic, destruction of my 
Divine claims through 

2309
02:02:23,100 --> 02:02:25,500
ecclesiastical condemnation for 
heresy. 

2310
02:02:25,500 --> 02:02:29,200
This approach would not only 
eliminate me physically but more

2311
02:02:29,200 --> 02:02:33,700
importantly, delegitimize. 
Everything I represented, Divine

2312
02:02:33,700 --> 02:02:36,700
sanction for Charles's Rule and 
Heaven, support for French 

2313
02:02:36,700 --> 02:02:38,700
Resurgence against English 
occupation. 

2314
02:02:38,700 --> 02:02:42,400
In December 1430, they 
transferred me to rule on firmly

2315
02:02:42,400 --> 02:02:45,000
within English, controlled 
territory conditions, 

2316
02:02:45,000 --> 02:02:48,100
deteriorated immediately. 
I was placed in secular prison 

2317
02:02:48,100 --> 02:02:51,700
rather than ecclesiastical 
custody normally accorded, those

2318
02:02:51,700 --> 02:02:55,500
facing religious charges 
confined in Iron shackles and 

2319
02:02:55,500 --> 02:02:58,500
guarded continuously by Common 
soldiers, whose Behavior range 

2320
02:02:58,500 --> 02:03:01,000
from verbal abuse to attempted 
assault. 

2321
02:03:01,800 --> 02:03:03,400
Why does heaven permit such 
treatment? 

2322
02:03:03,400 --> 02:03:05,900
I asked during increasingly. 
Desperate prayers. 

2323
02:03:05,900 --> 02:03:08,200
What purpose does this suffering
serve? 

2324
02:03:09,400 --> 02:03:14,000
remember Christ before Pilate 
Margaret answered truth remains 

2325
02:03:14,000 --> 02:03:19,200
truth, even when power condemns 
it, The trial officially began. 

2326
02:03:19,200 --> 02:03:24,200
February 21st 1431, and a bishop
piercing, he was appointed 

2327
02:03:24,200 --> 02:03:26,600
revealed. 
The proceedings predetermined 

2328
02:03:26,600 --> 02:03:30,400
nature, he was a known English 
sympathizer, with personal 

2329
02:03:30,400 --> 02:03:33,900
animosity toward me, assessors 
and judges were carefully 

2330
02:03:33,900 --> 02:03:36,700
selected to ensure the desired 
outcome though. 

2331
02:03:36,700 --> 02:03:38,700
It was technically in 
ecclesiastical Court. 

2332
02:03:38,700 --> 02:03:41,200
The proceedings were entirely 
controlled by English 

2333
02:03:41,200 --> 02:03:44,500
authorities. 
Looking Back Now across times 

2334
02:03:44,500 --> 02:03:47,300
distance, I see legal 
complexities, I couldn't 

2335
02:03:47,300 --> 02:03:50,900
recognize then my request for 
balanced representation from 

2336
02:03:50,900 --> 02:03:54,400
both English, and French. 
Clerics was denied my appeal to 

2337
02:03:54,400 --> 02:03:56,500
the pope. 
Technically my right, under 

2338
02:03:56,500 --> 02:03:58,900
Church law was ignored most 
crawly. 

2339
02:03:58,900 --> 02:04:02,200
Highly Educated theologians 
denied me, counsel twisting, 

2340
02:04:02,200 --> 02:04:05,100
simple, statements into 
heretical formulations. 

2341
02:04:06,300 --> 02:04:08,700
Do you believe yourself to be in
God's grace core? 

2342
02:04:08,700 --> 02:04:10,000
Sean asked early in the 
proceedings? 

2343
02:04:10,000 --> 02:04:13,800
A theological trap answering? 
Yes, would imply a presumption 

2344
02:04:13,800 --> 02:04:17,100
that is condemned by church 
doctrine while answering. 

2345
02:04:17,100 --> 02:04:19,000
No, would indicate an admission 
of guilt. 

2346
02:04:20,100 --> 02:04:22,600
If I am not. 
May God put me there. 

2347
02:04:22,600 --> 02:04:24,600
I replied after a moment's 
thought. 

2348
02:04:24,600 --> 02:04:30,200
If I am may God keep me there. 
This answer frustrated the 

2349
02:04:30,200 --> 02:04:32,800
interrogators, but I simply 
expressed my actual 

2350
02:04:32,800 --> 02:04:35,300
understanding, showing, 
unexpected, theological 

2351
02:04:35,300 --> 02:04:39,200
sophistication, Grace remained, 
God's Province, not mind. 

2352
02:04:39,200 --> 02:04:43,100
Absolutely. 
For five months interrogation, 

2353
02:04:43,100 --> 02:04:46,900
continued, sometimes publicly 
before a full tribunal sometimes

2354
02:04:46,900 --> 02:04:50,100
in private prison questioning, 
my male attire became the 

2355
02:04:50,108 --> 02:04:53,500
central Focus providing tangible
evidence of defiance against 

2356
02:04:53,500 --> 02:04:56,800
Natural order. 
Voices were dissected endlessly,

2357
02:04:56,800 --> 02:05:00,600
where they Angels or demons. 
Why did they speak to an 

2358
02:05:00,600 --> 02:05:03,600
uneducated girl rather than 
through the established church 

2359
02:05:03,600 --> 02:05:06,700
hierarchy? 
I recorded an examined each of 

2360
02:05:06,708 --> 02:05:09,900
my answers for inconsistencies 
and potential heresies. 

2361
02:05:09,900 --> 02:05:14,000
What records don't capture the 
physical deterioration during 

2362
02:05:14,000 --> 02:05:16,100
this period. 
Prison conditions. 

2363
02:05:16,100 --> 02:05:20,100
Continuous shackling, poor 
nutrition, sleep interrupted by 

2364
02:05:20,100 --> 02:05:23,000
God's harassment, gradually 
weakened a body already 

2365
02:05:23,000 --> 02:05:25,100
compromised by previous wounds 
and hardship. 

2366
02:05:25,800 --> 02:05:28,800
By may, I suffered recurring 
fevers dramatic weight loss and 

2367
02:05:28,800 --> 02:05:32,300
periods of confusion during 
longer integration's the voices,

2368
02:05:32,300 --> 02:05:35,700
remained present, but changed 
character, less commanding more 

2369
02:05:35,700 --> 02:05:38,100
comforting. 
He spoke increasingly of 

2370
02:05:38,100 --> 02:05:41,500
heavenly reward rather than 
Earthly Victory preparing me for

2371
02:05:41,500 --> 02:05:43,600
an outcome that seemed 
increasingly inevitable. 

2372
02:05:44,600 --> 02:05:46,800
Will I burn? 
I asked directly during one 

2373
02:05:46,800 --> 02:05:49,900
night's prayer. 
The body is temporary answer. 

2374
02:05:49,900 --> 02:05:53,500
Gently what matters is truth 
maintained and till the end. 

2375
02:05:54,700 --> 02:05:57,000
On May the 24th. 
I was taking to the Rouen 

2376
02:05:57,000 --> 02:06:00,700
Cemetery where scaffolded been 
erected one holding officials 

2377
02:06:00,700 --> 02:06:02,400
who would witness my 
anticipated. 

2378
02:06:02,400 --> 02:06:04,900
Recantation. 
Another displaying instruments 

2379
02:06:04,900 --> 02:06:06,200
of execution. 
Should I refuse? 

2380
02:06:07,300 --> 02:06:10,000
Exhausted physically and 
isolated completely. 

2381
02:06:10,000 --> 02:06:13,400
I briefly wavered when presented
with a document, I was told 

2382
02:06:13,400 --> 02:06:16,500
contained a simple app, duration
of male clothing and independent

2383
02:06:16,500 --> 02:06:20,000
interpretation of voices. 
What I was unaware of was that 

2384
02:06:20,000 --> 02:06:23,000
the actual document contained, a
comprehensive admission of fraud

2385
02:06:23,000 --> 02:06:25,900
demonic influence and heretical 
intent. 

2386
02:06:25,900 --> 02:06:29,400
Completely repudiating. 
Everything I had experienced and

2387
02:06:29,400 --> 02:06:33,200
represented Unable to read, I 
trusted partial translations 

2388
02:06:33,200 --> 02:06:35,900
provided by clerics whose 
deception serve their 

2389
02:06:35,900 --> 02:06:38,700
predetermined purpose. 
I signed with the simple 

2390
02:06:38,700 --> 02:06:41,700
Crossmark unaware that I was 
giving my enemies exactly what 

2391
02:06:41,700 --> 02:06:45,100
they needed, and apparent 
mission that everything I had 

2392
02:06:45,100 --> 02:06:48,000
claimed about Divine. 
Guidance was false this 

2393
02:06:48,000 --> 02:06:51,500
temporary weakness, a product of
extreme duress rather than a 

2394
02:06:51,500 --> 02:06:54,700
genuine change of heart provided
legal justification For What 

2395
02:06:54,700 --> 02:06:58,300
followed returned to prison 
rather than transferred to a 

2396
02:06:58,300 --> 02:06:59,700
ecclesiastical custody as 
promised. 

2397
02:06:59,700 --> 02:07:02,700
I found myself still surrounded 
by hostile guards. 

2398
02:07:02,700 --> 02:07:04,900
Still denied female 
companionship. 

2399
02:07:04,900 --> 02:07:07,000
That would have made feminine 
clothing, practically 

2400
02:07:07,000 --> 02:07:09,700
sustainable. 
When my clothes were taken. 

2401
02:07:09,700 --> 02:07:12,200
While I set an only male attire 
was left available. 

2402
02:07:12,200 --> 02:07:16,500
I faced an impossible Choice 
remain naked among male guards 

2403
02:07:16,500 --> 02:07:20,100
or Don forbidden garments. 
The voice is spoke with unusual 

2404
02:07:20,100 --> 02:07:23,700
Clarity that morning. 
Better modest impropriety than 

2405
02:07:23,700 --> 02:07:27,300
in modest vulnerability. 
I dressed in Male clothing. 

2406
02:07:27,300 --> 02:07:30,700
Knowing this relapse provided 
the final justification enemies 

2407
02:07:30,700 --> 02:07:33,200
sought. 
When judges returned to document

2408
02:07:33,200 --> 02:07:36,600
this transgression, I formally 
recanted my previous app 

2409
02:07:36,600 --> 02:07:39,000
duration. 
Stating clearly, that voices 

2410
02:07:39,000 --> 02:07:42,700
were indeed Divine, that the 
mission had been Heaven Sent and

2411
02:07:42,700 --> 02:07:44,400
that temporary weakness had 
betrayed truth. 

2412
02:07:45,400 --> 02:07:49,400
I would rather do Penance once 
with death, the bear 

2413
02:07:49,400 --> 02:07:51,700
imprisonment suffering 
continuously. 

2414
02:07:51,700 --> 02:07:55,100
I told them with renewed Clarity
despite knowing the consequence 

2415
02:07:56,100 --> 02:07:59,700
On May the 30th 1431. 
The final sentence was announced

2416
02:07:59,700 --> 02:08:04,100
declared a relapsed heretic. 
I would face public execution, 

2417
02:08:04,100 --> 02:08:06,900
by burning the most painful 
death authorities could legally.

2418
02:08:06,900 --> 02:08:10,800
Impose, deliberately chosen to 
create maximum suffering, they 

2419
02:08:10,800 --> 02:08:14,600
hoped would produce a final 
public confession that morning, 

2420
02:08:14,600 --> 02:08:17,400
I made a final confession to a 
sympathetic priest and received 

2421
02:08:17,400 --> 02:08:20,900
communion, despite being 
formally excommunicated, a small

2422
02:08:20,900 --> 02:08:24,000
Act of compassionate Defiance by
a cleric who recognized in 

2423
02:08:24,000 --> 02:08:27,600
Justice unfolding Wearing the 
traditional long, white garment 

2424
02:08:27,600 --> 02:08:30,700
for heresy. 
Executioners a cart transported 

2425
02:08:30,700 --> 02:08:33,400
me through on streets toward the
old marketplace where 

2426
02:08:33,400 --> 02:08:36,900
executional waited The crowds 
mood surprised me. 

2427
02:08:36,900 --> 02:08:40,900
Not triumphant, but somber, many
openly weeping. 

2428
02:08:41,700 --> 02:08:44,800
These were not my French 
compatriots but Norman subjects,

2429
02:08:44,800 --> 02:08:47,600
under English rule, yet 
something about my situation, 

2430
02:08:47,600 --> 02:08:51,500
transcended, political loyalty. 
later accounts would claim 

2431
02:08:51,500 --> 02:08:54,100
English authorities, grew 
concerned that sympathy might 

2432
02:08:54,100 --> 02:08:57,200
transform into riots and that 
martyrdom was being created 

2433
02:08:57,200 --> 02:09:00,900
despite their careful, legal 
maneuvering, At the execution. 

2434
02:09:00,900 --> 02:09:04,000
Ground officials had me a final 
opportunity to recount before 

2435
02:09:04,000 --> 02:09:06,800
tying me to a tall. 
Stake erected atop a substantial

2436
02:09:06,800 --> 02:09:10,500
pyre, the method was deliberate 
slow death by Suffocation and 

2437
02:09:10,500 --> 02:09:13,000
burning rather than quicker 
execution methods available. 

2438
02:09:14,000 --> 02:09:16,500
Jesus. 
I called repeatedly as flames 

2439
02:09:16,500 --> 02:09:18,600
were lit. 
No longer concerned with 

2440
02:09:18,600 --> 02:09:22,200
appearing strong before enemies.
Simply seeking comfort in the 

2441
02:09:22,200 --> 02:09:24,300
name, the journey from its 
beginnings. 

2442
02:09:25,400 --> 02:09:28,400
The voice is spoke one final 
time as smoke began Rising. 

2443
02:09:29,300 --> 02:09:32,700
Your suffering ends today your 
Vindication begins. 

2444
02:09:34,300 --> 02:09:37,300
The physical Agony that followed
transcends description, 

2445
02:09:37,300 --> 02:09:40,700
historical accounts, claim my 
heart remained intact among 

2446
02:09:40,700 --> 02:09:43,600
ashes afterward. 
A symbolic detail probably 

2447
02:09:43,600 --> 02:09:46,500
invented by later Chronicles 
seeking miraculous elements for 

2448
02:09:46,500 --> 02:09:50,500
potential canonized initiation, 
What mattered wasn't physical 

2449
02:09:50,500 --> 02:09:53,400
preservation, but the truth 
maintained until the end. 

2450
02:09:53,400 --> 02:09:56,800
That's simple Faith could 
withstand elaborate machinations

2451
02:09:56,800 --> 02:10:00,000
of power and that Divine 
Purpose, work through unlikely 

2452
02:10:00,000 --> 02:10:04,400
instruments, 25 years later, 
Charles the seventh firmly 

2453
02:10:04,400 --> 02:10:07,700
established as France's 
legitimate, king would order an 

2454
02:10:07,700 --> 02:10:09,900
investigation that formerly. 
Nullified my conviction 

2455
02:10:09,900 --> 02:10:15,500
declaring the trial Prejudiced 
and illegitimate in 1456 a 

2456
02:10:15,500 --> 02:10:18,000
rehabilitation trial formerly 
cleared, my name of heresy 

2457
02:10:18,000 --> 02:10:21,000
charges Yet, full Vindication 
waited, nearly five. 

2458
02:10:21,000 --> 02:10:24,000
Centuries until May the 16th 
1920. 

2459
02:10:24,000 --> 02:10:27,400
When the Catholic Church 
declared me, a Saint official 

2460
02:10:27,400 --> 02:10:29,900
recognition that voices, 
condemned, his demonic had 

2461
02:10:29,900 --> 02:10:33,700
indeed, been Divine history, 
remembers outcomes, all Leon 

2462
02:10:33,700 --> 02:10:37,400
relieved, Charles, crowned 
France, eventually liberated 

2463
02:10:37,400 --> 02:10:41,100
from the English occupational. 
These visible victories obscure,

2464
02:10:41,100 --> 02:10:45,100
the internal Journey that began 
with a garden whisper and ended 

2465
02:10:45,100 --> 02:10:48,300
in Marketplace, Flames. 
The voice is never promised, 

2466
02:10:48,300 --> 02:10:51,600
Earthly, reward or personal 
Glory, they offered only purpose

2467
02:10:51,600 --> 02:10:54,600
Direction and the chance to 
serve as an instrument for 

2468
02:10:54,600 --> 02:10:57,700
something larger than myself. 
They called me made of all 

2469
02:10:57,700 --> 02:10:59,300
dubbed. 
Me a miracle. 

2470
02:10:59,300 --> 02:11:02,700
Worker labeled me a witch and a 
heretic and eventually 

2471
02:11:02,700 --> 02:11:06,500
recognized me as a saint. 
Yet through all transformations,

2472
02:11:06,500 --> 02:11:10,900
I remained Johannes from donor 
me. a simple girl who answered 

2473
02:11:10,900 --> 02:11:14,700
when voices called who held to 
truth heard within more firmly 

2474
02:11:14,700 --> 02:11:18,400
than to comfort offered without 
Perhaps that represents the most

2475
02:11:18,400 --> 02:11:21,700
enduring Legacy that 
extraordinary purpose May 

2476
02:11:21,700 --> 02:11:25,200
inhabit ordinary lives. 
That Divine participation in 

2477
02:11:25,200 --> 02:11:28,700
human history, rarely follows 
expected channels but instead 

2478
02:11:28,700 --> 02:11:32,200
Works through unlikely vessels 
willing to say simply here, am I

2479
02:11:32,208 --> 02:11:44,700
send me? 
1907 on a warm spring day Janet 

2480
02:11:44,700 --> 02:11:46,900
Waterford entered, a world that 
had yet, to imagine her 

2481
02:11:46,900 --> 02:11:49,400
possibilities. 
While the Wright brothers were 

2482
02:11:49,400 --> 02:11:51,200
still perfecting their flying 
machines. 

2483
02:11:51,200 --> 02:11:54,200
And powered flight was a novelty
for Daredevils and dreamers. 

2484
02:11:54,200 --> 02:11:57,800
Born in Griffin, Georgia to 
parents who had witnessed the 

2485
02:11:57,800 --> 02:12:01,100
tail end of reconstruction. 
Janet arrived during an era when

2486
02:12:01,100 --> 02:12:04,100
black America's were fighting 
for basic respect and dignity, 

2487
02:12:04,100 --> 02:12:08,200
let alone the freedom to sort 
through the skies The 

2488
02:12:08,200 --> 02:12:10,800
conventional narrative is about 
Janet often begin with her 

2489
02:12:10,800 --> 02:12:13,700
nursing career, or jump straight
to her, Aviation 

2490
02:12:13,700 --> 02:12:17,300
accomplishments. but what shape,
the woman who were challenged, 

2491
02:12:17,300 --> 02:12:20,100
both racial and gender, 
boundaries in American Aviation 

2492
02:12:21,200 --> 02:12:23,700
the answer lies partly in the 
intellectual atmosphere of her 

2493
02:12:23,700 --> 02:12:27,200
childhood home where her father 
and architect and Builder. 

2494
02:12:27,200 --> 02:12:31,200
Instilled in her, not just the 
confidence to pursue education 

2495
02:12:31,200 --> 02:12:35,400
but a fundamental understanding 
of structural Integrity balance 

2496
02:12:35,400 --> 02:12:39,300
and Design. 
Concepts that would later serve 

2497
02:12:39,300 --> 02:12:41,700
her. 
Well in aviation Janet's mother 

2498
02:12:41,700 --> 02:12:44,700
a seamstress whose Deft fingers 
crafted garments that 

2499
02:12:44,700 --> 02:12:48,400
transformed their wearers, 
demonstrated daily, how 

2500
02:12:48,400 --> 02:12:50,500
precision, and attention to 
detail, could Elevate the 

2501
02:12:50,500 --> 02:12:54,400
mundane to the extraordinary. 
Between them, they created a 

2502
02:12:54,400 --> 02:12:57,300
household where Janet learned 
that buildings could rise and 

2503
02:12:57,300 --> 02:13:00,500
fabric could flow into new forms
with the application of 

2504
02:13:00,508 --> 02:13:03,600
knowledge and skill. 
When the Waterford family 

2505
02:13:03,600 --> 02:13:06,800
relocated to Chicago during 
Janet's youth, they joined the 

2506
02:13:06,808 --> 02:13:09,200
wave of black Americans 
participating in The Great 

2507
02:13:09,200 --> 02:13:12,500
Migration. 
However, unlike many families 

2508
02:13:12,500 --> 02:13:15,400
who were forced North by 
economic desperation or violent 

2509
02:13:15,400 --> 02:13:19,100
persecution, the Waterfords 
moved with relative privilege 

2510
02:13:19,100 --> 02:13:22,300
and preparation. 
This distinction rarely appears 

2511
02:13:22,300 --> 02:13:24,500
in some reasons of Janet's life 
yet. 

2512
02:13:24,500 --> 02:13:27,800
It provided her with a crucial 
Foundation, she arrived in 

2513
02:13:27,800 --> 02:13:31,500
Chicago, not as a refugee, but 
as a young woman with resources 

2514
02:13:31,500 --> 02:13:35,000
and family support, Poised to 
take advantage of urban 

2515
02:13:35,000 --> 02:13:38,100
educational opportunities. 
At Wendell Phillips. 

2516
02:13:38,100 --> 02:13:40,600
High School, Janet distinguished
herself. 

2517
02:13:40,600 --> 02:13:44,100
Not through extraordinary 
academic performance as many 

2518
02:13:44,100 --> 02:13:47,300
biographical sketches suggest 
but through her unusual 

2519
02:13:47,300 --> 02:13:51,300
combination of interests, while 
her female classmates focused on

2520
02:13:51,300 --> 02:13:54,800
domestic science is or teaching 
Janet gravitated towards the 

2521
02:13:54,800 --> 02:13:57,600
mechanical drawing classes 
dominated by boys. 

2522
02:13:58,400 --> 02:14:00,900
She didn't merely participate, 
she questioned the instructors 

2523
02:14:00,900 --> 02:14:03,300
about the mechanics of engines 
and structural stability, 

2524
02:14:03,300 --> 02:14:06,200
connecting these Concepts to her
father's work. 

2525
02:14:07,000 --> 02:14:10,400
After graduation Janet made what
appeared to be a conventional 

2526
02:14:10,400 --> 02:14:14,200
choice for a young black woman 
and her era nursing school. 

2527
02:14:15,200 --> 02:14:17,500
Yet her selection of this path, 
reveals something more 

2528
02:14:17,500 --> 02:14:20,800
calculated than Conformity 
nursing represented. 

2529
02:14:20,800 --> 02:14:23,300
One of the few professional 
Fields open to black women that 

2530
02:14:23,300 --> 02:14:26,100
offered both Financial stability
and social respect. 

2531
02:14:27,100 --> 02:14:30,100
Provident Hospital School of 
Nursing, where Janet in rolled 

2532
02:14:30,100 --> 02:14:34,300
had been founded by Dr. Daniel 
Hale, Williams, A pioneering 

2533
02:14:34,300 --> 02:14:36,700
black surgeon, who performed one
of the first successful? 

2534
02:14:36,700 --> 02:14:40,200
Heart surgery is the institution
embodied possibility within 

2535
02:14:40,200 --> 02:14:42,800
constraint. 
A concept Janet would later, 

2536
02:14:42,800 --> 02:14:46,500
apply to her Aviation career. 
What's often overlooked about 

2537
02:14:46,500 --> 02:14:48,500
Janet's? 
Nursing career was her 

2538
02:14:48,500 --> 02:14:51,700
specialization in public health 
rather than hospital nursing 

2539
02:14:51,700 --> 02:14:54,700
this Choice placed her at the 
intersection of Science, 

2540
02:14:54,700 --> 02:14:58,600
Education and Community 
advocacy, requiring her to 

2541
02:14:58,600 --> 02:15:01,200
develop skills and communicating
complex information and 

2542
02:15:01,200 --> 02:15:04,100
navigating bureaucracies 
abilities that would prove 

2543
02:15:04,100 --> 02:15:05,800
invaluable when she later 
confronted. 

2544
02:15:05,800 --> 02:15:10,200
The aviation establishment By 
1929, when the stock market 

2545
02:15:10,200 --> 02:15:14,000
crashed and plunged American to 
the Great Depression, Janet had 

2546
02:15:14,000 --> 02:15:16,300
established herself as a 
successful public health, nurse 

2547
02:15:16,300 --> 02:15:19,400
with Financial Security that few
Americans of any background 

2548
02:15:19,400 --> 02:15:23,000
enjoyed during this period. 
This economic independence, gave

2549
02:15:23,000 --> 02:15:25,900
her the freedom to pursue 
Aviation at a moment when most 

2550
02:15:25,900 --> 02:15:28,100
people were focused on basic 
survival. 

2551
02:15:29,400 --> 02:15:31,500
It was during a chance trolley 
ride through Chicago. 

2552
02:15:31,500 --> 02:15:35,600
That Janet spotted a billboard 
advertising, flying lessons, the

2553
02:15:35,600 --> 02:15:38,300
conventional telling suggests 
the event was a Whimsical moment

2554
02:15:38,300 --> 02:15:42,000
of inspiration, but considering 
Janet's methodical character and

2555
02:15:42,000 --> 02:15:45,200
long-standing interest in 
mechanics, it's more likely this

2556
02:15:45,200 --> 02:15:47,400
advertisement crystallized and 
ambition, she had been 

2557
02:15:47,400 --> 02:15:50,400
contemplating for some time. 
When she enrolled at the 

2558
02:15:50,400 --> 02:15:53,600
Aeronautical University, Janet 
wasn't just following a dream. 

2559
02:15:53,600 --> 02:15:56,200
She was making a calculated 
investment in her future. 

2560
02:15:56,200 --> 02:16:01,000
In 1929, Aviation represented 
the Forefront of technology and 

2561
02:16:01,000 --> 02:16:03,400
opportunity. 
Just as Computing or artificial 

2562
02:16:03,400 --> 02:16:05,000
intelligence would do decades 
later. 

2563
02:16:06,000 --> 02:16:08,200
Janet understood that mastering 
flight could provide 

2564
02:16:08,200 --> 02:16:10,500
opportunities beyond what black 
women in pre-war America 

2565
02:16:10,500 --> 02:16:14,400
typically had the story of Janet
Bragg is not just about breaking

2566
02:16:14,400 --> 02:16:16,800
barriers. 
It's about strategic navigation 

2567
02:16:16,800 --> 02:16:18,800
of a system. 
Designed to exclude people like 

2568
02:16:18,800 --> 02:16:21,200
her before she ever touched on 
aircraft control. 

2569
02:16:21,200 --> 02:16:24,800
She had already developed the 
cycle architecture that would 

2570
02:16:24,800 --> 02:16:28,700
allow her to persist through 
rejections and setbacks Her 

2571
02:16:28,700 --> 02:16:30,100
early life wasn't just a 
Prelude. 

2572
02:16:30,100 --> 02:16:34,000
It was preparation when Janet 
Waterford bragged, the 

2573
02:16:34,008 --> 02:16:36,799
Aeronautical University in 
Chicago she entered a world 

2574
02:16:36,799 --> 02:16:40,500
constructed for white men The 
aviation industry of the early. 

2575
02:16:40,500 --> 02:16:43,100
1930s wasn't merely segregated 
by custom. 

2576
02:16:43,100 --> 02:16:46,200
It was designed around the 
assumptions of male physicality 

2577
02:16:46,200 --> 02:16:49,600
and masculine social networks, 
yet Janet's approached to this 

2578
02:16:49,600 --> 02:16:51,400
environment. 
Revealed a sophistication, 

2579
02:16:51,400 --> 02:16:54,299
rarely highlighted in the 
accounts of her life, rather 

2580
02:16:54,299 --> 02:16:57,299
than confronting the system 
head-on Janet adopted, what 

2581
02:16:57,299 --> 02:17:00,600
might be called strategic 
assimilation She dressed 

2582
02:17:00,600 --> 02:17:04,400
impeccably for every class 
arriving in professional attire 

2583
02:17:04,400 --> 02:17:07,400
that commanded respect without 
drawing undue attention. 

2584
02:17:08,200 --> 02:17:11,500
Her notebooks preserved in 
archives show, meticulous 

2585
02:17:11,500 --> 02:17:14,799
diagrams and calculations 
evidence of her determination to

2586
02:17:14,799 --> 02:17:16,200
master. 
Not just the minimum 

2587
02:17:16,200 --> 02:17:18,900
requirements, but also the 
underlying principles of 

2588
02:17:18,900 --> 02:17:20,400
aerodynamics and engine 
mechanics. 

2589
02:17:21,299 --> 02:17:23,799
The atmosphere at Aeronautical 
University was complex. 

2590
02:17:24,600 --> 02:17:27,100
While some instructors and 
students openly questioned her 

2591
02:17:27,100 --> 02:17:30,600
presence, others, exhibited, a 
sort of bemused tolerance. 

2592
02:17:30,600 --> 02:17:33,700
The kind reserved for novelty is
expected to eventually 

2593
02:17:33,700 --> 02:17:36,700
disappear. 
What Nan anticipated was 

2594
02:17:36,700 --> 02:17:40,200
Janet's, quiet persistence. 
She absorbed technical 

2595
02:17:40,200 --> 02:17:43,400
information with remarkable 
efficiency, often spending 

2596
02:17:43,400 --> 02:17:46,500
evenings reviewing material, 
multiple times to ensure Mastery

2597
02:17:46,500 --> 02:17:49,500
what seldom discussed in 
accounts of Janet's. 

2598
02:17:49,500 --> 02:17:52,299
Aviation journey is how she 
managed the emotional labor of 

2599
02:17:52,299 --> 02:17:55,299
being perpetually. 
The only one in the Thesis. 

2600
02:17:56,000 --> 02:17:58,200
Her journals suggests, she 
developed a practice of 

2601
02:17:58,200 --> 02:18:00,200
deliberate. 
Detachment treating subtle 

2602
02:18:00,200 --> 02:18:03,400
hostility as data. 
Rather than personal assault. 

2603
02:18:03,400 --> 02:18:07,299
This cycle strategy preserved 
her energy for the actual work 

2604
02:18:07,299 --> 02:18:10,500
of learning to fly. the 
formation of the Challenger are 

2605
02:18:10,500 --> 02:18:13,500
pilots Association in 1931 as 
often presented as a 

2606
02:18:13,508 --> 02:18:16,400
straightforward response to 
discrimination, but the 

2607
02:18:16,400 --> 02:18:19,200
organization structure reveals 
Janet's, sophisticated 

2608
02:18:19,200 --> 02:18:22,400
understanding of collective 
action, When she and a small 

2609
02:18:22,407 --> 02:18:24,900
group of other black Aviation 
students found themselves, 

2610
02:18:24,900 --> 02:18:28,200
unable to secure adequate flight
time at white-owned airfields, 

2611
02:18:28,200 --> 02:18:31,100
they didn't merely complain. 
They pulled their resources to 

2612
02:18:31,100 --> 02:18:34,400
purchase land in Robbins, 
Illinois, and build their own 

2613
02:18:34,400 --> 02:18:37,500
Airfield. 
This Airfield eventually named 

2614
02:18:37,500 --> 02:18:40,900
Robin's airport represents a 
remarkable example of 

2615
02:18:40,900 --> 02:18:43,600
self-determination. 
The construction was not 

2616
02:18:43,600 --> 02:18:46,200
contracted out to professionals 
but undertaken by the club 

2617
02:18:46,200 --> 02:18:50,100
members themselves Janet drawing
on knowledge gained from her 

2618
02:18:50,100 --> 02:18:53,000
father's building career 
participated actively in the 

2619
02:18:53,000 --> 02:18:55,799
physical labor of clearing land 
and constructing basic 

2620
02:18:55,799 --> 02:18:58,299
facilities. 
She later remarked that this 

2621
02:18:58,299 --> 02:19:00,900
Hands-On involvement gave her an
intimate understanding of 

2622
02:19:00,900 --> 02:19:03,600
Airfield operations. 
That many Pilots, never acquired

2623
02:19:03,600 --> 02:19:06,600
the purchase of the club's. 
First aircraft are reveals 

2624
02:19:06,600 --> 02:19:10,200
Janet's fiscal pragmatism rather
than selecting the newest or 

2625
02:19:10,200 --> 02:19:12,799
most impressive model. 
The group chose a used but 

2626
02:19:12,799 --> 02:19:15,400
reliable. 
Tailor cub Janet personally, 

2627
02:19:15,400 --> 02:19:18,100
contributed a significant 
portion of the purchase price 

2628
02:19:18,100 --> 02:19:20,400
leveraging, her nursing salary 
at a time. 

2629
02:19:20,407 --> 02:19:22,200
When many Americans were 
struggling through the 

2630
02:19:22,200 --> 02:19:25,100
depression when this first 
plane, proved insufficient for 

2631
02:19:25,100 --> 02:19:27,500
their growing membership. 
Janice again, stepped forward, 

2632
02:19:27,500 --> 02:19:30,299
financially helping to secure 
additional aircraft. 

2633
02:19:30,299 --> 02:19:33,900
The social dynamics within the 
Challenger Club deserve closer 

2634
02:19:33,900 --> 02:19:38,000
examination than they typically 
receive while United by racial 

2635
02:19:38,000 --> 02:19:41,200
identity in aviation interest, 
the members brought diverse 

2636
02:19:41,200 --> 02:19:44,600
backgrounds and motivations to 
the organization, some were 

2637
02:19:44,600 --> 02:19:48,400
primarily recreational Pilots 
While others like Janet Harvard,

2638
02:19:48,400 --> 02:19:51,400
professional Ambitions as one of
the few women in the group, 

2639
02:19:51,400 --> 02:19:54,700
Janet navigated, gender 
Dynamics, even within this space

2640
02:19:54,700 --> 02:19:58,000
of racial solidarity. 
Her approach to leadership 

2641
02:19:58,000 --> 02:20:00,900
within the club of dramatic 
pronouncements or power 

2642
02:20:00,900 --> 02:20:03,000
struggles. 
Instead she established 

2643
02:20:03,000 --> 02:20:05,400
influence through consistent 
contribution and quiet 

2644
02:20:05,400 --> 02:20:08,400
competence. 
When mechanical problems, arose 

2645
02:20:08,400 --> 02:20:11,700
with Club aircraft Janet often 
stayed after others had left 

2646
02:20:11,700 --> 02:20:15,700
working alongside the mechanics 
to understand each repair This 

2647
02:20:15,700 --> 02:20:18,800
knowledge translated into 
respect among her peers who 

2648
02:20:18,800 --> 02:20:21,700
increasingly turned to her for 
technical advice despite gender 

2649
02:20:21,700 --> 02:20:25,000
conventions of the era. 
The Challenger Club became more 

2650
02:20:25,000 --> 02:20:26,600
than just an aviation 
organization. 

2651
02:20:26,600 --> 02:20:29,500
It functioned as a hub for 
Chicago's black professional 

2652
02:20:29,500 --> 02:20:32,600
class. 
Doctors lawyers Educators and 

2653
02:20:32,600 --> 02:20:34,900
entrepreneurs were drawn to the 
Airfield to witness what their 

2654
02:20:34,900 --> 02:20:38,200
Community had built. 
Janet understood the symbolic 

2655
02:20:38,200 --> 02:20:40,800
importance of these gatherings 
and helped organize regular 

2656
02:20:40,800 --> 02:20:43,400
events that showcased her black 
achievement in advanced 

2657
02:20:43,400 --> 02:20:46,200
technology. 
These occasions served, the dual

2658
02:20:46,200 --> 02:20:49,500
purpose of normalizing, black 
participation in aviation and 

2659
02:20:49,500 --> 02:20:52,200
building networks of support 
across professional fields. 

2660
02:20:53,100 --> 02:20:55,500
What's particularly notable 
about Janet's involvement with 

2661
02:20:55,500 --> 02:20:58,200
the Challenger Club was her 
insistence on formal 

2662
02:20:58,200 --> 02:20:59,800
documentation and 
record-keeping? 

2663
02:21:00,500 --> 02:21:03,900
She maintained details of 
flights maintenance schedules 

2664
02:21:03,900 --> 02:21:08,100
and financial transactions. 
Creating an Institutional memory

2665
02:21:08,100 --> 02:21:10,700
that helped the organizational 
weather turnover in membership. 

2666
02:21:10,700 --> 02:21:14,400
This administrative diligence 
reflected her understanding that

2667
02:21:14,400 --> 02:21:17,200
the club needed to operate with 
exceptional professionalism to 

2668
02:21:17,200 --> 02:21:19,600
withstand scrutiny from 
authorities constantly looking 

2669
02:21:19,600 --> 02:21:21,900
for reasons to challenge black 
owned Enterprise's. 

2670
02:21:23,000 --> 02:21:25,800
The Challenger are pilots 
Association represented more 

2671
02:21:25,800 --> 02:21:27,300
than an opportunity for Flight 
Training. 

2672
02:21:27,300 --> 02:21:30,400
It was a laboratory for 
Community organization and 

2673
02:21:30,400 --> 02:21:33,800
self-reliance. 
Janet's contributions extended 

2674
02:21:33,800 --> 02:21:36,000
far, beyond her financial 
investments or technical 

2675
02:21:36,000 --> 02:21:38,600
knowledge. 
She helped establish a model for

2676
02:21:38,600 --> 02:21:42,200
how excluded groups could create
their own infrastructure rather 

2677
02:21:42,200 --> 02:21:45,000
than waiting for integration 
into existing systems. 

2678
02:21:46,400 --> 02:21:49,500
When Janet took her first solo 
flight from The Robin's Airfield

2679
02:21:49,500 --> 02:21:52,700
in, 1934. 
The achievement represented, not

2680
02:21:52,700 --> 02:21:55,900
just her personal Milestone, but
the success of a collective 

2681
02:21:55,900 --> 02:21:59,700
strategy, the small airstrip 
carved from unforgiving, 

2682
02:21:59,700 --> 02:22:02,900
Illinois, Prairie stood as 
testimony to what determination 

2683
02:22:02,900 --> 02:22:05,500
and solidarity could accomplish 
in the face of systemic 

2684
02:22:05,500 --> 02:22:08,000
barriers. 
The Lessons Learned at Robin's 

2685
02:22:08,000 --> 02:22:10,300
would serve Janet. 
Well as she prepared to confront

2686
02:22:10,300 --> 02:22:12,800
even more formidable obstacles 
on her path to commercial 

2687
02:22:12,800 --> 02:22:17,800
certification by 1937, Janet 
Bragg had accumulated, hundreds 

2688
02:22:17,800 --> 02:22:20,300
of flight hours and mastered. 
The technical aspects of 

2689
02:22:20,300 --> 02:22:23,000
Aviation to a degree that 
exceeded the requirements for 

2690
02:22:23,000 --> 02:22:26,600
commercial pilots certification.
Yet when she appeared at the 

2691
02:22:26,600 --> 02:22:29,900
examination office in Chicago, 
the atmosphere shifted. 

2692
02:22:29,900 --> 02:22:32,000
Perceptively the testing 
officer. 

2693
02:22:32,000 --> 02:22:35,200
A man who had routinely 
processed applications from 

2694
02:22:35,200 --> 02:22:38,100
white men with similar or lesser
qualifications. 

2695
02:22:38,100 --> 02:22:41,500
Suddenly became a guardian of 
the impossibly high standards. 

2696
02:22:41,500 --> 02:22:45,100
What transpired that day has 
been summarized in many accounts

2697
02:22:45,100 --> 02:22:48,300
as simple discrimination, but 
the mechanics of the rejection 

2698
02:22:48,300 --> 02:22:51,600
reveal, something more 
Insidious, The Examiner refrain 

2699
02:22:51,600 --> 02:22:53,900
from explicitly citing her race 
or gender. 

2700
02:22:53,900 --> 02:22:58,400
As disqualifications as such 
blatant bias would have been too

2701
02:22:58,400 --> 02:23:02,100
vulnerable to challenge. 
Instead, he subjected Janet to a

2702
02:23:02,100 --> 02:23:04,900
series of increasingly technical
questions about the engine 

2703
02:23:04,900 --> 02:23:08,100
components, and emergency 
procedures exceeded the standard

2704
02:23:08,100 --> 02:23:11,400
examination protocol. 
Janet recognized the strategy, 

2705
02:23:11,400 --> 02:23:14,300
her nursing career had taught 
her how systems maintain 

2706
02:23:14,300 --> 02:23:17,800
exclusion through selective 
application of rules, rather 

2707
02:23:17,800 --> 02:23:21,500
than explicit prohibition. 
She answered each question with 

2708
02:23:21,500 --> 02:23:25,000
Precision drawing on the 
extensive technical knowledge. 

2709
02:23:25,000 --> 02:23:27,800
He had accumulated not just 
through formal training, but 

2710
02:23:27,800 --> 02:23:30,900
through her hands on experience 
maintaining aircraft at Robin's.

2711
02:23:31,800 --> 02:23:35,200
when the oral examination, 
failed to find her lacking, The 

2712
02:23:35,200 --> 02:23:38,700
Examiner pivoted to scrutinizing
her paperwork questioning the 

2713
02:23:38,700 --> 02:23:41,300
legitimacy of her flight hours 
because they had been 

2714
02:23:41,300 --> 02:23:43,000
accumulated black owned 
Airfield. 

2715
02:23:44,000 --> 02:23:47,800
What followed was a masterclass 
in measured resistance rather 

2716
02:23:47,800 --> 02:23:51,400
than displaying anger that word 
of played into stereotypes about

2717
02:23:51,400 --> 02:23:55,100
black women, Janet Carly 
requested written, documentation

2718
02:23:55,100 --> 02:23:57,100
of the specific deficiencies in 
her application. 

2719
02:23:58,400 --> 02:24:01,300
This simple administrative 
requests flummoxed The Examiner 

2720
02:24:01,300 --> 02:24:04,300
who had expected either 
acquiescence or emotional 

2721
02:24:04,300 --> 02:24:07,600
reaction when he reluctantly 
provided a vague written 

2722
02:24:07,600 --> 02:24:10,200
statement. 
Citing insufficient preparation,

2723
02:24:10,200 --> 02:24:14,100
Janet secured the documentary 
evidence of discriminatory 

2724
02:24:14,100 --> 02:24:15,400
treatment that would later 
prove. 

2725
02:24:15,400 --> 02:24:19,000
Valuable The rejection in 
Chicago, pushed Janet to develop

2726
02:24:19,000 --> 02:24:21,000
an Innovative approach to 
certification. 

2727
02:24:22,000 --> 02:24:23,800
Through her network of Aviation 
contacts. 

2728
02:24:23,800 --> 02:24:26,800
She learned that examiners in 
different regions sometimes 

2729
02:24:26,800 --> 02:24:30,800
applied, standards differently. 
This geographical variation and 

2730
02:24:30,800 --> 02:24:34,100
discrimination tighter in some 
regions more permeable in others

2731
02:24:34,100 --> 02:24:37,400
is rarely disgusting accounts of
segregation yet. 

2732
02:24:37,400 --> 02:24:40,400
Understanding these patterns was
crucial for those attempting to 

2733
02:24:40,400 --> 02:24:43,600
navigate the system. 
Janet identified, Tuskegee 

2734
02:24:43,600 --> 02:24:47,000
Alabama, as a potential 
alternative testing location. 

2735
02:24:48,000 --> 02:24:50,400
The presence of the Tuskegee 
Institute in its emerging 

2736
02:24:50,400 --> 02:24:53,800
Aviation program suggested, the 
possibility of examiners more 

2737
02:24:53,800 --> 02:24:55,800
accustomed to evaluating black 
applicants. 

2738
02:24:55,800 --> 02:24:59,500
This strategic Forum Shopping 
required, Janet to temporarily 

2739
02:24:59,500 --> 02:25:02,900
relocate, a significant 
investment of time and resources

2740
02:25:02,900 --> 02:25:05,900
that demonstrated her commitment
to certification. 

2741
02:25:07,200 --> 02:25:11,400
Upon arriving in Tuskegee in 
1939, Janet discovered a 

2742
02:25:11,400 --> 02:25:14,100
community engaged in its own 
complex, negotiations around 

2743
02:25:14,100 --> 02:25:16,800
race. 
And Aviation the civilian pilot 

2744
02:25:16,800 --> 02:25:19,400
training program recently 
established by the federal 

2745
02:25:19,400 --> 02:25:22,300
government had reluctantly 
included a few black 

2746
02:25:22,300 --> 02:25:24,900
institutions among its approved 
training centers. 

2747
02:25:24,900 --> 02:25:28,200
Tuskegee program was developing 
what would later become the 

2748
02:25:28,200 --> 02:25:31,000
foundation for the fame. 
Tuskegee, Airmen of World War 2 

2749
02:25:31,000 --> 02:25:34,500
Janet's reception at Tuskegee 
reveals, the gender dynamics, 

2750
02:25:34,500 --> 02:25:37,800
that complicated her journey, 
the male instructors, and 

2751
02:25:37,800 --> 02:25:41,200
administrators while supportive 
of black advancement in aviation

2752
02:25:41,200 --> 02:25:44,300
carried assumptions. 
About women's capabilities, that

2753
02:25:44,300 --> 02:25:46,100
created a different kind of 
barrier. 

2754
02:25:46,800 --> 02:25:49,700
When she requested access to the
programs more advanced aircraft 

2755
02:25:49,700 --> 02:25:51,500
for practice before her 
examination. 

2756
02:25:51,500 --> 02:25:55,400
She encountered resistance base,
not on her race, but on her 

2757
02:25:55,400 --> 02:25:59,400
gender, With characteristic 
adaptability, Janet shifted her 

2758
02:25:59,400 --> 02:26:02,500
approach rather than directly 
challenging gender 

2759
02:26:02,500 --> 02:26:05,000
preconceptions. 
She leveraged her medical 

2760
02:26:05,000 --> 02:26:07,600
background to position herself, 
as uniquely qualified to 

2761
02:26:07,600 --> 02:26:09,700
understand the physiological 
aspects of flight. 

2762
02:26:10,600 --> 02:26:13,500
She offered to conduct informal 
information, session on Aviation

2763
02:26:13,500 --> 02:26:16,700
medicine, for the student Pilots
creating value, that earned her 

2764
02:26:16,708 --> 02:26:18,700
access to aircraft and 
instruction time. 

2765
02:26:19,700 --> 02:26:22,800
When the day of her Tuskegee 
examination, arrived, Janet 

2766
02:26:22,800 --> 02:26:27,000
faced an unexpected challenge 
The Examiner, a white man from 

2767
02:26:27,000 --> 02:26:30,100
the Civil Aeronautics Authority,
required her to perform her 

2768
02:26:30,100 --> 02:26:33,200
checkride in an unfamiliar 
aircraft with different handling

2769
02:26:33,200 --> 02:26:35,900
characteristics than though. 
She had trained on this. 

2770
02:26:35,900 --> 02:26:38,900
Last minute change. 
Not applied to male applicants 

2771
02:26:38,900 --> 02:26:41,800
tested, the same day, was 
clearly designed to disadvantage

2772
02:26:41,800 --> 02:26:44,200
her. 
The flight test turned into an 

2773
02:26:44,208 --> 02:26:48,200
exercise in Precision under 
pressure as Janet, executed each

2774
02:26:48,200 --> 02:26:50,500
required maneuver. 
She maintained not just 

2775
02:26:50,500 --> 02:26:53,400
technical accuracy, but a 
demeanor of unflappable 

2776
02:26:53,400 --> 02:26:57,600
professionalism, The Examiner 
visibly searching for floors. 

2777
02:26:57,600 --> 02:27:00,400
Directed her through 
increasingly complex Maneuvers 

2778
02:27:00,400 --> 02:27:04,400
deviating from the standard 
examination protocol when Janet 

2779
02:27:04,400 --> 02:27:07,100
successfully completed, a 
particularly challenging Landing

2780
02:27:07,100 --> 02:27:09,700
the frustration on the 
examiner's face betrayed his 

2781
02:27:09,700 --> 02:27:12,000
buyers. 
The rejection that followed 

2782
02:27:12,000 --> 02:27:16,200
cited a single imperfect Landing
as justification. despite the 

2783
02:27:16,200 --> 02:27:19,300
fact that male Pilots were 
routinely certified with similar

2784
02:27:19,300 --> 02:27:22,500
or Worse performance, what's 
remarkable about Janet's 

2785
02:27:22,500 --> 02:27:24,300
response was its strategic 
restraint. 

2786
02:27:25,100 --> 02:27:27,900
Rather than immediately 
protesting she requested 

2787
02:27:27,900 --> 02:27:31,500
specific feedback on how to 
improve positioning herself as a

2788
02:27:31,508 --> 02:27:34,300
dedicated student rather than an
aged victim. 

2789
02:27:35,200 --> 02:27:37,700
This approach denied the 
examiner, the satisfaction of 

2790
02:27:37,708 --> 02:27:40,300
seeing her discouraged and 
preserved, her professional 

2791
02:27:40,300 --> 02:27:42,800
reputation within the Tuskegee. 
Aviation community. 

2792
02:27:43,600 --> 02:27:46,500
Janet's examination, trials, 
reveal something perfumed about 

2793
02:27:46,500 --> 02:27:49,100
how progress occurs the 
conventional Narrative of civil 

2794
02:27:49,100 --> 02:27:50,900
rights. 
Often focuses on dramatic 

2795
02:27:50,900 --> 02:27:53,900
confrontations and legal 
victories, but Janet's 

2796
02:27:53,900 --> 02:27:56,400
experience demonstrates. 
The importance of persistent 

2797
02:27:56,400 --> 02:28:00,400
strategic pressure at 
institutional boundaries each 

2798
02:28:00,400 --> 02:28:03,900
application, each examination, 
each professional interaction, 

2799
02:28:03,900 --> 02:28:07,800
incrementally shifted, 
expectations, and established 

2800
02:28:07,800 --> 02:28:10,600
precedence that made the paths 
slightly more navigable for 

2801
02:28:10,600 --> 02:28:13,500
those who had follow. 
Moreover her, willingness to 

2802
02:28:13,500 --> 02:28:16,700
repeatedly subject herself to 
evaluation knowing the 

2803
02:28:16,700 --> 02:28:20,300
likelihood of biased, rejection 
required, a particular kind of 

2804
02:28:20,300 --> 02:28:22,600
Courage, rarely acknowledged in 
historical accounts. 

2805
02:28:23,600 --> 02:28:26,100
This wasn't the adrenaline 
fueled bravery of a single 

2806
02:28:26,100 --> 02:28:29,100
moment of protest. 
But the sustained emotional 

2807
02:28:29,100 --> 02:28:31,900
labor of maintaining dignity and
determination in the face of 

2808
02:28:31,900 --> 02:28:35,700
systematic, devaluation. 
The attack on Pearl Harbor in 

2809
02:28:35,700 --> 02:28:38,600
December, 1941, transformed 
American society. 

2810
02:28:38,600 --> 02:28:42,400
Creating opportunities for 
marginalized groups even as it 

2811
02:28:42,400 --> 02:28:45,800
imposed new constraints for 
Janet, Bragg the War years 

2812
02:28:45,808 --> 02:28:48,800
represented, not just a national
crisis, but a complex 

2813
02:28:48,800 --> 02:28:51,400
reconfiguration of possibilities
within Aviation. 

2814
02:28:52,500 --> 02:28:55,500
His male Pilots were rapidly 
absorbed into military service. 

2815
02:28:56,300 --> 02:28:59,100
The civilian Aviation sector 
faced critical Personnel 

2816
02:28:59,100 --> 02:29:01,000
shortages. 
This created opportunities 

2817
02:29:01,000 --> 02:29:05,000
previously inaccessible to women
and people of color, the women's

2818
02:29:05,000 --> 02:29:08,600
Air Force service, Pilots WASP 
program, began, recruiting 

2819
02:29:08,600 --> 02:29:12,100
female Pilots to handle 
non-combat, flying duties from 

2820
02:29:12,100 --> 02:29:14,400
ferrying aircraft to training 
operations. 

2821
02:29:14,400 --> 02:29:18,000
Janet with her, extensive flight
experience, and Technical 

2822
02:29:18,000 --> 02:29:21,300
knowledge, should have been an 
ideal candidate for the WASP 

2823
02:29:21,300 --> 02:29:23,300
program. 
Yeah, when she submitted her 

2824
02:29:23,300 --> 02:29:27,000
application in early 1942, she 
encountered a familiar barrier 

2825
02:29:27,000 --> 02:29:30,000
the program while willing to 
challenge gender conventions, 

2826
02:29:30,000 --> 02:29:32,400
maintained rigid racial 
exclusion. 

2827
02:29:33,300 --> 02:29:35,800
Throughout the program's 
existence, not a single black 

2828
02:29:35,800 --> 02:29:39,300
woman received acceptance. 
This rejection represents one of

2829
02:29:39,300 --> 02:29:42,900
the most telling contradictions 
of wartime America, The nation 

2830
02:29:42,900 --> 02:29:45,600
mobilized around rhetoric of 
democracy and freedom while 

2831
02:29:45,600 --> 02:29:48,400
maintaining systems of 
segregation that undermine these

2832
02:29:48,400 --> 02:29:51,900
very principles for Janet. 
It crystallized the 

2833
02:29:51,900 --> 02:29:54,400
understanding that progress 
would never be granted through 

2834
02:29:54,400 --> 02:29:56,400
benevolence. 
It would need to be claimed 

2835
02:29:56,400 --> 02:29:59,300
through strategic persistence 
rather than allowing this 

2836
02:29:59,300 --> 02:30:03,200
setback to derail her Aviation 
Ambitions, Janet pivoted toward 

2837
02:30:03,200 --> 02:30:06,200
an area where her combined 
medical and nautical knowledge. 

2838
02:30:06,200 --> 02:30:09,800
Created unique value. 
The emerging field of Aviation 

2839
02:30:09,800 --> 02:30:12,800
medicine was gaining important 
as military pilots and counted 

2840
02:30:12,800 --> 02:30:15,600
physiological challenge, is at 
high altitudes and under combat 

2841
02:30:15,600 --> 02:30:18,500
stress, Janet developed a 
specialized knowledge base that 

2842
02:30:18,500 --> 02:30:20,300
bridge to her to professional 
identities. 

2843
02:30:21,200 --> 02:30:23,200
She secured a position at the 
Howard University. 

2844
02:30:23,200 --> 02:30:25,700
Medical School, where 
researchers were studying the 

2845
02:30:25,700 --> 02:30:27,600
physiological, impacts of high 
altitude. 

2846
02:30:27,600 --> 02:30:31,200
Flying on pilot performance. 
This work placed Janet at the 

2847
02:30:31,208 --> 02:30:34,000
intersection of two Fields 
Aviation and Medicine. 

2848
02:30:34,000 --> 02:30:37,000
Where she could contribute 
meaningfully without requiring 

2849
02:30:37,000 --> 02:30:39,300
immediate. 
Acceptance as a pilot, the 

2850
02:30:39,300 --> 02:30:41,700
research had particular 
relevance for black Pilots 

2851
02:30:41,700 --> 02:30:44,200
training at Tuskegee. 
Who were subject to additional 

2852
02:30:44,200 --> 02:30:46,200
scrutiny? 
Regarding their physical fitness

2853
02:30:46,200 --> 02:30:49,400
for combat flying. 
Accounts that solely focus on 

2854
02:30:49,400 --> 02:30:52,200
Janet's piloting, achievements 
often overlooked her work during

2855
02:30:52,200 --> 02:30:54,800
this period yet her 
contributions to Aviation 

2856
02:30:54,800 --> 02:30:57,400
medicine helped to establish 
protocols for oxygen, use 

2857
02:30:57,400 --> 02:31:01,400
recognition of hypoxia symptoms 
and strategies for managing 

2858
02:31:01,400 --> 02:31:03,300
G-Force. 
Effects knowledge. 

2859
02:31:03,300 --> 02:31:06,300
That benefited all Pilots 
regardless of race or gender 

2860
02:31:06,300 --> 02:31:09,200
simultaneously. 
Janet maintained her connection 

2861
02:31:09,200 --> 02:31:12,600
to the Chicago, Aviation 
Community returning regularly to

2862
02:31:12,600 --> 02:31:15,100
fly at Robin's Airfield and 
Mentor newer pilots in the 

2863
02:31:15,100 --> 02:31:16,500
Challenger are pilots 
Association. 

2864
02:31:17,800 --> 02:31:20,900
The wartime gasoline rationing 
created significant challenges 

2865
02:31:20,900 --> 02:31:22,600
for civilian recreational 
flying. 

2866
02:31:23,400 --> 02:31:26,300
But Janet leveraged her medical 
credentials to secure fuel 

2867
02:31:26,300 --> 02:31:28,800
allocations by Framing her 
flights as a central, 

2868
02:31:28,800 --> 02:31:31,800
professional development related
to her Aviation medicine work. 

2869
02:31:32,700 --> 02:31:35,100
this period also saw Janet 
developed sophisticated 

2870
02:31:35,100 --> 02:31:38,500
strategies for navigating 
segregated Aviation facilities 

2871
02:31:38,500 --> 02:31:42,100
when traveling She compiled what
amounted to a personal green 

2872
02:31:42,100 --> 02:31:44,800
book for black Pilots? 
A network of airfields, 

2873
02:31:44,800 --> 02:31:47,500
mechanics and lodgings. 
That would accommodate 

2874
02:31:47,500 --> 02:31:51,400
African-American aviators. 
This knowledge became a valuable

2875
02:31:51,400 --> 02:31:54,600
resource shared among the small 
community of black pilots, who 

2876
02:31:54,600 --> 02:31:58,500
continued civilian flying during
the War years. perhaps the most 

2877
02:31:58,500 --> 02:32:01,300
significant wartime development 
for Janet was her persistent 

2878
02:32:01,300 --> 02:32:04,300
pursuit of commercial 
certification culminating, in 

2879
02:32:04,300 --> 02:32:08,600
her successful examination, in 
1943, The details of this 

2880
02:32:08,600 --> 02:32:11,200
achievement deserve closer 
examination than they typically 

2881
02:32:11,200 --> 02:32:13,600
receive the certification 
occurred. 

2882
02:32:13,600 --> 02:32:16,600
Not because discrimination had 
suddenly disappeared, but 

2883
02:32:16,600 --> 02:32:19,500
because pilot shortages had 
become so acute that the Civil 

2884
02:32:19,500 --> 02:32:21,900
Aeronautics Authority faced 
pressure to utilize all 

2885
02:32:21,900 --> 02:32:25,300
qualified personnel. 
The Examiner, who finally signed

2886
02:32:25,300 --> 02:32:26,600
off on Janet's commercial 
license. 

2887
02:32:26,600 --> 02:32:30,300
A man named Harold wollam, later
acknowledged that he had 

2888
02:32:30,308 --> 02:32:33,100
approached her test with 
heightened scrutiny, but found 

2889
02:32:33,100 --> 02:32:34,800
her performance impossible to 
fault. 

2890
02:32:35,600 --> 02:32:38,100
This backhanded compliment 
reveals much about the nature of

2891
02:32:38,100 --> 02:32:41,200
progress, Janet didn't succeed 
because the system had become 

2892
02:32:41,200 --> 02:32:43,400
fair but because she had 
prepared. 

2893
02:32:43,400 --> 02:32:46,300
So thoroughly that, even an 
unfair system could not 

2894
02:32:46,300 --> 02:32:49,200
reasonably reject her with 
commercial certification, 

2895
02:32:49,200 --> 02:32:53,100
secured Janet began, seeking 
commercial flying opportunities.

2896
02:32:53,100 --> 02:32:56,400
Only to discover that the same 
wartime conditions that made 

2897
02:32:56,400 --> 02:32:59,700
certification possible. 
Also limited civilian commercial

2898
02:32:59,700 --> 02:33:03,400
operations, Airlines were 
primarily engaged in military 

2899
02:33:03,400 --> 02:33:06,600
transport contracts and they're 
hiring remained restricted by 

2900
02:33:06,600 --> 02:33:10,100
both racial and gender barriers.
Rather than waiting for these 

2901
02:33:10,100 --> 02:33:13,500
barriers to fall, Janet created 
her own Opportunity, by 

2902
02:33:13,500 --> 02:33:16,800
establishing a small, aerial 
photography business, using her 

2903
02:33:16,800 --> 02:33:19,200
own aircraft. 
She secured contracts to 

2904
02:33:19,200 --> 02:33:21,400
photograph real estate 
developments and construction 

2905
02:33:21,400 --> 02:33:24,900
projects from the are providing 
valuable documentation for 

2906
02:33:24,900 --> 02:33:26,500
investors and insurance 
companies. 

2907
02:33:27,300 --> 02:33:30,100
This entrepreneurial venture 
allowed her to log commercial, 

2908
02:33:30,100 --> 02:33:34,200
flight hours and generate income
from Aviation without requiring 

2909
02:33:34,200 --> 02:33:37,100
institutional acceptance from 
established carriers. 

2910
02:33:37,900 --> 02:33:40,400
The war Years also deepen 
Janet's involvement with the 

2911
02:33:40,400 --> 02:33:44,000
Tuskegee Aviation program, where
she served as an informal 

2912
02:33:44,000 --> 02:33:47,600
advisor on both medical and 
operational matters, a presents 

2913
02:33:47,600 --> 02:33:49,900
as a commercially. 
Certified black, female pilot 

2914
02:33:49,900 --> 02:33:53,000
provided a powerful Counterpoint
to those who questioned black 

2915
02:33:53,000 --> 02:33:56,500
Pilots capabilities when 
Tuskegee Airmen returned from 

2916
02:33:56,500 --> 02:33:59,700
combat mission in Europe, with 
distinguished records, Janet 

2917
02:33:59,700 --> 02:34:01,800
helped document and publicize 
their achievements, 

2918
02:34:01,800 --> 02:34:04,900
understanding the importance of 
making black excellence in 

2919
02:34:04,900 --> 02:34:07,600
aviation visible to both African
American communities and the 

2920
02:34:07,600 --> 02:34:12,600
broader public As the war Drew 
to a close in 1945, Janet found 

2921
02:34:12,600 --> 02:34:14,800
herself in a transformed 
Aviation landscape. 

2922
02:34:15,600 --> 02:34:18,600
One with new possibilities but 
also provide restrictions as 

2923
02:34:18,600 --> 02:34:22,100
returning white male veterans 
reclaimed positions throughout 

2924
02:34:22,100 --> 02:34:24,900
the industry. 
The strategies she had developed

2925
02:34:24,900 --> 02:34:28,200
during the War years, would 
prove essential as she navigated

2926
02:34:28,200 --> 02:34:32,100
the complex terrain of post-war,
Aviation the immediate post-war 

2927
02:34:32,100 --> 02:34:35,700
period presented a paradoxical 
landscape for Janet, Bragg the 

2928
02:34:35,700 --> 02:34:39,200
same GI Bill that created 
unprecedented, educational and 

2929
02:34:39,200 --> 02:34:41,900
economic opportunities for 
millions of white veterans. 

2930
02:34:41,900 --> 02:34:44,300
Systematically excluded many, 
black service members, 

2931
02:34:44,300 --> 02:34:48,500
particularly in the South, the 
aviation industry, which had 

2932
02:34:48,500 --> 02:34:52,300
reluctantly opened some doors 
during wartime necessity, began 

2933
02:34:52,300 --> 02:34:54,300
reinstating, exclusionary 
practices. 

2934
02:34:54,300 --> 02:34:56,000
As white men returned to 
civilian life. 

2935
02:34:57,000 --> 02:34:59,300
Rather than focusing solely on 
her individual advancement, 

2936
02:34:59,300 --> 02:35:03,300
Janet recognized the opportunity
to build institutional capacity 

2937
02:35:03,300 --> 02:35:04,900
for black participation in 
aviation. 

2938
02:35:05,900 --> 02:35:08,900
This period marked a shift in 
her approach, from proving her 

2939
02:35:08,900 --> 02:35:11,700
capabilities to creating systems
that would nurture the next 

2940
02:35:11,700 --> 02:35:14,900
generation of black aviators in 
1946. 

2941
02:35:14,900 --> 02:35:18,400
Janet and several Challenger 
club members established Bragg 

2942
02:35:18,400 --> 02:35:20,800
are service. 
A fixed base operation, 

2943
02:35:20,800 --> 02:35:24,400
providing aircraft maintenance 
flight instruction and Charter 

2944
02:35:24,400 --> 02:35:27,900
services located at Robin's. 
Airfield the business 

2945
02:35:27,900 --> 02:35:29,600
represented more than a 
commercial venture. 

2946
02:35:30,600 --> 02:35:33,600
It was an institution designed 
to normalize black presence in 

2947
02:35:33,600 --> 02:35:36,900
aviation commas. 
The structure of Bragg are 

2948
02:35:36,900 --> 02:35:38,700
service reveals Janet's, 
business acumen. 

2949
02:35:39,300 --> 02:35:42,300
Rather than competing directly 
with large operations serving, 

2950
02:35:42,300 --> 02:35:45,500
white clear until she positioned
her company to meet specialized 

2951
02:35:45,500 --> 02:35:48,000
needs within Chicago's growing 
black middle class. 

2952
02:35:48,900 --> 02:35:52,700
As property ownership, increased
among African-Americans, aerial 

2953
02:35:52,700 --> 02:35:54,800
photography for insurance and 
development purposes. 

2954
02:35:54,800 --> 02:35:58,100
Created a market Niche, that 
white owned Aviation businesses.

2955
02:35:58,100 --> 02:36:02,300
Rarely served effectively, 
additionally Bragg are service 

2956
02:36:02,300 --> 02:36:05,400
specialized in maintenance for 
smaller aircraft owners who are 

2957
02:36:05,400 --> 02:36:07,900
often found themselves 
overlooked by larger service 

2958
02:36:07,900 --> 02:36:10,700
operations. 
Janet recruited and trained 

2959
02:36:10,700 --> 02:36:13,800
black mechanics, creating 
employment opportunities, while 

2960
02:36:13,800 --> 02:36:16,600
building a Central Technical 
capacity within the community. 

2961
02:36:17,600 --> 02:36:20,500
Her insistence on meticulous 
record-keeping and certification

2962
02:36:20,500 --> 02:36:23,600
documentation protected, the 
business from the excessive 

2963
02:36:23,600 --> 02:36:25,900
regulatory scrutiny often 
applied to Black owned. 

2964
02:36:25,900 --> 02:36:28,900
Enterprise's, what's 
particularly noteworthy about 

2965
02:36:28,900 --> 02:36:32,200
this period in Janet's life was 
her development of an informal 

2966
02:36:32,200 --> 02:36:35,500
apprenticeship system? 
Recognizing that former Aviation

2967
02:36:35,500 --> 02:36:38,500
training remained, largely and 
accessible to young black 

2968
02:36:38,500 --> 02:36:40,800
aspirants. 
She created structured 

2969
02:36:40,800 --> 02:36:43,300
opportunities for them to gain 
experience at Robin's. 

2970
02:36:43,300 --> 02:36:46,900
Airfield young people began in 
ground operations, fueling 

2971
02:36:46,900 --> 02:36:49,900
aircraft cleaning hangers 
managing paperwork while 

2972
02:36:49,900 --> 02:36:52,700
receiving incremental exposure 
to flight operations and 

2973
02:36:52,700 --> 02:36:56,000
maintenance procedures. 
Several teenagers, who started 

2974
02:36:56,000 --> 02:36:59,200
sweeping the brag are service 
hanger, eventually became 

2975
02:36:59,200 --> 02:37:02,800
licensed pilots and Aviation 
professionals their paths 

2976
02:37:02,800 --> 02:37:05,000
facilitated by Janet's 
deliberate mentorship. 

2977
02:37:05,800 --> 02:37:07,900
She understood that 
representation alone was 

2978
02:37:07,900 --> 02:37:10,700
insufficient. 
The pipeline required active 

2979
02:37:10,700 --> 02:37:14,300
development and protection 
during this same period, Janet 

2980
02:37:14,300 --> 02:37:17,200
expanded, her property. 
Investments purchasing several 

2981
02:37:17,200 --> 02:37:19,400
apartment buildings in Chicago's
Southside. 

2982
02:37:20,300 --> 02:37:23,100
This diversification provided 
Financial stability that 

2983
02:37:23,100 --> 02:37:25,500
supported her Aviation 
activities during periods. 

2984
02:37:25,500 --> 02:37:29,100
When the business faced 
challenges, it also gave her 

2985
02:37:29,100 --> 02:37:31,900
leverage within Chicago's 
business Community, where 

2986
02:37:31,900 --> 02:37:35,900
property ownership translated 
into political influence, Janet 

2987
02:37:35,900 --> 02:37:39,300
utilized this influence. 
Strategically advocating for 

2988
02:37:39,300 --> 02:37:43,000
infrastructure, improvements at 
Robbins Airfield and fighting 

2989
02:37:43,000 --> 02:37:45,400
against zoning changes that 
threatened its operation. 

2990
02:37:46,500 --> 02:37:49,500
When developers began eyeing the
Airfield land for residential 

2991
02:37:49,500 --> 02:37:53,600
construction in the late 1940s, 
Janet organized, a coalition of 

2992
02:37:53,600 --> 02:37:56,300
business owners, and Aviation 
enthusiasts to protect this 

2993
02:37:56,300 --> 02:37:59,800
crucial Community Asset. 
The preservation of Robin's 

2994
02:37:59,800 --> 02:38:02,400
Airfield. 
Became a case study in community

2995
02:38:02,400 --> 02:38:04,900
resistance to development 
pressures that frequently 

2996
02:38:04,900 --> 02:38:08,100
targeted black-owned spaces. 
Janet frame. 

2997
02:38:08,100 --> 02:38:10,800
The Airfield not merely as a 
business location but as an 

2998
02:38:10,800 --> 02:38:13,900
educational institution and 
point of Pride, for Chicago's 

2999
02:38:13,900 --> 02:38:17,400
African-American community, This
reframing helped secure 

3000
02:38:17,400 --> 02:38:20,300
political support that other 
black businesses often lacked. 

3001
02:38:20,900 --> 02:38:24,200
Janet's activism, extended 
Beyond local Aviation concerns 

3002
02:38:24,200 --> 02:38:27,500
to National policy discussions. 
She became involved with the 

3003
02:38:27,500 --> 02:38:30,700
national ends Association of 
America an organization 

3004
02:38:30,700 --> 02:38:33,800
advocating for integration of 
commercial airlines and expanded

3005
02:38:33,800 --> 02:38:37,300
opportunities for black Pilots. 
Her approach to advocacy 

3006
02:38:37,300 --> 02:38:40,100
reflected her, nursing 
background, methodically 

3007
02:38:40,100 --> 02:38:43,100
documenting disparities 
presenting evidence rather than 

3008
02:38:43,100 --> 02:38:46,300
accusations and proposing 
specific remedies rather than 

3009
02:38:46,300 --> 02:38:49,500
General grievances. 
When major airlines began 

3010
02:38:49,500 --> 02:38:54,000
considering token integration in
the late 1940s, Janet positioned

3011
02:38:54,000 --> 02:38:56,900
herself as a resource for 
companies navigating unfamiliar 

3012
02:38:56,900 --> 02:38:59,000
territory. 
Rather than adopting. 

3013
02:38:59,000 --> 02:39:02,000
An adversarial stance. 
She offered her expertise in 

3014
02:39:02,000 --> 02:39:03,800
managing the complexities of 
integration. 

3015
02:39:04,600 --> 02:39:07,300
Drawing parallels to processes, 
she had observed in healthcare 

3016
02:39:07,300 --> 02:39:09,800
setting. 
This strategic positioning 

3017
02:39:09,800 --> 02:39:12,300
allowed her to influence hiring 
discussions without being 

3018
02:39:12,300 --> 02:39:14,000
dismissed as merely 
self-interested. 

3019
02:39:14,800 --> 02:39:17,400
Simultaneously, Janet continued,
her own professional 

3020
02:39:17,400 --> 02:39:21,000
development, securing additional
ratings and certifications that 

3021
02:39:21,000 --> 02:39:23,400
enhance her credibility within 
Aviation circles. 

3022
02:39:23,400 --> 02:39:27,100
She obtained instrument and 
multi-engine ratings, completing

3023
02:39:27,100 --> 02:39:30,400
training at facilities that had 
previously excluded black Pilots

3024
02:39:30,400 --> 02:39:32,900
each. 
Credential she added signified, 

3025
02:39:32,900 --> 02:39:35,300
not only her personal 
accomplishments, but also 

3026
02:39:35,300 --> 02:39:40,000
another breach in the system of 
segregation, By 1950, Janet had 

3027
02:39:40,000 --> 02:39:43,200
built a multifaceted career, 
that spanned Aviation Healthcare

3028
02:39:43,200 --> 02:39:46,600
and real estate. 
And unusual portfolio, that 

3029
02:39:46,600 --> 02:39:50,000
provided both Financial Security
and multiple platforms for 

3030
02:39:50,000 --> 02:39:53,000
advancing equity. 
What makes her approach during 

3031
02:39:53,000 --> 02:39:55,000
this period? 
Particularly instructive was her

3032
02:39:55,000 --> 02:39:58,100
recognition that progress 
required both persistent 

3033
02:39:58,100 --> 02:40:02,000
individual excellence, and 
institutional development, she 

3034
02:40:02,000 --> 02:40:04,900
understood that proving black 
capability was necessary, but 

3035
02:40:04,900 --> 02:40:08,000
insufficient The creation of 
sustaining structures was 

3036
02:40:08,000 --> 02:40:11,300
equally essential. 
The aviation Community Janet 

3037
02:40:11,300 --> 02:40:14,000
helped build at Robin's, became 
more than a collection of pilots

3038
02:40:14,000 --> 02:40:16,700
and mechanics. 
It functioned as an educational 

3039
02:40:16,700 --> 02:40:19,600
ecosystem where knowledge 
circulated freely across 

3040
02:40:19,600 --> 02:40:23,300
generational and experiential 
boundaries, Veteran Pilots 

3041
02:40:23,300 --> 02:40:27,300
mentored newcomers mechanics, 
shared specialized knowledge and

3042
02:40:27,300 --> 02:40:31,000
Janet ensured that business 
skills bookkeeping customer 

3043
02:40:31,000 --> 02:40:34,300
service Regulatory. 
Compliance were transmitted 

3044
02:40:34,300 --> 02:40:36,500
alongside technical Aviation 
skills. 

3045
02:40:36,500 --> 02:40:39,700
This holistic approach to 
community capacity, building 

3046
02:40:39,700 --> 02:40:42,900
represented, a sophisticated 
response to systemic exclusion, 

3047
02:40:42,900 --> 02:40:46,800
rather than focusing exclusively
on individual, achievements or 

3048
02:40:46,800 --> 02:40:50,300
symbolic, firsts Janice invested
in creating an environment, 

3049
02:40:50,300 --> 02:40:52,400
where black excellence and 
Aviation could become 

3050
02:40:52,400 --> 02:40:56,300
self-sustaining and continuously
regenerating The dawn of the 

3051
02:40:56,300 --> 02:40:59,500
organized civil rights movement 
in the 1950s presented Janet 

3052
02:40:59,500 --> 02:41:01,700
Bragg with both new 
opportunities and complex 

3053
02:41:01,700 --> 02:41:05,400
choices as public attention 
increasingly focused on racial 

3054
02:41:05,400 --> 02:41:08,400
discrimination. 
Janet found herself navigating 

3055
02:41:08,400 --> 02:41:11,000
the delicate balance between her
established strategies of 

3056
02:41:11,000 --> 02:41:14,200
incremental progress and there's
movements growing emphasis on 

3057
02:41:14,200 --> 02:41:16,300
direct action and visible 
protest. 

3058
02:41:17,100 --> 02:41:19,700
Janet's approached to civil 
rights advocacy was shaped by 

3059
02:41:19,700 --> 02:41:23,100
her experiences in both Aviation
and Healthcare Fields where 

3060
02:41:23,100 --> 02:41:27,000
Precision, careful preparation 
and attention to detail or 

3061
02:41:27,000 --> 02:41:30,100
matters of life and death. 
Rather than participating in 

3062
02:41:30,100 --> 02:41:33,500
March or demonstrations, she 
leveraged her professional 

3063
02:41:33,500 --> 02:41:35,800
standing to challenge 
discrimination through 

3064
02:41:35,800 --> 02:41:38,700
institutional channels that were
often invisible to the public, 

3065
02:41:38,700 --> 02:41:41,300
but nonetheless effective in 
creating concrete change. 

3066
02:41:42,200 --> 02:41:46,000
In 1954, when the landmark Brown
vs Board of Education decision, 

3067
02:41:46,000 --> 02:41:49,900
theoretically ended segregation 
in the public education, Janet 

3068
02:41:49,900 --> 02:41:52,600
recognized implications for 
Aviation training that few 

3069
02:41:52,600 --> 02:41:55,600
others identified. 
She immediately began compiling 

3070
02:41:55,600 --> 02:41:58,000
evidence of continuing 
discrimination in federally 

3071
02:41:58,000 --> 02:42:01,500
funded flight training programs,
documenting instances, where 

3072
02:42:01,500 --> 02:42:04,300
qualified black applicants were 
rejected from programs that 

3073
02:42:04,300 --> 02:42:07,400
received government support, 
Working through professional 

3074
02:42:07,400 --> 02:42:10,700
networks rather than public 
campaigns, janitor ranged 

3075
02:42:10,700 --> 02:42:13,400
meetings with Federal Aviation 
Administration, officials to 

3076
02:42:13,400 --> 02:42:16,400
present her findings. 
Her presentation style was 

3077
02:42:16,400 --> 02:42:20,000
characteristically, strategic 
framing, the issue, not as moral

3078
02:42:20,000 --> 02:42:23,300
outrage, but as regulatory 
non-compliance that exposed the 

3079
02:42:23,308 --> 02:42:25,900
agency to Legal liability and 
negative publicity. 

3080
02:42:26,800 --> 02:42:29,900
This behind the scenes, advocacy
contributed to policy revisions,

3081
02:42:29,900 --> 02:42:32,500
requiring Aviation training 
programs, receiving federal 

3082
02:42:32,500 --> 02:42:35,000
funds to document their 
admissions decisions. 

3083
02:42:35,000 --> 02:42:38,000
And demonstrate 
non-discrimination, While less 

3084
02:42:38,000 --> 02:42:41,600
dramatic than televised protests
these administrative changes 

3085
02:42:41,600 --> 02:42:44,000
created accountability 
mechanisms that gradually 

3086
02:42:44,000 --> 02:42:46,300
increase black access to 
professional Flight Training. 

3087
02:42:47,200 --> 02:42:50,200
Simultaneously Janet maintained 
her connection to the Tuskegee. 

3088
02:42:50,200 --> 02:42:53,400
Aviation Community, which was 
undergoing, its own transition 

3089
02:42:53,400 --> 02:42:56,200
as military service 
opportunities, expanded for 

3090
02:42:56,200 --> 02:42:58,100
black Pilots. 
Following President Truman's, 

3091
02:42:58,100 --> 02:43:01,800
1948, executive order 
desegregating the Armed Forces. 

3092
02:43:02,800 --> 02:43:05,400
She developed a remarkable 
pattern of support for young 

3093
02:43:05,400 --> 02:43:08,700
black men entering Air Force 
training, creating an informal 

3094
02:43:08,700 --> 02:43:11,600
Network that connected Tuskegee 
veterans with new recruits. 

3095
02:43:11,600 --> 02:43:15,700
This mentorship took practical 
forms, Janet regularly hosted 

3096
02:43:15,700 --> 02:43:18,400
Gatherings were experienced 
Pilots shared strategies for 

3097
02:43:18,400 --> 02:43:21,300
navigating military. 
Aviation culture with newcomers.

3098
02:43:21,300 --> 02:43:24,800
These sessions addressed, not 
just technical flying skills, 

3099
02:43:24,800 --> 02:43:28,000
but the psychological aspects of
Performing under the heightened 

3100
02:43:28,000 --> 02:43:31,400
scrutiny that black military 
aviators still face, despite 

3101
02:43:31,400 --> 02:43:34,200
formal disaggregation. 
Janet's. 

3102
02:43:34,200 --> 02:43:36,900
Chicago Apartment became a way 
station for black Pilots 

3103
02:43:36,900 --> 02:43:40,900
traveling between assignments. 
Providing not just logging but a

3104
02:43:40,900 --> 02:43:43,500
crucial sense of community and 
continuity in a field where 

3105
02:43:43,500 --> 02:43:45,900
isolation often compounded other
challenges. 

3106
02:43:46,800 --> 02:43:49,000
This role as Community. 
Anchor rarely appears in 

3107
02:43:49,000 --> 02:43:52,100
official history, but emerges, 
consistently in the personal 

3108
02:43:52,100 --> 02:43:54,500
reminiscent of black aviators 
from this period. 

3109
02:43:55,600 --> 02:43:58,800
By the late 1950s, Janet had 
developed a sophisticated 

3110
02:43:58,800 --> 02:44:02,200
understanding of how integration
functioned in practice role in 

3111
02:44:02,200 --> 02:44:04,700
theory. 
She observed that mirror removal

3112
02:44:04,708 --> 02:44:07,900
of explicit exclusionary 
policies rarely translated into 

3113
02:44:07,900 --> 02:44:11,200
meaningful inclusion without 
additional structural changes. 

3114
02:44:12,200 --> 02:44:15,300
Drawing on this Insight, she 
began advocating for specific 

3115
02:44:15,300 --> 02:44:19,400
reforms in commercial Aviation 
hiring, including blind initial 

3116
02:44:19,400 --> 02:44:22,000
application, reviews and 
standardized technical 

3117
02:44:22,000 --> 02:44:25,600
assessment procedures. 
Janice approached United 

3118
02:44:25,600 --> 02:44:29,200
Airlines in 1958, with a 
proposal for revising, their 

3119
02:44:29,200 --> 02:44:32,500
pilot hiring process. 
Positioning her suggestions as 

3120
02:44:32,500 --> 02:44:35,600
improvements in merit-based 
selection, rather than diversity

3121
02:44:35,600 --> 02:44:38,900
initiatives. 
This framing, which emphasized 

3122
02:44:38,900 --> 02:44:43,200
operational excellence, rather 
than social justice, proved 

3123
02:44:43,200 --> 02:44:46,400
effective in an industry where 
safety concerns could override 

3124
02:44:46,400 --> 02:44:49,900
even entrenched prejudice. 
While United didn't immediately 

3125
02:44:49,900 --> 02:44:52,100
Implement her recommendations 
the dialogue. 

3126
02:44:52,100 --> 02:44:54,800
She initiated contributed to 
gradual reforms over the 

3127
02:44:54,800 --> 02:44:58,000
subsequent years. 
Throughout this period, Janet 

3128
02:44:58,000 --> 02:45:00,600
maintained, her multifaceted 
professional identity, 

3129
02:45:00,600 --> 02:45:04,400
continuing her nursing career 
while operating bragas service 

3130
02:45:04,400 --> 02:45:06,000
and managing her real estate 
Investments. 

3131
02:45:06,000 --> 02:45:09,600
This diversification provided 
not just Financial stability, 

3132
02:45:09,600 --> 02:45:12,800
but multiple platforms from 
which to advance Equity goals. 

3133
02:45:13,400 --> 02:45:16,900
When direct progress in aviation
stalled, she could shift Focus 

3134
02:45:16,900 --> 02:45:19,100
to healthcare integration or 
Community Development through 

3135
02:45:19,100 --> 02:45:22,800
her Property Holdings. 
Civil Rights Movement gained 

3136
02:45:22,800 --> 02:45:26,800
momentum in the early 1960s, 
Janet faced questions about her 

3137
02:45:26,800 --> 02:45:28,900
relatively low profile in public
activism. 

3138
02:45:29,700 --> 02:45:32,700
Some yoga Advocates criticized 
her incremental approach as 

3139
02:45:32,700 --> 02:45:36,100
insufficiently bold, suggesting 
her professional success had 

3140
02:45:36,100 --> 02:45:38,600
distant her from the urgency of 
racial Justice. 

3141
02:45:39,500 --> 02:45:41,100
Janet's response to such 
criticism. 

3142
02:45:41,100 --> 02:45:44,300
Revealed her strategic, thinking
about social change. 

3143
02:45:45,100 --> 02:45:48,800
In a 1968 speech to the Negro 
Airmen International Convention,

3144
02:45:48,800 --> 02:45:52,300
she articulated what might be 
called a theory of specialized 

3145
02:45:52,300 --> 02:45:55,600
contribution. 
Not everyone can or should be on

3146
02:45:55,600 --> 02:45:58,600
the front lines of protest. 
Some of us must work within 

3147
02:45:58,600 --> 02:46:02,200
systems to bring about changes 
from the inside, some must build

3148
02:46:02,200 --> 02:46:04,700
alternative structures that 
demonstrate what is possible. 

3149
02:46:05,500 --> 02:46:08,100
Some must document and preserve 
our achievements so they cannot 

3150
02:46:08,100 --> 02:46:11,300
be erased. 
This perspective reflected her 

3151
02:46:11,300 --> 02:46:14,300
understanding that movements 
required diverse tactics and 

3152
02:46:14,300 --> 02:46:16,000
multiple points of pressure to 
succeed. 

3153
02:46:16,000 --> 02:46:18,800
Janet wasn't a posed to direct 
action. 

3154
02:46:18,800 --> 02:46:21,900
She provided financial support 
to several civil rights, 

3155
02:46:21,900 --> 02:46:25,200
organizations and opened her 
properties to activists needing 

3156
02:46:25,200 --> 02:46:27,700
safer, accommodation during 
Chicago campaigns. 

3157
02:46:27,700 --> 02:46:31,100
But she recognized that her most
effective contribution came 

3158
02:46:31,100 --> 02:46:34,600
through different channels. 
The 1963 March on Washington 

3159
02:46:34,600 --> 02:46:38,200
represented, a pivotal moment, 
in Janet's relationship with the

3160
02:46:38,200 --> 02:46:41,400
broader Civil Rights Movement. 
though, she attended the March, 

3161
02:46:41,400 --> 02:46:44,100
she participated not as an 
individual, but as a 

3162
02:46:44,100 --> 02:46:47,100
representative of black Aviation
professionals carrying 

3163
02:46:47,100 --> 02:46:50,000
documentation of the fields, 
racial disparities to distribute

3164
02:46:50,000 --> 02:46:52,800
to Congressional offices, While 
others gathered at the Lincoln 

3165
02:46:52,800 --> 02:46:57,100
Memorial, This characteristic 
approach leveraging moments of 

3166
02:46:57,100 --> 02:46:59,800
high visibility to advance 
specific policy objectives. 

3167
02:46:59,800 --> 02:47:04,400
Typified Janet's pragmatic 
activism While others created a 

3168
02:47:04,400 --> 02:47:07,700
Central Public pressure through 
Mass mobilization, she worked to

3169
02:47:07,700 --> 02:47:10,700
translate that pressure into 
concrete Regulatory and 

3170
02:47:10,700 --> 02:47:12,800
institutional changes that would
Outlast any single 

3171
02:47:12,800 --> 02:47:17,100
demonstration. 
By the mid-1960s as the Civil 

3172
02:47:17,100 --> 02:47:19,500
Rights Movement achieved 
legislative victories with the 

3173
02:47:19,500 --> 02:47:22,900
Civil Rights Act of 1964. 
And the Voting Rights Act of 

3174
02:47:22,908 --> 02:47:26,500
1965 Janet turned her attention 
to ensuring effective 

3175
02:47:26,500 --> 02:47:28,400
implementation in aviation 
contexts. 

3176
02:47:29,300 --> 02:47:32,000
She developed monitoring systems
to track hiring patterns at 

3177
02:47:32,000 --> 02:47:34,500
airline's and training 
institutions, creating 

3178
02:47:34,500 --> 02:47:37,300
accountability through data 
rather than relying solely on 

3179
02:47:37,300 --> 02:47:40,400
legal mandates. 
This period also saw Janet 

3180
02:47:40,400 --> 02:47:42,900
increaser focus on gender 
Equity, within Aviation, 

3181
02:47:42,900 --> 02:47:46,800
recognizing that racial barriers
were often compounded by gender 

3182
02:47:46,800 --> 02:47:49,700
discrimination. 
She began formerly mentoring 

3183
02:47:49,700 --> 02:47:52,900
young, black women interested in
aviation careers, helping them 

3184
02:47:52,900 --> 02:47:55,900
navigate the distinct challenges
created by the intersection of 

3185
02:47:55,900 --> 02:47:59,200
race and gender bias. 
Janet's navigation of the Civil 

3186
02:47:59,200 --> 02:48:02,500
Rights era, demonstrates a 
sophisticated understanding of 

3187
02:48:02,500 --> 02:48:06,000
how social change occurs. 
Not just through visible moments

3188
02:48:06,000 --> 02:48:08,600
of Confrontation and legislative
victories, but through 

3189
02:48:08,600 --> 02:48:11,500
persistent pressure on multiple 
fronts, including the 

3190
02:48:11,500 --> 02:48:14,200
unglamorous work of policy, 
implementation, and 

3191
02:48:14,200 --> 02:48:17,500
institutional reform. 
As Janet, Bragg entered her 

3192
02:48:17,500 --> 02:48:20,400
later years, she confronted a 
challenge familiar to many 

3193
02:48:20,400 --> 02:48:23,800
pioneers the risk of having her 
contributions minimized or 

3194
02:48:23,800 --> 02:48:26,800
forgotten as the very barriers. 
She helped dismantle became less

3195
02:48:26,800 --> 02:48:28,100
visible to subsequent 
Generations. 

3196
02:48:29,300 --> 02:48:31,700
Her response to this challenge 
reveals as much about her 

3197
02:48:31,700 --> 02:48:33,900
character as her earlier 
achievements. 

3198
02:48:34,700 --> 02:48:38,100
Rather than focusing on securing
personal recognition, Janet 

3199
02:48:38,100 --> 02:48:40,900
dedicated herself to documenting
the broader history of black 

3200
02:48:40,900 --> 02:48:45,100
Aviation throughout the 1970s, 
she systematically collected, 

3201
02:48:45,100 --> 02:48:48,100
photographs, logbooks, 
correspondence, and oral 

3202
02:48:48,100 --> 02:48:50,400
histories from aging. 
Members of the Challenger are 

3203
02:48:50,400 --> 02:48:53,500
pilots Association and other 
early black aviators. 

3204
02:48:53,500 --> 02:48:55,700
She conducted this archival 
work. 

3205
02:48:55,700 --> 02:48:57,100
With the same methodical 
attention. 

3206
02:48:57,100 --> 02:49:00,500
She'd give to her nursing and 
flying careers Janet understood 

3207
02:49:00,500 --> 02:49:01,900
that preservation of this 
history. 

3208
02:49:01,900 --> 02:49:05,500
Served multiple purposes, it 
provided validation for those 

3209
02:49:05,500 --> 02:49:08,300
who had struggled against 
overwhelming odds, created, 

3210
02:49:08,300 --> 02:49:10,900
educational resources for young 
people who might otherwise 

3211
02:49:10,900 --> 02:49:14,600
assume Aviation had always been 
accessible and established an 

3212
02:49:14,600 --> 02:49:17,600
evidentiary record that 
prevented historical revisionism

3213
02:49:17,600 --> 02:49:20,000
about when and how integration 
had occurred. 

3214
02:49:20,900 --> 02:49:25,300
In 1976 as the nation celebrated
Douglas by Centennial with 

3215
02:49:25,300 --> 02:49:27,600
numerous historical exhibitions 
and publications. 

3216
02:49:28,500 --> 02:49:31,900
Janet noticed the near total 
absence of black aviators from 

3217
02:49:31,900 --> 02:49:35,000
these commemorations. 
Rather than merely protesting 

3218
02:49:35,000 --> 02:49:38,100
this emission she developed a 
traveling exhibition titled, 

3219
02:49:38,100 --> 02:49:41,600
black wings, featuring, 
photographs and artifacts from 

3220
02:49:41,600 --> 02:49:44,600
her growing collection. 
What made this exhibition 

3221
02:49:44,600 --> 02:49:47,300
remarkable was Janet's? 
Insistence that it appear not 

3222
02:49:47,300 --> 02:49:50,700
just in traditionally black 
institutions, but in mainstream 

3223
02:49:50,700 --> 02:49:54,300
Aviation museums and events when
the Experimental Aircraft 

3224
02:49:54,300 --> 02:49:57,400
Association, initially declined 
to host, the exhibition at its 

3225
02:49:57,400 --> 02:50:01,300
annual are Venture gathering in 
Oshkosh Wisconsin, Janet didn't 

3226
02:50:01,300 --> 02:50:04,400
accept the rejection. 
Instead, she enlisted support 

3227
02:50:04,400 --> 02:50:06,200
from several prominent white 
Pilots. 

3228
02:50:06,200 --> 02:50:08,100
She had befriended over decades 
in aviation. 

3229
02:50:09,000 --> 02:50:11,700
Creating the external pressure 
needed to reverse the decision. 

3230
02:50:12,700 --> 02:50:16,500
The exhibitions appearance are 
Venture in 1977 marked a turning

3231
02:50:16,500 --> 02:50:19,300
point in public, recognition of 
black contributions to aviation 

3232
02:50:19,300 --> 02:50:21,700
history. 
Thousands of Aviation 

3233
02:50:21,700 --> 02:50:24,500
enthusiasts and countered. 
This History For the First Time.

3234
02:50:24,500 --> 02:50:28,000
Many expressing surprise at his 
depth and significance. 

3235
02:50:28,000 --> 02:50:31,400
Janet personally, guided special
tours for Aviation journalists 

3236
02:50:31,400 --> 02:50:34,500
in the exhibition received 
coverage in the industry 

3237
02:50:34,500 --> 02:50:36,700
publication that reached 
audiences Beyond those 

3238
02:50:36,700 --> 02:50:40,700
physically attending the event. 
This period also saw Janet 

3239
02:50:40,700 --> 02:50:42,100
emerge as a sought after 
speaker. 

3240
02:50:42,900 --> 02:50:45,300
Particularly as women's 
increasing entry into Aviation 

3241
02:50:45,300 --> 02:50:47,300
created interest in female 
pioneers. 

3242
02:50:48,200 --> 02:50:51,100
Her presentations were notable, 
not for dramatic oratory, but 

3243
02:50:51,100 --> 02:50:54,800
for their precision and 
evidentiary approach. rather 

3244
02:50:54,800 --> 02:50:58,100
than telling her personal story 
in isolation, she consistently 

3245
02:50:58,100 --> 02:51:01,300
placed her experiences within 
broader historical, contexts, 

3246
02:51:01,300 --> 02:51:03,700
connecting individual 
achievements to Collective 

3247
02:51:03,700 --> 02:51:08,200
struggles for equality, in 
academic settings, Janet became 

3248
02:51:08,200 --> 02:51:10,900
an important primary source for 
a researchers studying aviation 

3249
02:51:10,900 --> 02:51:14,400
history, women's history, and 
African-American history. 

3250
02:51:15,300 --> 02:51:18,300
Her meticulous record-keeping 
proved invaluable to Scholars 

3251
02:51:18,300 --> 02:51:21,300
who had previously struggled to 
document aspects of black 

3252
02:51:21,300 --> 02:51:25,000
aviation history, obscured by 
institutional neglect, and 

3253
02:51:25,000 --> 02:51:28,200
deliberate Erasure Janet's 
relationship with younger black 

3254
02:51:28,200 --> 02:51:29,900
aviators. 
During this period deserves 

3255
02:51:29,900 --> 02:51:33,200
particular attention, As 
commercial airlines finally 

3256
02:51:33,200 --> 02:51:36,300
began hiring black pilots in 
meaningful numbers during the 

3257
02:51:36,300 --> 02:51:39,800
1970s and 1980s. 
Many sought out, Janet for 

3258
02:51:39,800 --> 02:51:41,900
guidance on navigating 
predominantly white 

3259
02:51:41,900 --> 02:51:44,900
institutions. 
Her advice reflected Decades of 

3260
02:51:44,900 --> 02:51:47,400
accumulated wisdom about when to
challenge discrimination 

3261
02:51:47,400 --> 02:51:50,800
directly and went to focus on 
Excellence as its form of 

3262
02:51:50,800 --> 02:51:53,500
resistance. 
Several pilots who would later 

3263
02:51:53,500 --> 02:51:56,400
reach senior positions at Major 
carriers cited Janet's 

3264
02:51:56,400 --> 02:51:58,900
mentorship as crucial to their 
ability to persist through 

3265
02:51:58,900 --> 02:52:02,700
difficult early experiences. 
Her apartment in Chicago. 

3266
02:52:03,800 --> 02:52:06,600
It remained a gathering place, 
where multiple generations of 

3267
02:52:06,600 --> 02:52:10,000
black Aviation professionals 
could share strategies and 

3268
02:52:10,000 --> 02:52:12,300
support across experiential. 
Divides. 

3269
02:52:13,200 --> 02:52:17,000
In 1986, Janet received belated 
recognition, from the Federal 

3270
02:52:17,000 --> 02:52:20,000
Aviation Administration with 
their Pioneer award 

3271
02:52:20,000 --> 02:52:23,900
acknowledging her contributions 
to American Aviation, the 

3272
02:52:23,900 --> 02:52:26,400
ceremony brought together. 
Aviation officials who had once 

3273
02:52:26,400 --> 02:52:29,600
denied her opportunities with 
younger administrators who had 

3274
02:52:29,608 --> 02:52:31,800
benefited from the changes, she 
helped create. 

3275
02:52:32,600 --> 02:52:36,100
This juxtaposition might have 
invited bitterness but Janet 

3276
02:52:36,100 --> 02:52:38,600
approached, the occasional with 
characteristic Grace and 

3277
02:52:38,600 --> 02:52:41,700
strategic Focus. 
She used her acceptance speech, 

3278
02:52:41,700 --> 02:52:45,100
not for personal Vindication, 
but to highlight continuing 

3279
02:52:45,100 --> 02:52:47,900
disparities in aviation access 
and employment. 

3280
02:52:49,000 --> 02:52:52,200
By presenting current statistics
alongside historical context. 

3281
02:52:52,200 --> 02:52:55,500
She made clear that while 
progress at occurred the work 

3282
02:52:55,500 --> 02:52:58,800
remained unfinished, This 
approached transformed, What 

3283
02:52:58,800 --> 02:53:01,200
Might Have Been merely 
commemorative into a call for 

3284
02:53:01,200 --> 02:53:04,800
ongoing commitment to equity. 
This Janet entered her 90s. 

3285
02:53:04,800 --> 02:53:07,700
She began the process of 
ensuring her collection, would 

3286
02:53:07,700 --> 02:53:09,400
remain accessible after her 
lifetime. 

3287
02:53:10,100 --> 02:53:12,500
Rather than waiting for 
institutions to approach her, 

3288
02:53:12,500 --> 02:53:16,000
she actively researched for a 
potential repositories, 

3289
02:53:16,000 --> 02:53:19,500
evaluating their commitment to 
making materials available to 

3290
02:53:19,500 --> 02:53:21,500
both Scholars and community 
members. 

3291
02:53:22,400 --> 02:53:24,800
She ultimately divided her 
papers between the Smithsonian 

3292
02:53:24,800 --> 02:53:28,100
National Air and Space Museum in
the Atlanta University Center 

3293
02:53:28,100 --> 02:53:31,200
archives, creating multiple 
access points to the crucial 

3294
02:53:31,200 --> 02:53:35,900
history, Janet Bragg passed away
in 1993, at the age of 86, 

3295
02:53:35,900 --> 02:53:37,900
having witnessed 
transformations. 

3296
02:53:37,900 --> 02:53:40,900
In American Aviation, that would
have seemed impossible when she 

3297
02:53:40,900 --> 02:53:43,100
took her first flight lesson in 
1933. 

3298
02:53:43,100 --> 02:53:47,100
At the time of her death, black 
Pilots commanded jumbo jets for 

3299
02:53:47,100 --> 02:53:50,300
major carriers served as 
astronauts in the space program,

3300
02:53:50,300 --> 02:53:53,500
and held leadership positions in
aviation organizations that had 

3301
02:53:53,500 --> 02:53:56,400
once excluded them entirely. 
Yet Janet's. 

3302
02:53:56,400 --> 02:53:59,300
Most profound Legacy, May lie 
not in these visible markers of 

3303
02:53:59,300 --> 02:54:01,600
progress. 
But in the approach to change, 

3304
02:54:01,600 --> 02:54:04,700
she embodied throughout her 
life. she demonstrated that 

3305
02:54:04,700 --> 02:54:07,500
effective advocacy requires, not
just courage and persistence, 

3306
02:54:07,500 --> 02:54:10,400
but strategic thinking about 
where and how to apply pressure 

3307
02:54:11,200 --> 02:54:13,500
She understood that systems, 
change through multiple 

3308
02:54:13,500 --> 02:54:16,700
mechanisms legal, challenges, 
policy, reforms, economic 

3309
02:54:16,700 --> 02:54:20,100
leverage, cultural shifts, an 
individual Excellence, all 

3310
02:54:20,100 --> 02:54:24,300
playing necessary roles. 
Perhaps most importantly, Janet 

3311
02:54:24,300 --> 02:54:26,800
Bragg's, life illustrates that. 
History is not merely something 

3312
02:54:26,800 --> 02:54:29,900
that happens to people, but 
something that actively shape 

3313
02:54:29,900 --> 02:54:32,300
through deliberate choices and 
sustained commitment. 

3314
02:54:33,100 --> 02:54:35,700
She didn't simply participate in
the evolution of American 

3315
02:54:35,700 --> 02:54:38,400
Aviation. 
She helped direct its course 

3316
02:54:38,400 --> 02:54:40,400
through strategic action at Key 
moments. 

3317
02:54:51,000 --> 02:54:53,100
Picture yourself waking up in a 
narrow bed. 

3318
02:54:53,100 --> 02:54:56,000
That's barely wider than a 
coffin, but somehow more 

3319
02:54:56,000 --> 02:54:58,300
comfortable than anything. 
You'd known before coming to 

3320
02:54:58,300 --> 02:54:59,100
Ashworth. 
Manor. 

3321
02:54:59,700 --> 02:55:02,400
The room, you share with two 
other housemates is tucked under

3322
02:55:02,400 --> 02:55:04,800
the eaves where the ceiling 
slopes down. 

3323
02:55:04,800 --> 02:55:07,400
So dramatically that you've 
learned to duck instinctively 

3324
02:55:07,400 --> 02:55:10,400
when getting dressed The walls 
are thin enough that you can 

3325
02:55:10,400 --> 02:55:13,600
hear Mrs. Pemberton. 
The head cook already clattering

3326
02:55:13,600 --> 02:55:15,800
about in the kitchen three 
floors below her. 

3327
02:55:15,800 --> 02:55:18,500
Wooden spoon's conducting an 
orchestra of copper pots. 

3328
02:55:18,500 --> 02:55:22,100
It's 4:30 in the morning and 
your body has become a living 

3329
02:55:22,100 --> 02:55:24,800
alarm clock after 18 months in 
service. 

3330
02:55:24,800 --> 02:55:27,000
You no longer need the Bell. 
That Martha. 

3331
02:55:27,000 --> 02:55:29,800
The senior House made rings to 
wake everyone. 

3332
02:55:29,800 --> 02:55:33,900
Your bones simply know when it's
time to begin another day in the

3333
02:55:33,900 --> 02:55:35,500
wonderful machine of the manor 
house. 

3334
02:55:36,300 --> 02:55:39,100
You slide your feet into boot 
that have molded themselves to 

3335
02:55:39,100 --> 02:55:41,800
your particular brand of 
exhaustion comfortable, in all 

3336
02:55:41,800 --> 02:55:43,900
the wrong places, one Thin where
you need them? 

3337
02:55:43,900 --> 02:55:47,200
Most The floorboards Creak 
they're familiar, greeting, as 

3338
02:55:47,200 --> 02:55:49,200
you tiptoe around your sleeping,
roommates. 

3339
02:55:49,200 --> 02:55:52,300
Sarah, the scullery maid talks 
in her sleep about her 

3340
02:55:52,300 --> 02:55:55,200
sweetheart back in the village 
while Emma, who works in the 

3341
02:55:55,200 --> 02:55:58,000
laundry, snores with the 
dedication of someone who has 

3342
02:55:58,000 --> 02:56:01,800
earned every moment of rest. 
The servant staircase serves as 

3343
02:56:01,800 --> 02:56:04,900
your primary route, to all 
important places, it's narrow 

3344
02:56:04,900 --> 02:56:06,800
and steep designed by 
architects. 

3345
02:56:06,800 --> 02:56:09,600
Who clearly never had to carry a
coal scuttle up for flights 

3346
02:56:09,600 --> 02:56:12,900
while balancing a chamber pot 
and trying not to wake the 

3347
02:56:12,900 --> 02:56:16,500
entire household. 
You've developed a peculiar 

3348
02:56:16,500 --> 02:56:20,900
Grace navigating these stairs. 
Part mounting goat part ballet, 

3349
02:56:20,900 --> 02:56:24,100
dancer, all determination, not 
to Tumble backwards into 

3350
02:56:24,100 --> 02:56:26,900
catastrophe. 
Your first stop is the 

3351
02:56:26,900 --> 02:56:29,900
Magnificent Hall where 
yesterday's ashes in the massive

3352
02:56:29,900 --> 02:56:32,000
fireplace. 
Look like the remains of a small

3353
02:56:32,000 --> 02:56:34,300
dragon. 
The greatest heavy enough to 

3354
02:56:34,300 --> 02:56:37,000
anchor ship and cleaning it 
requires the kind of athletic 

3355
02:56:37,000 --> 02:56:40,200
ability that would impress 
circus performers you've learned

3356
02:56:40,200 --> 02:56:43,800
to approach it like a puzzle. 
First the smaller pieces then 

3357
02:56:43,800 --> 02:56:47,000
the greatest self always mindful
that cold dust has a magical 

3358
02:56:47,000 --> 02:56:49,800
ability to appear on surfaces, 
you haven't even touched yet, 

3359
02:56:49,800 --> 02:56:52,200
the manor wakes up around you in
layers. 

3360
02:56:52,200 --> 02:56:55,700
First come the other servants 
moving through their morning 

3361
02:56:55,700 --> 02:56:58,700
routines with the synchronized 
Precision of dancers who have 

3362
02:56:58,700 --> 02:57:00,400
rehearsed the same performance 
for years. 

3363
02:57:00,400 --> 02:57:03,800
Then come the dogs. 
Lord ashworth's hunting hounds 

3364
02:57:03,800 --> 02:57:07,800
who seem to insist on serving 
breakfast at 5 sharp regardless 

3365
02:57:07,800 --> 02:57:11,600
of human convenience. 
Finally, the house itself begins

3366
02:57:11,600 --> 02:57:15,300
to stir floorboard settling 
pipes, gurgling their morning 

3367
02:57:15,300 --> 02:57:17,600
complaints and somewhere in the 
distance. 

3368
02:57:17,600 --> 02:57:20,500
The grandfather clock in the 
entrance hall, chiming the hours

3369
02:57:20,500 --> 02:57:23,200
like a Stern Headmaster. 
Keeping everyone on schedule. 

3370
02:57:23,200 --> 02:57:26,400
You've learned to love these 
early morning moments when the 

3371
02:57:26,400 --> 02:57:28,400
Manna belongs entirely to its 
servants. 

3372
02:57:28,400 --> 02:57:31,400
There's something peaceful about
moving through rooms that were 

3373
02:57:31,400 --> 02:57:34,200
later Buzz with the complicated 
social Machinery of the upper 

3374
02:57:34,200 --> 02:57:36,600
classes. 
But for now exists in a state of

3375
02:57:36,600 --> 02:57:40,600
suspended animation, the drawing
room with its silk wallpaper and

3376
02:57:40,600 --> 02:57:42,400
furniture. 
That costs more than most people

3377
02:57:42,400 --> 02:57:45,300
earn in a decade feels almost 
friendly in the pre-dawn 

3378
02:57:45,300 --> 02:57:48,400
darkness, you dust them 
mahogany, tables and straighten 

3379
02:57:48,400 --> 02:57:51,000
the cushions on chairs that 
probably have their own names 

3380
02:57:51,000 --> 02:57:54,000
and pedigrees The Morning Light 
filtering through the tall 

3381
02:57:54,000 --> 02:57:57,100
Windows reveals dust Motes, 
dancing in the air like tiny 

3382
02:57:57,100 --> 02:57:59,900
rebellious, spirits. 
You've developed a personal 

3383
02:57:59,900 --> 02:58:02,800
relationship with dust. 
It's your constant companion, 

3384
02:58:02,800 --> 02:58:06,200
your Eternal opponent and 
occasionally, when the light 

3385
02:58:06,200 --> 02:58:09,100
hits it just right. 
Your unwitting collaborator in 

3386
02:58:09,100 --> 02:58:10,700
creating something almost 
beautiful. 

3387
02:58:11,700 --> 02:58:13,900
Dust, you've learned has 
personality. 

3388
02:58:14,800 --> 02:58:18,100
The dust in the library is 
scholarly and dignified settling

3389
02:58:18,100 --> 02:58:21,500
politely on leather bound books.
The dust in the children's 

3390
02:58:21,500 --> 02:58:24,800
playroom, is chaotic and 
adventurous hiding in corners 

3391
02:58:24,800 --> 02:58:27,000
and emerging at the most 
inconvenient moments. 

3392
02:58:27,900 --> 02:58:30,200
By 6:00 you've already 
accomplished. 

3393
02:58:30,200 --> 02:58:32,400
What most people would consider 
a full day's work. 

3394
02:58:33,100 --> 02:58:36,300
The fires a lit, the main rooms 
are clean and you've managed to 

3395
02:58:36,300 --> 02:58:38,600
avoid waking. 
Anyone who might do your wages 

3396
02:58:38,600 --> 02:58:40,100
for disturbing their beauty 
sleep. 

3397
02:58:40,100 --> 02:58:42,700
You're back aches. 
In that particular way that 

3398
02:58:42,700 --> 02:58:45,200
comes from bending over greats 
and reaching under furniture, 

3399
02:58:46,000 --> 02:58:48,900
But there's also a satisfaction 
in seeing the Mana slowly come 

3400
02:58:48,900 --> 02:58:51,200
to life around your efforts. 
The kitchen. 

3401
02:58:51,200 --> 02:58:54,700
When you finally make it there 
for your breakfast is a warm 

3402
02:58:54,700 --> 02:58:58,200
Refuge filled with the smell of 
fresh bread and the comfortable 

3403
02:58:58,200 --> 02:59:00,200
chaos of Mrs. Pemberton's 
domain. 

3404
02:59:00,200 --> 02:59:03,100
She rules her realm with the 
authority of a general in the 

3405
02:59:03,108 --> 02:59:06,200
warmth of a favorite, aunt 
dispensing, both orders and 

3406
02:59:06,208 --> 02:59:09,200
wisdom in equal measure the 
pecking order in a Victorian 

3407
02:59:09,200 --> 02:59:12,200
Mansion is more complex than the
family tree of European royalty 

3408
02:59:12,200 --> 02:59:16,100
and twice as confusing for 
newcomers, you've learned to 

3409
02:59:16,100 --> 02:59:18,800
navigate this social Labyrinth 
with the skill of a diplomat, 

3410
02:59:18,800 --> 02:59:22,800
always mindful of who out-ranks 
who and exactly how much 

3411
02:59:22,800 --> 02:59:27,000
courtesy each position demands. 
At the top of the servants 

3412
02:59:27,000 --> 02:59:30,900
higher Archie, sits Mr. Whitmore
the butler who carries himself 

3413
02:59:30,900 --> 02:59:33,600
with the Dignity of a man whose 
never doubted his place in the 

3414
02:59:33,600 --> 02:59:36,300
world. 
Mr. Whitmore, the butler, 

3415
02:59:36,300 --> 02:59:38,000
possesses the ability to 
elevate. 

3416
02:59:38,000 --> 02:59:41,700
The mundane tasks of polishing. 
Silver to a sacred ritual and 

3417
02:59:41,700 --> 02:59:45,300
his disapproval is unmistakable.
You've seen him reduce footman 

3418
02:59:45,300 --> 02:59:47,300
to stammering. 
Apologies with nothing more than

3419
02:59:47,300 --> 02:59:50,800
a raised eyebrow and a slight 
tightening around the eyes just 

3420
02:59:50,800 --> 02:59:53,400
below him Reigns. 
Mrs. Hartwell the housekeeper. 

3421
02:59:53,400 --> 02:59:56,700
Who manages the female staff 
with the organizational skills 

3422
02:59:56,700 --> 02:59:59,700
of a military commander and the 
intuition of someone who's 

3423
02:59:59,700 --> 03:00:02,800
raised 12 children? 
She carries a massive ring of 

3424
03:00:02,800 --> 03:00:06,400
keys that Jangles with every 
step announcing her presence, 

3425
03:00:06,400 --> 03:00:10,400
like a woman, Brass Band these 
Keys unlock everything from the 

3426
03:00:10,400 --> 03:00:12,000
linen closets to The Wine 
Cellar. 

3427
03:00:12,000 --> 03:00:15,200
And the sound of them has become
the sound track of authority in 

3428
03:00:15,200 --> 03:00:17,900
your daily life. 
Mrs. Pemberton rules. 

3429
03:00:17,900 --> 03:00:20,900
The kitchen with an iron, 
Laidlaw, and a heart that softer

3430
03:00:20,900 --> 03:00:24,100
than her Yorkshire pudding. 
She's a cook who meticulously 

3431
03:00:24,100 --> 03:00:27,500
remembers each servants, 
preferred tea, and consistently 

3432
03:00:27,500 --> 03:00:30,600
provides an extra biscuit during
a particularly challenging day. 

3433
03:00:31,600 --> 03:00:34,300
Her domain is distinct from the 
rest of the house higher Archie.

3434
03:00:34,300 --> 03:00:37,900
She reports directly to Mrs. 
Hartwell however, within her 

3435
03:00:37,900 --> 03:00:41,100
kitchen, her Authority as 
unquestioned you found your 

3436
03:00:41,100 --> 03:00:43,600
place somewhere in the middle of
this complex, social Machinery. 

3437
03:00:43,600 --> 03:00:46,900
As a housemaid, you're above the
scholarly made and the kitchen 

3438
03:00:46,900 --> 03:00:48,900
help. 
But below the ladies maids and 

3439
03:00:48,900 --> 03:00:52,500
the governments It's a position 
that requires a peculiar kind of

3440
03:00:52,500 --> 03:00:55,100
social awareness. 
You need to be respectful to 

3441
03:00:55,100 --> 03:00:59,300
those of you kind to those below
you and cautious around those at

3442
03:00:59,300 --> 03:01:01,200
your level. 
Because horizontal politics 

3443
03:01:01,200 --> 03:01:03,400
among servants can be more 
treacherous than anything 

3444
03:01:03,400 --> 03:01:06,400
happening upstairs. 
The footmen occupy their own 

3445
03:01:06,400 --> 03:01:09,600
strange category in this 
hierarchy, they're technically 

3446
03:01:09,600 --> 03:01:13,100
your equals, but they seem to 
believe their fancy uniforms and

3447
03:01:13,100 --> 03:01:15,800
proximity to the dining room. 
Make them practically members of

3448
03:01:15,800 --> 03:01:19,000
the family. 
James, the senior footman has 

3449
03:01:19,000 --> 03:01:22,300
mastered the skill of sneering. 
At people while simultaneously 

3450
03:01:22,300 --> 03:01:26,600
serving the soup, his permitted 
hair and pristine white gloves, 

3451
03:01:26,600 --> 03:01:29,400
make him look like he's 
constantly ready for a formal 

3452
03:01:29,400 --> 03:01:32,400
portrait even when he's just 
carrying cold, scuttles. 

3453
03:01:33,900 --> 03:01:37,000
The daily dance of Precedence 
plays out in 100 small ways. 

3454
03:01:37,000 --> 03:01:40,800
Who enters the servants Hall? 
First for meals, who gets the 

3455
03:01:40,800 --> 03:01:44,000
best seat near the fire, whose 
allowed to voice opinions about 

3456
03:01:44,000 --> 03:01:47,600
the family's guests and who must
simply listen and Nod. 

3457
03:01:48,500 --> 03:01:51,000
You've learned to read these 
subtle cues like a scholar, 

3458
03:01:51,000 --> 03:01:54,600
studying ancient texts because 
misunderstanding your place can 

3459
03:01:54,600 --> 03:01:57,500
result in anything from cold 
shoulders to actual dismissal. 

3460
03:01:58,300 --> 03:02:01,000
The Strangers part of this 
hierarchy is how it mirrors the 

3461
03:02:01,000 --> 03:02:03,700
family upstairs, while remaining
completely separate from it. 

3462
03:02:04,800 --> 03:02:07,800
Lord Ashworth might be the 
master of the house but he has 

3463
03:02:07,800 --> 03:02:10,500
no idea that William. 
The second footman has been 

3464
03:02:10,500 --> 03:02:13,700
conducting a subtle campaign of 
psychological warfare against 

3465
03:02:13,700 --> 03:02:16,300
Thomas. 
The whole Boy, Over whose 

3466
03:02:16,300 --> 03:02:18,700
responsibility, it is to polish 
the brass door knobs. 

3467
03:02:19,400 --> 03:02:22,400
The servant dramas unfold 
parallel to the family's lives 

3468
03:02:22,400 --> 03:02:26,300
invisible to them, but consuming
tremendous energy below stairs, 

3469
03:02:26,300 --> 03:02:30,000
you've developed a strategy for 
navigating these social Waters 

3470
03:02:30,000 --> 03:02:33,600
that involves generous amounts 
of tea, careful, listening, and 

3471
03:02:33,600 --> 03:02:36,300
an almost Supernatural ability 
to become invisible when 

3472
03:02:36,300 --> 03:02:39,200
tensions rise. 
The key is understanding that 

3473
03:02:39,200 --> 03:02:41,500
everyone from the lowliest, 
scullery maid to the most 

3474
03:02:41,500 --> 03:02:44,600
exalted ladies. 
Maid is desperately trying to 

3475
03:02:44,600 --> 03:02:47,100
maintain their dignity. 
In a world that offers very 

3476
03:02:47,100 --> 03:02:48,600
little of it. 
People in service. 

3477
03:02:49,500 --> 03:02:53,300
The laundry made exist in their 
own steamy Universe emerging 

3478
03:02:53,300 --> 03:02:55,400
from the basement. 
Wash house looking like they've 

3479
03:02:55,400 --> 03:02:58,800
been wrestling with clouds. 
They speak their language of 

3480
03:02:58,800 --> 03:03:01,600
starch and soap and their hands 
are permanently. 

3481
03:03:01,600 --> 03:03:03,500
Pruned from constant contact 
with water. 

3482
03:03:04,400 --> 03:03:07,600
Emma, who shares your attic room
comes to bed every night 

3483
03:03:07,600 --> 03:03:09,700
smelling like carbolic soap and 
lavender. 

3484
03:03:09,700 --> 03:03:12,300
A combination. 
That's become as comforting as a

3485
03:03:12,300 --> 03:03:15,200
lullaby. 
Truly, fascinating members of 

3486
03:03:15,208 --> 03:03:17,300
this certainty. 
Ecosystem are the Specialists. 

3487
03:03:17,300 --> 03:03:21,500
The lamp trimmer Who treats each
fixture like a delicate patient,

3488
03:03:21,500 --> 03:03:24,600
requiring surgery? 
The boot boy, who knows the 

3489
03:03:24,600 --> 03:03:28,000
Footwear preferences of every 
family member and guest and the 

3490
03:03:28,008 --> 03:03:31,300
under Butler who's being groomed
for Mr. Whitmore's position and 

3491
03:03:31,300 --> 03:03:33,900
carries the weight of that 
future responsibility, like a 

3492
03:03:33,908 --> 03:03:37,000
crown that still being fitted. 
Living in a Victorian. 

3493
03:03:37,000 --> 03:03:40,500
Mansion means existing in Two 
Worlds simultaneously like being

3494
03:03:40,500 --> 03:03:43,200
an actor in a play where half 
the cast doesn't know the other 

3495
03:03:43,200 --> 03:03:45,800
half exists. 
You've mastered the art of 

3496
03:03:45,808 --> 03:03:48,500
becoming functionally invisible 
when family members are present.

3497
03:03:49,300 --> 03:03:51,700
Skill, that requires more 
athleticism than most people 

3498
03:03:51,700 --> 03:03:55,300
realize, the back staircase is 
your lifeline to invisibility, 

3499
03:03:55,300 --> 03:03:59,200
it's a narrow winding passage 
that connects every floor of the

3500
03:03:59,200 --> 03:04:01,200
house. 
Designed specifically. 

3501
03:04:01,200 --> 03:04:04,100
So servants can move through the
match without disturbing the 

3502
03:04:04,108 --> 03:04:07,700
family's carefully, orchestrated
daily life, You've learned to 

3503
03:04:07,700 --> 03:04:11,300
navigate these stairs in 
complete, darkness, your feet 

3504
03:04:11,300 --> 03:04:15,300
knowing exactly where each steps
and which handrail Wiggles, it's

3505
03:04:15,300 --> 03:04:18,400
like having a secret passage to 
everywhere that matters except 

3506
03:04:18,400 --> 03:04:21,000
the secret is that you're not 
supposed to exist while using 

3507
03:04:21,000 --> 03:04:22,900
it. 
The family's daily routine 

3508
03:04:22,900 --> 03:04:25,800
creates a complex choreography 
that you've learned to dance 

3509
03:04:25,800 --> 03:04:28,600
around. 
Lady Ashworth, takes her 

3510
03:04:28,600 --> 03:04:30,500
morning. 
Tea at precisely 8:00, which 

3511
03:04:30,500 --> 03:04:33,300
means you need to have a sitting
room Immaculate by 7:30. 

3512
03:04:34,400 --> 03:04:36,600
She has a particular way of 
saying when things aren't 

3513
03:04:36,600 --> 03:04:39,600
arranged to her satisfaction, 
not quite disapproval, but, 

3514
03:04:39,608 --> 03:04:42,800
definitely disappointment that 
can ruin your entire morning. 

3515
03:04:42,800 --> 03:04:46,100
If you're not prepared for it, 
the children present their own 

3516
03:04:46,100 --> 03:04:49,700
unique challenges, Master 
Frederick, eight years old and 

3517
03:04:49,700 --> 03:04:52,500
convinced of his military 
greatness has transformed the 

3518
03:04:52,500 --> 03:04:54,500
third floor into his personal 
Battlefield. 

3519
03:04:54,500 --> 03:04:57,900
You've learned to clean around 
elaborate Arrangements of toy 

3520
03:04:57,900 --> 03:04:59,800
soldiers. 
Knowing that disturbing his 

3521
03:04:59,800 --> 03:05:02,100
campaigns could result in the 
kind of tantrum. 

3522
03:05:02,100 --> 03:05:04,900
That brings his mother running 
and gets servants blamed for 

3523
03:05:04,900 --> 03:05:09,000
corrupting Young Minds. 
His sister Ms. Caroline is 12. 

3524
03:05:09,000 --> 03:05:12,200
And as recently discovered the 
power of treating servants, like

3525
03:05:12,200 --> 03:05:15,500
her personal confidence, which 
is flattering Until you realize 

3526
03:05:15,500 --> 03:05:18,200
she's practicing her future role
as Mistress of her household, 

3527
03:05:18,200 --> 03:05:20,600
the guests are where things get 
intriguing. 

3528
03:05:20,600 --> 03:05:23,500
Every visitor brings their 
expectations, their servants, 

3529
03:05:23,500 --> 03:05:25,900
and their own way of treating 
the household staff. 

3530
03:05:26,700 --> 03:05:29,700
You've learned to read people 
quickly, some guests, treat you 

3531
03:05:29,700 --> 03:05:33,100
like Furniture, others like 
family pets, and a precious few,

3532
03:05:33,100 --> 03:05:36,600
like actual human beings. 
Those who attempt to appear 

3533
03:05:36,600 --> 03:05:39,400
friendly yet, make it evident 
that they view you as a 

3534
03:05:39,400 --> 03:05:41,700
completely different species of 
the worst. 

3535
03:05:43,200 --> 03:05:46,200
Mrs. Fitzpatrick, lady 
ashworth's, sister, visits 

3536
03:05:46,200 --> 03:05:48,700
monthly and treats the servants 
Hall like her personal 

3537
03:05:48,700 --> 03:05:52,000
entertainment venue. 
She sweeps through asking 

3538
03:05:52,000 --> 03:05:54,900
intrusive questions about your 
personal life, while 

3539
03:05:54,900 --> 03:05:57,600
simultaneously rearranging 
everything, according to her own

3540
03:05:57,600 --> 03:06:01,100
preferences. 
Her lady's maid Miss Prentiss 

3541
03:06:01,100 --> 03:06:04,700
apologizes constantly for her 
mistress's behavior, while 

3542
03:06:04,700 --> 03:06:06,800
somehow making it clear that she
considers herself. 

3543
03:06:06,800 --> 03:06:10,500
Superior to the permanent staff,
the dinner parties are where 

3544
03:06:10,500 --> 03:06:13,000
your invisibility skills get 
their greatest work out. 

3545
03:06:13,900 --> 03:06:16,100
You've learned to move through 
the dining room like a ghost. 

3546
03:06:16,100 --> 03:06:19,000
Refilling water glasses, and 
replacing horses. 

3547
03:06:19,000 --> 03:06:22,100
While 8 to 12 people conduct 
conversations that range from 

3548
03:06:22,100 --> 03:06:25,400
fascinating to horrifying. 
Within the same sentence. 

3549
03:06:25,400 --> 03:06:28,800
The trick is to listen without 
appearing, to listen to 

3550
03:06:28,800 --> 03:06:31,000
anticipate needs without seeming
to pay attention. 

3551
03:06:31,000 --> 03:06:33,800
And to remember everything 
while, pretending to forget it, 

3552
03:06:33,800 --> 03:06:35,100
all the moment, you leave the 
room. 

3553
03:06:35,900 --> 03:06:38,900
Overhearing conversations about 
politics finance and social 

3554
03:06:38,900 --> 03:06:40,800
scandals. 
That would make excellent 

3555
03:06:40,800 --> 03:06:42,600
gossip. 
If you could share them you've 

3556
03:06:42,600 --> 03:06:45,700
gained valuable insights. 
The family discusses their 

3557
03:06:45,700 --> 03:06:48,300
neighbor's Affairs, their 
business dealings, and their 

3558
03:06:48,300 --> 03:06:51,600
opinions about everything from 
the weather to the Empire all 

3559
03:06:51,600 --> 03:06:53,600
while servants. 
Move around them like, well, 

3560
03:06:53,600 --> 03:06:56,200
trained spirits. 
It has provided you with an 

3561
03:06:56,200 --> 03:06:58,600
education in human nature that 
no school could match. 

3562
03:06:59,300 --> 03:07:01,600
The most challenging aspect of 
this Upstairs Downstairs. 

3563
03:07:01,600 --> 03:07:04,800
Existence is maintaining your 
sense of self while pretending 

3564
03:07:04,800 --> 03:07:08,400
to be invisible. you've learned 
to find moments of genuine 

3565
03:07:08,400 --> 03:07:11,700
connection with the family 
members, a shared joke with Miss

3566
03:07:11,700 --> 03:07:14,600
Carolyn, a moment of 
appreciation from Lady Ashworth,

3567
03:07:14,600 --> 03:07:17,600
when you've arranged her flowers
particularly well or not of 

3568
03:07:17,600 --> 03:07:20,100
approval from Lourdes, Ashworth,
when you've managed to clean his

3569
03:07:20,100 --> 03:07:24,200
study without disturbing his 
carefully, organized chaos, The 

3570
03:07:24,200 --> 03:07:26,800
house itself becomes a character
in this daily drama. 

3571
03:07:27,600 --> 03:07:29,500
Different rooms have different 
personalities. 

3572
03:07:29,500 --> 03:07:31,900
Different moods and different 
requirements. 

3573
03:07:31,900 --> 03:07:33,600
For how you're supposed to 
behave in them. 

3574
03:07:33,600 --> 03:07:37,200
The library demands quiet. 
Reverence the drawing room 

3575
03:07:37,200 --> 03:07:40,400
requires, careful, attention to 
every surface and the nurse 

3576
03:07:40,400 --> 03:07:42,200
needs. 
The kind of vigilance that comes

3577
03:07:42,200 --> 03:07:43,300
from. 
Knowing that children can 

3578
03:07:43,300 --> 03:07:46,500
destroy a perfectly clean room 
in the time, it takes to Blink 

3579
03:07:46,500 --> 03:07:48,900
cleaning of Victorian. 
Mansion is like being a 

3580
03:07:48,900 --> 03:07:50,900
detective, a chemist and an 
athlete. 

3581
03:07:50,900 --> 03:07:54,200
All rolled into one exhausting 
profession You've learned that 

3582
03:07:54,200 --> 03:07:58,700
every stain tells a story every 
surface has its personality and 

3583
03:07:58,700 --> 03:08:01,400
every cleaning solution has the 
potential to either save the day

3584
03:08:01,400 --> 03:08:04,000
or created disaster that follows
you for months. 

3585
03:08:05,000 --> 03:08:06,900
Cleaning supplies in Mrs. 
Hartwell's locked. 

3586
03:08:06,900 --> 03:08:08,600
Cupboard. 
Look like in gradients for 

3587
03:08:08,608 --> 03:08:11,200
either medicine or Mayhem, 
depending on your level of 

3588
03:08:11,200 --> 03:08:14,000
expertise. 
Mrs. Hartwell's locked. 

3589
03:08:14,000 --> 03:08:16,800
Cupboard contains a variety of 
cleaning supplies, including 

3590
03:08:16,800 --> 03:08:19,900
carbolic acid for the floors, 
vinegar for the windows. 

3591
03:08:19,900 --> 03:08:23,900
And a product known as monkey 
brand soap, which while 

3592
03:08:23,900 --> 03:08:26,600
purportedly effective on 
everything from brass to boots. 

3593
03:08:26,600 --> 03:08:29,100
Often leaves your hands feeling 
as if you've been handling 

3594
03:08:29,100 --> 03:08:31,800
sandpaper. 
You've developed a personal 

3595
03:08:31,800 --> 03:08:33,700
relationship with different 
types of dirt. 

3596
03:08:33,700 --> 03:08:37,100
There's the honest dirt that 
comes from daily living dust, 

3597
03:08:37,100 --> 03:08:40,400
mud the occasional spilled tea, 
which responds to 

3598
03:08:40,400 --> 03:08:43,000
straightforward cleaning methods
and doesn't hold grudges. 

3599
03:08:43,900 --> 03:08:46,900
Then there's the sneaky dirt 
that hides in corners and behind

3600
03:08:46,900 --> 03:08:49,100
Furniture waiting to embarrass 
you. 

3601
03:08:49,100 --> 03:08:52,700
When important guests, visit the
worst is the mysterious dirt 

3602
03:08:52,700 --> 03:08:54,500
that appears overnight on 
surfaces. 

3603
03:08:54,500 --> 03:08:57,800
You cleaned perfectly the day 
before which you're convinced is

3604
03:08:57,800 --> 03:09:00,000
either Supernatural or the 
result of some servant 

3605
03:09:00,000 --> 03:09:01,600
conspiracy you have not figured 
out yet. 

3606
03:09:02,400 --> 03:09:04,900
The weekly ritual of cleaning, 
the chandeliers requires the 

3607
03:09:04,900 --> 03:09:06,900
kind of Courage. 
Usually reserved for mounting, 

3608
03:09:06,900 --> 03:09:10,300
you've mastered the art of 
dismantling, these Crystal 

3609
03:09:10,300 --> 03:09:14,300
monsters meticulously cleaning 
each individual Crystal with a 

3610
03:09:14,300 --> 03:09:16,800
solution that Mrs. Hartwell 
fervently Advocates, but 

3611
03:09:16,800 --> 03:09:20,200
withholds the recipe, The 
crystals have to be dried with 

3612
03:09:20,200 --> 03:09:23,600
specific cloths polished with 
particular movements and 

3613
03:09:23,600 --> 03:09:27,200
reassembled in exactly the right
order or they'll catch the Light

3614
03:09:27,200 --> 03:09:29,700
wrong. 
And everyone will notice carpet,

3615
03:09:29,700 --> 03:09:32,000
cleaning is where you've truly 
earned your stripes as a 

3616
03:09:32,000 --> 03:09:35,500
domestic Warrior. 
The dining room carpet which 

3617
03:09:35,500 --> 03:09:38,200
depicts some sort of hunting 
scene with more dire than you'd 

3618
03:09:38,200 --> 03:09:41,400
see in an actual Forest requires
weekly attention with a carpet 

3619
03:09:41,400 --> 03:09:43,800
beater, that's heavier than most
people's luggage. 

3620
03:09:43,800 --> 03:09:46,100
You've learned to read the 
carpets mood. 

3621
03:09:46,100 --> 03:09:49,600
Some weeks, it gives up its 
dirty easily other weeks. 

3622
03:09:49,600 --> 03:09:52,200
It clings to every spec like 
it's fighting for its life. 

3623
03:09:52,200 --> 03:09:55,200
The Silver Service is your 
Nemesis and your pride 

3624
03:09:55,200 --> 03:09:58,100
simultaneously. 
There are pieces in the butler's

3625
03:09:58,100 --> 03:10:01,000
Pantry that have been in the 
family for Generations, each 

3626
03:10:01,000 --> 03:10:03,700
with its own cleaning 
requirements, and its own way of

3627
03:10:03,700 --> 03:10:06,800
making you look incompetent. 
The tea service from Lourdes, 

3628
03:10:06,800 --> 03:10:08,700
Ashworth. 
Grandmother requires a special 

3629
03:10:08,700 --> 03:10:11,600
polish that has to be applied in
circular motions. 

3630
03:10:11,600 --> 03:10:15,700
Never straight lines and buffed 
to a shine that can blind 

3631
03:10:15,700 --> 03:10:19,400
unsuspecting footland. you've 
discovered that cleaning is 

3632
03:10:19,400 --> 03:10:22,700
really about understanding 
chemistry, even if nobody calls 

3633
03:10:22,700 --> 03:10:26,000
it that Different materials 
required, different approaches, 

3634
03:10:26,000 --> 03:10:28,400
different solutions, and 
different techniques. 

3635
03:10:28,400 --> 03:10:30,700
The marble in the entrance hall 
needs. 

3636
03:10:30,700 --> 03:10:32,700
Gentle treatment with specific 
soaps. 

3637
03:10:32,700 --> 03:10:35,900
While the wood paneling in the 
study requires oils that have 

3638
03:10:35,900 --> 03:10:37,700
been mixed. 
According to recipes, that are 

3639
03:10:37,700 --> 03:10:41,500
closely guarded family secrets, 
the laundry presents, its own 

3640
03:10:41,500 --> 03:10:43,900
scientific challenges. 
You've learned to identify 

3641
03:10:43,900 --> 03:10:48,000
stains by sight smell and 
sometimes by the story behind 

3642
03:10:48,000 --> 03:10:50,700
them blood requires, cold water 
and salt. 

3643
03:10:50,700 --> 03:10:53,600
Why needs to be treated 
immediately with white wine? 

3644
03:10:53,600 --> 03:10:56,200
If you can get it a mysterious 
stains on the children's 

3645
03:10:56,200 --> 03:10:59,200
clothing, usually respond to a 
combination of prayer and 

3646
03:10:59,200 --> 03:11:01,800
whatever Mrs, Pemberton 
recommends from her asked of 

3647
03:11:01,800 --> 03:11:04,800
kitchen remedies, Your skills 
truly test. 

3648
03:11:04,800 --> 03:11:08,000
During the seasonal cleaning 
rituals sprinkling means taking 

3649
03:11:08,000 --> 03:11:10,700
apart every room. 
Cleaning surfaces that haven't 

3650
03:11:10,700 --> 03:11:13,500
seen attention since the 
previous year and discovering 

3651
03:11:13,500 --> 03:11:15,200
problems that have been hiding. 
All winter. 

3652
03:11:15,200 --> 03:11:18,200
You've learned to approach these
marathons like a military 

3653
03:11:18,200 --> 03:11:22,000
campaign with careful planning, 
strategic Supply management. 

3654
03:11:22,000 --> 03:11:24,400
And the kind of determination 
that comes from. 

3655
03:11:24,400 --> 03:11:26,600
Knowing that failure means 
starting over from the 

3656
03:11:26,600 --> 03:11:29,600
beginning. 
The tools of your trade have 

3657
03:11:29,600 --> 03:11:33,000
become extensions of your body, 
you know, exactly how much 

3658
03:11:33,000 --> 03:11:36,400
pressure each brush can handle, 
which cloths work best on which 

3659
03:11:36,400 --> 03:11:39,300
surfaces and how to make a 
feather duster perform, like a 

3660
03:11:39,308 --> 03:11:42,100
Precision instrument. 
Your hands of developed, 

3661
03:11:42,100 --> 03:11:44,700
calluses and places that tell 
the story of your daily routine 

3662
03:11:44,700 --> 03:11:47,900
and your back has learned to 
bend and twist in ways that 

3663
03:11:47,900 --> 03:11:51,400
would impress can to the kitchen
is the heart of the manner. 

3664
03:11:51,400 --> 03:11:54,500
But it's a heart that beats with
the rhythm of organized, chaos, 

3665
03:11:54,500 --> 03:11:58,300
military, precision, and the 
occasional minor explosion when 

3666
03:11:58,300 --> 03:12:01,100
someone forgets that the 
temperamental stove has a mind 

3667
03:12:01,100 --> 03:12:04,500
of its own, You've learned to 
navigate this color, Andre 

3668
03:12:04,500 --> 03:12:07,700
Battlefield with the skill of a 
diplomat and the reflexes of 

3669
03:12:07,700 --> 03:12:11,100
someone who has been hit by 
flying pastry, once too often. 

3670
03:12:12,200 --> 03:12:15,100
Mrs. Pemberton governs. 
Her domain with a wooden spoon 

3671
03:12:15,100 --> 03:12:17,700
that has endured more use than 
most medieval weapons. 

3672
03:12:17,700 --> 03:12:21,500
Mrs. Pemberton is a cook who 
adeptly prepares a seven-course 

3673
03:12:21,500 --> 03:12:25,700
dinner for 12 guests managers. 
The daily meals for 23 servants,

3674
03:12:25,700 --> 03:12:29,000
monitors, dietary restrictions 
that fluctuate with the weather 

3675
03:12:29,000 --> 03:12:32,000
and maintains a constant 
commentary on the moral failings

3676
03:12:32,000 --> 03:12:34,100
of anyone who has ever 
questioned her gravy. 

3677
03:12:34,800 --> 03:12:36,900
The kitchen follows a schedule 
that would leave Railway 

3678
03:12:36,900 --> 03:12:39,100
conductors feeling envious 
breakfast. 

3679
03:12:39,100 --> 03:12:43,000
Preparation begins at 4:30 with 
the great stove being coaxed to 

3680
03:12:43,000 --> 03:12:46,100
life, like a temperamental 
dragon that requires specific 

3681
03:12:46,100 --> 03:12:48,900
rituals to avoid breathing fire 
in the wrong direction. 

3682
03:12:50,000 --> 03:12:52,400
The bread has to rise at 
precisely the right temperature,

3683
03:12:52,400 --> 03:12:55,700
the porridge must be stirred in 
a particular pattern to avoid 

3684
03:12:55,700 --> 03:12:57,800
lumps. 
And the bacon requires the kind 

3685
03:12:57,800 --> 03:13:00,600
of attention usually reserved 
for diplomatic negotiations. 

3686
03:13:01,500 --> 03:13:02,800
You've learned to read the 
kitchen's. 

3687
03:13:02,800 --> 03:13:06,500
Moods like a weather forecaster.
When Mrs, Pemberton starts 

3688
03:13:06,500 --> 03:13:10,200
humming while she needs bread. 
It's going to be a good day. 

3689
03:13:11,200 --> 03:13:13,700
When she begins muttering about 
ungrateful, families and 

3690
03:13:13,700 --> 03:13:16,000
servants. 
Who don't appreciate proper 

3691
03:13:16,000 --> 03:13:18,300
cooking. 
It's time to become very useful.

3692
03:13:18,300 --> 03:13:22,200
Very quietly and very far from 
her line of sight. 

3693
03:13:23,100 --> 03:13:25,800
When she starts banging pots 
louder than necessary. 

3694
03:13:25,800 --> 03:13:29,100
Everyone knows to work faster 
and speak less. 

3695
03:13:30,500 --> 03:13:33,700
The scullery maid, poor. 
Sarah lives in a world of 

3696
03:13:33,700 --> 03:13:37,500
endless dishes where every meal 
creates a mountain of plates 

3697
03:13:37,500 --> 03:13:40,900
glasses and serving pieces that 
need to be washed, dried and put

3698
03:13:40,900 --> 03:13:43,300
away before the next meal Begins
the cycle again. 

3699
03:13:44,300 --> 03:13:46,700
She's developed arms that could 
probably arm wrestle, most of 

3700
03:13:46,708 --> 03:13:49,700
the footmen and a philosophical 
approach to dishwater that 

3701
03:13:49,700 --> 03:13:53,100
borders on the mystical. 
Her domain is the enormous sink,

3702
03:13:53,100 --> 03:13:56,400
a porcelain monster that could 
probably bathe the small horse. 

3703
03:13:56,400 --> 03:13:59,800
And she approaches each load of 
dishes, like a general, planning

3704
03:13:59,800 --> 03:14:02,300
a campaign. 
A preparation of meals for 

3705
03:14:02,300 --> 03:14:05,900
upstairs, is a performance that 
requires choreography timing and

3706
03:14:05,900 --> 03:14:08,200
the kind of attention to detail 
that would impress Swiss 

3707
03:14:08,200 --> 03:14:11,600
watchmakers every plate. 
Must be warmed to the exact 

3708
03:14:11,600 --> 03:14:14,700
temperature, every garnish 
placed with artistic precision. 

3709
03:14:14,700 --> 03:14:18,000
And every course, time to arrive
at the dining room, exactly, 

3710
03:14:18,000 --> 03:14:21,200
when the family is ready for it.
You've learned to move through 

3711
03:14:21,200 --> 03:14:24,200
this ballet, without disrupting 
the flow, carrying messages 

3712
03:14:24,200 --> 03:14:27,200
between the kitchen and the 
dining room adjusting plans. 

3713
03:14:27,200 --> 03:14:30,300
When last minute guests arrive 
and somehow managing to be 

3714
03:14:30,300 --> 03:14:34,300
helpful without getting in the 
way, The servants meals, present

3715
03:14:34,300 --> 03:14:38,300
their challenges, we need to 
feed 23 people substantial, 

3716
03:14:38,300 --> 03:14:41,300
satisfying food. 
That is a fishing to prepare and

3717
03:14:41,300 --> 03:14:43,700
doesn't require the same 
ingredients as the family's 

3718
03:14:43,700 --> 03:14:46,400
meals. 
Mrs. Pemberton has mastered. 

3719
03:14:46,400 --> 03:14:49,900
The skill of maximizing, the use
of ingredients resulting in 

3720
03:14:49,900 --> 03:14:53,400
meals, that not only economical,
but also delicious, despite her 

3721
03:14:53,400 --> 03:14:55,400
reluctance to acknowledge their 
deliciousness. 

3722
03:14:56,700 --> 03:14:59,500
The weekly delivery of supplies 
turns the kitchen into a small 

3723
03:14:59,508 --> 03:15:02,400
version of a Marketplace, 
Tradesmen arrived with 

3724
03:15:02,400 --> 03:15:04,500
vegetables, meat Dairy, and Dry 
Goods. 

3725
03:15:04,500 --> 03:15:07,800
A Mrs, Pemberton inspects. 
Everything with the critical eye

3726
03:15:07,800 --> 03:15:10,100
of someone who's been fooled by 
wilted lettuce. 

3727
03:15:10,100 --> 03:15:14,000
Exactly. 
Once and learned her lesson, She

3728
03:15:14,000 --> 03:15:17,500
haggles over prices. 
Rejects inferior products and 

3729
03:15:17,500 --> 03:15:20,200
somehow, manages to maintain 
relationships with suppliers 

3730
03:15:20,200 --> 03:15:23,000
that ensure the man gets the 
best of everything while staying

3731
03:15:23,000 --> 03:15:25,800
within budget. 
The kitchen Gosset network is 

3732
03:15:25,800 --> 03:15:29,400
more efficient than the Postal 
Service information travels from

3733
03:15:29,400 --> 03:15:31,800
the tradesman's entrance to the 
servants Hall faster than 

3734
03:15:31,800 --> 03:15:35,100
steamed from a kettle and Mrs. 
Pemberton somehow knows about 

3735
03:15:35,100 --> 03:15:36,700
neighborhood scandals before 
they happen. 

3736
03:15:36,700 --> 03:15:40,600
She dispenses wisdom about 
everything from unreliable 

3737
03:15:40,600 --> 03:15:43,900
butchers to unsuitable 
marriages, all while stirring 

3738
03:15:43,900 --> 03:15:46,500
sources and timing roasts with 
the Precision of a master 

3739
03:15:46,500 --> 03:15:49,400
conductor. 
The kitchen reveals its true 

3740
03:15:49,400 --> 03:15:51,100
character during the evening, 
clean up. 

3741
03:15:51,100 --> 03:15:54,800
After a day of constant 
activity, the great room needs 

3742
03:15:54,800 --> 03:15:57,600
to be restored to perfect order 
for the next days battles. 

3743
03:15:57,600 --> 03:16:01,500
Every surface must be scrubbed. 
Every pot cleaned and put away. 

3744
03:16:01,500 --> 03:16:04,600
And the stove, banked for the 
night, like, a fake full pet 

3745
03:16:04,600 --> 03:16:08,500
being tucked into bed, During 
These Quiet Moments that you 

3746
03:16:08,500 --> 03:16:12,200
appreciate the kitchen's warmth,
both literal and metaphorical 

3747
03:16:12,200 --> 03:16:15,000
and understand why it's 
considered the heart of the 

3748
03:16:15,000 --> 03:16:18,600
entire household living in a 
Victorian Mansion also makes you

3749
03:16:18,600 --> 03:16:22,000
an unwilling keeper of family 
secrets neighborhood, gossip and

3750
03:16:22,000 --> 03:16:24,900
blackmail material, which you 
would never do, because that 

3751
03:16:24,900 --> 03:16:26,900
would be wrong, and you need 
this job. 

3752
03:16:27,900 --> 03:16:30,700
The servants Hall after dinner 
is where information flows like 

3753
03:16:30,700 --> 03:16:32,900
tea from a pot. 
Sometimes bitter. 

3754
03:16:32,900 --> 03:16:34,900
Sometimes. 
Sweet always hot. 

3755
03:16:35,700 --> 03:16:38,000
You've learned to listen 
carefully and speak cautiously 

3756
03:16:38,000 --> 03:16:41,800
because gossip is currently in 
the servant world and spending 

3757
03:16:41,800 --> 03:16:44,200
it unwisely can leave you 
socially bankrupt. 

3758
03:16:44,200 --> 03:16:48,000
The trick is knowing which 
stories are safe to share, which

3759
03:16:48,000 --> 03:16:51,300
ones are too dangerous to repeat
and which ones are so delicious 

3760
03:16:51,300 --> 03:16:54,100
that keeping them secret. 
Feels like a physical sacrifice.

3761
03:16:55,200 --> 03:16:57,300
Martha. 
The senior housemaid has been 

3762
03:16:57,300 --> 03:17:00,400
with the family for 15 years and
knows everything about everyone.

3763
03:17:01,300 --> 03:17:03,700
You possesses an extensive 
knowledge of scandals. 

3764
03:17:03,700 --> 03:17:07,300
Ranging from Lourdes ashworth's,
youthful gambling, debts to the 

3765
03:17:07,300 --> 03:17:10,600
reasons behind lady Ashworth, 
sisters exclusion from Christmas

3766
03:17:10,600 --> 03:17:13,300
dinner, Martha dispenses this 
information. 

3767
03:17:13,300 --> 03:17:17,200
Like a careful pharmacist giving
you just enough to satisfy your 

3768
03:17:17,200 --> 03:17:20,400
curiosity without providing 
enough to get you into trouble. 

3769
03:17:20,400 --> 03:17:23,900
The most fascinating discoveries
come from cleaning, the family's

3770
03:17:23,900 --> 03:17:26,700
private spaces. 
You've mastered the art of 

3771
03:17:26,708 --> 03:17:29,300
interpreting Clues such as the 
hastily hidden. 

3772
03:17:29,300 --> 03:17:32,000
Letters upon entering a room, 
the abrupt Holtz and 

3773
03:17:32,008 --> 03:17:33,900
conversations when servants 
arrived. 

3774
03:17:33,900 --> 03:17:36,700
And the poignant glance is 
shared among family members. 

3775
03:17:36,700 --> 03:17:39,700
That reveal intricate details 
about situations, you're not 

3776
03:17:39,700 --> 03:17:43,000
expected to comprehend. 
The art is in appearing 

3777
03:17:43,000 --> 03:17:45,900
oblivious while actually being 
quite observant and in 

3778
03:17:45,908 --> 03:17:48,500
remembering everything while 
pretending to forget it all. 

3779
03:17:49,200 --> 03:17:51,800
The guest rooms, hold a wealth 
of information about the family 

3780
03:17:51,800 --> 03:17:54,600
social connections. 
You've learned to deduce entire 

3781
03:17:54,600 --> 03:17:57,300
stories from the contents of 
visitors, luggage their 

3782
03:17:57,300 --> 03:18:00,200
correspondence and their 
requests for specific services. 

3783
03:18:01,200 --> 03:18:04,600
Colonel Weatherby who visits 
quarterly always bring his soap 

3784
03:18:04,600 --> 03:18:07,900
and request extra towels which 
suggests either fastidious 

3785
03:18:07,900 --> 03:18:10,400
hygiene or something more 
interesting that you're not 

3786
03:18:10,408 --> 03:18:14,100
supposed to think about? 
Mrs. Vanderbilt always travels 

3787
03:18:14,100 --> 03:18:16,500
with her sheets and insists on 
having her tea prepared with 

3788
03:18:16,500 --> 03:18:18,200
water. 
That's been boiled, exactly 

3789
03:18:18,200 --> 03:18:20,400
twice. 
Which tells you something about 

3790
03:18:20,400 --> 03:18:23,600
either her standards or her 
superstitions, The most 

3791
03:18:23,600 --> 03:18:26,200
dangerous secrets are the ones 
that involve the family's 

3792
03:18:26,200 --> 03:18:28,200
finances. 
You've overheard enough 

3793
03:18:28,200 --> 03:18:30,400
conversations to understand that
the manners. 

3794
03:18:30,400 --> 03:18:33,900
Magnificent appearance might not
reflect the actual state of the 

3795
03:18:33,900 --> 03:18:36,700
family's resources. 
There are whispered discussions 

3796
03:18:36,700 --> 03:18:39,700
about mortgages Investments and 
the need to make certain 

3797
03:18:39,700 --> 03:18:43,000
economies that must never be a 
parent to visitors this 

3798
03:18:43,000 --> 03:18:46,700
knowledge lingers in your mind 
to significant to overlook yet 

3799
03:18:46,700 --> 03:18:50,200
to perilous to divulge. 
The Romantic entanglements of 

3800
03:18:50,200 --> 03:18:52,900
the family, provide endless 
entertainment for the servants 

3801
03:18:52,900 --> 03:18:55,900
Hall. 
Everyone is eagerly anticipating

3802
03:18:55,900 --> 03:18:58,700
the moment when Miss Caroline's 
parents will notice her obvious 

3803
03:18:58,700 --> 03:19:00,900
and fatuation. 
With the young curate who was 

3804
03:19:00,908 --> 03:19:02,800
visiting to discuss her 
charitable work. 

3805
03:19:04,100 --> 03:19:06,700
Master Fredrick's current 
obsession with military history.

3806
03:19:06,700 --> 03:19:10,700
Seems to be connected to his 
desire to impress Ms. Julia the 

3807
03:19:10,700 --> 03:19:14,200
daughter of a visiting general, 
which is a adorable Until you 

3808
03:19:14,200 --> 03:19:17,000
realize that eight year old 
romantic strategies involving 

3809
03:19:17,000 --> 03:19:19,900
increasingly, elaborate displays
of toy soldier expertise, 

3810
03:19:21,000 --> 03:19:23,900
Observing the relationship 
between Lord and Lady Ashworth 

3811
03:19:23,900 --> 03:19:26,200
from the unique perspective of 
someone who maintains their 

3812
03:19:26,200 --> 03:19:29,200
private spaces is a fascinating 
study in Victorian marriage, 

3813
03:19:29,200 --> 03:19:32,800
they maintain the perfect facade
of domestic Harmony in public. 

3814
03:19:32,800 --> 03:19:36,500
But you've learned to read the 
subtle signs of tension separate

3815
03:19:36,500 --> 03:19:39,800
bedrooms During certain weeks 
conversations that are too 

3816
03:19:39,800 --> 03:19:42,200
polite to be natural. 
And the way they sometimes 

3817
03:19:42,200 --> 03:19:44,900
communicate through servants 
rather than directly to each 

3818
03:19:44,900 --> 03:19:47,800
other. 
The most unexpected secrets are 

3819
03:19:47,800 --> 03:19:49,400
the ones that reveal the 
family's Humanity. 

3820
03:19:50,200 --> 03:19:53,000
You've discovered that Lord 
Ashworth writes poetry which he 

3821
03:19:53,000 --> 03:19:55,700
hides in his desk drawer like 
its evidence of criminal 

3822
03:19:55,700 --> 03:19:59,500
activity. lady ashwath, 
discreetly transfers funds to 

3823
03:19:59,500 --> 03:20:03,100
her former governors who was 
struggling financially, Master 

3824
03:20:03,100 --> 03:20:04,900
Fredericks sleeps with a stuffed
elephant. 

3825
03:20:04,900 --> 03:20:08,400
He's had since infancy a 
miscarried keeps a diary locked 

3826
03:20:08,400 --> 03:20:11,200
in a box, you would never dream 
of opening, even though, you 

3827
03:20:11,200 --> 03:20:14,700
know exactly where she hides the
key, the neighborhood scandals 

3828
03:20:14,700 --> 03:20:17,300
that filter through the servants
Network are like chapter in a 

3829
03:20:17,300 --> 03:20:20,300
novel That Never Ends. 
It's the ongoing mystery of why 

3830
03:20:20,300 --> 03:20:21,800
the Pemberton family down the 
road. 

3831
03:20:21,800 --> 03:20:24,000
Suddenly dismissed their entire 
staff last month. 

3832
03:20:24,000 --> 03:20:27,200
The speculation about whether 
Mr. Harrington's new wife is 

3833
03:20:27,208 --> 03:20:30,100
actually as young as she claims 
to be and the delicious 

3834
03:20:30,100 --> 03:20:32,900
controversy surrounding the 
Methodist ministers daughter, 

3835
03:20:32,900 --> 03:20:35,800
who has been seen walking on 
chaperoned with the young man 

3836
03:20:35,800 --> 03:20:38,900
who is definitely not from a 
suitable family after 18 months 

3837
03:20:38,900 --> 03:20:41,600
in service, you've learned that 
life in a Victorian Mansion is 

3838
03:20:41,600 --> 03:20:44,400
built on Rhythm. 
The daily beet of routine that 

3839
03:20:44,400 --> 03:20:47,400
keeps everything functioning 
punctuated by moments of 

3840
03:20:47,400 --> 03:20:51,400
unexpected magic that make all 
the hard work worth while your 

3841
03:20:51,400 --> 03:20:55,500
days of musical quality each 
task flowing into the next with 

3842
03:20:55,500 --> 03:20:58,600
the kind of precision that comes
from repetition and the 

3843
03:20:58,600 --> 03:21:02,200
knowledge that 22 other people 
depend on, you doing your part 

3844
03:21:02,200 --> 03:21:05,100
perfectly. 
Changing seasons, bring 

3845
03:21:05,100 --> 03:21:08,600
different rhythms to the manor. 
Spring means opening Windows 

3846
03:21:08,600 --> 03:21:10,100
that have been sealed against 
Winter's. 

3847
03:21:10,100 --> 03:21:13,600
Cold beating rugs, that have 
collected months of fireplace 

3848
03:21:13,600 --> 03:21:16,400
smoke and the general 
resurrection of a house that's 

3849
03:21:16,400 --> 03:21:19,400
been hibernating. 
Summer brings Garden parties 

3850
03:21:19,400 --> 03:21:22,600
house guests and the challenge 
of keeping cool in rooms that 

3851
03:21:22,600 --> 03:21:25,600
face the afternoon sun. 
Autumn means preparing for 

3852
03:21:25,600 --> 03:21:29,400
winter Siege preserving food and
The Melancholy beauty of 

3853
03:21:29,400 --> 03:21:32,200
watching The Grounds transformed
into a landscape painting. 

3854
03:21:33,300 --> 03:21:37,400
Winter brings the Cozy, intimacy
of smaller warmer spaces, the 

3855
03:21:37,400 --> 03:21:41,100
constant, tending of fires and 
the satisfaction of keeping a 

3856
03:21:41,100 --> 03:21:44,000
large house comfortable. 
When Nature is doing its best to

3857
03:21:44,000 --> 03:21:47,300
freeze everything solid You've 
learned to find beauty in the 

3858
03:21:47,308 --> 03:21:50,400
most mundane tasks. 
There's something almost 

3859
03:21:50,400 --> 03:21:53,000
meditative about polishing 
silver until it reflects your 

3860
03:21:53,008 --> 03:21:56,000
face with perfect clarity or 
arranging flowers. 

3861
03:21:56,000 --> 03:21:58,500
In a way that makes an ordinary 
room feel like a scene from a 

3862
03:21:58,500 --> 03:22:01,000
fairy tale. 
The repetitive nature of your 

3863
03:22:01,008 --> 03:22:02,500
work. 
Has taught you to appreciate 

3864
03:22:02,500 --> 03:22:06,100
small improvements, tiny 
victories and the satisfaction 

3865
03:22:06,100 --> 03:22:09,600
that comes from doing something.
Well, even when nobody notices, 

3866
03:22:10,800 --> 03:22:13,500
the family has grown from 
distant figures to real people 

3867
03:22:13,500 --> 03:22:17,000
with quirks habits and 
personalities that you've 

3868
03:22:17,000 --> 03:22:20,300
learned to accommodate and even 
appreciate Lord ashworth's 

3869
03:22:20,300 --> 03:22:23,200
absent-minded Professor 
tendencies mean you never move 

3870
03:22:23,200 --> 03:22:26,200
anything on his desk even when 
it's been sitting in the same 

3871
03:22:26,200 --> 03:22:28,800
spot for months. 
Lady Ashworth. 

3872
03:22:28,800 --> 03:22:31,500
Perfectionist streak has taught 
you to anticipate problems 

3873
03:22:31,500 --> 03:22:34,900
before they occur. 
And to take pride in exceeding 

3874
03:22:34,900 --> 03:22:38,400
expectations, the children have 
shown you that growing up in 

3875
03:22:38,400 --> 03:22:40,400
privileged. 
Doesn't necessarily mean growing

3876
03:22:40,400 --> 03:22:43,300
up without challenges and that 
being wealthy doesn't protect 

3877
03:22:43,300 --> 03:22:45,400
you from the universal 
experience of childhood 

3878
03:22:45,400 --> 03:22:49,200
confusion and the need for 
kindness your fellow servants 

3879
03:22:49,200 --> 03:22:53,000
have become the family, you 
never expected to find Martha's 

3880
03:22:53,000 --> 03:22:55,500
tough exterior, conceals a heart
Shattered by numerous 

3881
03:22:55,500 --> 03:22:57,900
disappointments yet. 
She's the first to extend 

3882
03:22:57,900 --> 03:23:01,500
assistance, when you're in need 
Mrs. Pemberton's persistent 

3883
03:23:01,500 --> 03:23:05,700
complaints about ungrateful. 
People conceal a profound joy in

3884
03:23:05,700 --> 03:23:07,800
providing nutritious food and 
maintaining their health. 

3885
03:23:07,800 --> 03:23:11,700
Even Mr. Whitmore with his 
intimidating, dignity has shown 

3886
03:23:11,700 --> 03:23:14,600
moments of unexpected humor, and
surprise, and kindness. 

3887
03:23:15,500 --> 03:23:17,900
The skills you've developed in 
service have changed you in 

3888
03:23:17,908 --> 03:23:21,400
ways, you didn't anticipate, 
your hands have become capable 

3889
03:23:21,400 --> 03:23:24,100
of delicate work. 
That would have been impossible,

3890
03:23:24,100 --> 03:23:27,200
18 months ago. 
Your back has grown stronger 

3891
03:23:27,200 --> 03:23:30,500
from all the bending and lifting
your mind has become more 

3892
03:23:30,500 --> 03:23:34,100
organized, more efficient, and 
better at solving problems 

3893
03:23:34,100 --> 03:23:36,500
quickly. 
You've learned to read people's 

3894
03:23:36,500 --> 03:23:40,700
moods to anticipate needs and to
provide Comfort without being 

3895
03:23:40,700 --> 03:23:43,400
asked. 
The most surprising discovery is

3896
03:23:43,400 --> 03:23:46,600
how much you've learned about 
yourself living in service is 

3897
03:23:46,600 --> 03:23:49,300
taught, you resilience patience 
and the value of work. 

3898
03:23:49,300 --> 03:23:51,200
Well done. 
You've learned that you can 

3899
03:23:51,200 --> 03:23:54,700
adapt to unexpected situations 
that you can do more than you 

3900
03:23:54,700 --> 03:23:57,700
thought that dignity isn't based
on social status. 

3901
03:23:58,900 --> 03:24:01,500
Future stretches ahead with 
possibilities. 

3902
03:24:01,500 --> 03:24:02,700
You're still learning to 
imagine. 

3903
03:24:03,500 --> 03:24:07,000
Some servants spend their entire
careers in service Rising 

3904
03:24:07,000 --> 03:24:09,500
through the ranks to positions 
of respect and responsibility. 

3905
03:24:10,600 --> 03:24:13,200
Others, save their wages and 
eventually establish their 

3906
03:24:13,200 --> 03:24:15,800
households. 
A few Marion leave service 

3907
03:24:15,800 --> 03:24:18,700
altogether, carrying their 
skills into different lives. 

3908
03:24:18,700 --> 03:24:22,400
You haven't decided which path 
you'll take, but you've learned 

3909
03:24:22,400 --> 03:24:27,100
that having choices is a luxury 
you're grateful for As you 

3910
03:24:27,100 --> 03:24:29,800
settle into your narrow bed, at 
the end of another long day, 

3911
03:24:29,800 --> 03:24:33,200
listening to Sarah murmur about 
her sweetheart and Emma's, 

3912
03:24:33,200 --> 03:24:35,700
reliable snores. 
You realize that this life 

3913
03:24:35,700 --> 03:24:38,200
you've built in service is more 
than just a job. 

3914
03:24:39,000 --> 03:24:42,600
It community and education and a
foundation for whatever comes 

3915
03:24:42,600 --> 03:24:45,000
next. 
The manor house sleeps around 

3916
03:24:45,000 --> 03:24:48,600
you peaceful and secure and you 
drift off, knowing that tomorrow

3917
03:24:48,600 --> 03:24:51,500
will bring the same rhythm of 
routine and the same possibility

3918
03:24:51,500 --> 03:24:54,300
of small Magic. 
The last thing you hear before 

3919
03:24:54,300 --> 03:24:56,800
sleep takes you is the 
grandfather clock in the 

3920
03:24:56,800 --> 03:25:00,800
entrance hall chiming the hours 
with the same steady reliability

3921
03:25:00,800 --> 03:25:02,900
that has marked your days since 
you arrived. 

3922
03:25:03,500 --> 03:25:07,000
It's a comforting sound, a 
reminder that some things endure

3923
03:25:07,000 --> 03:25:09,800
and that your part in keeping 
this small world, functioning 

3924
03:25:09,800 --> 03:25:11,500
matters, more than you might 
have. 

3925
03:25:11,500 --> 03:25:14,400
Thought when you first climb 
those steep servants stairs with

3926
03:25:14,400 --> 03:25:17,600
your single bag of possessions 
and a Heart full of uncertainty.

3927
03:25:18,700 --> 03:25:21,800
Your life in service has taught 
you, that home isn't always the 

3928
03:25:21,800 --> 03:25:23,400
place. 
You're born and family isn't 

3929
03:25:23,400 --> 03:25:24,900
always the people. 
You share blood with. 

3930
03:25:25,800 --> 03:25:28,900
Sometimes home is a narrow bed 
under sloped ceilings and 

3931
03:25:28,900 --> 03:25:31,900
families, the people who know 
exactly how you like your tea 

3932
03:25:31,900 --> 03:25:35,300
and never forget to save you the
last slice of Mrs. Pemberton's 

3933
03:25:35,300 --> 03:25:45,800
apple tart. 
The Battle of Stalingrad. 

3934
03:25:46,900 --> 03:25:50,500
Began in the summer of 1942, 
during the height of World War 

3935
03:25:50,500 --> 03:25:55,000
Two, the German Army under 
Adolf, Hitler's command launched

3936
03:25:55,000 --> 03:25:57,900
a massive offensive. 
Aimed at capturing the 

3937
03:25:57,900 --> 03:26:01,300
industrial city of star in grad 
on the Volga River. 

3938
03:26:02,000 --> 03:26:04,600
Starling grad was more than just
a strategic Target. 

3939
03:26:04,600 --> 03:26:07,500
It bore the name of the Soviet 
leader. 

3940
03:26:07,500 --> 03:26:11,600
Joseph Stalin and its capture 
would deal a cycle. 

3941
03:26:11,600 --> 03:26:17,000
Blow to the Soviet Union for 
Hitler taking star and grad was 

3942
03:26:17,000 --> 03:26:19,900
as much about Prestige, as it 
was about military strategy. 

3943
03:26:20,800 --> 03:26:24,300
Stalingrad was a vital 
industrial Hub producing weapons

3944
03:26:24,300 --> 03:26:29,700
ammunition and supplies crucial 
to the Soviet war effort, its 

3945
03:26:29,700 --> 03:26:31,900
location. 
On the Volga River. 

3946
03:26:32,600 --> 03:26:34,400
Made it a key Transportation 
Route. 

3947
03:26:35,100 --> 03:26:37,500
Linking the northern and 
southern regions. 

3948
03:26:38,400 --> 03:26:41,000
Of the Soviet Union. 
For Stalin. 

3949
03:26:41,700 --> 03:26:44,200
The city's defense. 
Was non-negotiable. 

3950
03:26:45,300 --> 03:26:48,600
Losing it. 
Would be both a symbolic and 

3951
03:26:48,600 --> 03:26:52,200
logistical disaster. 
In August 1942. 

3952
03:26:53,100 --> 03:26:58,500
The German 6th Army. led by 
General Friedrich paulus began 

3953
03:26:58,500 --> 03:27:01,600
its advanced. 
On Starling grad. 

3954
03:27:02,700 --> 03:27:05,900
The city. 
Sprawling, industrial expanse. 

3955
03:27:07,100 --> 03:27:11,200
The factories Railways and 
residential areas. 

3956
03:27:12,800 --> 03:27:15,400
Became the site. 
Of one of the most grueling 

3957
03:27:15,400 --> 03:27:17,300
battles. 
In history. 

3958
03:27:18,800 --> 03:27:21,100
The Germans were initially 
confident. 

3959
03:27:22,000 --> 03:27:25,800
Of a swift victory. 
But the Soviet Defenders under 

3960
03:27:25,800 --> 03:27:28,900
the command of General. 
Vasily chuikov were determined 

3961
03:27:28,900 --> 03:27:34,800
to resist at all costs. 
A fighting in grad was unlike 

3962
03:27:34,800 --> 03:27:37,400
anything. 
The world had seen before. 

3963
03:27:38,600 --> 03:27:41,600
Urban Warfare. 
Turned every street. 

3964
03:27:42,800 --> 03:27:47,000
Building and Factory. 
Into a Battleground. 

3965
03:27:48,000 --> 03:27:52,000
The Germans and Soviets engaged 
in brutal. 

3966
03:27:52,000 --> 03:27:55,200
Close Quarters combat. 
Often fighting. 

3967
03:27:56,100 --> 03:27:59,600
Room by room. 
Floor by floor. 

3968
03:28:00,400 --> 03:28:03,800
The city. 
Became a Labyrinth of 

3969
03:28:03,800 --> 03:28:07,400
Destruction. 
With rubble and debris. 

3970
03:28:08,400 --> 03:28:10,300
Transforming entire 
neighborhoods. 

3971
03:28:11,600 --> 03:28:16,700
Treacherous Landscapes, the 
Soviets, adopted a strategy of 

3972
03:28:16,700 --> 03:28:20,300
hugging the German forces. 
Staying as close as possible. 

3973
03:28:21,100 --> 03:28:25,400
To avoid being targeted by 
German airstrikes and artillery.

3974
03:28:27,000 --> 03:28:31,100
This Force the Germans in to 
Relentless hand to hand combat. 

3975
03:28:32,000 --> 03:28:34,400
training their resources and 
raw. 

3976
03:28:35,400 --> 03:28:37,800
Soviet snipers hidden in the 
ruins. 

3977
03:28:38,700 --> 03:28:43,300
Became a deadly force. 
Picking off German soldiers with

3978
03:28:43,300 --> 03:28:48,000
Precision, one of the most 
famous snipers. the series of 

3979
03:28:48,800 --> 03:28:52,000
became a symbol. 
Of Soviet resilience, his 

3980
03:28:52,000 --> 03:28:57,800
actions inspiring Defenders 
across the city. as the weeks 

3981
03:28:57,800 --> 03:29:02,200
turned into months, The harsh 
Russian winter set in. 

3982
03:29:02,900 --> 03:29:07,300
Adding another layer of misery 
to the already dire conditions 

3983
03:29:07,300 --> 03:29:12,400
temperatures plummeted and both 
sides struggled to survive in 

3984
03:29:12,400 --> 03:29:17,000
the freezing cold. 
Supplies dwindled and hunger and

3985
03:29:17,000 --> 03:29:20,500
disease. 
Took their toll yet, despite the

3986
03:29:20,500 --> 03:29:23,000
suffering, the Soviets held 
firm. 

3987
03:29:23,600 --> 03:29:28,700
Reinforcements and supplies. 
continued to trickle into the 

3988
03:29:28,708 --> 03:29:33,200
city, across the Frozen Volga 
River in that the Defenders 

3989
03:29:33,200 --> 03:29:38,100
could maintain their resistance 
The turning point in the Battle 

3990
03:29:38,100 --> 03:29:43,700
of Stalingrad came in November 
1942, with the launch of 

3991
03:29:43,700 --> 03:29:47,100
operation. 
Uranus The Soviet High command 

3992
03:29:47,100 --> 03:29:51,800
led by General George devised, a
bold counteroffensive. 

3993
03:29:52,600 --> 03:29:56,400
To encircle the German 6th Army,
while the Germans are focused on

3994
03:29:56,400 --> 03:30:00,700
their assault within the city. 
The Soviets launched, massive 

3995
03:30:00,700 --> 03:30:03,600
attacks. 
On the weaker flanks of the 

3996
03:30:03,600 --> 03:30:07,300
German forces held by Romanian 
and Italian troops. 

3997
03:30:08,200 --> 03:30:11,600
The plan was a success. 
Within days. 

3998
03:30:12,400 --> 03:30:15,300
The Soviet pincers. 
Closed around Stalingrad. 

3999
03:30:16,400 --> 03:30:19,400
Trapping the German 6th Army 
inside the city. 

4000
03:30:20,800 --> 03:30:24,700
What followed was a desperate. 
Struggle for survival. 

4001
03:30:25,700 --> 03:30:30,100
The encircled German forces 
numbering over 300,000 men. 

4002
03:30:31,000 --> 03:30:33,800
Were cut off. 
From supplies and 

4003
03:30:33,800 --> 03:30:38,300
reinforcements, Hitler refusing 
to allow a retreat ordered 

4004
03:30:38,300 --> 03:30:41,400
payolas to hold the city at all 
costs. 

4005
03:30:42,400 --> 03:30:45,800
The luftwaffe attempted to 
airlift supplies to the 

4006
03:30:45,800 --> 03:30:48,800
encircled Troops. 
But the efforts were 

4007
03:30:48,800 --> 03:30:51,500
insufficient. 
The soldiers inside the pocket 

4008
03:30:51,500 --> 03:30:55,500
faced starvation. 
Freezing temperatures and 

4009
03:30:55,500 --> 03:30:58,300
Relentless Soviet attacks. 
The Soviets. 

4010
03:30:59,100 --> 03:31:01,000
Tightened their grip on the 
city. 

4011
03:31:02,100 --> 03:31:05,400
Systematically destroying. 
The remaining German positions. 

4012
03:31:05,400 --> 03:31:10,000
The Defenders situation became 
increasingly hopeless, and 

4013
03:31:10,000 --> 03:31:11,900
morale. 
Plummeted. 

4014
03:31:12,700 --> 03:31:18,100
In January 1943, the Soviets 
launched their final assault to 

4015
03:31:18,100 --> 03:31:22,100
crush the pocket. 
By this time Palace and his men 

4016
03:31:22,100 --> 03:31:26,500
were exhausted, demoralized. 
And out of options. 

4017
03:31:27,800 --> 03:31:33,000
On February 2nd 1943 Palace 
surrendered marking the end of 

4018
03:31:33,000 --> 03:31:37,100
the Battle of Stalingrad. 
The Soviet victory was a turning

4019
03:31:37,100 --> 03:31:41,300
point in the war. 
Shattering the myth of German 

4020
03:31:41,300 --> 03:31:45,500
invincibility and Shifting, the 
momentum in favor of the Allies.

4021
03:31:45,500 --> 03:31:50,300
It was a devastating blow to 
Hitler's Ambitions and the loss.

4022
03:31:51,200 --> 03:31:54,400
The sixth Army. 
Was a humiliation from which 

4023
03:31:54,400 --> 03:31:58,300
Germany would never fully 
recover the cost of the battle, 

4024
03:31:58,300 --> 03:32:03,700
however, was staggering over 2 
million soldiers and civilians 

4025
03:32:03,700 --> 03:32:10,000
were killed wounded or captured.
During the five months of 

4026
03:32:10,000 --> 03:32:13,500
fighting. 
Starling Raditz itself was left 

4027
03:32:13,500 --> 03:32:16,700
in Ruins. 
Its streets and buildings 

4028
03:32:16,700 --> 03:32:22,000
reduced to Rubble the human 
suffering on both sides was 

4029
03:32:22,000 --> 03:32:26,200
immense with countless families.
Forever altered. 

4030
03:32:26,900 --> 03:32:30,700
By the loss of loved ones. 
Despite the devastation. 

4031
03:32:30,700 --> 03:32:33,900
The Soviet Victory theater in 
grad. 

4032
03:32:34,600 --> 03:32:38,900
Became a symbol of resilience 
and determination it 

4033
03:32:38,900 --> 03:32:43,700
demonstrated. 
Power of unity and the will to 

4034
03:32:43,700 --> 03:32:46,700
endure. 
Even the most harrowing a 

4035
03:32:46,700 --> 03:32:50,400
circumstances. 
The people of Stalingrad who had

4036
03:32:50,400 --> 03:32:52,900
endured. 
Unimaginable hardship. 

4037
03:32:53,600 --> 03:32:57,100
Became heroes in the eyes of 
their Nation. 

4038
03:32:58,000 --> 03:33:00,400
In the Years. 
Following the war. 

4039
03:33:01,100 --> 03:33:03,700
Star and grad was rebuilt, its 
scars. 

4040
03:33:04,400 --> 03:33:09,100
Serving as a reminder. 
The sacrifices made to defend it

4041
03:33:09,100 --> 03:33:13,900
monuments and memorials were 
erected to honor the Fallen 

4042
03:33:13,900 --> 03:33:17,500
including the iconic Maia of 
kirgan. 

4043
03:33:19,000 --> 03:33:22,600
A hill that saw some of the 
fiercest fighting during the 

4044
03:33:22,600 --> 03:33:27,200
battle at its Summit. 
Stands The Towering, statue of 

4045
03:33:27,200 --> 03:33:32,700
the motherland calls. a symbol 
of the Soviet Union strength and

4046
03:33:32,700 --> 03:33:36,900
resilience The Battle of 
Starling Grand remains one of 

4047
03:33:36,908 --> 03:33:40,300
the most studied. 
And remembered events of World 

4048
03:33:40,300 --> 03:33:43,500
War 2. 
It serves as a testament to the 

4049
03:33:43,500 --> 03:33:48,400
courage and determination. of 
those who fought and as a 

4050
03:33:48,400 --> 03:33:53,200
reminder of the horrors of War, 
The sacrifices made at 

4051
03:33:53,200 --> 03:33:56,600
Stalingrad helped shape the 
course of history. 

4052
03:33:56,600 --> 03:34:00,100
Paving the way for the eventual 
Allied victory. 

4053
03:34:01,100 --> 03:34:07,200
As you drift into sleep tonight.
Let the story of Stalingrad, 

4054
03:34:07,200 --> 03:34:10,100
remind you. 
Strength. 

4055
03:34:10,700 --> 03:34:13,100
Of the human Spirit and the 
resilience. 

4056
03:34:14,000 --> 03:34:17,000
That emerges in the face of 
adversity. 

4057
03:34:18,600 --> 03:34:22,100
Imagine the quiet. 
Snow-covered streets. 

4058
03:34:23,100 --> 03:34:28,500
Of the rebuilt City, The Echoes 
of History carried gently on the

4059
03:34:28,500 --> 03:34:30,600
Wind. 
Let The Bravery. 

4060
03:34:31,600 --> 03:34:37,800
Sacrifice of those who endures 
inspire a sense of gratitude and

4061
03:34:37,800 --> 03:34:42,000
peace within you. 
The story of the battle of 

4062
03:34:42,000 --> 03:34:46,900
Stalin grad. did not end with 
the surrender of the German 

4063
03:34:46,900 --> 03:34:50,800
sixth Army, its aftermath 
Rippled far beyond. 

4064
03:34:52,100 --> 03:34:54,600
Frozen streets of the ruined 
City. 

4065
03:34:55,400 --> 03:35:00,300
Shaping the course of World War 
2 and the history of the 20th 

4066
03:35:00,300 --> 03:35:02,500
century. 
The Soviet victory. 

4067
03:35:03,600 --> 03:35:07,300
Was a turning point, not just 
for the Eastern front, but for 

4068
03:35:07,300 --> 03:35:12,100
the entire Allied effort, it 
demonstrated the determination 

4069
03:35:12,100 --> 03:35:15,300
and resilience. 
Of the Soviet people. 

4070
03:35:16,200 --> 03:35:19,100
And marked the beginning. 
Of a Relentless push. 

4071
03:35:20,100 --> 03:35:23,700
To drive the axis forces. 
Out of the Soviet Union. 

4072
03:35:24,600 --> 03:35:27,700
And eventually. 
Defeat them in Europe. 

4073
03:35:28,600 --> 03:35:32,100
The cost of the battle. 
Was nearly unimaginable. 

4074
03:35:33,200 --> 03:35:36,800
Casualty figures are staggering.
With estimates. 

4075
03:35:37,600 --> 03:35:43,300
Placing the total number. 
Of dead wounded or missing on 

4076
03:35:43,300 --> 03:35:48,700
both sides at over 2 million. 
Civilians caught in the 

4077
03:35:48,700 --> 03:35:52,000
crossfire. 
Endured unimaginable suffering. 

4078
03:35:52,900 --> 03:35:57,500
As the city, they called home. 
Became a war zone of 

4079
03:35:57,500 --> 03:36:01,600
Unthinkable, destruction. 
Home's were destroyed. 

4080
03:36:02,500 --> 03:36:04,300
Families. 
Torn apart. 

4081
03:36:05,100 --> 03:36:07,500
And leave. 
Forever altered. 

4082
03:36:08,300 --> 03:36:12,200
By the Relentless tide of War. 
Survivors. 

4083
03:36:13,000 --> 03:36:16,300
Of Starling Grande. 
The end of the battle. 

4084
03:36:17,100 --> 03:36:19,800
Brought no immediate relief. 
City. 

4085
03:36:20,600 --> 03:36:22,500
Once a thriving Industrial 
Center. 

4086
03:36:24,000 --> 03:36:26,900
Lay in Ruins. 
Entire neighborhoods. 

4087
03:36:27,800 --> 03:36:29,800
Had been reduced. 
To Rubble. 

4088
03:36:31,200 --> 03:36:35,500
And the infrastructure races. 
Necessary for daily life water. 

4089
03:36:36,300 --> 03:36:38,700
Electricity. 
Food Supplies. 

4090
03:36:39,400 --> 03:36:41,700
Was obliterated. 
The people. 

4091
03:36:42,900 --> 03:36:46,300
Starling grad. 
Face the Monumental task. 

4092
03:36:47,500 --> 03:36:50,000
Of rebuilding their lives and 
their City. 

4093
03:36:51,100 --> 03:36:54,100
From the Ashes. 
Yet, even in the face. 

4094
03:36:55,100 --> 03:36:57,800
Of such devastation. 
There was a sense. 

4095
03:36:58,700 --> 03:37:02,400
Of Pride and determination among
the survivors. 

4096
03:37:02,400 --> 03:37:07,600
They Had endured the unendurable
and emerged Victorious. 

4097
03:37:07,600 --> 03:37:10,900
The Soviet government. 
Worked with swiftly. 

4098
03:37:11,700 --> 03:37:14,200
To rebuild, Starling grad. 
City. 

4099
03:37:15,500 --> 03:37:19,800
Symbol. 
Of resilience and sacrifice a 

4100
03:37:19,800 --> 03:37:24,000
beacon of Soviet strength and 
determination propaganda. 

4101
03:37:24,900 --> 03:37:28,600
Celebrated the victory as a 
Triumph of socialism. 

4102
03:37:29,600 --> 03:37:32,300
And the indomitable Spirit of 
the Soviet people. 

4103
03:37:33,300 --> 03:37:35,500
The rebuilding effort was 
immense. 

4104
03:37:36,300 --> 03:37:40,500
And though the scars of War. 
Were not easily erased. 

4105
03:37:41,200 --> 03:37:43,300
The city. 
Slowly Rose. 

4106
03:37:44,300 --> 03:37:47,500
From its ashes. 
For the German army. 

4107
03:37:48,300 --> 03:37:50,600
The defeat. 
At Stalingrad. 

4108
03:37:52,400 --> 03:37:55,300
Was a catastrophe. 
From which it would. 

4109
03:37:56,000 --> 03:37:58,400
Never fully recover. 
The loss. 

4110
03:37:59,500 --> 03:38:02,000
Of the sixth Army. 
One of Germany's. 

4111
03:38:03,100 --> 03:38:05,400
Most experienced and well 
equipped. 

4112
03:38:06,400 --> 03:38:09,500
Fighting forces. 
Was a devastating blow. 

4113
03:38:10,300 --> 03:38:12,800
Morale. 
Among German troops. 

4114
03:38:13,600 --> 03:38:15,800
On the Eastern Front. 
Plummeted. 

4115
03:38:17,000 --> 03:38:19,100
And the aura. 
Of invincibility. 

4116
03:38:21,100 --> 03:38:23,300
That had surrounded, the 
Fairmont. 

4117
03:38:25,200 --> 03:38:29,600
Since the beginning. 
Was shattered. 

4118
03:38:31,100 --> 03:38:33,800
Hitler's refusal. 
To allow a retreat. 

4119
03:38:35,300 --> 03:38:38,500
He is insistent. 
On holding Stalingrad. 

4120
03:38:39,500 --> 03:38:43,200
At all costs. 
And the Ultimate Surrender. 

4121
03:38:44,400 --> 03:38:46,800
Of Palace. 
And his forces. 

4122
03:38:48,600 --> 03:38:52,800
Exposed the floors. 
In Germany's, military strategy 

4123
03:38:52,800 --> 03:38:58,100
and Leadership. 
The Soviets capitalized on their

4124
03:38:58,100 --> 03:39:03,200
victory at Stalingrad launching 
a series of offensive. 

4125
03:39:04,200 --> 03:39:07,500
That pushed the Germans. 
Further and further west. 

4126
03:39:08,400 --> 03:39:12,500
The red Army's momentum. 
Gained such great cost in 

4127
03:39:12,500 --> 03:39:16,100
Starling Grande. 
Carried them all the way to 

4128
03:39:16,100 --> 03:39:22,700
Berlin by the spring of 1945. 
The victory at Starling Grande. 

4129
03:39:23,500 --> 03:39:26,900
Was the foundation upon which 
the eventual Soviet Triumph. 

4130
03:39:27,900 --> 03:39:32,100
In World War 2 was built. 
These military significant. 

4131
03:39:33,300 --> 03:39:37,500
The Battle of Stalingrad left to
profound Legacy in the 

4132
03:39:37,508 --> 03:39:41,100
collective memory of the world, 
it became a symbol. 

4133
03:39:42,100 --> 03:39:44,800
Of resilience. 
Sacrifice. 

4134
03:39:46,000 --> 03:39:51,800
And the unyielding human spirit.
Stories of the soldiers and 

4135
03:39:51,800 --> 03:39:54,100
civilians who endured the 
battle. 

4136
03:39:55,100 --> 03:39:58,500
Stories of heroism, endurance 
and survival. 

4137
03:39:59,300 --> 03:40:03,100
Continue to resonate their 
experiences remind us. 

4138
03:40:04,200 --> 03:40:10,500
The horrors of war, the cost of 
conflict and the strength of the

4139
03:40:10,500 --> 03:40:15,900
human will to persevere. 
For the people of Stalingrad, 

4140
03:40:15,900 --> 03:40:18,700
their cities name became 
synonymous. 

4141
03:40:19,500 --> 03:40:24,800
With courage and defiance. 
In 1961 during a wave of 

4142
03:40:24,800 --> 03:40:28,300
destabilization. 
And the Soviet Union, the city 

4143
03:40:28,300 --> 03:40:33,700
was renamed, Volga grad, yet the
memory of the battle of grand. 

4144
03:40:34,600 --> 03:40:38,200
Remained deeply embedded in the 
hearts of those who lived 

4145
03:40:38,200 --> 03:40:42,100
through it. 
And those who came after the 

4146
03:40:42,100 --> 03:40:46,500
name in grad continues to evoke 
the profound sacrifices. 

4147
03:40:47,800 --> 03:40:50,400
Made during these grueling 
months of battle. 

4148
03:40:51,300 --> 03:40:55,500
The battlefields of Starling 
Grande have since been preserved

4149
03:40:55,500 --> 03:40:59,400
as places of remembrance and 
reflection. 

4150
03:41:00,600 --> 03:41:04,000
The mamey Ferguson Memorial 
complex, with its towering, 

4151
03:41:04,000 --> 03:41:08,300
statue of the motherland calls 
stands as a testament. 

4152
03:41:09,300 --> 03:41:11,400
Courage. 
And sacrifice. 

4153
03:41:12,000 --> 03:41:14,100
Of those who fought. 
And died there. 

4154
03:41:15,000 --> 03:41:18,700
Visitors from around the world. 
Come to walk, the Hallowed 

4155
03:41:18,700 --> 03:41:21,100
Ground. 
To honor the memory. 

4156
03:41:21,800 --> 03:41:25,100
Of the Fallen. 
And to reflect on the lessons. 

4157
03:41:25,800 --> 03:41:29,500
Of History. 
As we look back on the Battle of

4158
03:41:29,500 --> 03:41:32,100
Starling grad. 
It serves as a reminder. 

4159
03:41:33,200 --> 03:41:38,000
Of the resilience of the human 
spirit in the face of an 

4160
03:41:38,000 --> 03:41:42,800
imaginable adversity. 
It is a story of sacrifice and 

4161
03:41:42,800 --> 03:41:47,600
survival of Hope and 
determination of the enduring 

4162
03:41:47,600 --> 03:41:53,400
belief in the possibility. 
Of a better future as you rest 

4163
03:41:53,400 --> 03:41:55,500
tonight. 
Let the story. 

4164
03:41:56,300 --> 03:42:01,600
Of star in grad. 
Remind you. strength, that lies 

4165
03:42:01,600 --> 03:42:04,500
within us, all Imagine The Quiet
streets. 

4166
03:42:05,700 --> 03:42:08,400
Of the rebuilt City. 
Soft Whispers. 

4167
03:42:09,300 --> 03:42:11,600
Of the Volga River and the 
Stillness. 

4168
03:42:12,500 --> 03:42:17,100
But now blankets a place once 
filled with chaos, let the 

4169
03:42:17,100 --> 03:42:23,000
courage and sacrifice of those 
who endured Inspire peace and 

4170
03:42:23,000 --> 03:42:27,900
gratitude in your heart. 
The legacy of the Battle of 

4171
03:42:27,900 --> 03:42:31,200
Stalingrad. 
Extends Beyond its historical 

4172
03:42:31,200 --> 03:42:35,900
and Military significance, it 
has become a symbol of human 

4173
03:42:35,900 --> 03:42:39,800
endurance. 
Just a war and the hope for 

4174
03:42:39,800 --> 03:42:42,800
reconciliation. 
The rebuilding of Stalingrad. 

4175
03:42:43,700 --> 03:42:46,600
Later. 
Renamed Volgograd Was not merely

4176
03:42:46,600 --> 03:42:48,700
a physical Endeavor, but an 
emotional. 

4177
03:42:49,700 --> 03:42:53,700
Cultural Journey. 
Every stone, laid, every home 

4178
03:42:53,700 --> 03:42:56,600
rebuilt. 
Was a testament to the 

4179
03:42:56,600 --> 03:43:01,500
resilience of the people. 
Who survived the horrors of War.

4180
03:43:02,500 --> 03:43:06,800
In the aftermath of the battle. 
The city became a focal point. 

4181
03:43:08,500 --> 03:43:12,700
For the Soviet Union's Narrative
of Victory and sacrifice. 

4182
03:43:13,600 --> 03:43:15,800
Monuments. 
Were erected. 

4183
03:43:17,200 --> 03:43:20,100
To commemorate The Bravery of 
those who fought. 

4184
03:43:21,100 --> 03:43:26,400
Such as the eternal flame. 
But Burns in memory of the 

4185
03:43:26,400 --> 03:43:29,900
Fallen. 
The massive statue of the 

4186
03:43:29,900 --> 03:43:33,900
motherland, calls, one of the 
tallest statues in the world. 

4187
03:43:34,900 --> 03:43:38,700
Towers over the landscape as a 
powerful reminder of the battle 

4188
03:43:38,700 --> 03:43:41,900
significance. 
It is not just a symbol of 

4189
03:43:41,900 --> 03:43:46,000
Victory, but a tribute to the 
unbreakable will of the 

4190
03:43:46,000 --> 03:43:50,300
Defenders and the civilians Who 
endured unimaginable suffering. 

4191
03:43:52,100 --> 03:43:55,200
Decades. 
The memory of Stalingrad. 

4192
03:43:56,600 --> 03:43:58,600
Shaped the Soviet Union's, 
identity. 

4193
03:44:00,200 --> 03:44:03,300
And its portrayal. 
On the global stage. 

4194
03:44:04,200 --> 03:44:06,800
The battle was celebrated in 
films. 

4195
03:44:07,600 --> 03:44:12,700
Literature. and our each 
retelling emphasizing the unity.

4196
03:44:13,600 --> 03:44:15,700
A termination of the Soviet 
people. 

4197
03:44:16,700 --> 03:44:18,600
The city became a pilgrimage 
site. 

4198
03:44:20,000 --> 03:44:23,700
For veteran's their families and
historians. 

4199
03:44:24,700 --> 03:44:28,700
Seeking to understand. 
The profound impact. 

4200
03:44:30,300 --> 03:44:33,000
Of this defining moment. 
In history. 

4201
03:44:34,100 --> 03:44:37,800
On a more personal level. 
Stories of those. 

4202
03:44:38,700 --> 03:44:42,900
Who fought and survived. 
The battle have been passed 

4203
03:44:42,900 --> 03:44:46,000
down. 
Through generations. 

4204
03:44:46,900 --> 03:44:50,600
Veterans, share their 
experiences. with their children

4205
03:44:50,600 --> 03:44:57,300
and grandchildren that the 
sacrifices made at Stalingrad. 

4206
03:44:58,500 --> 03:45:01,800
Would never be forgotten. 
These personal accounts. 

4207
03:45:02,900 --> 03:45:07,000
Filled with both sorrow and 
pride at depth. 

4208
03:45:07,600 --> 03:45:11,600
To the historical narrative and 
remind us of the humanity. 

4209
03:45:12,600 --> 03:45:15,200
Behind the statistics. 
Globally. 

4210
03:45:16,900 --> 03:45:20,200
Stalingrad has become a symbol. 
Of resistance. 

4211
03:45:22,100 --> 03:45:24,900
And perseverance. 
Its name is invoked. 

4212
03:45:26,300 --> 03:45:31,100
In discussion of strategy, 
endurance and the high cost of 

4213
03:45:31,100 --> 03:45:33,100
War. 
For historians. 

4214
03:45:34,100 --> 03:45:37,900
And Military Scholars. 
The battle offers countless 

4215
03:45:37,900 --> 03:45:41,200
lessons on tactic. 
Leadership. 

4216
03:45:42,500 --> 03:45:46,300
And the interplay. 
Of morale and Logistics. 

4217
03:45:47,000 --> 03:45:50,000
For ordinary people. 
Stands as a reminder. 

4218
03:45:50,900 --> 03:45:54,300
Of what can be achieved. 
When the human Spirit refuses. 

4219
03:45:55,700 --> 03:45:58,600
To yield. 
In recent years. 

4220
03:46:00,000 --> 03:46:03,700
Efforts have been made. 
To preserve the memory of 

4221
03:46:03,700 --> 03:46:06,900
Stalingrad. 
While fostering a spirit. 

4222
03:46:08,000 --> 03:46:11,500
Of reconciliation. 
Memorials. 

4223
03:46:12,500 --> 03:46:17,400
And museums. 
Now, serve not only as places of

4224
03:46:17,400 --> 03:46:21,800
remembrance. 
But also, as venues for dialogue

4225
03:46:21,800 --> 03:46:25,800
and education. 
They encourage visitors. 

4226
03:46:26,700 --> 03:46:29,300
To reflect on the consequences 
of War. 

4227
03:46:30,300 --> 03:46:33,300
And the important. 
Of working toward peace. 

4228
03:46:34,400 --> 03:46:39,600
City of vulgar, grad. 
Wild forever tied to its past is

4229
03:46:39,600 --> 03:46:41,300
also a thriving modern 
Metropolis. 

4230
03:46:42,000 --> 03:46:45,400
Its people have rebuilt their 
lives and created a Vibrant 

4231
03:46:45,400 --> 03:46:49,100
Community that honors its 
history while looking to the 

4232
03:46:49,100 --> 03:46:53,200
Future, the scars of the battle 
remain in some places. 

4233
03:46:54,800 --> 03:46:59,600
But they serve as reminders. 
Of resilience rather than 

4234
03:46:59,600 --> 03:47:03,200
destruction. 
The lessons of Stalingrad. 

4235
03:47:04,100 --> 03:47:06,700
Resonate today. 
Reminding us. 

4236
03:47:07,500 --> 03:47:10,800
Of the importance. 
Of unity in the face. 

4237
03:47:11,700 --> 03:47:15,800
Of adversity. 
The necessity of standing firm. 

4238
03:47:16,800 --> 03:47:19,100
For what is right? 
And the value. 

4239
03:47:19,800 --> 03:47:23,300
Of seeking peace. 
Even in the darkest times. 

4240
03:47:24,700 --> 03:47:27,400
It teaches us. 
That the human spirit. 

4241
03:47:28,700 --> 03:47:31,500
When fueled by determination and
Hope. 

4242
03:47:33,100 --> 03:47:36,000
Can endure. 
Even the greatest challenges. 

4243
03:47:37,400 --> 03:47:41,800
As you settle in to rest. 
Let the story of Starling grad. 

4244
03:47:43,200 --> 03:47:50,000
fill you with a sense of 
reflection and picture the calm.

4245
03:47:50,900 --> 03:47:52,900
Serene city of vulgar grad 
today. 

4246
03:47:53,800 --> 03:47:57,800
Its streets filled with life. 
Its people moving forward. 

4247
03:47:58,700 --> 03:48:01,400
While carrying the memory of 
their past. 

4248
03:48:02,400 --> 03:48:07,400
And imagine the Stillness of the
fields and the gentle flow of 

4249
03:48:07,400 --> 03:48:12,700
the Volga River. 
Now, a place of peace and 

4250
03:48:12,700 --> 03:48:15,900
renewal. 
The story of the Battle of 

4251
03:48:15,900 --> 03:48:19,900
Stalingrad is Rich with details 
and facts. 

4252
03:48:21,200 --> 03:48:25,200
That help us understand the 
scale of the conflict and the 

4253
03:48:25,208 --> 03:48:28,900
impact it had. 
On the course of World War Two, 

4254
03:48:28,900 --> 03:48:32,600
as we reflect further. 
On this pivotal event. 

4255
03:48:34,100 --> 03:48:38,300
Let's explore some key facts 
that bring its history into 

4256
03:48:38,300 --> 03:48:39,200
sharper. 
Focus. 

4257
03:48:40,800 --> 03:48:43,900
The Battle of Stalin grad, 
lasted for 200 days. 

4258
03:48:45,400 --> 03:48:50,300
From August 23rd, 1942. 
To February 2nd 1943. 

4259
03:48:51,100 --> 03:48:54,600
It is considered one of the 
longest and bloodiest battles. 

4260
03:48:55,700 --> 03:48:57,800
In the history. 
Of warfare. 

4261
03:48:59,300 --> 03:49:01,700
The total. 
Number of casualties is 

4262
03:49:01,700 --> 03:49:05,200
estimated that over 2 million. 
Making it one of the deadliest 

4263
03:49:05,200 --> 03:49:07,400
kills his battles in human 
history. 

4264
03:49:07,400 --> 03:49:12,500
These figures include soldiers 
from both sides as well as 

4265
03:49:12,500 --> 03:49:16,800
countless tea civilians caught 
in the crossfire The German 

4266
03:49:16,800 --> 03:49:20,800
sixth Army led by General, 
Friedrich paulus was one of the 

4267
03:49:20,800 --> 03:49:23,100
most formidable bear forces in 
Hitler's military. 

4268
03:49:24,000 --> 03:49:28,100
At its peak. 
Sixth Army was comprised of over

4269
03:49:28,100 --> 03:49:34,700
300,000 soldiers. by the end of 
the battle, nearly 91,000 German

4270
03:49:34,700 --> 03:49:37,600
soldiers were taken prisoner, 
including General, Palace 

4271
03:49:37,600 --> 03:49:41,800
himself, The Soviet strategy of 
hugging the enemy. staying in 

4272
03:49:41,800 --> 03:49:45,900
close combat to neutralize the 
Germans artillery and air, 

4273
03:49:45,900 --> 03:49:49,500
superiority played a critical 
role in the defense. 

4274
03:49:49,500 --> 03:49:53,200
This tactic turned the urban 
ruins of style and grad into a 

4275
03:49:53,200 --> 03:49:55,700
deadly maze for the German 
forces. 

4276
03:49:55,700 --> 03:50:01,100
The series I said, a Soviet 
sniper became a symbol Offenders

4277
03:50:01,100 --> 03:50:05,500
resilience during the battle. 
He is credited with killing over

4278
03:50:05,500 --> 03:50:11,200
20025 German soldiers, including
enemy snipers which boosted the 

4279
03:50:11,200 --> 03:50:16,100
morale of his comrades operation
Uranus Soviet counter-offensive 

4280
03:50:16,100 --> 03:50:19,000
launched. 
In November 1942 was a 

4281
03:50:19,000 --> 03:50:22,500
brilliantly, executed maneuver 
by attacking the week of flanks 

4282
03:50:22,500 --> 03:50:26,900
of the German forces held by 
Romanian and Italian troops. 

4283
03:50:26,900 --> 03:50:30,700
The Soviets were able is to 
encircle and trap the German 6th

4284
03:50:30,700 --> 03:50:34,600
Army within the city. 
The German soldiers trapped in 

4285
03:50:34,600 --> 03:50:39,400
the encirclement known as the 
Kessel or cauldron, endured 

4286
03:50:39,400 --> 03:50:43,200
horrific conditions. 
Faced starvation freezing 

4287
03:50:43,200 --> 03:50:45,500
temperatures and Relentless 
Soviet. 

4288
03:50:45,500 --> 03:50:49,300
Assaults supplies delivered by 
are were woefully inadequate 

4289
03:50:49,300 --> 03:50:52,400
leading to widespread suffering 
and death. 

4290
03:50:53,400 --> 03:50:57,700
One of the defining moments of 
the battle was, Hitler's refusal

4291
03:50:57,700 --> 03:51:00,700
to allow powerless to retreat, 
or break out of the 

4292
03:51:00,700 --> 03:51:04,400
encirclement. 
This decision sealed, the fate 

4293
03:51:04,400 --> 03:51:08,100
of the sixth Army, and marked, a
significant turning point was in

4294
03:51:08,100 --> 03:51:11,200
the war. 
When General Palace surrendered 

4295
03:51:11,200 --> 03:51:17,100
on February 2nd 1943, it was the
first time in history that a 

4296
03:51:17,100 --> 03:51:19,700
German field Marshal had been 
captured alive. 

4297
03:51:19,700 --> 03:51:24,700
This was a major humiliation for
Hitler and a symbolic victory 

4298
03:51:24,700 --> 03:51:28,400
for the Allies. 
The Soviet victory at Star in 

4299
03:51:28,400 --> 03:51:31,500
Grand Mark the beginning of a 
series of a fence. 

4300
03:51:32,600 --> 03:51:35,700
That pushed the German forces 
back across Eastern Europe. 

4301
03:51:35,700 --> 03:51:40,000
It was a critical turning point 
that shifted the momentum of the

4302
03:51:40,000 --> 03:51:43,700
war in favor of the Allies, the 
city of Starling graded 

4303
03:51:43,700 --> 03:51:49,700
Volgograd in 1961 has become a 
place of monuments, like the 

4304
03:51:49,700 --> 03:51:53,300
Maia of curtain and the 
motherland calls servers, 

4305
03:51:53,300 --> 03:51:56,600
powerful tributes to those who 
fought and died during the 

4306
03:51:56,600 --> 03:52:00,800
battle despite its association 
with destruction and suffering. 

4307
03:52:01,600 --> 03:52:05,800
Stalingrad is also a symbol of 
resilience unity and the 

4308
03:52:05,800 --> 03:52:09,600
indomitable human spirit. 
Story continues to inspire 

4309
03:52:09,600 --> 03:52:11,200
people. 
Around the world. 

4310
03:52:11,200 --> 03:52:17,000
Reminding us of the importance. 
Of courage and perseverance as 

4311
03:52:17,000 --> 03:52:21,400
you reflect on these facts that 
the weights of History settled 

4312
03:52:21,400 --> 03:52:25,700
gently in your mind. 
Each detail each moment of 

4313
03:52:25,700 --> 03:52:30,500
Bravery after us and sacrifice 
adds to the tapestry of this 

4314
03:52:30,500 --> 03:52:34,400
remarkable story. 
Imagine The Quiet streets of 

4315
03:52:34,400 --> 03:52:38,800
vulgar grad today City that has 
risen From the Ashes of War 

4316
03:52:38,800 --> 03:52:43,200
standing as a testament to the 
enduring strength of the human 

4317
03:52:43,200 --> 03:52:54,600
spirit. 
Nicholas, did not awake each 

4318
03:52:54,600 --> 03:52:58,200
morning expecting to redefine 
how Humanity understood the 

4319
03:52:58,200 --> 03:53:01,200
cosmos. 
In his youth, he was a quiet 

4320
03:53:01,200 --> 03:53:05,300
Observer of every day. 
Trade Civic gossip and the slow 

4321
03:53:05,300 --> 03:53:07,100
turn of Seasons along the 
Vistula River. 

4322
03:53:08,000 --> 03:53:12,400
Born in 1473 in he lived in a 
land humming with activity. 

4323
03:53:12,400 --> 03:53:15,900
Bustling markets, occasional 
outbreaks of illness. 

4324
03:53:15,900 --> 03:53:18,600
Whispers of new maps from 
distance, Seas. 

4325
03:53:18,600 --> 03:53:22,300
He absorbed all of it without 
making Grand claims or seeking 

4326
03:53:22,300 --> 03:53:25,300
quick Fame. 
His father a merchant of modest 

4327
03:53:25,300 --> 03:53:27,900
means died when Copernicus was 
still a child. 

4328
03:53:28,600 --> 03:53:31,700
This loss shifted, the boys path
placing him under the care of 

4329
03:53:31,708 --> 03:53:34,300
his uncle. 
Lucas Watson Road, a bishop with

4330
03:53:34,300 --> 03:53:37,500
strong Ambitions for his nephew 
but it was not a cozy 

4331
03:53:37,500 --> 03:53:41,400
Arrangement, free from pressure 
in 15th century, Europe family, 

4332
03:53:41,400 --> 03:53:43,500
alliances mingled with church 
roles. 

4333
03:53:44,300 --> 03:53:47,900
Watson Road made sure Nicholas 
gained abroad education, perhaps

4334
03:53:47,900 --> 03:53:51,100
believing that a well-schooled 
clergyman could serve both faith

4335
03:53:51,100 --> 03:53:55,200
and practical politics by his 
late teens Copernicus, studied 

4336
03:53:55,200 --> 03:53:58,400
at the University of Krakow, a 
lively Center of scholarship. 

4337
03:53:58,400 --> 03:54:02,400
The city's streets teamed with 
visiting Merchants who told of 

4338
03:54:02,400 --> 03:54:04,100
copper mines and foreign trade 
routes. 

4339
03:54:04,900 --> 03:54:07,700
Professors taught geometry side 
by side with astrology. 

4340
03:54:07,700 --> 03:54:11,300
Half lost Greek, texts and 
careful Reflections on the 

4341
03:54:11,300 --> 03:54:14,300
cosmos. 
Nicholas listened eagerly he 

4342
03:54:14,300 --> 03:54:17,000
devoured, ideas about Celestial,
sphere's and puzzling. 

4343
03:54:17,000 --> 03:54:20,800
Planetary orbits, tucking them 
away, while also training in law

4344
03:54:20,800 --> 03:54:24,900
and medicine as a student, he 
displayed no wild Rebellion. 

4345
03:54:24,900 --> 03:54:29,600
Instead he showed a quiet thirst
for evidence. if a notion seemed

4346
03:54:29,600 --> 03:54:32,900
inconsistent, such as the 
accepted idea that the sun spun 

4347
03:54:32,900 --> 03:54:38,200
around Earth, he filed it 
underneath, more thought, Beyond

4348
03:54:38,200 --> 03:54:41,300
the lecture Halls, Copernicus 
encountered a swirl of traveling

4349
03:54:41,300 --> 03:54:43,800
Scholars. 
Some boasted credentials from 

4350
03:54:43,800 --> 03:54:46,100
Italy or distant corners of the 
Holy Roman Empire. 

4351
03:54:46,100 --> 03:54:49,800
They debated the relative 
positions of stars Where the 

4352
03:54:49,800 --> 03:54:51,400
mercury followed a perplexing 
path. 

4353
03:54:51,400 --> 03:54:54,700
And if ancient astronomers might
have overlooked simpler 

4354
03:54:54,700 --> 03:54:58,900
interpretations, many dismissed 
Alternatives, outright clinging 

4355
03:54:58,900 --> 03:55:03,000
to the comfort of tradition. 
Copernicus felt a tug toward 

4356
03:55:03,000 --> 03:55:07,000
re-examination observing the sky
with primitive instruments. 

4357
03:55:07,000 --> 03:55:10,100
He noted patterns. 
That didn't align perfectly with

4358
03:55:10,100 --> 03:55:13,100
existing models. 
He completed his basic studies 

4359
03:55:13,100 --> 03:55:16,900
in crack of, then ventured 
Beyond Poland's borders, Italy 

4360
03:55:16,900 --> 03:55:20,500
Beckham, and with University and
patua, promising more, 

4361
03:55:20,500 --> 03:55:24,200
specialized knowledge. 
There immersed himself in the 

4362
03:55:24,200 --> 03:55:25,800
Revival of Greek, and Roman 
thought. 

4363
03:55:26,600 --> 03:55:28,800
Poured over manuscripts in dimly
lit libraries. 

4364
03:55:29,700 --> 03:55:32,100
Sneed by calculations from 
centuries past. 

4365
03:55:32,900 --> 03:55:36,300
He also studied canon law for 
filling, family, expectations. 

4366
03:55:36,300 --> 03:55:38,600
That he build a solid 
ecclesiastical career. 

4367
03:55:39,500 --> 03:55:42,200
But when evening's came, he 
would slip outside and look 

4368
03:55:42,200 --> 03:55:45,500
heavenward measuring angles 
between stars or charting 

4369
03:55:45,500 --> 03:55:49,100
planetary positions. 
Each of facial into the Earth. 

4370
03:55:49,100 --> 03:55:52,400
Might be in motion though. 
He did not announce such a claim

4371
03:55:52,400 --> 03:55:55,400
prematurely. 
Although Copernicus was devout 

4372
03:55:55,400 --> 03:55:56,900
and respectful of the church's 
Authority. 

4373
03:55:56,900 --> 03:56:01,000
He had a careful mind. 
He saw, how theological, and 

4374
03:56:01,000 --> 03:56:02,400
political forces shaped 
knowledge. 

4375
03:56:02,400 --> 03:56:05,900
If a new idea threatened 
established beliefs, it might be

4376
03:56:05,900 --> 03:56:09,700
scorned before it was tested. 
He acquired the skill of 

4377
03:56:09,700 --> 03:56:13,700
patience gradually, he compiled 
observations who refined 

4378
03:56:13,700 --> 03:56:17,000
calculations taken from Greek 
sources, then combine them with 

4379
03:56:17,000 --> 03:56:20,200
modern Star Charts quietly. 
The shape of a new model 

4380
03:56:20,200 --> 03:56:24,300
emerged, Earth in motion around 
a sun that commanded the center 

4381
03:56:24,300 --> 03:56:26,700
of the system. 
Yet even these thoughts were 

4382
03:56:26,700 --> 03:56:29,500
incomplete. 
He lacked perfect instruments 

4383
03:56:29,500 --> 03:56:32,000
and recognized that the 
mathematics required further 

4384
03:56:32,000 --> 03:56:35,300
refinement. by the time he 
returned to his homeland to 

4385
03:56:35,300 --> 03:56:39,100
serve as a Canon at from book 
Cathedral Bernice had developed 

4386
03:56:39,100 --> 03:56:41,600
an approach that Blended caution
with an innovation. 

4387
03:56:41,600 --> 03:56:45,000
In from board, he managed 
administrative tasks. 

4388
03:56:45,000 --> 03:56:48,600
Financial matters and Community 
disputes skills. 

4389
03:56:48,600 --> 03:56:53,200
That gave him a grounding in 
Practical life Still late at 

4390
03:56:53,200 --> 03:56:56,400
night, he observed the skies 
through tiny windows in the 

4391
03:56:56,408 --> 03:57:01,200
tower using rudimentary tools. 
He tested angles, compared them 

4392
03:57:01,200 --> 03:57:04,100
with references and revised, his
growing manuscript. 

4393
03:57:05,000 --> 03:57:06,900
Few neighbors knew the depth of 
his curiosity. 

4394
03:57:06,900 --> 03:57:10,800
He did not Proclaim that the 
Earth moved or that centuries of

4395
03:57:10,800 --> 03:57:13,900
teaching were flawed. 
Instead he continued to gather 

4396
03:57:13,908 --> 03:57:17,100
data revised charts and refine 
his emerging Theory. 

4397
03:57:17,900 --> 03:57:20,600
You weighed the risk to 
challenge the geocentric 

4398
03:57:20,600 --> 03:57:23,200
worldview as to question, 
scriptural, interpretations 

4399
03:57:23,200 --> 03:57:26,300
academic tradition, and the 
power structures that shape 

4400
03:57:26,300 --> 03:57:28,400
them. 
But the puzzle of planetary 

4401
03:57:28,400 --> 03:57:31,400
movement, Drew him forward. 
Urging him toward a more 

4402
03:57:31,400 --> 03:57:34,600
convincing explanation. 
By the dawn of a new century. 

4403
03:57:34,600 --> 03:57:37,600
Copernicus is notebooks were 
rich with diagrams. 

4404
03:57:37,600 --> 03:57:41,200
That contradicted accepted 
Dogma, the seeds of a Revolution

4405
03:57:41,200 --> 03:57:43,800
was sown. 
Even if they still rested in 

4406
03:57:43,800 --> 03:57:47,500
unspoken form, in the mind of a 
humble Cannon, quite quietly, 

4407
03:57:47,500 --> 03:57:49,100
scribbling in a remote corner of
Europe. 

4408
03:57:50,000 --> 03:57:52,700
And Secret Letters to close 
colleague's, he hinted at his 

4409
03:57:52,700 --> 03:57:54,800
suspicions but held back. 
His conclusions. 

4410
03:57:55,900 --> 03:57:59,200
By the early 16th century from 
book, was more than a spot on 

4411
03:57:59,208 --> 03:58:02,600
the Baltic Coast. 
Its Cathedral perched above 

4412
03:58:02,600 --> 03:58:06,000
Windswept, water's house to 
Copernicus in his role as Canon.

4413
03:58:06,800 --> 03:58:09,300
Here he balanced Church, 
governance with private 

4414
03:58:09,300 --> 03:58:10,900
questions about planetary 
motion. 

4415
03:58:11,800 --> 03:58:14,700
Those smaller than crack off or 
bologna from bought offered 

4416
03:58:14,700 --> 03:58:17,800
something. 
Precious quiet, steady hours for

4417
03:58:17,800 --> 03:58:22,100
research, Europe was tense with 
talk of religious reform rumors 

4418
03:58:22,100 --> 03:58:24,900
of upheaval. 
Swept through ports, reaching 

4419
03:58:24,900 --> 03:58:28,200
from bork in whispered fragments
Copernicus, saw the risks of 

4420
03:58:28,208 --> 03:58:31,400
challenging official Doctrine. 
If he declared Earth's movement,

4421
03:58:31,400 --> 03:58:35,400
you might face condemnation. 
So, he worked cautiously 

4422
03:58:35,400 --> 03:58:38,300
measuring the sky with simple 
instruments each night. 

4423
03:58:39,100 --> 03:58:42,700
There's notes revealed that the 
Sun not earth likely held the 

4424
03:58:42,700 --> 03:58:45,900
center during the day. 
He managed Church finances and 

4425
03:58:45,900 --> 03:58:49,300
mediated local problems 
officials, admired his precision

4426
03:58:49,300 --> 03:58:52,900
and calm. 
When currency troubles arose, he

4427
03:58:52,900 --> 03:58:55,800
designed measures to stabilize 
coinage bolstering his 

4428
03:58:55,800 --> 03:58:59,200
reputation as a logical thinker.
Such Behavior help. 

4429
03:58:59,200 --> 03:59:03,000
Mask is radical astronomy. the 
more respect he garnered for 

4430
03:59:03,000 --> 03:59:06,600
practical Solutions, the safer 
he fell to exploring unorthodox 

4431
03:59:06,600 --> 03:59:10,900
ideas in private still, he 
remained in an age where the 

4432
03:59:10,900 --> 03:59:14,100
church shaped much of scientific
understanding proposing. 

4433
03:59:14,100 --> 03:59:17,800
A heliocentric system was risky.
Scripture seemed to confirm 

4434
03:59:17,800 --> 03:59:21,300
Earth Central place. 
Bernice has grass that 

4435
03:59:21,300 --> 03:59:23,800
mathematical evidence alone 
might not sway those who 

4436
03:59:23,800 --> 03:59:27,900
believed questioning geocentrism
was akin to heresy, he exchanged

4437
03:59:27,900 --> 03:59:31,100
guarded letters with Scholars 
sharing parts of his data, but 

4438
03:59:31,100 --> 03:59:33,200
rarely revealing, the full 
extent of his model. 

4439
03:59:34,400 --> 03:59:37,700
From box, quiet aided. 
His patients tracks planetary 

4440
03:59:37,700 --> 03:59:41,500
paths across months in years 
errors, in existing models grew 

4441
03:59:41,500 --> 03:59:45,100
too large to ignore the orbits 
once Force fit to Ptolemy 

4442
03:59:45,100 --> 03:59:47,200
system. 
Made sense when the sun set in 

4443
03:59:47,208 --> 03:59:50,000
the middle. 
Copernicus refine these insights

4444
03:59:50,000 --> 03:59:51,700
and drafts. 
He showed only to trusted 

4445
03:59:51,700 --> 03:59:54,500
friends. 
He feared the backlash of word 

4446
03:59:54,500 --> 03:59:57,000
spread prematurely. 
Meanwhile the Reformation 

4447
03:59:57,000 --> 03:59:59,600
simmered in Europe. 
People questioned Church 

4448
03:59:59,600 --> 04:00:02,600
Authority on many fronts. 
The old structures were 

4449
04:00:02,600 --> 04:00:04,900
weakening. 
Copernicus, observed that the 

4450
04:00:04,900 --> 04:00:08,100
pervasive uncertainty could 
potentially Foster, new ideas. 

4451
04:00:08,900 --> 04:00:11,000
But it also heightened the 
likelihood of severe 

4452
04:00:11,000 --> 04:00:13,100
retaliation. 
If these ideas contradicted 

4453
04:00:13,100 --> 04:00:16,600
deeply held beliefs, you watched
how daring thinkers were respect

4454
04:00:16,600 --> 04:00:19,300
soil or worse? 
Yet, some found pockets of 

4455
04:00:19,300 --> 04:00:21,800
support. 
Suggesting that a revolution in 

4456
04:00:21,800 --> 04:00:26,600
astronomy, might eventually find
acceptance by the mid-50s is 

4457
04:00:26,600 --> 04:00:30,200
notebooks held a skeleton of the
heliocentric model Earth spun 

4458
04:00:30,200 --> 04:00:32,200
and circled. 
The sun joined by the other 

4459
04:00:32,200 --> 04:00:34,500
planets. 
Yet he refused to publish a 

4460
04:00:34,500 --> 04:00:37,100
major Treatise. 
He insisted on checking every 

4461
04:00:37,100 --> 04:00:40,400
calculation, observational 
evidence had to be Beyond 

4462
04:00:40,400 --> 04:00:43,400
reproach. 
Church superiors recognized his 

4463
04:00:43,400 --> 04:00:46,200
diligence and seldom Pride into 
his nighttime research. 

4464
04:00:46,200 --> 04:00:49,700
They assumed he was honing, 
church-related, expertise, not 

4465
04:00:49,700 --> 04:00:52,900
drafting a cosmic shift, his 
life looked ordinary. 

4466
04:00:52,900 --> 04:00:56,500
He ate modest meals cared for 
ill colleagues and attended to 

4467
04:00:56,500 --> 04:00:58,600
canonical duties with unwavering
Focus. 

4468
04:00:58,600 --> 04:01:02,300
But once Darkness fell, he 
scaled the cathedral Tower to 

4469
04:01:02,300 --> 04:01:05,400
observe the planets. 
He aligned homemade instruments 

4470
04:01:05,400 --> 04:01:09,200
to gauge Jupiter's position or 
noted how Venus vanished by the 

4471
04:01:09,200 --> 04:01:12,900
sun's glare at times and 
consistent with geocentrism in 

4472
04:01:12,900 --> 04:01:16,000
the hush of the tower. 
He felt the weight of Discovery 

4473
04:01:16,000 --> 04:01:19,200
tempered by the knowledge that 
revealing it to soon. 

4474
04:01:19,200 --> 04:01:23,700
Could endanger him. 
This period tested his resolve. 

4475
04:01:24,500 --> 04:01:27,200
Assistant calculation sometimes 
contradicted, his early 

4476
04:01:27,200 --> 04:01:30,700
assumptions forcing him to 
correct or refine his diagrams. 

4477
04:01:30,700 --> 04:01:34,300
Yet each setback nudged him 
toward a more robust framework. 

4478
04:01:34,300 --> 04:01:37,200
He realized that ptolemy's 
centuries old design. 

4479
04:01:37,200 --> 04:01:39,700
No longer held up under 
meticulous scrutiny. 

4480
04:01:40,800 --> 04:01:44,100
If Earth, truly revolved 
explained the irregular motion 

4481
04:01:44,100 --> 04:01:48,300
so many had labor to reconcile. 
The data whispered that ancient 

4482
04:01:48,300 --> 04:01:53,400
edifice of belief was cracking. 
In 1514, he drafted a concise 

4483
04:01:53,400 --> 04:01:55,500
outline called the commentary 
Oasis. 

4484
04:01:56,200 --> 04:01:59,800
It's circulated among a small 
circle, generating muted 

4485
04:01:59,800 --> 04:02:02,500
intrigued. 
Copernicus value their feedback,

4486
04:02:02,500 --> 04:02:04,300
which helped him hone his 
equations. 

4487
04:02:04,300 --> 04:02:08,400
He kept his tone measured 
presenting heliocentrism as a 

4488
04:02:08,400 --> 04:02:10,400
hypothesis rather than a 
challenge to Authority. 

4489
04:02:10,400 --> 04:02:14,400
He saw that acceptance depended 
on evidence, not strident 

4490
04:02:14,400 --> 04:02:17,500
proclamations. 
And so, he persisted day after 

4491
04:02:17,500 --> 04:02:20,600
day, he would read economic 
reports in the morning and 

4492
04:02:20,600 --> 04:02:23,700
engage in stargazing at night. 
Constantly, refining his 

4493
04:02:23,700 --> 04:02:27,600
observations, the locals viewed 
him, as a prudent Cannon, never 

4494
04:02:27,600 --> 04:02:30,400
suspecting that his observations
could unsettle the very 

4495
04:02:30,400 --> 04:02:34,000
Foundation of cosmic order. 
Yet in that remote corner of the

4496
04:02:34,000 --> 04:02:38,000
Baltic gathered, the pieces for 
a grand puzzle, that would in 

4497
04:02:38,000 --> 04:02:40,800
time upend Humanity's view of 
itself. 

4498
04:02:41,700 --> 04:02:45,300
By the end of this phase, his 
confidence had grown the 

4499
04:02:45,300 --> 04:02:48,300
numbers, spoke clearly to him, 
even if he kept them hidden from

4500
04:02:48,300 --> 04:02:53,000
public debate. while Europe's 
religious tensions, escalated As

4501
04:02:53,000 --> 04:02:55,500
quietly. 
Solidified, his theory, he saw 

4502
04:02:55,500 --> 04:02:57,900
potential allies in a future 
shaped by phone. 

4503
04:02:57,900 --> 04:03:02,700
Fresh perspectives. 
By the 1520s Europe's religious 

4504
04:03:02,700 --> 04:03:05,800
landscape was in upheaval. 
Martin Luther's Reformation 

4505
04:03:05,800 --> 04:03:08,100
challenged long-standing Church 
Authority. 

4506
04:03:08,100 --> 04:03:11,800
Fueling tension across nations. 
Against this backdrop 

4507
04:03:11,800 --> 04:03:15,000
Copernicus, quietly. 
Refined his heliocentric theory 

4508
04:03:15,000 --> 04:03:18,600
that from bork juggled 
ecclesiastical duties with 

4509
04:03:18,600 --> 04:03:22,500
clandestine astronomical. 
Pursuits aware that a misstep. 

4510
04:03:22,500 --> 04:03:25,200
Could brand him a heretic, he 
shared star charts and 

4511
04:03:25,200 --> 04:03:28,100
observations through letters to 
scholars in Italy and Germany. 

4512
04:03:28,900 --> 04:03:31,900
Although some recognized that 
ptolemaic geocentrism seemed 

4513
04:03:31,900 --> 04:03:34,800
forced open. 
Endorsement of Earth's motion 

4514
04:03:34,800 --> 04:03:38,900
was risky, Cooper's tested each 
new data point measuring 

4515
04:03:38,900 --> 04:03:42,300
planetary positions with 
homemade instruments with each 

4516
04:03:42,300 --> 04:03:44,300
alignment. 
The sunset centered approach 

4517
04:03:44,300 --> 04:03:47,300
gained credibility, but 
proclaiming it publicly might 

4518
04:03:47,300 --> 04:03:50,600
trigger condemnation, the 
diocese and trusted him with 

4519
04:03:50,600 --> 04:03:54,000
greater responsibilities. 
He resolved Financial disputes, 

4520
04:03:54,000 --> 04:03:56,700
attended, Sinners and 
occasionally traveled. 

4521
04:03:57,400 --> 04:04:00,800
Everywhere he went. 
He saw how Luther's ideas shook 

4522
04:04:00,800 --> 04:04:04,300
old pillars of authority 
quietly, he noted parallels to 

4523
04:04:04,300 --> 04:04:07,700
the cosmic debate. 
If Europe's spiritual core could

4524
04:04:07,700 --> 04:04:11,200
be questioned, perhaps it's 
astronomical beliefs might also 

4525
04:04:11,200 --> 04:04:14,200
be challenged. 
Still caution prevailed. 

4526
04:04:14,200 --> 04:04:18,000
He wrote in Latin, making his 
drafts less accessible to the 

4527
04:04:18,000 --> 04:04:20,900
uninitiated. 
He tested retrograde motion 

4528
04:04:20,900 --> 04:04:24,200
under the new model confirmed 
that Earth's rotation explained 

4529
04:04:24,200 --> 04:04:27,700
day and night and that seasonal 
changes fit a planet circling 

4530
04:04:27,700 --> 04:04:29,700
the sun. 
He was building a rigorous 

4531
04:04:29,700 --> 04:04:33,900
cohesive argument, Yet rumors 
spread that Copernicus harbored 

4532
04:04:33,900 --> 04:04:37,700
unorthodox views aware that 
unrefined manuscripts circulated

4533
04:04:37,700 --> 04:04:40,600
without his permission. 
He worried about critics who 

4534
04:04:40,600 --> 04:04:44,300
might seize on incomplete data. 
Despite these fears he found 

4535
04:04:44,300 --> 04:04:48,100
encouragement and quiet corners.
Trusted colleague's marveled at 

4536
04:04:48,100 --> 04:04:50,300
how neatly the theory explained,
planetary wandering. 

4537
04:04:50,300 --> 04:04:54,100
Others fearful themselves, 
advised him to hold back until 

4538
04:04:54,100 --> 04:04:58,100
Europe's religious confusion 
abated heeded, that Council, but

4539
04:04:58,100 --> 04:05:00,800
he kept Gathering observations 
night after night. 

4540
04:05:00,800 --> 04:05:05,000
He charted angles and times 
refining calculations, he felt 

4541
04:05:05,000 --> 04:05:07,000
certain that Earth's motion was 
not just plausible. 

4542
04:05:07,000 --> 04:05:10,400
It was likely true. 
One of his challenges lay in 

4543
04:05:10,408 --> 04:05:12,300
reconciling scripture with a 
moving Earth. 

4544
04:05:13,100 --> 04:05:16,000
Many clerics took biblical 
phrases as literal. 

4545
04:05:16,000 --> 04:05:19,300
Proof of geocentrism. 
Copernicus believes the Bible 

4546
04:05:19,300 --> 04:05:22,900
employed every day language not 
strict, Cosmic geometry. 

4547
04:05:24,100 --> 04:05:27,200
You chose his words carefully. 
Asserting that a sun-centered 

4548
04:05:27,200 --> 04:05:29,100
system. 
Need an undermined faith. 

4549
04:05:29,800 --> 04:05:32,200
privately, he wished for a 
church open to Nature's 

4550
04:05:32,200 --> 04:05:35,400
Revelations that he recognized 
the risk of alienation if he 

4551
04:05:35,400 --> 04:05:39,900
pushed too hard, By the mid 
1520, Europe's political shifts 

4552
04:05:39,900 --> 04:05:43,300
touched him, personally, he 
helped local officials with coin

4553
04:05:43,300 --> 04:05:46,500
reforms and effort that Drew 
upon his mathematical Precision 

4554
04:05:46,500 --> 04:05:48,900
this success. 
Bolstered his standing as a 

4555
04:05:48,908 --> 04:05:52,000
practical problem-solver 
indirectly, shielding him from 

4556
04:05:52,000 --> 04:05:55,400
suspicion, yet Church officials 
sometimes hinted that he should 

4557
04:05:55,400 --> 04:05:57,100
remain within traditional 
boundaries. 

4558
04:05:57,100 --> 04:06:00,400
They valued his service but 
seemed uneasy about Whispers of 

4559
04:06:00,408 --> 04:06:03,300
cosmic Novelties. 
His progress on the manuscript 

4560
04:06:03,300 --> 04:06:07,500
Advanced the geometry, no longer
relied on clunky, episode's 

4561
04:06:07,500 --> 04:06:11,400
heliocentrism explained. 
For nominal more directly, with 

4562
04:06:11,400 --> 04:06:14,900
fewer forced Corrections, he 
tested, Mercury's orbit 

4563
04:06:14,900 --> 04:06:17,900
verifying that its Swift 
revolution's made sense in the 

4564
04:06:17,900 --> 04:06:20,800
new scheme. 
He noted have Venus's phases and

4565
04:06:20,800 --> 04:06:23,100
brightness, variations, 
supported a sun-centered 

4566
04:06:23,100 --> 04:06:25,800
perspective. 
These observations though, 

4567
04:06:25,800 --> 04:06:28,300
rudimentary by modern standards 
were groundbreaking. 

4568
04:06:29,400 --> 04:06:33,300
As Europe's religious conflicts 
intensified Copernicus reflected

4569
04:06:33,300 --> 04:06:36,100
on timing. 
Should he reveal his findings 

4570
04:06:36,100 --> 04:06:37,600
before the church fully 
stabilized? 

4571
04:06:38,400 --> 04:06:41,900
He feared that any radical claim
might be conflated with Luther 

4572
04:06:41,900 --> 04:06:44,500
and heresies. 
He remained loyal to Catholicism

4573
04:06:44,500 --> 04:06:47,400
seeing, no reason why a more 
accurate Cosmic map should 

4574
04:06:47,400 --> 04:06:49,900
threaten spiritual truths. 
Yet, he knew that 

4575
04:06:49,900 --> 04:06:53,700
misunderstandings are bounded 
and dogmatic Zeal could swiftly.

4576
04:06:53,700 --> 04:06:57,200
Erupt into persecution. 
By the late. 1520's. 

4577
04:06:57,200 --> 04:06:59,800
He assembled a near-complete 
draft. 

4578
04:07:00,600 --> 04:07:05,200
He called it the revolutionibus,
orbium on the revolution of the 

4579
04:07:05,200 --> 04:07:09,000
Heavenly spheres, he circulated 
sections to close confidence 

4580
04:07:09,000 --> 04:07:12,700
soliciting feedback on 
calculations or Clarity a few 

4581
04:07:12,708 --> 04:07:15,900
suggested releasing it soon. 
Hoping, Europe's thirst for new 

4582
04:07:15,900 --> 04:07:18,900
knowledge might outweigh 
theological resistance others, 

4583
04:07:18,900 --> 04:07:22,300
counseled patience warning that 
the times were too volatile, 

4584
04:07:22,300 --> 04:07:26,200
Cooper's weighed both sides. 
He recognized that the 

4585
04:07:26,200 --> 04:07:29,600
Reformation had shattered old 
certain teas, perhaps the moment

4586
04:07:29,600 --> 04:07:32,800
was right for new truths. 
However, the consequences of 

4587
04:07:32,800 --> 04:07:36,500
open Defiance were significant. 
He decided to continue polishing

4588
04:07:36,500 --> 04:07:40,800
the manuscript ensuring that no 
detail was left on verified. 

4589
04:07:41,600 --> 04:07:44,500
In the event of condemnation, 
the evidence would undoubtedly 

4590
04:07:44,500 --> 04:07:47,700
bear, Witness. 
Meanwhile life at from book 

4591
04:07:47,700 --> 04:07:50,900
proceeded with routine, the 
oversaw funds settled disputes 

4592
04:07:50,900 --> 04:07:53,000
and tended to the occasional 
patient. 

4593
04:07:53,800 --> 04:07:57,400
By night, he ascended the tower 
to observe the Stars, they 

4594
04:07:57,400 --> 04:08:00,700
remained serenely predictable, 
orbiting, the Sun in patterns, 

4595
04:08:00,700 --> 04:08:04,900
his mathematics could describe. 
This harmony sustained him even 

4596
04:08:04,900 --> 04:08:07,100
as Europe's politics, churned 
unpredictably. 

4597
04:08:07,900 --> 04:08:11,500
He remained resolute. 
Soon, he would finalize his 

4598
04:08:11,500 --> 04:08:14,900
Cosmic blueprint. 
Copernicus was on the verge of a

4599
04:08:14,900 --> 04:08:17,900
significant Discovery years of 
painstaking work. 

4600
04:08:17,900 --> 04:08:21,000
Had reinforced an idea once on 
something about Earth was 

4601
04:08:21,000 --> 04:08:24,500
neither the cosmic pivot nor 
immovable in the hush of his 

4602
04:08:24,500 --> 04:08:26,600
study. 
He refined equations, that could

4603
04:08:26,600 --> 04:08:31,200
uproot centuries of belief. 
Yet, for now, the closed waiting

4604
04:08:31,200 --> 04:08:33,600
an opening in history storm, 
that might allow the light of 

4605
04:08:33,600 --> 04:08:35,500
his Discovery to shine without 
calamity. 

4606
04:08:36,300 --> 04:08:39,500
Copernicus continued, his 
delicate balance as the 1530s 

4607
04:08:39,500 --> 04:08:43,000
approached Europe's religious 
turbulence showed no sign of 

4608
04:08:43,000 --> 04:08:46,800
easing and he sensed that 
caution remained critical yet 

4609
04:08:46,800 --> 04:08:50,100
with each passing year his 
manuscript neared completion. 

4610
04:08:51,000 --> 04:08:54,600
The pages revealing a coherent 
system in which earth once 

4611
04:08:54,600 --> 04:08:57,800
deemed the universe's anchor, 
now shared the heavens with 

4612
04:08:57,800 --> 04:09:00,400
planets spinning around the Sun 
quietly. 

4613
04:09:00,400 --> 04:09:03,900
He refined details that nagged 
at him because Mars seem to be 

4614
04:09:03,908 --> 04:09:06,900
moving backwards. 
It needed extra care because its

4615
04:09:06,900 --> 04:09:08,600
path showed. 
There was a better way to solve 

4616
04:09:08,600 --> 04:09:12,100
the problem than the geocentric 
mess of spheres and epicycles. 

4617
04:09:12,100 --> 04:09:16,200
I focusing on Mars and Venus 
planets, whose orbits came 

4618
04:09:16,208 --> 04:09:18,900
closest to Earth, he 
strengthened the numerical 

4619
04:09:18,900 --> 04:09:22,200
backbone of his claim. 
His Devotion to Precision 

4620
04:09:22,200 --> 04:09:24,000
occasionally bordered on 
Obsession. 

4621
04:09:24,000 --> 04:09:28,400
But this meticulousness he 
believed was the only Shield 

4622
04:09:28,400 --> 04:09:32,200
against accusation of era. 
From box daily routines 

4623
04:09:32,200 --> 04:09:34,600
persisted in the cathedrals 
records. 

4624
04:09:34,600 --> 04:09:37,300
His signature appears on 
financial ledgers and property 

4625
04:09:37,300 --> 04:09:39,500
documents. 
He participated in church 

4626
04:09:39,500 --> 04:09:42,800
Sinner's debated currently 
standards and offered medical 

4627
04:09:42,800 --> 04:09:47,600
consultations to fellow clerics 
despite his responsibilities he 

4628
04:09:47,600 --> 04:09:51,000
was always fascinated by 
geometry and Star Charts at 

4629
04:09:51,000 --> 04:09:54,700
times he found it ironic that a 
man so deeply entrenched in the 

4630
04:09:54,700 --> 04:09:58,000
church's official structure was 
assembling a radical concept 

4631
04:09:58,000 --> 04:09:59,900
that could unseat centuries old 
Dogma. 

4632
04:10:00,800 --> 04:10:03,000
Yettis did not see himself as a 
rebel. 

4633
04:10:03,000 --> 04:10:05,100
He was not out to undermine 
Faith. 

4634
04:10:05,100 --> 04:10:07,800
Merely to rectify. 
What he viewed as a floored 

4635
04:10:07,800 --> 04:10:10,700
cosmology. 
The impetus behind his work. 

4636
04:10:10,700 --> 04:10:13,700
Was neither vanity nor 
Rebellion, but a quest for a 

4637
04:10:13,700 --> 04:10:17,600
truer understanding of creation 
If God had set the Sun at the 

4638
04:10:17,608 --> 04:10:22,100
center then acknowledging that 
truth honored rather than defied

4639
04:10:22,100 --> 04:10:26,400
divine order. 
In these years, a handful of 

4640
04:10:26,408 --> 04:10:28,300
younger Scholars began seeking 
him out. 

4641
04:10:28,300 --> 04:10:31,900
They heard Whispers that an 
unassuming cannon in a Baltic 

4642
04:10:31,900 --> 04:10:34,900
Outpost was building a 
staggering, new Celestial 

4643
04:10:34,900 --> 04:10:37,800
framework. 
One, such visitor was a bright 

4644
04:10:37,800 --> 04:10:39,700
mathematician who journeyed 
North. 

4645
04:10:40,300 --> 04:10:43,600
Risking poor roads and uncertain
lodgings, just to Glimpse 

4646
04:10:43,600 --> 04:10:46,900
copernicus's calculations. 
Though, the older man was 

4647
04:10:46,900 --> 04:10:49,900
reserved. 
He recognized genuine curiosity 

4648
04:10:49,900 --> 04:10:53,200
in these guests and sometimes 
shared glimpses of his evolving 

4649
04:10:53,200 --> 04:10:55,400
model. 
He stressed that it was still in

4650
04:10:55,400 --> 04:10:58,400
flux, cautioning them not to 
spread half formed theories. 

4651
04:10:58,400 --> 04:11:02,000
That critics could easily 
dismantle occasionally word of 

4652
04:11:02,000 --> 04:11:05,000
copernicus's ideas made its way 
to academics in larger cities. 

4653
04:11:05,000 --> 04:11:09,300
Some expressed skepticism they 
pointed to centuries of 

4654
04:11:09,300 --> 04:11:11,300
authority backing Earth's fixed 
position. 

4655
04:11:11,300 --> 04:11:14,700
Well, they raise theological 
concerns about dislodging 

4656
04:11:14,700 --> 04:11:18,300
Humanity from the cosmic Center 
Others, quite quietly cheered 

4657
04:11:18,300 --> 04:11:22,200
him on intrigued by reports that
his geometry matched observation

4658
04:11:22,200 --> 04:11:26,200
more neatly than ptolemies this 
division in response, only 

4659
04:11:26,200 --> 04:11:29,400
hiking his sense that timing 
would be everything One 

4660
04:11:29,400 --> 04:11:31,100
Challenge. 
She faced was how to present his

4661
04:11:31,100 --> 04:11:35,700
finding text was dense filled 
with geometry and astronomical 

4662
04:11:35,700 --> 04:11:38,300
tables. 
It would not be a casual read 

4663
04:11:38,300 --> 04:11:40,400
for the untrained that was 
intentional. 

4664
04:11:41,800 --> 04:11:44,100
Copernicus believed that if his 
argument stood against 

4665
04:11:44,100 --> 04:11:47,500
theological scrutiny, it must 
first appear airtight to 

4666
04:11:47,500 --> 04:11:50,200
mathematicians. 
Once the mathematical skeleton 

4667
04:11:50,200 --> 04:11:53,300
was unassailable, he hoped 
reason, would Triumph persuading

4668
04:11:53,300 --> 04:11:56,000
even Skeptics who feared 
contradiction with scripture. 

4669
04:11:56,800 --> 04:12:00,000
Still, he had lingering doubts 
about reception Europe was in 

4670
04:12:00,000 --> 04:12:03,200
disarray local skirmishes, 
erupted over doctrines, that now

4671
04:12:03,200 --> 04:12:06,500
seemed fluid and the threat of 
political entanglement loomed. 

4672
04:12:07,100 --> 04:12:10,000
When he read news of harsh 
punishments for dissenters, he 

4673
04:12:10,000 --> 04:12:12,600
wondered whether his Cosmic 
Theory might be lumped in with 

4674
04:12:12,600 --> 04:12:16,900
dangerous heresies Yeti pressed 
on Guided by an inner conviction

4675
04:12:16,900 --> 04:12:19,800
that the simpler explanation of 
planetary motion must eventually

4676
04:12:19,800 --> 04:12:23,200
prevail. 
Between editing session, he 

4677
04:12:23,200 --> 04:12:26,400
still took time to observe. 
The heavens nightly vigils were 

4678
04:12:26,400 --> 04:12:29,800
a source of comfort for him. 
Even in his 50s, the glimmer of 

4679
04:12:29,800 --> 04:12:31,700
Saturn all the brightness of 
Jupiter. 

4680
04:12:31,700 --> 04:12:34,600
Reassured him that the sky did 
not bent a human quarrels. 

4681
04:12:34,600 --> 04:12:38,800
If followed laws that to be 
understood inside from box 

4682
04:12:38,800 --> 04:12:42,300
walls, kershner's outward, life 
appeared unchanged. 

4683
04:12:43,000 --> 04:12:46,200
He was a dutiful Cannon and 
measured official and an 

4684
04:12:46,200 --> 04:12:48,300
occasionally Stern, caretaker of
church affairs. 

4685
04:12:49,100 --> 04:12:51,900
Only a trusted few Knew How 
Deeply wrestled with the final 

4686
04:12:51,900 --> 04:12:55,500
touches of his magnum. 
Opus, Some Nights by Lamplight. 

4687
04:12:55,500 --> 04:12:59,800
He rearranged entire paragraphs 
seeking, a more precise way to 

4688
04:12:59,800 --> 04:13:03,208
describe planetary paths. 
Small errors had no place in the

4689
04:13:03,216 --> 04:13:06,000
Bold. 
As the decade progressed 

4690
04:13:06,000 --> 04:13:08,800
letters, trickled, in from 
Scholars who had Glimpse parts 

4691
04:13:08,800 --> 04:13:12,400
of his manuscript. 
Many urged him to publish his 

4692
04:13:12,400 --> 04:13:15,000
seclusion. 
They argued only delayed a 

4693
04:13:15,000 --> 04:13:18,000
necessary debate yet. 
The swirling uncertainty in 

4694
04:13:18,000 --> 04:13:21,200
Europe, gave him pause. 
He suspected that once his book 

4695
04:13:21,200 --> 04:13:24,000
was out, there would be no 
turning back for. 

4696
04:13:24,000 --> 04:13:26,100
Now, he clung to a cautious 
optimism. 

4697
04:13:26,100 --> 04:13:30,200
Perhaps a new era would Adorn, 
One open to re-evaluate in 

4698
04:13:30,200 --> 04:13:34,200
ancient true's in that. 
Hope he saw the faint glow of a 

4699
04:13:34,200 --> 04:13:38,000
future shaped by calculation and
observation The dawn of the 

4700
04:13:38,000 --> 04:13:44,100
1540s brought Copernicus and 
unexpected visitor, Georgina's a

4701
04:13:44,100 --> 04:13:48,000
young mathematician from 
Atticus, had heard the rumors, 

4702
04:13:48,000 --> 04:13:51,200
an aging cannon in distant, 
wormio was challenging the 

4703
04:13:51,200 --> 04:13:55,200
cosmos itself. 
Curious bold rheticus traveled, 

4704
04:13:55,200 --> 04:13:56,900
North to see if the stories were
true. 

4705
04:13:57,800 --> 04:14:00,300
Upon arrival, he found 
Copernicus at his death 

4706
04:14:00,300 --> 04:14:04,600
surrounded by geometric diagrams
half-finished, manuscripts and 

4707
04:14:04,600 --> 04:14:07,900
Star Charts pin to walls. 
Their initial conversation was 

4708
04:14:07,900 --> 04:14:11,300
guarded. 
Copernicus ever wary. 

4709
04:14:12,000 --> 04:14:15,900
Questioned rheticus is motives. 
Was this gentleman a genuine 

4710
04:14:15,900 --> 04:14:19,300
scholar or a spy sent by critic 
seeking ammunition against him? 

4711
04:14:20,000 --> 04:14:22,700
But rheticus displayed both 
admiration and a profound 

4712
04:14:22,700 --> 04:14:24,900
knowledge of mathematics before 
long. 

4713
04:14:24,900 --> 04:14:29,400
Trust replaced suspicion. 
The younger man poured over 

4714
04:14:29,400 --> 04:14:32,600
copernicus's notes impressed by 
the clarity with which 

4715
04:14:32,600 --> 04:14:36,800
heliocentrism solved, planetary,
riddles, retrograde motion, 

4716
04:14:36,800 --> 04:14:40,300
awkward epicycles and the 
wandering Paths of Venus and 

4717
04:14:40,300 --> 04:14:42,500
Mars became far, more 
comprehensible in a 

4718
04:14:42,500 --> 04:14:45,400
sun-centered, layout encouraged 
by a rear tychus. 

4719
04:14:45,400 --> 04:14:48,700
And enthusiasm Copernicus 
cautiously shared more details. 

4720
04:14:48,700 --> 04:14:52,400
He explained how Decades of 
observations pointed to the same

4721
04:14:52,400 --> 04:14:55,000
conclusion. 
Earth was a planet orbiting the 

4722
04:14:55,000 --> 04:14:59,200
Sun spinning on its axis to 
create day and night rheticus, 

4723
04:14:59,200 --> 04:15:03,200
astonished urged him to polish. 
If even a fraction of these 

4724
04:15:03,200 --> 04:15:07,500
calculations were accurate, the 
world needed to know Copernicus 

4725
04:15:07,500 --> 04:15:10,100
hesitated. 
Europe's religious situation. 

4726
04:15:10,100 --> 04:15:12,900
Remained volatile. 
One misinterpretation of his 

4727
04:15:12,900 --> 04:15:16,400
work could see him branded a 
heretic still rheticus 

4728
04:15:16,400 --> 04:15:19,000
persisted, he offered to write a
preliminary Treatise. 

4729
04:15:19,000 --> 04:15:22,200
Showcasing the core arguments, a
trial, balloon to gauge 

4730
04:15:22,200 --> 04:15:25,500
reaction. 
Copernicus consented handing 

4731
04:15:25,500 --> 04:15:27,000
over relevant tables and 
diagrams. 

4732
04:15:27,000 --> 04:15:31,800
Rheticus composed, the neural 
Prima describing heliocentrism 

4733
04:15:31,800 --> 04:15:34,900
in readable form. 
Circulated in scholarly circles 

4734
04:15:34,900 --> 04:15:39,300
sparked, a mix of curiosity, 
praise and alarm some lauded the

4735
04:15:39,308 --> 04:15:42,800
elegant math, others, bristled 
it to throwing Earth, the church

4736
04:15:42,800 --> 04:15:46,100
kept silent for the moment. 
Perhaps not fully grasping the 

4737
04:15:46,100 --> 04:15:48,100
implications were too busy 
handling. 

4738
04:15:48,100 --> 04:15:52,400
Other controversies void by the 
reaction rheticus urged 

4739
04:15:52,400 --> 04:15:54,400
Copernicus. 
To finalized a revolutions. 

4740
04:15:54,400 --> 04:15:57,900
He argued that reason and 
observation were on their side. 

4741
04:15:58,700 --> 04:16:01,600
If the book laid out each 
calculation thoroughly, it could

4742
04:16:01,600 --> 04:16:05,800
withstand even hostile scrutiny 
in private Copernicus. 

4743
04:16:05,800 --> 04:16:07,400
Felt he was facing a pivotal 
moment. 

4744
04:16:07,400 --> 04:16:10,700
He had dedicated most of his 
adult life to this theory. 

4745
04:16:10,700 --> 04:16:14,500
If he died with the manuscript 
on published, all that effort 

4746
04:16:14,500 --> 04:16:17,700
might Fade Into Obscurity yet 
publish was to risk 

4747
04:16:17,700 --> 04:16:20,300
condemnation. 
Even as he wrestled with these 

4748
04:16:20,300 --> 04:16:23,800
choices life in from bork, 
marched forward, he oversaw 

4749
04:16:23,800 --> 04:16:26,500
Church revenues. 
Patched up administrative Loop 

4750
04:16:26,500 --> 04:16:29,500
holes and sometimes practiced 
meds, and for local residents, 

4751
04:16:29,500 --> 04:16:33,700
rheticus stayed for months, 
assisting with computations and 

4752
04:16:33,700 --> 04:16:36,700
clarifying textural passages 
their collaboration. 

4753
04:16:36,700 --> 04:16:40,700
Proved fruitful where courners 
is Latin explanations felt dense

4754
04:16:40,700 --> 04:16:44,600
rheticus suggested simpler 
wording where rheticus harried 

4755
04:16:44,600 --> 04:16:48,700
panicis insisted on double 
checking each figure in time. 

4756
04:16:48,700 --> 04:16:50,900
The manuscript became more 
coherent and approachable. 

4757
04:16:51,600 --> 04:16:54,200
Rumors of this partnership 
spread and some Scholars 

4758
04:16:54,200 --> 04:16:55,900
traveled, North to witness the 
Synergy. 

4759
04:16:55,900 --> 04:16:59,800
They debated planetary speeds 
and elliptical hints though. 

4760
04:16:59,800 --> 04:17:02,300
Neither man realized it fully at
the time. 

4761
04:17:02,300 --> 04:17:05,200
Their exchange of ideas for 
shadowed future. 

4762
04:17:05,200 --> 04:17:07,800
Scientific endeavors where 
collaboration would push 

4763
04:17:07,800 --> 04:17:11,200
boundaries of knowledge. 
It a clouds of Doubt hovered. 

4764
04:17:11,200 --> 04:17:14,500
Not everyone was ready for a 
world lacking Earth's Cosmic 

4765
04:17:14,500 --> 04:17:18,400
privilege, Meanwhile Copernicus 
received letters from distant 

4766
04:17:18,400 --> 04:17:20,300
colleagues warning him of 
potential backlash. 

4767
04:17:21,400 --> 04:17:24,000
A few devout theologians 
insisted that scripture, 

4768
04:17:24,000 --> 04:17:25,900
unequivocally placed Earth at 
the center. 

4769
04:17:25,900 --> 04:17:29,900
Another Factor less tied to 
literal interpretations 

4770
04:17:29,900 --> 04:17:33,400
expressed intrigued at the 
possibility of reconciling a 

4771
04:17:33,400 --> 04:17:35,000
moving Earth with God's Grand 
Design. 

4772
04:17:36,000 --> 04:17:39,400
In these missives Copernicus, 
saw both risk and Hope. 

4773
04:17:40,300 --> 04:17:43,000
Divisions among intellectuals 
mirrored, the broader Rift 

4774
04:17:43,000 --> 04:17:47,000
fracturing Christendom increase 
in the reticles, for Council. 

4775
04:17:47,000 --> 04:17:50,600
The younger man, advocated 
transparency convinced that a 

4776
04:17:50,600 --> 04:17:52,700
well argued Treasures. 
Would find Defenders among 

4777
04:17:52,700 --> 04:17:55,600
Europe Scholars. 
This optimism harkened 

4778
04:17:55,600 --> 04:17:58,700
Copernicus. 
Oh he remained where he to 

4779
04:17:58,700 --> 04:18:00,600
reassure his friend and perhaps 
himself. 

4780
04:18:00,600 --> 04:18:04,500
He invoked the principle that 
truth grounded in measurable 

4781
04:18:04,500 --> 04:18:08,600
phenomena should endure. 
If the sun truly lay at the 

4782
04:18:08,608 --> 04:18:12,100
center no condemnation could 
erase the geometry, proving it? 

4783
04:18:12,900 --> 04:18:17,400
Yet as they rechecked tables and
refine the text copernicus's 

4784
04:18:17,400 --> 04:18:20,100
Health began to wane long hours 
at his death. 

4785
04:18:20,100 --> 04:18:23,500
Combined with the stress of 
potential controversy weighed on

4786
04:18:23,508 --> 04:18:27,200
him, still he pressed forward in
quiet corners of the cathedral 

4787
04:18:27,200 --> 04:18:30,000
complex. 
He paced mentally rehearsing how

4788
04:18:30,000 --> 04:18:33,100
to defend his findings if 
challenged with each revision, 

4789
04:18:33,100 --> 04:18:36,400
the revolution of solidified 
into a structured argument. 

4790
04:18:37,200 --> 04:18:40,600
Geometry and observation into 
twine forming, a fortress of 

4791
04:18:40,600 --> 04:18:43,000
logic. 
Sensing the urgency of the 

4792
04:18:43,000 --> 04:18:46,300
situation rheticus suggested, 
printing the manuscript. 

4793
04:18:47,200 --> 04:18:50,200
Copernicus. 
Reluctantly agreed provided he 

4794
04:18:50,200 --> 04:18:52,700
could oversee the final stages 
to ensure accuracy. 

4795
04:18:52,700 --> 04:18:55,200
He wanted. 
No sensationalism no. 

4796
04:18:55,200 --> 04:18:59,600
Grandstanding the data would 
provide sufficient evidence, a 

4797
04:18:59,600 --> 04:19:01,100
moving Earth wasn't just an 
opinion. 

4798
04:19:01,100 --> 04:19:06,400
It was a conclusion drawn from 
Decades of meticulous inquiry by

4799
04:19:06,400 --> 04:19:09,500
the early 1540s. 
Copernicus was on the verge of 

4800
04:19:09,500 --> 04:19:12,800
publication, the quiet scholar, 
who wants his notes. 

4801
04:19:12,800 --> 04:19:16,700
Now inched toward revealing them
Europe, might recoil or Rejoice.

4802
04:19:16,700 --> 04:19:20,800
He could not predict, but with 
rheticus at his side he felt 

4803
04:19:20,800 --> 04:19:23,100
less alone, the momentum was 
Unstoppable. 

4804
04:19:24,000 --> 04:19:27,500
Swirl of, Einstein Pages, fresh 
calculations, and cautious 

4805
04:19:27,500 --> 04:19:31,500
excitement gathered Force soon. 
The world would learn of a 

4806
04:19:31,500 --> 04:19:34,200
cosmic shift that carried as 
much, poetic Wonder as it did 

4807
04:19:34,200 --> 04:19:38,600
sober mathematics. 
By 1542 Copernicus is 

4808
04:19:38,600 --> 04:19:39,800
manuscript. 
Was nearly ready for the 

4809
04:19:39,808 --> 04:19:42,300
printer? 
Yeti, fretted over every line. 

4810
04:19:42,300 --> 04:19:45,800
Even after rheticus departed 
from book to handle Affairs 

4811
04:19:45,800 --> 04:19:48,000
elsewhere, they continued 
exchanging letters. 

4812
04:19:48,000 --> 04:19:51,300
The younger scholar reported 
progress and securing a printing

4813
04:19:51,300 --> 04:19:54,500
arrangement in Nuremberg. 
A city known for scholarly 

4814
04:19:54,500 --> 04:19:57,100
Works. 
Although pleased Copernicus. 

4815
04:19:57,100 --> 04:20:01,000
Also felt a Pang of anxiety 
handing his life's labor to a 

4816
04:20:01,000 --> 04:20:02,700
printer. 
Mint, relinquishing control over

4817
04:20:02,700 --> 04:20:05,500
its reception. 
Braced himself for potential 

4818
04:20:05,500 --> 04:20:08,000
Fallout. 
Whispers among clerics 

4819
04:20:08,000 --> 04:20:10,800
suggested, that a harsh reaction
could come from those who read. 

4820
04:20:10,800 --> 04:20:13,900
The Bible Celestial references 
as literal scientific 

4821
04:20:13,900 --> 04:20:17,300
statements. 
And yet the same hush also 

4822
04:20:17,300 --> 04:20:20,800
contained flickers of curiosity,
many churchmen with an interest,

4823
04:20:20,800 --> 04:20:23,300
in astronomy, a private 
acknowledged that the 

4824
04:20:23,300 --> 04:20:26,100
intricacies of ptolemaic 
astronomy challenged their 

4825
04:20:26,100 --> 04:20:30,400
credibility. 
Perhaps in time a new system if 

4826
04:20:30,400 --> 04:20:35,300
persuasively presented might 
find acceptance, Before sending 

4827
04:20:35,300 --> 04:20:38,800
the final draft to Nuremberg 
Copernicus, added finishing 

4828
04:20:38,800 --> 04:20:42,400
touches refined, planetary 
tables, a preface in measured 

4829
04:20:42,400 --> 04:20:44,800
tones and clear proofs of each 
claim. 

4830
04:20:45,700 --> 04:20:49,200
He took solace in reticence vow 
to overseas of the publication, 

4831
04:20:49,200 --> 04:20:52,800
but as he sealed the last packet
of manuscripts, he could not 

4832
04:20:52,800 --> 04:20:56,200
quell a Tremor of apprehension. 
There was no telling how Europe 

4833
04:20:56,200 --> 04:21:00,000
embroiled in Protestant Catholic
tensions, would react to an idea

4834
04:21:00,000 --> 04:21:02,100
that seemed to rewrite creation 
script. 

4835
04:21:02,800 --> 04:21:06,900
In the printing shop, troubles 
stirred and Reyes of Candor, Olu

4836
04:21:06,900 --> 04:21:09,800
and theologian. 
And mathematician was in listed 

4837
04:21:09,800 --> 04:21:13,400
to help with the publication 
process oakanda without 

4838
04:21:13,400 --> 04:21:16,900
copernicus's direct approval. 
A fixed of preface suggesting 

4839
04:21:16,900 --> 04:21:20,200
that we should treat the new 
model as a mere hypothesis, not 

4840
04:21:20,200 --> 04:21:24,100
a literal truth. 
Intent on shielding Copernicus 

4841
04:21:24,100 --> 04:21:27,700
from persecution or so. 
He claimed OCD and does not 

4842
04:21:27,700 --> 04:21:29,300
implied. 
That the heliocentric 

4843
04:21:29,300 --> 04:21:31,700
Arrangement was just a 
convenient way to calculate 

4844
04:21:31,700 --> 04:21:35,200
planetary positions. 
This ambivalence grated on those

4845
04:21:35,200 --> 04:21:38,600
who knew copernicus'. 
Genuine conviction rheticus 

4846
04:21:38,600 --> 04:21:41,100
furious at the alteration sought
to rectify. 

4847
04:21:41,100 --> 04:21:43,600
Matters for the printing presses
were already in motion. 

4848
04:21:44,300 --> 04:21:48,300
Copies of the revolutionibus, 
orbium Coalition, rolled out 

4849
04:21:48,300 --> 04:21:51,400
some with oceanas unauthorized 
preface front and center. 

4850
04:21:52,700 --> 04:21:55,300
When word of this reached 
Copernicus and frombork he was 

4851
04:21:55,300 --> 04:21:58,700
too ill to mount a vigorous 
protest age and sickness had 

4852
04:21:58,700 --> 04:22:02,200
caught up with him friends noted
that his once methodical pace of

4853
04:22:02,200 --> 04:22:04,300
life. 
Now faltered as he confronted 

4854
04:22:04,300 --> 04:22:06,500
persistent fatigue in bouts of 
confusion. 

4855
04:22:07,400 --> 04:22:09,500
Still his resolved did not 
break. 

4856
04:22:09,500 --> 04:22:12,900
He had done what he set out to 
do the Earth in motion and the 

4857
04:22:12,900 --> 04:22:15,600
sun in the center with rigorous 
math to back it. 

4858
04:22:15,600 --> 04:22:19,600
In spirit, he rejected oakanda 
suggestion that it was mere 

4859
04:22:19,600 --> 04:22:23,400
theory for Copernicus, careful 
Ops stationing and calculation 

4860
04:22:23,400 --> 04:22:25,500
had laid bare the architecture 
of the cosmos. 

4861
04:22:26,300 --> 04:22:29,000
His only regret was losing a 
measure of control over how the 

4862
04:22:29,000 --> 04:22:30,600
public first encountered his 
opus. 

4863
04:22:31,400 --> 04:22:34,200
As the printed volumes began 
their slow dissemination across 

4864
04:22:34,200 --> 04:22:36,700
Europe. 
The initial response was muted. 

4865
04:22:37,400 --> 04:22:40,100
Many readers found the text too 
dense to pass quickly. 

4866
04:22:40,100 --> 04:22:44,200
Some Scholars, examine the 
tables and geometry intrigued 

4867
04:22:44,200 --> 04:22:48,100
but unsure if they dared endorse
such a radical Viewpoint others,

4868
04:22:48,100 --> 04:22:51,100
dismissed it out to more wire. 
Citing scriptural or 

4869
04:22:51,100 --> 04:22:54,100
philosophical objections. 
Church officials preoccupied 

4870
04:22:54,100 --> 04:22:57,100
with stamping out Protestant 
heresies, did not immediately 

4871
04:22:57,100 --> 04:23:00,700
focus on the treaters. 
Swirl of local controversies 

4872
04:23:00,700 --> 04:23:03,000
overshadowed, copernicus's 
Cosmic claim. 

4873
04:23:03,700 --> 04:23:07,700
Meanwhile in the hushed rooms of
monastic libraries a few 

4874
04:23:07,708 --> 04:23:10,900
inquisitive Minds turned the 
pages with Dawning realization. 

4875
04:23:11,700 --> 04:23:15,100
The logic was compelling. 
No matter how one tried to 

4876
04:23:15,100 --> 04:23:18,600
preserve geocentrism, the math 
kept pointing back to a 

4877
04:23:18,600 --> 04:23:21,900
sun-centered system that a can 
of the church and authored such 

4878
04:23:21,900 --> 04:23:24,100
a text baffled sum and inspired 
others. 

4879
04:23:24,100 --> 04:23:28,300
Indeed Whispers circulated. 
That if a Catholic cleric could 

4880
04:23:28,308 --> 04:23:32,000
Advocate a moving Earth, Perhaps
the lines dividing faith and 

4881
04:23:32,008 --> 04:23:34,400
inquiry were as absolute as many
believed. 

4882
04:23:35,700 --> 04:23:39,100
Back in from bork, Copernicus is
conditioned, deteriorated 

4883
04:23:39,100 --> 04:23:41,600
accounts suggest he suffered a 
stroke. 

4884
04:23:42,300 --> 04:23:46,800
By May of 1543, He was largely 
bedridden drifting in and out of

4885
04:23:46,808 --> 04:23:49,600
clarity. 
Legend holds it that he received

4886
04:23:49,600 --> 04:23:53,700
a bound copy of derivative on 
his deathbed though, whether he 

4887
04:23:53,700 --> 04:23:57,400
recognized it as on certain, 
Some say he opened it saw the 

4888
04:23:57,400 --> 04:24:01,000
printed diagrams and smiled 
faintly others claim he was 

4889
04:24:01,000 --> 04:24:03,900
barely conscious. 
The truth is lost in the haze of

4890
04:24:03,900 --> 04:24:06,700
Final hours. 
What remains siren is that he 

4891
04:24:06,700 --> 04:24:10,900
passed away soon after the book 
of appeared his life's work once

4892
04:24:10,900 --> 04:24:14,800
guarded in secret manuscripts, 
now circulated Beyond his small 

4893
04:24:14,800 --> 04:24:19,000
domain The seeds of Revolution 
were in place poised to 

4894
04:24:19,008 --> 04:24:20,900
challenge. 
Intellectual assumptions for 

4895
04:24:20,900 --> 04:24:24,600
generations to come like a 
spark, igniting a distant views,

4896
04:24:24,600 --> 04:24:28,800
the revolutionists would not 
detonate instantly but it 

4897
04:24:28,800 --> 04:24:31,600
carried a flame that would burn 
steadily, through Halls of 

4898
04:24:31,600 --> 04:24:35,300
learning. 
In those last days, copernicus's

4899
04:24:35,300 --> 04:24:38,700
name was, not yet legendary. 
Few grasped the enormity of the 

4900
04:24:38,700 --> 04:24:42,900
events that had unfolded but in 
that small cathedral town, an 

4901
04:24:42,900 --> 04:24:44,800
exhausted scholar had released 
into the world. 

4902
04:24:44,800 --> 04:24:48,900
An idea both Stark and beautiful
that Earth itself was, but one 

4903
04:24:48,900 --> 04:24:50,900
traveler in a grand Cosmic 
dance. 

4904
04:24:51,700 --> 04:24:55,000
And though his eyes closed 
before the storm broke the echo 

4905
04:24:55,000 --> 04:24:56,300
of his Insight would Ripple 
onward. 

4906
04:24:56,300 --> 04:25:00,200
Bridging ages of Darkness and 
Light after Copernicus is 

4907
04:25:00,200 --> 04:25:04,400
passing his book lingered in 
relative, obscurity in the year,

4908
04:25:04,400 --> 04:25:07,700
1543, religious controversies in
Europe. 

4909
04:25:07,700 --> 04:25:11,100
Overshadowed, A Treatise on 
planetary motions, many copies 

4910
04:25:11,100 --> 04:25:13,600
of De revolucion on us ended up 
in University. 

4911
04:25:13,600 --> 04:25:16,900
Libraries occasionally Browse by
curious readers but not 

4912
04:25:16,900 --> 04:25:21,100
instantly hailed as a landmark. 
The pace of change in astronomy,

4913
04:25:21,100 --> 04:25:22,700
proves slower than myths might 
suggest. 

4914
04:25:23,500 --> 04:25:26,400
Yet word of a new cosmic Theory.
Cross scholarly, circles 

4915
04:25:26,400 --> 04:25:30,000
mathematicians and astronomers 
who tested copernicus's 

4916
04:25:30,000 --> 04:25:35,200
geometry, found it persuasive. 
Some disliked docs in the 

4917
04:25:35,200 --> 04:25:38,300
Copernicus, himself viewed the 
subject as more than a mere 

4918
04:25:38,300 --> 04:25:42,200
computational tool. others felt 
uneasy endorsing a concept that 

4919
04:25:42,200 --> 04:25:46,200
could provoke Church censure 
even so, the heliocentric 

4920
04:25:46,200 --> 04:25:49,800
proposition once Unthinkable, 
steadily gained attention, 

4921
04:25:50,900 --> 04:25:54,300
People wondered if centuries of 
geocentrism had been mistaken, 

4922
04:25:54,300 --> 04:25:56,000
what else might we be wrong 
about? 

4923
04:25:57,000 --> 04:26:00,200
In the decades that followed 
Defenders of the copernican 

4924
04:26:00,200 --> 04:26:04,500
system, refined his work errors 
or approximations in planetary 

4925
04:26:04,500 --> 04:26:07,400
tables were corrected often with
better instruments than 

4926
04:26:07,400 --> 04:26:10,900
Copernicus had possessed young 
astronomers, who never met him 

4927
04:26:10,900 --> 04:26:13,300
still found guidance in his 
Pages. 

4928
04:26:13,300 --> 04:26:17,200
Building on the foundation. 
He left behind a handful of them

4929
04:26:17,200 --> 04:26:20,300
wrote treatises supporting the 
heliocentric view adding 

4930
04:26:20,300 --> 04:26:24,200
incremental proof with each, 
fresh observation opposition. 

4931
04:26:24,200 --> 04:26:29,000
However was not trivial 
traditional kisses ideas as a 

4932
04:26:29,000 --> 04:26:32,200
front to human dignity. 
Spun through space. 

4933
04:26:32,200 --> 04:26:34,800
How did that align with the 
Divine your Dane Center? 

4934
04:26:36,100 --> 04:26:39,400
Dogmatic interpretations of 
scripture, hardened and some 

4935
04:26:39,400 --> 04:26:44,200
influential theologians declared
the new system unscriptural and 

4936
04:26:44,200 --> 04:26:46,800
certain academic Halls 
supporters of Copernicus. 

4937
04:26:46,800 --> 04:26:50,100
Sparred with conservative voices
refused to surrender the old 

4938
04:26:50,100 --> 04:26:53,700
model. 
Quietly a battle of paradigms 

4939
04:26:53,700 --> 04:26:56,100
began. 
One figure who championed A 

4940
04:26:56,100 --> 04:27:00,800
copernicus's heliocentrism was 
Galileo Galilei born, more than 

4941
04:27:00,808 --> 04:27:04,700
20 years before Copernicus died,
Galileo's telescopic 

4942
04:27:04,700 --> 04:27:08,000
observations decades later 
provided striking evidence. 

4943
04:27:08,000 --> 04:27:11,900
The phases of Venus, the moons 
of Jupiter and the sunspots that

4944
04:27:11,900 --> 04:27:15,000
shifted daily. 
Though Galileo's story would 

4945
04:27:15,000 --> 04:27:17,000
unfold in its own tumultuous 
way. 

4946
04:27:17,000 --> 04:27:19,600
He traced a lineage back to 
Copernicus. 

4947
04:27:19,600 --> 04:27:23,100
Galileo might never have defied 
convention by pointing his lens 

4948
04:27:23,100 --> 04:27:26,900
Skyward in the absence of that 
early attacks despite Galileo's 

4949
04:27:26,900 --> 04:27:29,600
eventual. 
Condemnation Copernicus is seeds

4950
04:27:29,600 --> 04:27:33,500
continued to sprout. 
Johannes Kepler and other giant 

4951
04:27:33,500 --> 04:27:37,100
of astronomy when copernican 
principles to demonstrate a 

4952
04:27:37,100 --> 04:27:40,300
elliptical orbits, Those are 
elliptical refinements, improved

4953
04:27:40,300 --> 04:27:45,000
predictions, Beyond's original 
data, each subsequent Advanced 

4954
04:27:45,000 --> 04:27:47,700
validated, the notion that the 
Earth traveled around the Sun 

4955
04:27:47,700 --> 04:27:50,100
Newton's. 
Physics would later bind it all 

4956
04:27:50,100 --> 04:27:53,400
together, showing how gravity 
governed these Celestial dances 

4957
04:27:53,400 --> 04:27:57,300
weaving's, Revolution into the 
broader tapestry of scientific 

4958
04:27:57,300 --> 04:28:00,900
law, As these luminaries pushed 
the limits of astronomy. 

4959
04:28:01,500 --> 04:28:04,300
Copernicus's name gradually 
gained a venerable glow. 

4960
04:28:05,000 --> 04:28:06,700
Scholars. 
Looked back on his cautious 

4961
04:28:06,700 --> 04:28:09,700
approach and saw wisdom. 
He had predicted resistance 

4962
04:28:09,700 --> 04:28:13,500
recognized, The Perils of an 
Epoch Riven by religious strife 

4963
04:28:13,500 --> 04:28:17,700
and still managed to publish an 
audacious claim over time. 

4964
04:28:17,700 --> 04:28:20,800
The memory of him as a timid 
cannon in a remote cathedral 

4965
04:28:20,800 --> 04:28:23,600
town, transformed into an image 
of the Brave father of modern 

4966
04:28:23,600 --> 04:28:26,500
astronomy. 
In the centuries to come the 

4967
04:28:26,500 --> 04:28:28,600
church itself would revise its 
stance. 

4968
04:28:29,200 --> 04:28:32,500
Though official condemnation of 
heliocentrism, emerged decades 

4969
04:28:32,500 --> 04:28:35,900
after copernicus's death they 
were eventually lifted and his 

4970
04:28:35,900 --> 04:28:37,800
Works found a place in Catholic 
scholarship. 

4971
04:28:38,800 --> 04:28:42,300
That shift was neither Swift nor
simple, but it underscored how 

4972
04:28:42,300 --> 04:28:46,100
even massive institutions could 
adapt a new evidence given 

4973
04:28:46,100 --> 04:28:49,300
enough time and debate. 
Legends about Copernicus. 

4974
04:28:49,300 --> 04:28:53,500
Blossomed some painted him as 
Nana acknowledged Rebel others 

4975
04:28:53,500 --> 04:28:56,400
as a devout servant of the 
church who happened upon a 

4976
04:28:56,400 --> 04:28:59,300
startling truth. 
The reality was more nuanced. 

4977
04:29:00,000 --> 04:29:03,700
He was part of a lineage ancient
Greek astronomers, Islamic 

4978
04:29:03,700 --> 04:29:07,300
mathematicians in European 
scholars, all contributed pieces

4979
04:29:07,300 --> 04:29:10,100
of the puzzle. 
He finally assembled yet, he was

4980
04:29:10,100 --> 04:29:12,200
the one who broke from the 
gravitational pull of 

4981
04:29:12,200 --> 04:29:16,600
traditional suggesting that 
Earth sword through space rather

4982
04:29:16,600 --> 04:29:21,900
than resting at creation center.
Today in tarun visitors, see 

4983
04:29:21,900 --> 04:29:24,600
statues and plaques celebrating 
the hometown astronomer. 

4984
04:29:25,400 --> 04:29:29,000
His name adorns craters on the 
moon, testifying to his lasting 

4985
04:29:29,000 --> 04:29:30,400
imprint on our knowledge of the 
heavens. 

4986
04:29:31,400 --> 04:29:34,100
Schoolchildren. 
Learn of his achievements often 

4987
04:29:34,100 --> 04:29:36,600
without grasping, the centuries 
of struggle, it took for his 

4988
04:29:36,600 --> 04:29:39,500
ideas to Triumph. 
In the broader, sweep of History

4989
04:29:39,500 --> 04:29:43,500
warns us, that even widely held 
beliefs can crumble under the 

4990
04:29:43,500 --> 04:29:45,900
weight of rigorous observation 
and honest inquiry. 

4991
04:29:45,900 --> 04:29:49,100
And so, Nicholas Copernicus is 
life. 

4992
04:29:49,100 --> 04:29:51,500
Underscores the power of quiet 
determination. 

4993
04:29:51,500 --> 04:29:56,500
He served as a Canon healed, the
sick balanced Church finances 

4994
04:29:56,500 --> 04:30:00,100
and through it all. 
Reinterpreted the universe. 

4995
04:30:01,500 --> 04:30:03,900
though he never saw the full 
upheaval is book, would create 

4996
04:30:04,800 --> 04:30:07,900
He lit the fuse. 
In the end, his legacy 

4997
04:30:07,900 --> 04:30:11,600
transcended, his age forging 
Pathways for thinkers bold 

4998
04:30:11,600 --> 04:30:14,000
enough to look up, wooden 
questions, the obvious by 

4999
04:30:14,000 --> 04:30:17,300
repositioning Earth Among the 
Stars gave human kind gift. 

5000
04:30:17,300 --> 04:30:20,800
Both humbling and liberating, 
the realization that our vantage

5001
04:30:20,800 --> 04:30:23,700
point is, but one corner of a 
vast Cosmic stage. 

5002
04:30:32,400 --> 04:30:35,400
We uncover the surprising story 
of how Andre Michelin tricked 

5003
04:30:35,400 --> 04:30:38,900
the world turning a tire company
into the Arbiter of fine dining 

5004
04:30:38,900 --> 04:30:42,400
through clever marketing and 
Visionary thinking Michelin. 

5005
04:30:42,400 --> 04:30:45,000
Transformed the way people 
travel eat and view quality 

5006
04:30:45,000 --> 04:30:48,100
itself. 
This is the story of a brand, a 

5007
04:30:48,100 --> 04:30:50,300
guide, and the long game of 
global influence. 

5008
04:30:50,300 --> 04:30:53,800
So, before you get comfortable, 
as always, take a moment to like

5009
04:30:53,800 --> 04:30:56,300
the video and subscribe to the 
channel if you haven't already 

5010
04:30:56,300 --> 04:30:59,200
joined the crew. 
Also let us know where you're 

5011
04:30:59,200 --> 04:31:01,900
watching from and what time it 
is for you as we progress 

5012
04:31:01,900 --> 04:31:04,500
through the week, I aim to 
maintain a concise and enjoyable

5013
04:31:04,500 --> 04:31:07,700
experience for all of you. 
So, turn off the lights, grab 

5014
04:31:07,700 --> 04:31:09,700
your blanket and warm pillow and
let's begin. 

5015
04:31:12,600 --> 04:31:16,600
Clairemont ferror France 1889 in
a modest Rubber Factory 

5016
04:31:16,600 --> 04:31:19,700
teetering on the edge of 
bankruptcy Brothers, Andre and 

5017
04:31:19,700 --> 04:31:23,200
Edouard Michela took charge with
one goal to reinvent, their 

5018
04:31:23,200 --> 04:31:27,300
families failing business. 
The company Michelin at Sea had 

5019
04:31:27,300 --> 04:31:30,100
been selling farm equipment and 
vulcanized rubber Goods since 

5020
04:31:30,100 --> 04:31:33,500
1832 but by the late 19th 
century at needed, a new 

5021
04:31:33,508 --> 04:31:36,600
Direction, Andre a trained 
engineer and eduard. 

5022
04:31:36,600 --> 04:31:40,200
An artistic Soul turned 
industrialist believe that the 

5023
04:31:40,200 --> 04:31:43,400
future lay on the roads. 
Specifically in providing the 

5024
04:31:43,400 --> 04:31:45,700
tires for France's nascent 
automobile age. 

5025
04:31:46,600 --> 04:31:49,800
The trouble was that in 1889 
even bicycles which were 

5026
04:31:49,800 --> 04:31:53,700
exploding in popularity, 
constantly waylaid by punctures 

5027
04:31:53,700 --> 04:31:56,800
on rough primitive roads. 
Their first breakthrough came 

5028
04:31:56,800 --> 04:31:59,300
unexpectedly courtesy of a weary
cyclist. 

5029
04:31:59,300 --> 04:32:02,500
One day, a man trudged into 
their workshop with a bicycle 

5030
04:32:02,500 --> 04:32:04,100
tire punctured Beyond quick 
repair. 

5031
04:32:05,000 --> 04:32:07,400
At the time, most tires were 
glued tightly to the wheel, 

5032
04:32:07,400 --> 04:32:11,600
making flats and hours, long 
ordeal to fix such punctures 

5033
04:32:11,600 --> 04:32:14,700
were a very common occurrence 
given road conditions of the 

5034
04:32:14,700 --> 04:32:18,800
Day, Horseshoe Nails broken 
glass and shops stones with a 

5035
04:32:18,808 --> 04:32:21,000
bone natural enemies of early 
cyclists. 

5036
04:32:21,000 --> 04:32:24,700
Edouard Michelin saw an 
opportunity, he experimented 

5037
04:32:24,700 --> 04:32:27,900
tirelessly and by 1891 had 
patented a revolutionary 

5038
04:32:27,900 --> 04:32:30,900
removable pneumatic tire, that 
could be mended in minutes. 

5039
04:32:31,900 --> 04:32:34,900
This invention built upon John 
dunlops early in pneumatic tire 

5040
04:32:34,900 --> 04:32:38,200
concept, but michelin's 
detachable design was far more 

5041
04:32:38,200 --> 04:32:40,800
practical and quickly proved 
itself in action. 

5042
04:32:41,800 --> 04:32:44,600
The brothers tested their new 
tire in the longest bicycle race

5043
04:32:44,600 --> 04:32:46,300
of the day to demonstrate its 
superiority. 

5044
04:32:47,700 --> 04:32:51,000
Fitted with michelin's, quick 
change tires cyclic, Charles 

5045
04:32:51,000 --> 04:32:55,600
Tyrone won the grueling, 1891 
Paris pres Paris, race 8 hours 

5046
04:32:55,600 --> 04:32:59,100
ahead of his nearest rival. 
It was a stunning victory for 

5047
04:32:59,100 --> 04:33:02,700
both Rider and tire a publicity 
coup that announced michelanne 

5048
04:33:02,700 --> 04:33:04,099
as a new force in 
transportation. 

5049
04:33:04,900 --> 04:33:07,400
Emboldened. 
The michelins turned their 

5050
04:33:07,400 --> 04:33:10,700
attention to the automobile 
Contraption still in its infancy

5051
04:33:10,700 --> 04:33:14,800
in 1895 they entered a peculiar 
looking vehicle nicknamed 

5052
04:33:14,800 --> 04:33:19,500
LeClaire lightning in the Paris,
Bordeaux Paris competition, one 

5053
04:33:19,500 --> 04:33:22,800
of the world's first 
long-distance car races, the car

5054
04:33:22,800 --> 04:33:26,200
ran on michelin's Airfield tires
daring, gamble at a time when 

5055
04:33:26,200 --> 04:33:29,400
many observers doubted that 
fragile are stuffed rubber could

5056
04:33:29,400 --> 04:33:31,099
support a motor cars, weight and
speed. 

5057
04:33:31,900 --> 04:33:35,400
True LeClaire didn't win it 
limped in near the back of the 

5058
04:33:35,408 --> 04:33:38,099
pack but its performance was 
convincing enough to create a 

5059
04:33:38,108 --> 04:33:40,900
market. 
Spectators and fellow Engineers 

5060
04:33:40,900 --> 04:33:42,599
saw that a car on pneumatic 
tires. 

5061
04:33:42,599 --> 04:33:45,300
Could survive a rugged? 
732 mile Journey. 

5062
04:33:46,099 --> 04:33:49,300
As one report noted the race 
virtually launched the market 

5063
04:33:49,300 --> 04:33:52,400
for detachable new, Matic 
automobile tires by proving 

5064
04:33:52,400 --> 04:33:54,000
their resilience and 
practicality. 

5065
04:33:54,800 --> 04:33:57,500
The Michelin Brothers had found 
their calling making 

5066
04:33:57,500 --> 04:34:01,500
indispensable things that nobody
realized they needed until they 

5067
04:34:01,500 --> 04:34:04,200
did. 
It wild reportedly conceived the

5068
04:34:04,207 --> 04:34:07,800
idea for a mascot at a trade 
exhibition, in Leo, noticing a 

5069
04:34:07,800 --> 04:34:10,500
stack of tires that uncannily 
resembled a human form. 

5070
04:34:11,200 --> 04:34:13,800
Soon here and Andre commissioned
an artist to bring it to life. 

5071
04:34:13,800 --> 04:34:17,200
The Michelin Man, a rotund 
fellow made of Stack tires. 

5072
04:34:17,200 --> 04:34:19,900
Debuting in a famous 1898 
poster. 

5073
04:34:19,900 --> 04:34:23,599
This Jolly character dubbed 
bibendum from the Latin, nunc 

5074
04:34:23,599 --> 04:34:26,700
EST bibendum. 
Now is the time to drink was 

5075
04:34:26,700 --> 04:34:29,700
depicted cheerfully raising a 
goblet brimming with nails and 

5076
04:34:29,700 --> 04:34:33,900
broken glass to your health. 
The message was witty and clear.

5077
04:34:33,900 --> 04:34:36,599
Michelin tires, will drink up 
obstacles on the road. 

5078
04:34:36,599 --> 04:34:40,200
This imaginative ad showing the 
Tireman merrily swallowing road 

5079
04:34:40,200 --> 04:34:42,400
hazards captured, the Public's 
attention. 

5080
04:34:42,400 --> 04:34:46,200
It married humor with a 
practical promise signaling that

5081
04:34:46,200 --> 04:34:49,800
Michelin tires made motoring not
only safer, but a bit more fun. 

5082
04:34:51,000 --> 04:34:53,800
The Michelin Man quickly became 
one of the world's first truly 

5083
04:34:53,800 --> 04:34:57,700
iconic advertising characters, a
testament to the brothers Flair 

5084
04:34:57,700 --> 04:35:03,599
gold cuts for marking surprises.
By 1900 Mishler had established 

5085
04:35:03,599 --> 04:35:05,800
itself. 
As France's Premier Tire 

5086
04:35:05,800 --> 04:35:09,900
innovator, yet the market 
remained, small automobiles were

5087
04:35:09,900 --> 04:35:12,800
still the playthings of the rich
or the tinkering enthusiast. 

5088
04:35:13,599 --> 04:35:16,700
There were fewer than 3,000 cars
on all the roads of France as 

5089
04:35:16,700 --> 04:35:20,000
the new century dawned. 
For michelada, Thrive more 

5090
04:35:20,000 --> 04:35:23,300
people needed by cars and drive 
them far enough to wear out 

5091
04:35:23,300 --> 04:35:25,800
their tires, Andre Mitchell and 
understood. 

5092
04:35:25,800 --> 04:35:29,300
That selling tires wasn't just 
about the rubber, it was about 

5093
04:35:29,300 --> 04:35:31,400
selling the adventure of 
Motoring itself. 

5094
04:35:32,400 --> 04:35:34,900
France is rotted, Lanes. 
Can be transformed into more 

5095
04:35:34,900 --> 04:35:38,800
welcoming Pathways, perhaps many
more citizens would be enticed 

5096
04:35:38,800 --> 04:35:42,000
to get behind the wheel. 
With characteristic Ingenuity. 

5097
04:35:42,000 --> 04:35:44,200
He began devising a new kind of 
product. 

5098
04:35:44,200 --> 04:35:47,700
Not a tire this time but a 
booklet that would boost the 

5099
04:35:47,700 --> 04:35:51,700
entire ecosystem of driving. 
Little, did anyone suspect that 

5100
04:35:51,700 --> 04:35:54,400
this next idea would become 
michelin's greatest Legacy of 

5101
04:35:54,400 --> 04:35:56,500
all? 
Taking an automobile on a 

5102
04:35:56,500 --> 04:35:58,800
cross-country Journey was a 
daring expedition in the early 

5103
04:35:58,800 --> 04:36:02,500
1900s. 
Imagine embarking on a 200 mile 

5104
04:36:02,500 --> 04:36:06,099
drive with no road signs, no 
reliable maps, and no guarantee 

5105
04:36:06,099 --> 04:36:08,599
you'd find fuel or a mechanic if
things went awry. 

5106
04:36:09,599 --> 04:36:13,700
For instance, in 1905 Parisian, 
Gentleman embarking on a journey

5107
04:36:13,700 --> 04:36:17,200
to the French Riviera would pack
extra Patrol, tins, and tools, 

5108
04:36:17,200 --> 04:36:21,700
and anticipating the unexpected 
at every corner. car travel was 

5109
04:36:21,700 --> 04:36:24,800
truly an adventure and Andre 
Mitchell and keenly understood 

5110
04:36:24,800 --> 04:36:28,300
that drivers needed, guidance 
and reassurance, To support 

5111
04:36:28,300 --> 04:36:31,099
their customers Journeys. 
He and his brother compiled, a 

5112
04:36:31,099 --> 04:36:34,200
slim red covered handbook. 
The guide Michelin filled with 

5113
04:36:34,200 --> 04:36:37,900
everything, a motorist might 
need Technical tips on tire 

5114
04:36:37,900 --> 04:36:41,300
repair lists of garages and fuel
Depots recommended hotels, and 

5115
04:36:41,300 --> 04:36:43,800
eaters, and even maps and handy 
Town. 

5116
04:36:43,800 --> 04:36:47,500
Indexes Michelin, even included 
a Whimsical cartoon in the 

5117
04:36:47,500 --> 04:36:50,900
guide, showing a weary traveler 
collapsing under an armload of 

5118
04:36:50,900 --> 04:36:54,500
maps and manuals, only to be 
rescued by an outstretched hand,

5119
04:36:54,500 --> 04:36:58,700
offering a single book. 
The Michelin guide, The message 

5120
04:36:58,700 --> 04:37:02,099
one, small volume could replace 
a trunk full of disparate 

5121
04:37:02,099 --> 04:37:05,400
references. 
The first Michelin guide, 1900 

5122
04:37:05,400 --> 04:37:08,000
was a free. 
Booklet for motorists, full of 

5123
04:37:08,000 --> 04:37:11,599
practical information. 
Andre Michelin predicted this 

5124
04:37:11,599 --> 04:37:14,000
book appears with the century. 
It will last, as long as it 

5125
04:37:14,000 --> 04:37:16,500
does. 
The first Michelin guide made 

5126
04:37:16,500 --> 04:37:20,099
its debut in 1900, strategically
timed to the Paris. 

5127
04:37:20,099 --> 04:37:23,599
World's Fair at the bustling 
Exposition that year, which Drew

5128
04:37:23,599 --> 04:37:27,099
an astonishing 50 million 
visitors, attendees could pick 

5129
04:37:27,099 --> 04:37:30,000
up a free copy of this new 
motorist guide book, which 

5130
04:37:30,000 --> 04:37:33,200
cataloged hundreds of French 
towns and advised, where to find

5131
04:37:33,200 --> 04:37:38,099
lodging meals gas, and reliable 
repairs in an ERA, with no GPS 

5132
04:37:38,099 --> 04:37:40,700
or roadside assistance, the 
Little Red Book was a godsend 

5133
04:37:41,800 --> 04:37:45,800
That inaugural Edition ran 
nearly 400 pages with some 1300 

5134
04:37:45,800 --> 04:37:47,599
hotels among its Myriad 
listing's. 

5135
04:37:47,599 --> 04:37:50,400
This book appears with the 
century it will last. 

5136
04:37:50,400 --> 04:37:53,800
As long as it does to cleared on
train Michela boldly predicting 

5137
04:37:53,800 --> 04:37:57,400
his guides longevity. 
Indeed, the guide quickly became

5138
04:37:57,400 --> 04:38:00,300
more than a directory. 
It was a Passport to Adventure, 

5139
04:38:00,300 --> 04:38:04,000
its annual release eagerly, 
awaited by motorists, who saw it

5140
04:38:04,000 --> 04:38:05,800
as essential gear for the open 
road. 

5141
04:38:06,700 --> 04:38:10,099
Indeed, as automobiles, 
proliferated on Europe's roads, 

5142
04:38:10,099 --> 04:38:13,400
the Michelin guide emerged as 
the preferred glove box 

5143
04:38:13,400 --> 04:38:17,000
companion for astute drivers. 
By the outbreak of World War 

5144
04:38:17,000 --> 04:38:20,300
One, France, had embraced the 
automobile with gusto. 

5145
04:38:20,300 --> 04:38:24,500
In fact, the number of cars in 
France surged from about 3,019 

5146
04:38:24,500 --> 04:38:30,400
to over 100,000 by 1914 and 
michela's guide had expanded far

5147
04:38:30,400 --> 04:38:33,400
beyond its home turf what 
started as a local French 

5148
04:38:33,400 --> 04:38:36,300
publication, grew into a 
pan-european phenomenon within a

5149
04:38:36,300 --> 04:38:38,599
decade. 
A Michelin guide for Belgium 

5150
04:38:38,599 --> 04:38:42,300
appeared in 1904 followed by 
editions covering Algeria and 

5151
04:38:42,300 --> 04:38:47,900
Tunisia. 1907, the Alps and the 
Rhino regions 1908, Germany, and

5152
04:38:47,900 --> 04:38:53,300
Spain 1910, and the British 
Isles 1911 1910 Michelin also 

5153
04:38:53,300 --> 04:38:57,200
launched a series of 1 to 2,000 
scale road maps to complement 

5154
04:38:57,200 --> 04:38:59,900
the guide's direction, and make 
it easier for drivers to find 

5155
04:38:59,900 --> 04:39:02,300
their way. 
There was even a special English

5156
04:39:02,300 --> 04:39:05,400
language guide to France 
published in 1909 for the 

5157
04:39:05,400 --> 04:39:08,599
benefit of British American 
tourists touring the continent 

5158
04:39:08,599 --> 04:39:12,099
by motor car. 
This rapid expansion reflected 

5159
04:39:12,099 --> 04:39:15,700
the exploding interest in motor 
tourism wealthy adventurers, 

5160
04:39:15,700 --> 04:39:18,200
were now driving through the 
Alps or motoring down to the 

5161
04:39:18,200 --> 04:39:20,800
French Riviera and Michelin was 
right there with them. 

5162
04:39:20,800 --> 04:39:22,800
It's guides offering Dependable 
information. 

5163
04:39:22,800 --> 04:39:25,900
In unfamiliar lands. 
If anything the hardships of 

5164
04:39:25,900 --> 04:39:29,000
early driving, only cemented the
guides in Portland's cars of 

5165
04:39:29,000 --> 04:39:32,300
that era were finicky machine's.
Prone, to breakdowns and Roads 

5166
04:39:32,300 --> 04:39:35,200
outside major cities were often 
little more than rutted Mud 

5167
04:39:35,200 --> 04:39:37,500
Parks. 
Pity The Traveler who didn't 

5168
04:39:37,508 --> 04:39:40,500
carry a Michelin guide when his 
tire blew out miles from the 

5169
04:39:40,500 --> 04:39:42,400
nearest town. 
You might not know that a 

5170
04:39:42,400 --> 04:39:45,600
blacksmith in the next Village, 
doubled as an auto repairman, or

5171
04:39:45,600 --> 04:39:48,400
that a certain in down the road,
offered clean beds and a hot 

5172
04:39:48,400 --> 04:39:50,700
supper. 
The guides detailed listings 

5173
04:39:50,700 --> 04:39:53,100
helped turn chaos into a 
manageable Adventure. 

5174
04:39:53,900 --> 04:39:57,700
As War loomed in 1914. 
The Michelin guide had firmly 

5175
04:39:57,700 --> 04:40:00,000
established itself as part of 
the motoring routine. 

5176
04:40:00,900 --> 04:40:04,000
Publication was suspended during
World War One when Europe's 

5177
04:40:04,000 --> 04:40:06,700
focused turned from leisure 
travel to survival, but the 

5178
04:40:06,708 --> 04:40:10,200
groundwork was laid motoring had
arrived as a way of life for the

5179
04:40:10,200 --> 04:40:12,100
well to do. 
And thanks to michelin's 

5180
04:40:12,100 --> 04:40:14,800
prescient strategy. 
A tire companies giveaway guide 

5181
04:40:14,800 --> 04:40:16,300
had become an authority in his 
own, right. 

5182
04:40:16,300 --> 04:40:19,000
The stage was set for even 
bigger Transformations. 

5183
04:40:19,000 --> 04:40:21,900
After the war, not least, the 
guides Evolution from a 

5184
04:40:21,900 --> 04:40:24,800
utilitarian Road Aid in to the 
venerated culinary Bible. 

5185
04:40:24,800 --> 04:40:28,600
We know today from its Inception
the Michelin guide served as 

5186
04:40:28,600 --> 04:40:30,400
more than just a simple guide 
for drivers. 

5187
04:40:30,400 --> 04:40:34,600
It represented a brilliant 
marketing strategy, Andre 

5188
04:40:34,600 --> 04:40:37,100
Mitchell and realized that if 
people drove more they'd wear 

5189
04:40:37,100 --> 04:40:40,300
out their tires fast and need 
Replacements boosting Michelin 

5190
04:40:40,300 --> 04:40:43,100
sails. 
So what better way to Spur Road 

5191
04:40:43,100 --> 04:40:46,600
travel and to give drivers a 
reason to hit the road The free 

5192
04:40:46,600 --> 04:40:49,700
guide served as a tire companies
valuable tool inspiring 

5193
04:40:49,700 --> 04:40:53,200
motorists to make longer and 
more frequent Journeys. modern 

5194
04:40:53,200 --> 04:40:56,200
terms Michelin was pioneering 
content marketing, offering 

5195
04:40:56,200 --> 04:40:58,700
valuable information to 
customers to stimulate demand 

5196
04:40:58,700 --> 04:41:03,100
for its core product long before
anyone coined that phrase Nearly

5197
04:41:03,100 --> 04:41:07,800
35,000 copies of the inaugural 
1900 Edition were distributed at

5198
04:41:07,800 --> 04:41:10,900
no charge and handed out to 
chauffeur's garage owners and 

5199
04:41:10,900 --> 04:41:13,900
anyone who owned or even aspired
to own an automobile. 

5200
04:41:15,400 --> 04:41:18,300
The four long drivers considered
the Michelin guide, nearly 

5201
04:41:18,300 --> 04:41:22,000
indispensable as essential as a 
spare tire or a roadmap on. 

5202
04:41:22,000 --> 04:41:26,200
Any long drive, message was 
never by our tires yet, every 

5203
04:41:26,200 --> 04:41:29,000
page, quite quietly served that 
goal by making motoring easier. 

5204
04:41:30,000 --> 04:41:32,400
For two decades. 
Michelin poured resources into 

5205
04:41:32,400 --> 04:41:35,600
the project Printing and 
updating the guide annually, 

5206
04:41:35,600 --> 04:41:39,200
without earning a cent from it. 
The company stock petrol 

5207
04:41:39,200 --> 04:41:42,100
stations and repair shops with 
stacks of the free red guide, 

5208
04:41:42,100 --> 04:41:45,300
confident that every road trip. 
It, encouraged would eventually 

5209
04:41:45,300 --> 04:41:47,500
lead to more worn out tires, in 
need of replacement. 

5210
04:41:48,600 --> 04:41:50,900
This Ploy worked brilliantly. 
Perhaps, too. 

5211
04:41:50,900 --> 04:41:54,900
Well, as motoring move from fad 
to mainstream the guide's 

5212
04:41:54,900 --> 04:41:59,100
distribution sword in tandem, 
France, counted over 230,000 

5213
04:41:59,100 --> 04:42:02,800
cars on the road by 1920. 
A huge leap from fewer than 

5214
04:42:02,800 --> 04:42:06,800
3,002 decades earlier and many 
new drivers, wouldn't dream of 

5215
04:42:06,800 --> 04:42:09,300
setting out with the latest 
Michelin guide in the glove box.

5216
04:42:10,700 --> 04:42:14,000
By 1920, some people have become
so accustomed to the guide that 

5217
04:42:14,000 --> 04:42:17,600
they began to take it lightly. 
According to company law, when 

5218
04:42:17,600 --> 04:42:20,500
Andre Michela stopped by a 
garage one day, he was shocked 

5219
04:42:20,500 --> 04:42:23,400
to see his beloved guide being 
used to prop up, a workbench 

5220
04:42:23,400 --> 04:42:25,900
outraged, and perhaps a little 
heart. 

5221
04:42:25,900 --> 04:42:29,000
Broker, he immediately declared 
the end of the free Michelin 

5222
04:42:29,000 --> 04:42:31,600
guide era. 
Man only truly respects what he 

5223
04:42:31,608 --> 04:42:33,400
pays for. 
He reportedly declared 

5224
04:42:33,400 --> 04:42:36,700
thereafter, the guide was no 
longer a giveaway, but a product

5225
04:42:36,700 --> 04:42:39,300
in its own right. 
Sold for about seven francs 

5226
04:42:39,300 --> 04:42:42,300
roughly, two dollars and not 
insignificant sum at the time 

5227
04:42:42,308 --> 04:42:46,300
and revamped for a new era of 
Motoring the Michelin guide, 

5228
04:42:46,300 --> 04:42:50,200
1920 Edition marked a 
significant milestone, Freed 

5229
04:42:50,200 --> 04:42:52,800
from the constraints of being 
purely promotional, the guide's 

5230
04:42:52,800 --> 04:42:54,800
content was refined and 
elevated. 

5231
04:42:55,600 --> 04:42:58,400
All advertising was stripped out
to reinforce its impartiality. 

5232
04:42:58,400 --> 04:43:02,900
New features appeared including 
a list of hotels in Paris and an

5233
04:43:02,900 --> 04:43:05,600
expanded directory of 
restaurants now grouped by 

5234
04:43:05,600 --> 04:43:08,700
category and cuisine. 
What had begun as a handy road, 

5235
04:43:08,700 --> 04:43:11,400
atlas was transforming into 
something of a travel handbook, 

5236
04:43:11,400 --> 04:43:14,500
for the Discerning motorist 
readers, wanted more than just 

5237
04:43:14,500 --> 04:43:17,200
gas stations, they were 
increasingly turning to Michelin

5238
04:43:17,200 --> 04:43:20,100
for dining and logging advice. 
Sensing this shift. 

5239
04:43:20,100 --> 04:43:23,300
The Michelin brothers made a 
shrewd move, they heard a team 

5240
04:43:23,308 --> 04:43:27,100
of anonymous field inspectors to
visit establishments and quietly

5241
04:43:27,100 --> 04:43:31,500
evaluate them. recognizing the 
growing influence of the guides 

5242
04:43:31,500 --> 04:43:34,400
restaurant section, the company 
understood that consistent, 

5243
04:43:34,400 --> 04:43:38,400
trustworthy restaurant reviews, 
would be crucial, these 

5244
04:43:38,400 --> 04:43:41,700
undercover diners, the first of 
their kind found out to sample 

5245
04:43:41,700 --> 04:43:45,300
meals without ever revealing 
their affiliation It was an 

5246
04:43:45,300 --> 04:43:48,800
unprecedented commitment to 
Quality Control ensuring that a 

5247
04:43:48,800 --> 04:43:51,000
Michelin recommendation, truly 
meant something to the traveling

5248
04:43:51,000 --> 04:43:53,600
public. 
By the mid-1920s. 

5249
04:43:53,600 --> 04:43:57,100
The Michelin guide had evolved 
from a tire company pamphlet to 

5250
04:43:57,100 --> 04:44:00,300
a more ambitious guide. 
Its original purpose to get 

5251
04:44:00,300 --> 04:44:04,100
people, driving had succeeded 
Beyond expectation and its 

5252
04:44:04,100 --> 04:44:05,600
reputation. 
For fair, thorough 

5253
04:44:05,600 --> 04:44:09,400
recommendation was growing. 
Not coincidentally, michelin's 

5254
04:44:09,400 --> 04:44:12,800
tire sales were booming as well.
The brothers had become leading 

5255
04:44:12,800 --> 04:44:16,400
suppliers to Europe's fledgling 
to Industry Boyd, by the growing

5256
04:44:16,400 --> 04:44:18,400
ranks of motorists. 
They helped create. 

5257
04:44:19,500 --> 04:44:22,100
Now, this little red book was 
evolving from a glove box 

5258
04:44:22,100 --> 04:44:25,500
staple, into a symbol of 
discernment and credibility, as 

5259
04:44:25,500 --> 04:44:27,800
one Observer noted, early 
current Enthusiast. 

5260
04:44:27,800 --> 04:44:30,500
Even like to keep a Michelin 
guide matching, their vehicles 

5261
04:44:30,500 --> 04:44:32,800
model year in the glove box as a
badge of honor. 

5262
04:44:33,600 --> 04:44:35,300
This set. 
The groundwork for michelin's 

5263
04:44:35,300 --> 04:44:38,000
next brilliant. 
Move transforming a tire 

5264
04:44:38,000 --> 04:44:39,800
companies travel guide. 
Into the world's most 

5265
04:44:39,800 --> 04:44:44,900
influential Authority on fine, 
dining in 1926 Michelin quietly.

5266
04:44:44,900 --> 04:44:48,100
Introduced a new feature that 
would forever change the guides 

5267
04:44:48,100 --> 04:44:50,500
destiny. 
Star ratings. 

5268
04:44:51,400 --> 04:44:54,400
That year, small star symbol 
appeared next to the names of 

5269
04:44:54,400 --> 04:44:59,100
Select exceptional restaurants. 
Five years later in 1931, the 

5270
04:44:59,100 --> 04:45:02,600
hierarchy of one, two, and three
stars was introduced creating a 

5271
04:45:02,608 --> 04:45:04,900
graduated honor of dining 
Excellence. 

5272
04:45:04,900 --> 04:45:08,300
A single star denoted, a 
restaurant that was excellent in

5273
04:45:08,300 --> 04:45:10,600
its category, two stars 
signified. 

5274
04:45:10,600 --> 04:45:13,700
Excellent cooking worth the 
detour and the coveted three 

5275
04:45:13,700 --> 04:45:17,100
stars meant exceptional Cuisine 
worth a special Journey. 

5276
04:45:18,100 --> 04:45:21,000
The wording was telling Michelin
was still in the business of 

5277
04:45:21,000 --> 04:45:25,900
inspiring Journeys by 1933 23 
restaurants in France, held 

5278
04:45:25,900 --> 04:45:29,300
three-star status, their 
kitchens instantly vaulted into 

5279
04:45:29,300 --> 04:45:32,900
the culinary stratosphere. 
Chefs regarded Michelin stars as

5280
04:45:32,900 --> 04:45:35,900
the highest recognition and a 
three-star ranking of the power 

5281
04:45:35,900 --> 04:45:39,300
to transform a remote country in
into a global destination for 

5282
04:45:39,300 --> 04:45:43,800
gourmets. in 1931 Michelin also 
swapped the guides cover from 

5283
04:45:43,800 --> 04:45:47,400
its original blue to now iconic 
red cementing, the identity of 

5284
04:45:47,400 --> 04:45:51,800
the red guide that endures to 
this day One journalist later 

5285
04:45:51,800 --> 04:45:55,300
noted that the little red guide 
often referred to as the Bible 

5286
04:45:55,300 --> 04:45:58,600
of gastronomy holds significant 
influence amongst returns. 

5287
04:45:59,700 --> 04:46:02,700
Over the ensuing decades, the 
guides influence, only grew 

5288
04:46:02,700 --> 04:46:06,000
restaurants vied patently for 
michelin's approval. 

5289
04:46:06,000 --> 04:46:09,300
Knowing that a star or three 
could bring Prestige and 

5290
04:46:09,300 --> 04:46:12,400
prosperity. 
The guides judgments with their 

5291
04:46:12,400 --> 04:46:15,900
concise descriptions and iconic 
Stars established a benchmark 

5292
04:46:15,900 --> 04:46:18,500
that profoundly influenced the 
concept of fine dining. 

5293
04:46:19,200 --> 04:46:22,500
Even War could only briefly 
interrupt its Authority World. 

5294
04:46:22,500 --> 04:46:24,400
War Two forced to pause in 
publication. 

5295
04:46:24,400 --> 04:46:28,200
But in 1944, the Allied Forces 
famously requested, a special 

5296
04:46:28,200 --> 04:46:30,800
reprint of michela's. 
Last pre-war guide because it's 

5297
04:46:30,800 --> 04:46:33,500
road maps of France with the 
most detailed and reliable 

5298
04:46:33,500 --> 04:46:37,100
available. 
After the war as Europe, rebuilt

5299
04:46:37,100 --> 04:46:41,000
Michelin cautiously resumed, its
Gourmet guardianship initially 

5300
04:46:41,000 --> 04:46:43,700
imposing an upper limit of two 
stars giving the era's food 

5301
04:46:43,700 --> 04:46:47,700
shortages before restoring 3 
star awards in 1951 as Hutt. 

5302
04:46:47,700 --> 04:46:51,500
Cuisine bounce back by then the 
Michelin guide was entrenched as

5303
04:46:51,500 --> 04:46:54,000
the Arbiter of French fine. 
Dining and its reach was 

5304
04:46:54,000 --> 04:46:57,300
extending further afield. 
What began as a parochial 

5305
04:46:57,300 --> 04:46:59,700
handbook for French motorists. 
Had evolved into an 

5306
04:46:59,708 --> 04:47:02,800
international Institution. 
Michelin published. 

5307
04:47:02,800 --> 04:47:06,300
Its first guide to Italy in 1956
though no restaurant. 

5308
04:47:06,300 --> 04:47:10,100
At star in that inaugural in 
addition and rolled out guides 

5309
04:47:10,100 --> 04:47:13,000
across the continent in 
subsequent years, a Michelin 

5310
04:47:13,000 --> 04:47:16,000
guide for Great Britain, and 
Ireland, reappeared in 1974. 

5311
04:47:16,000 --> 04:47:18,400
After a long, high heater 
signaling, the guides 

5312
04:47:18,400 --> 04:47:22,300
pan-european scope. 
In 2005, the company finally 

5313
04:47:22,300 --> 04:47:26,000
crossed the Atlantic debuting. 
A New York City guide and soon 

5314
04:47:26,000 --> 04:47:28,000
afterward. 
It ended Asia with guides for 

5315
04:47:28,000 --> 04:47:31,900
Tokyo, 2007 and Hong Kong and 
Macau, 2008. 

5316
04:47:32,600 --> 04:47:35,900
In its first Tokyo Edition. 
Michelin awarded, an 

5317
04:47:35,900 --> 04:47:38,600
unprecedented eight restaurants,
the top three star, rating, 

5318
04:47:38,600 --> 04:47:42,500
declaring, Tokyo, the new world 
leader in Gourmet dining, even 

5319
04:47:42,500 --> 04:47:46,000
ahead of Paris. 
By the 2010s Michelin was 

5320
04:47:46,000 --> 04:47:48,400
publishing annual guides in 
dozens of countries across 

5321
04:47:48,400 --> 04:47:52,000
Europe, North America, and Asia 
is once humble book. 

5322
04:47:52,000 --> 04:47:56,200
Now, a global Arbiter of taste 
for perspective more than 30 

5323
04:47:56,200 --> 04:47:59,800
million showing guides have been
sold worldwide over the past 

5324
04:47:59,800 --> 04:48:02,900
Century. 
A Michelin star became part of 

5325
04:48:02,900 --> 04:48:07,000
the common, lexicon a byword for
culinary Excellence recognized 

5326
04:48:07,000 --> 04:48:10,600
from Boston to Beijing. 
Michelin also added, secondary 

5327
04:48:10,600 --> 04:48:13,900
distinctions over time. 
For instance, the bib Gourmand 

5328
04:48:13,900 --> 04:48:17,500
award denoted, by the face of 
Bend and licking his lips was 

5329
04:48:17,500 --> 04:48:19,900
introduced to highlight 
restaurant offering excellent 

5330
04:48:19,900 --> 04:48:23,200
quality at a reasonable price. 
Proving that not all outstanding

5331
04:48:23,200 --> 04:48:26,900
cooking need to be expensive. 
The guide had transformed into a

5332
04:48:26,900 --> 04:48:28,500
luxury brand in Florence in its 
own. 

5333
04:48:28,500 --> 04:48:30,500
Right. 
The endorsement of the Michelin 

5334
04:48:30,500 --> 04:48:33,100
a single Michelin guide could 
Propel a modest Chef to 

5335
04:48:33,100 --> 04:48:36,100
prominence or Transformer remote
Village into a destination for 

5336
04:48:36,100 --> 04:48:38,100
Foodies. 
Tourism boards. 

5337
04:48:38,100 --> 04:48:41,500
Even began courting Michela to 
publish guides in their regions,

5338
04:48:41,500 --> 04:48:45,600
hoping to capitalize on the 
Michelin effect of gastronomic 

5339
04:48:45,600 --> 04:48:48,500
travel. 
In the world of out Cuisine, the

5340
04:48:48,500 --> 04:48:51,300
red covered guide wielded. 
A clout matched by few 

5341
04:48:51,300 --> 04:48:53,900
institutions yet even as its 
Fame. 

5342
04:48:53,900 --> 04:48:57,500
Grew the Michelin guide remained
cloaked in Mystique, not least 

5343
04:48:57,500 --> 04:49:00,100
because it never revealed 
exactly how it cast its 

5344
04:49:00,100 --> 04:49:03,800
judgments. diners devoured, each
annual Edition but the 

5345
04:49:03,800 --> 04:49:06,700
identities of michelin's 
inspectors and the inner 

5346
04:49:06,700 --> 04:49:09,800
workings of its rating process 
were kept rigorously secret 

5347
04:49:10,700 --> 04:49:13,500
Restauranteurs could only guess 
when a Michelin critic had dined

5348
04:49:13,500 --> 04:49:16,800
in their midst, this Aura of 
secrecy became part of the 

5349
04:49:16,800 --> 04:49:19,800
guides Legend and it set the 
stage for the next chapter of 

5350
04:49:19,800 --> 04:49:22,400
the story. 
The secretive inspectors and 

5351
04:49:22,400 --> 04:49:24,900
enigmatic criteria behind those 
Stars. 

5352
04:49:24,900 --> 04:49:28,300
The true genius of the Michelin 
guide and perhaps the key to its

5353
04:49:28,300 --> 04:49:31,700
credibility in the inspectors 
from the 1920s. 

5354
04:49:31,700 --> 04:49:35,100
Onward Michelin cultivated an 
image of rigorous and Anonymous 

5355
04:49:35,100 --> 04:49:38,800
evaluation the company insisted 
that its inspectors always pay 

5356
04:49:38,800 --> 04:49:40,800
for their meals and never reveal
their identities. 

5357
04:49:40,800 --> 04:49:44,400
So restaurants could not carry 
favor Clan intended. 

5358
04:49:45,300 --> 04:49:47,400
These Mystery Diners. 
As the Michelin Brothers, 

5359
04:49:47,400 --> 04:49:50,400
conceived them would blend in 
with ordinary patreons and 

5360
04:49:50,400 --> 04:49:54,500
experience restaurants, just as 
any guests would Over time, the 

5361
04:49:54,500 --> 04:49:57,400
guides Mystique became Central 
to this covert approach. 

5362
04:49:58,200 --> 04:50:00,800
While other guidebooks were 
critics, might tolerate freebies

5363
04:50:00,800 --> 04:50:04,200
or announced their visits 
michelin's tasters moved in 

5364
04:50:04,200 --> 04:50:05,500
silence and picked up their 
checks. 

5365
04:50:06,300 --> 04:50:09,700
Chefs lived in quiet dread of 
unrecognized, gastronomic, spies

5366
04:50:09,700 --> 04:50:13,300
in their dining rooms one 
French, chef famously likened, 

5367
04:50:13,300 --> 04:50:15,400
the suspense to waiting for the 
Executioner. 

5368
04:50:15,400 --> 04:50:19,000
You never knew when they would 
come or who they were, it wasn't

5369
04:50:19,000 --> 04:50:21,700
just who the inspectors were but
what they looked for that set, 

5370
04:50:21,700 --> 04:50:24,800
Michelin apart. 
For decades, the guide said, 

5371
04:50:24,808 --> 04:50:28,100
little publicly about his 
judging criteria letting diners 

5372
04:50:28,100 --> 04:50:30,900
and chefs puzzle over the secret
recipe for earning a star. 

5373
04:50:31,600 --> 04:50:34,900
Only in 1936 did Michelin 
publisher, brief description of 

5374
04:50:34,900 --> 04:50:39,500
the standards behind one, two, 
and three stars couching them in

5375
04:50:39,500 --> 04:50:40,700
reassuringly. 
Simple. 

5376
04:50:40,700 --> 04:50:44,400
Terms, a top rated restaurant 
was one that volt worth the 

5377
04:50:44,400 --> 04:50:48,400
journey, a phrase that heart 
back to the guides road trip 

5378
04:50:48,408 --> 04:50:50,400
origin's. 
Behind the scenes. 

5379
04:50:50,400 --> 04:50:53,500
Of course the inspectors 
palettes were finely honed and 

5380
04:50:53,500 --> 04:50:57,100
their expectations exacting. 
over time, Michelin quietly, 

5381
04:50:57,100 --> 04:50:59,600
established five Universal 
criteria to guide their 

5382
04:50:59,600 --> 04:51:02,900
assessments, quality of 
ingredients, master of cooking 

5383
04:51:02,900 --> 04:51:06,500
technique's, Harmony of flavors,
the personality of the chef in 

5384
04:51:06,500 --> 04:51:09,600
the cuisine and consistency 
across the menu and over time, 

5385
04:51:10,800 --> 04:51:14,700
Notably factors like Decor 
service or Ambience things one 

5386
04:51:14,700 --> 04:51:16,300
might assume influence a dining 
experience. 

5387
04:51:16,300 --> 04:51:19,100
Were officially not supposed to 
affect the rating. 

5388
04:51:19,100 --> 04:51:21,600
It was all about the food on the
plate. 

5389
04:51:21,600 --> 04:51:25,700
Michelin would later insist This
obsessive focus on food quality 

5390
04:51:25,700 --> 04:51:29,700
combined with anonymity, gave 
the Michelangelo reputation for 

5391
04:51:29,700 --> 04:51:33,000
integrity. 
Inspectors often had culinary or

5392
04:51:33,000 --> 04:51:35,800
Hospitality backgrounds and they
ate out nearly every day. 

5393
04:51:35,800 --> 04:51:40,500
Sometimes 250 meals a year 
particularly writing up reports 

5394
04:51:40,500 --> 04:51:44,000
on each experience. 
Their work was and still is 

5395
04:51:44,000 --> 04:51:48,300
shrouded in confidentiality. 
In an age of Instagram and 

5396
04:51:48,300 --> 04:51:51,800
crowdsourced Yelp reviews. 
Michelin cun to an old world, 

5397
04:51:51,800 --> 04:51:55,200
secrecy, Michelle lambard 
inspectors from speaking to 

5398
04:51:55,200 --> 04:51:57,900
journalists and even discouraged
them from telling their families

5399
04:51:57,900 --> 04:52:01,700
about their covert job Michelin,
even ensures that no single 

5400
04:52:01,700 --> 04:52:03,500
inspector can make or break a 
restaurant. 

5401
04:52:03,500 --> 04:52:07,500
Multiple inspectors visit and 
their reports are pulled with 

5402
04:52:07,500 --> 04:52:10,400
stars awarded only after a 
collective deliberation by the 

5403
04:52:10,400 --> 04:52:12,300
inspection team and michelin's 
directors. 

5404
04:52:13,100 --> 04:52:14,700
The guide leverages this 
secrecy. 

5405
04:52:14,700 --> 04:52:18,200
And rigor as a marketing asset, 
it is mysterious and methodical 

5406
04:52:18,200 --> 04:52:21,600
and therefore in the eyes of its
fans impartial and 

5407
04:52:21,600 --> 04:52:26,700
authoritative. 
But secrecy has its price. over 

5408
04:52:26,700 --> 04:52:29,700
the years, michelin's veil was 
occasionally pierced by 

5409
04:52:29,700 --> 04:52:33,100
skepticism and controversy 
critics wondered if a handful of

5410
04:52:33,100 --> 04:52:35,400
inspectors could really cover 
thousands of restaurants 

5411
04:52:35,400 --> 04:52:39,100
thoroughly or if biases crept in
despite claims of objectivity 

5412
04:52:40,400 --> 04:52:43,800
scrum told X inspector in 
France, published a book in 2004

5413
04:52:43,800 --> 04:52:45,800
alleging that the rigor of the 
guide was slipping. 

5414
04:52:46,600 --> 04:52:48,800
He claimed Michelin employed, 
only five full-time. 

5415
04:52:48,800 --> 04:52:52,100
Inspectors for all of France, 
each paid a humble salary and 

5416
04:52:52,100 --> 04:52:54,900
expected to somehow cover. 
Well over 10,000 restaurants, 

5417
04:52:54,900 --> 04:52:58,700
making it a complete myth that 
the inspector comes around every

5418
04:52:58,700 --> 04:53:03,300
year to each establishment. 
That one third of the best and 

5419
04:53:03,300 --> 04:53:07,300
not of the standard expected. 
Michelin vehemently denied. 

5420
04:53:07,300 --> 04:53:10,400
The accusation noting that Remy 
had been dismissed after 

5421
04:53:10,400 --> 04:53:13,400
allegedly trying to extort money
to keep his diary unpublished. 

5422
04:53:13,400 --> 04:53:16,300
And the guides overseers 
insisted their standards 

5423
04:53:16,300 --> 04:53:20,100
remained as strict as ever. 
however, the expose a hidden 

5424
04:53:20,100 --> 04:53:23,800
organization despite such drama,
the guides Prestige proved 

5425
04:53:23,800 --> 04:53:27,400
resilient Few diners outside the
industry, remembered the episode

5426
04:53:27,400 --> 04:53:31,200
for long, the Michelin brand of 
Excellence, had Decades of trust

5427
04:53:31,200 --> 04:53:34,900
behind it and no competing guide
managed to unseat its Authority.

5428
04:53:35,900 --> 04:53:38,100
To this day for most chefs and 
gastronomes. 

5429
04:53:38,100 --> 04:53:41,200
Michelin's inspectors. 
Remain enigmatic figures 

5430
04:53:41,200 --> 04:53:44,700
wielding power with their pens 
and forks, and keeping alive the

5431
04:53:44,700 --> 04:53:47,600
Allure of an honor that is, at 
least in principle purely 

5432
04:53:47,600 --> 04:53:50,300
merit-based as michelin's 
influence grew. 

5433
04:53:50,300 --> 04:53:53,900
So did the stakes for those 
under its gaze a Michelin star 

5434
04:53:53,900 --> 04:53:56,600
could make a career. 
But the pressure to keep it 

5435
04:53:56,600 --> 04:54:00,500
could also break one the tales 
of this uneasy love-hate 

5436
04:54:00,500 --> 04:54:03,600
relationship with the red guide,
abounded in The Culinary World 

5437
04:54:03,600 --> 04:54:08,500
in 2003, renowned French chef. 
Bernard Lawrence, oh, tragically

5438
04:54:08,500 --> 04:54:13,100
took his own life and act, 
widely linked to fears, He was 

5439
04:54:13,100 --> 04:54:15,600
about to lose. 
One of his three Michelin stars.

5440
04:54:15,600 --> 04:54:19,600
A downgrade that ultimately did 
not occur his death, echoed 

5441
04:54:19,600 --> 04:54:22,900
across France, spurring public 
debate about the enormous stress

5442
04:54:22,900 --> 04:54:26,600
place on Chefs. 
The legendary paulus lambasted, 

5443
04:54:26,600 --> 04:54:29,800
the culture of I'll give you a 
star, I'll take one away and how

5444
04:54:29,800 --> 04:54:31,900
critics rating toyed with chefs 
lives. 

5445
04:54:32,700 --> 04:54:35,300
In the years that have passed 
other renowned chefs have 

5446
04:54:35,300 --> 04:54:38,200
acknowledged that meeting. 
Michelin's expectations can be a

5447
04:54:38,200 --> 04:54:41,600
challenge in task as the same 
recognition that draws pilgrims 

5448
04:54:41,600 --> 04:54:44,700
to their dining rooms, all 
causes the them to experience 

5449
04:54:44,700 --> 04:54:48,400
anxiety at night. 
Some chefs have even attempted 

5450
04:54:48,400 --> 04:54:52,500
to Dethrone Michelin. 
In 2017 Sebastian. 

5451
04:54:52,500 --> 04:54:56,700
Bray the chef of a three-star 
restaurant located in rural 

5452
04:54:56,700 --> 04:55:02,200
lajolie that Michelin remove his
restaurant from its guide. 

5453
04:55:03,200 --> 04:55:05,900
After nearly two decades at the 
summit, he yearned to cook with 

5454
04:55:05,900 --> 04:55:09,800
the shadow of constant judgment 
to be free from the pressure as 

5455
04:55:09,800 --> 04:55:11,400
he explained in a video 
announcement. 

5456
04:55:12,400 --> 04:55:14,300
Michelin. 
Reluctantly agreed his request 

5457
04:55:14,300 --> 04:55:18,000
and almost unheard of 
concession, though, a couple of 

5458
04:55:18,000 --> 04:55:19,900
years later. 
Bras found himself back in the 

5459
04:55:19,908 --> 04:55:23,400
guide stars and all after 
Michelin decided, its 

5460
04:55:23,400 --> 04:55:25,900
assessments would remain 
independent of chefs wishes. 

5461
04:55:26,900 --> 04:55:30,000
Brazil's public renunciation 
ignited conversations about 

5462
04:55:30,000 --> 04:55:32,500
whether the pursuit of 
perfection demanded by Michela 

5463
04:55:32,500 --> 04:55:35,200
had gone too far. 
He wasn't alone in his 

5464
04:55:35,200 --> 04:55:37,900
ambivalence. 
Other celebrated Chefs of both 

5465
04:55:37,900 --> 04:55:42,100
revealed the guide and resented 
it In 2019, the eminent French, 

5466
04:55:42,100 --> 04:55:44,700
chef Marc. 
Veyrat went so far as to sue 

5467
04:55:44,700 --> 04:55:46,800
Michela after. 
His restaurant was demoted from 

5468
04:55:46,800 --> 04:55:50,000
three stars to 2, claiming the 
inspectors had made a factual 

5469
04:55:50,000 --> 04:55:52,400
error. 
The Saga was dubbed cheddar in 

5470
04:55:52,400 --> 04:55:54,700
the press. 
The court ultimately, throughout

5471
04:55:54,700 --> 04:55:58,200
his case, such dramas underscore
the intense emotions. 

5472
04:55:58,200 --> 04:56:01,900
Experienced by those minority 
chefs Beyond individual chefs. 

5473
04:56:01,900 --> 04:56:05,500
There are broader cultural 
critiques for decades Michelin 

5474
04:56:05,500 --> 04:56:08,400
was accused of a French and 
eurocentric bias a favoring 

5475
04:56:08,400 --> 04:56:11,100
stiff white tablecloths and 
classical techniques over more 

5476
04:56:11,100 --> 04:56:15,300
diverse or homie culinary 
experiences in the 2010. 

5477
04:56:15,300 --> 04:56:18,800
As gastronomical awareness 
blossomed globally, Michelin 

5478
04:56:18,800 --> 04:56:22,000
expanded, its reach across, Asia
the Americas and Beyond seeking 

5479
04:56:22,000 --> 04:56:25,200
to stay relevant. 
It surprise Skeptics by awarding

5480
04:56:25,200 --> 04:56:26,900
stars to Humble street food 
stalls. 

5481
04:56:26,900 --> 04:56:29,400
Such as a hawker, stand in, 
Singapore, known for two dollar.

5482
04:56:29,400 --> 04:56:31,500
Noodle bowls. 
This was michelin's way of 

5483
04:56:31,500 --> 04:56:34,000
saying Excellence can be found 
anywhere. 

5484
04:56:34,000 --> 04:56:37,900
Not only in gilded temples of 
out Cuisine and yet debates 

5485
04:56:37,900 --> 04:56:42,100
continued, did Michelin truly 
understand local food cultures, 

5486
04:56:42,100 --> 04:56:45,600
or was it imposing? 
Its standards was a starred. 

5487
04:56:45,600 --> 04:56:49,300
Sushi bar in Tokyo evaluated 
using the same criteria as a 

5488
04:56:49,300 --> 04:56:52,000
fine. 
Dining Salon in Paris such 

5489
04:56:52,000 --> 04:56:54,000
questions. 
Provided endless fodder for 

5490
04:56:54,008 --> 04:56:56,100
food, lovers and fuel for 
michelin's rivals. 

5491
04:56:56,900 --> 04:57:00,100
What is clear is that a Michelin
star creates a profound economic

5492
04:57:00,100 --> 04:57:03,500
and emotional, ripple effect 
restaurants that earn one often 

5493
04:57:03,500 --> 04:57:06,300
see booking Skyrocket, 
overnight, allowing them to 

5494
04:57:06,300 --> 04:57:08,200
raise prices and invest in their
craft. 

5495
04:57:09,000 --> 04:57:11,500
Tire regions have bet on the 
Michelin effects to boost 

5496
04:57:11,500 --> 04:57:14,200
culinary tourism. 
Sometimes, even reportedly 

5497
04:57:14,200 --> 04:57:17,800
subsidizing the guides expansion
into their cities and civic 

5498
04:57:17,800 --> 04:57:21,500
pride is now intertwined with 
star count cities and countries.

5499
04:57:21,500 --> 04:57:25,600
Trumpet, their Michelin Laurel 
to entice Travelers just as 

5500
04:57:25,600 --> 04:57:29,300
chefs trumpet Their Stars to 
entice diners conversely. 

5501
04:57:29,300 --> 04:57:32,600
Losing a star can feel like a 
public humiliation and can lead 

5502
04:57:32,600 --> 04:57:36,100
to real Financial pain as diners
and investors react. 

5503
04:57:37,600 --> 04:57:40,900
The guide has been called a 
king-maker, a king breaker, a 

5504
04:57:40,900 --> 04:57:43,400
tyrant, and a savior to some 
chefs. 

5505
04:57:43,400 --> 04:57:46,400
It's a benchmark of achievement 
to others, a source of 

5506
04:57:46,408 --> 04:57:49,500
unrelenting pressure. 
In the era of Instagram, 

5507
04:57:49,500 --> 04:57:51,800
influencers, and crowdsource 
review sites. 

5508
04:57:51,800 --> 04:57:54,800
Some of speculated that 
michelin's old school approach 

5509
04:57:54,800 --> 04:57:58,200
would lose relevance. 
But the continued obsession with

5510
04:57:58,200 --> 04:58:01,200
its verdicts suggest that its 
star system still holds a unique

5511
04:58:01,200 --> 04:58:05,400
sway of chefs and diners a fact 
as astonishing today, as it was 

5512
04:58:05,400 --> 04:58:07,900
a century ago. 
This tension has only 

5513
04:58:07,900 --> 04:58:10,900
heightened, the Michelin guides,
cultural Aura, love it, or 

5514
04:58:10,900 --> 04:58:14,200
loathe it, those little stars, 
provoke, big emotions, looking 

5515
04:58:14,200 --> 04:58:16,400
back. 
The audacity of Andre Mitchell's

5516
04:58:16,400 --> 04:58:19,900
strategy as astonishing what 
began as a clever ploy to sell 

5517
04:58:19,900 --> 04:58:22,600
more tires evolved into a 
venture that transformed both 

5518
04:58:22,600 --> 04:58:24,700
travel and Gastronomy on a 
global scale. 

5519
04:58:24,700 --> 04:58:28,100
The Michelin guide helped turn 
the act of driving from a novel 

5520
04:58:28,100 --> 04:58:31,300
experiment into a, widespread 
cultural practice, and in doing 

5521
04:58:31,300 --> 04:58:33,800
so, it laid foundations for the 
modern travel industry. 

5522
04:58:34,700 --> 04:58:37,700
Early motorists, with a guide in
hand, felt empowered to explore 

5523
04:58:37,700 --> 04:58:40,900
secure in the knowledge that 
they could find their way, get a

5524
04:58:40,900 --> 04:58:45,100
decent meal and repair a flat. 
In many ways, Michela wrote the 

5525
04:58:45,100 --> 04:58:47,700
first draft of the road trip 
over time. 

5526
04:58:47,700 --> 04:58:50,600
That little red book, spawned an
entire ecosystem of travel. 

5527
04:58:50,600 --> 04:58:55,000
AIDS, roadmaps tourist, guide 
books, and travel itineraries 

5528
04:58:55,000 --> 04:58:57,300
indeed. 
Michela eventually, expanded 

5529
04:58:57,300 --> 04:59:00,200
into publishing, green guides to
cities and regions worldwide. 

5530
04:59:01,500 --> 04:59:04,700
It's no exaggeration to say that
michelin's promotional gamble 

5531
04:59:04,700 --> 04:59:07,200
greased. 
The wheels for 20th century 

5532
04:59:07,200 --> 04:59:11,300
tourism, making distant corners 
of France and later, the world 

5533
04:59:11,300 --> 04:59:14,700
accessible and inviting to those
adventurous enough to motivate 

5534
04:59:14,700 --> 04:59:17,900
their the impact on the food 
industry has been even more 

5535
04:59:17,900 --> 04:59:21,400
profound By introducing the idea
that restaurants could be 

5536
04:59:21,408 --> 04:59:25,600
rigorously evaluated and ranked 
Michelin inadvertently created, 

5537
04:59:25,600 --> 04:59:28,800
a whole new Arena of competition
and aspiration among chefs. 

5538
04:59:28,800 --> 04:59:32,500
The guide Stars became the 
Oscars of The Culinary world and

5539
04:59:32,500 --> 04:59:35,800
chasing those Stars became a 
narrative of ambition in 

5540
04:59:35,800 --> 04:59:39,400
kitchens from Paris to Shanghai 
oat Cuisine which was once 

5541
04:59:39,400 --> 04:59:40,900
confined to Word of Mouth. 
Acclaim. 

5542
04:59:40,900 --> 04:59:44,500
Now had a codified system of 
Merit one that could Vault a 

5543
04:59:44,500 --> 04:59:47,300
chef to International fame or 
humble, even the mightiest ego 

5544
04:59:48,500 --> 04:59:51,500
This innovational turned dining 
out into a sport for patrons, 

5545
04:59:51,500 --> 04:59:55,500
ushering in the era of the 
destination restaurant, where 

5546
04:59:55,500 --> 04:59:58,900
food Enthusiast strategies, 
entire trips to dine at Michelin

5547
04:59:58,900 --> 05:00:02,600
star temples of cuisine. 
At Tire maker from Claremore. 

5548
05:00:02,600 --> 05:00:06,100
Ended up setting Trends in the 
cooking of Quadra, the serving 

5549
05:00:06,100 --> 05:00:08,800
of sushi, and the topping of 
pizzas in directly influencing 

5550
05:00:08,800 --> 05:00:11,000
countless culinary, Traditions 
through the power of its 

5551
05:00:11,000 --> 05:00:13,600
rating's. 
Michelin's own mascot. 

5552
05:00:13,600 --> 05:00:17,300
The Tubby Tireman Bender, became
a cultural icon in his own right

5553
05:00:17,300 --> 05:00:19,800
name. 
The best logo of the century by 

5554
05:00:19,800 --> 05:00:24,400
the financial times in 2000. 
Perhaps, just as significantly, 

5555
05:00:24,400 --> 05:00:28,600
Michelin demonstrated the power 
of brand extension, through 

5556
05:00:28,600 --> 05:00:30,600
content, long before that term 
existed. 

5557
05:00:31,800 --> 05:00:34,600
The company proved that a brand 
could transcend its original 

5558
05:00:34,600 --> 05:00:38,800
product, rubber tires and insert
itself into consumers lives in 

5559
05:00:38,800 --> 05:00:43,400
more intimate experiment. 
Ways today, when Airlines 

5560
05:00:43,400 --> 05:00:45,900
published travel magazines or 
beverage companies, create 

5561
05:00:45,900 --> 05:00:48,300
lifestyle blogs, they are 
following a trail. 

5562
05:00:48,300 --> 05:00:52,500
Blazed by Michelin in 1900 using
useful content to deepen. 

5563
05:00:52,500 --> 05:00:54,800
Customer engagement in 
michelin's case. 

5564
05:00:54,800 --> 05:00:57,700
The stump was so successful in 
eventually outgrew its marketing

5565
05:00:57,700 --> 05:01:00,700
purpose entirely The guide 
established itself as an 

5566
05:01:00,700 --> 05:01:03,500
institution, perhaps even 
surpassing the fame of 

5567
05:01:03,500 --> 05:01:07,200
michelin's tires. 
By the 21st century michelin's 

5568
05:01:07,200 --> 05:01:09,900
verdicts could determine a 
chef's Fortune's and cities 

5569
05:01:09,900 --> 05:01:12,300
would strive to attract a 
Michelin guide due to its 

5570
05:01:12,300 --> 05:01:16,200
potential economic benefits. 
Dozens of Woodbury imitators 

5571
05:01:16,200 --> 05:01:20,100
from crowdsourced websites to 
Alternative ranking lists have 

5572
05:01:20,100 --> 05:01:22,900
tried to replicate, michelin's 
formula, but none as quite 

5573
05:01:22,900 --> 05:01:24,600
matched the cashier of those 
stars. 

5574
05:01:24,600 --> 05:01:27,700
All this originates from a 
scheme dreamed up by two 

5575
05:01:27,700 --> 05:01:29,400
brothers. 
Who simply wanted people to 

5576
05:01:29,400 --> 05:01:32,400
drive more? 
Even in an age of GPS, apps and 

5577
05:01:32,400 --> 05:01:35,100
social media. 
The essence of michelin's Gambit

5578
05:01:35,100 --> 05:01:37,800
to spark Wanderlust and 
celebrate outstanding cooking 

5579
05:01:37,800 --> 05:01:41,600
and in so doing create demand 
for its Core Business remains as

5580
05:01:41,600 --> 05:01:45,100
powerful as ever in the end, the
story of how Andre Michelin 

5581
05:01:45,100 --> 05:01:47,800
trick, the world is not one of 
Deceit, but of vision. 

5582
05:01:48,900 --> 05:01:51,400
He understood that selling a 
lifestyle, the thrill of 

5583
05:01:51,408 --> 05:01:54,500
Discovery, the promise of 
Adventure, the Allure of a 

5584
05:01:54,500 --> 05:01:57,300
perfect meal at Journey's. 
End was the key to selling his 

5585
05:01:57,300 --> 05:01:59,700
product. 
In nurturing that Vision. 

5586
05:01:59,700 --> 05:02:03,100
Michelin changed the way people 
travel, the way we eat, and even

5587
05:02:03,100 --> 05:02:06,500
the Way businesses caught 
customers, the Michelin guide 

5588
05:02:06,500 --> 05:02:09,500
Sentry plus Journey, from 
freebie, pamphlet to Global 

5589
05:02:09,500 --> 05:02:12,500
gastronomic, gatekeeper stands 
as one of the most remarkable 

5590
05:02:12,500 --> 05:02:15,100
chapters in marketing and 
cultural history indeed. 

5591
05:02:15,100 --> 05:02:19,400
It's now a textbook example of 
content marketing, It's a 

5592
05:02:19,400 --> 05:02:22,400
well-told yet, still surprising 
true story of a business Gambit 

5593
05:02:22,400 --> 05:02:26,400
that steered its way into the 
hearts of millions leaving tire 

5594
05:02:26,400 --> 05:02:29,000
tracks across the world's roads,
and indelible stars in the 

5595
05:02:29,000 --> 05:02:32,200
world's kitchens Andre 
Mitchell's Grand trick of 

5596
05:02:32,200 --> 05:02:35,200
transforming, a tire firm into a
cultural taste maker achieved 

5597
05:02:35,200 --> 05:02:46,700
unprecedented success. 
Elizabeth Schuyler came into the

5598
05:02:46,700 --> 05:02:51,800
world on August 9th. 1757 
cradled by The Rolling vistas of

5599
05:02:51,800 --> 05:02:55,500
the Hudson River her father, 
Philip Schuyler was a respected 

5600
05:02:55,500 --> 05:02:58,700
military leader and landowner in
the colony of New York and Her 

5601
05:02:58,700 --> 05:03:02,300
Mother Catherine Van Rensselaer 
hailed from one of the most 

5602
05:03:02,300 --> 05:03:04,000
influential families in the 
region. 

5603
05:03:04,800 --> 05:03:06,600
Growing up amid. 
Such privilege might have 

5604
05:03:06,600 --> 05:03:10,800
nurtured a sense of arrogance in
some, but Eliza as she was often

5605
05:03:10,800 --> 05:03:14,400
called had a natural warmth that
set her apart from many of her 

5606
05:03:14,400 --> 05:03:19,300
peers nestled in the Shiloh man,
in Albany Eliza spent her early 

5607
05:03:19,300 --> 05:03:22,400
years, as part of a large clan 
that valued public service 

5608
05:03:22,400 --> 05:03:25,600
hospitality and the quiet force 
of tradition. 

5609
05:03:26,600 --> 05:03:30,700
The estate hummed with activity.
Soldiers sometimes shared camps 

5610
05:03:30,700 --> 05:03:34,000
stories by the half traveling 
Merchants arrived to do business

5611
05:03:34,000 --> 05:03:37,600
and politicians stopped by on 
their way to legislative session

5612
05:03:37,600 --> 05:03:42,100
in this swirl of visitors, Eliza
learn to mingle with all sorts 

5613
05:03:42,100 --> 05:03:45,300
haughty Aristocrats weary 
militia officers. 

5614
05:03:45,300 --> 05:03:49,300
And even the occasional foreign 
Envoy, Yet her home, life had 

5615
05:03:49,300 --> 05:03:52,100
its share of complexities, the 
Skyler family. 

5616
05:03:52,100 --> 05:03:55,800
They're wealthy carried. 
The anxiety of living in a 

5617
05:03:55,800 --> 05:03:57,300
colony, hovering on the brink of
conflict. 

5618
05:03:57,300 --> 05:04:00,300
The tensions between Britain and
its American subjects. 

5619
05:04:00,300 --> 05:04:04,500
Simmered as a child Eliza 
observed how her father Wade the

5620
05:04:04,500 --> 05:04:06,700
possibility of War. 
General Philip. 

5621
05:04:06,700 --> 05:04:09,600
Schuyler eventually became a key
figure in the Continental Army, 

5622
05:04:09,600 --> 05:04:13,100
and dinner table conversations. 
Often circled back to strategy 

5623
05:04:13,100 --> 05:04:16,100
Logistics and the moral burden 
of rebellion. 

5624
05:04:16,800 --> 05:04:19,800
These discussions shaped Eliza's
understanding of Politics as 

5625
05:04:19,800 --> 05:04:21,800
something. 
More than an abstract game. 

5626
05:04:21,800 --> 05:04:26,200
It was about forging, a future 
from uncertain times, despite 

5627
05:04:26,200 --> 05:04:29,400
such concerns her childhood 
retained, a sense of magic. 

5628
05:04:30,300 --> 05:04:32,300
She roamed the gardens 
overlooking, the Hudson 

5629
05:04:32,300 --> 05:04:35,500
daydreaming about distant 
places, she only knew from 

5630
05:04:35,500 --> 05:04:39,300
Travelers Tales, she and her 
sisters and gel, and Peggy 

5631
05:04:39,300 --> 05:04:41,100
shared a bond forged by 
laughter. 

5632
05:04:41,100 --> 05:04:45,000
And Miss Jeff pranks on 
unsuspecting cousins, midnight 

5633
05:04:45,000 --> 05:04:47,300
raids on the kitchen to pilfer 
sugar biscuits. 

5634
05:04:47,300 --> 05:04:51,000
Eliza was, neither the bookish 
child Angelica was Nor as 

5635
05:04:51,000 --> 05:04:54,100
vivacious as Peggy but she 
combined a quiet determination 

5636
05:04:54,100 --> 05:04:57,800
with a thoughtful curiosity. 
As she approached her teenage 

5637
05:04:57,800 --> 05:05:00,300
years. 
Eliza's, mother introduced her 

5638
05:05:00,300 --> 05:05:03,400
to the more formal aspects of 
Womanhood sewing circles, 

5639
05:05:03,400 --> 05:05:06,800
polite, dances and lessons in 
Hospitality were considered 

5640
05:05:06,800 --> 05:05:08,500
essential to any young ladies 
future. 

5641
05:05:09,600 --> 05:05:13,000
Sum these rituals were wrote, 
but Eliza took to them, with a 

5642
05:05:13,000 --> 05:05:16,100
sense of genuine, kindness she 
discovered, she could put people

5643
05:05:16,100 --> 05:05:20,100
at ease, a smile here, a 
well-timed joke, there, it was 

5644
05:05:20,108 --> 05:05:22,400
less about social climbing and 
more about forging a real 

5645
05:05:22,400 --> 05:05:24,400
connection. 
Some time around her. 

5646
05:05:24,400 --> 05:05:27,800
Adolescence, the American 
Revolution moved from hushed 

5647
05:05:27,800 --> 05:05:30,200
speculation to living reality 
soldiers. 

5648
05:05:30,200 --> 05:05:33,700
Set up camp on the Skylar. 
Grounds forged alliances in the 

5649
05:05:33,708 --> 05:05:37,300
drawing room and apprehension 
about the future permeated daily

5650
05:05:37,300 --> 05:05:40,200
life. 
Eliza's, father was dispatched 

5651
05:05:40,200 --> 05:05:43,400
on missions, across the region. 
Leaving her mother to manage the

5652
05:05:43,400 --> 05:05:46,300
estate's day-to-day operations 
in this environment. 

5653
05:05:46,300 --> 05:05:50,500
Eliza developed resourcefulness 
noticing, how the women of her 

5654
05:05:50,500 --> 05:05:53,900
family stepped up, when men were
off Waging War, her father's 

5655
05:05:53,900 --> 05:05:58,700
involvement in the war in 1777, 
marked a significant shift in 

5656
05:05:58,700 --> 05:06:02,700
the situation That year British 
forces threatened the Hudson 

5657
05:06:02,700 --> 05:06:05,000
Corridor and Albany itself 
seemed vulnerable. 

5658
05:06:05,900 --> 05:06:07,800
While many families, fled South 
for safety. 

5659
05:06:07,800 --> 05:06:11,700
The shires remained steadfast 
trusting in Philip's, strategic 

5660
05:06:11,700 --> 05:06:15,000
mine. 
Eliza watched as her once calm 

5661
05:06:15,000 --> 05:06:17,700
household transformed into a 
nerve center of patriot, 

5662
05:06:17,700 --> 05:06:22,100
supporters maps on tables, 
correspondences carried in and 

5663
05:06:22,100 --> 05:06:25,700
out by exhausted couriers and 
the muffled clang of armaments. 

5664
05:06:25,700 --> 05:06:30,000
Stacked in the yard amid this 
upheaval Eliza group, keenly 

5665
05:06:30,000 --> 05:06:32,600
aware of her position in the 
swirling drama of a young 

5666
05:06:32,600 --> 05:06:35,700
nation's birth. 
With Angelica off, forging, 

5667
05:06:35,700 --> 05:06:37,300
social alliances in other 
colonies. 

5668
05:06:37,300 --> 05:06:40,700
And Peggy bouncing between 
acquaintances Eliza found 

5669
05:06:40,700 --> 05:06:43,300
herself called upon to maintain 
a semblance of normalcy. 

5670
05:06:43,300 --> 05:06:46,500
She visited the wounded in 
makeshift infirmaries and 

5671
05:06:46,500 --> 05:06:49,000
prepared care packages for 
soldiers, though. 

5672
05:06:49,000 --> 05:06:52,100
Still unmarried she was no 
longer a mere child, listening 

5673
05:06:52,100 --> 05:06:55,900
in on adopt conversations, she 
was a participant embracing the 

5674
05:06:55,900 --> 05:07:00,500
cause of Liberty her father, 
championed as the war raged each

5675
05:07:00,500 --> 05:07:04,200
new day, seemed to bring a 
surprise shifting alliances and 

5676
05:07:04,200 --> 05:07:08,000
certain supplies and heartbreak 
over lost battles in that 

5677
05:07:08,000 --> 05:07:11,600
cauldron of Revolution. 
Fate was about to introduce her 

5678
05:07:11,600 --> 05:07:14,600
to a fiery young officer of 
illegitimate birth and boundless

5679
05:07:14,600 --> 05:07:18,200
ambition Elizabeth Schuyler was 
about to meet Alexander Hamilton

5680
05:07:18,200 --> 05:07:20,500
and her life would never be the 
same. 

5681
05:07:21,700 --> 05:07:25,600
She first encountered Alexander 
Hamilton in 1779, but their 

5682
05:07:25,600 --> 05:07:28,900
paths had nearly crossed 
earlier, he served as an aide to

5683
05:07:28,900 --> 05:07:31,200
come to General George 
Washington, and was known among 

5684
05:07:31,200 --> 05:07:33,600
the Continental armies in a 
circle for his articulate 

5685
05:07:33,600 --> 05:07:35,400
letters and Keen, strategic 
mind. 

5686
05:07:36,300 --> 05:07:39,100
Hamilton's Origins, born out of 
wedlock in the West Indies, 

5687
05:07:39,100 --> 05:07:42,400
could have made him an outsider 
that is intellect and further 

5688
05:07:42,400 --> 05:07:44,200
for the Patriots and him 
respect. 

5689
05:07:45,100 --> 05:07:48,000
They're not from an elite 
lineage like a lasers Hamilton 

5690
05:07:48,000 --> 05:07:51,300
possessed, a magnetic quality 
that defies social conventions. 

5691
05:07:51,300 --> 05:07:55,000
When they finally met it was 
through mutual acquaintances who

5692
05:07:55,000 --> 05:07:56,400
gathered in the Shiloh 
household. 

5693
05:07:56,400 --> 05:08:00,200
Hamilton arrived with a swirl of
laughter and conversation and 

5694
05:08:00,200 --> 05:08:03,300
earnestness in his eyes that 
left an impression he was no 

5695
05:08:03,300 --> 05:08:07,000
tall Gallant figure. 
Instead he was Compact and 

5696
05:08:07,000 --> 05:08:10,200
brimming with Restless energy, 
rumor had it. 

5697
05:08:10,200 --> 05:08:12,600
He could dictate multiple 
letters simultaneously to 

5698
05:08:12,600 --> 05:08:15,900
different AIDS, his mind racing 
faster than his quill. 

5699
05:08:15,900 --> 05:08:19,300
Could keep up Eliza. 
Conversely was known for her 

5700
05:08:19,300 --> 05:08:23,100
measured confidence quiet but 
unwavering their conversations 

5701
05:08:23,100 --> 05:08:25,400
at first centered on 
practicalities. 

5702
05:08:25,400 --> 05:08:29,500
The direction of the war rumors 
of British troop movements and 

5703
05:08:29,500 --> 05:08:33,000
the hardships faced by soldiers.
But beneath these tactical 

5704
05:08:33,000 --> 05:08:37,300
topics a personal connection 
sparked Eliza found Hamilton's 

5705
05:08:37,300 --> 05:08:41,800
ambition refreshing rather than 
boastful he in turn appreciated,

5706
05:08:41,800 --> 05:08:44,400
her sincerity in the 
intelligence, she did not flaunt

5707
05:08:45,300 --> 05:08:47,300
They spent evening strolling 
through the garden. 

5708
05:08:47,300 --> 05:08:49,400
Forging a bond grounded in 
Shared. 

5709
05:08:49,400 --> 05:08:52,600
Hope for America's future, and a
mutual sense of responsibility 

5710
05:08:52,600 --> 05:08:56,600
to their respective families. 
Still alive are harbored doubts.

5711
05:08:57,400 --> 05:08:59,600
Courtships. 
In Wartime carried uncertainty. 

5712
05:08:59,600 --> 05:09:02,500
She saw how heartbreak could 
follow a letter announcing a 

5713
05:09:02,500 --> 05:09:05,600
casualty, or a transfer to a 
distant front, A Hamilton's 

5714
05:09:05,600 --> 05:09:08,600
letters. 
Penned during his absences were 

5715
05:09:08,600 --> 05:09:11,400
tender infused with more than 
just flattery. 

5716
05:09:12,300 --> 05:09:15,600
He spoke of unity both for the 
nation and between two Souls 

5717
05:09:15,600 --> 05:09:17,400
ready to face life's challenges 
together. 

5718
05:09:18,400 --> 05:09:21,900
When he addressed her as Eliza, 
it felt simultaneously intimate 

5719
05:09:21,900 --> 05:09:24,600
and reverent. 
They married on December 14th. 

5720
05:09:24,600 --> 05:09:28,400
1780 in a ceremony that 
reflected the swirl of 

5721
05:09:28,408 --> 05:09:32,100
revolutionary further. 
The bride's father was still 

5722
05:09:32,108 --> 05:09:35,600
weighed down by the complexities
of War offered a generous 

5723
05:09:35,600 --> 05:09:38,700
celebration, at the Skiller 
Mansion, guests included 

5724
05:09:38,700 --> 05:09:42,500
prominent, Military Officers, 
local dignitaries and friends 

5725
05:09:42,500 --> 05:09:45,700
from across the colonies. 
Candles flickered, as violins 

5726
05:09:45,700 --> 05:09:48,700
played and talked of 
Independence, mingle with toast 

5727
05:09:48,700 --> 05:09:51,700
to love. 
For Eliza, that night felt like 

5728
05:09:51,708 --> 05:09:54,200
a bridge between her old life 
and a New Horizons. 

5729
05:09:54,800 --> 05:09:57,800
In the early weeks of marriage, 
their world seemed to pulse with

5730
05:09:57,808 --> 05:10:00,300
promise. 
Yet the reality of the war 

5731
05:10:00,300 --> 05:10:03,700
intruded, almost immediately 
Hamilton was pulled back to his 

5732
05:10:03,700 --> 05:10:06,700
post, drafting critical 
Communications for Washington, 

5733
05:10:06,700 --> 05:10:10,800
orchestrating Supply Logistics, 
and occasionally heading into 

5734
05:10:10,800 --> 05:10:15,200
dangerous territory. 
Lieser accustomed to supporting 

5735
05:10:15,200 --> 05:10:18,900
her father's campaigns adapted. 
Swiftly, she learned to manage 

5736
05:10:18,900 --> 05:10:21,500
household finance's. 
Keep track of important 

5737
05:10:21,500 --> 05:10:24,700
documents and serve as a 
confidant for Hamilton's anxiety

5738
05:10:24,700 --> 05:10:26,200
is about the fate of the 
revolution. 

5739
05:10:27,200 --> 05:10:31,600
She first encountered Alexander 
Hamilton in 1779 but their paths

5740
05:10:31,600 --> 05:10:34,800
had nearly crossed earlier, he 
served as an aide to comp to 

5741
05:10:34,800 --> 05:10:37,400
General George Washington and 
was known among the Continental 

5742
05:10:37,400 --> 05:10:40,200
armies in a circle for his 
articulate letters and Keen, 

5743
05:10:40,200 --> 05:10:43,500
strategic mind. 
Hamilton's Origins, born out of 

5744
05:10:43,500 --> 05:10:46,200
wedlock in the West Indies. 
Could have made him an outsider,

5745
05:10:46,200 --> 05:10:49,600
but his intellect and further 
for the Patriot cause earned him

5746
05:10:49,600 --> 05:10:51,700
respect. 
Though, not from an elite 

5747
05:10:51,700 --> 05:10:55,000
lineage, like, Eliza's Hamilton 
possessed a magnetic quality, 

5748
05:10:55,000 --> 05:10:59,000
that defied social conventions. 
When they finally met it was 

5749
05:10:59,000 --> 05:11:01,600
through mutual acquaintances who
gathered in the Shiloh 

5750
05:11:01,600 --> 05:11:04,100
household. 
Hamilton arrived with a swirl of

5751
05:11:04,108 --> 05:11:07,100
laughter and conversation and 
earnestness in his eyes that 

5752
05:11:07,100 --> 05:11:10,400
left an impression he was no 
tall Gallant figure. 

5753
05:11:10,400 --> 05:11:14,300
Instead he was Compact and 
brimming with Restless energy, 

5754
05:11:14,300 --> 05:11:17,900
rumor had it, he could dictate 
multiple letters simultaneously 

5755
05:11:17,900 --> 05:11:21,400
to different AIDS, his mind 
racing fast at his quilt. 

5756
05:11:21,400 --> 05:11:24,800
Could keep up Eliza. 
Conversely was known for her 

5757
05:11:24,800 --> 05:11:28,600
measured confidence quiet but 
unwavering their conversations 

5758
05:11:28,600 --> 05:11:30,900
at first centered on 
practicalities. 

5759
05:11:30,900 --> 05:11:35,100
The direction of the war rumors 
of British troop movements and 

5760
05:11:35,100 --> 05:11:38,500
the hardships faced by soldiers.
But beneath these tactical 

5761
05:11:38,500 --> 05:11:43,000
topics a personal connection 
sparked Eliza found Hamilton's 

5762
05:11:43,000 --> 05:11:46,600
ambition refreshing rather than 
boastful, he in turn 

5763
05:11:46,600 --> 05:11:49,400
appreciated, her sincerity in 
the intelligence, she did not 

5764
05:11:49,400 --> 05:11:52,800
flaunt They spent evenings 
strolling through the garden. 

5765
05:11:52,800 --> 05:11:55,900
Forging, a bond grounded, and 
Shared, Hope for America's 

5766
05:11:55,900 --> 05:11:58,500
future, and a mutual sense of 
responsibility to their 

5767
05:11:58,500 --> 05:12:02,200
respective families. 
Still Eliza Harbor doubts. 

5768
05:12:03,000 --> 05:12:05,100
Courtships. 
In Wartime carried uncertainty. 

5769
05:12:05,100 --> 05:12:08,000
She saw how heartbreak could 
follow a letter announcing a 

5770
05:12:08,000 --> 05:12:11,200
casualty, or a transfer to a 
distant front, A Hamilton's 

5771
05:12:11,200 --> 05:12:14,100
letters. 
Penned during his absences were 

5772
05:12:14,100 --> 05:12:16,900
tender infused with more than 
just flattery. 

5773
05:12:17,700 --> 05:12:21,100
He spoke of unity both for the 
nation and between two Souls 

5774
05:12:21,100 --> 05:12:24,700
ready to face life's challenges 
together. when he addressed her 

5775
05:12:24,700 --> 05:12:27,400
as a laser, it felt 
simultaneously intimate and 

5776
05:12:27,408 --> 05:12:32,400
reverent They married on 
December 14th. 1780 in a 

5777
05:12:32,400 --> 05:12:35,000
ceremony that reflected the 
swirl of revolutionary further. 

5778
05:12:35,900 --> 05:12:39,300
the bride's father though, still
weighed down by the complexities

5779
05:12:39,300 --> 05:12:42,500
of War, offered a generous 
celebration at the ski America, 

5780
05:12:43,400 --> 05:12:46,400
Guests included prominent 
Military Officers, local 

5781
05:12:46,400 --> 05:12:49,000
dignitaries and friends from 
across the colonies. 

5782
05:12:49,800 --> 05:12:52,600
Candles flickered, as violins 
played and talked of 

5783
05:12:52,600 --> 05:12:54,600
Independence, mingle with toast 
to love. 

5784
05:12:55,500 --> 05:12:58,700
For Eliza, that night felt like 
a bridge between her old life 

5785
05:12:58,700 --> 05:13:01,500
and a New Horizons. 
In the early weeks of marriage, 

5786
05:13:01,500 --> 05:13:03,700
their world seemed to pulse with
promise. 

5787
05:13:04,500 --> 05:13:06,500
Get the realities of the war 
intruded. 

5788
05:13:06,500 --> 05:13:09,600
Almost immediately Hamilton was 
pulled back to his post, 

5789
05:13:09,600 --> 05:13:13,600
drafting critical Communications
for Washington, orchestrating 

5790
05:13:13,600 --> 05:13:16,300
Supply Logistics, and 
occasionally heading into 

5791
05:13:16,300 --> 05:13:20,800
dangerous territory. 
Eliza accustomed to supporting 

5792
05:13:20,800 --> 05:13:24,500
her father's campaigns adapted. 
Swiftly, she learned to manage 

5793
05:13:24,500 --> 05:13:27,100
household finances. 
Keep track of important 

5794
05:13:27,100 --> 05:13:30,000
documents and serve as a 
confidant for Hamilton's 

5795
05:13:30,000 --> 05:13:31,700
anxiety, about the fate of the 
revolution. 

5796
05:13:32,700 --> 05:13:34,600
When the Treaty of Paris 
officially ended the 

5797
05:13:34,600 --> 05:13:38,300
Revolutionary War in 1783 
Alexander, Hamilton found 

5798
05:13:38,300 --> 05:13:42,000
himself in a position to help 
shape America's future after his

5799
05:13:42,000 --> 05:13:45,000
borrowed Mission, he established
a thriving, legal practice in 

5800
05:13:45,000 --> 05:13:48,400
bustling, New York City. 
Initially he focused on property

5801
05:13:48,400 --> 05:13:51,400
disputes left in the walls. 
Wake yet, bigger Ambitions 

5802
05:13:51,400 --> 05:13:54,900
loomed, he sensed the new nation
needed, a stable Financial 

5803
05:13:54,900 --> 05:13:58,800
structure, a strong central 
government and a cohesive 

5804
05:13:58,800 --> 05:14:03,200
framework for Unity. 
Eliza meanwhile adapted to City 

5805
05:14:03,200 --> 05:14:05,700
Life with the same resilience, 
she had shown amid military 

5806
05:14:05,700 --> 05:14:09,400
camps The Hamilton's household 
was never quiet for long their 

5807
05:14:09,400 --> 05:14:12,700
circle of acquaintances, 
ballooned including Statesman, 

5808
05:14:12,700 --> 05:14:16,000
merchants and Military commands 
turned politicians. 

5809
05:14:16,000 --> 05:14:20,300
The Hamilton Home became a hub 
of Spirited discourse Eliza 

5810
05:14:20,300 --> 05:14:23,900
served as both Hostess and 
participants, a Hallmark was a 

5811
05:14:23,900 --> 05:14:27,400
welcoming presidents. 
In everyone felt a D's from the 

5812
05:14:27,408 --> 05:14:29,500
most polished Senator to the 
rough. 

5813
05:14:29,500 --> 05:14:33,600
Human Frontier representative 
Despite sometimes intimidating 

5814
05:14:33,600 --> 05:14:37,400
conversation about economics or 
legislation, she never shied 

5815
05:14:37,400 --> 05:14:39,100
away from asking pointed 
questions. 

5816
05:14:39,900 --> 05:14:42,800
Alexander's participation in the
Constitutional Convention in 

5817
05:14:42,800 --> 05:14:46,000
1787 represented a progressive 
moment. 

5818
05:14:46,900 --> 05:14:49,700
While he was away in 
Philadelphia Eliza managed 

5819
05:14:49,700 --> 05:14:52,600
Affairs, in New York maintaining
correspondence with him. 

5820
05:14:53,300 --> 05:14:56,500
She offered moral support 
reading newspapers to gauge 

5821
05:14:56,500 --> 05:14:59,500
public sentiment and relaying 
her observations though. 

5822
05:14:59,500 --> 05:15:01,500
Not formally educated in 
political Theory. 

5823
05:15:01,500 --> 05:15:04,500
She grasped the importance of a 
balanced government. 

5824
05:15:04,500 --> 05:15:08,100
She often wrote that the promise
of Liberty would Flounder with 

5825
05:15:08,100 --> 05:15:11,600
out practical safeguards and 
Hamilton returned with the 

5826
05:15:11,608 --> 05:15:16,500
proposed Constitution debate's, 
raged Federalists championed a 

5827
05:15:16,500 --> 05:15:19,700
robust central government, while
Anti-Federalists, feared 

5828
05:15:19,700 --> 05:15:22,700
tyranny. 
Hamilton a leading Federalists 

5829
05:15:22,700 --> 05:15:25,900
penned, the majority of the 
Federalist Papers explaining, 

5830
05:15:25,900 --> 05:15:30,000
the Constitution's merits late, 
nights of writing blurred until 

5831
05:15:30,000 --> 05:15:34,200
dawn, Eliza recognized his 
further doing what she could to 

5832
05:15:34,200 --> 05:15:38,200
ease his workload. 
She edited drafts lightly made 

5833
05:15:38,200 --> 05:15:42,000
sure he ate and even coordinated
with his co-authors, John Jay 

5834
05:15:42,000 --> 05:15:44,500
and James Madison. 
Well though her name never 

5835
05:15:44,500 --> 05:15:47,500
appeared on the pamphlets her, 
unseen labor, and emotional, 

5836
05:15:47,500 --> 05:15:50,800
support proved invaluable. 
Has the Constitution was 

5837
05:15:50,800 --> 05:15:55,000
ratified, Hamilton stepped into 
a new role, the nation's first, 

5838
05:15:55,000 --> 05:15:57,500
Secretary of the Treasury under 
President, George Washington. 

5839
05:15:57,500 --> 05:16:01,300
He tackled the public debt 
proposed, a national bank and 

5840
05:16:01,300 --> 05:16:04,100
laid out an economic blueprint, 
that would stir controversy for 

5841
05:16:04,100 --> 05:16:07,000
years. 
Throughout this Whirlwind Eliza 

5842
05:16:07,000 --> 05:16:08,900
managed a rapidly expanding 
family. 

5843
05:16:08,900 --> 05:16:12,600
More children arrived, each 
named with care. 

5844
05:16:12,600 --> 05:16:15,100
She also tended her father's 
Affairs. 

5845
05:16:15,100 --> 05:16:19,100
As Philip Schuyler had joined 
the new US Senate, Eliza adeptly

5846
05:16:19,100 --> 05:16:21,500
juggled her responsibilities 
balancing. 

5847
05:16:21,500 --> 05:16:25,000
The Realms of motherhood, social
diplomacy and philanthropic 

5848
05:16:25,000 --> 05:16:27,700
engagements. 
One of her quieter achievements,

5849
05:16:27,700 --> 05:16:30,900
involved the creation of an 
orphanage in the aftermath of 

5850
05:16:30,900 --> 05:16:34,800
War, many children roam, the 
streets, bereft of parents, the 

5851
05:16:34,800 --> 05:16:37,300
lies as heart. 
Went out that she tapped into 

5852
05:16:37,300 --> 05:16:40,900
her connections rallying other 
women from prominent families to

5853
05:16:40,900 --> 05:16:43,900
organize resources though 
Hamilton's name was more 

5854
05:16:43,900 --> 05:16:45,900
associated with financial 
policy. 

5855
05:16:45,900 --> 05:16:49,900
It was Eliza who championed 
charitable efforts seeing them. 

5856
05:16:49,900 --> 05:16:52,400
A reflection of the new 
Republic's moral obligations. 

5857
05:16:53,200 --> 05:16:56,400
She believed social welfare was 
not a luxury, but a fundamental 

5858
05:16:56,400 --> 05:16:59,700
sine of civilised values. 
Meanwhile, the couple's personal

5859
05:16:59,700 --> 05:17:03,300
life was a tapestry of devotion,
intense arguments, and fleeting 

5860
05:17:03,300 --> 05:17:06,100
reconciliations Hamilton's 
political enemies. 

5861
05:17:06,100 --> 05:17:09,600
Targeted him relentlessly. 
He was accused of favouritism. 

5862
05:17:09,600 --> 05:17:14,200
Monarchy leaning sympathies and 
financial improprieties Eliza 

5863
05:17:14,200 --> 05:17:16,400
stood by him. 
Convinced of his Integrity. 

5864
05:17:16,400 --> 05:17:21,100
Yet stress loomed long hours at 
the treasury combined with the 

5865
05:17:21,100 --> 05:17:24,500
son of detractors. 
Sometimes left Hamilton edgy, 

5866
05:17:24,500 --> 05:17:27,100
family dinners occasionally 
turned into strategy session, 

5867
05:17:27,100 --> 05:17:30,800
with Eliza offering a calm 
perspective at other times. 

5868
05:17:30,800 --> 05:17:35,100
He withdrew into brooding 
rumination then came scandal in 

5869
05:17:35,100 --> 05:17:38,300
1791 Hamilton embarked on a 
disastrous. 

5870
05:17:38,300 --> 05:17:42,200
A fair with Maria Reynolds 
eventually revealed in 1797 

5871
05:17:43,100 --> 05:17:46,500
Eliza learned of it in 
disjointed pieces, the Betrayal 

5872
05:17:46,500 --> 05:17:49,400
hitting hard. 
The affair was no trifling 

5873
05:17:49,400 --> 05:17:51,900
rumor. 
It was a reality that threatened

5874
05:17:51,900 --> 05:17:56,300
to unmo her marriage. 
Yet in her heartbreak, she chose

5875
05:17:56,300 --> 05:17:59,800
not to abandon him. 
Some historians interpret her 

5876
05:17:59,800 --> 05:18:03,500
reaction as moral fortitude. 
She believed in Redemption 

5877
05:18:03,500 --> 05:18:05,900
specially for the father of her 
children. 

5878
05:18:06,700 --> 05:18:09,400
Others. 
See it as a pragmatic move given

5879
05:18:09,400 --> 05:18:13,000
her limited options in that era.
Regardless her decision, 

5880
05:18:13,000 --> 05:18:15,000
underscored a resolved forged by
adversity. 

5881
05:18:15,000 --> 05:18:19,000
She insisted that Hamilton come 
clean publicly which he did 

5882
05:18:19,000 --> 05:18:21,800
through the infamous Reynolds. 
Pamphlet, revealing private 

5883
05:18:21,800 --> 05:18:26,100
matters and humiliating detail. 
Scandal tarnished Hamilton's 

5884
05:18:26,100 --> 05:18:30,200
reputation, but Eliza never 
wavered in supporting him, their

5885
05:18:30,200 --> 05:18:32,200
Union, tested by the court of 
public opinion. 

5886
05:18:32,900 --> 05:18:37,500
Emerged battered yet intact, she
retreated from societies glare 

5887
05:18:37,500 --> 05:18:41,100
focusing on her children and 
philanthropic ventures in 

5888
05:18:41,100 --> 05:18:43,400
private. 
She and Hamilton work toward 

5889
05:18:43,400 --> 05:18:46,900
mending, the trust between them.
her stance was rooted in a 

5890
05:18:46,900 --> 05:18:50,400
belief that individuals and the 
Young Nation could be redeemed 

5891
05:18:50,400 --> 05:18:53,600
from failings, provided they 
confronted their missteps, 

5892
05:18:53,600 --> 05:18:58,600
openly By the end of the 1790s 
Hamilton, had resigned from the 

5893
05:18:58,600 --> 05:19:02,200
treasury, political battles 
consumed him Federalists and 

5894
05:19:02,200 --> 05:19:03,900
Democratic Republicans fought 
bitterly. 

5895
05:19:03,900 --> 05:19:08,200
Eliza quietly reflective saw the
shape of things to come the new 

5896
05:19:08,208 --> 05:19:12,700
century beckoned but personal 
storms had left scars, still she

5897
05:19:12,700 --> 05:19:15,400
pressed on with a philanthropic 
dreams and unwavering commitment

5898
05:19:15,400 --> 05:19:18,800
to her family convinced that the
American experiment and her 

5899
05:19:18,800 --> 05:19:21,200
marriage, both warranted every 
ounce of perseverance. 

5900
05:19:21,200 --> 05:19:25,900
She could muster As the 1800s 
donned Alexander Hamilton's 

5901
05:19:25,900 --> 05:19:28,200
political career entered a 
contentious phase. 

5902
05:19:28,200 --> 05:19:32,000
He engaged in newspaper, feuds 
criticized, John Adams 

5903
05:19:32,000 --> 05:19:35,300
presidency and tried to sway 
elections behind the scenes. 

5904
05:19:35,300 --> 05:19:39,300
Eliza watched worried that his 
Relentless ambition, might 

5905
05:19:39,300 --> 05:19:42,500
alienate even his allies. 
She urged moderation. 

5906
05:19:42,500 --> 05:19:44,800
But Hamilton's temperament 
demanded. 

5907
05:19:44,800 --> 05:19:47,800
He pushed forward certain that 
his vision for the nation 

5908
05:19:47,800 --> 05:19:52,000
outweighed short-term Unity. 
Meanwhile, Eliza deepened, her 

5909
05:19:52,000 --> 05:19:54,000
involvement in New York's 
charitable circles. 

5910
05:19:54,700 --> 05:19:57,800
She helped organize relief for 
impoverished families, often 

5911
05:19:57,800 --> 05:20:00,400
visiting tenements with a small 
retinue to distribute 

5912
05:20:00,400 --> 05:20:03,400
Necessities her presence in 
these rough neighborhoods 

5913
05:20:03,400 --> 05:20:05,500
surprised. 
Many Dressed modestly. 

5914
05:20:05,500 --> 05:20:08,400
But unmistakably from a higher 
Social sphere. 

5915
05:20:09,200 --> 05:20:12,300
She approached each household 
with empathy inquiring about 

5916
05:20:12,300 --> 05:20:15,200
their hardships and connecting 
them with local artists or job 

5917
05:20:15,200 --> 05:20:18,600
possibilities in her mind. 
The spirit of the Revolution 

5918
05:20:18,600 --> 05:20:22,900
hinged on in, the Bowtie was not
purely for the privileged at 

5919
05:20:22,900 --> 05:20:25,100
home. 
Life was busy the Hamilton 

5920
05:20:25,100 --> 05:20:28,900
children by now, a lively brood 
required guidance, and moral 

5921
05:20:28,900 --> 05:20:32,700
grounding, The Eliza's father 
had retired from the Senate and 

5922
05:20:32,700 --> 05:20:35,300
her sisters were scattered among
marriages and Estates. 

5923
05:20:36,000 --> 05:20:39,700
Letters flew back and forth 
among the siblings exchanging 

5924
05:20:39,700 --> 05:20:42,700
gossip and confidence Angelica 
living abroad. 

5925
05:20:42,700 --> 05:20:45,200
Lamented the distance while 
Peggy struggled with health 

5926
05:20:45,200 --> 05:20:49,500
issues in these letters, Eliza 
was a pillar pragmatic, 

5927
05:20:49,500 --> 05:20:52,700
affectionate, and ever eager to 
uphold family, bonds, despite 

5928
05:20:52,700 --> 05:20:57,000
the swirling chaos of politics. 
Hamilton's disputes escalated, 

5929
05:20:57,000 --> 05:21:00,900
he penned, damning critiques of 
Aaron Burr, once a political 

5930
05:21:00,900 --> 05:21:03,500
Ally, but now, arrival Burr 
equally. 

5931
05:21:03,500 --> 05:21:06,900
Ambitious, felt slighted by 
Hamilton's influence and remarks

5932
05:21:06,900 --> 05:21:10,700
in 1804 Burr, on the verge of 
losing New. 

5933
05:21:10,700 --> 05:21:14,200
York's governorship intensified 
tensions by accusing Hamilton of

5934
05:21:14,200 --> 05:21:17,400
undermining his campaign as 
accusations swirled. 

5935
05:21:18,200 --> 05:21:21,600
Bearish issued a challenge. 
Adorn Jewel to settle their 

5936
05:21:21,600 --> 05:21:24,300
honor. 
Eliza upon learning of the 

5937
05:21:24,300 --> 05:21:27,400
challenge pleaded for Hamilton 
to find another resolution. 

5938
05:21:28,300 --> 05:21:31,300
She implored him to consider 
their children to think of the 

5939
05:21:31,300 --> 05:21:34,500
Scandal that had already tested 
their marriage to weigh the 

5940
05:21:34,500 --> 05:21:37,300
Heartbreak that another public 
confrontation would unleash. 

5941
05:21:38,100 --> 05:21:40,300
Hamilton assured her the fair 
was a matter of principle. 

5942
05:21:40,300 --> 05:21:43,400
He confessed personal 
reservations about jeweling. 

5943
05:21:43,400 --> 05:21:46,300
He contradicted his moral 
conviction and religious beliefs

5944
05:21:47,000 --> 05:21:49,200
Yeah, the unwritten rules of 
Honor among gentlemen, at the 

5945
05:21:49,200 --> 05:21:52,500
time, left little room for 
retreat without being branded a 

5946
05:21:52,500 --> 05:21:55,800
coward torn between personal 
ethics and societal codes. 

5947
05:21:55,800 --> 05:21:59,000
Hamilton resolved to meet Burr 
across the Hudson River in 

5948
05:21:59,000 --> 05:22:02,600
Weehawken, New Jersey. 
The night before the duel. 

5949
05:22:02,600 --> 05:22:06,400
Hamilton wrote letters to 
friends and family Eliza found 

5950
05:22:06,400 --> 05:22:09,400
him in a somber mood. 
His usual fiery determination 

5951
05:22:09,400 --> 05:22:12,700
replaced by introspective 
melancholy He gave her 

5952
05:22:12,700 --> 05:22:15,800
instructions about the 
children's education, finances 

5953
05:22:15,800 --> 05:22:19,100
and even personal regrets. 
She tried desperately to 

5954
05:22:19,100 --> 05:22:22,000
dissuade him offering every 
argument from his political 

5955
05:22:22,000 --> 05:22:24,800
future to their family 
stability, but the Machinery of 

5956
05:22:24,808 --> 05:22:28,200
the duel was set in Motion in a 
final gesture of Love. 

5957
05:22:28,200 --> 05:22:32,800
They prayed together. 
Tears unspoken but understood on

5958
05:22:32,800 --> 05:22:37,400
the morning of the July 11th 
1804, Hamilton and Burr faced 

5959
05:22:37,400 --> 05:22:40,600
each other at Weehawken Eliza 
waited anxiously at home, 

5960
05:22:40,600 --> 05:22:45,100
wracked by dread, the details of
the duel remained debated, but 

5961
05:22:45,100 --> 05:22:48,200
the outcome was tragically clear
Hamilton was mortally. 

5962
05:22:48,200 --> 05:22:51,500
Wounded shot in the lower 
abdomen and transported across 

5963
05:22:51,500 --> 05:22:53,900
the river. 
Eliza rushed to his side, 

5964
05:22:53,900 --> 05:22:56,800
finding him in a friend's house 
drifting in and out of 

5965
05:22:56,800 --> 05:22:59,500
Consciousness. 
He lingered for more than 24 

5966
05:22:59,500 --> 05:23:02,800
hours enough time for them to 
exchange final words. 

5967
05:23:03,700 --> 05:23:05,500
Expressed regret for the 
turmoil. 

5968
05:23:05,500 --> 05:23:09,600
He had caused and she threw 
tears assured him of her 

5969
05:23:09,608 --> 05:23:14,800
unconditional love Hamilton died
on July 12th, leaving Eliza a 

5970
05:23:14,800 --> 05:23:18,300
widow at age. 47 with seven, 
surviving children and another 

5971
05:23:18,300 --> 05:23:22,600
extended family to support. 
The entire city of New York was 

5972
05:23:22,600 --> 05:23:25,100
shocked. 
A funeral procession took place 

5973
05:23:25,100 --> 05:23:28,100
overshadowed by the scandalous 
nature of the duel. 

5974
05:23:28,800 --> 05:23:34,200
Birth fled publicly vilified, 
Eliza's grief was immense a 

5975
05:23:34,200 --> 05:23:37,900
mixture of sorrow and anger. 
At a code of honor that demanded

5976
05:23:37,900 --> 05:23:41,300
lethal resolution at the 
political climate that spurred 

5977
05:23:41,300 --> 05:23:44,200
such violence. 
And at the cosmic cruelty of 

5978
05:23:44,200 --> 05:23:46,700
losing her husband, just as the 
nation was stabilizing. 

5979
05:23:47,800 --> 05:23:51,400
In her anguish, she sought 
solace in faith and family. 

5980
05:23:52,300 --> 05:23:54,100
The immediate aftermath required
practical. 

5981
05:23:54,100 --> 05:23:58,300
Decision's, Hamilton's debts, 
loomed large sum to his lavish 

5982
05:23:58,300 --> 05:24:00,100
lifestyle and unprofitable 
Investments. 

5983
05:24:00,100 --> 05:24:03,900
Eliza reluctant though she was 
tackled the financial 

5984
05:24:03,900 --> 05:24:07,000
intricacies head-on. 
Rather than retreated into 

5985
05:24:07,000 --> 05:24:09,000
mourning, she found a Clarity of
purpose. 

5986
05:24:09,000 --> 05:24:11,700
She would Safeguard her 
husband's Legacy provide for 

5987
05:24:11,708 --> 05:24:14,300
their children and carry on with
the charitable missions. 

5988
05:24:14,300 --> 05:24:15,800
That held a special place in her
heart. 

5989
05:24:16,600 --> 05:24:21,100
If Alexander Hamilton died in 
his place in history, Eliza 

5990
05:24:21,100 --> 05:24:24,100
would live on to shape how that 
history remembered him in the 

5991
05:24:24,108 --> 05:24:25,800
weeks. 
Following Alexander Hamilton's 

5992
05:24:25,800 --> 05:24:29,900
Funeral Eliza confronted a 
daunting to do list she sorted 

5993
05:24:29,900 --> 05:24:33,200
through unpaid bills. 
Discovered unfinished essays and

5994
05:24:33,208 --> 05:24:36,700
treatises in his study. 
And face the prospect of raising

5995
05:24:36,700 --> 05:24:40,000
her children in a social climate
that still buzzed with rumors 

5996
05:24:40,000 --> 05:24:43,300
about the Fatal duel. 
The Shiloh family offered 

5997
05:24:43,300 --> 05:24:46,900
emotional and financial support.
But Eliza felt compelled to 

5998
05:24:46,900 --> 05:24:48,500
manage her Affairs 
independently. 

5999
05:24:48,500 --> 05:24:53,100
She liquidated, some assets, 
negotiated with creditors and 

6000
05:24:53,100 --> 05:24:55,700
carefully planned a modest 
lifestyle that would preserve 

6001
05:24:55,700 --> 05:24:57,800
dignity, yet, remain financially
feasible. 

6002
05:24:58,700 --> 05:25:01,600
One of her first initiatives was
to gather Hamilton's letters and

6003
05:25:01,600 --> 05:25:04,700
writings, she sensed that his 
political enemies, might attempt

6004
05:25:04,700 --> 05:25:07,700
to distort, his legacy 
determined, to present, an 

6005
05:25:07,700 --> 05:25:09,400
accurate account of his 
contributions. 

6006
05:25:09,400 --> 05:25:12,000
She approached friends and 
colleague for additional 

6007
05:25:12,000 --> 05:25:14,600
correspondents. 
In a thing that could shed light

6008
05:25:14,600 --> 05:25:16,600
on Hamilton's thought process 
and character. 

6009
05:25:17,600 --> 05:25:20,200
These efforts planted the seeds 
of what would eventually become 

6010
05:25:20,200 --> 05:25:24,400
a significant archival trove. 
She had no formal training in 

6011
05:25:24,400 --> 05:25:27,700
his historical preservation, all
she knew was that the story of 

6012
05:25:27,708 --> 05:25:30,100
his role in founding the new 
nation needed to be told 

6013
05:25:30,100 --> 05:25:32,700
honestly. 
Free from the rancor that 

6014
05:25:32,700 --> 05:25:36,700
surrounded, his final years. 
Her philanthropic Spirit surged 

6015
05:25:36,700 --> 05:25:39,000
as well. 
She returned to the orphan, 

6016
05:25:39,000 --> 05:25:41,900
Asylum, Society of New York 
later known as Graham Windham 

6017
05:25:41,900 --> 05:25:44,400
dedicating more hours to its 
expansion. 

6018
05:25:45,200 --> 05:25:48,400
The orphanage had grown since 
its Inception, and children of 

6019
05:25:48,400 --> 05:25:52,800
various ages depended on stable 
funds and guidance Eliza 

6020
05:25:52,800 --> 05:25:55,300
believed her personal grief, 
could fuel a deeper compassion. 

6021
05:25:55,300 --> 05:25:58,200
For those who had lost families,
under equally harsh 

6022
05:25:58,200 --> 05:26:01,300
circumstances. 
She organized fundraisers 

6023
05:26:01,300 --> 05:26:04,400
leaning on acquaintances. 
From Hamilton's, Federalists 

6024
05:26:04,400 --> 05:26:05,800
circles. 
And from her father's old 

6025
05:26:05,800 --> 05:26:09,100
Networks. 
Donations trickled in enough to 

6026
05:26:09,100 --> 05:26:12,000
expand the orphanages facilities
at home. 

6027
05:26:12,000 --> 05:26:14,200
She took solace in her children 
presents. 

6028
05:26:14,200 --> 05:26:18,500
Some older ones like Philip 
Junior and Angelica stepped into

6029
05:26:18,500 --> 05:26:21,800
supportive roles though they too
reeled from their father's 

6030
05:26:21,800 --> 05:26:25,000
violent death. 
Eliza's maternal instincts 

6031
05:26:25,000 --> 05:26:28,900
extended Beyond mere comfort. 
Actively cultivated their 

6032
05:26:28,900 --> 05:26:32,100
education and moral development.
How Hamilton had always 

6033
05:26:32,100 --> 05:26:36,100
advocated for robust learning? 
So she ensured her sons and 

6034
05:26:36,100 --> 05:26:38,200
daughters had access to tutors 
and libraries. 

6035
05:26:38,200 --> 05:26:41,400
The younger children gleaned 
from her and abiding sense of 

6036
05:26:41,408 --> 05:26:44,900
hope despite life's traumas 
friendship with Dolly Madison 

6037
05:26:44,900 --> 05:26:48,600
charismatic wife of President, 
James Madison, rekindled after 

6038
05:26:48,600 --> 05:26:51,600
the jewel though, Madison had 
once been Hamilton's political 

6039
05:26:51,600 --> 05:26:55,200
rival, Dolly admired, Eliza's 
fortitude and philanthropic 

6040
05:26:55,200 --> 05:26:57,700
Drive. 
The two women exchanged letters 

6041
05:26:57,700 --> 05:27:00,900
on everything from Child rearing
to the complexities of shaping 

6042
05:27:00,900 --> 05:27:05,100
national identity, during visits
to the Capitol Eliza dined 

6043
05:27:05,100 --> 05:27:07,900
amongst Statesman, who revered 
her husband's intellect yet had 

6044
05:27:07,900 --> 05:27:10,600
once clashed with him her 
presence in the circles 

6045
05:27:10,600 --> 05:27:13,200
underscored that. 
While Hamilton was gone his 

6046
05:27:13,200 --> 05:27:15,600
ideals and family. 
Remained part of America's 

6047
05:27:15,600 --> 05:27:19,900
evolving story over time, Eliza 
found a measure of Peace, she 

6048
05:27:19,900 --> 05:27:23,400
read extensively scripture 
philosophy and even Hamilton's 

6049
05:27:23,400 --> 05:27:26,700
essays on finance. 
She became a discrete mentor to 

6050
05:27:26,700 --> 05:27:28,900
young women, advising them that 
lost. 

6051
05:27:28,900 --> 05:27:31,300
It did not have to Define one's 
entire existence. 

6052
05:27:32,100 --> 05:27:35,300
In that process, she uncovered 
an internal Wellspring of power.

6053
05:27:35,300 --> 05:27:38,600
No longer defined merely as a 
general's daughter or a 

6054
05:27:38,600 --> 05:27:42,000
statements wife, she was forging
her identity as a protector of 

6055
05:27:42,008 --> 05:27:44,000
children. 
A keeper of her husband's 

6056
05:27:44,000 --> 05:27:47,000
Legacy, and a quiet stabilizing 
figure in a nation still 

6057
05:27:47,000 --> 05:27:50,700
shaping, its post-war identity. 
Yet she confronted constant 

6058
05:27:50,700 --> 05:27:52,200
reminders of the jewels 
aftermath. 

6059
05:27:52,800 --> 05:27:56,300
Burr's reputation had collapsed 
but he lingered on society's 

6060
05:27:56,300 --> 05:27:59,200
fringes and occasionally rumors 
of his presence in New York. 

6061
05:27:59,200 --> 05:28:03,000
Circulated some supporters of 
Hamilton yearned for Eliza's 

6062
05:28:03,000 --> 05:28:06,200
public condemnation of Burr, she
responded by emphasizing 

6063
05:28:06,200 --> 05:28:09,600
forgiveness, not for birth, sake
alone, but for her own spiritual

6064
05:28:09,600 --> 05:28:13,300
health, Still, she admitted to 
close friends that the wound ran

6065
05:28:13,300 --> 05:28:15,700
deep. 
And any mention of Burr, 

6066
05:28:15,700 --> 05:28:20,100
reopened old pain. 
In 1806 tragedy Revisited, her 

6067
05:28:20,100 --> 05:28:23,500
life when her sister Peggy died.
Though, they had not spent as 

6068
05:28:23,500 --> 05:28:26,800
much time together recently 
losing a sibling reignited. 

6069
05:28:26,800 --> 05:28:30,800
Her sense of mortality each 
family lost bird reflection. 

6070
05:28:30,800 --> 05:28:33,800
Why does fate entwine sorrow and
joy? 

6071
05:28:33,800 --> 05:28:38,200
So tightly She found partial 
answers in her face which had 

6072
05:28:38,200 --> 05:28:40,000
grown more ernests since 
Hamilton's death. 

6073
05:28:40,700 --> 05:28:42,800
Eliza turned to church 
community's for Comfort 

6074
05:28:42,800 --> 05:28:46,400
simultaneously offering her 
organizational skills to Parish 

6075
05:28:46,400 --> 05:28:49,700
events. 
Slowly the Hamilton household 

6076
05:28:49,700 --> 05:28:54,200
stabilized debts were gradually.
Paid off the children advanced 

6077
05:28:54,200 --> 05:28:57,400
in their studies or commenced 
livelihoods, Eliza's 

6078
05:28:57,400 --> 05:29:00,500
philanthropic projects, 
flourished, earning her quiet 

6079
05:29:00,500 --> 05:29:04,100
admiration, across class lines, 
life was by, no means. 

6080
05:29:04,100 --> 05:29:08,400
Carefree money was tight social,
slight stung that she navigated 

6081
05:29:08,400 --> 05:29:11,700
each challenge with calm 
determination by middle age. 

6082
05:29:11,700 --> 05:29:15,100
She stood as a testament to 
endurance weaving, heartbreak 

6083
05:29:15,100 --> 05:29:19,100
Duty and service into a tapestry
that gave her a renewed sense of

6084
05:29:19,108 --> 05:29:23,400
mission as decades rolled on 
Eliza entered a reflective of 

6085
05:29:23,400 --> 05:29:25,700
life. 
She remained in New York though,

6086
05:29:25,700 --> 05:29:28,500
the city changed around her 
evolving from a 

6087
05:29:28,500 --> 05:29:30,900
post-revolutionary port in to a 
bustling Metropolis. 

6088
05:29:30,900 --> 05:29:34,100
She occasionally visited her 
beloved, Sheila mansion in 

6089
05:29:34,108 --> 05:29:37,100
Albany now, quieter and steeped 
in nostalgia. 

6090
05:29:37,700 --> 05:29:41,000
Each time she walked the garden 
paths where she wants courted. 

6091
05:29:41,000 --> 05:29:44,400
Alexander reminded of both the 
innocence of Youth and the 

6092
05:29:44,400 --> 05:29:46,500
seismic shifts that had sculpted
her fate. 

6093
05:29:47,500 --> 05:29:50,800
During the War of 1812. 
When the US again, clashed with 

6094
05:29:50,800 --> 05:29:54,800
Britain, Eliza worried for her 
son's some of whom served in the

6095
05:29:54,800 --> 05:29:58,300
conflict, Memory of the 
Revolution merged with fresh 

6096
05:29:58,300 --> 05:30:01,600
anxiety is she found the 
national mood reminiscent of her

6097
05:30:01,600 --> 05:30:06,400
childhood uncertainty pride, and
the determination to defend 

6098
05:30:06,400 --> 05:30:08,900
Independence though. 
She was no longer at the 

6099
05:30:08,900 --> 05:30:12,900
Forefront of patriotic further. 
You contributed by donating to 

6100
05:30:12,900 --> 05:30:15,000
relief efforts for soldiers 
families. 

6101
05:30:15,900 --> 05:30:20,000
The orphan Asylum Society also 
expanded its reach taking in 

6102
05:30:20,000 --> 05:30:21,900
children, orphaned by this new 
war. 

6103
05:30:22,500 --> 05:30:25,100
Family events, punctuated her 
life with both grief and 

6104
05:30:25,100 --> 05:30:31,400
celebration, her father Philip 
Schuyler passed away in 1804 my 

6105
05:30:31,400 --> 05:30:33,200
months. 
After Hamilton's death, her 

6106
05:30:33,200 --> 05:30:37,400
mother, Catherine died in 1803. 
So Eliza found herself 

6107
05:30:37,400 --> 05:30:39,600
increasingly the matriarch of a 
sprawling Clan. 

6108
05:30:39,600 --> 05:30:42,200
Grandchildren eventually came 
into the picture. 

6109
05:30:42,200 --> 05:30:46,000
She watched them with pride 
telling stories of their heroic 

6110
05:30:46,000 --> 05:30:48,600
grandfather. 
These Tales often alluded to 

6111
05:30:48,608 --> 05:30:52,400
Hamilton's intellectual prowess 
omitting, the specifics of his 

6112
05:30:52,400 --> 05:30:56,000
downfall, Eliza believed that 
preserving his better qualities 

6113
05:30:56,000 --> 05:30:59,800
would Inspire young Generations.
A notable shift occurred in the 

6114
05:30:59,800 --> 05:31:02,700
1820s. 
When John Church Hamilton one of

6115
05:31:02,700 --> 05:31:06,000
her son's began collecting 
material for a biography of his 

6116
05:31:06,000 --> 05:31:08,900
father, Eliza became an 
essential collaborator, 

6117
05:31:08,900 --> 05:31:14,000
providing letters anecdotes and 
clarification, a memory was shot

6118
05:31:14,000 --> 05:31:16,800
by dancing age. 
She recalled specific 

6119
05:31:16,800 --> 05:31:20,400
conversations recounted 
legislative battles and recalled

6120
05:31:20,400 --> 05:31:23,500
the exact inflection in 
Hamilton's voice when he debated

6121
05:31:23,500 --> 05:31:27,200
a point of law, Many historians 
would later Marvel at her 

6122
05:31:27,200 --> 05:31:30,000
Recollections which filled gaps 
in the archival record. 

6123
05:31:30,900 --> 05:31:33,600
It was as if she carried a 
living library of Hamilton's 

6124
05:31:33,600 --> 05:31:36,800
life in her heart, yet that 
collaboration was not free of 

6125
05:31:36,800 --> 05:31:39,600
emotional toll. 
Revisiting, the events leading 

6126
05:31:39,600 --> 05:31:42,000
up to the duel. 
Forced her to confront Old, 

6127
05:31:42,000 --> 05:31:44,800
Wounds tears, occasionally 
halted, her storytelling. 

6128
05:31:45,900 --> 05:31:48,400
Specially, when she recounted 
the final hours of Hamilton's 

6129
05:31:48,400 --> 05:31:50,600
life. 
John Church pressed, gently 

6130
05:31:50,600 --> 05:31:55,200
wanting to capture every detail 
for posterity Eliza sensing the 

6131
05:31:55,208 --> 05:31:59,200
greater purpose of the she 
recognized that telling 

6132
05:31:59,200 --> 05:32:02,500
Hamilton's story might help the 
nation of the foundations, he 

6133
05:32:02,500 --> 05:32:05,900
helped lay structures like the 
treasury Department, the 

6134
05:32:05,900 --> 05:32:11,200
national bank and the concept of
federal credit In 1828 she 

6135
05:32:11,200 --> 05:32:14,700
traveled briefly to Washington, 
DC invited by friends who 

6136
05:32:14,700 --> 05:32:16,300
remembered her philanthropic 
achievements. 

6137
05:32:17,300 --> 05:32:19,400
The capital had grown since her 
early visits. 

6138
05:32:20,200 --> 05:32:23,700
Monuments dotted the landscape 
celebrating founding fathers. 

6139
05:32:24,400 --> 05:32:27,600
She experienced a bitter, sweet 
Pride passing tributes to men. 

6140
05:32:27,600 --> 05:32:31,000
Hamilton had worked alongside, 
George Washington, Thomas, 

6141
05:32:31,000 --> 05:32:35,100
Jefferson and James Madison. 
Some pointed out the conspicuous

6142
05:32:35,100 --> 05:32:36,800
absence of Hamilton's own 
Monument. 

6143
05:32:37,600 --> 05:32:40,300
She Shrugged it off. 
Insisting, that the measure of a

6144
05:32:40,300 --> 05:32:43,800
person's influence, lay not in 
stone Effigies, but in living in

6145
05:32:43,800 --> 05:32:47,300
institutions with the passage of
time, she also became more 

6146
05:32:47,300 --> 05:32:51,200
candid about the Reynolds 
Scandal though still discrete in

6147
05:32:51,200 --> 05:32:53,700
private conversations, she 
admitted the pain, had never 

6148
05:32:53,700 --> 05:32:56,700
vanished but she framed it. 
As a testament to the flawed 

6149
05:32:56,700 --> 05:33:00,500
Humanity, even brilliant people 
carry her capacity to forgive 

6150
05:33:00,500 --> 05:33:04,000
reflected a deep spirituality. 
She attended church regularly, 

6151
05:33:04,000 --> 05:33:07,100
praying for Unity in a country 
that seemed perpetually on the 

6152
05:33:07,108 --> 05:33:10,600
brink of new conflicts, 
Nullification Crisis debates 

6153
05:33:10,600 --> 05:33:14,000
over slavery and the push 
Westwood Living Well into her 

6154
05:33:14,008 --> 05:33:16,400
golden years. 
She gathered, a tight circle of 

6155
05:33:16,400 --> 05:33:19,200
confidants often. 
They found her mending clothing 

6156
05:33:19,200 --> 05:33:21,800
for Orphan children or 
proofreading a letter for John 

6157
05:33:21,800 --> 05:33:25,500
Church's next manuscript draft. 
She rarely sought to claim for 

6158
05:33:25,500 --> 05:33:29,200
her charitable work. 
If praise, she gently redirected

6159
05:33:29,200 --> 05:33:33,200
attention to the cause itself. 
For her, the real Triumph in 

6160
05:33:33,200 --> 05:33:36,500
ensuring children had a chance 
at life just as the nation's 

6161
05:33:36,500 --> 05:33:38,900
Founders had tried to secure 
opportunity for future 

6162
05:33:38,900 --> 05:33:43,200
Generations. 
In 1832, she experienced another

6163
05:33:43,200 --> 05:33:45,400
heartbreak, when her oldest son,
Philip Jr. 

6164
05:33:45,400 --> 05:33:47,700
Passed away. 
After a struggle with illness. 

6165
05:33:48,500 --> 05:33:52,700
Each loss reminded her of times 
Relentless March, yet her faith 

6166
05:33:52,700 --> 05:33:54,400
and familial bonds kept her 
grounded. 

6167
05:33:54,400 --> 05:33:58,100
She wrote that her love for God.
And for the late General 

6168
05:33:58,100 --> 05:34:00,900
Hamilton fortified her soul 
against despair. 

6169
05:34:01,800 --> 05:34:04,000
Approaching 80 Elizabeth 
Schuyler. 

6170
05:34:04,700 --> 05:34:07,500
Hamilton was more than a relic 
of a revolutionary era. 

6171
05:34:07,500 --> 05:34:10,800
She was a living Narrative of 
strength, weaving, personal 

6172
05:34:10,800 --> 05:34:13,500
tragedy, and national memory 
into a single tapestry of 

6173
05:34:13,500 --> 05:34:16,800
compassion, and Hope. 
Elizabeth, Schuyler Hamilton 

6174
05:34:16,800 --> 05:34:20,400
lived to see Andrew Jackson's 
presidency in the beginning of 

6175
05:34:20,400 --> 05:34:24,100
the Industrial Revolution. 
She watched America morph into a

6176
05:34:24,100 --> 05:34:26,200
nation. 
Both deeply reflective of its 

6177
05:34:26,200 --> 05:34:28,800
revolutionary roots and 
straining toward modernity 

6178
05:34:28,800 --> 05:34:31,700
railroad. 
Spread Factory is a rose. 

6179
05:34:31,700 --> 05:34:35,800
This political scene erupted 
with fresh tensions, over states

6180
05:34:35,800 --> 05:34:39,900
rights and potential expansion. 
By now Eliza was considered a 

6181
05:34:39,908 --> 05:34:43,000
venerable figure. 
One of the last living links to 

6182
05:34:43,000 --> 05:34:44,600
the nation's founding 
generation. 

6183
05:34:45,400 --> 05:34:48,300
In her final years. 
She resided in a modest home in 

6184
05:34:48,300 --> 05:34:51,700
Washington DC partly to be near 
some of her children. 

6185
05:34:52,800 --> 05:34:56,200
The city had matured since the 
muddy partly built Capital. 

6186
05:34:56,200 --> 05:35:00,500
She wants new She took quiet 
walks with visitors reflecting 

6187
05:35:00,500 --> 05:35:02,100
on how her husband had helped 
shape. 

6188
05:35:02,100 --> 05:35:04,300
The financial systems that the 
fueled such growth. 

6189
05:35:05,100 --> 05:35:07,900
Political leaders, occasionally 
sought her out for anecdotal, 

6190
05:35:07,900 --> 05:35:11,000
insights, hoping to glean from 
her personal glimpses into 

6191
05:35:11,000 --> 05:35:12,700
Hamilton's strategies and 
relationships. 

6192
05:35:12,700 --> 05:35:16,000
She obliged politely though, she
often reminded them that real 

6193
05:35:16,000 --> 05:35:19,600
progress, required. 
Fresh ideas, Not Mere nostalgia.

6194
05:35:20,400 --> 05:35:23,600
Her commitment to philanthropy 
never waned even in advanced 

6195
05:35:23,600 --> 05:35:26,800
stage she attended orphan. 
Asylum Society meetings when 

6196
05:35:26,800 --> 05:35:29,900
possible offering guidance on 
fundraising and Resource 

6197
05:35:29,900 --> 05:35:32,300
Management. 
Younger trustees listened, 

6198
05:35:32,300 --> 05:35:35,200
intently aware, that the 
societies founding mother was 

6199
05:35:35,200 --> 05:35:38,300
still sharp despite her Frailty 
in many ways. 

6200
05:35:38,300 --> 05:35:41,600
The orphanage of become a symbol
of her life's work, caring for 

6201
05:35:41,600 --> 05:35:45,200
the vulnerable preserving, hope 
amidst adversity Insurance. 

6202
05:35:45,200 --> 05:35:48,200
The completeness of John Church 
Hamilton's father's biography 

6203
05:35:48,200 --> 05:35:50,400
was one of her most cherished 
final projects. 

6204
05:35:51,100 --> 05:35:54,500
She reviewed the final drafts 
contributing details, she'd 

6205
05:35:54,500 --> 05:35:57,800
previously withheld or forgotten
she emphasized, Hamilton's 

6206
05:35:57,800 --> 05:35:59,700
unwavering dedication to the 
union. 

6207
05:35:59,700 --> 05:36:03,100
His Progressive stance is on 
federal power and his 

6208
05:36:03,100 --> 05:36:05,100
unrelenting push for financial 
stability. 

6209
05:36:06,200 --> 05:36:09,400
Some editorial, disagreements 
arose, particularly around the 

6210
05:36:09,400 --> 05:36:12,400
Reynolds affair. 
But allies are insisted on 

6211
05:36:12,400 --> 05:36:16,900
honesty, tempered by grace. 
The published volume's not 

6212
05:36:16,900 --> 05:36:19,300
immediate. 
Bestsellers, gradually shaped 

6213
05:36:19,300 --> 05:36:21,300
public, understanding of 
Hamilton's Legacy. 

6214
05:36:22,300 --> 05:36:25,600
As her health declined, her 
family closed, ranks around her 

6215
05:36:25,600 --> 05:36:29,300
letters from grandchildren 
poured in stories of their 

6216
05:36:29,300 --> 05:36:31,500
studies. 
Their marriages, their small 

6217
05:36:31,500 --> 05:36:36,000
triumphs Eliza's once robust 
figure had become frail, but her

6218
05:36:36,000 --> 05:36:39,200
mind held firm. 
She reminisced about ballrooms 

6219
05:36:39,200 --> 05:36:42,100
in Albany. 
The swirling War councils at her

6220
05:36:42,100 --> 05:36:45,300
childhood home, and the day, she
first locked eyes with us. 

6221
05:36:45,300 --> 05:36:48,300
Almost a Brash young officer in 
Revolutionary guard. 

6222
05:36:48,300 --> 05:36:51,700
Occasional visitors found her 
reading The Federalist Papers by

6223
05:36:51,700 --> 05:36:54,600
candlelight. as if we 
acquainting herself with 

6224
05:36:54,600 --> 05:36:59,100
Hamilton's voice, she also kept 
a well-worn by Bible reflecting 

6225
05:36:59,100 --> 05:37:01,500
a faith that had buoyed her 
through heartbreak, after 

6226
05:37:01,500 --> 05:37:06,100
heartbreak. prayer to her was 
less about ceremony and more 

6227
05:37:06,100 --> 05:37:09,700
about continuous conversation 
with a higher power that had 

6228
05:37:09,700 --> 05:37:12,900
guided her from water widowhood 
in these final dialogues, with 

6229
05:37:12,900 --> 05:37:16,900
God, she found peace certain 
that her labors both familial 

6230
05:37:16,900 --> 05:37:21,600
and charitable held meaning, 
Beyond mortal life, Elizabeth 

6231
05:37:21,600 --> 05:37:25,800
Shiela Hamilton died. 
On November 9th 1854, at the age

6232
05:37:25,800 --> 05:37:29,000
of 97, her passing Mark, the end
of an era. 

6233
05:37:29,000 --> 05:37:32,000
Obituaries, praise her 
dedication to preserving 

6234
05:37:32,000 --> 05:37:34,700
Alexander Hamilton's Legacy and 
championing. 

6235
05:37:34,700 --> 05:37:38,700
Charitable causes publication's 
recounted her Devotion to the 

6236
05:37:38,700 --> 05:37:42,300
orphan, Asylum society, and her 
unwavering presence during the 

6237
05:37:42,300 --> 05:37:44,000
tumultuous birth of the 
Republic. 

6238
05:37:44,900 --> 05:37:46,500
While she never held public 
office. 

6239
05:37:47,600 --> 05:37:49,600
That influence was palpable in 
the community. 

6240
05:37:49,600 --> 05:37:53,800
She served and in the narratives
of America's founding She was 

6241
05:37:53,800 --> 05:37:56,800
buried near her husband in the 
graveyard of Trinity Church in 

6242
05:37:56,800 --> 05:37:59,400
Manhattan. 
Reuniting them in Eternal. 

6243
05:37:59,400 --> 05:38:03,400
Rest beneath the city skyline. 
He had once helped transform for

6244
05:38:03,400 --> 05:38:06,600
decades, the memory of her 
kindness lingered in the stories

6245
05:38:06,600 --> 05:38:10,300
told by those, who knew her, a 
woman who had endured Scandal 

6246
05:38:10,300 --> 05:38:14,000
and dual driven tragedy, only to
emerge as a symbol of Grace. 

6247
05:38:14,900 --> 05:38:18,400
In the decades, following her 
death in Hamilton's financial 

6248
05:38:18,400 --> 05:38:22,500
genius grew spurred by economic 
expansion and civil conflict. 

6249
05:38:23,400 --> 05:38:26,500
Historians found in Eliza's 
carefully guarded letters, a 

6250
05:38:26,500 --> 05:38:28,700
trove of insight into The Man 
Behind the policies. 

6251
05:38:29,400 --> 05:38:32,300
A philanthropic Legacy. 
Endured with the orphanage, 

6252
05:38:32,300 --> 05:38:35,800
continuing to serve children 
well, into the Modern Age over 

6253
05:38:35,800 --> 05:38:38,800
time, as the nation, wrestled 
with the complexities of its 

6254
05:38:38,800 --> 05:38:41,600
founding ideals. 
The figure of Eliza gained 

6255
05:38:41,600 --> 05:38:44,800
renewed appreciation. 
She was not merely the devoted 

6256
05:38:44,800 --> 05:38:47,900
wife of a founding father, but a
quiet architect of social 

6257
05:38:47,900 --> 05:38:50,400
welfare and historical 
stewardship in her own right? 

6258
05:38:51,300 --> 05:38:54,000
To this day visitors at 
Hamilton's grave site. 

6259
05:38:54,000 --> 05:38:57,400
Often spare a moment for 
Elizabeth Sheila, Hamilton her 

6260
05:38:57,400 --> 05:38:59,100
story. 
Underscores, how the quieter 

6261
05:38:59,100 --> 05:39:02,000
characters of History can 
profoundly shape a nation's 

6262
05:39:02,000 --> 05:39:02,400
ethos