A World Gone Dark | The Great Blackout of 1939 | Boring History

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What is good in the hood? 
My sleepy friends. 

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I'm sure. 
Today was filled with excitement

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and now sleepiness So why don't 
we get comfortable? 

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And let me tell you a story 
about the great blackout of 

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World War Two 1939. 
This is not a story of warfare 

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or destruction, but rather of an
extraordinary quiet that 

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descended upon millions of 
lives. 

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A communal hush that. 
Transformed the ordinary rhythms

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of evening into something. 
Both strange and oddly peaceful.

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Now, find your favorite spot and
let's begin. 

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Picture London on a warm 
evening. 

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In late August, 1939. 
The Sun is setting over the 

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Thames, painting, the sky in 
shades of Amber and Rose that 

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reflect off the river's surface 
like liquid copper. 

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Street lamps are beginning their
nightly ritual, that gentle 

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flickering as they come to life,
one by one, creating cools of 

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yellow warmth along the 
Pavements. 

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Shop Windows glow with displays 
of summer dresses and wireless 

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sets, casting, rectangles of 
light onto the sidewalks where 

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couples stroll arm in arm the 
Shadows long and lazy in the 

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golden hour. 
You can hear the particular 

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sounds of a city in its evening 
mode. 

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The rumble of red double decker 
buses, the clip-clop of delivery

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horses making their final rounds
and the cheerful Ting of bicycle

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bells as work as pedal home for 
supper. 

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From open Windows. 
Comes to the smell of cooking 

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roast dinners, boiled potatoes, 
and the yeasty warmth of fresh 

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bread. 
Radio's played dance, music, the

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kind with horns and steady, 
rhythms that make your foot, tap

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out thinking about it. 
In Paris, the cafes are feeling 

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with their usual evening crowd. 
The Eiffel Tower stands 

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illuminated against the 
darkening Sky. 

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It's iron. 
Lattice outline in electric 

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brilliant, like a piece of 
jewelry against velvet. 

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There are neon signs advertising
a parody. 

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Warm light coming from 
restaurant interiors, and the 

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headlamps of Citroen and Reno's 
making rivers of light along the

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Sean Sally's, easy. 
Treat musicians, play accordions

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on Corners, the cases open for 
coins. 

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That clink with a satisfying 
metallic ring. 

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Berlin 2 is bathed in light, the
grand buildings along unto Den. 

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Linden, a floodlit, the 
neoclassical facades standing 

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proud and imposing. 
The shops, stay open late, their

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Windows full of goods, that 
speak of prosperity and Order. 

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Electric trams. 
Come along their tracks, their 

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Interiors, Brighton, modern 
filled with passengers reading 

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newspapers or chatting about 
their days, These cities have 

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spent decades building their 
electrical infrastructure, 

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stringing miles of cable, 
installing countless fixtures 

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and creating networks of 
Illumination that have become as

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fundamental to Urban Life as 
running water or paved streets. 

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The age of electric light is 
barely 50 years old, still. 

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Young enough to feel miraculous.
People who grew up with oil 

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lamps and candles. 
Now flip switches without 

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thinking Banishing, Darkness 
with a casual gesture that would

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have seemed like sorcery to 
their grandparents. 

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But on September 1st 1939, 
Everything Changes, Germany 

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invades Poland, and within 
hours, Britain, and France are 

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making preparations that have 
been planned in secret for 

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months. 
Government officials Retreat 

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documents from locked safes, 
civil defense workers report to 

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their posts and ordinary 
citizens receive instructions. 

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That will alter the appearance 
of their world in ways, both 

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profound and peculiar. 
The blackout is coming. 

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You might wonder why Darkness 
would be chosen as a defense 

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strategy. 
The logic is straightforward, 

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but chilling. 
Bombers, navigating at night, 

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need visual reference points to 
find their targets. 

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A city Ablaze with light is as 
easy to spot from the air as a 

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lighthouse on a dark Coast. 
Remove that light and the 

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bombers are flying over an 
invisible landscape. 

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Unable to distinguish a 
Munitions Factory from a 

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residential neighborhood or a 
railway Junction from a park. 

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So, the decision is made. 
When night falls, the lights 

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must go out. 
Not just some lights or most 

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lights, but all lights. 
Every window must be covered 

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every Street Lamp extinguished 
and every card driven with 

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hooded headlamps that cast, only
the faintest glow. 

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The great cities of Europe will 
disappear from view pulled 

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beneath the blanket of Darkness 
as complete as any medieval 

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village new. 
The preparations happen with 

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remarkable speed. 
Shops sell out of black fabric 

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within hours, hardware stores 
run out of paint, tape 

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cardboard. 
Anything that might be used to 

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block light the government has 
printed millions of leaflets 

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explaining the regulations and 
these appear in letterboxes like

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stranger invitations to a 
backwards party where the goal 

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is to extinguish rather than 
illuminate You can imagine the 

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conversations happening in homes
across Britain that first 

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weekend of September. 
Family standing in their parlors

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looking at their windows with 
Newfound assessment calculating.

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How many yards of material 
they'll need? 

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Whether thick curtains will 
suffice or if they'll need 

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something more substantial? 
There's an odd Domesticity to 

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these calculations as if they're
redecorating for some peculiar 

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aesthetic preference rather than
preparing for war. 

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The instructions are specific 
and somewhat overwhelming. 

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Windows must be covered. 
So thoroughly that not a crack 

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of light escapes. 
This includes skylights glass 

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doors and even the tiny windows 
in bathrooms. 

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The penalty for showing light is
not insignificant. finds that 

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could strain A Working Families 
budget and more importantly, the

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social pressure of knowing that 
your carelessness might endanger

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your neighbor's On September 
3rd, Britain. 

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Officially declares war on 
Germany. 

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That evening as Darkness 
approaches the blackout begins 

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in earnest. 
It's a Sunday traditionally a 

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day of rest, the family, dinners
and evening strolls. 

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But this Sunday evening will be 
different from any of the nation

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has known in living memory. 
The sun sets at approximately 

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7:30 pm on that first blackout 
evening in early September 1939.

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Twilight deepens, you would 
notice something extraordinary 

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happening or rather not 
happening. 

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The usual sequence of Lights 
Awakening across the city simply

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doesn't occur. 
The street lamps. 

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Remain dark shop windows. 
Stay unlit. 

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The Familiar glow that typically
begins to Define buildings and 

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streets remained absent. 
Instead there's a collective 

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dimming as if someone is slowly 
turning down the brightness 

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control on the entire world. 
As the last and natural, light 

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Fades from the Western sky, 
Darkness arrives with unusual 

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completeness. 
Not the partial darkness of a 

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normal night punctuated by 
human-made illumination, but 

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something approaching the 
darkness of the countryside or 

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Wilderness. 
The kind of dark that City 

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dwellers might encounter only on
camping trips or during power 

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outages. 
The cycle impact is immediate 

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and disorienting human beings 
have an ancient hardwired 

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response to Darkness. 
We are diurnal creatures adapted

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for daylight activity and are 
nervous. 

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Systems treat Darkness as a 
signal for rest or potential 

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Danger. 
For thousands of years, Darkness

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meant Retreat to shelter 
gathering around fires and 

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seizing productive, activity 
until sunrise. 

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Electric light changed all that.
Extending the day are officially

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allowing cities to function 
Around the Clock. 

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Now suddenly that ancient 
relationship with darkness is 

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restored but in an urban context
where it feels profoundly 

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unnatural your surrounded by 
buildings and streets the 

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infrastructure of modern 
civilization. 

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Yet experiencing a darkness that
belongs to a pre-industrial era.

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It creates a kind of temporal 
vertigo as if you've traveled 

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backward in time while remaining
physically in the present. 

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The first challenge is simply 
moving around. 

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Walking down a familiar Street, 
becomes an exercise, in careful 

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navigation, your eyes, strained 
to distinguish shapes and the 

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glue. 
The outline of a pillow box, the

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curve of a curb silhouette of 
another person approaching curbs

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and steps become hazards. 
More than one person trips over 

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their own doorstep. 
In those early blackout, 

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evenings misjudging distances in
the absence of light. 

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Cars and buses face even greater
challenges vehicle headlamps 

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must be fitted with special 
covers that restrict their light

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to a tiny slit casting only the 
weakest beam onto the road 

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ahead. 
Imagine driving at walking speed

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appearing through your 
windshield. 

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At a street, you can barely see 
watching for pedestrians who 

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appear as mere shadows and 
trying to avoid other vehicles 

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that are equally difficult to 
spot. 

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The accident rate in these early
blackout days, Spike's 

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alarmingly. 
Collisions between Vehicles, 

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cars striking pedestrians and 
people walking into lampposts or

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falling into gutters. 
There's a particular comedy to 

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some of these mishaps though. 
Nobody finds them funny at the 

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time. 
Respectable citizens, stumble 

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into Hedges delivery boys, 
cycling into parked cars, a 

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bishop walking home from evening
service mistakes. 

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A stranger's front gate for his 
own and spend several confused 

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minutes trying to unlock it 
before realising his error. 

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These little disasters, become 
part of the blackout experience 

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stories to share over tea and 
evidence that everyone is 

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struggling with the same 
Strange. 

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New Reality, the government's 
Airaid, precautions wardens 

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quickly, nicknamed ARP wardens, 
begin their patrols. 

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These are ordinary citizens, 
volunteers and part-timers given

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the authority to enforce 
blackout regulations. 

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They walk the streets with 
masked torches watching for any 

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violation. 
Any crack of light that might 

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betray a city's presence to 
aircraft overhead. 

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The wardens develop a certain 
reputation for zealousness. 

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They'll knock sharply on doors. 
At the faintest glimpse of light

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their voices. 
Carrying through the darkness 

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with urgent. 
Whispers, put that light out, 

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the phrase becomes so common, it
turns into a kind of Catchphrase

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repeated in music halls and 
radio comedies, a verbal symbol 

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of the blackouts intrusion into 
private life. 

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Insight homes. 
Families are adapting to their 

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new evening routines. 
The process of preparing for 

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blackout, becomes a nightly 
ritual performed. 

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As Twilight approaches You would
rise from your chair set down 

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your tea and begin, the 
systematic covering of windows. 

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Some families use elaborate 
curtain systems heavy fabric on 

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tracks that slide into place. 
Others make do with simpler 

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Solutions, blankets pinned over 
frames, sheets of cardboard 

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wedged into place and layers of 
newspaper taped to glass. 

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The effect on interior spaces, 
claustrophobic. 

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With Windows covered rooms, lose
their connection to the outside 

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world. 
You can't glance out to check. 

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The weather, can't see the 
comforting glow of neighboring 

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houses and can't watch the moon 
rise or stars appear your home 

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becomes a sealed box cut off 
from the usual, visual reference

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points that Orient you in time 
and space. 

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Lighting inside must be 
carefully. 

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Managed to Many families reduce 
their use of electric lights, 

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partly from habit saving 
resources for the war effort and

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partly from an almost 
superstitious fear that somehow 

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light will escape despite their 
precautions. 

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They rely on stared on single 
dim bulbs or return to older 

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Technologies oil lamps can 
handles and Gaslight where it's 

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still available. 
Quality of life changes becoming

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warmer but weaker creating Deep 
Shadows in room Corners, making 

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reading difficult and turning 
evening hours into something. 

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Quieter and more subdued There's
an economic Dimension to this 

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Darkness too. 
Electric companies reduce their 

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output as demand plummets, coal 
consumption drops as power 

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stations. 
Throttle back Street Maintenance

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Crews. 
No longer need to service lamps.

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The entire infrastructure of 
urban illumination built up over

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decades sits idle. 
It's as if a major technological

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achievement has been suddenly, 
paused put on hold for the 

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duration. 
But perhaps the most striking 

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aspect of these first blackout 
nights is the quiet. 

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With activities, constrained by 
Darkness with people staying 

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indoors more. 
And with traffic reduced to a 

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cautious, crawl cities, become 
genuinely hushed in a way. 

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They haven't been since the 19th
century. 

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Standing on a London Street at 
9:00 on a blackout evening. 

233
00:13:28,500 --> 00:13:31,900
You might hear sounds that 
normally drown in the urban 

234
00:13:31,900 --> 00:13:34,800
cacophony. 
Wind rustling through plain 

235
00:13:34,800 --> 00:13:38,200
trees. 
The distant hoot of an owl, in a

236
00:13:38,200 --> 00:13:40,700
park. 
Your own footsteps, echoing off 

237
00:13:40,700 --> 00:13:44,700
building for SARS The Creeks of 
your shoe leather and The 

238
00:13:44,700 --> 00:13:49,400
Whisper of your coat. 
This quiet has its own peculiar 

239
00:13:49,400 --> 00:13:52,200
quality. 
Different from the Silence of 

240
00:13:52,208 --> 00:13:56,300
the countryside or wilderness. 
It's a metropolitan quiet. 

241
00:13:56,300 --> 00:14:00,000
The sound of millions of people 
deliberately hushing themselves 

242
00:14:00,000 --> 00:14:04,400
suppressing their normal 
activities and existing in a 

243
00:14:04,400 --> 00:14:08,000
state of communal restraint. 
It feels pregnant with potential

244
00:14:08,000 --> 00:14:11,900
as if the city is holding. 
Its breath waiting for something

245
00:14:11,900 --> 00:14:16,200
to happen or not happen. 
The September progresses into 

246
00:14:16,200 --> 00:14:18,600
October and October into 
November. 

247
00:14:19,500 --> 00:14:23,200
The blackout stops being a 
shocking novelty and becomes 

248
00:14:23,200 --> 00:14:25,000
Instead. 
The New Normal. 

249
00:14:25,900 --> 00:14:29,400
Human beings are a remarkably 
adaptable creatures and people 

250
00:14:29,400 --> 00:14:32,900
develop strategies habits and 
even preferences around their 

251
00:14:32,900 --> 00:14:36,100
dark and existence. 
Shops are just their hours, 

252
00:14:36,100 --> 00:14:39,000
opening early to catch Morning, 
Light, and closing. 

253
00:14:39,000 --> 00:14:41,400
Well before Darkness makes 
shopping in practical. 

254
00:14:42,400 --> 00:14:45,700
The rhythm of commercial life. 
Shifts backward becoming more 

255
00:14:45,700 --> 00:14:48,700
diurnal, more aligned with 
natural light cycles. 

256
00:14:49,700 --> 00:14:53,200
Markets bus at dawn in ways they
have not for Generations. 

257
00:14:53,900 --> 00:14:56,900
Office workers arrive, early, 
and leave, early trying to 

258
00:14:56,908 --> 00:14:59,600
complete their commute. 
While the Sun's still offer some

259
00:14:59,600 --> 00:15:02,700
guidance. 
Fashion adapts to Darkness with 

260
00:15:02,700 --> 00:15:06,800
unexpected creativity. 
People begin wearing white or 

261
00:15:06,800 --> 00:15:08,600
light-colored clothing in the 
evenings. 

262
00:15:08,600 --> 00:15:12,200
Making themselves more visible 
to others navigate the Gloom. 

263
00:15:13,000 --> 00:15:17,300
Women carry their white handbags
rather than darker ones, Men 

264
00:15:17,300 --> 00:15:19,600
Sport white handkerchiefs, in 
their breast pockets. 

265
00:15:20,500 --> 00:15:23,500
Some particularly safety 
conscious individuals paint 

266
00:15:23,500 --> 00:15:27,000
white stripes on their clothing.
Looking rather like zebras as 

267
00:15:27,000 --> 00:15:30,300
they hurry along Pavements. 
The practice extends to 

268
00:15:30,300 --> 00:15:33,700
inanimate objects. 
Curves of painted white to make 

269
00:15:33,700 --> 00:15:36,400
the visible. 
The trunks of trees lining 

270
00:15:36,400 --> 00:15:40,500
streets, receive white bands, 
pillow boxes, get white stripes,

271
00:15:40,500 --> 00:15:43,900
even dogs, acquire, white 
collars so the can be spotted in

272
00:15:43,908 --> 00:15:47,600
the Darkness. 
The effect glimpsed in what ever

273
00:15:47,600 --> 00:15:51,900
dim light is available is oddly 
festive. as if the city has been

274
00:15:51,900 --> 00:15:55,600
decorated, for some backward 
celebration where white rather 

275
00:15:55,600 --> 00:15:59,600
than bright colors provide the 
decoration of Businesses, find 

276
00:15:59,600 --> 00:16:02,500
innovative ways to continue 
operating despite the darkness. 

277
00:16:03,500 --> 00:16:07,300
Restaurant's used dim red lights
that supposedly don't carry as 

278
00:16:07,300 --> 00:16:10,000
far as white light. 
Cinemas schedule. 

279
00:16:10,000 --> 00:16:14,000
More matatini showing pubs 
installed Double Door Systems. 

280
00:16:14,000 --> 00:16:17,500
Smalling, closed, lobbies were 
Patron's, can enter and close 

281
00:16:17,500 --> 00:16:21,000
one door before opening the 
second preventing light, from 

282
00:16:21,000 --> 00:16:24,400
spilling onto the street. 
These little airlocks become 

283
00:16:24,400 --> 00:16:28,600
social spaces in the cells 
places where strangers paused 

284
00:16:28,600 --> 00:16:30,600
together. 
In compressed transition zones, 

285
00:16:30,600 --> 00:16:35,100
sharing apologetic, Smiles in 
the darkness before one of them 

286
00:16:35,100 --> 00:16:38,600
Ventures to open the inner door.
The entertainment industry 

287
00:16:38,600 --> 00:16:40,400
adapts with characteristic 
resilience. 

288
00:16:41,500 --> 00:16:45,000
Radio becomes even more Central 
to evening life, providing 

289
00:16:45,000 --> 00:16:47,900
entertainment, that requires no 
light Beyond what's needed to 

290
00:16:47,900 --> 00:16:51,000
see the dial. 
Families, gather around their 

291
00:16:51,000 --> 00:16:54,600
Wireless sets and dimly lit, 
rooms, following dramas and 

292
00:16:54,600 --> 00:16:58,200
comedies listening to news 
broadcasts that have taken on 

293
00:16:58,200 --> 00:17:02,700
new urgency. 
The BBC develops new programming

294
00:17:02,700 --> 00:17:05,099
specifically suited to blackout 
conditions. 

295
00:17:06,200 --> 00:17:09,900
Gentle calming content for 
people sitting in dark and rooms

296
00:17:09,900 --> 00:17:13,300
trying not to think too much 
about why they're sitting in 

297
00:17:13,300 --> 00:17:16,300
darkened rooms. 
Reading becomes more challenging

298
00:17:16,300 --> 00:17:19,000
even with curtains drawn and no 
light. 

299
00:17:19,000 --> 00:17:22,099
Escaping many people find it 
difficult to read by the dim 

300
00:17:22,099 --> 00:17:26,400
bulbs, they allow themselves but
held closer to faces, causing 

301
00:17:26,400 --> 00:17:29,300
ice cream. 
Some people ReDiscover, the 

302
00:17:29,300 --> 00:17:32,400
pleasure of reading aloud with 
Partners or family members, 

303
00:17:32,400 --> 00:17:36,300
taking turns performing stories 
or newspaper articles for each 

304
00:17:36,300 --> 00:17:40,500
other. it's a practice that had 
largely died out with widespread

305
00:17:40,500 --> 00:17:44,200
literacy and individual reading 
lights now, resurrected by 

306
00:17:44,200 --> 00:17:48,500
necessity, and turning out to be
rather Pleasant a return to the 

307
00:17:48,500 --> 00:17:52,100
old tradition of communal 
storytelling updated for the 

308
00:17:52,100 --> 00:17:55,700
20th century. 
Children adapt to the blackout 

309
00:17:55,700 --> 00:17:58,900
with the flexibility of Youth 
though it complicates their 

310
00:17:58,900 --> 00:18:02,800
lives in numerous ways. 
School days, reorganize around 

311
00:18:02,800 --> 00:18:07,900
available daylight evening, 
activities Scouts, Girl, Guides 

312
00:18:07,900 --> 00:18:11,100
and youth clubs. 
Either moved to afternoon hours 

313
00:18:11,100 --> 00:18:14,000
or take on a different character
as participant's Gathering 

314
00:18:14,000 --> 00:18:18,100
carefully blacked out Halls. 
games and activities shift 

315
00:18:18,100 --> 00:18:21,900
toward those that don't require 
good visibility Card games 

316
00:18:21,900 --> 00:18:26,900
become popular board games. 
Experienced a Revival Radio quiz

317
00:18:26,900 --> 00:18:29,200
shows Inspire living room 
competitions. 

318
00:18:29,200 --> 00:18:33,200
The blackout creates unexpected 
opportunities for Mischief too. 

319
00:18:33,200 --> 00:18:36,700
In the darkness. 
It's easier to stay out later 

320
00:18:36,700 --> 00:18:39,200
than your parents realize to 
slip away. 

321
00:18:39,200 --> 00:18:42,900
Unseen and to conduct the small 
rebellions of adolescents with 

322
00:18:42,900 --> 00:18:47,300
reduced risk of detection, more 
than one teenager discovers that

323
00:18:47,300 --> 00:18:50,500
the blackout for all its 
restriction offers, a kind of 

324
00:18:50,500 --> 00:18:54,300
Freedom that comes with red 
surveillance For young couples. 

325
00:18:54,300 --> 00:18:57,000
The darkness provides both 
challenges and possibilities. 

326
00:18:58,100 --> 00:19:00,500
Traditional. 
Courtship rituals, evening 

327
00:19:00,500 --> 00:19:03,100
strolls Cinema visits Cafe 
dates. 

328
00:19:03,100 --> 00:19:06,800
Must be reconsidered. 
Walking together, requires 

329
00:19:06,800 --> 00:19:10,300
linking arms, not just 
romantically but practically for

330
00:19:10,300 --> 00:19:13,800
navigation and safety. 
The darkness creates a kind of 

331
00:19:13,808 --> 00:19:18,100
intimacy by default. 
Closeness born of necessity that

332
00:19:18,100 --> 00:19:20,000
might not otherwise, develop so 
quickly. 

333
00:19:21,200 --> 00:19:24,300
First kisses happen in deeper 
Darkness than any previous 

334
00:19:24,300 --> 00:19:29,000
generation experience unobserved
by passes by who can barely see 

335
00:19:29,000 --> 00:19:32,600
their own feet. 
Workers in essential Services. 

336
00:19:32,600 --> 00:19:36,200
Face particular challenges, 
doctors make house calls 

337
00:19:36,200 --> 00:19:38,100
navigate by memory and guests 
work. 

338
00:19:38,100 --> 00:19:40,900
Their medical bags. 
Bumping against their legs as 

339
00:19:40,900 --> 00:19:45,000
they feel their way along 
streets, Nurses on night shifts.

340
00:19:45,000 --> 00:19:47,000
Move through Hospital. 
Corridors lit. 

341
00:19:47,000 --> 00:19:51,000
Only by shielded lamps. 
Checking on patients in Wards, 

342
00:19:51,000 --> 00:19:53,300
kept darker than anyone finds 
comfortable. 

343
00:19:54,400 --> 00:19:58,000
Fire brigades drill extensively 
for responding to emergencies in

344
00:19:58,000 --> 00:20:01,300
near total. 
Darkness developing systems of 

345
00:20:01,300 --> 00:20:04,700
communication that rely on sound
and touch rather than visual 

346
00:20:04,700 --> 00:20:08,000
signals. 
The Postal Service continues. 

347
00:20:08,000 --> 00:20:11,500
Its rounds though, Postman 
learned to sort mail by feel as 

348
00:20:11,500 --> 00:20:14,900
much as sight, their fingers, 
developing sensitivity to 

349
00:20:14,900 --> 00:20:17,100
different paper, stocks and 
envelope sizes. 

350
00:20:18,000 --> 00:20:19,600
Milk. 
Deliveries continue in the 

351
00:20:19,600 --> 00:20:23,000
pre-dawn Darkness. 
Of bottles and the rattle of 

352
00:20:23,000 --> 00:20:25,100
crates. 
Providing a kind of alarm clock 

353
00:20:25,100 --> 00:20:28,800
announcing the coming day to 
those awake early enough to hear

354
00:20:28,800 --> 00:20:31,900
it. 
Public transportation becomes an

355
00:20:31,900 --> 00:20:36,600
exercise in faith and routine. 
Bus conductors develop an almost

356
00:20:36,600 --> 00:20:39,900
Supernatural ability to 
recognize stops in the darkness.

357
00:20:39,900 --> 00:20:41,800
Calling them out with 
confidence. 

358
00:20:41,800 --> 00:20:46,300
Born of long familiarity. 
Hassan's learned to count stops.

359
00:20:46,300 --> 00:20:50,700
And to listen for landmarks, 
Killer church bell, the sound of

360
00:20:50,700 --> 00:20:54,300
the river and the change in Echo
as the bus passes between 

361
00:20:54,300 --> 00:20:58,500
buildings of different heights. 
Regular commuters developmental 

362
00:20:58,500 --> 00:21:01,000
Maps so detail. 
They could navigate their Roots 

363
00:21:01,000 --> 00:21:04,100
blindfolded, which is 
essentially what they're doing 

364
00:21:04,100 --> 00:21:07,300
as the months progress and 
Britain settles into what 

365
00:21:07,300 --> 00:21:11,100
becomes known as the phony War 
appeared, when War has been 

366
00:21:11,100 --> 00:21:14,400
declared, but major fighting 
hasn't yet reached British soil.

367
00:21:15,100 --> 00:21:17,800
The blackout reveals unexpected 
dimensions. 

368
00:21:18,800 --> 00:21:21,700
What began as an emergency 
measure starts to disclose 

369
00:21:21,700 --> 00:21:25,600
peculiar Beauties and strange 
Pleasures that coexist with the 

370
00:21:25,600 --> 00:21:29,800
anxiety and inconvenience. 
The night sky becomes visible in

371
00:21:29,800 --> 00:21:32,900
ways that City dwellers haven't 
experienced in decades. 

372
00:21:33,900 --> 00:21:36,500
Without the light pollution that
normally obscures all, but the 

373
00:21:36,500 --> 00:21:40,600
brightest stars, the full glory 
of the cosmos appears overhead. 

374
00:21:41,300 --> 00:21:44,500
On clear night stepping outside 
is like discovering a lost 

375
00:21:44,500 --> 00:21:46,200
artwork. 
That's been hanging in your home

376
00:21:46,200 --> 00:21:48,400
all along hidden behind a 
curtain. 

377
00:21:48,400 --> 00:21:52,400
You didn't realize was there You
can see the Milky Way from 

378
00:21:52,400 --> 00:21:57,200
Central London that cloudy band 
of distant Stars stretching 

379
00:21:57,200 --> 00:21:59,300
across the darkness like a river
of light. 

380
00:22:00,400 --> 00:22:03,600
Constellation's appear, not as 
isolated bright points. 

381
00:22:03,600 --> 00:22:07,600
But as part of complex 
starfields patterns within 

382
00:22:07,600 --> 00:22:12,200
patterns depths and layers that 
electric light normally renders 

383
00:22:12,200 --> 00:22:14,000
invisible. 
The moon. 

384
00:22:14,000 --> 00:22:17,800
When it sucks seems 
preposterously bright casting 

385
00:22:17,800 --> 00:22:20,300
reel. 
Shadows turning streets into 

386
00:22:20,300 --> 00:22:24,100
silver mazes and making you 
understand why poets and lovers 

387
00:22:24,100 --> 00:22:25,900
of obsessed over it for 
millennia. 

388
00:22:26,800 --> 00:22:29,900
Some people find this revelation
of the night sky almost worth 

389
00:22:29,900 --> 00:22:31,400
the inconvenience of the 
blackout. 

390
00:22:32,300 --> 00:22:35,700
Astronomy clubs form, taking 
advantage of viewing. 

391
00:22:35,700 --> 00:22:38,200
Conditions that rival rural 
observatories. 

392
00:22:38,800 --> 00:22:42,600
Amateur stargazers set up, 
telescopes in parks and Gardens 

393
00:22:42,600 --> 00:22:47,300
sharing glimpses of Jupiter's 
moons, Saturn's rings. 

394
00:22:47,300 --> 00:22:50,800
And the craters of the Moon in 
unprecedented detail. 

395
00:22:51,800 --> 00:22:55,100
There's something hopeful about 
this, people looking Upward at 

396
00:22:55,100 --> 00:22:57,700
Beauty and vastness, while 
preparing for conflict that 

397
00:22:57,700 --> 00:22:59,500
feels Petty and small by 
comparison. 

398
00:23:00,700 --> 00:23:04,100
The darkness also reveals the 
bioluminescence that normally 

399
00:23:04,100 --> 00:23:08,200
goes unnoticed. 
On damp nights decaying wood in 

400
00:23:08,200 --> 00:23:12,700
Parks glows with fox fire. 
That Eerie green phosphorescent 

401
00:23:12,700 --> 00:23:16,900
produced by certain fungi. 
People discover it by accident 

402
00:23:16,900 --> 00:23:21,400
initially, alarmed by the 
spectral light, then fascinated 

403
00:23:21,400 --> 00:23:25,200
by this natural illumination, 
that requires no electricity. 

404
00:23:27,200 --> 00:23:30,600
Some gather pieces of glowing 
would bringing them home like 

405
00:23:30,600 --> 00:23:34,600
captured fairy lights, watching 
them pulse and fade in darkened 

406
00:23:34,600 --> 00:23:37,600
rooms. 
Sound takes on new prominence in

407
00:23:37,600 --> 00:23:41,500
the absence of visual stimuli. 
Your hearing becomes more acute,

408
00:23:41,500 --> 00:23:43,800
more attentive, the acoustic 
environment. 

409
00:23:44,800 --> 00:23:47,800
You notice the different sounds 
that shoes make on different 

410
00:23:47,800 --> 00:23:51,100
surfaces, the crisp click of 
leather on pavement. 

411
00:23:51,100 --> 00:23:55,000
The softer scuff on dirt and the
hollow Echo, when crossing a 

412
00:23:55,000 --> 00:23:57,900
bridge. 
You become aware of how sound 

413
00:23:57,900 --> 00:24:01,700
reflects off buildings, how it 
carries differently in Cold, Air

414
00:24:01,700 --> 00:24:05,400
versus warm and how wind affects
what you can and cannot hear. 

415
00:24:06,300 --> 00:24:08,900
Music heard in the blackout 
takes on different qualities. 

416
00:24:09,700 --> 00:24:12,900
A piano played in a darkened 
room with only the faintest 

417
00:24:12,900 --> 00:24:15,800
light to illuminate. 
The keys seems to fill the space

418
00:24:15,800 --> 00:24:19,100
more completely, the notes 
appear to have more presents, 

419
00:24:19,100 --> 00:24:23,000
more weight. 
Street musicians, fewer now, but

420
00:24:23,000 --> 00:24:27,200
still present create pockets of 
Melody in the darkness and 

421
00:24:27,200 --> 00:24:30,000
pedestrians, pause to listen in 
ways. 

422
00:24:30,000 --> 00:24:33,200
They might not in daylight when 
Vision provides so many 

423
00:24:33,200 --> 00:24:38,100
competing distractions church 
bells, continue to Mark time but

424
00:24:38,100 --> 00:24:40,900
their sound travels differently 
through the quieted city. 

425
00:24:41,800 --> 00:24:46,000
Without traffic noise to muffled
them Bells carry for Miles their

426
00:24:46,000 --> 00:24:49,300
various tones, creating 
unintended Harmony as different 

427
00:24:49,300 --> 00:24:53,300
churches, Mark the hours. some 
people begin to navigate by bell

428
00:24:53,300 --> 00:24:57,300
sound using familiar patterns to
orient themselves even when 

429
00:24:57,300 --> 00:25:01,400
visual landmarks or invisible 
The blackout also amplifies 

430
00:25:01,400 --> 00:25:05,400
smell without visual distraction
your nose provides more 

431
00:25:05,400 --> 00:25:08,100
information than usual. 
You become aware of the 

432
00:25:08,100 --> 00:25:12,400
particular Center of rain on 
Stone of fog, carrying hints of 

433
00:25:12,408 --> 00:25:16,100
the river of coal smoke from 
chimneys and of cooking from 

434
00:25:16,100 --> 00:25:18,900
various houses creating an 
olfactory map of your 

435
00:25:18,900 --> 00:25:22,200
neighborhood. 
Bakeries become locatable by 

436
00:25:22,200 --> 00:25:26,300
scent before sight. 
The yeasty warmth of fresh bread

437
00:25:26,300 --> 00:25:29,500
serving as a beacon that draws 
customers through the darkness. 

438
00:25:30,400 --> 00:25:33,200
But alongside these unexpected 
Pleasures runs a constant 

439
00:25:33,200 --> 00:25:36,800
undercurrent of unease. 
The darkness that reveals Stars 

440
00:25:36,800 --> 00:25:40,500
also conceals potential threats,
every shadow could be an 

441
00:25:40,500 --> 00:25:43,400
obstacle and every sound might 
signal Danger. 

442
00:25:44,300 --> 00:25:47,900
The human imagination deprived 
of visual input tends to fill, 

443
00:25:47,900 --> 00:25:50,200
in missing information, with 
worst case scenarios. 

444
00:25:51,200 --> 00:25:54,100
That bump in the darkness is 
probably just someone's elbow, 

445
00:25:54,100 --> 00:25:57,600
making accidental contact, but 
for a moment your heart rate 

446
00:25:57,600 --> 00:26:01,500
Spike's with more Primal Fear. 
Women particularly feel 

447
00:26:01,500 --> 00:26:04,800
vulnerable in the darkness. 
The reduced visibility that 

448
00:26:04,800 --> 00:26:06,400
offers privacy to courting 
couples. 

449
00:26:06,400 --> 00:26:11,100
Also provides cover for 
harassment and assault. reported

450
00:26:11,100 --> 00:26:14,000
incidents of such crimes 
increased during the blackout, 

451
00:26:14,000 --> 00:26:17,700
though it's unclear whether the 
actual rate Rises or if Darkness

452
00:26:17,700 --> 00:26:21,500
simply enables crimes that would
happen regardless, Many women 

453
00:26:21,500 --> 00:26:25,400
alter their routines traveling, 
only in groups, carrying 

454
00:26:25,400 --> 00:26:29,100
whistles, or other noise makers,
and avoiding certain areas that 

455
00:26:29,100 --> 00:26:33,400
feel particularly threatening in
the absence of light. the 

456
00:26:33,400 --> 00:26:36,900
blackout also creates social 
isolation in unexpected ways 

457
00:26:36,900 --> 00:26:40,300
without being able to see into 
neighbor's Windows to note, the 

458
00:26:40,300 --> 00:26:43,900
comforting glow of occupied 
homes, people feel more alone 

459
00:26:44,900 --> 00:26:48,800
The physical proximity of urban 
life continues, you're still 

460
00:26:48,808 --> 00:26:51,900
surrounded by thousands of other
humans living their lives, just 

461
00:26:51,900 --> 00:26:55,700
beyond thin walls. 
That the visual confirmation of 

462
00:26:55,700 --> 00:26:59,400
that presence disappears, your 
neighbor might be three feet 

463
00:26:59,400 --> 00:27:02,100
away on the other side of a 
wall, but in the darkness and 

464
00:27:02,100 --> 00:27:04,500
quiet, they might as well be 
mussels distant. 

465
00:27:05,700 --> 00:27:08,800
This isolation is particularly 
hard for the elderly and infirm.

466
00:27:08,800 --> 00:27:12,300
Those who already struggled with
Mobility, find the darkness 

467
00:27:12,300 --> 00:27:16,400
actively dangerous. 
The simple Act of walking to a 

468
00:27:16,400 --> 00:27:18,100
corner shop becomes fraught with
Hazard. 

469
00:27:18,100 --> 00:27:22,900
Unseen curbs to stumble, over 
obstacles, to collide with and 

470
00:27:22,900 --> 00:27:26,400
the constant possibility of 
becoming disoriented and lost on

471
00:27:26,400 --> 00:27:30,100
for familiar streets. 
Many older people choose to stay

472
00:27:30,100 --> 00:27:31,900
home more. 
Venturing out. 

473
00:27:31,900 --> 00:27:36,700
Only when absolutely necessary 
accepting a constricted life as 

474
00:27:36,700 --> 00:27:39,800
preferable to the risks of 
navigating the shadowed City. 

475
00:27:40,600 --> 00:27:43,500
Mental health professionals, 
notice an increasing reports of 

476
00:27:43,500 --> 00:27:47,500
anxiety and depression. 
The darkness combined with war, 

477
00:27:47,500 --> 00:27:50,800
stress creates a psychological 
burden that some people struggle

478
00:27:50,800 --> 00:27:53,700
to manage. 
Sleep patterns, disrupt. 

479
00:27:54,300 --> 00:27:58,100
Some people sleep better in the 
deeper Darkness While others lie

480
00:27:58,100 --> 00:28:00,200
awake. 
Listening to every small sound 

481
00:28:00,200 --> 00:28:02,800
unable to relax into 
vulnerability. 

482
00:28:03,900 --> 00:28:07,200
Dreams become more Vivid for 
many possibly because the 

483
00:28:07,200 --> 00:28:10,800
darkness and quiet create fewer 
distractions from internal 

484
00:28:10,800 --> 00:28:14,400
mental activity. 
Yet, there is a strange coziness

485
00:28:14,400 --> 00:28:18,400
to it all a sense of communal 
experience that transcends the 

486
00:28:18,400 --> 00:28:22,100
inconvenience and danger. 
Everyone is facing the same 

487
00:28:22,100 --> 00:28:25,800
challenge, making the same 
adjustments and developing the 

488
00:28:25,800 --> 00:28:28,500
same odd competencies for 
navigating Darkness. 

489
00:28:28,500 --> 00:28:32,400
There's a camera during shared 
difficulty, a democratic 

490
00:28:32,400 --> 00:28:35,400
leveling that occurs. 
When Lord and laborer alike must

491
00:28:35,400 --> 00:28:39,100
feel their way along the same 
invisible Street inside the 

492
00:28:39,100 --> 00:28:43,000
blacked out homes of Britain 
family, life reorganizes itself 

493
00:28:43,000 --> 00:28:45,000
around new limitations and 
possibilities. 

494
00:28:46,200 --> 00:28:49,800
The blackout curtains that seal 
Windows become daily fixtures 

495
00:28:49,800 --> 00:28:52,800
their operation as routine as 
making tea. 

496
00:28:53,700 --> 00:28:56,400
Each evening does natural, light
begins to fade. 

497
00:28:56,400 --> 00:28:59,100
Someone Rises to perform the 
ritual. 

498
00:28:59,100 --> 00:29:01,500
Drawing heavy fabric across 
Windows. 

499
00:29:01,500 --> 00:29:05,400
Checking for gaps and ensuring 
no betraying lean. 

500
00:29:05,400 --> 00:29:09,000
Will Mark the house from above. 
The rooms once sealed feel 

501
00:29:09,000 --> 00:29:11,800
different. 
Smaller somehow, even though 

502
00:29:11,800 --> 00:29:15,300
their physical dimensions have 
not changed the absence of 

503
00:29:15,308 --> 00:29:16,900
visual connection to the 
outside. 

504
00:29:16,900 --> 00:29:20,600
World makes interior spaces feel
more like caves or cocoons 

505
00:29:20,600 --> 00:29:25,700
enclosed inward-facing and 
separate from the larger world. 

506
00:29:26,700 --> 00:29:29,500
This can be comforting or 
claustrophobic depending on 

507
00:29:29,500 --> 00:29:33,700
temperament and Circumstance. 
The sum it creates a pleasant 

508
00:29:33,700 --> 00:29:37,300
sense of snugness everyone. 
Tucked safely together. 

509
00:29:38,300 --> 00:29:42,300
For others, it feels confining 
the nightly imprisonment in 

510
00:29:42,300 --> 00:29:45,700
their own homes. 
Lighting becomes a subject of 

511
00:29:45,700 --> 00:29:47,800
surprising complexity in 
important. 

512
00:29:48,800 --> 00:29:52,300
How much light is in enough? 
Two little strains are eyes and 

513
00:29:52,300 --> 00:29:55,300
hampers activities. 
The too much feels wasteful. 

514
00:29:55,300 --> 00:29:58,800
Almost Reckless. 
Families, develop their own 

515
00:29:58,800 --> 00:30:02,400
standards and practices. 
Some maintain just one or two 

516
00:30:02,408 --> 00:30:06,300
lights in the most used rooms 
leaving hallways and lesser used

517
00:30:06,300 --> 00:30:09,300
spaces in darkness. 
Others attempt to maintain 

518
00:30:09,300 --> 00:30:12,800
something closer to their 
pre-war lighting levels, valuing

519
00:30:12,800 --> 00:30:16,700
normalcy over conservation. 
The quality of light matters 

520
00:30:16,700 --> 00:30:20,000
too. 
Incandescent bulbs cost, warm 

521
00:30:20,000 --> 00:30:22,900
yellow, orange light, that feels
friendly and domestic. 

522
00:30:24,300 --> 00:30:25,500
Slight where it's still 
available. 

523
00:30:25,500 --> 00:30:30,100
Flickers slightly creating 
moving Shadows that some fine 

524
00:30:30,100 --> 00:30:34,400
nostalgic and others find eerie.
Candles, produce beautiful 

525
00:30:34,400 --> 00:30:39,100
light, but require attention. 
Someone must trim Wix watch for 

526
00:30:39,100 --> 00:30:42,000
drips and ensure nothing catches
fire. 

527
00:30:42,900 --> 00:30:47,000
Oil lamps smell distinctive, a 
petroleum scent, that becomes 

528
00:30:47,000 --> 00:30:49,700
associated with winter, 
evening's and the crackle of the

529
00:30:49,700 --> 00:30:52,100
wireless. 
Mealtimes. 

530
00:30:52,100 --> 00:30:56,000
Adjust to the blackouts rhythms.
Dinner happens early while 

531
00:30:56,000 --> 00:30:58,700
natural light, still assist with
cooking and table setting. 

532
00:30:59,600 --> 00:31:03,400
The ritual of evening tea shifts
backward, too, or transforms 

533
00:31:03,400 --> 00:31:06,200
into a simpler Affair taking in 
dimly lit rooms. 

534
00:31:07,100 --> 00:31:09,700
Some families find themselves, 
eating more cold meals in the 

535
00:31:09,700 --> 00:31:13,200
evening, avoiding the complexity
of cooking and reduced light, 

536
00:31:13,200 --> 00:31:17,400
and making do with sound witches
left over, Pi cheese and 

537
00:31:17,400 --> 00:31:19,600
crackers. 
Yet, there's an increased 

538
00:31:19,600 --> 00:31:21,600
emphasis on making evening meals
special. 

539
00:31:22,500 --> 00:31:25,400
A conscious effort to maintain 
normalcy and comfort, despite 

540
00:31:25,400 --> 00:31:29,200
the circumstances mothers and 
wives, take extra care with 

541
00:31:29,200 --> 00:31:31,900
presentation, setting tables 
nicely. 

542
00:31:31,900 --> 00:31:35,900
Even if the dining room is dim 
using Good China and creating 

543
00:31:35,900 --> 00:31:39,100
small, ceremonies that assert 
civilizations continuity. 

544
00:31:40,500 --> 00:31:44,400
These gestures matter more than 
they might seem their acts of 

545
00:31:44,400 --> 00:31:47,700
resistance against the 
disruption declarations that 

546
00:31:47,700 --> 00:31:51,000
ordinary life, persists, despite
extraordinary circumstances 

547
00:31:51,000 --> 00:31:55,000
after dinner families gathered 
together, more than they might 

548
00:31:55,000 --> 00:31:57,700
have before. 
With fewer options, for 

549
00:31:57,700 --> 00:32:01,200
individual entertainment, with 
Darkness, making it impractical 

550
00:32:01,200 --> 00:32:04,500
to pursue separate activities, 
in different rooms, people, 

551
00:32:04,500 --> 00:32:06,500
congregate in the best lit 
space. 

552
00:32:06,500 --> 00:32:10,800
Usually, the city room or 
kitchen, This enforced 

553
00:32:10,800 --> 00:32:14,400
togetherness recreates patterns 
of family life from early eras. 

554
00:32:15,200 --> 00:32:18,300
before electric light allowed 
household members, to scatter to

555
00:32:18,300 --> 00:32:21,500
different rooms pursuing 
individual interests, the 

556
00:32:21,500 --> 00:32:25,200
wireless becomes, the evening's 
focal point, its dial glowing, 

557
00:32:25,200 --> 00:32:28,800
like a small campfire, Gathering
the family around its broadcast 

558
00:32:28,800 --> 00:32:33,800
voices, Program structure the 
evening, the news at 9, followed

559
00:32:33,800 --> 00:32:36,900
by entertainment, then perhaps 
music before bed. 

560
00:32:37,800 --> 00:32:41,700
Listening becomes a communal 
activity, something shared, and 

561
00:32:41,700 --> 00:32:44,400
discussed with reactions. 
Exchanged in real time. 

562
00:32:45,200 --> 00:32:49,000
When something funny happens in 
a comedy programme, the family's

563
00:32:49,000 --> 00:32:50,900
laughter mingles together in the
dim room. 

564
00:32:50,900 --> 00:32:54,900
Creating a shared memory. 
A small moment of Joy amidst 

565
00:32:54,900 --> 00:32:58,700
anxiety. 
Games and puzzles experienced a 

566
00:32:58,700 --> 00:33:02,800
Renaissance families, bring out 
jigsaws card decks and board 

567
00:33:02,800 --> 00:33:05,100
games that have been Gathering 
dust and cupboards. 

568
00:33:06,000 --> 00:33:08,800
These activities work. 
Well, in dim, light and 

569
00:33:08,800 --> 00:33:10,500
accommodate multiple 
participants. 

570
00:33:10,500 --> 00:33:15,800
The social Dynamic shifts during
gameplay, hierarchies flattened 

571
00:33:15,800 --> 00:33:19,200
children can be beat adults, 
through luck or skill, and 

572
00:33:19,200 --> 00:33:21,400
everyone participates on more 
equal terms. 

573
00:33:22,500 --> 00:33:25,100
These evening game sessions, 
create their own satisfaction, 

574
00:33:25,100 --> 00:33:28,700
Simple Pleasures, that don't 
require technology or 

575
00:33:28,700 --> 00:33:31,700
brightness. 
Conversation too becomes more 

576
00:33:31,700 --> 00:33:35,300
Central to family life. 
Without the visual stimulation 

577
00:33:35,300 --> 00:33:37,200
of bright rooms and varied 
activities. 

578
00:33:37,200 --> 00:33:42,200
People talk more, tell stories 
and share their days and greater

579
00:33:42,200 --> 00:33:45,000
detail. 
Parents discuss things with 

580
00:33:45,000 --> 00:33:47,800
children that might normally be 
postponed or abbreviated. 

581
00:33:48,800 --> 00:33:51,600
Siblings who might typically 
ignore each other in favor of 

582
00:33:51,608 --> 00:33:53,700
separate Pursuits. 
Find themselves. 

583
00:33:53,700 --> 00:33:57,500
Actually conversing getting to 
know each other better in these 

584
00:33:57,500 --> 00:34:01,900
enforced periods of proximity. 
Reading aloud becomes a nightly 

585
00:34:01,900 --> 00:34:05,400
ritual in many households father
might read from the evening 

586
00:34:05,400 --> 00:34:09,000
paper, sharing news and 
editorials sometimes with 

587
00:34:09,000 --> 00:34:11,900
commentary. 
Mother might read from novels 

588
00:34:11,900 --> 00:34:15,600
performing different voices for 
different characters creating 

589
00:34:15,600 --> 00:34:18,100
entertainment that doesn't 
require visual props. 

590
00:34:19,000 --> 00:34:22,199
Older children might take turns 
reading developing their 

591
00:34:22,199 --> 00:34:24,000
expression and comfort with 
performance. 

592
00:34:25,100 --> 00:34:28,199
These sessions revive an oral 
tradition that had been fading, 

593
00:34:28,199 --> 00:34:31,500
turning literature back into 
something, communal rather than 

594
00:34:31,500 --> 00:34:35,000
solitary. 
Bedtime routine simplify in some

595
00:34:35,000 --> 00:34:37,600
ways. 
Without Bright Lights, the 

596
00:34:37,600 --> 00:34:41,000
natural drowsiness that comes 
with Darkness isn't artificially

597
00:34:41,000 --> 00:34:42,900
suppressed. 
Children. 

598
00:34:42,900 --> 00:34:46,199
Get sleepier their circadian 
rhythms responding to 

599
00:34:46,199 --> 00:34:49,500
environmental cues that electric
light normally override. 

600
00:34:50,600 --> 00:34:53,000
Parents find it easier to get 
little ones to bed when the 

601
00:34:53,007 --> 00:34:54,800
whole house is already dim and 
quiet. 

602
00:34:54,800 --> 00:34:57,800
When there's not much exciting 
happening to miss. 

603
00:34:58,900 --> 00:35:01,900
But the darkness also 
introduces, new nighttime fears,

604
00:35:01,900 --> 00:35:06,300
especially for children. 
The shadows in a dimly lit. 

605
00:35:06,300 --> 00:35:08,700
Bedroom, seem deeper more 
ominous. 

606
00:35:09,500 --> 00:35:13,800
The usual reassurance of there's
nothing there becomes harder to 

607
00:35:13,800 --> 00:35:16,900
verify when you actually can't 
see into corners and closets. 

608
00:35:17,900 --> 00:35:21,500
Some parents leave candles 
burning accepting the fire risk 

609
00:35:21,500 --> 00:35:23,400
as preferable to Childhood 
Terror. 

610
00:35:24,200 --> 00:35:27,900
Others develop new bed time, 
rituals longer tucking in 

611
00:35:27,900 --> 00:35:31,400
sessions stories told. 
In soothing tones and songs 

612
00:35:31,400 --> 00:35:35,400
hummed and until sleep arrives. 
For parents themselves, the 

613
00:35:35,400 --> 00:35:37,500
blackout creates its own 
intimacy and distance. 

614
00:35:37,500 --> 00:35:41,400
Once children are asleep, Cups 
have the evening to themselves 

615
00:35:41,400 --> 00:35:43,100
and ways, they might not have 
before. 

616
00:35:44,000 --> 00:35:46,700
When evening activities, might 
scatter family members to 

617
00:35:46,700 --> 00:35:51,300
various entertainments. 
Yet the darkness and quiet also 

618
00:35:51,300 --> 00:35:55,600
emphasize their isolation. 
Two people in a sealed house on 

619
00:35:55,600 --> 00:35:59,200
a dark and Street Living Through
History, without knowing how the

620
00:35:59,200 --> 00:36:02,300
story ends. 
Some couples use this time for 

621
00:36:02,300 --> 00:36:06,000
serious conversations, that 
daylight and distraction had 

622
00:36:06,000 --> 00:36:10,000
allowed them to postpone 
discussions about money about 

623
00:36:10,000 --> 00:36:13,800
plans, for possible of 
evacuation about fears and hopes

624
00:36:13,800 --> 00:36:16,900
and about what they'll do if the
war intensifies. 

625
00:36:17,800 --> 00:36:21,500
Other couples deliberately avoid
heavy topics preferring to 

626
00:36:21,508 --> 00:36:24,700
maintain lightness, to protect 
their evening hours as refugees 

627
00:36:24,700 --> 00:36:28,500
from worry. 
They play cards, listen to music

628
00:36:28,500 --> 00:36:32,700
and simply sit together in 
comfortable silence, taking 

629
00:36:32,700 --> 00:36:37,100
comfort from physical proximity.
The blackout effects married 

630
00:36:37,100 --> 00:36:40,400
life in unexpected. 
Ways the darkness provides 

631
00:36:40,400 --> 00:36:42,600
privacy. 
Even in homes, with thin walls 

632
00:36:42,600 --> 00:36:46,500
and multiple inhabitants 
intimacy becomes easier when 

633
00:36:46,500 --> 00:36:49,800
visual privacy is assured. 
When darkness guarantees 

634
00:36:49,800 --> 00:36:53,700
discretion Some couples find 
their relationships strengthened

635
00:36:53,700 --> 00:36:57,200
by the enforced closeness and 
the shared experience of 

636
00:36:57,200 --> 00:37:01,000
adapting to strange 
circumstances. others, find the 

637
00:37:01,000 --> 00:37:04,400
proximity without Escape, 
grating, the inability to 

638
00:37:04,400 --> 00:37:07,200
retreat into separate 
activities, creating friction 

639
00:37:07,200 --> 00:37:12,200
that might otherwise dissipate 
Elderly family members often 

640
00:37:12,200 --> 00:37:14,900
living with their adult children
face particular challenges. 

641
00:37:15,900 --> 00:37:19,000
Many older people have always 
relied heavily on visual cues 

642
00:37:19,000 --> 00:37:22,800
and the reduction in light makes
everything harder reading 

643
00:37:22,800 --> 00:37:25,900
knitting, even just moving 
around the house safely, 

644
00:37:26,800 --> 00:37:29,100
Families must decide how to 
balance their Elders. 

645
00:37:29,100 --> 00:37:32,200
Need for light with blackout 
requirements and conservation 

646
00:37:32,200 --> 00:37:36,200
concerns. 
Compromises emerge, brighter 

647
00:37:36,200 --> 00:37:38,800
lights, and grandmother's room, 
even if the rest of the house 

648
00:37:38,800 --> 00:37:41,800
remains dim. 
Extra candles placed 

649
00:37:41,800 --> 00:37:45,600
strategically more assistance 
with evening tasks that Darkness

650
00:37:45,600 --> 00:37:49,000
makes difficult. 
The blackout will reveals class 

651
00:37:49,000 --> 00:37:52,600
differences and domestic 
experience, wealthier, families 

652
00:37:52,600 --> 00:37:56,400
can afford heavier, curtains, 
better, blackout materials, and 

653
00:37:56,400 --> 00:37:59,700
perhaps even specially designed 
blackout systems with multiple 

654
00:37:59,700 --> 00:38:02,000
layers. 
Their homes might have more 

655
00:38:02,000 --> 00:38:05,600
rooms allowing family members 
more privacy, despite the 

656
00:38:05,600 --> 00:38:09,400
enforced evening togetherness. 
They might maintain closer to 

657
00:38:09,400 --> 00:38:12,000
normal lighting levels, 
considering the extra 

658
00:38:12,000 --> 00:38:14,900
electricity expense and 
acceptable cost for comfort. 

659
00:38:15,900 --> 00:38:19,600
Working class families make do 
with cheaper Solutions, blankets

660
00:38:19,600 --> 00:38:24,300
nailed over Windows newspaper 
pasted to Glass and curtains 

661
00:38:24,300 --> 00:38:26,400
sewn from whatever fabric could 
be afforded. 

662
00:38:27,200 --> 00:38:29,000
Their smaller homes mean less 
privacy. 

663
00:38:29,000 --> 00:38:32,900
More enforced, proximity, and 
every one living in each other's

664
00:38:32,900 --> 00:38:34,500
Pockets. 
Even more than usual. 

665
00:38:35,400 --> 00:38:38,400
Economies in lighting hit harder
when you're already budgeting 

666
00:38:38,400 --> 00:38:41,700
carefully for every shilling. 
Yet, there's a democratizing 

667
00:38:41,700 --> 00:38:44,100
element, too rich and poor 
alike. 

668
00:38:44,100 --> 00:38:47,600
Must darken their homes, the 
Duke, and his mansion, and the 

669
00:38:47,600 --> 00:38:50,900
docker in his Terrace row. 
Both spend their evening's in 

670
00:38:50,900 --> 00:38:55,000
dimmed rooms, both must navigate
the same darkened streets. 

671
00:38:56,000 --> 00:38:59,200
The blackout is one of the few 
wartime measures that truly 

672
00:38:59,200 --> 00:39:01,300
applies equally across social 
strata. 

673
00:39:02,000 --> 00:39:05,700
Creating a rare moment of shared
experience across class lines. 

674
00:39:06,800 --> 00:39:11,700
As 1939 turns into 1940 and the 
blackout continues month after 

675
00:39:11,700 --> 00:39:14,500
month. 
Something remarkable happens. 

676
00:39:14,500 --> 00:39:17,400
People stopped thinking about it
quite so much. 

677
00:39:18,300 --> 00:39:21,100
Extraordinary becomes ordinary 
through sheer repetition. 

678
00:39:22,100 --> 00:39:25,000
The nightly ritual of darkening,
Windows transforms from a 

679
00:39:25,008 --> 00:39:29,200
conscious process into a habit, 
the formed with the automaticity

680
00:39:29,200 --> 00:39:31,700
of brushing teeth or locking 
doors. 

681
00:39:32,700 --> 00:39:36,300
Innovations, accumulate, small 
improvements that collectively 

682
00:39:36,300 --> 00:39:37,800
make the darkness more 
manageable. 

683
00:39:38,600 --> 00:39:41,500
Enterprise in individuals, 
develop gadgets and solutions 

684
00:39:41,500 --> 00:39:44,300
that spread through communities 
like helpful folklore. 

685
00:39:45,000 --> 00:39:47,800
Someone discovers that painting 
stair, edges with luminous 

686
00:39:47,800 --> 00:39:52,500
paint, makes them safer to 
navigate. the idea spreads and 

687
00:39:52,500 --> 00:39:56,600
soon glowing stairs become 
common little safety features 

688
00:39:56,600 --> 00:40:00,400
that cost pennies, but prevent 
countless Falls, Shops. 

689
00:40:00,400 --> 00:40:04,600
Begin selling specially designed
blackout accessories torches 

690
00:40:04,600 --> 00:40:06,700
with narrow beams and red 
filters. 

691
00:40:06,700 --> 00:40:09,400
That supposedly don't compromise
night vision. 

692
00:40:10,300 --> 00:40:14,200
Reflective armbands and badges 
for pedestrians luminous 

693
00:40:14,200 --> 00:40:16,300
buttons. 
That can be sewn onto coats. 

694
00:40:16,900 --> 00:40:20,900
White painted walking sticks. 
The commercial World adapts to 

695
00:40:20,900 --> 00:40:24,800
serve the dark and consumer 
finding profit even in darkness.

696
00:40:25,600 --> 00:40:29,600
Fashion truly Embraces, the 
blackout aesthetic. designers 

697
00:40:29,600 --> 00:40:33,100
create clothing with safety 
features, built in white piping 

698
00:40:33,100 --> 00:40:37,400
on dark coats, reflective 
threads, woven into fabrics and 

699
00:40:37,400 --> 00:40:40,800
light colored accessories that 
serve the Dual purposes of style

700
00:40:40,800 --> 00:40:45,300
and visibility women's magazines
run features on Blackout Beauty 

701
00:40:45,300 --> 00:40:49,100
suggesting makeup and hairstyles
suited to dim lighting. 

702
00:40:50,000 --> 00:40:53,900
The advice is practical and 
sometimes absurd, light to face 

703
00:40:53,908 --> 00:40:56,000
powders recommended because it's
more visible. 

704
00:40:56,000 --> 00:40:59,600
While dark lipstick is warned 
against lest you become a pair 

705
00:40:59,600 --> 00:41:01,600
of disembodied. 
Lips floating in the darkness 

706
00:41:01,600 --> 00:41:05,400
restaurants and pubs develop. 
Elaborate workarounds for the 

707
00:41:05,400 --> 00:41:08,600
blackout restrictions. 
Some establishments paint their 

708
00:41:08,600 --> 00:41:12,500
Windows opaque black, but in 
stalled, elaborate interior, 

709
00:41:12,500 --> 00:41:16,500
lighting, creating spaces that 
feel almost normal once you're 

710
00:41:16,500 --> 00:41:19,100
inside. 
Others embrace the dimness 

711
00:41:19,100 --> 00:41:22,900
installing red or blue lights 
that create atmospheric spaces. 

712
00:41:22,900 --> 00:41:26,600
While technically complying with
regulations nightclubs, in 

713
00:41:26,600 --> 00:41:29,800
particular find that dim 
lighting can be romantic or 

714
00:41:29,800 --> 00:41:33,100
mysterious transforming a 
restriction into a feature. 

715
00:41:33,100 --> 00:41:36,900
The entertainment industry 
becomes increasingly creative 

716
00:41:37,700 --> 00:41:40,900
Cinemas develop complex 
procedures for seating people in

717
00:41:40,900 --> 00:41:43,600
darkness ushers with covered 
torches. 

718
00:41:43,600 --> 00:41:47,900
Luminous floor, markers and 
spaced entry times to prevent 

719
00:41:47,900 --> 00:41:49,800
traffic jams in the lightness 
Isles. 

720
00:41:50,800 --> 00:41:54,000
Some theaters experiment with 
matinee, only schedules 

721
00:41:54,000 --> 00:41:57,300
accepting reduced evening 
business rather than dealing 

722
00:41:57,300 --> 00:42:01,300
with blackout complications. 
Others Thrive precisely because 

723
00:42:01,300 --> 00:42:03,500
they offer brightest escapism 
inside. 

724
00:42:03,500 --> 00:42:05,700
While maintaining complete 
darkness outside. 

725
00:42:06,500 --> 00:42:09,900
Radio programs evolved to suit 
their audiences circumstances. 

726
00:42:09,900 --> 00:42:13,700
Content becomes more domestic 
more suited to family. 

727
00:42:13,700 --> 00:42:17,500
Listening in dimmed rooms, 
comedy programs, emphasize 

728
00:42:17,500 --> 00:42:22,100
verbal humor, over visual gags, 
dramas rely on sound effects and

729
00:42:22,100 --> 00:42:24,700
voice acting to create Vivid 
mental images. 

730
00:42:25,700 --> 00:42:28,800
The BBC becomes increasingly 
sophisticated in its 

731
00:42:28,800 --> 00:42:32,100
understanding of how to create 
entertainment for a population 

732
00:42:32,100 --> 00:42:35,800
city in the dark unable to do 
much else besides listen. 

733
00:42:37,000 --> 00:42:40,200
Local communities, develop 
Collective, coping strategies 

734
00:42:40,200 --> 00:42:44,300
neighborhoods, organized 
blackout socials, Gatherings 

735
00:42:44,300 --> 00:42:46,800
where people can meet and mingle
despite the darkness. 

736
00:42:48,000 --> 00:42:51,400
Churches, host, evening services
that become social events. 

737
00:42:51,400 --> 00:42:55,100
As much as religious ones, 
providing both spiritual comfort

738
00:42:55,100 --> 00:42:58,600
and human connection. 
Community centers run 

739
00:42:58,600 --> 00:43:01,300
activities, specifically 
designed for low-light 

740
00:43:01,300 --> 00:43:04,600
conditions. 
Music sessions discussion groups

741
00:43:04,600 --> 00:43:07,400
and Collective listening to 
important broadcasts. 

742
00:43:08,200 --> 00:43:10,800
Street communities become more 
tight-knit through the shared 

743
00:43:10,800 --> 00:43:13,500
experience. 
Neighbors, who might previously 

744
00:43:13,500 --> 00:43:15,700
have exchanged only perfunctory 
greetings? 

745
00:43:15,700 --> 00:43:19,000
Now check on each other help 
each other with blackout 

746
00:43:19,000 --> 00:43:21,600
preparations and share resources
and solutions. 

747
00:43:21,600 --> 00:43:25,000
The darkness creates a kind of 
Frontier mentality. 

748
00:43:25,000 --> 00:43:29,100
A sense that you're all in this 
together face in common 

749
00:43:29,100 --> 00:43:33,400
challenges that require Mutual 
support children, remarkably 

750
00:43:33,400 --> 00:43:35,500
resilient turn the blackout into
play. 

751
00:43:35,500 --> 00:43:39,700
They invent games. 
Suited to Darkness, elaborate 

752
00:43:39,700 --> 00:43:42,200
version of hide and seek 
treasure hunts. 

753
00:43:42,200 --> 00:43:45,000
That rely on touch and sound, 
rather than sight. 

754
00:43:45,000 --> 00:43:48,700
And Theatrical performance is 
put on in dim rooms where 

755
00:43:48,700 --> 00:43:53,200
imagination for visual 
spectacle, The blackout becomes 

756
00:43:53,200 --> 00:43:56,900
normalized in their experience, 
not a temporary disruption but 

757
00:43:56,900 --> 00:44:01,100
simply how the world works as 
natural as rain or school or 

758
00:44:01,100 --> 00:44:04,400
Sunday roast. 
Teachers adapt, their lesson 

759
00:44:04,400 --> 00:44:07,900
plans, incorporating blackout 
realities into education. 

760
00:44:08,700 --> 00:44:10,700
Science classes discuss 
astronomy. 

761
00:44:10,700 --> 00:44:13,900
With Newfound relevance 
students, can actually see what 

762
00:44:13,900 --> 00:44:17,100
they're learning about. 
History lessons. 

763
00:44:17,100 --> 00:44:18,900
Draw, parallels to Medieval 
life. 

764
00:44:19,700 --> 00:44:22,700
Helping children understand that
most of human history occurred 

765
00:44:22,700 --> 00:44:26,700
without electric light. 
Art classes experiment with low 

766
00:44:26,700 --> 00:44:31,700
light media, charcoal drawings 
shadow puppets and projects that

767
00:44:31,700 --> 00:44:36,200
work despite limited visibility.
Physical coordination improves 

768
00:44:36,200 --> 00:44:38,500
across the population. 
As people, develop better, 

769
00:44:38,500 --> 00:44:41,800
spatial awareness. 
Your appropriate exception to 

770
00:44:41,800 --> 00:44:46,200
that internal sense of where 
your body is in space sharpens 

771
00:44:46,200 --> 00:44:48,400
when visual input becomes 
unreliable. 

772
00:44:49,400 --> 00:44:52,400
People learn to move more 
carefully, more consciously 

773
00:44:52,400 --> 00:44:56,300
developing a kind of bodily 
intelligence that Modern Life 

774
00:44:56,300 --> 00:45:00,700
had allowed to atrophy. 
Simple Act of walking becomes 

775
00:45:00,700 --> 00:45:05,000
more mindful, more present, and 
less the unconscious automatic 

776
00:45:05,000 --> 00:45:08,100
process. 
It had been health effects 

777
00:45:08,100 --> 00:45:12,500
emerge, both positive and 
negative accident rates from the

778
00:45:12,500 --> 00:45:16,200
darkness remain elevated. 
People can continue to trip 

779
00:45:16,200 --> 00:45:18,500
Collide and stumble into 
objects. 

780
00:45:19,400 --> 00:45:21,300
But there are unexpected 
benefits, too. 

781
00:45:22,100 --> 00:45:25,400
The early evening, schedules 
mean, people get more sleep and 

782
00:45:25,400 --> 00:45:27,800
their circadian rhythms. 
Are more aligned with natural 

783
00:45:27,800 --> 00:45:31,700
light, dark Cycles. 
The reduction in artificial 

784
00:45:31,700 --> 00:45:33,400
light at night. 
Might be improving Sleep 

785
00:45:33,400 --> 00:45:36,100
Quality, though. 
Nobody's conducting formal 

786
00:45:36,100 --> 00:45:39,800
studies to verify this the 
enforced indoor evenings mean, 

787
00:45:39,800 --> 00:45:43,600
less exposure to cold and damp 
for some potentially reducing 

788
00:45:43,600 --> 00:45:46,600
winter illness. 
Seasonal variations in the 

789
00:45:46,600 --> 00:45:49,200
blackout, create different 
challenges and experiences. 

790
00:45:50,000 --> 00:45:53,400
Some evenings with their late, 
sunsets require, a shorter 

791
00:45:53,400 --> 00:45:57,400
periods of blackout. perhaps 
just three or four hours, people

792
00:45:57,400 --> 00:46:01,400
can enjoy long Twilights and 
extended time Outdoors, while 

793
00:46:01,400 --> 00:46:05,300
it's still light enough to see 
picnics and garden parties adapt

794
00:46:05,300 --> 00:46:08,800
to early Escape rules wrapping 
up before, Darkness makes them 

795
00:46:08,800 --> 00:46:12,100
in practical. 
But winter brings longer 

796
00:46:12,100 --> 00:46:15,800
blackout periods, sometimes 16 
hours or more of required 

797
00:46:15,800 --> 00:46:18,800
Darkness. 
The cycle weight of this is 

798
00:46:18,800 --> 00:46:21,200
considerable, waking in 
darkness. 

799
00:46:21,200 --> 00:46:25,400
Working through short, daylight 
hours, returning home to more 

800
00:46:25,400 --> 00:46:28,900
Darkness. 
It feels oppressive endless. 

801
00:46:29,800 --> 00:46:33,100
Seasonal affective disorder 
though not yet named or 

802
00:46:33,100 --> 00:46:37,200
officially recognized. 
Surely affects many the lack of 

803
00:46:37,200 --> 00:46:41,800
light combines with war anxiety 
to create periods of genuine, 

804
00:46:41,800 --> 00:46:45,700
depression for some December 
1939. 

805
00:46:45,700 --> 00:46:48,200
Brings the Blackout's first 
winter holiday season. 

806
00:46:49,100 --> 00:46:51,000
Christmas presents unique 
challenges. 

807
00:46:51,000 --> 00:46:55,200
How do you maintain festive 
cheer in compulsory Darkness 

808
00:46:56,100 --> 00:46:59,000
Families rise to the challenge 
with determination that borders 

809
00:46:59,000 --> 00:47:03,400
on defiance Christmas lights. 
Those strings of colored bulbs, 

810
00:47:03,400 --> 00:47:06,700
that normally decorate windows, 
and trees must be abandoned or 

811
00:47:06,700 --> 00:47:10,100
drastically modified. 
Some people crit, elaborate 

812
00:47:10,100 --> 00:47:14,100
interior displays decorating 
trees in rooms with completely 

813
00:47:14,100 --> 00:47:18,000
blacked out windows, creating 
private festivals of light that 

814
00:47:18,000 --> 00:47:22,900
can't be seen from outside. 
Carol singing adapts to blackout

815
00:47:22,900 --> 00:47:26,900
conditions groups, carry covered
lands as they move from house to

816
00:47:26,900 --> 00:47:31,000
house their voices rising in the
darkness creating moments of 

817
00:47:31,000 --> 00:47:34,100
beauty and connection. 
That feel more pressure for the 

818
00:47:34,100 --> 00:47:37,900
surrounding Gloom. 
Ancient hymns about light coming

819
00:47:37,900 --> 00:47:40,100
into darkness, take on new 
residents. 

820
00:47:41,000 --> 00:47:43,200
Silent Night, feels especially 
appropriate. 

821
00:47:43,200 --> 00:47:46,300
When nights are so profoundly 
silent and dark. 

822
00:47:47,200 --> 00:47:50,600
Gift-giving focuses on practical
items suited to blackout life, 

823
00:47:50,600 --> 00:47:55,500
torches, luminous paint warm 
clothing and books for reading 

824
00:47:55,500 --> 00:47:57,900
aloud. 
But there are frivolous gifts 

825
00:47:57,900 --> 00:48:00,000
too. 
Deliberate, assertions of 

826
00:48:00,008 --> 00:48:04,400
normalcy and joy, despite 
circumstances dolls, and toy 

827
00:48:04,400 --> 00:48:08,300
soldiers for children, perfume 
and stockings for wives and 

828
00:48:08,300 --> 00:48:11,600
pipes and tobacco. 
For husbands, these gestures 

829
00:48:11,600 --> 00:48:15,900
matter enormously small Defiance
is against the wars restrictions

830
00:48:15,900 --> 00:48:20,000
declarations that life and 
pleasure can continue New Year's

831
00:48:20,000 --> 00:48:22,500
Eve presents its own strange 
circumstances. 

832
00:48:23,400 --> 00:48:26,600
The traditional celebrations 
gathering in public squares, 

833
00:48:26,600 --> 00:48:30,000
watching for midnight and the 
explosion of noise and lighters 

834
00:48:30,000 --> 00:48:33,000
the New Year. 
Arrives must be reimagined. 

835
00:48:34,000 --> 00:48:37,200
People celebrate in dark and 
home's, listening for church 

836
00:48:37,200 --> 00:48:41,100
bells gathering around Wireless 
sets for special broadcasts. 

837
00:48:42,000 --> 00:48:46,400
When midnight comes they might 
step out into darkness, hearing 

838
00:48:46,400 --> 00:48:48,300
distant, voices, calling 
greetings. 

839
00:48:48,300 --> 00:48:51,200
They cannot see feeling 
connected to Invisible 

840
00:48:51,200 --> 00:48:56,700
neighbors, through sound alone. 
The turn to 1940 brings renewed 

841
00:48:56,700 --> 00:49:00,000
determination. 
The blackout will continue but 

842
00:49:00,000 --> 00:49:01,300
people have learned to live with
it. 

843
00:49:02,100 --> 00:49:06,800
The initial shock has worn off 
replaced by practice competence.

844
00:49:07,400 --> 00:49:10,600
You know, how to navigate your 
street in darkness, you know, 

845
00:49:10,600 --> 00:49:13,200
how long your blackout 
preparations, take, you know, 

846
00:49:13,208 --> 00:49:16,300
which activities work in dim 
light in which don't the 

847
00:49:16,300 --> 00:49:20,000
learning curve has been climbed 
and what remains is simply 

848
00:49:21,000 --> 00:49:23,500
persistent. 
The blackout continues through 

849
00:49:23,500 --> 00:49:27,800
1940 and Beyond lasting in 
various forms until September. 

850
00:49:27,800 --> 00:49:32,600
1944, when regulations finally 
relax as the threat of bombing 

851
00:49:32,600 --> 00:49:36,300
diminishes, But even before 
official relaxation, the 

852
00:49:36,300 --> 00:49:38,700
blackout out of volts and 
becomes less absolute. 

853
00:49:39,800 --> 00:49:43,500
As military technology improves 
and bombing strategies change 

854
00:49:43,500 --> 00:49:46,300
the strict requirements. 
Loosened slightly. 

855
00:49:47,400 --> 00:49:50,000
Dim lights become permissible in
some circumstances. 

856
00:49:51,100 --> 00:49:54,300
The complete darkness of those 
first months gradually likened 

857
00:49:54,300 --> 00:49:58,900
to a more manageable glue. 
The first relaxation attentive 

858
00:49:58,900 --> 00:50:03,300
almost apologetic. 
Regulations, allow heavily 

859
00:50:03,300 --> 00:50:06,500
shielded Street, lighting and 
some areas, not the full 

860
00:50:06,500 --> 00:50:10,400
illumination of pre-war years, 
but enough to prevent the worst 

861
00:50:10,400 --> 00:50:13,800
accidents and to make navigation
possible without constant 

862
00:50:13,800 --> 00:50:16,800
hazard. 
These new lights, cast pools of 

863
00:50:16,800 --> 00:50:21,000
dim, Radiance that seemed 
extraordinarily bright after 

864
00:50:21,000 --> 00:50:24,900
years of complete darkness, even
though they're actually quite 

865
00:50:24,900 --> 00:50:28,900
faint by historical standards. 
People's reactions to these 

866
00:50:28,900 --> 00:50:31,600
first returns of public lighting
reveal. 

867
00:50:31,600 --> 00:50:33,900
How much the darkness has 
affected them. 

868
00:50:34,500 --> 00:50:37,900
Some feel immediate relief and 
easing of tension, they hadn't 

869
00:50:37,900 --> 00:50:41,100
quite realized they were 
carrying the simple ability to 

870
00:50:41,100 --> 00:50:44,100
see where you're walking to 
recognize faces to orient 

871
00:50:44,100 --> 00:50:46,400
yourself. 
Visually These feel like 

872
00:50:46,400 --> 00:50:50,400
luxuries gifts restored after 
long debt probation. 

873
00:50:51,400 --> 00:50:53,200
Others. 
Feel oddly uncomfortable with 

874
00:50:53,200 --> 00:50:56,300
the lights return. 
After years of Darkness even 

875
00:50:56,300 --> 00:50:59,000
dim, lighting can feel exposing 
and vulnerable. 

876
00:51:00,000 --> 00:51:02,600
Some people have grown 
accustomed to the anonymity that

877
00:51:02,600 --> 00:51:06,100
Darkness provides the sense of 
being unseen As you move through

878
00:51:06,100 --> 00:51:08,900
public spaces. 
The return of light. 

879
00:51:08,900 --> 00:51:12,500
However, faint removes that 
protective invisibility. 

880
00:51:13,600 --> 00:51:17,100
The gradual restoration 
progresses through 1944 as 

881
00:51:17,100 --> 00:51:20,700
allied forces, push across 
Europe and the threat to 

882
00:51:20,700 --> 00:51:23,600
Britain. 
Recedes. more lights, return 

883
00:51:23,600 --> 00:51:27,800
regulations, relax further and 
the familiar glow of evening 

884
00:51:27,800 --> 00:51:32,200
civilization begins to rebuild 
Shop Windows light up first, 

885
00:51:32,200 --> 00:51:35,800
just modestly but enough to 
display goods and to create 

886
00:51:35,808 --> 00:51:39,800
welcoming spaces. 
Then Street lamps return to more

887
00:51:39,800 --> 00:51:41,800
normal operation. 
They're familiar. 

888
00:51:41,800 --> 00:51:43,300
Yellow. 
Orange, light painting 

889
00:51:43,300 --> 00:51:46,400
Pavements, and facades. 
For those who remember the 

890
00:51:46,400 --> 00:51:48,300
change. 
And by this point, young 

891
00:51:48,300 --> 00:51:51,500
children have lived their entire
conscious lives under blackout 

892
00:51:51,500 --> 00:51:54,100
conditions. 
The restoration of light feels 

893
00:51:54,100 --> 00:51:58,600
almost magical treats that had 
been navigated by memory and 

894
00:51:58,600 --> 00:52:01,100
faiths suddenly reveal 
themselves in detail. 

895
00:52:02,000 --> 00:52:04,400
Building show their full 
architectural character. 

896
00:52:05,300 --> 00:52:08,900
Faces become readable from a 
distance, the urban landscape 

897
00:52:08,900 --> 00:52:11,100
recovers, its visible 
complexity. 

898
00:52:12,000 --> 00:52:15,300
The cycle impact of restored, 
lighting is profound and 

899
00:52:15,300 --> 00:52:20,500
multifaceted. they're certainly 
celebration relief and joy at 

900
00:52:20,500 --> 00:52:24,300
this tangible symbol of the 
wars, waning But there's all a 

901
00:52:24,300 --> 00:52:28,300
strange sadness, an unexpected 
Nostalgia for something that 

902
00:52:28,300 --> 00:52:30,600
everyone complained about 
constantly, while it was 

903
00:52:30,600 --> 00:52:33,500
happening. 
The blackout years for all their

904
00:52:33,500 --> 00:52:38,700
difficulty had created a kind of
Fellowship, a shared experience 

905
00:52:38,700 --> 00:52:40,900
that had found communities 
together. 

906
00:52:41,800 --> 00:52:44,900
With the return of light comes 
the return of normal, Urban 

907
00:52:44,900 --> 00:52:49,200
anonymity, the dissolution of 
that intense Mutual dependence. 

908
00:52:49,900 --> 00:52:52,800
Some of the Innovations and 
adaptations developed during the

909
00:52:52,800 --> 00:52:56,500
blackout persist even after 
they're no longer necessary. 

910
00:52:57,300 --> 00:53:00,500
People who learn to navigate by 
sound and memory retain those 

911
00:53:00,500 --> 00:53:03,000
skills. 
Families, who discovered they 

912
00:53:03,000 --> 00:53:04,900
enjoyed evening read aloud 
sessions. 

913
00:53:04,900 --> 00:53:07,700
Continue them even when bright 
lights would permit individual 

914
00:53:07,700 --> 00:53:10,200
reading. 
Communities that Drew together 

915
00:53:10,200 --> 00:53:12,500
in darkness, maintain some of 
that closeness. 

916
00:53:12,500 --> 00:53:16,400
Those relationships that formed 
during shared difficulty. 

917
00:53:17,400 --> 00:53:18,900
The physical traces of the 
blackout. 

918
00:53:18,900 --> 00:53:22,700
Persist, too, white painted, 
curbs and tree trunks remain 

919
00:53:22,700 --> 00:53:25,800
their purpose obsolete, but 
their present continuing 

920
00:53:26,700 --> 00:53:29,100
Blackout curtains, stay up in 
many homes. 

921
00:53:29,100 --> 00:53:32,700
Why take them down when they're 
already installed when they 

922
00:53:32,700 --> 00:53:35,800
useful for privacy? 
When there are minor of 

923
00:53:35,800 --> 00:53:39,500
survival? 
Architectural features designed 

924
00:53:39,500 --> 00:53:42,800
for the blackout era. 
Those double door entries on 

925
00:53:42,800 --> 00:53:44,800
pubs. 
The carefully positioned 

926
00:53:44,800 --> 00:53:48,200
lighting fixers remain as 
fossils of a particular 

927
00:53:48,200 --> 00:53:51,400
historical moment. 
Ecological effects of the 

928
00:53:51,400 --> 00:53:54,900
blackout years, gradually 
reverse as artificial light 

929
00:53:54,900 --> 00:53:57,600
Returns the night sky slowly 
disappears. 

930
00:53:57,600 --> 00:54:02,200
Again behind his veil of urban 
Globe, the Stars fade from Easy 

931
00:54:02,200 --> 00:54:06,200
visibility the Milky Way 
withdraws, the darkness that had

932
00:54:06,200 --> 00:54:09,100
revealed Celestial beauty is 
pushed back by human 

933
00:54:09,100 --> 00:54:11,900
illumination. 
Some people mourn. 

934
00:54:11,900 --> 00:54:15,100
This loss realizing that the 
black-out had given them a gift,

935
00:54:15,108 --> 00:54:18,700
they'll never receive again 
regular sight of the universe, 

936
00:54:18,700 --> 00:54:22,600
their heads, The generation that
lived through the blackout 

937
00:54:22,600 --> 00:54:25,500
carries memories, that shape 
their relationship with light 

938
00:54:25,500 --> 00:54:27,100
and darkness for the rest of 
their lives. 

939
00:54:27,900 --> 00:54:30,400
Those who were children during 
the blackout often. 

940
00:54:30,400 --> 00:54:33,800
Develop, either a strong 
preference for Darkness finding 

941
00:54:33,800 --> 00:54:35,300
comfort in the nighttime 
environment. 

942
00:54:35,300 --> 00:54:38,700
They knew as children or an 
equally strong preference, for 

943
00:54:38,700 --> 00:54:42,800
abundant light, A kind of 
overcompensation for years of 

944
00:54:42,800 --> 00:54:46,300
enforced dimness. 
The blackout leaves. 

945
00:54:46,300 --> 00:54:50,400
Its mark on British culture in 
subtle ways, a certain comfort 

946
00:54:50,400 --> 00:54:54,400
with dimmer lighting persists. 
British homes and public spaces 

947
00:54:54,400 --> 00:54:57,500
10 toward more modest 
illumination than their American

948
00:54:57,500 --> 00:55:00,800
counterparts. 
French that may Trace partially 

949
00:55:00,800 --> 00:55:02,700
to this period of enforced 
Darkness. 

950
00:55:03,500 --> 00:55:07,400
The idea that too much light is 
wasteful even slightly vulgar 

951
00:55:07,400 --> 00:55:10,100
becomes embedded in aesthetic, 
Sensibility. 

952
00:55:11,100 --> 00:55:13,800
The historical memory of the 
blackout carries multiple 

953
00:55:13,800 --> 00:55:16,400
meanings. 
It becomes a symbol of British 

954
00:55:16,400 --> 00:55:19,900
resilience of the home fronts 
contribution to the war effort, 

955
00:55:19,900 --> 00:55:22,700
and of collective. 
Sacrifice for a common cause 

956
00:55:23,900 --> 00:55:27,400
politicians and cultural 
commentators invoke the blackout

957
00:55:27,400 --> 00:55:30,600
as an example of what a society 
can endure when properly 

958
00:55:30,600 --> 00:55:35,700
motivated when United by shared 
purpose, but the blackout also 

959
00:55:35,700 --> 00:55:39,400
serves as a reminder of Wars 
intrusion into civilian life of 

960
00:55:39,400 --> 00:55:43,000
how conflict transforms ordinary
existence in ways, both large 

961
00:55:43,000 --> 00:55:46,700
and small. it demonstrates that 
Warfare is not just distant 

962
00:55:46,700 --> 00:55:50,800
battles fought by soldiers, but 
also the accumulated, small 

963
00:55:50,800 --> 00:55:55,100
deprivations and adjustments 
that everyone must make the 

964
00:55:55,100 --> 00:55:59,000
nightly ritual of darkening, 
Windows, the cautious navigation

965
00:55:59,000 --> 00:56:02,400
of familiar streets and the 
adaptation of every evening 

966
00:56:02,400 --> 00:56:04,500
routine to accommodate the 
absence of light. 

967
00:56:05,900 --> 00:56:08,900
For modern observers, the 
blackout offers A peculiar 

968
00:56:08,900 --> 00:56:12,900
window into a world that 
simultaneously recognize of and 

969
00:56:12,900 --> 00:56:16,300
alien. 
The brick of 1939 had 

970
00:56:16,300 --> 00:56:21,500
electricity radio, Autumn 
appeals and Cinema all the 

971
00:56:21,500 --> 00:56:23,900
technological fixtures of Modern
Life. 

972
00:56:24,800 --> 00:56:28,900
Yet the deliberate removal of 
just one element artificial 

973
00:56:28,900 --> 00:56:32,900
light after dark. 
Transformed daily experience. 

974
00:56:32,900 --> 00:56:35,800
In ways that connected people 
backward to pre-industrial, 

975
00:56:35,800 --> 00:56:38,300
patterns of living. 
There's something almost 

976
00:56:38,300 --> 00:56:41,300
meditative about contemplating 
the blackout years. 

977
00:56:41,300 --> 00:56:45,100
This period, when millions of 
people deliberately darken their

978
00:56:45,108 --> 00:56:50,600
world sitting in dimmed rooms, 
navigating shadowed streets and 

979
00:56:50,600 --> 00:56:54,300
learning to experience their 
environment through senses other

980
00:56:54,300 --> 00:56:59,900
than sight, In our current ERA 
of constant illumination, when 

981
00:56:59,900 --> 00:57:03,700
light pollution is so pervasive 
that many children grow up, 

982
00:57:03,700 --> 00:57:07,800
never seeing the Milky Way. 
When cities glow so brightly 

983
00:57:07,800 --> 00:57:11,100
that their visible from space, 
there's something oddly 

984
00:57:11,100 --> 00:57:14,100
appealing about this historical 
moment of chosen Darkness. 

985
00:57:15,400 --> 00:57:18,100
The blackout reminds us that our
relationship with light and 

986
00:57:18,100 --> 00:57:22,200
darkness is not fixed or natural
but historically constructed 

987
00:57:22,200 --> 00:57:27,000
shaped by technology, regulation
and social practice. 

988
00:57:28,000 --> 00:57:30,700
For most of human history, 
Darkness was inevitable. 

989
00:57:31,400 --> 00:57:35,200
You may the best like you could 
with fire or oil but ultimately 

990
00:57:35,200 --> 00:57:39,500
nightmare Darkness. 
Electric light changed, this 

991
00:57:39,500 --> 00:57:43,300
pushing Darkness, back and 
extending the day artificially. 

992
00:57:44,800 --> 00:57:48,700
The blackout briefly reversed 
this transformation restoring 

993
00:57:48,700 --> 00:57:51,300
Darkness not through 
technological failure. 

994
00:57:52,000 --> 00:57:55,100
Through deliberate choice. 
As you lie here. 

995
00:57:55,100 --> 00:57:59,200
Now, warm and comfortable in a 
room where light is available at

996
00:57:59,200 --> 00:58:02,300
the flick of a switch. 
It's worth contemplating. 

997
00:58:02,300 --> 00:58:05,700
What the blackout reveals about 
human adaptability and 

998
00:58:05,700 --> 00:58:09,200
resilience. 
The people of Britain in 1939 

999
00:58:09,200 --> 00:58:12,500
didn't know how long the war 
would last whether the blackout 

1000
00:58:12,500 --> 00:58:15,800
would be needed for weeks or 
years or whether they are cities

1001
00:58:15,800 --> 00:58:20,400
would survive or be destroyed 
yet they adapted persevered and 

1002
00:58:20,400 --> 00:58:22,200
found moments of beauty and 
connection. 

1003
00:58:22,200 --> 00:58:26,200
Amidst the enforced Darkness. 
The blackout demonstrates 

1004
00:58:26,200 --> 00:58:30,100
something essential about 
Humanity's that we can endure 

1005
00:58:30,100 --> 00:58:34,000
significant disruption to normal
life when we understand the 

1006
00:58:34,000 --> 00:58:37,400
purpose behind it, when we 
believe we're contributing to 

1007
00:58:37,400 --> 00:58:39,800
something larger than our 
individual comfort. 

1008
00:58:41,200 --> 00:58:44,300
The nightly ritual of darkening 
Windows became a form of 

1009
00:58:44,300 --> 00:58:48,000
participation. 
A tangible action that connected

1010
00:58:48,000 --> 00:58:50,000
each household the national 
effort. 

1011
00:58:50,800 --> 00:58:53,800
There's something deeply human 
about gathering in darkened 

1012
00:58:53,800 --> 00:58:57,100
rooms about families coming 
together, around dim lights 

1013
00:58:57,100 --> 00:59:00,100
about Community supporting each 
other, through shared 

1014
00:59:00,100 --> 00:59:03,100
difficulty. 
These patterns recur throughout 

1015
00:59:03,100 --> 00:59:07,700
human history around ancient, 
campfires in medieval great 

1016
00:59:07,700 --> 00:59:11,600
Halls, lit by Rush light and in 
Pioneer cabins on winter 

1017
00:59:11,600 --> 00:59:14,600
evenings. 
The blackout temporarily 

1018
00:59:14,600 --> 00:59:18,300
restored, these older patterns 
using modern technology to 

1019
00:59:18,300 --> 00:59:22,700
recreate, pre-modern conditions.
The sensory richness of the 

1020
00:59:22,700 --> 00:59:25,600
blackout experience, the visible
stars. 

1021
00:59:25,600 --> 00:59:29,100
The Amplified sounds, the 
heightened awareness of smell 

1022
00:59:29,100 --> 00:59:31,700
and touch. 
Suggests that our normal 

1023
00:59:31,700 --> 00:59:34,800
brightly lit, existence May 
diminish, certain forms of 

1024
00:59:34,808 --> 00:59:38,700
awareness and experience. 
We gain practical benefits from 

1025
00:59:38,700 --> 00:59:42,000
abundant light certainly, but we
may lose other kinds of 

1026
00:59:42,008 --> 00:59:44,700
perception. 
Other ways of experiencing our 

1027
00:59:44,700 --> 00:59:47,200
environment. 
In each other, the blackouts in 

1028
00:59:47,208 --> 00:59:50,300
force slowed down. 
Its requirement for more careful

1029
00:59:50,300 --> 00:59:52,400
movement, more deliberate 
action. 

1030
00:59:52,400 --> 00:59:57,400
And more time spent in quiet 
domestic setting these Creator 

1031
00:59:57,400 --> 01:00:01,000
quality of life that many people
fail, surprisingly satisfying, 

1032
01:00:01,000 --> 01:00:06,400
despite the circumstances, 
Frantic pace of Modern Life, the

1033
01:00:06,400 --> 01:00:10,600
constant visual stimulation, the
ability to pursue individual 

1034
01:00:10,600 --> 01:00:13,500
activities, in separate rooms 
with independent lighting. 

1035
01:00:14,200 --> 01:00:17,400
All these Innovations have costs
as well as benefits. 

1036
01:00:18,200 --> 01:00:20,900
Consider how the blackout 
changed social interaction. 

1037
01:00:21,700 --> 01:00:25,200
In darkness, you couldn't judge 
people by their appearance quite

1038
01:00:25,200 --> 01:00:28,200
so readily. 
Conversations happened, without 

1039
01:00:28,200 --> 01:00:31,900
the constant visual feedback. 
We normally rely on people, 

1040
01:00:31,900 --> 01:00:35,200
learn to listen, more carefully 
to pay attention to voice, tone 

1041
01:00:35,200 --> 01:00:38,000
and word choice rather than 
facial expressions and body 

1042
01:00:38,000 --> 01:00:40,600
language. 
This created different kinds of 

1043
01:00:40,600 --> 01:00:42,700
intimacy and different patterns 
of connection. 

1044
01:00:43,700 --> 01:00:47,300
The democratizing effect of the 
blackout the way, it affected 

1045
01:00:47,300 --> 01:00:49,800
rich. 
And poor alike, created, a rare 

1046
01:00:49,800 --> 01:00:52,600
moment of genuinely shared 
experience across social 

1047
01:00:52,600 --> 01:00:55,400
classes. 
The Duke and the doctor both 

1048
01:00:55,400 --> 01:00:57,900
navigated the same darkened 
streets. 

1049
01:00:57,900 --> 01:01:02,600
Both sat in dim rooms and both 
face the same challenges of 

1050
01:01:02,600 --> 01:01:05,700
maintaining normal life. 
Despite abnormal conditions, 

1051
01:01:06,600 --> 01:01:09,500
This shared experience 
contributed to the social 

1052
01:01:09,500 --> 01:01:13,100
solidarity, that characterized 
Britain during the War years. 

1053
01:01:14,100 --> 01:01:16,300
The blackout also reveals 
something about the relationship

1054
01:01:16,300 --> 01:01:20,600
between freedom and security. 
The regulations represented 

1055
01:01:20,600 --> 01:01:23,100
significant restriction of 
personal Liberty. 

1056
01:01:23,100 --> 01:01:26,700
You couldn't like your own home 
as you wished couldn't move 

1057
01:01:26,700 --> 01:01:31,000
freely at night without risk and
face penalties for violations. 

1058
01:01:32,100 --> 01:01:35,500
Yet, most people accepted these 
restrictions as legitimate and 

1059
01:01:35,500 --> 01:01:38,800
necessary, a reasonable 
trade-off for Collective safety.

1060
01:01:40,000 --> 01:01:43,300
The balance between individual 
freedom and common security is 

1061
01:01:43,300 --> 01:01:45,600
never simple. 
Never permanent. 

1062
01:01:45,600 --> 01:01:49,600
It must be constantly negotiated
and renegotiated. 

1063
01:01:50,600 --> 01:01:53,100
The Innovations and adaptations 
that emerged during the 

1064
01:01:53,100 --> 01:01:56,700
blackout, the Luminous paint, 
the white marked curbs. 

1065
01:01:56,700 --> 01:01:59,800
The hooded headlamps the double 
door entries. 

1066
01:01:59,800 --> 01:02:03,500
Represent human creativity 
responding to constraint. 

1067
01:02:04,700 --> 01:02:08,300
Necessity, truly does mother 
invention and the blackout 

1068
01:02:08,300 --> 01:02:09,800
years? 
Produced countless small 

1069
01:02:09,800 --> 01:02:12,500
solutions to the problems that 
Darkness created. 

1070
01:02:13,300 --> 01:02:16,700
These Innovations demonstrate, 
the restrictions can Inspire 

1071
01:02:16,700 --> 01:02:20,800
rather than merely limit. 
That working within constraints 

1072
01:02:20,800 --> 01:02:24,300
can generate creativity. 
The return of light. 

1073
01:02:24,300 --> 01:02:27,200
After years of Darkness must 
have felt like emerging from a 

1074
01:02:27,208 --> 01:02:30,200
long tunnel. 
The Familiar World revealed 

1075
01:02:30,200 --> 01:02:34,000
again, the simple pleasure of 
seeing clearly of moving without

1076
01:02:34,000 --> 01:02:38,300
constant caution of Windows that
connect rather than seal. 

1077
01:02:39,200 --> 01:02:43,400
Yet along with this relief, came
the loss of something too that 

1078
01:02:43,400 --> 01:02:47,800
peculiar intimacy that Darkness 
had created, that sharpened 

1079
01:02:47,800 --> 01:02:50,800
awareness. 
That sense of shared endurance. 

1080
01:02:52,000 --> 01:02:54,900
For those who live through it. 
The blackout becomes one of 

1081
01:02:54,900 --> 01:02:58,500
those formative experiences that
shape perception for a lifetime,

1082
01:02:58,500 --> 01:03:01,500
the carry memories of navigating
Darkness. 

1083
01:03:01,500 --> 01:03:07,000
A families gathered in dim rooms
of stars, brilliant overhead and

1084
01:03:07,000 --> 01:03:10,400
of the particular quality of 
Silence that descended on cities

1085
01:03:10,400 --> 01:03:14,000
designed for noise. 
These memories become stories, 

1086
01:03:14,000 --> 01:03:18,800
then history, then Legend part 
of the narrative that nation's 

1087
01:03:18,800 --> 01:03:20,500
tell themselves about their 
past. 

1088
01:03:21,400 --> 01:03:24,000
As we come to the end of our 
journey through the blackout 

1089
01:03:24,000 --> 01:03:27,300
years, as your eyelids grow 
heavy, and your breathing slows.

1090
01:03:27,300 --> 01:03:31,300
Let's gather the gentle lessons 
that this history offers for 

1091
01:03:31,300 --> 01:03:35,100
your own rest tonight. 
The blackout teachers us that 

1092
01:03:35,100 --> 01:03:39,200
darkness is not necessarily 
something to fear but rather a 

1093
01:03:39,200 --> 01:03:41,700
natural state that humans lived 
with for Millennia before 

1094
01:03:41,700 --> 01:03:45,700
electric light became common. 
Those wartime Britains learn to 

1095
01:03:45,700 --> 01:03:49,900
find comfort and even Beauty and
darkness, the visible stars, the

1096
01:03:49,900 --> 01:03:53,500
heightened awareness of sound 
and smell and the coziness of 

1097
01:03:53,500 --> 01:03:58,300
dimly lit rooms where families 
gathered close as you prepare 

1098
01:03:58,300 --> 01:04:01,400
for sleep, you're participating 
in the same ancient human 

1099
01:04:01,400 --> 01:04:06,500
practice, voluntarily entering 
Darkness trusting it to hold you

1100
01:04:06,500 --> 01:04:10,300
safely while your Consciousness 
dims The darkness of sleep is 

1101
01:04:10,300 --> 01:04:14,700
restorative necessary and a gift
rather than a threat. 

1102
01:04:15,500 --> 01:04:19,500
Like those blackout nights. 
It offers a time of rest of 

1103
01:04:19,500 --> 01:04:23,200
withdrawal, from the constant 
stimulation of Waking Life and 

1104
01:04:23,200 --> 01:04:25,000
of renewal that comes through 
quiet. 

1105
01:04:25,000 --> 01:04:28,300
And absence of light, the 
blackout families, who learn to 

1106
01:04:28,300 --> 01:04:32,300
slow down to move more carefully
to pay attention to senses 

1107
01:04:32,300 --> 01:04:35,000
Beyond sight. 
They discovered rhythms that 

1108
01:04:35,000 --> 01:04:40,600
sleep requires to Winding down 
the gradual dimming, the shift 

1109
01:04:40,600 --> 01:04:44,900
from activity to Stillness. 
These transitions matter. 

1110
01:04:45,700 --> 01:04:49,300
They prepare body and mind for 
the darkness of sleep just as 

1111
01:04:49,300 --> 01:04:51,200
blackout preparations. 
Ready? 

1112
01:04:51,200 --> 01:04:55,300
Homes for the darkness of night.
The resilience of those blackout

1113
01:04:55,300 --> 01:04:58,900
years reminds us that humans can
adapt to almost anything and 

1114
01:04:58,900 --> 01:05:02,200
confined, peace, and even 
pleasure in circumstances that 

1115
01:05:02,200 --> 01:05:05,700
initially seemed impossible. 
If they could learn to thrive in

1116
01:05:05,700 --> 01:05:09,100
dark and cities, you can 
certainly trust yourself to the 

1117
01:05:09,100 --> 01:05:12,800
darkness of your bedroom, to the
natural process of sleep, that 

1118
01:05:12,800 --> 01:05:16,600
your body knows how to perform. 
The community and connection 

1119
01:05:16,600 --> 01:05:19,800
that emerged from the shared 
blackout experience suggests, 

1120
01:05:19,800 --> 01:05:23,100
something about the importance 
of letting go of accepting 

1121
01:05:23,100 --> 01:05:26,200
limitations and of working with 
rather than against 

1122
01:05:26,200 --> 01:05:29,800
circumstances sleep requires 
this same surrender. 

1123
01:05:30,500 --> 01:05:33,200
You cannot force it. 
Only create conditions that 

1124
01:05:33,200 --> 01:05:36,000
welcome it. 
Like those families dimming 

1125
01:05:36,000 --> 01:05:38,300
their lights and settling into 
evening quiet. 

1126
01:05:38,300 --> 01:05:42,300
You prepare the space and then 
allow the darkness to do its 

1127
01:05:42,300 --> 01:05:44,800
work. 
Those visible stars during the 

1128
01:05:44,800 --> 01:05:48,800
blackout, the celestial beauty 
that emerged when artificial 

1129
01:05:48,800 --> 01:05:52,600
light withdrew, remind us, that 
Darkness reveals as well as 

1130
01:05:52,600 --> 01:05:57,600
conceals. 
Sleeps, Darkness, dreams emerge,

1131
01:05:57,600 --> 01:06:02,200
unconscious processes do their 
necessary work and the mine 

1132
01:06:02,200 --> 01:06:06,300
sorts and files and heals in 
ways that can't happen in waking

1133
01:06:06,300 --> 01:06:09,600
light. 
Trust the darkness to show you 

1134
01:06:09,600 --> 01:06:12,900
what you need to see. 
The gradual adaptation to the 

1135
01:06:12,900 --> 01:06:16,200
blackout, the way, fear, 
transformed to competence. 

1136
01:06:16,200 --> 01:06:19,300
And then Comfort mirrors the 
journey in to sleep that you 

1137
01:06:19,300 --> 01:06:22,300
make each night. 
At first letting go of 

1138
01:06:22,300 --> 01:06:25,200
Consciousness can feel 
vulnerable, even frightening. 

1139
01:06:26,100 --> 01:06:31,700
But with practice with trust it 
becomes natural, even welcome. 

1140
01:06:32,400 --> 01:06:37,100
The darkness becomes familiar 
safe and a friend rather than a 

1141
01:06:37,100 --> 01:06:40,100
threat. 
As the blackout eventually. 

1142
01:06:40,100 --> 01:06:43,600
Lifted and light returned. 
So too, will you wake tomorrow 

1143
01:06:43,600 --> 01:06:47,800
to light an activity? 
But for now, like those wartime 

1144
01:06:47,800 --> 01:06:49,800
family settling into their 
dimmed homes. 

1145
01:06:50,600 --> 01:06:53,400
You can Embrace this time of 
darkness and quiet. 

1146
01:06:54,300 --> 01:06:58,800
Let your eyes closed like black 
out, curtains drawing shut. your

1147
01:06:58,800 --> 01:07:02,800
awareness dim, like lights 
turning down, allow yourself to 

1148
01:07:02,800 --> 01:07:06,600
sink into Stillness like a City,
Going Quiet under the night, 

1149
01:07:06,600 --> 01:07:10,900
sky, The people of the blackout 
years survived, not through 

1150
01:07:10,900 --> 01:07:15,900
constant vigilance, but through 
acceptance adaptation, and the 

1151
01:07:15,900 --> 01:07:18,500
ability to find peace in Altered
circumstances. 

1152
01:07:19,700 --> 01:07:23,200
They learned that Darkness could
be endured that it brought gifts

1153
01:07:23,200 --> 01:07:26,600
along with its challenges that 
life continued and even 

1154
01:07:26,600 --> 01:07:30,500
flourished under its cover. 
Your sleep tonight is your 

1155
01:07:30,500 --> 01:07:33,500
personal blackout a time of 
chosen. 

1156
01:07:33,500 --> 01:07:38,500
Darkness of withdrawal from the 
world's demands of rest and 

1157
01:07:38,500 --> 01:07:42,900
restoration. like those wartime 
britons, you don't know exactly 

1158
01:07:42,900 --> 01:07:46,200
what tomorrow will bring but you
can trust that this period of 

1159
01:07:46,200 --> 01:07:50,100
Darkness will prepare you for 
whatever like reveals The last 

1160
01:07:50,100 --> 01:07:53,400
lesson of the blackout is, 
perhaps the most important that 

1161
01:07:53,400 --> 01:07:56,100
sometimes the most valuable 
thing we can do is simply stop. 

1162
01:07:56,100 --> 01:08:02,200
Darken our world and rest. 
Not as defeat or retreat but is 

1163
01:08:02,200 --> 01:08:04,200
necessary preparation for 
continuing. 

1164
01:08:05,400 --> 01:08:08,200
Those nightly blackout rituals 
weren't just safety measures. 

1165
01:08:08,200 --> 01:08:11,500
They were acknowledgments that 
activity must balance with 

1166
01:08:11,500 --> 01:08:15,500
Stillness that light needs 
Darkness as a Counterpoint and 

1167
01:08:15,500 --> 01:08:18,300
that life requires periods of 
quiet and rest. 

1168
01:08:18,300 --> 01:08:23,000
So let yourself rest. 
Now let the darkness hold you as

1169
01:08:23,000 --> 01:08:26,500
it held those millions of people
through their blackout years 

1170
01:08:26,500 --> 01:08:31,800
safely, gently preparing you for
whatever tomorrow's light will 

1171
01:08:31,800 --> 01:08:34,000
bring. 
Your eyes are growing heavy. 

1172
01:08:35,000 --> 01:08:38,399
Your breath is slowing. 
The darkness around, you is 

1173
01:08:38,399 --> 01:08:41,300
peaceful protective and 
appropriate. 

1174
01:08:42,100 --> 01:08:44,200
Sleep. 
Well, knowing that you're 

1175
01:08:44,200 --> 01:08:46,500
participating in one of 
Humanity's oldest and most 

1176
01:08:46,500 --> 01:08:50,300
natural practices. 
The darkness is your friend to 

1177
01:08:50,300 --> 01:08:53,500
night just as it became the 
friend of those who learned to 

1178
01:08:53,500 --> 01:08:57,700
live through the great blackout 
rest easy rest deep rest. 

1179
01:08:57,700 --> 01:08:59,899
Well. 
And when morning comes when 

1180
01:08:59,899 --> 01:09:02,500
light returns your white 
refreshed as those blackout 

1181
01:09:02,500 --> 01:09:06,800
families woke to another day 
resilient adapted and ready to 

1182
01:09:06,808 --> 01:09:09,500
continue. 
For now though, just darkness, 

1183
01:09:09,500 --> 01:09:12,700
just quiet, just rest. 
Sleep. 

1184
01:09:12,700 --> 01:09:22,399
Well. 
Let's start at the very 

1185
01:09:22,399 --> 01:09:24,600
beginning. 
Back when your biggest clothing 

1186
01:09:24,600 --> 01:09:27,600
decision was whether to drape 
that Mammoth hide with the fur 

1187
01:09:27,600 --> 01:09:31,800
on the inside, or outside, we're
talking about roughly 170,000 

1188
01:09:31,800 --> 01:09:34,500
years ago, give or take a few 
Millennia back. 

1189
01:09:34,500 --> 01:09:38,500
When Fashion Week lasted about 
Four Seasons literally, Your 

1190
01:09:38,500 --> 01:09:40,899
earliest ancestors had what you 
might call the ultimate 

1191
01:09:40,899 --> 01:09:44,300
minimalist wardrobe, imagine 
waking up each morning in your 

1192
01:09:44,300 --> 01:09:47,700
only outfit choice being naked 
or slightly less naked with some

1193
01:09:47,700 --> 01:09:51,200
leaves, strategically placed. 
It was like having a closet with

1194
01:09:51,200 --> 01:09:54,600
just one item and that item was 
whatever you could hunt gather 

1195
01:09:54,600 --> 01:09:57,300
or convinced to stay. 
Put long enough to provide 

1196
01:09:57,300 --> 01:09:59,500
coverage but here's where it 
gets interesting. 

1197
01:10:00,400 --> 01:10:03,200
Those early humans were just 
randomly throwing animal skins 

1198
01:10:03,200 --> 01:10:06,400
over their shoulders, like they 
were playing prehistoric dress 

1199
01:10:06,400 --> 01:10:10,000
up, they were actually solving 
problems the same kind of 

1200
01:10:10,000 --> 01:10:12,400
problems you face today. 
Just with higher stakes. 

1201
01:10:12,400 --> 01:10:15,400
In stead of will this make me 
look professional in my zoom 

1202
01:10:15,400 --> 01:10:16,900
meeting. 
They were dealing with? 

1203
01:10:16,900 --> 01:10:20,100
Will this keep me from becoming 
a popsicle during the Ice Age? 

1204
01:10:21,000 --> 01:10:23,900
First real breakthrough came, 
when someone let's call the 

1205
01:10:23,908 --> 01:10:27,400
world's first fashion designer, 
figured out that you could 

1206
01:10:27,400 --> 01:10:31,200
actually shape these animal 
hides of just draping a disc in 

1207
01:10:31,200 --> 01:10:32,900
over your shoulders, like a 
furry Cape. 

1208
01:10:32,900 --> 01:10:36,200
You could cut holes for your 
arms revolutionary stuff. 

1209
01:10:36,200 --> 01:10:39,200
This was probably the moment 
when clothing stopped being just

1210
01:10:39,200 --> 01:10:41,900
about survival and started being
about looking good. 

1211
01:10:41,900 --> 01:10:44,300
While surviving, you can almost 
picture it. 

1212
01:10:45,000 --> 01:10:48,000
Some Paleolithic Trend Setter 
walking around the camp showing 

1213
01:10:48,000 --> 01:10:50,000
off their new fitted. 
Mammoth, hi jacket. 

1214
01:10:50,000 --> 01:10:53,200
Well, their neighbors were still
wearing shapeless fur blankets. 

1215
01:10:53,200 --> 01:10:56,900
Oh, this old thing, they 
probably Grunt in whatever 

1216
01:10:56,900 --> 01:10:59,900
passed for language back there. 
I just threw it together. 

1217
01:10:59,900 --> 01:11:02,600
It's vintage place to seen the 
tools. 

1218
01:11:02,600 --> 01:11:05,800
They used were beautifully. 
Simple shops stones for cutting 

1219
01:11:05,800 --> 01:11:10,200
bone needles for sewing. 
Yes, they had needles 40,000 

1220
01:11:10,200 --> 01:11:13,100
years ago which means they were 
probably dealing with the same 

1221
01:11:13,100 --> 01:11:16,200
frustrating experience of trying
to thread and needle in dim 

1222
01:11:16,200 --> 01:11:18,800
light that you face today. 
Some things, never change. 

1223
01:11:18,800 --> 01:11:21,800
But the really clever part was 
how they figured out different 

1224
01:11:21,800 --> 01:11:25,600
materials for different needs 
like to skin for summer, thicker

1225
01:11:25,600 --> 01:11:29,000
Firs for winter, waterproof 
treatments for rainy Seasons. 

1226
01:11:29,000 --> 01:11:31,900
They were essentially creating 
the world's first weather 

1227
01:11:31,900 --> 01:11:34,700
appropriate wardrobe's long 
before anyone had invented 

1228
01:11:34,700 --> 01:11:37,800
weather forecast to ignore. 
And let's not forget the 

1229
01:11:37,800 --> 01:11:40,900
accessories archaeological 
evidence shows, they were making

1230
01:11:40,900 --> 01:11:44,400
jewelry decorative elements. 
Even what appeared to be the 

1231
01:11:44,400 --> 01:11:46,600
world. 
First buttons, because 

1232
01:11:46,600 --> 01:11:49,800
apparently even 100,000 years 
ago, humans looked at functional

1233
01:11:49,800 --> 01:11:51,900
clothing and thought this is 
nice. 

1234
01:11:51,900 --> 01:11:55,200
But how can we make it pretty 
Easier by the end of this era? 

1235
01:11:55,200 --> 01:11:57,600
Your ancestors had essentially 
invented everything. 

1236
01:11:57,600 --> 01:12:01,900
We still use in clothing today. 
Butting sowing layering 

1237
01:12:01,900 --> 01:12:04,900
accessorizing. 
And most importantly, the 

1238
01:12:04,900 --> 01:12:08,200
Eternal human struggle of having
a closet full of options and 

1239
01:12:08,200 --> 01:12:10,800
still feeling like you have 
nothing appropriate to wear to 

1240
01:12:10,800 --> 01:12:13,700
the Clans Mammoth barbecue 
around 10,000 years ago, 

1241
01:12:13,700 --> 01:12:16,400
something remarkable happened, 
that would forever change. 

1242
01:12:16,400 --> 01:12:19,400
What you wore to bed? 
Humans discovered agriculture, 

1243
01:12:19,400 --> 01:12:22,300
which meant they could stop 
chasing their dinner around and 

1244
01:12:22,300 --> 01:12:25,300
start growing it instead. 
This was great news for many 

1245
01:12:25,300 --> 01:12:27,500
reasons, but particularly 
excellent news for your 

1246
01:12:27,500 --> 01:12:30,800
wardrobe, you see, when people 
settle down and started farming,

1247
01:12:30,800 --> 01:12:33,300
they suddenly had time to think 
about things other than, 

1248
01:12:33,300 --> 01:12:36,100
where's, my next meal coming 
from questions. 

1249
01:12:36,100 --> 01:12:38,800
Like why am I wearing the same 
Mammoth skin my 

1250
01:12:38,800 --> 01:12:42,300
great-grandfather war? 
And surely there's gotta be 

1251
01:12:42,300 --> 01:12:45,100
something softer than hide for 
undergarments and to plant 

1252
01:12:45,100 --> 01:12:48,200
fibers some brilliant, early 
farmer looked at their fields of

1253
01:12:48,200 --> 01:12:51,300
flax and thought I bet I could 
turn this into something more 

1254
01:12:51,300 --> 01:12:54,700
comfortable than leather. 
And, thus began Humanities long,

1255
01:12:54,700 --> 01:12:57,800
beautiful relationship, with 
textiles that don't require 

1256
01:12:57,800 --> 01:13:02,000
hunting large dangerous animals.
The process of turning plants 

1257
01:13:02,000 --> 01:13:04,600
into clothing was wonderfully, 
complex and completely 

1258
01:13:04,600 --> 01:13:06,500
mind-boggling. 
If you really think about it, 

1259
01:13:06,500 --> 01:13:11,400
take flags, for instance, you 
had to harvest it Reddit, which 

1260
01:13:11,400 --> 01:13:14,100
is a fancy word for letting it 
rot in just the right way. 

1261
01:13:14,900 --> 01:13:18,300
Break its got it, Hackle it and 
then finally spin it into 

1262
01:13:18,300 --> 01:13:20,100
thread. 
It was like the world's most 

1263
01:13:20,100 --> 01:13:23,000
complicated recipe except 
instead of ending up with 

1264
01:13:23,000 --> 01:13:25,100
dinner, you ended up with linen 
underwear. 

1265
01:13:26,100 --> 01:13:28,200
But here's what's really 
Charming about this period. 

1266
01:13:28,200 --> 01:13:32,000
People started specializing 
instead of everyone in the 

1267
01:13:32,000 --> 01:13:34,700
village, making their own 
clothes, you had the person who 

1268
01:13:34,700 --> 01:13:38,300
was really good at spinning, the
one who excelled at weaving and 

1269
01:13:38,300 --> 01:13:40,000
the one who had a knack for 
dying things. 

1270
01:13:40,000 --> 01:13:42,300
Interesting, colors. 
It was the beginning of the 

1271
01:13:42,300 --> 01:13:44,800
fashion industry, though. 
They probably didn't call it, 

1272
01:13:44,800 --> 01:13:46,900
that more likely, they called 
it. 

1273
01:13:46,900 --> 01:13:49,700
Hey, can you make me something 
that doesn't itch? 

1274
01:13:50,800 --> 01:13:53,100
The invention of the Loom was 
particularly revolutionary 

1275
01:13:53,100 --> 01:13:56,600
imagine being the first person 
to see fabric being created. 

1276
01:13:56,600 --> 01:14:00,100
On one of these Contraptions, it
must have seemed like absolute 

1277
01:14:00,100 --> 01:14:04,100
magic threads going in One 
Direction threads going in the 

1278
01:14:04,100 --> 01:14:06,500
other and somehow outcomes 
cloth. 

1279
01:14:06,500 --> 01:14:09,800
It was like watching a 3D 
printer except the technology 

1280
01:14:09,800 --> 01:14:13,500
was made of wood and required 
actual skill to operate cotton 

1281
01:14:13,500 --> 01:14:15,200
appeared on the scene around 
this time too. 

1282
01:14:15,200 --> 01:14:19,800
First in India and Pakistan was 
like the miracle fabric of his 

1283
01:14:19,800 --> 01:14:22,300
day. 
Softer than linen, more 

1284
01:14:22,300 --> 01:14:24,000
comfortable than wool and it got
better. 

1285
01:14:24,000 --> 01:14:27,300
The more you washed, it ancient 
people's probably looked at 

1286
01:14:27,300 --> 01:14:30,500
cotton the way you look at 
moisture wicking stain resistant

1287
01:14:30,500 --> 01:14:34,500
wrinkle-free Fabrics today like 
some kind of textile Wizardry 

1288
01:14:34,500 --> 01:14:36,200
wall, brought its own 
Revolution. 

1289
01:14:37,000 --> 01:14:39,200
Sheep were basically, walking 
sweater factories. 

1290
01:14:39,200 --> 01:14:42,000
And once people figured out how 
to share them, hopefully, 

1291
01:14:42,000 --> 01:14:45,500
without too much protest from 
the Sheep, they had access to a 

1292
01:14:45,500 --> 01:14:47,800
renewable resource for warm 
durable clothing. 

1293
01:14:47,800 --> 01:14:51,400
Plus, we'll have this amazing 
property of keeping you warm 

1294
01:14:51,400 --> 01:14:54,700
even when wet which made it the 
ancient equivalent of high-tech 

1295
01:14:54,700 --> 01:14:56,900
outdoor gear. 
The really interesting part of 

1296
01:14:56,908 --> 01:15:00,000
this agricultural clothing 
Revolution was how it started. 

1297
01:15:00,000 --> 01:15:03,400
Creating social distinctions, 
the quality of your fabric, 

1298
01:15:03,400 --> 01:15:05,200
began saying things about who 
you were. 

1299
01:15:05,800 --> 01:15:08,200
Finally, in suggested you had 
time and resources. 

1300
01:15:08,200 --> 01:15:10,600
Coarse wool meant. 
You were practical and 

1301
01:15:10,600 --> 01:15:13,300
hardworking. 
Certain colors became associated

1302
01:15:13,300 --> 01:15:16,300
with wealth because the dies 
were expensive or difficult to 

1303
01:15:16,300 --> 01:15:18,200
obtain. 
By the end of this period. 

1304
01:15:18,200 --> 01:15:21,100
You would gone from wearing 
whatever animal you could catch 

1305
01:15:21,100 --> 01:15:25,200
to have actual choices. 
Linen for hot weather for cold 

1306
01:15:25,200 --> 01:15:27,200
different weaves for different 
occasions. 

1307
01:15:27,200 --> 01:15:30,700
It was the birth of the seasonal
wardrobe and probably the birth 

1308
01:15:30,700 --> 01:15:33,000
of that familiar feeling of 
looking at your closet and 

1309
01:15:33,000 --> 01:15:35,000
sighing. 
I need new clothes. 

1310
01:15:35,800 --> 01:15:38,700
A civilizations began to 
flourish around Rivers, like the

1311
01:15:38,700 --> 01:15:41,000
Nile Euphrates and inddus 
clothing. 

1312
01:15:41,000 --> 01:15:44,500
Stopped being just about comfort
and protection and started 

1313
01:15:44,500 --> 01:15:48,000
becoming something much more 
interesting a way to show the 

1314
01:15:48,000 --> 01:15:50,300
world. 
Exactly who you thought you were

1315
01:15:50,300 --> 01:15:53,100
the ancient Egyptians were 
perhaps the world's first 

1316
01:15:53,100 --> 01:15:55,900
fashion influencers though. 
Their Instagram would have been 

1317
01:15:55,900 --> 01:15:58,500
painted on Tomb walls. 
They took linen. 

1318
01:15:58,500 --> 01:16:01,600
Remember that plant fiber we 
talked about and elevated it to 

1319
01:16:01,600 --> 01:16:04,300
an art. 
Form Egyptian, linen was so fine

1320
01:16:04,300 --> 01:16:07,000
and well-made that other 
civilizations literally used it 

1321
01:16:07,000 --> 01:16:09,600
as currently. 
Imagine paying your mortgage 

1322
01:16:09,600 --> 01:16:12,600
with bed sheets, except these 
bed sheets will woven. 

1323
01:16:12,600 --> 01:16:16,100
So skillfully, they were nearly 
transparent Egyptian fashion was

1324
01:16:16,100 --> 01:16:19,500
all about clean lines, elegant 
draping and accessories, that 

1325
01:16:19,500 --> 01:16:23,200
would make a modern jewelry 
designer weep With Envy wall in 

1326
01:16:23,200 --> 01:16:25,300
so fine. 
It was practically see through 

1327
01:16:25,300 --> 01:16:27,700
which might seem impractical 
until you remember. 

1328
01:16:27,700 --> 01:16:30,800
They lived in a desert, their 
clothing was designed to be cool

1329
01:16:30,800 --> 01:16:34,200
comfortable and stunning, the 
ancient equivalent of a pleasure

1330
01:16:34,200 --> 01:16:37,400
if athletic came with gold and 
collars and enough highlighter 

1331
01:16:37,400 --> 01:16:39,900
to supply a rock band. 
But here's what's really 

1332
01:16:39,900 --> 01:16:43,100
delightful about Egyptian 
fashion, they invented so many 

1333
01:16:43,100 --> 01:16:46,900
things we still used today 
pleating, that was them. 

1334
01:16:46,900 --> 01:16:50,000
They could create permanent 
pleats in that would last for 

1335
01:16:50,000 --> 01:16:52,200
years, make up as a fashion 
accessory. 

1336
01:16:52,200 --> 01:16:55,700
Absolutely Egyptian, both men 
and women wore. 

1337
01:16:55,700 --> 01:16:58,400
Elaborate eye makeup, not just 
for beauty, but for protection, 

1338
01:16:58,400 --> 01:17:02,300
from the Desert Sun, They 
basically invented sunglasses, 

1339
01:17:02,300 --> 01:17:06,300
except theirs were painted on 
meanwhile over in Mesopotamia. 

1340
01:17:06,300 --> 01:17:08,800
The Sumerians and Babylonians 
were having their own fashion 

1341
01:17:08,800 --> 01:17:10,600
moment. 
They were the first civilization

1342
01:17:10,600 --> 01:17:14,900
to really Embrace wool as a 
luxury item creating incredibly 

1343
01:17:14,900 --> 01:17:18,800
elaborate garments with complex 
patterns and Rich, colors their 

1344
01:17:18,800 --> 01:17:20,300
clothing. 
Tended, to be more structured 

1345
01:17:20,300 --> 01:17:23,300
than Egyptian fashion. 
Lots of layering Fringe and 

1346
01:17:23,308 --> 01:17:26,100
geometric designs that would 
look perfectly at home in a 

1347
01:17:26,100 --> 01:17:28,800
modern art museum. 
The Mesopotamians also gave us 

1348
01:17:28,800 --> 01:17:32,100
one of Fashion's most enduring 
Concepts the idea that your 

1349
01:17:32,100 --> 01:17:35,500
clothes should match your job. 
Priests will certain Styles. 

1350
01:17:35,500 --> 01:17:38,600
Rulers were others. 
Merchants have their look and 

1351
01:17:38,600 --> 01:17:41,200
Farmers had theirs. 
It was the beginning of dress 

1352
01:17:41,200 --> 01:17:43,300
codes though. 
Thankfully more colorful than 

1353
01:17:43,300 --> 01:17:46,500
most modern officers attire, 
ancient Greece, brought a 

1354
01:17:46,500 --> 01:17:49,600
completely different aesthetic 
to the table, where Egyptians 

1355
01:17:49,600 --> 01:17:52,500
loved structure and 
Mesopotamians loved complexity. 

1356
01:17:52,500 --> 01:17:55,500
The Greeks fell in love with 
Simplicity, and the beauty of 

1357
01:17:55,500 --> 01:17:58,800
draped fabric, the Titan and 
himation were not really sown 

1358
01:17:58,800 --> 01:18:00,300
garments in the way, we think of
clothes. 

1359
01:18:00,500 --> 01:18:03,900
To day, they were essentially 
rectangles of fabric draped and 

1360
01:18:03,900 --> 01:18:07,400
pined in elegant ways. 
Greek fashion was remarkably 

1361
01:18:07,400 --> 01:18:11,300
Democratic, at least in terms of
basic construction, rich and 

1362
01:18:11,300 --> 01:18:13,200
poor were essentially the same 
Styles. 

1363
01:18:13,200 --> 01:18:15,800
The difference was in the 
quality of the fabric, in the 

1364
01:18:15,808 --> 01:18:18,900
fineness of the weave. 
A wealthy Greek might wear a 

1365
01:18:18,900 --> 01:18:20,900
chiton made of the finest 
imported silk. 

1366
01:18:20,900 --> 01:18:24,700
While a farmer wore one made of 
rough wool, but the basic shape 

1367
01:18:24,700 --> 01:18:27,500
was the same. 
The Romans never wants to let 

1368
01:18:27,500 --> 01:18:30,500
the Greeks out do them in 
anything took Greek fashion and 

1369
01:18:30,500 --> 01:18:34,500
made it more Roman which is to 
say more elaborate more colorful

1370
01:18:34,500 --> 01:18:38,000
and with better marketing the 
toga became the ultimate status 

1371
01:18:38,000 --> 01:18:40,100
symbol though. 
Anyone who's ever tried to wear 

1372
01:18:40,100 --> 01:18:42,400
a bed sheet as clothing can 
appreciate what a feat? 

1373
01:18:42,400 --> 01:18:45,400
It was to wear one with dignity,
Roman fashion gave us the 

1374
01:18:45,400 --> 01:18:47,700
concept of seasonal collections 
though. 

1375
01:18:47,700 --> 01:18:50,100
They didn't call them that they 
had different weights and 

1376
01:18:50,100 --> 01:18:52,800
styles, for different times of 
year different colors for 

1377
01:18:52,800 --> 01:18:56,000
different occasions and an 
elaborate system of accessories 

1378
01:18:56,000 --> 01:18:59,200
that could take hours to put on 
properly, getting dressed as a 

1379
01:18:59,208 --> 01:19:01,300
wealthy. 
Roman was basically a full-time 

1380
01:19:01,300 --> 01:19:03,600
job. 
But perhaps the most important 

1381
01:19:03,600 --> 01:19:06,800
contribution of these ancient 
civilizations was the idea that 

1382
01:19:06,800 --> 01:19:08,900
clothing could be beautiful for 
its own sake. 

1383
01:19:08,900 --> 01:19:11,600
It didn't just have to keep you 
warm or cool or modest. 

1384
01:19:11,600 --> 01:19:14,500
It could be art that you wore. 
This was the beginning of 

1385
01:19:14,500 --> 01:19:17,700
fashion as we know it today. 
The moment when humans looked at

1386
01:19:17,700 --> 01:19:20,600
perfectly functional clothing 
and asked but his is it 

1387
01:19:20,608 --> 01:19:23,100
fabulous? 
If you think getting dressed for

1388
01:19:23,100 --> 01:19:25,700
work is complicated. 
Now, be grateful. 

1389
01:19:25,700 --> 01:19:29,400
You won't born into medieval 
nobility, the Middle Ages, 

1390
01:19:29,400 --> 01:19:31,800
turned clothing into something 
resembling, an engineering 

1391
01:19:31,800 --> 01:19:35,600
project complete with structural
supports complex, layering 

1392
01:19:35,600 --> 01:19:38,800
systems and enough fabric to 
upholster a small Castle. 

1393
01:19:38,800 --> 01:19:42,800
The medieval period began around
500 CE with what you might 

1394
01:19:42,800 --> 01:19:44,700
charitably. 
Call Simple clothing. 

1395
01:19:45,500 --> 01:19:48,300
After the fall of Rome, fashion 
became much more practical. 

1396
01:19:49,100 --> 01:19:52,300
People wore basic tunics, simple
dresses and sturdy. 

1397
01:19:52,300 --> 01:19:55,200
Cloaks, it was the clothing 
equivalent of comfort food. 

1398
01:19:55,200 --> 01:19:57,600
Nothing fancy but it got the job
done. 

1399
01:19:57,600 --> 01:20:00,800
But as the centuries progressed 
and Society became more 

1400
01:20:00,800 --> 01:20:04,400
structured clothing, became more
structured to buy the high 

1401
01:20:04,400 --> 01:20:07,100
Middle Ages getting dressed, 
especially if you were, well, he

1402
01:20:07,100 --> 01:20:10,800
required assistance planning and
occasionally architectural 

1403
01:20:10,800 --> 01:20:12,400
knowledge. 
Let's start with the 

1404
01:20:12,400 --> 01:20:15,100
undergarments because medieval 
people were surprisingly, 

1405
01:20:15,100 --> 01:20:16,900
sophisticated about what went 
underneath. 

1406
01:20:17,800 --> 01:20:20,800
Women wore linen shimmies that 
served as both underwear and 

1407
01:20:20,800 --> 01:20:22,900
protection for their expensive, 
outer garments. 

1408
01:20:22,900 --> 01:20:26,600
Men more praise, which were 
essentially linen shorts at the 

1409
01:20:26,600 --> 01:20:28,800
waist. 
These weren't just practical. 

1410
01:20:28,800 --> 01:20:31,500
They were essential because 
medieval wool could be 

1411
01:20:31,508 --> 01:20:33,900
remarkably. 
Itchy the layering system that 

1412
01:20:33,900 --> 01:20:36,800
developed during this period was
like, wearing your entire closet

1413
01:20:36,800 --> 01:20:41,100
at once women might wear a 
chemise, then a tunic, then a 

1414
01:20:41,100 --> 01:20:45,300
circuit, then a cloak each layer
serving, a specific purpose, it 

1415
01:20:45,300 --> 01:20:48,300
was practical for the climate 
certainly, but it also created 

1416
01:20:48,300 --> 01:20:51,200
endless opportunities for 
showing off different Fabrics, 

1417
01:20:51,200 --> 01:20:54,900
colors and trims medieval 
fashion gave us some of the most

1418
01:20:54,900 --> 01:20:58,100
impractical but gorgeous 
clothing Innovations in history.

1419
01:20:58,100 --> 01:21:01,600
Take the head in those tall 
pointed headdresses that look 

1420
01:21:01,600 --> 01:21:03,800
like traffic cones decorated By 
Angels. 

1421
01:21:03,800 --> 01:21:07,100
They could be several feet tall 
and required careful navigation,

1422
01:21:07,100 --> 01:21:10,200
through doorways. 
Imagine trying to get into a car

1423
01:21:10,200 --> 01:21:12,600
while wearing one actually, 
don't imagine that. 

1424
01:21:12,600 --> 01:21:15,200
It's too disturbing. 
The wealthy medieval. 

1425
01:21:15,200 --> 01:21:18,600
Europeans were obsessed with 
sleeves, not just any sleeves 

1426
01:21:18,600 --> 01:21:21,200
but sleeves that defied logic 
and occasionally gravity. 

1427
01:21:21,200 --> 01:21:23,600
Some were so long. 
They dragged on the ground, 

1428
01:21:23,600 --> 01:21:26,700
others were so wide, you could 
hide a small child in them. 

1429
01:21:27,500 --> 01:21:30,700
That were detachable sleeves, 
slashed sleeves that showed 

1430
01:21:30,700 --> 01:21:34,400
contrasting fabric underneath 
and sleeves with so many buttons

1431
01:21:34,400 --> 01:21:37,100
that getting dressed must have 
felt like assembling Furniture. 

1432
01:21:37,100 --> 01:21:39,700
But here's what's really 
interesting about medieval 

1433
01:21:39,700 --> 01:21:42,200
fashion. 
It was incredibly regulated 

1434
01:21:42,200 --> 01:21:45,800
sumptuary laws dictated who 
could wear what colors which 

1435
01:21:45,800 --> 01:21:50,000
Fabrics, how much fur, even how 
long your shoes could be, purple

1436
01:21:50,000 --> 01:21:53,100
was reserved for royalty. 
Certain Furs were forbidden to 

1437
01:21:53,100 --> 01:21:56,200
Merchants and the length of your
pointed shoes was directly 

1438
01:21:56,200 --> 01:21:59,500
proportional to your social 
status these laws existed, 

1439
01:21:59,500 --> 01:22:02,900
partly for economic reasons, 
keeping people from bankrupting 

1440
01:22:02,900 --> 01:22:06,200
themselves on clothing that 
mostly to maintain social order.

1441
01:22:07,000 --> 01:22:10,100
Your outfit was essentially your
ID card and announcing your 

1442
01:22:10,100 --> 01:22:13,300
place in society to everyone. 
You met it was like wearing your

1443
01:22:13,300 --> 01:22:15,800
LinkedIn profile except more 
colorful and with better 

1444
01:22:15,800 --> 01:22:19,100
accessories, the medieval period
gave us some of Fashions. 

1445
01:22:19,100 --> 01:22:22,400
Most enduring Mysteries like the
coat Hardy which fashion 

1446
01:22:22,400 --> 01:22:25,600
historians, still can't quite 
figure out how to put on the 

1447
01:22:25,600 --> 01:22:28,400
instructions have been lost to 
time leaving modern costume 

1448
01:22:28,400 --> 01:22:31,100
designers to basically guess how
these garments worked. 

1449
01:22:31,100 --> 01:22:34,500
His like, finding a recipe that 
just says, assembling 

1450
01:22:34,500 --> 01:22:37,900
ingredients fashionably Trade 
During the period brought new 

1451
01:22:37,900 --> 01:22:40,100
fabrics and ideas from across 
the known world. 

1452
01:22:40,900 --> 01:22:44,800
Silk from Asia fine wools from 
England, exotic dies from 

1453
01:22:44,800 --> 01:22:48,100
everywhere in between medieval 
fashion was surprisingly 

1454
01:22:48,100 --> 01:22:50,900
International though, it 
traveled at the speed of horses 

1455
01:22:50,900 --> 01:22:52,900
and sailing ships rather than 
social media. 

1456
01:22:54,100 --> 01:22:55,800
By the end of the Middle Ages 
clothing. 

1457
01:22:55,800 --> 01:22:57,400
Had become incredibly 
sophisticated. 

1458
01:22:57,400 --> 01:23:01,100
The fit was precise. 
The construction was complex and

1459
01:23:01,100 --> 01:23:02,600
the social meanings were 
elaborate. 

1460
01:23:02,600 --> 01:23:05,300
It was the foundation for 
everything that would come next.

1461
01:23:05,900 --> 01:23:09,100
Though, thankfully later periods
would be less interested in 

1462
01:23:09,100 --> 01:23:11,500
requiring engineering degrees to
get dressed in the morning. 

1463
01:23:11,500 --> 01:23:14,300
The Renaissance didn't just give
us incredible art, 

1464
01:23:14,300 --> 01:23:17,200
groundbreaking science and 
revolutionary literature. 

1465
01:23:17,200 --> 01:23:20,200
It also gave us the idea that 
getting dressed in the morning, 

1466
01:23:20,200 --> 01:23:24,500
should be a creative act, worthy
of Michelangelo himself starting

1467
01:23:24,500 --> 01:23:27,400
around the 14th century in Italy
and spreading across Europe. 

1468
01:23:27,400 --> 01:23:29,900
Like the world's most 
fashionable virus the 

1469
01:23:29,900 --> 01:23:33,400
Renaissance brought a completely
new attitude to clothing where 

1470
01:23:33,400 --> 01:23:36,200
medieval fashion had been about 
showing your place in the rigid 

1471
01:23:36,200 --> 01:23:39,000
social hierarchy. 
Renaissance fashion was about 

1472
01:23:39,000 --> 01:23:42,300
showing your wealth, your taste,
your educational, and your 

1473
01:23:42,300 --> 01:23:44,700
ability to afford really 
excellent tailors. 

1474
01:23:44,700 --> 01:23:48,100
The Italians led the charge as 
they did with most Renaissance 

1475
01:23:48,100 --> 01:23:50,700
Innovations. 
Italian city states, like 

1476
01:23:50,700 --> 01:23:53,800
Florence and Venice became 
fashion capitals producing 

1477
01:23:53,800 --> 01:23:55,800
silks. 
So luxurious that other 

1478
01:23:55,800 --> 01:23:59,100
Europeans would travel hundreds 
of miles, just to shop Italian 

1479
01:23:59,100 --> 01:24:00,800
fashion. 
During this period was like 

1480
01:24:00,800 --> 01:24:04,100
wearing liquid sunlight, 
everything flowing gleaming and 

1481
01:24:04,100 --> 01:24:07,800
ridiculously beautiful. 
But it was the invention of new 

1482
01:24:07,800 --> 01:24:10,800
tailoring techniques that really
revolutionized Renaissance 

1483
01:24:10,800 --> 01:24:12,800
clothing. 
Medieval garments had been 

1484
01:24:12,808 --> 01:24:16,300
relatively loose and flowing 
Renaissance fashion introduced 

1485
01:24:16,300 --> 01:24:19,000
the Revolutionary concept of 
clothes that actually fit your 

1486
01:24:19,000 --> 01:24:20,700
body. 
This required much more 

1487
01:24:20,700 --> 01:24:23,400
sophisticated pattern, making 
cutting and sewing. 

1488
01:24:23,400 --> 01:24:26,100
Essentially it required the 
invention of tailoring. 

1489
01:24:26,100 --> 01:24:29,200
As we know it today, the doublet
became the foundation of men's 

1490
01:24:29,200 --> 01:24:32,300
fashion and it was a masterpiece
of engineering disguise as 

1491
01:24:32,300 --> 01:24:34,600
clothing. 
A good Dublin, required dozens 

1492
01:24:34,600 --> 01:24:38,000
of pieces careful padding to 
create the ideal masculine 

1493
01:24:38,000 --> 01:24:41,400
silhouette and enough buttons to
keep a small Factory in business

1494
01:24:41,400 --> 01:24:44,800
men's legs were covered in hose 
that fit like a second skin, 

1495
01:24:44,800 --> 01:24:47,900
which meant Renaissance men were
probably in better shape than 

1496
01:24:47,900 --> 01:24:50,300
most modern gym. 
Enthusiasts simply out of 

1497
01:24:50,300 --> 01:24:53,200
necessity women's fashion. 
During the Renaissance was 

1498
01:24:53,200 --> 01:24:56,400
equally complex, but in 
different ways, the gowns 

1499
01:24:56,400 --> 01:24:58,800
required internal structures 
that were basically wearable 

1500
01:24:58,800 --> 01:25:01,500
architecture. 
Farthingale's created bell 

1501
01:25:01,500 --> 01:25:04,200
shaped skirts, that could span 
several feet in, diameter 

1502
01:25:04,200 --> 01:25:06,800
corsets shaped the Torso, into 
the fashionable. 

1503
01:25:06,800 --> 01:25:09,600
Silhouette. 
Ruffs frame the face like fabric

1504
01:25:09,600 --> 01:25:12,700
flowers, getting dressed was 
like, putting on a building. 

1505
01:25:12,700 --> 01:25:15,300
But here's what's really 
remarkable about Renaissance 

1506
01:25:15,300 --> 01:25:18,400
fashion. 
Sheer creativity and Artistry 

1507
01:25:18,400 --> 01:25:21,100
involved Fabrics will works of 
art in themselves. 

1508
01:25:21,100 --> 01:25:25,900
Braces with gold thread velvets 
with cut patterns silks with 

1509
01:25:25,900 --> 01:25:28,900
intricate designs. 
Garments were slashed to show, 

1510
01:25:28,900 --> 01:25:32,900
contrasting Fabrics underneath 
creating patterns that changed. 

1511
01:25:32,900 --> 01:25:35,500
As the wearer moved. 
It was like wearing a 

1512
01:25:35,500 --> 01:25:37,900
kaleidoscope. 
The Renaissance also gave us 

1513
01:25:37,900 --> 01:25:39,900
Fashion's relationship with 
celebrity culture. 

1514
01:25:39,900 --> 01:25:44,200
What the nobility War mattered 
enormously a news of the latest 

1515
01:25:44,200 --> 01:25:47,300
Court Fashions spread across 
Europe through detail, letters 

1516
01:25:47,300 --> 01:25:50,100
and prints. 
When Henry, the 8th decided to 

1517
01:25:50,100 --> 01:25:53,500
favor, a particular style of hat
hat, makers, across England 

1518
01:25:53,500 --> 01:25:56,500
suddenly got very busy. 
It was the 16th century 

1519
01:25:56,500 --> 01:25:58,600
equivalent of a red carpet 
fashion moment. 

1520
01:25:58,600 --> 01:26:01,100
Going viral. 
Color became incredibly 

1521
01:26:01,100 --> 01:26:04,200
important during this period 
partly because new dies and 

1522
01:26:04,200 --> 01:26:07,300
techniques, made a wide range of
colors available but also 

1523
01:26:07,300 --> 01:26:09,700
because different colors carried
complex meanings. 

1524
01:26:10,400 --> 01:26:15,000
Read suggested wealth and power 
blue was associated with loyalty

1525
01:26:15,000 --> 01:26:17,600
and virtue. 
Black became fashionable as the 

1526
01:26:17,608 --> 01:26:20,400
ultimate luxury color because it
was incredibly difficult to 

1527
01:26:20,400 --> 01:26:25,400
achieve a deep rich black that 
wouldn't fade the Renaissance. 

1528
01:26:25,400 --> 01:26:28,100
Also saw the rise of fashion as 
an international language 

1529
01:26:28,100 --> 01:26:30,600
Styles. 
Spread from court to court 

1530
01:26:30,600 --> 01:26:34,700
country to Country, creating the
first truly, European fashion 

1531
01:26:34,700 --> 01:26:37,700
trends addressed style that 
started in the Spanish Court 

1532
01:26:37,700 --> 01:26:39,900
might appear in modified form in
the French Court. 

1533
01:26:39,900 --> 01:26:42,900
Six months later then 
influenced, English fashion, The

1534
01:26:42,900 --> 01:26:45,900
Following Season, perhaps most 
importantly, the Renaissance 

1535
01:26:45,900 --> 01:26:47,900
established. 
The idea of fashion could be an 

1536
01:26:47,900 --> 01:26:51,000
art form in itself. 
Clothing wasn't just functional 

1537
01:26:51,000 --> 01:26:54,400
or even just beautiful. 
It could be creative Innovative 

1538
01:26:54,400 --> 01:26:56,800
expressive. 
It could make statements about 

1539
01:26:56,800 --> 01:27:00,200
the wearer's values, education, 
and aesthetic sensibilities. 

1540
01:27:00,200 --> 01:27:03,700
This period laid, the groundwork
for everything that would follow

1541
01:27:03,700 --> 01:27:06,700
in fashion history. 
The concept of seasonal changes,

1542
01:27:06,700 --> 01:27:10,600
the importance of fit, the role 
of celebrity influence, the 

1543
01:27:10,600 --> 01:27:13,900
internationalization of style. 
All of these started during the 

1544
01:27:13,900 --> 01:27:16,900
Renaissance when Europeans 
decided that life was too short 

1545
01:27:16,900 --> 01:27:20,000
for boring clothes. 
As we move into the 1600s and 

1546
01:27:20,000 --> 01:27:23,600
1700s fashion entered. 
What we might call its more is 

1547
01:27:23,600 --> 01:27:26,200
more phase. 
If Renaissance clothing was like

1548
01:27:26,200 --> 01:27:29,100
wearing art, Brock and Rico 
fashion was like, wearing an 

1549
01:27:29,100 --> 01:27:32,500
entire Art Museum complete with 
guided tours and gift shop. 

1550
01:27:32,500 --> 01:27:36,400
The 17th century started with 
what fashion historians politely

1551
01:27:36,400 --> 01:27:39,800
call elaborate clothing. 
But which anyone with modern 

1552
01:27:39,800 --> 01:27:42,500
sensibilities would recognize as
completely over the top. 

1553
01:27:42,500 --> 01:27:45,000
Men were doublets with so much 
padding. 

1554
01:27:45,000 --> 01:27:48,000
They looked like they were 
wearing life preservers Women's 

1555
01:27:48,000 --> 01:27:51,000
skirts became so wide that 
doorways had to be navigated 

1556
01:27:51,000 --> 01:27:53,300
sideways. 
It was the period when fashion 

1557
01:27:53,300 --> 01:27:55,900
designers, apparently looked at 
practical clothing and asked. 

1558
01:27:56,700 --> 01:27:59,800
But how can we make this much 
more complicated, the court of 

1559
01:27:59,800 --> 01:28:02,600
Louis, the 14th of Versailles, 
the epicenter of European 

1560
01:28:02,600 --> 01:28:05,300
fashion and Lewis took the job. 
Seriously. 

1561
01:28:05,300 --> 01:28:08,900
He understood that fashion was 
politics and he used clothing as

1562
01:28:08,900 --> 01:28:11,700
a tool of power. 
The more elaborate and 

1563
01:28:11,700 --> 01:28:14,800
expensive, your outfit, the 
higher your status at court, it 

1564
01:28:14,800 --> 01:28:19,000
was like a very expensive, very 
beautiful arms race, except of 

1565
01:28:19,000 --> 01:28:20,900
weapons. 
People were competing with 

1566
01:28:20,900 --> 01:28:24,600
embroidered silk and precious 
gems men's fashion during this 

1567
01:28:24,600 --> 01:28:27,100
period was particularly 
fascinating because it was so 

1568
01:28:27,100 --> 01:28:30,700
unapologetically decorative. 
Men will Silk Stockings 

1569
01:28:30,700 --> 01:28:33,600
high-heeled shoes? 
Yes, high heels were originally 

1570
01:28:33,600 --> 01:28:36,300
for men. 
Elaborate wigs and enough lace 

1571
01:28:36,300 --> 01:28:39,500
to stock a bridal shop, the 
modern idea that men's clothing 

1572
01:28:39,500 --> 01:28:42,100
should be simple, and 
understated would have battled a

1573
01:28:42,100 --> 01:28:45,400
17th century gentleman who saw 
his outfit as a canvas for 

1574
01:28:45,400 --> 01:28:48,900
artistic expression. 
The Perry wig or powdered wig 

1575
01:28:48,900 --> 01:28:51,300
became the ultimate status 
symbol for men. 

1576
01:28:51,300 --> 01:28:55,200
These weren't just hair pieces. 
They were architectural, Marvels

1577
01:28:55,200 --> 01:28:58,000
that could cost as much as a 
house and required daily 

1578
01:28:58,000 --> 01:28:59,500
maintenance by skilled 
professionals. 

1579
01:28:59,500 --> 01:29:02,900
Wealthy men would own multiple 
wigs for different occasions, 

1580
01:29:02,900 --> 01:29:06,300
like a very expensive hat 
collection that happened to be 

1581
01:29:06,300 --> 01:29:09,700
made of human hair. 
Women's fashion, reached new 

1582
01:29:09,700 --> 01:29:12,700
heights of complexity during the
Rococo period of the 18th 

1583
01:29:12,700 --> 01:29:15,100
century. 
The panniers side Hoops that 

1584
01:29:15,100 --> 01:29:18,800
made skirts extend horizontally 
created Silhouettes so wide that

1585
01:29:18,800 --> 01:29:22,000
two women couldn't walk through 
a doorway at the same time Court

1586
01:29:22,000 --> 01:29:24,100
dresses required. 
So much fabric that they were 

1587
01:29:24,100 --> 01:29:27,100
essentially wearable, building's
complete with Structural 

1588
01:29:27,100 --> 01:29:28,900
Engineering to keep everything 
upright. 

1589
01:29:29,800 --> 01:29:33,500
But the real showstopper was the
hair 18th century hairstyling 

1590
01:29:33,500 --> 01:29:36,200
was like topri gardening except 
on people's heads. 

1591
01:29:36,900 --> 01:29:40,200
Women's hairstyles could be 
several feet tall decorated with

1592
01:29:40,200 --> 01:29:43,100
ribbons flowers. 
Feathers and sometimes entire 

1593
01:29:43,100 --> 01:29:45,800
miniature scenes. 
There are historical accounts of

1594
01:29:45,800 --> 01:29:49,100
hairstyles that included model, 
ships, miniature Gardens and 

1595
01:29:49,100 --> 01:29:52,800
even small cages with live. 
Birds the Cosmetics of this 

1596
01:29:52,800 --> 01:29:56,100
period, were equally dramatic, 
both men and women wore white 

1597
01:29:56,100 --> 01:29:59,000
face powder made from lead, 
which was probably not great for

1598
01:29:59,000 --> 01:30:02,000
their health, right. 
Red Rouge and Beauty, patches 

1599
01:30:02,000 --> 01:30:05,900
small pieces of silk or velvet 
cut into shape like, stars or 

1600
01:30:05,908 --> 01:30:09,100
crescents and glued to the face.
There was like wearing stickers.

1601
01:30:09,100 --> 01:30:12,400
If stickers were considered the 
height of sophistication the 

1602
01:30:12,400 --> 01:30:15,500
18th century also saw the rise 
of fashion magazines and fashion

1603
01:30:15,500 --> 01:30:17,600
dolls. 
Small dolls dressed in the 

1604
01:30:17,608 --> 01:30:20,100
latest style that were sent 
between fashion capitals to 

1605
01:30:20,100 --> 01:30:22,800
spread new trends. 
These were the ancestors of 

1606
01:30:22,800 --> 01:30:25,800
modern fashion photography and 
social media influences. 

1607
01:30:25,800 --> 01:30:28,900
Though considerably smaller and 
requiring more delicate, 

1608
01:30:28,900 --> 01:30:31,400
shipping Arrangements. 
Perhaps the most interesting 

1609
01:30:31,400 --> 01:30:34,500
aspect of the 18th century 
fashion was how it reflected the

1610
01:30:34,500 --> 01:30:36,800
philosophy of the time, the 
elaborate deck. 

1611
01:30:36,900 --> 01:30:41,300
Over nature, the celebration of 
luxury and refinement. 

1612
01:30:41,300 --> 01:30:44,500
All of this reflected in 
lighting and ideas about 

1613
01:30:44,500 --> 01:30:47,700
civilization progress, and the 
power of human. 

1614
01:30:47,700 --> 01:30:49,400
Creativity to improve upon 
nature. 

1615
01:30:49,400 --> 01:30:53,000
Of course, all this fashion came
with a price, both literally and

1616
01:30:53,000 --> 01:30:56,200
figuratively. 
The cost of maintaining an 18th 

1617
01:30:56,200 --> 01:30:58,800
century wardrobe was 
astronomical and the time 

1618
01:30:58,800 --> 01:31:01,000
required for dressing and 
grooming could take hours 

1619
01:31:01,000 --> 01:31:04,300
wealthy people, essentially 
needed staff just to get dressed

1620
01:31:04,300 --> 01:31:07,000
in the morning. 
By the end of the 18th century. 

1621
01:31:07,000 --> 01:31:09,800
This elaborate system was 
beginning to crack the French 

1622
01:31:09,800 --> 01:31:12,700
Revolution, put a sudden and 
violent end to the most extreme 

1623
01:31:12,700 --> 01:31:15,100
Court Fashions. 
And a new philosophy was 

1624
01:31:15,100 --> 01:31:18,400
emerging that valued Simplicity,
naturalness and practicality 

1625
01:31:18,400 --> 01:31:21,300
over elaborate artifice. 
But before we move on to that 

1626
01:31:21,300 --> 01:31:24,300
revolutionary change, take a 
moment to appreciate the sheer 

1627
01:31:24,300 --> 01:31:26,300
audacity of the 18th century 
fashion. 

1628
01:31:26,300 --> 01:31:29,700
It was clothing that announced 
loudly and proudly that the 

1629
01:31:29,700 --> 01:31:32,200
wearer had so much money. 
And Leisure Time that they could

1630
01:31:32,200 --> 01:31:35,500
afford to dress like a walking 
work of art, even if it meant, 

1631
01:31:35,500 --> 01:31:37,700
they couldn't sit down properly 
or fit through doorways. 

1632
01:31:37,700 --> 01:31:40,700
The late 18th and early 19th 
centuries brought political 

1633
01:31:40,700 --> 01:31:43,300
revolution across Europe and 
America and fashion, 

1634
01:31:43,300 --> 01:31:44,900
revolution's, followed close 
behind. 

1635
01:31:44,900 --> 01:31:48,300
It was the period when people 
looked at those elaborate 18th 

1636
01:31:48,300 --> 01:31:51,700
century court costs and said, 
you know what, maybe wearing a 

1637
01:31:51,708 --> 01:31:54,000
small building on my head isn't 
the best way to show. 

1638
01:31:54,000 --> 01:31:58,300
I'm in, touch with the people. 
The French Revolution of 1789 

1639
01:31:58,300 --> 01:32:01,900
didn't just change government. 
It completely transformed. 

1640
01:32:01,900 --> 01:32:04,800
What people wore, it was the 
ultimate fashion do-over 

1641
01:32:04,800 --> 01:32:07,300
motivated by actual fear for 
your life. 

1642
01:32:07,300 --> 01:32:10,200
The revolutionary period 
introduced, what we might call 

1643
01:32:10,200 --> 01:32:14,000
democracy dress, Simpler more 
practical clothing that 

1644
01:32:14,000 --> 01:32:16,800
suggested, you are a 
hard-working citizen rather than

1645
01:32:16,800 --> 01:32:20,500
a parasitic Aristocrat. 
The song culotte literally, 

1646
01:32:20,500 --> 01:32:23,500
without knee breeches, got their
name from rejecting. 

1647
01:32:23,500 --> 01:32:26,400
The silk knee breeches worn, by 
the upper classes in favor of 

1648
01:32:26,400 --> 01:32:29,000
practical long trousers. 
It was the first time in 

1649
01:32:29,000 --> 01:32:31,700
European history that pants 
became a political statement, 

1650
01:32:31,700 --> 01:32:35,400
women's fashion, underwent, an 
equally dramatic transformation,

1651
01:32:35,400 --> 01:32:38,000
The Enormous panniers and 
elaborate hairstyles 

1652
01:32:38,000 --> 01:32:41,600
disappeared, almost overnight 
replaced by simple white muslin.

1653
01:32:41,600 --> 01:32:44,300
Dresses inspired by classical 
Greek and Roman clothing. 

1654
01:32:44,300 --> 01:32:47,300
The Empire waistline, which sat 
just below the bust. 

1655
01:32:47,300 --> 01:32:49,700
Became fashionable creating a 
silhouette. 

1656
01:32:49,700 --> 01:32:51,500
That was both elegant and 
practical. 

1657
01:32:52,300 --> 01:32:54,900
This neoclassical style wasn't 
just about looking good. 

1658
01:32:54,900 --> 01:32:57,600
It was about embodying, 
Enlightenment values. 

1659
01:32:57,600 --> 01:33:01,200
The simple flowing lines were 
supposed to suggest virtue 

1660
01:33:01,200 --> 01:33:05,600
reason and natural beauty 
everything, the old aristocratic

1661
01:33:05,600 --> 01:33:07,900
style was not. 
It was like, wearing your 

1662
01:33:07,900 --> 01:33:11,700
political philosophy, Napoleon 
Bonaparte, never want to miss an

1663
01:33:11,700 --> 01:33:15,000
opportunity for drama turned 
fashion into a tool of Empire 

1664
01:33:15,000 --> 01:33:17,500
Building. 
He established a court at the 

1665
01:33:17,500 --> 01:33:20,200
trailer that was almost as 
elaborate as the old Royal 

1666
01:33:20,200 --> 01:33:22,000
Court. 
But with better marketing, 

1667
01:33:22,000 --> 01:33:25,500
Napoleonic fashion was designed 
to suggest both luxury and 

1668
01:33:25,500 --> 01:33:26,500
Military. 
Efficiency. 

1669
01:33:26,500 --> 01:33:31,400
Think Roman Emperor meets modern
General, The Empire period gave 

1670
01:33:31,400 --> 01:33:33,600
us some of Fashion's most 
enduring Silhouettes. 

1671
01:33:33,600 --> 01:33:36,800
The high-waisted dress, became a
classic that would return again 

1672
01:33:36,800 --> 01:33:40,100
and again in later decades the 
military influence in men's 

1673
01:33:40,100 --> 01:33:43,300
fashion, all those brass 
buttons, frogging and structured

1674
01:33:43,300 --> 01:33:46,800
shoulders established a template
for masculine dress that we 

1675
01:33:46,800 --> 01:33:50,100
still see today in everything 
from military, uniforms to 

1676
01:33:50,100 --> 01:33:52,700
business suits. 
But perhaps the most interesting

1677
01:33:52,700 --> 01:33:55,600
development of this period was 
how fashion became International

1678
01:33:55,600 --> 01:33:59,700
in a completely new way. 
Napoleon's conquests spread 

1679
01:33:59,700 --> 01:34:03,200
French fashion across Europe but
also brought new influences back

1680
01:34:03,200 --> 01:34:07,800
to Paris Spanish, man, tears, 
Russian, Furs Egyptian, motifs 

1681
01:34:07,800 --> 01:34:09,800
after Napoleon's campaigns 
there. 

1682
01:34:10,500 --> 01:34:13,800
European fashion became a fusion
Cuisine of styles from across 

1683
01:34:13,800 --> 01:34:17,100
the continent and Beyond. 
The Industrial Revolution was 

1684
01:34:17,100 --> 01:34:18,900
beginning to change how close 
were made. 

1685
01:34:18,900 --> 01:34:22,400
To While most garments were 
still handsome, new machines 

1686
01:34:22,400 --> 01:34:25,100
could produce Fabrics faster and
more cheaply than ever before 

1687
01:34:25,100 --> 01:34:29,000
cotton in particular, became 
much more affordable and 

1688
01:34:29,000 --> 01:34:31,600
available democratizing fashion 
in ways that would have been 

1689
01:34:31,600 --> 01:34:35,800
impossible in early centuries. 
This period also saw the rise of

1690
01:34:35,808 --> 01:34:37,500
the fashion press as we know it 
today. 

1691
01:34:37,500 --> 01:34:41,500
Fashion magazines like Journal 
de damn ID mods provided 

1692
01:34:41,500 --> 01:34:44,000
detailed illustrations and 
descriptions of the latest 

1693
01:34:44,000 --> 01:34:47,200
Styles spreading fashion trends 
faster than ever before. 

1694
01:34:47,200 --> 01:34:50,700
It was the beginning of fashion 
media though their Instagram 

1695
01:34:50,700 --> 01:34:53,300
followers were measured in 
hundreds rather than Millions 

1696
01:34:53,300 --> 01:34:56,500
the Romantic Movement that 
emerged in the early 19th 

1697
01:34:56,500 --> 01:34:58,400
century. 
Brought yet another fashion 

1698
01:34:58,400 --> 01:35:01,500
Revolution, where neoclassical 
style had been about reason and 

1699
01:35:01,500 --> 01:35:04,700
simplicity romantic fashion, 
celebrated emotion, 

1700
01:35:04,700 --> 01:35:07,300
individualism and dramatic 
effect. 

1701
01:35:08,200 --> 01:35:11,900
Sleeves got bigger, skirts, got 
Fuller and everything got more 

1702
01:35:11,900 --> 01:35:15,600
decorative. 
By the 1820s and 1830s, women's 

1703
01:35:15,600 --> 01:35:19,200
fashion had swung back toward 
complexity though, in new ways. 

1704
01:35:20,100 --> 01:35:23,000
Crinoline, the structured 
underskirt that created a 

1705
01:35:23,000 --> 01:35:26,000
bell-shaped silhouette was the 
great innovation of the period. 

1706
01:35:26,000 --> 01:35:29,800
It was like wearing a small tent
but an incredibly fashionable 

1707
01:35:29,800 --> 01:35:32,800
tent that allowed women to move 
more freely than the restrictive

1708
01:35:32,800 --> 01:35:35,700
clothing of earlier periods, 
this revolutionary period 

1709
01:35:35,700 --> 01:35:37,800
established, many of the 
principles that would guide 

1710
01:35:37,800 --> 01:35:40,900
fashion for the next Century. 
The idea that clothing should 

1711
01:35:40,900 --> 01:35:44,600
reflect contemporary values that
fashion could be both, beautiful

1712
01:35:44,600 --> 01:35:48,200
and practical and that style 
should be accessible to more 

1713
01:35:48,200 --> 01:35:51,000
than just the wealthy Elite. 
It was the beginning of modern 

1714
01:35:51,000 --> 01:35:53,900
fashion as we know it today. 
Even if the clothes themselves 

1715
01:35:53,900 --> 01:35:57,200
look, pretty foreign to 
modernize the Victorian era. 

1716
01:35:57,200 --> 01:36:02,100
Roughly 1837 to 1901 was like 
Fashion's adolescent phase. 

1717
01:36:02,100 --> 01:36:05,400
Everything was dramatic 
complicated and slightly 

1718
01:36:05,400 --> 01:36:08,700
embarrassing and retrospect, but
also kind of impressive in its 

1719
01:36:08,700 --> 01:36:12,100
sheer ambition, Queen Victoria's
reign coincided with the 

1720
01:36:12,100 --> 01:36:15,300
Industrial Revolution hitting 
its stride, which meant that for

1721
01:36:15,300 --> 01:36:18,500
the first time in human history,
the middle class could afford to

1722
01:36:18,508 --> 01:36:21,600
dress almost as elaborately. 
As the wealthy, this was 

1723
01:36:21,600 --> 01:36:24,600
wonderful news for textile 
manufacturers and absolutely 

1724
01:36:24,600 --> 01:36:28,100
terrible news for anyone who 
valued Simplicity and clothing. 

1725
01:36:28,900 --> 01:36:31,500
The Victorian silhouette for 
women was essentially an 

1726
01:36:31,500 --> 01:36:33,100
exercise in architectural 
engineering. 

1727
01:36:33,100 --> 01:36:36,500
The goal was to create an 
hourglass figure, so dramatic 

1728
01:36:36,500 --> 01:36:39,700
that it defied Anatomy. 
This required corsets, that 

1729
01:36:39,700 --> 01:36:42,800
could literally reshape the 
human torso bustles. 

1730
01:36:42,800 --> 01:36:45,800
That could support several yards
of fabric and an undergarment 

1731
01:36:45,800 --> 01:36:47,800
system. 
So complex, it came with its own

1732
01:36:47,800 --> 01:36:50,700
instruction manual, the 
crinoline reached its peak 

1733
01:36:50,700 --> 01:36:53,500
During the period creating 
skirts that could measure up to 

1734
01:36:53,500 --> 01:36:57,400
six feet in diameter. 
Imagine trying to navigate a 

1735
01:36:57,400 --> 01:37:00,100
Victorian parlor. 
Wearing, what was essentially a 

1736
01:37:00,100 --> 01:37:03,900
fabric geodesic dome around your
waist doorways, became tactical 

1737
01:37:03,900 --> 01:37:07,700
challenges sitting required. 
Careful planning getting into a 

1738
01:37:07,700 --> 01:37:09,700
carriage was like solving a 
geometry problem. 

1739
01:37:10,700 --> 01:37:12,700
And here's what's really 
remarkable about Victorian 

1740
01:37:12,700 --> 01:37:14,900
fashion. 
The sheer amount of work that 

1741
01:37:14,900 --> 01:37:18,200
went into every garment, a 
typical Victorian dress, might 

1742
01:37:18,200 --> 01:37:22,500
have buttons miles of trim, 
intricate pleating elaborate 

1743
01:37:22,500 --> 01:37:25,500
embroidery and enough fabric to 
upholster several chairs. 

1744
01:37:25,500 --> 01:37:28,600
Each dress was essentially a 
masterpiece of textile 

1745
01:37:28,600 --> 01:37:31,500
craftsmanship, even if the 
overall effect was sometimes 

1746
01:37:31,500 --> 01:37:34,800
like wearing a curtain from a 
very expensive hotel, men's 

1747
01:37:34,800 --> 01:37:37,400
fashioned during the Victorian 
era was more restrained, but 

1748
01:37:37,400 --> 01:37:40,800
equally complex in his own way, 
the modern business suit was 

1749
01:37:40,800 --> 01:37:42,800
invented During the period, 
though. 

1750
01:37:42,800 --> 01:37:45,900
Victorian men's suits had more 
pieces than a Swiss watch, there

1751
01:37:45,900 --> 01:37:47,700
were different coaches for 
different times of day. 

1752
01:37:47,700 --> 01:37:50,800
Different trials, for different 
occasions and enough accessories

1753
01:37:50,800 --> 01:37:54,200
to stock a small store. 
The Victorian obsession with 

1754
01:37:54,200 --> 01:37:56,400
propriety meant that clothing, 
had to cover everything. 

1755
01:37:56,400 --> 01:37:59,600
Women's dresses had sleeves that
covered the arms, completely 

1756
01:37:59,600 --> 01:38:03,400
skirts, that touched the ground 
and necklines that barely showed

1757
01:38:03,400 --> 01:38:06,100
the collarbone, the amount of 
Skin showing in proper. 

1758
01:38:06,100 --> 01:38:08,900
Victorian dress was roughly 
equivalent to what you might see

1759
01:38:08,900 --> 01:38:11,900
in a modern business meeting 
except with more Fabric and 

1760
01:38:11,908 --> 01:38:14,700
better posture, but the 
victorians also invented the 

1761
01:38:14,700 --> 01:38:17,300
concept of specialized clothing 
for specific activities. 

1762
01:38:18,500 --> 01:38:21,400
Before this period, you 
basically had every day clothes 

1763
01:38:21,400 --> 01:38:24,900
and fancy clothes the victorians
created riding habits for 

1764
01:38:24,900 --> 01:38:28,100
horseback riding walking 
dresses, for afternoon strolls 

1765
01:38:28,100 --> 01:38:31,700
tea, gowns for informal, 
entertaining, and ball gowns for

1766
01:38:31,700 --> 01:38:34,600
formal occasions. 
They essentially invented the 

1767
01:38:34,600 --> 01:38:37,000
modern concept of having 
different outfits for different 

1768
01:38:37,000 --> 01:38:39,900
parts of your life. 
The Industrial Revolution, made 

1769
01:38:39,900 --> 01:38:44,100
all of this possible by creating
new Fabrics, new dies and new 

1770
01:38:44,100 --> 01:38:47,600
manufacturing techniques 
aniline, dies produced colors 

1771
01:38:47,600 --> 01:38:50,000
that were brighter and more 
stable than anything previously 

1772
01:38:50,000 --> 01:38:52,900
available. 
The sewing machine invented in 

1773
01:38:52,900 --> 01:38:56,000
the 1840s revolutionized garment
construction. 

1774
01:38:56,000 --> 01:38:58,900
Ready to wear clothing? 
Began to appear in stores, 

1775
01:38:58,900 --> 01:39:01,100
though? 
It was still considered inferior

1776
01:39:01,100 --> 01:39:03,800
to custom-made garments 
children's fashioned during the 

1777
01:39:03,800 --> 01:39:06,600
Victorian era deserve, special 
mention, because it was 

1778
01:39:06,600 --> 01:39:09,300
particularly elaborate and often
fairly impractical. 

1779
01:39:09,300 --> 01:39:12,600
Victorian children were 
essentially dressed as mixture. 

1780
01:39:12,600 --> 01:39:15,600
Adults complete with all the 
restrictive undergarments, and 

1781
01:39:15,600 --> 01:39:18,800
complex layering systems little 
girls were corsets. 

1782
01:39:18,800 --> 01:39:22,200
Little boys, were elaborate 
suits with knee breeches, and 

1783
01:39:22,200 --> 01:39:24,400
everyone wore clothing. 
That would make modern parents 

1784
01:39:24,400 --> 01:39:27,400
weep at the laundry. 
Implications, the Victorian era 

1785
01:39:27,400 --> 01:39:29,400
gave us the concept of mourning 
dress. 

1786
01:39:29,400 --> 01:39:32,500
Elaborate rules about what to 
wear and for how long after 

1787
01:39:32,500 --> 01:39:35,600
someone died, Queen Victoria 
herself after the death of 

1788
01:39:35,608 --> 01:39:39,000
Prince Albert in 1861 or 
morning, dress for the rest of 

1789
01:39:39,000 --> 01:39:41,100
her life, which was another 40 
years. 

1790
01:39:41,100 --> 01:39:43,700
The fashion industry, 
essentially created a whole 

1791
01:39:43,700 --> 01:39:47,100
subcategory of clothing for 
grief, complete with degrees of 

1792
01:39:47,100 --> 01:39:48,900
mourning. 
That determined how much black 

1793
01:39:48,900 --> 01:39:50,900
you had to wear. 
And when you could start adding 

1794
01:39:50,900 --> 01:39:52,600
other Colors back into your 
wardrobe. 

1795
01:39:52,600 --> 01:39:55,800
By the end of the Victorian era,
fashion had reached a level of 

1796
01:39:55,800 --> 01:39:59,000
complexity that was becoming 
unsustainable getting dressed. 

1797
01:39:59,000 --> 01:40:03,000
Took hours maintaining a proper 
wardrobe required significant 

1798
01:40:03,000 --> 01:40:05,200
staff. 
The physical restrictions of the

1799
01:40:05,200 --> 01:40:07,600
clothing were beginning to 
conflict with new ideas about 

1800
01:40:07,600 --> 01:40:11,100
women's roles and activities. 
The stage was set for a fashion 

1801
01:40:11,100 --> 01:40:13,800
Revolution, that would sweep 
away, much of this elaborate 

1802
01:40:13,800 --> 01:40:16,800
system, and replace it with 
something more practical more, 

1803
01:40:16,800 --> 01:40:19,900
modern and significantly easier 
to put on in the morning. 

1804
01:40:19,900 --> 01:40:23,000
But before that happened, the 
Victorian era gave us some of 

1805
01:40:23,008 --> 01:40:25,400
Fashions most memorable and most
photographed moments. 

1806
01:40:25,400 --> 01:40:28,100
Even if many of those 
photographs required, the 

1807
01:40:28,100 --> 01:40:32,300
subjects to stand very still for
very long periods of time as the

1808
01:40:32,300 --> 01:40:35,300
19th century, Drew to a close 
and the 20th century began. 

1809
01:40:35,300 --> 01:40:38,800
Fashion, underwent, one of its 
most dramatic Transformations. 

1810
01:40:38,800 --> 01:40:42,200
It was as if the entire industry
looked at Victoria and clothing 

1811
01:40:42,200 --> 01:40:45,700
and collectively asked, but what
if we could actually move while 

1812
01:40:45,700 --> 01:40:49,400
wearing our clothes? 
The changes began gradually in 

1813
01:40:49,400 --> 01:40:51,900
the 1890s with what was called, 
the new woman movement. 

1814
01:40:51,900 --> 01:40:54,200
These were women who wanted to 
ride bicycles. 

1815
01:40:54,200 --> 01:40:57,700
Play tennis work outside the 
home and generally participate, 

1816
01:40:57,700 --> 01:41:00,300
in life without requiring 
architectural, support garments,

1817
01:41:00,300 --> 01:41:03,800
the fashion industry, sensing an
opportunity began, creating 

1818
01:41:03,800 --> 01:41:06,300
clothes that acknowledge that 
women might want to use their 

1819
01:41:06,300 --> 01:41:09,100
bodies for something other than 
standing gracefully and parlors 

1820
01:41:09,100 --> 01:41:10,900
the S. 
Curve of course it became 

1821
01:41:10,900 --> 01:41:14,200
popular in the early 1900s which
created a silhouette that 

1822
01:41:14,200 --> 01:41:17,100
thrust, the chest forward and 
the hips back while this might 

1823
01:41:17,100 --> 01:41:20,400
not sound like progress, it 
actually represented a move away

1824
01:41:20,400 --> 01:41:24,000
from the Titleist restriction of
the Victorian era, it was like 

1825
01:41:24,000 --> 01:41:27,200
Fashions version of glass nosed.
A gradual loosening of 

1826
01:41:27,200 --> 01:41:30,300
restrictions Paul pour a French 
designer. 

1827
01:41:30,300 --> 01:41:34,000
Became the revolutionary leader 
of fashion, Liberation in 1906. 

1828
01:41:34,000 --> 01:41:37,300
He introduced designs that 
completely eliminated the corset

1829
01:41:37,300 --> 01:41:39,400
replacing. 
The structured, Victorian 

1830
01:41:39,400 --> 01:41:42,100
silhouette with flowing column 
and addresses inspired by 

1831
01:41:42,100 --> 01:41:45,000
ancient Greece and the Orient. 
It was as if he took a pair of 

1832
01:41:45,008 --> 01:41:48,300
scissors to 100 Years of fashion
tradition and said Let's start 

1833
01:41:48,300 --> 01:41:52,100
over quarries, designs were 
Radical for their time, high 

1834
01:41:52,100 --> 01:41:54,600
waist lines, narrow, skirts, and
no corsets. 

1835
01:41:54,600 --> 01:41:58,000
Women could actually breathe 
while wearing them, which was a 

1836
01:41:58,000 --> 01:41:59,600
refreshing change from Victorian
dress. 

1837
01:42:00,400 --> 01:42:03,800
His oriental-inspired designs 
with their Rich colors and 

1838
01:42:03,800 --> 01:42:07,500
exotic patterns introduced 
European women to a completely 

1839
01:42:07,500 --> 01:42:11,200
different aesthetic philosophy. 
The hobble skirt one of Poor's 

1840
01:42:11,200 --> 01:42:14,300
most famous Innovations was both
liberating and restricting at 

1841
01:42:14,300 --> 01:42:17,500
the same time while it freed 
women from corsets and 

1842
01:42:17,500 --> 01:42:19,700
crinolines. 
It was so narrow at the ankles 

1843
01:42:19,700 --> 01:42:22,100
that walking required. 
Small, careful steps. 

1844
01:42:22,100 --> 01:42:24,800
It was like trading one set of 
restrictions for another. 

1845
01:42:24,800 --> 01:42:27,300
But at least the new 
restrictions didn't require 

1846
01:42:27,300 --> 01:42:31,100
Structural Engineering. 
World War One accelerated, these

1847
01:42:31,100 --> 01:42:34,400
fashion changes dramatically 
with men away at War and women 

1848
01:42:34,400 --> 01:42:36,500
entering the workforce. 
In unprecedented numbers. 

1849
01:42:36,500 --> 01:42:40,000
Practical clothing became a 
necessity rather than a choice. 

1850
01:42:40,000 --> 01:42:43,300
The elaborate time-consuming 
dress of the pre-war period, was

1851
01:42:43,300 --> 01:42:46,400
simply incompatible with working
in factories, driving, 

1852
01:42:46,400 --> 01:42:48,300
ambulance's, or managing 
businesses. 

1853
01:42:49,200 --> 01:42:52,600
Hemline began to rise first, 
just enough to show the ankle 

1854
01:42:52,600 --> 01:42:55,600
then gradually higher. 
This might seem like a small 

1855
01:42:55,600 --> 01:42:57,300
change, but it was 
revolutionary. 

1856
01:42:58,500 --> 01:43:00,400
For the first time in Western 
fashion. 

1857
01:43:00,400 --> 01:43:03,600
Since ancient Greece, women's 
legs became visible in public. 

1858
01:43:03,600 --> 01:43:07,900
It was a seismic shift in social
norms disguised as a fashion 

1859
01:43:07,900 --> 01:43:09,900
trend. 
The war also changed men's 

1860
01:43:09,900 --> 01:43:12,800
fashion though. 
More subtly military uniforms 

1861
01:43:12,800 --> 01:43:15,700
influenced civilian clothing 
making men's suits more 

1862
01:43:15,700 --> 01:43:18,400
structured and functional. 
The three-piece suit became 

1863
01:43:18,400 --> 01:43:21,600
standardized during this period 
establishing a template for 

1864
01:43:21,608 --> 01:43:24,700
men's business dress. 
That would last for decades hair

1865
01:43:24,700 --> 01:43:27,700
became shorter and simpler. 
The elaborate hairstyles of the 

1866
01:43:27,700 --> 01:43:30,500
Victorian era which required 
hours of Maintenance and 

1867
01:43:30,500 --> 01:43:33,400
multiple hair pieces were 
replaced by more manageable 

1868
01:43:33,400 --> 01:43:35,600
Styles. 
This was partly practical. 

1869
01:43:35,600 --> 01:43:38,300
Shorter hair was easier to 
maintain while working in 

1870
01:43:38,300 --> 01:43:40,300
factories or hospitals, but it 
was all. 

1871
01:43:40,300 --> 01:43:43,600
So symbolic of women's changing 
roles in society, the 

1872
01:43:43,600 --> 01:43:47,000
introduction of new synthetic 
fabrics during this period, also

1873
01:43:47,000 --> 01:43:48,700
revolutionized, what people 
could wear. 

1874
01:43:49,500 --> 01:43:53,100
On the first commercial 
successful, synthetic fiber was 

1875
01:43:53,100 --> 01:43:57,300
developed in the early 1900s 
while it wasn't perfectly rayon.

1876
01:43:57,300 --> 01:44:00,400
Had attendance to shrink 
dramatically when washed it. 

1877
01:44:00,400 --> 01:44:03,100
Offered an affordable 
alternative to Silk and opened 

1878
01:44:03,100 --> 01:44:07,500
up new possibilities for garment
design by 1910 fashion magazines

1879
01:44:07,500 --> 01:44:09,600
were already predicting that. 
The new century would bring 

1880
01:44:09,600 --> 01:44:12,700
clothing that was more 
practical, more comfortable, and

1881
01:44:12,700 --> 01:44:16,200
more suited to active lifestyle.
They had no idea how right? 

1882
01:44:16,200 --> 01:44:19,600
They were or how dramatically 
the next decade would accelerate

1883
01:44:19,600 --> 01:44:22,900
these changes. 
The period just before World War

1884
01:44:22,900 --> 01:44:25,500
One represented, a fascinating 
transition moment. 

1885
01:44:25,500 --> 01:44:28,500
In fashion history, you could 
see both the Old and the new 

1886
01:44:28,500 --> 01:44:32,100
existing simultaneously 
elaborate Edwardian gowns 

1887
01:44:32,100 --> 01:44:35,800
sharing space with Paris, 
revolutionary designs, corseted 

1888
01:44:35,800 --> 01:44:38,600
ladies, walking alongside the 
first women to embrace the new 

1889
01:44:38,600 --> 01:44:41,500
natural silhouette. 
It was like watching fashion, 

1890
01:44:41,500 --> 01:44:45,400
hold its breath, before taking a
giant leap into modernity, the 

1891
01:44:45,400 --> 01:44:47,200
restrictive. 
Elaborate clothing of the past 

1892
01:44:47,200 --> 01:44:50,700
was still beautiful, still 
masterfully crafted, but it was 

1893
01:44:50,700 --> 01:44:53,500
beginning to look like a museum 
piece even as people were still 

1894
01:44:53,500 --> 01:44:56,400
wearing it. 
If the 1910s were about gradual 

1895
01:44:56,400 --> 01:45:00,000
Liberation, the 1920s were about
fashion and doing the Charleston

1896
01:45:00,000 --> 01:45:02,200
while wearing a headband and 
shouting Freedom. 

1897
01:45:02,200 --> 01:45:05,800
At the top of its lungs, the 
decade didn't just change what 

1898
01:45:05,800 --> 01:45:08,900
people wore, it, completely 
revolutionized, the relationship

1899
01:45:08,900 --> 01:45:12,900
between clothing and identity, 
The flapper dress was the decade

1900
01:45:12,900 --> 01:45:16,400
signature achievement and it was
basically everything Victoria 

1901
01:45:16,400 --> 01:45:20,100
and clothing wasn't short 
straight and shockingly simple. 

1902
01:45:20,100 --> 01:45:23,200
It hung Loosely from the 
shoulders and ended daringly at 

1903
01:45:23,200 --> 01:45:26,600
the knee, or even higher. 
Victorian lady would have needed

1904
01:45:26,600 --> 01:45:29,700
smelling salts just looking at 
it which was precisely the 

1905
01:45:29,700 --> 01:45:31,800
point. 
What made the flapper dress, so 

1906
01:45:31,800 --> 01:45:35,000
revolutionary wasn't just how it
looked but what it allowed women

1907
01:45:35,000 --> 01:45:39,100
to do, you could dance in it 
really dance with energetic 

1908
01:45:39,100 --> 01:45:42,200
movements and spin. 
You could drive a car without 

1909
01:45:42,200 --> 01:45:44,800
your skirt, getting caught in 
the door, you could cross your 

1910
01:45:44,800 --> 01:45:47,400
legs while sitting. 
These might seem like small 

1911
01:45:47,400 --> 01:45:50,700
freedoms, but they represented a
complete transformation in how 

1912
01:45:50,700 --> 01:45:52,000
women could move through the 
world. 

1913
01:45:52,000 --> 01:45:55,700
The dropped waist line of 1920s,
dresses, created, a completely 

1914
01:45:55,700 --> 01:45:58,700
new silhouette that 
de-emphasized the female form in

1915
01:45:58,708 --> 01:46:01,300
ways that would have shocked 
previous generations, where 

1916
01:46:01,300 --> 01:46:04,100
Victorian fashion had been 
obsessed with creating an 

1917
01:46:04,100 --> 01:46:07,400
exaggerated hourglass. 
Figure 1920s fashion, 

1918
01:46:07,400 --> 01:46:09,600
celebrated, a more boyish 
androgynous. 

1919
01:46:09,600 --> 01:46:12,700
Look It was as if fashion 
decided that women's bodies 

1920
01:46:12,700 --> 01:46:14,400
didn't need to be architectural 
projects. 

1921
01:46:14,400 --> 01:46:18,000
After all hair, got even shorter
with the Bobcat, which caused 

1922
01:46:18,000 --> 01:46:21,600
genuine, social controversy. 
Women were literally receiving 

1923
01:46:21,600 --> 01:46:23,600
death threats for cutting their 
hair short. 

1924
01:46:23,600 --> 01:46:27,800
And imagine that getting violent
male because of your hair cut, 

1925
01:46:27,800 --> 01:46:30,000
but the Bob was more than just a
hairstyle. 

1926
01:46:30,000 --> 01:46:32,400
It was a declaration of 
independence from the 

1927
01:46:32,400 --> 01:46:35,700
time-consuming beauty, routines,
that had kept women Tethered to 

1928
01:46:35,708 --> 01:46:37,500
their vanity tables for hours 
each day. 

1929
01:46:37,500 --> 01:46:41,500
Men's fashion during the 1920s 
became more relaxed and varied 

1930
01:46:41,500 --> 01:46:44,400
though, it was still more formal
than what we considered a normal

1931
01:46:44,400 --> 01:46:47,000
today. 
The three-piece suit remained 

1932
01:46:47,000 --> 01:46:49,900
standard but new fabrics and 
cuts made it more comfortable 

1933
01:46:49,900 --> 01:46:53,500
and practical plus Force for 
golf sweater vests for casual 

1934
01:46:53,500 --> 01:46:56,500
wear, and the introduction of 
sportswear began to give men 

1935
01:46:56,500 --> 01:46:57,900
more options for different 
occasions. 

1936
01:46:57,900 --> 01:47:02,700
The 1920s, also saw the rise of 
ready-to-wear fashion becoming 

1937
01:47:02,700 --> 01:47:05,900
truly mainstream department 
stores expanded their clothing 

1938
01:47:05,900 --> 01:47:08,800
sections and for the first time 
middle-class people could buy 

1939
01:47:08,800 --> 01:47:11,500
fashionable clothing off the 
rack rather than having 

1940
01:47:11,500 --> 01:47:14,400
everything custom made. 
It was the democratization of 

1941
01:47:14,400 --> 01:47:17,300
fashion though. 
The truly still preferred, their

1942
01:47:17,300 --> 01:47:21,100
bespoke tailors cocoa, Chanel 
emerged as one of the Decades 

1943
01:47:21,100 --> 01:47:23,800
most influential designers and 
her philosophy was 

1944
01:47:23,800 --> 01:47:26,500
revolutionary. 
Fashion should be comfortable 

1945
01:47:26,500 --> 01:47:30,400
practical and elegant all at the
same time, she introduced the 

1946
01:47:30,408 --> 01:47:33,600
concept of casual Chic, the idea
that you could look 

1947
01:47:33,600 --> 01:47:36,100
sophisticated while wearing 
simple well-cut clothing. 

1948
01:47:36,100 --> 01:47:40,100
Her little black dress 
introduced in 1926 was like 

1949
01:47:40,100 --> 01:47:44,000
Fashion's version of the model 
t4de simple elegant. 

1950
01:47:44,000 --> 01:47:46,500
And versatile enough to be 
appropriate for almost any 

1951
01:47:46,500 --> 01:47:49,800
occasion. 
Chanel also, liberated women 

1952
01:47:49,800 --> 01:47:51,900
from the tyranny of decorative 
accessories. 

1953
01:47:51,900 --> 01:47:54,000
Where Victorian fashion had 
required. 

1954
01:47:54,000 --> 01:47:58,300
Elaborate jewelry hair ornaments
and trim Chanel's designs were 

1955
01:47:58,300 --> 01:48:01,500
based on the radical idea that 
sometimes less really was more. 

1956
01:48:01,500 --> 01:48:04,900
She made Simplicity 
sophisticated, which was perhaps

1957
01:48:04,900 --> 01:48:07,000
the decades greatest fashion 
Innovation. 

1958
01:48:07,000 --> 01:48:09,400
The influence of jazz music on 
fashion. 

1959
01:48:09,400 --> 01:48:12,500
Can't be overstated. 
The energetic improvisational 

1960
01:48:12,500 --> 01:48:15,200
nature of jazz translated 
directly into clothing that 

1961
01:48:15,200 --> 01:48:18,100
moved with the body. 
Sparkled under dance hall 

1962
01:48:18,100 --> 01:48:21,000
lights, and celebrated 
individual expression, over 

1963
01:48:21,000 --> 01:48:24,000
Conformity. 
Fashion became performative in a

1964
01:48:24,000 --> 01:48:26,600
completely new way. 
Clothes were designed to look 

1965
01:48:26,600 --> 01:48:29,300
good in motion, not just 
informal portraits. 

1966
01:48:30,000 --> 01:48:32,800
Evening wear during the 1920s 
was particularly spectacular 

1967
01:48:32,800 --> 01:48:36,900
beaded dresses, that caught and 
reflected light Fringe that 

1968
01:48:36,900 --> 01:48:39,800
moved with every step and 
metallic Fabrics. 

1969
01:48:39,800 --> 01:48:42,100
That turned the wearer into a 
walking disco ball. 

1970
01:48:42,100 --> 01:48:44,700
It was fashioned designed for 
artificial lighting and 

1971
01:48:44,700 --> 01:48:47,600
energetic dancing. 
The first truly modern party 

1972
01:48:47,600 --> 01:48:50,700
clothes. 
The decade the concept of 

1973
01:48:50,700 --> 01:48:52,400
fashion Seasons. 
As we know them today. 

1974
01:48:52,400 --> 01:48:55,600
Magazine's began showing spring 
Collections and fall 

1975
01:48:55,600 --> 01:48:57,900
Collections. 
And the idea that your wardrobe 

1976
01:48:57,900 --> 01:49:00,400
should change with the calendar 
became entrenched. 

1977
01:49:00,400 --> 01:49:03,500
It was the beginning of planned 
obsolescence and fashion. 

1978
01:49:03,500 --> 01:49:06,700
The idea that last season's 
clothes Were Somehow inadequate 

1979
01:49:06,700 --> 01:49:11,500
for this season's activities. 
By the end of the 1920s, fashion

1980
01:49:11,500 --> 01:49:14,800
had been completely transformed.
The elaborate restrictive 

1981
01:49:14,800 --> 01:49:17,600
clothing of the Victorian era, 
looked as foreign as medieval 

1982
01:49:17,600 --> 01:49:20,400
armor Women had gained the 
freedom to move. 

1983
01:49:20,400 --> 01:49:23,800
Dance work and play in ways that
their grandmothers never could 

1984
01:49:23,800 --> 01:49:26,200
have imagined. 
But the party couldn't last 

1985
01:49:26,200 --> 01:49:28,800
forever. 
The stock market crash of 1929 

1986
01:49:28,800 --> 01:49:32,800
was about to change everything. 
Including what people wore and 

1987
01:49:32,800 --> 01:49:36,500
how they thought about fashion 
The Carefree extravagance of the

1988
01:49:36,500 --> 01:49:40,500
1920s was about to run headlong 
into the Practical realities of 

1989
01:49:40,500 --> 01:49:43,000
economic depression. 
The Great Depression hit 

1990
01:49:43,000 --> 01:49:45,700
fashion, like a bucket of cold 
water thrown on a very 

1991
01:49:45,700 --> 01:49:48,900
fashionable party. 
Suddenly the Carefree 

1992
01:49:48,900 --> 01:49:52,700
extravagant of the 1920s seemed 
not just outdated, but almost 

1993
01:49:52,700 --> 01:49:55,800
offensive, the new motto became 
make it last. 

1994
01:49:55,800 --> 01:49:58,200
Make it count and make it work 
for everything. 

1995
01:49:58,200 --> 01:50:02,100
The 1930s are in what we might 
call Elegant practicality. 

1996
01:50:02,900 --> 01:50:04,300
Designers had to create 
clothing. 

1997
01:50:04,300 --> 01:50:06,800
That was beautiful enough to 
maintain morale during difficult

1998
01:50:06,800 --> 01:50:10,000
times but practical enough to be
worn for years without 

1999
01:50:10,000 --> 01:50:12,200
replacement. 
It was like, solving a very 

2000
01:50:12,200 --> 01:50:14,900
sophisticated math problem, 
where the variables were styled 

2001
01:50:14,900 --> 01:50:18,800
durability and budget, Henley's 
dropped back down to mid calf, 

2002
01:50:18,800 --> 01:50:22,100
partly for modesty, but mostly 
because longer skirts, meant 

2003
01:50:22,100 --> 01:50:24,700
more fabric, which meant the 
Garment would last longer and 

2004
01:50:24,700 --> 01:50:27,800
provide better value the 
silhouette became more than 

2005
01:50:27,800 --> 01:50:31,400
feminine again, but in a sleeker
more streamlined way than the 

2006
01:50:31,400 --> 01:50:34,300
Victorian era. 
It was as a fashion had learned 

2007
01:50:34,300 --> 01:50:36,400
to be curvaceous without being 
cumbersome. 

2008
01:50:36,400 --> 01:50:39,000
The bias cut became the 
signature technique of the 

2009
01:50:39,000 --> 01:50:41,400
decade. 
Thanks, largely to designer. 

2010
01:50:41,400 --> 01:50:45,300
Madeleine vionnet cutting fabric
on the bias at a 45 degree, 

2011
01:50:45,300 --> 01:50:48,800
angle to the grain, created 
garments that draped beautifully

2012
01:50:48,800 --> 01:50:51,500
and moved with the body. 
Using the Fabric's natural 

2013
01:50:51,500 --> 01:50:53,500
stretch rather than fighting 
against it. 

2014
01:50:53,500 --> 01:50:56,600
It was an ingenious solution. 
That created elegant figure, 

2015
01:50:56,600 --> 01:50:58,800
flattering clothes without 
requiring, elaborate 

2016
01:50:58,800 --> 01:51:02,200
construction or expensive, 
materials Hollywood became a 

2017
01:51:02,200 --> 01:51:03,900
major influence on fashion 
during this period. 

2018
01:51:03,900 --> 01:51:07,300
Partly because movies provided 
an escape from economic 

2019
01:51:07,300 --> 01:51:10,800
hardship, but also because film 
stars had the resources to wear 

2020
01:51:10,800 --> 01:51:13,100
beautiful clothes when most 
people couldn't afford them 

2021
01:51:13,100 --> 01:51:16,500
magazines, featured pages of 
Hollywood style on a depression 

2022
01:51:16,500 --> 01:51:19,800
budget showing readers how to 
achieve movie star glamour with 

2023
01:51:19,800 --> 01:51:23,200
engineering and Thrift. 
The concept of separates became 

2024
01:51:23,200 --> 01:51:27,200
popular during the 1930s blouses
skirts, and jackets that could 

2025
01:51:27,200 --> 01:51:29,700
be mixed and matched to create 
different outfits from fewer 

2026
01:51:29,700 --> 01:51:31,500
pieces. 
It was the beginning of the 

2027
01:51:31,500 --> 01:51:35,500
modern concept of Wardrobe, as a
coordinated system, rather than 

2028
01:51:35,500 --> 01:51:38,700
a collection of individual 
dresses, you could buy one skirt

2029
01:51:38,700 --> 01:51:41,800
and three blouses and suddenly 
have multiple outfits, which was

2030
01:51:41,800 --> 01:51:43,600
revolutionary for people on 
tight budgets. 

2031
01:51:43,600 --> 01:51:47,900
Daywear became more casual and 
practical Shirtwaist dresses. 

2032
01:51:47,900 --> 01:51:51,300
Essentially button up shirts, 
extended into dress length 

2033
01:51:51,300 --> 01:51:55,000
became a staple because they 
were comfortable easy to launder

2034
01:51:55,000 --> 01:51:58,400
and appropriate for both work 
and Casual social occasions. 

2035
01:51:58,400 --> 01:52:01,500
It was clothing designed for 
real life, rather than for 

2036
01:52:01,500 --> 01:52:04,900
making fashion statements. 
Then came World War 2 and 

2037
01:52:04,900 --> 01:52:06,900
fashioned face challenges that 
made the depression. 

2038
01:52:06,900 --> 01:52:08,700
Look like a minor budget 
adjustment. 

2039
01:52:08,700 --> 01:52:12,900
Rationing affected everything 
fabric leather metal for buttons

2040
01:52:12,900 --> 01:52:16,700
and zippers even elastic. 
The fashion industry had to 

2041
01:52:16,700 --> 01:52:18,000
completely re-imagine. 
What? 

2042
01:52:18,000 --> 01:52:20,600
Clothing could be when you 
couldn't get the materials, you 

2043
01:52:20,600 --> 01:52:24,000
needed the utility clothing 
program in Britain and similar 

2044
01:52:24,000 --> 01:52:25,700
initiatives. 
In other countries, created 

2045
01:52:25,700 --> 01:52:29,300
standardized designs that used a
minimal materials, while still 

2046
01:52:29,300 --> 01:52:32,500
being attractive and functional,
it was fashioned by committee 

2047
01:52:32,500 --> 01:52:35,700
designed by government 
regulations, but somehow, it 

2048
01:52:35,700 --> 01:52:40,200
worked The clothes were simple, 
well, cut and practical, the 

2049
01:52:40,200 --> 01:52:42,300
fashion equivalent of wartime 
efficiency. 

2050
01:52:42,300 --> 01:52:45,800
Hemlin rose again during the 
war, but this time it wasn't 

2051
01:52:45,800 --> 01:52:48,700
about Freedom or Rebellion. 
It was about fabric 

2052
01:52:48,700 --> 01:52:51,900
conservation. 
Every inch of fabric saved was 

2053
01:52:51,900 --> 01:52:53,900
fabric, that could be used for 
military purposes. 

2054
01:52:53,900 --> 01:52:57,700
Women skirts, became shorter and
narrower not as a fashion 

2055
01:52:57,700 --> 01:53:01,500
statement but as a patriotic 
Duty the make do and mend 

2056
01:53:01,500 --> 01:53:05,100
philosophy became a virtue 
rather than a necessity fashion 

2057
01:53:05,100 --> 01:53:06,900
magazines. 
Published articles on how to 

2058
01:53:06,908 --> 01:53:09,600
refresh old clothes. 
How to make children clothes 

2059
01:53:09,600 --> 01:53:12,900
from adult garments that were 
too warned to repair and how to 

2060
01:53:12,900 --> 01:53:15,900
create accessories from 
household items, creativity 

2061
01:53:15,900 --> 01:53:18,600
became more valuable than money 
and fashion for perhaps the 

2062
01:53:18,600 --> 01:53:22,000
first time in history. 
Women entering the workforce in 

2063
01:53:22,000 --> 01:53:24,000
unprecedented numbers needed 
clothes. 

2064
01:53:24,000 --> 01:53:27,700
That could handle factory work 
driving trucks and operating 

2065
01:53:27,700 --> 01:53:29,700
Machinery. 
This led to the widespread 

2066
01:53:29,700 --> 01:53:32,900
adoption of trials for women, 
not as a fashion choice, but as 

2067
01:53:32,900 --> 01:53:36,400
a practical necessity Rosie, the
riveters uniform of practical 

2068
01:53:36,400 --> 01:53:39,100
pants and sensible shirts became
an icon. 

2069
01:53:39,100 --> 01:53:42,800
Not just a women's capabilities,
but a Fashions ability to adapt 

2070
01:53:42,800 --> 01:53:46,300
to changing social needs. 
Mens fashion was similarly 

2071
01:53:46,300 --> 01:53:48,500
affected by wartime needs. 
Civilian. 

2072
01:53:48,500 --> 01:53:52,300
Suits were simplified no trials 
are cuffs fewer Pockets narrower

2073
01:53:52,300 --> 01:53:56,400
lapels to conserve fabric. 
The victory suit became a symbol

2074
01:53:56,400 --> 01:53:59,700
of patriotic sacrifice proving 
that even fashion could 

2075
01:53:59,708 --> 01:54:02,500
contribute to the war effort. 
Perhaps the most important 

2076
01:54:02,500 --> 01:54:05,700
development of this period was 
the cycle role that fashion 

2077
01:54:05,700 --> 01:54:08,500
played. 
Designers had to create 

2078
01:54:08,500 --> 01:54:10,000
clothing. 
That was beautiful enough to 

2079
01:54:10,000 --> 01:54:13,500
maintain morale during difficult
times but practical enough to be

2080
01:54:13,500 --> 01:54:15,100
worn for years without 
replacement. 

2081
01:54:15,100 --> 01:54:18,300
It was like, solving a very 
sophisticated math problem where

2082
01:54:18,300 --> 01:54:20,600
the variables were styled 
durability and budget. 

2083
01:54:20,600 --> 01:54:25,000
Heinz dropped back down to mid 
calf, partly for modesty, but 

2084
01:54:25,008 --> 01:54:27,900
mostly because longer skirts, 
meant more fabric, which meant 

2085
01:54:27,900 --> 01:54:30,800
the Garment would last longer 
and provide better value the 

2086
01:54:30,800 --> 01:54:33,800
silhouette became more fitted 
and feminine again, but in a 

2087
01:54:33,800 --> 01:54:36,700
sleeker more streamlined way 
than the Victorian era. 

2088
01:54:37,400 --> 01:54:40,200
It was as a fashion had learned 
to be curvaceous without being 

2089
01:54:40,200 --> 01:54:42,500
cumbersome. 
The bias cut became the 

2090
01:54:42,500 --> 01:54:44,000
signature technique of the 
decade. 

2091
01:54:44,000 --> 01:54:47,800
Thanks, largely to designer. 
Madeleine vionnet cutting fabric

2092
01:54:47,800 --> 01:54:51,600
on the bias at a 45 degree, 
angle to the grain, created 

2093
01:54:51,600 --> 01:54:54,200
garments that draped beautifully
and moved with the body. 

2094
01:54:54,200 --> 01:54:57,400
Using the Fabric's natural 
stretch rather than fighting 

2095
01:54:57,400 --> 01:54:59,600
against it. 
It was an ingenious solution. 

2096
01:54:59,600 --> 01:55:02,300
That created elegant figure, 
flattering clothes without 

2097
01:55:02,300 --> 01:55:04,500
requiring, elaborate 
construction or expensive, 

2098
01:55:04,500 --> 01:55:07,700
materials Hollywood became a 
major influence on fashion 

2099
01:55:07,700 --> 01:55:10,500
during this period. 
Partly because movies provided 

2100
01:55:10,500 --> 01:55:13,800
an escape from economic 
hardship, but also because film 

2101
01:55:13,800 --> 01:55:16,600
stars had the resources to wear 
beautiful clothes when most 

2102
01:55:16,600 --> 01:55:19,500
people couldn't afford them 
magazines, featured pages of 

2103
01:55:19,500 --> 01:55:22,800
Hollywood style on a depression 
budget showing readers how to 

2104
01:55:22,808 --> 01:55:25,500
achieve movie star glamour with 
engineering and Thrift. 

2105
01:55:25,500 --> 01:55:30,200
The concept of separates became 
popular during the 1930s blouses

2106
01:55:30,200 --> 01:55:33,000
skirts, and jackets that could 
be mixed and matched to create 

2107
01:55:33,000 --> 01:55:34,600
different outfits from fewer 
pieces. 

2108
01:55:34,600 --> 01:55:38,400
It was the beginning of the 
modern concept of Wardrobe, as a

2109
01:55:38,400 --> 01:55:40,900
coordinated system, rather than 
a collection of individual 

2110
01:55:40,900 --> 01:55:44,700
dresses, you could buy one skirt
and three blouses and suddenly 

2111
01:55:44,700 --> 01:55:47,500
have multiple outfits, which was
revolutionary for people on 

2112
01:55:47,500 --> 01:55:50,400
tight budgets. 
Daywear became more casual and 

2113
01:55:50,400 --> 01:55:54,400
practical Shirtwaist dresses. 
Essentially button up shirts, 

2114
01:55:54,400 --> 01:55:57,700
extended into dress length 
became a staple because they 

2115
01:55:57,700 --> 01:56:01,500
were comfortable easy to launder
and appropriate for both work 

2116
01:56:01,500 --> 01:56:04,500
and Casual social occasions. 
It was clothing designed for 

2117
01:56:04,500 --> 01:56:07,300
real life, rather than for 
making fashion statements. 

2118
01:56:07,300 --> 01:56:10,800
Then came World War 2 and 
fashioned face challenges that 

2119
01:56:10,800 --> 01:56:12,600
made the depression. 
Look like a minor budget 

2120
01:56:12,600 --> 01:56:14,900
adjustment. 
Rationing affected everything 

2121
01:56:14,900 --> 01:56:19,100
fabric leather metal for buttons
and zippers even elastic. 

2122
01:56:20,100 --> 01:56:22,200
The fashion industry had to 
completely re-imagine. 

2123
01:56:22,200 --> 01:56:24,000
What? 
Clothing could be when you 

2124
01:56:24,000 --> 01:56:27,000
couldn't get the materials, you 
needed the utility clothing 

2125
01:56:27,000 --> 01:56:29,000
program in Britain and similar 
initiatives. 

2126
01:56:29,000 --> 01:56:32,600
In other countries, created 
standardized designs that used a

2127
01:56:32,600 --> 01:56:35,000
minimal materials, while still 
being attractive and functional,

2128
01:56:35,000 --> 01:56:38,300
it was fashioned by committee 
designed by government 

2129
01:56:38,300 --> 01:56:42,500
regulations, but somehow, it 
worked The clothes were simple, 

2130
01:56:42,500 --> 01:56:46,200
well, cut and practical, the 
fashion equivalent of wartime 

2131
01:56:46,200 --> 01:56:48,700
efficiency. 
Hemlin rose again during the 

2132
01:56:48,700 --> 01:56:51,700
war, but this time it wasn't 
about Freedom or Rebellion. 

2133
01:56:51,700 --> 01:56:53,800
It was about fabric 
conservation. 

2134
01:56:53,800 --> 01:56:57,500
Every inch of fabric saved was 
fabric, that could be used for 

2135
01:56:57,500 --> 01:57:00,500
military purposes. 
Women skirts, became shorter and

2136
01:57:00,508 --> 01:57:03,700
narrower not as a fashion 
statement but as a patriotic 

2137
01:57:03,700 --> 01:57:07,500
Duty the make do and mend 
philosophy became a virtue 

2138
01:57:07,500 --> 01:57:10,100
rather than a necessity fashion 
magazines. 

2139
01:57:10,100 --> 01:57:12,400
Published articles on how to 
refresh old clothes. 

2140
01:57:12,400 --> 01:57:15,500
How to make children clothes 
from adult garments that were 

2141
01:57:15,500 --> 01:57:18,400
too warned to repair and how to 
create accessories from 

2142
01:57:18,400 --> 01:57:21,900
household items, creativity 
became more valuable than money 

2143
01:57:21,900 --> 01:57:24,000
and fashion for perhaps the 
first time in history. 

2144
01:57:25,000 --> 01:57:28,100
Women entering the workforce in 
unprecedented numbers needed 

2145
01:57:28,100 --> 01:57:29,900
clothes. 
That could handle factory work 

2146
01:57:29,900 --> 01:57:32,600
driving trucks and operating 
Machinery. 

2147
01:57:32,600 --> 01:57:35,600
This led to the widespread 
adoption of trials for women, 

2148
01:57:35,600 --> 01:57:39,400
not as a fashion choice, but as 
a practical necessity Rosie, the

2149
01:57:39,400 --> 01:57:43,000
riveters uniform of practical 
pants and sensible shirts became

2150
01:57:43,000 --> 01:57:45,200
an icon. 
Not just a women's capabilities,

2151
01:57:45,200 --> 01:57:48,600
but a Fashions ability to adapt 
to changing social needs. 

2152
01:57:49,400 --> 01:57:52,100
Mens fashion was similarly 
affected by wartime needs. 

2153
01:57:52,100 --> 01:57:55,000
Civilian. 
Suits were simplified no trials 

2154
01:57:55,000 --> 01:57:58,100
are cuffs fewer Pockets narrower
lapels to conserve fabric. 

2155
01:57:59,100 --> 01:58:03,000
The victory suit became a symbol
of patriotic sacrifice proving 

2156
01:58:03,000 --> 01:58:05,500
that even fashion could 
contribute to the war effort. 

2157
01:58:05,500 --> 01:58:08,500
Perhaps the most important 
development of this period was 

2158
01:58:08,500 --> 01:58:10,500
the cycle role that fashion 
played. 

2159
01:58:11,200 --> 01:58:13,900
During the darkest times of 
economic depression and global 

2160
01:58:13,900 --> 01:58:15,900
war. 
People still cared about looking

2161
01:58:15,900 --> 01:58:20,000
good fashion, became a form of 
resistance against despair, a 

2162
01:58:20,000 --> 01:58:22,400
way of maintaining dignity and 
hope when everything else was 

2163
01:58:22,400 --> 01:58:26,900
falling apart. 
The rise of American fashion as 

2164
01:58:26,900 --> 01:58:28,900
a force in dependent of European
influence. 

2165
01:58:30,100 --> 01:58:33,100
Harris Under German occupation 
and American designers had to 

2166
01:58:33,100 --> 01:58:35,600
develop their own aesthetic 
rather than copying French 

2167
01:58:35,600 --> 01:58:37,900
Couture. 
This led to a distinctly 

2168
01:58:37,900 --> 01:58:41,300
American style that was more 
practical, more casual, and more

2169
01:58:41,300 --> 01:58:44,400
democratic than traditional, 
European fashion by the 

2170
01:58:44,400 --> 01:58:48,500
mid-1940s fashion had been 
tested by economic catastrophe 

2171
01:58:48,500 --> 01:58:51,500
and global war. 
And it survived by becoming more

2172
01:58:51,500 --> 01:58:55,100
practical, more creative and 
more attuned to real people's 

2173
01:58:55,100 --> 01:58:57,200
needs. 
The stage, was set for the 

2174
01:58:57,200 --> 01:59:00,600
postwar fashion explosion that 
would celebrate both the return 

2175
01:59:00,600 --> 01:59:04,600
of prosperity and the lessons 
learned during the lean years in

2176
01:59:04,600 --> 01:59:07,300
1947. 
After years of fabric, rationing

2177
01:59:07,300 --> 01:59:11,100
utility clothing and making do 
with less Christian Dior 

2178
01:59:11,100 --> 01:59:14,800
unveiled, his new look and 
fashion essentially fainted from

2179
01:59:14,800 --> 01:59:17,300
sheer relief here. 
Finally was clothing that 

2180
01:59:17,300 --> 01:59:20,300
celebrated abundance femininity 
and the return of Peace time 

2181
01:59:20,300 --> 01:59:22,500
Prosperity. 
The new look was everything 

2182
01:59:22,500 --> 01:59:26,200
wartime fashion wasn't. 
Full skirts that used yards and 

2183
01:59:26,200 --> 01:59:29,200
yards of fabric tiny cinched 
waists that required 

2184
01:59:29,200 --> 01:59:31,600
foundational undergarments and a
silhouette. 

2185
01:59:31,600 --> 01:59:33,700
That was unabashedly feminine 
and decorative. 

2186
01:59:33,700 --> 01:59:36,800
It was like fashion had been 
holding its breath for six years

2187
01:59:36,800 --> 01:59:39,800
and finally exhaled in a whoosh 
of silk and satin. 

2188
01:59:39,800 --> 01:59:43,600
The reaction was immediate and 
intense women who had spent 

2189
01:59:43,600 --> 01:59:46,500
years in Practical. 
Simplified clothing, fell in 

2190
01:59:46,500 --> 01:59:50,100
love with the Romantic 
femininity of duels designs but 

2191
01:59:50,100 --> 01:59:53,600
there was also controversy 
Critics argued that the new look

2192
01:59:53,600 --> 01:59:55,500
was a step backward for women's 
Liberation. 

2193
01:59:55,500 --> 01:59:58,500
Forcing them back into 
restrictive impractical 

2194
01:59:58,500 --> 02:00:01,400
clothing, just when they had 
proven, they could do anything. 

2195
02:00:01,400 --> 02:00:04,400
Men could do, but the new looks 
exceeded, because it wasn't 

2196
02:00:04,400 --> 02:00:07,300
really about going backward. 
It was about having choices 

2197
02:00:07,300 --> 02:00:10,300
again, after years of being told
what they couldn't wear due to 

2198
02:00:10,308 --> 02:00:12,900
rationing and wartime 
restrictions, women could choose

2199
02:00:12,900 --> 02:00:16,600
to wear full skirts and fit in 
bodices, if they wanted to the 

2200
02:00:16,600 --> 02:00:20,100
keyword was choose. 
The 1950s became the decade of 

2201
02:00:20,100 --> 02:00:23,300
the Suburban dream and fashion, 
reflected this new lifestyle 

2202
02:00:23,300 --> 02:00:26,800
day, where was practical? 
But pretty shirt, waist dresses,

2203
02:00:26,800 --> 02:00:29,700
Cardigans and circle skirts that
were perfect for driving to the 

2204
02:00:29,708 --> 02:00:32,300
grocery store. 
Hosting coffee mornings and 

2205
02:00:32,300 --> 02:00:34,100
chasing children around 
backyards. 

2206
02:00:34,900 --> 02:00:38,400
It was domestic fashion but 
domestic with style evening 

2207
02:00:38,400 --> 02:00:42,500
wear, during the 1950s was Pure 
Fantasy ball gowns with massive 

2208
02:00:42,500 --> 02:00:45,200
skirts that required crinolines 
or even small Hoops. 

2209
02:00:45,200 --> 02:00:49,600
Fitted bodices that showed off 
tiny waists and enough fabric to

2210
02:00:49,600 --> 02:00:52,500
upholster, a sofa. 
It was clothing designed for a 

2211
02:00:52,500 --> 02:00:55,000
society that wanted to celebrate
prosperity and femininity. 

2212
02:00:55,000 --> 02:00:58,500
After years of austerity, the 
concept of teenage fashion 

2213
02:00:58,500 --> 02:01:01,100
emerged during this decade 
driven by post-war prosperity 

2214
02:01:01,100 --> 02:01:04,000
and the new phenomenon of 
teenagers have their own 

2215
02:01:04,000 --> 02:01:06,600
spending money. 
For the first time in fashion 

2216
02:01:06,600 --> 02:01:08,300
history. 
Young people had their own 

2217
02:01:08,300 --> 02:01:11,300
distinct style rather than just 
wearing simplified versions of 

2218
02:01:11,300 --> 02:01:15,100
adult clothing. 
Poodle skirts, saddle shoes and 

2219
02:01:15,100 --> 02:01:17,200
let us sweaters. 
Became the uniform of American 

2220
02:01:17,200 --> 02:01:20,100
Youth men's fashion. 
During the 1950s was 

2221
02:01:20,100 --> 02:01:23,000
characterized by what we might 
call confident conformity. 

2222
02:01:23,900 --> 02:01:26,500
The gray flannel suit became the
uniform of the Suburban 

2223
02:01:26,500 --> 02:01:29,500
businessman, but it was worn 
with a confidence that reflected

2224
02:01:29,500 --> 02:01:32,100
postwar optimism. 
Casual wear became more 

2225
02:01:32,100 --> 02:01:35,100
important to suburbs, created 
more opportunities for relaxed 

2226
02:01:35,100 --> 02:01:37,900
socializing. 
Barbecues lawn parties and 

2227
02:01:37,900 --> 02:01:39,700
family gatherings that required 
clothing. 

2228
02:01:39,700 --> 02:01:43,400
That was nice but not formal the
influence of Hollywood continued

2229
02:01:43,400 --> 02:01:46,300
to grow during this period. 
That now it was supplemented by 

2230
02:01:46,300 --> 02:01:50,000
the new medium of television. 
Fashion became more immediately 

2231
02:01:50,000 --> 02:01:52,200
accessible. 
As people could see the latest 

2232
02:01:52,200 --> 02:01:56,100
Styles every week in their 
living rooms TV stars influenced

2233
02:01:56,100 --> 02:01:57,900
fashion. 
In ways that movie stars, never 

2234
02:01:57,900 --> 02:02:00,500
could, because they appeared 
more regularly and seemed more 

2235
02:02:00,500 --> 02:02:03,800
accessible ready to wear fashion
came into its own during the 

2236
02:02:03,800 --> 02:02:07,100
1950s department, stores 
expanded, their fashion 

2237
02:02:07,100 --> 02:02:09,400
offerings, and the quality of 
mass-produced. 

2238
02:02:09,400 --> 02:02:11,400
Clothing. 
Improved dramatically for the 

2239
02:02:11,400 --> 02:02:13,400
first time. 
You could buy clothes off the 

2240
02:02:13,408 --> 02:02:16,500
rack that were almost as well 
made as custom garments and 

2241
02:02:16,500 --> 02:02:20,000
significantly less expensive. 
The decade also saw the 

2242
02:02:20,008 --> 02:02:21,900
beginning of Fashion's 
relationship with technology, 

2243
02:02:21,900 --> 02:02:25,800
new synthetic fabrics, like 
nylon polyester and acrylic. 

2244
02:02:25,800 --> 02:02:29,300
Offered properties that natural 
fibers couldn't match wrinkle 

2245
02:02:29,300 --> 02:02:31,300
resistance. 
Easy care and durability. 

2246
02:02:31,300 --> 02:02:34,900
The Washington way government 
became the Holy Grail of 1950s, 

2247
02:02:34,900 --> 02:02:37,800
fashion, promising, busy 
housewives, that they could look

2248
02:02:37,800 --> 02:02:40,000
good without spending hours on 
clothing maintenance. 

2249
02:02:40,000 --> 02:02:42,900
Youth culture began to challenge
the adult fashionist 

2250
02:02:42,900 --> 02:02:45,300
establishment. 
During this period, the grease 

2251
02:02:45,300 --> 02:02:48,100
of style for young men, leather 
jackets, white t-shirts. 

2252
02:02:48,100 --> 02:02:51,400
And jeans was specifically 
designed to shock adults and 

2253
02:02:51,400 --> 02:02:53,300
declare independence from their 
values. 

2254
02:02:53,300 --> 02:02:56,300
It was the beginning of fashion 
as generational Rebellion. 

2255
02:02:56,300 --> 02:02:59,400
A theme that would become 
Central to fashion for decades 

2256
02:02:59,400 --> 02:03:03,900
to come By the end of the 1950s 
fashion had established, many of

2257
02:03:03,900 --> 02:03:06,900
the patterns that were Define 
modern clothing, the importance 

2258
02:03:06,900 --> 02:03:10,200
of Youth markets, the role of 
celebrity influence, the 

2259
02:03:10,200 --> 02:03:14,100
democratization of style through
ready, to wear and the constant 

2260
02:03:14,100 --> 02:03:16,400
tension between practicality and
fantasy. 

2261
02:03:17,200 --> 02:03:19,700
All of these became permanent 
features of the fashion 

2262
02:03:19,700 --> 02:03:23,700
landscape but beneath the 
surface of 1950s, Conformity and

2263
02:03:23,700 --> 02:03:27,000
prosperity changes with Brewing.
The Civil Rights Movement was 

2264
02:03:27,000 --> 02:03:29,700
gaining momentum. 
Women were beginning to question

2265
02:03:29,700 --> 02:03:32,400
their prescribed roles and young
people were starting to 

2266
02:03:32,400 --> 02:03:34,700
challenge authority in ways that
their clothing choices 

2267
02:03:34,700 --> 02:03:38,000
reflected, the stage was set for
the fashion revolution of the 

2268
02:03:38,000 --> 02:03:43,300
1960s 1960s didn't just change 
fashion, it grabbed fashioned by

2269
02:03:43,308 --> 02:03:46,200
the shoulders. 
Spun it around three times and 

2270
02:03:46,200 --> 02:03:47,900
sent it dance. 
Dancing off in Direction's. 

2271
02:03:47,900 --> 02:03:51,700
Nobody had ever imagined it was 
the decade when fashion stopped 

2272
02:03:51,700 --> 02:03:54,200
being something that happened to
you and became something. 

2273
02:03:54,200 --> 02:03:57,800
You used to express exactly who 
you were or at least who you 

2274
02:03:57,800 --> 02:04:01,400
wanted to be. 
The decade started innocently 

2275
02:04:01,400 --> 02:04:04,100
enough. 
Jackie Kennedy became first lady

2276
02:04:04,100 --> 02:04:06,800
in 1961. 
And her elegant sophisticated 

2277
02:04:06,800 --> 02:04:09,500
style set, the tone for early 
1960s fashion. 

2278
02:04:10,600 --> 02:04:13,800
The pillbox hat, a line dresses 
and understated. 

2279
02:04:13,800 --> 02:04:17,500
Elegance of the Jackie look 
represented, a refined evolution

2280
02:04:17,500 --> 02:04:20,600
of 1950 style. 
It was fashioned for grownups 

2281
02:04:20,600 --> 02:04:22,700
who wanted to look modern but 
not revolutionary. 

2282
02:04:23,500 --> 02:04:26,200
But then came the youth. 
Explosion the Baby Boomers were 

2283
02:04:26,200 --> 02:04:28,800
reaching their teens and 
twenties, and they had money 

2284
02:04:28,800 --> 02:04:32,000
attitudes and absolutely no 
interest in dressing, like, 

2285
02:04:32,000 --> 02:04:35,400
their parents Fashions, suddenly
had to serve two completely 

2286
02:04:35,400 --> 02:04:38,400
different markets, the adults, 
who wanted sophisticated 

2287
02:04:38,400 --> 02:04:41,300
elegance, and the young people 
who wanted something entirely 

2288
02:04:41,300 --> 02:04:46,200
new Mary Quantum London created 
the mini skirt around 1965 and 

2289
02:04:46,200 --> 02:04:49,100
it was like dropping a fashion 
bomb hemline that had been 

2290
02:04:49,100 --> 02:04:50,700
creeping up. 
Gradually throughout the early 

2291
02:04:50,700 --> 02:04:54,500
1960s, suddenly jumped to 
mid-thigh creating a silhouette 

2292
02:04:54,500 --> 02:04:57,900
that was shocking liberating and
completely different from 

2293
02:04:57,900 --> 02:04:59,400
anything women had warned 
before. 

2294
02:04:59,400 --> 02:05:02,500
It wasn't just short-term. 
It was a completely different 

2295
02:05:02,500 --> 02:05:04,400
philosophy of what women's 
clothing could be. 

2296
02:05:05,200 --> 02:05:08,800
The miniskirt represented, more 
than just a fashion Choice, it 

2297
02:05:08,800 --> 02:05:10,400
was a declaration of 
independence. 

2298
02:05:10,400 --> 02:05:13,500
Young women were rejecting the 
idea that their clothing should 

2299
02:05:13,500 --> 02:05:16,000
be modest practical and approved
by their Elders. 

2300
02:05:16,000 --> 02:05:19,800
They wanted fashion, that was 
fun, sexy and expressive of 

2301
02:05:19,800 --> 02:05:23,100
their own values rather than 
society's expectations. 

2302
02:05:23,100 --> 02:05:26,100
London, became the fashion 
capital of the world for young 

2303
02:05:26,100 --> 02:05:28,500
people. 
Overtaking Paris for the first 

2304
02:05:28,500 --> 02:05:31,700
time in centuries. 
Carnaby Street in the King's 

2305
02:05:31,700 --> 02:05:34,300
Road became pilgrimage 
destinations for anyone who 

2306
02:05:34,300 --> 02:05:37,700
wanted to be fashionable. 
British designers like Mary Kant

2307
02:05:37,700 --> 02:05:42,000
Twiggy, who was both model and 
designer and later Zandra Rhodes

2308
02:05:42,000 --> 02:05:44,100
created a distinctly British 
aesthetic. 

2309
02:05:44,100 --> 02:05:46,900
That was playful irreverent and 
completely modern. 

2310
02:05:46,900 --> 02:05:50,000
The shift dress, became the 
decades signature garment, 

2311
02:05:50,000 --> 02:05:53,800
simple straight, and perfect for
showing off legs in the new 

2312
02:05:53,800 --> 02:05:56,200
shorter lengths. 
It was the opposite of the 

2313
02:05:56,200 --> 02:05:58,700
fitted. 
Structured dresses of the 1950s 

2314
02:05:58,700 --> 02:06:01,300
where 1950s fashion had 
emphasized. 

2315
02:06:01,300 --> 02:06:05,000
The waist, and hips 1960s, 
fashioned traditional body 

2316
02:06:05,000 --> 02:06:08,200
shaping altogether in favor of a
more geometric architectural 

2317
02:06:08,200 --> 02:06:11,500
approach mod fashion. 
Brought us geometric patterns, 

2318
02:06:11,500 --> 02:06:14,300
bold colors, and a futuristic 
aesthetic. 

2319
02:06:14,300 --> 02:06:17,200
That seem to come from another 
planet apart patterns that 

2320
02:06:17,200 --> 02:06:21,000
created optical illusions when 
the wearer moved Space Age, 

2321
02:06:21,008 --> 02:06:24,300
silver and white Colour schemes 
and designs that look like they 

2322
02:06:24,300 --> 02:06:26,000
belonged in a science fiction 
movie. 

2323
02:06:26,700 --> 02:06:28,600
Fashion became experimental in 
ways. 

2324
02:06:28,600 --> 02:06:31,500
It had never been before the 
influence of youth culture 

2325
02:06:31,500 --> 02:06:33,900
created entirely new categories 
of clothing. 

2326
02:06:34,800 --> 02:06:38,200
The poor boy sweater GoGo boots 
and peasant dresses. 

2327
02:06:38,200 --> 02:06:41,500
Were all designed specifically 
for young people rather than 

2328
02:06:41,500 --> 02:06:43,500
being adaptations of adult 
Styles. 

2329
02:06:43,500 --> 02:06:46,500
It was the first time in fashion
history that adults started. 

2330
02:06:46,500 --> 02:06:49,000
Copying young People's Clothing 
rather than the other way 

2331
02:06:49,000 --> 02:06:51,900
around. 
Men's fashion underwent its own 

2332
02:06:51,900 --> 02:06:55,500
Revolution, during the 1960s, 
the conservative business suit 

2333
02:06:55,500 --> 02:06:58,800
remained standard for work, but 
casual wear became much more 

2334
02:06:58,800 --> 02:07:01,600
adventurous. 
The peacock Revolution brought 

2335
02:07:01,600 --> 02:07:05,700
bright colors, bold patterns and
more fitted Silhouettes to Men's

2336
02:07:05,700 --> 02:07:09,500
Clothing, hair got longer pants,
got Tighter and for the first 

2337
02:07:09,500 --> 02:07:13,100
time since the 18th Century 
men's fashion became unabashedly

2338
02:07:13,100 --> 02:07:15,900
decorative. 
The hippie movement that emerged

2339
02:07:15,900 --> 02:07:18,900
in the mid to late 1960s, 
brought yet another fashion 

2340
02:07:18,900 --> 02:07:22,700
Revolution, where mod fashion 
had been about the future hippie

2341
02:07:22,700 --> 02:07:25,600
fashion, looked to the past and 
other cultures for inspiration, 

2342
02:07:25,600 --> 02:07:30,100
Indian Prince peasant, dresses 
Fringe, embroidery and natural 

2343
02:07:30,100 --> 02:07:32,200
Fabrics. 
Created a Bohemian aesthetic 

2344
02:07:32,200 --> 02:07:35,400
that rejected both mainstream 
fashion and the space age 

2345
02:07:35,400 --> 02:07:38,600
futurism of mod style. 
Hippie fashion also introduced 

2346
02:07:38,600 --> 02:07:41,700
the concept of vintage and 
secondhand clothing as fashion 

2347
02:07:41,700 --> 02:07:45,000
choices rather than economic 
Necessities shopping at thrift 

2348
02:07:45,000 --> 02:07:47,100
stores and wearing your 
grandmother's clothes became 

2349
02:07:47,100 --> 02:07:49,900
ways of rejecting consumer 
culture, while creating 

2350
02:07:49,900 --> 02:07:52,900
individual style. 
It was fashioned as philosophy, 

2351
02:07:52,900 --> 02:07:56,000
not just appearance. 
The decade also saw the rise of 

2352
02:07:56,008 --> 02:07:59,400
fashion as political statement, 
the miniskirt was feminist for 

2353
02:07:59,400 --> 02:08:01,500
some women and anti-feminist for
others. 

2354
02:08:01,500 --> 02:08:04,900
Long hair on men was a rejection
of military and corporate 

2355
02:08:04,900 --> 02:08:08,300
values, dashikis and afros 
became expressions of black 

2356
02:08:08,300 --> 02:08:11,700
pride, and cultural identity. 
What you wore became a way of 

2357
02:08:11,700 --> 02:08:15,500
announcing your politics to the 
world unisex fashion, emerged as

2358
02:08:15,500 --> 02:08:18,700
gender roles began to be 
questioned the same jeans 

2359
02:08:18,700 --> 02:08:21,200
t-shirts and work shirts. 
Could be worn by men or women 

2360
02:08:21,200 --> 02:08:24,200
creating a shared fashion 
vocabulary that had never 

2361
02:08:24,200 --> 02:08:26,600
existed before. 
It was the beginning of the 

2362
02:08:26,600 --> 02:08:29,500
breakdown of strict, gender 
distinctions in clothing that 

2363
02:08:29,500 --> 02:08:33,900
continues today by 1970 fashion 
had been completely transformed.

2364
02:08:33,900 --> 02:08:37,100
The idea that there was one 
correct way to dress for your 

2365
02:08:37,100 --> 02:08:38,900
age class and gender had been 
shattered. 

2366
02:08:39,800 --> 02:08:42,700
Personal expression had become 
more important than social 

2367
02:08:42,700 --> 02:08:45,500
Conformity. 
Fashion had become Democratic 

2368
02:08:45,500 --> 02:08:48,500
diverse, and individual in ways 
that would have been impossible.

2369
02:08:48,500 --> 02:08:52,500
Just 10 years earlier, If the 
1960s had been about breaking 

2370
02:08:52,500 --> 02:08:56,700
the rules, the 1970s were about 
celebrating the fact that there 

2371
02:08:56,700 --> 02:08:59,200
were no rules left to break 
fashion entered. 

2372
02:08:59,200 --> 02:09:03,300
Its most experimental diverse. 
And frankly, weird decade where 

2373
02:09:03,300 --> 02:09:06,600
you could dress like a Victorian
Gothic romantic the disco 

2374
02:09:06,600 --> 02:09:09,200
dancing queen or a back to the 
land hippie. 

2375
02:09:09,200 --> 02:09:11,400
And all three looks were equally
fashionable. 

2376
02:09:11,400 --> 02:09:15,400
The decades started with hippie 
fashion, still going strong, but

2377
02:09:15,400 --> 02:09:17,900
it quickly evolved into 
something more sophisticated and

2378
02:09:17,900 --> 02:09:20,100
wearable. 
The peasant dress became the 

2379
02:09:20,100 --> 02:09:24,200
maxi dress flowing and romantic 
but made in beautiful fabrics 

2380
02:09:24,200 --> 02:09:26,600
and elegant cuts. 
It was hippie philosophy, 

2381
02:09:26,600 --> 02:09:30,600
dressed up for dinner parties, 
Bohemian style during the 1970s 

2382
02:09:30,600 --> 02:09:34,000
wasn't just about rejecting 
mainstream fashion, it was about

2383
02:09:34,000 --> 02:09:37,900
creating an entirely alternative
aesthetic, flowing, Fabrics, 

2384
02:09:37,900 --> 02:09:41,600
Earth Tones, natural fibers, and
handcrafted details. 

2385
02:09:41,600 --> 02:09:44,700
Created a look that celebrated 
individuality of artistic 

2386
02:09:44,700 --> 02:09:47,900
Sensibility. 
It was fashioned for people who 

2387
02:09:47,900 --> 02:09:50,600
saw themselves as creative, 
Souls rather than consumers. 

2388
02:09:50,600 --> 02:09:55,200
But the 1970s also gave us disco
fashion, which was Bohemians 

2389
02:09:55,200 --> 02:10:00,100
glittery party-loving cousin. 
Metallics sequins tight pants 

2390
02:10:00,100 --> 02:10:02,400
and shirts with enormous 
collars. 

2391
02:10:02,400 --> 02:10:05,400
Created a look, that was 
specifically designed for 

2392
02:10:05,400 --> 02:10:08,600
dancing under flashing lights, 
disco fashion was about 

2393
02:10:08,600 --> 02:10:11,600
transformation. 
Putting on your sparkly clothes 

2394
02:10:11,600 --> 02:10:14,800
and becoming someone more 
glamorous, more exciting more 

2395
02:10:14,800 --> 02:10:17,500
alive. 
The decade Silhouettes were 

2396
02:10:17,500 --> 02:10:19,100
revolutionary in their 
diversity. 

2397
02:10:19,100 --> 02:10:21,200
You could wear a flowing maxi 
dress. 

2398
02:10:21,200 --> 02:10:23,500
That covered you from neck to 
ankle or short. 

2399
02:10:23,500 --> 02:10:27,400
So short, they were barely there
or anything in between fashion 

2400
02:10:27,400 --> 02:10:29,800
had finally accepted that 
different people wanted to show 

2401
02:10:29,800 --> 02:10:32,400
different amounts of skin and 
that was perfectly fine. 

2402
02:10:33,200 --> 02:10:35,700
Platform shoes became the 
decades, most distinctive 

2403
02:10:35,700 --> 02:10:38,400
accessory and they were 
essentially architectural for 

2404
02:10:38,400 --> 02:10:40,700
your feet. 
Some platforms were six inches 

2405
02:10:40,700 --> 02:10:43,900
high or more turning walking 
into a performance art piece and

2406
02:10:43,900 --> 02:10:46,600
making everyone several inches 
taller than nature intended. 

2407
02:10:47,300 --> 02:10:50,000
They were impractical 
occasionally dangerous and 

2408
02:10:50,000 --> 02:10:53,300
absolutely fabulous. 
The influence of different 

2409
02:10:53,300 --> 02:10:56,200
decades became a major theme in 
the 1970s fashion. 

2410
02:10:56,200 --> 02:11:01,300
There was a Revival of 1930s and
1940s Styles, flowing dresses 

2411
02:11:01,300 --> 02:11:05,000
dramatic, shoulders, and vintage
glamour, but there was all a 

2412
02:11:05,000 --> 02:11:08,600
fascination with the Victorian 
era High necklines long sleeves 

2413
02:11:08,600 --> 02:11:12,000
and romantic details. 
Fashion became historical 

2414
02:11:12,000 --> 02:11:15,000
drawing inspiration from the 
past while creating something 

2415
02:11:15,000 --> 02:11:19,400
entirely new Punk fashion. 
Emerged in the mid-1970s as a 

2416
02:11:19,400 --> 02:11:22,100
deliberate rejection of both 
mainstream fashion and hippie 

2417
02:11:22,100 --> 02:11:25,900
idealism, ripped clothes, safety
pins, aggressive makeup and 

2418
02:11:25,900 --> 02:11:28,900
deliberately ugly combinations. 
Created a look that was designed

2419
02:11:28,900 --> 02:11:32,400
to shock and challenge. 
Punk fashion was about anger, 

2420
02:11:32,400 --> 02:11:35,600
rebellion and the rejection of 
beauty as a social value. 

2421
02:11:35,600 --> 02:11:39,700
But Punk was also incredibly 
creative and influential, The 

2422
02:11:39,700 --> 02:11:42,300
DIY aesthetic. 
Making your own clothes, 

2423
02:11:42,300 --> 02:11:45,900
customizing, store-bought items 
and creating unique looks from 

2424
02:11:45,900 --> 02:11:48,400
whatever materials you could 
find introduced. 

2425
02:11:48,400 --> 02:11:49,900
New ideas about what fashion 
could be. 

2426
02:11:49,900 --> 02:11:53,500
It didn't have to be expensive 
professionally made or even 

2427
02:11:53,500 --> 02:11:56,700
particularly attractive. 
It just had to express something

2428
02:11:56,700 --> 02:12:00,100
authentic about the personal 
wearing it men's fashion, during

2429
02:12:00,100 --> 02:12:02,500
the 1970s became more 
adventurous than it had. 

2430
02:12:02,500 --> 02:12:06,500
Been since the 18th century wide
lapels bright colors, bold 

2431
02:12:06,500 --> 02:12:09,100
patterns and fitted Silhouettes,
created a look that was 

2432
02:12:09,100 --> 02:12:12,200
unabashedly decorative. 
The three piece suit, remained 

2433
02:12:12,200 --> 02:12:15,000
standard for business, but 
casual wear became an 

2434
02:12:15,000 --> 02:12:17,600
opportunity for self-expression 
rather than conformity. 

2435
02:12:18,800 --> 02:12:21,900
The decade also saw the rise of 
designer jeans as a fashion 

2436
02:12:21,900 --> 02:12:24,100
category. 
What had been basic, Workwear 

2437
02:12:24,100 --> 02:12:26,900
became a luxury item with 
different brands, offering 

2438
02:12:26,900 --> 02:12:29,200
different cuts washers, and 
styling details. 

2439
02:12:29,200 --> 02:12:32,200
It was the democratization of 
fashion through denim. 

2440
02:12:32,200 --> 02:12:35,800
Everyone could afford jeans but 
designer jeans, offered a way to

2441
02:12:35,800 --> 02:12:37,600
be fashionable. 
Within that Democratic framework

2442
02:12:37,600 --> 02:12:42,200
athletic wear began to influence
fashion during the 1970s driven 

2443
02:12:42,200 --> 02:12:46,100
by new interest in fitness and 
health jogging suits, tennis 

2444
02:12:46,100 --> 02:12:49,700
dresses and exercise, clothes 
began appearing in non-athletic 

2445
02:12:49,700 --> 02:12:52,900
contexts, it was the beginning 
of the athleisure trend that 

2446
02:12:52,900 --> 02:12:55,400
would eventually take over 
casual fashion, completely. 

2447
02:12:56,300 --> 02:12:58,700
The concept of Lifestyle 
dressing became important during

2448
02:12:58,700 --> 02:13:01,000
this decade. 
Instead of having one for 

2449
02:13:01,000 --> 02:13:04,400
fashion identity, people could 
dress like Surfers Executives 

2450
02:13:04,400 --> 02:13:07,400
artists or athletes depending on
their mood or the occasion. 

2451
02:13:08,300 --> 02:13:11,300
fashion became fluid and 
situational rather than fixed 

2452
02:13:11,300 --> 02:13:15,300
and Higher archaeal by the end 
of the 1970s fashion had become 

2453
02:13:15,300 --> 02:13:19,000
incredibly diverse and 
individualistic, The idea that 

2454
02:13:19,000 --> 02:13:22,100
everyone should dress alike had 
been completely abandoned in 

2455
02:13:22,100 --> 02:13:25,200
favor of a philosophy that 
celebrated personal expression 

2456
02:13:25,200 --> 02:13:29,500
and cultural diversity, set the 
stage for the 1980s, which would

2457
02:13:29,500 --> 02:13:33,100
take this individualism and turn
it into performance art. the 

2458
02:13:33,100 --> 02:13:36,400
1980s looked at fashion and 
said, you know what, this needs 

2459
02:13:36,400 --> 02:13:40,900
more of everything, more color, 
more texture, more volume, more 

2460
02:13:40,900 --> 02:13:45,500
accessories, more attitude, It 
was the decade when subtlety 

2461
02:13:45,500 --> 02:13:48,400
went into hiding and didn't 
emerge until sometime in the 

2462
02:13:48,400 --> 02:13:52,100
mid-1990s power dressing. 
Became the decade signature 

2463
02:13:52,100 --> 02:13:55,300
concept driven by women entering
corporate environments in 

2464
02:13:55,300 --> 02:13:58,500
unprecedented numbers. 
The power suit with massive 

2465
02:13:58,500 --> 02:14:00,200
shoulder pads that could double 
as small. 

2466
02:14:00,200 --> 02:14:03,300
Aircraft Wings was designed to 
help women compete in 

2467
02:14:03,308 --> 02:14:05,800
male-dominated. 
Workplaces by literally making 

2468
02:14:05,800 --> 02:14:07,400
them look bigger and more 
imposing. 

2469
02:14:07,400 --> 02:14:10,400
It was fashion as armor designed
for corporate Warfare. 

2470
02:14:10,400 --> 02:14:14,000
The shoulder pads of the 1980s, 
deserve their own chapter in 

2471
02:14:14,000 --> 02:14:17,300
fashion history, starting as 
modest editions to create a more

2472
02:14:17,300 --> 02:14:20,000
structured silhouette. 
They grew throughout the decade 

2473
02:14:20,000 --> 02:14:22,400
until they reached proportions 
that challenge doorway 

2474
02:14:22,400 --> 02:14:26,200
architecture, by the late 1980s 
shoulder pads of become so 

2475
02:14:26,200 --> 02:14:29,000
enormous that they looked like 
fashioned interpretation of 

2476
02:14:29,008 --> 02:14:32,300
American football gear. 
The power dressing wasn't just 

2477
02:14:32,300 --> 02:14:35,900
about looking tough, it was 
about looking expensive, the 

2478
02:14:35,900 --> 02:14:39,200
1980s celebrated wealth in ways 
that previous decades had 

2479
02:14:39,200 --> 02:14:42,700
considered vulgar. 
Designer labels became status 

2480
02:14:42,700 --> 02:14:46,000
symbols warned prominently on 
the outside of clothing rather 

2481
02:14:46,000 --> 02:14:49,300
than hidden discreetly inside. 
It was the decade when fashion 

2482
02:14:49,300 --> 02:14:52,500
became about broad, casting your
success to anyone within visual 

2483
02:14:52,500 --> 02:14:54,700
range. 
The influence of Television 

2484
02:14:54,700 --> 02:14:58,800
particularly shows like Dynasty 
and Dallas created a fashion 

2485
02:14:58,800 --> 02:15:01,000
aesthetic. 
That was Pure Fantasy evening, 

2486
02:15:01,000 --> 02:15:03,800
wear featured, massive, 
quantities of sequins beads and 

2487
02:15:03,800 --> 02:15:06,800
metallic Fabrics hair got bigger
jewelry. 

2488
02:15:06,800 --> 02:15:08,900
Got more elaborate and makeup 
became more dramatic. 

2489
02:15:08,900 --> 02:15:12,000
It was fashioned designed to be 
seen from the back row of a 

2490
02:15:12,000 --> 02:15:13,900
theater except people wore it to
dinner. 

2491
02:15:14,700 --> 02:15:18,700
Casual wear during the 1980s was
equally excessive athletic wear 

2492
02:15:18,700 --> 02:15:22,000
became Street fashion but not 
the simple athletic wear of 

2493
02:15:22,000 --> 02:15:25,200
previous decades. 
This was athletic wear designed 

2494
02:15:25,200 --> 02:15:27,700
by fashion designers who 
apparently thought that exercise

2495
02:15:27,700 --> 02:15:30,900
clothes should be suitable for 
Las Vegas showrooms, neon 

2496
02:15:30,900 --> 02:15:35,000
colors, metallic fabrics, and 
geometric patterns created work 

2497
02:15:35,000 --> 02:15:37,500
out clothes, that were more 
about making fashion statements 

2498
02:15:37,500 --> 02:15:41,700
than actual working out. 
The decade also saw the rise of 

2499
02:15:41,700 --> 02:15:44,800
Youth fashion as a commercial 
Force, independent of adult 

2500
02:15:44,800 --> 02:15:49,200
fashion, MTV launched, in 1981. 
And suddenly, young people had a

2501
02:15:49,200 --> 02:15:51,300
visual reference for how 
musicians dressed. 

2502
02:15:51,900 --> 02:15:55,000
Fashion became faster or 
immediate and more tied to 

2503
02:15:55,000 --> 02:15:56,200
popular culture than ever 
before. 

2504
02:15:56,200 --> 02:15:59,400
What you wore became a way of 
showing which bands you liked 

2505
02:15:59,400 --> 02:16:02,400
which movies you'd seen and 
which cultural tribes. 

2506
02:16:02,400 --> 02:16:06,000
You belong to punk fashion 
evolved during the 1980s into 

2507
02:16:06,000 --> 02:16:09,400
New Wave style, which took punks
rebellious aesthetic and made it

2508
02:16:09,408 --> 02:16:11,100
more wearable and commercially 
viable. 

2509
02:16:11,100 --> 02:16:14,400
The result was fashion that was 
edgy and artistic but didn't 

2510
02:16:14,400 --> 02:16:16,800
require safety pins or 
deliberate ugliness. 

2511
02:16:16,800 --> 02:16:20,700
It was Rebellion with better 
production values, the preppy 

2512
02:16:20,700 --> 02:16:23,900
look also became fashionable 
during the 1980s driven partly 

2513
02:16:23,900 --> 02:16:27,400
by Nostalgia for simpler times 
and partly by the popularity of 

2514
02:16:27,400 --> 02:16:30,700
films like The Breakfast Club, 
preppy fashion represented, 

2515
02:16:30,700 --> 02:16:34,000
security traditional and 
belonging to established social 

2516
02:16:34,000 --> 02:16:37,299
institutions, everything that 
Punk and New Wave fashion 

2517
02:16:37,299 --> 02:16:39,500
rejected. 
But perhaps the most interesting

2518
02:16:39,500 --> 02:16:43,900
aspect of 1980s, fashion was how
it embraced artificial materials

2519
02:16:43,900 --> 02:16:47,400
and construction. 
Synthetic fabrics, structured 

2520
02:16:47,400 --> 02:16:50,299
Silhouettes and obviously 
manufactured looks became 

2521
02:16:50,299 --> 02:16:52,000
desirable rather than 
apologetic. 

2522
02:16:52,000 --> 02:16:55,100
It was the first decade when 
fashion, celebrated the fact 

2523
02:16:55,100 --> 02:16:57,700
that clothes were human made 
rather than trying to mimic 

2524
02:16:57,700 --> 02:17:01,100
natural forms and materials. 
Hair became a fashionable 

2525
02:17:01,100 --> 02:17:04,100
accessory in its own right 
during the 1980s, the bigger, 

2526
02:17:04,100 --> 02:17:08,000
the more, elaborate the better. 
Hairspray became an essential 

2527
02:17:08,000 --> 02:17:10,900
fashion tool, and hairstyles 
required architecture and 

2528
02:17:10,900 --> 02:17:12,700
engineering to maintain their 
structural Integrity. 

2529
02:17:12,700 --> 02:17:15,900
It was like, wearing sculpture 
on your head, except the 

2530
02:17:15,900 --> 02:17:18,500
sculpture was made of your own 
hair and industrial strength, 

2531
02:17:18,500 --> 02:17:21,700
styling products. 
Color during the 1980s was 

2532
02:17:21,700 --> 02:17:24,100
intense. 
And often clashing, electric 

2533
02:17:24,100 --> 02:17:28,100
blue, hot, pink acid, green, and
metallic silver were combined in

2534
02:17:28,100 --> 02:17:30,400
ways that would have been 
considered garish in any other 

2535
02:17:30,400 --> 02:17:34,000
decade fashion, became 
fluorescent, glittery, and 

2536
02:17:34,000 --> 02:17:36,900
deliberately artificial. 
It was like wearing a neon sign 

2537
02:17:36,900 --> 02:17:39,600
which was exactly the point. 
The decade. 

2538
02:17:39,600 --> 02:17:43,600
Also introduced the concept of 
mix and match dressing taken to 

2539
02:17:43,600 --> 02:17:46,900
extreme different patterns 
textures and colors were 

2540
02:17:46,900 --> 02:17:49,000
combined in ways that created 
visual chaos. 

2541
02:17:49,000 --> 02:17:51,799
That somehow worked because 
everyone was doing it. 

2542
02:17:51,799 --> 02:17:55,299
It was fashioned democracy 
through excess if everyone was 

2543
02:17:55,299 --> 02:17:58,000
wearing too much of everything 
that no one looked out of place 

2544
02:17:58,000 --> 02:18:02,100
by 1990 fashion had reached such
Heights of excess that the only 

2545
02:18:02,100 --> 02:18:04,700
possible response was a complete
reaction in the opposite 

2546
02:18:04,700 --> 02:18:07,200
direction. 
The 1980s have been so much 

2547
02:18:07,200 --> 02:18:11,299
about more that the 1990s would 
inevitably be about less. 

2548
02:18:12,200 --> 02:18:15,000
But before that happened, the 
1980s had established. 

2549
02:18:15,000 --> 02:18:17,799
Some important principles 
fashion could be fun 

2550
02:18:17,799 --> 02:18:21,299
experimental and completely 
divorced from practical 

2551
02:18:21,299 --> 02:18:24,299
considerations while still being
socially acceptable and 

2552
02:18:24,299 --> 02:18:27,900
commercially successful as the 
1990s donned fashion. 

2553
02:18:27,900 --> 02:18:31,000
Looked at the excess of the 
1980s and said, you know what, 

2554
02:18:31,000 --> 02:18:34,500
maybe we went a little overboard
with those shoulder pads, the 

2555
02:18:34,500 --> 02:18:36,799
decade began with what fashion 
historians called, the 

2556
02:18:36,799 --> 02:18:39,700
minimalist reaction, a complete 
swing away. 

2557
02:18:39,700 --> 02:18:42,600
From the more is more philosophy
that had dominated the previous 

2558
02:18:42,600 --> 02:18:44,900
decade. 
Calvin, Klein became the poster 

2559
02:18:44,900 --> 02:18:48,100
child for this new minimalism 
creating clothes that were clean

2560
02:18:48,100 --> 02:18:50,700
simple and almost architectural 
in their purity. 

2561
02:18:51,600 --> 02:18:55,700
His designs celebrated negative 
space neutral colors, and the 

2562
02:18:55,700 --> 02:18:58,900
beauty of perfect proportions. 
It was fashion that whispered 

2563
02:18:58,900 --> 02:19:02,799
rather than shouted and after a 
decade of shouting Whispering 

2564
02:19:02,799 --> 02:19:07,600
revolutionary But the 1990s 
quickly proved that it wasn't 

2565
02:19:07,600 --> 02:19:09,799
going to settle for just one 
fashion philosophy. 

2566
02:19:09,799 --> 02:19:13,500
Grunge fashion emerged from the 
Pacific Northwest music scene. 

2567
02:19:13,500 --> 02:19:17,500
Bringing thrift store Aesthetics
into mainstream fashion flannel 

2568
02:19:17,500 --> 02:19:20,100
shirts, ripped jeans. 
And the deliberate anti-fashion 

2569
02:19:20,100 --> 02:19:23,799
aesthetic of bands like Nirvana 
created a look, that celebrated 

2570
02:19:23,799 --> 02:19:27,299
not caring about fashion, which 
paradoxically became a major 

2571
02:19:27,308 --> 02:19:31,100
fashion trend, Marc, Ecko 
Calvin, Klein and other 

2572
02:19:31,100 --> 02:19:34,100
designers took grunge influences
and refined them into something.

2573
02:19:34,100 --> 02:19:36,600
More wearable for people who 
wanted to look, casually 

2574
02:19:36,600 --> 02:19:39,900
rebellious without actually 
shopping at thrift stores, it 

2575
02:19:39,900 --> 02:19:43,400
was Rebellion with better fit 
and higher quality Fabrics, the 

2576
02:19:43,400 --> 02:19:47,299
gentrification of anti-fashion. 
The decade also saw the rise of 

2577
02:19:47,299 --> 02:19:50,300
streetwear as a legitimate 
fashion category, what people 

2578
02:19:50,300 --> 02:19:54,300
actually wore on the street 
sneakers hoodies, baseball caps 

2579
02:19:54,300 --> 02:19:57,700
and athletic wear became 
influencers on high fashion. 

2580
02:19:57,700 --> 02:20:00,100
Rather than just copying 
high-fashion. 

2581
02:20:00,100 --> 02:20:03,400
It was the democratization of 
fashion influencer flowing from 

2582
02:20:03,400 --> 02:20:05,400
the bottom up. 
Rather than trickling down from 

2583
02:20:05,400 --> 02:20:08,700
the top hit, pop culture became 
a major influence on mainstream 

2584
02:20:08,700 --> 02:20:12,200
fashion during the 1990s 
bringing oversized clothing 

2585
02:20:12,200 --> 02:20:15,900
athletic wear and bold logos 
into General fashionist. 

2586
02:20:15,900 --> 02:20:19,600
The aesthetic celebrated Comfort
movement and cultural identity 

2587
02:20:19,600 --> 02:20:22,500
in ways that traditional fashion
had never considered. 

2588
02:20:23,400 --> 02:20:25,800
It was fashion that acknowledged
that people wanted to look good 

2589
02:20:25,800 --> 02:20:27,300
while actually living their 
lives. 

2590
02:20:27,300 --> 02:20:30,300
The supermodel phenomenon 
reached its peak during the 

2591
02:20:30,300 --> 02:20:33,600
1990s, creating fashion 
celebrities, who were famous for

2592
02:20:33,600 --> 02:20:36,800
wearing clothes rather than for 
any other Talent models like 

2593
02:20:36,800 --> 02:20:40,200
Naomi Campbell Cindy, Crawford 
and Kate Moss became household 

2594
02:20:40,200 --> 02:20:43,000
names and their personal styles 
influenced fashion. 

2595
02:20:43,000 --> 02:20:46,300
As much as the designers they 
wore Technology began to 

2596
02:20:46,300 --> 02:20:50,100
influence fashion in new ways 
during the 1990s, new synthetic 

2597
02:20:50,100 --> 02:20:52,800
fabrics, offered performance 
characteristics that had never 

2598
02:20:52,800 --> 02:20:56,200
been available before. 
Moisture wicking UV, protection 

2599
02:20:56,200 --> 02:20:59,400
and temperature regulation, 
fashion began to acknowledge 

2600
02:20:59,400 --> 02:21:02,200
that clothes could be both 
beautiful and functional in ways

2601
02:21:02,200 --> 02:21:05,400
that previous generations, had 
never imagined the internet 

2602
02:21:05,400 --> 02:21:08,600
emerged as a fashion force. 
During the mid to late 1990s, 

2603
02:21:08,600 --> 02:21:12,100
though, its full impact wouldn't
be felt and the following decade

2604
02:21:12,100 --> 02:21:15,600
online, shopping began to change
how people bought clothes and 

2605
02:21:15,600 --> 02:21:17,800
fashion websites started to 
influence how people thought 

2606
02:21:17,800 --> 02:21:22,100
about style and trends. 
As we moved into the 2000s, 

2607
02:21:22,100 --> 02:21:25,500
fashion became increasingly 
fast-paced and diverse the 

2608
02:21:25,500 --> 02:21:28,500
concept of seasonal collections,
began to break down as designers

2609
02:21:28,500 --> 02:21:31,600
offered more frequent releases. 
Fast-fashion retailers could 

2610
02:21:31,600 --> 02:21:34,300
take a trend from the runway to 
the store in weeks rather than 

2611
02:21:34,300 --> 02:21:38,300
months democratizing fashion. 
But also accelerating its Pace 

2612
02:21:38,300 --> 02:21:39,900
in ways that were sometimes. 
Overwhelming. 

2613
02:21:39,900 --> 02:21:43,100
The 2000 brought their own 
aesthetic, revolutions. 

2614
02:21:43,100 --> 02:21:46,600
The rise of Casual Friday that 
gradually expanded to Casual 

2615
02:21:46,600 --> 02:21:48,800
every day. 
The influence of reality 

2616
02:21:48,800 --> 02:21:51,900
television on fashion and the 
beginning of social media's 

2617
02:21:51,900 --> 02:21:55,600
impact on how people thought 
about personal style, looking 

2618
02:21:55,600 --> 02:21:58,600
back over this entire Journey 
from animal skins to Instagram, 

2619
02:21:58,600 --> 02:22:01,300
worthy outfits. 
What's remarkable is how 

2620
02:22:01,300 --> 02:22:03,900
consistent certain human 
impulses have remained. 

2621
02:22:03,900 --> 02:22:07,800
People have always wanted to 
look good Express their identity

2622
02:22:07,800 --> 02:22:11,000
through their appearance and use
clothing, to navigate social 

2623
02:22:11,000 --> 02:22:14,900
situations, the materials 
technique, and social contacts 

2624
02:22:14,900 --> 02:22:18,700
of change dramatically. 
Fundamental human relationship, 

2625
02:22:18,700 --> 02:22:22,700
with clothing has remained. 
Surprisingly constant, fashion 

2626
02:22:22,700 --> 02:22:25,600
has always been about solving 
problems protection from the 

2627
02:22:25,600 --> 02:22:29,000
elements, social signaling 
personal expression, and 

2628
02:22:29,000 --> 02:22:32,600
cultural belonging the solutions
have evolved from Mammoth hides 

2629
02:22:32,600 --> 02:22:35,800
to moisture wicking synthetics. 
But the problems have remained 

2630
02:22:35,800 --> 02:22:37,700
recognizably human throughout 
history. 

2631
02:22:37,700 --> 02:22:40,800
So here you are at the end of 
this journey, through fashion 

2632
02:22:40,800 --> 02:22:45,000
history, probably wearing the 
culmination of 170,000 years of 

2633
02:22:45,000 --> 02:22:48,700
human creativity and Ingenuity 
that comfortable t-shirt. 

2634
02:22:48,700 --> 02:22:51,400
You're wearing it represents the
development of cotton 

2635
02:22:51,400 --> 02:22:54,100
cultivation. 
Textile manufacturing, the 

2636
02:22:54,100 --> 02:22:57,600
invention of knitting machines 
the creation of synthetic dyes 

2637
02:22:57,600 --> 02:23:01,100
and centuries of refinement in 
garment construction, those 

2638
02:23:01,100 --> 02:23:03,400
jeans you might have on 
represent the California, Gold 

2639
02:23:03,400 --> 02:23:05,600
Rush. 
The needs of working people for 

2640
02:23:05,600 --> 02:23:09,100
durable clothing, the influence 
of American casual culture on 

2641
02:23:09,108 --> 02:23:12,200
global fashion and the 
transformation of Workwear into 

2642
02:23:12,200 --> 02:23:14,500
fashion statements even your 
socks. 

2643
02:23:14,500 --> 02:23:18,400
Yes, your socks. 
Represent Innovations in 

2644
02:23:18,400 --> 02:23:20,700
knitting synthetic fibers and 
foot comfort. 

2645
02:23:20,700 --> 02:23:22,300
That would have amazed our 
ancestors. 

2646
02:23:22,300 --> 02:23:25,200
The amazing thing is that you 
got dressed this morning in 

2647
02:23:25,200 --> 02:23:28,300
about 10 minutes, choosing from 
options that represent the best 

2648
02:23:28,300 --> 02:23:30,800
of human, textile, technology, 
and fashion design. 

2649
02:23:30,800 --> 02:23:34,500
And you probably didn't think 
about any of this history, you 

2650
02:23:34,500 --> 02:23:37,500
just wanted to put on something 
comfortable appropriate for your

2651
02:23:37,500 --> 02:23:40,300
day and maybe something that 
made you feel like yourself. 

2652
02:23:40,300 --> 02:23:43,500
That's the real Triumph of 
fashion history, not the 

2653
02:23:43,500 --> 02:23:46,800
elaborate Court dress or the 
Revolutionary designs but the 

2654
02:23:46,800 --> 02:23:49,500
fact that good clothing has 
become so accessible and 

2655
02:23:49,500 --> 02:23:51,600
unremarkable that we take it for
granted. 

2656
02:23:51,600 --> 02:23:54,100
Your closet contains options 
that would have been 

2657
02:23:54,100 --> 02:23:57,100
unimaginable luxury to most 
humans throughout history 

2658
02:23:57,100 --> 02:24:01,900
Fabrics that are soft durable 
and easy to care for colors that

2659
02:24:01,900 --> 02:24:05,100
won't fade after one washing 
clothes that fit your body and 

2660
02:24:05,100 --> 02:24:07,600
your lifestyle, seasonal 
options, that keep you 

2661
02:24:07,600 --> 02:24:10,600
comfortable in any weather. 
The freedom to choose clothing 

2662
02:24:10,600 --> 02:24:13,700
that expresses your personality 
rather than just your social 

2663
02:24:13,700 --> 02:24:17,000
class or economic status even 
your most casual outfit 

2664
02:24:17,000 --> 02:24:19,800
represents solutions to problems
that occupied human Minds for 

2665
02:24:19,800 --> 02:24:22,300
millennia. 
How do you create fabric that 

2666
02:24:22,300 --> 02:24:24,700
breathes? 
But also protects, how do you 

2667
02:24:24,708 --> 02:24:27,700
make colors that lasts? 
How do you construct garments 

2668
02:24:27,700 --> 02:24:29,500
that move with the body without 
falling apart? 

2669
02:24:29,500 --> 02:24:33,400
How do you Mass produce clothing
while maintaining quality and 

2670
02:24:33,400 --> 02:24:35,700
individual Choice? 
The fashion industry today 

2671
02:24:35,700 --> 02:24:38,800
grapples with new challenges 
that are ancestors never had to 

2672
02:24:38,800 --> 02:24:41,200
consider. 
Environmental sustainability, 

2673
02:24:41,200 --> 02:24:46,000
ethical manufacturing, the pace 
of trend cycles and the 

2674
02:24:46,008 --> 02:24:48,700
psychological effects of 
constant fashion messaging 

2675
02:24:48,700 --> 02:24:51,600
through social media. 
But these are the kinds of 

2676
02:24:51,608 --> 02:24:54,200
problems that come with success,
not failure. 

2677
02:24:54,200 --> 02:24:56,800
As you drift off to sleep 
tonight in your comfortable 

2678
02:24:56,800 --> 02:25:01,400
pajamas which by the way, are a 
relatively recent invention that

2679
02:25:01,400 --> 02:25:04,000
would have puzzled medieval 
people who slept in their day 

2680
02:25:04,000 --> 02:25:07,600
clothes or Nothing at All. 
Your participating in the latest

2681
02:25:07,600 --> 02:25:11,200
chapter of this ongoing. 
Human story fashion, continues 

2682
02:25:11,200 --> 02:25:14,400
to evolve, sustainable materials
are being developed from 

2683
02:25:14,400 --> 02:25:17,100
everything from mushroom, roots 
to recycled ocean, plastic, 

2684
02:25:18,000 --> 02:25:21,300
Smart Fabrics can monitor your 
health regulate your temperature

2685
02:25:21,300 --> 02:25:24,700
or even charge your phone? 
3D printing is beginning to 

2686
02:25:24,700 --> 02:25:28,400
create custom fitted garments. 
Virtual reality is changing how 

2687
02:25:28,400 --> 02:25:31,300
we shop for clothes. 
The same human creativity that 

2688
02:25:31,300 --> 02:25:34,600
turned animal skins into oat 
Couture continues to push 

2689
02:25:34,600 --> 02:25:37,600
fashioned into his territories. 
We can barely imagine, but 

2690
02:25:37,600 --> 02:25:40,700
whatever comes next in fashion 
you will still be serving those 

2691
02:25:40,700 --> 02:25:43,900
same basic human needs that 
drove our ancestors to start 

2692
02:25:43,900 --> 02:25:47,600
wearing clothes in the first 
place protection, Comfort 

2693
02:25:47,600 --> 02:25:51,500
Beauty, and the Eternal desire 
to wake up in the morning and 

2694
02:25:51,500 --> 02:25:54,400
put on something, that makes us 
feel like the best version of 

2695
02:25:54,400 --> 02:25:57,800
ourselves sweet dreams, and may 
you always have something 

2696
02:25:57,800 --> 02:26:09,600
wonderful to wear. 
Shirley Temple was born in Santa

2697
02:26:09,600 --> 02:26:15,200
Monica, California on April, 
23rd, 1928 into a family that 

2698
02:26:15,200 --> 02:26:17,400
was neither destitute nor 
lavishly wealthy. 

2699
02:26:18,100 --> 02:26:22,300
Her father, George temple, 
worked in finance, and her 

2700
02:26:22,300 --> 02:26:25,200
mother Gertrude carried an 
almost obsessive. 

2701
02:26:25,200 --> 02:26:27,200
Desire to shape her daughter's 
destiny. 

2702
02:26:28,000 --> 02:26:30,300
The Santa Monica of that era was
a fast. 

2703
02:26:30,300 --> 02:26:34,000
Evolving Beachside Enclave 
brimming with both glamorous 

2704
02:26:34,000 --> 02:26:36,300
Illusions from the burgeoning 
film industry. 

2705
02:26:36,300 --> 02:26:40,000
And the more every day routines 
of middle class family is trying

2706
02:26:40,008 --> 02:26:43,800
to navigate a Mercurial economy.
It was within this duel 

2707
02:26:43,800 --> 02:26:46,600
atmosphere. 
Flickering studio lights on one 

2708
02:26:46,600 --> 02:26:50,200
side and Thrifty living on the 
other, that Shirley Temple began

2709
02:26:50,200 --> 02:26:53,600
her path to start him. 
Even before she could walk 

2710
02:26:53,600 --> 02:26:56,800
confidently, Gertrude 
recognized, something luminous 

2711
02:26:56,800 --> 02:27:00,500
in her daughter's presence. 
Shirley had a precocious way of 

2712
02:27:00,500 --> 02:27:02,600
mimicking gestures. 
She observed in adults. 

2713
02:27:02,600 --> 02:27:06,100
This knack for imitation would 
Define her early days, turning 

2714
02:27:06,100 --> 02:27:08,300
dance, and drama lessons into 
more than just passing 

2715
02:27:08,300 --> 02:27:10,800
Amusements. 
Gertrude seized every 

2716
02:27:10,800 --> 02:27:13,500
opportunity to enroll Shirley 
and local dance classes. 

2717
02:27:13,500 --> 02:27:17,000
Meanwhile the child's father 
though, more reticent, 

2718
02:27:17,000 --> 02:27:19,400
eventually supported these 
Pursuits. 

2719
02:27:20,500 --> 02:27:23,000
Specially as he sensed that his 
daughter's talents might help 

2720
02:27:23,000 --> 02:27:26,300
the family rise above, its 
mundane Financial prospects 

2721
02:27:26,300 --> 02:27:28,100
Hollywood in the early in the 
30s. 

2722
02:27:28,100 --> 02:27:31,200
Offered an odd mixture of 
unpolished opportunity and 

2723
02:27:31,200 --> 02:27:34,000
exploitative risk. 
The Great Depression had 

2724
02:27:34,000 --> 02:27:37,700
shattered many Americans hopes 
Yet movie studios scrambled to 

2725
02:27:37,708 --> 02:27:41,500
produce Escapist fare, child 
performers were specially, 

2726
02:27:41,500 --> 02:27:44,800
valuable used to deliver 
cuteness and Innocents during a 

2727
02:27:44,808 --> 02:27:48,200
time of national hardship. 
Shirley with her natural curls 

2728
02:27:48,200 --> 02:27:50,100
though. 
Constantly fussed over by her 

2729
02:27:50,100 --> 02:27:53,900
mother, who insisted there. 
Be exactly. 56 of them and an 

2730
02:27:53,900 --> 02:27:57,700
almost hypnotic ability to 
project Joy fits seamlessly into

2731
02:27:57,700 --> 02:28:01,500
this mold She was introduced to 
Casting agents even before she 

2732
02:28:01,500 --> 02:28:05,100
turned four auditioning for bit 
parts that sometimes Intel 

2733
02:28:05,100 --> 02:28:07,200
dancing routines with the adult 
actors. 

2734
02:28:08,100 --> 02:28:11,600
Initially Shirley's family 
juggled skepticism and ambition,

2735
02:28:11,600 --> 02:28:14,900
the film set sheeters did were 
not always the polished world's 

2736
02:28:14,900 --> 02:28:18,200
fans or on screen installed. 
They were chaotic places. 

2737
02:28:18,200 --> 02:28:22,300
Where directors yelled, 
lighting, rigs buzzed, many 

2738
02:28:22,300 --> 02:28:25,100
child performers discovered 
their so called cute Factor 

2739
02:28:25,100 --> 02:28:27,600
overshadowed. 
Any genuine acting skill. 

2740
02:28:28,300 --> 02:28:31,800
Shirley however, proved Adept at
capturing adult expectations, 

2741
02:28:31,800 --> 02:28:35,400
her seeming earnestness paired 
with that bright. 

2742
02:28:35,400 --> 02:28:39,600
Dimpled smile one over producers
who recognized a phenomenon in 

2743
02:28:39,600 --> 02:28:43,800
the making by 1932. 
She had landed small roles in a 

2744
02:28:43,800 --> 02:28:45,800
series of shorts called Baby 
burlesks. 

2745
02:28:45,800 --> 02:28:49,200
Comedic sketches where toddlers 
were placed and decidedly adult 

2746
02:28:49,200 --> 02:28:52,800
situations. 
Watching them today, many find 

2747
02:28:52,800 --> 02:28:56,000
the concept jarring, but in the 
economic desperation of the 

2748
02:28:56,000 --> 02:29:00,100
1930s, the short films gain 
traction, and surely Star 

2749
02:29:00,100 --> 02:29:04,100
Quality began to gleam Gertrude 
operating as both mother and 

2750
02:29:04,100 --> 02:29:07,700
unofficial manager monitored 
every facet of Shirley's budding

2751
02:29:07,700 --> 02:29:10,300
career. 
The mother's presence on set was

2752
02:29:10,300 --> 02:29:14,200
constant at times protective and
other times, controlling. 

2753
02:29:15,600 --> 02:29:18,500
Tail circulated of Gertrude 
touching up, Shirley's curls 

2754
02:29:18,500 --> 02:29:22,100
between takes ensuring that not 
a single ringlets straight from 

2755
02:29:22,100 --> 02:29:23,400
the image of cherubic 
perfection. 

2756
02:29:24,500 --> 02:29:27,800
She championed Shirley's needs 
but also drove her onward in a 

2757
02:29:27,800 --> 02:29:29,900
business known for discarding 
child actors. 

2758
02:29:29,900 --> 02:29:33,300
Once they outgrew their roles 
This mixture of maternal 

2759
02:29:33,300 --> 02:29:37,000
devotion and unwavering ambition
became a recurring theme, in 

2760
02:29:37,000 --> 02:29:40,300
Shirley's early years, even so, 
Shirley's own temperament 

2761
02:29:40,300 --> 02:29:43,600
provided a counterbalance 
despite the intense schedule. 

2762
02:29:43,600 --> 02:29:46,600
She exuded genuine curiosity 
about her surroundings. 

2763
02:29:46,600 --> 02:29:49,700
She asked questions about how 
cameras worked and who was 

2764
02:29:49,700 --> 02:29:53,300
responsible for set design in an
era where children were expected

2765
02:29:53,300 --> 02:29:55,700
to be seen. 
But not heard her. 

2766
02:29:55,700 --> 02:29:58,100
Inquisitiveness made a subtle 
impression on directors and 

2767
02:29:58,100 --> 02:30:01,600
Stage hands alike. they realized
the girl was not a living doll 

2768
02:30:01,600 --> 02:30:05,100
but a quick Thinking Child who 
grasped far more than she let on

2769
02:30:06,000 --> 02:30:09,300
By 1934, she'd secured her first
break through roles in feature 

2770
02:30:09,300 --> 02:30:12,800
length films with Fox film 
Corporation soon to merge into 

2771
02:30:12,800 --> 02:30:16,600
20th Century Fox backing. 
Her Shirley Temple became one of

2772
02:30:16,608 --> 02:30:20,200
the Depression era as most 
iconic faces her movies, such as

2773
02:30:20,200 --> 02:30:23,700
stand up and cheer, and Little 
Miss marker gave audiences a 

2774
02:30:23,700 --> 02:30:26,700
dose of optimism. 
They craved critics raved about 

2775
02:30:26,700 --> 02:30:28,400
her bright, eyes, and Cerati, 
and tickets. 

2776
02:30:28,400 --> 02:30:32,600
Sales sawed movie theater, saw a
direct correlation the more 

2777
02:30:32,600 --> 02:30:36,000
Shirley Temple danced and sang 
on screen, the more American 

2778
02:30:36,000 --> 02:30:39,600
showed up in droves. 
Clinging to a child's radiant 

2779
02:30:39,600 --> 02:30:43,300
energy as a beacon in otherwise,
Bleak times at The Tender age of

2780
02:30:43,308 --> 02:30:47,000
six, Shirley transformed from a 
curious, toddler learning, dance

2781
02:30:47,000 --> 02:30:50,500
steps into a genuine star. 
Symbolizing hope in a world, 

2782
02:30:50,508 --> 02:30:54,600
ravaged, by economic hardships. 
However, behind the wide-eyed 

2783
02:30:54,600 --> 02:30:58,500
innocence of her film Persona, a
more complex story was forming a

2784
02:30:58,500 --> 02:31:01,600
dance of Parental Ambitions 
Studio pressures and her own 

2785
02:31:01,600 --> 02:31:05,200
youthful resilience. 
That complexity would deepen as 

2786
02:31:05,200 --> 02:31:07,300
she soared to new heights of 
stardom in the years to come. 

2787
02:31:08,400 --> 02:31:11,800
In 1935 Shirley Temple. 
Underwent a significant 

2788
02:31:11,800 --> 02:31:14,500
transformation. 
When her Studio recognized the 

2789
02:31:14,500 --> 02:31:17,200
potential of their petite 
Leading Lady to lead full length

2790
02:31:17,200 --> 02:31:19,700
features. 
With the country still reeling 

2791
02:31:19,700 --> 02:31:23,400
from widespread unemployment and
bread lines her films provided 

2792
02:31:23,400 --> 02:31:28,100
escapism lace with optimism. 
Titles like bright eyes and 

2793
02:31:28,100 --> 02:31:31,900
curly top showcase, not just her
cherubic face, but an uncanny 

2794
02:31:31,900 --> 02:31:34,400
Knack on screen. 
Chemistry with adult co-stars, 

2795
02:31:34,400 --> 02:31:38,900
she became the face of foxes, 
Silver Screen offering many 

2796
02:31:38,900 --> 02:31:42,600
established actors yet behind 
the upbeat songs and tap dances 

2797
02:31:42,600 --> 02:31:45,400
negotiations and businessman's 
were at play. 

2798
02:31:45,400 --> 02:31:49,100
Many of which set precedents for
how future child stars would be 

2799
02:31:49,100 --> 02:31:51,600
handled. 
Key among these developments was

2800
02:31:51,600 --> 02:31:54,000
the contract. 
Surely signed with fox or more 

2801
02:31:54,008 --> 02:31:56,300
accurately. 
The contractor parents signed on

2802
02:31:56,300 --> 02:32:00,700
her behalf is details sparked 
discussion across Hollywood She 

2803
02:32:00,700 --> 02:32:03,000
was guaranteed a significant 
weekly salary. 

2804
02:32:03,000 --> 02:32:07,000
Those significant in the 1930s 
currency meant something 

2805
02:32:07,000 --> 02:32:10,100
different than it would today, 
plus bonuses if her pictures 

2806
02:32:10,100 --> 02:32:13,000
performed. 
Well, FOX also set aside funds 

2807
02:32:13,000 --> 02:32:15,100
for education and well-being 
though. 

2808
02:32:15,100 --> 02:32:17,700
The lines often blurred between 
onset tutoring and real 

2809
02:32:17,700 --> 02:32:21,700
schooling, this Arrangement 
acknowledged her star power yet 

2810
02:32:21,700 --> 02:32:24,100
did little to protect her from 
an exhausting work schedule. 

2811
02:32:24,100 --> 02:32:27,100
That some might deem 
exploitative during this period 

2812
02:32:27,100 --> 02:32:31,000
is Marvel at Shirley's focused 
that necessitated multiple takes

2813
02:32:31,000 --> 02:32:33,900
for adult actors, which often 
concluded swiftly. 

2814
02:32:33,900 --> 02:32:36,800
Once Shirley achieved her marks,
she had a near photographic 

2815
02:32:36,800 --> 02:32:38,800
recall for lines and dance 
moves. 

2816
02:32:38,800 --> 02:32:41,200
A quality that impressed her 
choreographers. 

2817
02:32:41,200 --> 02:32:44,100
Equally striking was her 
composure Under Pressure. 

2818
02:32:44,100 --> 02:32:47,800
Fox Executives. 
Anxious to capitalize on her 

2819
02:32:47,800 --> 02:32:51,000
popularity pushed for a film, 
turn around schedule, that left 

2820
02:32:51,000 --> 02:32:54,700
little room for a typical 
childhood, despite this Shirley 

2821
02:32:54,700 --> 02:32:57,000
consistently provided. 
The sunshine that the world 

2822
02:32:57,000 --> 02:32:59,900
craved. 
When an exhausted co-star. 

2823
02:32:59,900 --> 02:33:03,600
Once complained, your working, 
this kid to death, a stewed 

2824
02:33:03,600 --> 02:33:08,600
Studio head, allegedly people 
would if anything she's saving 

2825
02:33:08,600 --> 02:33:12,700
us, It was a half, joking, not 
to the revenue, her success 

2826
02:33:12,700 --> 02:33:15,900
generated at a time. 
When many studios teetered on 

2827
02:33:15,900 --> 02:33:19,500
the edge of bankruptcy fans of 
all ages idolize Shirley 

2828
02:33:19,500 --> 02:33:21,900
children. 
Saw appear living a Fairytale 

2829
02:33:21,900 --> 02:33:24,700
life. 
Well, adults took solace in our 

2830
02:33:24,700 --> 02:33:28,100
Plucky on screen Persona that 
seemed to say better days are 

2831
02:33:28,100 --> 02:33:31,200
just around the corner. 
Her likeness appeared on dolls 

2832
02:33:31,200 --> 02:33:35,100
dresses and countless products 
an early instance of celebrity 

2833
02:33:35,100 --> 02:33:37,300
merchandising, that would 
foreshadow later Hollywood 

2834
02:33:37,300 --> 02:33:41,700
Synergy a popularity. 
Also had a strange side rumors 

2835
02:33:41,700 --> 02:33:44,500
circulated that the bright-eyed 
star wasn't a child at all. 

2836
02:33:45,200 --> 02:33:48,800
But a little person posing for 
the cameras, this bizarre 

2837
02:33:48,800 --> 02:33:51,700
conspiracy theory gained such 
traction overseas that the 

2838
02:33:51,700 --> 02:33:55,100
Vatican, once considered 
investigating her age in truth, 

2839
02:33:55,100 --> 02:33:58,900
Shirley Temple was no more than 
10 at the time rapidly growing 

2840
02:33:58,900 --> 02:34:01,400
into a global household name 
curiously. 

2841
02:34:01,400 --> 02:34:04,600
Shirley's rise parallel shifts 
in the film industry itself. 

2842
02:34:04,600 --> 02:34:08,600
The production code Hollywood's 
moral guide lines tightened 

2843
02:34:08,600 --> 02:34:10,200
restrictions on on screen 
content. 

2844
02:34:11,000 --> 02:34:14,300
Shirley's clean wholesome image 
fit perfectly into this new 

2845
02:34:14,300 --> 02:34:16,500
environment. 
Gone with the agya. 

2846
02:34:16,500 --> 02:34:18,200
Comedic elements from her 
earliest shorts. 

2847
02:34:19,000 --> 02:34:21,900
In their place emerged, full 
blown family, friendly musicals 

2848
02:34:21,900 --> 02:34:24,800
and romances. 
She sang with experienced adult 

2849
02:34:24,800 --> 02:34:28,100
Cruisers sharing Line's and 
Duets that might otherwise look 

2850
02:34:28,100 --> 02:34:30,800
awkward for a child. 
Yet her sincerity. 

2851
02:34:30,800 --> 02:34:34,300
Let her Glide passed potential 
awkwardness audiences believed 

2852
02:34:34,300 --> 02:34:37,500
her Rosie worldview if only for 
the duration of a matinee. 

2853
02:34:38,400 --> 02:34:41,800
Not that it was all smooth 
sailing inside the temple. 

2854
02:34:41,800 --> 02:34:45,200
Household tensions. 
Simmered Gertrude clashed with 

2855
02:34:45,208 --> 02:34:48,100
producers who wanted to vary 
Shirley's look or storyline 

2856
02:34:48,100 --> 02:34:51,200
steadfastly defending her 
daughter's signature curls and 

2857
02:34:51,208 --> 02:34:54,700
sweet Persona George temple. 
Meanwhile found himself 

2858
02:34:54,700 --> 02:34:57,700
overshadowed primarily attending
to financial matters. 

2859
02:34:57,700 --> 02:35:00,800
While Gertrude guided their 
daughters creative Direction. 

2860
02:35:01,600 --> 02:35:04,000
In a Twist reminiscent of many 
Showbiz families. 

2861
02:35:04,800 --> 02:35:07,900
The father, sometimes felt 
sidelined overshadowed by the 

2862
02:35:07,900 --> 02:35:10,200
formidable bond between mother 
and star daughter. 

2863
02:35:11,200 --> 02:35:12,900
A Shirley approached her 10th 
birthday. 

2864
02:35:12,900 --> 02:35:15,700
The industry noticed that her 
Presence at the box. 

2865
02:35:15,700 --> 02:35:18,500
Office was not just consistent. 
It was heroic. 

2866
02:35:19,400 --> 02:35:22,100
Some of her films overshadowed 
even major adultery releases, 

2867
02:35:22,100 --> 02:35:25,100
the juvenile star was 
effectively bankrolling foxes 

2868
02:35:25,100 --> 02:35:28,700
operations, preventing Pierre. 
Financial cuts, that might have 

2869
02:35:28,700 --> 02:35:31,600
devastated the studio. 
It became a well known quip in 

2870
02:35:31,600 --> 02:35:34,400
Hollywood circle's. 
If he needed a guaranteed hit, 

2871
02:35:34,400 --> 02:35:38,400
you hired Shirley Temple. 
Yet the Relentless Pace hinted 

2872
02:35:38,400 --> 02:35:41,100
at challenges to come Charles 
actors grow. 

2873
02:35:41,100 --> 02:35:44,800
There are appeal which Studios 
often reduced to cuteness can 

2874
02:35:44,800 --> 02:35:48,800
dissipate Shirley's mother. 
Well aware of that fought to 

2875
02:35:48,808 --> 02:35:50,800
keep her enrolls. 
That showcase her innocence 

2876
02:35:50,800 --> 02:35:54,100
wearing that a more mature role 
might fracture her image. 

2877
02:35:54,900 --> 02:35:58,600
Time was against them, the 
actress who had embodied the 

2878
02:35:58,600 --> 02:36:01,800
aspirations of a Depression era,
audience was approaching 

2879
02:36:01,800 --> 02:36:04,900
adolescence and the film roles 
accessible to a developing 

2880
02:36:04,900 --> 02:36:08,000
teenager seldom replicated. 
The formula that made her a box 

2881
02:36:08,000 --> 02:36:11,400
office phenomenon The real 
question became, how could 

2882
02:36:11,400 --> 02:36:14,700
Shirley Temple? 
And America's darling transition

2883
02:36:14,700 --> 02:36:18,800
gracefully from juvenile novelty
to enduring performer as she 

2884
02:36:18,808 --> 02:36:21,900
entered, adolescence Shirley 
Temple found herself at an 

2885
02:36:21,900 --> 02:36:26,700
unexpected juncture by 1939. 
She was 11 years old though, 

2886
02:36:26,700 --> 02:36:29,700
still a beloved star, the 
reality of puberty loomed. 

2887
02:36:29,700 --> 02:36:32,100
Her face was ever so slightly 
less jewelry. 

2888
02:36:32,100 --> 02:36:35,800
Big her limbs less stubby, 
Hollywood's appetite for her 

2889
02:36:35,800 --> 02:36:37,900
brand of Plucky. 
Innocence began to one 

2890
02:36:38,600 --> 02:36:41,700
Executives who had previously 
viewed her as their most 

2891
02:36:41,700 --> 02:36:45,900
valuable asset began to feel 
uneasy the frequency of scripts 

2892
02:36:45,900 --> 02:36:49,900
designed to highlight her charm 
was gradually decreasing Despite

2893
02:36:49,900 --> 02:36:52,900
these challenges Shirley 
maintained her impeccable. 

2894
02:36:52,900 --> 02:36:56,600
Professionalism on the set of 
the bluebird 1940. 

2895
02:36:56,600 --> 02:36:59,900
She embodied a dreamlike 
character in a lavish fantasy 

2896
02:36:59,900 --> 02:37:01,900
production. 
Clearly meant to replicate the 

2897
02:37:01,900 --> 02:37:05,600
success of The Wizard of Oz. 
But audience is perceived it as 

2898
02:37:05,600 --> 02:37:09,000
a half-hearted attempt critics 
pointed out that the film felt 

2899
02:37:09,000 --> 02:37:12,400
disjointed and box office 
receipts, fell short this. 

2900
02:37:12,400 --> 02:37:15,500
Setback marked the first real 
stumble in Shirley's, otherwise 

2901
02:37:15,500 --> 02:37:19,400
on stoppable career. 
Press, which had frequently held

2902
02:37:19,400 --> 02:37:22,500
her as a America's sweetheart 
conjectured, whether her period 

2903
02:37:22,500 --> 02:37:25,800
of Fame, had come to an end. 
Gertrude Temple attempted to, 

2904
02:37:25,808 --> 02:37:29,000
reposition her daughter, pushing
the studio to consider more 

2905
02:37:29,000 --> 02:37:32,400
sophisticated scripts. 
However, Hollywood's type, 

2906
02:37:32,400 --> 02:37:35,600
casting machine, proved 
stubborn, producers struggled to

2907
02:37:35,600 --> 02:37:37,800
Envision. 
The newly teenage as anything, 

2908
02:37:37,800 --> 02:37:40,500
apart from an endearing child in
tap shoes. 

2909
02:37:40,500 --> 02:37:44,300
Meanwhile, the adult co-stars 
who once enjoyed Waltzing with 

2910
02:37:44,300 --> 02:37:46,700
the little scene. 
Stealer now found themselves in 

2911
02:37:46,700 --> 02:37:49,700
awkward transitions. 
How do you frame a storyline 

2912
02:37:49,700 --> 02:37:51,800
around a teen actress? 
Whose strengths lay in the 

2913
02:37:51,808 --> 02:37:55,400
cuddle Factor? 
That tension spelled trouble for

2914
02:37:55,400 --> 02:37:57,400
Shirley's future as the leading 
lady she had. 

2915
02:37:57,400 --> 02:38:01,400
Once been The family faced 
another dilemma Shirley's 

2916
02:38:01,400 --> 02:38:04,400
education. 
Onset sufficed for the early 

2917
02:38:04,400 --> 02:38:06,500
years, but the demands of a 
teenagers. 

2918
02:38:06,500 --> 02:38:09,100
Curriculum were more complex at 
her. 

2919
02:38:09,100 --> 02:38:11,800
Mother's urging Shirley enrolled
in a private school when her 

2920
02:38:11,800 --> 02:38:15,700
Studio schedule allowed there. 
She experienced assemblance of 

2921
02:38:15,700 --> 02:38:19,200
normal adolescents, passing 
notes, giggling with friends and

2922
02:38:19,200 --> 02:38:21,500
learning that. 
Not everyone orbited, her Fame, 

2923
02:38:21,500 --> 02:38:24,700
this partial return to an 
ordinary teenager routine. 

2924
02:38:24,700 --> 02:38:28,600
Offered a different perspective,
she began to realize that the 

2925
02:38:28,600 --> 02:38:32,100
wider world didn't revolve 
solely around Studio budgets and

2926
02:38:32,100 --> 02:38:34,800
box office. 
Numbers financially, the temples

2927
02:38:34,800 --> 02:38:38,600
were secure her earlier earnings
had been prudently, managed, the

2928
02:38:38,600 --> 02:38:41,000
rumors circulated about 
potential mismanagement or 

2929
02:38:41,000 --> 02:38:44,400
lavish spending. 
For Gertrude the real worry 

2930
02:38:44,400 --> 02:38:46,800
wasn't money. 
But relevant she feared the day 

2931
02:38:46,800 --> 02:38:49,200
Hollywood might deem Shirley 
Temple and expired product. 

2932
02:38:49,200 --> 02:38:52,900
She even toyed with the idea of 
forging a career in radio or 

2933
02:38:52,900 --> 02:38:55,400
traveling Vaudeville acts of the
film roles, continued to 

2934
02:38:55,400 --> 02:38:57,700
dwindle. 
Shirley on the other hand, 

2935
02:38:57,700 --> 02:39:00,900
expressed a desire to explore 
new interests such as working 

2936
02:39:00,900 --> 02:39:03,000
behind the camera or even 
attempting to write. 

2937
02:39:04,000 --> 02:39:07,700
These Notions whispered among 
the family never gained serious 

2938
02:39:07,700 --> 02:39:11,300
traction, overshadowed by the 
immediate challenge of stalling 

2939
02:39:11,300 --> 02:39:14,700
stardom. 
When the United States entered 

2940
02:39:14,700 --> 02:39:17,400
World War Two, the entire 
entertainment industry shifted 

2941
02:39:17,400 --> 02:39:21,600
to a more patriotic agenda. 
Stars visited troops performed 

2942
02:39:21,600 --> 02:39:24,700
in Uso, tours and lent their 
faces to war Bond drives. 

2943
02:39:24,700 --> 02:39:27,300
While teenage Shirley was a 
beloved figure. 

2944
02:39:27,300 --> 02:39:31,000
Audience's tastes lean toward 
adult stars who carried an air 

2945
02:39:31,008 --> 02:39:33,400
of romantic glamour or comedic 
relief. 

2946
02:39:33,400 --> 02:39:37,300
That spoke to wartime anxiety is
The Adolescent performer 

2947
02:39:37,300 --> 02:39:41,900
suspended between child icon and
adult personality found herself 

2948
02:39:41,900 --> 02:39:45,000
in a precarious niche. 
She did participate in some 

2949
02:39:45,000 --> 02:39:48,300
charitable events, singing for 
servicemen, and endorsing the 

2950
02:39:48,300 --> 02:39:51,100
war effort yet. 
The Studio's increase in the 

2951
02:39:51,100 --> 02:39:53,900
fixated on adult drama and 
musicals tailored for older 

2952
02:39:53,900 --> 02:39:56,400
stars. 
So less need to Center entire 

2953
02:39:56,400 --> 02:39:59,800
pictures around her. 
Still Shirley Temple's name. 

2954
02:39:59,800 --> 02:40:02,600
Carried enough, clout to secure 
sporadic, roles at different 

2955
02:40:02,600 --> 02:40:06,900
Studios once a fox contract. 
Ended Notably, she signed a 

2956
02:40:06,900 --> 02:40:09,800
brief contract with MGM 
culminating in a handful of 

2957
02:40:09,800 --> 02:40:12,600
features. 
Unfortunately these projects 

2958
02:40:12,600 --> 02:40:15,800
never recaptured, the Luminous 
box office magic of her earlier 

2959
02:40:15,800 --> 02:40:19,400
output. 
The film Kathleen 1941, for 

2960
02:40:19,400 --> 02:40:23,300
instance, garnered lukewarm 
reviews with critics noting that

2961
02:40:23,300 --> 02:40:26,100
they yearned for the Sprite who 
had once brightened Hearts 

2962
02:40:26,100 --> 02:40:29,000
during the Depression rather 
than the uncertain teenager 

2963
02:40:29,000 --> 02:40:31,700
grappling with evolving tastes 
in entertainment. 

2964
02:40:32,800 --> 02:40:36,100
By the time, she reached her 
mid-teens Shirley was balancing 

2965
02:40:36,100 --> 02:40:40,300
on a tightrope half a nostalgic,
emblem of a vanished era and 

2966
02:40:40,300 --> 02:40:42,400
half a blossoming. 
Young woman searching for a 

2967
02:40:42,408 --> 02:40:45,500
place in an industry that rarely
allowed for graceful transition.

2968
02:40:46,400 --> 02:40:50,100
She herself remained outwardly, 
composed leaning on the wellhome

2969
02:40:50,100 --> 02:40:53,700
discipline that had shaped her 
childhood yet behind those calm 

2970
02:40:53,700 --> 02:40:56,900
brown eyes. 
A more profound question arose. 

2971
02:40:56,900 --> 02:41:00,800
If Hollywood no longer needed 
her to be as dancing child star.

2972
02:41:00,800 --> 02:41:04,400
Who could she become in trying 
to address that question? 

2973
02:41:04,400 --> 02:41:07,600
Shirley Temple would soon. 
Embark on life experience, that 

2974
02:41:07,600 --> 02:41:10,500
would transform her far beyond 
the realm of movie sets and 

2975
02:41:10,500 --> 02:41:13,000
Scripts. 
The next phase of Shirley 

2976
02:41:13,000 --> 02:41:14,600
Temple's life. 
Revolved, less around, Hollywood

2977
02:41:14,600 --> 02:41:19,400
stage lights, more around. 
Personal milestones at 15, she 

2978
02:41:19,400 --> 02:41:22,000
met John Agar. 
A sergeant in the Army Air Corps

2979
02:41:22,000 --> 02:41:24,900
from a socially prominent 
family. their Whirlwind 

2980
02:41:24,900 --> 02:41:28,400
courtship fascinated fans who 
were curious to see America's 

2981
02:41:28,400 --> 02:41:33,800
one-time, Golden Child, stepping
into adulthood By 1945 just as 

2982
02:41:33,800 --> 02:41:37,800
the war concluded, Shirley 
married agar, but about the 

2983
02:41:37,800 --> 02:41:41,100
media spun the wedding into a 
major event splashing photos 

2984
02:41:41,100 --> 02:41:44,800
across newspapers Nationwide. 
But if the public assumed she 

2985
02:41:44,800 --> 02:41:48,000
would settle into a conventional
Family Life, they underestimated

2986
02:41:48,000 --> 02:41:52,000
her capacity for reinvention. 
Shirley persistently ventured 

2987
02:41:52,000 --> 02:41:54,400
into the film industry, 
occasionally collaborating with 

2988
02:41:54,400 --> 02:42:00,000
her husband in Fort Apache. 1948
directed by John Ford Shirley 

2989
02:42:00,000 --> 02:42:02,800
co-starred with agar, John 
Wayne, and Henry Fonda. 

2990
02:42:03,800 --> 02:42:06,700
Although the Western genre was 
significantly different from her

2991
02:42:06,700 --> 02:42:09,200
previous musicals, she enjoyed 
the novelty. 

2992
02:42:10,000 --> 02:42:11,700
Despite her diminished star 
billing. 

2993
02:42:11,700 --> 02:42:14,300
She received solid reviews for 
her performance. 

2994
02:42:15,400 --> 02:42:18,500
The films moderate box office 
success indicated that perhaps 

2995
02:42:18,500 --> 02:42:21,700
there was a viable path forward 
for her and Hollywood though no 

2996
02:42:21,700 --> 02:42:24,800
longer as the Marquee name. 
While she Drew professional 

2997
02:42:24,800 --> 02:42:28,300
satisfaction from the project. 
Her personal life was more 

2998
02:42:28,300 --> 02:42:31,000
turbulent. 
Agar struggled with the weight 

2999
02:42:31,000 --> 02:42:34,100
of public attention on his 
famous wife and faced 

3000
02:42:34,100 --> 02:42:35,900
accusations of drinking and 
erratic Behavior. 

3001
02:42:36,800 --> 02:42:40,100
The marriage soon, began to 
Splinter for surely the 

3002
02:42:40,100 --> 02:42:42,600
unraveling marriage signaled, a 
broader dissatisfaction. 

3003
02:42:42,600 --> 02:42:46,100
She could sense that the film 
industry still saw her through a

3004
02:42:46,100 --> 02:42:48,600
lens of childhood. 
Nostalgia, making it difficult 

3005
02:42:48,600 --> 02:42:50,400
to secure roles that challenge 
her. 

3006
02:42:50,400 --> 02:42:53,100
Meanwhile, her real life 
responsibilities. 

3007
02:42:53,100 --> 02:42:55,900
Now included motherhood, she 
gave birth to a daughter. 

3008
02:42:55,900 --> 02:43:00,500
Linda Susan, in 1948. 
Balancing the duties of parent 

3009
02:43:00,500 --> 02:43:03,600
Hood with diminishing but still 
potent demands of a movie career

3010
02:43:03,600 --> 02:43:07,300
proved complex. 
She found some roles that mostly

3011
02:43:07,300 --> 02:43:09,800
smaller parts in b-movies or 
Ensemble casts. 

3012
02:43:09,800 --> 02:43:12,900
A handful of these roles allowed
her to play more mature 

3013
02:43:12,900 --> 02:43:15,300
characters. 
Yet, none sparked to significant

3014
02:43:15,300 --> 02:43:18,800
comeback. 
By 1950 her marriage to Ager had

3015
02:43:18,800 --> 02:43:21,600
reached a Breaking Point 
culminating, in a high-profile 

3016
02:43:21,600 --> 02:43:26,100
divorce that tabloid newspapers 
giddily dissected, the same fans

3017
02:43:26,100 --> 02:43:28,200
who want showered her with 
unconditional. 

3018
02:43:28,200 --> 02:43:32,100
Adoration read about the messy 
details of her domestic strife. 

3019
02:43:32,900 --> 02:43:35,900
This jarring exposure taught 
Shirley and uncomfortable lesson

3020
02:43:35,900 --> 02:43:38,700
about public life. 
Once you step out of the child 

3021
02:43:38,700 --> 02:43:42,100
star bubble, the Press can turn 
your personal trials into 

3022
02:43:42,100 --> 02:43:45,500
Sensational fodder. 
Nevertheless, she remained 

3023
02:43:45,500 --> 02:43:49,400
composed determined to maintain 
dignity for her daughter's sake.

3024
02:43:50,100 --> 02:43:52,800
A new chapter beckoned when she 
crossed paths with Charles, 

3025
02:43:52,800 --> 02:43:55,300
Alden black and navy 
intelligence officer from a 

3026
02:43:55,300 --> 02:43:57,100
well-connected California 
family. 

3027
02:43:57,100 --> 02:44:01,100
Their first meeting ironically 
involved, neither film Noir 

3028
02:44:01,100 --> 02:44:04,800
Fanfare, just two individuals 
sharing conversation at a dinner

3029
02:44:04,800 --> 02:44:07,200
party. 
Black claimed, he had never seen

3030
02:44:07,200 --> 02:44:10,200
a single Shirley Temple movie 
which she found refreshing. 

3031
02:44:11,000 --> 02:44:13,400
Their relationship blossomed 
quickly, partly? 

3032
02:44:13,400 --> 02:44:16,400
Because Shirley found an anchor 
in Charles's unpretentious yet. 

3033
02:44:16,400 --> 02:44:20,500
Cultivated Manor. 
They wear in December 1950, a 

3034
02:44:20,500 --> 02:44:22,000
union. 
Markedly different from her 

3035
02:44:22,000 --> 02:44:24,400
first. 
Charles's devotion offered a 

3036
02:44:24,408 --> 02:44:27,000
calm Refuge from the swirling 
storms of the entertainment 

3037
02:44:27,000 --> 02:44:30,000
industry. 
Suddenly the idea of continuing 

3038
02:44:30,000 --> 02:44:33,600
what aimless pursuit of second 
tear film roles lost its Allure.

3039
02:44:34,400 --> 02:44:36,800
Facing the reality of that, her 
Hollywood career was winding 

3040
02:44:36,800 --> 02:44:39,100
down. 
Shirley made a bold decision in 

3041
02:44:39,100 --> 02:44:41,800
1950. 
She retired from the Silver 

3042
02:44:41,800 --> 02:44:45,100
Screen at the age of 22, it was 
a startling move for someone 

3043
02:44:45,100 --> 02:44:47,700
whose name still held and 
nostalgic weight among a wide 

3044
02:44:47,700 --> 02:44:50,500
swath of moviegoers. 
Yet she had reached a point 

3045
02:44:50,500 --> 02:44:54,200
where the roles available fail 
to match her aspirations instead

3046
02:44:54,200 --> 02:44:57,400
of clinging to a diluted version
of her earliest, stardom, she 

3047
02:44:57,400 --> 02:45:01,100
chose to explore New Frontiers 
She also recognized that the 

3048
02:45:01,100 --> 02:45:04,400
intense work she'd endured since
toddlerhood had left little room

3049
02:45:04,400 --> 02:45:07,700
for ordinary experiences. 
Eager to cultivate a more 

3050
02:45:07,700 --> 02:45:10,100
grounded lifestyle. 
She embraced family life with 

3051
02:45:10,100 --> 02:45:12,300
Charles Black in the San 
Francisco Bay Area. 

3052
02:45:13,200 --> 02:45:14,900
In the late 1950s and early 
1960s. 

3053
02:45:16,500 --> 02:45:18,800
She briefly returned to show 
business with the television 

3054
02:45:18,800 --> 02:45:21,200
series. 
Shirley Temple's storybook the 

3055
02:45:21,200 --> 02:45:24,500
show reimagined Fairy Tales and 
children's Classics, allowing 

3056
02:45:24,500 --> 02:45:27,500
her to explore a producing, and 
hosting role rather than front 

3057
02:45:27,500 --> 02:45:30,200
and center acting fans. 
Appreciated the chance to see 

3058
02:45:30,200 --> 02:45:32,100
her again. 
No longer, a child star, but a 

3059
02:45:32,108 --> 02:45:35,900
poised articulate adult. 
This step back in to the public,

3060
02:45:35,900 --> 02:45:39,000
I felt more on her terms without
the constraints of a studio 

3061
02:45:39,000 --> 02:45:41,400
system. 
Dictating her every move though,

3062
02:45:41,400 --> 02:45:45,400
the glow of her child starred in
the cultural memory Shirley 

3063
02:45:45,400 --> 02:45:47,800
Temple, black, as she began 
calling herself was discovering 

3064
02:45:47,800 --> 02:45:50,900
broader Horizons. 
Her youth had exposed to the 

3065
02:45:50,900 --> 02:45:53,600
highs and lows of American 
celebrity culture. 

3066
02:45:53,600 --> 02:45:57,900
Now, she looked at life with a 
fresh perspective, realizing 

3067
02:45:57,900 --> 02:46:01,500
that her journey might shift 
away from film entirely What 

3068
02:46:01,500 --> 02:46:05,100
emerged next would surprise. 
Many a pivot from Hollywood star

3069
02:46:05,100 --> 02:46:08,600
to public servant and Diplomat 
roles that would define her 

3070
02:46:08,600 --> 02:46:11,100
final decades in a ways. 
Few observers could have 

3071
02:46:11,108 --> 02:46:15,000
predicted, while many child 
stars vanish Into Obscurity, or 

3072
02:46:15,000 --> 02:46:18,000
cling to their past Fame, 
Shirley Temple charted. 

3073
02:46:18,000 --> 02:46:21,300
A course that combined her 
innate poised with a new found 

3074
02:46:21,300 --> 02:46:26,100
dedication to Civic engagement. 
Throughout the 1960s, she and 

3075
02:46:26,100 --> 02:46:28,800
Charles Black settled into a 
relatively private, existence in

3076
02:46:28,800 --> 02:46:32,700
the Bay Area. she embraced 
Community work volunteering for 

3077
02:46:32,700 --> 02:46:35,500
charitable organizations and 
quietly building relationships 

3078
02:46:35,500 --> 02:46:39,200
with local politicians, though 
she rarely sought publicity for 

3079
02:46:39,200 --> 02:46:42,400
these efforts, her ability to 
connect with people honed from 

3080
02:46:42,408 --> 02:46:46,800
early stardom, proved a valuable
asset A pivotal moment, came in 

3081
02:46:46,800 --> 02:46:51,000
1967 when she declared her 
candidacy for congress, in a 

3082
02:46:51,000 --> 02:46:53,900
special election to fill a 
vacant seat running as a 

3083
02:46:53,900 --> 02:46:57,200
republican in California's 11th,
congressional, district, Shirley

3084
02:46:57,200 --> 02:46:59,400
Temple, Black surprise. 
Political insiders with her 

3085
02:46:59,400 --> 02:47:01,400
articulate presence on the 
campaign Trail. 

3086
02:47:02,200 --> 02:47:05,300
She emphasized issues such as 
Urban Development, educational 

3087
02:47:05,300 --> 02:47:08,200
reform and tackling crime 
reflecting the moderate 

3088
02:47:08,200 --> 02:47:11,500
Republican stances of the era 
reporters who covered her 

3089
02:47:11,500 --> 02:47:13,600
campaign quickly. 
Discovered that she was no 

3090
02:47:13,600 --> 02:47:15,900
lightweight. 
While her name recognition 

3091
02:47:15,900 --> 02:47:19,500
initially, Drew curiosity a 
policy discussion's resonated 

3092
02:47:19,500 --> 02:47:20,900
with a portion of the 
electorate. 

3093
02:47:21,500 --> 02:47:24,800
She did not Prevail in the 
primary finishing second, but 

3094
02:47:24,800 --> 02:47:28,000
she garnered a respectful share 
of vote's the campaign. 

3095
02:47:28,000 --> 02:47:31,100
Underscored her serious interest
in governance and laid the 

3096
02:47:31,100 --> 02:47:32,600
foundation for future 
opportunities. 

3097
02:47:34,200 --> 02:47:36,300
A year. 
Later life took an Abrupt turn 

3098
02:47:36,300 --> 02:47:38,100
when Shirley was diagnosed with 
breast cancer. 

3099
02:47:39,000 --> 02:47:42,100
She underwent a mastectomy in 
1972 an experience. 

3100
02:47:42,100 --> 02:47:43,700
She chose not to hide from the 
public. 

3101
02:47:43,700 --> 02:47:47,900
Instead, she made a bold move by
holding a press conference to 

3102
02:47:47,900 --> 02:47:50,800
discuss her procedure. 
One of the first high-profile 

3103
02:47:50,800 --> 02:47:53,500
women to speak openly about 
battling breast cancer. 

3104
02:47:53,500 --> 02:47:57,500
This frankness challenged to 
booze and spurred an outpouring 

3105
02:47:57,500 --> 02:47:59,100
of support from women across 
America. 

3106
02:47:59,100 --> 02:48:02,600
Her Candor helped, his 
stigmatize, a condition many at 

3107
02:48:02,600 --> 02:48:04,700
a treated as shameful or 
exclusively private. 

3108
02:48:05,600 --> 02:48:08,600
Over time, her advocacy would 
Shake public perceptions of 

3109
02:48:08,608 --> 02:48:12,100
cancer treatment, prompting more
open dialogue and encouraging, 

3110
02:48:12,100 --> 02:48:14,200
countless women to seek check 
ups and information. 

3111
02:48:14,200 --> 02:48:17,600
Meanwhile, her political 
aspirations remained alive. 

3112
02:48:18,500 --> 02:48:21,700
President, Richard Nixon 
impressed by her Public Service,

3113
02:48:21,700 --> 02:48:24,800
ethos, and calmed demeanor. 
Appointed her to represent the 

3114
02:48:24,800 --> 02:48:28,300
United States at the 24th United
Nations General Assembly in 

3115
02:48:28,300 --> 02:48:32,000
1969. 
During her time at the UN 

3116
02:48:32,000 --> 02:48:34,800
Shirley Temple, Black focused on
issues like Environmental 

3117
02:48:34,800 --> 02:48:36,500
Protection. 
And the rights of children 

3118
02:48:36,500 --> 02:48:40,400
topics that echoed her personals
noted. 

3119
02:48:40,400 --> 02:48:43,800
Her capacity to negotiate 
diplomatically, and her genuine 

3120
02:48:43,800 --> 02:48:47,500
interest in cultural divides 
disappointment, though, short 

3121
02:48:47,500 --> 02:48:49,500
lived. 
Showcased, her ability to 

3122
02:48:49,500 --> 02:48:51,000
navigate high stakes 
International. 

3123
02:48:51,000 --> 02:48:54,300
Setting blending the charm of 
her Hollywood pedigree with 

3124
02:48:54,300 --> 02:48:58,400
substantive policy engagement, 
President Gerald Ford named 

3125
02:48:58,400 --> 02:49:01,700
Shirley Temple Black, the United
States ambassador to Garner in 

3126
02:49:01,708 --> 02:49:06,400
1974 as a result of her success.
Ambassador ship was not a 

3127
02:49:06,400 --> 02:49:09,600
ceremonial position gone had 
undergone political upheaval and

3128
02:49:09,600 --> 02:49:11,600
was strategically significant in
West Africa. 

3129
02:49:11,600 --> 02:49:16,100
As Ambassador she navigated us 
interests, promoting trade 

3130
02:49:16,100 --> 02:49:19,400
supporting development and 
working to maintain stable. 

3131
02:49:19,400 --> 02:49:21,800
Diplomatic relations in a 
region, still adjusting to 

3132
02:49:21,800 --> 02:49:25,000
post-colonial realities her 
presence in a cross. 

3133
02:49:25,000 --> 02:49:28,100
Signaled, that Washington took 
Garner, seriously and carnations

3134
02:49:28,100 --> 02:49:31,500
received her warmly sometimes 
referencing her iconic childhood

3135
02:49:31,500 --> 02:49:34,200
films. 
She responded by emphasizing 

3136
02:49:34,200 --> 02:49:37,800
shared cultural ties hosting 
local artists at Embassy events 

3137
02:49:37,800 --> 02:49:40,800
and traveling beyond the capital
to better understand the 

3138
02:49:40,800 --> 02:49:44,000
country's complexities. 
Her steady performance in 

3139
02:49:44,000 --> 02:49:47,700
garnered her another diplomatic 
assignment this time as the 

3140
02:49:47,700 --> 02:49:50,300
first female chief of protocol 
under President Ford. 

3141
02:49:51,000 --> 02:49:54,100
She managed high-level 
ceremonies greeted visiting 

3142
02:49:54,100 --> 02:49:56,800
heads of state and guided 
official delegations. 

3143
02:49:56,800 --> 02:50:00,500
Although the role was largely 
ceremonial, she approached it 

3144
02:50:00,500 --> 02:50:02,900
with the thoroughness that had 
defined her entire career. 

3145
02:50:03,700 --> 02:50:07,000
Keeping track of protocols and 
cultural nuances, and forging 

3146
02:50:07,000 --> 02:50:10,100
personal bonds, within national 
leaders became second nature. 

3147
02:50:11,000 --> 02:50:12,500
The highlight of her diplomatic 
career. 

3148
02:50:12,500 --> 02:50:17,000
However, arrived in 1989 when 
President George HW Bush 

3149
02:50:17,000 --> 02:50:20,800
appointed to her ambassador to 
check, oh Slovakia, The Cold War

3150
02:50:20,800 --> 02:50:24,200
was on the verge of a dramatic 
thaw and her posting to Prague 

3151
02:50:24,200 --> 02:50:26,300
placed her at the heart of 
historic change. 

3152
02:50:27,000 --> 02:50:29,500
As communism began to crumble 
across Eastern Europe. 

3153
02:50:30,200 --> 02:50:32,700
Shirley Temple, Black found 
herself, witnessing The Velvet, 

3154
02:50:32,700 --> 02:50:36,400
Revolution the peaceful upheaval
the ousted, the Communist 

3155
02:50:36,400 --> 02:50:40,700
Regime, she consulted dissidents
shared perspectives with other 

3156
02:50:40,700 --> 02:50:44,500
Western diplomats and skillfully
represented us interests without

3157
02:50:44,500 --> 02:50:46,500
overshadowing. 
The check people's pursuit of 

3158
02:50:46,500 --> 02:50:49,300
democracy. 
Once again, she relied on a 

3159
02:50:49,300 --> 02:50:53,100
blend of empathy and pragmatism 
traits that had served her. 

3160
02:50:53,100 --> 02:50:56,300
Well, since her early years on a
Hollywood set, by the close of 

3161
02:50:56,308 --> 02:50:59,700
the 1980s, Shirley Temple. 
Black stood, as a testament, to 

3162
02:50:59,700 --> 02:51:03,400
reinvention, From a child star 
who lit up depression near a 

3163
02:51:03,400 --> 02:51:05,900
screens to a diplomatic figure 
forging Connections. 

3164
02:51:05,900 --> 02:51:09,900
In far-flung parts of the world.
She demonstrated that stardom 

3165
02:51:09,900 --> 02:51:13,400
need not confine a person to a 
single storyline rather it could

3166
02:51:13,400 --> 02:51:16,100
be a launching pad for broader 
contributions that transcended, 

3167
02:51:16,100 --> 02:51:19,100
the realm of entertainment, 
impacting global politics. 

3168
02:51:19,100 --> 02:51:23,300
And societal attitudes alike, 
the late 1980s and early 1990s, 

3169
02:51:23,300 --> 02:51:25,900
and checkers. 
Slovakia were a swirl of 

3170
02:51:25,900 --> 02:51:28,200
political Transformations and 
Shirley Temple. 

3171
02:51:28,200 --> 02:51:29,800
Black was squarely in the thick 
of it. 

3172
02:51:30,600 --> 02:51:33,200
Serving as Ambassador at a time.
When the nation's hopes for 

3173
02:51:33,200 --> 02:51:36,700
post-communist democracy were at
their zenith, she found herself 

3174
02:51:36,700 --> 02:51:39,600
forging friendships with figures
like vat, slave hovel. 

3175
02:51:39,600 --> 02:51:43,200
The playwright turned president 
who led the Velvet Revolution? 

3176
02:51:44,300 --> 02:51:47,600
diplomats often rely on tact and
formality to navigate tense 

3177
02:51:47,600 --> 02:51:51,800
transitions but Shirley's life 
experience, her capacity to read

3178
02:51:51,800 --> 02:51:56,300
a room to empathize and to adapt
proved equally pivotal She 

3179
02:51:56,300 --> 02:51:59,200
struck an approachable balance 
between an official stance and 

3180
02:51:59,200 --> 02:52:01,700
genuine curiosity about every 
day, check life. 

3181
02:52:02,400 --> 02:52:04,800
Citizens, who recognized her 
from old Hollywood. 

3182
02:52:04,800 --> 02:52:08,400
Lore Marvel at how this former 
Child Star and become a calm 

3183
02:52:08,400 --> 02:52:11,200
presence amidst their countries,
defining historical moment. 

3184
02:52:12,100 --> 02:52:14,600
Her schedule brimmed with 
diplomatic engagements, 

3185
02:52:14,600 --> 02:52:18,400
addressing economic reforms, 
promoting trade opportunities 

3186
02:52:18,400 --> 02:52:20,700
and facilitating cultural 
exchanges. 

3187
02:52:20,700 --> 02:52:24,500
She also took time to visit 
schools and orphanages echoing, 

3188
02:52:24,500 --> 02:52:26,900
a child-centered compassion that
had first won her. 

3189
02:52:26,908 --> 02:52:30,700
The Public's heart decades 
earlier, More than once local 

3190
02:52:30,700 --> 02:52:32,800
media cameras captured, her 
hugging children. 

3191
02:52:32,800 --> 02:52:35,600
An image that symbolized a 
connection, transcending 

3192
02:52:35,600 --> 02:52:38,800
politics. 
First off, it was standard to 

3193
02:52:38,800 --> 02:52:40,800
see school groups, flocked, the 
US Embassy. 

3194
02:52:40,800 --> 02:52:42,500
Where the Ambassador would greet
them. 

3195
02:52:42,500 --> 02:52:46,100
Personally, She saw in those 
students, the same spark that 

3196
02:52:46,100 --> 02:52:49,400
years before, propelled her own 
improbable Journey. 

3197
02:52:50,000 --> 02:52:51,700
In the midst of these 
responsibilities. 

3198
02:52:52,500 --> 02:52:55,400
She also wrestled with the 
complexities of representing a 

3199
02:52:55,400 --> 02:52:58,000
superpower. 
While us officials championed 

3200
02:52:58,000 --> 02:53:02,500
Market liberalization, the check
populist Harbor diverse views on

3201
02:53:02,500 --> 02:53:05,000
how rapidly to embrace Western 
economic models. 

3202
02:53:05,900 --> 02:53:08,700
Shirley sought to present 
America's stance in a measured 

3203
02:53:08,700 --> 02:53:12,400
way, advocating for cooperation,
rather than imposing directives.

3204
02:53:13,200 --> 02:53:17,200
This Nuance in dear to local 
politicians who appreciated that

3205
02:53:17,200 --> 02:53:19,800
she was not just delivering 
lectures, but engaging in 

3206
02:53:19,800 --> 02:53:23,200
genuine dialogue. 
Observers credited, her with 

3207
02:53:23,200 --> 02:53:27,400
amplifying, America's soft power
in the region using her personal

3208
02:53:27,400 --> 02:53:29,900
warmth as an informal diplomatic
tool. 

3209
02:53:29,900 --> 02:53:33,900
Outside her official role, she 
relished exploring prague's 

3210
02:53:33,900 --> 02:53:39,200
architecture concert halls and 
cafes the city with its Gothic 

3211
02:53:39,200 --> 02:53:41,700
spiers and centuries old 
cobblestone streets. 

3212
02:53:42,400 --> 02:53:44,800
Fascinated. 
Her She told friends that 

3213
02:53:44,800 --> 02:53:47,200
wandering around the Old Town 
felt like stepping onto a 

3214
02:53:47,200 --> 02:53:50,300
meticulously designed film set, 
except it was real history 

3215
02:53:50,300 --> 02:53:53,000
etched into every stone 
occasionally. 

3216
02:53:53,000 --> 02:53:55,600
She and her husband, Charles 
hosted small Gatherings, at the 

3217
02:53:55,608 --> 02:53:59,200
embassy residents, Inviting 
check artists and intellectuals 

3218
02:53:59,200 --> 02:54:01,600
alongside visiting America's 
officials. 

3219
02:54:02,500 --> 02:54:06,000
These soirees bridging cultural 
gaps with music and conversation

3220
02:54:06,000 --> 02:54:09,500
mirrored a style of diplomacy 
that aligned with her Persona. 

3221
02:54:09,500 --> 02:54:13,800
Blending formality with the 
Personal Touch by 1992. 

3222
02:54:13,800 --> 02:54:17,600
The world was changing again, 
Checkers Slovakia split 

3223
02:54:17,600 --> 02:54:19,600
peacefully into the Czech 
Republic and Slovakia. 

3224
02:54:20,600 --> 02:54:22,900
Shirley Temple Black's time as 
Ambassador wrapped up. 

3225
02:54:22,908 --> 02:54:26,100
And while the Region's politics 
continued, evolving, she left 

3226
02:54:26,100 --> 02:54:29,600
behind a legacy of empathy 
driven diplomacy stepping away 

3227
02:54:29,600 --> 02:54:32,400
from her official duties. 
She returned Stateside with a 

3228
02:54:32,408 --> 02:54:35,600
sense that her life second act 
of the first in terms of impact,

3229
02:54:35,600 --> 02:54:39,100
even if fewer Paparazzi cameras 
Trail held her every move, 

3230
02:54:40,000 --> 02:54:42,500
Retirement from formal 
diplomacy, did not entail 

3231
02:54:42,500 --> 02:54:46,300
retreating into quiet anonymity.
She took on roles with corporate

3232
02:54:46,300 --> 02:54:49,500
boards, notably with companies 
where her expertise in 

3233
02:54:49,500 --> 02:54:51,100
international relations and 
Public. 

3234
02:54:51,100 --> 02:54:55,000
Communication offered value 
though, her Hollywood name still

3235
02:54:55,000 --> 02:54:58,200
commanded attention. 
She leveraged its selectively 

3236
02:54:58,200 --> 02:55:02,100
Mooring to Champion charitable 
cause is than to cash in on Old 

3237
02:55:02,100 --> 02:55:04,700
Fame. 
Among her philanthropic 

3238
02:55:04,700 --> 02:55:07,800
interests cancer, research 
remained a focal point. 

3239
02:55:08,800 --> 02:55:11,300
She continued to Advocate 
publicly for early mention 

3240
02:55:11,300 --> 02:55:13,500
recalling, her battle with 
breast cancer. 

3241
02:55:14,400 --> 02:55:16,600
Which time she spoke at 
fundraisers or medical 

3242
02:55:16,600 --> 02:55:19,200
conferences. 
Attendees saw not a fragile 

3243
02:55:19,200 --> 02:55:23,300
Survivor but a Resolute voice, 
urging progress, those who 

3244
02:55:23,300 --> 02:55:26,600
encountered her socially in 
these later years, describe a 

3245
02:55:26,600 --> 02:55:29,800
woman, both gracious and candid.
She was not wanted to dwell on 

3246
02:55:29,800 --> 02:55:34,000
her childhood starred him unless
prompted Indeed many, who knew 

3247
02:55:34,000 --> 02:55:36,900
her, as an ambassador or a board
member noted that they often 

3248
02:55:36,900 --> 02:55:38,400
forgot. 
She had once been the biggest 

3249
02:55:38,400 --> 02:55:41,800
child star on Earth, she was 
simply Shirley a thoughtful 

3250
02:55:41,800 --> 02:55:44,400
collie who asked incisive 
questions and brought a wealth 

3251
02:55:44,400 --> 02:55:45,800
of worldly experience to any 
conversation. 

3252
02:55:46,800 --> 02:55:49,600
If pressed about her Hollywood 
days she might offer a light 

3253
02:55:49,600 --> 02:55:51,900
anecdote. 
Perhaps over about dancing with 

3254
02:55:51,900 --> 02:55:55,500
Bill Bojangles Robinson, but she
rarely glorified the spectacle, 

3255
02:55:55,500 --> 02:55:59,200
instead she framed it as a 
valuable but distant chapter in 

3256
02:55:59,200 --> 02:56:00,500
a life driven by personal 
growth. 

3257
02:56:01,600 --> 02:56:04,100
She moved into her. 70s Shirley 
Temple. 

3258
02:56:04,100 --> 02:56:06,800
Black observed with equal 
measures of Pride and humility 

3259
02:56:06,800 --> 02:56:09,300
the enduring affection. 
So many still held for her. 

3260
02:56:10,200 --> 02:56:13,500
Around the globe, older fans, 
recalled, her films, as a joyful

3261
02:56:13,500 --> 02:56:16,000
Beacon, amid depression. 
Hardships while younger 

3262
02:56:16,000 --> 02:56:19,300
generation's discovered the mon 
home video, it was a testament 

3263
02:56:19,300 --> 02:56:22,000
not just to her on-screen 
persona but also to the 

3264
02:56:22,000 --> 02:56:25,800
universal appeal of sincere 
optimism Yet for Shirley 

3265
02:56:25,800 --> 02:56:28,100
herself. 
The Highlight Reel comprised 

3266
02:56:28,100 --> 02:56:30,900
more than movie clips. 
It was her service to her 

3267
02:56:30,900 --> 02:56:33,800
country, her forging of 
diplomatic Pathways, and fraught

3268
02:56:33,800 --> 02:56:36,500
times. 
And her unwavering ability to 

3269
02:56:36,500 --> 02:56:38,700
adapt that truly defined. 
Her adult identity. 

3270
02:56:38,700 --> 02:56:42,300
Reflecting on Shirley Temple's 
life is like, cruising a 

3271
02:56:42,300 --> 02:56:45,900
panoramic album of 20th century 
America, spanning an era of 

3272
02:56:45,900 --> 02:56:49,500
economic turmoil, World War, 
cultural upheaval and Global 

3273
02:56:49,500 --> 02:56:52,000
realignment. 
She Departed the world on 

3274
02:56:52,000 --> 02:56:56,500
February 10th, 2014 at age, 85 
leaving behind a legacy that 

3275
02:56:56,500 --> 02:57:00,400
defied simple categorization. 
Most headlines upon her passing 

3276
02:57:00,400 --> 02:57:04,000
remembered her, as the dimpled 
darling, who danced on staircase

3277
02:57:04,000 --> 02:57:05,600
railings in, black and white 
musicals. 

3278
02:57:05,600 --> 02:57:10,100
Yet to view her exclusively 
through that nostalgic lens is 

3279
02:57:10,100 --> 02:57:12,200
to overlook the deeper Ark of 
her journey. 

3280
02:57:13,100 --> 02:57:16,500
Her funeral held privately 
revealed the quiet dignity. 

3281
02:57:16,500 --> 02:57:20,000
She had Long Preferred. 
Friends and family, spoke of a 

3282
02:57:20,000 --> 02:57:22,700
person, whose warm Spirit 
extended far, beyond the camera.

3283
02:57:23,600 --> 02:57:27,000
Tributes poured in from around 
the globe movie fans recalling 

3284
02:57:27,000 --> 02:57:30,000
her as a childhood Idol 
diplomats and politicians 

3285
02:57:30,000 --> 02:57:32,500
lording. 
Her statesmanship and cancer 

3286
02:57:32,500 --> 02:57:35,100
survivors, thanking her for 
raising awareness when few 

3287
02:57:35,100 --> 02:57:38,100
others did. 
It was a moment when a star's 

3288
02:57:38,100 --> 02:57:40,300
Mythos converged with the 
reality of a life. 

3289
02:57:40,300 --> 02:57:44,700
Well, lived In subsequent years,
retrospectives have examined, 

3290
02:57:44,700 --> 02:57:46,400
the nuances that made Shirley 
Temple. 

3291
02:57:46,400 --> 02:57:49,600
So enduring. 
Scholars of film history point 

3292
02:57:49,600 --> 02:57:51,300
out. 
Her unusual role in bridging 

3293
02:57:51,300 --> 02:57:53,500
adult and child audiences during
the Depression. 

3294
02:57:54,300 --> 02:57:56,100
Her presence was never merely 
cute. 

3295
02:57:56,100 --> 02:57:58,900
She delivered genuine 
performance as that resonated 

3296
02:57:58,900 --> 02:58:01,900
with viewers longing for hope. 
Contemporary debates. 

3297
02:58:01,900 --> 02:58:04,300
Also, scrutinize the 
exploitative elements of 

3298
02:58:04,300 --> 02:58:07,400
Hollywood during the 1930s and 
their incorporation of child 

3299
02:58:07,400 --> 02:58:10,400
performers into adult driven 
stories Shirley was no 

3300
02:58:10,400 --> 02:58:13,300
exception. 
The baby burlesque short films 

3301
02:58:13,300 --> 02:58:16,500
of her earliest, career remain a
stark reminder of how children 

3302
02:58:16,500 --> 02:58:20,100
were sometimes positioned in 
questionable scenarios yet, she 

3303
02:58:20,100 --> 02:58:23,900
transcended that environment 
emerging as a figure who buy her

3304
02:58:23,900 --> 02:58:27,600
fortitude and mother's fears 
oversight navigated the system 

3305
02:58:27,600 --> 02:58:29,300
without losing her essential 
Spark. 

3306
02:58:30,200 --> 02:58:32,900
Her personal Evolution, 
underscores an important lesson 

3307
02:58:32,900 --> 02:58:36,200
that Fame, especially at a young
age. 

3308
02:58:36,200 --> 02:58:38,600
Need not Define one's entire 
existence. 

3309
02:58:39,600 --> 02:58:42,400
While many child stars collapse 
under the weight of early, 

3310
02:58:42,400 --> 02:58:45,300
celebrity Shirley Temple, 
channeled it into fresh 

3311
02:58:45,300 --> 02:58:47,900
Pursuits. 
Where the campaigning for a 

3312
02:58:47,900 --> 02:58:50,400
congressional seating, 
California or speaking openly 

3313
02:58:50,400 --> 02:58:54,100
about her breast cancer, surgery
she tackled each phase with 

3314
02:58:54,100 --> 02:58:56,800
authenticity. 
She displayed a consistent 

3315
02:58:56,800 --> 02:58:59,700
willingness to meet challenges 
head-on and attribute. 

3316
02:58:59,700 --> 02:59:02,300
That stands in contrast. 
The perceived innocence of her 

3317
02:59:02,300 --> 02:59:05,300
childhood film roles. 
Perhaps it was that original 

3318
02:59:05,300 --> 02:59:08,700
Wellspring of discipline, 
memorizing lines, perfecting 

3319
02:59:08,700 --> 02:59:10,900
dance. 
Routines that carried over into 

3320
02:59:10,900 --> 02:59:13,300
her adult life. 
Enabling her to approach any 

3321
02:59:13,300 --> 02:59:17,100
hurdle with equal resolve 
Moreover, her diplomatic service

3322
02:59:17,100 --> 02:59:19,500
remains one of the more 
surprising chapters of her 

3323
02:59:19,500 --> 02:59:21,600
story. 
Stepping into the role of 

3324
02:59:21,600 --> 02:59:24,400
Ambassador in two distinct. 
Contexts Garner and checks 

3325
02:59:24,400 --> 02:59:28,400
larkia reflected and 
adaptability rarely seen in 

3326
02:59:28,400 --> 02:59:31,700
Showbiz alumni, while some saw 
her as merely a ceremonial 

3327
02:59:31,700 --> 02:59:34,800
figure she quickly demonstrated 
that star quality could 

3328
02:59:34,800 --> 02:59:36,800
harmonize with serious policy 
work. 

3329
02:59:37,500 --> 02:59:40,800
By advocating for environmental 
issues at the UN fostering 

3330
02:59:40,800 --> 02:59:44,500
cultural exchanges in Garner and
navigating the complexities of a

3331
02:59:44,500 --> 02:59:48,000
post-communist check landscape. 
She expanded the definition of 

3332
02:59:48,000 --> 02:59:50,400
how a public figure can serve 
national interests. 

3333
02:59:51,100 --> 02:59:54,000
Tenure in Prague during the 
Velvet Revolution coincided with

3334
02:59:54,000 --> 02:59:57,600
a seismic shift in global 
politics, a pivotal moment that 

3335
02:59:57,600 --> 03:00:02,000
fundamentally reshaped Europe. 
That Vantage Point alone placed 

3336
03:00:02,000 --> 03:00:04,500
her in the orbit of towering 
figures like hateful forever, 

3337
03:00:04,500 --> 03:00:07,700
linking her name to a Monumental
historical pivot, even as 

3338
03:00:07,700 --> 03:00:10,000
critics debate, the merits of 
her earliest films, or the 

3339
03:00:10,000 --> 03:00:12,400
complexity of her mother's role 
in orchestrating. 

3340
03:00:12,400 --> 03:00:16,100
Her start of Shirley Temple's 
narrative, remains or inspiring 

3341
03:00:16,100 --> 03:00:19,300
for its breath, the child, who 
wants sparred with co-stars 

3342
03:00:19,300 --> 03:00:22,000
twice, her height became an 
adult who regularly engaged with

3343
03:00:22,000 --> 03:00:24,400
world leaders in the same life 
time. 

3344
03:00:24,400 --> 03:00:28,600
She delighted Depression era 
Cinema audience's, and then half

3345
03:00:28,600 --> 03:00:31,600
of the century later, watched 
democracy break ground in 

3346
03:00:31,600 --> 03:00:34,400
Eastern Europe. 
That range of experiences 

3347
03:00:34,400 --> 03:00:37,800
underscores a singular life that
mirrored the transformations of 

3348
03:00:37,808 --> 03:00:42,600
a century. today, her iconic 
cherub face continues to Adorn 

3349
03:00:42,600 --> 03:00:46,900
vintage movie posters and DVD 
covers Young dancers, still 

3350
03:00:46,900 --> 03:00:49,100
attempt to replicate her 
signature tap routines. 

3351
03:00:49,800 --> 03:00:52,200
Parents introduced her black and
white musicals to new 

3352
03:00:52,200 --> 03:00:54,700
generations, yet parallel to 
that cultural. 

3353
03:00:54,700 --> 03:00:57,000
Imprint stands the Lesser 
celebrated. 

3354
03:00:57,000 --> 03:01:00,000
But equally significant tale of 
an American who chose to 

3355
03:01:00,000 --> 03:01:01,800
redirect celebrity into public 
service. 

3356
03:01:01,800 --> 03:01:04,800
Forging a second Legacy as an 
advocate and diplomat. 

3357
03:01:05,500 --> 03:01:08,800
In so, doing Shirley Temple. 
Black left us a message about 

3358
03:01:08,800 --> 03:01:12,000
resilience that even the 
brightest, most ephemeral 

3359
03:01:12,000 --> 03:01:14,000
childhood glow can evolve into 
something more. 

3360
03:01:14,000 --> 03:01:17,700
Expansive guiding, not just a 
film studios fortunes, but 

3361
03:01:17,700 --> 03:01:20,800
International dialogue and 
philanthropic causes as well. 

3362
03:01:21,600 --> 03:01:24,600
And in the end, perhaps that 
quite metamorphosis is her most 

3363
03:01:24,600 --> 03:01:36,300
enduring if underappreciated 
achievement Have you ever been 

3364
03:01:36,300 --> 03:01:39,100
looking through old photo albums
and come across a picture that 

3365
03:01:39,100 --> 03:01:41,900
makes you stop and think? 
There are hints of stories. 

3366
03:01:41,900 --> 03:01:45,200
You have never heard but somehow
recognized in the face, is the 

3367
03:01:45,200 --> 03:01:48,100
clothing. 
And the way the light falls when

3368
03:01:48,100 --> 03:01:51,000
you venture into the realm of 
ancient myths, that is precisely

3369
03:01:51,000 --> 03:01:53,700
what occurs? 
These are not merely Dusty 

3370
03:01:53,700 --> 03:01:57,100
stories from long gone 
societies, rather their family. 

3371
03:01:57,100 --> 03:02:00,300
Portraits of the human Spirit 
glimpses of the things we have. 

3372
03:02:00,300 --> 03:02:03,000
Always feared hoped for and 
wandered about. 

3373
03:02:03,000 --> 03:02:06,900
Well before there were textbooks
documentaries or that one friend

3374
03:02:06,900 --> 03:02:09,800
who always has the Wikipedia 
page open, there were 

3375
03:02:09,808 --> 03:02:12,900
storytellers. 
Imagine this, you're sitting 

3376
03:02:12,900 --> 03:02:14,400
around the first campfire in 
history. 

3377
03:02:14,408 --> 03:02:18,200
When someone asked the question 
that started it all, So, how 

3378
03:02:18,200 --> 03:02:21,200
exactly did we get here? 
They had a lot of imagination, 

3379
03:02:21,200 --> 03:02:23,700
too. 
The enuma Elish is a wonderfully

3380
03:02:23,700 --> 03:02:26,000
chaotic creation story. 
That was told by the ancient 

3381
03:02:26,000 --> 03:02:29,000
Babylonians. 
Imagine the universe beginning 

3382
03:02:29,000 --> 03:02:32,200
with a family dispute that went 
totally wrong rather than with a

3383
03:02:32,200 --> 03:02:35,400
big bang. 
Consider Tiamat a primordial 

3384
03:02:35,400 --> 03:02:37,600
water goddess. 
To be the epitome of the 

3385
03:02:37,600 --> 03:02:39,900
helicopter parent who genuinely 
detested. 

3386
03:02:39,900 --> 03:02:41,600
Her children growing up and 
moving out. 

3387
03:02:42,400 --> 03:02:45,000
The younger Gods. 
Her children are acting like 

3388
03:02:45,000 --> 03:02:48,900
teenagers with the ability to 
create universes making too much

3389
03:02:48,908 --> 03:02:51,000
noise and hosting Cosmic 
parties. 

3390
03:02:51,000 --> 03:02:54,700
Tmat literally becomes a nuclear
parent after deciding that 

3391
03:02:54,700 --> 03:02:58,000
enough is enough. 
She makes Monster's and not just

3392
03:02:58,000 --> 03:03:01,000
any monsters, but the kind that 
would make a director of a 

3393
03:03:01,000 --> 03:03:04,700
horror film cry with jealousy. 
They have serpent heads, 

3394
03:03:04,700 --> 03:03:08,500
scorpion tails and dispositions,
that would drive a honey badger 

3395
03:03:08,500 --> 03:03:12,400
to retreat her scheme, get rid 
of the young gods and bring some

3396
03:03:12,400 --> 03:03:15,500
Tranquility back to the universe
as is always the case with 

3397
03:03:15,500 --> 03:03:18,200
family drama. 
This is where things start to 

3398
03:03:18,200 --> 03:03:20,100
get interesting and a little 
ridiculous. 

3399
03:03:20,100 --> 03:03:24,700
Marduk her great-great-grandson 
takes over young, ambitious, and

3400
03:03:24,700 --> 03:03:27,400
equipped, with Divine weapons 
that would make any superhero 

3401
03:03:27,400 --> 03:03:29,800
envious. 
He is essentially the family's 

3402
03:03:29,800 --> 03:03:32,200
Golden Child. 
He has a net that can catch 

3403
03:03:32,200 --> 03:03:34,400
anything and winds that can 
topple mountains. 

3404
03:03:34,400 --> 03:03:37,300
If Nature Documentaries 
featured, magic weapons and 

3405
03:03:37,300 --> 03:03:40,600
failed, family therapy, the 
conflict between Tiamat and 

3406
03:03:40,608 --> 03:03:43,700
Marduk would be like, watching a
documentary about Cosmic forces.

3407
03:03:44,800 --> 03:03:47,900
Marduk defeats Tiamat, not only 
by using physical Force. 

3408
03:03:47,900 --> 03:03:52,100
But also, by outwitting his 
elderly grandmother He turns her

3409
03:03:52,100 --> 03:03:54,800
body into the Earth and the 
heavens by using her own chaotic

3410
03:03:54,800 --> 03:03:57,600
Waters against her. 
In Divine real estate 

3411
03:03:57,600 --> 03:04:01,600
development, nothing is wasted 
its recycling on a global scale.

3412
03:04:01,600 --> 03:04:05,400
The conflict between traditional
and novel Concepts between the 

3413
03:04:05,400 --> 03:04:08,200
familiar chaos and the 
unpredictability of the order of

3414
03:04:08,208 --> 03:04:11,300
we could establish is what makes
this story so Charming. 

3415
03:04:12,000 --> 03:04:15,500
Every family has a tear Matt 
someone who recalls a time when 

3416
03:04:15,500 --> 03:04:19,200
everything was easier, even if 
that meant total chaos, the 

3417
03:04:19,200 --> 03:04:21,900
beginning of the Norse, people 
are delightfully strange in that

3418
03:04:21,900 --> 03:04:26,200
specific Scandinavian way. 
Which sounds like a dental 

3419
03:04:26,200 --> 03:04:29,700
procedure, but is actually a 
cosmic void existed before 

3420
03:04:29,700 --> 03:04:32,700
anything else. 
Imagine it as the universe's 

3421
03:04:32,700 --> 03:04:34,700
awkward. 
Adolescence, when it was unsure 

3422
03:04:34,700 --> 03:04:38,300
of its own identity muspelheim, 
a world of fire that would make 

3423
03:04:38,300 --> 03:04:42,100
a July Arizona day seemed like a
Pleasant Fall de Leon. 

3424
03:04:42,100 --> 03:04:45,800
One side of this emptiness. 
Niflheim, a world of ice and 

3425
03:04:45,800 --> 03:04:48,200
missed, that would make a 
Canadian winter appear Tropical 

3426
03:04:48,200 --> 03:04:51,500
Lei on the opposite side. 
You get what you would expect 

3427
03:04:51,500 --> 03:04:54,500
when Fire and Ice Collide in the
middle of these two extremes. 

3428
03:04:54,500 --> 03:04:56,800
There was a lot of steam and a 
mere. 

3429
03:04:56,800 --> 03:04:59,200
The first giant came out of this
Cosmic sauna. 

3430
03:04:59,200 --> 03:05:01,600
Now Emir wasn't exactly a model 
citizen. 

3431
03:05:01,600 --> 03:05:04,800
He was more akin to that 
neighbor who lets his yard run a

3432
03:05:04,800 --> 03:05:07,100
mark and somehow manages to turn
it into an ecosystem. 

3433
03:05:07,900 --> 03:05:11,300
He sweated a lot while he slept 
and more Giants emerge from his 

3434
03:05:11,300 --> 03:05:14,500
perspiration. 
It's disgusting but strangely 

3435
03:05:14,500 --> 03:05:17,700
effective. 
Old-fashioned sweating suffices 

3436
03:05:17,700 --> 03:05:20,900
in the primordial World dating 
apps and not necessary. 

3437
03:05:20,900 --> 03:05:24,000
Since Emir was taking up too 
much room and let's face it. 

3438
03:05:24,000 --> 03:05:27,300
The hygiene situation was 
getting out of control the gods.

3439
03:05:27,300 --> 03:05:31,400
Finally decided he had to leave.
His flesh became the Earth, his 

3440
03:05:31,400 --> 03:05:34,600
blood, the Seas his bones, the 
mountains and his skull, the 

3441
03:05:34,600 --> 03:05:37,600
sky, and they killed him and 
used his body to create the 

3442
03:05:37,600 --> 03:05:39,500
world. 
It's the quintessential 

3443
03:05:39,500 --> 03:05:43,000
do-it-yourself project and 
explains why the Norse was so 

3444
03:05:43,008 --> 03:05:45,200
Adept at maximizing scarce 
resources. 

3445
03:05:45,200 --> 03:05:48,700
The Dreamtime a concept that is 
a combination of geography 

3446
03:05:48,700 --> 03:05:52,100
history and an endless. 
Family reunion is perhaps the 

3447
03:05:52,100 --> 03:05:54,800
most endearingly realistic 
creation story told by 

3448
03:05:54,800 --> 03:05:57,700
Aboriginal Australians. 
The Dreamtime is about the 

3449
03:05:57,700 --> 03:06:00,000
moment. 
The world was created but it's 

3450
03:06:00,000 --> 03:06:02,100
also about the moment. 
It's constantly being created. 

3451
03:06:02,100 --> 03:06:05,800
Imagine the landscape as a 
living library with the Hill, 

3452
03:06:05,800 --> 03:06:09,100
Rock and water feature. 
Representing a chapter in a 

3453
03:06:09,100 --> 03:06:12,000
continuous narrative. 
One of the most significant. 

3454
03:06:12,000 --> 03:06:14,700
Dreamtime creatures, the rainbow
serpent. 

3455
03:06:14,700 --> 03:06:18,500
Not only made valleys and 
rivers, but she also Drew up the

3456
03:06:18,500 --> 03:06:20,700
rules for coexisting peacefully 
with the land. 

3457
03:06:21,400 --> 03:06:24,400
Like a cosmic interior 
decorator, she traversed, the 

3458
03:06:24,400 --> 03:06:29,700
continent located establishing, 
holy locations, and laying out 

3459
03:06:29,700 --> 03:06:31,800
guidelines for how people should
interact with their 

3460
03:06:31,800 --> 03:06:34,400
surroundings. 
This Viewpoint is lovely because

3461
03:06:34,400 --> 03:06:36,900
it allows you to actively 
participate in the creative 

3462
03:06:36,900 --> 03:06:39,500
process. 
Every time you step out side, 

3463
03:06:39,500 --> 03:06:42,700
your walking through the story 
itself, not just witnessing the 

3464
03:06:42,700 --> 03:06:45,400
outcomes of some Cosmic event 
that happened ages ago. 

3465
03:06:45,400 --> 03:06:49,500
Every Sunrise is the first 
Sunrise of the day as well as 

3466
03:06:49,500 --> 03:06:52,800
the Sunrise of today. 
Each tree has a connection to 

3467
03:06:52,800 --> 03:06:55,800
both the original tree and all 
subsequent trees that will 

3468
03:06:55,800 --> 03:06:59,000
Sprout from its seeds. 
There is a profound commonality 

3469
03:06:59,000 --> 03:07:02,700
among these creation stories. 
They acknowledge that beans are 

3470
03:07:02,700 --> 03:07:06,500
messy complex and frequently 
involve far more chaos and we 

3471
03:07:06,500 --> 03:07:10,800
would like They acknowledge that
making anything valuable be at a

3472
03:07:10,800 --> 03:07:13,600
universe or a good lasagna 
involves getting your hands 

3473
03:07:13,600 --> 03:07:16,600
dirty making mistakes and 
occasionally beginning from 

3474
03:07:16,600 --> 03:07:18,700
scratch. 
Let's talk about heroes. 

3475
03:07:18,700 --> 03:07:21,100
Now that we figured out how it 
all began and what to 

3476
03:07:21,108 --> 03:07:24,500
delightfully, messy Affair that 
was, but not the kind that you 

3477
03:07:24,508 --> 03:07:27,400
see in superhero movies, where 
everything is expertly, 

3478
03:07:27,400 --> 03:07:29,300
sculpted. 
And they have the amazing 

3479
03:07:29,300 --> 03:07:32,800
ability to save the world 
without breaking a nail, ancient

3480
03:07:32,800 --> 03:07:35,500
Heroes were more akin to that 
well-meaning friend, who 

3481
03:07:35,500 --> 03:07:38,300
constantly breaks things and 
puts people in awkward 

3482
03:07:38,300 --> 03:07:42,100
situations, but somehow by a 
combination of good, fortune, 

3483
03:07:42,100 --> 03:07:46,200
obstinacy and occasional genius 
manages to save the day. 

3484
03:07:46,200 --> 03:07:50,000
Consider the Gilgamesh, if you 
have not heard of him, consider 

3485
03:07:50,000 --> 03:07:52,900
him the first Action Hero in 
history, complete with the 

3486
03:07:52,900 --> 03:07:54,700
emotional baggage and bad 
judgment. 

3487
03:07:54,700 --> 03:07:58,300
That would define the genre. 
For centuries to come, he ruled 

3488
03:07:58,300 --> 03:08:01,100
over a rook, which was 
essentially the ancient world's 

3489
03:08:01,100 --> 03:08:04,200
equivalent of a large city 
impressive, but not without its 

3490
03:08:04,200 --> 03:08:07,500
share of urban issues, Gilgamesh
possessed all the qualities. 

3491
03:08:07,600 --> 03:08:11,800
Of King could desire, wealth, 
power, magnificent architectural

3492
03:08:11,800 --> 03:08:13,800
Feats. 
And the assurance that comes 

3493
03:08:13,800 --> 03:08:17,600
from being two, thirds divine 
However, he also possessed the 

3494
03:08:17,608 --> 03:08:20,100
social skills of a teenager who 
drinks a lot of coffee. 

3495
03:08:20,100 --> 03:08:23,500
He was that boss, who shows up 
at parties without invitation, 

3496
03:08:23,500 --> 03:08:26,800
micro-manages everything and 
generally adds unnecessary 

3497
03:08:26,800 --> 03:08:30,200
complexity to everyone's lives 
after growing tired of his 

3498
03:08:30,208 --> 03:08:32,300
Antics. 
The people of Iraq, complaint to

3499
03:08:32,300 --> 03:08:34,800
the gods as anyone would in 
their circumstances. 

3500
03:08:36,100 --> 03:08:38,700
The gods, displaying the sort of
divine wisdom, that leaves. 

3501
03:08:38,700 --> 03:08:41,100
You wondering how they were able
to get their positions in the 

3502
03:08:41,108 --> 03:08:44,300
first place decided that 
speaking with Gilgamesh about 

3503
03:08:44,300 --> 03:08:47,100
his actions and perhaps offering
some Management training was not

3504
03:08:47,100 --> 03:08:50,700
the answer instead. 
They made someone who was a 

3505
03:08:50,700 --> 03:08:53,100
strong and unyielding as 
Gilgamesh in the hopes that they

3506
03:08:53,100 --> 03:08:55,000
would battle each other and 
leave everyone else. 

3507
03:08:55,000 --> 03:08:57,700
Alone enkidu came into the 
picture in this way. 

3508
03:08:57,700 --> 03:09:01,900
Enkidu was the antithesis of 
Gilgamesh whereas Gilgamesh was 

3509
03:09:01,900 --> 03:09:05,600
refined but Annoying enkidu was 
wild but sincere. 

3510
03:09:06,300 --> 03:09:09,600
He knew the language of nature 
lived among animals and had 

3511
03:09:09,600 --> 03:09:11,900
never known the unique stress 
that comes with handling 

3512
03:09:11,900 --> 03:09:13,400
building permits, or a city 
budget. 

3513
03:09:13,400 --> 03:09:16,700
When these two eventually 
crossed paths, they engaged in 

3514
03:09:16,700 --> 03:09:19,300
an epic wrestling match that 
likely damaged property across 

3515
03:09:19,300 --> 03:09:22,300
multiple city blocks. 
As you might expect from two 

3516
03:09:22,300 --> 03:09:25,900
alpha personalities, then 
however, an intriguing event 

3517
03:09:25,900 --> 03:09:29,000
occurred, they became best 
friends rather than destroying 

3518
03:09:29,000 --> 03:09:32,200
one another Seeing two 
hurricanes Collide and somehow 

3519
03:09:32,200 --> 03:09:33,700
created. 
A nice breeze was like that. 

3520
03:09:33,700 --> 03:09:36,200
Both of them were changed by 
their friendship. 

3521
03:09:37,100 --> 03:09:40,500
Gilgamesh gained empathy and 
realized that perhaps just 

3522
03:09:40,500 --> 03:09:43,500
possibly being the strongest 
person in the room does not 

3523
03:09:43,500 --> 03:09:46,200
necessarily make you the best 
candidate for every position. 

3524
03:09:47,500 --> 03:09:50,700
Enkidu gained knowledge of 
civilization, but he remained 

3525
03:09:50,700 --> 03:09:53,500
skeptical of some of its more 
absurd features such as the 

3526
03:09:53,500 --> 03:09:56,500
requirement to dress formally 
for formal meetings or the 

3527
03:09:56,508 --> 03:09:59,000
social pressure to act as those 
small talk matters. 

3528
03:09:59,000 --> 03:10:02,100
They embarked on adventures 
together that were equal parts. 

3529
03:10:02,100 --> 03:10:06,200
Ridiculous and heroic indeed, 
they battled monsters but they 

3530
03:10:06,208 --> 03:10:09,300
also face the issues that arise 
in any friendship between two 

3531
03:10:09,300 --> 03:10:11,800
individuals who are accustomed 
to being the center of 

3532
03:10:11,800 --> 03:10:14,200
attention. 
They argued over priorities 

3533
03:10:14,200 --> 03:10:18,200
strategy and most likely more 
than a few times whether they 

3534
03:10:18,200 --> 03:10:21,000
would be better off returning to
their simpler earlier lives. 

3535
03:10:21,000 --> 03:10:24,300
When they encountered Humber Bay
the protector of the seed of 

3536
03:10:24,300 --> 03:10:27,400
forest, their friendship was 
truly put to the test. 

3537
03:10:28,200 --> 03:10:30,900
The ancient equivalent of a 
security system created by 

3538
03:10:30,900 --> 03:10:32,500
someone with severe trust 
issues. 

3539
03:10:32,500 --> 03:10:37,700
Humber bar wasn't just any 
monster, he had many faces a 

3540
03:10:37,700 --> 03:10:39,100
roar. 
That could be heard from miles 

3541
03:10:39,100 --> 03:10:40,400
and breathe. 
That could kill it. 

3542
03:10:40,400 --> 03:10:43,300
Great distances. 
In addition to being risky, 

3543
03:10:43,300 --> 03:10:45,900
fighting him was the kind of 
foolishness that leaves, you 

3544
03:10:45,900 --> 03:10:48,800
wondering what they were 
thinking the problem with heroes

3545
03:10:48,800 --> 03:10:51,500
in ancient Tales. 
However, is that they don't act 

3546
03:10:51,500 --> 03:10:54,600
in ways that are simple or 
logical, they perform them 

3547
03:10:54,600 --> 03:10:56,300
because no one else is willing 
to do so. 

3548
03:10:56,300 --> 03:11:00,900
And someone has to Instead of 
using Superior Weaponry or 

3549
03:11:00,900 --> 03:11:04,700
cunning tactics Gilgamesh and 
kedu defeated Humber by working 

3550
03:11:04,700 --> 03:11:07,200
together and displaying the kind
of resolve that comes from 

3551
03:11:07,200 --> 03:11:09,200
having a loved one lookout for 
you though. 

3552
03:11:09,200 --> 03:11:11,700
Life has a way of defying 
narrative conventions. 

3553
03:11:11,700 --> 03:11:14,300
The victory should have been the
stories conclusion. 

3554
03:11:15,500 --> 03:11:18,200
The two friends were becoming 
too strong and self-assured. 

3555
03:11:18,200 --> 03:11:21,300
According to the gods who 
apparently had not learned from 

3556
03:11:21,300 --> 03:11:25,400
their earlier interventions. 
In the most unjust and unheroic 

3557
03:11:25,400 --> 03:11:28,600
manner imaginable. 
They killed enkidu not in 

3558
03:11:28,600 --> 03:11:32,500
combat, not valiantly. 
But through illness one of the 

3559
03:11:32,500 --> 03:11:34,900
most relatable scenes in all of 
ancient literature as 

3560
03:11:34,900 --> 03:11:37,000
gilgamesh's response to his 
friends passing. 

3561
03:11:37,800 --> 03:11:41,000
He didn't take it with stoic 
nobility, or use his sorrow to 

3562
03:11:41,000 --> 03:11:43,500
act morally, he completely 
collapsed. 

3563
03:11:43,500 --> 03:11:47,600
He was unable to eat sleep or 
comprehend how someone so 

3564
03:11:47,600 --> 03:11:51,300
vibrant could just vanish. 
He developed an obsession with 

3565
03:11:51,300 --> 03:11:54,500
figuring out how to bring in 
ki-doo back or at the very least

3566
03:11:54,500 --> 03:11:58,300
why death had to be involved. 
His quest to locate utna 

3567
03:11:58,300 --> 03:12:01,200
Peachtree team The Keeper of the
secret of immortality and a 

3568
03:12:01,200 --> 03:12:04,100
survivor of the great flood was 
motivated by this obsession. 

3569
03:12:05,100 --> 03:12:08,900
The trip was lengthy risky and 
full of the kinds of challenges 

3570
03:12:08,900 --> 03:12:11,600
that make you wonder if the 
final destination is worth the 

3571
03:12:11,600 --> 03:12:15,100
journey. 
Driven by the simple desperate, 

3572
03:12:15,100 --> 03:12:18,700
hope that perhaps just possibly,
there was a way to undo the 

3573
03:12:18,700 --> 03:12:21,400
unfixable. 
He traversed, underworlds 

3574
03:12:21,400 --> 03:12:23,500
climbed mountains, and crossed 
deserts. 

3575
03:12:23,500 --> 03:12:27,200
He eventually located 
utnapishtim who listened to his 

3576
03:12:27,200 --> 03:12:28,500
story before telling him 
something? 

3577
03:12:28,500 --> 03:12:31,500
That was precisely what he 
needed to know, but wasn't what 

3578
03:12:31,500 --> 03:12:35,700
he wanted to hear. 
According to utnapishtim death 

3579
03:12:35,700 --> 03:12:39,100
is what gives life purpose and 
is neither a punishment nor an 

3580
03:12:39,100 --> 03:12:41,000
error. 
There wouldn't be any pressure 

3581
03:12:41,000 --> 03:12:43,600
to love create, or make the most
of our time if there were no 

3582
03:12:43,600 --> 03:12:46,200
endings, however, would not be 
steamed. 

3583
03:12:46,200 --> 03:12:48,500
Also told Gilgamesh about a 
plant that could bring back 

3584
03:12:48,500 --> 03:12:51,100
youth because ancient Tales 
recognized that wisdom without 

3585
03:12:51,100 --> 03:12:55,900
hope is simply depression and 
Not exactly a mortality but the 

3586
03:12:55,908 --> 03:12:58,900
opportunity to begin a new to 
apply the lessons. 

3587
03:12:58,900 --> 03:13:00,400
He had learned to a new phase of
his life. 

3588
03:13:00,400 --> 03:13:02,700
The plant was discovered by 
Gilgamesh. 

3589
03:13:03,700 --> 03:13:07,300
He had the ability to turn back 
time, regain his Youth, and have

3590
03:13:07,300 --> 03:13:11,100
another chance at everything. 
Then in a moment of utterly 

3591
03:13:11,100 --> 03:13:15,700
human negligence, he put it down
during a bath and took it from 

3592
03:13:15,700 --> 03:13:17,400
him. 
You might anticipate that this 

3593
03:13:17,400 --> 03:13:20,600
will be the last crushing blow, 
the point at, which are hero 

3594
03:13:20,600 --> 03:13:23,000
surrenders Gilgamesh. 
However, laughed. 

3595
03:13:23,000 --> 03:13:26,000
Instead, the roof will chuckle 
of someone who has finally 

3596
03:13:26,000 --> 03:13:29,200
figured out the punchline to a 
cosmic joke, rather than the 

3597
03:13:29,200 --> 03:13:32,900
bitter laugh of defeat, He came 
to the realization that he had. 

3598
03:13:32,900 --> 03:13:35,200
Been searching in the wrong 
places for immortality. 

3599
03:13:35,800 --> 03:13:37,600
He was Immortal because of his 
tail. 

3600
03:13:37,600 --> 03:13:41,400
His friendship with enkidu and 
his quest comprehend life and 

3601
03:13:41,400 --> 03:13:42,600
death. 
Long. 

3602
03:13:42,600 --> 03:13:45,100
After his physical body was 
gone, they would be remembered 

3603
03:13:45,100 --> 03:13:48,200
and cherished told and retold. 
You should see what our 

3604
03:13:48,200 --> 03:13:50,500
ancestors had to deal with if 
you think dating is difficult 

3605
03:13:50,500 --> 03:13:54,000
now with its apps and algorithms
and the never-ending debate over

3606
03:13:54,000 --> 03:13:57,100
who should pay for coffee. 
Classic love Tales make the 

3607
03:13:57,100 --> 03:13:58,800
drama of contemporary 
relationships. 

3608
03:13:58,800 --> 03:14:01,400
Seem like a friendly argument 
about who gets to do the dishes 

3609
03:14:01,400 --> 03:14:04,900
first, these were not merely 
stories about a boy meeting a 

3610
03:14:04,900 --> 03:14:07,000
girl falling in love and leading
a happy life. 

3611
03:14:07,700 --> 03:14:11,300
These were epic Tales of passion
that had the power to literally 

3612
03:14:11,300 --> 03:14:15,400
alter the terrain jealousy. 
That could spot conflicts and 

3613
03:14:15,400 --> 03:14:18,900
romantic actions that needed 
either divine intervention or 

3614
03:14:18,900 --> 03:14:22,300
extremely high, insureance. 
The world's first tragic. 

3615
03:14:22,300 --> 03:14:25,900
Love song Orpheus and eurydice 
was brought to us by the Greeks.

3616
03:14:26,600 --> 03:14:28,400
Orpheus was no ordinary 
musician. 

3617
03:14:28,400 --> 03:14:31,500
He was the type of artist who 
could persuade rivers to alter 

3618
03:14:31,500 --> 03:14:34,600
their course, calls trees to 
uproot themselves in order to 

3619
03:14:34,600 --> 03:14:38,100
follow his music and most likely
persuade animals to harmonize 

3620
03:14:38,100 --> 03:14:41,000
with his melodies. 
He was essentially the result of

3621
03:14:41,000 --> 03:14:44,100
combining all of the greatest 
musicians in history and 

3622
03:14:44,100 --> 03:14:47,600
endowing them with superhuman 
Powers, because she understood 

3623
03:14:47,600 --> 03:14:51,000
the music Behind the Music, the 
silence between the notes that 

3624
03:14:51,000 --> 03:14:53,600
gave his art. 
Meaning eurydice, was his ideal 

3625
03:14:53,600 --> 03:14:57,000
match, not because she was a 
passive recipient of his talent.

3626
03:14:58,500 --> 03:15:01,000
They seem to communicate in 
their own private language of 

3627
03:15:01,008 --> 03:15:02,900
glances and half-formed 
sentences. 

3628
03:15:02,900 --> 03:15:05,900
The kind of love that makes 
other people feel both jealous 

3629
03:15:05,900 --> 03:15:08,500
and a little queasy they're 
happily ever after. 

3630
03:15:08,500 --> 03:15:10,200
Should have started on their 
wedding day. 

3631
03:15:11,000 --> 03:15:13,800
Rather it served as the Prelude 
to the sort of tragedy that 

3632
03:15:13,800 --> 03:15:17,100
makes you want to shout at the 
characters to just stay home and

3633
03:15:17,100 --> 03:15:20,500
get takeout. 
Eurydice stepped on a snake 

3634
03:15:20,500 --> 03:15:22,600
while strolling across a meadow 
doing. 

3635
03:15:22,600 --> 03:15:25,600
Just the kind of naive romantic 
thing that ancient story 

3636
03:15:25,600 --> 03:15:27,400
heroines ought to know better by
now. 

3637
03:15:28,100 --> 03:15:31,800
Not just any snake, but the kind
that only shows up in stories to

3638
03:15:31,800 --> 03:15:35,500
sabotage a delicate moments. 
She was instantly killed by the 

3639
03:15:35,500 --> 03:15:38,600
bite and all his realized that 
all of his musical ability was 

3640
03:15:38,600 --> 03:15:41,800
useless if he couldn't use it to
save the one person who meant 

3641
03:15:41,800 --> 03:15:45,500
the most to him, his grief 
wasn't the kind of subdued quiet

3642
03:15:45,500 --> 03:15:47,900
sadness. 
You see, in films, it was the 

3643
03:15:47,900 --> 03:15:50,800
unadulterated desperate kind 
that pushes you to do things. 

3644
03:15:50,800 --> 03:15:54,000
You never would have imagined 
you could He made the decision 

3645
03:15:54,000 --> 03:15:57,300
to go to the underworld in order
to retrieve her something that 

3646
03:15:57,300 --> 03:16:01,000
no living person had ever tried.
According to Greek mythology, 

3647
03:16:01,000 --> 03:16:03,500
the underworld was more than 
just a place of punishment. 

3648
03:16:03,500 --> 03:16:07,600
It was the cosmic counterpart of
the most exclusive Club on Earth

3649
03:16:07,600 --> 03:16:11,400
with a stricted mission's policy
that required death before. 

3650
03:16:11,400 --> 03:16:14,500
One could enter. 
With only his liar and the 

3651
03:16:14,500 --> 03:16:17,300
resolve that comes from having 
nothing left to lose, Orpheus 

3652
03:16:17,300 --> 03:16:20,100
appeared at the entrance. 
Either the most romantic gesture

3653
03:16:20,100 --> 03:16:22,600
in history or the most 
spectacular example of failing 

3654
03:16:22,600 --> 03:16:25,800
to know when to give up occurred
next. the entire underworld 

3655
03:16:25,800 --> 03:16:29,400
wept, when Orpheus performed for
Hades and Persephone the king 

3656
03:16:29,400 --> 03:16:34,400
and queen of the Dead, His music
was so Exquisite, so full of 

3657
03:16:34,400 --> 03:16:37,300
real love and loss. 
Eternal punishments. 

3658
03:16:37,300 --> 03:16:41,600
Paused the rivers of the Dead 
ceased to flow and death itself.

3659
03:16:41,600 --> 03:16:43,300
Appeared to listen for a brief 
moment. 

3660
03:16:43,300 --> 03:16:47,200
Hades, who was presumably 
unmoved by anything in his life?

3661
03:16:47,200 --> 03:16:49,700
Struck a bargain. 
There was a requirement that 

3662
03:16:49,700 --> 03:16:52,600
Orpheus lead you to see out 
without turning around before. 

3663
03:16:52,600 --> 03:16:54,200
She could return to the world of
the living. 

3664
03:16:55,600 --> 03:16:58,700
He was unable to look over a 
shoulder for confirmation to see

3665
03:16:58,708 --> 03:17:01,200
if she was following or even to 
catch a glimpse of her 

3666
03:17:01,200 --> 03:17:04,100
reflection. 
When someone you love is guide, 

3667
03:17:04,100 --> 03:17:07,100
you, while you're walking in the
dark, you have to have complete 

3668
03:17:07,100 --> 03:17:09,300
faith in them. 
Orpheus made it through the 

3669
03:17:09,300 --> 03:17:12,300
majority of the journey. 
He listened for the sound of her

3670
03:17:12,300 --> 03:17:15,600
footsteps behind him as he 
walked steadily upward, while 

3671
03:17:15,600 --> 03:17:19,000
guiding her with his liar. 
doubt, however, began to creep 

3672
03:17:19,000 --> 03:17:22,800
in as they got closer to the 
entrance to the world above What

3673
03:17:22,800 --> 03:17:24,600
if all of this was a cruel 
rooms? 

3674
03:17:24,600 --> 03:17:26,600
What if she wasn't actually 
present? 

3675
03:17:26,600 --> 03:17:29,900
What if the gods hadn't been 
moved by his love after all 

3676
03:17:29,900 --> 03:17:33,500
Orpheus turned around at the 
last second when Freedom 

3677
03:17:33,500 --> 03:17:36,500
appeared Within Reach and 
sunlight was visible ahead. 

3678
03:17:37,200 --> 03:17:41,200
He saw eurydice real and 
beautiful reaching for him and 

3679
03:17:41,200 --> 03:17:45,100
then he saw her go away forever.
There would be no Second 

3680
03:17:45,100 --> 03:17:48,100
Chances. 
No, please for divine pity and 

3681
03:17:48,100 --> 03:17:50,600
no cunning deals. 
This time, they had lost 

3682
03:17:50,600 --> 03:17:52,900
everything because of his lack 
of faith at the last. 

3683
03:17:52,900 --> 03:17:56,200
Crucial Moment, The Narrative 
might conclude there with 

3684
03:17:56,200 --> 03:17:58,900
Orpheus receiving a severe 
lesson in trust and living out 

3685
03:17:58,900 --> 03:18:00,400
the remainder of his days 
writing. 

3686
03:18:00,400 --> 03:18:04,200
Gloomy ballads, simple morals. 
However are insufficient to 

3687
03:18:04,200 --> 03:18:06,300
satisfy the love stories of the 
ancient world. 

3688
03:18:07,500 --> 03:18:10,700
Broken by his mistake and loss, 
Orpheus traveled the world 

3689
03:18:10,700 --> 03:18:13,900
performing Melancholy music that
moved people to tears for no 

3690
03:18:13,900 --> 03:18:17,200
apparent reason. 
The main ads danishes as 

3691
03:18:17,200 --> 03:18:20,100
followers eventually killed him 
because they were offended by 

3692
03:18:20,100 --> 03:18:23,100
his loyalty to his deceased wife
and his unwillingness to move 

3693
03:18:23,100 --> 03:18:25,200
on. 
But the Love Story went on even 

3694
03:18:25,200 --> 03:18:28,600
after death. 
Still singing, orpheus's head 

3695
03:18:28,600 --> 03:18:31,300
drifted across the sea and Down 
the River to the Island of 

3696
03:18:31,300 --> 03:18:33,700
Lesbos where it turned into an 
oracle. 

3697
03:18:33,700 --> 03:18:37,600
Even when death triumphs, some 
bombs are stronger than death. 

3698
03:18:37,600 --> 03:18:40,700
As demonstrated by the fact that
his love for eurydice. 

3699
03:18:40,700 --> 03:18:42,700
Literally outlasted his physical
life. 

3700
03:18:42,700 --> 03:18:45,800
Norse love stories were similar 
to relationship counseling 

3701
03:18:45,800 --> 03:18:48,400
conducted by people who use as 
to solve problems. 

3702
03:18:48,400 --> 03:18:52,500
If Greek love stories were 
complex Consider the tale of 

3703
03:18:52,500 --> 03:18:55,500
sigurd and brynhill, which 
somehow incorporates 

3704
03:18:55,500 --> 03:18:59,100
misidentification memory loss, 
family conflicts. 

3705
03:18:59,100 --> 03:19:02,100
And the sort of magical meddling
that leaves, you wondering why 

3706
03:19:02,100 --> 03:19:04,500
the gods didn't have more 
enjoyable, pastimes. 

3707
03:19:04,500 --> 03:19:08,200
As a typical Norse hero sigurd 
was strong courageous skilled 

3708
03:19:08,200 --> 03:19:11,300
with a sword and exuded the 
confidence that comes from 

3709
03:19:11,300 --> 03:19:13,500
having Divine ancestry and great
publicity. 

3710
03:19:13,500 --> 03:19:17,200
He killed the dragon fafnir 
claimed a treasure that was 

3711
03:19:17,200 --> 03:19:20,400
cursed in its own way and 
essentially made himself into 

3712
03:19:20,400 --> 03:19:22,900
the type of man that mothers 
warned their daughter's about 

3713
03:19:22,900 --> 03:19:25,200
but secretly hoped will ask them
to dance. 

3714
03:19:25,200 --> 03:19:29,700
One of Odin's chooses of the 
slain Grinnell was a valkyrie, a

3715
03:19:29,700 --> 03:19:31,800
sort of warrior Pomp, and 
career. 

3716
03:19:31,800 --> 03:19:35,700
Adviser for fallen heroes. 
Odin had cursed her to sleep 

3717
03:19:35,700 --> 03:19:38,100
until a hero courageous enough 
to Brave Ring of Fire. 

3718
03:19:38,100 --> 03:19:40,500
Woke her up because she had 
heard by assisting the wrong 

3719
03:19:40,500 --> 03:19:43,200
person in a battle. 
It was similar to Sleeping 

3720
03:19:43,200 --> 03:19:46,400
Beauty, but it placed less focus
on Hallmarks and more on 

3721
03:19:46,400 --> 03:19:49,500
fighting skills. 
It was love at first sight or at

3722
03:19:49,508 --> 03:19:53,300
least, at first Awakening, when 
sigurd discovered her and 

3723
03:19:53,300 --> 03:19:56,700
circled by flames and looking 
strikingly beautiful in her 

3724
03:19:56,700 --> 03:20:00,500
Enchanted, sleep, With all the 
further and conviction of those 

3725
03:20:00,500 --> 03:20:03,300
who have never had to deal with 
the difficulties of truly 

3726
03:20:03,300 --> 03:20:06,900
cohabitating on a daily basis. 
They committed themselves to one

3727
03:20:06,900 --> 03:20:10,500
another however, complications 
arose because this is a North 

3728
03:20:10,500 --> 03:20:13,100
tale and the gods get anxious 
when people are happy. 

3729
03:20:13,700 --> 03:20:17,100
A potion that completely erased 
brynhill was administered to see

3730
03:20:17,100 --> 03:20:20,700
good who married King Yuki's 
daughter goudron while under its

3731
03:20:20,700 --> 03:20:23,600
influence. 
Try explaining magical memory 

3732
03:20:23,600 --> 03:20:26,500
loss to someone whose heart you 
just broke, even though it 

3733
03:20:26,500 --> 03:20:29,900
wasn't exactly his fault. 
In the meantime, Brynn, who 

3734
03:20:29,900 --> 03:20:32,600
still thought so good. 
Loved her was duped into 

3735
03:20:32,600 --> 03:20:34,600
marrying. 
Good runs brother gonna by means

3736
03:20:34,600 --> 03:20:37,300
of a complex ruse in which 
sigurd pretended to be someone 

3737
03:20:37,300 --> 03:20:40,400
else and obtained her hand in 
marriage on Gunners behalf. 

3738
03:20:41,000 --> 03:20:43,600
It's the sort of plot that makes
you appreciate the relative 

3739
03:20:43,600 --> 03:20:46,700
Simplicity of contemporary 
dating apps and assessments of 

3740
03:20:46,700 --> 03:20:48,700
flowchart. 
The situation went from 

3741
03:20:48,700 --> 03:20:52,300
complicated to disastrous when 
the magic wore off and everyone 

3742
03:20:52,300 --> 03:20:55,800
realized what to truly happened.
Good run that her husband's 

3743
03:20:55,800 --> 03:20:58,300
heart belonged to someone else. 
She could recalled. 

3744
03:20:58,300 --> 03:21:02,000
His true love, grinned realized,
she'd been duped, and Gunna 

3745
03:21:02,000 --> 03:21:04,200
found himself married to a woman
who was planning to murder. 

3746
03:21:04,200 --> 03:21:06,500
His brother in law, everyone 
died. 

3747
03:21:06,500 --> 03:21:10,500
But they did it with dignity and
style which is a quintessential 

3748
03:21:10,500 --> 03:21:13,500
Norse resolution in order for 
them to die together. 

3749
03:21:13,500 --> 03:21:17,200
Bryn hilde planned sigurd murder
and then took her own life. 

3750
03:21:17,800 --> 03:21:19,900
Gonna lost both his 
brother-in-law and his wife 

3751
03:21:19,900 --> 03:21:24,000
goudron, was left a widow and 
the entire tragic mess became 

3752
03:21:24,000 --> 03:21:27,900
the focus of Epic poems that are
still told today, let's face it.

3753
03:21:27,900 --> 03:21:30,900
The majority of these old love 
stories don't have Happy 

3754
03:21:30,900 --> 03:21:33,400
Endings, which isn't what makes 
them so captivating. 

3755
03:21:34,300 --> 03:21:37,100
It's their understanding that 
love is both the most potent and

3756
03:21:37,100 --> 03:21:39,300
the most perilous force in Human
Experience. 

3757
03:21:40,000 --> 03:21:42,800
Love has the power to motivate 
people to do, Unthinkable, 

3758
03:21:42,800 --> 03:21:45,800
bravery and devotional Deeds, 
but it can also lead them to 

3759
03:21:45,800 --> 03:21:49,100
making incredibly bad choices 
that have an impact on entire 

3760
03:21:49,100 --> 03:21:50,800
Kingdoms. 
In addition to the themselves, 

3761
03:21:50,800 --> 03:21:53,900
ancient storytellers, recognize 
something that contemporary 

3762
03:21:53,900 --> 03:21:57,300
romance occasionally overlooks, 
That the intensity of Love is 

3763
03:21:57,300 --> 03:22:00,300
directly correlated with its 
capacity for both creation and 

3764
03:22:00,300 --> 03:22:03,200
destruction. 
These weren't sterile fairy 

3765
03:22:03,200 --> 03:22:06,300
tales about meeting your true 
love and leading a conflict-free

3766
03:22:06,300 --> 03:22:08,700
life. 
They were candid admissions. 

3767
03:22:08,700 --> 03:22:11,400
That love is a complex messy, 
often a logical and 

3768
03:22:11,400 --> 03:22:14,900
fundamentally Human Experience. 
Every family has that one 

3769
03:22:14,900 --> 03:22:18,900
relative who unexpectedly attend
events makes a fence of jokes 

3770
03:22:18,900 --> 03:22:22,200
break, something Priceless 
somehow adds interest to the 

3771
03:22:22,208 --> 03:22:25,200
event and leaves, you wondering,
if you should give them a hug or

3772
03:22:25,200 --> 03:22:27,500
keep the nice China for yourself
the next time. 

3773
03:22:28,400 --> 03:22:30,500
These characters are known as 
tricksters in mythology. 

3774
03:22:30,500 --> 03:22:33,800
They are so more than just 
stories about bad behavior or 

3775
03:22:33,800 --> 03:22:38,000
comedic relief, the other change
makers and Cosmic comedians, who

3776
03:22:38,000 --> 03:22:40,600
serve as a reminder that 
sometimes the most surprising 

3777
03:22:40,600 --> 03:22:41,900
answers lead to the best 
answers. 

3778
03:22:41,900 --> 03:22:44,000
Thanks to recent Motion 
Pictures. 

3779
03:22:44,000 --> 03:22:47,800
Loki is arguably the most well, 
known trickster of all time, but

3780
03:22:47,800 --> 03:22:50,600
the Hollywood adaptation hardly 
captures his complexity. 

3781
03:22:51,200 --> 03:22:54,000
A villain with good cheekbones 
and daddy issues wasn't all 

3782
03:22:54,000 --> 03:22:56,100
that. 
The Norse Loki was he was the 

3783
03:22:56,108 --> 03:22:59,600
god of necessary complications 
the Divine representation of the

3784
03:22:59,600 --> 03:23:02,900
idea that sometimes things must 
be broken in order to be 

3785
03:23:02,900 --> 03:23:05,900
properly fixed, Loki's 
relationship with the other gods

3786
03:23:05,900 --> 03:23:08,800
was similar to that of a friend 
who always comes up with the 

3787
03:23:08,800 --> 03:23:12,400
most absurd solution to any 
issue and somehow succeeds. 

3788
03:23:12,400 --> 03:23:15,700
So frequently that people 
continue to listen to him, he 

3789
03:23:15,700 --> 03:23:19,400
wasn't inherently bad. 
Rather he was the type of person

3790
03:23:19,400 --> 03:23:22,100
who brings up awkward topics 
during family, gatherings and 

3791
03:23:22,100 --> 03:23:24,900
calls out hypocrisy. 
When the gods decided that 

3792
03:23:24,900 --> 03:23:27,900
Asgard needed more security, 
they hired a builder who said 

3793
03:23:27,900 --> 03:23:30,400
they could create an impregnable
wall in a single season. 

3794
03:23:31,200 --> 03:23:34,900
The cost, the goddess, freyja 
the Moon, and the Sun. 

3795
03:23:35,900 --> 03:23:38,200
The gods agreed because they 
were certain the Builder 

3796
03:23:38,200 --> 03:23:40,500
couldn't possibly meet the 
deadline even though it was 

3797
03:23:40,500 --> 03:23:43,000
clearly a bad deal. 
The kind of contract that makes 

3798
03:23:43,000 --> 03:23:46,300
you wonder if anyone actually 
reads the fine print naturally. 

3799
03:23:46,300 --> 03:23:47,500
The Builder. 
Had a secret weapon. 

3800
03:23:47,500 --> 03:23:51,700
Sveadal Farrari, a magnificent 
stallion capable of moving 

3801
03:23:51,700 --> 03:23:53,600
stones. 
That should have taken an entire

3802
03:23:53,600 --> 03:23:55,900
crew of workers. 
The gods realized. 

3803
03:23:55,900 --> 03:23:58,100
They were going to lose some of 
their most precious possessions 

3804
03:23:58,100 --> 03:24:01,000
to what was effectively an 
extremely costly construction 

3805
03:24:01,000 --> 03:24:04,200
project as the deadline Drew 
closer and the wall. 

3806
03:24:04,200 --> 03:24:07,000
Got closer to completion, Loki's
unique approach. 

3807
03:24:07,000 --> 03:24:08,900
To problem solving was helpful 
in the situation. 

3808
03:24:10,000 --> 03:24:13,500
In a typically unorthodox move, 
he changed into a mayor and 

3809
03:24:13,500 --> 03:24:16,500
enticed saddle, farrier way. 
Just in time to prevent the 

3810
03:24:16,500 --> 03:24:19,800
Builder from completing the 
wall, The plan was successful, 

3811
03:24:19,800 --> 03:24:23,700
but it had an unintended 
consequence Loki, gave birth to 

3812
03:24:23,700 --> 03:24:25,900
snipe near an eight-legged 
horse. 

3813
03:24:25,900 --> 03:24:28,900
That became Odin's Mount and 
possibly the most peculiar 

3814
03:24:28,900 --> 03:24:32,300
addition to any family tree in 
mythological history, tricksters

3815
03:24:32,300 --> 03:24:34,600
are willing to pay personal 
costs to solve problems. 

3816
03:24:34,600 --> 03:24:38,200
That everyone else is too proud 
to dignified or two traditional 

3817
03:24:38,200 --> 03:24:40,200
to handle as the story 
demonstrates. 

3818
03:24:41,300 --> 03:24:44,700
Not only did Loki save the gods 
from a bad deal but he also 

3819
03:24:44,700 --> 03:24:46,400
effectively and strangely 
embodied. 

3820
03:24:46,400 --> 03:24:49,200
The solution tricksters, 
however, are not exclusively 

3821
03:24:49,200 --> 03:24:52,600
Norse of all the chaos agents 
and Nancy the spider. 

3822
03:24:52,600 --> 03:24:56,000
The West African custom is 
arguably the most endearing. 

3823
03:24:56,900 --> 03:24:59,900
Announcing was more of a Purpose
Driven, strategic Troublemaker 

3824
03:24:59,900 --> 03:25:02,000
than Loki. 
Whose tricks frequently had 

3825
03:25:02,000 --> 03:25:05,100
unexpected repercussions that 
descended into Cosmic drama. 

3826
03:25:05,800 --> 03:25:09,300
He redistributed resources power
and knowledge from those who 

3827
03:25:09,300 --> 03:25:12,500
hoarded them to those who needed
them rather than causing chaos 

3828
03:25:12,500 --> 03:25:15,700
for its own sake. 
Not merely a family tragedy the 

3829
03:25:15,700 --> 03:25:18,900
story of Osiris's death and 
Resurrection became a model for 

3830
03:25:18,900 --> 03:25:22,400
comprehending, how life can 
emerge from Death, how chaos can

3831
03:25:22,400 --> 03:25:25,800
be brought back to order and how
love can overcome destruction 

3832
03:25:25,800 --> 03:25:29,500
with perseverance wisdom, and 
truly amazing, magical 

3833
03:25:29,500 --> 03:25:33,600
abilities, In addition to 
Reviving, her husband, Isis 

3834
03:25:33,600 --> 03:25:36,500
changed the Egyptians perception
of death and what possibilities 

3835
03:25:36,500 --> 03:25:39,900
lay Beyond it compared to the 
gods of the Greeks and Egyptians

3836
03:25:39,900 --> 03:25:42,900
the gods of the Hindu tradition 
were both more Cosmic and more 

3837
03:25:42,900 --> 03:25:45,200
intimate. 
These were not merely strong 

3838
03:25:45,200 --> 03:25:47,200
creatures with human-like 
personalities. 

3839
03:25:47,200 --> 03:25:51,100
They were facets of a Divine 
reality so vast and intricate 

3840
03:25:51,100 --> 03:25:54,200
that it needed to take on 
several forms in order for human

3841
03:25:54,200 --> 03:25:57,200
Minds to understand it, 
depending on which story you are

3842
03:25:57,200 --> 03:25:59,700
hearing and what lesson needed 
to be taught Krishna. 

3843
03:25:59,700 --> 03:26:02,700
One of the most adored Hindu 
gods, was able to be a cosmic 

3844
03:26:02,700 --> 03:26:07,000
principle, a mischievous child, 
a romantic hero, a wise teacher,

3845
03:26:07,000 --> 03:26:09,000
and a Divine Warrior all at 
once. 

3846
03:26:10,000 --> 03:26:12,900
During his childhood he gained 
notoriety for stealing butter 

3847
03:26:12,900 --> 03:26:16,400
concealing clothing, from women 
who have bathing and generally 

3848
03:26:16,400 --> 03:26:19,000
acting like the most endearing 
young criminal in the world. 

3849
03:26:20,000 --> 03:26:23,000
As an adult, he served as the 
warrior are Jewish, charioteer, 

3850
03:26:23,000 --> 03:26:25,300
and spiritual Mentor in the bark
of Edgar. 

3851
03:26:26,000 --> 03:26:28,700
And parting some of the most 
profound philosophical lessons 

3852
03:26:28,700 --> 03:26:31,500
in human. 
History has arrows flew past 

3853
03:26:31,500 --> 03:26:33,700
them on a battlefield Krishna 
stories. 

3854
03:26:33,700 --> 03:26:36,700
A lovely because they cover the 
whole range of Human Experience.

3855
03:26:37,400 --> 03:26:40,100
He's more than just a distant 
Divine, being giving, advice 

3856
03:26:40,100 --> 03:26:42,800
from above. 
There's a grown teacher, he's 

3857
03:26:42,800 --> 03:26:44,700
aware of the weight of Duty and 
moral responsibility. 

3858
03:26:44,700 --> 03:26:48,800
The complexity of love and 
relationships as young man and 

3859
03:26:48,800 --> 03:26:50,700
the joy of stealing candy as a 
child. 

3860
03:26:50,708 --> 03:26:55,200
He literally possesses 
multitudes and his tales serve 

3861
03:26:55,200 --> 03:26:57,600
as a reminder that. 
If we know how to seek it out, 

3862
03:26:57,600 --> 03:27:01,000
Divinity is woven throughout 
every moment of life and is not 

3863
03:27:01,008 --> 03:27:03,000
distinct from the everyday Human
Experience. 

3864
03:27:03,000 --> 03:27:06,600
The Celtic Bridget, however is 
arguably the most intriguing 

3865
03:27:06,600 --> 03:27:09,900
deity from any tradition. 
She was able to be both a pagan 

3866
03:27:09,900 --> 03:27:11,800
goddess and a Christian Saint 
with out. 

3867
03:27:11,800 --> 03:27:14,900
Anyone seen to find this 
particularly odd, She was the 

3868
03:27:14,900 --> 03:27:18,600
goddess of healing Smith craft, 
and poetry three disciplines. 

3869
03:27:18,600 --> 03:27:21,500
That may not seem connected 
until you can consider that they

3870
03:27:21,500 --> 03:27:24,300
are all about transforming raw 
materials into something more 

3871
03:27:24,300 --> 03:27:28,700
complete beautiful or useful 
than they were before bridges. 

3872
03:27:28,700 --> 03:27:30,900
For George was more than just a 
place to shape metal. 

3873
03:27:30,900 --> 03:27:35,000
It was a place to pound words 
out of inspiration to strengthen

3874
03:27:35,000 --> 03:27:38,400
broken objects and to turn the 
commonplace materials of life 

3875
03:27:38,400 --> 03:27:41,500
into something that could be 
used for both utilitarian and 

3876
03:27:41,500 --> 03:27:44,400
religious purposes. 
She realized that when spiritual

3877
03:27:44,400 --> 03:27:47,300
work and daily work and done 
with love skill and attention. 

3878
03:27:47,300 --> 03:27:49,500
There is no real difference 
between the two. 

3879
03:27:49,500 --> 03:27:53,100
The stories of Bridget did not 
vanish when Christianity arrived

3880
03:27:53,100 --> 03:27:55,800
in Ireland. 
Rather they changed somewhat. 

3881
03:27:56,500 --> 03:28:00,300
The goddess was transformed into
Saint Brigid and for centuries. 

3882
03:28:00,300 --> 03:28:03,100
Nuns cared for her sacred fires 
in convents. 

3883
03:28:03,600 --> 03:28:06,100
Though, they were no longer 
regarded as the abilities of an 

3884
03:28:06,100 --> 03:28:08,700
ancient Celtic deity. 
The talent. 

3885
03:28:08,700 --> 03:28:12,500
She bestowed, poetry 
craftsmanship and healing were 

3886
03:28:12,500 --> 03:28:16,100
now recognized as gifts from the
Christian God It was the 

3887
03:28:16,100 --> 03:28:19,700
Pinnacle of cultural adaptation 
respecting, both traditional 

3888
03:28:19,700 --> 03:28:22,800
knowledge and contemporary 
insights without asking anyone 

3889
03:28:22,800 --> 03:28:24,400
to give up what had always 
worked for them. 

3890
03:28:24,400 --> 03:28:28,400
Let's now discuss monsters which
are essential to any good story 

3891
03:28:28,400 --> 03:28:30,900
and were present in some 
genuinely amazing ancient 

3892
03:28:30,900 --> 03:28:33,600
mythologies. 
However, these were merely 

3893
03:28:33,600 --> 03:28:36,000
arbitrary frightening objects 
meant to give people nightmares.

3894
03:28:36,000 --> 03:28:40,700
They were fears giving shape and
anxieties disguise to scale's 

3895
03:28:40,700 --> 03:28:44,800
clause, and multiple heads and 
issues that needed Heroes magic.

3896
03:28:44,800 --> 03:28:48,200
Or, at the very least excellent 
running shoes because they 

3897
03:28:48,200 --> 03:28:49,800
couldn't be resolved with common
sense. 

3898
03:28:49,800 --> 03:28:54,100
The Sphinx Riddle with wings and
a very short fuse was a gift 

3899
03:28:54,100 --> 03:28:57,000
from the Greeks. and imagine 
what would happen if someone 

3900
03:28:57,000 --> 03:28:59,900
asked to Committee of nightmare 
designers to create the most 

3901
03:28:59,900 --> 03:29:03,600
challenging client, Imagine a 
creature that has the head of a 

3902
03:29:03,600 --> 03:29:06,800
woman, the wings of an eagle and
the body of a lion. 

3903
03:29:08,200 --> 03:29:11,300
In addition to eating people, 
the Sphinx required them to pass

3904
03:29:11,300 --> 03:29:13,800
a test and failing it meant. 
They would perish. 

3905
03:29:13,800 --> 03:29:16,000
Not only was her well-known 
riddle. 

3906
03:29:16,000 --> 03:29:18,100
What walks on four legs in the 
morning? 

3907
03:29:18,100 --> 03:29:20,600
Two legs at noon and three legs 
in the evening? 

3908
03:29:21,600 --> 03:29:24,800
Clever wordplay exercise. 
It was a question about the 

3909
03:29:24,800 --> 03:29:29,100
state of humanity how we evolved
over time and the phases of life

3910
03:29:29,100 --> 03:29:32,000
that everyone must experience. 
If they are fortunate enough to 

3911
03:29:32,000 --> 03:29:35,500
live that long, The monster was 
defending a basic reality about 

3912
03:29:35,500 --> 03:29:40,000
life, not just a city. 
Thanks became so irrated having 

3913
03:29:40,000 --> 03:29:42,300
her riddle solved that she threw
herself off a cliff. 

3914
03:29:42,308 --> 03:29:45,400
When he does gave the right 
response that humans crawl as 

3915
03:29:45,408 --> 03:29:49,500
infants walk upright as a Dalts 
and use canes in old age. 

3916
03:29:50,700 --> 03:29:52,200
All though, it's a dramatic 
response. 

3917
03:29:52,200 --> 03:29:54,900
You have to respect her 
dedication to her work. 

3918
03:29:55,600 --> 03:29:57,800
She was more than a Monster who 
enjoyed riddles. 

3919
03:29:57,800 --> 03:30:01,200
She was the embodiment of the 
question's that haunt people at 

3920
03:30:01,200 --> 03:30:04,000
night and her mission was 
accomplished once those 

3921
03:30:04,000 --> 03:30:07,300
questions were resolved, but 
Medusa, whose tale has been 

3922
03:30:07,308 --> 03:30:10,400
repeated and reinterpreted so 
many times that it's easy to 

3923
03:30:10,400 --> 03:30:12,700
forget. 
The original tragedy was perhaps

3924
03:30:12,700 --> 03:30:15,600
the most psychologically complex
monster in Greek mythology. 

3925
03:30:16,500 --> 03:30:20,000
She was not born a monster 
rather she was made in to one as

3926
03:30:20,000 --> 03:30:22,500
retribution for being attacked 
in the temple of Athena. 

3927
03:30:23,300 --> 03:30:26,300
Rather than punishing her 
assailant Athena punished, the 

3928
03:30:26,300 --> 03:30:29,600
victim by transforming her, 
lovely hair into snakes and 

3929
03:30:29,600 --> 03:30:32,300
cursing her with a look that 
would make anyone who saw her 

3930
03:30:32,300 --> 03:30:34,700
Turn to Stone. 
Take a moment to consider the 

3931
03:30:34,700 --> 03:30:38,500
horror of Medusa's existence. 
She was isolated in a way that 

3932
03:30:38,500 --> 03:30:42,000
most people can't comprehend 
rendered literally Untouchable. 

3933
03:30:42,000 --> 03:30:45,600
And unable to look at another 
person without killing them, she

3934
03:30:45,600 --> 03:30:48,700
became the embodiment of both 
female anger and female 

3935
03:30:48,700 --> 03:30:52,000
helplessness She was dangerous 
to everyone who came into 

3936
03:30:52,000 --> 03:30:55,000
contact with her, but she was 
unable to turn that danger into 

3937
03:30:55,000 --> 03:30:57,200
anything. 
Positive, it took cunning and 

3938
03:30:57,200 --> 03:31:00,200
divine help for Perseus to kill 
her in the end, not bravery or 

3939
03:31:00,200 --> 03:31:02,500
strength. 
He effectively turned her own 

3940
03:31:02,500 --> 03:31:05,000
power against her, by using a 
mirror Shield to get close to 

3941
03:31:05,008 --> 03:31:06,500
her without looking into her 
eyes. 

3942
03:31:07,600 --> 03:31:09,800
However, Medusa was not 
helpless. 

3943
03:31:09,800 --> 03:31:14,000
Even in death, her blood turned 
into a poison that killed and a 

3944
03:31:14,000 --> 03:31:16,600
medicine that healed and Her 
Image became a symbol of 

3945
03:31:16,608 --> 03:31:19,900
protection reminding evil that 
some types of suffering, give 

3946
03:31:19,900 --> 03:31:22,700
one strength, that is 
unbeatable, like everything else

3947
03:31:22,700 --> 03:31:25,800
in North mythology, the North 
had their own unique perspective

3948
03:31:25,800 --> 03:31:28,900
on monsters and it was more 
nuanced and ethically dubious 

3949
03:31:28,900 --> 03:31:32,200
than you might think. 
One of Loki's children was the 

3950
03:31:32,200 --> 03:31:36,500
world's serpent German Gander. 
Which was so big that it 

3951
03:31:36,500 --> 03:31:38,900
encircled the entire world and 
held onto its own tail. 

3952
03:31:39,700 --> 03:31:42,600
It wasn't intentionally 
malevolent, it was simply so 

3953
03:31:42,600 --> 03:31:45,400
massive that it's very 
existence, posed an inherent 

3954
03:31:45,400 --> 03:31:47,100
threat to the stability of the 
universe. 

3955
03:31:47,100 --> 03:31:50,600
The God of Thunder Thor was 
destined to battle Yeoman 

3956
03:31:50,600 --> 03:31:51,500
Gander. 
At the end of the world 

3957
03:31:51,500 --> 03:31:54,300
Ragnarok, both would perish in 
the conflict. 

3958
03:31:54,300 --> 03:31:58,000
The serpent from Thor's, hammer 
and Thor, from the Serpent's 

3959
03:31:58,000 --> 03:32:01,200
poison It was a perfect 
illustration of the Norse 

3960
03:32:01,200 --> 03:32:03,500
understanding that sometimes 
there are no winners in 

3961
03:32:03,500 --> 03:32:06,400
conflicts and that the best 
course of action is to make sure

3962
03:32:06,400 --> 03:32:08,300
that destruction serves a 
greater good. 

3963
03:32:08,300 --> 03:32:13,600
However, fenrir the wolf and one
of Loki's Offspring was arguably

3964
03:32:13,600 --> 03:32:15,300
the most fascinating Norse 
monster. 

3965
03:32:16,300 --> 03:32:19,000
Knowing from prophecy that 
fenrir would ultimately killed 

3966
03:32:19,000 --> 03:32:22,800
in the gods chose to bind the 
wolf with an unbreakable chain 

3967
03:32:22,800 --> 03:32:25,900
rather than attempting to stop 
this fate with wisdom or 

3968
03:32:25,900 --> 03:32:28,600
kindness. 
It took cunning to bind him, 

3969
03:32:28,600 --> 03:32:32,100
they persuaded fenrir that it 
was a test of his strength and 

3970
03:32:32,100 --> 03:32:34,600
then wouldn't let him go when he
demonstrated that he couldn't 

3971
03:32:34,600 --> 03:32:38,800
escape the tale of fenrir is the
ideal example of how attempting 

3972
03:32:38,800 --> 03:32:41,900
to avert a future, that is 
feared can actually bring it 

3973
03:32:41,900 --> 03:32:45,500
about, even though the wolf had 
done nothing wrong, the gods 

3974
03:32:45,500 --> 03:32:49,200
treatment of him, chaining him 
was precisely the kind of 

3975
03:32:49,200 --> 03:32:52,000
Injustice, that would incite the
Roth required to carry out the 

3976
03:32:52,000 --> 03:32:54,400
prophecy because they were 
afraid of him. 

3977
03:32:54,400 --> 03:32:56,900
They made their own enemy 
demonstrating. 

3978
03:32:56,900 --> 03:32:59,900
That sometimes the most 
dangerous monsters are the ones 

3979
03:32:59,900 --> 03:33:02,200
we create for ourselves the 
Banshee. 

3980
03:33:02,200 --> 03:33:04,700
Arguably the most 
psychologically complex monster 

3981
03:33:04,700 --> 03:33:08,800
of all has Celtic Roots. 
She was grief personified, the 

3982
03:33:08,800 --> 03:33:11,500
embodiment of lost that some 
families experience over many 

3983
03:33:11,500 --> 03:33:14,900
generations, but she wasn't evil
in the traditional sense. 

3984
03:33:14,900 --> 03:33:18,200
Death was announced by her way 
but she did not cause it. 

3985
03:33:18,200 --> 03:33:22,300
She only recognized it gave it a
voice and made it impossible to 

3986
03:33:22,300 --> 03:33:25,900
downplay or ignore the Banshee. 
Recognized a crucial aspect of 

3987
03:33:25,900 --> 03:33:29,100
human nature. 
We require our sorrows losses 

3988
03:33:29,100 --> 03:33:31,400
and pain to be seen as genuine 
and noteworthy. 

3989
03:33:32,200 --> 03:33:35,400
She was Dreadful not because she
brought death, but rather 

3990
03:33:35,400 --> 03:33:38,000
because she made people face 
their mortality and the 

3991
03:33:38,000 --> 03:33:40,300
knowledge that everyone they 
cared about would eventually 

3992
03:33:40,300 --> 03:33:43,500
pass away. 
However, she was also consoling 

3993
03:33:43,500 --> 03:33:46,800
in her own way, her presence 
demonstrated that death had 

3994
03:33:46,800 --> 03:33:50,000
purpose that the Universe did 
not disregard loss. 

3995
03:33:50,000 --> 03:33:53,100
And that there was someone whose
responsibility was to grieve for

3996
03:33:53,108 --> 03:33:54,800
the deceased in a dignified 
manner. 

3997
03:33:55,800 --> 03:33:57,800
She was the cosmic counterpart 
of the friend. 

3998
03:33:57,800 --> 03:34:00,800
Who attends funerals brings 
casseroles to bereaved families 

3999
03:34:00,800 --> 03:34:03,600
and ensures that no one must go 
through life's darkest times 

4000
03:34:03,600 --> 03:34:06,900
alone as our journey through the
world of ancient stories draws 

4001
03:34:06,900 --> 03:34:09,700
to a close. 
It is worthwhile to pause and 

4002
03:34:09,700 --> 03:34:12,600
reflect on the kind of magic 
that didn't require heroic 

4003
03:34:12,600 --> 03:34:16,500
quests or divine intervention. 
Commonplace enchantments that 

4004
03:34:16,500 --> 03:34:18,900
made everyday life, a little 
more bearable, a little more 

4005
03:34:18,900 --> 03:34:21,600
meaningful and a little more 
connected to the greater 

4006
03:34:21,600 --> 03:34:24,700
mysteries of existence, the most
significant magic occurs in the 

4007
03:34:24,700 --> 03:34:28,100
pauses between the dramatic 
moments in the everyday rituals 

4008
03:34:28,100 --> 03:34:30,800
that bind us to one another and 
to the cycles of nature. 

4009
03:34:31,800 --> 03:34:34,700
This is something that ancient 
people's understood but we 

4010
03:34:34,708 --> 03:34:37,400
occasionally forget in our 
haste, to separate the logical 

4011
03:34:37,400 --> 03:34:40,100
from the miraculous. 
This is beautifully illustrated 

4012
03:34:40,100 --> 03:34:44,500
by the Japanese concept of Kami 
often translated as gods or 

4013
03:34:44,508 --> 03:34:47,900
Spirits coming are actually more
like the Divine Essence, that 

4014
03:34:47,900 --> 03:34:51,300
permeates everything, including 
every tree Rock. 

4015
03:34:51,300 --> 03:34:56,900
River, Mountain well-made tool 
act of kindness and incidents of

4016
03:34:56,908 --> 03:34:59,200
flawless, attention to a 
straightforward task. 

4017
03:35:00,100 --> 03:35:04,100
The word itself, implies 
something above or superior, but

4018
03:35:04,100 --> 03:35:06,700
not in the sense of being, far, 
away or unreachable. 

4019
03:35:07,600 --> 03:35:11,300
Instead it's the characteristic 
that when experienced with the 

4020
03:35:11,308 --> 03:35:14,800
appropriate level of awareness, 
elevates ordinary things to 

4021
03:35:14,800 --> 03:35:18,100
extraordinary a master Potter 
does more than simply mold. 

4022
03:35:18,100 --> 03:35:21,800
Clay, they work with the fire, 
the army of the earth and their 

4023
03:35:21,800 --> 03:35:24,100
own hands to create something, 
useful and beautiful. 

4024
03:35:25,100 --> 03:35:28,200
By learning to work with whether
soil and seasons in ways that 

4025
03:35:28,200 --> 03:35:30,800
respect both ecological balance 
and human needs. 

4026
03:35:30,800 --> 03:35:33,500
A gardener engages. 
In the continuous dialogue 

4027
03:35:33,500 --> 03:35:36,200
between human intention and 
natural processes. 

4028
03:35:36,200 --> 03:35:39,800
This Insight transforms every 
activity into a possible 

4029
03:35:39,800 --> 03:35:43,300
spiritual practice every 
beautifully, crafted item into a

4030
03:35:43,300 --> 03:35:46,600
form of prayer and every 
encounter with nature into a 

4031
03:35:46,600 --> 03:35:49,500
chance to connect with something
greater than personal worries, 

4032
03:35:50,600 --> 03:35:54,000
Its transformation without the 
drama magic without the 

4033
03:35:54,000 --> 03:35:57,400
fireworks and transcendents 
found in giving, whatever task 

4034
03:35:57,400 --> 03:36:00,500
at hand, your whole attention 
through its understanding of 

4035
03:36:00,500 --> 03:36:04,400
thin places where the line 
separating the everyday World 

4036
03:36:04,400 --> 03:36:06,200
from the other world becomes 
permeable. 

4037
03:36:06,200 --> 03:36:09,900
Where magic is not only possible
but nearly inevitable, the 

4038
03:36:09,900 --> 03:36:12,100
Celtic tradition provides a 
similar viewpoint. 

4039
03:36:12,800 --> 03:36:16,000
These could be ancient Groves or
stone circles, but they could 

4040
03:36:16,000 --> 03:36:19,600
also be Wells Crossroads or even
specific times of day when the 

4041
03:36:19,600 --> 03:36:21,900
light falls in a particular way 
and everything seems more 

4042
03:36:21,900 --> 03:36:25,800
significant alive, an 
interconnected, the realization 

4043
03:36:25,800 --> 03:36:29,400
that thin places aren't merely 
specific places but rather State

4044
03:36:29,400 --> 03:36:33,300
of Consciousness that can be 
developed anywhere, however was 

4045
03:36:33,300 --> 03:36:35,900
the most significant realization
in Celtic spirituality. 

4046
03:36:37,300 --> 03:36:39,800
When you learn to approach 
everyday situations with the 

4047
03:36:39,800 --> 03:36:41,700
same level of reverence and 
attention. 

4048
03:36:41,700 --> 03:36:45,900
Typically, reserved for formal 
religious practices, the real 

4049
03:36:45,908 --> 03:36:49,500
magic happens, taking care of a 
fire becomes, a means of taking 

4050
03:36:49,500 --> 03:36:52,900
part in the cosmic dance between
order and entropy cooking 

4051
03:36:52,900 --> 03:36:55,800
becomes an offering to the 
spirits of the home and washing 

4052
03:36:55,800 --> 03:36:58,800
dishes, becomes a meditation on 
the element of water, the 

4053
03:36:58,800 --> 03:37:02,100
knowledge that everything 
location and creature has a 

4054
03:37:02,100 --> 03:37:05,500
spirit and a story of its own 
and that wisdom arises from 

4055
03:37:05,500 --> 03:37:07,900
learning to listen to these 
stories with humility and 

4056
03:37:07,900 --> 03:37:10,700
respect. 
His derived from native American

4057
03:37:10,700 --> 03:37:14,200
traditions, a rock is more than 
just a mineral formation. 

4058
03:37:14,200 --> 03:37:17,900
It is an elder who is seen in 
numerable seasons and has its 

4059
03:37:17,900 --> 03:37:20,000
own wisdom about patience and 
endurance. 

4060
03:37:20,000 --> 03:37:23,500
And the gradual change of 
Landscapes over time this 

4061
03:37:23,500 --> 03:37:26,400
Viewpoint completely changes how
people interact with nature. 

4062
03:37:26,400 --> 03:37:30,200
You start to see yourself as a 
part of a continuous dialogue 

4063
03:37:30,200 --> 03:37:33,000
that has been going on for 
thousands of years before you 

4064
03:37:33,000 --> 03:37:37,300
arrived and will continue long 
after you leave rather than as a

4065
03:37:37,300 --> 03:37:40,100
Collection of resources to be 
used, or challenges to overcome.

4066
03:37:41,100 --> 03:37:43,700
Finding your place in this 
conversation and adding your 

4067
03:37:43,700 --> 03:37:45,200
voice. 
While paying attention to 

4068
03:37:45,200 --> 03:37:48,200
everyone else's is more 
important than trying to control

4069
03:37:48,200 --> 03:37:50,300
or dominate it something 
similar. 

4070
03:37:50,300 --> 03:37:52,900
But even more thorough is 
encapsulated in the Aboriginal 

4071
03:37:52,900 --> 03:37:56,100
Australian concept of country. 
The living system of 

4072
03:37:56,100 --> 03:37:59,000
relationships between land 
water, plants animals, 

4073
03:37:59,000 --> 03:38:01,400
ancestors. 
And descendants defines your 

4074
03:38:01,408 --> 03:38:04,600
identity and responsibilities. 
It is not just the place. 

4075
03:38:04,600 --> 03:38:07,500
You happen to live in the sense 
that your identity is 

4076
03:38:07,500 --> 03:38:10,200
inextricably linked to the 
network of relationships that 

4077
03:38:10,200 --> 03:38:14,100
supports all life, you are 
country not just from it because

4078
03:38:14,100 --> 03:38:17,000
everything you do has an impact 
on the overall systems Balance 

4079
03:38:17,000 --> 03:38:19,800
and Health, this knowledge makes
every action meaningful. 

4080
03:38:20,900 --> 03:38:23,600
Taking water from a spring is 
more than just a practical 

4081
03:38:23,600 --> 03:38:25,700
issue. 
It's a way to communicate with 

4082
03:38:25,700 --> 03:38:29,800
the water spirits and calls for 
appreciation, acknowledgment and

4083
03:38:29,800 --> 03:38:33,600
close attention to reciprocity. 
Foraging is only one aspect of 

4084
03:38:33,600 --> 03:38:37,000
gathering food plants and other 
is engaging in a relationship 

4085
03:38:37,000 --> 03:38:39,100
that necessitates understanding 
the seasons. 

4086
03:38:39,100 --> 03:38:43,500
Migration patterns, soil 
conditions and the requirements 

4087
03:38:43,500 --> 03:38:46,900
of all other organisms that 
share resources, developing the 

4088
03:38:46,900 --> 03:38:49,900
sensitivity and wisdom to live 
in harmony with all the forces, 

4089
03:38:49,900 --> 03:38:52,500
both visible and invisible 
human. 

4090
03:38:52,500 --> 03:38:55,500
And more than humans that enable
life is what all these 

4091
03:38:55,500 --> 03:38:58,800
Traditions have in common rather
than gaining control over the 

4092
03:38:58,800 --> 03:39:02,100
world, they can acknowledge that
rather than existing 

4093
03:39:02,100 --> 03:39:04,900
independently of nature. 
Humans are merely one species 

4094
03:39:04,900 --> 03:39:07,700
within a complex, web of 
interdependence, but 

4095
03:39:07,700 --> 03:39:11,600
necessitates ongoing care 
support and Care supernatural, 

4096
03:39:11,600 --> 03:39:14,500
abilities, or drastic changes 
are not promised by this type of

4097
03:39:14,500 --> 03:39:17,800
commonplace Magic. 
Rather it provides something, 

4098
03:39:17,800 --> 03:39:21,800
perhaps more valuable a way of 
life that acknowledges the 

4099
03:39:21,800 --> 03:39:24,900
sacred aspect of everyday life 
that finds connection and 

4100
03:39:24,900 --> 03:39:26,700
meaning in the most basic 
activities. 

4101
03:39:26,700 --> 03:39:29,800
And that turns everyday life 
into a continuous spiritual 

4102
03:39:29,800 --> 03:39:32,600
practice without, requiring 
anyone to give up their 

4103
03:39:32,600 --> 03:39:36,100
obligations or withdraw from 
society you may be wondering 

4104
03:39:36,100 --> 03:39:38,700
what exactly we're supposed to 
do with all these stories of 

4105
03:39:38,700 --> 03:39:42,600
gods and heroes monsters. 
And tricksters tragic love 

4106
03:39:42,600 --> 03:39:46,600
stories and creation myths. 
That start with chaos as our 

4107
03:39:46,600 --> 03:39:48,800
journey through these old, Tales
comes to an end. 

4108
03:39:49,600 --> 03:39:52,100
These aren't merely amusing 
artifacts from the early days of

4109
03:39:52,100 --> 03:39:54,700
humanity. 
They are inheritance records, 

4110
03:39:54,700 --> 03:39:58,600
psychological maps, and guides 
to navigate, the intricacies of 

4111
03:39:58,600 --> 03:40:01,900
life that haven't evolved as 
much as we may believe the 

4112
03:40:01,900 --> 03:40:04,300
ancient storytellers recognize 
something that are modern 

4113
03:40:04,300 --> 03:40:06,100
culture. 
Occasionally, finds difficult to

4114
03:40:06,100 --> 03:40:08,800
grasp. 
Wisdom isn't just about learning

4115
03:40:08,800 --> 03:40:11,100
new things or using cunn to 
solve problems. 

4116
03:40:11,100 --> 03:40:14,000
It involves cultivating. 
The ability to live with 

4117
03:40:14,000 --> 03:40:18,500
uncertainty to find purpose in 
flaws to hold on to hope when 

4118
03:40:18,500 --> 03:40:21,800
loss is unavoidable and to 
acknowledge the sacred aspects 

4119
03:40:21,800 --> 03:40:24,500
of Every Day Life. 
Think about the beginning's 

4120
03:40:24,500 --> 03:40:28,000
described in the creation 
stories, They make no guarantees

4121
03:40:28,000 --> 03:40:31,200
about the neatness orderliness 
or predictability of beginning. 

4122
03:40:31,200 --> 03:40:35,600
Anything worthwhile be at a new 
way of life, a relationship, a 

4123
03:40:35,600 --> 03:40:40,200
universe or a creative endeavor.
Rather they recognize that all 

4124
03:40:40,200 --> 03:40:42,900
significant Creations. 
Come from some kind of chaos, 

4125
03:40:42,900 --> 03:40:47,100
necessitate, the dismantling of 
earlier, plans, an entail, some 

4126
03:40:47,108 --> 03:40:50,100
trial and error that cannot be 
prevented by better planning 

4127
03:40:50,100 --> 03:40:53,400
according to the Babylonian tale
of Marta and tia, Matt, 

4128
03:40:53,400 --> 03:40:57,100
sometimes progress necessitates 
a direct confrontation, with the

4129
03:40:57,100 --> 03:41:00,600
past, not to destroy it, out of 
resentment or impatience. 

4130
03:41:00,600 --> 03:41:03,900
But to respect what it is given 
us while making room for New 

4131
03:41:03,900 --> 03:41:07,300
Opportunities, we are reminded 
that every beginning, entails 

4132
03:41:07,300 --> 03:41:10,500
letting go of something else 
that this letting go is a 

4133
03:41:10,500 --> 03:41:13,100
necessary part of the process 
rather than a result of poor 

4134
03:41:13,100 --> 03:41:15,700
planning by the Norse, 
understanding that creation 

4135
03:41:15,700 --> 03:41:19,200
necessitate sacrifice that is 
death, was required for the 

4136
03:41:19,200 --> 03:41:22,200
world's births. 
The most advanced interpretation

4137
03:41:22,200 --> 03:41:24,900
of all is provided by the 
Aboriginal concept of the dream 

4138
03:41:24,900 --> 03:41:29,100
time which holds the creation is
ongoing present and occurring in

4139
03:41:29,100 --> 03:41:32,500
every moment of focus and 
intention, rather than a curing.

4140
03:41:32,500 --> 03:41:36,300
Once in the distant, past your 
decisions, focus and 

4141
03:41:36,300 --> 03:41:38,100
relationships are all a part of 
the cosmic. 

4142
03:41:38,300 --> 03:41:41,400
Creative process and you're not 
merely living in a created World

4143
03:41:41,400 --> 03:41:44,500
your actively contributing to 
its continuous creation. 

4144
03:41:44,500 --> 03:41:47,700
The hero Tales offer equally 
useful advice for dealing with 

4145
03:41:47,700 --> 03:41:50,600
the difficulties of adulthood. 
They are not guides to 

4146
03:41:50,608 --> 03:41:52,400
immortality or enduring 
happiness. 

4147
03:41:52,400 --> 03:41:56,700
Quite the contrary in fact they 
are sincere admissions that in 

4148
03:41:56,700 --> 03:41:59,600
order to grow you must confront 
things you would rather avoid. 

4149
03:41:59,600 --> 03:42:03,400
That courage is the choice to 
act in spite of fear rather than

4150
03:42:03,400 --> 03:42:06,700
the lack of fear and that the 
most significant successes are 

4151
03:42:06,700 --> 03:42:09,400
frequently hidden from everyone.
But the person who achieves 

4152
03:42:09,400 --> 03:42:12,700
them, we learn from gilgamesh's 
Journey that while the desire to

4153
03:42:12,700 --> 03:42:15,400
resist change and loss is normal
and understandable. 

4154
03:42:15,400 --> 03:42:19,400
It is ultimately pointless. 
His desire for immortality isn't

4155
03:42:19,400 --> 03:42:22,300
realized in the way he 
envisioned, but his Readiness to

4156
03:42:22,300 --> 03:42:25,700
love profoundly grieve openly 
and live on. 

4157
03:42:25,700 --> 03:42:28,500
In spite of deaths, inevitable 
conclusion, produces a different

4158
03:42:28,500 --> 03:42:32,500
kind of immortality. 
The kind that endures entails in

4159
03:42:32,500 --> 03:42:36,000
our impact in the transformation
we bring about in other people's

4160
03:42:36,000 --> 03:42:37,900
lives. 
The love stories provide 

4161
03:42:37,900 --> 03:42:40,900
guidance, that is both 
Transcendent and useful, they 

4162
03:42:40,900 --> 03:42:43,900
recognize that love is the most 
potent and perilous force and 

4163
03:42:43,900 --> 03:42:46,600
human history. 
Able to inspire both the most 

4164
03:42:46,600 --> 03:42:50,200
amazing creations and the most 
spectacular catastrophes. 

4165
03:42:51,700 --> 03:42:53,900
They contend that cultivating, 
the wisdom to love. 

4166
03:42:53,900 --> 03:42:57,000
Well in spite of difficulties, 
is more important than finding a

4167
03:42:57,000 --> 03:42:59,500
love without problems. 
We learned from Orpheus and 

4168
03:42:59,500 --> 03:43:01,300
eurydice the value of faith in 
things. 

4169
03:43:01,300 --> 03:43:04,400
We cannot see or control the 
necessity of trust in 

4170
03:43:04,400 --> 03:43:07,700
relationships and how doubt can 
sabotage even the strongest 

4171
03:43:07,700 --> 03:43:10,500
bonds? 
They also teach us how love 

4172
03:43:10,500 --> 03:43:13,800
transcends physical proximity 
and how caring for someone 

4173
03:43:13,800 --> 03:43:16,800
profoundly Alters you in ways 
that lasts long after they are 

4174
03:43:16,800 --> 03:43:19,400
gone, perhaps the most useful 
advice for surviving in. 

4175
03:43:19,400 --> 03:43:21,800
The modern world can be found in
the trickster stories. 

4176
03:43:22,500 --> 03:43:25,000
They remind us that the best 
solution sometimes come from 

4177
03:43:25,000 --> 03:43:28,300
those who aren't invested in 
keeping the status quo that 

4178
03:43:28,300 --> 03:43:31,500
change typically comes from 
unexpected directions and that 

4179
03:43:31,508 --> 03:43:33,600
those in charge, don't always 
know what they're doing. 

4180
03:43:33,608 --> 03:43:37,900
Coyote Loki and announces will 
show how important it is to 

4181
03:43:37,900 --> 03:43:40,800
challenge authority, to be 
prepared to break rules that 

4182
03:43:40,800 --> 03:43:43,600
don't really benefit anyone and 
to acknowledge that every 

4183
03:43:43,600 --> 03:43:46,500
solution leads to new issues, 
Technology. 

4184
03:43:46,500 --> 03:43:48,200
That changes messy and 
unpredictable. 

4185
03:43:48,200 --> 03:43:51,500
But they also highlight how 
resilient creative and humorous 

4186
03:43:51,500 --> 03:43:55,200
people can be in the face of 
adversity power responsibility 

4187
03:43:55,200 --> 03:43:58,400
and the human propensity to 
establish authorities and then 

4188
03:43:58,400 --> 03:44:01,100
berate them for their. 
Flaws are all explored in the 

4189
03:44:01,100 --> 03:44:04,600
tales of gods living among 
humans with all of their trivial

4190
03:44:04,600 --> 03:44:07,200
jealousies and bad judgment. 
The Greek gods. 

4191
03:44:07,200 --> 03:44:09,800
Servers are a reminder that 
those in charge of significant 

4192
03:44:09,800 --> 03:44:13,100
matters are frequently just as 
perplexed and conflicted as the 

4193
03:44:13,100 --> 03:44:16,900
general populace and that power 
does not always translate into 

4194
03:44:16,900 --> 03:44:19,000
wisdom. 
However, the stories also 

4195
03:44:19,000 --> 03:44:21,300
implied that the Divine is not 
something distant and 

4196
03:44:21,300 --> 03:44:24,900
unfathomable, but rather is 
interwoven with every day life, 

4197
03:44:24,900 --> 03:44:28,800
in ways that become apparent, 
when we look closely, The Hindu 

4198
03:44:28,800 --> 03:44:32,500
conception of Krishna as both a 
Butters stealing child and a 

4199
03:44:32,500 --> 03:44:35,300
cosmic principles suggests, a 
spirituality that accepts the 

4200
03:44:35,300 --> 03:44:38,500
whole range of Human Experience 
rather than attempting to 

4201
03:44:38,500 --> 03:44:40,900
transcend it. 
Perhaps the most advanced 

4202
03:44:40,900 --> 03:44:43,600
psychological advice of all is 
found in the monster stories. 

4203
03:44:44,300 --> 03:44:46,500
All the way they admit. 
That fear is a natural part of 

4204
03:44:46,500 --> 03:44:49,100
The Human Experience. 
They also contend that our 

4205
03:44:49,100 --> 03:44:52,800
monsters frequently reveal 
crucial details about the things

4206
03:44:52,800 --> 03:44:55,700
we need to confront. 
The things were avoiding and the

4207
03:44:55,700 --> 03:44:57,800
things we have not yet figured 
out how to integrate. 

4208
03:44:57,800 --> 03:45:01,900
Even when that power seems more 
like, a curse than a gift Medusa

4209
03:45:01,900 --> 03:45:03,600
serves. 
As a reminder that some types of

4210
03:45:03,600 --> 03:45:05,000
suffering can give rise to 
power. 

4211
03:45:05,800 --> 03:45:08,900
The Sphinx implies that rather 
than being adversaries that must

4212
03:45:08,900 --> 03:45:12,100
be vanquished the monsters. 
We Face are frequently questions

4213
03:45:12,100 --> 03:45:14,400
disguised as puzzles that must 
be solved. 

4214
03:45:15,100 --> 03:45:18,200
Fenrir shows us how fear can 
produce the very Futures. 

4215
03:45:18,200 --> 03:45:21,000
We're trying to avoid and how 
treating someone as dangerous 

4216
03:45:21,000 --> 03:45:22,800
can actually make them 
dangerous. 

4217
03:45:22,800 --> 03:45:25,700
Most significantly these old 
Tales have a deeper 

4218
03:45:25,700 --> 03:45:27,800
understanding of time than our 
culture does. 

4219
03:45:27,800 --> 03:45:31,500
They don't have an obsession 
with linear progress, which is 

4220
03:45:31,500 --> 03:45:34,600
the belief that things are 
always improving that issues can

4221
03:45:34,600 --> 03:45:37,600
be resolved once and for all all
that better methods or 

4222
03:45:37,600 --> 03:45:41,000
Technologies can radically alter
human nature, rather, they 

4223
03:45:41,000 --> 03:45:44,900
acknowledge that human existence
is cyclical that the same basic 

4224
03:45:44,900 --> 03:45:46,700
problems arise in every 
generation. 

4225
03:45:46,700 --> 03:45:50,000
And that wisdom is not in 
finding a permanent solution to 

4226
03:45:50,000 --> 03:45:52,400
these problems. 
But rather in creating the 

4227
03:45:52,400 --> 03:45:56,200
abilities viewpoints and 
behaviors that enable, each 

4228
03:45:56,200 --> 03:45:59,600
generation to face them with 
dignity Ingenuity and support 

4229
03:45:59,600 --> 03:46:02,100
from one another. 
We are reminded that destruction

4230
03:46:02,100 --> 03:46:05,700
and creation are Partners in an 
eternal dance that loss and 

4231
03:46:05,700 --> 03:46:08,800
renewal are part of the same 
process and that every ending 

4232
03:46:08,800 --> 03:46:11,800
contains the seeds of New 
Beginnings by the seasonal 

4233
03:46:11,800 --> 03:46:15,600
cycles that occur in so many 
mythologies from Tiffany's 

4234
03:46:15,600 --> 03:46:18,600
yearly Journey Between Worlds to
the Norse understanding of 

4235
03:46:18,600 --> 03:46:21,800
Ragnarok, as both ending and 
beginning compared to our 

4236
03:46:21,800 --> 03:46:25,000
achievement oriented culture. 
This cyclical view of time 

4237
03:46:25,000 --> 03:46:28,200
offers a different relationship 
to both success and failure. 

4238
03:46:28,200 --> 03:46:31,700
It implies that difficulties 
frequently proceed periods of 

4239
03:46:31,708 --> 03:46:35,400
growth that setbacks are not a 
reversible defeats, but rather 

4240
03:46:35,400 --> 03:46:37,500
organic components of larger 
patterns. 

4241
03:46:37,500 --> 03:46:41,300
And that the objective is not to
reach a perfect state but rather

4242
03:46:41,300 --> 03:46:44,300
to acquire the fortitude and 
insight necessary to face, 

4243
03:46:44,300 --> 03:46:46,900
whatever lies ahead. 
When you close this collection 

4244
03:46:46,900 --> 03:46:50,300
of stories and go back to your 
own life with its unique, blend 

4245
03:46:50,300 --> 03:46:53,400
of routine tasks, and sacred 
moments, ordinary 

4246
03:46:53,400 --> 03:46:56,100
responsibilities and 
extraordinary possibilities. 

4247
03:46:56,100 --> 03:47:00,200
You take with you the wisdom of 
thousands of generations who 

4248
03:47:00,200 --> 03:47:02,700
have grappled with the same 
basic questions you do. 

4249
03:47:03,800 --> 03:47:06,100
How do you find meaning in an 
uncertain world? 

4250
03:47:06,900 --> 03:47:09,600
How can you accept loss and 
still love deeply? 

4251
03:47:10,400 --> 03:47:13,100
How do you remain hopeful when 
you recognize the challenges? 

4252
03:47:14,200 --> 03:47:16,800
In the vast network of 
relationships, that binds all 

4253
03:47:16,800 --> 03:47:19,000
life together. 
How do you find your place? 

4254
03:47:19,000 --> 03:47:21,600
The solutions, these Tails 
provide are neither 

4255
03:47:21,608 --> 03:47:24,000
straightforward nor definitive 
rather. 

4256
03:47:24,000 --> 03:47:27,300
They are molded by the wizard of
innumerable individuals who have

4257
03:47:27,308 --> 03:47:31,000
persevered in the unavoidable 
difficulties of human life and 

4258
03:47:31,000 --> 03:47:34,200
have been tested by time. 
They serve as a reminder. 

4259
03:47:34,208 --> 03:47:37,200
That we are not alone in our 
difficulties that the same 

4260
03:47:37,200 --> 03:47:40,400
questions that keep us up at 
night are the same ones that 

4261
03:47:40,400 --> 03:47:43,800
have always kept people up and 
that participating in such an 

4262
03:47:43,800 --> 03:47:47,400
age-old discussion can be both 
humbling and consoling. 

4263
03:47:47,400 --> 03:47:51,300
The knowledge that the journey 
itself is significant that the 

4264
03:47:51,300 --> 03:47:54,300
questions are just as 
significant as the answers and 

4265
03:47:54,300 --> 03:47:57,100
that each generation has the 
chance to contribute its own 

4266
03:47:57,100 --> 03:48:00,900
voice, to the Grand ongoing 
Narrative of what it means to be

4267
03:48:00,900 --> 03:48:03,700
human in a mysterious and great 
Universe. 

4268
03:48:03,700 --> 03:48:07,300
The things that the myths often 
more than simple answers or 

4269
03:48:07,300 --> 03:48:10,200
Happy Endings, you can therefore
rest in the knowledge that 

4270
03:48:10,200 --> 03:48:13,100
you're surrounded by stories as 
well as blankets as you turn off

4271
03:48:13,100 --> 03:48:16,400
the light and go to sleep. 
These stories are held in place,

4272
03:48:16,400 --> 03:48:19,300
not only by your immediate 
surroundings but also by the 

4273
03:48:19,300 --> 03:48:22,300
collective wisdom of all those 
who have ever gazed at the same 

4274
03:48:22,300 --> 03:48:25,800
Stars, pondered the same 
Mysteries and managed to turn 

4275
03:48:25,800 --> 03:48:29,000
their confusion and longing into
stories that continue to comfort

4276
03:48:29,000 --> 03:48:31,400
and guide. 
Those who follow them your life 

4277
03:48:31,400 --> 03:48:33,300
with all its everyday magic and 
everyday. 

4278
03:48:33,300 --> 03:48:36,500
Heroism is one of the newest 
chapter in this Timeless book 

4279
03:48:37,300 --> 03:48:40,200
The ancient stories are still 
being written, rest, easy. 

4280
03:48:40,200 --> 03:48:43,800
Knowing that you are a part of 
something far more expansive and

4281
03:48:43,800 --> 03:48:45,700
exquisite, the new could have 
ever dreamed. 

4282
03:48:45,700 --> 03:48:49,500
When you first open these Pages,
sweet dreams, fellow human being

4283
03:48:49,500 --> 03:48:54,400
on the Eternal Journey. 
Word count about 7,000 words and

4284
03:48:54,400 --> 03:48:56,700
Nancy strategy of stealing fire 
from the sky. 

4285
03:48:56,700 --> 03:48:58,500
God is a prime illustration of 
it. 

4286
03:48:59,400 --> 03:49:03,400
Yummy the sky God owned fire and
kept it locked away for his 

4287
03:49:03,400 --> 03:49:06,400
exclusive use. 
Humans had to Fumble around in 

4288
03:49:06,400 --> 03:49:09,600
the dark after the sunset were 
cold and were unable to 

4289
03:49:09,600 --> 03:49:13,100
properly, prepare their food. 
Nyam simply didn't understand 

4290
03:49:13,100 --> 03:49:16,100
why anyone else needed access to
something so potent and 

4291
03:49:16,100 --> 03:49:18,600
potentially hazardous. 
It wasn't that he was 

4292
03:49:18,600 --> 03:49:21,600
intentionally cruel. 
The obvious solution to this 

4293
03:49:21,600 --> 03:49:24,400
problem, in announces opinion 
was to steal the fire and give 

4294
03:49:24,400 --> 03:49:27,600
it to humanity. 
He thought hoarding useful items

4295
03:49:27,600 --> 03:49:30,100
was essentially foolish. 
Not because he harbored any 

4296
03:49:30,100 --> 03:49:31,900
particular animosity toward 
Miami. 

4297
03:49:32,600 --> 03:49:36,300
Instead of being left unused in 
some Cosmic storage unit fire 

4298
03:49:36,300 --> 03:49:38,900
was intended to be shared and 
improve everyone's quality of 

4299
03:49:38,900 --> 03:49:41,100
life. 
The actual theft was a 

4300
03:49:41,100 --> 03:49:42,900
Masterwork of preparation and 
creativity. 

4301
03:49:43,700 --> 03:49:47,000
Among other things and Nancy was
one of the greatest storytellers

4302
03:49:47,000 --> 03:49:50,400
in history and he persuaded 
niyama to allow him to visit by 

4303
03:49:50,400 --> 03:49:52,800
promising to share some of his 
well-known Tales. 

4304
03:49:53,800 --> 03:49:56,700
Fancy was able to smuggle some 
fire into a tiny pot. 

4305
03:49:56,700 --> 03:49:59,400
He had concealed in his web 
while niamey was preoccupied 

4306
03:49:59,400 --> 03:50:03,300
with an especially captivating 
story about why mosquitoes buzz 

4307
03:50:03,300 --> 03:50:07,400
in people's ears for a spider. 
Even a magical, one crossing the

4308
03:50:07,400 --> 03:50:11,300
sky to get the fire to Earth was
no easy task, and Nancy had to 

4309
03:50:11,308 --> 03:50:15,300
use Ingenuity for navigation 
transportation and maintaining 

4310
03:50:15,300 --> 03:50:19,100
the fire throughout the trip. 
Additionally, he had to stay out

4311
03:50:19,100 --> 03:50:22,000
of nyame site when the sky, God,
of eventually found out about 

4312
03:50:22,000 --> 03:50:23,800
the theft and came to look for 
his belongings. 

4313
03:50:23,800 --> 03:50:29,400
However, Nancy was successful 
and fired like well fire among 

4314
03:50:29,400 --> 03:50:32,100
people. 
Cooking, staying warm working 

4315
03:50:32,100 --> 03:50:34,800
after dark and generally, 
improving one's quality of life 

4316
03:50:34,800 --> 03:50:38,300
will all made possible. 
Initially incense to Miami was 

4317
03:50:38,300 --> 03:50:41,300
forced to acknowledge that fire 
was far more beneficial when it 

4318
03:50:41,300 --> 03:50:45,600
was being used to being stored. 
In fact, the theft increased 

4319
03:50:45,600 --> 03:50:48,500
rather than decreased the value 
of the gift, the way that 

4320
03:50:48,500 --> 03:50:51,800
announcing stories re-interpret,
stealing and breaking the law. 

4321
03:50:51,800 --> 03:50:53,800
As of social justice is 
fantastic. 

4322
03:50:54,700 --> 03:50:58,000
A Nancy redistributes resources 
because he sees a world where 

4323
03:50:58,000 --> 03:51:00,000
good things are kept from those 
who need them. 

4324
03:51:00,000 --> 03:51:02,600
Not because he has avaricious or
malevolent. 

4325
03:51:02,600 --> 03:51:06,100
He resembles a cosmic Robinhood,
but he has better jokes. 

4326
03:51:06,100 --> 03:51:08,700
And more legs. 
Another example of the art of 

4327
03:51:08,708 --> 03:51:10,800
necessary. 
Mischief is coyote, the 

4328
03:51:10,800 --> 03:51:13,000
trickster of many Native 
American traditions. 

4329
03:51:13,000 --> 03:51:16,700
Whereas a Nancy was endearing 
and determined and Loki was 

4330
03:51:16,700 --> 03:51:18,500
complex and occasionally 
destructive. 

4331
03:51:18,500 --> 03:51:23,100
Coyote was coyote, however was 
like that friend who has good 

4332
03:51:23,100 --> 03:51:25,000
intentions but no sense of 
proportion. 

4333
03:51:25,600 --> 03:51:28,600
He would flood a valley while 
Watering your garden then moved 

4334
03:51:28,600 --> 03:51:30,700
mountains to help you find a 
misplaced earring. 

4335
03:51:30,700 --> 03:51:33,300
There is a common pattern to 
Coyote stories. 

4336
03:51:33,300 --> 03:51:37,100
Coyote sees a problem devises, 
what appears to be a clever 

4337
03:51:37,100 --> 03:51:40,700
solution and enthusiastically 
puts the solution into practice 

4338
03:51:40,700 --> 03:51:44,100
and then faces consequences that
are typically far more 

4339
03:51:44,100 --> 03:51:46,800
significant and bizarre than 
anyone could have predicted. 

4340
03:51:46,800 --> 03:51:50,800
He is the Divine representation 
of both the necessity of trying 

4341
03:51:50,800 --> 03:51:53,200
new things. 
Even when you are unsure of how 

4342
03:51:53,200 --> 03:51:57,100
they will turn out and the law 
of unintended consequences, his 

4343
03:51:57,100 --> 03:52:00,000
attempt to introduce salmon, to 
the Columbia Rivers inhabitants 

4344
03:52:00,000 --> 03:52:03,600
is among the most Charming of 
kyotes tales according to this 

4345
03:52:03,600 --> 03:52:07,000
version, a family of creatures 
had constructed a dam across the

4346
03:52:07,000 --> 03:52:10,300
river and was hoarding, all the 
salmon refusing to share them 

4347
03:52:10,300 --> 03:52:13,200
with anybody else. 
Coyote determined that people's 

4348
03:52:13,200 --> 03:52:16,000
hunger was intolerable. 
As usual he offered a 

4349
03:52:16,000 --> 03:52:18,600
straightforward solution. 
He would break the dam and 

4350
03:52:18,600 --> 03:52:22,600
release the salmon, easy 
efficient and sure to lead to 

4351
03:52:22,600 --> 03:52:26,300
complications he hadn't yet. 
Considered Coyote was skilled at

4352
03:52:26,300 --> 03:52:28,300
the destructive aspect of 
problem solving. 

4353
03:52:28,300 --> 03:52:30,800
So the dam breaking itself went 
without a hitch. 

4354
03:52:30,800 --> 03:52:34,100
The salmon, however, had to be 
equitably shared with all the 

4355
03:52:34,108 --> 03:52:35,700
various communities along the 
river. 

4356
03:52:35,700 --> 03:52:38,800
Once they were free, this was 
the point at which coyote is 

4357
03:52:38,800 --> 03:52:41,300
lack of administrative abilities
clashed with his good 

4358
03:52:41,300 --> 03:52:44,800
intentions, Immediately 
overwhelmed by the logistics. 

4359
03:52:44,800 --> 03:52:47,800
He appointed himself coordinator
of salmon distribution. 

4360
03:52:47,800 --> 03:52:50,300
They couldn't agree on seasonal 
schedules. 

4361
03:52:50,300 --> 03:52:53,500
Had different fishing traditions
and wanted different numbers of 

4362
03:52:53,500 --> 03:52:56,400
fish. 
The world's first fisheries 

4363
03:52:56,400 --> 03:52:59,300
management crisis resulted from 
what should have been a 

4364
03:52:59,300 --> 03:53:02,300
straightforward resource sharing
issue, Kyoto, ultimately 

4365
03:53:02,300 --> 03:53:04,700
resolved, the issue by 
essentially stating that salmon 

4366
03:53:04,700 --> 03:53:08,200
would migrate in Cycles. 
Arriving in large quantities for

4367
03:53:08,200 --> 03:53:10,400
a portion of the year before 
departing to spawn. 

4368
03:53:11,600 --> 03:53:14,400
Well though, it wasn't the 
sophisticated long-term fix, he 

4369
03:53:14,400 --> 03:53:18,500
had hoped for it, did the trick.
Everyone received salmon, the 

4370
03:53:18,500 --> 03:53:22,000
salmon was able to procreate and
carry on the cycle and coyote 

4371
03:53:22,000 --> 03:53:24,400
gained insight into the 
distinction between destroying 

4372
03:53:24,400 --> 03:53:27,400
and repairing things. 
The understanding that changes 

4373
03:53:27,400 --> 03:53:31,000
messy progress frequently comes 
from unexpected directions. 

4374
03:53:31,000 --> 03:53:34,100
And sometimes the best Solutions
come from people who aren't 

4375
03:53:34,100 --> 03:53:37,200
invested in maintaining the 
status quo is what makes tricks 

4376
03:53:37,200 --> 03:53:40,100
to stories. 
So Timeless tricksters don't use

4377
03:53:40,100 --> 03:53:42,900
meticulous planning and risk 
assessment to solve problems the

4378
03:53:42,900 --> 03:53:46,400
way experts and authorities, do,
when they're tired of the status

4379
03:53:46,400 --> 03:53:49,600
quo and open to trying something
new, they solve problems the 

4380
03:53:49,600 --> 03:53:51,600
same way. 
Regular people, do they 

4381
03:53:51,600 --> 03:53:53,900
acknowledge that good. 
Intentions do not always 

4382
03:53:53,900 --> 03:53:57,100
translate into successful 
outcomes that every solution 

4383
03:53:57,100 --> 03:54:00,200
leads to new issues and that 
sometimes it is more important 

4384
03:54:00,200 --> 03:54:02,300
to Simply start the process of 
change. 

4385
03:54:02,300 --> 03:54:07,200
Even if you have no control over
its direction, trickster energy,

4386
03:54:07,200 --> 03:54:10,200
the willingness to ask 
questions, try new things and 

4387
03:54:10,200 --> 03:54:11,700
break rules that need to be 
broken. 

4388
03:54:11,700 --> 03:54:15,300
Feels more relevant than ever in
a world that frequently feels 

4389
03:54:15,300 --> 03:54:18,700
trapped in patterns that don't 
benefit anyone ancient people's 

4390
03:54:18,700 --> 03:54:21,600
conception of their gods have a 
wonderful human quality. 

4391
03:54:21,600 --> 03:54:25,700
These were not the far off 
unfathomable beings of later 

4392
03:54:25,700 --> 03:54:28,400
theology emanating. 
Perfection from some 

4393
03:54:28,400 --> 03:54:32,600
inaccessible Celestial throne 
With the ability to transform 

4394
03:54:32,600 --> 03:54:35,400
their negative emotions into 
natural calamities. 

4395
03:54:36,200 --> 03:54:38,000
These Divine beings shared all 
of our problems. 

4396
03:54:38,000 --> 03:54:40,900
Small Grievances and dubious 
decision, making abilities. 

4397
03:54:40,900 --> 03:54:44,100
Specifically, the Greek gods 
were like a dysfunctional 

4398
03:54:44,100 --> 03:54:46,800
family, that just so happened to
govern the Natural Forces. 

4399
03:54:47,700 --> 03:54:51,000
Mount Olympus was not so much, a
place of God as it was the most 

4400
03:54:51,000 --> 03:54:54,800
exclusive gated community in the
world inhabited by being with 

4401
03:54:54,800 --> 03:54:57,700
Limitless power and the 
emotional maturity of reality TV

4402
03:54:57,700 --> 03:55:00,700
contestants. 
They had sibling rivalries that 

4403
03:55:00,700 --> 03:55:03,900
could literally change the 
landscape, harbored resentments 

4404
03:55:03,900 --> 03:55:07,900
for centuries and fell in love 
in inappropriate ways as the 

4405
03:55:07,900 --> 03:55:09,700
alleged ruler of the Gods and 
universe. 

4406
03:55:09,700 --> 03:55:12,100
Zeus devoted. 
Most of his time to resolving 

4407
03:55:12,100 --> 03:55:15,500
issues that he had caused his 
solution to his attraction to 

4408
03:55:15,500 --> 03:55:17,000
Mortal. 
Women was to change into 

4409
03:55:17,000 --> 03:55:19,900
different animals and entice 
them which resulted in a 

4410
03:55:19,908 --> 03:55:22,900
constant flow of demigod 
Offspring with complex parental 

4411
03:55:22,900 --> 03:55:25,400
problems. 
When the king of the Gods chose 

4412
03:55:25,400 --> 03:55:28,500
to court, the women in the form 
of a bull or a swan, his wife 

4413
03:55:28,500 --> 03:55:31,300
Hera spent just as much time. 
Being in raged about these 

4414
03:55:31,300 --> 03:55:33,700
Affairs and exacting revenge on 
the women. 

4415
03:55:33,700 --> 03:55:35,300
As if they had any sale in the 
matter. 

4416
03:55:35,300 --> 03:55:38,200
It was like watching a soap 
opera with characters who could 

4417
03:55:38,200 --> 03:55:39,800
throw lightning bolts when they 
were angry. 

4418
03:55:40,700 --> 03:55:43,700
For the next Crisis arose from 
precisely the same pattern of 

4419
03:55:43,700 --> 03:55:46,900
behavior. 
Everyone would act shocked Zeus 

4420
03:55:46,900 --> 03:55:48,900
would have an affair hero would 
discover it. 

4421
03:55:48,900 --> 03:55:52,100
And innocent people would be 
cursed with terrible Fates or 

4422
03:55:52,100 --> 03:55:54,600
turned into trees of all the 
Greek gods. 

4423
03:55:54,600 --> 03:55:57,800
Hades was arguably the most 
relatable, since he was forced 

4424
03:55:57,800 --> 03:56:01,400
to hold the position that no one
wanted that of ruler of the 

4425
03:56:01,400 --> 03:56:03,900
underworld. 
Hades received the basement 

4426
03:56:03,900 --> 03:56:06,800
Office of the cosmos. 
While his brothers Zeus and 

4427
03:56:06,800 --> 03:56:09,800
Poseidon were given the exciting
Realms of the sky and the Sea 

4428
03:56:09,800 --> 03:56:13,100
complete with dramatic weather 
patterns and amazing power 

4429
03:56:13,100 --> 03:56:15,900
displays. 
Well though his work managing 

4430
03:56:15,900 --> 03:56:19,200
the dead was significant, it 
wasn't exactly the kind of thing

4431
03:56:19,200 --> 03:56:21,100
that attracted a lot of 
favorable press. 

4432
03:56:21,100 --> 03:56:23,800
It's possible that Hades 
received the least glamorous 

4433
03:56:23,800 --> 03:56:26,400
assignment because he was the 
most responsible of the three 

4434
03:56:26,400 --> 03:56:29,100
brothers. 
He managed his realm effectively

4435
03:56:29,100 --> 03:56:32,800
kept himself, most of the time 
and showed up for work every 

4436
03:56:32,800 --> 03:56:35,300
day. 
Even that story becomes more 

4437
03:56:35,300 --> 03:56:37,300
likable when you consider that, 
he was likely. 

4438
03:56:37,300 --> 03:56:40,300
Just lonely and didn't know how 
to ask someone out when your job

4439
03:56:40,300 --> 03:56:42,700
required you to spend all of 
your time with dead people. 

4440
03:56:43,700 --> 03:56:46,600
His biggest PR disaster was 
kidnapping, Persephone to be his

4441
03:56:46,600 --> 03:56:49,500
wife given that it was 
negotiated by those who had the 

4442
03:56:49,508 --> 03:56:51,300
authority to wipe out all life 
on Earth. 

4443
03:56:51,300 --> 03:56:54,500
If they didn't get their way, 
the solution to Persephone's 

4444
03:56:54,500 --> 03:56:57,000
predicament where she spends 
part of the Year underground 

4445
03:56:57,000 --> 03:56:59,300
with Hades and part of the Year 
above ground. 

4446
03:56:59,300 --> 03:57:01,600
With her mother Demeter was 
actually a fairly reasonable 

4447
03:57:01,600 --> 03:57:04,200
compromise Hades received 
company. 

4448
03:57:04,200 --> 03:57:07,500
During the dark months Humanity,
received an explanation for the 

4449
03:57:07,500 --> 03:57:10,600
seasonal changes and a meter 
received her daughter back for 

4450
03:57:10,600 --> 03:57:13,000
the spring and summer. 
If you don't consider the 

4451
03:57:13,000 --> 03:57:16,300
kidnapping aspect too much, 
everyone kind of won the gods of

4452
03:57:16,308 --> 03:57:18,300
Egypt, approached Divine 
Behavior differently. 

4453
03:57:18,900 --> 03:57:21,400
The Egyptian gods were more like
Cosmic principles with 

4454
03:57:21,400 --> 03:57:24,600
personalities than the Greek 
gods who were basically Immortal

4455
03:57:24,600 --> 03:57:27,800
humans with superpowers. 
They were more than just strong 

4456
03:57:27,800 --> 03:57:30,400
creatures. 
They represented the basic 

4457
03:57:30,400 --> 03:57:34,200
elements of life such as death, 
rebirth order chaos. 

4458
03:57:34,200 --> 03:57:38,000
The flooding of the Nile and the
sun's journey across the sky. 

4459
03:57:38,000 --> 03:57:40,900
Making sure the sun rose. 
Each day was perhaps the most 

4460
03:57:40,900 --> 03:57:42,800
significant Duty performed by 
the sun. 

4461
03:57:42,800 --> 03:57:46,500
God ride in the Egyptian 
Pantheon to do this, he had to 

4462
03:57:46,500 --> 03:57:49,900
travel across the sky every day 
in a solar barque and then go 

4463
03:57:49,900 --> 03:57:51,800
through the underworld every 
night to defeat. 

4464
03:57:51,800 --> 03:57:55,100
The serpent apet who stood for 
kale and truly didn't want the 

4465
03:57:55,100 --> 03:57:58,200
sun to rise again. 
It wasn't as simple as flipping 

4466
03:57:58,200 --> 03:58:01,000
a cosmic switch. 
Take a moment to consider the 

4467
03:58:01,000 --> 03:58:04,100
weight of that responsibility. 
Rahl was required to 

4468
03:58:04,100 --> 03:58:06,900
successfully. 
Navigate Celestial Waters, lead 

4469
03:58:06,900 --> 03:58:10,000
a crew of divine beings. 
And then engage in a cosmic 

4470
03:58:10,000 --> 03:58:13,500
battle against the forces of 
entropy on a daily basis, the 

4471
03:58:13,500 --> 03:58:16,000
sun wouldn't rise and 
civilization would come to an 

4472
03:58:16,000 --> 03:58:18,000
end. 
If he had a bad day became ill 

4473
03:58:18,000 --> 03:58:21,300
or distracted, or simply didn't 
feel like putting up with Apex 

4474
03:58:21,300 --> 03:58:24,800
nonsense, what's amazing? 
Is that Ralph was able to stick 

4475
03:58:24,800 --> 03:58:28,000
to this routine for thousands of
years without ever taking a day 

4476
03:58:28,000 --> 03:58:30,100
off. 
He either needs to learn about 

4477
03:58:30,100 --> 03:58:33,200
work life, balance or is the 
most Dependable employee in the 

4478
03:58:33,200 --> 03:58:35,600
universe because of his 
commitment to routine. 

4479
03:58:35,600 --> 03:58:38,900
However, the interconnectedness 
of existence was also something 

4480
03:58:38,900 --> 03:58:42,000
that the Egyptian gods 
understood, every element of a 

4481
03:58:42,000 --> 03:58:45,000
Gyptian, cosmology was affected 
when set killed, his brother 

4482
03:58:45,000 --> 03:58:48,700
Osiris out of jealousy. 
A family drama, that makes Greek

4483
03:58:48,700 --> 03:58:52,200
Divine dysfunction. 
See, mild set ruled over Chaos 

4484
03:58:52,200 --> 03:58:55,000
on the desert of Cyrus became 
the god of the dead and the 

4485
03:58:55,008 --> 03:58:57,000
afterlife, and their sister 
wife. 

4486
03:58:57,000 --> 03:59:00,000
Isis became the goddess of 
healing and Magic as she sought 

4487
03:59:00,000 --> 03:59:03,500
to protect this son Horus and 
bring her husband back to life. 

4488
03:59:03,500 --> 03:59:16,100
The Narrative of picture 
yourself on a wooden ship in the

4489
03:59:16,100 --> 03:59:18,900
middle of the Atlantic Ocean in 
the year, 1700. 

4490
03:59:19,700 --> 03:59:22,700
The water looks like a wrinkled 
blue bed sheet with no edges. 

4491
03:59:22,700 --> 03:59:27,400
It goes on forever. 
Sales made of canvas above, you 

4492
03:59:27,400 --> 03:59:30,500
snap and below in the wind 
making sounds like thunder in 

4493
03:59:30,500 --> 03:59:32,700
the distance. 
You can hear the wood creaking 

4494
03:59:32,700 --> 03:59:36,200
all the time below deck. 
The ships wouldn't bones Bend 

4495
03:59:36,200 --> 03:59:39,400
and grown as the waves, lift and
drop the ship in a never-ending 

4496
03:59:39,400 --> 03:59:40,800
Rhythm. 
That makes your stomach feel 

4497
03:59:40,800 --> 03:59:43,300
bad. 
Now, here's the scary part. 

4498
03:59:43,300 --> 03:59:46,800
You have no idea where you are. 
You have a pretty good idea of 

4499
03:59:46,800 --> 03:59:48,400
how far north or south you've 
gone. 

4500
03:59:48,400 --> 03:59:52,100
That's not too hard. 
A Sextant can tell you the angle

4501
03:59:52,100 --> 03:59:55,100
of the Sun at noon, when it is 
at its highest point in the sky.

4502
03:59:56,000 --> 03:59:59,000
To find your latitude compare 
that angle to tables in a book 

4503
03:59:59,000 --> 04:00:01,000
and do some math. 
That would make your high school

4504
04:00:01,000 --> 04:00:04,800
geometry, teacher proud The 
hundreds of years Sailors have 

4505
04:00:04,800 --> 04:00:06,500
been doing this and it worked 
great. 

4506
04:00:07,300 --> 04:00:10,200
But what about Eastern West 
that's when things got hard 

4507
04:00:10,200 --> 04:00:14,300
scary and very hard to 
understand to find out how far 

4508
04:00:14,300 --> 04:00:17,600
east or west you've traveled 
your longitude you need to know 

4509
04:00:17,600 --> 04:00:20,900
what time it is back home. 
This may seem easy but it's 

4510
04:00:20,900 --> 04:00:23,600
actually very hard. 
You can figure out that you're 

4511
04:00:23,600 --> 04:00:26,500
about 60 degrees west of London,
if you know that it's noon where

4512
04:00:26,500 --> 04:00:28,900
you are now and that it's four 
in the afternoon back in London.

4513
04:00:29,700 --> 04:00:33,000
15 degrees of longitude is equal
to one hour of time, difference 

4514
04:00:33,000 --> 04:00:36,600
is really beautiful math. 
The kind that makes you feel 

4515
04:00:36,600 --> 04:00:40,300
smart, just thinking about it. 
The problem is that clocks from 

4516
04:00:40,300 --> 04:00:44,400
the 1700s were Moody and worked 
great in your living room but as

4517
04:00:44,400 --> 04:00:46,600
soon as you put them on a ship, 
they became useless. 

4518
04:00:46,600 --> 04:00:50,200
Lumps of metal and gears the 
metal parts of the device 

4519
04:00:50,200 --> 04:00:53,800
expanded and contracted when the
temperature changed the moisture

4520
04:00:53,800 --> 04:00:57,300
in the air caused their delicate
parts to rust, the constant 

4521
04:00:57,300 --> 04:01:00,000
rocking motion messed up their 
pendulums, which were the 

4522
04:01:00,008 --> 04:01:03,300
weights that kept time steady. 
And what about Salt Air? 

4523
04:01:04,200 --> 04:01:06,300
Salt Air was like poison to 
machines. 

4524
04:01:06,300 --> 04:01:09,600
It ate away at brass and steel. 
Like the ocean waves, that 

4525
04:01:09,600 --> 04:01:13,600
slowly wear down a cliff. 
Sailors, and the Age of 

4526
04:01:13,608 --> 04:01:16,300
Exploration were basically, 
driving across a flat desert 

4527
04:01:16,300 --> 04:01:21,900
with no GPS Compass or map, they
had to guess where they were by 

4528
04:01:21,900 --> 04:01:23,800
looking at the sun and making 
educated guesses. 

4529
04:01:23,800 --> 04:01:27,100
And as you might expect, this 
caused disaster, that would 

4530
04:01:27,100 --> 04:01:30,700
haunt Maritime history. 
Ships would sail confidently 

4531
04:01:30,700 --> 04:01:33,500
toward what they thought was a 
safe harbor, only to find 

4532
04:01:33,500 --> 04:01:36,000
themselves grinding onto rocks. 
That shouldn't have been there 

4533
04:01:36,000 --> 04:01:39,400
for another 100. 
Mi hope fleets would miss their 

4534
04:01:39,400 --> 04:01:43,000
destinations by hundreds of 
miles and sailors would run out 

4535
04:01:43,000 --> 04:01:45,600
of food and water, as they 
desperately searched, the 

4536
04:01:45,600 --> 04:01:48,000
Horizon for land, that was 
actually far behind them. 

4537
04:01:48,000 --> 04:01:51,600
The ocean was hiding things. 
Those things were dangerous. 

4538
04:01:52,400 --> 04:01:56,600
On a foggy October night in 
1707, a British naval fleet led 

4539
04:01:56,600 --> 04:01:59,100
by Admiral. 
So, cloudsley shovel was sailing

4540
04:01:59,100 --> 04:02:01,900
home from Gibraltar. 
This was the worst Maritime 

4541
04:02:01,900 --> 04:02:04,800
disaster of the time. 
The Admirals Navigators told 

4542
04:02:04,800 --> 04:02:06,100
him. 
They were safely to the west of 

4543
04:02:06,100 --> 04:02:08,000
the dangerous. 
Rocks off the Isles of scilly, 

4544
04:02:08,000 --> 04:02:10,200
which are near the southwestern 
tip of England. 

4545
04:02:10,200 --> 04:02:12,600
They were wrong 
catastrophically. 

4546
04:02:12,600 --> 04:02:16,200
It was wrong in the past. 
Four ships, hit the rocks that 

4547
04:02:16,200 --> 04:02:17,900
night and went down in a matter 
of hours. 

4548
04:02:17,900 --> 04:02:22,000
Their screams were lost in the 
fog and wind as almost 2000 men.

4549
04:02:22,000 --> 04:02:25,900
Drowned in the cold, Atlantic 
Waters, Admiral shovell was one 

4550
04:02:25,900 --> 04:02:28,400
of them. 
He made it to shore alive but a 

4551
04:02:28,400 --> 04:02:30,600
local woman killed him because 
she wanted his emerald ring. 

4552
04:02:30,600 --> 04:02:33,900
It was the kind of tragedy that 
shows you how cruel it can be 

4553
04:02:33,900 --> 04:02:36,300
when people make mistakes and 
nature Acts. 

4554
04:02:37,200 --> 04:02:40,200
Britain was shocked, the country
that was building an empire that

4555
04:02:40,200 --> 04:02:42,800
stretched around the world. 
Couldnt even safely get his own 

4556
04:02:42,800 --> 04:02:45,200
ship's home. 
It was like being a great race 

4557
04:02:45,200 --> 04:02:48,500
car driver, who couldn't always 
Park in their own garage. the 

4558
04:02:48,500 --> 04:02:50,800
embarrassment was only worse 
than the rising death, toll of 

4559
04:02:50,800 --> 04:02:53,300
the money lost, when Merchant 
ships disappeared into the 

4560
04:02:53,300 --> 04:02:56,400
ocean's, vast anonymity, There 
had to be a change. 

4561
04:02:56,400 --> 04:03:00,300
The question was what? 
And who would be smart enough to

4562
04:03:00,300 --> 04:03:02,900
figure out problem that had 
stumped the smartest people of 

4563
04:03:02,900 --> 04:03:05,700
the time? 
In the village of falbi. 

4564
04:03:05,700 --> 04:03:09,100
In Yorkshire England, a boy 
named John Harrison grew up in a

4565
04:03:09,100 --> 04:03:12,000
world where the Sun moved across
the sky, and the seasons 

4566
04:03:12,000 --> 04:03:16,100
changed. 
John was born in 1693 and was 

4567
04:03:16,100 --> 04:03:18,500
the kind of kid who noticed 
things that other kids didn't 

4568
04:03:18,500 --> 04:03:20,900
like how Shadows moved across 
the floor. 

4569
04:03:20,900 --> 04:03:24,500
How birds seemed to know exactly
when Dawn would break and the 

4570
04:03:24,500 --> 04:03:26,200
exact rhythm of his own 
heartbeat. 

4571
04:03:27,000 --> 04:03:30,100
His dad was a carpenter, which 
meant he was a Craftsman, an 

4572
04:03:30,100 --> 04:03:32,500
artist and a problem solver all 
at the same time. 

4573
04:03:33,600 --> 04:03:36,800
When people needed a door that 
fit just right a table, that 

4574
04:03:36,800 --> 04:03:39,900
wouldn't wobble, or a beam that 
could hold up a roof for 100 

4575
04:03:39,900 --> 04:03:42,100
years. 
They came to you carpentry, 

4576
04:03:42,100 --> 04:03:45,300
required an eye for detail, and 
a feel for how materials worked.

4577
04:03:45,300 --> 04:03:48,900
Young John, learned the skills 
quickly like a sponge soaking up

4578
04:03:48,900 --> 04:03:51,900
water but what really interested
John was something that most 

4579
04:03:51,900 --> 04:03:54,600
Carpenters didn't think about 
very much time. 

4580
04:03:54,600 --> 04:03:57,800
He would watch his dad work and 
pay attention to how long each 

4581
04:03:57,800 --> 04:04:01,300
job took how the quality of the 
wood affected, how fast it could

4582
04:04:01,300 --> 04:04:03,700
be cut and how is Dad's 
experience helped him? 

4583
04:04:03,700 --> 04:04:06,400
Guess how long a project would 
take with amazing accuracy? 

4584
04:04:07,700 --> 04:04:11,000
John was thinking about 
measurement, precision and the 

4585
04:04:11,008 --> 04:04:14,200
Unseen rhythms that controlled 
everything around him while 

4586
04:04:14,200 --> 04:04:17,300
other boys, his age were playing
games or doing things that made 

4587
04:04:17,300 --> 04:04:20,500
their parents sigh heavily. 
When John was about seven years 

4588
04:04:20,500 --> 04:04:23,900
old, he got smallpox a disease 
that killed millions of people 

4589
04:04:23,900 --> 04:04:26,200
and left those who survived with
scars for life. 

4590
04:04:27,000 --> 04:04:30,200
John lived, but the sickness 
kept him in bed for weeks 

4591
04:04:30,200 --> 04:04:33,300
someone gave him a watch while 
he was recovering and it changed

4592
04:04:33,300 --> 04:04:35,600
his life. 
You might think that a watch as 

4593
04:04:35,600 --> 04:04:38,700
a boring gift for a sick kid, 
there were no flashing lights 

4594
04:04:38,700 --> 04:04:41,500
moving Parts. 
You could see or bells and 

4595
04:04:41,500 --> 04:04:45,200
whistles that watch though was a
window into a world of 

4596
04:04:45,200 --> 04:04:46,600
precision. 
For John Harrison. 

4597
04:04:46,600 --> 04:04:50,100
He would put it to his ear and 
listen to the steady Tick, Tock 

4598
04:04:50,100 --> 04:04:52,000
of brass and steel like a 
heartbeat. 

4599
04:04:52,700 --> 04:04:55,900
He would watch the hands move 
slowly around the dial turning 

4600
04:04:55,900 --> 04:05:00,500
seconds into minutes minutes 
into hours and hours into days. 

4601
04:05:00,500 --> 04:05:02,900
He took it apart which is the 
most amazing thing. 

4602
04:05:03,700 --> 04:05:06,600
Imagine being seven years old 
sick, with a disease. 

4603
04:05:06,600 --> 04:05:09,500
That is killing people all 
around you and deciding that. 

4604
04:05:09,500 --> 04:05:12,600
The most interesting thing you 
could do is take apart, a 

4605
04:05:12,600 --> 04:05:14,500
complicated machine to see how 
it works. 

4606
04:05:15,700 --> 04:05:19,000
John took out each tiny screw 
gear and piece of metal with 

4607
04:05:19,000 --> 04:05:21,600
great care and put them on his 
bedside table. 

4608
04:05:22,400 --> 04:05:25,400
Then with a level of focus, that
seems almost impossible for a 

4609
04:05:25,400 --> 04:05:28,200
child, he put it all back 
together and it still worked. 

4610
04:05:28,200 --> 04:05:30,400
This wasn't just mechanical 
skill. 

4611
04:05:30,400 --> 04:05:34,000
It was a kind of Genius that 
shows itself early and loudly 

4612
04:05:34,900 --> 04:05:37,800
John Harrison Audi wanted to do 
before most kids could spell 

4613
04:05:37,800 --> 04:05:40,800
their own names. 
John's interesting clocks didn't

4614
04:05:40,800 --> 04:05:43,000
fade. 
As he got older, he didn't make 

4615
04:05:43,000 --> 04:05:46,000
it less deep. 
He made it deeper, he started 

4616
04:05:46,000 --> 04:05:49,300
making clocks. 
Not as a business at first, but 

4617
04:05:49,300 --> 04:05:52,700
as a hobby that took up all of 
his free time, he worked in his 

4618
04:05:52,700 --> 04:05:55,100
father's, carpentry, shop and 
tried out different materials 

4619
04:05:55,100 --> 04:05:59,000
designs and ways to fix the 
basic problems that made clocks 

4620
04:05:59,000 --> 04:06:01,600
inaccurate. 
Wood was the first thing he 

4621
04:06:01,600 --> 04:06:03,200
chose that changed. 
Everything. 

4622
04:06:03,200 --> 04:06:06,800
Other clockmakers used Metal 
Gears, that changed shape with 

4623
04:06:06,800 --> 04:06:10,200
temperature changes. 
John on the other hand, found 

4624
04:06:10,200 --> 04:06:13,500
that certain types of wood like 
Oak and boxwood had amazing 

4625
04:06:13,500 --> 04:06:15,800
qualities. 
If you cut them the right way 

4626
04:06:15,800 --> 04:06:18,600
and put them together the right 
way, they would naturally adjust

4627
04:06:18,600 --> 04:06:21,900
to changes in temperature when 
one part got bigger, the other 

4628
04:06:21,900 --> 04:06:25,200
part got smaller which kept the 
clocks accuracy stable, there 

4629
04:06:25,200 --> 04:06:27,900
was the kind of insight that 
seems clear in retrospect but 

4630
04:06:27,900 --> 04:06:31,700
takes Real Genius to find. 
John was learning about physics 

4631
04:06:31,700 --> 04:06:34,800
and Engineering on his own even 
though these ideas wouldn't be 

4632
04:06:34,800 --> 04:06:37,900
written down for decades. 
He did this while working in a 

4633
04:06:37,900 --> 04:06:39,900
small Workshop, in Yorkshire by 
candlelight. 

4634
04:06:39,900 --> 04:06:43,300
By the time he was in his 
twenties, John had made clocks 

4635
04:06:43,300 --> 04:06:46,000
that were so accurate that they 
only lost about one second a 

4636
04:06:46,000 --> 04:06:48,200
month. 
This was an amazing feat for the

4637
04:06:48,208 --> 04:06:51,000
time. 
People would travel for miles to

4638
04:06:51,000 --> 04:06:54,500
see his clocks, which were local
wanders, but John wasn't happy. 

4639
04:06:54,500 --> 04:06:56,900
He could tell that there was 
something bigger than his 

4640
04:06:56,900 --> 04:06:59,900
skills, could do some bigger 
problem that only his unique 

4641
04:06:59,900 --> 04:07:02,500
genius could solve. 
He didn't know yet. 

4642
04:07:02,500 --> 04:07:04,600
That the problem was waiting for
him in the form of a 

4643
04:07:04,600 --> 04:07:08,900
parliamentary prize, a maritime 
crisis, and the task of making a

4644
04:07:08,900 --> 04:07:11,800
clock, that could keep perfect 
time, while being tossed around 

4645
04:07:11,800 --> 04:07:17,000
on Angry, seas, in 1714 when 
John Harrison was only 21 and 

4646
04:07:17,000 --> 04:07:18,700
still making wooden clocks in 
Yorkshire. 

4647
04:07:18,700 --> 04:07:21,400
The British Parliament, did 
something strange. 

4648
04:07:21,400 --> 04:07:25,000
They asked for help. 
The longitude act said that 

4649
04:07:25,000 --> 04:07:27,400
anyone who could figure out the 
longitude problem would get a 

4650
04:07:27,408 --> 04:07:31,100
prize of 20,000 pounds, which is
about the same as several 

4651
04:07:31,100 --> 04:07:34,800
million pounds today. 20,000 
pounds. 

4652
04:07:34,800 --> 04:07:36,700
Take a moment to think about 
that. 

4653
04:07:37,600 --> 04:07:40,100
Parliament was offering enough 
money to buy a smallest state 

4654
04:07:40,100 --> 04:07:43,700
live, comfortably for life and 
still have enough left over to 

4655
04:07:43,700 --> 04:07:45,200
pay for your grandchildren's 
education. 

4656
04:07:45,200 --> 04:07:49,200
At the time, a skilled 
Craftsman, could only make 50 

4657
04:07:49,200 --> 04:07:52,000
pounds a year. 
People quit their jobs and spent

4658
04:07:52,000 --> 04:07:53,600
their lives trying to solve 
problems. 

4659
04:07:53,600 --> 04:07:55,800
That seemed impossible because 
of the prize. 

4660
04:07:56,900 --> 04:07:59,900
But there were some rules for 
the prize, Your solution had to 

4661
04:07:59,900 --> 04:08:02,400
be able to figure out the 
longitude within half a degree 

4662
04:08:02,400 --> 04:08:05,600
after a ship had sailed to the 
West Indies and back, which 

4663
04:08:05,600 --> 04:08:08,700
could take months. 
That might not sound very exact 

4664
04:08:08,700 --> 04:08:11,000
until you remember. 
That half a degree of launched, 

4665
04:08:11,000 --> 04:08:12,900
at the equator is about 34 
miles. 

4666
04:08:12,900 --> 04:08:17,000
Your method had to tell ship's 
Captain where he was to within 

4667
04:08:17,000 --> 04:08:19,000
the distance. 
A person could walk in a day 

4668
04:08:19,000 --> 04:08:22,500
after months, at Sea, through 
storms and calm, heat and cold. 

4669
04:08:23,400 --> 04:08:25,800
Parliament set up the board of 
longitude to look at the 

4670
04:08:25,800 --> 04:08:29,100
proposed Solutions. 
This group of scientists naval 

4671
04:08:29,100 --> 04:08:31,400
officers and government 
officials were decide who should

4672
04:08:31,400 --> 04:08:34,000
get the prize. 
Some of the smartest people in 

4673
04:08:34,000 --> 04:08:37,000
Britain were on this board. 
Including astronomers who liked 

4674
04:08:37,000 --> 04:08:40,700
the lunar distance method for 
finding longitude The lunar 

4675
04:08:40,700 --> 04:08:44,400
distance method was beautiful in
math and very hard in astronomy.

4676
04:08:45,000 --> 04:08:48,100
Theoretically Navigators could 
figure out their longitude, by 

4677
04:08:48,100 --> 04:08:51,300
measuring the exact position of 
the Moon against background 

4678
04:08:51,300 --> 04:08:54,400
stars and comparing that to 
tables made by astronomers. 

4679
04:08:55,200 --> 04:08:59,600
It took clear skies accurate 
tools, complicated math, and at 

4680
04:08:59,608 --> 04:09:01,400
least an hour of work for each 
measurement. 

4681
04:09:02,600 --> 04:09:05,500
Astronomers were happy with the 
solution but Sailors who were 

4682
04:09:05,500 --> 04:09:07,900
practical wanted to throw their 
sex and overboard. 

4683
04:09:07,900 --> 04:09:11,100
A lot of the board members 
specially the astronomers 

4684
04:09:11,100 --> 04:09:13,900
thought that the answer to the 
longitude problem had to come 

4685
04:09:13,900 --> 04:09:17,500
from the Stars. 
After all navigation has always 

4686
04:09:17,500 --> 04:09:20,700
been about looking at the stars.
They thought it was unlikely at 

4687
04:09:20,700 --> 04:09:23,300
best and ridiculous at worst 
that someone could fix this 

4688
04:09:23,300 --> 04:09:26,700
problem with a mechanical device
which was basically a very fancy

4689
04:09:26,700 --> 04:09:29,300
clock. 
John Harrison would have to deal

4690
04:09:29,300 --> 04:09:32,100
with this bias for most of his 
life, but he didn't know that 

4691
04:09:32,100 --> 04:09:36,100
yet. 
John made a choice in 1728 when 

4692
04:09:36,100 --> 04:09:39,300
he was 35, that would shape the 
rest of his life. 

4693
04:09:39,300 --> 04:09:42,800
He would go to London, show the 
board of longitude his ideas for

4694
04:09:42,800 --> 04:09:45,700
a sea clock, and when the prize 
that no one else had been able 

4695
04:09:45,700 --> 04:09:50,100
to get In the 1700s. 
It wasn't easy to get from 

4696
04:09:50,100 --> 04:09:53,200
Yorkshire to London. 
It took days of travel on roads 

4697
04:09:53,200 --> 04:09:54,900
that were barely improved. 
Dirt paths. 

4698
04:09:54,900 --> 04:09:57,600
Staying in coaching Inns where 
the beds had more previous 

4699
04:09:57,600 --> 04:10:00,400
occupants than you wanted to 
think about and spending money 

4700
04:10:00,400 --> 04:10:03,800
that John didn't really have to 
spare, but he went on the trip, 

4701
04:10:03,800 --> 04:10:06,700
bringing with him drawings and 
descriptions of a clock that no 

4702
04:10:06,700 --> 04:10:09,600
one had ever seen before. 
John went to London to find 

4703
04:10:09,600 --> 04:10:12,900
Edmund Halley the same Halle who
has a comet named after him. 

4704
04:10:12,900 --> 04:10:16,500
Halle was the astronomer Royal 
and a member of the board of 

4705
04:10:16,500 --> 04:10:18,800
longitude. 
This meant that he could either 

4706
04:10:18,800 --> 04:10:21,800
help or hurt. 
John's goals, John was lucky 

4707
04:10:21,800 --> 04:10:24,200
that Haley was the kind of 
scientist who valued smart 

4708
04:10:24,200 --> 04:10:25,700
answers, no matter where they 
came from. 

4709
04:10:27,100 --> 04:10:29,900
Halle looked at John's plan's 
and saw that they were truly 

4710
04:10:29,900 --> 04:10:32,500
unique. 
This wasn't a crazy person with 

4711
04:10:32,500 --> 04:10:36,100
vague ideas and crazy claims. 
This was a Craftsman who had 

4712
04:10:36,100 --> 04:10:38,800
spent a lot of time thinking 
about how hard it was to keep 

4713
04:10:38,800 --> 04:10:42,000
track of time at Sea and come up
with specific useful Solutions. 

4714
04:10:42,900 --> 04:10:45,800
Halle introduced John to George 
Greer London's. 

4715
04:10:45,800 --> 04:10:49,800
Best clockmaker Graham was also 
smart enough to know when genius

4716
04:10:49,800 --> 04:10:52,600
came to his shop. 
Graham spent the whole day with 

4717
04:10:52,608 --> 04:10:55,800
John listening to his ideas, 
looking at his drawings and 

4718
04:10:55,800 --> 04:10:59,000
slowly, realizing that this 
country Carpenter had ideas that

4719
04:10:59,000 --> 04:11:01,000
London's best instrument makers 
had missed. 

4720
04:11:01,900 --> 04:11:04,200
Grounded something amazing by 
the end of their meeting. 

4721
04:11:04,200 --> 04:11:07,200
He offered to lend John money 
without charging him interest to

4722
04:11:07,200 --> 04:11:09,700
help him build. 
His first Marine timekeeper, it 

4723
04:11:09,700 --> 04:11:12,400
was a leap of faith in what 
people could do and it changed 

4724
04:11:12,400 --> 04:11:15,500
everything. 
John went back to Yorkshire with

4725
04:11:15,500 --> 04:11:18,200
enough money to start building a
clock, that could work at Sea. 

4726
04:11:18,200 --> 04:11:20,900
He was about to enter a part of 
his life that would last for 

4727
04:11:20,908 --> 04:11:22,100
decades. 
Drive him. 

4728
04:11:22,100 --> 04:11:26,000
Insane and changed the world, 
but first he had to make the 

4729
04:11:26,000 --> 04:11:28,000
thing. 
Think about how long it would 

4730
04:11:28,000 --> 04:11:31,700
take to make just one clock, not
as a hobby or a side project. 

4731
04:11:31,700 --> 04:11:35,200
But as your main focus for five 
years of calculating adjusting 

4732
04:11:35,200 --> 04:11:38,800
testing and improving. 
That's what John Harrison did 

4733
04:11:38,800 --> 04:11:42,800
from 1730 to 1735. 
He made his first Marine time 

4734
04:11:42,800 --> 04:11:45,000
keeper which would later be 
called H1. 

4735
04:11:45,800 --> 04:11:48,000
H1 was not a delicate pocket. 
Watch. 

4736
04:11:48,000 --> 04:11:51,400
It was a huge machine that 
weighed about 75 pounds and was 

4737
04:11:51,408 --> 04:11:54,500
about two feet tall. 
Your first thought when you saw 

4738
04:11:54,500 --> 04:11:57,100
it in a museum today would 
probably be at it. 

4739
04:11:57,100 --> 04:11:59,400
Looks like a steam punk 
sculpture with all the brass 

4740
04:11:59,400 --> 04:12:03,800
gears and strange moving Parts. 
But every part of H1s design, 

4741
04:12:03,800 --> 04:12:07,200
had a specific purpose in the 
fight against the forces that 

4742
04:12:07,200 --> 04:12:09,100
had stopped. 
Every other attempt at making a 

4743
04:12:09,100 --> 04:12:11,500
sea clock. 
John's main problem was figuring

4744
04:12:11,500 --> 04:12:14,400
out how to make a clock, that 
keeps accurate time, even when 

4745
04:12:14,400 --> 04:12:19,100
it is moved shaking. 
Heated, cool, and hit by salty 

4746
04:12:19,100 --> 04:12:21,700
are all the time. 
It was like asking someone to 

4747
04:12:21,700 --> 04:12:23,900
play a violin while riding a 
roller coaster during an 

4748
04:12:23,900 --> 04:12:26,500
earthquake. 
The main task is hard enough 

4749
04:12:26,500 --> 04:12:28,400
without all those extra things 
getting in the way. 

4750
04:12:28,400 --> 04:12:31,300
John's ideas were brilliant 
because he had spent years 

4751
04:12:31,300 --> 04:12:34,200
thinking about how mechanisms 
work when they are under stress.

4752
04:12:35,100 --> 04:12:38,200
John used a balanced mechanism 
with two weighted bars connected

4753
04:12:38,200 --> 04:12:41,200
by Springs. 
Instead of a pendulum A pendulum

4754
04:12:41,208 --> 04:12:44,400
needs gravity to work all the 
time, but it didn't work on a 

4755
04:12:44,400 --> 04:12:45,100
ship. 
That was tilting. 

4756
04:12:45,900 --> 04:12:48,900
One bar would swing one way and 
the other would swing the other 

4757
04:12:48,900 --> 04:12:52,100
way, when the ship rolled which 
stopped the ship from moving, it

4758
04:12:52,100 --> 04:12:54,800
was a mechanical genius that was
turned into brass and steel. 

4759
04:12:55,600 --> 04:12:58,300
The two balances were like 
dancers moving in perfect 

4760
04:12:58,300 --> 04:13:01,500
opposition, their movement. 
So perfectly timed, that the 

4761
04:13:01,500 --> 04:13:04,700
ship's rocking didn't matter, 
the ship pitched and rolled 

4762
04:13:04,700 --> 04:13:07,800
through the waves but inside 
each one's mechanism time moved 

4763
04:13:07,800 --> 04:13:11,200
forward with calm precision. the
temperature was another problem 

4764
04:13:11,200 --> 04:13:16,000
when you heat metal it expands, 
and when you cool it, it shrinks

4765
04:13:16,800 --> 04:13:19,700
You may have noticed this when 
you run hot water over a jar lid

4766
04:13:19,700 --> 04:13:23,500
to make it easier to open these 
tiny changes in size can mess up

4767
04:13:23,500 --> 04:13:25,800
the timing of a clock. 
So much that stops working. 

4768
04:13:26,900 --> 04:13:29,000
John used by metallic strips to 
fix this. 

4769
04:13:29,000 --> 04:13:32,800
The strips were made of brass 
and steal and reacted to changes

4770
04:13:32,800 --> 04:13:36,500
in temperature, in opposite ways
making up for each other, then 

4771
04:13:36,500 --> 04:13:40,400
there was friction, which is bad
for all moving Parts, friction 

4772
04:13:40,400 --> 04:13:43,000
was trying to slow things down 
and make them less accurate 

4773
04:13:43,000 --> 04:13:46,700
every time gear teeth mashed 
together or a bearing turned in 

4774
04:13:46,700 --> 04:13:49,300
its housing. 
Most clockmakers of the time 

4775
04:13:49,300 --> 04:13:52,500
used oil to reduce friction but 
oil thickened in the cold 

4776
04:13:52,500 --> 04:13:55,500
thinned in the Heat and 
eventually turned into sticky 

4777
04:13:55,500 --> 04:13:57,000
residue that gummed up the 
works. 

4778
04:13:57,000 --> 04:14:01,500
John's answer was to use lignum 
v-day a very hard, heavy wood 

4779
04:14:01,500 --> 04:14:04,800
that has its own natural oils. 
His bearings were made from this

4780
04:14:04,800 --> 04:14:07,500
wood that doesn't need oil so he
didn't need any at all. 

4781
04:14:08,100 --> 04:14:10,700
John knew a lot about how 
materials acted when they were 

4782
04:14:10,700 --> 04:14:15,800
under stress and every problem 
had a solution H1 was more than 

4783
04:14:15,800 --> 04:14:18,100
just a clock. 
It was a dissertation in 

4784
04:14:18,100 --> 04:14:20,500
mechanical engineering that a 
man who had never gone to 

4785
04:14:20,500 --> 04:14:22,100
college wrote in brass and 
steel. 

4786
04:14:22,800 --> 04:14:27,300
Each one was ready for its trial
in 1735, the board of longitude 

4787
04:14:27,300 --> 04:14:30,800
sent John on the HMS, Centurion 
to Lisbon, Portugal and back. 

4788
04:14:31,500 --> 04:14:34,400
This trip would test whether 
this complicated machine could 

4789
04:14:34,400 --> 04:14:36,000
really do what John said, it 
could. 

4790
04:14:37,300 --> 04:14:40,300
Think about how John felt as he 
watched his five years of work. 

4791
04:14:40,300 --> 04:14:42,900
Being carefully, loaded onto a 
royal Navy warship. 

4792
04:14:43,700 --> 04:14:45,700
The open ocean was about to 
judge everything. 

4793
04:14:45,700 --> 04:14:48,900
He had given up every hour. 
He had spent in his workshop and

4794
04:14:48,900 --> 04:14:51,000
every calculation and adjustment
he had made. 

4795
04:14:51,700 --> 04:14:55,300
The trip was hard, the Atlantic 
doesn't care about your precise 

4796
04:14:55,300 --> 04:14:57,600
tools or the work you've done 
for the rest of your life. 

4797
04:14:57,600 --> 04:15:02,300
The centurion's deck was covered
in waves and the ship rolled at 

4798
04:15:02,300 --> 04:15:04,600
angles that made even 
experienced Sailors. 

4799
04:15:04,600 --> 04:15:09,700
Hold onto the railings. 
Below in the captain's cabin, H1

4800
04:15:09,700 --> 04:15:13,200
sat quietly ticking away, 
seemingly unaffected by the 

4801
04:15:13,200 --> 04:15:16,000
chaos around it. 
The ship's Navigators thought 

4802
04:15:16,000 --> 04:15:18,600
they were getting closer to 
England from a certain place on 

4803
04:15:18,600 --> 04:15:21,100
the way back. 
John's clock said they were 

4804
04:15:21,100 --> 04:15:24,000
really about 90 miles east of 
Where The Navigators thought 

4805
04:15:24,000 --> 04:15:26,300
they were. 
John told the captain that they 

4806
04:15:26,300 --> 04:15:28,800
were getting close to England 
near The Dangerous Waters 

4807
04:15:28,800 --> 04:15:30,900
around. 
Start point, he did this with 

4808
04:15:30,900 --> 04:15:33,600
the confidence of someone who 
trusted his own work more than 

4809
04:15:33,600 --> 04:15:37,400
what most people thought. 
Roger Wills the captain believed

4810
04:15:37,400 --> 04:15:40,800
what John said enough to change 
course and when the fog cleared 

4811
04:15:40,800 --> 04:15:43,400
start point was right, where 
John's clock said, it would be. 

4812
04:15:44,100 --> 04:15:46,400
The Navigators had made a 
mistake that could have easily 

4813
04:15:46,400 --> 04:15:48,300
sunk the ship by almost 100 
miles. 

4814
04:15:48,300 --> 04:15:51,600
Each one was correct. 
You might think that this 

4815
04:15:51,600 --> 04:15:54,400
successful trial would have won 
John the longitude prize right 

4816
04:15:54,400 --> 04:15:57,100
away. 
His clock had just showed that 

4817
04:15:57,100 --> 04:15:59,500
it could do exactly what 
Parliament had promised to pay 

4818
04:15:59,500 --> 04:16:03,800
20,000 pounds to do. 
But you would be underestimated,

4819
04:16:03,800 --> 04:16:06,400
how hard it is to convince 
experts, who are doubtful? 

4820
04:16:06,400 --> 04:16:07,800
That someone has solved a 
problem. 

4821
04:16:07,800 --> 04:16:09,400
They thought was almost 
impossible. 

4822
04:16:10,600 --> 04:16:14,200
The board of longitude said that
H1 had potential which in 

4823
04:16:14,200 --> 04:16:17,900
bureaucratic language means, 
this is interesting, but we're 

4824
04:16:17,900 --> 04:16:19,500
not ready to give you all that 
money yet. 

4825
04:16:20,200 --> 04:16:23,400
They gave John 500 pounds to 
keep working on it, and make a 

4826
04:16:23,400 --> 04:16:26,000
better version. 
It was both encouragement and a 

4827
04:16:26,000 --> 04:16:28,500
clear message show me again and 
do it better. 

4828
04:16:28,500 --> 04:16:32,300
John might have been feeling 
down, he went back to his shop 

4829
04:16:32,300 --> 04:16:34,200
and started making plans for H2 
instead. 

4830
04:16:34,200 --> 04:16:37,400
You might think that H2 would 
take less time now that John, 

4831
04:16:37,400 --> 04:16:40,300
you how to do it, because it 
took him five years to build H1.

4832
04:16:40,300 --> 04:16:44,000
You would be very wrong. 
It took John almost 20 years to 

4833
04:16:44,000 --> 04:16:46,400
finish H2, but not because he 
worked slowly. 

4834
04:16:46,400 --> 04:16:48,300
He kept coming up with better 
ideas. 

4835
04:16:48,300 --> 04:16:51,200
This is the time in John 
Harrison's, life that will test 

4836
04:16:51,200 --> 04:16:52,800
your patience just to hear about
it. 

4837
04:16:53,700 --> 04:16:56,700
Imagine spending your whole 
adult life trying to solve one 

4838
04:16:56,700 --> 04:17:00,500
problem getting close and then 
realizing you could do better 

4839
04:17:00,500 --> 04:17:06,500
and starting over over and over 
for 40 years, H2, which was 

4840
04:17:06,500 --> 04:17:11,600
finished in 1741 was heavier 
than H1 about 86 pounds. 

4841
04:17:12,400 --> 04:17:14,400
But it had changes that made it 
more accurate. 

4842
04:17:14,400 --> 04:17:17,600
In theory, John had fine-tuned 
his temperature compensation 

4843
04:17:17,600 --> 04:17:20,700
system improved, his balance 
mechanism and made a lot of 

4844
04:17:20,700 --> 04:17:24,000
small changes that when added 
together made a difference, it 

4845
04:17:24,000 --> 04:17:27,000
was like seeing a perfectionist 
change a document changing the 

4846
04:17:27,000 --> 04:17:30,300
words and punctuation until each
sentence was as clear as glass 

4847
04:17:31,200 --> 04:17:35,000
But before H2 could be tested at
C, John realized, something that

4848
04:17:35,000 --> 04:17:38,000
worried him he had already come 
up with ways to make it better. 

4849
04:17:39,300 --> 04:17:42,800
The world of ships was also 
changing the board of longitude 

4850
04:17:42,800 --> 04:17:45,700
had paid for the creation of a 
new way to measure the distance 

4851
04:17:45,700 --> 04:17:48,700
to the Moon and astronomers were
publishing tables that made 

4852
04:17:48,700 --> 04:17:52,500
navigating by the Stars easier. 
John's chance to prove his 

4853
04:17:52,500 --> 04:17:54,100
mechanical solution was running 
out. 

4854
04:17:55,400 --> 04:17:58,200
John started working on H3 in 
1749. 

4855
04:17:59,200 --> 04:18:02,800
It would take him 17 years to 
finish this version during that 

4856
04:18:02,800 --> 04:18:07,200
time he hardly left his 
Workshop, rarely saw friends and

4857
04:18:07,200 --> 04:18:10,900
focused so hard that his friends
and family were worried William 

4858
04:18:10,900 --> 04:18:13,600
his son who had grown up 
watching his father's Obsession 

4859
04:18:13,600 --> 04:18:16,900
became his assistant and later 
his Advocate when he had to deal

4860
04:18:16,900 --> 04:18:21,200
with the board of longitude. 
H3 was smaller than the ones 

4861
04:18:21,200 --> 04:18:23,600
that came before it, but it was 
much more complicated. 

4862
04:18:23,600 --> 04:18:27,600
John added new features like a 
bimetallic strip to adjust for 

4863
04:18:27,600 --> 04:18:30,500
temperature and a cage roller 
bearing mechanism. 

4864
04:18:31,600 --> 04:18:34,600
This design was so ahead of its 
time that it wasn't rediscovered

4865
04:18:34,600 --> 04:18:37,800
and widely used until the 
Industrial Revolution, more than

4866
04:18:37,808 --> 04:18:40,800
100 years later. 
You benefit from something. 

4867
04:18:40,800 --> 04:18:44,200
John Harrison came up with while
trying to solve the longitude 

4868
04:18:44,200 --> 04:18:46,700
problem, every time you ride in 
a car or use a machine with 

4869
04:18:46,700 --> 04:18:51,000
roller bearings, But there was a
problem with H3 that John 

4870
04:18:51,000 --> 04:18:54,100
couldn't completely fix. 
There was more sensitive to the 

4871
04:18:54,100 --> 04:18:56,100
ship's movement than his other 
designs. 

4872
04:18:56,100 --> 04:18:59,300
The changes he made in some 
areas had made other areas 

4873
04:18:59,300 --> 04:19:01,600
weaker. 
It was the kind of trade-off in 

4874
04:19:01,600 --> 04:19:04,400
engineering that keeps 
perfectionists up at night and 

4875
04:19:04,400 --> 04:19:06,000
John was definitely a 
perfectionist. 

4876
04:19:06,000 --> 04:19:09,600
John was in his 60s by the 
middle of the 1750s. 

4877
04:19:09,600 --> 04:19:12,700
He had been working on sea 
clocks for more than 30 years. 

4878
04:19:12,700 --> 04:19:16,700
His first try was good enough to
show that the idea worked but 

4879
04:19:16,700 --> 04:19:19,600
not good enough to win. 
The longitude prize, his later 

4880
04:19:19,600 --> 04:19:22,800
attempts had been better in some
ways but he still hadn't reached

4881
04:19:22,800 --> 04:19:25,800
the level of perfection. 
He wanted a lot of people would 

4882
04:19:25,800 --> 04:19:28,600
have given up the right thing to
do, would have been to admit 

4883
04:19:28,600 --> 04:19:31,300
that he had made in Portland 
contributions, take whatever 

4884
04:19:31,300 --> 04:19:32,800
money. 
The board of longitude was 

4885
04:19:32,800 --> 04:19:35,300
willing to give him and then 
retire knowing that he had 

4886
04:19:35,300 --> 04:19:38,700
helped people learn more. 
John Harrison was not like most 

4887
04:19:38,700 --> 04:19:41,500
people and he was not being 
reasonable about this problem. 

4888
04:19:42,200 --> 04:19:44,800
John made a choice in his 
Workshop that must have seemed a

4889
04:19:44,800 --> 04:19:48,200
little crazy even to him. 
He would stop working on H3 and 

4890
04:19:48,200 --> 04:19:50,500
start over from scratch with a 
very different method. 

4891
04:19:50,500 --> 04:19:53,800
His new clock would be nothing 
like the big complicated 

4892
04:19:53,800 --> 04:19:56,400
machines. 
He had spent years building, it 

4893
04:19:56,400 --> 04:19:59,700
would be small elegant and based
on ideas, he had learned while 

4894
04:19:59,700 --> 04:20:03,200
working on the other ones, but 
had never fully used He would 

4895
04:20:03,200 --> 04:20:06,600
make H4 which would be a watch 
think of a pocket watch from the

4896
04:20:06,600 --> 04:20:08,908
1700s. 
Like the kind you might see in a

4897
04:20:08,916 --> 04:20:12,200
period drama is hanging from a 
gold chain on a gentleman's 

4898
04:20:12,200 --> 04:20:15,100
waistcoat. 
Fancy classy and small enough to

4899
04:20:15,108 --> 04:20:18,600
fit in your hand Now picture 
this watch being so accurate and

4900
04:20:18,600 --> 04:20:20,800
well made that it will lose less
than a minute. 

4901
04:20:20,800 --> 04:20:25,500
After months, at Sea, through 
storms and calm, heat and cold. 

4902
04:20:27,000 --> 04:20:30,600
That was H4. 
John Harrison started working on

4903
04:20:30,600 --> 04:20:34,500
H4 in 1755. 
And by 1759, he had made 

4904
04:20:34,500 --> 04:20:37,800
something that looks simple but 
wasn't It was about five inches 

4905
04:20:37,800 --> 04:20:40,400
across, which is big for a 
pocket, watch by today's 

4906
04:20:40,400 --> 04:20:43,100
standards. 
But small compared to H1 H2 or 

4907
04:20:43,100 --> 04:20:45,600
H3. 
It was only three pounds heavy. 

4908
04:20:46,400 --> 04:20:49,200
You could easily hold it in both
hands and admire its clean white

4909
04:20:49,200 --> 04:20:52,900
face, elegant, Roman numerals 
and the way its hands moves 

4910
04:20:52,900 --> 04:20:55,800
smoothly to Mark second and 
minutes with perfect timing. 

4911
04:20:57,000 --> 04:20:59,400
But the ease was a trick inside 
H4. 

4912
04:20:59,400 --> 04:21:01,600
Silver case was a world of 
exactness. 

4913
04:21:02,400 --> 04:21:04,500
John had put together everything
he had learned about 

4914
04:21:04,500 --> 04:21:07,800
clock-making over the past 30 
years into a package that could 

4915
04:21:07,800 --> 04:21:11,200
fit in your pocket. 
The balance wheel moved back and

4916
04:21:11,200 --> 04:21:13,400
forth. 
Five times per second, which was

4917
04:21:13,400 --> 04:21:17,300
faster than any other Marine. 
Timekeeper This meant that small

4918
04:21:17,300 --> 04:21:20,100
mistakes in each oscillation 
would average out of getting 

4919
04:21:20,100 --> 04:21:22,400
worse. 
It was the application of 

4920
04:21:22,400 --> 04:21:25,600
statistical smoothing to 
mechanical engineering long 

4921
04:21:25,600 --> 04:21:27,400
before. 
Anyone had put these ideas into 

4922
04:21:27,400 --> 04:21:30,200
writing. 
The escapement mechanism which 

4923
04:21:30,200 --> 04:21:34,100
turns the Springs energy into. 
The regular tiktok motion was a 

4924
04:21:34,100 --> 04:21:36,800
work of art in terms of 
mineralization and accuracy. 

4925
04:21:37,500 --> 04:21:40,400
John had made sure that every 
tooth on every gear fit together

4926
04:21:40,400 --> 04:21:43,800
perfectly, which cut down on 
friction to almost nothing while

4927
04:21:43,800 --> 04:21:46,100
still keeping the right ratios 
for keeping time. 

4928
04:21:47,400 --> 04:21:51,100
The craftsmanship was so good 
that when you look at H4 under a

4929
04:21:51,100 --> 04:21:53,900
magnifying glass, you can see 
details that shouldn't have been

4930
04:21:53,900 --> 04:21:55,800
possible with tools from the 
18th century. 

4931
04:21:55,800 --> 04:21:59,500
The temperature compensation 
system used by metallic balance 

4932
04:21:59,500 --> 04:22:03,200
that grew and shrank in just the
right amounts to keep the watch 

4933
04:22:03,200 --> 04:22:07,300
accurate in both, arctic cold 
and tropical heat, the jould 

4934
04:22:07,300 --> 04:22:10,600
bearings which were tiny Ruby 
bearings that John used at 

4935
04:22:10,600 --> 04:22:13,600
important friction points. 
The machine from wearing down 

4936
04:22:13,600 --> 04:22:15,500
and kept it accurate for a long 
time. 

4937
04:22:15,500 --> 04:22:19,100
Every part of H4 was the most 
advanced thing that could be 

4938
04:22:19,100 --> 04:22:22,500
done with machines. 
At the time H4 was ready for its

4939
04:22:22,500 --> 04:22:27,500
trial in 1761 when John was 68 
years old, The board of 

4940
04:22:27,500 --> 04:22:30,300
longitude sent the watch on a 
trip to Jamaica to test it. 

4941
04:22:30,300 --> 04:22:34,000
The trip would take months and 
put the watch through all kinds 

4942
04:22:34,000 --> 04:22:36,400
of weather and conditions that 
could happen in the Atlantic. 

4943
04:22:37,400 --> 04:22:40,500
William John's son offered to go
with H4 on the trip. 

4944
04:22:40,500 --> 04:22:43,500
This was partly because his 
father was too old for such a 

4945
04:22:43,500 --> 04:22:46,600
long and hard journey and partly
because someone needed to wind 

4946
04:22:46,600 --> 04:22:48,700
the watch every day and keep an 
eye on how it was working. 

4947
04:22:48,700 --> 04:22:52,200
Can you picture how William felt
as HMS Deptford? 

4948
04:22:52,200 --> 04:22:55,400
Got ready to leave, he had his 
father's whole life's work. 

4949
04:22:55,400 --> 04:22:58,100
In a silver case, that was small
enough to fit in his pocket. 

4950
04:22:58,800 --> 04:23:02,200
If H4 didn't work all the work, 
the house and family had done 

4951
04:23:02,200 --> 04:23:03,700
for decades would have been for 
nothing. 

4952
04:23:03,700 --> 04:23:08,300
If they were successful they 
would gain Fame wealth and the 

4953
04:23:08,300 --> 04:23:10,900
satisfaction of solving. 
One of the biggest scientific 

4954
04:23:10,900 --> 04:23:14,200
problems of the time. 
The trip to Jamaica took 81 

4955
04:23:14,200 --> 04:23:16,200
days. 
And during that time, William 

4956
04:23:16,200 --> 04:23:19,600
wound, H4 every day and kept 
careful records of how it 

4957
04:23:19,600 --> 04:23:21,800
worked. 
But watch kept ticking through 

4958
04:23:21,800 --> 04:23:25,300
the heat of the Caribbean and 
the storms of the Atlantic, as 

4959
04:23:25,300 --> 04:23:28,800
well as the calm times when the 
ship barely moved the gaels. 

4960
04:23:28,800 --> 04:23:30,700
When it experienced Sailors 
prayed for deliverance. 

4961
04:23:32,300 --> 04:23:35,200
William compared h4s. 
Time to local astronomical 

4962
04:23:35,200 --> 04:23:37,700
observations. 
When the Deptford finally got to

4963
04:23:37,700 --> 04:23:39,800
Jamaica H4, had lost five 
seconds. 

4964
04:23:39,800 --> 04:23:44,700
Five seconds, the watch was off 
by 5 Seconds after 81 days at 

4965
04:23:44,700 --> 04:23:48,100
Sea during which it traveled, 
thousands of miles in all kinds 

4966
04:23:48,100 --> 04:23:50,400
of weather. 
That mistake meant that the 

4967
04:23:50,408 --> 04:23:53,800
longitude calculation was off by
just over one nautical mile, 

4968
04:23:53,800 --> 04:23:56,100
which is a lot better than the 
34 miles. 

4969
04:23:56,100 --> 04:23:59,900
The longitude prize needed, The 
trip back was just as amazing. 

4970
04:23:59,900 --> 04:24:04,200
The Deptford came back to 
England after 161 days at Sea 

4971
04:24:04,200 --> 04:24:06,800
and h4s. 
Total error was one minute and 

4972
04:24:06,800 --> 04:24:10,300
54.5 seconds. 
There should have been no doubt 

4973
04:24:10,300 --> 04:24:13,300
that John Harrison had sold the 
longitude problem because it had

4974
04:24:13,300 --> 04:24:15,300
gone so far beyond what was 
needed to win. 

4975
04:24:15,300 --> 04:24:18,800
The highest level of the 
longitude prize, At this point, 

4976
04:24:18,800 --> 04:24:21,000
you might think that the board 
of longitude would have given 

4977
04:24:21,000 --> 04:24:24,400
John the full 20,000 pounds 
prize, right away, ordered 

4978
04:24:24,400 --> 04:24:27,700
several copies of H4 and 
celebrated British creativity. 

4979
04:24:28,800 --> 04:24:31,200
That is not what happened. 
Not even close. 

4980
04:24:31,200 --> 04:24:33,900
If you've ever had to deal with 
the red tape, you know how 

4981
04:24:33,900 --> 04:24:36,100
annoying it is? 
When rules change, goals, change

4982
04:24:36,100 --> 04:24:38,500
and committees, ask for more 
proof before they make a 

4983
04:24:38,500 --> 04:24:41,300
decision. 
Now, multiply that frustration 

4984
04:24:41,300 --> 04:24:44,000
by a few decades and add the 
bitter disappointment of seeing 

4985
04:24:44,000 --> 04:24:46,800
lesser Solutions. 
Get support, while your own work

4986
04:24:46,800 --> 04:24:50,200
is met with endless Stout. 
John Harrison had that 

4987
04:24:50,200 --> 04:24:52,400
experience after h4s. 
Successful trial. 

4988
04:24:52,400 --> 04:24:56,400
The board of longitude said that
H4 had done very well but in 

4989
04:24:56,400 --> 04:24:58,800
giving them the prize, they are 
asked for another trial. 

4990
04:24:58,800 --> 04:25:01,400
They said that the first trip 
might have been a fluke. 

4991
04:25:02,200 --> 04:25:04,700
We had to test the watch again 
to make sure it worked the same 

4992
04:25:04,700 --> 04:25:05,400
way. 
Every time. 

4993
04:25:05,400 --> 04:25:10,700
John who is now 70 years old had
to agree. the second trial 

4994
04:25:10,700 --> 04:25:14,800
happened in 1764 on a trip to 
Barbados the board of longitude 

4995
04:25:14,800 --> 04:25:17,800
sent Neville masculine this 
time, he was an astronomer who 

4996
04:25:17,800 --> 04:25:20,400
was very interested in the lunar
distance method of finding 

4997
04:25:20,400 --> 04:25:24,800
longitude Masculine was smart 
and dedicated, but unfortunately

4998
04:25:24,800 --> 04:25:28,100
for John, he was completely sure
that astronomical methods were 

4999
04:25:28,100 --> 04:25:32,000
better than mechanical ones. 
H4 worked perfectly during the 

5000
04:25:32,000 --> 04:25:35,100
trip but mass killings report 
focused on small problems and 

5001
04:25:35,100 --> 04:25:38,600
theoretical issues instead of 
the watches overall accuracy. 

5002
04:25:39,300 --> 04:25:42,300
It was like complaining that the
cup holder is an inch too small.

5003
04:25:42,300 --> 04:25:45,200
When you review a car that gets 
100 miles per gallon. 

5004
04:25:45,900 --> 04:25:48,800
When they got back to England, 
the board decided that even 

5005
04:25:48,800 --> 04:25:52,000
though H4 had done a great job, 
they couldn't give him the full 

5006
04:25:52,000 --> 04:25:54,500
prize until John showed 
everyone, how he built things, 

5007
04:25:54,500 --> 04:25:56,300
and let other watchmakers copy 
his work. 

5008
04:25:57,200 --> 04:25:59,100
This request, put John in a bad 
spot. 

5009
04:25:59,100 --> 04:26:02,200
He didn't want to share his 
Secrets because other makers 

5010
04:26:02,200 --> 04:26:04,700
could copy his design and he 
would lose his Edge in the 

5011
04:26:04,708 --> 04:26:07,100
market. 
He would not get the prize, he'd

5012
04:26:07,100 --> 04:26:09,200
worked his whole adult life for 
if he said no. 

5013
04:26:10,400 --> 04:26:13,300
It was a bureaucratic Catch 22, 
that looked like, it was meant 

5014
04:26:13,300 --> 04:26:17,300
to keep him from getting the 
credit he deserved. the board 

5015
04:26:17,300 --> 04:26:20,800
finally gave John half of the 
prize money 10,000 pounds, but 

5016
04:26:20,800 --> 04:26:23,400
only if he explained how he did 
it and made sure that the 

5017
04:26:23,400 --> 04:26:26,900
duplicate watches were built It 
was like winning an Olympic gold

5018
04:26:26,900 --> 04:26:29,200
medal and being told, you could 
only have it if you taught 

5019
04:26:29,200 --> 04:26:30,700
everyone else how to do it 
first. 

5020
04:26:31,500 --> 04:26:34,000
If they were happy with how you 
taught them, you might get the 

5021
04:26:34,000 --> 04:26:35,900
rest of your prize later, 
Neville. 

5022
04:26:35,900 --> 04:26:38,600
Masculine had become the 
astronomer Royal in a senior 

5023
04:26:38,600 --> 04:26:39,700
member of the board of 
longitude. 

5024
04:26:39,700 --> 04:26:43,100
By this point, he kept pushing 
for the lunar distance method by

5025
04:26:43,100 --> 04:26:45,600
publishing tables and 
instructions that made 

5026
04:26:45,600 --> 04:26:48,600
navigating the Stars easier, it 
was good work. 

5027
04:26:48,600 --> 04:26:51,200
That helped a lot of sailors, 
but it also meant that the 

5028
04:26:51,200 --> 04:26:54,800
person judging John's mechanical
method had spent years working 

5029
04:26:54,800 --> 04:26:59,100
on a competing solution The 
scientific Community had a 

5030
04:26:59,100 --> 04:27:01,100
strong bias against Mechanical 
Solutions. 

5031
04:27:01,100 --> 04:27:04,200
A lot of astronomers thought 
that navigation was an 

5032
04:27:04,200 --> 04:27:07,200
astronomical problem at its core
and should be sold with 

5033
04:27:07,200 --> 04:27:10,200
astronomical tools. 
They were offended that a 

5034
04:27:10,200 --> 04:27:12,700
Craftsman who was not even a 
real scientist or mathematician 

5035
04:27:12,700 --> 04:27:16,700
could use gears and Springs to 
figure out, longitude, For 

5036
04:27:16,700 --> 04:27:19,300
years, John built duplicate 
watches under the boards 

5037
04:27:19,300 --> 04:27:22,000
watchful eye. 
He showed other watchmakers how 

5038
04:27:22,000 --> 04:27:24,800
to do it and gave them more and 
more details explanations of his

5039
04:27:24,800 --> 04:27:27,600
work. 
Will William his son, became his

5040
04:27:27,600 --> 04:27:30,100
lawyer, publicist and moral 
support all at once. 

5041
04:27:30,800 --> 04:27:33,200
He argued John's case. 
Before the board wrote 

5042
04:27:33,200 --> 04:27:35,000
pamphlets. 
Explaining how unfair their 

5043
04:27:35,000 --> 04:27:36,800
treatment was and did all of 
these things? 

5044
04:27:38,500 --> 04:27:42,700
John was in his late 70s by the 
early 1770s and he still hadn't 

5045
04:27:42,700 --> 04:27:44,200
won the full. 
Longitude prize. 

5046
04:27:44,200 --> 04:27:47,900
It had turned into a bit of a 
public Scandal, this man had 

5047
04:27:47,900 --> 04:27:50,800
clearly solved the problem that 
Parliament had asked him to, but

5048
04:27:50,800 --> 04:27:53,100
he couldn't get the promised 
reward because of technical 

5049
04:27:53,100 --> 04:27:56,800
issues, bureaucratic delays, and
what seemed to be professional 

5050
04:27:56,800 --> 04:28:01,600
jealousy, from the astronomical 
establishment, In 1772 John was 

5051
04:28:01,600 --> 04:28:03,500
desperate. 
Knew he didn't have much time 

5052
04:28:03,500 --> 04:28:06,600
left because he was getting 
older, he did something strange.

5053
04:28:06,600 --> 04:28:10,600
He wrote to King George. 
The third directly, It was a 

5054
04:28:10,600 --> 04:28:13,000
brave move to go straight to the
Royal Authority and state of 

5055
04:28:13,008 --> 04:28:14,700
going through the board of 
longitude. 

5056
04:28:15,700 --> 04:28:18,600
King George, the third light 
science and was specially 

5057
04:28:18,600 --> 04:28:20,800
interested in tools that were 
very accurate. 

5058
04:28:20,800 --> 04:28:23,900
The King was said to be very 
angry when he found out about 

5059
04:28:23,900 --> 04:28:27,100
John's situation. 
A man has spent 50 years working

5060
04:28:27,100 --> 04:28:29,600
on an important problem and 
still hadn't gotten the promised

5061
04:28:29,600 --> 04:28:31,900
reward. 
He had his four brought to his 

5062
04:28:31,900 --> 04:28:34,500
private Observatory or he 
watched it work for weeks. 

5063
04:28:35,300 --> 04:28:38,900
The King was sure that John had 
been treated unfairly George the

5064
04:28:38,900 --> 04:28:40,800
third used his power to make 
Parliament. 

5065
04:28:40,800 --> 04:28:42,800
Give John Harrison the rest of 
the prize money. 

5066
04:28:43,600 --> 04:28:46,000
John finally got the full 20,000
pounds. 

5067
04:28:46,000 --> 04:28:49,400
He had been promised almost 60 
years earlier in 1773 when he 

5068
04:28:49,400 --> 04:28:52,700
was 80 years old, it was a win. 
But it was a sad one. 

5069
04:28:53,500 --> 04:28:55,100
John one. 
Not because the scientific 

5070
04:28:55,100 --> 04:28:58,700
Community recognized his work, 
but because the royal family had

5071
04:28:58,700 --> 04:29:00,800
stepped in and stopped them from
objecting any longer. 

5072
04:29:01,700 --> 04:29:04,200
The board of longitude never 
officially said that John had 

5073
04:29:04,200 --> 04:29:06,300
won. 
The longitude prize instead. 

5074
04:29:06,300 --> 04:29:08,900
They made the payment as a 
special Grant from Parliament, 

5075
04:29:08,900 --> 04:29:12,100
which was worded in such a way, 
as to avoid suggesting that the 

5076
04:29:12,108 --> 04:29:17,000
board had made a mistake. 
Three years later in 1776, John 

5077
04:29:17,000 --> 04:29:20,700
Harrison died at the age of 83, 
he had lived long enough to see 

5078
04:29:20,700 --> 04:29:24,000
his work, get praised to know 
that his sea clocks worked and 

5079
04:29:24,000 --> 04:29:27,200
could save lives and to see the 
start of a revolution in how 

5080
04:29:27,200 --> 04:29:30,000
ships navigated that would last 
for the next 200 years. 

5081
04:29:31,100 --> 04:29:33,900
But he died without ever getting
a formal letter from the board 

5082
04:29:33,900 --> 04:29:35,800
of longitudes. 
Saying that he had sold the 

5083
04:29:35,800 --> 04:29:38,300
problem. 
They had asked him to solve, you

5084
04:29:38,300 --> 04:29:40,600
might not feel like you've won 
even when you do win. 

5085
04:29:41,300 --> 04:29:44,200
As you get more comfortable in 
your blankets and the stress of 

5086
04:29:44,200 --> 04:29:47,200
the day starts to fade. 
Let's talk about what happened 

5087
04:29:47,200 --> 04:29:50,600
after John Harrison died. 
This is when his story goes from

5088
04:29:50,600 --> 04:29:53,100
being about a personal Victory 
to a global change. 

5089
04:29:53,100 --> 04:29:57,700
By the 1780s, other watchmakers 
were making Marine chronometers,

5090
04:29:57,700 --> 04:30:01,200
based on John's ideas, these 
watches were very expensive. 

5091
04:30:01,200 --> 04:30:04,600
A good Marine chronometer could 
cost more than the captain of 

5092
04:30:04,608 --> 04:30:07,900
the ship made in a year. 
The for long trips, they quickly

5093
04:30:07,900 --> 04:30:11,100
became very useful. 
Ship owners learned that the 

5094
04:30:11,100 --> 04:30:14,300
price of a chronometer was 
nothing compared to the value of

5095
04:30:14,300 --> 04:30:17,800
the cargo they could lose if 
they got lost. the standard 

5096
04:30:17,800 --> 04:30:20,500
equipment, the British Navy 
started, giving Shipps Marine 

5097
04:30:20,500 --> 04:30:24,000
chronometers Captain James Cook 
took a chronometer made by 

5098
04:30:24,000 --> 04:30:28,800
larcom Kendall on his famous 
Pacific voyages in the 1770s, it

5099
04:30:28,800 --> 04:30:32,800
was basically a copy of H4 Cook 
wrote with great, enthusiasm 

5100
04:30:32,800 --> 04:30:35,500
about how accurate and 
dependable the chronometer was 

5101
04:30:35,500 --> 04:30:38,400
calling it. 
His trusty friend and never 

5102
04:30:38,400 --> 04:30:41,300
failing guide. 
People pay attention when the 

5103
04:30:41,308 --> 04:30:43,800
man who mapped more of the 
Pacific Ocean than anyone else 

5104
04:30:43,800 --> 04:30:46,200
before him. 
Praise your navigation tool. 

5105
04:30:47,400 --> 04:30:50,100
By the beginning of the 1800s 
Marine, chronometers with the 

5106
04:30:50,100 --> 04:30:52,100
most common way to find 
longitudes at sea. 

5107
04:30:53,000 --> 04:30:55,300
The board of longitudes. 
Preferred astronomical, methods 

5108
04:30:55,300 --> 04:30:57,800
were still used as a backup. 
Good Navigators. 

5109
04:30:57,800 --> 04:31:01,300
Used every tool they could find 
but John Harrison's mechanical 

5110
04:31:01,300 --> 04:31:04,700
solution became the main way to 
navigate for the next 100 and 

5111
04:31:04,700 --> 04:31:07,700
150 years. 
The effect on trade by sea was 

5112
04:31:07,700 --> 04:31:09,900
huge. 
Now, ships could plan their 

5113
04:31:09,900 --> 04:31:12,900
routes with confidence knowing 
that they could always find out 

5114
04:31:12,900 --> 04:31:16,100
where they were on the trip. 
Marine chronometers, that came 

5115
04:31:16,100 --> 04:31:18,600
from John Harrison's. 
Designs were used by clipper 

5116
04:31:18,600 --> 04:31:22,600
ships that raced tea from China 
to England, Merchant ships, that

5117
04:31:22,600 --> 04:31:24,100
connected Europe with the 
Americas. 

5118
04:31:24,100 --> 04:31:26,500
And Naval Expeditions that 
mapped. 

5119
04:31:26,500 --> 04:31:30,000
The world's remaining Coastline 
the changes to safety were just 

5120
04:31:30,008 --> 04:31:31,800
as big. 
There were a lot fewer 

5121
04:31:31,800 --> 04:31:35,800
shipwrecks caused by navigation,
mistakes. now captains could 

5122
04:31:35,800 --> 04:31:38,900
safely get close to dangerous 
coastlines at night or in fog 

5123
04:31:38,900 --> 04:31:42,000
knowing where they were The 
ocean was still dangerous 

5124
04:31:42,000 --> 04:31:45,600
because storms icebergs, broken 
equipment, and human mistakes 

5125
04:31:45,600 --> 04:31:49,000
still sank ships. 
However, one major cause of 

5126
04:31:49,008 --> 04:31:51,100
Maritime disasters, had mostly 
been removed. 

5127
04:31:51,900 --> 04:31:54,800
More subtly being able to keep 
track of time accurately at Sea 

5128
04:31:54,800 --> 04:31:57,400
led to the creation of accurate 
charts and maps. 

5129
04:31:58,200 --> 04:32:02,300
Now every Harbor entrance every 
dangerous Shoal and every 

5130
04:32:02,300 --> 04:32:05,100
Coastline could be found with 
precision and saved for Future 

5131
04:32:05,100 --> 04:32:07,400
Sailors. 
The oceans of the world was 

5132
04:32:07,400 --> 04:32:11,300
slowly but surely changing from 
vast unknown areas where 

5133
04:32:11,300 --> 04:32:14,000
positions were unclear to map 
areas where locations were 

5134
04:32:14,000 --> 04:32:16,800
known. 
The ideas about technology that 

5135
04:32:16,800 --> 04:32:18,900
John came up with had an effect 
on clock-making. 

5136
04:32:18,900 --> 04:32:22,600
Well, into the 20th century, his
new ideas for temperature, 

5137
04:32:22,600 --> 04:32:25,600
compensation, for friction 
reduction, and precision, 

5138
04:32:25,600 --> 04:32:28,500
balance mechanisms became 
standard parts of high-quality 

5139
04:32:28,500 --> 04:32:31,800
watches. 
Watchmakers studied his designs 

5140
04:32:31,800 --> 04:32:34,700
the same way musicians study 
back or Architects. 

5141
04:32:34,700 --> 04:32:38,600
Study old temples as examples of
how to use basic ideas with 

5142
04:32:38,600 --> 04:32:41,900
genius level skill. 
Left tenant Commander Rupert. 

5143
04:32:41,900 --> 04:32:44,700
Goold said that restoring, the 
original Harrison sea clocks, 

5144
04:32:44,700 --> 04:32:48,000
which had fallen into disrepair 
was one of the best things that 

5145
04:32:48,000 --> 04:32:51,700
ever happened to him. 
When I opened H1 and saw John's,

5146
04:32:51,700 --> 04:32:54,000
wooden gears and carefully 
planned mechanisms. 

5147
04:32:54,000 --> 04:32:57,600
It was like talking to a Master 
Craftsman from hundreds of years

5148
04:32:57,600 --> 04:32:59,700
ago. 
The clocks were more than just 

5149
04:32:59,700 --> 04:33:02,400
old things. 
They were also working examples 

5150
04:33:02,400 --> 04:33:05,900
of ideas that were still useful.
The Harrison sea clocks made it 

5151
04:33:05,900 --> 04:33:09,300
through World War Two in London.
They were kept safe in a volt 

5152
04:33:09,300 --> 04:33:12,000
during the blitz, when German 
bombs fell on the city every 

5153
04:33:12,000 --> 04:33:15,599
night, they were cleaned 
restored and then put on display

5154
04:33:15,599 --> 04:33:18,099
at the Royal Observatory. 
In Greenwich where they still 

5155
04:33:18,099 --> 04:33:21,200
are today, you can see them 
ticking away, just like they did

5156
04:33:21,200 --> 04:33:24,500
hundreds of years ago. 
If you ever go to London H1 

5157
04:33:24,500 --> 04:33:27,900
through H5, and a few of John's,
other clocks are there, but the 

5158
04:33:27,900 --> 04:33:30,500
Marine chronometer was not the 
best navigation tool for all 

5159
04:33:30,500 --> 04:33:33,000
time. 
By the end of the 20th century 

5160
04:33:33,000 --> 04:33:36,599
GPS systems, that use satellite 
started to take the place of 

5161
04:33:36,599 --> 04:33:39,800
mechanical navigation tools. 
Ships could now tell where they 

5162
04:33:39,800 --> 04:33:42,700
were within feet instead of 
miles and they could do it all 

5163
04:33:42,700 --> 04:33:44,700
the time instead of having to do
it once a day. 

5164
04:33:45,900 --> 04:33:49,599
The change happened slowly, but 
by the early 2000s Marine 

5165
04:33:49,599 --> 04:33:52,500
chronometers were no longer the 
main tools for navigation, they 

5166
04:33:52,500 --> 04:33:54,500
were used as backups and safety 
devices. 

5167
04:33:55,500 --> 04:33:57,900
But even this technological 
advancement doesn't take away 

5168
04:33:57,900 --> 04:34:01,099
from what Harrison did. 
GPS satellites need very 

5169
04:34:01,099 --> 04:34:03,500
accurate, clocks. 
Like atomic clocks that make 

5170
04:34:03,500 --> 04:34:05,599
John's chronometers look rough 
by comparison. 

5171
04:34:07,099 --> 04:34:11,000
But the basic idea is still the 
same to navigate correctly, you 

5172
04:34:11,000 --> 04:34:12,500
need to keep track of time 
correctly. 

5173
04:34:13,400 --> 04:34:16,300
John Harrison knew this truth so
well that he spent his whole 

5174
04:34:16,300 --> 04:34:19,200
life trying to make it better. 
And every navigation system, 

5175
04:34:19,200 --> 04:34:22,900
since then has been built on 
that, the story of Harrison also

5176
04:34:22,900 --> 04:34:25,900
changed, how we think about 
scientific recognition and the 

5177
04:34:25,900 --> 04:34:28,800
link between practical skills 
and theoretical science. 

5178
04:34:29,900 --> 04:34:33,099
John was not a mathematician 
with a degree from a university 

5179
04:34:33,099 --> 04:34:35,700
or a natural philosopher from 
the upper class. 

5180
04:34:35,700 --> 04:34:39,200
He was a working class craftsmen
who sold to Problem by trying 

5181
04:34:39,200 --> 04:34:43,200
different things over and over 
using his mechanical intuition 

5182
04:34:43,200 --> 04:34:46,800
and being very stubborn. 
His his success called into 

5183
04:34:46,800 --> 04:34:48,700
question. 
The idea that only traditional 

5184
04:34:48,700 --> 04:34:51,200
academic sources can lead to 
important scientific 

5185
04:34:51,200 --> 04:34:54,300
breakthroughs, Historians have 
been both embarrassed and 

5186
04:34:54,300 --> 04:34:55,900
fascinated. 
By the way, the board of 

5187
04:34:55,900 --> 04:34:58,800
longitude treated Harrison in 
the last few decades. 

5188
04:34:59,700 --> 04:35:02,700
How could smart well-meaning? 
People not see that the answer 

5189
04:35:02,700 --> 04:35:05,000
to the problem. 
They had defined was so clear. 

5190
04:35:05,900 --> 04:35:09,099
The answer has to do with class 
bias jealousy among 

5191
04:35:09,099 --> 04:35:11,599
professionals institutional, 
inertia. 

5192
04:35:11,599 --> 04:35:14,900
And the fact that people tend to
prefer solutions that come from 

5193
04:35:14,900 --> 04:35:17,500
people who are like that, 
instead of people who are not. 

5194
04:35:18,200 --> 04:35:21,700
Today several museums have 
working copies of Harrisons 

5195
04:35:21,700 --> 04:35:24,700
chronometers that were made by 
skilled craftsmen, who followed 

5196
04:35:24,700 --> 04:35:27,900
his original plans. 
These replicas still work as 

5197
04:35:27,900 --> 04:35:31,099
well as they did, in the 1700s 
losing only a few seconds. 

5198
04:35:31,099 --> 04:35:33,500
A month, even though they were 
made with tools and methods from

5199
04:35:33,500 --> 04:35:36,300
that time. 
It shows how well John's designs

5200
04:35:36,300 --> 04:35:39,099
worked and how well he 
understood the underlying ideas.

5201
04:35:39,900 --> 04:35:43,599
The story of Harrison has 
inspired books movies and even a

5202
04:35:43,599 --> 04:35:46,800
best-selling novel by David, 
Sobel called longitude, which 

5203
04:35:46,800 --> 04:35:49,400
told millions of people about 
John's fight and Victory. 

5204
04:35:50,200 --> 04:35:52,900
Students learn about him as a 
role model for hard work in new 

5205
04:35:52,900 --> 04:35:54,599
ideas. 
Engineers. 

5206
04:35:54,599 --> 04:35:57,099
Look at his mechanisms as 
examples of how to solve 

5207
04:35:57,099 --> 04:36:00,599
problems in a smart way. 
And anyone who has ever felt 

5208
04:36:00,599 --> 04:36:03,099
like an expert didn't believe in
them confined, something 

5209
04:36:03,099 --> 04:36:05,099
inspiring in his refusal to give
up. 

5210
04:36:05,800 --> 04:36:08,900
As you start to feel sleepy, 
let's take a step back and think

5211
04:36:08,900 --> 04:36:11,800
about what John Harrison's work 
really means in the grand scheme

5212
04:36:11,800 --> 04:36:14,200
of things. 
It's not just about one man, 

5213
04:36:14,200 --> 04:36:17,099
making fancy clocks. 
It's also about how we, as 

5214
04:36:17,099 --> 04:36:20,000
people relate to time space and 
our place in the universe. 

5215
04:36:20,700 --> 04:36:23,400
Time was mostly a local thing 
for most of human history. 

5216
04:36:23,400 --> 04:36:26,700
Noon was when the sun was at its
highest point where you were 

5217
04:36:26,700 --> 04:36:30,900
standing the sun's path across 
each Village City and Valley Sky

5218
04:36:30,900 --> 04:36:34,800
set the time for each place. 
This worked well when most 

5219
04:36:34,800 --> 04:36:37,500
people didn't go more than a few
miles from where they were born.

5220
04:36:38,200 --> 04:36:41,300
But as societies grew and 
communication got better, this 

5221
04:36:41,300 --> 04:36:44,500
way of keeping time caused 
problems, what time does the 

5222
04:36:44,508 --> 04:36:46,900
morning coach leave. 
When should we get together? 

5223
04:36:46,900 --> 04:36:49,900
The absence of a standardized 
time became progressively, 

5224
04:36:49,900 --> 04:36:52,599
problematic, when organizing 
activities, requiring 

5225
04:36:52,599 --> 04:36:56,300
coordination across distant 
locations, The longitude problem

5226
04:36:56,300 --> 04:36:58,500
made people rethink how they 
thought about time. 

5227
04:36:59,200 --> 04:37:02,300
To use Harrison's chronometers 
to find your way, you needed to 

5228
04:37:02,300 --> 04:37:05,000
know the time in both your area 
and at a reference point, 

5229
04:37:05,000 --> 04:37:09,300
Greenwich England became that 
reference point and this is how 

5230
04:37:09,300 --> 04:37:12,700
we got Greenwich Mean Time. 
All of a sudden time wasn't just

5231
04:37:12,700 --> 04:37:14,500
something that people in one 
place, could see. 

5232
04:37:14,500 --> 04:37:18,000
It was a global standard that 
linked far away places on Earth.

5233
04:37:18,800 --> 04:37:21,900
This change in how people 
thought about time eventually 

5234
04:37:21,900 --> 04:37:23,900
led to the time zones were used 
now. 

5235
04:37:24,800 --> 04:37:27,500
In the 19th century. 
When railroad started linking 

5236
04:37:27,500 --> 04:37:30,500
far off cities, it became 
impossible to keep track of 

5237
04:37:30,500 --> 04:37:32,800
local times. 
It was a nightmare to 

5238
04:37:32,800 --> 04:37:35,300
coordinated train schedule. 
That used doesn't have different

5239
04:37:35,300 --> 04:37:37,800
local times. 
The answer was to break the 

5240
04:37:37,800 --> 04:37:41,099
world up into time zones, Each 
of which was set to a standard 

5241
04:37:41,099 --> 04:37:43,599
time. 
Greenwich was the main Meridian,

5242
04:37:43,599 --> 04:37:46,099
which is the point from which 
all other longitudes are 

5243
04:37:46,099 --> 04:37:47,900
measured. 
When you look at your watch to 

5244
04:37:47,900 --> 04:37:50,900
see if your late from meeting or
to help a friend on the other 

5245
04:37:50,900 --> 04:37:52,900
side of the world, figure out 
what time it is. 

5246
04:37:52,900 --> 04:37:56,400
You're using a way of thinking 
that came from John Harrison's 

5247
04:37:56,400 --> 04:38:00,200
work on the longitude problem. 
Standardization of time was 

5248
04:38:00,200 --> 04:38:03,599
necessary for navigation, which 
is why it became the same all 

5249
04:38:03,599 --> 04:38:05,599
over the world. 
Harrison's. 

5250
04:38:05,599 --> 04:38:07,900
Chronometers were also an 
important step in the history of

5251
04:38:07,900 --> 04:38:10,400
human precision. 
Before the Industrial 

5252
04:38:10,400 --> 04:38:12,900
Revolution, most things were 
made by hand. 

5253
04:38:12,900 --> 04:38:16,500
It fit the frame of the door. 
The wheel was round enough 

5254
04:38:16,500 --> 04:38:19,599
people used their eyes and 
experience to make measurements 

5255
04:38:19,599 --> 04:38:23,400
instead of exact tools, the work
of John Harrison required and 

5256
04:38:23,400 --> 04:38:26,300
showed a level of accuracy that 
was not needed before. 

5257
04:38:26,300 --> 04:38:29,900
And was almost impossible to 
imagine, it was necessary to 

5258
04:38:29,900 --> 04:38:33,000
shape each gear tooth in H4 to 
within a few millimeters. 

5259
04:38:33,000 --> 04:38:35,800
Every Spring had to have the 
right amount of tension. 

5260
04:38:35,800 --> 04:38:38,400
Each bearing needed to be the 
right size. 

5261
04:38:38,400 --> 04:38:42,000
This wasn't rough craftsmanship.
It was Precision Engineering 

5262
04:38:42,000 --> 04:38:43,500
before. 
That word, even existed. 

5263
04:38:44,300 --> 04:38:46,800
John had to come up with new 
ways and tools to get the 

5264
04:38:46,800 --> 04:38:50,700
accuracy his designs needed. 
This focus on accuracy spread 

5265
04:38:50,700 --> 04:38:53,900
from clock-making to other 
areas, the Industrial Revolution

5266
04:38:53,900 --> 04:38:56,500
was based on machines that got 
better and better at making 

5267
04:38:56,500 --> 04:38:58,400
parts that fit together better 
and better. 

5268
04:38:59,400 --> 04:39:02,099
Tolerance, standards that modern
manufacturing takes for granted 

5269
04:39:02,099 --> 04:39:06,900
Parts machine 2000 of an inch 
components designed to fit 

5270
04:39:06,900 --> 04:39:10,400
together with minimal gaps. 
These ideas came about in part 

5271
04:39:10,400 --> 04:39:13,300
because of the Precision culture
that clockmakers like Harrison 

5272
04:39:13,300 --> 04:39:17,200
started, Harrison's life also 
shows how strong people can be, 

5273
04:39:17,200 --> 04:39:21,200
which is very moving. 
He started making c-loc when he 

5274
04:39:21,200 --> 04:39:24,500
was in his thirties, but it 
wasn't until he was 80 that he 

5275
04:39:24,500 --> 04:39:28,599
got full credit for them. 
That's a lot of work on one 

5276
04:39:28,599 --> 04:39:32,900
problem over 50 years 50 years 
of math changes let downs and 

5277
04:39:32,908 --> 04:39:36,500
little wins believing that what 
he was doing mattered for 50 

5278
04:39:36,500 --> 04:39:38,800
years even when powerful people 
told him. 

5279
04:39:38,800 --> 04:39:41,100
It didn't. 
Think about how much you want to

5280
04:39:41,108 --> 04:39:44,500
achieve that goal, most of us 
have trouble staying focused on 

5281
04:39:44,500 --> 04:39:47,700
a project for a few months when 
results don't come quickly. 

5282
04:39:47,700 --> 04:39:51,000
When others don't immediately, 
notice our hard work, or when 

5283
04:39:51,000 --> 04:39:53,200
the way forward seems unclear, 
we get discouraged. 

5284
04:39:53,200 --> 04:39:56,200
John Harrison had to deal with 
all of these problems for 

5285
04:39:56,200 --> 04:39:59,800
decades, but he never gave up. 
There were a lot of things that 

5286
04:39:59,800 --> 04:40:03,200
made him keep going. 
There was Pride for sure the 

5287
04:40:03,200 --> 04:40:06,000
pride of the Craftsmen in making
something that works perfectly. 

5288
04:40:06,000 --> 04:40:10,300
There was ambition the chance to
win, the longitude prize and get

5289
04:40:10,300 --> 04:40:13,100
recognition for it. 
But there was also something 

5290
04:40:13,100 --> 04:40:17,100
deeper a belief that the problem
could be fixed that it was 

5291
04:40:17,100 --> 04:40:20,600
possible to keep time accurately
at Sea and that he was the one 

5292
04:40:20,600 --> 04:40:23,300
who could do it. 
It's not common to find someone 

5293
04:40:23,300 --> 04:40:26,600
who has this mix of technical 
skill stopping this and 

5294
04:40:26,600 --> 04:40:30,000
unshakable self-confidence. 
A lot of people have one or two 

5295
04:40:30,008 --> 04:40:32,300
of these traits. 
But having all three for a long 

5296
04:40:32,308 --> 04:40:34,900
time, creates the kind of 
focused intense that can solve 

5297
04:40:34,900 --> 04:40:36,500
problems, that others think are 
impossible. 

5298
04:40:37,400 --> 04:40:40,300
As you're breathing slows and 
your mind starts to Drift Off to

5299
04:40:40,300 --> 04:40:42,400
Sleep. 
Let's think about what we can 

5300
04:40:42,400 --> 04:40:46,300
learn from John Harrison's story
today in a world that seems very

5301
04:40:46,300 --> 04:40:49,500
different from 18th century 
England, but still has many of 

5302
04:40:49,500 --> 04:40:52,600
the same basic problems. 
The first lesson is about being 

5303
04:40:52,600 --> 04:40:54,100
an expert and having 
credibility. 

5304
04:40:54,100 --> 04:40:57,400
There were a lot of smart people
on the board of longitude like 

5305
04:40:57,400 --> 04:41:00,500
Royal astronomers mathematicians
and naval officers. 

5306
04:41:00,500 --> 04:41:03,300
They really thought they knew 
the best way to solve the 

5307
04:41:03,300 --> 04:41:06,000
longitude problem, they weren't 
mean or dumb. 

5308
04:41:07,000 --> 04:41:09,600
But they were so sure that 
astronomy had to be the answer 

5309
04:41:09,600 --> 04:41:13,000
that they couldn't fully see the
value of a mechanical answer. 

5310
04:41:13,900 --> 04:41:16,300
Specially one suggested by 
someone who wasn't in their 

5311
04:41:16,300 --> 04:41:18,300
field. 
We see this happen. 

5312
04:41:18,300 --> 04:41:22,000
A lot in history, experts in a 
field become so attached to 

5313
04:41:22,000 --> 04:41:24,800
certain methods that they 
refused to consider other 

5314
04:41:24,800 --> 04:41:28,400
options, especially those 
suggested by people who aren't 

5315
04:41:28,400 --> 04:41:31,000
experts. 
This is a reminder that having 

5316
04:41:31,000 --> 04:41:33,800
credentials and an education 
doesn't mean you're open to new 

5317
04:41:33,800 --> 04:41:36,300
ideas. 
Sometimes the person who make 

5318
04:41:36,300 --> 04:41:38,700
the Breakthrough, does not know 
that what they're trying to do 

5319
04:41:38,700 --> 04:41:41,400
is impossible. 
Second, there's the lesson about

5320
04:41:41,400 --> 04:41:42,800
how to be perfect and keep 
going. 

5321
04:41:43,700 --> 04:41:46,800
John Harrison could have stopped
after H1 showed that the basic 

5322
04:41:46,800 --> 04:41:49,400
idea worked. 
He could have taken his partial 

5323
04:41:49,400 --> 04:41:52,500
payment and fame and lived 
comfortably in his later years. 

5324
04:41:52,500 --> 04:41:56,400
Instead, he kept asking for 
better more polished and more 

5325
04:41:56,400 --> 04:42:00,700
perfect answers. 
H4 was his fifth, major Triad 

5326
04:42:00,700 --> 04:42:03,000
fixing a problem, that his first
try had mostly fixed. 

5327
04:42:03,800 --> 04:42:06,800
It's good that you're trying to 
be perfect, but it's also a 

5328
04:42:06,800 --> 04:42:08,800
little worrying. 
When does the search for 

5329
04:42:08,800 --> 04:42:10,400
improvement? 
Make it hard to put a good 

5330
04:42:10,400 --> 04:42:13,700
enough solution into action, 
Harrison worked on his designs 

5331
04:42:13,700 --> 04:42:16,700
for decades, but Sailors, kept 
dying because of navigation, 

5332
04:42:16,700 --> 04:42:18,500
mistakes that H1 could have 
fixed. 

5333
04:42:19,400 --> 04:42:21,700
People who work on hard 
problems, have to deal with the 

5334
04:42:21,700 --> 04:42:24,900
tension between wanting 
everything to be perfect and 

5335
04:42:24,900 --> 04:42:26,800
being practical. 
Third. 

5336
04:42:26,800 --> 04:42:30,600
There's the lesson about getting
credit and being recognized John

5337
04:42:30,600 --> 04:42:33,600
Harrison needed outside proof 
that he had sold the problem. 

5338
04:42:33,600 --> 04:42:36,700
Like the longitude Prize or 
official recognition from the 

5339
04:42:36,700 --> 04:42:39,100
board. 
He got most of what he wanted 

5340
04:42:39,100 --> 04:42:41,600
but not always in the way he 
wanted the board. 

5341
04:42:41,600 --> 04:42:44,700
Never said, he was the winner, 
in an official way instead of 

5342
04:42:44,700 --> 04:42:46,500
being recognized by the 
institution. 

5343
04:42:46,500 --> 04:42:48,500
The prize money came from the 
Royal Family. 

5344
04:42:49,600 --> 04:42:51,900
His Vindication was both 
complete and incomplete. 

5345
04:42:51,900 --> 04:42:55,300
Many of us spend our lives 
looking for recognition for our 

5346
04:42:55,300 --> 04:42:58,800
work, whether it's getting a 
promotion getting good reviews, 

5347
04:42:58,800 --> 04:43:01,500
making a lot of money or just 
getting praise from people. 

5348
04:43:01,500 --> 04:43:05,500
We look up to Harrison's Story 
shows that validation can come 

5349
04:43:05,500 --> 04:43:08,800
in surprising ways, and may not 
be as satisfying as we thought 

5350
04:43:08,800 --> 04:43:12,000
it would be. 
The work itself, the joy of 

5351
04:43:12,000 --> 04:43:14,000
solving the problem and making 
something that works. 

5352
04:43:14,000 --> 04:43:17,300
Well might have to be the reward
forth. 

5353
04:43:17,300 --> 04:43:19,600
There's the lesson about how 
things get better. 

5354
04:43:19,600 --> 04:43:23,400
There wasn't one brilliant idea 
or lucky find that solved the 

5355
04:43:23,408 --> 04:43:26,500
longitude problem it was fixed 
over the course of Decades of 

5356
04:43:26,500 --> 04:43:29,100
small changes. 
Each one building on the last 

5357
04:43:29,800 --> 04:43:31,500
Harrison's. 
First clock taught him things 

5358
04:43:31,500 --> 04:43:34,400
that he used to make his second 
clock, which taught him things 

5359
04:43:34,400 --> 04:43:36,000
that he used to make his third 
clock. 

5360
04:43:36,900 --> 04:43:39,300
Progress was made up of a lot of
small steps forward. 

5361
04:43:39,300 --> 04:43:43,200
Not one big jump, this pattern 
holds true for most major 

5362
04:43:43,200 --> 04:43:45,300
accomplishments. 
We like to think that 

5363
04:43:45,300 --> 04:43:48,500
breakthroughs happen in dramatic
Eureka moments but real 

5364
04:43:48,500 --> 04:43:50,300
progress. 
Usually looks more like John 

5365
04:43:50,300 --> 04:43:52,600
Harrison's. 
Workshop years of careful 

5366
04:43:52,600 --> 04:43:55,700
testing countless small changes 
and slowly building up knowledge

5367
04:43:55,700 --> 04:43:57,400
and skill. 
Fifth. 

5368
04:43:57,900 --> 04:43:59,800
There's the lesson about picking
your problems. 

5369
04:43:59,800 --> 04:44:03,100
John Harrison could have made a 
good living as a clockmaker by 

5370
04:44:03,100 --> 04:44:05,100
making regular clocks, for 
regular people. 

5371
04:44:05,100 --> 04:44:09,100
Instead he decided to take on 
one of the hardest, technical 

5372
04:44:09,100 --> 04:44:12,400
problems of his time. 
This decision shaped his whole 

5373
04:44:12,400 --> 04:44:15,700
life, leading him to Victory but
also to years of anger and 

5374
04:44:15,700 --> 04:44:20,200
disappointment We all pick 
problems to work on even if we 

5375
04:44:20,200 --> 04:44:23,800
don't mean to some people, pick 
problems that are both solvable 

5376
04:44:23,800 --> 04:44:26,600
and rewarding. 
Some people choose problems that

5377
04:44:26,600 --> 04:44:30,800
are hard but important Some 
people like Harrison pick 

5378
04:44:30,800 --> 04:44:33,400
problems that seem almost 
impossible but a very important.

5379
04:44:34,400 --> 04:44:36,600
There isn't one right? 
Answer for what kind of problem 

5380
04:44:36,600 --> 04:44:39,600
to solve but the choice you make
will affect the way you live. 

5381
04:44:40,400 --> 04:44:44,400
Last but not least, there's the 
lesson about time, John Harrison

5382
04:44:44,400 --> 04:44:47,900
devoted his life to accurately 
measuring time recording, its 

5383
04:44:47,900 --> 04:44:50,900
Passage through Springs, and 
gears and making its flow 

5384
04:44:50,900 --> 04:44:53,700
visible and measurable. 
But his own sense of time was 

5385
04:44:53,700 --> 04:44:56,000
shape. 
By Decades of hard work, the 

5386
04:44:56,000 --> 04:44:58,900
slow accumulation of skill and 
knowledge, and a level of 

5387
04:44:58,900 --> 04:45:01,100
patience that most of us can't 
even begin to. 

5388
04:45:01,100 --> 04:45:04,600
Imagine in this age of instant 
communication and quick change, 

5389
04:45:04,600 --> 04:45:07,700
it's hard to believe that 
Harrison would spend 50 years. 

5390
04:45:07,700 --> 04:45:11,700
On one problem, we used to get 
in quick results, quick feedback

5391
04:45:11,700 --> 04:45:16,000
and instant satisfaction. 
Harrison story reminds us that 

5392
04:45:16,000 --> 04:45:19,700
some goals, take a different 
kind of time instead of days or 

5393
04:45:19,700 --> 04:45:21,800
months. 
They take decades and progresses

5394
04:45:21,800 --> 04:45:24,300
slow. 
Recognition may not come until 

5395
04:45:24,300 --> 04:45:27,700
the end if at all. 
As you start to fall asleep, 

5396
04:45:27,700 --> 04:45:30,200
picture yourself visiting John 
Harrison's Workshop in the 

5397
04:45:30,200 --> 04:45:33,300
1750s. 
The room would smell like metal 

5398
04:45:33,300 --> 04:45:37,100
filings and oil would shavings 
and the smell of a place where 

5399
04:45:37,100 --> 04:45:40,400
people work hard candles. 
And the little bit of sunlight 

5400
04:45:40,400 --> 04:45:43,400
that came through the small 
Windows would give off light, it

5401
04:45:43,400 --> 04:45:46,100
was so dim that it barely lit up
the incredibly fine work. 

5402
04:45:46,100 --> 04:45:48,700
John did. 
Squinting at tiny gears and 

5403
04:45:48,700 --> 04:45:51,300
Springs. 
You would hear the ticking of 

5404
04:45:51,308 --> 04:45:54,900
many clocks, not just one each 
clock marked time in a slightly 

5405
04:45:54,900 --> 04:45:58,100
different way, as John tested 
changed and improved his 

5406
04:45:58,100 --> 04:46:01,800
designs, The Sounds would mix 
and get in each other's way, 

5407
04:46:01,800 --> 04:46:04,800
making complicated rhythms, that
never quite fit together. 

5408
04:46:05,600 --> 04:46:08,400
Tick tock, tick tock a doesn't 
different voice is a measuring, 

5409
04:46:08,400 --> 04:46:10,700
the same invisible river that 
flows by all the time. 

5410
04:46:10,700 --> 04:46:14,300
And there would be John himself,
probably in his 60s or 70s. 

5411
04:46:14,300 --> 04:46:17,800
By the time before was being 
built his eyesight, wasn't what 

5412
04:46:17,800 --> 04:46:20,200
it used to be but his hands were
still steady. 

5413
04:46:20,200 --> 04:46:23,300
His mind was still sharp and his
determination was still strong. 

5414
04:46:23,300 --> 04:46:26,100
He would have tools, he made 
himself for jobs, that no one 

5415
04:46:26,100 --> 04:46:29,000
else had ever done before. 
Like specialized files, 

5416
04:46:29,000 --> 04:46:32,500
custom-made measuring tools 
Jigs, and fixtures to hold small

5417
04:46:32,500 --> 04:46:35,600
parts while he worked on them. 
If you asked him, why he kept 

5418
04:46:35,600 --> 04:46:39,000
going after 30 or 40 years 
without full recognition, he 

5419
04:46:39,000 --> 04:46:40,700
probably wouldn't have a 
dramatic answer. 

5420
04:46:40,700 --> 04:46:44,300
He might just say that. 
The problem could be fixed that 

5421
04:46:44,300 --> 04:46:48,100
he knew how to fix it and that 
the world needed the thicks, it 

5422
04:46:48,100 --> 04:46:49,600
might have been that easy for 
John Harrison. 

5423
04:46:49,600 --> 04:46:53,100
His story is ultimately about 
what people can do, what can 

5424
04:46:53,100 --> 04:46:56,300
happen when intelligence skill 
and determination come together 

5425
04:46:56,300 --> 04:46:57,800
and stay together for a 
lifetime. 

5426
04:46:57,800 --> 04:47:00,000
It's about believing in your own
work. 

5427
04:47:00,000 --> 04:47:03,300
Even when others don't. 
About trying to be perfect, not 

5428
04:47:03,300 --> 04:47:06,400
for the sake of being perfect 
but because lives depend on 

5429
04:47:06,400 --> 04:47:09,000
getting it right? 
And about being happy with the 

5430
04:47:09,000 --> 04:47:14,100
work itself, even when you don't
get recognition right away, The 

5431
04:47:14,100 --> 04:47:16,700
Marine chronometer changed 
navigation, which changed 

5432
04:47:16,700 --> 04:47:20,400
exploration, which changed 
trade, which changed how people 

5433
04:47:20,400 --> 04:47:23,700
in different parts of the world 
interacted and connected with 

5434
04:47:23,700 --> 04:47:26,400
each other? 
These changes sent waves through

5435
04:47:26,400 --> 04:47:29,700
time that changed many lives in 
ways that can never be fully 

5436
04:47:29,700 --> 04:47:32,500
traced. 
John Harrison's Legacy lives on 

5437
04:47:32,500 --> 04:47:34,900
in every ship that arrived 
safely at its destination. 

5438
04:47:34,900 --> 04:47:39,700
Because it's Captain knew he was
every person who crossed Ocean's

5439
04:47:39,700 --> 04:47:41,200
with confidence and stead of 
fear. 

5440
04:47:41,200 --> 04:47:44,400
And every map that was drawn 
correctly, because positions 

5441
04:47:44,400 --> 04:47:48,900
could be determined exactly. 
The Harrison sea clocks are 

5442
04:47:48,900 --> 04:47:50,400
still ticking with the same 
accuracy. 

5443
04:47:50,400 --> 04:47:54,100
They did hundreds of years ago. 
They are now in glass cases at 

5444
04:47:54,100 --> 04:47:57,800
Greenwich, people stand and 
watch the hands move counting 

5445
04:47:57,800 --> 04:48:00,500
seconds that turn into minutes 
that turn into hours. 

5446
04:48:01,500 --> 04:48:03,800
The clocks have been around for 
hundreds of years longer than 

5447
04:48:03,800 --> 04:48:06,500
their maker and they will 
probably outlive everyone who 

5448
04:48:06,500 --> 04:48:09,500
sees the today. 
It's deep that a device made by 

5449
04:48:09,500 --> 04:48:12,700
human hands can keep measuring 
time long after those hands of 

5450
04:48:12,700 --> 04:48:15,700
stopped working. 
Maybe the only real kind of 

5451
04:48:15,700 --> 04:48:19,200
immortality is to make something
so well that it keeps working 

5452
04:48:19,200 --> 04:48:22,300
serving its purpose and showing 
off its creative skill and 

5453
04:48:22,300 --> 04:48:24,200
vision long after the creator 
has passed away. 

5454
04:48:25,400 --> 04:48:28,300
Let that thought drift with you 
into dreams as you finally give 

5455
04:48:28,300 --> 04:48:31,100
in to sleep. 
That John Harrison's clocks are 

5456
04:48:31,100 --> 04:48:32,700
still ticking somewhere in 
London right now. 

5457
04:48:32,700 --> 04:48:37,100
Keeping time with accuracy that 
seemed impossible when he first 

5458
04:48:37,100 --> 04:48:39,300
started working on them. 
The problems. 

5459
04:48:39,300 --> 04:48:41,600
He fixed are still fixed the 
rules. 

5460
04:48:41,600 --> 04:48:44,600
He found still hold true. 
His dedication is still 

5461
04:48:44,600 --> 04:48:46,700
inspiring. 
And maybe the most comforting 

5462
04:48:46,700 --> 04:48:49,900
thing of all is that his story 
shows us that patience hard work

5463
04:48:49,900 --> 04:48:53,100
and skill can help us solve the 
hardest problems. 

5464
04:48:53,100 --> 04:48:56,500
That it is possible to make 
progress that with enough time 

5465
04:48:56,500 --> 04:48:59,600
and effort people can measure 
the unmeasurable find their way 

5466
04:48:59,600 --> 04:49:01,700
through the unfindable and do 
the impossible. 

5467
04:49:02,400 --> 04:49:04,200
Sleep. 
Well, knowing that while you 

5468
04:49:04,200 --> 04:49:06,500
sleep, countless descendants of 
Harrisons. 

5469
04:49:06,500 --> 04:49:08,400
Clocks are measuring time all 
over the world. 

5470
04:49:08,400 --> 04:49:11,300
Each Tick Tock is a small echo 
of a Yorkshire. 

5471
04:49:11,300 --> 04:49:13,200
Carpenter's son. 
Who refused to believe that 

5472
04:49:13,200 --> 04:49:15,900
anything was truly impossible 
and proved himself. 

5473
04:49:15,900 --> 04:49:18,800
Right through 50 years of hard 
work in a small Workshop 

5474
04:49:18,800 --> 04:49:22,900
solving, a problem that had 
stumped everyone else John 

5475
04:49:22,900 --> 04:49:26,100
Harrison made the world easier 
to understand, he didn't give up

5476
04:49:26,100 --> 04:49:30,000
which made the ocean safer. 
One man thought with complete 

5477
04:49:30,000 --> 04:49:33,000
certainty, that gears and 
springs could measure time so 

5478
04:49:33,000 --> 04:49:36,200
accurately that they could guide
ships across trackless, Seas 

5479
04:49:36,200 --> 04:49:39,900
tick, tock tick tock the 
measurement goes on. 

5480
04:49:39,900 --> 04:49:47,400
As it has 4000 by a man who knew
that solving impossible problems

5481
04:49:47,400 --> 04:49:50,700
is mostly a matter of patient 
skill and not believing in the 

5482
04:49:50,700 --> 04:49:52,700
impossible. 
Of good dreams. 

5483
04:49:52,700 --> 04:49:55,600
May your own problems seem 
easier to solve in the morning 

5484
04:49:55,600 --> 04:49:58,300
and may you find a little of 
John Harrison's, quiet, 

5485
04:49:58,300 --> 04:50:01,500
stubborn, determination to see 
things through to the end when 

5486
04:50:01,500 --> 04:50:09,800
you need it. 
The wind on the Mongolian steppe

5487
04:50:09,800 --> 04:50:14,200
doesn't merely just blow it also
delivers judgment harsh and 

5488
04:50:14,200 --> 04:50:18,500
unrelenting its trips away 
pretense like skin from bone, 

5489
04:50:18,500 --> 04:50:21,900
modern meteorologists measure, 
wind speed in kilometers per 

5490
04:50:21,900 --> 04:50:25,500
hour, 13th century, Mongols 
measured it by how quickly it 

5491
04:50:25,500 --> 04:50:27,800
could freeze. 
The tears on your face, during 

5492
04:50:27,800 --> 04:50:31,200
winter temperatures, routinely 
plunged to negative, 40 degrees 

5493
04:50:31,200 --> 04:50:34,100
and number West Celsius and 
Fahrenheit, find their rare 

5494
04:50:34,100 --> 04:50:36,800
point of agreement, That same 
landscape. 

5495
04:50:36,800 --> 04:50:40,700
Might make it 40 degrees. 
Celsius, 140 degrees Fahrenheit 

5496
04:50:40,700 --> 04:50:44,600
in the summer, causing thermal 
swing that are unheard of in our

5497
04:50:44,608 --> 04:50:47,700
climate control. 
Lives you with your dependency 

5498
04:50:47,700 --> 04:50:50,900
on consistent room, 
temperatures, hot showers and 

5499
04:50:50,900 --> 04:50:53,300
memory foam mattresses would 
find yourself. 

5500
04:50:53,300 --> 04:50:55,800
Desperately unprepared for this 
fundamental reality. 

5501
04:50:56,800 --> 04:51:00,400
The average Mongol Warrior began
developing their resilience 

5502
04:51:00,400 --> 04:51:03,800
before they could walk. 
By Age 3 children were placed on

5503
04:51:03,808 --> 04:51:06,900
horses by five. 
They could ride independently by

5504
04:51:06,900 --> 04:51:09,000
10. 
Many had survived multiple 

5505
04:51:09,000 --> 04:51:12,000
seasons of brutal whether that 
would send Modern Emergency 

5506
04:51:12,000 --> 04:51:14,000
Management agencies into crisis 
mode. 

5507
04:51:14,700 --> 04:51:18,000
Your entire concept of roughing,
it might involve a weekend of 

5508
04:51:18,000 --> 04:51:19,900
glamping with a portable 
espresso maker. 

5509
04:51:19,900 --> 04:51:23,200
The Mongols would find the idea 
laughable, if they understood 

5510
04:51:23,200 --> 04:51:27,100
what espresso was water that 
substance you acquire with a 

5511
04:51:27,100 --> 04:51:30,700
lazy Twist of a faucet handle 
required, strategic planning in 

5512
04:51:30,700 --> 04:51:34,800
the Empire, Steps watercourses 
were unreliable sometimes 

5513
04:51:34,800 --> 04:51:36,800
disappearing entirely during dry
periods. 

5514
04:51:36,800 --> 04:51:41,100
Many Mongols, drank are rag. 
Fermented mares milk, which 

5515
04:51:41,100 --> 04:51:46,400
served multiple purposes. 
Hydration nutrition Mildred, and

5516
04:51:46,400 --> 04:51:48,600
crucially bacteriological 
safety. 

5517
04:51:49,400 --> 04:51:52,000
Your untrained digestive system 
would likely reject this 

5518
04:51:52,000 --> 04:51:55,300
essential staple leaving you. 
Dehydrated on the Windswept 

5519
04:51:55,300 --> 04:51:57,600
Plains. 
Consider your current Fitness 

5520
04:51:57,600 --> 04:51:59,700
level. 
The average Mongol regularly 

5521
04:51:59,700 --> 04:52:03,400
wrote six to eight kilometers 
daily They maintained this place

5522
04:52:03,400 --> 04:52:06,000
for weeks while wearing armor 
and carrying weapons. 

5523
04:52:06,000 --> 04:52:09,600
Many could shoot Arrows with 
deadly accuracy, from horseback,

5524
04:52:09,600 --> 04:52:14,500
drawing bowsing, 100 and 166 
pounds of pull strength, nearly 

5525
04:52:14,500 --> 04:52:17,200
triple, the draw weight of a 
modern compound hunting bow, 

5526
04:52:17,900 --> 04:52:20,500
Your gym membership and 
occasional weekend hike of not 

5527
04:52:20,500 --> 04:52:22,300
prepared you for this level of 
physical demand. 

5528
04:52:23,300 --> 04:52:25,200
The constant movement of nomadic
life. 

5529
04:52:25,200 --> 04:52:27,000
Meant that storage space was 
precious. 

5530
04:52:27,000 --> 04:52:30,800
The concept of belongings 
underwent, severe restriction, 

5531
04:52:30,800 --> 04:52:33,700
while you might feel anxious 
traveling with just carry-on 

5532
04:52:33,700 --> 04:52:36,400
luggage for a week. 
Mongols transported, their 

5533
04:52:36,400 --> 04:52:39,700
entire lives on Horseback or in 
carts, the mental adjustment 

5534
04:52:39,700 --> 04:52:43,100
alone, diving with only, what 
could be easily packed and moved

5535
04:52:43,100 --> 04:52:46,200
would challenge. 
Your very identity shaped as it 

5536
04:52:46,200 --> 04:52:47,700
is by acquisition and 
accumulation. 

5537
04:52:48,500 --> 04:52:50,300
Sleep patterns differed 
dramatically as well. 

5538
04:52:50,300 --> 04:52:53,700
The Empire's military maintained
vigilance through a system of 

5539
04:52:53,700 --> 04:52:57,200
night watches with Warriors 
sleeping in armor ready to fight

5540
04:52:57,200 --> 04:53:00,200
within moments. 
No, alarm snoozing know, just 

5541
04:53:00,200 --> 04:53:03,500
five more minutes. 
When the signal came, you rode 

5542
04:53:03,500 --> 04:53:06,200
or died? 
sleep was not a right but a 

5543
04:53:06,200 --> 04:53:09,700
resource to be careful managed 
and often denied Food security 

5544
04:53:09,700 --> 04:53:12,400
operated on principles alien to 
your experience. 

5545
04:53:13,300 --> 04:53:16,100
The average Mongol Warrior could
survive on dried meat and milk 

5546
04:53:16,100 --> 04:53:19,400
products for extended periods. 
Supplemented occasionally by 

5547
04:53:19,400 --> 04:53:23,500
foraged plants, and hunted game,
their digestive systems adapted 

5548
04:53:23,500 --> 04:53:27,300
to high protein, high fat, and 
low carbohydrate diets similar 

5549
04:53:27,300 --> 04:53:29,900
to a ketogenic diet. 
But without modern conveniences,

5550
04:53:29,900 --> 04:53:34,100
like, Instagram posts or 
Specialty Products, your body a 

5551
04:53:34,100 --> 04:53:36,000
custom to regular meals with 
diverse nutrients. 

5552
04:53:36,000 --> 04:53:38,900
Would struggle with both the 
content and a regularity of Step

5553
04:53:38,900 --> 04:53:41,000
nutritional. 
Then there's the matter of 

5554
04:53:41,000 --> 04:53:44,200
hygiene your concept of 
cleanliness hinges on daily 

5555
04:53:44,200 --> 04:53:46,700
showering, and the liberal 
application of scented products.

5556
04:53:46,700 --> 04:53:50,300
The Mongols living in a water 
scarce environment developed 

5557
04:53:50,300 --> 04:53:53,400
different standards, smoke from 
dung fires, provided 

5558
04:53:53,400 --> 04:53:57,000
antibacterial benefits. 
Inside gears Yurts while animal 

5559
04:53:57,000 --> 04:53:59,600
fats protected skin from 
windburn and Frostbite. 

5560
04:53:59,600 --> 04:54:03,200
The smell of a Mongol 
encampment, a potent blend of 

5561
04:54:03,200 --> 04:54:06,300
horses. 
Humans, smoke and fermentation 

5562
04:54:06,300 --> 04:54:08,900
would overwhelm your sanitized 
sensibilities. 

5563
04:54:09,800 --> 04:54:12,700
These environmental challenges 
represent, merely the Baseline 

5564
04:54:12,700 --> 04:54:15,100
difficulties. 
The ambient conditions that 

5565
04:54:15,100 --> 04:54:19,100
existed before considering human
conflicts political complexities

5566
04:54:19,100 --> 04:54:22,400
or social hierarchies. 
If the elements themselves 

5567
04:54:22,400 --> 04:54:26,700
defeated, you imagine how poorly
you would fare against humans 

5568
04:54:26,700 --> 04:54:29,200
who mastered this harsh 
existence, and then decide to 

5569
04:54:29,200 --> 04:54:31,900
conquer the Known World. 
The social architecture of the 

5570
04:54:31,900 --> 04:54:34,700
Mongol Empire would confound, he
was thoroughly as its physical 

5571
04:54:34,700 --> 04:54:36,800
demands. 
You've been conditioned by 

5572
04:54:36,800 --> 04:54:39,900
modern, Western ideology to 
believe in certain fundamental 

5573
04:54:39,900 --> 04:54:43,100
rights speech, assembly and 
individual autonomy. 

5574
04:54:44,000 --> 04:54:46,400
These Concepts would be 
difficult to understand within 

5575
04:54:46,400 --> 04:54:49,500
the Mongol socio-political 
framework which valued 

5576
04:54:49,500 --> 04:54:52,200
individuals based on their 
utilities the collective and 

5577
04:54:52,200 --> 04:54:53,900
their position within a rigid 
hierarchy. 

5578
04:54:55,000 --> 04:54:58,600
Let's begin with language. 
The Mongol Empire of eventually,

5579
04:54:58,600 --> 04:55:02,200
encompassed speakers of dozens 
of languages, but the lingua, 

5580
04:55:02,200 --> 04:55:05,200
Franca remained Mongolian 
specifically middle Mongolian 

5581
04:55:05,200 --> 04:55:09,100
written in weaky script. 
Without fluency you would be 

5582
04:55:09,100 --> 04:55:12,100
effectively mute unable to 
defend yourself verbally 

5583
04:55:12,100 --> 04:55:14,800
comprehend orders. 
Will navigate social situations 

5584
04:55:14,800 --> 04:55:19,900
interpreters existed certainly 
but they serve the Empire's 

5585
04:55:19,900 --> 04:55:22,300
Elite. 
Your linguistic isolation would 

5586
04:55:22,300 --> 04:55:25,800
render you vulnerable in ways 
you cannot imagine having always

5587
04:55:25,800 --> 04:55:28,200
inhabited linguistic 
environments where communication

5588
04:55:28,200 --> 04:55:30,300
felt like a Birthright rather 
than a privilege. 

5589
04:55:31,000 --> 04:55:34,700
Then there's the matter of Honor
culture, modern society as large

5590
04:55:34,700 --> 04:55:38,200
a band, and honor as an 
organizing principle replacing 

5591
04:55:38,200 --> 04:55:41,700
it with legal Frameworks and 
bureaucracy in the Mongol 

5592
04:55:41,700 --> 04:55:45,000
Empire, Slice to honor real or 
perceived could trigger 

5593
04:55:45,000 --> 04:55:47,300
immediate violence without legal
recourse. 

5594
04:55:48,400 --> 04:55:52,100
During grained habits of casual 
speech, direct eye contact or 

5595
04:55:52,100 --> 04:55:55,400
inadvertent physical contact. 
Mike constitute grave offenses. 

5596
04:55:55,400 --> 04:55:59,200
Without the cultural fluency to 
navigate these Unwritten rules. 

5597
04:55:59,200 --> 04:56:02,200
You would blunder into conflict 
through innocent behaviors. 

5598
04:56:03,100 --> 04:56:06,900
The Mongol legal system, 
codified in the Yasser Genghis, 

5599
04:56:06,900 --> 04:56:10,500
Khan's legal code prescribed 
death for startling range of 

5600
04:56:10,500 --> 04:56:13,100
offense's. 
What was the penalty for 

5601
04:56:13,100 --> 04:56:15,500
urinating in running water, 
death? 

5602
04:56:16,100 --> 04:56:19,800
Adultery death theft often 
death. 

5603
04:56:20,400 --> 04:56:22,300
Even minor theft could result in
punishment. 

5604
04:56:22,300 --> 04:56:24,500
Nine times the value of the 
stolen item. 

5605
04:56:25,400 --> 04:56:28,500
Bankruptcy, the debtor and their
family could be enslaved. 

5606
04:56:28,500 --> 04:56:30,600
Your understanding of 
proportional. 

5607
04:56:30,600 --> 04:56:33,200
Justice would provide no 
protection in a system where 

5608
04:56:33,200 --> 04:56:35,100
examples were made to maintain 
order across. 

5609
04:56:35,100 --> 04:56:38,600
Vast territories religious 
tolerance in the Mongol Empire 

5610
04:56:38,600 --> 04:56:41,700
is often celebrated by 
historians, but this tolerance 

5611
04:56:41,700 --> 04:56:44,400
had pragmatic rather than 
ideological Roots. 

5612
04:56:44,400 --> 04:56:48,300
The Mongols permitted various 
faiths because religious leaders

5613
04:56:48,300 --> 04:56:51,900
were exempt from certain taxes 
and conscription Providing 

5614
04:56:51,900 --> 04:56:55,600
administrative convenience. 
However this tolerance did not 

5615
04:56:55,600 --> 04:56:58,400
extend to religious practices 
that conflicted with Mongol 

5616
04:56:58,400 --> 04:57:02,000
Customs for instance Muslim and 
Jewish prohibitions against 

5617
04:57:02,000 --> 04:57:04,500
consuming blood or improperly 
slaughtered meat would die 

5618
04:57:04,500 --> 04:57:08,100
directly at odds, with nomadic 
food practices, religious 

5619
04:57:08,100 --> 04:57:10,600
practitioners were forced to 
choose between spiritual 

5620
04:57:10,600 --> 04:57:14,500
compromise or physical hunger. 
Your conception of privacy would

5621
04:57:14,500 --> 04:57:19,700
dissolve entirely the geared 
housed extended family units in 

5622
04:57:19,700 --> 04:57:23,200
a single open space 
conversations bodily, functions 

5623
04:57:23,200 --> 04:57:26,200
and intimacy all occurred within
a communal environment. 

5624
04:57:27,100 --> 04:57:30,000
The Mongol camps themselves were
arranged according to military 

5625
04:57:30,000 --> 04:57:33,700
organization with placement, 
determined by Rank and function,

5626
04:57:33,700 --> 04:57:38,500
rather than personal preference.
Your desire for me time or a 

5627
04:57:38,500 --> 04:57:41,200
quiet space to decompress would 
find no accommodation in this 

5628
04:57:41,200 --> 04:57:43,500
structure. 
Your modern sensibilities would 

5629
04:57:43,500 --> 04:57:45,700
be further shocked by gender 
roles. 

5630
04:57:46,600 --> 04:57:49,300
While Mongol women enjoyed more 
rights than their counterparts. 

5631
04:57:49,300 --> 04:57:52,900
In many sedentary civilizations,
they could own property divorce 

5632
04:57:52,900 --> 04:57:54,600
and sometimes participate in 
Warfare. 

5633
04:57:55,200 --> 04:57:57,600
Their status remained 
fundamentally determined by 

5634
04:57:57,600 --> 04:57:59,700
their relationship to male power
structures. 

5635
04:57:59,700 --> 04:58:03,500
Women's primary values centered 
on reproductive capacity and 

5636
04:58:03,500 --> 04:58:06,500
household management. 
The concepts of gender, 

5637
04:58:06,500 --> 04:58:08,800
equality, or personal 
fulfillment outside. 

5638
04:58:08,800 --> 04:58:12,000
Prescribed roles would seem 
alien and dangerous class 

5639
04:58:12,000 --> 04:58:14,400
Mobility. 
That cherished, modern ideal 

5640
04:58:14,400 --> 04:58:17,400
existed, but followed different 
patterns that you might expect 

5641
04:58:17,400 --> 04:58:21,200
Genghis, Khan famously, promoted
based on Merit rather than 

5642
04:58:21,200 --> 04:58:23,600
birth. 
But this meritocracy was 

5643
04:58:23,600 --> 04:58:26,200
measured, primarily through 
loyalty and Military prowess 

5644
04:58:26,200 --> 04:58:30,200
your specialized modern skills, 
programming marketing, and 

5645
04:58:30,200 --> 04:58:33,000
financial analysis would hold 
little immediate value. 

5646
04:58:33,800 --> 04:58:36,600
Unless you could quickly 
demonstrate utility and warfare 

5647
04:58:36,600 --> 04:58:40,300
animal, husbandry, or practical 
crafts, your position would 

5648
04:58:40,300 --> 04:58:43,600
likely default to the bottom of 
the hierarchy, the concept of 

5649
04:58:43,600 --> 04:58:48,900
face or social reputation, 
functioned as actual currency in

5650
04:58:48,900 --> 04:58:52,200
an Empire where written records 
remained, limited your word and 

5651
04:58:52,208 --> 04:58:54,300
reputation formed your primary 
assets. 

5652
04:58:54,300 --> 04:58:57,500
Breaking promises, showing 
weakness, or failing, to 

5653
04:58:57,500 --> 04:59:00,200
reciprocate generosity. 
Would irreparably, damaged your 

5654
04:59:00,200 --> 04:59:02,300
standing. 
Without understanding the 

5655
04:59:02,300 --> 04:59:05,800
intricate dance of obligation 
favored trading and reputation 

5656
04:59:05,800 --> 04:59:08,900
management, you would quickly 
find yourself socially bankrupt.

5657
04:59:08,900 --> 04:59:12,400
Most fundamentally disorienting 
would be the collective rather 

5658
04:59:12,400 --> 04:59:14,200
than individual orientation of 
Mongol. 

5659
04:59:14,200 --> 04:59:17,600
Society decisions. 
Prioritize groups of over 

5660
04:59:17,600 --> 04:59:21,600
individual rights or preferences
resource distribution, military 

5661
04:59:21,600 --> 04:59:24,400
service. 
A marriage Arrangements Also 

5662
04:59:24,400 --> 04:59:27,600
Serve Collective interests for 
first your deeply ingrained, 

5663
04:59:27,600 --> 04:59:30,900
individualism where you 
recognize it or not, would Mark 

5664
04:59:30,900 --> 04:59:33,700
you as fundamentally 
untrustworthy in a culture where

5665
04:59:33,700 --> 04:59:37,200
solidarity meant survival. 
The Mongol military operators, 

5666
04:59:37,200 --> 04:59:40,100
operated with a systematic 
efficiency that transformed 

5667
04:59:40,100 --> 04:59:43,300
Warfare across Eurasia. 
But your integration into this 

5668
04:59:43,300 --> 04:59:45,400
machine would prove 
catastrophically difficult, 

5669
04:59:45,400 --> 04:59:48,800
assuming you were even permitted
to join rather than being 

5670
04:59:48,800 --> 04:59:50,300
classified as a servant or 
slave. 

5671
04:59:51,200 --> 04:59:53,200
First consider the entry 
requirements. 

5672
04:59:53,200 --> 04:59:57,600
By adolescence Mongol Warriors 
could shoot arrows accurately 

5673
04:59:57,600 --> 05:00:00,800
while riding at full Gallop, 
navigate vast distances without 

5674
05:00:00,800 --> 05:00:02,900
Maps. 
Using only astronomical and 

5675
05:00:02,900 --> 05:00:04,900
geographical features butcher 
animals. 

5676
05:00:04,900 --> 05:00:08,400
Efficiently for maximum resource
utilization, survive 

5677
05:00:08,400 --> 05:00:11,700
independently on the step with 
minimal equipment, track, humans

5678
05:00:11,700 --> 05:00:13,500
and animals across varied 
terrains. 

5679
05:00:13,500 --> 05:00:16,200
Execute complex, Cavalry 
Maneuvers information. 

5680
05:00:17,400 --> 05:00:19,400
These weren't specialized skills
for elite units. 

5681
05:00:19,400 --> 05:00:22,800
They were Baseline competencies 
expected of ordinary soldiers, 

5682
05:00:22,800 --> 05:00:26,400
your modern abilities with 
spreadsheets home, appliances, 

5683
05:00:26,400 --> 05:00:29,200
or even Conventional Weapons. 
Would provide almost no 

5684
05:00:29,200 --> 05:00:32,500
transferable advantages. 
The physical conditioning alone 

5685
05:00:32,500 --> 05:00:36,100
would likely break you within 
days during campaigns. 

5686
05:00:36,100 --> 05:00:40,500
Mongol Warrior's frequently Road
between 100 and 130 kilometers 

5687
05:00:40,500 --> 05:00:44,100
each day. they did not ride for 
a single day but for weeks, or 

5688
05:00:44,100 --> 05:00:47,300
months at a time, Modern 
endurance athletes trained 

5689
05:00:47,300 --> 05:00:48,900
specifically for singular 
events. 

5690
05:00:48,900 --> 05:00:52,400
Mongol Warrior's maintained this
capacity as their Baseline 

5691
05:00:52,400 --> 05:00:55,000
existence. 
They could sleep in Saddles go 

5692
05:00:55,000 --> 05:00:58,100
days with minimal water and 
function effectively despite 

5693
05:00:58,100 --> 05:01:02,200
extreme physical discomfort. 
The Mongol military diet during 

5694
05:01:02,200 --> 05:01:06,000
campaigns frequently consisted 
of dried meat powder, mixed with

5695
05:01:06,000 --> 05:01:09,200
water or blood drawn from a 
small incision in their horses 

5696
05:01:09,200 --> 05:01:13,000
vein. 
This high protein virtually zero

5697
05:01:13,000 --> 05:01:16,300
carbohydrate regimen, sustained 
Warriors through extraordinary, 

5698
05:01:16,300 --> 05:01:21,000
physical demands your digestive 
system and Metabolism a custom 

5699
05:01:21,000 --> 05:01:24,100
to regular carbohydrate intake. 
And consistent meals would 

5700
05:01:24,100 --> 05:01:26,700
struggle catastrophically with 
this dietary shift. 

5701
05:01:27,400 --> 05:01:29,900
Equipment maintenance formed, 
another insurmountable 

5702
05:01:29,900 --> 05:01:33,000
challenge, each Warrior 
maintained multiple horses, 

5703
05:01:33,000 --> 05:01:35,900
weapons. 
Requiring Specialized Care and 

5704
05:01:35,900 --> 05:01:39,300
armor demanding regular 
attention, the composite bow. 

5705
05:01:39,300 --> 05:01:42,900
The signature Mongol weapon 
required constant maintenance to

5706
05:01:42,900 --> 05:01:46,100
prevent delamination of its 
complex structure of wood horn 

5707
05:01:46,100 --> 05:01:50,400
and sinew improper storage could
render it useless in hours, 

5708
05:01:50,400 --> 05:01:53,000
without generations of 
accumulated knowledge in these 

5709
05:01:53,000 --> 05:01:56,000
maintenance protocols, your 
equipment would fail at critical

5710
05:01:56,000 --> 05:01:59,700
moments The communication system
would leave you perpetually 

5711
05:01:59,700 --> 05:02:02,700
confused. 
Mongol, armies coordinated 

5712
05:02:02,700 --> 05:02:04,900
complex. 
Battlefield Maneuvers using flag

5713
05:02:04,900 --> 05:02:09,500
signals horns and drum patterns,
a military language as foreign 

5714
05:02:09,500 --> 05:02:12,600
to you as ancient Sumerian. 
In battle conditions. 

5715
05:02:12,600 --> 05:02:16,600
Misinterpreting these signals 
meant instant death either from 

5716
05:02:16,600 --> 05:02:19,400
enemy action or from disrupting 
your side's carefully. 

5717
05:02:19,400 --> 05:02:22,300
Orchestrated movements 
discipline, within the Mongol 

5718
05:02:22,300 --> 05:02:25,500
military operated with 
mechanical Precision, the 

5719
05:02:25,500 --> 05:02:31,400
decimal organization system with
units of 10 100 1000 and 10,000.

5720
05:02:31,400 --> 05:02:34,000
The famous two men created, 
clear, chains of command and 

5721
05:02:34,000 --> 05:02:37,300
responsibility, this structure 
enforced Collective punishment, 

5722
05:02:38,300 --> 05:02:42,500
if one member of your Arben unit
of 10, all members could be 

5723
05:02:42,508 --> 05:02:45,700
executed, your survival hinge, 
not only on your own 

5724
05:02:45,700 --> 05:02:48,500
performance, but also on the 
performance of your assigned 

5725
05:02:48,500 --> 05:02:52,300
comrades, paint tolerance 
represented, another area where 

5726
05:02:52,300 --> 05:02:56,100
you would find yourself woefully
unprepared, Medical Care during 

5727
05:02:56,100 --> 05:02:59,200
campaigns was rudimentary by 
modern standards Arrow. 

5728
05:02:59,200 --> 05:03:01,500
Wounds were treated. 
By inserting milk soaked cloth 

5729
05:03:01,500 --> 05:03:04,500
into the wound then extracting 
it after the wound had begun 

5730
05:03:04,500 --> 05:03:06,600
festering. 
Pulling damaged tissue out with 

5731
05:03:06,600 --> 05:03:09,000
the cloth. 
Broken bones might be set. 

5732
05:03:09,000 --> 05:03:11,800
But complex injuries often 
resulted in Battlefield 

5733
05:03:11,800 --> 05:03:14,600
euthanasia. 
Your expectation of pain 

5734
05:03:14,600 --> 05:03:17,400
management would meet the harsh.
Reality of pre-modern medicine, 

5735
05:03:17,400 --> 05:03:21,300
the cycle Warfare practice by 
the Mongols would disturb even 

5736
05:03:21,300 --> 05:03:24,700
hardened modern military 
personnel, their systematic. 

5737
05:03:24,700 --> 05:03:27,200
Use of Terror included 
constructing pyramids from the 

5738
05:03:27,200 --> 05:03:29,300
severed. 
Heads of civilians, using 

5739
05:03:29,300 --> 05:03:32,400
enemies as human Shields, and 
deliberately allowing some 

5740
05:03:32,400 --> 05:03:35,000
survivors to flee and spread 
Tales of Horror. 

5741
05:03:35,900 --> 05:03:39,300
Mongol forces not only expected 
you to witness these acts but 

5742
05:03:39,300 --> 05:03:42,200
also to participate in the 
without moral objection. 

5743
05:03:43,200 --> 05:03:45,800
The Mongol forces treated 
weather conditions that modern 

5744
05:03:45,800 --> 05:03:48,700
armies would consider operation 
suspending as merely incidental.

5745
05:03:49,400 --> 05:03:52,400
They preferred campaigning in 
winter when rivers froze solid 

5746
05:03:52,400 --> 05:03:55,300
enough to support Cavalry 
movements, your cold weather 

5747
05:03:55,300 --> 05:03:57,400
gear. 
However, Advance by today's 

5748
05:03:57,400 --> 05:04:00,400
standards would prove inadequate
against the combination of 

5749
05:04:00,408 --> 05:04:02,500
Siberian wins and constant 
movement. 

5750
05:04:02,500 --> 05:04:04,600
That prevented establishing 
proper shelter. 

5751
05:04:04,600 --> 05:04:07,700
Most critically. 
The psychological framework of 

5752
05:04:07,700 --> 05:04:11,600
Mongol Warfare would alienate 
you entirely Modern military, 

5753
05:04:11,600 --> 05:04:14,700
ethics emphasized distinction 
between combatants and 

5754
05:04:14,700 --> 05:04:18,500
non-combatants proportionality, 
enforce application and 

5755
05:04:18,500 --> 05:04:20,300
limitation of unnecessary 
suffering. 

5756
05:04:21,700 --> 05:04:25,000
Mongols strategic Doctrine in 
recognize no such distinctions. 

5757
05:04:25,000 --> 05:04:28,600
Civilian populations were 
legitimate targets, both for 

5758
05:04:28,600 --> 05:04:31,100
resource acquisition and 
psychological impact. 

5759
05:04:32,100 --> 05:04:34,300
Cities that immediately 
surrendered, might to escape 

5760
05:04:34,300 --> 05:04:38,500
while those that resisted faced 
complete Annihilation, not as a 

5761
05:04:38,500 --> 05:04:41,800
war crime, but as standard 
operational procedure, your 

5762
05:04:41,800 --> 05:04:44,500
modern moral framework. 
Whether you consider yourself 

5763
05:04:44,500 --> 05:04:47,900
hardened or not, has been shaped
by centuries of evolving, 

5764
05:04:47,900 --> 05:04:49,600
Notions about the ethics of 
violence. 

5765
05:04:50,500 --> 05:04:53,500
The cognitive dissonance between
these ingrained values and daily

5766
05:04:53,500 --> 05:04:56,900
participation in Mongol military
operations would create 

5767
05:04:56,900 --> 05:04:58,900
psychological trauma beyond 
anything. 

5768
05:04:58,900 --> 05:05:01,900
Your contemporary mind is 
structured to process while the 

5769
05:05:01,900 --> 05:05:04,900
physical environment social 
complexities and Military 

5770
05:05:04,900 --> 05:05:08,100
demands of the Mongol Empire 
would each present formidable 

5771
05:05:08,100 --> 05:05:11,200
challenges, perhaps nothing 
would threaten your survival 

5772
05:05:11,200 --> 05:05:15,000
more immediately than the 
microbial landscape a biological

5773
05:05:15,000 --> 05:05:17,500
battlefield for which your body 
is perilously. 

5774
05:05:17,500 --> 05:05:21,200
Unprepared, Your immune system 
has developed in an environment 

5775
05:05:21,200 --> 05:05:25,200
of unprecedented Sanitation. 
Regular vaccinations and 

5776
05:05:25,200 --> 05:05:29,300
antibiotics this protected 
upbringing while extending your 

5777
05:05:29,300 --> 05:05:32,700
life span has left you 
immunologically naive compared 

5778
05:05:32,700 --> 05:05:36,400
to a 13th century nomad. 
The average Mongols of survived 

5779
05:05:36,400 --> 05:05:39,500
numerous childhood diseases that
would ravage, your unprepared 

5780
05:05:39,500 --> 05:05:42,400
system, there are immune 
responses, honed through 

5781
05:05:42,400 --> 05:05:46,500
constant exposure, to pathogens 
operated, a level of efficiency,

5782
05:05:46,500 --> 05:05:48,400
your sheltered physiology cannot
match. 

5783
05:05:49,200 --> 05:05:52,200
Consider water consumption that 
most basic necessity. 

5784
05:05:53,000 --> 05:05:55,300
The Mongols developed specific 
techniques for locating, 

5785
05:05:55,300 --> 05:05:59,800
reasonably safe water sources 
and more importantly Harvard gut

5786
05:05:59,800 --> 05:06:03,400
microbiota adapted to local 
pathogens, you accustomed to 

5787
05:06:03,400 --> 05:06:06,500
treated, Municipal Water would 
like, likely contract, severe 

5788
05:06:06,500 --> 05:06:09,400
distant, tree within days of 
drinking from step to sources. 

5789
05:06:09,400 --> 05:06:13,100
Dehydration would rapidly follow
compromising physical 

5790
05:06:13,100 --> 05:06:16,100
performance, precisely when 
maximum strength was needed for 

5791
05:06:16,100 --> 05:06:19,800
adaptation. the parasite load 
carried by average Mongol Empire

5792
05:06:19,800 --> 05:06:25,100
inhabitants would Astound modern
Physicians intestinal worms skin

5793
05:06:25,100 --> 05:06:29,200
parasites and blood-borne 
pathogens existed in a complex 

5794
05:06:29,200 --> 05:06:32,900
equilibrium with host immune 
systems, These parasitic 

5795
05:06:32,900 --> 05:06:36,000
relationships often began in 
childhood, allowing for 

5796
05:06:36,000 --> 05:06:38,900
co-adaptation, rather than acute
crisis. 

5797
05:06:39,600 --> 05:06:42,800
Your body encountering these 
organisms for the first time as 

5798
05:06:42,800 --> 05:06:45,400
an adult. 
Would Mount extreme inflammatory

5799
05:06:45,400 --> 05:06:48,400
responses that could prove more 
dangerous than the parasites 

5800
05:06:48,400 --> 05:06:51,500
themselves. 
Zoonotic diseases, those 

5801
05:06:51,500 --> 05:06:54,900
transmitted between animals and 
humans presented particular 

5802
05:06:54,900 --> 05:06:58,100
danger in a culture where close 
contact with livestock was 

5803
05:06:58,100 --> 05:07:00,800
unavoidable. 
The Mongols lived alongside 

5804
05:07:00,800 --> 05:07:04,800
horses sheep, goats camels and 
cattle turning living. 

5805
05:07:04,800 --> 05:07:09,300
Space is during harsh weather, 
Anthrax broccoli and various 

5806
05:07:09,300 --> 05:07:12,100
animal born influence as 
circulated continuously. 

5807
05:07:12,900 --> 05:07:15,000
While the Mongols developed, 
partial immunity through 

5808
05:07:15,000 --> 05:07:17,900
childhood exposure, you would 
have no such protection. 

5809
05:07:17,900 --> 05:07:20,300
Bacterial. 
Environment itself would prove 

5810
05:07:20,300 --> 05:07:22,900
hostile. 
Soil dwelling, bacteria, like 

5811
05:07:22,900 --> 05:07:26,100
clostridium, tetani causing 
tetanus represented. 

5812
05:07:26,100 --> 05:07:29,200
Constant threats in a lifestyle 
filled with small injuries from 

5813
05:07:29,200 --> 05:07:33,600
riding hunting and combat. 
The Mongols treated wounds with 

5814
05:07:33,608 --> 05:07:37,200
fermented Mare's milk. 
Hot animal fat or cauterization 

5815
05:07:37,200 --> 05:07:41,800
methods, that while crude often 
provided antimicrobial benefits.

5816
05:07:41,800 --> 05:07:46,100
Without these techniques, any 
injury could become fatal due to

5817
05:07:46,100 --> 05:07:48,400
infection. 
Dental Health presents. 

5818
05:07:48,400 --> 05:07:52,300
Another vulnerability. 
The Mongol diet lacked refined 

5819
05:07:52,300 --> 05:07:55,600
sugars, but still pose Dental 
challenges, these were managed 

5820
05:07:55,600 --> 05:07:58,600
through specific hygiene 
practices using step plants with

5821
05:07:58,600 --> 05:08:01,300
natural antimicrobial, 
properties your teeth. 

5822
05:08:01,300 --> 05:08:04,700
Despite Modern Dental Care, 
would likely be unprepared for 

5823
05:08:04,700 --> 05:08:07,000
abrupt cessation of this care. 
Combined with a radically 

5824
05:08:07,000 --> 05:08:10,100
different diet. 
Dental infections minor 

5825
05:08:10,100 --> 05:08:12,700
inconvenience is in the modern 
world became life. 

5826
05:08:12,700 --> 05:08:16,200
Threatening in pre-antibiotic. 
Environments fungal infections 

5827
05:08:16,200 --> 05:08:20,300
flourished in the close quarters
of Mongolians ringworm, 

5828
05:08:20,300 --> 05:08:24,000
athlete's foot and various 
Dermatological, fungi spread 

5829
05:08:24,000 --> 05:08:26,700
redly among population with 
limited access to complete 

5830
05:08:26,700 --> 05:08:29,500
hygiene facilities. 
The Mongols manage these 

5831
05:08:29,500 --> 05:08:32,400
conditions with specialized 
technique involving smoke, 

5832
05:08:32,400 --> 05:08:35,400
exposure and application of 
specific animal fats with 

5833
05:08:35,400 --> 05:08:38,900
antifungal properties. 
Without this knowledge, chronic 

5834
05:08:38,900 --> 05:08:41,200
fungal infections would 
compromise your Skin's 

5835
05:08:41,200 --> 05:08:44,800
Integrity, creating additional 
Pathways for more dangerous 

5836
05:08:44,800 --> 05:08:47,800
infections. 
The Mongol Empire's greatest 

5837
05:08:47,800 --> 05:08:49,500
irony was that its military 
success. 

5838
05:08:49,500 --> 05:08:52,400
Facilitated unprecedented 
disease transmission across 

5839
05:08:52,400 --> 05:08:56,200
Eurasia as the Empire connected.
Previously, isolated disease 

5840
05:08:56,200 --> 05:09:00,200
pools novel, pathogens traveled 
trade routes with devastating 

5841
05:09:00,200 --> 05:09:02,600
efficiency. 
You would encounter, not just 

5842
05:09:02,608 --> 05:09:06,400
local, Mongolian pathogens, but 
biological threats from China 

5843
05:09:06,400 --> 05:09:10,400
Persia and the roosters lands, 
all without the immunological 

5844
05:09:10,400 --> 05:09:12,800
preparation that lifelong 
inhabitants developed. 

5845
05:09:13,600 --> 05:09:15,800
We cannot Overlook the 
psychological dimension of 

5846
05:09:15,800 --> 05:09:18,700
illness. 
Modern humans expect recovery 

5847
05:09:18,700 --> 05:09:21,900
from most infections this 
expectation shapes. 

5848
05:09:21,900 --> 05:09:25,600
How we experience illness, has a
tempering convenience rather 

5849
05:09:25,600 --> 05:09:29,500
than an existential threat. 
During the Mongolia every fever 

5850
05:09:29,500 --> 05:09:33,100
posed a risk of death. 
This chronic uncertainty created

5851
05:09:33,100 --> 05:09:36,200
psychological resilience among 
survivors that you with your 

5852
05:09:36,200 --> 05:09:39,400
expectation of medical rescue 
have never needed to develop. 

5853
05:09:40,400 --> 05:09:43,200
most critically, the communal 
understanding of disease 

5854
05:09:43,200 --> 05:09:47,300
differed, fundamentally While 
the Mongols recognize contagion 

5855
05:09:47,300 --> 05:09:50,500
patterns and practiced forms of 
isolation for certain 

5856
05:09:50,500 --> 05:09:53,200
conditions. 
Their explanatory Models 

5857
05:09:53,200 --> 05:09:56,800
Incorporated, spiritual and 
humoral, Concepts alien to your 

5858
05:09:56,808 --> 05:10:00,400
biomedical framework. 
Treatments focused on restoring 

5859
05:10:00,400 --> 05:10:03,900
balance rather than eliminating 
specific pathogens, your 

5860
05:10:03,900 --> 05:10:06,900
inability to conceptualize 
illness within their framework 

5861
05:10:06,900 --> 05:10:09,800
would prevent you from accessing
what limited effective 

5862
05:10:09,800 --> 05:10:13,800
treatments existed. 
Ultimately your body represents 

5863
05:10:13,800 --> 05:10:18,100
a naive immunological system, 
entering an environment of 

5864
05:10:18,100 --> 05:10:22,500
hardened, pathogens and limited,
medical interventions diseases 

5865
05:10:22,500 --> 05:10:25,500
that were minor for the Mongols.
Could severely affect you due to

5866
05:10:25,500 --> 05:10:29,100
your biological vulnerabilities.
Modern medicine has not made you

5867
05:10:29,100 --> 05:10:31,700
stronger, it has allowed 
physiological weaknesses to 

5868
05:10:31,700 --> 05:10:34,800
persist that would become fatal 
liabilities and 13th century 

5869
05:10:34,800 --> 05:10:37,800
disease landscape you would be 
as unfamiliar with Mongol 

5870
05:10:37,800 --> 05:10:40,600
Empire, survival psychology as 
with its physical challenges. 

5871
05:10:40,600 --> 05:10:44,100
Your mental architecture formed 
by a wealth of information. 

5872
05:10:44,100 --> 05:10:48,600
Psychological safety nets and 
individualistic Frameworks would

5873
05:10:48,600 --> 05:10:53,000
crumble in the 13th century 
wandering landscape Consider how

5874
05:10:53,000 --> 05:10:56,600
you use time, the modern mine. 
Divides time into hours, 

5875
05:10:56,600 --> 05:11:00,200
scheduled days ahead, minutes 
recorded on computer, screen's 

5876
05:11:00,200 --> 05:11:04,200
and seconds before, deadlines or
meetings, Moon cycles, seasonal,

5877
05:11:04,200 --> 05:11:07,700
migration and animal diurnal 
habits shaped Mongol. 

5878
05:11:07,700 --> 05:11:11,600
Temporal perception. 
Instead of calendars weather 

5879
05:11:11,600 --> 05:11:14,100
Grass and animal behavior were 
considered. 

5880
05:11:15,100 --> 05:11:17,900
Your artificially scheduled 
internal clock would struggle to

5881
05:11:17,900 --> 05:11:20,200
match these fundamental needs 
leaving. 

5882
05:11:20,200 --> 05:11:24,100
You confused and out of sync. 
Information processing, includes

5883
05:11:24,100 --> 05:11:27,300
another major discontinuity. 
Due to information overload, 

5884
05:11:27,300 --> 05:11:30,600
your swimming, through mountains
of data, and constructing 

5885
05:11:30,600 --> 05:11:33,600
sophisticated filtering systems,
because of a lack of 

5886
05:11:33,600 --> 05:11:36,800
information, Mongols or every 
observation as potentially 

5887
05:11:36,800 --> 05:11:40,300
useful for survival. 
Their hyper-awareness of manure,

5888
05:11:40,300 --> 05:11:44,100
analy activity, distant dust 
clouds and small wind direction.

5889
05:11:44,100 --> 05:11:47,000
Changes showed cognitive 
adaptations to a low information

5890
05:11:47,000 --> 05:11:49,500
world. 
Your attention patterns are used

5891
05:11:49,500 --> 05:11:52,900
to get a lot of information with
little meaning so you would miss

5892
05:11:52,900 --> 05:11:57,600
critical environmental cues. 
Risk assessment Frameworks vary,

5893
05:11:57,600 --> 05:12:01,000
widely modern psychology, 
indicates humans employed 

5894
05:12:01,000 --> 05:12:03,500
probability, estimation and 
outcomes of verity to judge 

5895
05:12:03,500 --> 05:12:07,100
danger the systems developed in 
environments with long-term 

5896
05:12:07,100 --> 05:12:10,900
well-controlled dangers. 
existential threats in the 

5897
05:12:10,900 --> 05:12:13,300
Mongol cognitive environment 
required being assessed 

5898
05:12:13,300 --> 05:12:16,900
immediately, without probability
calculations in a world where 

5899
05:12:16,900 --> 05:12:20,700
every day choices May kill your 
brains risk assessment software 

5900
05:12:21,500 --> 05:12:26,200
Updated for modern risks would 
cause constant anxiety, identity

5901
05:12:26,200 --> 05:12:29,100
would change. 
Totally Personal narratives 

5902
05:12:29,100 --> 05:12:32,800
regarding your past, 
professional tasks and chosen 

5903
05:12:32,800 --> 05:12:35,200
connections, likely shape your 
sense of self. 

5904
05:12:36,400 --> 05:12:40,100
Mongol identity was based on 
Ancestry tribe and military unit

5905
05:12:40,100 --> 05:12:43,200
only when an individual's 
attributes assisted these 

5906
05:12:43,200 --> 05:12:45,600
collectives. 
Did they matter few modern 

5907
05:12:45,600 --> 05:12:49,200
brains can make the leap, from 
who I am to whose I am in 

5908
05:12:49,200 --> 05:12:51,600
self-concept. 
It goes beyond, cultural 

5909
05:12:51,600 --> 05:12:54,500
adaptability. 
Emotional management methods 

5910
05:12:54,500 --> 05:12:56,800
would fail. 
You modern emotional management 

5911
05:12:56,800 --> 05:13:00,400
involves verbalization 
introspection and discussion or 

5912
05:13:00,400 --> 05:13:03,100
therapy for the Mongols, 
physical expression. 

5913
05:13:03,100 --> 05:13:07,300
Emotional strength, and stoicism
were more important than words. 

5914
05:13:07,300 --> 05:13:10,900
Emotions were largely expressed 
in ritualized circumstances. 

5915
05:13:10,900 --> 05:13:14,700
Like funeral laments and Triumph
celebration of your persistent. 

5916
05:13:14,700 --> 05:13:17,400
Emotional transparency, might be
risky, due to your own going 

5917
05:13:17,400 --> 05:13:19,000
unmet need for emotional 
processing. 

5918
05:13:20,200 --> 05:13:24,500
Another cycle barrier is sleep 
Ark, a texture, modern humans, 

5919
05:13:24,500 --> 05:13:27,800
sleep Consolidated in 
temperature control, me, 

5920
05:13:27,800 --> 05:13:32,200
invents, security requirements, 
dictated the Mongols segmented, 

5921
05:13:32,200 --> 05:13:34,200
sleep patterns, which often 
occurred in. 

5922
05:13:34,200 --> 05:13:36,800
So he was supposed locations 
with little calm. 

5923
05:13:37,500 --> 05:13:40,100
Your brain was conditioned for 
deep sleep cycles under 

5924
05:13:40,100 --> 05:13:43,200
regulated conditions, thus 
persistent sleep disturbance, 

5925
05:13:43,200 --> 05:13:46,800
would damage it severely When 
survival demands, Optimum 

5926
05:13:46,800 --> 05:13:49,700
cognitive performance. 
Such disruptions hinder 

5927
05:13:49,700 --> 05:13:51,700
decision, making your moral 
landscape. 

5928
05:13:51,700 --> 05:13:55,200
Change may be most puzzling, 
modern morality centers on 

5929
05:13:55,200 --> 05:13:58,500
rights Justice and harm 
minimisation across fictitious. 

5930
05:13:58,500 --> 05:14:02,200
Populations Mongol, ethical 
Frameworks emerged from communal

5931
05:14:02,200 --> 05:14:06,100
bonding resource acquisition, 
and lineage continuation. 

5932
05:14:06,900 --> 05:14:09,200
Actions that help short-term 
aims were good. 

5933
05:14:09,200 --> 05:14:13,300
Regardless of out-groups. your 
deep-rooted moral intuitions 

5934
05:14:13,300 --> 05:14:16,100
about Universal, human value 
would not help in a moral World 

5935
05:14:16,100 --> 05:14:18,900
whose ethical limits rarely, 
extended Beyond familial 

5936
05:14:18,900 --> 05:14:23,400
Networks, Spiritual systems 
would also alienate. modern 

5937
05:14:23,400 --> 05:14:27,100
spirituality emphasizes belief, 
emotional connection and 

5938
05:14:27,100 --> 05:14:30,700
personal meaning even when 
religious Mongol spiritual 

5939
05:14:30,700 --> 05:14:33,500
practices focused on balancing 
the visible, and invisible 

5940
05:14:33,500 --> 05:14:36,600
Realms through rituals, 
animistic beliefs held that 

5941
05:14:36,600 --> 05:14:39,300
natural atmospheric. 
And Celestial phenomena were 

5942
05:14:39,300 --> 05:14:42,100
aware. 
Due to the fundamental disparity

5943
05:14:42,100 --> 05:14:44,900
between your Consciousness 
pounds and Mongols spiritual 

5944
05:14:44,900 --> 05:14:47,900
environment, you would 
repeatedly commits significant. 

5945
05:14:47,900 --> 05:14:51,100
Spiritual transgressions. 
Your association with violence 

5946
05:14:51,100 --> 05:14:54,300
would be emphasized. 
Modern psychology says, violence

5947
05:14:54,300 --> 05:14:56,200
is traumatic and requires 
recovery. 

5948
05:14:56,900 --> 05:14:59,600
Violence involvement and 
observation were commonplace in 

5949
05:14:59,608 --> 05:15:03,100
Mongol, cognitive environments, 
requiring minimal psychological 

5950
05:15:03,100 --> 05:15:06,500
processing. 
Your brain was never educated to

5951
05:15:06,500 --> 05:15:09,500
be exposed to violence, so it 
would react to Everyday 

5952
05:15:09,500 --> 05:15:13,000
occurrences with traumatic, 
stress generating, a chain 

5953
05:15:13,000 --> 05:15:16,000
reaction of psychiatric 
instability that no 13th century

5954
05:15:16,000 --> 05:15:18,600
framework could handle. 
Your relationship with 

5955
05:15:18,600 --> 05:15:21,700
uncertainty may be your final 
and most difficult psychological

5956
05:15:21,700 --> 05:15:25,100
challenge. 
Modern life is complicated, but 

5957
05:15:25,100 --> 05:15:29,200
institutional stability, medical
prognosis and weather, forecasts

5958
05:15:29,200 --> 05:15:31,700
are predictable. 
Mongols had to be comfortable 

5959
05:15:31,700 --> 05:15:35,000
with unclear information, and 
unpredictable consequences. 

5960
05:15:35,000 --> 05:15:38,900
Since they lived in a world of 
tremendous uncertainty in a 

5961
05:15:38,900 --> 05:15:42,200
world, where uncertainty is the 
norm your underlying need? 

5962
05:15:42,200 --> 05:15:44,600
For predictability would 
generate constant worry. 

5963
05:15:44,600 --> 05:15:47,800
The Mongol Empires technology 
would be both familiar and 

5964
05:15:47,800 --> 05:15:51,200
unfamiliar to modern humans. 
You may assume your more 

5965
05:15:51,200 --> 05:15:54,500
technologically sophisticated 
than 1300 Travelers but you 

5966
05:15:54,500 --> 05:15:57,200
don't grasp what technology 
implies and diverse contexts. 

5967
05:15:57,900 --> 05:16:01,200
Mongol weapons include the 
composite bow Material Science 

5968
05:16:01,200 --> 05:16:04,600
by a mechanical engineering in 
generational, knowledge went 

5969
05:16:04,600 --> 05:16:07,300
into this little device. 
These weapons were fashioned of 

5970
05:16:07,308 --> 05:16:11,100
wood horn. 
Sinew birchbark, conclusive 

5971
05:16:11,100 --> 05:16:14,300
correcting them took two years. 
The resulting device. 

5972
05:16:14,300 --> 05:16:18,100
Could penetrate armor at 200 
meters for expert Shooters, not 

5973
05:16:18,100 --> 05:16:20,400
being able to produce maintain 
or use. 

5974
05:16:20,400 --> 05:16:22,200
This primitive. 
Technology would leave you 

5975
05:16:22,200 --> 05:16:24,100
unarmed in a weapon, Rich 
civilization. 

5976
05:16:25,400 --> 05:16:28,900
Another seemingly easy field was
textile production which was 

5977
05:16:28,900 --> 05:16:32,200
exceedingly difficult. 
Mongol felt making developed 

5978
05:16:32,200 --> 05:16:36,000
wool into a water resistant, 
warm, textile protecting against

5979
05:16:36,000 --> 05:16:39,300
severe weather was crucial. 
The process required, a 

5980
05:16:39,300 --> 05:16:42,500
profound, understanding of 
animal fibers, how to manipulate

5981
05:16:42,500 --> 05:16:45,900
them, and how to mechanically 
apply pressure, moisture and 

5982
05:16:45,900 --> 05:16:48,400
Heat. 
Without understanding these 

5983
05:16:48,400 --> 05:16:51,700
procedures, you can't create or 
fix safety gear. 

5984
05:16:52,400 --> 05:16:54,800
This process exposes you to the 
outdoors. 

5985
05:16:55,500 --> 05:16:57,700
Fire control methods would also 
be inaccessible. 

5986
05:16:59,000 --> 05:17:01,700
The Mongols were knowledgeable 
about using animal excrement 

5987
05:17:01,700 --> 05:17:06,400
wood and dried grasses as fuel 
sources, each burn differently, 

5988
05:17:06,400 --> 05:17:09,800
and had varied uses. 
They started fires even in windy

5989
05:17:09,800 --> 05:17:12,900
or damp conditions, using Flint 
striking and specific Tinder. 

5990
05:17:13,700 --> 05:17:16,200
You would be vulnerable if 
matches or lighters broke down 

5991
05:17:16,200 --> 05:17:19,900
and you had no other options. 
Navigation technology, may be 

5992
05:17:19,900 --> 05:17:22,600
the most extreme example of 
development versus reality. 

5993
05:17:22,600 --> 05:17:26,700
GPS would stop operating after a
few hours if the battery died. 

5994
05:17:27,400 --> 05:17:31,200
However, the Mongols navigated 
using star positions landmarks, 

5995
05:17:31,200 --> 05:17:34,600
whether patents and animal 
behavior, these techniques 

5996
05:17:34,600 --> 05:17:36,600
didn't require power or 
infrastructure. 

5997
05:17:36,600 --> 05:17:40,000
The Mongols crossed thousands of
kilometers of flat desert 

5998
05:17:40,000 --> 05:17:43,200
without charts, which you 
probably can't do with paper 

5999
05:17:43,200 --> 05:17:45,700
directions. 
Similar variants is exist. 

6000
05:17:45,700 --> 05:17:49,200
In food preservation, 
refrigerators industrial canning

6001
05:17:49,200 --> 05:17:51,400
in chemical. 
Preservative keep food fresh 

6002
05:17:51,400 --> 05:17:54,600
nowadays, they didn't exist in 
the 1300s. 

6003
05:17:55,300 --> 05:17:58,900
Mongol Technologies like 
fermentation dehydration smoking

6004
05:17:58,900 --> 05:18:02,100
and salt, curing preserved 
Foods, caloric, value, 

6005
05:18:02,100 --> 05:18:05,200
year-round without energy. 
If you are unfamiliar with these

6006
05:18:05,200 --> 05:18:07,900
strategies, you might need to 
rely on others for food 

6007
05:18:07,900 --> 05:18:10,700
preservation. 
Transportation technology. 

6008
05:18:10,700 --> 05:18:14,500
Revolutionizes progress, you may
be proud of your driving skills,

6009
05:18:14,500 --> 05:18:16,500
but their meaningless without 
proper equipment. 

6010
05:18:16,500 --> 05:18:19,900
The Empire's principal mode of 
transportation was horseback 

6011
05:18:19,900 --> 05:18:24,100
riding which required biological
knowledge years of practice and 

6012
05:18:24,100 --> 05:18:26,100
intricate equipment maintenance 
abilities. 

6013
05:18:26,100 --> 05:18:30,100
Horses were self-repairing 
self-replicating transportation 

6014
05:18:30,100 --> 05:18:32,200
systems. 
That converted grass into engine

6015
05:18:32,200 --> 05:18:34,700
energy, not being able to use 
primitive. 

6016
05:18:34,700 --> 05:18:37,600
Transportation would make 
getting around and socializing 

6017
05:18:37,600 --> 05:18:40,600
difficult. 
Communication technology also 

6018
05:18:40,600 --> 05:18:43,500
turned growth around without 
modern infrastructure. 

6019
05:18:43,500 --> 05:18:47,800
Interaction was impossible in 
the 1300s Mongols used. 

6020
05:18:47,800 --> 05:18:51,000
Yams for long distance 
communication, a complicated 

6021
05:18:51,000 --> 05:18:53,500
relay Network. 
Carried messages up to 300 

6022
05:18:53,500 --> 05:18:56,600
kilometers daily across the 
world's largest land Empire. 

6023
05:18:57,500 --> 05:19:01,600
Messengers were conveyed through
memory multi-lingual scripts and

6024
05:19:01,600 --> 05:19:03,900
equine, relay systems without 
any infrastructure. 

6025
05:19:04,800 --> 05:19:07,400
Without your communication 
equipment, you wouldn't be able 

6026
05:19:07,400 --> 05:19:09,400
to communicate like a Mongol 
messenger. 

6027
05:19:10,200 --> 05:19:14,300
Disparities in medical tools 
matter drugs, electronic 

6028
05:19:14,300 --> 05:19:17,200
Diagnostics and Specialists 
power, modern medicine. 

6029
05:19:17,200 --> 05:19:21,100
However, Mongol medicine used 
localized, Botanical knowledge, 

6030
05:19:21,100 --> 05:19:24,800
physical manipulation techniques
and environmental remedies 

6031
05:19:24,800 --> 05:19:27,000
gleaned from generations of 
observation. 

6032
05:19:27,000 --> 05:19:31,300
Their pharmacare contained, 
hundreds of plant mineral and 

6033
05:19:31,300 --> 05:19:32,900
animal treatments for different 
ailments. 

6034
05:19:33,800 --> 05:19:36,500
As your body faced new 
pathogens, you would have fewer 

6035
05:19:36,500 --> 05:19:39,400
medical care options without 
contemporary medical systems or 

6036
05:19:39,400 --> 05:19:41,700
traditional knowledge, bases 
technological. 

6037
05:19:41,700 --> 05:19:46,100
Epistemology how knowledge was 
gained verified and shared may 

6038
05:19:46,100 --> 05:19:47,800
be the most confounding 
development. 

6039
05:19:48,600 --> 05:19:52,000
Today we understand technology 
through theoretical theories, 

6040
05:19:52,000 --> 05:19:55,200
mathematical modeling and 
standard documentation. 

6041
05:19:55,200 --> 05:19:59,500
The Mongols learn technology via
talking practicing and teaching 

6042
05:19:59,500 --> 05:20:02,700
I learned technology by 
practicing under Professionals 

6043
05:20:02,700 --> 05:20:05,900
for years. 
Not reading manuals If people 

6044
05:20:05,900 --> 05:20:08,500
understood about technology 
instead of reading directions 

6045
05:20:08,500 --> 05:20:11,100
watching tutorials and 
experimenting with settings, 

6046
05:20:11,100 --> 05:20:14,200
your regular methods of learning
new technologies would not 

6047
05:20:14,200 --> 05:20:17,600
function from infrastructure 
dependent externalized 

6048
05:20:17,600 --> 05:20:20,100
Technologies to knowledge-based 
embedded Technologies. 

6049
05:20:20,100 --> 05:20:24,000
This move may be the hardest to 
adjust to modern technology 

6050
05:20:24,000 --> 05:20:27,000
makes humans smarter by 
providing external devices. 

6051
05:20:27,000 --> 05:20:30,200
By providing internalized 
information and embodied 

6052
05:20:30,200 --> 05:20:32,600
abilities. 
Mongol technology made people 

6053
05:20:32,600 --> 05:20:35,000
wiser even more fundamental Than
Physical. 

6054
05:20:35,000 --> 05:20:38,800
Hardships, social complexity, 
military demands, disease 

6055
05:20:38,800 --> 05:20:42,000
susceptibility, psychological 
barriers and technological. 

6056
05:20:42,000 --> 05:20:44,900
Inversions is the fact that your
modern Consciousness would still

6057
05:20:44,900 --> 05:20:47,000
be unable to access. 
The existential meaning 

6058
05:20:47,000 --> 05:20:49,100
framework that gave Mongols 
suffering purpose. 

6059
05:20:50,000 --> 05:20:53,500
Think about time Horizons, 
Modern Life encourages long-term

6060
05:20:53,500 --> 05:20:57,600
planning, retirement plans, for 
decades health habits, for life 

6061
05:20:57,600 --> 05:21:00,900
and career. 
Routes for 50 years urgency, 

6062
05:21:00,900 --> 05:21:04,500
seasonal preparation and 
generational continuity limited.

6063
05:21:04,500 --> 05:21:07,300
Meaningful temporal 
contemplation in the Mongol 

6064
05:21:07,300 --> 05:21:11,100
existential framework, which 
operated on compressed time. 

6065
05:21:11,100 --> 05:21:14,400
Horizons compressional was an 
Adaptive response to the 

6066
05:21:14,400 --> 05:21:16,600
environment, not a cognitive 
restriction. 

6067
05:21:16,600 --> 05:21:19,900
Your natural ability to project 
into distant possibilities, 

6068
05:21:19,900 --> 05:21:22,500
would not help you survive in an
unpredictable world. 

6069
05:21:23,400 --> 05:21:27,300
Different meanings were given to
suffering modern paradigms view 

6070
05:21:27,300 --> 05:21:30,000
suffering as a problem to be 
solved rather than a part of 

6071
05:21:30,000 --> 05:21:32,400
life. 
Social Technical and Medical 

6072
05:21:32,400 --> 05:21:35,500
Systems aim to alleviate 
discomfort and promote Comfort. 

6073
05:21:35,500 --> 05:21:38,700
A meaningful life required 
hardship, which showed ones 

6074
05:21:38,700 --> 05:21:42,100
value, demonstrated character, 
through resilience, and 

6075
05:21:42,100 --> 05:21:44,600
reinforced, communal 
relationships via common 

6076
05:21:44,600 --> 05:21:46,600
suffering. 
According to the Mongol 

6077
05:21:46,600 --> 05:21:50,200
existential Paradigm, a version 
to discomfort would be 

6078
05:21:50,200 --> 05:21:53,400
considered a sign of dangerous 
weakness, in a society where 

6079
05:21:53,400 --> 05:21:56,800
accepting adversity deliberately
was a sign of maturity. 

6080
05:21:56,800 --> 05:22:01,800
You would be confused by value 
hierarchies self-actualization 

6081
05:22:01,800 --> 05:22:05,100
expression and fulfillment of 
valued in modern Western 

6082
05:22:05,100 --> 05:22:07,600
culture. 
The Mongol value system, 

6083
05:22:07,600 --> 05:22:11,700
prioritized ceremonial 
attendance communal survival and

6084
05:22:11,700 --> 05:22:14,000
lineage continuation to maintain
Cosmic order. 

6085
05:22:14,700 --> 05:22:17,900
The ideal death for Mongols was 
often dying in battle for their 

6086
05:22:17,900 --> 05:22:21,500
Master which ensured spiritual 
transition and familial 

6087
05:22:21,500 --> 05:22:24,900
Prestige, modern ideas of a 
beneficial, death include 

6088
05:22:24,900 --> 05:22:27,900
Comfort, despite from Pain and 
family. 

6089
05:22:28,900 --> 05:22:31,800
In a culture that values social 
status over individual identity,

6090
05:22:31,800 --> 05:22:34,600
your individualistic ideals are 
irrelevant. 

6091
05:22:35,400 --> 05:22:39,100
Justice would also look strange.
The primary principles of modern

6092
05:22:39,100 --> 05:22:40,900
justice theory are proportional 
punishment. 

6093
05:22:42,000 --> 05:22:44,600
Procedural fairness and 
individual rights. 

6094
05:22:45,400 --> 05:22:47,400
Restoring Cosmic social and 
outcomes. 

6095
05:22:47,400 --> 05:22:49,400
Stability was Paramount in 
Mongol Justice. 

6096
05:22:50,200 --> 05:22:52,700
The severity of the penalty. 
Often reflected the victim 

6097
05:22:52,700 --> 05:22:54,900
offender status Gap rather than 
the crime. 

6098
05:22:55,700 --> 05:22:58,700
Significant crimes against low 
status victims, carried nominal 

6099
05:22:58,700 --> 05:23:02,100
finds while minor offenses 
against High status, victims, 

6100
05:23:02,100 --> 05:23:05,100
carried, death sentences. 
These Arrangements offended, 

6101
05:23:05,100 --> 05:23:08,700
your daily sense of Fairmont. 
Therefore, they wouldn't help 

6102
05:23:08,700 --> 05:23:10,500
you adapt to the real Judicial 
System. 

6103
05:23:10,500 --> 05:23:14,400
Translation is a specially 
challenging in religion, even 

6104
05:23:14,400 --> 05:23:17,500
while they preserve ancient 
elements, modern spiritual 

6105
05:23:17,500 --> 05:23:20,000
systems have adapted 
individualism and science, 

6106
05:23:20,000 --> 05:23:24,100
Mongol religion, integrated 
animistic Traditions, shamanic 

6107
05:23:24,100 --> 05:23:27,100
intermediation, and ancestor 
veneration in a cosmic 

6108
05:23:27,100 --> 05:23:29,900
perspective, where spiritual and
material Realms were into 

6109
05:23:29,900 --> 05:23:33,400
connected to please invisible 
entities rituals had to be 

6110
05:23:33,400 --> 05:23:36,900
performed regularly. 
Your secularized worldview or 

6111
05:23:36,900 --> 05:23:39,100
modern religious framework. 
Might discourage you from 

6112
05:23:39,100 --> 05:23:42,300
engaging in spiritual practices 
that were once considered 

6113
05:23:42,300 --> 05:23:44,900
necessary. 
Social technology for regulating

6114
05:23:44,900 --> 05:23:48,000
invisible forces, political 
engagement, definitions would 

6115
05:23:48,000 --> 05:23:50,600
shift. 
Similarly voting speaking out. 

6116
05:23:50,600 --> 05:23:53,500
And joining institutions are all
elements of modern politics, 

6117
05:23:53,500 --> 05:23:57,700
Mongol, politics centered on 
personal Allegiance, as shown by

6118
05:23:57,700 --> 05:24:01,300
military duty resource, giving 
and physical presence. 

6119
05:24:02,200 --> 05:24:05,800
Political legitimacy was based 
on Military Victory resource 

6120
05:24:05,800 --> 05:24:08,900
acquisition or Divine favor, not
procedure. 

6121
05:24:09,700 --> 05:24:12,300
If might and Wright was still 
linked rather than conceptually 

6122
05:24:12,300 --> 05:24:16,200
distinct, your good governance 
idea would fail your new 

6123
05:24:16,200 --> 05:24:19,500
relationship with nature may be 
the most complicated Modern 

6124
05:24:19,500 --> 05:24:22,800
environmental Frameworks, 
represent humans as independent 

6125
05:24:22,800 --> 05:24:26,400
of and influencing natural 
systems whether exploitative or 

6126
05:24:26,400 --> 05:24:29,600
conservationist. 
Mongol existential philosophy, 

6127
05:24:29,600 --> 05:24:32,800
holds that humans are part of 
ecological systems impacted by 

6128
05:24:32,800 --> 05:24:36,400
seasonal flows weather patterns,
and animal Migration. 

6129
05:24:37,200 --> 05:24:39,800
Human communities were little 
subsystems of nature that were 

6130
05:24:39,800 --> 05:24:43,500
the primary reality, not a 
resource or aesthetic backdrop. 

6131
05:24:44,300 --> 05:24:46,800
In a worldview where humans were
integrated into natural 

6132
05:24:46,800 --> 05:24:49,600
processes. 
Your role as Nature's spectator 

6133
05:24:49,600 --> 05:24:53,700
consumer or protector would 
change Different meanings, 

6134
05:24:53,700 --> 05:24:58,100
surrounded death, most deaths 
today are in sterile medicalized

6135
05:24:58,100 --> 05:25:00,100
and artificially, delayed 
conditions. 

6136
05:25:00,100 --> 05:25:03,700
Death was a constant presence in
the Mongol Empire often 

6137
05:25:03,700 --> 05:25:07,300
violently this proximity, 
fostered, practical acceptance 

6138
05:25:07,300 --> 05:25:09,600
of mortality rather than 
callousness or despair. 

6139
05:25:10,400 --> 05:25:12,200
Happy lives included planning 
for death. 

6140
05:25:12,200 --> 05:25:16,400
Ensuring lineage continuity. 
Adopting Memorial rights in 

6141
05:25:16,400 --> 05:25:18,500
keeping spiritual links Beyond 
physical life. 

6142
05:25:19,200 --> 05:25:21,300
Your possible, death phobia 
bread. 

6143
05:25:21,300 --> 05:25:24,600
In a culture of mortality, 
denial would not exist in a 

6144
05:25:24,600 --> 05:25:26,800
society where accepting death 
was normal emotional 

6145
05:25:26,800 --> 05:25:29,500
development. 
Integration of purpose is the 

6146
05:25:29,500 --> 05:25:33,500
final existential challenge. 
Today, purpose is often 

6147
05:25:33,500 --> 05:25:36,400
considered a human Enterprise of
meaning-making through identity 

6148
05:25:36,400 --> 05:25:40,100
construction, work choices and 
purchase decisions. 

6149
05:25:40,100 --> 05:25:44,200
The Mongol existential framework
gave meaning to societal roles 

6150
05:25:44,200 --> 05:25:48,400
Cosmic order and ancestry. 
Pre-existing systems. 

6151
05:25:48,400 --> 05:25:51,500
Externalize the goal. 
You would not get much social 

6152
05:25:51,500 --> 05:25:54,400
support for self-determined, 
meaning in a setting where 

6153
05:25:54,400 --> 05:25:57,700
purpose comes from doing 
prescribed tasks, well, rather 

6154
05:25:57,700 --> 05:26:01,200
than pushing or exceeding them. 
Existentialist strange moment 

6155
05:26:01,200 --> 05:26:04,000
would make you a lifelong 
Outkast more than physical 

6156
05:26:04,000 --> 05:26:09,500
hardship, illness or technology.
Even if you physically adapt and

6157
05:26:09,500 --> 05:26:14,300
sit, get the necessary skills 
and make social relationships. 

6158
05:26:15,200 --> 05:26:18,300
Framework that gives these 
adaptations meaning would remain

6159
05:26:18,300 --> 05:26:21,500
unavailable to awareness shape 
by modern existential 

6160
05:26:21,500 --> 05:26:25,100
assumptions to survive. 
In the Mongol Empire, you would 

6161
05:26:25,100 --> 05:26:27,900
have to strive to find purpose, 
which is perhaps the hardest 

6162
05:26:27,900 --> 05:26:36,100
task. 
We're starting off with the 

6163
05:26:36,100 --> 05:26:39,900
veteran and the sacred spring 
Republic, 2nd Century BC. 

6164
05:26:40,800 --> 05:26:43,000
Marcus licinius let out a pained
breath. 

6165
05:26:43,000 --> 05:26:45,700
As he lowered his battle. 
Scarred body into the steaming 

6166
05:26:45,700 --> 05:26:48,400
Stone Basin. 
The midday Sun filtered through 

6167
05:26:48,400 --> 05:26:51,600
olive trees around The Rustic. 
Bathhouse turning the rising 

6168
05:26:51,600 --> 05:26:55,800
Vapors, golden For a man who had
spent years rinsing in frigid 

6169
05:26:55,800 --> 05:26:56,400
Camp. 
Rivers. 

6170
05:26:56,400 --> 05:27:01,100
This language, he was a luxury 
He closed his eyes feeling old 

6171
05:27:01,100 --> 05:27:04,000
Javelin wounds in his shoulder 
and thighs for the first time 

6172
05:27:04,000 --> 05:27:06,900
since the wars against Carthage.
Standing nearby. 

6173
05:27:06,900 --> 05:27:11,200
The Greek physician on watched 
and smiled, knowingly ladling 

6174
05:27:11,200 --> 05:27:13,500
centered, warm water over the 
veterans back. 

6175
05:27:14,400 --> 05:27:18,100
These Greek contrivances. 
Markus began to Grumble but his 

6176
05:27:18,108 --> 05:27:21,300
voice softened into a sigh as 
warmth, seeped into his bones. 

6177
05:27:21,300 --> 05:27:24,600
Bathing was a custom introduced 
to Italy from Greece only 

6178
05:27:24,600 --> 05:27:28,500
recently and traditional Roman's
like him still met it with equal

6179
05:27:28,500 --> 05:27:32,500
parts curiosity and skepticism 
yet pain had a way of overcoming

6180
05:27:32,500 --> 05:27:35,500
Pride. 
On recalled, how markers had 

6181
05:27:35,500 --> 05:27:37,900
limped into the Grove that 
morning leaning on a staff and 

6182
05:27:37,900 --> 05:27:40,800
refusing help. 
Now, the soothing Aroma of 

6183
05:27:40,800 --> 05:27:44,400
lavender and Laurel in the water
softened, the soldiers hard 

6184
05:27:44,400 --> 05:27:47,100
expression. 
Feel on had come to Rome as a 

6185
05:27:47,100 --> 05:27:49,700
captive, Greek healer and earned
his freedom through medical 

6186
05:27:49,700 --> 05:27:52,800
skill. 
Back home healers understood the

6187
05:27:52,800 --> 05:27:55,700
power of balm the bath as a 
place of cure. 

6188
05:27:56,400 --> 05:27:59,500
He had learned illness came from
imbalances within and believed 

6189
05:27:59,500 --> 05:28:01,700
water and heat could help 
restore Harmony. 

6190
05:28:02,500 --> 05:28:05,300
The Physician gently helped 
Marcus lean against the pool's 

6191
05:28:05,300 --> 05:28:09,700
Edge and with a bronze struggle 
began, scraping sweat and oil 

6192
05:28:09,700 --> 05:28:13,500
from the skin removing Grime, as
well as what he called, Bad 

6193
05:28:13,500 --> 05:28:16,600
humors. 
Marcus did not fully grasp the 

6194
05:28:16,600 --> 05:28:20,400
theory of the four humors but he
understood one thing, the ritual

6195
05:28:20,400 --> 05:28:22,000
felt cleansing and oddly. 
Renewing. 

6196
05:28:22,900 --> 05:28:25,600
They were not alone in this 
modest bath house by the sacred 

6197
05:28:25,600 --> 05:28:28,600
Springs. 
Nearby of villagers quietly, 

6198
05:28:28,600 --> 05:28:31,400
soaked their aching Limbs and 
inhaled herbal Steam for 

6199
05:28:31,400 --> 05:28:32,300
stubborn. 
Coughs. 

6200
05:28:33,000 --> 05:28:36,100
The atmosphere was hushed and 
reverent, this place wasn't a 

6201
05:28:36,100 --> 05:28:39,700
grand public Thermo, but a 
simple, balmiere beside an 

6202
05:28:39,700 --> 05:28:41,700
ancient spring. 
Long believed to be touched by 

6203
05:28:41,700 --> 05:28:45,600
the gods, Markus recalled, Tales
of miraculous Waters, curing, 

6204
05:28:45,600 --> 05:28:49,100
The Afflicted, the spring fed, a
small, hot bath chamber, and a 

6205
05:28:49,100 --> 05:28:51,600
cold pool Downstream and its 
reputation. 

6206
05:28:51,600 --> 05:28:54,800
Had spread after soldiers, 
wounds healed faster here than 

6207
05:28:54,800 --> 05:28:57,900
elsewhere. 
As Marcus's body grew acclimated

6208
05:28:57,900 --> 05:29:00,400
to the heat Phil on guided him 
to the next step of the 

6209
05:29:00,408 --> 05:29:02,800
regiment. 
Now, for the cold plunge, The 

6210
05:29:02,800 --> 05:29:05,400
Physician said, Marcus grimmest,
but complied. 

6211
05:29:05,400 --> 05:29:09,300
Hobbling to the frigidarium, a 
circular Stone pool under the 

6212
05:29:09,308 --> 05:29:13,400
Open Sky, he braced himself and 
descended, the cold water 

6213
05:29:13,400 --> 05:29:15,300
gripped. 
His skin like an icy fist. 

6214
05:29:15,300 --> 05:29:19,300
Drawing a sharp gas, every 
Instinct screamed to LEAP out 

6215
05:29:19,300 --> 05:29:23,000
but Marcus stayed recalling, 
feelings Council that the sudden

6216
05:29:23,000 --> 05:29:25,100
change in temperature would 
stimulate his blood and 

6217
05:29:25,100 --> 05:29:28,600
invigorate the body. 
After a few breaths, the ache in

6218
05:29:28,600 --> 05:29:30,400
his leg, dulled to a manageable 
throb. 

6219
05:29:31,200 --> 05:29:33,600
The shock of cold following. 
The Deep warmth left in 

6220
05:29:33,600 --> 05:29:37,100
breathless yet, strangely 
revitalized Shivering. 

6221
05:29:37,100 --> 05:29:40,700
But smiling Marcus emerged and 
wrapped himself in a Woolen 

6222
05:29:40,700 --> 05:29:42,800
Tower. 
Offered by an attendant, he 

6223
05:29:42,800 --> 05:29:44,600
rolled his shoulder and found it
looser. 

6224
05:29:44,600 --> 05:29:47,100
Usual stabbing pain, notably 
diminished. 

6225
05:29:48,200 --> 05:29:49,600
Perhaps there is something to 
These Bars. 

6226
05:29:49,600 --> 05:29:53,400
After all, he admitted meeting 
onesies the Greek. 

6227
05:29:53,400 --> 05:29:57,900
Patted, his arm, not magic 
friend, Nature's gift, heat, and

6228
05:29:57,900 --> 05:29:59,800
water can do more than any 
salve. 

6229
05:30:00,600 --> 05:30:03,600
Marcus had to agree. 
That the edge of the Springfed 

6230
05:30:03,600 --> 05:30:07,400
pools, stood a small altered, in
thank-offerings play, voted 

6231
05:30:07,400 --> 05:30:10,400
shaped like Limbs and tablets 
etched with words of gratitude. 

6232
05:30:11,400 --> 05:30:13,700
Despite years of battle hardened
skepticism. 

6233
05:30:13,700 --> 05:30:15,900
Marcus felt compelled to step 
over. 

6234
05:30:15,900 --> 05:30:19,700
He murdered a few words to 
aesculapius the god of healing 

6235
05:30:19,700 --> 05:30:21,500
giving quiet. 
Thanks in the old way. 

6236
05:30:22,200 --> 05:30:23,800
A breeze. 
Rustled the olive branches 

6237
05:30:23,800 --> 05:30:26,500
overhead. 
As if in gentle approval, Marcus

6238
05:30:26,500 --> 05:30:28,800
stood taller. 
The weight of his armor was 

6239
05:30:28,800 --> 05:30:32,800
gone, replaced by a lightness, 
he hadn't felt in decades, In 

6240
05:30:32,800 --> 05:30:36,100
the silence broken. 
Only by trickling water a battle

6241
05:30:36,100 --> 05:30:39,600
weary, Roman discovered a new 
kind of Victory, the healing 

6242
05:30:39,600 --> 05:30:43,600
power of water and rest. 
With elon's help markers, Don 

6243
05:30:43,600 --> 05:30:46,000
his tunic. 
The veteran scars would remain, 

6244
05:30:46,000 --> 05:30:48,600
but he felt that a piece of the 
wars bird and had been lifted 

6245
05:30:48,600 --> 05:30:51,300
from him left behind in those 
sacred Waters. 

6246
05:30:52,500 --> 05:30:55,500
As they Departed, the Grove 
Marcus glanced back at the 

6247
05:30:55,508 --> 05:30:59,200
spring one last time in that 
tranquil Refuge of warmth and 

6248
05:30:59,200 --> 05:31:00,900
Faith. 
He had found hope that even the 

6249
05:31:00,900 --> 05:31:04,100
deepest wounds might One Day Men
a day at grippers. 

6250
05:31:04,100 --> 05:31:09,300
The May between 27 BC and 12 BC.
Early Empire, steam swirled 

6251
05:31:09,300 --> 05:31:12,700
through the cavernous Kildare as
Lucius suggested a bronze pipe 

6252
05:31:12,700 --> 05:31:15,400
redirecting hot air beneath the 
marble floor. 

6253
05:31:16,300 --> 05:31:19,500
He was a service Bell near us 
both attendant in the 

6254
05:31:19,500 --> 05:31:22,400
Magnificent baths of a. 
Gripper starting work before 

6255
05:31:22,400 --> 05:31:26,000
Dawn in the furnace room face 
flushed from stoking the Wood 

6256
05:31:26,000 --> 05:31:29,300
Fired hipper course Lucius. 
Finally climbed out into the 

6257
05:31:29,300 --> 05:31:32,300
main Halls carrying baskets of 
fresh olive oil and folded in 

6258
05:31:33,200 --> 05:31:34,900
The bars are already coming 
alive. 

6259
05:31:34,900 --> 05:31:39,400
Aristocrats in a locant togas, 
weathered legionaries Merchants 

6260
05:31:39,400 --> 05:31:41,900
from afar and even freedmen and 
slaves. 

6261
05:31:41,900 --> 05:31:45,100
Scraped together, the tiny fee 
for entry all arriving in the 

6262
05:31:45,108 --> 05:31:48,200
Morning, Light, Social 
distinctions melted away. 

6263
05:31:48,200 --> 05:31:52,000
Once inside Senators, Merchant 
soldiers and even slaves. 

6264
05:31:52,000 --> 05:31:55,000
Mingled freely here on Common 
Ground by mid-morning. 

6265
05:31:55,000 --> 05:31:58,600
They stationed Lucius in the 
appetite him a changing room 

6266
05:31:58,600 --> 05:32:00,200
filled with cubby holes for 
clothes. 

6267
05:32:01,000 --> 05:32:05,000
A kindly Senator pressed, a 
quadrans, the customary fee into

6268
05:32:05,000 --> 05:32:08,100
Lucius is Palm as a gratuity 
since agrippa's death. 

6269
05:32:08,100 --> 05:32:10,500
The Magnificent thermi were left
free to the people. 

6270
05:32:10,500 --> 05:32:13,200
So, any payment now was a 
personal gift. 

6271
05:32:14,100 --> 05:32:15,900
Lucius smiled gratefully and 
tucked. 

6272
05:32:15,900 --> 05:32:19,700
The coin away suddenly a shout 
at The Far Side signal that 

6273
05:32:19,700 --> 05:32:24,500
obeys cloak had gone missing. 
Lucius stomach dropped theft in 

6274
05:32:24,508 --> 05:32:27,300
the crowded bars was 
unfortunately, common in the 

6275
05:32:27,300 --> 05:32:30,200
gods would receive another bit 
of prayer against a thief before

6276
05:32:30,200 --> 05:32:32,500
nightfall. 
As the rush of bathers. 

6277
05:32:32,500 --> 05:32:34,400
Slowed Lucius took a moment to 
breathe. 

6278
05:32:34,400 --> 05:32:37,500
He wandered through the 
tepidarium the warm room. 

6279
05:32:37,500 --> 05:32:40,200
A clusters of men reclined on 
heated benches. 

6280
05:32:41,100 --> 05:32:44,000
Two Scholars soaked and debated 
in Greek about Aristotle, 

6281
05:32:44,000 --> 05:32:46,900
nearby. 
A poet declined new verses to an

6282
05:32:46,900 --> 05:32:49,800
appreciative Circle. 
He often saw philosophers and 

6283
05:32:49,800 --> 05:32:51,800
Poets here, sharing wisdom with 
anyone. 

6284
05:32:51,800 --> 05:32:56,000
Who would listen Though he did 
not interject Lucius, felt proud

6285
05:32:56,000 --> 05:32:59,000
to work in a place where 
knowledge flowed as freely as 

6286
05:32:59,000 --> 05:33:01,800
water. 
His reprieve was briefed a call 

6287
05:33:01,800 --> 05:33:04,800
from the palaisa exercise yard 
sent him running. 

6288
05:33:05,500 --> 05:33:08,400
One of the wrestling trainers 
needed more oil for athletes to 

6289
05:33:08,400 --> 05:33:11,400
anoint themselves. 
Lucius fetched a jug of scented 

6290
05:33:11,400 --> 05:33:13,900
oil and marveled at the 
surroundings as he trotted 

6291
05:33:13,900 --> 05:33:17,100
through a Colonnade. 
Agrippa's complex was not only 

6292
05:33:17,100 --> 05:33:21,800
bars and gyms but also Gardens 
and promenades through arched 

6293
05:33:21,800 --> 05:33:24,900
doorways, he Glimpse manicured 
Courtyards and Colonnades like 

6294
05:33:24,900 --> 05:33:29,000
the Greek gymnasia but even more
sumptuous Patron strolled those 

6295
05:33:29,000 --> 05:33:32,800
paths to cool down surrounded by
statues and Greenery, a 

6296
05:33:32,800 --> 05:33:34,900
carefully crafted landscape of 
leisure and health. 

6297
05:33:35,800 --> 05:33:38,800
Back in the main bath Hall. 
Lucius carefully poured oil into

6298
05:33:38,800 --> 05:33:41,700
the hands of a Burley veteran 
preparing for a massage. 

6299
05:33:41,700 --> 05:33:45,800
The man nodded in thangs scars. 
Criss, Crossing his back. 

6300
05:33:45,800 --> 05:33:49,500
He mentioned that his old war, 
wounds paint him less after a 

6301
05:33:49,500 --> 05:33:53,100
hot soak, Lucius offered a 
polite smile and moved on, but 

6302
05:33:53,100 --> 05:33:55,100
inside, he felt a spark of 
satisfaction. 

6303
05:33:56,000 --> 05:33:57,700
He saw daily. 
How much relief for the bars 

6304
05:33:57,700 --> 05:34:00,700
brought to weary bodies? 
People left, these Halls walking

6305
05:34:00,700 --> 05:34:04,500
taller than when they entered. 
by late afternoon, the crowds 

6306
05:34:04,500 --> 05:34:08,700
thinned, Lucius helped, sweep 
the now-empty Frigidaire, the 

6307
05:34:08,700 --> 05:34:11,400
cold plunge room, shivering a 
bit in the clammy are left 

6308
05:34:11,400 --> 05:34:14,900
behind He gathered stray 
struggles and tidied shelves of 

6309
05:34:14,900 --> 05:34:18,900
oils at last as dusk approached.
The thermi closed for cleaning. 

6310
05:34:19,700 --> 05:34:22,700
Sore and exhausted, Lucius crept
to a quiet corner of the 

6311
05:34:22,700 --> 05:34:25,300
caldarium. 
With no patrons around, he 

6312
05:34:25,300 --> 05:34:27,700
finally dared to slip into the 
warm bath himself. 

6313
05:34:28,500 --> 05:34:31,200
The Embrace of hot water was 
immediate Bliss to his aching 

6314
05:34:31,200 --> 05:34:35,200
muscles eyes closed he floated 
for a minute letting healing 

6315
05:34:35,200 --> 05:34:38,300
warmth wash over him in that 
brief moment. 

6316
05:34:38,300 --> 05:34:41,800
The grand bath, he served each 
day became his Sanctuary 2 

6317
05:34:41,800 --> 05:34:45,100
Lamplight flickers in the 
corridors as he finished his 

6318
05:34:45,100 --> 05:34:47,600
duties. 
Before leaving, he pulls by the 

6319
05:34:47,600 --> 05:34:50,200
small altar, where Patron's 
offered thanks to the goddess of

6320
05:34:50,200 --> 05:34:52,600
Health Sailors and bowed his 
head. 

6321
05:34:53,400 --> 05:34:56,200
He'd witnessed both doors of 
both Nobles and workers. 

6322
05:34:56,200 --> 05:35:00,000
Find Solace cleanliness and 
companionship beneath these 

6323
05:35:00,000 --> 05:35:01,900
voltage. 
Ceilings Lucius locked, the 

6324
05:35:01,900 --> 05:35:05,300
massive, bronze doors from 
outside in the Amber glow of 

6325
05:35:05,300 --> 05:35:07,400
Sundown. 
The baths of a gripper, stood 

6326
05:35:07,400 --> 05:35:12,100
silent and steamy behind him and
enduring gift to Rome tomorrow 

6327
05:35:12,100 --> 05:35:14,900
at dawn, he would return to 
ignite its fires in you. 

6328
05:35:14,900 --> 05:35:17,900
Knowing that within those walls,
the aches of rich and poor alike

6329
05:35:17,900 --> 05:35:21,000
with soothe by the same. 
Healing Waters in The Sacred 

6330
05:35:21,000 --> 05:35:24,900
Waters of soulless. 
Aquae sulis Britannia second 

6331
05:35:24,900 --> 05:35:27,600
century ad. 
Baraka lifted. 

6332
05:35:27,600 --> 05:35:29,900
Her hands above the steaming 
pool as Dawn's. 

6333
05:35:29,900 --> 05:35:32,900
First light crept through the 
open roof as a priestess of 

6334
05:35:32,908 --> 05:35:35,700
Soleus Minerva. 
She began each day in Prayer by 

6335
05:35:35,700 --> 05:35:39,000
The Sacred spring. 
Tendrils of mist curled around 

6336
05:35:39,000 --> 05:35:42,500
her and the loan Roman veteran 
who stood shivering in the cool 

6337
05:35:42,500 --> 05:35:45,500
morning air. 
Marcus Julius a retired 

6338
05:35:45,500 --> 05:35:49,100
Centurion had traveled. 
Hundreds of miles to aku's in 

6339
05:35:49,108 --> 05:35:50,800
hopes these famous thermal 
Waters. 

6340
05:35:50,800 --> 05:35:54,200
Might ease the agonizing pain, 
in his joints, he watched with 

6341
05:35:54,200 --> 05:35:56,100
cautious, reverence as the 
Priestess invoke. 

6342
05:35:56,100 --> 05:35:59,800
The goddess Solace? 
Minerva healer of ills bless us.

6343
05:35:59,800 --> 05:36:02,700
She and toned. 
Sheila was venerated, as a 

6344
05:36:02,700 --> 05:36:05,500
healing Divinity, whose sacred 
Hot Springs, could cure physical

6345
05:36:05,500 --> 05:36:08,600
and spiritual suffering and a 
barakah felt the goddess as 

6346
05:36:08,600 --> 05:36:12,700
presidents in the rising Steam. 
At her nod, Mark, Marcus 

6347
05:36:12,700 --> 05:36:16,800
disrobed, his tools scared frame
gingerly descended the stone 

6348
05:36:16,800 --> 05:36:20,700
steps into the great bath. 
He inhaled sharply the water was

6349
05:36:20,700 --> 05:36:24,400
near scolding rich with sulfur 
and minerals that tinged it, a 

6350
05:36:24,400 --> 05:36:27,700
translucent green. 
Every day a bureaucracy or 

6351
05:36:27,700 --> 05:36:30,400
newcomers, react the same way, a
gasp at the heat. 

6352
05:36:30,408 --> 05:36:35,000
Then a sigh is the warmth 
penetrated aching bones Marcus 

6353
05:36:35,000 --> 05:36:37,900
settled Neck Deep his muscles. 
Gradually unclenching. 

6354
05:36:37,900 --> 05:36:42,000
A barakah took up a shallow 
pewter bowl, dipped it and 

6355
05:36:42,000 --> 05:36:44,900
slowly poured, the hot mineral 
water over the Veteran's 

6356
05:36:44,900 --> 05:36:47,200
shoulders. 
This act was part of the healing

6357
05:36:47,200 --> 05:36:49,600
ritual. 
The water trickling off his body

6358
05:36:49,600 --> 05:36:51,100
was thought to carry the 
Springs. 

6359
05:36:51,100 --> 05:36:55,000
Healing Essence into him The 
Centurion closed his eyes while 

6360
05:36:55,000 --> 05:36:58,100
the Priestess gently pulled the 
shimmering water again and again

6361
05:36:58,100 --> 05:37:01,900
murmuring prayers in both Latin.
And the ancient brittonic tongue

6362
05:37:01,900 --> 05:37:03,900
of this land. 
All around them. 

6363
05:37:03,900 --> 05:37:05,900
The baths of soulless were 
stirring away. 

6364
05:37:06,800 --> 05:37:09,900
Fellow pilgrims and local 
townsfolk began to arrive their 

6365
05:37:09,900 --> 05:37:11,700
footsteps. 
Echoing under the Portico 

6366
05:37:11,700 --> 05:37:15,200
families with sick children and 
elderly Farmers with crutches 

6367
05:37:15,200 --> 05:37:17,700
came seeking relief. 
Ebira. 

6368
05:37:17,700 --> 05:37:21,500
Greeted each quietly though Rome
governed, Britannia now in this 

6369
05:37:21,500 --> 05:37:25,200
complex the goddess welcomed all
with Healing Waters within the 

6370
05:37:25,200 --> 05:37:28,100
adjacent Temple, acolytes 
prepared offerings of food and 

6371
05:37:28,100 --> 05:37:30,800
carved plaques to present miners
altar. 

6372
05:37:31,600 --> 05:37:35,300
The air smelled of moist Stone, 
burning incense and the metallic

6373
05:37:35,300 --> 05:37:39,000
Tang of the spring. 
For a moment, a barakah glanced 

6374
05:37:39,000 --> 05:37:42,000
toward the temples, in a 
sanctum, where a gilded bronze 

6375
05:37:42,000 --> 05:37:43,500
statue of the Goddess caught the
light. 

6376
05:37:44,300 --> 05:37:47,200
She whispered a promise under 
her breath, that solaces power 

6377
05:37:47,200 --> 05:37:51,000
would never be forsaken here. 
Even as foreign Customs swirled 

6378
05:37:51,000 --> 05:37:54,400
around her, Marcus roused, her 
from her thoughts with a quiet 

6379
05:37:54,400 --> 05:37:56,800
grown. 
He had been soaking for a while 

6380
05:37:56,800 --> 05:37:59,300
eyes. 
Half closed as the thermal heat 

6381
05:37:59,308 --> 05:38:01,800
worked on him. 
The Priestess stepped to The 

6382
05:38:01,808 --> 05:38:03,700
Waters Edge. 
How do you feel? 

6383
05:38:03,700 --> 05:38:07,000
She asked softly. 
The soldier rolled his shoulder.

6384
05:38:07,000 --> 05:38:08,800
Experimentally beneath the green
surface. 

6385
05:38:09,600 --> 05:38:12,600
Better. 
Think he replied a note 1. 

6386
05:38:12,600 --> 05:38:15,500
In his voice, he moved his knee.
That had been stiff with 

6387
05:38:15,500 --> 05:38:18,000
arthritis. 
It was still in flexible, but 

6388
05:38:18,000 --> 05:38:21,500
the stabbing pain had lessened. 
The goddess Smiles on you. 

6389
05:38:21,500 --> 05:38:23,700
A bureaucracy said with a gentle
smile. 

6390
05:38:24,400 --> 05:38:27,200
She offered him a cup of the 
spring water, many believe, 

6391
05:38:27,200 --> 05:38:29,200
drinking it cleansed one from 
within as well. 

6392
05:38:30,000 --> 05:38:32,300
Markers drank. 
The warm metallic tasting water 

6393
05:38:32,300 --> 05:38:35,300
and managed to grin. 
It was the first time ever after

6394
05:38:35,300 --> 05:38:37,400
had seen the stern man smiled at
morning. 

6395
05:38:38,200 --> 05:38:42,400
By midday Markus now raped in a 
Woolen cloak, joined Iberia and 

6396
05:38:42,400 --> 05:38:44,800
other supplements of the 
circular spring for a communal 

6397
05:38:44,800 --> 05:38:46,400
ritual. 
One by one. 

6398
05:38:46,400 --> 05:38:49,200
They placed tokens in the 
bubbling water in, thanks or 

6399
05:38:49,200 --> 05:38:53,200
petition, Marcus dropped a warn 
Legion pendant Into the Depths 

6400
05:38:53,200 --> 05:38:55,600
as an offering. 
While others tossed coins. 

6401
05:38:55,600 --> 05:38:59,200
That glinted beneath the ripples
the group, then chanted A Hymn 

6402
05:38:59,200 --> 05:39:02,300
of healing in unison. 
Their Latin and brittonic 

6403
05:39:02,300 --> 05:39:04,200
prayers intermingling under the 
high roof. 

6404
05:39:05,000 --> 05:39:09,200
A baraka's voice, Rose strong 
and clear, invoking Solace, as a

6405
05:39:09,200 --> 05:39:11,900
nourishing mother and Vigilant 
Minerva all at once. 

6406
05:39:12,800 --> 05:39:16,000
When the rights concluded at 
Baraka noticed, tears in the 

6407
05:39:16,008 --> 05:39:19,400
centurion's eyes. 
I feel New Again markers 

6408
05:39:19,400 --> 05:39:22,800
whispered and amazed. 
He flexed his hands finding the 

6409
05:39:22,800 --> 05:39:26,600
usual morning, stiffness gone. 
Despite his scars from war and 

6410
05:39:26,600 --> 05:39:29,300
age, the hot Waters. 
Had restored, his vitality. 

6411
05:39:30,300 --> 05:39:32,900
Helped him to his feet and 
guided him to give. 

6412
05:39:32,900 --> 05:39:36,100
Thanks at the altar, Marcus 
bowed deeply and left his old 

6413
05:39:36,100 --> 05:39:38,400
crutch. 
Propped against a pillar the 

6414
05:39:38,400 --> 05:39:40,300
silent testimony. 
That he hoped not to need it 

6415
05:39:40,300 --> 05:39:42,500
again. 
That evening, as the last 

6416
05:39:42,500 --> 05:39:43,600
devotees. 
Departed. 

6417
05:39:43,600 --> 05:39:46,000
A bureau lingard. 
Thank the goddess. 

6418
05:39:46,000 --> 05:39:49,500
She sprinkled rose petals into 
the steaming pool and fed the 

6419
05:39:49,500 --> 05:39:54,100
older fire until it closed. 
Many would departure his caring 

6420
05:39:54,100 --> 05:39:56,400
Tales of relief and healing back
to their homes. 

6421
05:39:57,200 --> 05:40:01,000
To see Baraka offered one. 
Final prayer that the sacred 

6422
05:40:01,000 --> 05:40:04,300
Springs would remain a sanctuary
of healing for all who truly 

6423
05:40:04,300 --> 05:40:06,800
needed it. 
The Physicians Council Rome. 

6424
05:40:06,800 --> 05:40:11,200
See a 1888 Julius from Tina's 
arrived at the baths of trajan 

6425
05:40:11,200 --> 05:40:15,100
at dawn, A trained physician, he
often met patients here amid. 

6426
05:40:15,100 --> 05:40:16,600
The marble halls and Healing 
Waters. 

6427
05:40:17,400 --> 05:40:20,000
This morning, he had invited his
friend Fabius for a private 

6428
05:40:20,000 --> 05:40:22,100
consultation in the bath 
soothing environment. 

6429
05:40:22,900 --> 05:40:25,700
Fabius had been listless and 
sorrowful since losing his wife,

6430
05:40:25,700 --> 05:40:29,100
last winter, a classic 
Melancholia as Julius saw it 

6431
05:40:29,100 --> 05:40:32,300
Julius believed the baths could 
succeed, where months of 

6432
05:40:32,308 --> 05:40:35,700
mourning had failed to restore. 
His friends body and spirit by 

6433
05:40:35,700 --> 05:40:38,200
rebalancing, the humours thrown 
off by grief. 

6434
05:40:39,100 --> 05:40:42,500
They found a quiet corner of the
tepidarium where gentle warmth 

6435
05:40:42,500 --> 05:40:44,300
emanated from the floors and 
walls. 

6436
05:40:44,300 --> 05:40:48,100
Julius encouraged Fabius to 
recline on a heated bench. 

6437
05:40:48,900 --> 05:40:52,600
We will begin here to warm your 
blood, he explained in the soft 

6438
05:40:52,600 --> 05:40:56,200
light Mosaic of higher looked 
down as if supervising therapy 

6439
05:40:56,200 --> 05:41:00,000
Julius mixed a few drops of 
eucalyptus oil into fabulous as 

6440
05:41:00,000 --> 05:41:02,800
palm trees, he had learned to 
open the lungs and lift the mood

6441
05:41:02,800 --> 05:41:06,700
as Fabius inhaled the shop scent
Julius noted, his friends 

6442
05:41:06,700 --> 05:41:09,800
posture change. 
The Philosopher's shoulders long

6443
05:41:09,800 --> 05:41:13,700
tents began to relax gradual 
warmth was known to purge on 

6444
05:41:13,700 --> 05:41:16,800
wholesome Vapors and prepare the
body to release its birds and 

6445
05:41:16,800 --> 05:41:20,100
indeed fabi's chess seem to 
lighten with each breath. 

6446
05:41:21,000 --> 05:41:24,400
Next Julius LED his friend into 
the caldarium, the hot steam 

6447
05:41:24,400 --> 05:41:27,300
chamber, a wave of moist heat 
and enveloped them. 

6448
05:41:28,100 --> 05:41:31,200
Fabulous, frowned at the 
discomfort, but Julius Satin by 

6449
05:41:31,208 --> 05:41:34,100
The Hot Fountain and urged him 
to breathe deeply. 

6450
05:41:35,000 --> 05:41:37,200
Soon, sweat was streaming down 
fabus his body. 

6451
05:41:38,100 --> 05:41:40,700
Julius gently, scraped it away 
with a bronze struggle. 

6452
05:41:40,700 --> 05:41:44,400
As if peeling off a layer of 
Sorrow along with the sweat, the

6453
05:41:44,400 --> 05:41:48,100
intense heat began to loosen his
stiff muscles and even ease his 

6454
05:41:48,108 --> 05:41:50,700
tight chest. 
Fabulous is breathing shallow at

6455
05:41:50,700 --> 05:41:52,400
first grew deeper and more 
rhythmic. 

6456
05:41:52,400 --> 05:41:55,500
After a thorough sweat Julius 
died in the trembling 

6457
05:41:55,500 --> 05:41:59,400
philosopher, toward the Dome 
Frigidaire, The circular pool of

6458
05:41:59,400 --> 05:42:02,200
cold. 
Clear Water awaited Fabius 

6459
05:42:02,200 --> 05:42:05,900
bought on the edge eyeing, the 
chili basement with Dread Trust 

6460
05:42:05,900 --> 05:42:09,700
me, Julius said, with the 
support of arm, he helped Fabius

6461
05:42:09,700 --> 05:42:14,200
step down the cold, hit him with
a brutal shock, Fabius gasped 

6462
05:42:14,200 --> 05:42:17,400
and almost bolted out, but 
Julius held him a moment until 

6463
05:42:17,400 --> 05:42:20,500
the Panic passed. 
His heart pounded and his skin 

6464
05:42:20,500 --> 05:42:23,800
tingled such as Sudden Change in
temperature was believed to 

6465
05:42:23,800 --> 05:42:27,400
stimulate circulation and 
sharpen the senses and indeed, 

6466
05:42:27,400 --> 05:42:29,400
Fabius felt more alert than he 
had in ages. 

6467
05:42:29,400 --> 05:42:33,700
He waited out of the pool on his
own, a look of astonishment and 

6468
05:42:33,700 --> 05:42:37,000
his face. 
I feel awake, he marveled 

6469
05:42:37,000 --> 05:42:40,600
through chattering teeth, Julius
bristly, rubbed him down with a 

6470
05:42:40,600 --> 05:42:42,700
course towel restoring warmth to
his skin. 

6471
05:42:43,500 --> 05:42:46,500
Color returned to fabi's cheeks 
and a light to his eyes. 

6472
05:42:46,500 --> 05:42:50,000
They rested in a sunlit. 
Courtyard wrapped in Fresh 

6473
05:42:50,000 --> 05:42:52,100
Linen. 
Robes and sipping watered wine. 

6474
05:42:52,100 --> 05:42:54,700
Fabius is limbs were loose in 
his mind. 

6475
05:42:54,700 --> 05:42:58,200
Clear. 
Grasped julius's hand gratefully

6476
05:42:58,200 --> 05:43:00,200
grief. 
Had driven his humors to 

6477
05:43:00,208 --> 05:43:04,200
imbalance, but nature aided by 
hot water and cold, had helped 

6478
05:43:04,200 --> 05:43:06,900
to restore. 
What was lost Julius, gently 

6479
05:43:06,900 --> 05:43:09,600
reminded him, that regular 
bathing purifies the body of 

6480
05:43:09,600 --> 05:43:12,800
toxins and cannot lift the 
spirit. as they prepared to 

6481
05:43:12,800 --> 05:43:15,800
depart Julius observed, a 
cluster of men by The Colony 

6482
05:43:15,800 --> 05:43:20,000
engaged in a lively debate on 
Aristotle's, ethics The 

6483
05:43:20,000 --> 05:43:23,300
Physicians smiled bathhouses 
often served as informal of 

6484
05:43:23,300 --> 05:43:24,800
forums for Scholars and 
Physicians alike. 

6485
05:43:25,800 --> 05:43:28,200
He himself had exchanged 
remedies and insights in these 

6486
05:43:28,200 --> 05:43:31,100
Halls, many times knowledge, 
flowing freely among those 

6487
05:43:31,100 --> 05:43:34,400
dedicated to Wellness. 
Indeed, this place cared for the

6488
05:43:34,400 --> 05:43:38,000
spirit just as much as the body.
He noted that Fabius now sat 

6489
05:43:38,000 --> 05:43:41,000
upright, calmly watching the 
morning, bustle, the haunted. 

6490
05:43:41,000 --> 05:43:44,600
Look gone from his face. 
Before departing Julius gave 

6491
05:43:44,600 --> 05:43:47,900
Fabius a small vial of soothing 
herbal oil, instructing him to 

6492
05:43:47,900 --> 05:43:51,400
use it each night. fairies 
thanked him and promised to 

6493
05:43:51,400 --> 05:43:56,700
return to the bald soon, not as 
a patient, but as a friend, For 

6494
05:43:56,700 --> 05:44:00,600
Julius, this was the true reward
of medicine easing an ailment 

6495
05:44:00,600 --> 05:44:04,400
and seeing hope rekindled in the
vaulted Halls of the baths. 

6496
05:44:04,400 --> 05:44:07,600
A soul weighed down by sorrow 
had truly been lightened, 

6497
05:44:07,600 --> 05:44:11,100
healing had come through hot and
cold water medicine and 

6498
05:44:11,100 --> 05:44:14,300
friendship. 
All in harmony together in Rome.

6499
05:44:14,300 --> 05:44:19,500
217, add a merchant at caracal 
as baths named Lysander of Tire 

6500
05:44:19,500 --> 05:44:21,900
stepped through the Towering 
entrance of the baths of 

6501
05:44:21,900 --> 05:44:24,800
caracalla and felt his breath 
catch in his throat. 

6502
05:44:25,700 --> 05:44:28,300
He had traveled across half the 
Empire, but never seen a 

6503
05:44:28,300 --> 05:44:31,700
monument to Leisure as 
magnificent as this a vast Halls

6504
05:44:31,700 --> 05:44:34,900
stretched before him. 
Its vaulted ceiling held a loft 

6505
05:44:34,900 --> 05:44:38,700
by dozens of columns everywhere,
stood, marble statues of gods 

6506
05:44:38,700 --> 05:44:41,400
and heroes. 
Colossal Hercules leaning on his

6507
05:44:41,400 --> 05:44:44,900
Club, dominated the scene. 
The complex was renowned for its

6508
05:44:44,900 --> 05:44:48,600
unparalleled lavish decoration, 
the merchant passed bronze, 

6509
05:44:48,600 --> 05:44:51,700
fountains tinkling gently, their
water music. 

6510
05:44:51,700 --> 05:44:55,600
Echoing off, the high walls. 
Clad only in a simple loin cloth

6511
05:44:55,600 --> 05:44:58,500
provided at the entrance by 
Sandra moved, from the grand 

6512
05:44:58,500 --> 05:45:02,900
Atrium into the bustling of poo,
diarium here garments of rich. 

6513
05:45:02,900 --> 05:45:05,000
And poor hung side by side in 
the wall. 

6514
05:45:05,000 --> 05:45:08,900
Niches two young bath attendants
helped lisander is belongings. 

6515
05:45:09,600 --> 05:45:12,400
He cast a cautious eye toward 
his Satchel of precious spices 

6516
05:45:12,400 --> 05:45:15,100
until an attendant assured him. 
It would be safe. 

6517
05:45:16,100 --> 05:45:18,200
With a knot of. 
Thanks Lysander, stepped 

6518
05:45:18,200 --> 05:45:21,100
gingerly onward, the smooth 
marble floor. 

6519
05:45:21,100 --> 05:45:25,100
Warm under his bare feet, thanks
to the hypocrisy fires below. he

6520
05:45:25,100 --> 05:45:28,600
first entered, the tepidarium a 
warm chamber, where an inviting 

6521
05:45:28,600 --> 05:45:32,500
heat caressed, his travel weary 
muscles, Golden Light, filtered 

6522
05:45:32,500 --> 05:45:35,500
through high Windows, 
Illuminating mosaics of sea 

6523
05:45:35,500 --> 05:45:38,900
creatures across the floor, 
Groups of men reclined on heated

6524
05:45:38,900 --> 05:45:41,600
benches, along the walls 
chatting in a dozen tongues 

6525
05:45:41,600 --> 05:45:45,800
Latin Greek, Egyptian Aramaic 
and even his native Syriac 

6526
05:45:45,800 --> 05:45:48,500
despite differences in speech 
and Status. 

6527
05:45:48,500 --> 05:45:54,000
Hey here, all these portly, 
Roman negotiator struck up a 

6528
05:45:54,008 --> 05:45:57,200
friendly conversation of about 
Caravan routes and even offered.

6529
05:45:57,200 --> 05:46:00,600
Lysander a dab of citrus 
centered oil from his flask, the

6530
05:46:00,600 --> 05:46:04,500
merchant graciously, accepted 
rubbing it into his skin as the 

6531
05:46:04,500 --> 05:46:06,800
tension of months on the road 
began to melt from his 

6532
05:46:06,800 --> 05:46:09,200
shoulders. 
Next, he followed the flow of 

6533
05:46:09,200 --> 05:46:12,200
bathers in to the caldarium the 
enormous hot room. 

6534
05:46:12,200 --> 05:46:16,600
At one end of this Hall Road, a 
circular pool of steaming Water 

6535
05:46:16,600 --> 05:46:20,300
flanked by enormous marble tubs.
The air was thick and steamy 

6536
05:46:20,300 --> 05:46:22,900
muffling. 
Every sound to a murmur like 

6537
05:46:22,900 --> 05:46:26,200
sander, eased himself into the 
central hot pool, the water 

6538
05:46:26,200 --> 05:46:29,600
embraced him almost too hot at 
first, but he slowly sank up to 

6539
05:46:29,600 --> 05:46:33,800
his chest waves of heat unfolded
through his limbs dissolving, 

6540
05:46:33,800 --> 05:46:37,100
the stiffness in his spine, from
weeks of jostling, and a camel 

6541
05:46:37,100 --> 05:46:40,000
drawn wagon. 
Nearby, a pair of off-duty, 

6542
05:46:40,000 --> 05:46:42,900
legionaries sighed with relief 
as they submerge themselves. 

6543
05:46:43,800 --> 05:46:46,600
Lysander closed, his eyes and 
let sweat bead on his brow. 

6544
05:46:46,600 --> 05:46:50,500
A bath attendant appeared with a
bronze drizzle and Lysander 

6545
05:46:50,500 --> 05:46:52,400
allowed. 
The young man to briskly scrape 

6546
05:46:52,400 --> 05:46:54,200
the perspiration and oil from 
his skin. 

6547
05:46:54,200 --> 05:46:57,900
He marveled at the sight of even
this humble task in the Palace 

6548
05:46:57,900 --> 05:47:00,700
of well-being. 
Properly steamed and scrubbed. 

6549
05:47:00,700 --> 05:47:04,200
Lysander was ready for the final
trial the Frigidaire. 

6550
05:47:05,100 --> 05:47:08,400
He braced himself as he stepped 
into the next chamber and Airy 

6551
05:47:08,400 --> 05:47:10,300
Hall with a vast cold swimming 
pool. 

6552
05:47:10,300 --> 05:47:14,300
Natalia open to the sky, the 
Sun, a higher. 

6553
05:47:14,300 --> 05:47:17,000
Now it's raised dancing on the 
turquoise water. 

6554
05:47:17,800 --> 05:47:20,400
With a hearty Excel by Sandra 
plunged forward. 

6555
05:47:20,400 --> 05:47:24,500
The cold, shocked him to his 
core, he gasped, as the chill 

6556
05:47:24,500 --> 05:47:28,300
inverted, his overheated skin 
When he surfaced invigorated, he

6557
05:47:28,300 --> 05:47:31,400
was glad for it. 
He laughed out loud and surprise

6558
05:47:31,400 --> 05:47:34,300
some nearby bathers chuckled at 
his shocked face. 

6559
05:47:34,300 --> 05:47:38,200
And he grinned back the sudden 
contrast from hot to cold Cent, 

6560
05:47:38,200 --> 05:47:39,900
new energy Crossing through his 
veins. 

6561
05:47:39,900 --> 05:47:45,100
Leaving him alert and a renewed 
After swimming lisander wandered

6562
05:47:45,100 --> 05:47:47,400
into a landscape Garden. 
Adjoining the natatorium, 

6563
05:47:47,400 --> 05:47:50,700
clipped headed, and fruit trees 
offer dappled shade. 

6564
05:47:50,700 --> 05:47:54,000
He strolled along a portico 
where others Lounge, cooling 

6565
05:47:54,000 --> 05:47:55,900
off. 
Some enjoying a light snack. 

6566
05:47:56,700 --> 05:48:00,000
In one corner, stood a small 
trying to escalate the god of 

6567
05:48:00,008 --> 05:48:02,500
healing. 
Though not to Devout man. 

6568
05:48:02,500 --> 05:48:05,400
Lysander paused to Bow his head 
and offer a silent. 

6569
05:48:05,400 --> 05:48:07,800
Thanks to the powers watching 
over weary Travelers. 

6570
05:48:08,500 --> 05:48:11,000
Only that morning. 
He had arrived in Rome bone, 

6571
05:48:11,000 --> 05:48:13,500
tired, and soar in every joint 
now. 

6572
05:48:13,500 --> 05:48:17,300
He felt practically Reborn. 
As he prepared to leave. 

6573
05:48:17,300 --> 05:48:20,400
Lysander felt the days burdens 
completely lifted. 

6574
05:48:21,400 --> 05:48:24,100
Stepping back out through the 
Grand doors into the bustling 

6575
05:48:24,100 --> 05:48:26,100
streets. 
The Syrian Merchants carried 

6576
05:48:26,100 --> 05:48:29,500
with him, a newfound Vigor. 
The baths of caracalla had, 

6577
05:48:29,500 --> 05:48:32,500
cleansed the dust from his skin 
and washed away the weary of his

6578
05:48:32,500 --> 05:48:35,600
long journey. 
Refreshed and optimistic by 

6579
05:48:35,600 --> 05:48:37,200
Sandra hefted, his Satchel of 
spices. 

6580
05:48:37,200 --> 05:48:40,800
Surprisingly lighter on his 
shoulders now and set off to 

6581
05:48:40,800 --> 05:48:43,500
conclude his business in the 
capital rejuvenated. 

6582
05:48:43,500 --> 05:48:47,200
By the restorative powers of 
Rome's granddads, the saint of 

6583
05:48:47,200 --> 05:48:52,600
the bars, Rome sea, 420 ad. 
The late afternoon sun, cast 

6584
05:48:52,600 --> 05:48:55,200
Long Shadows through the 
half-empty baths of Titus, 

6585
05:48:55,200 --> 05:48:58,900
Illuminating moats of dust. 
Swirling of the tepidarium pool,

6586
05:48:58,900 --> 05:49:01,900
Flavia a middle aged. 
Deaconess of the Christian 

6587
05:49:01,900 --> 05:49:05,800
Church, rang out, a linen cloth.
In warm water and gently laid at

6588
05:49:05,800 --> 05:49:07,700
over an old woman's arthritic 
knees. 

6589
05:49:08,400 --> 05:49:12,400
Around them, a handful of the 
sick and poor soaked quietly in 

6590
05:49:12,400 --> 05:49:15,700
the small bath Hall. 
This once Grand facility had 

6591
05:49:15,700 --> 05:49:18,100
seen better days, mosaics 
missing tiles. 

6592
05:49:18,100 --> 05:49:22,200
A dry Fountain Niche, where a 
statue of Apollo had stood yet 

6593
05:49:22,200 --> 05:49:24,700
to Flavia. 
It was a sacred place of 

6594
05:49:24,700 --> 05:49:27,600
healing. 
In the corner where a fresco of 

6595
05:49:27,600 --> 05:49:30,500
nymphs was fading, a simple 
wooden cross hung on the wall. 

6596
05:49:31,100 --> 05:49:32,900
She offered a silent prayer as 
she worked. 

6597
05:49:32,900 --> 05:49:37,100
Not to Pagan, nymphs or Gods. 
But asking Christ to bless these

6598
05:49:37,100 --> 05:49:39,100
Waters as he wants to the pool 
of Bethesda. 

6599
05:49:40,200 --> 05:49:43,600
The city's Elite now, shunned 
public, baths, preferring 

6600
05:49:43,600 --> 05:49:45,800
private tubs or avoiding them on
moral grounds. 

6601
05:49:45,800 --> 05:49:49,500
Church leaders, condemned 
bathhouses as dense of sin. 

6602
05:49:49,500 --> 05:49:52,900
Outlawing mixed bathing and 
segregating men and women by 

6603
05:49:52,900 --> 05:49:55,600
ours. 
Many ones great bath complexes 

6604
05:49:55,600 --> 05:49:59,300
were closing due to neglect but 
flavius saw opportunity in the 

6605
05:49:59,300 --> 05:50:02,800
decline with few Pleasure 
Seekers left, One Wing of the 

6606
05:50:02,800 --> 05:50:07,300
baths of Titus, now served as an
unofficial Infirmary, It's warm 

6607
05:50:07,300 --> 05:50:10,000
rooms and water. 
Comforted those two poor or ill 

6608
05:50:10,000 --> 05:50:12,900
to Bay that home. 
Her patients this day, included 

6609
05:50:12,900 --> 05:50:18,000
septimius, a feverish Stone, 
Mason near us, retired legionary

6610
05:50:18,000 --> 05:50:21,900
with a festering leg wound and 
old Olivia, whose knees robbed 

6611
05:50:21,900 --> 05:50:25,600
with arthritis, one by one, 
Flavia guide them through a 

6612
05:50:25,600 --> 05:50:29,000
gentle bathing regiment in the 
tepidarium mild warmth. 

6613
05:50:29,600 --> 05:50:32,200
Stiff joints loosened and fevers
began to break. 

6614
05:50:33,100 --> 05:50:35,900
She crushed a bit of Rosemary 
and Eucalyptus into hot water, 

6615
05:50:35,900 --> 05:50:39,800
filling the air with sharp 
cleansing Vapors that Drew a 

6616
05:50:39,800 --> 05:50:41,700
weak smile from feverish 
septimius. 

6617
05:50:42,500 --> 05:50:45,600
Next with help from a few 
volunteers, former bath 

6618
05:50:45,600 --> 05:50:48,500
attendance now serving as 
Christian helpers, Flavia 

6619
05:50:48,500 --> 05:50:50,200
brought them into the small 
caldarium. 

6620
05:50:50,800 --> 05:50:54,700
In the hazy steam, she softly 
sang A Hymn nerius, the old 

6621
05:50:54,700 --> 05:50:57,400
Soldier closed his eyes and 
joined in between deep. 

6622
05:50:57,400 --> 05:51:00,800
Breaths of hot air. 
This beats the Army Camps, he 

6623
05:51:00,800 --> 05:51:04,300
murdered with a faint grin. 
Even if we sing to a different 

6624
05:51:04,300 --> 05:51:07,400
God. 
Now, Flavia chuckled even as 

6625
05:51:07,400 --> 05:51:10,400
times changed, the enduring 
practice of soothing weary 

6626
05:51:10,400 --> 05:51:14,900
bodies with heat remained After 
the steam bath, Flavia led the 

6627
05:51:14,900 --> 05:51:18,300
group to The Frigid area, only a
trickle of cold water still 

6628
05:51:18,300 --> 05:51:22,200
flowed, but it was in enough. 
Livia gasped as Flavia poured, a

6629
05:51:22,208 --> 05:51:25,900
bowl of the cool water over her 
swollen knees, easy flavius, 

6630
05:51:25,900 --> 05:51:28,200
suede. 
The brief cold shock brought 

6631
05:51:28,200 --> 05:51:31,700
relief Olivia sighed, as the 
inflammation in her joints, ease

6632
05:51:31,700 --> 05:51:34,500
Flavia thought of how ancient 
Physicians praise. 

6633
05:51:34,500 --> 05:51:38,200
The contrast of hot and cold to 
stimulate healing and how even a

6634
05:51:38,200 --> 05:51:40,600
Christian Bishop had urged. 
The use of god-given Remedies 

6635
05:51:40,600 --> 05:51:43,900
like bars. 
The circuit complete, Flavia 

6636
05:51:43,900 --> 05:51:46,400
helped, the weakened bathers, 
dry off, and rest along the 

6637
05:51:46,400 --> 05:51:48,000
courtyard Colonnade for fresh 
air. 

6638
05:51:48,900 --> 05:51:52,300
Twilight approached a breeze 
carrying in the center of olive 

6639
05:51:52,300 --> 05:51:55,300
trees outside. 
She ladled out cups of warm 

6640
05:51:55,300 --> 05:51:58,800
broth from a pot simmering where
perfumed oils were once heated 

6641
05:51:58,800 --> 05:52:02,500
in the fading light, the group 
murmured prayers of thanks. 

6642
05:52:03,400 --> 05:52:07,500
Timmy is fever, had broken sweat
beaded on his brow, but his eyes

6643
05:52:07,500 --> 05:52:10,100
were clear. 
Nearest, flexed, his leg and 

6644
05:52:10,108 --> 05:52:14,200
found the wound clean, the pain 
abated, Olivia squeezed flavius 

6645
05:52:14,200 --> 05:52:17,400
hand in gratitude. 
And for the first time in weeks,

6646
05:52:17,400 --> 05:52:22,000
Livia felt her pain in these as 
Flavia packed away, her 

6647
05:52:22,000 --> 05:52:25,600
supplies, young alcolite lit, a 
few oil lamps along the walls. 

6648
05:52:25,600 --> 05:52:29,200
Their gentle glow fell on faded 
painting of Roman gods, and the 

6649
05:52:29,200 --> 05:52:31,300
simple crosses scratched by the 
faithful. 

6650
05:52:32,000 --> 05:52:35,700
The olden new converged here. 
These bars once echoed with 

6651
05:52:35,700 --> 05:52:39,500
Pagan Odes and idle gossip now 
they heard prayers and hymns. 

6652
05:52:39,500 --> 05:52:43,300
The water that Romans want to 
dedicated to escalate was now 

6653
05:52:43,300 --> 05:52:46,200
blessed in Christ's name. 
Different prayers led to the 

6654
05:52:46,208 --> 05:52:49,400
same Healing Waters. 
Before closing for the night 

6655
05:52:49,400 --> 05:52:52,800
flavian milk by the pool and 
tiptoe into the warm water 

6656
05:52:52,800 --> 05:52:56,000
Whispering. 
A final prayer of thangs, this 

6657
05:52:56,000 --> 05:52:59,000
derelict Bath House. 
Turned in fermery felt as holy 

6658
05:52:59,000 --> 05:53:03,100
to her as any Chapel Place where
suffering was eased and dignity 

6659
05:53:03,100 --> 05:53:05,600
restored. 
With that thought warming her 

6660
05:53:05,600 --> 05:53:10,100
heart, Flavia shuttered, the 
doors, the baths of Titus fell 

6661
05:53:10,100 --> 05:53:13,000
into quiet Darkness, say for The
Gleam of the wooden cross on the

6662
05:53:13,000 --> 05:53:17,000
wall, a reminder that even as 
Empires fade the call to care 

6663
05:53:17,000 --> 05:53:19,400
for the sick endures under 
Aladdin. 

6664
05:53:19,400 --> 05:53:22,800
Winter Sky, Marcus pushed open 
the heavy doors of the baths of 

6665
05:53:22,800 --> 05:53:25,400
Diocletian. 
In our final story of the 

6666
05:53:25,400 --> 05:53:31,200
Twilight of the Furby Rome, 537 
add a sharp wind, followed him 

6667
05:53:31,200 --> 05:53:33,500
in swirling. 
Fallen leaves across the floor, 

6668
05:53:33,500 --> 05:53:36,700
only a dozen patrons huddled in 
the vast complex. 

6669
05:53:36,700 --> 05:53:40,700
The baths emptiness was 
palpable, Markus had served as 

6670
05:53:40,700 --> 05:53:45,500
curator of a water engineer for 
over 30 years, tending, Rome's, 

6671
05:53:45,500 --> 05:53:48,900
aqueducts, and bathhouses. 
He remembered when these Halls 

6672
05:53:48,900 --> 05:53:50,600
echoed with laughter each 
afternoon. 

6673
05:53:50,600 --> 05:53:54,800
Now many pools, set dry or 
lukewarm, Still, he made his 

6674
05:53:54,800 --> 05:53:58,200
rounds determined to offer what 
Comfort he could to those few 

6675
05:53:58,200 --> 05:54:02,600
Romans who clung to the old ways
in the tepidarium only two 

6676
05:54:02,600 --> 05:54:06,800
loyal, patrons lingered in the 
lukewarm pool, Markus checked. 

6677
05:54:06,800 --> 05:54:09,300
The water with his hand cooler, 
than it should be. 

6678
05:54:09,300 --> 05:54:13,400
The furnace is had barely any 
fuel left would be scared during

6679
05:54:13,400 --> 05:54:17,100
the seed. 
He fed the last bits of charcoal

6680
05:54:17,100 --> 05:54:20,000
into the boiler coaxing Amiga 
flame, moving on. 

6681
05:54:20,000 --> 05:54:22,900
He passed through the empty 
palestra now, strewn with dust. 

6682
05:54:23,800 --> 05:54:26,800
In a corner weed sprouted 
between cracked marble tiles. 

6683
05:54:26,800 --> 05:54:30,100
Where athletes once wrestled He 
sighed and entered the 

6684
05:54:30,108 --> 05:54:33,000
caldarium. 
Only one pool here was still in 

6685
05:54:33,000 --> 05:54:35,100
use fed by a trickle of warm 
water. 

6686
05:54:36,000 --> 05:54:39,000
A gaunt mother bathed her young 
son in the shallows of the one 

6687
05:54:39,000 --> 05:54:42,200
remaining warm pool. 
The same need for warmth and 

6688
05:54:42,200 --> 05:54:45,700
water, which had sustained so 
many before them drew them here.

6689
05:54:46,600 --> 05:54:49,500
The mother looked up at Marcus 
and gave a polite hopeful smile,

6690
05:54:49,500 --> 05:54:53,600
Markus mustard and in return, 
even as his heart clenched with 

6691
05:54:53,600 --> 05:54:57,200
the knowledge he bore at dawn, 
Marcus had scouted the aqueduct 

6692
05:54:57,200 --> 05:54:59,300
outside the city and discovered 
the Grim truth. 

6693
05:55:00,000 --> 05:55:02,600
Gothic soldiers had cut the aqua
topping. 

6694
05:55:02,600 --> 05:55:04,400
Its arches to choke off Rome's 
water. 

6695
05:55:05,100 --> 05:55:06,900
The lifeblood of the bars was 
severed. 

6696
05:55:06,900 --> 05:55:09,600
What little water remained in 
the pools was all there would 

6697
05:55:09,600 --> 05:55:13,700
ever be. by tomorrow, the bars 
of dicle would fall Seattle and 

6698
05:55:14,300 --> 05:55:15,800
He made his way to The Frigid 
area. 

6699
05:55:16,500 --> 05:55:18,800
A calvinist hall that once 
housed a cold swimming pool 

6700
05:55:18,800 --> 05:55:22,100
larger than a forum. 
Now it was dry the Mosaic of 

6701
05:55:22,100 --> 05:55:24,100
Neptune on its floor exposed and
dull. 

6702
05:55:24,100 --> 05:55:27,500
Marcus ran a hand along a 
cracked column, how many 

6703
05:55:27,508 --> 05:55:29,500
generations had cooled their 
brows here. 

6704
05:55:29,500 --> 05:55:32,800
After the steam, he could almost
hear ghostly, splashes, and 

6705
05:55:32,800 --> 05:55:34,800
Youthful. 
Shouts from centuries, past 

6706
05:55:34,800 --> 05:55:37,700
returning to the tepidarium 
Marcus gently informed. 

6707
05:55:37,700 --> 05:55:40,700
The few remaining bathers that 
he baths would likely close off 

6708
05:55:40,700 --> 05:55:43,500
after today. 
The old man bowed their heads in

6709
05:55:43,500 --> 05:55:46,700
resigned under standing and that
young mothers eyes primed with 

6710
05:55:46,700 --> 05:55:48,500
tears, as she held her son 
closer. 

6711
05:55:49,300 --> 05:55:52,600
A patron placed a rolled 
parchment into Marcus's hand as 

6712
05:55:52,600 --> 05:55:55,700
a token of appreciation for his 
years of service, causing 

6713
05:55:55,700 --> 05:55:57,600
markers to swallow a lump in his
throat. 

6714
05:55:58,500 --> 05:56:00,900
He promised the mother, he would
direct her to a nearby church 

6715
05:56:00,900 --> 05:56:04,400
offering heated rooms for 
refugees a small solace. 

6716
05:56:05,600 --> 05:56:08,000
As Twilight fell in the last 
Bay's departed. 

6717
05:56:08,000 --> 05:56:11,900
Markus remained alone in the 
cooling Caldera, the hiss of 

6718
05:56:11,900 --> 05:56:15,300
water gone. 
He sat by an empty baseman, an 

6719
05:56:15,300 --> 05:56:21,500
old saying echoed, while the 
baths remain Rome remains But 

6720
05:56:21,500 --> 05:56:23,700
Rome had changed its people 
scattered. 

6721
05:56:23,700 --> 05:56:28,500
Its aqueducts broken communal 
bathing once the pride of Roman 

6722
05:56:28,500 --> 05:56:30,100
life was now slipping into 
memory. 

6723
05:56:30,800 --> 05:56:33,800
Yet in the Gathering, Darkness 
Marcus felt a measure of Peace. 

6724
05:56:33,800 --> 05:56:36,800
The legacy of the therme would 
not vanish. 

6725
05:56:38,400 --> 05:56:41,000
In the Eastern Empire. 
Massive baths, still thrived. 

6726
05:56:41,000 --> 05:56:44,100
And in country Villages, people 
still sought natural hot springs

6727
05:56:44,100 --> 05:56:46,100
for Relief just as they always 
had. 

6728
05:56:47,100 --> 05:56:49,800
Rome had introduced the world to
the benefits of bathing. 

6729
05:56:49,800 --> 05:56:52,900
And subsequent Generations, 
would continue this Legacy. 

6730
05:56:53,900 --> 05:56:56,900
Perhaps future Generations. 
In better times would build new 

6731
05:56:56,900 --> 05:57:00,700
bathhouses or find new ways to 
use waters Healing Touch. 

6732
05:57:01,500 --> 05:57:04,700
Marcus Rose and made his final 
rounds, snuffing out lamps and 

6733
05:57:04,700 --> 05:57:07,500
securing doors. 
He took one last look at the 

6734
05:57:07,500 --> 05:57:10,500
silent Halls. 
This chapter was closing, but he

6735
05:57:10,508 --> 05:57:12,600
did not feel despair. 
Water. 

6736
05:57:12,600 --> 05:57:15,800
Soothing power was eternal and 
he believed that some day. 

6737
05:57:15,800 --> 05:57:17,900
It's fountains would flow again 
for those in need. 

6738
05:57:18,700 --> 05:57:22,100
With that hope, Marcus Fallon's 
left, the baths of diakon and 

6739
05:57:22,100 --> 05:57:25,800
shut its doors behind him in the
fading light, the great complex,

6740
05:57:25,800 --> 05:57:29,200
stood dark, and still a sleeping
giant to waiting a new dawn in 

6741
05:57:29,200 --> 05:57:30,200
some distant future.