Boring History For Sleep | The Entire History of Australia From the Dreamtime to Today

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Hey friends. 
Tonight, we're traveling to the 

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oldest inhabited continent, on 
Earth to a land where ancient 

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stories meet modern cities. 
Where Desert stretch endlessly 

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under stars, that guided 
Navigators for 60,000 years. 

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This is the story of Australia. 
A place that proves history 

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doesn't always move in straight 
lines and that sometimes the 

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older cultures, hold the newest 
wisdom. 

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So, as we ease in take a moment 
to, like the video, and let me 

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know where you're tuning in 
from, and what time it is for 

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you. 
Now, let's discover how deep 

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this history really is. 
Imagine trying to comprehend 

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65,000 years, that's roughly how
long humans have called 

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Australia home which means 
indigenous Australians were 

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already ancient. 
When the pyramids were built 

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already had established 
cultures. 

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When Rome was founded and had 
been telling their stories for 

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tens of thousands of years. 
Before anyone wrote down the 

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Epic of Gilgamesh, The Journey 
Begins in what indigenous 

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Australians called The Dream 
time, though that English word 

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doesn't quite capture the 
concept. 

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It's not really about dreams or 
sleeping, but about a time when 

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the world was being formed, when
ancestral beings traveled across

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the land, creating everything 
you see today. 

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These were not Gods sitting on 
mountain tops, issuing commands.

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They were more like the land 
itself. 

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Becoming conscious shaping 
itself into existence through 

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story and song. 
Picture the continent as it 

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might have appeared to those 
first arrivals a place. 

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So different from today's 
Australia that you'd barely 

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recognize it. 
Climate was wetter vast. 

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Lakes covered areas that now 
desert and megafauna roamed the 

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landscape. 
Like something from a natural 

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history museum, come to life. 
There were giant. 

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Wombats the size of small cars, 
marsupial lions. 

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That would make today's big 
cats. 

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Look modest and kangaroos that 
stood. 10 feet tall. 

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Australia was essentially a 
continent-sized Wildlife Park 

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featuring animals that Evolution
had been tinkering with in 

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isolation for millions of years.
The people who arrived during 

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this time, came by sea, which 
tells you something remarkable 

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about human ingenuity. 
They couldn't have walked even 

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during ice ages. 
When sea levels dropped 

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dramatically, there was always 
water between Asia and 

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Australia. 
So these were accidental 

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Castaways washed up on random 
Shore's. 

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They were deliberate voyages who
looked at the ocean and decided 

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to see what lay Beyond it, 
making them possibly the world's

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first true Mariners. 
What they found was a continent 

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that required completely 
different survival strategies 

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from anywhere to live before. 
Seasonal patterns, they'd known 

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in, Asia, didn't apply here. 
The plants and animals were 

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unlike anything, they'd 
encountered, traditional hunting

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techniques needed adaptation. 
It was like being handed a 

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cookbook written in an 
unfamiliar language for 

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ingredients that didn't exist 
back home. 

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But humans are remarkably good 
at figuring things out and these

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early Australians became experts
at reading a landscape that 

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seemed determined to keep it 
secrets. 

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They learned which plants were 
edible, which could be made 

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edibles through careful 
preparation and, which should 

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never be touched they discovered
that certain rocks when struck 

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together produced better tools 
than others. 

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They figured out that fire used 
strategically could transform 

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the landscape into a more 
productive hunting ground. 

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This last Innovation, the 
systematic use of fire to manage

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the land was probably the most 
consequential decision in 

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Australian history. 
By burning specific areas at 

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specific times. 
In indigenous Australians 

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created a mosaic of different 
habitats encouraging certain 

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plants while discouraging 
others, making it easier to hunt

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and essentially becoming the 
continents first environmental 

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managers, the Australia that 
Europeans would eventually 

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encounter was not pristine 
Wilderness. 

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Untouched by human hands. 
It was a carefully cultivated 

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landscape shaped by thousands of
years of deliberate management. 

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The Dreamtime stories that 
emerge from this period, weren't

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just entertainment or religious 
texts, they were encyclopedias 

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of practical knowledge encoded 
in narrative form. 

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A story about an ancestral being
traveling from Waterhole to 

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waterholes, was also a survival 
map. 

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A tale about animals behaving in
certain ways. 

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Contained observations about 
ecology and seasonal patterns. 

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These stories were technology 
passed down through generations 

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with the kind of precision that 
modern people, reserved for 

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manufacturing specifications, 
different groups, developed 

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different stories for different 
Landscapes, because Australia 

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isn't one environment. 
But doesn't The tropical North 

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had little in common with the 
temperance. 

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South The coastal regions? 
Born, no. 

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Resemblance to the Arid 
interior. 

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Each environment, required its 
own body of knowledge. 

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Its own set of stories, and its 
own understanding of how to live

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sustainably in a specific place.
By the time European ship 

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appeared on the horizon 
indigenous Australian to 

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developed hundreds of distinct 
cultures speaking more than two 

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150 languages from multiple 
languages families. 

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Imagine more linguistic 
diversity in one continent than 

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in all of Europe. 
These weren't primitive tribes 

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waiting for civilization to 
arrive. 

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They were sophisticated 
societies with complex, social 

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structures, extensive trade 
networks, and bodies of 

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knowledge that had been refined 
over Millennia. 

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Their population was probably 
somewhere between 300,000 and a 

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million people though estimates 
vary because and here's an 

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important Point, indigenous 
Australians didn't live like 

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Europeans. 
They didn't build cities, 

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construct, permanent monuments, 
or practice agriculture. 

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In ways Europeans would 
recognize, this didn't mean they

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were less Advanced, it meant 
they developed a different kind 

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of sophistication. 
One based on deep ecological 

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knowledge and sustainable 
resource use rather than 

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environmental transformation. 
Chapter 2, the island continent 

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in isolation. 
While the rest of the world was 

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writing history, building 
Empires, and generally making a 

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fuss about civilization. 
Australia. 

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Remained largely separate from 
these Global dramas. 

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The continents isolation was so 
complete that it developed like 

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a parallel universe where 
Evolution took different paths 

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and human societies followed 
different trajectories this 

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isolation produced some 
wonderfully strange results. 

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Mammals in Australia decided 
that the whole placental thing 

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was overrated and stuck with the
marsupial approach carrying 

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babies in pouches and generally 
doing mammalian life 

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differently. 
Plants evolved in directions 

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that baffled later botanists 
entire ecosystems developed 

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without any of the animals or 
plants that dominated other 

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continents. 
For indigenous Australians, this

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isolation meant their cultures 
evolved without the disruptions 

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that characterized other parts 
of the world. 

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There were no invasions from 
distant Empires know wholesale, 

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adoptions of foreign religions 
and no waves of migration 

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bringing new technologies or 
diseases. 

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Change happens, slowly driven by
internal Dynamics, rather than 

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external pressures. 
This doesn't mean indigenous 

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Australian societies were static
or unchanging. 

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That's a myth. 
That Europeans would later. 

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Use to justify colonization 
cultures. 

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Evolved, new practices emerged 
trade routes shifted and 

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knowledge, continued to 
accumulate, but the pace of 

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change was different and the 
direction was oriented toward 

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deepening, understanding of the 
land rather than transforming 

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it. 
The coastal Aboriginal groups 

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developed sophisticated phishing
techniques including fish traps.

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That could be seen from space. 
Extensive Stone Arrangements. 

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That channeled fish and catching
areas Inland groups created 

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wells in the desert maintained 
complex, Water Management 

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Systems a new how to find 
moisture in the most unlikely 

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places. 
Northern groups traded with 

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Indonesian fishermen, who came 
seasonally to harvest trap, 

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creating economic relationships,
that predated European contact 

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by centuries. 
The seasonal round the cyclical 

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movement of groups through their
territories timed to coincide 

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with the availability of 
different. 

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Resources was a Marvel of 
logistical planning. 

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It required detailed knowledge 
of when specific plants would 

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fruit when certain animals would
be most available and how to 

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arrange social Gatherings. 
So that dispersed groups could 

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come together for ceremonies 
marriages and the exchange of 

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goods and knowledge. 
These gatherings were like 

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conferences where the latest 
Innovations were shared 

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alliances were confirmed and 
young people learned from 

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Elders, across multiple 
communities. 

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Informational traveled Slowly by
modern standards but reliably 

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moving along trade routes that 
connected groups separated by 

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thousands of miles. 
The spiritual life of indigenous

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Australians was Inseparable from
their practical life, the 

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Dreamtime wasn't ancient 
history. 

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It was an eternal present 
constantly renewed through 

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ceremony and song. 
Initiation rituals were just 

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social markers, but educational 
intensives, where young people 

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learned the Deep knowledge of 
their culture. 

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Sacred sites weren't merely 
symbolic, but were actual places

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where specific events and 
creation occurred as real to 

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indigenous Australians, as 
historical battlefields are to 

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Modern Nations art, served 
multiple purposes, aesthetic 

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expression, certainly, but also,
as mnemonic devices, territorial

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markers and records of 
knowledge. 

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Rock art sites across Australia 
contain images, tens of 

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thousands of years old, making 
them some of Humanity's oldest 

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continuous artistic traditions. 
Some paintings have been 

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maintained and renewed for so 
long that they represent 

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unbroken chains of cultural 
transmission stretching back 

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into periods that European 
history. 

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Considers prehistoric. the 
boomerang probably Australia's, 

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most famous contribution to 
World technology existed in 

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forms, ranging from simple, 
throwing sticks to precisely, 

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engineered returning boomerangs 
that required sophisticated 

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understanding of aerodynamics, 
Different designs, serve 

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different purposes and the 
knowledge of how to make him use

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them was specialized in value. 
Language was treated with a 

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reverence that modern society is
reserved for sacred texts. 

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Some languages had special forms
used only for ceremonies. 

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Others had secretary's known 
only to initiate, men or women. 

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The Precision of indigenous 
languages in describing 

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ecological relationships kinship
structures and temporal Concepts

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often exceeded what English 
could express. 

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Requiring borrowed terms when 
anthropologists tried to explain

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these Concepts to European 
audiences as the centuries 

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rolled past. 
And remember we're talking about

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a time span, that makes the 
entire history of Western 

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Civilization. 
Look like a weekend indigenous 

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Australian societies, continue 
their steady existence. 

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They weathered climate changes 
that turned Lakes into deserts 

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adapted to shifting, resources 
and maintained cultural 

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continuity across time periods 
that saw Empires rise and fall 

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in other parts of the world. 
Chapter 3, distant ships and 

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first encounters. 
By the 17th century. 

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European ships had begun 
appearing in Australian Waters, 

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like, confused guests at a 
party. 

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They were invited to, he's 
weren't planned Voyages of 

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Discovery so much as 
navigational accidents ships, 

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Bound for the Dutch East Indies,
that had miscalculated, 

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Portuguese vessels that might 
have visited, but left. 

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No, clear records. 
And Chinese Traders whose 

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presence is suggested by 
artifacts. 

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But remains historically 
ambiguous, the Dutch were the 

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first Europeans to deffley. 
Make contact though, contact 

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might be too generous or word. 
Dutch Navigators, touched 

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various points along the 
Australian coast between 1606 

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and 1756. 
Took one, look at the Arid 

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Landscapes. 
They encountered an essentially 

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decided the whole continent was 
not worth the effort. 

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They named it New Holland with 
all the enthusiasm of someone 

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naming, a particularly boring 
committee noted, the presence of

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indigenous people without much 
interest and sailed away to find

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places with more obvious 
commercial potential, these 

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early encounters were like, two 
people trying to have a 

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conversation without sharing a 
language context or basic 

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understanding of what the other 
wanted. 

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Dutch Sailors, saw empty land 
without the markers of 

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civilization. 
They recognized, no cities. 

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No agriculture, no obvious. 
Well, indigenous Australians saw

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strange visitors who clearly had
no idea how to survive in this 

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country and would probably leave
soon. 

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The most famous of these early 
visitors was William dampier. 

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An English pirate Explorer and 
cereal exaggerator who visited 

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the north west coast in 1,688. 
And again, in 1,699 dampier's, 

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00:12:27,600 --> 00:12:30,400
description of indigenous 
Australians were spectacularly 

239
00:12:30,400 --> 00:12:33,600
uncharitable calling them the 
Miserables people in the world. 

240
00:12:33,600 --> 00:12:37,900
This from a man whose career 
highlights included piracy and 

241
00:12:37,900 --> 00:12:40,000
whose survival skills. 
Apparently didn't include 

242
00:12:40,000 --> 00:12:43,400
figuring out how to thrive in a 
desert climate without thousands

243
00:12:43,400 --> 00:12:45,200
of years of accumulated, local 
knowledge. 

244
00:12:46,300 --> 00:12:48,700
But dampier's accounts 
circulated in England and 

245
00:12:48,700 --> 00:12:51,600
Europe, creating Impressions 
that would influence later. 

246
00:12:51,600 --> 00:12:55,100
Attitudes the irony is that the 
people dampier dismissed? 

247
00:12:55,100 --> 00:12:58,000
As miserable had been living 
successfully in one of Earth's 

248
00:12:58,000 --> 00:13:01,100
harshest, environments for 
Millennia while dampier needed. 

249
00:13:01,100 --> 00:13:04,100
Elaborate ships supplies from 
Europe and navigational 

250
00:13:04,100 --> 00:13:08,100
instruments, just to visit 
briefly then came James Cook in 

251
00:13:08,100 --> 00:13:11,900
1770 and suddenly the Europeans 
got serious about this land, 

252
00:13:11,900 --> 00:13:15,000
they'd been ignoring Cook's 
Voyage along the east coast was 

253
00:13:15,000 --> 00:13:17,700
different from earlier visits 
because it was systematic 

254
00:13:17,700 --> 00:13:20,800
scientific and accompanied by 
artists and naturalists who 

255
00:13:20,800 --> 00:13:24,500
documented everything they saw. 
Joseph Banks. 

256
00:13:24,500 --> 00:13:28,500
The Expeditions botanist was so 
excited by the new species. 

257
00:13:28,500 --> 00:13:31,600
He found that the expedition to 
First Landing site was named 

258
00:13:31,600 --> 00:13:35,000
Botany Bay in honor of his 
enthusiasm cooks and counters 

259
00:13:35,000 --> 00:13:38,300
with indigenous, Australians 
along the coast were mixed at 

260
00:13:38,300 --> 00:13:40,600
some places. 
Local people showed curiosity 

261
00:13:40,600 --> 00:13:44,000
about the visitors at others. 
They made it clear, the stranger

262
00:13:44,000 --> 00:13:47,600
should leave There was a notable
incident at Botany Bay, where 

263
00:13:47,600 --> 00:13:50,700
indigenous, men tried to drive 
the British away which was both 

264
00:13:50,700 --> 00:13:53,800
Brave and completely reasonable.
Give them the armed foreigners 

265
00:13:53,800 --> 00:13:57,500
are just showed up uninvited 
what cooking is crew didn't 

266
00:13:57,500 --> 00:14:00,000
understand was that they were 
meeting people with established 

267
00:14:00,000 --> 00:14:03,700
territories, complex societies 
and no particular interest in 

268
00:14:03,700 --> 00:14:07,500
European trade goods or 
Christian salvation The 

269
00:14:07,500 --> 00:14:10,100
indigenous Australians who 
watched Cooks ships sail passed 

270
00:14:10,100 --> 00:14:12,100
weren't, all struck by European 
technology. 

271
00:14:12,800 --> 00:14:15,200
They were probably wondering 
what these people wanted and 

272
00:14:15,200 --> 00:14:18,500
when they'd leave Cook's 
journals described indigenous 

273
00:14:18,500 --> 00:14:21,600
Australians more charitably than
dampier had noting their 

274
00:14:21,600 --> 00:14:25,000
apparent contentment and health.
He observed that they seemed to 

275
00:14:25,008 --> 00:14:28,000
want nothing that Europeans 
possessed, which banks found 

276
00:14:28,000 --> 00:14:30,500
remarkable. 
Here, were people who looked at 

277
00:14:30,508 --> 00:14:34,400
European Goods, metal tools 
cloth, manufactured items, and 

278
00:14:34,400 --> 00:14:37,400
basically Shrugged. 
This should have suggested that 

279
00:14:37,400 --> 00:14:40,100
indigenous Australians had 
successful material cultures 

280
00:14:40,100 --> 00:14:42,500
that met their needs. 
But Europeans tended to 

281
00:14:42,500 --> 00:14:45,400
interpret it as evidence of 
primitive news rather than 

282
00:14:45,400 --> 00:14:48,600
cultural difference. 
The really consequential part of

283
00:14:48,600 --> 00:14:52,000
cooks Voyage came when he sailed
into possession Island and one 

284
00:14:52,000 --> 00:14:54,700
of history is more questionable,
legal Maneuvers, claimed the 

285
00:14:54,708 --> 00:14:57,300
entire eastern coast of 
Australia for Britain under the 

286
00:14:57,300 --> 00:14:59,300
doctrine of Terror, nullius 
land. 

287
00:14:59,300 --> 00:15:03,100
Belonging to No One. 
This was not since obviously the

288
00:15:03,100 --> 00:15:05,900
land belonged to the hundreds of
indigenous groups who had lived 

289
00:15:05,900 --> 00:15:10,000
there for 65,000 years. 
But European law had developed, 

290
00:15:10,000 --> 00:15:13,300
convenient fiction, that allowed
colonizers to ignore indigenous 

291
00:15:13,300 --> 00:15:16,500
ownership and Tara Alias was one
of the most pernicious. 

292
00:15:18,500 --> 00:15:21,100
Chapter 4. 
The First Fleet and unwanted 

293
00:15:21,100 --> 00:15:25,200
beginnings. 
Britain's decision to colonize 

294
00:15:25,200 --> 00:15:27,600
Australia, had nothing to do 
with the continents potential 

295
00:15:27,600 --> 00:15:30,600
and everything to do with a 
criminally overcrowded prison 

296
00:15:30,600 --> 00:15:32,900
system. 
After losing the American 

297
00:15:32,900 --> 00:15:35,200
Revolution. 
Britain suddenly lacked a 

298
00:15:35,200 --> 00:15:37,600
convenient place to ship 
convicts an Australian 

299
00:15:37,600 --> 00:15:40,300
colonization was essentially a 
massive exercise. 

300
00:15:40,300 --> 00:15:44,100
In out of sight, out of mind, 
criminal justice policy, 

301
00:15:45,600 --> 00:15:48,200
Picture. 
The First Fleet 11 ships 

302
00:15:48,200 --> 00:15:52,300
carrying about 1500 people 
including over 700 convicts, 

303
00:15:52,300 --> 00:15:55,900
sailing to the other side of the
world, to establish a colony in 

304
00:15:55,900 --> 00:15:57,500
a place. 
None of them had ever seen. 

305
00:15:59,100 --> 00:16:02,500
The voyage took eight months 
which gives you plenty of time 

306
00:16:02,500 --> 00:16:03,800
to contemplate Your Life 
Choices. 

307
00:16:03,800 --> 00:16:07,100
These were not hardened 
criminals for the most part but 

308
00:16:07,100 --> 00:16:10,800
people convicted of theft 
coaching and other crimes that 

309
00:16:10,800 --> 00:16:14,500
were more about poverty than 
violence. when the First Fleet 

310
00:16:14,500 --> 00:16:18,600
arrived at Botany Bay in January
1788 they discovered that cooks 

311
00:16:18,600 --> 00:16:22,200
glowing description had been 
somewhat optimistic The bay was 

312
00:16:22,200 --> 00:16:25,500
shallow exposed to wind, and 
generally unsuitable for 

313
00:16:25,500 --> 00:16:28,100
settlement. 
After a few days of looking 

314
00:16:28,100 --> 00:16:30,800
around and probably 
reconsidering their entire plan,

315
00:16:30,800 --> 00:16:32,600
they moved North to Port 
Jackson. 

316
00:16:32,600 --> 00:16:37,200
What would become Sydney Harbour
and on January 26th, Arthur 

317
00:16:37,200 --> 00:16:39,500
Philippa established, the first 
European settlement on 

318
00:16:39,500 --> 00:16:43,600
Australian soil. 
That date January 26th would 

319
00:16:43,600 --> 00:16:47,000
eventually become Australia day 
though, indigenous Australians 

320
00:16:47,000 --> 00:16:49,100
understandably view it as 
Invasion day. 

321
00:16:49,700 --> 00:16:53,200
The beginning of dispossession 
disease and cultural 

322
00:16:53,200 --> 00:16:56,100
destruction. 
It's a date that carries very 

323
00:16:56,100 --> 00:16:59,000
different meanings, depending on
your perspective, which tells 

324
00:16:59,000 --> 00:17:01,500
you something about how 
complicated Australian history 

325
00:17:01,500 --> 00:17:06,000
remains the early colony was a 
disaster waiting to happen with 

326
00:17:06,000 --> 00:17:09,400
the emphasis on disaster. 
Britain had sent convicts and 

327
00:17:09,407 --> 00:17:13,200
guards but not nearly enough 
Farmers supplies, or people who 

328
00:17:13,200 --> 00:17:16,300
knew anything about agriculture.
In Australian conditions, the 

329
00:17:16,300 --> 00:17:20,300
first crops failed supplies ran.
Low people went hungry. 

330
00:17:21,300 --> 00:17:24,000
The Colony survived, its first 
years, through a combination of 

331
00:17:24,000 --> 00:17:27,900
desperate in Provisions, limited
trade, with indigenous groups 

332
00:17:27,900 --> 00:17:31,500
and Supply ships from Britain 
that arrived with frustrating A 

333
00:17:31,500 --> 00:17:33,900
regularity. 
In indigenous, people of the 

334
00:17:33,900 --> 00:17:37,300
Sydney region, the Euro Nation, 
watch these newcomers with a 

335
00:17:37,308 --> 00:17:42,200
mixed of curiosity, concern and 
growing alarm. at first, there 

336
00:17:42,200 --> 00:17:44,400
might have been hoped that the 
British would leave once they 

337
00:17:44,400 --> 00:17:48,000
realized how unsuited they were 
to local conditions but as the 

338
00:17:48,000 --> 00:17:51,200
settlement persisted and 
expanded it became clear these 

339
00:17:51,200 --> 00:17:55,200
visitors intended to stay The 
relationship between colonizers 

340
00:17:55,200 --> 00:17:57,700
and Indigenous Australians, 
deteriorated quickly. 

341
00:17:58,400 --> 00:18:01,600
The British saw empty land. 
Ready for use indigenous 

342
00:18:01,600 --> 00:18:04,600
Australians saw their 
territories being occupied their

343
00:18:04,600 --> 00:18:06,600
resources being depleted and 
their way of life being 

344
00:18:06,600 --> 00:18:09,900
threatened. 
Spears met muskets, traditional 

345
00:18:09,900 --> 00:18:13,800
hunting grounds became British 
Farms sacred sites were cleared 

346
00:18:13,800 --> 00:18:17,000
for buildings. 
Smallpox hit Sydney's indigenous

347
00:18:17,000 --> 00:18:20,600
population, in 1789, killing 
roughly half, the Euro people, 

348
00:18:20,600 --> 00:18:24,000
whether this was deliberately 
introduced as some historians 

349
00:18:24,000 --> 00:18:27,000
argue or accidentally 
transmitted remains debated, 

350
00:18:27,000 --> 00:18:29,400
either way. 
The impact was catastrophic 

351
00:18:29,400 --> 00:18:32,900
European diseases against which 
indigenous Australians had no 

352
00:18:32,900 --> 00:18:36,100
immunity reproved more deadly 
than European weapons over the 

353
00:18:36,100 --> 00:18:39,100
following decades. 
Some indigenous people tried to 

354
00:18:39,100 --> 00:18:43,000
work with the colonizers been 
along and your man learning 

355
00:18:43,000 --> 00:18:45,000
English and tried to bridge the 
cultural divide. 

356
00:18:45,800 --> 00:18:48,900
He traveled to England making 
George the third and returned to

357
00:18:48,900 --> 00:18:50,400
Sydney, where in English 
clothes. 

358
00:18:51,200 --> 00:18:53,200
But been along story, didn't 
have a happy ending. 

359
00:18:53,200 --> 00:18:57,700
He eventually became a strange 
from both cultures to change to 

360
00:18:57,700 --> 00:19:01,300
fully return to his previous 
life but never truly accepted by

361
00:19:01,300 --> 00:19:04,600
British Society. 
The Colony slowly stabilized and

362
00:19:04,600 --> 00:19:07,500
grew more convicts. 
Arrived free. 

363
00:19:07,500 --> 00:19:10,300
Settlers began coming, Lord by 
land Grant's. 

364
00:19:11,100 --> 00:19:14,200
The British pushed further 
Inland and with each expansion 

365
00:19:14,200 --> 00:19:17,200
indigenous Australians were 
pushed off their traditional 

366
00:19:17,200 --> 00:19:19,600
lands. 
Sometimes this happened through 

367
00:19:19,600 --> 00:19:23,200
negotiation or coercion often, 
it happened through violence, 

368
00:19:23,200 --> 00:19:25,600
that Colonial authorities, 
preferred not to document to 

369
00:19:25,600 --> 00:19:28,900
carefully. 
By the early 1800s, the pattern 

370
00:19:28,900 --> 00:19:31,500
was set. 
British settlements expanded 

371
00:19:31,500 --> 00:19:35,100
along the coast and Inland 
indigenous resistance met 

372
00:19:35,100 --> 00:19:38,200
military response, diseases 
spread through indigenous 

373
00:19:38,200 --> 00:19:41,300
populations faster than the 
settlements themselves expanded 

374
00:19:41,300 --> 00:19:44,600
and Britain, began to realize 
that this prison Colony might 

375
00:19:44,600 --> 00:19:51,400
actually become something more 
substantial. 5 Wolfe gold and 

376
00:19:51,400 --> 00:19:56,200
the rush to claim a continent. 
The transformation of Australia 

377
00:19:56,200 --> 00:19:59,100
from penal colony to economic 
Powerhouse happened. 

378
00:19:59,100 --> 00:20:01,900
Fastener than anyone expected 
and it had a lot to do with 

379
00:20:01,900 --> 00:20:05,600
sheep specifically, Merino 
sheep, whose wall turned out to 

380
00:20:05,600 --> 00:20:07,700
grow exceptionally, well, in 
Australian conditions. 

381
00:20:07,700 --> 00:20:12,800
By the 1820s will exports were 
making certain colonists very 

382
00:20:12,800 --> 00:20:16,600
wealthy and suddenly Australia, 
looked less, like, a Dumping 

383
00:20:16,600 --> 00:20:19,300
Ground for criminals and more 
like an opportunity for 

384
00:20:19,300 --> 00:20:22,900
ambitious settlers The land 
grants that Britain offered free

385
00:20:22,900 --> 00:20:26,900
settlers were generous to put it
mildly, thousands of acres to 

386
00:20:26,900 --> 00:20:30,400
anyone willing, to establish a 
farm, of course, these grants 

387
00:20:30,400 --> 00:20:33,000
completely ignored that the 
land, belonged to indigenous 

388
00:20:33,000 --> 00:20:34,800
groups who had managed it for 
millennia. 

389
00:20:35,600 --> 00:20:38,000
But Colonial authorities 
operated under the convenient 

390
00:20:38,000 --> 00:20:41,800
fiction of Terra nullius 
treating Australia as empty land

391
00:20:41,800 --> 00:20:45,700
free for the taking. squatters 
settlers who simply moved onto 

392
00:20:45,700 --> 00:20:48,500
land without official permission
pushed the boundaries of 

393
00:20:48,500 --> 00:20:51,100
settlement even faster than 
colonial governments could keep 

394
00:20:51,100 --> 00:20:55,000
track of They'd find good 
grazing land established sheep, 

395
00:20:55,000 --> 00:20:57,500
stations, and essentially, dare 
the authorities to do anything 

396
00:20:57,500 --> 00:21:00,300
about it. 
Most of the time, the government

397
00:21:00,300 --> 00:21:03,200
eventually, recognized these 
illegal settlements because 

398
00:21:03,200 --> 00:21:04,900
stopping them would have 
required resources. 

399
00:21:04,900 --> 00:21:07,500
The Colony didn't have for 
indigenous Australians. 

400
00:21:07,500 --> 00:21:11,400
This expansion was catastrophic,
their traditional lands were 

401
00:21:11,400 --> 00:21:14,300
taken for sheep stations. 
Water holes were monopolized by 

402
00:21:14,308 --> 00:21:17,200
pastoral stations hunting 
grounds were fenced off. 

403
00:21:18,200 --> 00:21:20,100
When indigenous people can 
continue to use their 

404
00:21:20,100 --> 00:21:23,700
traditional territories which 
they had every right to do, they

405
00:21:23,700 --> 00:21:26,800
were treated as thieves and 
trespasses on their own land. 

406
00:21:27,800 --> 00:21:31,100
Frontier violence escalated into
what historians now recognized 

407
00:21:31,100 --> 00:21:34,800
as guerrilla, warfare indigenous
groups conducted raids on 

408
00:21:34,800 --> 00:21:37,700
pastoral stations, taking sheep 
and supplies. 

409
00:21:38,500 --> 00:21:41,800
Settlers responded with punitive
Expeditions that often turned 

410
00:21:41,800 --> 00:21:45,000
into massacres Colonial 
authorities, mostly looked the 

411
00:21:45,000 --> 00:21:47,100
other way. 
And most of this violence went 

412
00:21:47,100 --> 00:21:50,200
unrecorded, making it difficult 
to know the full extent of the 

413
00:21:50,200 --> 00:21:53,800
deaths. 
Then came 1851 and everything 

414
00:21:53,800 --> 00:21:57,400
accelerated. 
Gold was discovered first in New

415
00:21:57,408 --> 00:22:00,000
South Wales. 
And then in Victoria sparking 

416
00:22:00,000 --> 00:22:01,900
one of History's, great gold 
rushes. 

417
00:22:02,700 --> 00:22:05,500
Suddenly Australia was flooded 
with Prospectors from around the

418
00:22:05,500 --> 00:22:08,900
world. 
Chinese miners, American 49ers 

419
00:22:08,900 --> 00:22:12,200
who missed California's, Gold, 
Rush, British workers seeking 

420
00:22:12,200 --> 00:22:14,600
fortune and adventurers from 
everywhere. 

421
00:22:15,400 --> 00:22:18,100
The gold rushes transformed. 
Australia's demographics and 

422
00:22:18,100 --> 00:22:21,900
economy overnight Melbourne. 
Grew From a small town to a 

423
00:22:21,900 --> 00:22:23,400
substantial City within a few 
years. 

424
00:22:23,400 --> 00:22:27,700
The population doubled in a 
decade wealth in from the 

425
00:22:27,700 --> 00:22:31,100
goldfields funding construction.
Commerce, and the beginning of 

426
00:22:31,100 --> 00:22:34,200
an Australian identity, that was
less about being British and 

427
00:22:34,200 --> 00:22:37,800
more about being Australian. 
The gold Fields were remarkably 

428
00:22:37,800 --> 00:22:40,700
Democratic compared to most of 
19th century Society. 

429
00:22:40,700 --> 00:22:44,700
Anyone could try their luck 
convicts who served their time 

430
00:22:44,700 --> 00:22:48,500
free, settlers indigenous 
Australians Chinese immigrants 

431
00:22:48,500 --> 00:22:52,400
and people from every social 
class, your success depended on 

432
00:22:52,400 --> 00:22:54,800
luck and determination rather 
than birth or connection. 

433
00:22:54,800 --> 00:22:57,800
This created a rough 
egalitarianism that would 

434
00:22:57,800 --> 00:22:59,500
influence Australian culture for
Generations. 

435
00:23:00,700 --> 00:23:03,900
Of course, this democracy had 
limits Chinese miners faced 

436
00:23:03,900 --> 00:23:07,400
particular discrimination blamed
for everything from taking gold 

437
00:23:07,400 --> 00:23:09,600
that should have gone to 
Europeans to undermining wage 

438
00:23:09,600 --> 00:23:11,900
standards. 
Taxes and restrictions 

439
00:23:11,900 --> 00:23:15,700
specifically targeted Chinese 
miners, revealing the Australian

440
00:23:15,700 --> 00:23:19,500
and galatar in his extended, 
mainly to Europeans in 

441
00:23:19,500 --> 00:23:22,000
indigenous Australians, were 
largely excluded from the 

442
00:23:22,000 --> 00:23:25,300
goldfields pushed aside by The 
Rush of Prospectors flooding 

443
00:23:25,300 --> 00:23:28,600
across their territories. 
The Eureka Stockade incident in 

444
00:23:28,600 --> 00:23:31,700
1854, became one of the founding
myths of Australian democracy, 

445
00:23:31,700 --> 00:23:35,600
minors in Ballarat, frustrated 
by expensive, licensees and 

446
00:23:35,600 --> 00:23:38,700
government corruption, built a 
stockade and raise a flag 

447
00:23:38,700 --> 00:23:43,000
soldiers, attacked killing about
30 minus in a brief violent, 

448
00:23:43,000 --> 00:23:46,700
confrontation, The Rebellion 
failed military but succeeded 

449
00:23:46,700 --> 00:23:49,200
politically. 
It led to reforms that made the 

450
00:23:49,200 --> 00:23:52,400
colonies more democratic and 
became a symbol of Australian 

451
00:23:52,400 --> 00:23:57,100
Independence and workers rights.
By the 1860s Australia had been 

452
00:23:57,100 --> 00:24:00,700
transformed from a collection of
prison colonies to a prosperous 

453
00:24:00,700 --> 00:24:04,600
growing Society. 
The convict era was ending the 

454
00:24:04,600 --> 00:24:07,600
last convict ship arrived in 
Western Australia in 1868. 

455
00:24:08,300 --> 00:24:10,400
Free immigration. 
Now, dwarfed forced 

456
00:24:10,400 --> 00:24:13,600
Transportation cities were 
growing industries were 

457
00:24:13,600 --> 00:24:16,400
developing and the colonies were
gaining increasing autonomy. 

458
00:24:16,400 --> 00:24:20,200
From British rule, But this 
Prosperity came at a cost that 

459
00:24:20,200 --> 00:24:23,900
wasn't equally distributed while
European settlers celebrated 

460
00:24:23,900 --> 00:24:26,900
growth and opportunity 
indigenous Australians face 

461
00:24:26,900 --> 00:24:30,100
continuing dispossession, 
violence and population 

462
00:24:30,100 --> 00:24:32,500
collapse. 
Their numbers are decreased 

463
00:24:32,500 --> 00:24:34,200
dramatically from pre-contact 
levels. 

464
00:24:34,200 --> 00:24:38,000
Ravaged by disease violence and 
the destruction of traditional 

465
00:24:38,000 --> 00:24:43,400
ways of life. 
Chapter 6, making a nation from 

466
00:24:43,400 --> 00:24:48,600
six arguments. 
By the 1890s, Australia 

467
00:24:48,600 --> 00:24:51,600
consisted of six, separate 
colonies, New South Wales, 

468
00:24:51,600 --> 00:24:54,800
Victoria Queen's Land, South 
Australia, Western Australia, 

469
00:24:54,800 --> 00:24:59,500
and Tasmania each with its own 
government laws, and tendency to

470
00:24:59,500 --> 00:25:01,900
view the others as rivals or 
inconveniences. 

471
00:25:03,000 --> 00:25:05,700
Getting them to agree to form a 
single nation, was like, trying 

472
00:25:05,700 --> 00:25:08,800
to organize, a family reunion 
where everyone thinks they 

473
00:25:08,800 --> 00:25:11,400
should be in. 
Charge, the push for Federation 

474
00:25:11,400 --> 00:25:14,600
came from a mixture of practical
needs, and National sentiment 

475
00:25:14,600 --> 00:25:17,200
the colonies needed to 
coordinate defense. 

476
00:25:17,200 --> 00:25:21,300
There were periodic scares about
foreign powers especially Russia

477
00:25:21,300 --> 00:25:25,100
and later, Germany threatening 
Australian Waters, they needed 

478
00:25:25,100 --> 00:25:28,100
to standardize Railway gauges, 
which were embarrassingly 

479
00:25:28,100 --> 00:25:29,600
different across Colonial 
borders. 

480
00:25:29,600 --> 00:25:33,100
Meaning Goods had to be unloaded
and reloaded when Crossing from 

481
00:25:33,100 --> 00:25:36,000
one colony to another. 
And there was a growing sense 

482
00:25:36,000 --> 00:25:38,500
that Australian shared enough in
common to deserve their own 

483
00:25:38,500 --> 00:25:41,800
Nation rather than remaining a 
collection of British colonies. 

484
00:25:41,800 --> 00:25:44,400
The process of creating this 
nation involved. 

485
00:25:44,400 --> 00:25:48,300
A lot of arguing constitutional 
conventions, met debated, 

486
00:25:48,300 --> 00:25:52,200
adjourned and met again. 
Representatives from each colony

487
00:25:52,200 --> 00:25:55,500
lobbying for their interests. 
Small colonies, worried about 

488
00:25:55,500 --> 00:25:59,400
being dominated by large ones, 
large colonies, resented, giving

489
00:25:59,400 --> 00:26:01,400
small colonies equal 
representation. 

490
00:26:02,200 --> 00:26:05,300
Everyone had opinions about 
everything and getting six 

491
00:26:05,300 --> 00:26:07,400
colonies to agree on 
constitutional language. 

492
00:26:07,400 --> 00:26:09,400
Proved only slightly easier than
actual nation. 

493
00:26:09,400 --> 00:26:12,800
Building usually is One of the 
key compromises involved 

494
00:26:12,800 --> 00:26:16,000
creating a federal capital in 
New South Wales to appease the 

495
00:26:16,000 --> 00:26:19,300
most popular Colony. 
But located at least 100 miles 

496
00:26:19,300 --> 00:26:23,100
from Sydney to appease Victoria 
which thoughts Sydney had too 

497
00:26:23,100 --> 00:26:26,300
much influence already. 
This eventually led to Canberra 

498
00:26:26,300 --> 00:26:29,200
a purpose-built capital that 
would become famous for its 

499
00:26:29,200 --> 00:26:32,800
planned layout, bureaucratic 
atmosphere, and ability to make.

500
00:26:32,800 --> 00:26:35,400
Visitors, wonder why anyone 
thought building a city from 

501
00:26:35,400 --> 00:26:37,600
scratch and sheep grazing, 
country was a good idea. 

502
00:26:38,500 --> 00:26:42,300
The Constitution that emerged in
1901 created a federal system 

503
00:26:42,300 --> 00:26:45,200
that borrowed heavily from both 
Britain and the United States, 

504
00:26:45,200 --> 00:26:48,600
there would be a parliament with
two houses, a House of 

505
00:26:48,600 --> 00:26:51,600
Representatives, based on 
population and a senate giving 

506
00:26:51,608 --> 00:26:55,400
equal representation to each 
state. executive power would 

507
00:26:55,400 --> 00:26:58,400
rest with a prime minister and 
cabinet responsible to 

508
00:26:58,400 --> 00:27:01,400
Parliament, And the British 
monarch would remain head of 

509
00:27:01,400 --> 00:27:04,900
state represented by a governor 
general because cutting ties. 

510
00:27:04,900 --> 00:27:07,800
Completely with Britain seemed 
too radical for 1901. 

511
00:27:08,700 --> 00:27:10,300
What the Constitution didn't 
address? 

512
00:27:10,300 --> 00:27:13,900
At least not positively was 
indigenous Australians. 

513
00:27:14,700 --> 00:27:19,700
Section 127 specifically 
excluded Aboriginal natives from

514
00:27:19,700 --> 00:27:21,300
being counted in the National 
census. 

515
00:27:22,300 --> 00:27:25,500
Section 51 gave the federal 
government power to make laws, 

516
00:27:25,500 --> 00:27:28,500
about all people except the 
Aboriginal race. 

517
00:27:29,400 --> 00:27:32,800
This exclusion wasn't accidental
oversight, but deliberate policy

518
00:27:32,800 --> 00:27:36,400
reflecting, prevailing beliefs 
that indigenous Australians were

519
00:27:36,400 --> 00:27:39,100
a dying race. 
That would soon vanish entirely 

520
00:27:39,100 --> 00:27:42,400
solving what colonizes viewed as
the Aboriginal problem. 

521
00:27:43,500 --> 00:27:45,300
The other notable exclusion 
involved. 

522
00:27:45,300 --> 00:27:47,800
What would become known as the 
white Australia policy? 

523
00:27:49,000 --> 00:27:52,200
The immigration restriction Act 
of 1901 was designed to keep 

524
00:27:52,200 --> 00:27:56,000
non-europeans especially Chinese
and Pacific, Islander people 

525
00:27:56,000 --> 00:28:00,300
from immigrating to Australia. 
It used dictation tests. 

526
00:28:00,300 --> 00:28:03,400
That could be administered in 
any European language to exclude

527
00:28:03,400 --> 00:28:07,500
unwanted immigrants a system. 
So transparently discriminatory 

528
00:28:07,500 --> 00:28:10,300
that it became a model for 
racist, immigration policies, 

529
00:28:10,300 --> 00:28:14,000
elsewhere. 
Federation Day, January 1st, 

530
00:28:14,000 --> 00:28:17,500
1901 and celebrated with 
enthusiasm by most white 

531
00:28:17,500 --> 00:28:20,900
Australians, there were parades 
speeches and general 

532
00:28:20,900 --> 00:28:22,800
celebrations of the new 
Commonwealth of Australia. 

533
00:28:24,000 --> 00:28:26,600
For indigenous Australians, it 
was just another day in an 

534
00:28:26,600 --> 00:28:29,500
ongoing dispossession. 
Now to be conducted by a federal

535
00:28:29,500 --> 00:28:34,900
government in state of colonial 
ones, Chapter 7, Wars, 

536
00:28:34,900 --> 00:28:37,700
depression and defining 
Australian identity. 

537
00:28:40,400 --> 00:28:42,900
The new Australian Nation barely
had time to settle into 

538
00:28:42,900 --> 00:28:47,100
existence before World War one 
came along and like a demanding 

539
00:28:47,100 --> 00:28:50,200
relative insisted Australia 
prove its maturity through 

540
00:28:50,200 --> 00:28:53,800
military service. 
When Britain declared war in 

541
00:28:53,800 --> 00:28:56,900
1914, Australia was 
automatically at War 2. 

542
00:28:56,900 --> 00:28:59,800
That's how the British 
Commonwealth worked and 

543
00:28:59,800 --> 00:29:02,500
Australians volunteered in 
extraordinary numbers. 

544
00:29:03,400 --> 00:29:06,900
The Australian and New Zealand. 
Army Corps, the anzacs landed at

545
00:29:06,900 --> 00:29:11,000
Gallipoli in Turkey, in April 
1915, as part of a british-led 

546
00:29:11,000 --> 00:29:13,600
campaign, That was supposed to 
knock the Ottoman Empire out of 

547
00:29:13,608 --> 00:29:15,700
the war. 
Instead, it turned into an 

548
00:29:15,700 --> 00:29:19,100
eight-month military disaster. 
Where Allied Forces were pinned 

549
00:29:19,100 --> 00:29:22,200
on beaches and cliffs taking 
heavy casualties for no 

550
00:29:22,200 --> 00:29:25,900
strategic gain. 
The campaign failed completely 

551
00:29:25,900 --> 00:29:29,500
something, interesting happened 
in that failure Australians 

552
00:29:29,500 --> 00:29:34,200
developed a national mythology. 
Anzac Day, April 25th became 

553
00:29:34,200 --> 00:29:37,100
Australia's most important 
National commemoration, not 

554
00:29:37,100 --> 00:29:41,300
celebrating Victory, but 
honoring sacrifice makeshift and

555
00:29:41,300 --> 00:29:44,000
the Anzac Spirit of endurance 
under impossible conditions. 

556
00:29:44,000 --> 00:29:47,000
There's something distinctly 
Australian about choosing a 

557
00:29:47,000 --> 00:29:49,300
military defeat as your defining
national moment. 

558
00:29:49,300 --> 00:29:52,700
Suggesting that how you handle 
adversity matters more than 

559
00:29:52,700 --> 00:29:56,300
winning. 
Over 60,000 Australian soldiers 

560
00:29:56,300 --> 00:29:59,800
died in World War 1. 
Staggering number for a nation 

561
00:29:59,800 --> 00:30:03,300
of fewer than five million 
people hardly a town or suburb 

562
00:30:03,300 --> 00:30:06,600
wasn't touched by grief. 
Warmer memorials went up in 

563
00:30:06,600 --> 00:30:09,900
every Community listing names 
that often represented 

564
00:30:09,900 --> 00:30:13,700
significant percentages of local
young men. the war changed 

565
00:30:13,700 --> 00:30:17,000
Australia from a collection of 
former colonies into a nation 

566
00:30:17,000 --> 00:30:20,300
that had proven itself on the 
world stage though, the price of

567
00:30:20,300 --> 00:30:24,500
that proof was heartbreakingly 
high, the 1920s brought recovery

568
00:30:24,500 --> 00:30:28,900
and prosperity briefly 
Australia's economy, grew cities

569
00:30:28,900 --> 00:30:33,700
expanded and there was a sense 
that the worst was behind Then 

570
00:30:33,700 --> 00:30:36,900
came 1929 and the Great 
Depression hitting Australia, 

571
00:30:36,900 --> 00:30:39,700
particularly hard, because the 
economy depended heavily on 

572
00:30:39,700 --> 00:30:43,200
exports of wool and wheat both 
of which collapsed in value 

573
00:30:43,200 --> 00:30:47,900
unemployment reached 30% people,
queued for government relief 

574
00:30:47,900 --> 00:30:51,600
that barely kept families fed. 
Shanty towns grew on City 

575
00:30:51,600 --> 00:30:55,300
outskirts, the Great Depression 
tested Australian institutions, 

576
00:30:55,300 --> 00:30:57,900
and social cohesion, in ways 
that would influence politics 

577
00:30:57,900 --> 00:31:01,000
for Generations labor unions 
gained strength. 

578
00:31:01,000 --> 00:31:04,100
Pushing for better conditions 
and greater economic equality 

579
00:31:05,000 --> 00:31:07,800
Conservative forces worried 
about radicalism and communism. 

580
00:31:07,800 --> 00:31:11,500
Political tensions, ran high 
occasionally, spilling into 

581
00:31:11,500 --> 00:31:13,900
violence. 
Australia. 

582
00:31:13,900 --> 00:31:16,500
Whether the depression without 
Revolution or dictatorship, 

583
00:31:16,500 --> 00:31:18,900
which was something of an 
achievement given what was 

584
00:31:18,900 --> 00:31:22,100
happening in other parts of the 
world but the experience left 

585
00:31:22,100 --> 00:31:24,100
lasting marks on Australian 
Society. 

586
00:31:24,100 --> 00:31:27,500
World War 2 came along just as 
Australia was recovering from 

587
00:31:27,500 --> 00:31:30,700
the depression and this time, 
the threat was existential. 

588
00:31:31,500 --> 00:31:34,100
When Japan entered the war 
Australia, suddenly faced 

589
00:31:34,100 --> 00:31:37,100
Invasion by a military power 
that was advancing rapidly 

590
00:31:37,100 --> 00:31:41,700
through South East Asia. 
Fall of Singapore in 1942 where 

591
00:31:41,700 --> 00:31:44,700
British Promises of Defense 
collapsed and thousands of 

592
00:31:44,700 --> 00:31:47,700
Australian soldiers were 
captured marked a turning point 

593
00:31:47,700 --> 00:31:51,600
in Australian strategic thinking
prime minister John, Curtin made

594
00:31:51,600 --> 00:31:53,900
a famous declaration. 
That Australia would look to 

595
00:31:53,900 --> 00:31:57,800
America rather than Britain for 
security explicitly 

596
00:31:57,800 --> 00:32:00,600
acknowledging that Britain could
no longer protect his distant 

597
00:32:00,600 --> 00:32:03,200
Dominion. 
American General, Douglas 

598
00:32:03,200 --> 00:32:05,800
MacArthur made Australia, his 
headquarters for the Pacific 

599
00:32:05,800 --> 00:32:09,400
War, American servicemen flooded
into Australian cities. 

600
00:32:09,400 --> 00:32:11,600
The battle of the Coral, Sea 
stopped. 

601
00:32:11,600 --> 00:32:15,300
Japanese Naval forces heading 
toward Australia, The first time

602
00:32:15,300 --> 00:32:18,600
Australians faced war in their 
own region rather than fighting 

603
00:32:18,600 --> 00:32:21,200
in distant European or middle 
eastern campaigns. 

604
00:32:21,800 --> 00:32:24,800
The war accelerated Australia's 
transformation from British 

605
00:32:24,800 --> 00:32:29,800
colony to independent nation. 
After 1945 there was no going 

606
00:32:29,800 --> 00:32:32,300
back to assuming Britain would 
handle defense and foreign 

607
00:32:32,300 --> 00:32:34,800
policy. 
Australian needed to develop its

608
00:32:34,800 --> 00:32:38,400
own International relationships.
Strengthen its military and 

609
00:32:38,400 --> 00:32:41,400
think about its place in the 
asia-pacific region rather than 

610
00:32:41,400 --> 00:32:43,800
imagining itself as a distant 
Outpost of Europe. 

611
00:32:45,800 --> 00:32:48,500
Chapter 8 post-war 
transformation and cultural 

612
00:32:48,500 --> 00:32:52,900
Awakening. 
The decades after World War 2 

613
00:32:52,900 --> 00:32:55,900
saw Australia transform more 
rapidly than in all its previous

614
00:32:55,900 --> 00:32:58,500
history. 
The government launched a 

615
00:32:58,500 --> 00:33:01,200
massive immigration program 
under the slogan, populate or 

616
00:33:01,208 --> 00:33:03,300
perish. 
Bringing over two million 

617
00:33:03,300 --> 00:33:09,000
immigrants between 1945 and 1947
like 1965 The initial Focus was 

618
00:33:09,000 --> 00:33:12,400
on British immigrants but as 
numbers fell short Australia, 

619
00:33:12,400 --> 00:33:15,000
expanded to accept displaced 
persons from Europe. 

620
00:33:15,700 --> 00:33:19,200
Poles, ukrainians yugoslavs 
Greeks and Italians. 

621
00:33:20,200 --> 00:33:22,700
This immigration challenged the 
white Australia policies 

622
00:33:22,700 --> 00:33:24,800
assumptions without directly 
confronting them. 

623
00:33:25,500 --> 00:33:27,900
The Government tried to maintain
the policy while accepting 

624
00:33:27,900 --> 00:33:30,700
Southern Europeans. 
Who earlier Generations might 

625
00:33:30,700 --> 00:33:32,300
not have considered properly 
White. 

626
00:33:33,100 --> 00:33:36,300
Italian and Greek immigrants, 
faced discrimination were called

627
00:33:36,308 --> 00:33:40,200
derogatory names and struggled 
for acceptance, but their 

628
00:33:40,200 --> 00:33:42,600
presence began diversifying what
it meant to be Australian. 

629
00:33:43,300 --> 00:33:46,000
These immigrants, changed 
Australian, food, culture, and 

630
00:33:46,000 --> 00:33:49,000
cities suburbs. 
That had been relentlessly, 

631
00:33:49,000 --> 00:33:51,400
British became Multicultural 
neighborhoods. 

632
00:33:52,200 --> 00:33:54,300
Coffee Culture. 
Arrived, with Italian immigrants

633
00:33:54,300 --> 00:33:56,700
who were horrified by Australian
coffee habits. 

634
00:33:57,500 --> 00:34:00,500
Greek restaurant, introduced 
Australians to cuisine's beyond 

635
00:34:00,500 --> 00:34:04,300
meat, Pie's and fish and chips. 
European immigrants, brought 

636
00:34:04,300 --> 00:34:07,800
different attitudes about food, 
family and Leisure, that 

637
00:34:07,800 --> 00:34:10,000
gradually influenced broader 
Australian culture. 

638
00:34:10,000 --> 00:34:14,600
The 1950s and 1960s were all. 
So when indigenous Australians 

639
00:34:14,600 --> 00:34:17,100
began organizing more 
effectively for civil rights, 

640
00:34:17,900 --> 00:34:20,699
They had fought in both world 
wars worked in Industry, 

641
00:34:20,699 --> 00:34:23,800
supporting the war effort and 
then returned to lives defined 

642
00:34:23,800 --> 00:34:27,400
by discrimination and legal 
restrictions in Queensland. 

643
00:34:27,400 --> 00:34:30,199
And the Northern Territory 
indigenous workers on cattle. 

644
00:34:30,199 --> 00:34:32,199
Stations lived, under 
conditions, barely 

645
00:34:32,199 --> 00:34:36,600
distinguishable from servitude. 
In southern states indigenous, 

646
00:34:36,600 --> 00:34:39,600
people faced segregation in 
housing, education, and public 

647
00:34:39,600 --> 00:34:44,000
spaces. 
A freedom rides of 1965 inspired

648
00:34:44,000 --> 00:34:46,699
by American Civil. 
Rights activism saw students 

649
00:34:46,699 --> 00:34:49,600
from the University of Sydney 
travel through rural New South 

650
00:34:49,608 --> 00:34:52,300
Wales. 
Wales documenting discrimination

651
00:34:52,300 --> 00:34:55,699
and protesting segregation in 
swimming pools, Cinemas and 

652
00:34:55,699 --> 00:34:58,900
other public spaces. these 
protests brought national 

653
00:34:58,900 --> 00:35:02,000
attention to inequalities that 
most Urban Australians preferred

654
00:35:02,000 --> 00:35:07,300
not to think about The real 
breakthrough came in 1967 with a

655
00:35:07,300 --> 00:35:09,700
referendum, asking Australians 
to remove constitutional 

656
00:35:09,700 --> 00:35:12,400
Provisions. 
Excluding indigenous Australians

657
00:35:12,400 --> 00:35:15,200
from the Census and prohibiting 
the federal government from 

658
00:35:15,200 --> 00:35:18,700
making laws for the Over 90% 
voted. 

659
00:35:18,700 --> 00:35:22,000
Yes, one of the highest 
referendum results in Australian

660
00:35:22,000 --> 00:35:24,500
history. 
It didn't immediately change in 

661
00:35:24,500 --> 00:35:27,500
indigenous lives, but it 
represented a shift in National 

662
00:35:27,500 --> 00:35:30,400
attitudes like knowledgement 
that exclusion and 

663
00:35:30,400 --> 00:35:34,200
discrimination had to end. 
The white Australia policies. 

664
00:35:34,200 --> 00:35:37,300
Dismantling happened gradually 
through the 1960s and early 

665
00:35:37,300 --> 00:35:40,600
1970s. 
First restrictions ease 

666
00:35:40,600 --> 00:35:43,400
slightly, then acceptions 
multiplied. 

667
00:35:44,100 --> 00:35:47,500
Finally in 1973 the whitlam 
government officially ended 

668
00:35:47,500 --> 00:35:51,200
racial discrimination in 
Immigration policy. this opened 

669
00:35:51,200 --> 00:35:54,300
Australia to Asian immigration, 
fundamentally changing, the 

670
00:35:54,300 --> 00:35:58,200
nation's demographic, trajectory
The Vietnamese refugees arrived 

671
00:35:58,200 --> 00:36:00,900
after the Vietnam War 
establishing communities that 

672
00:36:00,900 --> 00:36:04,900
enriched Australian Society. 
Asian skilled, migration 

673
00:36:04,900 --> 00:36:08,400
increased By the 1980s, 
Australia was receiving 

674
00:36:08,400 --> 00:36:11,900
immigrants from every continent 
transforming cities into 

675
00:36:11,900 --> 00:36:15,600
genuinely Multicultural places. 
Sydney and Melbourne became 

676
00:36:15,600 --> 00:36:18,800
among the world's, most diverse 
cities with neighborhoods, where

677
00:36:18,800 --> 00:36:21,500
dozens of languages could be 
heard and restaurants 

678
00:36:21,500 --> 00:36:24,200
representing Cuisines from every
corner of the globe. 

679
00:36:24,200 --> 00:36:27,500
These changes were smooth or 
universally welcomed. 

680
00:36:27,500 --> 00:36:31,100
There were tensions racist, 
incidents, and political 

681
00:36:31,100 --> 00:36:33,000
movements resisting 
multiculturalism. 

682
00:36:33,900 --> 00:36:37,200
Pauline Hanson's, One Nation 
party emerged in the 1990s. 

683
00:36:37,200 --> 00:36:40,500
Arguing the Asian immigration 
threatened Australian identity. 

684
00:36:41,600 --> 00:36:45,100
These resistance movements 
represented minorities, most 

685
00:36:45,100 --> 00:36:47,000
Australians adapted to diverse 
City. 

686
00:36:47,000 --> 00:36:49,700
Recognizing that 
multiculturalism wasn't 

687
00:36:49,700 --> 00:36:52,600
destroying Australian identity 
but creating a new version of 

688
00:36:52,600 --> 00:36:54,900
it. 
The Arts flourished during this 

689
00:36:54,900 --> 00:36:57,700
period. 
Australian Cinema experience to 

690
00:36:57,700 --> 00:37:00,600
renees once with films that 
explored Australian themes, and 

691
00:37:00,600 --> 00:37:07,200
Landscapes rock bands, like AC 
/, DC, and IMX sieved in 

692
00:37:07,200 --> 00:37:10,700
international success. 
Australian literature gained 

693
00:37:10,700 --> 00:37:12,700
recognition Beyond simply being 
exotic. 

694
00:37:12,700 --> 00:37:15,100
British writing from the 
southern hemisphere. 

695
00:37:15,900 --> 00:37:18,400
There was growing confidence 
that Australian culture could 

696
00:37:18,400 --> 00:37:22,000
stand on its own terms rather 
than constantly referencing 

697
00:37:22,000 --> 00:37:26,600
British or American models. 
Chapter 9, land rights 

698
00:37:26,600 --> 00:37:32,800
reconciliation and unfinished 
business. the 1970s and 1980s 

699
00:37:32,800 --> 00:37:35,500
saw indigenous Australians push 
harder for land, rights 

700
00:37:35,500 --> 00:37:39,500
recognition and 
self-determination The case that

701
00:37:39,500 --> 00:37:43,700
changed, everything was Miller 
Balco, the govt land rights case

702
00:37:43,700 --> 00:37:46,800
where young people from Land 
Challenge mining on their 

703
00:37:46,800 --> 00:37:49,200
traditional country, they lost 
in court. 

704
00:37:49,200 --> 00:37:52,100
But the case generated national 
attention and political 

705
00:37:52,100 --> 00:37:53,300
pressure, that couldn't be 
ignored. 

706
00:37:54,800 --> 00:37:57,300
Prime minister, Gough, whitlam, 
responded by establishing the 

707
00:37:57,300 --> 00:37:59,700
Aboriginal land Rights 
Commission which led to the 

708
00:37:59,708 --> 00:38:02,500
Northern Territory land Rights 
Act of 1976. 

709
00:38:03,400 --> 00:38:06,500
This was the first legislation 
recognizing indigenous land 

710
00:38:06,500 --> 00:38:09,300
ownership based on traditional 
connection rather than British 

711
00:38:09,300 --> 00:38:12,400
legal Concepts. 
Indigenous communities could now

712
00:38:12,400 --> 00:38:14,900
claim unallocated Crown Land in 
the Northern Territory. 

713
00:38:14,900 --> 00:38:18,700
If they could prove traditional 
ownership, it was limited and 

714
00:38:18,700 --> 00:38:20,200
didn't extend the rest of 
Australia. 

715
00:38:20,200 --> 00:38:23,800
But in established the principle
that Terra nullius was a fiction

716
00:38:23,800 --> 00:38:26,200
and Indigenous land rights 
existed. 

717
00:38:27,000 --> 00:38:30,400
The real bombshell came in 1992 
with the marble decision. 

718
00:38:31,100 --> 00:38:34,700
Eddie mabo and Maryam man from 
the Torres Strait Islands had 

719
00:38:34,700 --> 00:38:38,000
been fighting since 1982 for 
recognition that his people 

720
00:38:38,000 --> 00:38:41,500
owned their traditional lands. 
the high Court's decision in 

721
00:38:41,500 --> 00:38:45,100
mabou V Queensland, finally 
overturned, terranus ruling that

722
00:38:45,108 --> 00:38:48,200
native title existed and had 
survived British colonization, 

723
00:38:48,200 --> 00:38:51,200
where indigenous people 
maintained continuous connection

724
00:38:51,200 --> 00:38:55,100
to land, this was revolutionary 
like discovering that the Legal 

725
00:38:55,100 --> 00:38:57,500
Foundation of Australian land 
ownership had been built on 

726
00:38:57,500 --> 00:39:00,900
quicksand It didn't mean all 
Australian land suddenly 

727
00:39:00,900 --> 00:39:03,900
reverted to indigenous ownership
but it meant that indigenous 

728
00:39:03,900 --> 00:39:06,700
people could claim native title 
where they could prove 

729
00:39:06,700 --> 00:39:10,000
continuous connection and where 
the land hadn't been developed 

730
00:39:10,000 --> 00:39:12,100
or granted away under other 
legal processes. 

731
00:39:13,500 --> 00:39:17,000
The native title Act of 1993 
tried to create a framework for 

732
00:39:17,000 --> 00:39:20,300
recognizing these rights while 
protecting existing Property 

733
00:39:20,300 --> 00:39:22,400
Owners. 
The result was complex 

734
00:39:22,400 --> 00:39:26,100
legalistic and often frustrating
for indigenous claimants, but it

735
00:39:26,100 --> 00:39:28,800
was still remarkable progress. 
Compared to the blanket denial 

736
00:39:28,800 --> 00:39:32,100
of indigenous rights that had 
characterized Australian law for

737
00:39:32,100 --> 00:39:35,400
two centuries. 
The stolen generation's issue 

738
00:39:35,400 --> 00:39:37,300
emerged into public 
Consciousness during this 

739
00:39:37,300 --> 00:39:40,100
period. 
For decades, Australian 

740
00:39:40,100 --> 00:39:43,200
governments had systematically 
removed indigenous children from

741
00:39:43,200 --> 00:39:45,700
their families. 
Under a simulation policies, 

742
00:39:45,700 --> 00:39:48,800
placing them in institutions or 
with white families. 

743
00:39:49,600 --> 00:39:52,800
The idea was to breed out 
indigenous identity by raising 

744
00:39:52,800 --> 00:39:56,100
children without connection to 
their culture, families or 

745
00:39:56,100 --> 00:40:00,100
communities. 
The 1997, bringing them home 

746
00:40:00,100 --> 00:40:03,100
report, documented this practice
and devastating detail. 

747
00:40:03,900 --> 00:40:07,500
Tens of thousands of children, 
forcibly removed families 

748
00:40:07,500 --> 00:40:11,100
destroyed cultures disrupted and
psychological trauma. 

749
00:40:11,100 --> 00:40:13,400
That affected, not just 
individuals, but entire 

750
00:40:13,400 --> 00:40:17,800
communities across Generations. 
The report recommended a formal 

751
00:40:17,800 --> 00:40:22,100
apology, but prime minister, 
John Howard refused arguing that

752
00:40:22,100 --> 00:40:24,900
present generation, shouldn't 
apologize for past actions. 

753
00:40:24,900 --> 00:40:29,900
This refusal became increasingly
controversial in 2008. 

754
00:40:29,900 --> 00:40:33,900
Newly elected prime minister 
Kevin Rudd made a formal apology

755
00:40:33,900 --> 00:40:37,200
to the stolen generation's in 
Parliament acknowledging, the 

756
00:40:37,200 --> 00:40:39,500
suffering caused by forced 
removal policies. 

757
00:40:39,500 --> 00:40:43,700
It was an emotional moment. 
Many stolen generation survivors

758
00:40:43,700 --> 00:40:46,500
were present in Parliament, and 
the apology was broadcast 

759
00:40:46,500 --> 00:40:49,700
nationality. 
It didn't undo the harm, but it 

760
00:40:49,700 --> 00:40:52,000
represented official 
acknowledgment of his historical

761
00:40:52,000 --> 00:40:53,400
Injustice. 
Yep. 

762
00:40:53,400 --> 00:40:56,500
Progress on indigenous issues 
remained frustratingly, slow and

763
00:40:56,500 --> 00:40:58,800
uneven. 
The Gap in life expectancy, 

764
00:40:58,800 --> 00:41:03,500
Health outcomes, education and 
employment between indigenous 

765
00:41:03,500 --> 00:41:07,000
and non-indigenous Australians 
persisted despite numerous 

766
00:41:07,000 --> 00:41:10,600
government programs. 
Remote indigenous, communities 

767
00:41:10,600 --> 00:41:14,600
face particular challenges, 
inadequate, Services, Limited, 

768
00:41:14,600 --> 00:41:18,100
economic opportunities, and the 
ongoing impacts of historical 

769
00:41:18,100 --> 00:41:21,700
dispossession. 
Constitutional recognition of 

770
00:41:21,700 --> 00:41:24,100
indigenous Australians, became a
long-running debate. 

771
00:41:24,900 --> 00:41:28,000
The Constitution still 
contained, Provisions from 1901,

772
00:41:28,000 --> 00:41:30,300
that excluded or marginalized 
indigenous. 

773
00:41:30,300 --> 00:41:33,600
People multiple proposals for 
constitutional reform were 

774
00:41:33,600 --> 00:41:36,900
debated designed and discussed 
but creating change that 

775
00:41:36,900 --> 00:41:39,500
satisfied. 
Both indigenous communities and 

776
00:41:39,500 --> 00:41:43,100
required referendum. 
Majority is proved elusive the 

777
00:41:43,100 --> 00:41:47,200
2017 Uluru statement from the 
heart issued by indigenous, 

778
00:41:47,200 --> 00:41:49,600
leaders called for 
constitutional reform 

779
00:41:49,600 --> 00:41:51,100
establishing a voice to 
Parliament. 

780
00:41:51,100 --> 00:41:54,700
A permanent indigenous advisory 
body, that would ensure 

781
00:41:54,700 --> 00:41:58,900
indigenous communities had input
into policies affecting them The

782
00:41:58,900 --> 00:42:01,900
Proposal sparked debate about 
constitutional change in 

783
00:42:01,900 --> 00:42:04,700
indigenous representation and 
the relationship between 

784
00:42:04,700 --> 00:42:07,700
indigenous and non-indigenous 
Australia that continues today. 

785
00:42:09,300 --> 00:42:12,600
Chapter 10, modern Australia, in
a changing world. 

786
00:42:15,400 --> 00:42:19,300
As the 20th century ended, and 
the 21st began Australia, found 

787
00:42:19,300 --> 00:42:22,500
itself, navigating an identity 
that was increasingly complex. 

788
00:42:22,500 --> 00:42:26,500
No longer simply British but not
quite willing to embrace being 

789
00:42:26,500 --> 00:42:29,000
Asian despite geography 
Australia. 

790
00:42:29,000 --> 00:42:32,400
Occupied an interesting middle 
ground, a western democracy in 

791
00:42:32,400 --> 00:42:35,200
the asia-pacific region with a 
population, becoming more 

792
00:42:35,200 --> 00:42:39,100
diverse with each passing year. 
The Sydney Olympics, in 2000, 

793
00:42:39,100 --> 00:42:42,100
became a showcase for this 
modern Australia. the opening 

794
00:42:42,100 --> 00:42:45,500
ceremony featured indigenous 
performers, prominently, Cathy 

795
00:42:45,500 --> 00:42:49,200
Freeman and Indigenous athlete 
the Olympic flame and later won 

796
00:42:49,200 --> 00:42:52,000
Gold in the 400 meters while 
carrying both the Australian and

797
00:42:52,000 --> 00:42:56,400
Aboriginal Flags It was a moment
of national pride that tried to 

798
00:42:56,400 --> 00:42:59,500
bridge historical divisions 
though, many noted that Olympic 

799
00:42:59,500 --> 00:43:02,000
symbolism was easier than 
addressing substantive, 

800
00:43:02,000 --> 00:43:05,500
indigenous disadvantage, the 
Republic debates similar 

801
00:43:05,500 --> 00:43:09,500
throughout the 1990s and came to
a head with a 1999 referendum. 

802
00:43:09,500 --> 00:43:12,200
Asking Australians, if they 
wanted to replace the British 

803
00:43:12,200 --> 00:43:13,700
monarch with an Australian 
president. 

804
00:43:14,500 --> 00:43:17,700
The result was complicated, 
polls showed many Australian 

805
00:43:17,700 --> 00:43:20,900
supported becoming a republican 
principle, but the specific 

806
00:43:20,900 --> 00:43:25,100
model proposed where Parliament 
would elect the president didn't

807
00:43:25,100 --> 00:43:28,300
satisfy either monarchists or 
Republicans, who wanted direct 

808
00:43:28,300 --> 00:43:31,100
election. 
The referendum failed and 

809
00:43:31,100 --> 00:43:33,600
Australia retained, Queen 
Elizabeth, the second, as head 

810
00:43:33,600 --> 00:43:36,500
of state, a reminder that 
changing constitutional 

811
00:43:36,500 --> 00:43:39,200
Arrangements requires more than 
vague sentiment. 

812
00:43:40,200 --> 00:43:42,900
Australia's economy transformed 
during these decades through a 

813
00:43:42,900 --> 00:43:46,700
process, politely called 
economic reform, but which 

814
00:43:46,700 --> 00:43:50,400
involves significant pain for 
many communities, manufacturing 

815
00:43:50,400 --> 00:43:53,300
declined, as globalization 
shifted production to Asia, 

816
00:43:54,100 --> 00:43:57,400
Mining boomed, as China's growth
created, enormous demand for 

817
00:43:57,400 --> 00:44:01,100
Australian iron ore, coal and 
natural gas service, Industries 

818
00:44:01,100 --> 00:44:03,500
expanded, the economy, grew 
overall. 

819
00:44:03,500 --> 00:44:06,800
The benefits were distributed 
equally within a city 

820
00:44:06,808 --> 00:44:09,700
professional workers doing well,
while outer suburban and 

821
00:44:09,700 --> 00:44:12,100
Regional areas struggled with 
job losses and declining 

822
00:44:12,100 --> 00:44:14,100
services. 
The mining. 

823
00:44:14,100 --> 00:44:17,600
Boom of the 2002 brought 
extraordinary wealth, 

824
00:44:17,600 --> 00:44:20,600
particularly to Western 
Australia where iron ore mines 

825
00:44:20,600 --> 00:44:22,400
produced billions in export 
Revenue. 

826
00:44:22,400 --> 00:44:25,900
This created an interesting 
Dynamic where mining companies 

827
00:44:25,900 --> 00:44:28,300
and state governments grew Rich 
while debates. 

828
00:44:28,300 --> 00:44:30,900
Raged about whether enough 
wealth was being captured for 

829
00:44:30,900 --> 00:44:34,500
broader public benefit through 
taxes, and royalties, climate 

830
00:44:34,500 --> 00:44:36,200
change. 
Became an increasingly divisive 

831
00:44:36,200 --> 00:44:39,100
political issue. 
Australia is particularly 

832
00:44:39,100 --> 00:44:42,300
vulnerable to climate impacts 
droughts become more, severe 

833
00:44:42,300 --> 00:44:45,800
bushfires, more frequent and 
intense Coral, bleaching 

834
00:44:45,800 --> 00:44:48,900
threatens, the Great Barrier 
Reef and Coastal communities 

835
00:44:48,900 --> 00:44:52,300
face Rising Seas. 
Yet, Australia's economy. 

836
00:44:52,300 --> 00:44:55,600
Depends heavily on coal and gas 
exports creating political 

837
00:44:55,600 --> 00:44:58,700
tensions between environmental 
concerns and economic interests.

838
00:44:59,900 --> 00:45:04,000
The Millennium drought of the 
late 1990s through 2000 hits 

839
00:45:04,000 --> 00:45:07,700
Southeastern Australia, 
particularly hard, major cities 

840
00:45:07,700 --> 00:45:11,400
implemented, water restrictions 
Farmers, watch crops, fail and 

841
00:45:11,400 --> 00:45:13,900
debates about Water Management. 
Dominated politics. 

842
00:45:14,600 --> 00:45:17,900
The drought of eventually broke.
But it previewed challenges that

843
00:45:17,900 --> 00:45:21,700
climate changes expected to 
intense of Then came the Black 

844
00:45:21,700 --> 00:45:24,200
Saturday. 
Bushfires of 2009 in Victoria. 

845
00:45:24,200 --> 00:45:26,700
The deadliest bush fires in 
Australian history. 

846
00:45:26,700 --> 00:45:31,300
Killing 173, people and 
destroying thousands of homes. 

847
00:45:32,700 --> 00:45:35,200
The fires generated their own 
weather systems. 

848
00:45:35,200 --> 00:45:38,700
Moved faster than people could 
flee and demonstrated the 

849
00:45:38,700 --> 00:45:42,400
devastating potential of extreme
fire conditions combined with 

850
00:45:42,400 --> 00:45:44,100
strong winds and record 
temperatures. 

851
00:45:45,200 --> 00:45:47,000
Immigration remained 
contentious. 

852
00:45:47,900 --> 00:45:50,600
Successive governments struggled
with a silent Seekers arriving 

853
00:45:50,600 --> 00:45:53,700
by boat implementing 
increasingly harsh deterrence 

854
00:45:53,700 --> 00:45:56,600
policies. 
Offshore detention centres in 

855
00:45:56,608 --> 00:46:00,200
nauru and Papua New Guinea, held
Asylum, Seekers and conditions 

856
00:46:00,200 --> 00:46:01,800
that Drew International 
criticism. 

857
00:46:03,000 --> 00:46:06,000
The political calculation was 
that being perceived as tough on

858
00:46:06,000 --> 00:46:09,900
borders, won more votes than 
humanitarian, concerns cost 

859
00:46:09,900 --> 00:46:12,700
revealing uncomfortable truths 
about Australian. 

860
00:46:12,700 --> 00:46:15,700
Political priorities. 
Meanwhile Australia's 

861
00:46:15,700 --> 00:46:18,400
relationship with China, grew 
more economically, important and

862
00:46:18,400 --> 00:46:21,700
politically complicated. 
China became Australia's largest

863
00:46:21,700 --> 00:46:24,000
trading partner. 
By far, buying Australian 

864
00:46:24,000 --> 00:46:26,400
resources at scales, that drove 
economic growth. 

865
00:46:27,300 --> 00:46:30,400
But strategic concerns about 
China's, Rising power, its 

866
00:46:30,400 --> 00:46:33,800
treatment of ethnic minorities 
and its increasingly assertive, 

867
00:46:33,800 --> 00:46:37,900
foreign policy created tensions 
between economic interests and 

868
00:46:37,900 --> 00:46:42,300
security concerns. 
The covid-19 pandemic in 2020 to

869
00:46:42,300 --> 00:46:45,600
2021 revealed both strengths and
limitations in Australian 

870
00:46:45,600 --> 00:46:47,900
governments. 
Border closures and lockdowns 

871
00:46:47,900 --> 00:46:50,200
contain the virus more 
successful than. 

872
00:46:50,200 --> 00:46:53,200
In many countries, keeping death
rates relatively low. 

873
00:46:54,000 --> 00:46:56,000
But border policies. 
Separated families. 

874
00:46:56,000 --> 00:46:58,800
Locked into International 
students and temporary residents

875
00:46:58,800 --> 00:47:02,100
out of support systems and 
exposed inequalities in. 

876
00:47:02,108 --> 00:47:05,400
Who could afford to whether 
extended lockdowns, state, 

877
00:47:05,400 --> 00:47:09,100
border closures, previously 
Unthinkable became routine with 

878
00:47:09,100 --> 00:47:11,700
States protecting their 
populations by restricting 

879
00:47:11,700 --> 00:47:14,400
movement in ways that divided 
families and disrupted 

880
00:47:14,400 --> 00:47:16,900
businesses. 
The pandemic revealed that 

881
00:47:16,900 --> 00:47:19,800
Australian federalism designed 
for an era of slow 

882
00:47:19,800 --> 00:47:22,400
communication. 
And transport could create as 

883
00:47:22,400 --> 00:47:25,100
many problems as it solved in a 
crisis, requiring rapid 

884
00:47:25,100 --> 00:47:28,500
coordinated response. 
The voice of parliament 

885
00:47:28,500 --> 00:47:30,800
referendum. 
In 2023 asked Australians 

886
00:47:30,800 --> 00:47:33,600
whether they supported 
constitutional change to 

887
00:47:33,600 --> 00:47:35,700
establish an indigenous advisory
body. 

888
00:47:36,500 --> 00:47:39,300
Despite initial polling showing 
support the referendum failed 

889
00:47:39,300 --> 00:47:43,300
with many Australians voting, 
no, for varied reasons, some are

890
00:47:43,300 --> 00:47:46,300
posed, constitutional change, 
others, wanted practical action 

891
00:47:46,300 --> 00:47:49,500
and stead of symbolic 
recognition and some were 

892
00:47:49,500 --> 00:47:52,100
influenced by misinformation 
campaigns about what the voice 

893
00:47:52,100 --> 00:47:54,800
would actually. 
Do the referendums failure 

894
00:47:54,800 --> 00:47:57,200
highlighted ongoing challenges 
and Reconciliation. 

895
00:47:58,200 --> 00:48:00,500
While most Australian supported 
in indigenous rights. 

896
00:48:00,500 --> 00:48:04,300
In abstract terms building, 
consents for specific reforms, 

897
00:48:04,300 --> 00:48:08,400
prove difficult, The gap between
symbolic recognition and 

898
00:48:08,400 --> 00:48:14,000
substantive change remained 
frustratingly wide. chapter 11, 

899
00:48:14,000 --> 00:48:20,500
the land itself, Australia's 
enduring character As we wind 

900
00:48:20,500 --> 00:48:23,500
down this long journey through 
Australian history, it's worth 

901
00:48:23,500 --> 00:48:27,600
considering the land itself. 
This vast ancient continent that

902
00:48:27,600 --> 00:48:31,000
has shaped everyone who has 
lived here from the first humans

903
00:48:31,000 --> 00:48:34,800
who arrived, 65,000 years ago, 
to the most recent, immigrant 

904
00:48:34,800 --> 00:48:38,000
stepping off a plane last week. 
Australia is the flattest. 

905
00:48:38,000 --> 00:48:41,800
Driest inhabited continent with 
soils, among the oldest and 

906
00:48:41,800 --> 00:48:44,800
least fertile on Earth. 
This isn't Prime agricultural 

907
00:48:44,800 --> 00:48:47,000
land, that generously yields, 
whatever you plant. 

908
00:48:47,800 --> 00:48:50,800
It's a landscape that demands 
respect knowledge and 

909
00:48:50,800 --> 00:48:53,900
adaptation. 
Indigenous Australians, learn 

910
00:48:53,900 --> 00:48:57,000
this over millennia. 
European settlers took longer 

911
00:48:57,000 --> 00:49:00,400
and made more mistakes. 
Sometimes spectacular ones. 

912
00:49:00,400 --> 00:49:03,500
The distance is almost 
incomprehensible to people from 

913
00:49:03,500 --> 00:49:06,800
smaller countries. 
You can drive for hours days 

914
00:49:06,800 --> 00:49:10,700
even and see nothing but 
scrubland the same eucalyptus 

915
00:49:10,700 --> 00:49:12,400
trees stretching to every 
Horizon. 

916
00:49:13,900 --> 00:49:16,500
There's a reason Australians 
measured distance in time rather

917
00:49:16,500 --> 00:49:19,200
than kilometers. 
About four hours up. 

918
00:49:19,200 --> 00:49:23,300
The road means more than its 350
kilometers away. 

919
00:49:24,200 --> 00:49:26,900
Because the real question is, 
how long you'll be driving 

920
00:49:26,900 --> 00:49:30,000
through that emptiness yet? 
This emptiness isn't really 

921
00:49:30,000 --> 00:49:32,700
empty. 
The Outback that looks Barren to

922
00:49:32,700 --> 00:49:36,200
European eyes teams with life if
you know how to look lizards 

923
00:49:36,200 --> 00:49:39,400
Sheltering under rocks, Birds 
nesting in impossible, places 

924
00:49:39,400 --> 00:49:43,400
and plants that survive years 
without rain and then burst into

925
00:49:43,400 --> 00:49:45,200
bloom. 
When moisture finally comes 

926
00:49:45,900 --> 00:49:48,600
Indigenous Australians could 
read this landscape like 

927
00:49:48,600 --> 00:49:52,600
Europeans read books seeing 
stories resources and knowledge 

928
00:49:52,600 --> 00:49:55,600
in every feature. 
The coast tell a different 

929
00:49:55,600 --> 00:49:58,700
story. 
Lush green and where most 

930
00:49:58,700 --> 00:50:02,200
Australians actually live over 
80% of the population. 

931
00:50:02,200 --> 00:50:05,700
Clusters along the coastline, 
particularly the eastern and 

932
00:50:05,700 --> 00:50:08,500
South Eastern, coasts. 
Leaving the interior, large 

933
00:50:08,500 --> 00:50:11,800
onion habited except for mining 
operations and small towns 

934
00:50:11,800 --> 00:50:14,100
connected by impossibly long 
roads. 

935
00:50:15,000 --> 00:50:17,200
This creates an odd situation 
where Australia is 

936
00:50:17,200 --> 00:50:19,400
simultaneously. 
One of the most urbanized 

937
00:50:19,400 --> 00:50:22,500
countries in the world and one 
with vast spaces were human 

938
00:50:22,500 --> 00:50:25,100
presence is minimal. 
The Great Barrier Reef 

939
00:50:25,100 --> 00:50:27,800
stretching for over 2000 
kilometers along the Queensland 

940
00:50:27,800 --> 00:50:31,600
Coast is the world's largest 
living structure visible from 

941
00:50:31,600 --> 00:50:34,300
space. 
It's a reminder that while the 

942
00:50:34,300 --> 00:50:37,900
land is ancient and weathered, 
the surrounding oceans are 

943
00:50:37,900 --> 00:50:41,000
Dynamic and Alive. 
The Reef faces existential 

944
00:50:41,000 --> 00:50:43,500
threats from warming Waters and 
ocean acidification. 

945
00:50:43,500 --> 00:50:47,200
Making it a symbol of broader 
environmental challenges. 

946
00:50:48,300 --> 00:50:50,500
Australian Wildlife. 
Remains gloriously. 

947
00:50:50,500 --> 00:50:54,900
Weird monotremes. 
Mammals that lay eggs exist. 

948
00:50:54,900 --> 00:50:57,400
Nowhere else. 
Marsupials dominate. 

949
00:50:57,400 --> 00:50:58,600
Where placental. 
Mammals. 

950
00:50:58,600 --> 00:51:01,400
Rule elsewhere. 
Venomous creatures abound 

951
00:51:01,400 --> 00:51:04,100
snakes. 
Spiders, jellyfish. 

952
00:51:04,100 --> 00:51:07,100
And even a venomous platypus 
because apparently regular 

953
00:51:07,100 --> 00:51:08,500
platter people weren't strange 
enough. 

954
00:51:09,400 --> 00:51:11,600
Yet, for all the dangerous 
wildlife reputation. 

955
00:51:11,600 --> 00:51:15,200
Australia is remarkably safe. 
If you exercise basic Common 

956
00:51:15,200 --> 00:51:18,800
Sense, unlike places with large 
predators that actually hunt 

957
00:51:18,800 --> 00:51:23,200
humans, The seasons run opposite
to the northern hemisphere which

958
00:51:23,200 --> 00:51:26,700
creates ongoing calendar. 
Confusion Christmas happens in 

959
00:51:26,700 --> 00:51:28,600
summer. 
Requiring Australians to 

960
00:51:28,600 --> 00:51:31,300
maintain European Traditions, 
like hot roast dinners in 

961
00:51:31,300 --> 00:51:34,500
sweltering heat while knowing 
that singing about snow and 

962
00:51:34,500 --> 00:51:37,800
winter wonderland is 
geographically nonsensical Some 

963
00:51:37,800 --> 00:51:40,800
things persist through cultural 
inertia regardless of 

964
00:51:40,800 --> 00:51:46,000
environmental fit. 
Chapter 12, what Australian 

965
00:51:46,000 --> 00:51:50,400
means to today? 
As you settle deeper into your 

966
00:51:50,400 --> 00:51:52,700
pillow, let's consider what 
Australia represents in the 

967
00:51:52,700 --> 00:51:55,800
early 21st century. 
Not the tourist brochure version

968
00:51:55,800 --> 00:51:59,400
with beaches not browsers, but 
the more complex reality of a 

969
00:51:59,400 --> 00:52:00,900
Nation. 
Still working out what it wants 

970
00:52:00,900 --> 00:52:03,800
to be Australia is one of the 
world's most successful. 

971
00:52:03,800 --> 00:52:07,400
Multicultural democracies a 
place where people from every 

972
00:52:07,400 --> 00:52:10,500
continent live together with 
generally less conflict than 

973
00:52:10,500 --> 00:52:14,400
history might predict. 
Over 30% of Australians were 

974
00:52:14,400 --> 00:52:17,700
born overseas and in cities like
Sydney and Melbourne that 

975
00:52:17,700 --> 00:52:22,300
percentage approaches. 40%. 
This diversity is now woven into

976
00:52:22,300 --> 00:52:25,300
Australian identity, rather than
threatening it though. 

977
00:52:25,300 --> 00:52:28,600
Individual incidents of racism. 
Remind us that acceptance isn't 

978
00:52:28,600 --> 00:52:33,400
Universal The Australian sense 
of humor self-deprecating ironic

979
00:52:33,400 --> 00:52:36,900
and slightly irreverent toward 
Authority remains a defining 

980
00:52:36,900 --> 00:52:39,600
characteristic. 
Australians, instinctively 

981
00:52:39,600 --> 00:52:43,700
deflate pomposity value 
authenticity over pretension and

982
00:52:43,700 --> 00:52:45,500
use nicknames as signs of 
affection. 

983
00:52:46,700 --> 00:52:49,200
This can sometimes frustrate 
visitors from more formal 

984
00:52:49,200 --> 00:52:51,900
cultures, but it creates a 
social environment where 

985
00:52:51,900 --> 00:52:54,500
hierarchy is less rigid than in 
many societies. 

986
00:52:55,900 --> 00:52:59,200
Makeshift that quintessentially,
Australian, concept values, 

987
00:52:59,200 --> 00:53:02,500
loyalty, helping others and 
standing by your friends. 

988
00:53:03,600 --> 00:53:06,400
It emerged from the harsh 
conditions of early, colonial 

989
00:53:06,400 --> 00:53:10,100
life where cooperation meant 
survival got reinforced through 

990
00:53:10,100 --> 00:53:13,600
military experiences and now 
shapes everything from workplace

991
00:53:13,600 --> 00:53:16,700
culture to political rhetoric. 
Though, makeshift has 

992
00:53:16,700 --> 00:53:19,300
historically been quite 
masculine in its emphasis, 

993
00:53:19,300 --> 00:53:22,300
contemporary understanding has 
broadened to include more 

994
00:53:22,300 --> 00:53:24,800
diverse forms of solidarity and 
Community Support. 

995
00:53:25,700 --> 00:53:28,600
The tyranny of distance 
Australia's isolation from Major

996
00:53:28,600 --> 00:53:31,500
World centers, has shaped 
National psychology. 

997
00:53:31,500 --> 00:53:35,100
In interesting ways Australians 
are simultaneously provincial 

998
00:53:35,100 --> 00:53:38,100
and Cosmopolitan, deeply 
attached to local places, while 

999
00:53:38,100 --> 00:53:41,800
being enthusiastic International
Travelers, the distance creates 

1000
00:53:41,800 --> 00:53:45,000
a kind of Fortress mentality, 
sometimes, but also produces 

1001
00:53:45,000 --> 00:53:47,500
people who are comfortable with 
Crossing cultural boundaries, 

1002
00:53:48,400 --> 00:53:50,900
bought occupy, an almost 
religious place in Australian 

1003
00:53:50,900 --> 00:53:54,600
culture, Cricket Australian 
Rules, Football rugby, league 

1004
00:53:54,600 --> 00:53:58,600
Rugby, Union, soccer, and 
countless other sports generate 

1005
00:53:58,600 --> 00:54:01,200
passion that can seem 
disproportionate to outside his 

1006
00:54:02,200 --> 00:54:06,100
Sports service, social glue, 
creating shared experiences and 

1007
00:54:06,100 --> 00:54:09,600
identities that bridge other 
divisions, State, rivalries and 

1008
00:54:09,600 --> 00:54:13,700
sports are intense, but mostly 
good natured except when they're

1009
00:54:13,700 --> 00:54:15,700
not. 
The beach lifestyle, isn't 

1010
00:54:15,700 --> 00:54:18,900
tourist mythology, but genuine 
cultural practice for millions 

1011
00:54:18,900 --> 00:54:23,700
of coastal Australians. learning
to swim understanding, surf 

1012
00:54:23,700 --> 00:54:27,200
conditions and spending summer 
days at the beach aren't luxury 

1013
00:54:27,200 --> 00:54:30,500
activities, but normal parts of 
life Surf. 

1014
00:54:30,500 --> 00:54:33,400
Lifesaving Clubs a community 
institutions that combined 

1015
00:54:33,400 --> 00:54:36,000
sport, service and social 
connection. 

1016
00:54:37,100 --> 00:54:39,600
Australian English has evolved 
into its own dialect with 

1017
00:54:39,600 --> 00:54:43,800
distinctive pronunciation of 
vocabulary and idioms that can 

1018
00:54:43,800 --> 00:54:46,700
confound even native English 
speakers from other countries. 

1019
00:54:48,000 --> 00:54:51,400
The tendency to abbreviate, 
everything arvo for afternoon, 

1020
00:54:51,400 --> 00:54:56,000
Servo for service station brekki
for breakfast combined with 

1021
00:54:56,000 --> 00:54:58,100
distinctive, slang creates a 
language. 

1022
00:54:58,100 --> 00:55:00,900
That is simultaneously familiar 
and foreign to other English 

1023
00:55:00,900 --> 00:55:03,700
speakers. 
Yet underneath these cultural 

1024
00:55:03,700 --> 00:55:05,200
characteristics deeper 
questions. 

1025
00:55:05,200 --> 00:55:08,500
Persist, what does 
reconciliation with indigenous 

1026
00:55:08,500 --> 00:55:12,000
Australians actually require 
Beyond symbolic gestures? 

1027
00:55:12,000 --> 00:55:15,600
How does Australia balance its 
Western political Traditions 

1028
00:55:15,600 --> 00:55:19,000
with its Asian geography? 
What responsibilities come with 

1029
00:55:19,000 --> 00:55:21,000
extraordinary? 
Resource wealth in a world 

1030
00:55:21,000 --> 00:55:24,100
facing climate change. 
How do you maintain social 

1031
00:55:24,100 --> 00:55:28,200
cohesion as diversity increases?
These aren't questions with easy

1032
00:55:28,200 --> 00:55:30,000
answers and different 
Australians. 

1033
00:55:30,000 --> 00:55:33,000
Answer them differently. the 
Australian political system 

1034
00:55:33,000 --> 00:55:36,500
produces stability, but 
sometimes at the cost of bold 

1035
00:55:36,500 --> 00:55:40,600
reform, Combination of 
compulsory voting preferential 

1036
00:55:40,600 --> 00:55:43,900
voting and frequent elections. 
Means that politicians must 

1037
00:55:43,900 --> 00:55:47,800
appeal to medium voters creating
pressure for Centrist policies. 

1038
00:55:48,600 --> 00:55:52,300
This prevents extremism but can 
also prevent necessary change 

1039
00:55:52,300 --> 00:55:55,100
when that change requires 
short-term sacrifice for 

1040
00:55:55,100 --> 00:55:58,600
long-term benefit. 
Indigenous disadvantage remains 

1041
00:55:58,600 --> 00:56:01,700
Australia's greatest domestic 
Challenge and moral failing. 

1042
00:56:02,600 --> 00:56:05,500
Despite Decades of programs 
policies and good intentions 

1043
00:56:05,500 --> 00:56:10,200
gaps in health education, 
employment and incarceration 

1044
00:56:10,200 --> 00:56:13,000
rates. 
Persist Until these gaps closed,

1045
00:56:13,000 --> 00:56:16,200
Australia cannot claim to have 
truly reconciled with the 

1046
00:56:16,208 --> 00:56:19,800
Injustice of colonization and 
their continuing impacts. 

1047
00:56:21,700 --> 00:56:23,400
Epilogue. 
Stories. 

1048
00:56:23,400 --> 00:56:27,800
That continue. 
As you drift towards sleep, 

1049
00:56:27,800 --> 00:56:31,300
remember that history isn't a 
story that ended its one that 

1050
00:56:31,300 --> 00:56:34,100
continues. 
The Australia that existed today

1051
00:56:34,100 --> 00:56:38,100
is dramatically different from 
the one that existed in 1788 or 

1052
00:56:38,100 --> 00:56:42,500
1901 or even 1988 and the 
Australia that will exist in 

1053
00:56:42,500 --> 00:56:46,400
201888 will be different again 
shape by decisions, being made 

1054
00:56:46,400 --> 00:56:48,300
now and challenges, not yet 
visible. 

1055
00:56:49,100 --> 00:56:52,700
Indigenous Australians after 
surviving 65,000 years, 

1056
00:56:52,700 --> 00:56:55,700
including two centuries of 
dispossession and destruction 

1057
00:56:55,700 --> 00:57:00,000
continued to maintain cultural 
Traditions revive languages and 

1058
00:57:00,000 --> 00:57:02,400
assert rights to land and 
self-determination. 

1059
00:57:03,400 --> 00:57:05,200
Their story. 
The longest continuous. 

1060
00:57:05,200 --> 00:57:09,400
Human story on Earth, didn't end
with colonization it adapted, 

1061
00:57:09,400 --> 00:57:13,600
persisted and continues. 
The Immigrant families who are 

1062
00:57:13,608 --> 00:57:18,100
from Europe, Asia Africa and the
Americas creating new chapters 

1063
00:57:18,100 --> 00:57:21,100
in Australian history, bringing 
Traditions that in Rich and 

1064
00:57:21,100 --> 00:57:23,000
complicate, what it means to be 
Australian. 

1065
00:57:23,000 --> 00:57:26,400
Their children and grandchildren
will blend these Traditions with

1066
00:57:26,400 --> 00:57:30,000
Australian culture in ways that 
continue the evolution that has 

1067
00:57:30,000 --> 00:57:32,000
characterized this continent for
Millennia. 

1068
00:57:32,000 --> 00:57:36,000
Environmental challenges from 
climate change to species 

1069
00:57:36,000 --> 00:57:39,000
extinctions to water. 
Scarcity will require 

1070
00:57:39,000 --> 00:57:41,900
Australians to reconsider their 
relationship with this ancient 

1071
00:57:41,900 --> 00:57:44,000
land. 
Perhaps this will create 

1072
00:57:44,000 --> 00:57:46,600
opportunities to learn from 
indigenous knowledge systems 

1073
00:57:46,600 --> 00:57:49,400
that sustained human life here 
for thousands of generations 

1074
00:57:49,400 --> 00:57:53,000
without depleting resources that
support future Generations. 

1075
00:57:53,000 --> 00:57:56,200
The Great Barrier Reef 
struggling under warming Seas 

1076
00:57:56,200 --> 00:57:59,200
reminds us that some losses 
might be irreversible without 

1077
00:57:59,200 --> 00:58:01,900
rapid action. 
The increasingly intense 

1078
00:58:01,900 --> 00:58:04,700
Bushfire Seasons, warned that 
climate change isn't a distant 

1079
00:58:04,700 --> 00:58:06,700
threat. 
But a present reality, requiring

1080
00:58:06,700 --> 00:58:10,300
adaptation and mitigation The 
drought prone, Inland teaches 

1081
00:58:10,300 --> 00:58:13,200
that water is precious and 
cannot be taken for granted. 

1082
00:58:14,300 --> 00:58:17,400
Australia's Geographic position,
tucked below Asia in the 

1083
00:58:17,400 --> 00:58:20,400
southern hemisphere will 
continue shaping its strategic 

1084
00:58:20,400 --> 00:58:23,800
and economic future. 
The rise of Asia, particularly 

1085
00:58:23,800 --> 00:58:27,300
China and India creates, both 
opportunities and challenges 

1086
00:58:27,300 --> 00:58:29,900
that will Define Australian 
foreign policy for Generations. 

1087
00:58:29,900 --> 00:58:33,600
The Republican debate will 
resurface probably when Queen 

1088
00:58:33,600 --> 00:58:36,900
Elizabeth the second's Reign 
ends forcing Australians to 

1089
00:58:36,900 --> 00:58:40,600
reconsider what constitutional 
links to Britain mean in an era,

1090
00:58:40,600 --> 00:58:43,500
when Australian identity has 
evolved far beyond its Colonial,

1091
00:58:43,500 --> 00:58:47,700
Origins cities will continue 
growing sprawling across land 

1092
00:58:47,700 --> 00:58:51,200
that was recently farmland or 
bush creating environmental and 

1093
00:58:51,200 --> 00:58:55,200
infrastructure challenges that 
require Creative Solutions, the 

1094
00:58:55,200 --> 00:58:58,100
Australian dream of owning a 
detached house on a quarter of a

1095
00:58:58,100 --> 00:59:01,600
block will become increasingly 
difficult as land prices rise 

1096
00:59:01,600 --> 00:59:05,200
and dense, Dean increases 
technology will transform work, 

1097
00:59:05,200 --> 00:59:08,500
education and social Connections
in ways. 

1098
00:59:08,500 --> 00:59:12,100
We can barely imagine just as 
previous generations, could not 

1099
00:59:12,100 --> 00:59:15,400
imagine how television air 
conditioning and the internet 

1100
00:59:15,400 --> 00:59:18,700
would reshape Australian life. 
Through all these changes. 

1101
00:59:18,700 --> 00:59:21,500
Something fundamental about 
Australia will probably persist 

1102
00:59:21,500 --> 00:59:24,800
the particular quality of light 
that is inspired artists for 

1103
00:59:24,808 --> 00:59:27,500
Millennia, the distinctive 
accent and humor. 

1104
00:59:27,500 --> 00:59:31,300
The Casual approach to social 
hierarchy and the fierce 

1105
00:59:31,300 --> 00:59:33,800
attachment to place that 
characterizes both indigenous 

1106
00:59:33,800 --> 00:59:36,000
and settler Australians in 
different. 

1107
00:59:36,000 --> 00:59:41,100
But sometimes overlapping ways 
The story that began 65,000 

1108
00:59:41,100 --> 00:59:42,700
years ago. 
When the first humans crossed 

1109
00:59:42,700 --> 00:59:44,900
the water to reach this 
continent continues. 

1110
00:59:44,900 --> 00:59:48,300
It has been a story of 
adaptation, Survival conflict, 

1111
00:59:48,300 --> 00:59:52,100
creativity and constant change. 
It has included tragedies that 

1112
00:59:52,100 --> 00:59:54,600
should never be forgotten and 
triumphs worth celebrating. 

1113
00:59:54,600 --> 00:59:57,800
It has been shaped by 
indigenous, knowledge British 

1114
00:59:57,800 --> 01:00:00,300
colonization multi-cultural 
immigration. 

1115
01:00:00,300 --> 01:00:03,800
And countless, individual 
decisions that accumulated into 

1116
01:00:03,800 --> 01:00:08,100
historical forces as you fall 
asleep tonight, your connected 

1117
01:00:08,100 --> 01:00:11,800
to this, ongoing story, whether 
you're Australian yourself or 

1118
01:00:11,800 --> 01:00:16,100
simply someone interested in how
human societies evolve adapt and

1119
01:00:16,100 --> 01:00:17,900
sometimes transcend, their 
Origins. 

1120
01:00:18,700 --> 01:00:21,100
Australia's history, like all. 
History isn't a collection of 

1121
01:00:21,100 --> 01:00:24,800
dates and facts but a web of 
Human Experience is choices and 

1122
01:00:24,800 --> 01:00:27,400
consequences. 
That continue resonating Through

1123
01:00:27,400 --> 01:00:32,000
Time The Land itself. 
Ancient weathered patient as 

1124
01:00:32,000 --> 01:00:36,000
witnessed all of this and will 
witness, whatever comes next the

1125
01:00:36,000 --> 01:00:38,800
stars that wheel overhead are 
the same stars that guided 

1126
01:00:38,800 --> 01:00:42,300
indigenous Navigators for 
thousands of generations that 

1127
01:00:42,300 --> 01:00:45,600
confused early European, 
explorers and that now Mark, the

1128
01:00:45,600 --> 01:00:48,500
southern sky for everyone who 
calls this continent home, 

1129
01:00:49,300 --> 01:00:51,200
Sleep. 
Well, knowing that history is 

1130
01:00:51,200 --> 01:00:54,300
never truly finished. 
That every ending is also a 

1131
01:00:54,300 --> 01:00:56,900
beginning and that the oldest 
inhabited continent on Earth 

1132
01:00:56,900 --> 01:01:00,600
continues, its journey into an 
unknowable but fascinating 

1133
01:01:00,600 --> 01:01:02,800
future. 
Story of Australia. 

1134
01:01:02,800 --> 01:01:07,100
Like the best bedtime stories. 
Invites you to dream, not just 

1135
01:01:07,100 --> 01:01:17,200
of what was, but of what might 
be. from his earliest days young

1136
01:01:17,200 --> 01:01:20,100
Marcus sensed expectations 
clinging to him like a heavy 

1137
01:01:20,100 --> 01:01:22,900
mantle He was not yet. 
The philosophical Emperor 

1138
01:01:22,900 --> 01:01:25,400
history would Revere. 
Milia curious boy from a 

1139
01:01:25,408 --> 01:01:29,000
prominent Roman family marble 
halls and hushed political 

1140
01:01:29,000 --> 01:01:30,900
debates, formed the backdrop of 
his childhood. 

1141
01:01:30,900 --> 01:01:34,800
Each conversation reinforcing, 
the idea that he was fated for a

1142
01:01:34,800 --> 01:01:38,600
grand role even while tinkering 
with wax tablets and toying with

1143
01:01:38,600 --> 01:01:41,700
styluses the weight of the 
future loomed in every corner of

1144
01:01:41,700 --> 01:01:45,000
his home. 
Despite his Tender Years, Marcus

1145
01:01:45,000 --> 01:01:48,200
felt drawn to the Roman forums, 
colossal, columns, and venerable

1146
01:01:48,200 --> 01:01:51,900
statues each marble figure 
whispered Tales of Victory and 

1147
01:01:51,900 --> 01:01:54,200
downfall. 
Reminding him how power 

1148
01:01:54,200 --> 01:01:57,700
shimmered then vanished. 
He marveled at the thought, that

1149
01:01:57,700 --> 01:02:00,600
these silent Sentinels once 
watched over leaders, who like 

1150
01:02:00,600 --> 01:02:04,100
him and walked these streets 
shoulder to shoulder with fate. 

1151
01:02:05,000 --> 01:02:08,500
More than politics or pageantry 
Marcus discovered his Keen 

1152
01:02:08,500 --> 01:02:11,900
interest in philosophy. 
His mother gentle but incisive, 

1153
01:02:11,900 --> 01:02:15,100
recited lines from stoic texts 
on a rainy. 

1154
01:02:15,100 --> 01:02:18,700
Afternoons, speaking of moral 
fortitude as the shield against 

1155
01:02:18,700 --> 01:02:22,900
life's unpredictable storm in 
these verses Marcus found a 

1156
01:02:22,900 --> 01:02:26,000
reassuring promise that wisdom 
could transcend, the clamor of 

1157
01:02:26,008 --> 01:02:30,400
ambition, this Fascination grew.
When he met Junior's rusticus, a

1158
01:02:30,400 --> 01:02:35,200
revered tutor and 
comprehensively Marcos Rustic. 

1159
01:02:35,200 --> 01:02:37,400
Challenged him. 
Igniting the fire of a 

1160
01:02:37,400 --> 01:02:41,000
questioning mine. 
Their lessons were forging in a 

1161
01:02:41,000 --> 01:02:44,300
sanctuary one Guided by reason 
rather than impulse. 

1162
01:02:44,300 --> 01:02:47,600
While many children dreamed of 
Feasts and fleeting 

1163
01:02:47,600 --> 01:02:51,300
distractions, Marcus quietly, 
gravitated toward Karma, 

1164
01:02:51,300 --> 01:02:55,300
Pursuits evening hours found him
practicing Letters by Lamplight.

1165
01:02:55,300 --> 01:02:59,400
His stylus carving words about 
beauty and virtue into smooth 

1166
01:02:59,400 --> 01:03:03,500
wax, even at a young age, he 
said, sense that an empire was 

1167
01:03:03,500 --> 01:03:06,800
not just a playground of wealth 
and power, but an arena, where 

1168
01:03:06,800 --> 01:03:10,400
moral strength was tested at 
every turn Politics. 

1169
01:03:10,400 --> 01:03:15,500
However, remained an unrelenting
reality allies and adversaries 

1170
01:03:15,500 --> 01:03:19,200
shifted like Desert, Sands? 
Whispered rumors ignited 

1171
01:03:19,200 --> 01:03:21,900
disputes in the Senate before 
the boy even finished his 

1172
01:03:21,900 --> 01:03:26,700
morning meal, the sheer chaos 
and settled Marcus reinforcing. 

1173
01:03:26,700 --> 01:03:29,400
His belief that the world 
desperately needed unwavering 

1174
01:03:29,400 --> 01:03:32,400
ethical principles in the 
orchard behind his family's 

1175
01:03:32,400 --> 01:03:35,200
estate were 112. 
She's cast comforting Shadows, 

1176
01:03:35,200 --> 01:03:38,700
the boy pondered the gap between
Noble intentions, and the 

1177
01:03:38,700 --> 01:03:40,100
labyrinth in struggles for 
control. 

1178
01:03:41,200 --> 01:03:43,800
Could a leader, maintain honor 
in a realm that seemed to thrive

1179
01:03:43,800 --> 01:03:46,900
on cunning. 
One evening, he overheard a 

1180
01:03:46,900 --> 01:03:49,600
conversation between two 
senators speculating on the 

1181
01:03:49,600 --> 01:03:53,900
empress successor, they spoke of
cunning lineage and ties That 

1182
01:03:53,900 --> 01:03:57,000
Could tip the scales of power. 
The gravity of those words 

1183
01:03:57,000 --> 01:04:00,300
thrilled and sobered him soon. 
The empress choice would reshape

1184
01:04:00,300 --> 01:04:03,100
the lives of thousands. 
They they would someday looked 

1185
01:04:03,100 --> 01:04:06,300
to Marcus for lead to ship the 
thought, both exhilarated and 

1186
01:04:06,300 --> 01:04:08,600
weighed him down. 
He was fully aware that the 

1187
01:04:08,600 --> 01:04:11,800
opulent facade of Rome canceled,
genuine struggles for numerous 

1188
01:04:11,800 --> 01:04:14,100
individuals. 
However the glimmer of 

1189
01:04:14,100 --> 01:04:17,600
determination glowed within him.
If he could combine his moral 

1190
01:04:17,600 --> 01:04:20,400
convictions with practical 
governance, perhaps he could 

1191
01:04:20,400 --> 01:04:23,500
leave a lasting Legacy. 
For Rome surpassing the monument

1192
01:04:23,500 --> 01:04:27,300
to donning its Skyline within 
the hush of the orchard lulled, 

1193
01:04:27,300 --> 01:04:30,400
by the center of citrus. 
Marcus would close his eyes and 

1194
01:04:30,400 --> 01:04:33,000
imagine a city where leaders 
governed with compassion and 

1195
01:04:33,000 --> 01:04:35,300
Clarity. 
Where a child's lessons in 

1196
01:04:35,300 --> 01:04:38,300
virtue could shine light into 
the darkest corners of public 

1197
01:04:38,300 --> 01:04:41,000
life. 
This was more than daydreaming. 

1198
01:04:41,000 --> 01:04:43,300
It was the formation of an inner
compass. 

1199
01:04:44,000 --> 01:04:46,800
Over time that Compass would 
guide him through personal 

1200
01:04:46,800 --> 01:04:48,600
trials and political storms 
alike. 

1201
01:04:49,200 --> 01:04:53,400
The seeds of the greatness once 
planted sprouting Quiet Moments 

1202
01:04:53,400 --> 01:04:56,700
of introspection. 
Marcus Aurelius was still a boy 

1203
01:04:56,708 --> 01:04:59,600
but those daily lessons stoic 
texts. 

1204
01:04:59,600 --> 01:05:02,900
Moral debates. 
After noon spent in wide-eyed or

1205
01:05:02,900 --> 01:05:05,600
at the forum's relics were 
shaping him into something. 

1206
01:05:05,600 --> 01:05:08,400
Unexpected. 
He wanted to be more than a 

1207
01:05:08,408 --> 01:05:10,300
figurehead. 
Who wore the purple cloak of 

1208
01:05:10,300 --> 01:05:12,600
Rome. 
He aspired to be a leader who 

1209
01:05:12,600 --> 01:05:16,100
through reason and resolve could
honor the Empire's Legacy while 

1210
01:05:16,100 --> 01:05:19,200
also molding it into a place 
where virtue had not yet gone to

1211
01:05:19,200 --> 01:05:21,600
die. 
Only time would reveal the 

1212
01:05:21,600 --> 01:05:25,900
magnitude of that promise. 
But in those early days, He 

1213
01:05:25,900 --> 01:05:29,100
nurtured it beneath the lemon 
trees letting the steady Roman 

1214
01:05:29,100 --> 01:05:33,700
sunkit into full bloom. 
Occasionally, he noticed the 

1215
01:05:33,700 --> 01:05:36,500
quiet fear in the eyes of 
servants wandering. 

1216
01:05:36,500 --> 01:05:40,000
If the next political shift 
would up in their lives, he 

1217
01:05:40,000 --> 01:05:43,400
silent observers became Marcus's
secret teachers, revealing how 

1218
01:05:43,400 --> 01:05:46,500
the whims of the powerful sent 
ripples through every social and

1219
01:05:46,500 --> 01:05:49,300
each nervous glance was a stark.
Reminder. 

1220
01:05:49,300 --> 01:05:53,600
That real lives rested on the 
emperor's decrees for Marcus. 

1221
01:05:53,600 --> 01:05:56,900
The truest path forward lay in 
forging a principled heart. 

1222
01:05:57,600 --> 01:06:00,600
One that would not falter when 
confronted by the swirling. 

1223
01:06:00,600 --> 01:06:03,900
Winds of power. 
He did not yet know how he might

1224
01:06:03,900 --> 01:06:06,200
achieve. 
Such steadiness only that he 

1225
01:06:06,200 --> 01:06:08,700
must lest he become the very 
thing. 

1226
01:06:08,700 --> 01:06:13,200
He feared the Turning Point came
when Emperor Hadrian aging and 

1227
01:06:13,200 --> 01:06:17,000
burdened by illness, cast his 
gaze upon the Empire's future in

1228
01:06:17,000 --> 01:06:19,500
doing, so he settled upon 
antoninus, pierces, his 

1229
01:06:19,500 --> 01:06:22,400
immediate successor. 
But insisted that antoninus, 

1230
01:06:22,400 --> 01:06:26,000
adopt young Marcus alongside 
Lucius verus for Marcus. 

1231
01:06:26,000 --> 01:06:28,100
This was no mere ceremonial 
shift. 

1232
01:06:28,100 --> 01:06:31,000
Suddenly every gesture was 
scrutinized. 

1233
01:06:31,000 --> 01:06:33,700
Every uttered word Wade for 
hints of potential. 

1234
01:06:33,700 --> 01:06:37,900
However, while he felt Destinies
grip tightening around him, he 

1235
01:06:37,900 --> 01:06:40,500
also discovered unexpected 
warmth in antoninus. 

1236
01:06:40,500 --> 01:06:42,200
The man who would learn to call 
Father. 

1237
01:06:43,200 --> 01:06:46,200
Antoninus Pius was neither a 
flamboyant conqueror. 

1238
01:06:46,200 --> 01:06:49,800
Nora, various politician his 
nature leaned toward the steady 

1239
01:06:49,800 --> 01:06:52,700
and the dutiful. 
He managed Affairs of state with

1240
01:06:52,700 --> 01:06:55,800
consistent practicality doing 
so, in the manner that 

1241
01:06:55,808 --> 01:06:58,800
contrasted sharply with the 
tempestuous range of witness 

1242
01:06:58,800 --> 01:07:03,000
before, Gradually Marcus 
realized that the empire did not

1243
01:07:03,000 --> 01:07:05,400
always hunger for breathtaking 
exploits. 

1244
01:07:05,400 --> 01:07:08,300
It sometimes needed the 
comforting hand of stability. 

1245
01:07:09,200 --> 01:07:12,500
And ferment to ninus, he 
absorbed a set of quiet lessons 

1246
01:07:12,500 --> 01:07:16,100
among them, the value of 
patience, the virtue of measured

1247
01:07:16,100 --> 01:07:18,700
decision-making, and the simple 
power of reliability. 

1248
01:07:19,900 --> 01:07:21,900
But not everyone supported this 
new Arrangement. 

1249
01:07:21,900 --> 01:07:25,700
Some in the Senate murmur that 
Marcus was Too Young, Too 

1250
01:07:25,700 --> 01:07:29,900
reflective to predisposed toward
philosophy, to handle Imperial 

1251
01:07:29,900 --> 01:07:32,900
responsibilities. 
They questioned whether the boy 

1252
01:07:32,900 --> 01:07:36,000
who spent hours with stoic 
Scrolls and moral treatises 

1253
01:07:36,000 --> 01:07:38,400
could ever become the commanding
presence. 

1254
01:07:38,400 --> 01:07:41,200
They believed Rome required in 
response. 

1255
01:07:42,000 --> 01:07:45,200
Marcus met these doubts not with
anger but with a focused 

1256
01:07:45,200 --> 01:07:49,100
determination if he was untested
in governance then he would 

1257
01:07:49,100 --> 01:07:52,100
devote himself even more deeply 
to studying its intricacies. 

1258
01:07:52,100 --> 01:07:55,500
He devoured treatises on law 
pour over. 

1259
01:07:55,508 --> 01:07:58,500
Military history is and 
conversed late into the night 

1260
01:07:58,500 --> 01:08:01,400
with advisors who had navigated 
the Labyrinth of Roman Politics.

1261
01:08:01,400 --> 01:08:05,400
The more he learned the more he 
recognized that governance was 

1262
01:08:05,400 --> 01:08:08,200
not a place for rash tempers or 
inflexible dogmas. 

1263
01:08:09,100 --> 01:08:12,300
Indeed it demanded. 
Both compassion and Detachment 

1264
01:08:12,300 --> 01:08:15,200
an ability to stand firm for 
justice. 

1265
01:08:15,200 --> 01:08:18,300
While also understanding the 
fragility of human ambition. 

1266
01:08:19,399 --> 01:08:21,899
His bond with. 
Lucius verus added a Twist to 

1267
01:08:21,899 --> 01:08:25,100
this evolving. 
Chapter Lucius was his co-heir. 

1268
01:08:25,100 --> 01:08:29,500
A young man prone to revelry and
spectacle, far less studious 

1269
01:08:29,500 --> 01:08:31,500
than Marcus but undeniably 
charismatic. 

1270
01:08:31,500 --> 01:08:34,600
The two could not have been more
different yet. 

1271
01:08:34,600 --> 01:08:38,200
They were tied together by 
Destiny's decree even so Marcus 

1272
01:08:38,200 --> 01:08:41,399
found that their differences in 
richt his perspective through 

1273
01:08:41,399 --> 01:08:43,800
Lucius. 
He glimpsed the appeal of 

1274
01:08:43,800 --> 01:08:47,500
festivity and lived experience 
worlds that felt distant to his 

1275
01:08:47,500 --> 01:08:50,800
contemplative soul. 
He did not begrudge Lucius his 

1276
01:08:50,800 --> 01:08:54,200
extravagances, but he pledged to
maintain a certain balance 

1277
01:08:54,200 --> 01:08:57,700
steering, clear of the pitfalls 
of mindless Indulgence. 

1278
01:08:58,700 --> 01:09:02,000
Under antonyms is watchful 
guidance, Marcus began attending

1279
01:09:02,000 --> 01:09:05,000
meetings, where Roman officials 
debated issues of provincial 

1280
01:09:05,000 --> 01:09:08,500
taxes and infrastructure. 
At first, he was a silent 

1281
01:09:08,500 --> 01:09:11,700
Observer. 
He listened intently noting how 

1282
01:09:11,700 --> 01:09:14,000
rhetorical skill could sway, 
opinions. 

1283
01:09:14,000 --> 01:09:18,700
How a Alliance is formed and 
dissolved, gradually antoninus 

1284
01:09:18,700 --> 01:09:22,600
entrusted him with minor tasks 
drafting letters to distant 

1285
01:09:22,600 --> 01:09:25,100
Governors. 
Reviewing small legal disputes 

1286
01:09:25,100 --> 01:09:27,500
or overseeing the maintenance of
an aqueduct. 

1287
01:09:28,300 --> 01:09:31,800
Despite the seemingly mundane 
details each assignment 

1288
01:09:31,800 --> 01:09:34,000
revealed, the hidden threads 
that held Rome together. 

1289
01:09:34,899 --> 01:09:37,800
And enlightening moment arrived 
when an official from a 

1290
01:09:37,800 --> 01:09:40,200
far-flung province complained 
about an unpaid Legion. 

1291
01:09:41,100 --> 01:09:43,800
Though it seemed a trivial 
matter, an administrative 

1292
01:09:43,800 --> 01:09:46,899
oversight, threatened, the 
morale of hundreds of soldiers, 

1293
01:09:46,899 --> 01:09:50,000
Mentos with safeguarding Roman 
borders. 

1294
01:09:50,800 --> 01:09:54,400
Marcus tackled, the crisis with 
empathy ensuring funds were 

1295
01:09:54,400 --> 01:09:57,400
dispatched promptly and 
carefully offering a few 

1296
01:09:57,400 --> 01:10:00,900
thoughtful words of gratitude 
for the troop service. the 

1297
01:10:00,900 --> 01:10:05,100
gesture though, modest resonated
widely rumors spread of the 

1298
01:10:05,100 --> 01:10:08,200
young Heir, who was genuinely 
concerned for the well-being of 

1299
01:10:08,200 --> 01:10:12,400
people, he had never met For the
first time Marcus sensed that 

1300
01:10:12,400 --> 01:10:14,200
his inclination toward moral 
philosophy. 

1301
01:10:14,200 --> 01:10:18,000
Might in fact, hold a practical 
value in the arena of power 

1302
01:10:18,000 --> 01:10:20,600
life. 
Under antoninus, is roof was 

1303
01:10:20,600 --> 01:10:24,000
both nurturing and demanding the
emperor expected discipline but 

1304
01:10:24,000 --> 01:10:26,800
also allowed markers, to 
cultivate intellectual, Pursuits

1305
01:10:26,800 --> 01:10:30,100
debates, with learning Scholars 
and philosophers, became as 

1306
01:10:30,100 --> 01:10:32,000
common as talk of grain. 
Shipments from Egypt. 

1307
01:10:32,000 --> 01:10:36,200
In these discussions, Markus 
refined his belief that 

1308
01:10:36,200 --> 01:10:38,100
leadership was not about 
personal Glory. 

1309
01:10:38,100 --> 01:10:42,500
It was about serving a greater 
whole He saw an antoninus, a man

1310
01:10:42,508 --> 01:10:45,500
who labored daily for good of 
Rome, not because it was 

1311
01:10:45,500 --> 01:10:47,600
glorious, but because it was, 
right. 

1312
01:10:48,400 --> 01:10:51,300
Still there were moments of 
doubt, the ghosts of the 

1313
01:10:51,300 --> 01:10:54,400
previous Emperors, men such as 
domitian and Nero. 

1314
01:10:54,400 --> 01:10:58,600
Cast Long Shadows, Marcus knew 
well that absolute Authority 

1315
01:10:58,600 --> 01:11:02,300
could corrupt a weak soul. 
Late at night, when Roman lamps,

1316
01:11:02,300 --> 01:11:05,300
flickered, he wrestled with 
questions that few dare to ask 

1317
01:11:05,308 --> 01:11:07,800
aloud. 
How could one wheeled power 

1318
01:11:07,800 --> 01:11:11,600
without compromising virtue? 
Was it possible to harmonize the

1319
01:11:11,600 --> 01:11:14,200
stoic ideals. 
He revered with the demands of 

1320
01:11:14,200 --> 01:11:18,500
real politic The path ahead was 
a precarious, one lined with 

1321
01:11:18,500 --> 01:11:20,800
expectations, both from the 
Senate and the people. 

1322
01:11:20,800 --> 01:11:25,400
Yet each day and small but 
significant ways Marcus was 

1323
01:11:25,400 --> 01:11:28,500
learning that an Emperor's Duty 
was not just to conquer, but to 

1324
01:11:28,500 --> 01:11:31,700
care, not simply to command but 
to comprehend. 

1325
01:11:32,700 --> 01:11:36,000
By internalizing these truths. 
He began shaping the course of 

1326
01:11:36,000 --> 01:11:39,300
his future Reign more 
importantly, he was becoming the

1327
01:11:39,300 --> 01:11:43,000
steward of an Empire that under 
his guiding hand might just find

1328
01:11:43,000 --> 01:11:46,600
the Soul at at Long Beach, 
Missing Years, passed quietly, 

1329
01:11:46,600 --> 01:11:50,000
each Sunrise, an opportunity for
Marcus to refine his 

1330
01:11:50,000 --> 01:11:54,100
understanding of both philosophy
and government and tonight's 

1331
01:11:54,100 --> 01:11:58,200
Pious, hail and cautious. 
Presided over Rome without the 

1332
01:11:58,200 --> 01:12:01,500
military, spectacles or 
outlandish feasts that had 

1333
01:12:01,500 --> 01:12:02,900
characterize. 
Some of his predecessors. 

1334
01:12:02,900 --> 01:12:07,200
In this environment, Marcus 
matured into a man who merged 

1335
01:12:07,200 --> 01:12:10,900
introspection with practical 
discipline, the empire, under 

1336
01:12:10,900 --> 01:12:14,500
antoninus made hand was 
relatively calm, but that 

1337
01:12:14,500 --> 01:12:18,100
calmness was not guaranteed to 
last Everyone sent the 

1338
01:12:18,100 --> 01:12:20,100
inevitable storms gathering on 
the horizon. 

1339
01:12:20,100 --> 01:12:23,400
Marcus spent his days balancing 
official duties with 

1340
01:12:23,408 --> 01:12:26,500
philosophical exploration. 
When he was not pouring over 

1341
01:12:26,500 --> 01:12:29,100
Scrolls of legislation or 
meeting invoice, from distant 

1342
01:12:29,100 --> 01:12:31,300
provinces. 
He would lose himself in the 

1343
01:12:31,308 --> 01:12:35,600
works of Epictetus and Seneca, 
Far from an abstract exercise. 

1344
01:12:35,600 --> 01:12:39,400
His writings felt like Maps, 
guiding him through the moral 

1345
01:12:39,400 --> 01:12:43,200
intricacies of leadership. he 
scribbled notes in the margins 

1346
01:12:43,200 --> 01:12:46,800
pondering, how to remain true to
himself, even when thrust into 

1347
01:12:46,800 --> 01:12:50,900
decisions affecting thousands of
lives, Although he now enjoyed a

1348
01:12:50,900 --> 01:12:54,500
status, second only to enter 9us
Markus remained approachable. 

1349
01:12:55,500 --> 01:12:57,900
Developed a habit of conversing 
with those at the fringes of 

1350
01:12:57,908 --> 01:13:01,600
power interpreters, who 
facilitated talks with foreign 

1351
01:13:01,600 --> 01:13:04,900
delegations stewards who oversaw
the daily distribution of grain,

1352
01:13:04,900 --> 01:13:08,100
even the Librarians who cared 
for Rome's repositories of 

1353
01:13:08,100 --> 01:13:10,400
knowledge. 
Listening to their small, but 

1354
01:13:10,400 --> 01:13:12,900
urgent stories. 
He saw more clearly, the 

1355
01:13:12,900 --> 01:13:15,600
magnitude of responsibility that
would soon rest upon his 

1356
01:13:15,600 --> 01:13:18,300
shoulders. 
Each conversation reminded him 

1357
01:13:18,300 --> 01:13:21,700
that the Empire success was 
anchored in every day diligence.

1358
01:13:21,700 --> 01:13:26,300
Not just in Grand proclamations.
His personal life though, mostly

1359
01:13:26,300 --> 01:13:29,900
tranquil had its challenges 
encouraged by antoninus. 

1360
01:13:29,900 --> 01:13:31,500
He entered a thoughtful 
marriage. 

1361
01:13:31,500 --> 01:13:33,400
With faustina the emperor's 
daughter. 

1362
01:13:33,400 --> 01:13:36,300
A union was not just a political
Arrangement. 

1363
01:13:36,300 --> 01:13:40,300
There was genuine affection 
between them Faustina brought a 

1364
01:13:40,300 --> 01:13:43,300
spirited energy that balanced 
Marcus's more reflective nature,

1365
01:13:43,300 --> 01:13:47,700
yet the intricacies of raising a
family within the palace tested 

1366
01:13:47,700 --> 01:13:50,100
his composure. 
In ways philosophy books, rarely

1367
01:13:50,100 --> 01:13:53,200
addressed Their children's 
laughter filled the marble 

1368
01:13:53,200 --> 01:13:56,800
halls, but so did the strains of
potential succession debates. 

1369
01:13:56,800 --> 01:14:00,400
Marcus tried to be an Engaged 
father but he often found 

1370
01:14:00,400 --> 01:14:02,400
himself juggling. 
The Empire's needs with the 

1371
01:14:02,400 --> 01:14:06,100
demands of Parenthood. 
Meanwhile, Lucius verus is 

1372
01:14:06,100 --> 01:14:08,800
adoptive brother, grew 
increasingly Restless. 

1373
01:14:09,800 --> 01:14:11,600
The Lalonde antoninus is Rule 
left. 

1374
01:14:11,600 --> 01:14:14,900
Lucius craving excitement. 
He frequented Gatherings that 

1375
01:14:14,900 --> 01:14:17,600
were rumored to be lavishly. 
Heated Mystic drawing the 

1376
01:14:17,600 --> 01:14:21,100
Curiosity of Rome's Elite and 
the concern of its moralists 

1377
01:14:21,100 --> 01:14:24,800
despite their occasional 
friction Marcus still cared for 

1378
01:14:24,800 --> 01:14:29,500
Lucia's who was after all part 
of the family to reconcile, 

1379
01:14:29,500 --> 01:14:33,100
their world's Marcus and invited
Lucius, more official functions.

1380
01:14:33,100 --> 01:14:35,900
Hoping to blend Lucius charm 
with the seriousness of 

1381
01:14:35,900 --> 01:14:38,900
leadership. 
Sometimes it worked other times 

1382
01:14:38,900 --> 01:14:42,400
it's sparked tension. 
It was around this period. 

1383
01:14:42,400 --> 01:14:44,800
That disturbing news began to 
trickle in from the northern 

1384
01:14:44,800 --> 01:14:47,200
Frontiers Germanic tribes 
tested. 

1385
01:14:47,200 --> 01:14:50,500
The boundaries of the Empire. 
Small incursions, hinting at 

1386
01:14:50,500 --> 01:14:53,700
bigger clashes to come Roman 
grown, accustomed to relative 

1387
01:14:53,700 --> 01:14:56,600
peace and these events rattled, 
the comfortable illusions of 

1388
01:14:56,600 --> 01:15:00,300
Eternal stability. 
Marcus became acutely aware that

1389
01:15:00,300 --> 01:15:03,500
stoic ideals, would soon be 
tested on the battlefield as 

1390
01:15:03,500 --> 01:15:06,900
much as in the Senate responding
to these threats required. 

1391
01:15:06,900 --> 01:15:09,500
Not just philosophical calm, but
strategic understanding. 

1392
01:15:10,500 --> 01:15:13,200
A skill. 
He was only beginning to hone In

1393
01:15:13,200 --> 01:15:16,700
the midst of these concerns and 
to Genesis Health began, its 

1394
01:15:16,700 --> 01:15:19,500
slow decline. 
But once vigorous Emperor, found

1395
01:15:19,500 --> 01:15:23,200
it harder to manage day-to-day 
Affairs, his breath grew labored

1396
01:15:23,200 --> 01:15:26,700
and he often complained of 
fatigue, Though he did his best,

1397
01:15:26,700 --> 01:15:29,700
to hide this weakness from the 
public, it was clear that the 

1398
01:15:29,700 --> 01:15:32,200
reins of power would soon pass 
to Markus. 

1399
01:15:32,200 --> 01:15:36,800
The Senate aware of antonyms is 
frailty started looking to 

1400
01:15:36,800 --> 01:15:40,400
Marcus for guidance. 
The time of apprenticeship was 

1401
01:15:40,400 --> 01:15:44,200
ending a new chapter. 
Beckoned as the final months of 

1402
01:15:44,200 --> 01:15:47,600
antonyms is life Slipped Away. 
Rome braced for another 

1403
01:15:47,600 --> 01:15:51,700
transition, advisors supplicants
and petitioners flocked to 

1404
01:15:51,700 --> 01:15:55,600
Marcus seeking to gauge how he 
would wield Authority their 

1405
01:15:55,600 --> 01:15:58,100
probing questions. 
Highlighted the complexity of 

1406
01:15:58,100 --> 01:16:02,000
the Imperial mantle He would 
have to be judge, General 

1407
01:16:02,000 --> 01:16:05,000
administrator and guardian of 
moral order. 

1408
01:16:05,900 --> 01:16:09,900
While Marcus's stoic studies, 
had long taught him to detach 

1409
01:16:09,900 --> 01:16:12,200
from anxiety. 
He found it. 

1410
01:16:12,200 --> 01:16:14,800
Increasingly hard to remain 
unaffected by these growing 

1411
01:16:14,800 --> 01:16:19,000
burdens in private moments, You 
can find it in faustina 

1412
01:16:19,000 --> 01:16:23,300
admitting fears about war about 
the intrigues, lurking beneath 

1413
01:16:23,300 --> 01:16:26,200
Rome's Placid surface and about 
the simple possibility of 

1414
01:16:26,208 --> 01:16:27,700
failing those who depended on 
him. 

1415
01:16:28,400 --> 01:16:32,300
She in turn reminded him of his 
capacity for empathy and reason.

1416
01:16:33,500 --> 01:16:37,000
Though, the role of Emperor 
seemed impossibly Grand, Marcus 

1417
01:16:37,000 --> 01:16:40,900
had spent his entire life, 
preparing and subtle ways for 

1418
01:16:40,900 --> 01:16:42,900
the very challenges that now 
loomed ahead. 

1419
01:16:42,900 --> 01:16:47,100
Finally antoninus, PS passed 
gently. 

1420
01:16:47,100 --> 01:16:51,300
And without drama surrounded by 
those, he loved the city. 

1421
01:16:51,300 --> 01:16:54,700
Let out a measured sigh of 
Sorrow, ignoring the passing of 

1422
01:16:54,700 --> 01:16:58,600
an era defined by stability. 
However, beneath that grief 

1423
01:16:58,600 --> 01:17:01,900
layer cautious optimism that 
Marcus oreius thoughtful 

1424
01:17:01,900 --> 01:17:04,900
unassuming and thoroughly 
steeped in the Empire's working 

1425
01:17:04,900 --> 01:17:08,800
Mike guide, Rome with both 
virtue and pragmatism many. 

1426
01:17:08,800 --> 01:17:11,100
Whispered that a new golden age 
could be on the horizon. 

1427
01:17:11,100 --> 01:17:15,800
Others recalling, the cycles of 
history, Reserve judgment until 

1428
01:17:15,800 --> 01:17:18,300
the events proved the substance 
of Marcus's character. 

1429
01:17:19,100 --> 01:17:21,900
With the empress seat. 
Now, vacant All Eyes turned to 

1430
01:17:21,900 --> 01:17:24,200
Marcus. 
The hush that settled over the 

1431
01:17:24,200 --> 01:17:28,300
city was brief, but profound A 
quiet vowel formed in his mind. 

1432
01:17:29,200 --> 01:17:32,700
He would carry forth the stoic 
torch letting reason Define his 

1433
01:17:32,700 --> 01:17:35,400
Reign and compassion. 
Temper, his decisions. 

1434
01:17:36,200 --> 01:17:39,500
Unknown trials, awaited him from
Barbarian incursions to 

1435
01:17:39,500 --> 01:17:41,900
political betrayals, but he 
would meet them as a man 

1436
01:17:41,908 --> 01:17:44,200
dedicated to something greater 
than personal gain. 

1437
01:17:45,000 --> 01:17:47,900
Rome was poised to discover if a
philosopher king could truly 

1438
01:17:47,900 --> 01:17:51,600
exists a leader who could blend 
moral wisdom with the reality of

1439
01:17:51,600 --> 01:17:55,500
ruling an Empire that those 
Splendid was also vulnerable and

1440
01:17:55,500 --> 01:17:59,800
flawed In the wake of antonyms, 
passing Marcus, Aurelius 

1441
01:17:59,800 --> 01:18:03,500
ascended to the throne with a 
mix of Selena tea and resolved 

1442
01:18:03,500 --> 01:18:06,700
by tradition. 
He shared Authority with Lucius 

1443
01:18:06,700 --> 01:18:10,300
verus fulfilling the adoption 
Arrangements that had set in 

1444
01:18:10,300 --> 01:18:13,400
motion years before. 
It was a decision that 

1445
01:18:13,400 --> 01:18:17,000
simultaneously solidified Rome's
governance and tested Marcus's 

1446
01:18:17,000 --> 01:18:21,100
patients despite their differing
temperaments one philosophical 

1447
01:18:21,100 --> 01:18:23,600
and measured the other spirited 
and convivial. 

1448
01:18:23,600 --> 01:18:27,600
They now United in leadership. 
The first challenge appeared 

1449
01:18:27,600 --> 01:18:30,800
swiftly, the parthian Empire 
seized upon the perceived 

1450
01:18:30,800 --> 01:18:34,300
vulnerability of a transitioning
Rome threatening key Eastern 

1451
01:18:34,300 --> 01:18:38,500
provinces Roman Legions prepared
for battle and Lucius verus 

1452
01:18:38,500 --> 01:18:40,400
rushed to oversee military 
operations. 

1453
01:18:40,400 --> 01:18:43,500
Marcus stayed behind in the 
capital to manage the rest of 

1454
01:18:43,500 --> 01:18:46,500
the Empire letters from the 
front revealed victories 

1455
01:18:46,500 --> 01:18:49,500
peppered with Lucius. 
Flamboyant account of triumphs 

1456
01:18:49,500 --> 01:18:52,000
yet Marcus. 
Also, since the strain on the 

1457
01:18:52,000 --> 01:18:56,100
troops, in addition to the 
Clashing of Swords, War also 

1458
01:18:56,100 --> 01:18:59,400
presented logistical challenges 
such as supply lines desert 

1459
01:18:59,400 --> 01:19:04,000
conditions and the imminent 
threat of disease as if On Cue a

1460
01:19:04,000 --> 01:19:07,400
devastating plague emerged 
traveling with the legion's back

1461
01:19:07,400 --> 01:19:10,700
from the Eastern campaigns 
called the antonym plagued by 

1462
01:19:10,700 --> 01:19:13,600
Future story. 
And it spread like wildfire 

1463
01:19:13,600 --> 01:19:17,200
leaving panic in its wake. 
Citizens fled the densely 

1464
01:19:17,200 --> 01:19:20,400
populated quarters, while rumors
circulated that the gods were 

1465
01:19:20,400 --> 01:19:21,900
punishing Rome for its 
arrogance. 

1466
01:19:22,800 --> 01:19:25,800
In the midst of this horror 
Marcus, clung to his stoic, 

1467
01:19:25,800 --> 01:19:29,900
Roots advocating, calm reason 
and measured steps to contain 

1468
01:19:29,900 --> 01:19:33,800
the devastation hospitals were 
organized, rationals, allocated,

1469
01:19:33,800 --> 01:19:37,900
despite skepticism from some 
Corners the emperor led by 

1470
01:19:37,900 --> 01:19:41,400
example, supporting sanitation 
measures and funding the medical

1471
01:19:41,400 --> 01:19:44,600
efforts of Galen, the famous 
physician of the time yet the 

1472
01:19:44,600 --> 01:19:47,600
costs were severe. 
Cities grew sounded from the 

1473
01:19:47,608 --> 01:19:50,100
high death, toll, Farmland, Lei 
untended. 

1474
01:19:50,100 --> 01:19:53,900
And the Empire's morale dipped 
to a new low, the plagues 

1475
01:19:53,900 --> 01:19:56,400
merciless reached sharp and 
Marcus's sense of empathy. 

1476
01:19:56,400 --> 01:20:00,400
He realized that no matter one 
station in life suffering, 

1477
01:20:00,400 --> 01:20:03,800
belonged to all he worked. 
Tirelessly with local leaders to

1478
01:20:03,800 --> 01:20:07,400
provide relief draining, 
personal funds to feed and heal 

1479
01:20:07,400 --> 01:20:10,300
those most affected. 
While some criticize these 

1480
01:20:10,300 --> 01:20:13,900
expenses as unsustainable 
Marcus, saw them as a moral 

1481
01:20:13,900 --> 01:20:16,600
imperative. 
An emperor he believed was 

1482
01:20:16,600 --> 01:20:19,500
beholden to the welfare of his 
subjects, not the other way 

1483
01:20:19,500 --> 01:20:22,400
around. 
Over time the plague receded 

1484
01:20:22,400 --> 01:20:25,600
though the was scars. 
It left on Rome, both physical 

1485
01:20:25,600 --> 01:20:27,500
and psychological would linger 
for years. 

1486
01:20:27,500 --> 01:20:31,700
The war front also stabilized 
under Lucius is oversight in 

1487
01:20:31,700 --> 01:20:33,700
enabling the generals to secure 
treaties. 

1488
01:20:33,700 --> 01:20:37,300
Eventually Lucius returned to 
the capital, bringing with him 

1489
01:20:37,300 --> 01:20:41,300
or Nate Spoils of Victory. 
Yet Marcus noticed a new Gravity

1490
01:20:41,300 --> 01:20:44,700
in his brother's demeanor, the 
conflict and subsequent plagues 

1491
01:20:44,700 --> 01:20:47,800
seemed to have tempered Lucius 
as thirst for diversions, least,

1492
01:20:47,800 --> 01:20:50,200
for a while. 
For the time being, they 

1493
01:20:50,200 --> 01:20:53,600
presented a cohesive front. 
That the Empire had little time 

1494
01:20:53,600 --> 01:20:56,800
for respite almost. 
As soon as the Eastern threats 

1495
01:20:56,800 --> 01:20:59,500
of sighted word arrived of 
renewed aggression. 

1496
01:20:59,500 --> 01:21:03,800
Along the Danube Germanic tribes
emboldened by a rose, 

1497
01:21:03,800 --> 01:21:06,100
vulnerabilities pushed 
Southward. 

1498
01:21:06,100 --> 01:21:10,000
This new confrontation demanded,
a robust, military response. 

1499
01:21:10,000 --> 01:21:14,100
Rome prepared, Legions to defend
its territory and Marcus himself

1500
01:21:14,100 --> 01:21:17,200
resolved to lead them. 
It was not typical for a 

1501
01:21:17,200 --> 01:21:20,700
philosopher to Don military 
Garb, he understood that a 

1502
01:21:20,700 --> 01:21:23,300
Hands-On approach would 
Galvanize soldiers and reassure 

1503
01:21:23,300 --> 01:21:27,100
a fearful populace. backing up 
his Scrolls and leaving behind 

1504
01:21:27,100 --> 01:21:31,300
the marble halls of the palace 
Marcus journeyed North stationed

1505
01:21:31,300 --> 01:21:33,500
in military camps. 
He observed firsthand. 

1506
01:21:33,500 --> 01:21:37,400
The Stark realities of War. 
There were no polite. 

1507
01:21:37,400 --> 01:21:40,500
Senate debates here only the raw
tension of men preparing for 

1508
01:21:40,500 --> 01:21:42,800
battle. 
Surrounded by tents and the 

1509
01:21:42,800 --> 01:21:45,700
clang of metal. 
He composed sections of what 

1510
01:21:45,700 --> 01:21:47,500
would later. 
Be known as his meditations 

1511
01:21:47,500 --> 01:21:51,100
journaling, thoughts on duty 
mortality and the interplay 

1512
01:21:51,100 --> 01:21:54,200
between fate and Free. 
Will this righting served as a 

1513
01:21:54,200 --> 01:21:57,900
kind of mental Fortress 
shielding him from the cynicism 

1514
01:21:57,900 --> 01:22:00,400
and despair that often 
accompanied the brutality of 

1515
01:22:00,408 --> 01:22:03,000
War. 
In these harsh and virals. 

1516
01:22:03,000 --> 01:22:06,200
Marcus discovered a facet of 
leadership, seldom addressed in 

1517
01:22:06,200 --> 01:22:09,700
philosophical texts, the 
delicate balance between mercy 

1518
01:22:09,700 --> 01:22:12,000
and force. 
When Tribune's asked how to 

1519
01:22:12,000 --> 01:22:14,800
handle captured enemy competence
or how to deal with a defiant 

1520
01:22:14,800 --> 01:22:18,600
provinces Marcus weighed each 
decision with painstaking care. 

1521
01:22:18,600 --> 01:22:22,500
He believed that any punishment 
must be morally Justified, not 

1522
01:22:22,500 --> 01:22:26,700
simply enacted for vengeance or 
as a show of Might Yet he also 

1523
01:22:26,700 --> 01:22:29,600
knew Rome had to maintain its 
Authority or risk. 

1524
01:22:29,600 --> 01:22:34,200
Inviting further rebellions. 
Back in Rome faustina managed 

1525
01:22:34,200 --> 01:22:36,900
the household and represented, 
the Imperial family, and public 

1526
01:22:36,900 --> 01:22:40,500
ceremonies, she wrote supportive
letters to Marcus sharing 

1527
01:22:40,500 --> 01:22:45,000
updates about domestic affairs, 
their bond forged in quieter 

1528
01:22:45,000 --> 01:22:48,600
times, proved resilient through 
these challenges despite the 

1529
01:22:48,600 --> 01:22:51,300
stress of Separation. 
They found solace in one 

1530
01:22:51,300 --> 01:22:54,100
another's, determination to keep
Rome functioning and hopeful 

1531
01:22:54,100 --> 01:22:57,800
night after night, Marcus Red 
Letters From the capitol 

1532
01:22:57,800 --> 01:23:02,000
reflecting on how ephemeral life
could be how swiftly fortunes 

1533
01:23:02,000 --> 01:23:04,700
change. 
He reminded himself that an 

1534
01:23:04,700 --> 01:23:07,700
empress responsibility was to 
act as a steward, not a 

1535
01:23:07,700 --> 01:23:10,700
desperate and that each decision
would reverberate through the 

1536
01:23:10,700 --> 01:23:14,300
Empire long after he was gone. 
And so he pressed ones 

1537
01:23:14,300 --> 01:23:17,800
Consulting with generals, 
negotiating with tribal leaders,

1538
01:23:17,800 --> 01:23:21,000
and continuing to record his 
private Reflections about human 

1539
01:23:21,000 --> 01:23:24,700
nature as War. 
Raged the Empire watched with a 

1540
01:23:24,708 --> 01:23:28,400
mixed of dread and admiration? 
Here was a ruler who seemed less

1541
01:23:28,400 --> 01:23:31,200
concerned with personal glory 
and more intent on preserving 

1542
01:23:31,200 --> 01:23:34,400
Rome's values and stability. 
Veterans soldiers. 

1543
01:23:34,400 --> 01:23:38,400
Once skeptical of a philosopher 
Emperor fought with the renewed 

1544
01:23:38,400 --> 01:23:41,000
further encouraged by his 
willingness to share their 

1545
01:23:41,000 --> 01:23:43,700
birds. 
In those Windswept camps, along 

1546
01:23:43,700 --> 01:23:46,700
the Danube Marcus, Aurelius 
began shaping a legacy. 

1547
01:23:46,700 --> 01:23:50,100
Unlike any other one, rooted in 
the conviction that wisdom and 

1548
01:23:50,100 --> 01:23:53,200
compassion far from being 
weaknesses with the Empire's 

1549
01:23:53,200 --> 01:23:56,100
strongest defense. 
The Savage Winters on the 

1550
01:23:56,108 --> 01:23:58,400
Danube. 
Frontier tested Rome's, Legions 

1551
01:23:58,400 --> 01:24:01,800
in weighs few had anticipated. 
Snow whipped through the 

1552
01:24:01,800 --> 01:24:06,200
encampments layering tents and 
white drifts horses whinnied at 

1553
01:24:06,200 --> 01:24:08,200
the bitter, chill. 
And the men huddled around 

1554
01:24:08,200 --> 01:24:11,600
makeshift fires. 
Marcus Aurelius, never want to 

1555
01:24:11,608 --> 01:24:15,000
Shield himself from hardship. 
Felt the sting of Frozen are 

1556
01:24:15,000 --> 01:24:17,500
each morning. 
For all the stoic Council, he 

1557
01:24:17,500 --> 01:24:21,600
had absorbed, he still founded 
an unrelenting challenge to rise

1558
01:24:21,600 --> 01:24:24,000
at dawn and address the concerns
of his commanders. 

1559
01:24:24,000 --> 01:24:26,300
Yet. 
The deeper the cold bit into his

1560
01:24:26,300 --> 01:24:29,900
bones, the more he recognized, 
that resolve was forged through 

1561
01:24:29,900 --> 01:24:33,100
shared trials. 
Messengers arrived from Rome, 

1562
01:24:33,100 --> 01:24:37,100
some filled with trivialities of
Court life, others warning, that

1563
01:24:37,100 --> 01:24:40,000
the imperial treasury was 
dwindling onto the twin demands 

1564
01:24:40,000 --> 01:24:42,000
of play recovery and War 
expenses. 

1565
01:24:42,000 --> 01:24:46,600
Food prices, Rose Merchants 
haunted grain and unrest 

1566
01:24:46,600 --> 01:24:51,100
simmered in urban districts in 
response, Marcus intensified 

1567
01:24:51,100 --> 01:24:54,300
efforts to maintain supply lines
and showing that shipments of 

1568
01:24:54,300 --> 01:24:57,600
grain and other Essentials could
reach both the Frontline and the

1569
01:24:57,600 --> 01:24:59,600
capital. 
It was a delicate balance. 

1570
01:24:59,600 --> 01:25:02,800
Requiring deals with regional 
Governors and the occasional 

1571
01:25:02,800 --> 01:25:04,700
Stern, reminders of Imperial 
Authority. 

1572
01:25:05,500 --> 01:25:08,700
Amid the logistics and 
strategizing he found an 

1573
01:25:08,700 --> 01:25:12,000
unlikely companion in Claudius 
pompeianus a seasoned General 

1574
01:25:12,000 --> 01:25:15,400
known for his shop wit while 
Pompey, honest thrived on 

1575
01:25:15,400 --> 01:25:18,700
Military prowess he was also 
open to philosophical musings. 

1576
01:25:19,500 --> 01:25:21,700
Many evenings. 
The two men would talk over 

1577
01:25:21,700 --> 01:25:25,300
steaming bowls of spelt porridge
about the nature of fate and 

1578
01:25:25,300 --> 01:25:29,300
whether a just War could exist. 
These conversations though brief

1579
01:25:29,300 --> 01:25:32,300
allowed Marcus moments of 
intellectual clarity. 

1580
01:25:33,200 --> 01:25:36,300
He saw in Pompeo as a fellow. 
Seeker will be at one who 

1581
01:25:36,300 --> 01:25:39,000
channeled his convictions into 
martial discipline, rather than 

1582
01:25:39,000 --> 01:25:42,500
written reflection. 
Though, the wars burdened 

1583
01:25:42,500 --> 01:25:47,100
heavily Marcus's popularity 
among the soldiers sword in him.

1584
01:25:47,100 --> 01:25:51,200
They saw not an aloof Imperial 
figure but a leader who endured 

1585
01:25:51,200 --> 01:25:52,300
the same. 
Bitter chill. 

1586
01:25:52,300 --> 01:25:55,700
The same muddy camps. 
The same threat of sudden 

1587
01:25:55,700 --> 01:25:58,300
attack. 
During battle preparations. 

1588
01:25:58,300 --> 01:26:01,900
Marcus took care to visit in 
total soldiers, offering words 

1589
01:26:01,900 --> 01:26:04,900
of encouragement. 
His presence among them became a

1590
01:26:04,900 --> 01:26:07,000
reassuring symbol that Rome's 
Emperor. 

1591
01:26:07,000 --> 01:26:10,400
Understood sacrifice, not from a
gilded distance but through 

1592
01:26:10,400 --> 01:26:13,700
personal experience yet. 
The Frontiers dangers were 

1593
01:26:13,700 --> 01:26:17,900
manifold rumors circulated of 
potential betrayal among Allied 

1594
01:26:17,900 --> 01:26:22,100
tribes, an infiltration by spies
working for the Germanic Chief 

1595
01:26:22,100 --> 01:26:24,400
Toons. 
Skirmishes, erupted 

1596
01:26:24,400 --> 01:26:28,100
unexpectedly, sometimes a wave 
of arrows would descend at night

1597
01:26:28,100 --> 01:26:32,100
leaving the camp reeling. 
Through it all Marcus, refused 

1598
01:26:32,100 --> 01:26:33,800
to let paranoia corrode his 
judgment. 

1599
01:26:33,800 --> 01:26:37,900
He tightened security. 
Yes, but also dispatched 

1600
01:26:37,900 --> 01:26:41,200
diplomats to negotiate terms if 
a measure of Peace could be 

1601
01:26:41,208 --> 01:26:43,200
attained through reason rather 
than Bloodshed. 

1602
01:26:43,200 --> 01:26:48,600
He was determined to find it. 
Back in Rome faustina managed, 

1603
01:26:48,600 --> 01:26:50,600
the Empire's public face as best
she could. 

1604
01:26:50,600 --> 01:26:54,500
She visited temples performed 
ritual offering and listened to 

1605
01:26:54,508 --> 01:26:56,800
the appeals of citizens who 
sought the emperor. 

1606
01:26:57,800 --> 01:27:00,900
Though, many admired her 
resilience Whispers of caught in

1607
01:27:00,900 --> 01:27:04,600
tree continued to swirl. 
Some criticize faustina for her 

1608
01:27:04,600 --> 01:27:07,000
independent demeanor. 
While others eager for 

1609
01:27:07,000 --> 01:27:09,200
influence. 
Try to align themselves with her

1610
01:27:09,900 --> 01:27:12,900
She navigated these politics 
deftly sending regular 

1611
01:27:12,900 --> 01:27:15,100
dispatchers to Markus. 
So he was never uninformed. 

1612
01:27:16,100 --> 01:27:20,000
Letters also arrived from Lucius
verus who split his time between

1613
01:27:20,000 --> 01:27:22,700
the capital and lesser conflicts
simmering another territories. 

1614
01:27:23,500 --> 01:27:26,400
His initial flamboyance had 
softened replaced by a 

1615
01:27:26,400 --> 01:27:31,700
pragmatic. 
Of Imperial Duty together or be 

1616
01:27:31,700 --> 01:27:34,900
it from a distance markers and 
Lucius worked to present a 

1617
01:27:34,900 --> 01:27:37,900
united front. 
They knew roams foes would seize

1618
01:27:37,900 --> 01:27:41,100
upon any sign of Discord as the 
war stretched on. 

1619
01:27:41,100 --> 01:27:43,900
Marcus, felt the strain in every
facet of his life. 

1620
01:27:44,700 --> 01:27:46,900
He was the philosopher Emperor 
yet. 

1621
01:27:46,900 --> 01:27:49,100
He frequently ordered troop 
movements that ended in 

1622
01:27:49,100 --> 01:27:52,600
Bloodshed at night. 
When the cold wind rattled the 

1623
01:27:52,600 --> 01:27:55,400
tent flaps. 
He wrestled with guilt, he 

1624
01:27:55,400 --> 01:27:58,400
reminded himself that stoicism 
was not about denying emotion, 

1625
01:27:58,400 --> 01:28:03,200
but understanding it power, he 
realized did not give him the 

1626
01:28:03,200 --> 01:28:06,700
luxury of Clean Hands leaders. 
Often had to act in ways that 

1627
01:28:06,700 --> 01:28:08,500
chafed against their deeper 
ideals. 

1628
01:28:08,500 --> 01:28:13,000
Still, there were small mercies 
brief, truces broken a day of 

1629
01:28:13,000 --> 01:28:16,000
sunshine to melt the ice, a 
messenger, bringing news that a 

1630
01:28:16,008 --> 01:28:20,200
troubled Province had stabilized
in these fleeting moments Marcus

1631
01:28:20,200 --> 01:28:22,600
remembered, why he had taken up 
this struggle in the first place

1632
01:28:22,600 --> 01:28:25,900
to safeguard a realm that for 
all its imperfections. 

1633
01:28:25,900 --> 01:28:28,500
Still held the potential for 
virtue. 

1634
01:28:28,500 --> 01:28:33,200
If Rome could remain strong yet,
morally grounded, the seeds of a

1635
01:28:33,200 --> 01:28:34,700
more enlightened Society might 
one day. 

1636
01:28:34,708 --> 01:28:39,100
Take Route victory was not 
guaranteed nor was an end to the

1637
01:28:39,100 --> 01:28:42,500
constant trials. 
The Barbarian tribes fought with

1638
01:28:42,500 --> 01:28:46,500
desperation determined to carve 
out territories in the empires 

1639
01:28:46,500 --> 01:28:49,900
weakening landscape, but Marcus 
pressed on forging sell 

1640
01:28:49,900 --> 01:28:52,900
alliances and marshaling 
legionary forces always mindful 

1641
01:28:52,900 --> 01:28:55,600
that true Victory would involve 
reconciliation as much as 

1642
01:28:55,600 --> 01:28:58,500
military success. 
His body bore the signs of 

1643
01:28:58,500 --> 01:29:02,200
fatigue and a creeping illness, 
sometimes left him feverish but 

1644
01:29:02,200 --> 01:29:04,300
he maintained the outward 
composure expected of an 

1645
01:29:04,300 --> 01:29:06,600
emperor. 
As the harshest winter months 

1646
01:29:06,600 --> 01:29:09,400
receded, the glimmered, the 
faint promise of progress. 

1647
01:29:10,100 --> 01:29:13,400
More tribes showed willingness 
to negotiate to accept treaties 

1648
01:29:13,400 --> 01:29:15,900
that allowed them limited 
settlement in exchange for 

1649
01:29:15,908 --> 01:29:18,600
peace. 
Though, some Roman senators were

1650
01:29:18,600 --> 01:29:21,800
outraged by the concessions, 
Marcus stood firm. 

1651
01:29:22,500 --> 01:29:25,200
He believed that clinging to Old
illusions of absolute Dominion 

1652
01:29:25,200 --> 01:29:28,800
would only compound the cycle of
violence compassion. 

1653
01:29:28,800 --> 01:29:32,400
Guided, by children's reason, 
was his guiding star even in the

1654
01:29:32,400 --> 01:29:35,400
theater of war? 
After countless skirmishes and 

1655
01:29:35,400 --> 01:29:38,600
negotiations, the tides slowly 
began to turn in Rome's, favor, 

1656
01:29:38,600 --> 01:29:43,100
Marcus Aurelius, where the weary
found himself, overseeing a 

1657
01:29:43,100 --> 01:29:45,300
series of settlements that 
cautiously stabilized. 

1658
01:29:45,300 --> 01:29:48,800
The Newbie Frontier tribes once 
considered mortal enemies. 

1659
01:29:48,800 --> 01:29:52,300
Now, sought peaceful coexistence
albeit with complex agreements 

1660
01:29:52,300 --> 01:29:57,200
in tribute migration rights and 
mutual defense pacts some 

1661
01:29:57,200 --> 01:30:01,100
Senators bemoaned the dilution 
of Roman Purity but Marcus saw a

1662
01:30:01,108 --> 01:30:04,300
different future a broader. 
More interconnected Empire that 

1663
01:30:04,300 --> 01:30:07,600
could adapt and Thrive his 
determination to incorporate 

1664
01:30:07,600 --> 01:30:10,700
foreign people's and stead of 
vanquishing them outrage 

1665
01:30:10,700 --> 01:30:14,600
traditionalists However the 
emperor deemed it Improvement to

1666
01:30:14,600 --> 01:30:18,100
presume that the empires initial
borders were unchangeable like a

1667
01:30:18,100 --> 01:30:20,900
living organism Rome had to 
evolve all with her. 

1668
01:30:21,500 --> 01:30:24,700
He recalled his stoic maxims, 
all things change. 

1669
01:30:24,700 --> 01:30:27,900
And one must move in harmony 
with the Nature's flow for 

1670
01:30:27,900 --> 01:30:31,600
Marcus, that included welcoming 
new voices into the Roman fold, 

1671
01:30:31,600 --> 01:30:34,600
even if it defied entrenched 
Notions of superiority. 

1672
01:30:36,400 --> 01:30:39,900
Physically, the years of 
hardship, had taken a toll, the 

1673
01:30:39,900 --> 01:30:43,400
Relentless cold of the frontier,
the stress of command, and the 

1674
01:30:43,400 --> 01:30:46,600
sporadic, fevers that played him
during extended campaigns left 

1675
01:30:46,600 --> 01:30:50,100
Marcus freiler, than before. 
Long days, spent riding between 

1676
01:30:50,100 --> 01:30:53,600
Outpost led to frequent aches 
and a persistent cough hinted at

1677
01:30:53,608 --> 01:30:57,000
something more serious. 
Nonetheless, he pushed forward 

1678
01:30:57,000 --> 01:31:00,900
Guided by a sense of Duty that 
burned hotter than any physical 

1679
01:31:00,900 --> 01:31:04,100
ailment. 
The war itself was winding down 

1680
01:31:04,100 --> 01:31:07,600
yet a fresh tragedy. 
Shook him word reached the 

1681
01:31:07,600 --> 01:31:10,400
Emperor of Lucius ferris's 
sudden death from illness while 

1682
01:31:10,400 --> 01:31:14,000
returning to Rome, Marcus 
grieved deeply for his adoptive 

1683
01:31:14,000 --> 01:31:15,900
brother. 
Though, they had often been at 

1684
01:31:15,900 --> 01:31:18,400
odds. 
Lucy is presents, had been a 

1685
01:31:18,400 --> 01:31:21,100
stabilizing factor. 
A reminder that rulership could 

1686
01:31:21,100 --> 01:31:24,900
have more than one face. 
In the aftermath markers, all 

1687
01:31:24,900 --> 01:31:28,200
the weight of the Empire alone 
sleepless nights in suede 

1688
01:31:28,200 --> 01:31:32,200
haunted, by questions about 
Legacy mortality and the shape 

1689
01:31:32,200 --> 01:31:36,300
of Rome's future returning to 
the capital, he found a society 

1690
01:31:36,300 --> 01:31:39,900
wounded but not broken. 
The plague scars remained 

1691
01:31:39,900 --> 01:31:42,900
visible in empty shops and 
thinner crowds but daily life 

1692
01:31:42,900 --> 01:31:46,800
had regained, some vibrancy 
Senators who once criticized him

1693
01:31:46,800 --> 01:31:49,300
with veiled scorn now offered 
subdued. 

1694
01:31:49,300 --> 01:31:52,300
Respect many recognized that he 
had led Rome through one of its 

1695
01:31:52,300 --> 01:31:55,700
darkest chapters whether or not 
they agreed with every decision.

1696
01:31:56,400 --> 01:31:59,400
Outside the Senate Artisans and 
Farmers alike. 

1697
01:31:59,400 --> 01:32:03,500
Spoke of The Emperor's empathy. 
Traits seldom celebrated in men 

1698
01:32:03,500 --> 01:32:06,100
of power. 
However, no sooner did Marcus 

1699
01:32:06,100 --> 01:32:08,200
settle back into Roman Affairs 
than fresh Rumours. 

1700
01:32:08,200 --> 01:32:11,800
Emerged Whispers accused 
faustina of conspiring against 

1701
01:32:11,800 --> 01:32:13,900
him. 
Suggesting she had grown too 

1702
01:32:13,900 --> 01:32:17,600
close to certain members of the 
Court, Marcus pained by the 

1703
01:32:17,600 --> 01:32:21,200
gossip, try to separate baseless
slander from legitimate concern.

1704
01:32:22,000 --> 01:32:24,400
He had learned from his years of
governance that rumors often 

1705
01:32:24,400 --> 01:32:26,300
sprang from Envy or 
manipulation. 

1706
01:32:27,200 --> 01:32:30,500
Still, the seeds of Doubt would 
difficult to eradicate entirely.

1707
01:32:31,200 --> 01:32:33,400
Faustina. 
Dismissed, the accusation and 

1708
01:32:33,400 --> 01:32:36,300
Markus trusting her loyalty did 
not pursue the further. 

1709
01:32:37,200 --> 01:32:40,400
In these uneasy times, he also 
grappled with fatherly worries, 

1710
01:32:40,400 --> 01:32:45,000
his son Commodus, was 
approaching manhood eager to 

1711
01:32:45,000 --> 01:32:47,500
mold him into a successor, who 
could uphold Rome's evolving 

1712
01:32:47,500 --> 01:32:49,700
ideals? 
Markus introduced him to 

1713
01:32:49,700 --> 01:32:52,400
generals legal experts and 
philosophers. 

1714
01:32:52,400 --> 01:32:55,900
Yet comedy seemed in different 
to the stoic virtues that are 

1715
01:32:55,900 --> 01:33:00,200
guided his father, exhibited 
flashes of arrogance, a taste 

1716
01:33:00,200 --> 01:33:03,300
for spectacle and a hunger for 
the luxury of Court life. 

1717
01:33:03,900 --> 01:33:07,000
Marcus prayed that exposure to 
genuine responsibility would 

1718
01:33:07,000 --> 01:33:10,700
temper those impulses, but he 
could not silence the disquiet 

1719
01:33:10,700 --> 01:33:14,500
that churned within him. 
Amid political intrigues and 

1720
01:33:14,500 --> 01:33:18,300
paternal anxieties Marcus 
returned to his writings, adding

1721
01:33:18,300 --> 01:33:20,200
new pages to the philosophical 
Journal. 

1722
01:33:20,200 --> 01:33:24,100
He kept close at hand, These 
Reflections composed in the hush

1723
01:33:24,100 --> 01:33:27,500
of dawn, or by Lamplight late at
night, served as a compass, when

1724
01:33:27,500 --> 01:33:30,800
external chaos threatened to 
overwhelm him quietly, he 

1725
01:33:30,800 --> 01:33:34,600
reaffirmed that Temperance, 
Justice, courage and wisdom 

1726
01:33:34,600 --> 01:33:37,300
remained, the pillars upon which
a life of purpose was built. 

1727
01:33:38,100 --> 01:33:41,200
If he could not enforce these 
virtues on an Empire, let alone 

1728
01:33:41,200 --> 01:33:43,400
on his child, he could at least 
embody them. 

1729
01:33:44,200 --> 01:33:46,700
Determined to leave Rome 
stronger than he found it. 

1730
01:33:46,700 --> 01:33:50,200
Marcus embarked on a series of 
legal and social reforms. 

1731
01:33:50,200 --> 01:33:53,600
He wanted to streamline 
bureaucratic processes, ensure 

1732
01:33:53,600 --> 01:33:56,200
that provincial Governors were 
held accountable and provide 

1733
01:33:56,200 --> 01:33:58,900
stable infrastructure for a 
population, still reeling from 

1734
01:33:58,900 --> 01:34:02,300
war and disease. 
Funding was scared, but he 

1735
01:34:02,308 --> 01:34:04,700
allocated what resources? 
He could to the projects, He 

1736
01:34:04,700 --> 01:34:09,000
deemed essential Aqueducts were 
prepared roads improved and 

1737
01:34:09,000 --> 01:34:12,000
schools, granted modest stipends
to educate the Next Generation. 

1738
01:34:13,000 --> 01:34:15,800
Critics warn that, such 
benevolence bordered on naivete 

1739
01:34:15,800 --> 01:34:18,000
yet. 
Markers viewed, these steps as 

1740
01:34:18,000 --> 01:34:21,700
vital investments in a more 
resilient Rome even in the hush 

1741
01:34:21,700 --> 01:34:23,700
of progress. 
He was not blind to the 

1742
01:34:23,700 --> 01:34:27,200
undercurrent of discontent 
powerful families plotted behind

1743
01:34:27,200 --> 01:34:29,300
closed doors, but leaving that 
an emperor. 

1744
01:34:29,300 --> 01:34:31,300
Preoccupied with moral 
philosophy, could be out 

1745
01:34:31,300 --> 01:34:34,100
maneuvered. 
Soldiers, once loyal grew 

1746
01:34:34,100 --> 01:34:38,300
Restless in a peacetime. 
The Empire's old ghosts never 

1747
01:34:38,300 --> 01:34:41,800
fully vanished, Marcus braced 
himself for the next upheaval 

1748
01:34:41,800 --> 01:34:45,200
aware that stability was always 
an interlude, never a permanent 

1749
01:34:45,200 --> 01:34:49,400
State and so he carried on 
leaning on the very principles. 

1750
01:34:49,400 --> 01:34:52,900
He had studied as a child 
navigating betrayal and forging 

1751
01:34:52,900 --> 01:34:56,400
alliances contending with the 
willful nature of his offspring.

1752
01:34:57,100 --> 01:35:00,700
He tried to remain steadfast. 
Each day, brought a new puzzle, 

1753
01:35:00,700 --> 01:35:05,300
a shortage of funds, a border, 
Skirmish ascended, as duplicity 

1754
01:35:05,300 --> 01:35:09,100
yet through it all Marcus, 
Aurelius refused to relinquish. 

1755
01:35:09,100 --> 01:35:11,500
His core belief that reason and 
compassion might still 

1756
01:35:11,500 --> 01:35:13,300
illuminate. 
The darkest corridors of power 

1757
01:35:13,300 --> 01:35:17,900
time was a patient sculptor 
etching its lines deeper into 

1758
01:35:17,900 --> 01:35:20,900
Marcus's features though. 
He still attended to official 

1759
01:35:20,900 --> 01:35:25,000
duties with unwavering diligence
his health faulted that 

1760
01:35:25,000 --> 01:35:28,300
persistent cough worsened and 
his Knights, grew more Restless,

1761
01:35:28,300 --> 01:35:32,300
the Physicians advised rest, but
an Emperor's life rarely granted

1762
01:35:32,300 --> 01:35:36,500
such luxury is Fears lingered, 
too, the sense that the empire 

1763
01:35:36,500 --> 01:35:40,400
was, but one rumor, one betrayal
or one Uprising away from 

1764
01:35:40,400 --> 01:35:43,400
fragmentation. 
Markers stood at the center, 

1765
01:35:43,400 --> 01:35:46,600
exerting every effort to 
maintain Unity through the 

1766
01:35:46,600 --> 01:35:50,300
combined power of rational 
governance and moral conviction.

1767
01:35:51,200 --> 01:35:54,100
In the final campaigns against 
resurgent Germanic tribes 

1768
01:35:54,100 --> 01:35:57,600
Marcus. 
Once again took to the field age

1769
01:35:57,600 --> 01:36:00,900
had not diminished his resolve 
From Camp to Camp. 

1770
01:36:00,900 --> 01:36:04,800
He traveled with a small retinue
offering encouragement to 

1771
01:36:04,800 --> 01:36:07,900
battle, weary troops. 
Yet this time the war-worn 

1772
01:36:07,900 --> 01:36:11,500
emperor appeared more ghostly 
than Regal the men spoke of his 

1773
01:36:11,500 --> 01:36:15,300
stoic endurance, how his eyes 
shimmered with fever, even as he

1774
01:36:15,300 --> 01:36:19,000
spoke of Duty and fortitude, for
all he had done to keep Rome 

1775
01:36:19,000 --> 01:36:21,000
intact. 
The ravages of illness would not

1776
01:36:21,000 --> 01:36:23,700
yield to rhetorical skill 
Commodus. 

1777
01:36:23,700 --> 01:36:26,600
Summon his father's side 
witnessed first-hand the 

1778
01:36:26,600 --> 01:36:29,700
Empire's fringes, a harsh landed
by conflict. 

1779
01:36:30,600 --> 01:36:33,300
Marcus hoped, the site would 
steal his son's character 

1780
01:36:33,300 --> 01:36:34,900
prompting a sense of 
responsibility. 

1781
01:36:36,200 --> 01:36:38,300
But Commodus wore impatience 
like a second. 

1782
01:36:38,300 --> 01:36:41,800
Toga, he complained about the 
cold, about the humble, 

1783
01:36:41,800 --> 01:36:45,500
rationals about the lack of 
pomp, he believed befitted but 

1784
01:36:45,500 --> 01:36:49,900
an imperial are Marcus inwardly 
grieved knowing the path ahead 

1785
01:36:49,900 --> 01:36:53,400
might Splinter beneath comedies 
as Restless feet yet. 

1786
01:36:53,400 --> 01:36:56,300
He also recognized that no 
father could impose virtue on a 

1787
01:36:56,308 --> 01:37:00,200
reluctant child. 
In quieter moments, Marcus can 

1788
01:37:00,200 --> 01:37:03,200
find it in Claudius pompeianus 
who had remained a steadfast 

1789
01:37:03,200 --> 01:37:06,100
advisor. 
The emperor of the contradiction

1790
01:37:06,100 --> 01:37:09,200
inherent in rulership how on 
aspiring philosopher must 

1791
01:37:09,200 --> 01:37:12,200
enforce harsh discipline to 
maintain the Empire's cohesion. 

1792
01:37:13,100 --> 01:37:16,400
Be honest offered practical 
wisdom while Marcus responded 

1793
01:37:16,400 --> 01:37:20,400
with meditative Reflections. 
Their conversations formed a 

1794
01:37:20,400 --> 01:37:23,400
final tapestry of friendship, 
weaving threads of pragmatism 

1795
01:37:23,400 --> 01:37:26,800
and introspection together in 
the Twilight of Marcus's reign. 

1796
01:37:27,300 --> 01:37:31,600
Eventually, the newsreader had 
taken Gravely ill Camp. 

1797
01:37:31,600 --> 01:37:33,500
Physicians. 
Tried every remedy, they knew 

1798
01:37:33,500 --> 01:37:37,300
from herbal concoctions to 
prayers at makeshift altars, but

1799
01:37:37,300 --> 01:37:40,900
the decline accelerated Marcus 
retreated to his tent. 

1800
01:37:40,900 --> 01:37:45,700
His body weakening yet his mind 
still alert summoning Commodus 

1801
01:37:45,700 --> 01:37:48,800
for a last conference. 
He emphasized a single theme, 

1802
01:37:48,800 --> 01:37:53,000
the virtues that guide a leader.
Must not be mere ornament in the

1803
01:37:53,008 --> 01:37:55,800
hush between Father and Son. 
He uttered words about 

1804
01:37:55,800 --> 01:37:58,400
compassion for subjects fairness
in judgment. 

1805
01:37:58,400 --> 01:38:03,000
And the necessity to curb excess
Commodus shifting uneasily, 

1806
01:38:03,000 --> 01:38:05,100
nodded but offered little 
reassurance. 

1807
01:38:06,300 --> 01:38:08,700
As the hours slipped by the 
emperor returned to his 

1808
01:38:08,700 --> 01:38:11,900
meditations, their in the fading
glow of a lantern. 

1809
01:38:11,900 --> 01:38:15,500
He penned a few final lines in a
had been His companion. 

1810
01:38:15,500 --> 01:38:20,000
Through Wars plagues political 
strife. he wrote not of 

1811
01:38:20,000 --> 01:38:24,000
Victories or conquests but of 
how fleeting each moment is and 

1812
01:38:24,000 --> 01:38:26,700
how each individuals duty is to 
act in accordance with the good 

1813
01:38:26,700 --> 01:38:29,900
of the whole Rumor would have it
that these last notes carried 

1814
01:38:29,900 --> 01:38:33,000
more Serenity than sorrow as 
though Marcus were already 

1815
01:38:33,000 --> 01:38:35,100
stepping into the realm Beyond 
mortal worries. 

1816
01:38:36,000 --> 01:38:39,300
When his eyes closed for the 
final time, the camp fell into a

1817
01:38:39,308 --> 01:38:42,000
somber hush. 
Soldiers who had long admired 

1818
01:38:42,000 --> 01:38:45,300
his calm presence gathered 
around the tent quietly paying 

1819
01:38:45,300 --> 01:38:48,400
their respects, courteous 
murmured that the Empire had 

1820
01:38:48,400 --> 01:38:51,900
lost its coal even those who 
want to criticize Marcus found 

1821
01:38:51,900 --> 01:38:53,500
themselves longing for his 
Steady Hand. 

1822
01:38:54,400 --> 01:38:56,500
The commander of the Guard 
ordered a gentle watch 

1823
01:38:56,500 --> 01:38:59,800
throughout the night unwilling 
to break the solemn piece that 

1824
01:38:59,800 --> 01:39:03,600
followed his final breath. 
Yet life in the Empire continued

1825
01:39:03,600 --> 01:39:07,500
the next day. 
Commodus assumed leadership and 

1826
01:39:07,500 --> 01:39:10,800
Rome braced for another shift. 
Few doubted that change was 

1827
01:39:10,800 --> 01:39:14,200
inevitable markers, had known it
himself, but he had also 

1828
01:39:14,200 --> 01:39:17,300
believed that his efforts. 
His stoic Council and moral 

1829
01:39:17,300 --> 01:39:24,100
reforms had planted seeds for a 
gentler more reasoned Empire The

1830
01:39:24,100 --> 01:39:27,300
question of whether those seeds 
would Sprout or wither under his

1831
01:39:27,300 --> 01:39:30,200
rule, filled hearts, with both 
anticipation and Dread. 

1832
01:39:31,100 --> 01:39:33,800
In the days, following his 
death, the body of Marcus 

1833
01:39:33,800 --> 01:39:37,500
Aurelius was prepared for a 
reverent return to Rome crowds 

1834
01:39:37,500 --> 01:39:39,300
lined the streets to catch a 
glimpse of the funeral 

1835
01:39:39,300 --> 01:39:42,100
procession. 
Rome did not always cherish its 

1836
01:39:42,100 --> 01:39:45,400
philosophers, but it seemed 
determined to honor this one who

1837
01:39:45,400 --> 01:39:47,200
had guided the Empire through 
despair. 

1838
01:39:47,200 --> 01:39:51,500
Women wept openly remembering 
how he had once funded relief in

1839
01:39:51,500 --> 01:39:54,800
their neighborhoods. 
Veterans, stood in stoic salute 

1840
01:39:54,800 --> 01:39:56,900
each recalling the winter 
nights. 

1841
01:39:56,900 --> 01:39:58,800
He spent among them Scholars 
carried. 

1842
01:39:58,800 --> 01:40:01,500
Small scraps of parchment filled
with the emperor's wisdom 

1843
01:40:01,500 --> 01:40:06,200
uncertain if the new era would 
appreciate such lessons in the 

1844
01:40:06,200 --> 01:40:08,700
coming years. 
Rome's course, would deviate 

1845
01:40:08,700 --> 01:40:12,200
sharply from the principles 
markers had championed Commodus 

1846
01:40:12,200 --> 01:40:15,900
is Reign brought spectacle over 
substance extravagance over 

1847
01:40:15,900 --> 01:40:19,700
empathy yet long after the 
Empire's fortunes Rose and fell,

1848
01:40:19,700 --> 01:40:22,900
the writings of Marcus oreius, 
endured quite quietly offering 

1849
01:40:22,900 --> 01:40:27,200
guidance to those who like him 
sought a life anchored by virtue

1850
01:40:27,200 --> 01:40:31,100
and reason, He left behind, no, 
sweeping arcs of Conquest, no 

1851
01:40:31,100 --> 01:40:34,900
Grand self-aggrandizing 
monuments, his legacy was etched

1852
01:40:34,900 --> 01:40:37,800
in the hearts and minds of those
who witnessed, how an emperor 

1853
01:40:37,800 --> 01:40:41,500
could sit by a soldiers bedside 
or grant clemency to a defeated 

1854
01:40:41,500 --> 01:40:44,400
foe. 
The marble might crumble the 

1855
01:40:44,400 --> 01:40:47,700
gold might tarnish, but the 
ideals markers championed 

1856
01:40:47,700 --> 01:40:53,700
Integrity humility, wisdom would
stand resilient and so in the 

1857
01:40:53,700 --> 01:40:56,900
animals of History, you would 
remain a guide in light a 

1858
01:40:56,900 --> 01:41:00,000
testament that even within the 
highest of power, the human 

1859
01:41:00,000 --> 01:41:02,600
Spirit could strive for 
something nobler than mere 

1860
01:41:02,600 --> 01:41:12,600
Dominion. 
You know, how some days start 

1861
01:41:12,600 --> 01:41:15,400
perfectly ordinary and then take
a left turn into absolutely 

1862
01:41:15,400 --> 01:41:18,600
bonkers. 
Well, Tuesday, Morning, began 

1863
01:41:18,600 --> 01:41:21,200
with me standing. 
In my kitchen coffee, mug in 

1864
01:41:21,200 --> 01:41:23,900
hand staring at the antique, 
brass Compass, I'd inherited 

1865
01:41:23,900 --> 01:41:26,800
from great art Moira. 
The thing had been Gathering 

1866
01:41:26,800 --> 01:41:28,300
dust on my windowsill for 
months. 

1867
01:41:29,100 --> 01:41:31,300
But something about the way, the
Morning Light caught, its 

1868
01:41:31,300 --> 01:41:32,800
warning Cravings made me. 
Pick it up. 

1869
01:41:34,100 --> 01:41:37,800
The compass felt surprisingly 
warm in my palm almost like it 

1870
01:41:37,800 --> 01:41:40,300
had been sitting in sunshine all
morning instead of shadow. 

1871
01:41:41,200 --> 01:41:44,300
I traced the Celtic knots carved
around its rim with my finger 

1872
01:41:44,300 --> 01:41:46,800
wandering. 
If Moira had actually used this 

1873
01:41:46,800 --> 01:41:49,700
thing, or if it was just another
piece of Scottish, family, 

1874
01:41:49,700 --> 01:41:53,400
folklore, collecting cobwebs, 
the needle, spun lazily 

1875
01:41:53,400 --> 01:41:56,800
pointing, not North, but to some
direction that seemed to exist 

1876
01:41:56,800 --> 01:41:58,700
only in its own mysterious 
geography. 

1877
01:41:58,700 --> 01:42:01,500
That's when things got 
interesting in the way that 

1878
01:42:01,500 --> 01:42:03,500
makes you question your morning 
coffee choices. 

1879
01:42:04,700 --> 01:42:07,600
The world around me began to 
Shimmer like Heatwave rising 

1880
01:42:07,600 --> 01:42:10,700
from Summer pavement. 
Except my kitchen, suddenly felt

1881
01:42:10,700 --> 01:42:15,100
anything but warm Colors bled at
the edges of my vision and that 

1882
01:42:15,100 --> 01:42:17,500
peculiar ringing, you get in 
your ears during airplane, 

1883
01:42:17,500 --> 01:42:20,700
takeoff filled, my head. 
I had just enough time to think.

1884
01:42:20,700 --> 01:42:24,300
Well, this is either a stroke or
something considerably more 

1885
01:42:24,300 --> 01:42:27,900
unusual before everything went 
sideways time travel. 

1886
01:42:27,900 --> 01:42:30,700
As it turns out, feels 
remarkably like being tumbled in

1887
01:42:30,700 --> 01:42:33,400
the world's largest washing 
machine, while someone plays a 

1888
01:42:33,400 --> 01:42:37,200
bagpiper Orchestra directly into
your skull, not unpleasant, 

1889
01:42:37,200 --> 01:42:39,100
exactly. 
But definitely not something 

1890
01:42:39,100 --> 01:42:41,100
you'd want to experience right 
after breakfast. 

1891
01:42:42,100 --> 01:42:45,200
The sensation lasted either 
three seconds or three centuries

1892
01:42:45,200 --> 01:42:48,700
time, being somewhat negotiable 
during interdimensional Transit 

1893
01:42:48,700 --> 01:42:51,200
apparently. 
When the world stops spinning 

1894
01:42:51,200 --> 01:42:54,500
like a cosmic carnival ride. 
I found myself standing in what 

1895
01:42:54,500 --> 01:42:57,600
appeared to be a meadow that had
never heard of lawn mowers hedge

1896
01:42:57,600 --> 01:43:02,000
trimmers or any other, modern 
convenience is Tallgrass weighed

1897
01:43:02,000 --> 01:43:05,100
around my ankles dotted with 
wildflowers, that looked like 

1898
01:43:05,100 --> 01:43:08,000
they'd stepped straight out of a
medieval illuminated manuscript.

1899
01:43:08,000 --> 01:43:11,800
The are carried since I couldn't
quite place would smoke 

1900
01:43:11,800 --> 01:43:14,500
something cooking. 
That might have been bred in the

1901
01:43:14,508 --> 01:43:17,000
earthy richness of a world where
exhaust fumes hadn't been 

1902
01:43:17,000 --> 01:43:20,300
invented yet. 
The silence hit me first. 

1903
01:43:21,100 --> 01:43:24,000
Not the kind of quiet you get in
Suburban neighborhoods at 2 in 

1904
01:43:24,008 --> 01:43:27,100
the morning but the deep 
breathing Silence of a place 

1905
01:43:27,100 --> 01:43:29,800
where the loudest sound for 
Miles might be a bird calling or

1906
01:43:29,800 --> 01:43:33,500
wind moving through leaves no 
traffic, whom no air 

1907
01:43:33,500 --> 01:43:36,700
conditioning units. 
No distant leaf blowers just the

1908
01:43:36,700 --> 01:43:39,400
world as it existed before we 
filled it with the constant 

1909
01:43:39,400 --> 01:43:43,300
background core of Modern Life. 
I looked down at the compass, 

1910
01:43:43,300 --> 01:43:46,900
still clutched in my hand, it's 
needle now pointed steadily in 

1911
01:43:46,900 --> 01:43:49,200
One Direction with the 
confidence of something that 

1912
01:43:49,200 --> 01:43:52,800
finally knew where it belonged. 
The brass felt cool again 

1913
01:43:52,800 --> 01:43:56,400
ordinary as if it had never been
anything more than a family 

1914
01:43:56,400 --> 01:43:59,500
heirloom, with a tendency toward
dramatic gestures. 

1915
01:44:00,500 --> 01:44:03,200
The landscape stretched around 
me and Rolling Green Hills. 

1916
01:44:03,200 --> 01:44:06,800
That seemed to go on forever 
punctuated by stands of trees 

1917
01:44:06,800 --> 01:44:10,700
that looked older than anything 
I'd ever seen. in the distant 

1918
01:44:10,700 --> 01:44:13,400
smoke Rose, from What Might Have
Been chimneys though, calling 

1919
01:44:13,400 --> 01:44:16,700
them chimneys might be generous 
Stone structures dotted. 

1920
01:44:16,700 --> 01:44:19,900
The hillside, not ruins, but 
buildings that were clearly 

1921
01:44:19,900 --> 01:44:23,200
lived in used part of someone's 
daily life. 

1922
01:44:24,100 --> 01:44:28,300
My modern clothes felt suddenly 
conspicuous jeans and a fleece 

1923
01:44:28,300 --> 01:44:29,600
jacket. 
Probably work going to help me 

1924
01:44:29,608 --> 01:44:33,000
blend in wherever or whenever 
I'd landed. 

1925
01:44:34,400 --> 01:44:38,400
The realization crept Over Me 
Slowly like cold water seeping 

1926
01:44:38,400 --> 01:44:41,500
through boots. 
I was no longer in Kansas Toto 

1927
01:44:41,500 --> 01:44:44,600
that I had a sneaking suspicion.
I wasn't in the 21st century 

1928
01:44:44,600 --> 01:44:47,800
either. 
A distant sound drifted across 

1929
01:44:47,800 --> 01:44:51,000
the meadow voice is maybe 
something that could have been 

1930
01:44:51,000 --> 01:44:54,400
alive stock. 
Civilization, or at least what 

1931
01:44:54,400 --> 01:44:56,700
passed for it in whatever era 
I'd stumbled into. 

1932
01:44:58,000 --> 01:45:00,900
The compass needle held steady 
pointing toward Those Distant 

1933
01:45:00,900 --> 01:45:04,100
wisps of smoke as if it knew 
exactly where I needed to go. 

1934
01:45:05,300 --> 01:45:07,400
I took a deep breath of air that
tasted like it. 

1935
01:45:07,400 --> 01:45:09,100
Had never met a factory 
adjusted. 

1936
01:45:09,100 --> 01:45:12,200
My grip on great art, moira's, 
compass, and started walking 

1937
01:45:12,200 --> 01:45:14,000
toward, whatever Adventure 
awaited. 

1938
01:45:14,000 --> 01:45:17,400
After all, when you've 
accidentally time traveled to 

1939
01:45:17,400 --> 01:45:20,800
what appeared to be medieval 
Scotland standing around in a 

1940
01:45:20,800 --> 01:45:23,200
meadow questioning Your Life 
Choices, seemed less productive 

1941
01:45:23,200 --> 01:45:26,900
than finding out where you'd 
actually ended up besides the 

1942
01:45:26,900 --> 01:45:28,400
coffee back home was getting 
cold. 

1943
01:45:28,400 --> 01:45:30,600
Anyway, walking through medieval
Scotland. 

1944
01:45:30,600 --> 01:45:33,100
I discovered, as like, hiking 
through the world's, most 

1945
01:45:33,100 --> 01:45:36,500
authentic historical 
re-enactment, except nobody told

1946
01:45:36,500 --> 01:45:39,000
you the rules and there's no 
gift shop at the end. 

1947
01:45:40,300 --> 01:45:42,300
Path. 
I followed and I used the term 

1948
01:45:42,300 --> 01:45:45,200
path generously. 
What was essentially a 

1949
01:45:45,200 --> 01:45:48,400
suggestion of where people might
have walked repeatedly wound 

1950
01:45:48,400 --> 01:45:51,100
through Countryside, that looked
like every romantic Highland 

1951
01:45:51,100 --> 01:45:53,200
calendar. 
You've ever seen minus the 

1952
01:45:53,200 --> 01:45:56,500
modern photographers and plus a 
concerning amount of what might 

1953
01:45:56,500 --> 01:45:58,900
charitably be called, natural 
fertilizer. 

1954
01:45:59,600 --> 01:46:01,900
The compass led me to order 
cluster of buildings that 

1955
01:46:01,900 --> 01:46:04,900
materialized from the landscape 
like something emerging from a 

1956
01:46:04,900 --> 01:46:07,400
dream. 
Stone Cottages with thatched 

1957
01:46:07,400 --> 01:46:10,500
roofs huddled together as if 
sharing warmth connected by. 

1958
01:46:10,500 --> 01:46:13,900
What I gradually recognized a 
streets in the same way that 

1959
01:46:13,900 --> 01:46:17,100
rivers are connected by 
riverbeds more suggestion than 

1960
01:46:17,100 --> 01:46:21,300
engineering Smoke curled from 
Chimneys in lazy, Spirals and 

1961
01:46:21,300 --> 01:46:23,400
the whole scene had that soft 
focus quality. 

1962
01:46:23,400 --> 01:46:26,700
You see in paintings except it 
smelled considerably more 

1963
01:46:26,700 --> 01:46:31,600
authentic. as I got closer, the 
sounds of daily life, began to 

1964
01:46:31,600 --> 01:46:35,100
filter through the morning are 
voices, spoke in such thick 

1965
01:46:35,100 --> 01:46:38,600
accents that they might as well 
have been speaking Gaelic, which

1966
01:46:38,600 --> 01:46:42,900
I realized with growing concern,
they probably were The rhythm of

1967
01:46:42,900 --> 01:46:46,700
hammering, the lowing of cattle 
and other sounds indicated that 

1968
01:46:46,700 --> 01:46:49,400
people were going about their 
perfectly normal, medieval 

1969
01:46:49,400 --> 01:46:52,200
morning routines, possibly from 
a Smithy nearby. 

1970
01:46:53,800 --> 01:46:56,800
The first person I encountered 
was a woman hanging laundry on a

1971
01:46:56,800 --> 01:46:58,000
line. 
Strung between two posts 

1972
01:46:58,000 --> 01:47:00,400
singing. 
Something under her breath, that

1973
01:47:00,400 --> 01:47:03,100
sounded like a lullaby written 
by someone who understood both 

1974
01:47:03,100 --> 01:47:07,100
Joy and sorrow intimately. 
She wore a long dress and shade 

1975
01:47:07,100 --> 01:47:11,400
of brown that probably had a 
fancy historical name like umber

1976
01:47:11,400 --> 01:47:15,600
or russet covered by an apron 
that had clearly seen heavy use.

1977
01:47:16,600 --> 01:47:19,700
When she spotted me approaching 
her song Trail off and she 

1978
01:47:19,700 --> 01:47:23,300
straightened slowly taking in my
appearance with the careful 

1979
01:47:23,300 --> 01:47:27,100
attention of someone evaluating 
whether I was lost dangerous or 

1980
01:47:27,100 --> 01:47:31,100
merely peculiar. 
Given my jeans sneakers and 

1981
01:47:31,100 --> 01:47:33,900
fleece jacket. 
I was probably hitting all three

1982
01:47:33,900 --> 01:47:37,500
categories, simultaneously, the 
conversation that ensued would 

1983
01:47:37,508 --> 01:47:39,600
have been amusing. 
If it hadn't been crucial to my 

1984
01:47:39,600 --> 01:47:44,200
immediate survival, She spoke in
what I eventually recognized as 

1985
01:47:44,200 --> 01:47:47,200
English, but English that had 
taken such a scenic route 

1986
01:47:47,200 --> 01:47:48,900
through time and Regional 
dialect. 

1987
01:47:48,900 --> 01:47:51,700
That understanding it required, 
the kind of mental gymnastics, 

1988
01:47:51,700 --> 01:47:54,700
usually reserved for solving 
crossword, puzzles in foreign 

1989
01:47:54,700 --> 01:47:58,200
languages through a combination 
of pointing pantomime and the 

1990
01:47:58,200 --> 01:48:01,200
universal language of looking 
completely bewildered and 

1991
01:48:01,200 --> 01:48:05,200
managed to communicate that. 
I was a traveler from well far 

1992
01:48:05,200 --> 01:48:09,300
away, seemed safer than 700 
years in the future, she 

1993
01:48:09,300 --> 01:48:12,200
introduced to self as a less 
which she pronounced in a way 

1994
01:48:12,200 --> 01:48:15,400
that made my attempts to repeat 
it sound like someone sneezing 

1995
01:48:15,400 --> 01:48:19,000
while trying to say Alice. 
Alice had the kind of practical 

1996
01:48:19,000 --> 01:48:21,700
kindness that comes from living 
in a world where Hospitality 

1997
01:48:21,700 --> 01:48:24,400
might be the difference between 
life and death for travelers. 

1998
01:48:25,400 --> 01:48:29,200
She scrutinized me thoroughly 
observing, my clearly unfamiliar

1999
01:48:29,200 --> 01:48:32,700
attire and a parent bewilderment
before making a seemingly 

2000
01:48:32,700 --> 01:48:36,100
decisive assessment of My 
overall innocence within 

2001
01:48:36,100 --> 01:48:37,900
minutes. 
I found myself sitting on a 

2002
01:48:37,900 --> 01:48:40,900
wooden stool in her cottage, 
which was simultaneously smaller

2003
01:48:40,900 --> 01:48:44,100
and more complex than I'd 
expected, the single room, 

2004
01:48:44,100 --> 01:48:47,800
served as kitchen, living room 
bedroom, and probably several 

2005
01:48:47,800 --> 01:48:49,700
other functions. 
I had an identified yet. 

2006
01:48:50,700 --> 01:48:54,600
Fire burned in a stone half that
dominated one wall, filling the 

2007
01:48:54,600 --> 01:48:57,300
space with warmth and the kind 
of wood smoke that makes you 

2008
01:48:57,300 --> 01:49:00,800
think of winter evening's even 
in broad daylight. she ladled 

2009
01:49:00,800 --> 01:49:03,600
something from a pot hanging 
over the fire into a wooden bowl

2010
01:49:03,600 --> 01:49:06,900
and handed it to me with the 
universal gesture of eat this 

2011
01:49:06,900 --> 01:49:10,900
before you fall over The stew. 
And I'm calling it stupid 

2012
01:49:10,900 --> 01:49:12,700
because that seemed like the 
closest modern equivalent 

2013
01:49:12,700 --> 01:49:16,500
contained ingredients. 
I couldn't entirely identify but

2014
01:49:16,500 --> 01:49:19,300
which tasted like someone had 
managed to make comfort food out

2015
01:49:19,300 --> 01:49:21,800
of whatever was available in a 
world before grocery stores? 

2016
01:49:23,000 --> 01:49:26,800
As I ate Alias continued talking
in her musical, incomprehensible

2017
01:49:26,800 --> 01:49:29,100
dialect. 
Occasionally gesturing at my 

2018
01:49:29,108 --> 01:49:30,900
clothes or the compass. 
I still carried. 

2019
01:49:31,900 --> 01:49:35,200
I nodded at what seemed like 
appropriate intervals and tried 

2020
01:49:35,200 --> 01:49:38,200
to look great for rather than 
completely lost, which wasn't 

2021
01:49:38,200 --> 01:49:41,800
difficult since I was in fact, 
deeply thankful and completely 

2022
01:49:41,800 --> 01:49:46,800
lost The stew was surprisingly, 
delicious warming, me deeply and

2023
01:49:46,800 --> 01:49:49,400
easing, the residual 
disorientation from my temporal 

2024
01:49:49,400 --> 01:49:52,400
Journey. 
Outside the village continued. 

2025
01:49:52,400 --> 01:49:55,300
Its daily Rhythm blissfully 
unaware that someone from the 

2026
01:49:55,300 --> 01:49:57,100
future was sitting in alias's 
cottage. 

2027
01:49:57,100 --> 01:50:00,000
Trying to figure out how to 
explain the concept of time 

2028
01:50:00,000 --> 01:50:01,800
travel. 
Through interpretive dance, 

2029
01:50:01,800 --> 01:50:05,200
medieval Scottish Villages, I 
learned over the following days,

2030
01:50:05,200 --> 01:50:08,700
operate on a social system, that
makes modern office politics. 

2031
01:50:08,700 --> 01:50:11,900
Look straightforward, everyone 
knows everyone else's business, 

2032
01:50:11,900 --> 01:50:15,200
but they discuss it in such 
elaborate circumlocution. 

2033
01:50:15,200 --> 01:50:18,400
That understanding what's 
actually happening requires. 

2034
01:50:18,400 --> 01:50:21,200
The analytical skills of a 
detective and the patience of a 

2035
01:50:21,200 --> 01:50:24,000
saint Alias. 
With her practical demeanor 

2036
01:50:24,000 --> 01:50:27,000
appeared to have taken on the 
role of my cultural interpreter 

2037
01:50:27,000 --> 01:50:30,000
and general care taker. 
It found me clothes that 

2038
01:50:30,000 --> 01:50:32,400
wouldn't immediately Mark me as 
either foreign or potentially 

2039
01:50:32,400 --> 01:50:37,700
magical a long tunic in undyed. 
Wool, rough Brown, trousers and 

2040
01:50:37,700 --> 01:50:41,300
shoes that were less shoes and 
more leather suggestions wrapped

2041
01:50:41,300 --> 01:50:44,600
around my feet. 
The transformation from 21st 

2042
01:50:44,600 --> 01:50:47,400
century person to medieval 
peasant was remarkably thorough 

2043
01:50:47,400 --> 01:50:51,100
like the compass hidden in a 
pocket, like a technological 

2044
01:50:51,100 --> 01:50:54,000
talisman. 
The daily rhythm of village life

2045
01:50:54,000 --> 01:50:56,100
unfolded around me like a 
complex dance. 

2046
01:50:56,900 --> 01:50:59,200
I was learning one stumbling 
step at a time. 

2047
01:50:59,208 --> 01:51:03,000
People rose with the sun because
artificial lighting consisted of

2048
01:51:03,000 --> 01:51:06,700
candles and firelight both too 
precious to waste on staying up 

2049
01:51:06,700 --> 01:51:10,900
late, binge watching anything. 
Work commenced immediately and 

2050
01:51:10,900 --> 01:51:13,600
persisted until dusk, 
interspersed with meals that 

2051
01:51:13,600 --> 01:51:15,700
became unique events. 
Food. 

2052
01:51:15,700 --> 01:51:18,800
I discovered was both simpler 
and more complicated than I'd 

2053
01:51:18,800 --> 01:51:21,700
expected simpler because 
ingredients were limited to what

2054
01:51:21,700 --> 01:51:25,600
could be grown caught or raise 
locally more complicated because

2055
01:51:25,600 --> 01:51:28,000
preparing even basic meals 
required skills. 

2056
01:51:28,000 --> 01:51:31,300
I'd never developed like knowing
which wild plants were edible 

2057
01:51:31,300 --> 01:51:34,500
versus which ones would make you
see colors that didn't exist. 

2058
01:51:35,400 --> 01:51:37,000
At least took my culinary 
education. 

2059
01:51:37,000 --> 01:51:40,400
Seriously teaching me to 
identify herbs by smell and 

2060
01:51:40,400 --> 01:51:43,400
touch to judge when bread was 
properly needed. 

2061
01:51:43,400 --> 01:51:47,000
By the way, the dough felt under
my hands and attend a fire, so 

2062
01:51:47,000 --> 01:51:49,500
it provided steady heat. 
Without consuming, all the fuel,

2063
01:51:49,500 --> 01:51:52,700
these lessons came with running 
commentary and her musical 

2064
01:51:52,700 --> 01:51:56,600
dialect most of which went over 
my head but some of which I was 

2065
01:51:56,600 --> 01:51:59,500
beginning to understand through 
sheer repetition and context. 

2066
01:51:59,500 --> 01:52:03,000
The Village Blacksmith a man 
named Hamish who looked like he 

2067
01:52:03,000 --> 01:52:05,900
could arm wrestle bears for 
entertainment became another. 

2068
01:52:05,900 --> 01:52:09,900
Inadvertent teacher He spoke 
even less comprehensible English

2069
01:52:09,900 --> 01:52:12,700
than Alias, but is 
demonstrations of metalworking 

2070
01:52:12,700 --> 01:52:15,700
were clear enough. 
Watching him shape iron with 

2071
01:52:15,700 --> 01:52:19,000
hammer and fire was like seeing 
magic that happened to obey the 

2072
01:52:19,000 --> 01:52:21,600
laws of physics. 
The rhythmic ringing of his 

2073
01:52:21,600 --> 01:52:25,100
hammer, provided The Villages 
soundtrack, a steady, percussion

2074
01:52:25,100 --> 01:52:26,800
that marked the passage of 
working hours. 

2075
01:52:27,700 --> 01:52:30,700
What struck me most was how much
everyone knew about everything 

2076
01:52:30,700 --> 01:52:34,900
ALS could predict whether by 
reading clouds identify plants 

2077
01:52:34,900 --> 01:52:36,400
that would cure headaches or 
settle. 

2078
01:52:36,400 --> 01:52:40,900
Stomachs spin wool into thread 
weave thread into cloth and cook

2079
01:52:40,900 --> 01:52:43,300
meals that turned basic 
ingredients into something 

2080
01:52:43,300 --> 01:52:44,400
approaching. 
Delicious. 

2081
01:52:44,400 --> 01:52:48,000
Hamish could make tools 
Horseshoes and weapons and 

2082
01:52:48,000 --> 01:52:49,500
probably fix anything made of 
metal. 

2083
01:52:50,500 --> 01:52:53,200
Everyone possessed practical 
knowledge that had been passed 

2084
01:52:53,200 --> 01:52:55,300
down through generation of trial
and error. 

2085
01:52:56,200 --> 01:52:59,300
I mean while knew how to operate
a microwave and had strong 

2086
01:52:59,300 --> 01:53:03,400
opinions about coffee brands. 
The skill Gap was humbling, the 

2087
01:53:03,400 --> 01:53:06,200
social dynamics fascinated me in
ways that probably weren't 

2088
01:53:06,200 --> 01:53:09,000
entirely healthy. 
Decisions seem to emerge from 

2089
01:53:09,000 --> 01:53:12,200
informal discussions that could 
last days with everyone 

2090
01:53:12,200 --> 01:53:15,500
contributing opinions in ways 
that looked chaotic but followed

2091
01:53:15,500 --> 01:53:17,200
patterns. 
I was slowly learning to 

2092
01:53:17,200 --> 01:53:21,100
recognize leadership existed but
was more collaborative than 

2093
01:53:21,100 --> 01:53:24,300
hierarchical at least on the 
level of daily Village Life. 

2094
01:53:25,300 --> 01:53:28,300
My presence had become a source 
of mild entertainment for 

2095
01:53:28,300 --> 01:53:30,500
everyone. 
People needed to teach the 

2096
01:53:30,500 --> 01:53:33,900
stranger who appeared out of 
nowhere basic survival skills, 

2097
01:53:33,900 --> 01:53:35,500
that most people learned as 
children. 

2098
01:53:36,600 --> 01:53:40,000
But there was no mockery in 
their attention, just curiosity 

2099
01:53:40,000 --> 01:53:43,000
and the kind of practical 
helpfulness that comes from 

2100
01:53:43,000 --> 01:53:45,700
living in a community where 
everyone survival, depends on 

2101
01:53:45,700 --> 01:53:49,100
everyone else's competence. 
The evenings were my favorite 

2102
01:53:49,100 --> 01:53:52,300
time after the work was done and
the Animals settled for the 

2103
01:53:52,300 --> 01:53:54,500
night. 
People would gather around fires

2104
01:53:54,500 --> 01:53:57,100
to share stories songs and 
whatever passed for local 

2105
01:53:57,100 --> 01:53:59,300
gossip. 
These sessions were like a 

2106
01:53:59,300 --> 01:54:02,700
combination of theater news, 
broadcast and social media feed,

2107
01:54:02,700 --> 01:54:04,800
all rolled in to an oral 
tradition. 

2108
01:54:04,800 --> 01:54:08,400
That stretched back Generations.
I listened more than I spoke 

2109
01:54:08,400 --> 01:54:11,300
partly because understanding 
this story is required. 

2110
01:54:11,300 --> 01:54:14,300
Most of my mental processing 
power but mainly because the 

2111
01:54:14,300 --> 01:54:18,100
storytelling itself was so rich,
These were just Tales. 

2112
01:54:18,100 --> 01:54:21,600
They were living history, 
entertainment, moral instruction

2113
01:54:21,600 --> 01:54:25,100
in community memory, all woven 
together, in voices, that knew 

2114
01:54:25,100 --> 01:54:29,500
how to make words dance. 
Sitting by firelight surrounded 

2115
01:54:29,500 --> 01:54:31,900
by Voices, speaking. 
In rhythms older than written 

2116
01:54:31,900 --> 01:54:34,500
history. 
I began to understand why my 

2117
01:54:34,500 --> 01:54:36,500
great art moira's. 
Compass had brought me here. 

2118
01:54:38,000 --> 01:54:39,700
The present wasn't just a 
different time. 

2119
01:54:39,700 --> 01:54:43,100
It was a different way of Being 
Human one that operated on 

2120
01:54:43,100 --> 01:54:46,300
completely different assumptions
about What mattered and how life

2121
01:54:46,300 --> 01:54:48,600
should be lived. 
Just when I'd started feeling 

2122
01:54:48,600 --> 01:54:51,400
reasonably confident about my 
ability to navigate medieval 

2123
01:54:51,400 --> 01:54:54,000
Scottish life without 
accidentally starting a witch 

2124
01:54:54,000 --> 01:54:56,400
trial or dying from eating the 
wrong mushroom. 

2125
01:54:56,400 --> 01:54:59,700
The universe decided to remind 
me that historical periods. 

2126
01:54:59,700 --> 01:55:03,000
Come with historical problems. 
The kind that don't have modern 

2127
01:55:03,000 --> 01:55:05,700
solutions. 
It started with Hamish not 

2128
01:55:05,700 --> 01:55:08,200
showing up at his Forge for two 
consecutive days. 

2129
01:55:09,100 --> 01:55:11,500
In a village where everyone's 
routine was as predictable as 

2130
01:55:11,500 --> 01:55:14,000
sunrise. 
This was equivalent to the town 

2131
01:55:14,000 --> 01:55:18,200
clock stopping Alias noticed. 
First the way mother's notice 

2132
01:55:18,200 --> 01:55:21,900
when children are too quiet, she
stood in her doorway looking 

2133
01:55:21,900 --> 01:55:24,600
toward the silence Smithy with 
the expression of someone 

2134
01:55:24,600 --> 01:55:28,200
calculating distance is to the 
nearest, help the explanation 

2135
01:55:28,200 --> 01:55:31,800
when it came arrived in the form
of young tavish running through 

2136
01:55:31,800 --> 01:55:35,500
the village, like his hair was 
on fire, Shouting something and 

2137
01:55:35,500 --> 01:55:37,700
Rapid Gaelic. 
That sent every adult within 

2138
01:55:37,700 --> 01:55:40,800
hearing distance and to 
immediate action, even with my 

2139
01:55:40,800 --> 01:55:44,000
improving language skills, I 
caught only fragments something 

2140
01:55:44,000 --> 01:55:47,600
about Riders weapons and a word 
that might have been McLeod 

2141
01:55:47,600 --> 01:55:50,200
spoken in the tone. 
Usually reserved for natural 

2142
01:55:50,200 --> 01:55:54,000
disasters, within minutes, The 
Village transformed from Sleepy.

2143
01:55:54,000 --> 01:55:57,700
Rural community to organize 
Emergency Response, Team men 

2144
01:55:57,700 --> 01:55:59,200
appeared with weapons. 
I hadn't known. 

2145
01:55:59,200 --> 01:56:03,200
They possessed swords, Spears 
and bows that looked both well 

2146
01:56:03,200 --> 01:56:07,600
maintained and frequently used. 
Women began securing livestock 

2147
01:56:07,600 --> 01:56:11,200
hiding valuables and preparing 
for what was clearly a familiar 

2148
01:56:11,200 --> 01:56:14,500
drill. 
A lease grabbed my arm with a 

2149
01:56:14,500 --> 01:56:18,000
grip that suggested this was not
the time for questions, she led 

2150
01:56:18,000 --> 01:56:21,000
me to her Cottage where she 
began pulling up floorboards to 

2151
01:56:21,000 --> 01:56:22,900
reveal a cache. 
That contained everything from 

2152
01:56:22,900 --> 01:56:26,500
silver coins to Woolen cloaks to
what appeared to be important. 

2153
01:56:26,500 --> 01:56:28,300
Documents wrapped in oiled 
cloth. 

2154
01:56:28,300 --> 01:56:31,400
The Hiding Place was obviously 
well-planned and frequently 

2155
01:56:31,400 --> 01:56:33,900
accessed. 
Through gestures and her 

2156
01:56:33,900 --> 01:56:37,000
increasingly urgent dialect. 
She managed to communicate that 

2157
01:56:37,000 --> 01:56:40,700
Raiders possibly Clan Rivals. 
Possibly just opportunistic. 

2158
01:56:40,700 --> 01:56:43,100
Troublemakers were approaching 
from the East. 

2159
01:56:43,100 --> 01:56:46,700
This was a parently a recurring 
problem, like having neighbors, 

2160
01:56:46,700 --> 01:56:49,500
who borrowed your tools and 
never returned them, except the 

2161
01:56:49,500 --> 01:56:52,700
tools for your livestock and the
borrowing involved weapons. 

2162
01:56:54,300 --> 01:56:57,200
The next few hours on folded 
like a medieval Disaster Movie 

2163
01:56:57,200 --> 01:57:00,800
except with no special effects 
budget and considerably more 

2164
01:57:00,800 --> 01:57:04,600
authentic Terror. 
The Village emptied as people 

2165
01:57:04,600 --> 01:57:07,700
moved to defensive positions or 
hide in places that had clearly 

2166
01:57:07,700 --> 01:57:11,400
been planted in advance. 
I found myself following Alias 

2167
01:57:11,400 --> 01:57:14,500
to a cave system in the nearby 
Hills along with most of the 

2168
01:57:14,508 --> 01:57:16,300
women children and elderly 
villages. 

2169
01:57:17,200 --> 01:57:19,700
The caves were more 
sophisticated than I'd expected 

2170
01:57:19,700 --> 01:57:23,700
dry well-ventilated and stocked 
with supplies that suggested, 

2171
01:57:23,700 --> 01:57:25,400
this wasn't anyone's first 
rodeo. 

2172
01:57:26,200 --> 01:57:28,700
Someone had carved rough shells 
into the stone walls. 

2173
01:57:28,700 --> 01:57:32,800
And these held water containers 
preserved food, and bundles of 

2174
01:57:32,808 --> 01:57:36,000
warm clothing. 
This was infrastructure born 

2175
01:57:36,000 --> 01:57:39,200
from necessity, the kind of 
preparation that comes from 

2176
01:57:39,200 --> 01:57:43,800
living with ongoing uncertainty.
Waiting in the cave listening to

2177
01:57:43,800 --> 01:57:46,200
the muffled sounds of what might
have been conflict in the 

2178
01:57:46,200 --> 01:57:48,400
distance. 
Gave me plenty of time to 

2179
01:57:48,400 --> 01:57:51,400
contemplate how unprepared I was
for medieval life's more 

2180
01:57:51,400 --> 01:57:54,600
challenging aspects. 
My modern sensibilities kept 

2181
01:57:54,600 --> 01:57:58,100
expecting someone in authority 
to handle the situation, police 

2182
01:57:58,100 --> 01:58:01,200
military, some form of organized
government response. 

2183
01:58:02,000 --> 01:58:05,000
Instead the villagers were 
handling at themselves with the 

2184
01:58:05,000 --> 01:58:07,600
calm competence of people. 
Who'd never had the luxury of 

2185
01:58:07,600 --> 01:58:11,000
expecting rescue from outside. 
How was passed with the kind of 

2186
01:58:11,000 --> 01:58:13,200
slow intensity? 
That makes you hyper aware of 

2187
01:58:13,200 --> 01:58:16,200
every sound? 
Children remained remarkably 

2188
01:58:16,200 --> 01:58:19,100
quiet as if they understood the 
stakes without needing 

2189
01:58:19,100 --> 01:58:22,500
explanation. 
Adults took turns at the cave 

2190
01:58:22,500 --> 01:58:25,300
entrance, listening for signals 
that would indicate whether it 

2191
01:58:25,300 --> 01:58:28,400
was safe to return. 
The compass, in my pocket, felt 

2192
01:58:28,400 --> 01:58:31,100
warm against my leg. 
A reminder that I had options. 

2193
01:58:31,100 --> 01:58:34,700
These people didn't I could 
potentially use it to return to 

2194
01:58:34,700 --> 01:58:36,800
my time and escape this danger 
entirely. 

2195
01:58:38,100 --> 01:58:41,600
Thought felt like abandonment 
like walking away from people 

2196
01:58:41,600 --> 01:58:44,300
who showed me kindness, when I 
was completely helpless. 

2197
01:58:45,400 --> 01:58:48,000
Late in the afternoon tavish 
appeared at the cave. 

2198
01:58:48,000 --> 01:58:51,800
Entrance with news delivered in 
excited, Whispers, the Raiders 

2199
01:58:51,800 --> 01:58:55,100
had moved on without attacking 
the village directly deciding 

2200
01:58:55,100 --> 01:58:56,600
the target wasn't worth the 
effort. 

2201
01:58:57,300 --> 01:58:59,700
But they'd take him livestock 
from the outlying Farms, 

2202
01:58:59,700 --> 01:59:03,000
including hamish's prize Bull 
and several sheep along to other

2203
01:59:03,000 --> 01:59:06,400
families, the relief was 
palpable but it came mixed with 

2204
01:59:06,400 --> 01:59:09,100
the Grim understanding that the 
victory was only a temporary 

2205
01:59:09,100 --> 01:59:11,000
reprieved. 
Medieval life. 

2206
01:59:11,000 --> 01:59:14,900
I realized existed in a constant
state of low-level emergency 

2207
01:59:14,900 --> 01:59:18,500
were security was temporary and 
survival required constant 

2208
01:59:18,500 --> 01:59:22,600
vigilance as we emerge from the 
caves and made our way back to 

2209
01:59:22,600 --> 01:59:25,000
the Village. 
A found myself looking at my 

2210
01:59:25,000 --> 01:59:29,100
temporary home with new eyes. 
These buildings were more than 

2211
01:59:29,100 --> 01:59:30,900
just Charming historical 
structures. 

2212
01:59:30,900 --> 01:59:35,500
They served as Fortress walls, 
safe harbors and the delicate 

2213
01:59:35,500 --> 01:59:38,600
boundary between civilization 
and Chaos in a world more 

2214
01:59:38,600 --> 01:59:41,300
fragile than I had ever imagined
recovery. 

2215
01:59:41,300 --> 01:59:43,700
From a medieval crisis, I 
learned doesn't involve 

2216
01:59:43,700 --> 01:59:46,900
insurance claims or government 
assistance, involves Community 

2217
01:59:46,900 --> 01:59:50,000
Action, that makes barn-raising,
look casual the villagers 

2218
01:59:50,000 --> 01:59:52,600
response to the recent raid 
played out like a carefully. 

2219
01:59:52,600 --> 01:59:54,900
Choreographed dance that 
everyone knew the steps to 

2220
01:59:54,900 --> 01:59:58,400
accept me. 
Within hours of returning from 

2221
01:59:58,400 --> 02:00:01,000
the caves assessment and 
redistribution began. 

2222
02:00:01,000 --> 02:00:03,600
Hamish's lost bull was mourned 
briefly. 

2223
02:00:03,600 --> 02:00:07,100
Then replaced through a complex 
system of shared resources that 

2224
02:00:07,100 --> 02:00:11,000
involved, everyone contributing 
something grain labor animals, 

2225
02:00:11,000 --> 02:00:13,100
or promissory notes for future 
Services. 

2226
02:00:13,100 --> 02:00:17,000
Watching this unfold was like 
seeing economics in its most 

2227
02:00:17,000 --> 02:00:20,500
basic form where value was 
measured in Practical terms and 

2228
02:00:20,500 --> 02:00:23,300
everyone survival depended on 
everyone else's generosity. 

2229
02:00:24,600 --> 02:00:27,900
My role in this recovery effort 
was initially unclear, I 

2230
02:00:27,900 --> 02:00:30,400
possessed. 
No, livestock to share not 

2231
02:00:30,400 --> 02:00:33,500
traditional skills to contribute
and no accumulated Social 

2232
02:00:33,500 --> 02:00:36,800
Capital to draw upon standing 
around looking sympathetic. 

2233
02:00:36,800 --> 02:00:39,100
Wasn't going to help anyone 
replace stolen sheep. 

2234
02:00:40,100 --> 02:00:43,600
But they lease with her gift for
practical Solutions, found ways.

2235
02:00:43,600 --> 02:00:47,400
To make me useful, she set me to
work, helping with tasks that 

2236
02:00:47,400 --> 02:00:51,100
required more hands than skill. 
Holding wool while she spun it 

2237
02:00:51,100 --> 02:00:54,700
into thread carrying water for 
various household needs and 

2238
02:00:54,700 --> 02:00:57,400
learning to 10 the fire. 
So it burned efficiently without

2239
02:00:57,400 --> 02:01:01,300
consuming precious fuel These 
work glamorous contributions, 

2240
02:01:01,300 --> 02:01:05,500
but they freed her to focus on 
more complex work which in turn 

2241
02:01:05,500 --> 02:01:07,200
help the overall Community 
effort. 

2242
02:01:08,200 --> 02:01:11,200
The compass in my pocket seemed 
to pulse occasionally as if 

2243
02:01:11,200 --> 02:01:14,600
reminding me of its presence. 
Sometimes I'd catch myself 

2244
02:01:14,600 --> 02:01:16,400
wondering what would happen if I
used it? 

2245
02:01:16,400 --> 02:01:19,700
Whether I'd returned to my own 
time and place leaving this 

2246
02:01:19,700 --> 02:01:22,100
community to handle their 
challenges without the minor 

2247
02:01:22,100 --> 02:01:24,900
assistance. 
I was learning to provide The 

2248
02:01:24,900 --> 02:01:28,000
thought always left me feeling 
oddly Halo like contemplating 

2249
02:01:28,000 --> 02:01:32,200
leaving a book unfinished. 
As days passed, I began to 

2250
02:01:32,200 --> 02:01:35,100
understand the intricate social 
network that held the village 

2251
02:01:35,100 --> 02:01:37,700
together. 
Relationships here weren't just 

2252
02:01:37,700 --> 02:01:40,400
personal. 
They were economic political and

2253
02:01:40,400 --> 02:01:44,100
survival based all at once. 
When old Moores shared her 

2254
02:01:44,100 --> 02:01:46,500
preserved, vegetables with 
families, who lost stores to the

2255
02:01:46,508 --> 02:01:48,400
Raiders, she wasn't just being 
kind. 

2256
02:01:48,400 --> 02:01:51,900
She was investing in a network 
of reciprocity that might save 

2257
02:01:51,900 --> 02:01:55,300
her life someday. 
My language skills, improved 

2258
02:01:55,300 --> 02:01:58,700
through, necessity and immersion
conversations that had been 

2259
02:01:58,700 --> 02:02:01,400
incomprehensible began, 
revealing their meanings, 

2260
02:02:01,400 --> 02:02:03,400
though. 
I still missed subtleties and 

2261
02:02:03,400 --> 02:02:06,900
references to share his history.
The dialect was like a musical 

2262
02:02:06,900 --> 02:02:09,400
instrument. 
I was learning to play, I could 

2263
02:02:09,400 --> 02:02:12,700
manage simple Melodies but the 
complex compositions were still 

2264
02:02:12,700 --> 02:02:16,000
be on my reach. 
Hamish recovered from whatever 

2265
02:02:16,000 --> 02:02:18,500
had kept him away. 
During the raid took an interest

2266
02:02:18,500 --> 02:02:22,300
in my metal working curiosity. 
His Ford became a second 

2267
02:02:22,300 --> 02:02:25,000
classroom where I learned that 
working with iron required 

2268
02:02:25,000 --> 02:02:28,000
patience timing and physical 
strength. 

2269
02:02:28,000 --> 02:02:31,600
I was slowly developing The 
rhythm of hammer on Anvil was 

2270
02:02:31,600 --> 02:02:34,300
meditative in ways. 
I hadn't expected and there was 

2271
02:02:34,300 --> 02:02:37,500
profound satisfaction in shaping
metal into useful forms. 

2272
02:02:38,300 --> 02:02:41,400
Under his patient instruction, I
managed to create my first 

2273
02:02:41,400 --> 02:02:43,800
piece, a simple hook for hanging
pots. 

2274
02:02:43,800 --> 02:02:47,300
It was crude functional and 
probably embarrassing by 

2275
02:02:47,300 --> 02:02:50,900
medieval standards but Hamish, 
examined it with the seriousness

2276
02:02:50,900 --> 02:02:55,000
of a master Craftsman, 
evaluating important work His 

2277
02:02:55,000 --> 02:02:57,200
nod of approval felt like 
earning a diploma from the 

2278
02:02:57,208 --> 02:03:00,400
University of practical Life, 
The Villages children became 

2279
02:03:00,400 --> 02:03:02,500
another source of Education, 
though. 

2280
02:03:02,500 --> 02:03:05,200
They were probably learning as 
much from me as I was from them.

2281
02:03:06,100 --> 02:03:09,400
My story is about the future 
carefully disguised, as Tales 

2282
02:03:09,400 --> 02:03:12,700
from far away, fascinated them 
in return. 

2283
02:03:12,700 --> 02:03:16,600
They taught me Games songs and 
the kind of local knowledge that

2284
02:03:16,600 --> 02:03:19,000
adults took for granted but 
visitors needed to learn. 

2285
02:03:20,000 --> 02:03:21,300
Through their patient, 
instruction. 

2286
02:03:21,300 --> 02:03:24,900
I discovered, which berries were
safe to eat how to read weather 

2287
02:03:24,900 --> 02:03:28,000
signs and cloud formations. 
And the proper way to approach 

2288
02:03:28,000 --> 02:03:31,300
various animals without getting 
kicked, bitten or worse. 

2289
02:03:32,300 --> 02:03:35,000
I realized that children's 
knowledge, and filtered by 

2290
02:03:35,000 --> 02:03:38,200
assumptions about what everyone 
already knew was often more 

2291
02:03:38,200 --> 02:03:42,000
practical than adult knowledge. 
Evening storytelling, sessions 

2292
02:03:42,000 --> 02:03:43,700
continue to be highlights of 
each day. 

2293
02:03:43,700 --> 02:03:47,300
My contributions to these 
gatherings evolved from Silent 

2294
02:03:47,300 --> 02:03:49,100
listening to occasional 
participation. 

2295
02:03:49,900 --> 02:03:52,800
The first time I successfully 
told a story that made people 

2296
02:03:52,800 --> 02:03:54,800
laugh. 
I felt like I'd pass some 

2297
02:03:54,800 --> 02:03:56,800
invisible test of community 
membership. 

2298
02:03:58,000 --> 02:04:01,100
Story was about a traveler who 
got lost and ended up in a place

2299
02:04:01,100 --> 02:04:04,900
where everything was familiar. 
But slightly different like his 

2300
02:04:04,900 --> 02:04:06,700
home viewed through a distorting
mirror. 

2301
02:04:07,400 --> 02:04:09,200
Looking back. 
It was probably more 

2302
02:04:09,200 --> 02:04:12,400
autobiography Than Fiction but 
the audience appreciated the 

2303
02:04:12,400 --> 02:04:15,500
humor in someone bumbling 
through unfamiliar Customs while

2304
02:04:15,500 --> 02:04:19,400
trying to maintain dignity. 
Sitting by firelight surrounded 

2305
02:04:19,400 --> 02:04:21,000
by faces that had become 
familiar. 

2306
02:04:21,000 --> 02:04:24,300
And dear I realized I'd stopped 
thinking about this experience 

2307
02:04:24,300 --> 02:04:27,100
as temporary. 
The compass still rested in my 

2308
02:04:27,100 --> 02:04:30,500
pocket, still offered the 
possibility of return, but that 

2309
02:04:30,500 --> 02:04:33,500
possibility, less urgent than it
had when I had first arrived. 

2310
02:04:34,100 --> 02:04:37,200
Finding your place May mean not 
just surviving, but also adding 

2311
02:04:37,200 --> 02:04:40,000
value to those around. 
You living in medieval Scotland,

2312
02:04:40,000 --> 02:04:42,800
for several weeks, taught me 
that Community isn't just a 

2313
02:04:42,800 --> 02:04:45,800
pleasant social concept. 
It's a survival technology. 

2314
02:04:45,800 --> 02:04:49,700
Refined over Generations. 
Every relationship, every 

2315
02:04:49,700 --> 02:04:53,000
tradition, and every seemingly, 
casual interactions served 

2316
02:04:53,000 --> 02:04:55,300
multiple purposes. 
That weren't immediately obvious

2317
02:04:55,300 --> 02:04:58,100
to someone raise in the age of 
individualism and social safety 

2318
02:04:58,100 --> 02:05:00,500
nets. 
The Revelation came during 

2319
02:05:00,500 --> 02:05:04,000
preparation for Alias called The
Harvest celebration though, my 

2320
02:05:04,000 --> 02:05:06,400
improving language skills 
suggested the actual name 

2321
02:05:06,400 --> 02:05:07,600
involved. 
Several syllables. 

2322
02:05:07,600 --> 02:05:09,900
That didn't translate directly 
into Modern English. 

2323
02:05:11,100 --> 02:05:12,800
The celebration wasn't just a 
party. 

2324
02:05:12,800 --> 02:05:17,000
It was a community-wide ritual 
of gratitude resource assessment

2325
02:05:17,000 --> 02:05:20,300
and social bonding that would 
help everyone survive the coming

2326
02:05:20,300 --> 02:05:22,200
winter. 
Preparations. 

2327
02:05:22,200 --> 02:05:25,500
Began weeks in advance and 
involved everyone in overlapping

2328
02:05:25,500 --> 02:05:28,600
Circles of responsibility. 
Women organized food, 

2329
02:05:28,600 --> 02:05:30,800
preparation. 
That required coordinating 

2330
02:05:30,800 --> 02:05:32,700
ingredients from dozens of 
households. 

2331
02:05:33,400 --> 02:05:35,700
Men handle construction of 
temporary structures and 

2332
02:05:35,700 --> 02:05:39,300
arrangements for entertainment 
children, manage smaller tasks 

2333
02:05:39,300 --> 02:05:41,600
that nonetheless, proved 
essential to the overall effort.

2334
02:05:42,700 --> 02:05:45,700
my role in these preparations 
had naturally transitioned from 

2335
02:05:45,700 --> 02:05:49,900
that of a helpful, stranger to 
that of a Community member Alias

2336
02:05:49,900 --> 02:05:52,700
no longer gave me basic 
instructions for simple tasks. 

2337
02:05:52,700 --> 02:05:56,000
She assumed, I understood the 
underlying patterns and would 

2338
02:05:56,000 --> 02:05:59,400
apply them appropriately. 
This shift from explicit 

2339
02:05:59,400 --> 02:06:01,300
teaching to implicit 
expectation. 

2340
02:06:01,300 --> 02:06:03,500
Felt like Crossing an invisible 
threshold. 

2341
02:06:04,500 --> 02:06:07,400
Hamish had begun, including me 
in conversations about metalwork

2342
02:06:07,400 --> 02:06:10,200
projects that extended Beyond 
immediate practical needs 

2343
02:06:10,200 --> 02:06:14,000
planning decorative elements for
the celebration, discussing 

2344
02:06:14,000 --> 02:06:17,400
improvements tools and equipment
and considering the next seasons

2345
02:06:17,400 --> 02:06:20,300
requirements. 
These conversations assumed I 

2346
02:06:20,300 --> 02:06:21,500
would be present for their 
completion. 

2347
02:06:22,400 --> 02:06:25,900
The Assumption was never stated 
directly but it colored every 

2348
02:06:25,900 --> 02:06:29,600
discussion about future plans. 
The compass in my pocket had 

2349
02:06:29,600 --> 02:06:33,100
become a familiar weight. 
No longer foreign but not quite 

2350
02:06:33,100 --> 02:06:35,800
forgotten. 
Sometimes I'd catch myself, 

2351
02:06:35,800 --> 02:06:38,700
absolutely touching it through 
the fabric like checking for 

2352
02:06:38,700 --> 02:06:41,800
keys or a wallet in a habit that
suggested ownership rather than 

2353
02:06:41,800 --> 02:06:44,800
temporary possession. 
When had it stopped being 

2354
02:06:44,800 --> 02:06:47,600
migrated Aunt, moira's, compass 
and become simply mine. 

2355
02:06:48,500 --> 02:06:51,400
As the celebration approached, I
began to understand the deeper 

2356
02:06:51,400 --> 02:06:53,200
currents that moved beneath 
Village Life. 

2357
02:06:54,000 --> 02:06:56,900
This ceremony wasn't just about 
Harvest, it was about 

2358
02:06:56,900 --> 02:06:59,800
reinforcing social bonds, that 
would be tested by Winter's 

2359
02:06:59,800 --> 02:07:03,100
isolation and challenges. 
The shared work of preparation 

2360
02:07:03,100 --> 02:07:05,500
created opportunities for 
resolving conflicts. 

2361
02:07:05,500 --> 02:07:09,500
Negotiating marriages planning 
collaborative projects in 

2362
02:07:09,500 --> 02:07:12,200
generally maintaining the social
fabric that held everyone 

2363
02:07:12,200 --> 02:07:16,100
together my contribution to the 
Celebration planning surprised 

2364
02:07:16,100 --> 02:07:19,400
me with its complexity. 
What started as simple task 

2365
02:07:19,400 --> 02:07:22,100
assistance had grown into 
genuine responsibility for 

2366
02:07:22,100 --> 02:07:24,200
coordinating between different 
working groups. 

2367
02:07:25,200 --> 02:07:27,500
People came to me with 
questions, suggestions and 

2368
02:07:27,500 --> 02:07:30,800
problems that needed solving 
somehow without conscious 

2369
02:07:30,800 --> 02:07:33,100
intention had. 
Become someone others relied 

2370
02:07:33,100 --> 02:07:35,100
upon the night before the 
celebration. 

2371
02:07:35,100 --> 02:07:38,000
I found myself sitting with 
Hamish outside his forward 

2372
02:07:38,000 --> 02:07:41,900
sharing ale at tasted like 
liquid bread and watching stars 

2373
02:07:41,900 --> 02:07:44,700
that looked brighter than any 
IDE seen in the 21st century. 

2374
02:07:45,900 --> 02:07:48,000
Our conversation. 
Meandered through topics that 

2375
02:07:48,000 --> 02:07:50,000
would have been impossible. 
When I'd first arrived, 

2376
02:07:50,000 --> 02:07:53,800
technical discussions of 
metalworking philosophical 

2377
02:07:53,800 --> 02:07:57,200
observations about community 
life and shared complaints about

2378
02:07:57,200 --> 02:08:00,300
whether a Neighbors You're 
different than when you first 

2379
02:08:00,300 --> 02:08:03,300
appeared Hamish said in his 
careful English clearly making 

2380
02:08:03,300 --> 02:08:06,400
an effort to communicate 
precisely less like someone 

2381
02:08:06,400 --> 02:08:07,800
watching everything from 
outside. 

2382
02:08:08,700 --> 02:08:11,000
His observation struck me as 
profoundly accurate. 

2383
02:08:11,000 --> 02:08:14,900
I had been watching from outside
initially observing medieval 

2384
02:08:14,900 --> 02:08:17,600
life like an anthropologist or 
tourist maintaining 

2385
02:08:17,600 --> 02:08:20,300
psychological distance even 
while learning practical skills.

2386
02:08:20,300 --> 02:08:24,300
But somewhere along the way, 
that distance had dissolved, I'd

2387
02:08:24,300 --> 02:08:26,300
stopped analyzing and started 
simply living. 

2388
02:08:27,200 --> 02:08:28,600
The realization raised 
questions. 

2389
02:08:28,600 --> 02:08:31,400
I'd been avoiding. 
What was my responsibility to 

2390
02:08:31,400 --> 02:08:33,100
this community that had taken me
in? 

2391
02:08:33,800 --> 02:08:37,100
What did I owe to people who 
shared their resources knowledge

2392
02:08:37,100 --> 02:08:39,800
and lives with someone who might
disappear at any moment? 

2393
02:08:40,600 --> 02:08:44,800
The compass offered Escape but 
escaped from what and to what? 

2394
02:08:45,500 --> 02:08:48,100
My Modern Life seemed 
increasingly abstract when I 

2395
02:08:48,108 --> 02:08:52,300
tried to recall, its details, 
the job that had felt vital, the

2396
02:08:52,300 --> 02:08:55,400
possessions I'd accumulated the 
relationships that operated 

2397
02:08:55,400 --> 02:08:57,500
through screens and scheduled 
interactions. 

2398
02:08:57,500 --> 02:09:00,800
All of it felt less real than 
the weight of bread dough in my 

2399
02:09:00,800 --> 02:09:04,300
hands, all the satisfaction of 
shaping metal in hamish's 

2400
02:09:04,300 --> 02:09:07,500
forward. 
That night I lay on the straw 

2401
02:09:07,500 --> 02:09:10,900
mattress in elise's cottage 
listening to The Familiar sounds

2402
02:09:10,900 --> 02:09:14,500
of Village Life, settling into 
sleep and try to imagine using 

2403
02:09:14,500 --> 02:09:18,000
the compass to return home. 
The image felt Hollow, like 

2404
02:09:18,000 --> 02:09:19,800
trying to remember a dream upon 
waking. 

2405
02:09:20,900 --> 02:09:23,900
This was not because Modern Life
was bad, but rather, because it 

2406
02:09:23,900 --> 02:09:26,500
belonged to someone, I could no 
longer confidently identify 

2407
02:09:26,500 --> 02:09:29,000
with. 
The celebration tomorrow would 

2408
02:09:29,000 --> 02:09:33,600
Mark, not just the Harvest, but 
a year cycle of growth work and 

2409
02:09:33,600 --> 02:09:36,600
Community survival. 
It occurred to me that I'd 

2410
02:09:36,600 --> 02:09:39,000
become part of that cycle. 
In ways I hadn't planned or 

2411
02:09:39,000 --> 02:09:41,300
expected. 
The question, wasn't whether I 

2412
02:09:41,300 --> 02:09:43,700
belonged here. 
Was whether I could imagine 

2413
02:09:43,700 --> 02:09:47,400
belonging anywhere else tomorrow
would provide Clarity one way or

2414
02:09:47,400 --> 02:09:50,600
another Harvest celebration 
unfolded like a Symphony played 

2415
02:09:50,600 --> 02:09:52,300
by instruments. 
I'd never heard before. 

2416
02:09:52,300 --> 02:09:56,100
But somehow recognized in my 
bones Dawn brought the center of

2417
02:09:56,100 --> 02:09:59,600
bread baking in communal ovens. 
The sound of children's laughter

2418
02:09:59,600 --> 02:10:02,900
mixing with adult voices, raised
and songs that seemed older than

2419
02:10:02,900 --> 02:10:05,900
the stones themselves and a 
sense of anticipation that made 

2420
02:10:05,900 --> 02:10:07,700
the air itself feel alive with 
possibility. 

2421
02:10:09,100 --> 02:10:11,800
I woke to find that Alias had 
left new clothes on the stool 

2422
02:10:11,800 --> 02:10:14,300
beside my bed. 
Not the rough work on government

2423
02:10:14,300 --> 02:10:17,500
side, grown accustomed to, but 
Festival clothes and colors that

2424
02:10:17,500 --> 02:10:20,200
caught the light. 
Tunic was deep blue. 

2425
02:10:20,200 --> 02:10:23,600
The color of the evening sky 
with embroidery around the neck 

2426
02:10:23,600 --> 02:10:27,100
and sleeves that must have taken
weeks to complete. when had she 

2427
02:10:27,100 --> 02:10:31,400
found time to create this and 
why The day began with a ritual.

2428
02:10:31,400 --> 02:10:33,900
I was invited to join rather 
than simply observe. 

2429
02:10:34,600 --> 02:10:36,400
Standing in the Village Center 
with everyone else. 

2430
02:10:36,400 --> 02:10:39,200
Hands joined in a circle that 
encompassed the entire 

2431
02:10:39,200 --> 02:10:42,500
community. 
I listened to words spoken in 

2432
02:10:42,500 --> 02:10:44,800
Gaelic that I couldn't 
understand but somehow felt the 

2433
02:10:44,800 --> 02:10:47,500
meaning of gratitude 
remembrance. 

2434
02:10:47,500 --> 02:10:50,800
Hope for the future 
acknowledgment of the cycles 

2435
02:10:50,800 --> 02:10:54,600
that connected all life. 
Universal Concepts expressed in 

2436
02:10:54,600 --> 02:10:57,300
ancient syllables. 
Upon the conclusion of the 

2437
02:10:57,300 --> 02:11:00,200
formal ceremonies and the 
commencement of the celebration.

2438
02:11:00,200 --> 02:11:03,500
Proper I found myself 
effortlessly transitioning 

2439
02:11:03,500 --> 02:11:07,300
through familiar routines 
Helping to arrange food on long 

2440
02:11:07,300 --> 02:11:10,800
tables, constructed from planks 
and sawhorses ensuring that 

2441
02:11:10,800 --> 02:11:13,700
fires were probably tended to 
keep everything warm and 

2442
02:11:13,700 --> 02:11:17,100
smallest total problems that 
arose when large groups tried to

2443
02:11:17,100 --> 02:11:20,800
coordinate complex activists but
something had shifted in how 

2444
02:11:20,800 --> 02:11:24,600
others responded to my presents.
Previously strangers would greet

2445
02:11:24,600 --> 02:11:27,600
me with careful politeness, but 
now they Greek me with the 

2446
02:11:27,600 --> 02:11:30,800
Casual warmth of family. 
Children ran to me with 

2447
02:11:30,800 --> 02:11:33,900
questions and small disasters, 
that needed adult attention. 

2448
02:11:34,600 --> 02:11:37,300
Adults included me in 
conversations with the slight, 

2449
02:11:37,300 --> 02:11:39,700
pause that indicated translation
or explanation. 

2450
02:11:40,800 --> 02:11:42,900
Hamish found me during the 
height of the festivities, 

2451
02:11:42,900 --> 02:11:45,900
carrying two cups of something 
that smelled like fermented 

2452
02:11:45,900 --> 02:11:48,600
happiness. 
You've been quiet today. 

2453
02:11:48,600 --> 02:11:51,600
He noted, as he settled beside 
me on a log strategically, 

2454
02:11:51,600 --> 02:11:54,600
positioned to overlook the 
celebration thinking, heavy 

2455
02:11:54,600 --> 02:11:58,700
thoughts, The question was more 
perceptive than I'd expected. 

2456
02:11:58,700 --> 02:12:02,800
I had been thinking heavy 
thoughts about time belonging 

2457
02:12:02,800 --> 02:12:05,500
responsibility. 
And the weight of choice is that

2458
02:12:05,500 --> 02:12:08,400
couldn't be undone. 
The compass in my pocket, felt 

2459
02:12:08,400 --> 02:12:11,300
heavier than usual, as if it 
understood that decision time 

2460
02:12:11,300 --> 02:12:13,800
was approaching. 
I've been thinking about 

2461
02:12:13,800 --> 02:12:17,500
staying, I said the words 
emerging before I consciously, 

2462
02:12:17,500 --> 02:12:21,000
decided to speak them, Hamish 
nodded as, if his Discovery 

2463
02:12:21,000 --> 02:12:23,700
wasn't surprising news, And what
stopping you? 

2464
02:12:24,700 --> 02:12:26,600
The question pierced through my 
inner turmoil. 

2465
02:12:26,600 --> 02:12:29,900
What was stopping me? 
Fear of commitment to a life, so

2466
02:12:29,900 --> 02:12:31,300
different from everything I'd 
know. 

2467
02:12:32,000 --> 02:12:33,800
Was I feeling guilty for 
forsaking my own 

2468
02:12:33,800 --> 02:12:37,500
responsibilities or something? 
Deeper the terror of discovering

2469
02:12:37,500 --> 02:12:39,500
that I might be happier in a 
world without modern 

2470
02:12:39,500 --> 02:12:42,000
convenience. 
Is that my carefully constructed

2471
02:12:42,000 --> 02:12:44,900
21st century. 
Life might have been a beautiful

2472
02:12:44,900 --> 02:12:47,100
prison. 
I'd mistaken for Freedom as 

2473
02:12:47,100 --> 02:12:49,400
evening approached and the 
celebration began winding 

2474
02:12:49,400 --> 02:12:51,000
towards its traditional 
conclusion. 

2475
02:12:51,000 --> 02:12:54,400
Alias appeared at my elbow with 
timing that suggested she'd been

2476
02:12:54,408 --> 02:12:57,800
watching for the right moment. 
without words, she led me away 

2477
02:12:57,800 --> 02:13:01,100
from the crowd to a quiet spot 
overlooking the village where 

2478
02:13:01,100 --> 02:13:04,000
the sounds of continuing 
festivities provided a cheerful 

2479
02:13:04,000 --> 02:13:08,200
background murmur the compass. 
She said simply using English 

2480
02:13:08,200 --> 02:13:10,100
words carefully. 
Chosen for clarity. 

2481
02:13:10,800 --> 02:13:14,800
It brought you here for a reason
I looked at her in surprise, you

2482
02:13:14,800 --> 02:13:17,900
know, about the compass, her 
smile carried, centuries of 

2483
02:13:17,908 --> 02:13:20,500
knowledge. 
Some things are older than the 

2484
02:13:20,500 --> 02:13:23,500
stories, we tell about them, 
you're great on this place. 

2485
02:13:23,500 --> 02:13:26,500
People, the compass doesn't 
bring Travelers. 

2486
02:13:26,500 --> 02:13:30,500
It brings family home. 
The Revelation settled over me 

2487
02:13:30,500 --> 02:13:32,800
like recognition of something 
I'd always known but never 

2488
02:13:32,800 --> 02:13:35,900
articulated. 
Great art moira's stories about 

2489
02:13:35,900 --> 02:13:39,700
Scotland, her mysterious past. 
And the way she'd always seemed 

2490
02:13:39,700 --> 02:13:43,400
slightly out of step with modern
times suddenly they made sense 

2491
02:13:43,400 --> 02:13:46,300
in ways that had nothing to do 
with logic and everything to do 

2492
02:13:46,300 --> 02:13:49,300
with truth. 
The compass, grew warm in my 

2493
02:13:49,300 --> 02:13:53,500
pocket and I understood that, 
this was the moment of choice, I

2494
02:13:53,500 --> 02:13:55,700
could return to my time, 
carrying memories of this 

2495
02:13:55,700 --> 02:13:58,500
experience like souvenirs from 
an extraordinary vacation. 

2496
02:13:59,700 --> 02:14:03,200
Or I could stay accepting the 
responsibility and joy of 

2497
02:14:03,200 --> 02:14:06,800
genuine belonging in a community
that had already accepted me as 

2498
02:14:06,808 --> 02:14:09,700
one of their own looking down at
the village, where lights 

2499
02:14:09,700 --> 02:14:12,800
flickered and windows, where 
people I'd grown to love were 

2500
02:14:12,800 --> 02:14:15,000
continuing celebrations. 
That would carry them through 

2501
02:14:15,000 --> 02:14:17,900
another winter, where my hand 
had helped build something 

2502
02:14:17,900 --> 02:14:22,300
larger than myself, Choice felt 
less like a decision and more 

2503
02:14:22,300 --> 02:14:24,600
like recognition. 
A compass. 

2504
02:14:24,600 --> 02:14:27,400
Would stay in my pocket. 
Its work complete. 

2505
02:14:28,400 --> 02:14:39,300
I was already home. 
Julius, Caesar wasn't always the

2506
02:14:39,300 --> 02:14:42,000
Towering figure. 
We picture draped in a bright 

2507
02:14:42,008 --> 02:14:43,700
red cloak. 
And commanding the world's 

2508
02:14:43,700 --> 02:14:48,000
greatest Empire before he was 
that Legend, he was simply 

2509
02:14:48,000 --> 02:14:51,800
Gaius, Julius born into a 
patrician, family with fading 

2510
02:14:51,800 --> 02:14:53,900
clout in a room that seemed to 
change every week. 

2511
02:14:54,700 --> 02:14:57,600
In those early days, the city 
itself wasn't the polished 

2512
02:14:57,600 --> 02:14:59,300
marble Wonder of later, 
centuries. 

2513
02:15:00,000 --> 02:15:02,500
With curving streets that spread
gossip more quickly than 

2514
02:15:02,500 --> 02:15:05,000
chariots. 
It was a noisy crowded Center of

2515
02:15:05,000 --> 02:15:08,200
ambition and politics people 
lived on top of each other in 

2516
02:15:08,200 --> 02:15:11,200
shabby Apartments, while 
Aristocrats planted lavish 

2517
02:15:11,200 --> 02:15:14,600
feasts in their Villa Courtyards
hoping to lure allies for the 

2518
02:15:14,600 --> 02:15:17,800
next election. 
Gaius Julius was shaped by it 

2519
02:15:17,800 --> 02:15:21,100
all the noise of Street vendors,
Hawking figs, and fish the 

2520
02:15:21,100 --> 02:15:23,900
heated oratory in the Forum and 
The Whispers behind every 

2521
02:15:23,900 --> 02:15:27,100
statues. 
Column Even as a child sees, had

2522
02:15:27,100 --> 02:15:29,700
a curiosity that led him to 
corners of Rome others, avoided 

2523
02:15:29,700 --> 02:15:32,900
dimly lit taverns. 
The Muddy Banks of the Tiber 

2524
02:15:32,900 --> 02:15:35,900
River and rows of cramped 
bookshops were scribes copied 

2525
02:15:35,900 --> 02:15:39,400
Scrolls for hours on end. 
These experience is seasoned him

2526
02:15:39,400 --> 02:15:42,200
with a knowledge of every day. 
Life that most upper-class 

2527
02:15:42,200 --> 02:15:45,900
Romans rarely bothered with He'd
watch workers at the Docks 

2528
02:15:45,900 --> 02:15:48,800
fascinated by the different 
languages from Traders coming in

2529
02:15:48,800 --> 02:15:50,900
from the East. 
He gave him an early taste for 

2530
02:15:50,900 --> 02:15:54,600
the diversity, that existed, 
Beyond Rome's walls, and no 

2531
02:15:54,600 --> 02:15:57,600
matter how chaotic it got. 
He never seemed overwhelmed. 

2532
02:15:58,400 --> 02:16:03,200
Instead he absorb how each piece
of society, functioned and filed

2533
02:16:03,200 --> 02:16:06,300
the information away in his 
early teens, while many 

2534
02:16:06,300 --> 02:16:09,300
aristocratic boys took lessons 
in rhetoric under Fame, tutors 

2535
02:16:09,300 --> 02:16:12,500
Caesar did too but he did more 
than rehearse speeches from 

2536
02:16:12,500 --> 02:16:14,900
ancient Greek texts. 
Peppered. 

2537
02:16:14,900 --> 02:16:17,600
His teachers with questions 
about how words could shift 

2538
02:16:17,600 --> 02:16:19,800
emotions he realizes that to 
command. 

2539
02:16:19,800 --> 02:16:23,600
Respect in Rome, you needed to 
shape minds and hearts not just 

2540
02:16:23,600 --> 02:16:27,600
bodies on a Battlefield. 
This flare for oratory would 

2541
02:16:27,600 --> 02:16:31,100
become one of his trademarks. 
Before he wore the Laurel 

2542
02:16:31,100 --> 02:16:33,600
wreath. 
Seesaw was already making a name

2543
02:16:33,608 --> 02:16:35,400
for himself in smaller legal 
cases. 

2544
02:16:36,299 --> 02:16:38,799
He wowed the courts with a 
perfect blend of reason. 

2545
02:16:39,600 --> 02:16:43,100
Passion and style that made 
older more experienced pleaders.

2546
02:16:43,100 --> 02:16:46,100
Look foolish. 
His household wasn't exactly a 

2547
02:16:46,100 --> 02:16:49,200
fortress of Tranquility. 
Tension's brood under its roof 

2548
02:16:49,200 --> 02:16:51,500
fed by old feuds and 
expectations that could 

2549
02:16:51,500 --> 02:16:54,600
suffocate a young man. 
If you were a patrician, 

2550
02:16:54,600 --> 02:16:56,900
traditional dictated you, 
climbed certain ladders. 

2551
02:16:56,900 --> 02:16:59,700
Hold a few officers Curry favor 
with the Senate. 

2552
02:16:59,700 --> 02:17:04,400
Play by Rome's Unwritten rules 
yet sees his mother really since

2553
02:17:04,400 --> 02:17:07,799
something different in him. 
His eyes sparked with ambition 

2554
02:17:07,799 --> 02:17:10,799
beyond the North Quietly. 
She encouraged him to break 

2555
02:17:10,799 --> 02:17:14,500
molds but do so intelligently. 
She knew that living like a 

2556
02:17:14,508 --> 02:17:18,100
chameleon, in Rome's, political 
ecosystem, switching Shades were

2557
02:17:18,100 --> 02:17:20,200
necessary was the path to real 
power. 

2558
02:17:21,200 --> 02:17:24,600
Of course, his early Journey 
wasn't smooth, he found himself 

2559
02:17:24,600 --> 02:17:28,500
in snared in the Civil disputes 
between Marius his uncle by 

2560
02:17:28,500 --> 02:17:33,400
marriage and sulla which tore 
Rome into factions as a teenager

2561
02:17:33,400 --> 02:17:36,400
Caesar had to flee or risk 
execution, when the dictatorial 

2562
02:17:36,400 --> 02:17:39,900
Sula took over but even on the 
Run, he refused to remain hidden

2563
02:17:39,900 --> 02:17:43,100
in a corner of Italy. 
Dead, he traveled. 

2564
02:17:43,100 --> 02:17:46,799
Discreetly learning about local 
communities, forging bonds, with

2565
02:17:46,799 --> 02:17:49,600
minor officials and gaining a 
sense for the shifting alliances

2566
02:17:49,600 --> 02:17:51,000
that propped up Roman 
government. 

2567
02:17:51,799 --> 02:17:54,600
Ever cunning he avoided Solas 
Men by staying, a step ahead of 

2568
02:17:54,608 --> 02:17:57,600
them sometimes disguising 
himself or traveling in the 

2569
02:17:57,608 --> 02:18:01,000
company of them probable 
companion's like foreign Traders

2570
02:18:01,000 --> 02:18:04,500
or even wandering performers. 
Eventually Caesar returned to 

2571
02:18:04,500 --> 02:18:07,400
Rome after solar's death. 
But he'd learned that when power

2572
02:18:07,400 --> 02:18:10,100
is on the table, trust is a 
fragile commodity. 

2573
02:18:10,799 --> 02:18:14,000
He had seen men switch loyalties
for a promise of gold or turn in

2574
02:18:14,000 --> 02:18:17,299
a friend to keep their own head 
that lesson never left him. 

2575
02:18:18,000 --> 02:18:20,200
Upon coming home. 
He immediately set about 

2576
02:18:20,200 --> 02:18:23,600
re-establishing, his social ties
attending, Banquets and forging 

2577
02:18:23,600 --> 02:18:26,299
friendships with men who had 
once I'd him with suspicion. 

2578
02:18:27,200 --> 02:18:29,400
Yes, Caesar was Adept at reading
faces. 

2579
02:18:29,400 --> 02:18:33,200
If he caught even a flicker of 
duplicity, he dodged that Bond 

2580
02:18:33,200 --> 02:18:36,299
elegantly, perhaps with an 
extravagant greeting, followed 

2581
02:18:36,299 --> 02:18:39,500
by a subtle distancing. 
One could never be too. 

2582
02:18:39,500 --> 02:18:41,400
Careful in Rome, swirling 
politics. 

2583
02:18:41,400 --> 02:18:44,900
A remarkable moment came when he
took on the role of priests to 

2584
02:18:44,900 --> 02:18:48,299
Jupiter only to lose it during 
sula's purges. 

2585
02:18:48,299 --> 02:18:52,500
It was a blow public piety. 
After all was a stepping stone 

2586
02:18:52,500 --> 02:18:56,100
for an aspiring politician. 
Caesar's resilience was already 

2587
02:18:56,100 --> 02:19:00,400
in full bloom, he picked himself
up Found A New Path and ventured

2588
02:19:00,400 --> 02:19:02,299
into the world of politics from 
a different angle. 

2589
02:19:02,299 --> 02:19:05,299
Securing lesser offices, that 
would eventually open bigger 

2590
02:19:05,299 --> 02:19:07,900
doors. 
Began building a personal brand 

2591
02:19:07,900 --> 02:19:10,500
of generosity soon. 
People, whispered about the, 

2592
02:19:10,500 --> 02:19:13,400
Banquets he held in the funds. 
He provided for Public Works 

2593
02:19:13,400 --> 02:19:16,500
Senators, wondered how he 
managed to gather such a Deep 

2594
02:19:16,500 --> 02:19:18,900
Pockets. 
It wasn't old family worth 

2595
02:19:18,900 --> 02:19:22,200
alone, season had a network of 
supporters and many believed in 

2596
02:19:22,200 --> 02:19:24,700
him precisely, because of his 
willingness to think outside the

2597
02:19:24,700 --> 02:19:27,200
conventional lines of patronage 
and nepotism. 

2598
02:19:27,200 --> 02:19:31,100
By his mid-20s Caesar had 
cultivated a reputation for 

2599
02:19:31,100 --> 02:19:35,000
being both bold and adaptable. 
He hadn't yet reshaped Rome, but

2600
02:19:35,000 --> 02:19:37,600
the seeds were there. 
His path wasn't about simple 

2601
02:19:37,600 --> 02:19:40,600
heroics or the typical childhood
prophecy that he was destined 

2602
02:19:40,600 --> 02:19:43,600
for greatness. 
Rather, it was a quieter 

2603
02:19:43,600 --> 02:19:46,100
accumulation of experiences that
prepared him for the challenges 

2604
02:19:46,100 --> 02:19:49,000
ahead. 
Each piece is exposure to 

2605
02:19:49,000 --> 02:19:51,200
Everyday. 
Romans his brush with danger, 

2606
02:19:51,200 --> 02:19:54,700
during sula's regime. 
His love of rhetoric lined up 

2607
02:19:54,708 --> 02:19:57,600
perfectly to form a foundation 
Rome. 

2608
02:19:57,600 --> 02:20:00,500
Full of swirling rivalries and 
unspoken rules. 

2609
02:20:00,500 --> 02:20:04,200
Had no idea that this relatively
unremarkable, young man with a 

2610
02:20:04,208 --> 02:20:06,900
quick tongue and quick mind was 
about to upend everything. 

2611
02:20:07,700 --> 02:20:10,200
Before he was a seasoned 
Commander or the Colossus 

2612
02:20:10,200 --> 02:20:13,400
striding across the Rubicon. 
Caesar had an Escapade that 

2613
02:20:13,400 --> 02:20:15,000
shaped his perspective on the 
power. 

2614
02:20:15,000 --> 02:20:16,700
More than any lecturer in the 
Senate ever. 

2615
02:20:16,708 --> 02:20:20,100
Could his abduction by solution 
pirates in the Aegean Sea. 

2616
02:20:20,100 --> 02:20:24,100
It's a tale rarely told in the 
mainstream but it offers a raw 

2617
02:20:24,100 --> 02:20:27,000
glimpse into his character. 
Cesar was traveling to 

2618
02:20:27,000 --> 02:20:30,000
strengthen his oratory skills, 
under a, renowned teacher on the

2619
02:20:30,000 --> 02:20:32,800
island, roads, something 
Aristocrats often did. 

2620
02:20:33,600 --> 02:20:36,900
But the Seas teamed with Pirates
Who thrived on Ransom and it 

2621
02:20:36,908 --> 02:20:40,200
wasn't long before his ship was 
seized the Pirates, Who captured

2622
02:20:40,200 --> 02:20:42,300
him expected a frightened Roman 
Aristocrat. 

2623
02:20:42,300 --> 02:20:45,500
Instead they encountered a man, 
whose boldness made them 

2624
02:20:45,500 --> 02:20:48,900
question, who truly been 
captured when they demanded a 

2625
02:20:48,900 --> 02:20:52,600
ransom of 20 talents of silver? 
Caesar reportedly scoffed, that 

2626
02:20:52,600 --> 02:20:55,900
they were underselling him. 
He insisted, they asked for 50 

2627
02:20:55,900 --> 02:20:58,100
the Pirates. 
Bemused yet. 

2628
02:20:58,100 --> 02:21:02,100
Intrigued took his suggestion 
for several weeks, Caesar lived 

2629
02:21:02,100 --> 02:21:05,300
among them, waiting for friends 
to gather the Sun, during that 

2630
02:21:05,300 --> 02:21:08,800
time, he treated them as if he 
were the one in charge, ordering

2631
02:21:08,800 --> 02:21:12,400
them to keep quiet when he slept
even reciting poems and speeches

2632
02:21:12,400 --> 02:21:15,700
and telling them to appreciate 
the Artistry or else to the 

2633
02:21:15,708 --> 02:21:19,500
Pirates credit they indulge him 
perhaps wondering if they had 

2634
02:21:19,500 --> 02:21:22,800
accidentally kidnapped a 
lunatic, he wasn't simply being 

2635
02:21:22,800 --> 02:21:24,900
arrogant. 
He was displaying confidence and

2636
02:21:24,900 --> 02:21:28,500
unpredictability. 
In a precarious situation, fear 

2637
02:21:28,500 --> 02:21:31,900
can be an exploitable weakness 
by acting as if you were the 

2638
02:21:31,900 --> 02:21:34,700
authority figure. 
Sees a force the Pirates to 

2639
02:21:34,700 --> 02:21:37,500
respect him or at least treating
carefully. 

2640
02:21:38,300 --> 02:21:41,500
When the ransom finally arrived 
and Caesar was freed, he 

2641
02:21:41,500 --> 02:21:44,000
quickly, organized a naval Force
hunted. 

2642
02:21:44,000 --> 02:21:46,500
Those same Pirates down and had 
them crucified. 

2643
02:21:46,500 --> 02:21:49,708
It was an act of lethal 
retribution laced with the 

2644
02:21:49,716 --> 02:21:52,100
cunning, that would characterize
his later campaigns. 

2645
02:21:52,100 --> 02:21:55,400
The memory of that Ransom 
demanded and of Caesar's 

2646
02:21:55,400 --> 02:21:59,000
outlandish performance on the 
Pirates Island helped shape his 

2647
02:21:59,000 --> 02:22:02,200
entire approach to dealing with 
adversaries, Dramatics 

2648
02:22:02,200 --> 02:22:04,500
strategic, and always with an 
eye to the outcome. 

2649
02:22:05,700 --> 02:22:09,600
Back in Rome, Caesar resumed his
climb yet, he carried a certain 

2650
02:22:09,600 --> 02:22:12,100
Swagger. 
Now a sense that his life was 

2651
02:22:12,100 --> 02:22:16,100
fated for something. 
Extraordinary after all, how 

2652
02:22:16,100 --> 02:22:18,900
many young Roman Nobles had 
stared down, Pirates and lived 

2653
02:22:18,900 --> 02:22:22,100
to spin the tail. 
A political gathering's, people 

2654
02:22:22,100 --> 02:22:25,500
whispered behind their cups of 
wine speculating on whether that

2655
02:22:25,500 --> 02:22:28,400
story was just sees as brand of 
theatrics or pure truth. 

2656
02:22:29,300 --> 02:22:31,600
But it was undeniable that he 
managed to secure enough 

2657
02:22:31,600 --> 02:22:33,400
influence to become a military 
Tribune. 

2658
02:22:34,200 --> 02:22:36,900
Soon, he was off to gain 
experience in the province's, 

2659
02:22:36,900 --> 02:22:39,100
which gave him intimate 
knowledge of the armies. 

2660
02:22:39,100 --> 02:22:41,500
He would one day command. 
The politics? 

2661
02:22:41,500 --> 02:22:43,300
He left in Rome were no less 
complicated. 

2662
02:22:44,300 --> 02:22:48,300
He forged a delicate packed with
Pompey and Crassus later known 

2663
02:22:48,300 --> 02:22:51,600
as the first triumvirate. 
This was not a formal 

2664
02:22:51,600 --> 02:22:54,600
institution, but rather a 
private handshake that United 

2665
02:22:54,600 --> 02:22:57,700
three men with distinct 
strengths, pompey's military 

2666
02:22:57,700 --> 02:23:01,400
Prestige, Caesar's wealth, and 
Caesar's political cunning. 

2667
02:23:02,300 --> 02:23:04,800
People often assume Caesar just 
lucked into that Arrangement, 

2668
02:23:04,800 --> 02:23:07,800
but it was actually the 
culmination of countless dinners

2669
02:23:07,800 --> 02:23:09,900
private agreements and 
carefully. 

2670
02:23:09,900 --> 02:23:14,000
Bartered favors season knew that
if he wanted to climb higher, he

2671
02:23:14,000 --> 02:23:17,000
needed to bring Rome's big 
players into his corner at least

2672
02:23:17,008 --> 02:23:19,800
temporarily. 
If that meant moderating his own

2673
02:23:19,800 --> 02:23:22,200
Ambitions in the short run to 
secure pompy's trust. 

2674
02:23:22,200 --> 02:23:27,200
He do it without blinking with 
their support Caesar aimed for a

2675
02:23:27,200 --> 02:23:29,200
new goal. 
A position that would not only 

2676
02:23:29,200 --> 02:23:32,200
confirm Prestige but also 
provide him with the chance to 

2677
02:23:32,200 --> 02:23:34,200
broaden his Network and bolster 
his army. 

2678
02:23:34,200 --> 02:23:37,300
With devoted Soldiers, the 
governorship of hispania 

2679
02:23:37,300 --> 02:23:40,800
ulterior or Gaul were fortunes 
could be made and reputation. 

2680
02:23:40,800 --> 02:23:44,900
Cemented, seemed ideal Not only 
would it allow him to command 

2681
02:23:44,900 --> 02:23:47,300
armies? 
It would offer a stage to 

2682
02:23:47,300 --> 02:23:49,300
Showcase his genius in both 
Administration. 

2683
02:23:49,300 --> 02:23:53,600
And warfare in time, he secured 
the pro console ship of Gaul. 

2684
02:23:54,600 --> 02:23:59,100
Was vast populated by diverse 
tribes each with its own 

2685
02:23:59,100 --> 02:24:03,200
Traditions alliances and grudges
where less men might see only a 

2686
02:24:03,200 --> 02:24:06,600
frontier to exploit. 
Caesar chess board with dozens 

2687
02:24:06,600 --> 02:24:08,900
of moving pieces, he relished 
the challenge. 

2688
02:24:08,900 --> 02:24:11,900
This was after all the man, who 
once calmly dined with 

2689
02:24:11,900 --> 02:24:15,200
kidnappers Gathering Legions 
known for their discipline and 

2690
02:24:15,200 --> 02:24:17,800
grit. 
He departed North determined to 

2691
02:24:17,800 --> 02:24:20,500
do more than just play. 
Caretaker, he wanted to nip 

2692
02:24:20,500 --> 02:24:24,100
those tribes into Rome sphere of
influence, forging, New Roads 

2693
02:24:24,100 --> 02:24:26,900
and alliances while showcasing 
Roman Supremacy. 

2694
02:24:27,700 --> 02:24:30,700
Before he launched significant 
campaigns, Caesar did his 

2695
02:24:30,700 --> 02:24:34,100
homework, he arranged meetings 
with tribal Chiefs, listening, 

2696
02:24:34,100 --> 02:24:36,500
carefully to their rivalries, 
and hearing their pleas for 

2697
02:24:36,500 --> 02:24:39,500
Roman protection. 
Was it genuine concern or 

2698
02:24:39,500 --> 02:24:42,000
applied? 
Caesar would wage statement 

2699
02:24:42,000 --> 02:24:45,300
reading not just the words, but 
the shifts in tone and I contact

2700
02:24:46,200 --> 02:24:49,600
If he sensed an opportunity like
a tribe longing for revenge on 

2701
02:24:49,608 --> 02:24:53,000
his neighbor, he promised 
support extracting pledges of 

2702
02:24:53,000 --> 02:24:56,300
loyalty in many ways. 
His tactics mirrored, the hush 

2703
02:24:56,300 --> 02:24:59,500
hush, political dealings, he'd 
owned back in Rome only. 

2704
02:24:59,500 --> 02:25:02,500
Now the stakes were measured in 
thousands of soldiers and entire

2705
02:25:02,500 --> 02:25:05,600
territories. 
Yet throughout these Maneuvers 

2706
02:25:05,600 --> 02:25:08,000
season. 
Never lost sight of the Persona.

2707
02:25:08,000 --> 02:25:10,900
He'd cultivated he was known me,
a bureaucrat. 

2708
02:25:10,900 --> 02:25:14,500
He was that daring Aristocrat 
who'd outwitted Pirates. 

2709
02:25:14,500 --> 02:25:18,000
The dynamic orator who 
electrified the courts and the 

2710
02:25:18,000 --> 02:25:20,900
cunning negotiator who had found
common ground with Pompey and 

2711
02:25:20,900 --> 02:25:25,100
Caesar each success in goal was 
reported back to Rome Vice and 

2712
02:25:25,100 --> 02:25:28,600
sessional dispatchers. 
Komentaryo so written with 

2713
02:25:28,600 --> 02:25:31,700
Clarity and Flair. 
People in the city devoured 

2714
02:25:31,700 --> 02:25:34,600
them, as if they were tabloid 
headlines, he dramatized his 

2715
02:25:34,600 --> 02:25:37,000
victories, just enough to 
capture the Public's 

2716
02:25:37,000 --> 02:25:39,500
imagination. 
The Senate, reading the official

2717
02:25:39,500 --> 02:25:43,500
versions found themselves, both 
impressed and weary Caesar was 

2718
02:25:43,500 --> 02:25:46,800
quickly becoming too big to 
ignore these initial steps and 

2719
02:25:46,800 --> 02:25:49,700
goal, some alliances struck some
small skirmishes, one, 

2720
02:25:49,700 --> 02:25:53,400
emboldened him, he sensed that 
if he could bring all of Gaul 

2721
02:25:53,400 --> 02:25:55,900
under Roman control, he'd move 
from being just another 

2722
02:25:55,900 --> 02:25:59,500
ambitious politician to a 
legendary conqueror, that 

2723
02:25:59,500 --> 02:26:02,300
knowledge spurred him on Cesar 
might have left Behind The 

2724
02:26:02,300 --> 02:26:05,500
Pirates Who Wants threatened him
but the memory of that captivity

2725
02:26:05,500 --> 02:26:07,700
fueled his hunger for absolute 
control. 

2726
02:26:07,700 --> 02:26:11,500
If he had his way, no one be 
their tribal Chief, or Roman 

2727
02:26:11,500 --> 02:26:14,600
Senator, would ever have the 
power to hold him captive again?

2728
02:26:15,500 --> 02:26:18,200
The gallic wars, the seasons 
campaigns would come to be 

2729
02:26:18,208 --> 02:26:21,200
called weren't just about 
marching Legions, across fields 

2730
02:26:21,200 --> 02:26:22,600
and building. 
Wooden Palisades. 

2731
02:26:22,600 --> 02:26:26,600
They were about psychological 
warfare diplomacy and the 

2732
02:26:26,600 --> 02:26:30,200
cunning exploitation of 
intertribal rivalries Rome's 

2733
02:26:30,200 --> 02:26:33,200
dominance always hung on its 
ability to divide and conquer. 

2734
02:26:34,100 --> 02:26:37,300
With Caesar at the helm that 
strategy took on fresh new ones,

2735
02:26:37,300 --> 02:26:41,100
in the early phases Caesar 
Consolidated, Roman gains by 

2736
02:26:41,100 --> 02:26:43,200
constructing a network of roads 
and fortifications. 

2737
02:26:43,200 --> 02:26:47,500
This was hardly glamorous labor,
Roman soldiers would spend weeks

2738
02:26:47,500 --> 02:26:51,100
hacking through forests and bogs
to erect outposts sometimes 

2739
02:26:51,100 --> 02:26:54,600
under the threat of Ambush yet. 
Each New Roman style Fort 

2740
02:26:54,600 --> 02:26:57,400
complete with straight lines and
carefully measured in totals, 

2741
02:26:57,400 --> 02:27:01,200
sent a message of permanents. 
These weren't just makeshift 

2742
02:27:01,200 --> 02:27:04,200
Garrison's, they were statements
that Rome had come to stay. 

2743
02:27:05,000 --> 02:27:07,600
People often remember, Caesar's 
Brilliance on the battlefield. 

2744
02:27:08,500 --> 02:27:11,100
But his true strength laying 
methodical organization. 

2745
02:27:12,000 --> 02:27:15,700
Considered Logistics as vital as
sword and shield, the various 

2746
02:27:15,700 --> 02:27:19,500
gallic tribes, watched uneasily,
some rushing to Caesar's side 

2747
02:27:19,500 --> 02:27:21,900
others forming alliances against
him. 

2748
02:27:22,700 --> 02:27:25,500
Caesar capitalized on the 
smallest of division. 

2749
02:27:25,500 --> 02:27:29,100
If one tribe feuded with 
another, he'd arrived as a 

2750
02:27:29,100 --> 02:27:32,000
peace, broker offering Roman 
friendship and military aid 

2751
02:27:32,000 --> 02:27:34,900
against arrival. 
Soon enough this tribe would 

2752
02:27:34,908 --> 02:27:38,200
find itself bound to Caesar by 
Mutual benefit and Shackled by 

2753
02:27:38,208 --> 02:27:41,500
Roman expectations. 
The Brilliance lay in making it 

2754
02:27:41,500 --> 02:27:43,700
seem as if the tribe had chosen 
this path freely. 

2755
02:27:44,300 --> 02:27:47,800
Not that Caesars campaign was 
devoid of Bloodshed certain 

2756
02:27:47,800 --> 02:27:51,400
tribes, resisted fiercely, 
resentful of foreign occupation.

2757
02:27:52,100 --> 02:27:55,400
The Belgian in the north. 
For instance, martialed huge 

2758
02:27:55,400 --> 02:27:58,600
forces that tested Roman 
discipline, Caesar never 

2759
02:27:58,600 --> 02:28:02,100
squeamish deployed tactics to 
crush resistance, decisively 

2760
02:28:02,100 --> 02:28:05,800
destroying crops, capturing 
strategic points and sometimes 

2761
02:28:05,800 --> 02:28:08,300
resorting to brutal reprisals 
that sent a chill through 

2762
02:28:08,300 --> 02:28:11,700
neighboring tribes, he didn't 
reveling cruelty for its own 

2763
02:28:11,700 --> 02:28:14,700
sake but he understood the Roman
tradition of deterrence 

2764
02:28:14,700 --> 02:28:18,100
ferocious display could prevent 
a drawn out Rebellion. 

2765
02:28:18,100 --> 02:28:21,800
This approach while effective 
all so laid the seeds for future

2766
02:28:21,800 --> 02:28:26,200
animosity among Fierce Defenders
of gallic Independence, like the

2767
02:28:26,200 --> 02:28:30,700
singer tricks versus Malvern in 
Chieftain who recognized that 

2768
02:28:30,708 --> 02:28:34,100
the gallic tribes needed Unity 
more than ever. he wasn't some 

2769
02:28:34,100 --> 02:28:38,000
hot headed Bandit chief, he was 
methodical charismatic and had a

2770
02:28:38,008 --> 02:28:41,700
strategic mind that could rival 
Caesars While Caesar was off 

2771
02:28:41,700 --> 02:28:44,500
campaigning on another front. 
The Cinco tricks rally. 

2772
02:28:44,500 --> 02:28:46,900
Disparate tribes under the 
banner of garlic Pride. 

2773
02:28:46,900 --> 02:28:50,400
When Caesar got wind of this 
resistance, you recognized at 

2774
02:28:50,400 --> 02:28:52,800
once that The Kinks was no 
ordinary adversary. 

2775
02:28:53,700 --> 02:28:56,900
The typical trick of exploiting 
old rivalries might not work 

2776
02:28:56,900 --> 02:28:59,500
here. 
The confrontation between Caesar

2777
02:28:59,500 --> 02:29:02,500
and the singer torex escalated. 
Into one of the defining 

2778
02:29:02,500 --> 02:29:04,900
struggles of the gallic wars 
versing. 

2779
02:29:04,900 --> 02:29:06,600
Get her ex adopted, a 
scorched-earth policy 

2780
02:29:06,600 --> 02:29:10,500
instructing villages to destroy 
their own supplies and towns to 

2781
02:29:10,500 --> 02:29:12,100
starve. 
The Roman Legions of resources, 

2782
02:29:12,100 --> 02:29:15,800
there was a grim strategy 
burning fields and uprooting 

2783
02:29:15,800 --> 02:29:19,500
harvests but it slowed Caesar's 
Advanced creating logistical 

2784
02:29:19,500 --> 02:29:22,500
nightmares for Roman soldiers 
are accustomed to living off the

2785
02:29:22,500 --> 02:29:25,500
land for a man who prided 
himself on controlling every 

2786
02:29:25,500 --> 02:29:28,400
variable, Caesar found himself 
confronting the unpredictable 

2787
02:29:28,400 --> 02:29:30,800
Factor. 
The charismatic, local leader, 

2788
02:29:30,800 --> 02:29:34,300
who matched him in cunning still
Caesar was a master of 

2789
02:29:34,300 --> 02:29:38,100
adaptation, recognizing the 
challenge he can, solidated his 

2790
02:29:38,100 --> 02:29:41,600
troops and chose to besiege key 
Galaxy strongholds, Most 

2791
02:29:41,600 --> 02:29:43,400
famously, he surrounded. 
The Fortress. 

2792
02:29:43,400 --> 02:29:47,200
Town of Alesia, wherever tingey,
tourx had taken Refuge with tens

2793
02:29:47,200 --> 02:29:50,400
of thousands of Warriors. 
The Siege of Eliza would become 

2794
02:29:50,400 --> 02:29:52,900
a testament to Caesar's ability 
to think in layers. 

2795
02:29:52,900 --> 02:29:56,100
He constructed a ring of 
fortifications around the city 

2796
02:29:56,100 --> 02:30:00,500
to starve out versing a tricks 
as forces, and anticipating a 

2797
02:30:00,500 --> 02:30:05,000
Galaxy, another ring facing 
outwards to protect his Legions,

2798
02:30:05,000 --> 02:30:08,600
from an attack from outside. 
This double fortification was 

2799
02:30:08,600 --> 02:30:12,600
not dacious engineering project 
involving miles of ditches, 

2800
02:30:12,600 --> 02:30:16,600
ramparts and watchtowers enough 
to give any modern city. 

2801
02:30:16,600 --> 02:30:20,200
Planner pause. 
The days wore on under a 

2802
02:30:20,208 --> 02:30:24,300
Relentless Sun, the besieged 
goals inside Alicia ran short of

2803
02:30:24,308 --> 02:30:27,600
food women and children were 
turned out of the Fortress. 

2804
02:30:27,600 --> 02:30:31,200
Hoping, for Mercy, only to be 
left stranded between the city 

2805
02:30:31,200 --> 02:30:35,400
walls and the Roman lines. 
Meanwhile, a massive relief, 

2806
02:30:35,400 --> 02:30:39,100
force of various gallic tribes 
arrived, attempting to break, 

2807
02:30:39,100 --> 02:30:42,700
season's outer defenses. 
During one critical night, 

2808
02:30:42,700 --> 02:30:45,500
seemed Rome like collapse under 
the weight of the onslaught. 

2809
02:30:46,200 --> 02:30:48,600
Caesar himself. 
Rallied his men doting from post

2810
02:30:48,600 --> 02:30:52,000
to post in Euro. 
Felicia was released Gaul could 

2811
02:30:52,000 --> 02:30:54,300
unite behind verse and get 
Heroes and Seasons. 

2812
02:30:54,300 --> 02:30:57,600
Entire campaign might unravel 
the game's for Middle odds. 

2813
02:30:57,600 --> 02:31:01,700
The Roman lines held Exhausted 
from repeated attacks and 

2814
02:31:01,700 --> 02:31:05,100
lacking a coherent strategy. 
The relief was finally broke 

2815
02:31:05,100 --> 02:31:09,300
inside ilysia with supplies gone
into morale shattered. 

2816
02:31:09,300 --> 02:31:13,500
Versing getic surrendered. 
Sight of this defiant, gallic 

2817
02:31:13,500 --> 02:31:16,200
Chieftain handing over his 
weapons underscored the Turning 

2818
02:31:16,200 --> 02:31:20,300
Point Rome had asserted, its 
dominance and Caesar stood at 

2819
02:31:20,300 --> 02:31:24,600
the Pinnacle of Victory yet. 
For all the glory of the siege 

2820
02:31:24,600 --> 02:31:27,700
left many goals in bittered, 
Caesar might have pacified the 

2821
02:31:27,700 --> 02:31:30,800
region but a smoldering 
resentment would eventually lurk

2822
02:31:30,800 --> 02:31:33,900
beneath the official peace 
treaties, when Caesar returned 

2823
02:31:33,900 --> 02:31:37,700
to Rome, he was hailed as a 
hero, his campaigns and Gaul had

2824
02:31:37,700 --> 02:31:40,500
quadrupled, roams domain and 
filled the Republic's coffers 

2825
02:31:40,500 --> 02:31:42,400
with wealth from newly conquered
territories. 

2826
02:31:43,500 --> 02:31:46,400
The Senate awarded him. 
Grant triumphs parades were 

2827
02:31:46,400 --> 02:31:48,500
caged. 
Prisoners Walked In Chains and 

2828
02:31:48,500 --> 02:31:52,700
the crowded with delight. 
In these processions season's 

2829
02:31:52,700 --> 02:31:54,600
name became synonymous with 
military genius. 

2830
02:31:54,600 --> 02:31:58,300
And Roman might Yet the very 
success that elevated him 

2831
02:31:58,300 --> 02:32:01,500
threatened to unbalance the 
precarious political framework 

2832
02:32:01,500 --> 02:32:05,700
in Rome men like Pompey and 
Crassus wants his allies 

2833
02:32:05,700 --> 02:32:08,200
couldn't help. 
But feel overshadowed by the 

2834
02:32:08,200 --> 02:32:11,800
sheer magnitude of Caesar's 
Chief movements, the Old Guard 

2835
02:32:11,800 --> 02:32:14,500
in the Senate, grew uneasy. 
They murmured that sees. 

2836
02:32:14,500 --> 02:32:17,900
As ambition was too large for 
the Republic even allies 

2837
02:32:17,900 --> 02:32:19,300
wandered. 
If they could remain relevant 

2838
02:32:19,300 --> 02:32:22,800
while season soaked up the 
glory, Caesar for his part 

2839
02:32:22,800 --> 02:32:24,800
believed. 
He had only just begun his 

2840
02:32:24,800 --> 02:32:26,800
vision extended Beyond The 
Spoils of Gaul. 

2841
02:32:26,800 --> 02:32:30,900
He wanted to transform Rome 
itself Carve out a position 

2842
02:32:30,900 --> 02:32:33,900
where no single factional rival 
could stifle him. 

2843
02:32:33,900 --> 02:32:38,500
Again, this set the stage for an
inevitable Clash, Caesar's 

2844
02:32:38,500 --> 02:32:41,200
Maneuvers and Gaul while 
triumphant had also sown 

2845
02:32:41,200 --> 02:32:43,300
suspicion and envy and 
suspicion. 

2846
02:32:43,300 --> 02:32:47,200
And Envy in Rome often led to 
Civil War assassinations and 

2847
02:32:47,200 --> 02:32:50,100
chaos. 
But if Caesar was hardly showed 

2848
02:32:50,100 --> 02:32:52,800
it, Fresh from the greatest 
victory of his career. 

2849
02:32:52,800 --> 02:32:54,900
He was welcomed like a 
Conquering Hero. 

2850
02:32:54,900 --> 02:32:57,300
He stepped onto the marble 
streets of Rome with a 

2851
02:32:57,300 --> 02:32:59,900
confidence forged in The 
Crucible of countless battles. 

2852
02:32:59,900 --> 02:33:06,000
The final The uneasy Alliance of
Pompey, Crassus and Caesar often

2853
02:33:06,000 --> 02:33:08,300
called. 
The first triumvirate had always

2854
02:33:08,300 --> 02:33:12,300
been a marriage of convenience, 
Each man saw it as a tool to 

2855
02:33:12,300 --> 02:33:15,600
secure power, but once Caesar's 
gallic conquests made him the 

2856
02:33:15,600 --> 02:33:20,400
darling of the masses resentment
began to simmer Pompeii, roams, 

2857
02:33:20,400 --> 02:33:23,200
previous Superstar, General 
noticed public attention 

2858
02:33:23,200 --> 02:33:25,900
drifting from him to Caesar 
crashes. 

2859
02:33:25,900 --> 02:33:29,400
Meanwhile met a tragic end in an
ill-advised campaign against the

2860
02:33:29,400 --> 02:33:32,500
parthians leaving, Caesar and 
Pompey as the two principal 

2861
02:33:32,500 --> 02:33:33,900
contenders for the heart of 
Rome. 

2862
02:33:34,900 --> 02:33:37,400
An undercurrent of tension. 
Now, pulse through the city 

2863
02:33:37,400 --> 02:33:41,500
Senators whispered in corridors 
choosing sides Pompey. 

2864
02:33:41,500 --> 02:33:43,700
Cozied up to conservative 
factions in the Senate who 

2865
02:33:43,700 --> 02:33:46,200
viewed Caesar as a threat to the
old Republican system. 

2866
02:33:46,200 --> 02:33:49,900
Caesar still owing, Gaul 
understood he would need to 

2867
02:33:49,900 --> 02:33:51,700
solidify his position back home 
soon. 

2868
02:33:52,500 --> 02:33:55,400
The term of his governorship was
drawing to a close and if he 

2869
02:33:55,400 --> 02:33:58,400
returned to Rome merely as a 
private citizen, his enemies 

2870
02:33:58,400 --> 02:34:01,400
could bring him to trial for 
various alleged misdeeds and 

2871
02:34:01,400 --> 02:34:03,100
effectively end his political 
career. 

2872
02:34:03,900 --> 02:34:06,500
His solution. 
He demanded to run for console 

2873
02:34:06,500 --> 02:34:09,000
In Absentia. 
Seeking an extension of the 

2874
02:34:09,000 --> 02:34:12,800
immunity and power he held as 
proconsul, the Senate refused 

2875
02:34:12,800 --> 02:34:15,100
with Pompey, supporting that 
refusal. 

2876
02:34:15,100 --> 02:34:19,200
This was the point of no return.
Cesar stood at the banks of the 

2877
02:34:19,200 --> 02:34:22,500
Rubicon river, the boundary 
Beyond which laterally proper 

2878
02:34:22,500 --> 02:34:27,600
Roman law was crystal clear. 
No, General was allowed to bring

2879
02:34:27,600 --> 02:34:29,500
his army into Italy. 
To do. 

2880
02:34:29,508 --> 02:34:32,900
So amounted, to a declaration of
war on a Winter's Night. 

2881
02:34:32,900 --> 02:34:37,400
In 49, BCE sees are made his 
choice marched across the 

2882
02:34:37,400 --> 02:34:41,000
Rubicon, uttering the phrase, 
Aaliyah yacta SST. 

2883
02:34:41,000 --> 02:34:46,200
The dye is cast if the anecdotes
hold any truth Overnight Rome 

2884
02:34:46,200 --> 02:34:50,600
system of alliances shattered, 
the Civil War had begun Pompey 

2885
02:34:50,600 --> 02:34:52,700
and many senators. 
Fled Rome to gather forces in 

2886
02:34:52,700 --> 02:34:54,900
the East. 
Confident, they'd must armies 

2887
02:34:54,900 --> 02:34:57,200
far greater than Caesars. 
They had the backing of 

2888
02:34:57,200 --> 02:35:01,100
traditional Elites wealthy 
provinces, and they believed 

2889
02:35:01,100 --> 02:35:04,400
time on their side. 
Caesar, however, wasn't known 

2890
02:35:04,400 --> 02:35:07,100
for cautious delay. 
He pressed forward Breakneck 

2891
02:35:07,100 --> 02:35:11,300
speed towns and cities along the
way, open their Gates, some out 

2892
02:35:11,300 --> 02:35:14,900
of admiration, for Caesar 
others, out of fear, The 

2893
02:35:14,900 --> 02:35:18,300
Unstoppable momentum. 
Took Pompey by surprise, forcing

2894
02:35:18,300 --> 02:35:19,800
him to evacuate Italy 
altogether. 

2895
02:35:20,600 --> 02:35:24,000
Caesar entered Rome on opposed 
but taking Rome was just the 

2896
02:35:24,000 --> 02:35:26,000
beginning. 
The real challenge was 

2897
02:35:26,000 --> 02:35:29,100
confronting pompy's Legions, 
which were regrouping and 

2898
02:35:29,100 --> 02:35:33,000
Greece, Caesar leaving a minimal
Garrison behind, sailed across 

2899
02:35:33,000 --> 02:35:34,600
the Adriatic to chase, down his 
rival. 

2900
02:35:34,600 --> 02:35:38,400
It was a frantic race. 
Both men vying for resources and

2901
02:35:38,400 --> 02:35:42,100
key strategic points season 4's 
were offering out numbered 

2902
02:35:42,100 --> 02:35:45,500
pompeys alliance's span vast 
portions of the Republic. 

2903
02:35:45,500 --> 02:35:47,800
Yes. 
Cesar leveraged speed. 

2904
02:35:47,800 --> 02:35:50,800
Surprise. 
And the Loyalty, he don't from 

2905
02:35:50,800 --> 02:35:54,100
Legions, who fought alongside 
him in Gaul battles erupted 

2906
02:35:54,100 --> 02:35:56,800
across multiple theater's Spain,
Africa. 

2907
02:35:56,800 --> 02:35:59,400
And ultimately The Plains of 
fossilis and Greece. 

2908
02:36:00,300 --> 02:36:03,800
Battle of pharsalus in 48 BCE 
became a defining moment, 

2909
02:36:03,800 --> 02:36:08,000
Pompey, confident, in his 
Superior numbers formed, a 

2910
02:36:08,000 --> 02:36:10,600
traditional line, anticipating a
swift victory. 

2911
02:36:11,400 --> 02:36:15,000
Caesar outmanned, arranged a 
reserve line of cohorts behind 

2912
02:36:15,000 --> 02:36:17,700
his Cavalry on the right flank 
and dissipating. 

2913
02:36:17,700 --> 02:36:19,600
Pompey's, Horsemen would try to 
envelop him. 

2914
02:36:20,500 --> 02:36:24,000
When the Cavalry Clash began, 
sees his hidden cohort surged 

2915
02:36:24,000 --> 02:36:26,200
forward. 
Routing pompey's Cavalry. 

2916
02:36:26,200 --> 02:36:29,500
This triggered a domino effect 
pompey's infantry. 

2917
02:36:29,500 --> 02:36:33,500
Once they saw the Cavalry in 
Flight lost cohesion, Caesar's 

2918
02:36:33,500 --> 02:36:37,000
Legions, hardened by years of 
Frontier Warfare exploited every

2919
02:36:37,000 --> 02:36:40,300
Gap. 
It was a massacre escaped, but 

2920
02:36:40,300 --> 02:36:43,900
the cycle damage was done. 
Men who had once sworn loyalty 

2921
02:36:43,900 --> 02:36:46,400
to Pompey. 
Began to slip away or switch 

2922
02:36:46,400 --> 02:36:48,900
side. 
Sensing the tide of fated 

2923
02:36:48,900 --> 02:36:52,000
turned. 
Pompey, fled to Egypt, hoping to

2924
02:36:52,000 --> 02:36:55,700
regroup, but the ptolemaic 
officials came to appease Caesar

2925
02:36:55,700 --> 02:36:58,800
betrayed him. 
On his arrival Pompey, was 

2926
02:36:58,800 --> 02:37:02,600
assassinated his head presented 
as a Caesar as a perverse gift. 

2927
02:37:03,500 --> 02:37:06,600
Caesar was horrified despite 
their rivalry Pompey. 

2928
02:37:06,600 --> 02:37:09,100
Had once been his son in law. 
Caesar's daughter. 

2929
02:37:09,100 --> 02:37:10,600
Julia had been married to 
Pompeii. 

2930
02:37:11,400 --> 02:37:14,100
Sees a publicly wept at the 
sight of Pompey, severed head, 

2931
02:37:14,108 --> 02:37:17,100
then ordered the execution of 
the men responsible for the 

2932
02:37:17,108 --> 02:37:19,700
Betrayal. 
This act, conveyed, a message, 

2933
02:37:19,700 --> 02:37:23,300
Caesar might be ruthless, but he
upheld the Dignity of Roman 

2934
02:37:23,300 --> 02:37:25,900
nobility and detested dishonor 
Egypt. 

2935
02:37:25,900 --> 02:37:30,100
However, offered its own, 
Labyrinth of politics Cleopatra.

2936
02:37:30,100 --> 02:37:32,200
And her brother Ptolemy were 
locked in a power struggle. 

2937
02:37:32,900 --> 02:37:35,300
Caesar now the most influential 
Roman into the region. 

2938
02:37:35,300 --> 02:37:37,400
Found himself arbitrating their 
dispute. 

2939
02:37:38,100 --> 02:37:41,800
Cleopatra saw an opportunity. 
She smuggled herself into 

2940
02:37:41,800 --> 02:37:44,000
Caesar's presence wrapped in a 
carpet. 

2941
02:37:44,000 --> 02:37:47,700
So the story goes and Charmed 
him with her intellect wit and 

2942
02:37:47,700 --> 02:37:51,300
Grand Vision for each Egypt, 
Caesar never want to resist or 

2943
02:37:51,300 --> 02:37:53,900
dasy or intelligent sided with 
Cleopatra. 

2944
02:37:55,200 --> 02:37:59,000
The pair Consolidated, power in 
Alexandria, defeating ptolemies 

2945
02:37:59,000 --> 02:38:01,200
forces and installing Cleopatra 
as Queen. 

2946
02:38:02,200 --> 02:38:03,800
Elias on was more than a 
romantic. 

2947
02:38:03,800 --> 02:38:07,100
It was a strategic Alliance that
gave Caesar access to Egypt's 

2948
02:38:07,100 --> 02:38:08,500
wealth. 
While securing Cleopatra's 

2949
02:38:08,500 --> 02:38:11,300
throw. 
Rome watched these events with 

2950
02:38:11,300 --> 02:38:14,800
Fascination and growing anxiety.
Caesar was off, forging 

2951
02:38:14,800 --> 02:38:18,400
alliance's and fathering a child
with a foreign Queen cesarean 

2952
02:38:18,400 --> 02:38:20,700
while Italy braced for whatever 
came next. 

2953
02:38:21,700 --> 02:38:24,700
Though, Pompey was dead segments
of the Roman Republic. 

2954
02:38:24,700 --> 02:38:28,400
Still resisted Caesar's rule. 
Caesar marched on quelling 

2955
02:38:28,400 --> 02:38:31,600
resistance in Asia Minor with 
such speed that he famously 

2956
02:38:31,600 --> 02:38:37,200
declared Veni Vidi Vicky. 
I came I saw I conquered Then he

2957
02:38:37,208 --> 02:38:41,000
headed to Africa clashing with 
remaining Pompeii and forces and

2958
02:38:41,000 --> 02:38:46,000
eventually subduing them. 
By 45 BCE Caesar stood 

2959
02:38:46,000 --> 02:38:48,000
unchallenged as Rome's, 
Paramount leader. 

2960
02:38:48,800 --> 02:38:51,900
Senate, most of whose members 
owed him, their lives or careers

2961
02:38:51,900 --> 02:38:55,000
filled his hands with powers 
that stretched the limits of 

2962
02:38:55,000 --> 02:38:58,100
Rome's Traditions. 
He was named dictator for 10 

2963
02:38:58,100 --> 02:39:00,200
years eventually dictator for 
life. 

2964
02:39:00,900 --> 02:39:04,200
Some called it a tyranny. 
Caesar for his part claimed. 

2965
02:39:04,200 --> 02:39:07,700
He was trying to restore order 
enacted sweeping reforms 

2966
02:39:07,700 --> 02:39:09,800
revising. 
The calendar in the Julian 

2967
02:39:09,800 --> 02:39:14,400
model, we structuring debts. 
Expanding the Senate granting 

2968
02:39:14,400 --> 02:39:17,800
citizenship to Loyal allies and 
distant provinces and planing, 

2969
02:39:17,800 --> 02:39:20,700
massive building projects that 
aim to beautify the city. 

2970
02:39:20,700 --> 02:39:24,600
He also introduced social 
measures like Distributing land 

2971
02:39:24,600 --> 02:39:28,200
of veterans in these moves. 
Caesar walk to tightrope. 

2972
02:39:28,200 --> 02:39:31,500
Consolidating, power while 
giving just enough to the masses

2973
02:39:31,500 --> 02:39:33,400
and Senate to keep them largely 
compliant. 

2974
02:39:34,300 --> 02:39:37,100
But something in the Roman 
psyche, at one man rule. 

2975
02:39:37,700 --> 02:39:41,600
Rome prided itself on hating 
Kings, their entire identity was

2976
02:39:41,600 --> 02:39:44,700
built around a republic even if 
that Republic was often 

2977
02:39:44,700 --> 02:39:48,400
manipulated by the powerful, 
Caesars acceptance of lavish 

2978
02:39:48,400 --> 02:39:51,900
honors and his centralization of
power made some worry that he 

2979
02:39:51,900 --> 02:39:54,800
sought to Crown himself. 
Others found him dangerously 

2980
02:39:54,800 --> 02:39:58,600
modern someone who might change 
roam beyond recognition and 

2981
02:39:58,600 --> 02:40:01,100
behind Caesars and stoppable 
force layer. 

2982
02:40:01,100 --> 02:40:03,000
Silent question was the 
Republic. 

2983
02:40:03,000 --> 02:40:06,200
Just a stage for one man's 
ambition, or could it endure? 

2984
02:40:06,900 --> 02:40:09,900
When Caesar finally returned to 
Roman Triumph, the city was a 

2985
02:40:09,900 --> 02:40:11,900
buzz with rumors and festivals 
though. 

2986
02:40:11,900 --> 02:40:15,400
War still in the distant corners
of the Republic, sees his 

2987
02:40:15,400 --> 02:40:18,800
personal magnetism, and the 
promise of stability temporarily

2988
02:40:18,800 --> 02:40:21,500
silenced. 
Most discontent York Yorkshire 

2989
02:40:21,500 --> 02:40:24,900
stated spectacular, public 
games, and feasts, showering. 

2990
02:40:24,900 --> 02:40:28,300
The populace with free grain 
statues and monuments sprang up 

2991
02:40:28,300 --> 02:40:30,900
in his honor. 
Yet beneath the gleaming facade,

2992
02:40:30,900 --> 02:40:34,100
the core of Roman tradition. 
Those Unwritten rules guarding 

2993
02:40:34,100 --> 02:40:36,700
through Republic from monarchy 
felt under sea. 

2994
02:40:37,800 --> 02:40:41,000
One example of Caesar's Larger 
than Life Persona was his 

2995
02:40:41,000 --> 02:40:43,700
attempt to reshape the calendar,
which was no small matter. 

2996
02:40:43,700 --> 02:40:47,400
In Rome, the old lunar calendar 
had become hopelessly misaligned

2997
02:40:47,400 --> 02:40:50,900
with the seasons creating 
confusion in festivals and Civic

2998
02:40:50,900 --> 02:40:53,400
life. 
Caesar advised by astronomers 

2999
02:40:53,400 --> 02:40:57,200
including sausage of Alexandria.
Introduced the Julian calendar. 

3000
02:40:57,900 --> 02:41:00,000
A solar-based system with a leap
year cycle. 

3001
02:41:00,800 --> 02:41:03,800
This was a major administrative 
reform that didn't just tidy 

3002
02:41:03,800 --> 02:41:07,500
updates, it demonstrated 
Caesar's willingness to override

3003
02:41:07,500 --> 02:41:09,700
centuries of practice. 
If he believed he had a better 

3004
02:41:09,708 --> 02:41:12,200
way. 
People marveled at the clarity 

3005
02:41:12,200 --> 02:41:14,800
of the new calendar offered. 
But they also sense that if 

3006
02:41:14,808 --> 02:41:17,900
Caesar could reorder time 
itself, what else might he feel 

3007
02:41:17,900 --> 02:41:20,600
entitled to reorder? 
He poured money into 

3008
02:41:20,600 --> 02:41:24,100
construction under sees his 
Direction, new buildings, 

3009
02:41:24,100 --> 02:41:28,300
temples and public spaces. 
Sprouted symbolizing a Rome 

3010
02:41:28,300 --> 02:41:30,900
reborn. 
The Forum grew more magnificent.

3011
02:41:31,800 --> 02:41:34,500
He commissioned Grand projects. 
That not only beautified the 

3012
02:41:34,500 --> 02:41:38,100
city, but gave work to thousands
of laborers, elevating Caesars 

3013
02:41:38,100 --> 02:41:39,700
popularity among the common 
folk. 

3014
02:41:39,700 --> 02:41:43,600
At the same time, he expanded 
the Senate from roughly 600 to 

3015
02:41:43,600 --> 02:41:47,800
as many as 900 members adding 
allies from the province's and 

3016
02:41:47,800 --> 02:41:50,600
diluting the power of the older 
aristocratic families. 

3017
02:41:50,600 --> 02:41:54,400
Some saw this as an inclusive 
move, broadening representation 

3018
02:41:54,400 --> 02:41:58,100
within the, Roman State, others 
viewed it as an egregious, power

3019
02:41:58,100 --> 02:42:02,100
play for Caesar to stack the 
Senate with loyalists who owe 

3020
02:42:02,100 --> 02:42:05,400
their positions to him alone. 
All these changes stirred. 

3021
02:42:05,400 --> 02:42:08,300
The question was Caesar still 
just a leading citizen? 

3022
02:42:08,300 --> 02:42:10,800
Or was he inching toward King 
ship? 

3023
02:42:11,600 --> 02:42:14,000
Rome had a cultural aversion to 
the very word. 

3024
02:42:14,000 --> 02:42:17,700
Rex King Generations. 
Were taught that their ancestors

3025
02:42:17,700 --> 02:42:21,100
had exiled the last, Roman King,
and vowed, never to kneel before

3026
02:42:21,100 --> 02:42:24,500
another. so when statues of 
Caesar began appearing in public

3027
02:42:24,500 --> 02:42:28,300
places, crowned, with diadems 
some citizens felt a chill 

3028
02:42:29,000 --> 02:42:30,800
Caesar claimed. 
These were tokens of respect 

3029
02:42:30,800 --> 02:42:35,000
from admirers, not Declarations 
of monarchy, but doubts lingered

3030
02:42:35,000 --> 02:42:38,100
at a public Festival. 
Marcus Antonius, a favored left 

3031
02:42:38,100 --> 02:42:41,100
tenant attempted to place a 
diadem on Caesar's head. 

3032
02:42:41,100 --> 02:42:43,800
Caesar dramatically refused 
stating. 

3033
02:42:43,800 --> 02:42:46,200
Only Jupiter is King of the 
Romans. 

3034
02:42:47,200 --> 02:42:48,900
But the crowds reaction was 
mixed. 

3035
02:42:49,800 --> 02:42:53,400
Some cheered, his refusal, 
others suspected, a theatrical 

3036
02:42:53,400 --> 02:42:56,300
performance designed to test 
public opinion on a monarchy. 

3037
02:42:56,300 --> 02:42:59,500
The dissonance grew sharper as 
Caesar took on the title 

3038
02:42:59,500 --> 02:43:04,500
dictator for life. 
In theory a dictator in Roman 

3039
02:43:04,500 --> 02:43:06,100
history was an emergency 
measure. 

3040
02:43:06,700 --> 02:43:09,800
Appointed for six months in 
times of dire threat and then 

3041
02:43:09,800 --> 02:43:13,500
required to relinquish power. 
Like extending this temporary 

3042
02:43:13,500 --> 02:43:16,000
position in definitely, Caesar 
strained. 

3043
02:43:16,000 --> 02:43:17,800
The very definitions of Roman 
governance. 

3044
02:43:17,800 --> 02:43:21,300
His supporters insisted Roman 
needed strongly leadership, 

3045
02:43:21,300 --> 02:43:25,000
given all the unrest, But is 
critics argued, that Caesar was 

3046
02:43:25,000 --> 02:43:26,500
sniffing out the Republican 
Flame. 

3047
02:43:27,400 --> 02:43:31,200
Seeds of conspiracy began to 
sprout Senators, who longed for 

3048
02:43:31,208 --> 02:43:34,700
a return, to the old order. 
Such as gas, Cassius, longinus, 

3049
02:43:34,700 --> 02:43:38,600
and Marcus Junius Brutus, 
started meeting discreetly. 

3050
02:43:39,400 --> 02:43:43,200
Brutus stood out, he descended 
from Lucius Junius Brutus the 

3051
02:43:43,200 --> 02:43:46,200
fabled founder of the Republic 
who drove out the ancient Kings.

3052
02:43:47,100 --> 02:43:50,500
Caesar had shown Brutus 
remarkable favor, even rumored 

3053
02:43:50,500 --> 02:43:52,000
to have paternal affection for 
him. 

3054
02:43:52,900 --> 02:43:56,100
Yet this complicated Bond and 
stifle brutus's conviction. 

3055
02:43:56,100 --> 02:43:59,200
That sees his power threatened, 
the Republic's core values. 

3056
02:44:00,000 --> 02:44:03,700
Cassius a cunning figure with a 
far darker Edge, found the 

3057
02:44:03,708 --> 02:44:07,900
Flames, reminding Brutus of his 
ancestors Legacy and the sacred 

3058
02:44:07,900 --> 02:44:10,000
duty to protect Rome from a 
tyrant. 

3059
02:44:10,900 --> 02:44:14,100
Meanwhile Caesar seem to sense 
an undercurrent of danger. 

3060
02:44:14,100 --> 02:44:17,800
He went about with guards, but 
he also believes that living in 

3061
02:44:17,800 --> 02:44:21,100
constant fear. 
Would diminish his stature on 

3062
02:44:21,100 --> 02:44:24,300
the surface, he can continue to 
orchestrating elaborate planes. 

3063
02:44:24,300 --> 02:44:27,300
He was preparing a massive 
campaign against pathy in the 

3064
02:44:27,308 --> 02:44:31,900
Eastern tending to surpass even 
pompy's conquests returning to 

3065
02:44:31,900 --> 02:44:35,300
Rome from that Victory, Caesar 
likely envisioned a final 

3066
02:44:35,300 --> 02:44:38,100
consolidation of power and 
unassailable. 

3067
02:44:38,100 --> 02:44:42,400
Legacy his mind overflowed with 
new ideas for governance law 

3068
02:44:42,400 --> 02:44:44,100
codes and expansion of citizens 
rights. 

3069
02:44:45,000 --> 02:44:47,700
We can find it in close allies 
that his rule would transform 

3070
02:44:47,700 --> 02:44:50,700
Rome into a cohesive Empire, 
rather than a loose 

3071
02:44:50,700 --> 02:44:54,300
Confederation of territories. 
Yet those grand Visions. 

3072
02:44:54,300 --> 02:44:56,800
Collided, with the simmering 
resentment of the senatorial 

3073
02:44:56,800 --> 02:44:59,900
class, many of them. 
Had gone along with Caesar out 

3074
02:44:59,900 --> 02:45:02,700
of pragmatism abiding. 
Their time waiting for a chance 

3075
02:45:02,700 --> 02:45:05,900
to assert the old ways. 
They resented how Caesars 

3076
02:45:05,900 --> 02:45:08,500
reforms undermined their 
Prestige, how is populist 

3077
02:45:08,500 --> 02:45:11,700
measures made the people less 
reliant on senatorial patrons. 

3078
02:45:12,500 --> 02:45:15,200
Some conspirators hoped to 
reinstate a pure public with 

3079
02:45:15,200 --> 02:45:17,900
limited terms of office and can 
be fully balanced Powers. 

3080
02:45:17,900 --> 02:45:22,000
Others simply wanted Caesar gone
viewing him as an existential 

3081
02:45:22,000 --> 02:45:23,600
threat to their personal 
standing. 

3082
02:45:24,400 --> 02:45:27,700
So as Caesar walked, the marble 
floors of the curia, conferring 

3083
02:45:27,700 --> 02:45:30,500
with Senators, not all who 
greeted him warmly were true 

3084
02:45:30,508 --> 02:45:32,900
allies. 
The facade of unity was just 

3085
02:45:32,900 --> 02:45:36,700
that facade. 
Whispers circulated about the 

3086
02:45:36,700 --> 02:45:39,800
Ides of March, a date. 
The conspirators had marked as 

3087
02:45:39,800 --> 02:45:43,300
pivotal Caesar distracted by 
preparations for upcoming 

3088
02:45:43,300 --> 02:45:47,000
campaigns, either dismissed or 
downplayed the signs of looming 

3089
02:45:47,000 --> 02:45:49,700
treachery. 
He was after all Julius. 

3090
02:45:49,700 --> 02:45:53,900
Caesar the man who escaped 
Pirates conquered, Gaul and 

3091
02:45:53,900 --> 02:45:56,100
overcame Pompey. 
To him. 

3092
02:45:56,100 --> 02:45:59,900
Fear was a cage, he refused to 
live in to the conspirators. 

3093
02:45:59,900 --> 02:46:02,900
His confidence was both an 
insult and an opportunity. 

3094
02:46:02,900 --> 02:46:06,200
The stage was set and all of 
Rome felt the tension in the 

3095
02:46:06,208 --> 02:46:08,500
air. 
The days, leading up to the Ides

3096
02:46:08,500 --> 02:46:10,400
of March had a strange energy in
Rome. 

3097
02:46:11,000 --> 02:46:13,300
Senators bustled, about with 
forced Smiles. 

3098
02:46:13,300 --> 02:46:16,700
While scribes noted, a flurry of
edicts and proposals Caesar 

3099
02:46:16,700 --> 02:46:18,700
aimed to finalize before, 
departing on campaign. 

3100
02:46:19,500 --> 02:46:21,900
Craftsman, labored on newly, 
commissioned statues and 

3101
02:46:21,900 --> 02:46:24,100
inscriptions, praising Caesars 
achievements. 

3102
02:46:24,900 --> 02:46:27,700
Meanwhile, anxious Whispers 
seeped through the city, 

3103
02:46:27,700 --> 02:46:30,900
swirling in the Smoky corners of
taverns and the hush of 

3104
02:46:30,908 --> 02:46:34,500
aristocratic dinner parties. 
Caesar himself oscillated 

3105
02:46:34,500 --> 02:46:37,200
between excitement for his pathy
and Expedition and vague 

3106
02:46:37,200 --> 02:46:39,800
apprehension. 
Omens were a big deal in Roman 

3107
02:46:39,800 --> 02:46:43,000
society and several other 
currencies had stoked. 

3108
02:46:43,000 --> 02:46:47,300
Superstitions reports of strange
lights in the sky or a 

3109
02:46:47,300 --> 02:46:50,700
soothsayer who warns Caesar to 
aware The Ides of March. 

3110
02:46:51,500 --> 02:46:54,200
Caesar rational yet not entirely
dismissive of Kaman. 

3111
02:46:54,200 --> 02:46:58,300
All Greece, seem torn between 
curiosity and disbelief, joked 

3112
02:46:58,300 --> 02:47:00,900
about the warnings telling 
Friends, The Ides of March at 

3113
02:47:00,900 --> 02:47:05,000
nothing had happened yet. 
But behind the leverty, hints of

3114
02:47:05,000 --> 02:47:07,400
caution surface. 
He was known to have shared 

3115
02:47:07,400 --> 02:47:11,500
concerns with Calpurnia, his 
wife who begged him on to be 

3116
02:47:11,508 --> 02:47:16,100
vigilant, a conspiracy game to 
momentum Cassius worked. 

3117
02:47:16,100 --> 02:47:20,200
Tirelessly approaching Senators,
who felt displaced by Caesar's 

3118
02:47:20,200 --> 02:47:23,200
sweeping reforms or Who Bore 
personal grudges persuading 

3119
02:47:23,200 --> 02:47:24,400
Brutus. 
Had been the linchpin. 

3120
02:47:24,400 --> 02:47:28,300
Brutus's moral standing and 
family Legacy offered a veneer 

3121
02:47:28,300 --> 02:47:31,100
of honor to what might otherwise
look like a naked Power, grab 

3122
02:47:31,800 --> 02:47:34,500
With Brutus on board recruiting 
others became easier. 

3123
02:47:34,500 --> 02:47:38,200
Each conspirator had different 
reasons some claim to fight for 

3124
02:47:38,200 --> 02:47:41,600
the Republic's Freedom, others, 
sought personal gain or avenge 

3125
02:47:41,600 --> 02:47:43,300
yet. 
The United under a single 

3126
02:47:43,300 --> 02:47:46,100
dramatic resolution Caesar must 
be removed. 

3127
02:47:46,100 --> 02:47:49,300
One version of their plan 
involved, attacking Caesar 

3128
02:47:49,300 --> 02:47:51,400
during a senate session when he 
would be relatively. 

3129
02:47:51,400 --> 02:47:55,400
Unguarded in theory, the 
presence of so many senators. 

3130
02:47:55,400 --> 02:47:58,800
Served as a public Shield, 
Caesar wouldn't expect a mass 

3131
02:47:58,800 --> 02:48:00,200
attack in the heart of Roman 
governance. 

3132
02:48:00,200 --> 02:48:03,400
The conspirators also believed 
that once the deed was done, 

3133
02:48:03,400 --> 02:48:06,700
they could Proclaim themselves 
Defenders of Liberty summoning, 

3134
02:48:06,700 --> 02:48:10,200
the people to restore Republican
ideals despite the risk and 

3135
02:48:10,200 --> 02:48:13,800
could deny the plans or Dash and
implicity the Senate meeting on 

3136
02:48:13,800 --> 02:48:16,200
the Ides of March Beck and like 
a Grimmer appointment. 

3137
02:48:17,200 --> 02:48:21,300
The morning of the Ides, arrived
Calpurnia shaken, by nightmares 

3138
02:48:21,300 --> 02:48:25,700
implored season, not to go, some
historians claim, she dreamed of

3139
02:48:25,700 --> 02:48:29,400
a statue of Caesar spouting 
blood of him lying slain In Her 

3140
02:48:29,400 --> 02:48:32,800
Arms. 
Moved by her distress sees her 

3141
02:48:32,800 --> 02:48:36,300
initially decided to stay home. 
Possibly rescheduling the Senate

3142
02:48:36,300 --> 02:48:39,600
session That alone could have 
altered history but the 

3143
02:48:39,600 --> 02:48:41,700
conspirators panicked. 
When the Vietnam had Caesar 

3144
02:48:41,700 --> 02:48:44,400
might not come, he dispatched 
Decimus Brutus. 

3145
02:48:44,400 --> 02:48:48,200
No relation to Marcus Brutus but
another close Ally to persuade, 

3146
02:48:48,200 --> 02:48:51,900
Caesar Decimus, famed, concerned
that Caesar would insult the 

3147
02:48:51,900 --> 02:48:54,700
Senate by his absence 
diminishing his standing right 

3148
02:48:54,700 --> 02:48:59,400
before his Grand campaign. 
So despite calpurnia's, please, 

3149
02:48:59,400 --> 02:49:03,200
Caesar relented. 
He donned his ceremonial toga 

3150
02:49:03,200 --> 02:49:05,800
and left for the curia. 
Inside the Senate meeting. 

3151
02:49:05,800 --> 02:49:08,200
The atmosphere was thick with 
tension, though. 

3152
02:49:08,200 --> 02:49:12,300
It started off with formalities 
Caesar took his seat, the group 

3153
02:49:12,300 --> 02:49:15,200
of conspirators approached 
pretending to ask a favor on 

3154
02:49:15,200 --> 02:49:18,900
behalf of a political exile. 
They surrounded him as if to 

3155
02:49:18,900 --> 02:49:20,400
press their case more 
passionately. 

3156
02:49:20,400 --> 02:49:24,000
Then as The Story Goes at a 
signal, daggers as appeared. 

3157
02:49:24,700 --> 02:49:26,700
The first strike came from casca
and others. 

3158
02:49:26,700 --> 02:49:30,100
Joined accounts vary some says 
he tried to defend himself 

3159
02:49:30,100 --> 02:49:31,800
others that he was too 
overwhelmed. 

3160
02:49:31,800 --> 02:49:35,500
He was stabbed multiple times 
the final Blow from Brutus 

3161
02:49:35,500 --> 02:49:40,500
prompting Caesars legendary and 
possibly apocryphal utterance at

3162
02:49:40,500 --> 02:49:45,200
two Groot. 
In moments, it was over Cesar 

3163
02:49:45,200 --> 02:49:46,800
LED at the foot of Pompey, 
statue? 

3164
02:49:46,800 --> 02:49:50,000
A cruel twist of fate for the 
man who had once wept for 

3165
02:49:50,008 --> 02:49:53,100
pompey's demise. 
The Senators spattered with 

3166
02:49:53,108 --> 02:49:55,800
blood proclaimed. 
They had liberated Rome from 

3167
02:49:55,800 --> 02:49:58,800
tyranny, expected. 
The city that to greet them as 

3168
02:49:58,800 --> 02:50:00,900
Heroes. 
Yet the immediate reaction was 

3169
02:50:00,900 --> 02:50:05,800
shock, not Jubilation citizens 
fled The Courier unsure. 

3170
02:50:05,800 --> 02:50:09,400
Whether more violence would 
follow The conspirators had for 

3171
02:50:09,400 --> 02:50:12,400
seizes death, but they hadn't 
planned for the emotional 

3172
02:50:12,400 --> 02:50:14,600
vacuum, it would create among 
the Roman populace. 

3173
02:50:14,600 --> 02:50:19,100
The question remained had, they 
truly saved the republic or just

3174
02:50:19,108 --> 02:50:22,400
Unleashed chaos. 
Brutus and Cassius tried to calm

3175
02:50:22,400 --> 02:50:24,800
the city with speeches, 
invoking, the memory of their 

3176
02:50:24,800 --> 02:50:29,600
ancestor Lucius, Junius Brutus, 
who banished, Rome's last king, 

3177
02:50:29,600 --> 02:50:33,000
centuries before they insisted, 
they had restored the Republic, 

3178
02:50:33,000 --> 02:50:37,100
but the people had witnessed 
seizes generosity his banquet's 

3179
02:50:37,100 --> 02:50:40,700
land distribution's public 
games, many commoners, revered 

3180
02:50:40,700 --> 02:50:44,300
him, anger and sorrow. 
Brewed, in the streets words, 

3181
02:50:44,300 --> 02:50:47,900
spread of the Savage Butchery in
the Senate, far from celebrating

3182
02:50:47,900 --> 02:50:50,300
the conspirators. 
Many citizens demanded 

3183
02:50:50,300 --> 02:50:53,300
vengeance. 
Mark, Antony, who had not 

3184
02:50:53,308 --> 02:50:56,600
participated in the conspiracy 
seized, this public sentiment. 

3185
02:50:56,600 --> 02:50:59,800
He delivered a funeral oration 
for Caesar that became 

3186
02:50:59,800 --> 02:51:02,400
legendary. 
Anthony spoke with passion, 

3187
02:51:03,200 --> 02:51:06,200
Displaying Caesar's 
bloodstained, toga stirring the 

3188
02:51:06,208 --> 02:51:08,500
crowd into a frenzy against the 
conspirators. 

3189
02:51:08,500 --> 02:51:11,900
Some historians say, Caesar's 
body was burned in the form 

3190
02:51:11,900 --> 02:51:15,000
itself with the Flames fed by 
citizens, who tossed in 

3191
02:51:15,000 --> 02:51:16,700
furniture and items as 
offerings. 

3192
02:51:16,700 --> 02:51:20,700
The conspirators realizing the 
tidied turned fled. 

3193
02:51:20,700 --> 02:51:25,200
The city outraged Sword and the 
once proud Senate found Itself, 

3194
02:51:25,200 --> 02:51:28,100
overshadowed by the populist 
Fury that sees her. 

3195
02:51:28,100 --> 02:51:32,000
So skillfully harnessed in life.
Thus, the killing that was 

3196
02:51:32,000 --> 02:51:34,500
intended to save the Republic. 
Actually accelerated. 

3197
02:51:34,500 --> 02:51:36,500
Its declined. 
Power soon. 

3198
02:51:36,500 --> 02:51:39,600
Consolidated, not around a 
restored, Senate, but around. 

3199
02:51:39,600 --> 02:51:41,700
New, strongman. 
Mark Antony. 

3200
02:51:42,400 --> 02:51:46,500
Octavian sees as young are and 
adopted son and others who would

3201
02:51:46,500 --> 02:51:48,800
jockey for command in the 
following years. 

3202
02:51:49,700 --> 02:51:52,400
In death. 
Caesar had transcended mortality

3203
02:51:52,400 --> 02:51:54,700
to become an icon. 
Some would say a martyr while 

3204
02:51:54,700 --> 02:51:57,400
the vision of a renewed 
Republic, ironically slipped 

3205
02:51:57,400 --> 02:52:01,100
further away, the aftermath of 
Caesar's assassination was as 

3206
02:52:01,100 --> 02:52:05,700
turbulent as any period Rome had
ever seen the city already tense

3207
02:52:05,700 --> 02:52:09,500
from years of civil conflict 
discovered that removing one 

3208
02:52:09,500 --> 02:52:11,800
towering figure didn't 
automatically restore the Old 

3209
02:52:11,800 --> 02:52:16,600
Republic instead a new power of 
vacuum emerged quickly filled by

3210
02:52:16,600 --> 02:52:18,800
those with the ambition and 
resources to claim it. 

3211
02:52:19,500 --> 02:52:23,300
Marc Anthony Caesar's closest. 
Lieutenant was first, on the 

3212
02:52:23,300 --> 02:52:26,700
scene, leveraging his connection
to the slain dictator to Rally 

3213
02:52:26,700 --> 02:52:29,200
the masses, but Caesar had named
a surprise. 

3214
02:52:29,200 --> 02:52:32,700
Aaron his will Gear S, Octavia, 
better known as Octavian. 

3215
02:52:32,700 --> 02:52:38,000
His Grand, nephew only 19 years.
Old Octavian, carried Caesar's 

3216
02:52:38,000 --> 02:52:40,700
name, and soon enough. 
Caesar's Legions would rally 

3217
02:52:40,700 --> 02:52:44,400
around him too Brutus and 
Cassius fled Rome hoping to 

3218
02:52:44,400 --> 02:52:47,000
raise armies. 
In the Eastern, provinces a 

3219
02:52:47,000 --> 02:52:49,500
published declarations 
defending, the assassination as 

3220
02:52:49,500 --> 02:52:53,300
an act of patriotic duty but the
events in Rome worked against 

3221
02:52:53,300 --> 02:52:55,900
them. 
The funeral oration by Anthony 

3222
02:52:55,900 --> 02:52:59,300
had painted them as traitors to 
seize her and by extension 

3223
02:52:59,300 --> 02:53:02,200
enemies of the Roman people. 
Legions. 

3224
02:53:02,200 --> 02:53:05,300
Loyal to seize a scorned, the 
conspirators lines. 

3225
02:53:05,300 --> 02:53:09,700
Hardened, another round of Civil
Wars seemed inevitable as one 

3226
02:53:09,700 --> 02:53:12,500
man's ambition had morphed into 
a generational crisis of 

3227
02:53:12,500 --> 02:53:15,400
identity for Rome. 
Though, Anthony and Octavian, 

3228
02:53:15,400 --> 02:53:17,000
initially hide each other with 
suspicion. 

3229
02:53:17,000 --> 02:53:19,600
They realized they stood a 
better chance against the 

3230
02:53:19,600 --> 02:53:23,900
conspirators if they cooperated.
Along with Marcus lepidus a 

3231
02:53:23,900 --> 02:53:25,700
trusted Commander. 
They formed the second 

3232
02:53:25,700 --> 02:53:28,300
triumvirate. 
Unlike Caesars in formal 

3233
02:53:28,300 --> 02:53:32,100
Arrangement, this triumphant was
legally, sanctioned granting the

3234
02:53:32,100 --> 02:53:35,700
three men near absolute power to
reorganize the state and 

3235
02:53:35,700 --> 02:53:37,000
reorganize it. 
They did. 

3236
02:53:37,800 --> 02:53:41,700
Prescriptions lists of enemies 
of the state were published men 

3237
02:53:41,700 --> 02:53:43,700
of wealth and influence found 
themselves. 

3238
02:53:43,700 --> 02:53:47,500
Outlawed the triumvirate seized 
property and executed opponents,

3239
02:53:47,500 --> 02:53:50,500
echoing, the Grim days of solars
dictatorship. 

3240
02:53:50,500 --> 02:53:54,100
The conspirators. 
Meanwhile, mustard forces in the

3241
02:53:54,100 --> 02:53:57,200
East culminating in the 
climactic Battle of Philippi in 

3242
02:53:57,208 --> 02:54:02,100
42 BCE Brutus and Cassius were 
defeated and they chose suicide 

3243
02:54:02,100 --> 02:54:05,200
over capture. 
If Caesars murderers hoped for a

3244
02:54:05,200 --> 02:54:07,900
Renaissance of Republican 
ideals, they had Gravely 

3245
02:54:07,900 --> 02:54:10,700
miscalculated. 
Rome was now torn between 

3246
02:54:10,700 --> 02:54:14,500
competing strong men after 
Philippi tensions, Rose between 

3247
02:54:14,500 --> 02:54:18,600
Antony and Octavian, Antony 
headed east forming an alliance 

3248
02:54:18,600 --> 02:54:21,400
and famously. 
A romance with Cleopatra in 

3249
02:54:21,400 --> 02:54:25,800
Egypt, Octavian, solidified his 
base in Rome in the Senate 

3250
02:54:25,800 --> 02:54:29,900
recognized him as the principal 
are to seize his legacy by 31 

3251
02:54:29,900 --> 02:54:34,400
BCE the Rivalry exploded in to 
another civil war culminating in

3252
02:54:34,400 --> 02:54:38,900
the naval battle of actium. 
Octavian, prevailed, Antony and 

3253
02:54:38,900 --> 02:54:42,100
Cleopatra fled and later took 
their own lives, and the stage 

3254
02:54:42,100 --> 02:54:44,100
was set for Octavian to become 
Augustus. 

3255
02:54:44,100 --> 02:54:48,100
The first Roman Emperor, the 
Republic in its old form was 

3256
02:54:48,100 --> 02:54:51,000
gone. 
And what of Seasons Legacy, his 

3257
02:54:51,000 --> 02:54:54,600
name Caesar would become 
synonymous with rulership 

3258
02:54:54,600 --> 02:54:58,500
itself. 
Kaiser in German to tesar in 

3259
02:54:58,500 --> 02:55:00,600
Russian leaders in distant 
lands. 

3260
02:55:00,600 --> 02:55:04,000
Would adopt the moniker as a 
badge of Imperial might his 

3261
02:55:04,000 --> 02:55:08,200
reforms, especially the Julian 
calendar outlived him by 

3262
02:55:08,200 --> 02:55:11,700
centuries influencing how 
millions of people marked time. 

3263
02:55:11,700 --> 02:55:14,900
His writings particularly the 
commentaries on the gallic and 

3264
02:55:14,900 --> 02:55:17,900
Civil Wars remained essential 
reading for generations of 

3265
02:55:17,900 --> 02:55:22,300
Statesmen, and Generals admired 
for their Clarity and rhetorical

3266
02:55:22,300 --> 02:55:25,200
brilliance. 
In a strange twist. 

3267
02:55:26,000 --> 02:55:29,700
The Senate that once feared him 
voted to deify season after his 

3268
02:55:29,700 --> 02:55:33,900
death, proclaiming him Divas, 
Julius shrines, and temples to 

3269
02:55:33,900 --> 02:55:36,900
the Divine Julius sprang up 
turning him into a figure of 

3270
02:55:36,908 --> 02:55:39,900
worship. 
This poster vacation gave 

3271
02:55:39,900 --> 02:55:41,800
Octavian and added Aura of 
legitimacy. 

3272
02:55:41,800 --> 02:55:47,300
He was Now DVD phileas the son 
of a god One might argue it was 

3273
02:55:47,300 --> 02:55:50,900
the final irony, the same 
institution that bristled at his

3274
02:55:50,900 --> 02:55:53,400
ambition. 
Now raised him to Divine status,

3275
02:55:53,400 --> 02:55:56,700
this transformation reflected 
the contradictory nature of 

3276
02:55:56,700 --> 02:55:59,300
Roman politics practical to the 
core. 

3277
02:55:59,300 --> 02:56:01,600
Yes. 
Steeped in Superstition and 

3278
02:56:01,600 --> 02:56:05,600
reverence for signs and wonders 
public memory of Caesar remained

3279
02:56:05,600 --> 02:56:07,500
divided. 
Many admired him for 

3280
02:56:07,500 --> 02:56:10,800
championing, the lower classes, 
taking decisive action to end 

3281
02:56:10,800 --> 02:56:13,600
Rome's, internal strife, an 
extending Roman influence 

3282
02:56:13,600 --> 02:56:16,300
abroad. 
Others condemned him as the man 

3283
02:56:16,300 --> 02:56:19,600
who shattered the Republic's 
checks and balances, making a 

3284
02:56:19,600 --> 02:56:23,500
single man rule inevitable over 
time, historians playwrights and

3285
02:56:23,500 --> 02:56:26,200
orators distilled his story into
dramatic beats. 

3286
02:56:26,200 --> 02:56:29,500
The brilliant General, the 
cunning politician, the Betrayed

3287
02:56:29,500 --> 02:56:31,600
friend. 
Those wanting a moral lesson 

3288
02:56:31,600 --> 02:56:34,500
found ample material some used 
him as a warning against 

3289
02:56:34,500 --> 02:56:37,700
unchecked ambition others. 
As an example of visionary 

3290
02:56:37,700 --> 02:56:42,000
leadership, undone by a petty 
jealousy Yet there's a deeper 

3291
02:56:42,000 --> 02:56:45,100
layer to Caesar's Life, One Less
recounted in popular law. 

3292
02:56:45,100 --> 02:56:48,500
He was profoundly curious about 
the world about languages, 

3293
02:56:48,500 --> 02:56:50,800
cultures, and the mechanics of 
governance. 

3294
02:56:52,400 --> 02:56:54,900
From his youth, in the streets 
of Rome to his kidnapping by 

3295
02:56:54,900 --> 02:56:58,100
Pirates From the Muddy 
battlefields of gold, the marble

3296
02:56:58,100 --> 02:57:01,100
corridors of the curia. 
He sought to understand and 

3297
02:57:01,100 --> 02:57:05,400
master every environment he 
touched He wasn't content to 

3298
02:57:05,400 --> 02:57:09,400
play by the rules, he rewrote 
them not all admired his methods

3299
02:57:09,400 --> 02:57:13,200
but few could deny his result 
for those living in Rome after 

3300
02:57:13,200 --> 02:57:16,600
Caesar's demise daily life of 
eventually stabilized under 

3301
02:57:16,600 --> 02:57:19,600
augustus's reign. 
The city group Grandeur, the 

3302
02:57:19,600 --> 02:57:22,900
Empire expanded, and a new 
system, the principal took 

3303
02:57:22,900 --> 02:57:25,500
shape, but an undercurrent of 
nostalgia. 

3304
02:57:25,500 --> 02:57:28,500
Persisted among some Senators 
who recalled a republic where 

3305
02:57:28,500 --> 02:57:31,500
men like Cicero and Cato wants 
to debated the future of Rome. 

3306
02:57:32,200 --> 02:57:36,100
They wondered if in slaying, 
Caesar they had severed the last

3307
02:57:36,100 --> 02:57:39,700
chance to preserve Republican 
dignity or if Caesars very 

3308
02:57:39,700 --> 02:57:41,600
presence, had doomed. 
It from the start. 

3309
02:57:41,600 --> 02:57:45,000
And so the figure of Julius 
Caesar stands in Roman history, 

3310
02:57:45,000 --> 02:57:48,600
not simply as a conqueror or a 
dictator, but as a turning point

3311
02:57:48,600 --> 02:57:53,100
he harnessed ambition, popular 
View, support and raw military 

3312
02:57:53,100 --> 02:57:56,700
skill to reshape the world's 
greatest Republic and in doing 

3313
02:57:56,700 --> 02:57:58,800
so he cleared a path for 
Imperial rule. 

3314
02:57:59,500 --> 02:58:02,100
Some see him as a hero 
Visionary, who expanded Rome's 

3315
02:58:02,100 --> 02:58:05,100
Horizons, others view him as the
ultimate user. 

3316
02:58:06,100 --> 02:58:08,500
Training, the collective 
governance that had once defined

3317
02:58:08,500 --> 02:58:12,400
the city's spirit. 
Perhaps both are true in the 

3318
02:58:12,400 --> 02:58:15,500
end, Julius Caesar's story 
reminds us that history rarely 

3319
02:58:15,500 --> 02:58:19,400
lends itself to meet label's, 
the arks of power Destiny. 

3320
02:58:19,400 --> 02:58:23,300
And personal will often weave 
together in ways that defy easy,

3321
02:58:23,300 --> 02:58:25,900
categorization. 
And if there's one lesson that 

3322
02:58:25,900 --> 02:58:29,600
resonates across the centuries, 
it might be this when a single 

3323
02:58:29,600 --> 02:58:31,900
individual grows too large for 
the existing order 

3324
02:58:31,900 --> 02:58:34,600
transformation. 
However, exhilarating or 

3325
02:58:34,600 --> 02:58:44,000
destructive becomes inevitable 
Imagine yourself relaxing in 

3326
02:58:44,000 --> 02:58:46,200
your preferred chair on a Cool 
October evening. 

3327
02:58:46,200 --> 02:58:50,100
Perhaps with those toasty, 
beverage in hand tonight, we 

3328
02:58:50,100 --> 02:58:52,700
will revisit a period in which 
America believed it had 

3329
02:58:52,700 --> 02:58:55,700
successfully mastered the legal 
printing of money when your 

3330
02:58:55,700 --> 02:58:58,000
neighbor's Barber was providing 
stock recommendations. 

3331
02:58:58,000 --> 02:59:00,700
And when the question, what 
could go wrong was on the brink 

3332
02:59:00,700 --> 02:59:02,800
of receiving the most costly 
response in history. 

3333
02:59:03,800 --> 02:59:07,100
The time period is the 1920s and
you are currently experiencing 

3334
02:59:07,100 --> 02:59:09,600
the Roaring Twenties. 
As it is also known. 

3335
02:59:10,600 --> 02:59:13,300
In the background Calvin 
Coolidge Is So Silent as 

3336
02:59:13,300 --> 02:59:16,800
president that people just about
having to check his pulse while 

3337
02:59:16,800 --> 02:59:19,400
Flappers are dancing. 
The Charleston and jazz music is

3338
02:59:19,400 --> 02:59:22,900
spilling out of speaking. 
He's however, the genuine 

3339
02:59:22,900 --> 02:59:25,100
excitement is not located in the
illicit. 

3340
02:59:25,100 --> 02:59:26,500
Ginger joints or the dance 
halls. 

3341
02:59:26,500 --> 02:59:30,000
It is on Wall Street or an 
entire nation has persuaded 

3342
02:59:30,000 --> 02:59:34,500
itself that purchasing stocks as
Dependable as the sunrise, After

3343
02:59:34,500 --> 02:59:37,900
the end of World War 1, the 
United States found itself in a 

3344
02:59:37,900 --> 02:59:41,200
unique situation, and America's 
factories were operating at full

3345
02:59:41,200 --> 02:59:43,900
capacity. 
Manufacturing, a wide range of 

3346
02:59:43,900 --> 02:59:47,800
products including refrigerators
radio's and Automobiles. 

3347
02:59:47,800 --> 02:59:51,000
While Europe was still in the 
process of assembling the parts 

3348
02:59:51,000 --> 02:59:54,600
and calculating the cost. 
Henry, Ford discovered a method 

3349
02:59:54,600 --> 02:59:56,600
to make cars affordable for the 
general public. 

3350
02:59:56,600 --> 03:00:00,200
And as a result everyone became 
interested in purchasing one. 

3351
03:00:00,200 --> 03:00:03,300
Please note, that the car in 
question is not a single 

3352
03:00:03,308 --> 03:00:06,400
vehicle. 
Rather, it is a modern more 

3353
03:00:06,400 --> 03:00:10,100
gleaming model, that is replaced
every few years, the stock 

3354
03:00:10,100 --> 03:00:12,600
market, which was previously, 
the domain of affluent 

3355
03:00:12,600 --> 03:00:15,000
industrialists and their 
well-connected acquaintances 

3356
03:00:15,000 --> 03:00:19,500
appeared to be accessible to all
Between deliveries newspaper, 

3357
03:00:19,500 --> 03:00:22,500
boys, were exchanging, stock 
recommendations your 

3358
03:00:22,500 --> 03:00:24,400
neighborhood. 
Some may casually mention that 

3359
03:00:24,400 --> 03:00:26,600
he earned more money last week 
by playing the market. 

3360
03:00:26,600 --> 03:00:30,200
Then he did selling vegetables 
throughout the month it was as 

3361
03:00:30,200 --> 03:00:32,600
if Wall Street had discovered a 
mystical money tree. 

3362
03:00:32,600 --> 03:00:36,100
And all you had to do was move 
its branches in retrospect the 

3363
03:00:36,100 --> 03:00:38,800
amusement of this episode was 
primarily due to the fact that 

3364
03:00:38,800 --> 03:00:41,800
everyone believed it was a 
straightforward matter, you were

3365
03:00:41,808 --> 03:00:44,400
not required to comprehend the 
actual operations of a company. 

3366
03:00:44,400 --> 03:00:47,900
Its profitability or its 
existence in any meaningful 

3367
03:00:47,900 --> 03:00:50,200
sense. 
It was enough to tell you that, 

3368
03:00:50,200 --> 03:00:53,200
it stock price Rose yesterday 
and will likely rise again. 

3369
03:00:53,200 --> 03:00:56,900
Tomorrow, the logic was 
unwavering stocks consistently 

3370
03:00:56,900 --> 03:00:59,300
increase. 
Everyone was becoming wealthy 

3371
03:00:59,300 --> 03:01:02,500
and anyone who advocated for a 
different outcome was evidently 

3372
03:01:02,500 --> 03:01:05,000
two traditional to comprehend 
contemporary economics. 

3373
03:01:05,800 --> 03:01:08,600
Investment clubs emerged in 
communities similar to book 

3374
03:01:08,600 --> 03:01:11,400
clubs. 
However, rather than engaging in

3375
03:01:11,400 --> 03:01:13,800
discussions about the most 
recent novel members would 

3376
03:01:13,800 --> 03:01:15,600
convene to compare the amount of
money. 

3377
03:01:15,600 --> 03:01:19,100
They had earned that week. 
Women who had never visited a 

3378
03:01:19,100 --> 03:01:21,500
bank, were pooling their grocery
money to purchase shares and 

3379
03:01:21,500 --> 03:01:22,900
companies they were unfamiliar 
with. 

3380
03:01:23,800 --> 03:01:26,800
College students were ditching 
classes to observe the ticker 

3381
03:01:26,800 --> 03:01:29,500
tape at brokerage offices. 
Treating it as the most 

3382
03:01:29,500 --> 03:01:32,300
thrilling entertainment in town 
the newspapers. 

3383
03:01:32,300 --> 03:01:35,200
Contributed to this Hysteria by 
publishing breathless accounts 

3384
03:01:35,200 --> 03:01:37,900
of ordinary individuals who 
achieved financial success. 

3385
03:01:39,100 --> 03:01:43,300
The taxi driver retired at 35. 
The secretary purchased a small 

3386
03:01:43,300 --> 03:01:46,400
apartment building with a stock 
profits and the Homemaker funded

3387
03:01:46,400 --> 03:01:50,200
her daughter's wedding with a 
single well-timed purchase of 

3388
03:01:50,200 --> 03:01:53,700
radio Corporation stock. 
These narrative spread swiftly 

3389
03:01:53,700 --> 03:01:57,400
much like gossip at a church 
Gathering, inspiring everyone to

3390
03:01:57,400 --> 03:01:59,900
Aspire to become the next 
successful individual. 

3391
03:02:00,600 --> 03:02:03,100
Banks began lending money to 
individuals who desire to 

3392
03:02:03,108 --> 03:02:05,900
purchase equities to capitalize 
on the current Prosperity. 

3393
03:02:05,900 --> 03:02:10,000
The reasoning appeared to be 
sound if stocks consistently 

3394
03:02:10,000 --> 03:02:13,300
increased lending money to 
individuals to purchase equities

3395
03:02:13,300 --> 03:02:17,000
would be virtually risk-free. 
They called it buying on margin 

3396
03:02:17,000 --> 03:02:20,800
a fancier term than borrowing 
money to gamble, but that's what

3397
03:02:20,800 --> 03:02:23,700
it was. 
You could acquire 1,000 worth of

3398
03:02:23,700 --> 03:02:27,200
Securities with only $100 of 
your funds, and the bank would 

3399
03:02:27,200 --> 03:02:30,900
provide the remaining funds, you
would sell the Securities, repay

3400
03:02:30,900 --> 03:02:34,500
the loan and retain The Profit 
when they appreciated, what 

3401
03:02:34,500 --> 03:02:37,800
could possibly go wrong as you 
prepare to retire for the 

3402
03:02:37,800 --> 03:02:40,200
evening and vision of world in 
which all individuals were 

3403
03:02:40,200 --> 03:02:42,800
Financial Geniuses. 
The future appeared as 

3404
03:02:42,800 --> 03:02:46,300
predictable as a well-oiled, 
timepiece and the Soul concern 

3405
03:02:46,300 --> 03:02:48,300
was not whether or not one would
become wealthy. 

3406
03:02:48,300 --> 03:02:51,900
But rather, how well he an 
individual would become though. 

3407
03:02:51,900 --> 03:02:55,100
Crashes still several months 
away, the following morning, in 

3408
03:02:55,100 --> 03:02:58,400
our narrative, your awakened, in
an America that is persuaded, it

3409
03:02:58,400 --> 03:03:02,400
has outsmarted economic history.
The year is 1928. 

3410
03:03:02,400 --> 03:03:05,300
And if you had suggested to 
anyone that the party might be 

3411
03:03:05,300 --> 03:03:08,100
ending shortly, they would have 
looked at you as if you had 

3412
03:03:08,100 --> 03:03:10,300
announced that the sun was 
planning to stop Rising. 

3413
03:03:11,400 --> 03:03:13,800
The foundation of all this 
confidence was not wholly, 

3414
03:03:13,800 --> 03:03:16,200
unreasonable, which is why it 
was so perilous. 

3415
03:03:16,200 --> 03:03:19,100
The American industry was 
performing exceptionally. 

3416
03:03:19,100 --> 03:03:21,700
Well. 
General Electric and General 

3417
03:03:21,700 --> 03:03:24,000
Motors were not merely 
manufacturing products. 

3418
03:03:24,000 --> 03:03:26,900
They were also developing 
products that were significantly

3419
03:03:26,900 --> 03:03:30,000
altering the way people lived. 
The world was brought into 

3420
03:03:30,000 --> 03:03:33,100
people's Livvy people's living 
rooms for the first time 

3421
03:03:33,100 --> 03:03:36,500
replaced, gas, lamps, 
automobiles, replaced horses. 

3422
03:03:36,500 --> 03:03:40,400
And radios were introduced. 
However, this is the point at 

3423
03:03:40,400 --> 03:03:43,300
which the situation becomes 
intriguing much like the moment,

3424
03:03:43,300 --> 03:03:45,100
a kettle of water reaches 
boiling point. 

3425
03:03:45,900 --> 03:03:48,200
The stock price is of these 
companies were not merely 

3426
03:03:48,200 --> 03:03:51,100
reflecting their success. 
They were also reflecting the 

3427
03:03:51,100 --> 03:03:54,600
success of the companies, the 
wildest dreams of everyone about

3428
03:03:54,600 --> 03:03:57,700
their Futures success, a 
generous helping of pure 

3429
03:03:57,700 --> 03:04:00,800
speculation, and whatever the 
barbershop employee heard from 

3430
03:04:00,800 --> 03:04:03,900
his cousin, who worked on Wall 
Street, Consider radio 

3431
03:04:03,900 --> 03:04:07,700
Corporation of America or RCA as
it was commonly known. 

3432
03:04:07,700 --> 03:04:10,400
The corporation was at the 
epicenter of the radio. 

3433
03:04:10,400 --> 03:04:12,400
Boom. 
And the radio's were truly 

3434
03:04:12,400 --> 03:04:16,900
revolutionary. 
First time in human history it 

3435
03:04:16,900 --> 03:04:19,300
was possible to listen to a 
concert in New York from the 

3436
03:04:19,300 --> 03:04:20,800
comfort of your living room in 
Kansas. 

3437
03:04:21,700 --> 03:04:25,200
It was akin to Alchemy but it 
was both profitable and genuine.

3438
03:04:25,200 --> 03:04:28,900
This enthusiasm was evident in 
the stock price of RCA. 

3439
03:04:29,600 --> 03:04:34,000
RCA's stock price increased from
85 dollars per share to 420 

3440
03:04:34,000 --> 03:04:38,100
dollars per share in 1928. 
It is not a typo, it nearly 

3441
03:04:38,100 --> 03:04:41,900
quadrupled in a single year. 
It is reasonable to assume that 

3442
03:04:41,900 --> 03:04:44,500
the five fold increase in a 
company stock price over the 

3443
03:04:44,500 --> 03:04:46,600
course of a year. 
Would induce some degree of 

3444
03:04:46,600 --> 03:04:50,600
anxiety among investors, you 
would be mistaken in contrast. 

3445
03:04:50,600 --> 03:04:52,900
It heightened individuals, 
enthusiasm. 

3446
03:04:52,900 --> 03:04:57,100
The reasoning was elegantly. 
Circular RCA stock was 

3447
03:04:57,100 --> 03:04:59,900
increasing due to its 
exceptional performance, which 

3448
03:04:59,900 --> 03:05:01,700
was evident in the company stock
price. 

3449
03:05:01,700 --> 03:05:05,100
It was evident that the 
individual who suggested that a 

3450
03:05:05,100 --> 03:05:07,900
stock price increase of 400%, in
a single year, might be 

3451
03:05:07,908 --> 03:05:11,100
premature was unaware of the 
fundamental principles of 

3452
03:05:11,100 --> 03:05:14,100
contemporary investing. 
Truly cunning aspect. 

3453
03:05:14,100 --> 03:05:16,800
And this is the point at which 
the creativity is almost 

3454
03:05:16,800 --> 03:05:20,300
admirable, was the manner in 
which individuals convinced 

3455
03:05:20,300 --> 03:05:22,200
themselves that this time was 
different. 

3456
03:05:23,200 --> 03:05:26,800
Speculation and foolishness with
the causes of previous stock 

3457
03:05:26,800 --> 03:05:29,100
market bubbles, which ultimately
exploded. 

3458
03:05:30,200 --> 03:05:33,200
However, the foundation of this 
Prosperity was the robust 

3459
03:05:33,200 --> 03:05:35,400
productivity and innovation of 
the United States. 

3460
03:05:35,400 --> 03:05:40,500
Radio's automobiles, electricity
Powers, electricity Powers, 

3461
03:05:40,500 --> 03:05:43,600
these appliances CX. 
Exploration, Corporation, or 

3462
03:05:43,600 --> 03:05:46,200
tulip bulbs. 
They were genuine businesses 

3463
03:05:46,200 --> 03:05:48,900
that manufactured genuine 
products for genuine customers. 

3464
03:05:50,000 --> 03:05:52,400
What individuals fail to 
comprehend was that it is 

3465
03:05:52,400 --> 03:05:55,600
possible to have a legitimate 
organization that produces 

3466
03:05:55,600 --> 03:05:58,900
genuine goods and yet pay an 
exorbitant amount for its 

3467
03:05:58,900 --> 03:06:01,700
inventory. 
It is comparable to paying 50 

3468
03:06:01,700 --> 03:06:04,000
dollars for an exceptionally 
high-quality fruit. 

3469
03:06:04,800 --> 03:06:08,000
Fifty dollars is not a 
reasonable price or the apple 

3470
03:06:08,000 --> 03:06:10,100
is, although and everything you 
wished for. 

3471
03:06:11,200 --> 03:06:13,800
In the interim, the institutions
were experiencing their own 

3472
03:06:13,800 --> 03:06:17,000
variation of this logic problem.
They observe that all 

3473
03:06:17,000 --> 03:06:19,900
individuals who had borrowed 
money to purchase equities had 

3474
03:06:19,900 --> 03:06:23,100
made a profit. 
Consequently, it was a secure 

3475
03:06:23,100 --> 03:06:24,900
decision to lend money to 
purchase equities. 

3476
03:06:24,900 --> 03:06:28,200
The fact that everyone had made 
money precisely because they 

3477
03:06:28,200 --> 03:06:29,600
were lending money to buy 
stocks. 

3478
03:06:29,600 --> 03:06:33,600
Creating the very demand that 
drove prices up somehow eluded 

3479
03:06:33,600 --> 03:06:36,200
notice. 
It was akin to a dog pursuing 

3480
03:06:36,200 --> 03:06:39,100
its tail except that the dog was
sits that it was making 

3481
03:06:39,100 --> 03:06:43,400
progress. 
Beginning in 1929 the financial 

3482
03:06:43,400 --> 03:06:47,100
system, beginning in 1929, the 
financial system was borrowing 

3483
03:06:47,100 --> 03:06:50,900
approximately 8.5 billion 
dollars to provide context. 

3484
03:06:50,900 --> 03:06:53,800
This was approximately 
equivalent to the entire federal

3485
03:06:53,800 --> 03:06:56,100
budget. 
At the time it was as though the

3486
03:06:56,100 --> 03:06:59,400
entire Financial system had 
decided to place all of its be 

3487
03:06:59,400 --> 03:07:02,400
decided and was exceedingly 
confident in its decision. 

3488
03:07:03,200 --> 03:07:04,800
You're beginning to comprehend 
the issue. 

3489
03:07:04,800 --> 03:07:06,800
Are you not? 
People were not being 

3490
03:07:06,800 --> 03:07:09,300
irrational, rather they were 
reacting. 

3491
03:07:09,300 --> 03:07:11,400
Logically to the stimuli they 
observed. 

3492
03:07:12,000 --> 03:07:15,400
The economy appeared robust 
stocks were increasing and 

3493
03:07:15,400 --> 03:07:18,600
individuals were earning money. 
However, they were all reacting 

3494
03:07:18,600 --> 03:07:21,800
to the same information in the 
same manner, resulting in a 

3495
03:07:21,800 --> 03:07:23,400
situation in, which everyone was
correct. 

3496
03:07:23,400 --> 03:07:26,800
And all of a sudden everyone was
proved incorrect. 

3497
03:07:28,000 --> 03:07:30,600
Consider The Confident investors
of 1929. 

3498
03:07:30,600 --> 03:07:33,500
As you prepare for bed, they 
were completely unaware. 

3499
03:07:33,500 --> 03:07:35,700
That they were living through 
the economic equivalent of a 

3500
03:07:35,700 --> 03:07:39,000
cartoon character who runs off a
cliff but doesn't fall until he 

3501
03:07:39,000 --> 03:07:41,100
looks down. 
They would examine their 

3502
03:07:41,100 --> 03:07:43,900
portfolio's each morning and 
examenul at their paper profits.

3503
03:07:43,900 --> 03:07:48,000
The red flags were up everywhere
by the summer of 1929, if you 

3504
03:07:48,000 --> 03:07:51,800
were to look, But when there are
warning signs at a party, no one

3505
03:07:51,800 --> 03:07:53,200
wants to be the one to bring 
them up. 

3506
03:07:53,200 --> 03:07:56,500
As if you were, the designated 
driver keeps telling everyone to

3507
03:07:56,500 --> 03:07:58,100
slow down. 
While your friends are having 

3508
03:07:58,100 --> 03:08:01,400
the time of their lives. 
A few jerks tried to crash the 

3509
03:08:01,400 --> 03:08:04,100
party. 
A famous and respectable Banker 

3510
03:08:04,100 --> 03:08:07,300
named Paul Warburg warned that 
the stock market had become too 

3511
03:08:07,300 --> 03:08:10,300
risky for investors. 
The reaction was about what 

3512
03:08:10,300 --> 03:08:13,300
you'd expect the next day. 
The stock price of his bank 

3513
03:08:13,300 --> 03:08:16,200
dropped, a newspapers called him
negative for no reason. 

3514
03:08:17,000 --> 03:08:19,600
It was a typical case of 
shooting the messenger, but this

3515
03:08:19,600 --> 03:08:22,300
time the messenger was trying to
keep people from crossing the 

3516
03:08:22,300 --> 03:08:24,600
street. 
Famous economist named. 

3517
03:08:24,600 --> 03:08:28,700
Roger Babson said in September 
that sooner or later a crash is 

3518
03:08:28,700 --> 03:08:31,100
coming. 
Babson was known for being right

3519
03:08:31,100 --> 03:08:34,600
about financial trends that day.
The market fell sharply. 

3520
03:08:34,600 --> 03:08:38,200
Some people even called it the 
Babson break, but it quickly 

3521
03:08:38,200 --> 03:08:41,300
rose again, people thought 
Babson was an old fashioned 

3522
03:08:41,300 --> 03:08:42,500
cynic. 
Who didn't know how the new 

3523
03:08:42,500 --> 03:08:43,900
economy worked and wrote him 
off. 

3524
03:08:43,908 --> 03:08:46,800
Everyone was happy that the 
ruler seemed to have a lot of 

3525
03:08:46,800 --> 03:08:48,600
money. 
So no one wanted to hear that. 

3526
03:08:48,600 --> 03:08:51,700
He didn't have any clothes. 
At the same time, the smart 

3527
03:08:51,700 --> 03:08:53,500
money. 
That is the people who knew what

3528
03:08:53,500 --> 03:08:55,700
was going on was quietly leaving
the market. 

3529
03:08:56,600 --> 03:08:58,100
John F Kennedy's. 
Father Joseph. 

3530
03:08:58,100 --> 03:09:01,500
Reportedly said that he knew. 
It was time to get out of the 

3531
03:09:01,500 --> 03:09:03,100
stock market. 
When his shoe shine, boys 

3532
03:09:03,100 --> 03:09:06,200
started giving him stock tips. 
It made perfect sense. 

3533
03:09:06,200 --> 03:09:09,600
If everyone thinks stops are a 
good way to make money and 

3534
03:09:09,600 --> 03:09:11,000
stops, probably aren't so. 
Good. 

3535
03:09:11,000 --> 03:09:14,900
After all. however, for every 
Joseph, Kennedy who quietly sold

3536
03:09:14,900 --> 03:09:17,700
his interests, there were 
thousands of regular Americans 

3537
03:09:17,700 --> 03:09:21,800
who DoubleDown It made sense. 
If stocks were solid investment 

3538
03:09:21,800 --> 03:09:24,800
last year, they were probably an
even better investment this 

3539
03:09:24,800 --> 03:09:26,600
year. 
You might have thought you could

3540
03:09:26,600 --> 03:09:28,900
drive even faster. 
Since you hadn't gotten a 

3541
03:09:28,900 --> 03:09:32,400
speeding ticket yet all the 
excitement on Wall Street, Mars 

3542
03:09:32,400 --> 03:09:34,500
and really bad. 
He can use in the summer of 

3543
03:09:34,500 --> 03:09:37,500
1929. 
The production of goods and 

3544
03:09:37,500 --> 03:09:41,200
factories was beginning to slow 
down Car Sales were going down, 

3545
03:09:41,200 --> 03:09:44,600
less building was being done. 
But who cared about dull things.

3546
03:09:44,600 --> 03:09:47,700
Like industrial production when 
RCA was still going up and 

3547
03:09:47,700 --> 03:09:49,700
everyone knew someone who had 
made a lot of money in the 

3548
03:09:49,700 --> 03:09:53,100
market. 
This part of the story is almost

3549
03:09:53,100 --> 03:09:57,000
like a dream, the real economy 
which includes factories farms 

3550
03:09:57,000 --> 03:10:00,400
and other businesses that do 
real work was getting tired. 

3551
03:10:00,400 --> 03:10:04,100
However, the stock market a 
symbol of the real economies 

3552
03:10:04,100 --> 03:10:05,800
performance. 
Consistently reached 

3553
03:10:05,800 --> 03:10:09,300
unprecedented Heights, It felt 
like a movie where the music is 

3554
03:10:09,300 --> 03:10:12,600
happy and upbeat, but the ship 
is slowly sinking on the screen.

3555
03:10:13,500 --> 03:10:15,500
Despite its role as the 
responsible adult. 

3556
03:10:15,500 --> 03:10:18,600
In the scenario's, the Federal 
Reserve found itself in a 

3557
03:10:18,600 --> 03:10:21,900
challenging situation. 
Every time the Federal Reserve 

3558
03:10:21,900 --> 03:10:24,600
attempted to curb the out of 
control stock trading, they 

3559
03:10:24,600 --> 03:10:27,000
faced accusations of harming, 
the US economy. 

3560
03:10:27,000 --> 03:10:29,200
It is challenging to be the 
authority. 

3561
03:10:29,200 --> 03:10:30,700
That must bring an end to a 
gathering. 

3562
03:10:30,700 --> 03:10:33,600
When all participants are 
enjoying themselves, this is a 

3563
03:10:33,600 --> 03:10:35,700
specialty true. 
If ending the party means 

3564
03:10:35,700 --> 03:10:39,100
disrupting the fun. 
The Federal Reserve did raise 

3565
03:10:39,100 --> 03:10:43,000
interest rates in August 1929 
thinking, that the action would 

3566
03:10:43,000 --> 03:10:46,400
stop some people from borrowing 
money on speculation after 

3567
03:10:46,400 --> 03:10:49,200
stumbling for a few days. 
The market just Shrugged off and

3568
03:10:49,200 --> 03:10:51,200
kept going up. 
You tapped someone on the 

3569
03:10:51,200 --> 03:10:53,700
shoulder but they just turned 
and danced fast faster. 

3570
03:10:54,400 --> 03:10:57,500
By September, it was clear that 
the prices of the most famous 

3571
03:10:57,500 --> 03:11:00,300
stocks did not make sense by any
standard measure. 

3572
03:11:00,900 --> 03:11:04,000
People put a lot of value on 
companies as if they would keep 

3573
03:11:04,000 --> 03:11:05,700
growing at impossible rates 
forever. 

3574
03:11:06,400 --> 03:11:09,800
Someone must have known that you
would be 15 feet tall by age 30 

3575
03:11:09,800 --> 03:11:12,900
since you had grown six inches 
taller between the ages of 12 

3576
03:11:12,900 --> 03:11:15,900
and 14. 
What was really sad was how many

3577
03:11:15,900 --> 03:11:18,600
regular people had put their 
life savings into this Market? 

3578
03:11:19,600 --> 03:11:23,000
Individuals who are diligently 
saved money, LED Frugal 

3579
03:11:23,000 --> 03:11:26,000
Lifestyles and meticulously 
planned for their retirement, 

3580
03:11:26,000 --> 03:11:29,000
for decades, suddenly began to 
question the wisdom of their 

3581
03:11:29,000 --> 03:11:32,400
cautious approach. 
They sold their bonds took out 

3582
03:11:32,400 --> 03:11:35,400
mortgages on their homes and put
all of their money on the 

3583
03:11:35,400 --> 03:11:38,700
further rise in stock prices. 
Imagine that people in the 

3584
03:11:38,708 --> 03:11:42,400
United States in September 1929 
were pleased with their 

3585
03:11:42,400 --> 03:11:44,700
Investments and planning to 
retire early. 

3586
03:11:45,700 --> 03:11:48,600
As they went to sleep, that 
night, they had no idea that 

3587
03:11:48,600 --> 03:11:51,200
they were about to learn one of 
the most expensive lessons in 

3588
03:11:51,200 --> 03:11:55,100
the history of the economy. 
The first few days of October 

3589
03:11:55,100 --> 03:11:59,000
1929 with the same as any other 
month during the boom, people 

3590
03:11:59,000 --> 03:12:02,500
got up looked at their stock 
prices smiled at their gains on 

3591
03:12:02,508 --> 03:12:05,700
paper and went about their days 
feeling like they were great at 

3592
03:12:05,700 --> 03:12:08,600
money. 
If you looked really closely and

3593
03:12:08,600 --> 03:12:11,400
not many people, did you might 
have seen that the base was 

3594
03:12:11,400 --> 03:12:14,800
beginning to crack. 
On October 3rd the market had 

3595
03:12:14,800 --> 03:12:16,600
what Traders called a technical 
correction. 

3596
03:12:16,600 --> 03:12:19,200
This was the first real sign of 
trouble. 

3597
03:12:19,200 --> 03:12:22,500
In Wall Street talk that means 
don't worry about it. 

3598
03:12:22,500 --> 03:12:26,200
Price has dropped for no reason.
It may not seem like a big deal,

3599
03:12:26,200 --> 03:12:28,800
but the Dow Jones Industrial 
Average went down by about 6 

3600
03:12:28,800 --> 03:12:31,000
points. 
This is because people were used

3601
03:12:31,000 --> 03:12:34,200
to it going up every day. 
But everyone knew that markets 

3602
03:12:34,200 --> 03:12:36,700
have bad days. 
Every so often it was important 

3603
03:12:36,700 --> 03:12:39,800
not to freak out. 
Fear was for people who didn't 

3604
03:12:39,800 --> 03:12:42,600
know that America had entered a 
new age of permanent wealth. 

3605
03:12:42,600 --> 03:12:46,300
The deal was a chance for the 
smart money or at least the 

3606
03:12:46,300 --> 03:12:48,000
money that thought it was smart 
to buy. 

3607
03:12:48,900 --> 03:12:51,300
Stocks for sale, how could you 
say no to that? 

3608
03:12:52,800 --> 03:12:55,500
The market, exhibited, the 
typical behavior of fluctuating 

3609
03:12:55,500 --> 03:12:58,400
unpredictably when it is 
uncertain about its direction. 

3610
03:12:58,400 --> 03:13:02,500
For the next two weeks. 
The market fluctuates daily yet.

3611
03:13:02,500 --> 03:13:06,100
It largely remained steady the 
kin to an inebriated individual 

3612
03:13:06,100 --> 03:13:07,800
attempting to maintain a 
straight path. 

3613
03:13:08,500 --> 03:13:11,600
Not many people were worried. 
The market was just taking a 

3614
03:13:11,600 --> 03:13:15,500
break before The Next Step Up. 
On October 18th, however, the 

3615
03:13:15,500 --> 03:13:18,800
music began to slow down. 
This date would become famous 

3616
03:13:18,800 --> 03:13:21,400
over time. 
The market dropped considerably,

3617
03:13:21,400 --> 03:13:25,600
but this time it felt different.
It wasn't the slow decline in 

3618
03:13:25,608 --> 03:13:28,800
early October instead, it seemed
like the market remembered 

3619
03:13:28,800 --> 03:13:30,300
something important, but didn't 
like it. 

3620
03:13:30,300 --> 03:13:33,300
As of this point, many people 
had borrowed money to buy 

3621
03:13:33,300 --> 03:13:36,500
stocks, leaving them open to 
something called a margin. 

3622
03:13:36,500 --> 03:13:40,100
Call to explain. 
Let's say, you borrowed $900 to 

3623
03:13:40,100 --> 03:13:43,300
buy stock worth 1,000. 
It's possible that, you know, 

3624
03:13:43,300 --> 03:13:44,600
more money than the stock was 
worth. 

3625
03:13:44,600 --> 03:13:47,800
If it dropped to 800 dollars, 
the bank would call and ask you 

3626
03:13:47,808 --> 03:13:51,200
to either add cash or sell stock
to repay the loan, many people 

3627
03:13:51,200 --> 03:13:54,500
got those calls on October 18th.
You aren't concerned about 

3628
03:13:54,500 --> 03:13:56,700
getting a good price. 
When you have to sell stock to 

3629
03:13:56,700 --> 03:13:59,400
pay back alone, you just need to
get rid of it quickly. 

3630
03:14:00,400 --> 03:14:03,000
Prices drop even faster. 
When many people need to sell 

3631
03:14:03,000 --> 03:14:05,100
quickly. 
At the same time, this leads to 

3632
03:14:05,100 --> 03:14:08,400
more margin calls which caused 
even more, people to sell like a

3633
03:14:08,400 --> 03:14:10,500
Cascade of money for each rock 
that falls. 

3634
03:14:10,500 --> 03:14:14,200
Sets off more rocks. 
The weekend of October 19th and 

3635
03:14:14,200 --> 03:14:16,700
20th, lightly marked. 
The last time, most Americans 

3636
03:14:16,700 --> 03:14:19,400
believed, they were living in an
era of never-ending wealth. 

3637
03:14:20,000 --> 03:14:23,100
Newspapers always willing to 
help wrote stories that made 

3638
03:14:23,100 --> 03:14:25,900
people feel better by saying 
that this was only a short-term 

3639
03:14:25,900 --> 03:14:28,600
setback. 
Smart buyers took advantage of 

3640
03:14:28,608 --> 03:14:32,600
this chance to identify deals. 
By Monday, everything would be 

3641
03:14:32,608 --> 03:14:36,500
fine on Tuesday. 
October 21st, everything was 

3642
03:14:36,500 --> 03:14:39,300
fine. 
The market opened trade went on 

3643
03:14:39,300 --> 03:14:43,000
and the world didn't end. 
However, the situation remained 

3644
03:14:43,000 --> 03:14:45,000
largely unchanged throughout the
day. 

3645
03:14:45,000 --> 03:14:47,900
Prices steadily declined, akin 
to water. 

3646
03:14:47,900 --> 03:14:49,700
Gradually draining from a 
bathtub. 

3647
03:14:50,300 --> 03:14:53,800
Tuesday was worse. 
Wednesday was even worse Friday 

3648
03:14:53,800 --> 03:14:57,700
October 24th which would become 
famously known as black 

3649
03:14:57,700 --> 03:15:00,300
Thursday. 
Something very important to 

3650
03:15:00,300 --> 03:15:03,900
change. 
It wasn't a fix and update or 

3651
03:15:03,900 --> 03:15:05,800
any other plight business term 
for the same thing. 

3652
03:15:06,500 --> 03:15:10,000
It was just pure fear. 
Imagine waking up on October 

3653
03:15:10,000 --> 03:15:14,100
24th, to find that your nest egg
is shrunk not just a little but 

3654
03:15:14,100 --> 03:15:16,300
by a large enough amount that 
you feel like you need to do 

3655
03:15:16,300 --> 03:15:19,500
some math in your head. 
When you attempt to contact your

3656
03:15:19,500 --> 03:15:21,800
dealer, the phone lines 
experience, congestion. 

3657
03:15:21,800 --> 03:15:25,200
Nobody appears to understand the
status of their Investments, 

3658
03:15:25,200 --> 03:15:29,300
despite everyone's efforts, to 
learn an all-time high of over 

3659
03:15:29,300 --> 03:15:32,500
12 million shares were traded 
that day, which is about three 

3660
03:15:32,500 --> 03:15:34,800
times. 
The normal amount The stock 

3661
03:15:34,800 --> 03:15:37,500
price is, were meant to be shown
on ticker tape machines all day,

3662
03:15:37,500 --> 03:15:41,100
but they couldn't keep up, they 
were hours behind schedule by 

3663
03:15:41,100 --> 03:15:43,400
the afternoon, so no one 
anything was worth. 

3664
03:15:44,000 --> 03:15:46,700
People bought and sold stocks 
without knowing what the prices 

3665
03:15:46,700 --> 03:15:49,400
were and sellers didn't know 
what they were getting charged. 

3666
03:15:49,400 --> 03:15:52,600
As you go to sleep tonight, 
picture what Wall Street looked 

3667
03:15:52,600 --> 03:15:55,600
like that Thursday night. 
Many people gathered around the 

3668
03:15:55,600 --> 03:15:58,700
Stock Exchange, ticker tape was 
strewn across the streets like 

3669
03:15:58,700 --> 03:16:02,300
confetti after a parade that no 
one wanted to go to and the 

3670
03:16:02,300 --> 03:16:04,800
sound of a party ending for the 
evening could be heard somewhere

3671
03:16:04,800 --> 03:16:08,300
in the Darkness. 
A party finished on October 

3672
03:16:08,300 --> 03:16:12,600
24th, on October 29th, also 
known as Black Tuesday. 

3673
03:16:13,500 --> 03:16:16,000
The police were called all the 
lights were turned on and 

3674
03:16:16,000 --> 03:16:18,700
everyone saw the mess. 
They had made, it's already very

3675
03:16:18,700 --> 03:16:21,000
different from the world, you 
went to sleep in when you wake 

3676
03:16:21,000 --> 03:16:23,400
up at Tuesday Morning Over the 
weekend. 

3677
03:16:23,400 --> 03:16:26,300
It became clear that this wasn't
just a short-term setback. 

3678
03:16:26,300 --> 03:16:29,300
Even though Banks and well, 
known financiers were working 

3679
03:16:29,300 --> 03:16:32,000
hard to restore Trust. 
It really happened. 

3680
03:16:32,000 --> 03:16:34,100
There was a full-on banking 
Panic. 

3681
03:16:34,100 --> 03:16:36,900
It was challenging for the 
morning newspapers to stay 

3682
03:16:36,900 --> 03:16:39,700
positive, but you could read the
fear in the words. 

3683
03:16:40,600 --> 03:16:43,600
The headlines talked about 
temporary Market adjustments and

3684
03:16:43,600 --> 03:16:45,700
buying opportunities for smart 
investors. 

3685
03:16:45,700 --> 03:16:49,200
But the numbers indicated that 
things were not what they seemed

3686
03:16:49,200 --> 03:16:51,400
to be. 
Stocks were going down quickly 

3687
03:16:51,400 --> 03:16:54,600
after slowly going up for 
months, when the stock market 

3688
03:16:54,600 --> 03:16:58,000
opened at 10 a.m. millions of 
shares were already available 

3689
03:16:58,000 --> 03:17:01,100
for sale prices, don't just drop
during a panic. 

3690
03:17:01,100 --> 03:17:04,500
They crash because everyone 
wants to sell but no one wants 

3691
03:17:04,500 --> 03:17:06,600
to buy. 
It's like musical chairs. 

3692
03:17:06,600 --> 03:17:09,500
But someone took away all the 
chairs at once and everyone saw 

3693
03:17:09,500 --> 03:17:13,100
it at the same time, over 16 
million shares were traded that 

3694
03:17:13,100 --> 03:17:15,600
day, which was a record. 
That wouldn't be broken for. 

3695
03:17:15,600 --> 03:17:19,100
Almost, 40 years, black Thursday
was already too busy for the 

3696
03:17:19,100 --> 03:17:21,500
ticker tape machines to keep up 
by noon. 

3697
03:17:21,500 --> 03:17:24,900
They were reporting prices from 
10 a.m. they were hours behind 

3698
03:17:24,900 --> 03:17:28,200
by the afternoon people made 
financial decisions based on 

3699
03:17:28,200 --> 03:17:30,200
data, that was almost 
immediately outdated. 

3700
03:17:31,200 --> 03:17:34,500
Imagine the scene inside The 
Brokerage offices phones were 

3701
03:17:34,500 --> 03:17:36,700
ringing. 
Nonstop workers were rushing to 

3702
03:17:36,700 --> 03:17:39,300
handle sell orders. 
And customers were squeezing 

3703
03:17:39,300 --> 03:17:41,700
together to find out what was 
going on with their Investments.

3704
03:17:41,700 --> 03:17:44,800
Everyone was talking at the same
time and trying to shout over 

3705
03:17:44,800 --> 03:17:46,800
the others. 
The ticker tape machines 

3706
03:17:46,800 --> 03:17:49,600
clattered and people began to 
realize something terrible was 

3707
03:17:49,600 --> 03:17:52,600
happening. 
The most distressing aspect was 

3708
03:17:52,600 --> 03:17:55,200
witnessing ordinary individuals.
Discover they had lost their 

3709
03:17:55,200 --> 03:17:58,700
entire life savings. 
The secretary had used the money

3710
03:17:58,700 --> 03:18:01,600
she earned from selling stocks 
to purchase that apartment 

3711
03:18:01,600 --> 03:18:04,100
building. 
The value of her stocks are 

3712
03:18:04,100 --> 03:18:06,400
dropped since she bought them 
the car driver. 

3713
03:18:06,400 --> 03:18:09,700
Who quit when he was 35? 
His search for work? 

3714
03:18:09,700 --> 03:18:12,400
Had begun again. 
Who was the mother who paid for 

3715
03:18:12,400 --> 03:18:15,300
her daughter's wedding? 
There was no way for her to tell

3716
03:18:15,300 --> 03:18:18,000
her family that the money was 
still there, but it wasn't just 

3717
03:18:18,000 --> 03:18:19,600
small buyers, who lost all their
money. 

3718
03:18:19,600 --> 03:18:22,600
The banks that gave all that 
money to buy stocks were also 

3719
03:18:22,600 --> 03:18:24,300
in. 
A lot of trouble, people 

3720
03:18:24,300 --> 03:18:27,000
couldn't pay back their margin 
loans because the value of their

3721
03:18:27,000 --> 03:18:28,600
stocks dropped below what they 
borrowed. 

3722
03:18:29,500 --> 03:18:32,300
These circumstances meant that 
the banks were left with useless

3723
03:18:32,300 --> 03:18:34,600
paper. 
There was a chance that some 

3724
03:18:34,600 --> 03:18:37,800
banks, especially smaller ones 
that had done a lot of dealing 

3725
03:18:37,800 --> 03:18:40,900
in the stock market would fail. 
What a strange irony? 

3726
03:18:41,700 --> 03:18:44,400
A system that had made all those
paper richest was now destroying

3727
03:18:44,400 --> 03:18:48,300
them just as quickly calls on 
margin which at first seemed 

3728
03:18:48,300 --> 03:18:51,700
like a smart way to boost games 
were now making losses worse. 

3729
03:18:52,500 --> 03:18:54,600
People who bought stocks in 
several different companies, 

3730
03:18:54,600 --> 03:18:57,500
thought they were lowering their
risk, but they soon learned that

3731
03:18:57,500 --> 03:19:00,400
when there is a panic, all 
stocks go down at the same time,

3732
03:19:00,400 --> 03:19:03,600
they were stories, going around 
all day, that would become part 

3733
03:19:03,600 --> 03:19:06,800
of Wall Street, folklore. 
There was the story that 

3734
03:19:06,800 --> 03:19:09,900
stockbrokers jumped out of 
office Windows, which was mostly

3735
03:19:09,900 --> 03:19:12,800
made up, but a few people did 
kill themselves in the weeks 

3736
03:19:12,800 --> 03:19:15,800
that followed the stories of 
millionaires who went from being

3737
03:19:15,800 --> 03:19:18,800
rich to being middle class. 
In one day, a middle-class 

3738
03:19:18,800 --> 03:19:21,300
families who went from being 
rich to being poor were more 

3739
03:19:21,308 --> 03:19:23,900
true. 
The Dow Jones Industrial Average

3740
03:19:23,900 --> 03:19:26,700
had declined by 12%. 
By the time, the market closed 

3741
03:19:26,700 --> 03:19:30,900
at 3 p.m. at that point, it was 
the second worst single day 

3742
03:19:30,900 --> 03:19:34,700
percentage drop in its history. 
But the percentage doesn't show 

3743
03:19:34,700 --> 03:19:37,600
how sad it was for the millions 
of Americans who went to bed 

3744
03:19:37,600 --> 03:19:41,200
that night knowing that their 
financial plans, their hopes of 

3745
03:19:41,200 --> 03:19:44,500
retiring, early or sending their
kids to college had been turned 

3746
03:19:44,500 --> 03:19:48,100
into useless paper, certificates
evening, newspaper headlines, 

3747
03:19:48,100 --> 03:19:51,000
which attempted to maintain. 
A positive outlook, reclaimed 

3748
03:19:51,000 --> 03:19:55,900
phrases, like Market hits bottom
and worst is over, they were 

3749
03:19:55,908 --> 03:19:58,700
mistaken, the stock market 
crashed didn't end on Black 

3750
03:19:58,700 --> 03:20:01,000
Tuesday. 
It was just the worst day of 

3751
03:20:01,000 --> 03:20:03,000
what would be a much longer and 
worse slide. 

3752
03:20:03,900 --> 03:20:06,700
There was a huge financial 
hangover in the United States in

3753
03:20:06,700 --> 03:20:10,100
the days after Black Tuesday. 
You know how it feels to stay 

3754
03:20:10,100 --> 03:20:13,200
up, too late at a party and then
question every choice you made 

3755
03:20:13,200 --> 03:20:15,600
the night before. 
That's how you feel in the 

3756
03:20:15,608 --> 03:20:19,200
morning in November 1929. 
That was the whole country. 

3757
03:20:19,200 --> 03:20:22,300
The first thing that happened 
was denial, which is probably 

3758
03:20:22,300 --> 03:20:23,800
the most normal thing that can 
happen. 

3759
03:20:23,800 --> 03:20:27,800
This had to be temporary, right?
Once prices dropped enough, 

3760
03:20:27,800 --> 03:20:31,500
smart money, would come back 
into the market, someone like 

3761
03:20:31,500 --> 03:20:34,300
the government, or the banks 
would figure out how to fix this

3762
03:20:34,300 --> 03:20:37,400
the newspapers thought so too. 
Because they kept writing up 

3763
03:20:37,400 --> 03:20:40,400
Beats stories about bargain 
hunters and buying opportunities

3764
03:20:40,400 --> 03:20:43,300
all the way through November. 
As it turned out, president 

3765
03:20:43,300 --> 03:20:45,700
Herbert Hoover was in office 
when The Music stopped. 

3766
03:20:45,700 --> 03:20:48,200
He initially made an effort to 
project confidence. 

3767
03:20:48,200 --> 03:20:51,700
He made reassuring statements 
about the basic strength of the 

3768
03:20:51,708 --> 03:20:54,500
American economy, which were 
accurate, but not very helpful. 

3769
03:20:54,500 --> 03:20:58,000
It is akin to informing someone 
that their house is structurally

3770
03:20:58,000 --> 03:21:01,100
sound, while it is engulfed in 
flames all around them. 

3771
03:21:01,800 --> 03:21:04,800
It was true that the economy was
strong, but that didn't help the

3772
03:21:04,800 --> 03:21:07,200
millions of people who had just 
seen their funds disappear. 

3773
03:21:08,600 --> 03:21:11,300
The weeks, following the crash 
revealed, the interconnectedness

3774
03:21:11,300 --> 03:21:13,900
of everything. 
The stock market was no longer 

3775
03:21:13,900 --> 03:21:16,000
just a place for Rich investors 
to have fun. 

3776
03:21:16,000 --> 03:21:18,500
It was an important part of 
American Business. 

3777
03:21:19,400 --> 03:21:22,800
Banks give out loans based on 
stock prices that were too high.

3778
03:21:22,800 --> 03:21:25,800
A lot of businesses plan to grow
because they thought the good 

3779
03:21:25,800 --> 03:21:29,600
times would last Regular 
families had made big Financial 

3780
03:21:29,600 --> 03:21:33,600
choices based on gains that were
only on paper and were now gone.

3781
03:21:34,300 --> 03:21:36,500
It was almost as bad for 
people's mental health, as it 

3782
03:21:36,508 --> 03:21:39,300
was for their finances. 
For nearly a decade. 

3783
03:21:39,308 --> 03:21:41,200
Americans were told that wealth 
was normal. 

3784
03:21:41,200 --> 03:21:43,800
And that anyone could get rich 
by trading in the market 

3785
03:21:43,800 --> 03:21:47,000
individuals, who believe they 
were financially Savvy had to 

3786
03:21:47,000 --> 03:21:50,000
quickly confront the possibility
that they had been part of a 

3787
03:21:50,000 --> 03:21:52,700
widespread illusion. 
The most terrible thing about 

3788
03:21:52,700 --> 03:21:55,300
the crash was that it showed the
lies that had kept the boom 

3789
03:21:55,300 --> 03:21:58,000
Going Could you please share 
those stories again about 

3790
03:21:58,000 --> 03:22:00,700
secretaries and cab drivers 
achieving financial success? 

3791
03:22:00,700 --> 03:22:04,600
Those people were now broke and 
their stories were meant to warn

3792
03:22:04,600 --> 03:22:08,300
instead of inspire Investment 
clubs that had sprung up in 

3793
03:22:08,300 --> 03:22:11,300
neighborhoods across the country
quietly broke up because their 

3794
03:22:11,300 --> 03:22:13,500
members were too ashamed to talk
about their losses. 

3795
03:22:13,500 --> 03:22:17,300
It was clear by December 1929 
that the result wasn't going to 

3796
03:22:17,300 --> 03:22:20,100
be a quick comeback. 
Stock price is kept going down 

3797
03:22:20,100 --> 03:22:23,100
but not in big drops all at once
instead. 

3798
03:22:23,100 --> 03:22:26,300
They went down slowly and 
steadily in a way that was 

3799
03:22:26,300 --> 03:22:27,800
almost worse than the initial 
fear. 

3800
03:22:28,700 --> 03:22:32,400
Panic is at least interesting, 
slow decline is just sad. 

3801
03:22:32,400 --> 03:22:36,100
It's like, every day seeing 
someone, you care about get sick

3802
03:22:36,100 --> 03:22:39,400
and not being able to do 
anything about it. banks that 

3803
03:22:39,400 --> 03:22:41,900
were eager to give money to buy 
stocks when now desperately 

3804
03:22:41,900 --> 03:22:45,300
trying to get those loans paid 
back But a stone doesn't have 

3805
03:22:45,300 --> 03:22:47,300
blood and people can't give you 
money. 

3806
03:22:47,300 --> 03:22:50,900
They don't have the first Banks 
to fail were the smaller ones 

3807
03:22:50,900 --> 03:22:52,500
that have been most involved in 
stock market. 

3808
03:22:52,500 --> 03:22:55,700
Speculation as the crash is 
spread, they moved up to the 

3809
03:22:55,700 --> 03:22:58,600
bigger Banks. 
Not many people knew the truth 

3810
03:22:58,600 --> 03:23:01,900
yet, but the stock market crash 
was only the beginning. 

3811
03:23:03,200 --> 03:23:05,900
Those who thought the crash 
wouldn't affect the real economy

3812
03:23:05,900 --> 03:23:09,700
factories farms and shops were 
about to be proven wrong. 

3813
03:23:10,500 --> 03:23:13,100
Losing their life savings, 
discourages people from making 

3814
03:23:13,100 --> 03:23:16,800
purchases, when people don't buy
things, businesses stopped, 

3815
03:23:16,800 --> 03:23:19,000
making them people lose their 
jobs. 

3816
03:23:19,000 --> 03:23:22,000
When companies stop making 
things, people tend to stop 

3817
03:23:22,000 --> 03:23:23,600
buying things when they lose 
their jobs. 

3818
03:23:23,600 --> 03:23:26,800
Once it starts his very 
difficult to break out of this 

3819
03:23:26,800 --> 03:23:29,900
vicious circle. 
Unemployment began to rise at 

3820
03:23:29,900 --> 03:23:33,700
the end of 1929 but people 
didn't fully understand how dire

3821
03:23:33,700 --> 03:23:35,400
things were going to get for a 
few more months. 

3822
03:23:36,400 --> 03:23:39,900
Not only did the stock market 
crash wipe out wealth, but it 

3823
03:23:39,900 --> 03:23:43,400
also destroyed Trust. 
Turns out that confidence is one

3824
03:23:43,400 --> 03:23:45,600
of the most important parts of a
healthy economy. 

3825
03:23:46,400 --> 03:23:48,200
The sad. 
Irony was that the things that 

3826
03:23:48,200 --> 03:23:49,500
made the boom? 
So amazing. 

3827
03:23:50,300 --> 03:23:54,200
Hope willingness to take risks 
and the belief that anything was

3828
03:23:54,200 --> 03:23:58,500
possible were now backfiring. 
At first, everyone thought 

3829
03:23:58,500 --> 03:24:01,700
stocks could only go up. 
Now, everyone thought, they 

3830
03:24:01,700 --> 03:24:05,300
could only go down prices were 
going down too low because of 

3831
03:24:05,300 --> 03:24:07,900
the same herd attitude that had 
pushed them up too high. 

3832
03:24:08,800 --> 03:24:11,700
Now that the story is over you 
may be thinking about what 

3833
03:24:11,700 --> 03:24:14,600
happened next and more 
importantly, what we learned 

3834
03:24:14,600 --> 03:24:16,800
from this costly lesson in being
humble with money. 

3835
03:24:17,600 --> 03:24:21,100
The first question is about the 
Great Depression, which happened

3836
03:24:21,100 --> 03:24:23,900
for 10 years and had a giant 
impact on American society. 

3837
03:24:23,900 --> 03:24:27,700
The second question has a more 
difficult answer because the 

3838
03:24:27,700 --> 03:24:31,500
lessons people learned from the 
crash of 1929 weren't all is the

3839
03:24:31,500 --> 03:24:34,500
ones that history was meant to 
teach them at the time. 

3840
03:24:34,500 --> 03:24:37,400
It looked like the most 
important lesson was that 

3841
03:24:37,400 --> 03:24:40,900
trading in the stock market was 
risky and not something regular 

3842
03:24:40,900 --> 03:24:44,100
people should do. 
For a generation of Americans 

3843
03:24:44,100 --> 03:24:46,500
investing in stocks lost all 
charm. 

3844
03:24:46,500 --> 03:24:48,800
It felt akin to dealing with 
explosive. 

3845
03:24:48,800 --> 03:24:52,100
This may have been an 
overreaction but it was to be 

3846
03:24:52,108 --> 03:24:54,500
expected from people who just 
saw their neighbor's lose 

3847
03:24:54,500 --> 03:24:56,800
everything. 
It took a while, but the 

3848
03:24:56,800 --> 03:24:59,500
government also learned some 
things, a lot of the worst 

3849
03:24:59,500 --> 03:25:02,400
things that happened in the 
1920s were stopped by new rules,

3850
03:25:02,400 --> 03:25:05,200
to keep an eye on the stock 
market, they established the 

3851
03:25:05,200 --> 03:25:07,600
Securities and Exchange 
Commission to monitor the stock 

3852
03:25:07,600 --> 03:25:10,500
market. 
Customers money to bet on stocks

3853
03:25:10,500 --> 03:25:13,700
Deposit Insurance was made so 
that people wouldn't lose their 

3854
03:25:13,700 --> 03:25:15,300
savings. 
If their bank went out of 

3855
03:25:15,300 --> 03:25:19,300
business, while these changes 
were wise, they arrived too late

3856
03:25:19,300 --> 03:25:21,000
to assist those who had already 
lost their lives. 

3857
03:25:22,000 --> 03:25:25,000
But here's the thing about 
people, Who are very Adept at 

3858
03:25:25,000 --> 03:25:27,700
getting the exact lessons we 
learned from the last disaster 

3859
03:25:27,700 --> 03:25:29,900
while still being open to the 
next one. 

3860
03:25:30,800 --> 03:25:34,300
People who lived through 1929 
were very wary of speculating in

3861
03:25:34,300 --> 03:25:38,000
the stock market, their children
and grandkids who didn't live 

3862
03:25:38,000 --> 03:25:39,900
through the crash were not as 
careful. 

3863
03:25:41,400 --> 03:25:45,200
America experience and other 
speculative frenzy in the 1990s.

3864
03:25:45,200 --> 03:25:49,300
This time, the speculation 
frenzy focused on internet stops

3865
03:25:49,300 --> 03:25:52,900
which often lost money and 
sometimes made no profit at all.

3866
03:25:52,900 --> 03:25:55,400
People quit their jobs to become
day Traders. 

3867
03:25:55,400 --> 03:25:59,500
New technology seemed to change 
everything and stock prices that

3868
03:25:59,500 --> 03:26:02,600
had nothing to do with how 
businesses actually worked made 

3869
03:26:02,600 --> 03:26:04,600
the.com bubble of the late 
1990s. 

3870
03:26:04,600 --> 03:26:09,600
Eerily resemble 1929 experts 
were quick to point out why this

3871
03:26:09,600 --> 03:26:12,200
time is different. 
People were shocked when that 

3872
03:26:12,200 --> 03:26:15,600
boom burst in 2000. 
Even though anyone who knew what

3873
03:26:15,600 --> 03:26:19,500
happened in 1929 could have seen
it coming the 2000 housing 

3874
03:26:19,500 --> 03:26:22,500
bubble had easy credit gambling 
and the belief that prices could

3875
03:26:22,500 --> 03:26:27,100
only rise people were once again
shocked when that boom burst in 

3876
03:26:27,100 --> 03:26:30,000
2008 causing another financial 
crisis. 

3877
03:26:30,900 --> 03:26:33,600
Every generation must acquire 
these lessons independently 

3878
03:26:33,600 --> 03:26:35,700
often through painful 
experiences. 

3879
03:26:35,700 --> 03:26:39,500
Its challenging, to remember the
most important lesson from 1929,

3880
03:26:39,500 --> 03:26:42,800
when the market is booming, 
markets are driven by feelings 

3881
03:26:42,800 --> 03:26:44,900
as much as they are by economic 
facts. 

3882
03:26:45,400 --> 03:26:48,000
When everyone is, happy prices 
go up way. 

3883
03:26:48,000 --> 03:26:50,400
Past, what makes sense? 
Price has dropped below. 

3884
03:26:50,400 --> 03:26:52,200
What makes sense when everyone 
is negative. 

3885
03:26:52,200 --> 03:26:55,500
It makes sense to be careful 
when everyone else is happy and 

3886
03:26:55,500 --> 03:26:58,700
brave when everyone else is sad.
But that means going against 

3887
03:26:58,700 --> 03:27:00,900
your feelings in the crowd, 
which is never easy. 

3888
03:27:00,900 --> 03:27:04,400
Another thing I learned is that 
adding more complexity, doesn't 

3889
03:27:04,400 --> 03:27:07,200
always get rid of the risk. 
It just hides it. 

3890
03:27:08,100 --> 03:27:11,900
In the 1920s, the system of 
margin loans seemed like a smart

3891
03:27:11,900 --> 03:27:15,000
way to let more people 
participate in the growth of the

3892
03:27:15,000 --> 03:27:17,900
market. 
In fact, it made the crash worse

3893
03:27:17,900 --> 03:27:21,900
by amplifying, gains and losses.
It seems like every time there 

3894
03:27:21,900 --> 03:27:25,100
is a financial crisis, something
new comes out that is meant to 

3895
03:27:25,100 --> 03:27:27,900
make investing safer, but ends 
up making it riskier. 

3896
03:27:27,900 --> 03:27:32,800
The 1929 crash may have taught 
us more than anything else, that

3897
03:27:32,800 --> 03:27:34,700
there is no such thing as cheap 
money. 

3898
03:27:36,000 --> 03:27:38,300
People who got rich in the 1920 
stock market. 

3899
03:27:38,300 --> 03:27:41,500
Once smarter than everyone else,
they were just lucky enough to 

3900
03:27:41,500 --> 03:27:43,600
own stocks when everyone else 
wanted to buy them. 

3901
03:27:45,100 --> 03:27:48,600
When that changed their paper 
games went away, just as quickly

3902
03:27:48,600 --> 03:27:51,800
as they came, as you drift off 
to sleep contemplate, those 

3903
03:27:51,800 --> 03:27:54,400
lessons and how strong the 
people who lived through that 

3904
03:27:54,400 --> 03:27:59,100
time were they rebounded absorb 
their mistakes and bolstered and

3905
03:27:59,100 --> 03:28:02,400
stabilized the economy. 
Despite the devastating impact 

3906
03:28:02,400 --> 03:28:07,000
of the 1929 crash, it was not a 
catastrophic event, not just 

3907
03:28:07,000 --> 03:28:09,700
what can go wrong. 
But also how people fix things 

3908
03:28:09,700 --> 03:28:12,900
is sometimes the most important 
thing to learn from the past. 

3909
03:28:13,900 --> 03:28:17,600
The stock market did perform 
better in the end but it took 25

3910
03:28:17,600 --> 03:28:20,400
years for it to hit its high 
points again in 1929. 

3911
03:28:21,300 --> 03:28:24,100
People became more careful and 
less trusting of plans to get 

3912
03:28:24,100 --> 03:28:27,000
rich quickly. 
He also learned to Value steady 

3913
03:28:27,000 --> 03:28:29,300
long-term growth more than big 
gains. 

3914
03:28:29,300 --> 03:28:32,900
The learned that people are 
creative and strong even in 

3915
03:28:32,900 --> 03:28:35,100
uncertain markets. 
Good night. 

3916
03:28:35,100 --> 03:28:37,800
And remember that, the oldest 
piece of investment advice is 

3917
03:28:37,800 --> 03:28:40,800
probably still the best. 
If it sounds too good to be 

3918
03:28:40,800 --> 03:28:51,600
true, it probably is. 
To yourself on a wooden ship in 

3919
03:28:51,600 --> 03:28:55,700
the middle of the Atlantic Ocean
in the year. 1700, the water. 

3920
03:28:55,700 --> 03:28:58,300
Looks like a wrinkled blue bed 
sheet with no edges. 

3921
03:28:58,300 --> 03:29:03,000
It goes on forever. 
Sales made of canvas above, you 

3922
03:29:03,000 --> 03:29:06,200
snap and below in the wind 
making sounds like thunder in 

3923
03:29:06,200 --> 03:29:08,300
the distance. 
You can hear the wood creaking 

3924
03:29:08,300 --> 03:29:12,000
all the time below deck. 
A ships, wouldn't bones Bend and

3925
03:29:12,000 --> 03:29:15,000
grown as the waves, lift and 
drop the ship in a never-ending 

3926
03:29:15,000 --> 03:29:16,500
Rhythm. 
That makes your stomach feel 

3927
03:29:16,500 --> 03:29:19,500
bad. 
Now, here's the scary part, you 

3928
03:29:19,500 --> 03:29:22,500
have no idea where you are. 
You have a pretty good idea of 

3929
03:29:22,500 --> 03:29:24,000
how far north or south you've 
gone. 

3930
03:29:24,000 --> 03:29:27,700
That's not too hard. 
Sextant can tell you the angle 

3931
03:29:27,700 --> 03:29:30,700
of the Sun at noon, when it is 
at its highest point in the sky.

3932
03:29:31,700 --> 03:29:34,600
To find your latitude compare 
that angle to tables and a book 

3933
03:29:34,600 --> 03:29:36,700
and do some math. 
That would make your high school

3934
03:29:36,700 --> 03:29:40,300
geometry, teacher proud The 
hundreds of years Sailors have 

3935
03:29:40,300 --> 03:29:42,100
been doing this and it worked 
great. 

3936
03:29:42,900 --> 03:29:46,700
But what about Eastern West 
that's when things got harder 

3937
03:29:46,700 --> 03:29:49,900
scary and very hard to 
understand to find out how far 

3938
03:29:49,900 --> 03:29:53,300
east or west you've traveled 
will longitude, you need to know

3939
03:29:53,300 --> 03:29:56,600
what time it is back home. 
This may seem easy but it's 

3940
03:29:56,600 --> 03:29:59,300
actually very hard. 
You can figure out that you're 

3941
03:29:59,300 --> 03:30:02,100
about 60 degrees west of London,
if you know that it's noon where

3942
03:30:02,100 --> 03:30:04,400
you are now and that it's four 
in the afternoon back in London.

3943
03:30:05,300 --> 03:30:08,600
15 degrees of longitude is equal
to one hour of time difference. 

3944
03:30:09,600 --> 03:30:12,200
Really beautiful math. 
The kind that makes you feel 

3945
03:30:12,200 --> 03:30:13,700
smart. 
Just thinking about it. 

3946
03:30:14,600 --> 03:30:17,900
The problem is that clocks from 
the 1700s were Moody and worked 

3947
03:30:17,900 --> 03:30:21,100
great in your living room but as
soon as you put them on a ship, 

3948
03:30:21,100 --> 03:30:24,600
they became useless. 
Lumps of metal and gears the 

3949
03:30:24,600 --> 03:30:27,400
metal parts of the device 
expanded and contracted when the

3950
03:30:27,408 --> 03:30:30,800
temperature changed the moisture
in the air caused their delicate

3951
03:30:30,800 --> 03:30:33,600
parts to rust. 
The constant rocking motion 

3952
03:30:33,600 --> 03:30:36,800
messed up their pendulums, which
were the weights that kept time 

3953
03:30:36,800 --> 03:30:38,900
steady. 
And what about Salt Air? 

3954
03:30:39,700 --> 03:30:41,900
Salt Air was like poison to 
machines. 

3955
03:30:41,900 --> 03:30:45,200
It ate away at brass and steel. 
Like the ocean waves, that 

3956
03:30:45,200 --> 03:30:48,700
slowly wear down a cliff. 
Sailors. 

3957
03:30:48,700 --> 03:30:51,700
And the Age of Exploration were 
basically driving across a flat 

3958
03:30:51,700 --> 03:30:53,400
desert with? 
No GPS. 

3959
03:30:53,400 --> 03:30:57,000
Compass or map. 
They had to guess where they 

3960
03:30:57,000 --> 03:31:00,600
were by looking at the sun and 
making educated guesses, and as 

3961
03:31:00,600 --> 03:31:03,000
you might expect, this caused 
disaster, that would haunt 

3962
03:31:03,000 --> 03:31:06,300
Maritime history. 
Ships would sail confidently 

3963
03:31:06,300 --> 03:31:09,100
toward what they thought was a 
safe harbor, only to find 

3964
03:31:09,100 --> 03:31:11,600
themselves grinding onto rocks. 
That shouldn't have been there 

3965
03:31:11,600 --> 03:31:15,000
for another 100 miles. 
Hopefully would miss their 

3966
03:31:15,000 --> 03:31:18,700
destinations by hundreds of 
miles and sailors would run out 

3967
03:31:18,700 --> 03:31:21,000
of food and water, as they 
desperately searched, the 

3968
03:31:21,000 --> 03:31:23,600
Horizon for land, that was 
actually far behind them. 

3969
03:31:23,600 --> 03:31:27,200
The ocean was hiding things. 
Those things were dangerous. 

3970
03:31:28,000 --> 03:31:32,200
On a foggy October night in 
1707, a British naval fleet led 

3971
03:31:32,200 --> 03:31:34,700
by Admiral. 
So, cloudsley shovel was sailing

3972
03:31:34,700 --> 03:31:37,600
home from Gibraltar. 
This was the worst Maritime 

3973
03:31:37,600 --> 03:31:40,400
disaster of the time. 
The Admirals Navigators told 

3974
03:31:40,400 --> 03:31:41,700
him. 
They were safely to the west of 

3975
03:31:41,700 --> 03:31:43,600
the dangerous. 
Rocks off the Isles of scilly, 

3976
03:31:43,600 --> 03:31:45,800
which are near the southwestern 
tip of England. 

3977
03:31:45,800 --> 03:31:48,200
They were wrong 
catastrophically. 

3978
03:31:48,200 --> 03:31:51,900
It was wrong in the past. 
Four ships, hit the rocks that 

3979
03:31:51,900 --> 03:31:53,500
night and went down in a matter 
of hours. 

3980
03:31:53,500 --> 03:31:57,600
Their screams were lost in the 
fog and wind as almost 2000 men.

3981
03:31:57,600 --> 03:32:01,500
Drowned in the cold, Atlantic 
Waters, Admiral shovell was one 

3982
03:32:01,500 --> 03:32:04,000
of them. 
He made it to shore alive but a 

3983
03:32:04,000 --> 03:32:06,300
local woman killed him because 
she wanted his emerald ring. 

3984
03:32:06,300 --> 03:32:09,600
It was the kind of tragedy that 
shows you how cruel it can be 

3985
03:32:09,600 --> 03:32:11,900
when people make mistakes and 
nature Acts. 

3986
03:32:12,900 --> 03:32:15,800
Britain was shocked the country 
that was building an empire that

3987
03:32:15,800 --> 03:32:18,500
stretched around the world 
couldn't even safely get its own

3988
03:32:18,508 --> 03:32:20,900
ships home. 
It was like being a great race 

3989
03:32:20,900 --> 03:32:23,300
car driver who couldn't always 
Park in their own garage. 

3990
03:32:24,000 --> 03:32:26,500
The embarrassment was only worse
than the rise in death toll in 

3991
03:32:26,500 --> 03:32:28,600
the money lost. 
When Merchant ships disappeared 

3992
03:32:28,600 --> 03:32:32,000
into the ocean's vast anonymity.
There had to be a change. 

3993
03:32:32,000 --> 03:32:35,900
The question was what? 
And who would be smart enough to

3994
03:32:35,900 --> 03:32:38,500
figure out problem that had 
stumped the smartest people of 

3995
03:32:38,500 --> 03:32:41,400
the time? 
In the village of falby, in 

3996
03:32:41,400 --> 03:32:44,800
Yorkshire England, a boy named 
John Harrison grew up in a world

3997
03:32:44,800 --> 03:32:48,300
where the Sun moved across the 
sky, and the seasons changed. 

3998
03:32:49,000 --> 03:32:53,000
John was born in 1693 and was 
the kind of kid who noticed 

3999
03:32:53,000 --> 03:32:56,100
things that other kids didn't 
like how Shadows moved across 

4000
03:32:56,100 --> 03:32:58,400
the floor. 
How birds seemed to know exactly

4001
03:32:58,400 --> 03:33:01,300
when Dawn would break and the 
exact rhythm of his own 

4002
03:33:01,300 --> 03:33:04,100
heartbeat. 
His dad was a carpenter which 

4003
03:33:04,100 --> 03:33:07,400
meant he was a Craftsmen and 
artists and a problem solver all

4004
03:33:07,400 --> 03:33:10,508
at the same time. 
When people needed a door that 

4005
03:33:10,516 --> 03:33:14,100
fit just right the table, that 
wouldn't wobble, or a beam that 

4006
03:33:14,100 --> 03:33:15,700
could hold up a roof for 100 
years. 

4007
03:33:15,700 --> 03:33:19,200
They came to you carpentry, 
required an eye for detail, and 

4008
03:33:19,200 --> 03:33:21,600
a feel for how materials worked 
young. 

4009
03:33:21,600 --> 03:33:24,900
John Lennon the skills quickly 
like a sponge soaking up water 

4010
03:33:24,900 --> 03:33:27,500
but what really interested John 
was something that most 

4011
03:33:27,500 --> 03:33:30,200
Carpenters didn't think about 
very much time. 

4012
03:33:30,200 --> 03:33:33,500
He would watch his dad work and 
pay attention to how long each 

4013
03:33:33,500 --> 03:33:36,900
job took how the quality of the 
wood affected, how fast it could

4014
03:33:36,900 --> 03:33:39,300
be cut and how is Dad's 
experience helped him? 

4015
03:33:39,308 --> 03:33:42,000
Guess how long a project would 
take with amazing accuracy? 

4016
03:33:43,400 --> 03:33:46,700
John was thinking about 
measurement, precision and the 

4017
03:33:46,700 --> 03:33:49,800
Unseen rhythms that controlled 
everything around him while 

4018
03:33:49,800 --> 03:33:52,900
other boys, his age were playing
games or doing things that made 

4019
03:33:52,900 --> 03:33:56,000
their parents sigh heavily. 
When John was about seven years 

4020
03:33:56,008 --> 03:33:59,500
old, he got smallpox a disease 
that killed millions of people 

4021
03:33:59,500 --> 03:34:01,900
and left those who survived with
scars for life. 

4022
03:34:02,600 --> 03:34:05,800
John lived, but the sickness 
kept him in bed for weeks 

4023
03:34:05,800 --> 03:34:08,900
someone gave him a watch while 
he was recovering and it changed

4024
03:34:08,900 --> 03:34:11,200
his life. 
You might think that a watch as 

4025
03:34:11,200 --> 03:34:14,300
a boring gift for a sick kid, 
there were no flashing lights 

4026
03:34:14,300 --> 03:34:17,100
moving Parts. 
You could see or bells and 

4027
03:34:17,100 --> 03:34:20,800
whistles that watch though was a
window into a world of 

4028
03:34:20,800 --> 03:34:22,300
precision. 
For John Harrison. 

4029
03:34:22,300 --> 03:34:25,700
He would put it to his ear and 
listen to the steady Tick, Tock 

4030
03:34:25,700 --> 03:34:27,700
of brass and steel like a 
heartbeat. 

4031
03:34:28,400 --> 03:34:31,500
He would watch the hands move 
slowly around the dial turning 

4032
03:34:31,500 --> 03:34:36,200
seconds into minutes minutes 
into hours and hours into days. 

4033
03:34:36,200 --> 03:34:38,500
He took it apart which is the 
most amazing thing. 

4034
03:34:38,500 --> 03:34:42,200
Imagine being seven years old 
sick, with a disease. 

4035
03:34:42,200 --> 03:34:45,100
That is killing people all 
around you and deciding that. 

4036
03:34:45,100 --> 03:34:48,200
The most interesting thing you 
could do is take apart, a 

4037
03:34:48,200 --> 03:34:50,100
complicated machine to see how 
it works. 

4038
03:34:51,300 --> 03:34:54,600
John took out each tiny screw 
gear and piece of metal with 

4039
03:34:54,600 --> 03:34:57,200
great care and put them on his 
bedside table. 

4040
03:34:58,100 --> 03:35:01,000
Then with a level of focus that 
seems almost impossible for a 

4041
03:35:01,000 --> 03:35:03,900
child, you put it all back 
together and it still worked. 

4042
03:35:03,900 --> 03:35:06,000
This wasn't just mechanical 
skill. 

4043
03:35:06,000 --> 03:35:09,700
It was a kind of Genius that 
shows itself early and loudly 

4044
03:35:10,500 --> 03:35:13,000
John Harrison knew what he 
wanted to do before most kids 

4045
03:35:13,000 --> 03:35:16,400
could spell their own names. 
John's interesting clocks didn't

4046
03:35:16,400 --> 03:35:18,600
fade. 
As he got older, he didn't make 

4047
03:35:18,600 --> 03:35:21,700
it less deep. 
He made it deeper, he started 

4048
03:35:21,700 --> 03:35:24,900
making clocks. 
Not as a business at first, but 

4049
03:35:24,900 --> 03:35:28,300
as a hobby that took up all of 
his free time, he worked in his 

4050
03:35:28,308 --> 03:35:30,700
father's, carpentry, shop and 
tried out different materials 

4051
03:35:30,700 --> 03:35:34,600
designs and ways to fix the 
basic problems that made clocks 

4052
03:35:34,600 --> 03:35:37,300
inaccurate. 
Wood was the first thing he 

4053
03:35:37,300 --> 03:35:38,700
chose that changed. 
Everything. 

4054
03:35:38,700 --> 03:35:42,300
Other clockmakers used Metal 
Gears, that changed shape with 

4055
03:35:42,308 --> 03:35:45,800
temperature changes. 
John on the other hand, found 

4056
03:35:45,800 --> 03:35:49,100
that certain types of wood like 
Oak and boxwood had amazing 

4057
03:35:49,100 --> 03:35:51,300
qualities. 
If you cut them the right way 

4058
03:35:51,300 --> 03:35:54,200
and put them together the right 
way, they would naturally adjust

4059
03:35:54,200 --> 03:35:57,500
to changes in temperature when 
one part got bigger, the other 

4060
03:35:57,500 --> 03:36:00,300
part got smaller which kept the 
clocks accuracy stable. 

4061
03:36:00,300 --> 03:36:03,600
It was the kind of insight that 
seems clear in retrospect but 

4062
03:36:03,600 --> 03:36:07,300
takes Real Genius to find. 
John was learning about physics 

4063
03:36:07,300 --> 03:36:10,300
and Engineering on his own. 
Even though these ideas wouldn't

4064
03:36:10,300 --> 03:36:13,800
be written down for decades. 
He did this while working in a 

4065
03:36:13,800 --> 03:36:16,900
small Workshop, in Yorkshire by 
candlelight, by the time he was 

4066
03:36:16,900 --> 03:36:19,000
in his 20s, John had made 
clocks. 

4067
03:36:19,000 --> 03:36:21,600
That was so accurate that they 
only lost about one second a 

4068
03:36:21,600 --> 03:36:23,900
month. 
This was an amazing feat for the

4069
03:36:23,900 --> 03:36:26,700
time. 
People would travel for miles to

4070
03:36:26,700 --> 03:36:30,200
see his clocks, which were local
wanders, but John wasn't happy. 

4071
03:36:30,200 --> 03:36:33,000
He could tell that there was 
something bigger that his skills

4072
03:36:33,000 --> 03:36:36,100
could do some bigger problem 
that only his unique genius 

4073
03:36:36,100 --> 03:36:38,100
could solve. 
He didn't know yet. 

4074
03:36:38,100 --> 03:36:40,200
That the problem was waiting for
him in the form of a 

4075
03:36:40,208 --> 03:36:44,300
parliamentary prize, a maritime 
crisis, and the task of making a

4076
03:36:44,300 --> 03:36:47,400
clock, that could keep perfect 
time, while being tossed around 

4077
03:36:47,400 --> 03:36:51,500
on Angry seas. 
And 1714 when John Harrison was 

4078
03:36:51,500 --> 03:36:54,300
only 21 and still making wooden 
clocks in Yorkshire. 

4079
03:36:55,000 --> 03:36:57,100
The British Parliament did 
something strange. 

4080
03:36:57,100 --> 03:37:00,600
They asked for help. 
The longitude act said that 

4081
03:37:00,600 --> 03:37:03,400
anyone who could figure out the 
longitude problem would get a 

4082
03:37:03,400 --> 03:37:06,700
prize of 20,000 pounds, which is
about the same as several 

4083
03:37:06,700 --> 03:37:10,400
million pounds today. 20,000 
pounds. 

4084
03:37:10,400 --> 03:37:12,400
Take a moment to think about 
that. 

4085
03:37:13,300 --> 03:37:15,800
Parliament was offering enough 
money to buy a smallest state 

4086
03:37:15,800 --> 03:37:19,300
live, comfortably for life and 
still have enough left over to 

4087
03:37:19,300 --> 03:37:20,800
pay for your grandchildren's 
education. 

4088
03:37:20,800 --> 03:37:24,800
At the time, the skilled 
Craftsmen could only make 50 

4089
03:37:24,800 --> 03:37:27,700
pounds a year. 
People quit their jobs and spent

4090
03:37:27,700 --> 03:37:29,200
their lives trying to solve 
problems. 

4091
03:37:29,200 --> 03:37:31,500
That seemed impossible because 
of the prize. 

4092
03:37:32,600 --> 03:37:35,500
But there were some rules for 
the prize, Your solution had to 

4093
03:37:35,500 --> 03:37:38,000
be able to figure out the 
longitude within half a degree 

4094
03:37:38,000 --> 03:37:41,300
after a ship had sailed to the 
West Indies and back, which 

4095
03:37:41,300 --> 03:37:44,400
could take months. 
That might not sound very exact 

4096
03:37:44,400 --> 03:37:46,400
until you remember. 
That half a degree of launched, 

4097
03:37:46,400 --> 03:37:48,600
at the equator is about 34 
miles. 

4098
03:37:48,600 --> 03:37:52,600
Your method had to tell ship's 
Captain where he was to within 

4099
03:37:52,600 --> 03:37:55,400
the distance of personal could 
walk in a day after months, at 

4100
03:37:55,400 --> 03:37:58,100
Sea, through storms and calm, 
heat and cold. 

4101
03:37:59,000 --> 03:38:01,400
Parliament set up the board of 
longitude to look at the 

4102
03:38:01,400 --> 03:38:04,700
proposed Solutions. 
This group of scientists naval 

4103
03:38:04,700 --> 03:38:07,000
officers and government 
officials were decide who should

4104
03:38:07,000 --> 03:38:09,700
get the prize. 
Some of the smartest people in 

4105
03:38:09,700 --> 03:38:12,600
Britain were on this board 
including astronomers who liked 

4106
03:38:12,600 --> 03:38:16,300
the lunar distance method for 
finding longitude The lunar 

4107
03:38:16,300 --> 03:38:20,000
distance method was beautiful in
math and very hard in astronomy.

4108
03:38:20,700 --> 03:38:23,800
Theoretically Navigators could 
figure out their longitude, by 

4109
03:38:23,800 --> 03:38:27,000
measuring the exact position of 
the Moon against background 

4110
03:38:27,000 --> 03:38:30,000
stars and comparing that to 
tables made by astronomers. 

4111
03:38:30,000 --> 03:38:35,300
It took clear skies accurate 
tools, complicated math, and at 

4112
03:38:35,300 --> 03:38:37,000
least an hour of work for each 
measurement. 

4113
03:38:38,200 --> 03:38:41,100
Astronomers were happy with the 
solution but Sailors who were 

4114
03:38:41,100 --> 03:38:43,500
practical wanted to throw their 
sex and overboard. 

4115
03:38:43,500 --> 03:38:46,700
A lot of the board members 
specially the astronomers 

4116
03:38:46,700 --> 03:38:49,500
thought that the answer to the 
longitude problem had to come 

4117
03:38:49,500 --> 03:38:53,100
from the Stars. 
After all navigation has always 

4118
03:38:53,100 --> 03:38:56,400
been about looking at the stars.
They thought it was unlikely at 

4119
03:38:56,400 --> 03:38:58,900
best and ridiculous at worst 
that someone could fix this 

4120
03:38:58,900 --> 03:39:02,300
problem with a mechanical device
which was basically a very fancy

4121
03:39:02,300 --> 03:39:04,900
clock. 
John Harrison would have to deal

4122
03:39:04,900 --> 03:39:07,700
with this bias for most of his 
life, but he didn't know that 

4123
03:39:07,700 --> 03:39:11,700
yet. 
John made a choice and 1728 when

4124
03:39:11,700 --> 03:39:14,900
he was 35, that would shape the 
rest of his life. 

4125
03:39:14,900 --> 03:39:18,300
He would go to London, show the 
board of longitude, his ideas 

4126
03:39:18,300 --> 03:39:21,000
for a sea clock, and when the 
prize that no one else would be 

4127
03:39:21,008 --> 03:39:25,700
able to get In the 1700s. 
It wasn't easy to get from 

4128
03:39:25,700 --> 03:39:28,800
Yorkshire to London. 
It took days of travel on roads 

4129
03:39:28,800 --> 03:39:30,600
that were barely improved. 
Dirt paths. 

4130
03:39:30,600 --> 03:39:33,300
Staying in coaching Inns where 
the beds had more previous 

4131
03:39:33,300 --> 03:39:36,100
occupants than you wanted to 
think about and spending money 

4132
03:39:36,100 --> 03:39:37,700
that John didn't really have to 
spare. 

4133
03:39:38,400 --> 03:39:40,800
But he went on the trip bringing
with him drawings and 

4134
03:39:40,800 --> 03:39:43,200
descriptions of a clock that no 
one had ever seen before. 

4135
03:39:43,200 --> 03:39:47,200
John went to London to find 
Edmund Halley, the same, Halle 

4136
03:39:47,200 --> 03:39:50,600
who has a comet named after him.
Halle was the astronomer Royal 

4137
03:39:50,600 --> 03:39:52,600
and a member of the board of 
longitude. 

4138
03:39:52,600 --> 03:39:55,400
This meant that he could either 
help or hurt. 

4139
03:39:55,400 --> 03:39:58,500
John's goals, John was lucky 
that Haley was the kind of 

4140
03:39:58,500 --> 03:40:00,900
scientist who valued smart 
answers, no matter where they 

4141
03:40:00,900 --> 03:40:04,300
came from. 
Hallie looked at John's plan's 

4142
03:40:04,300 --> 03:40:05,900
and saw that they were true 
unique. 

4143
03:40:05,900 --> 03:40:09,800
This wasn't a crazy person with 
vague ideas and crazy claims. 

4144
03:40:09,800 --> 03:40:12,800
This was a Craftsman who had 
spent a lot of time thinking 

4145
03:40:12,800 --> 03:40:15,900
about how hard it was to keep 
track of time at Sea and come up

4146
03:40:15,900 --> 03:40:20,100
with specific useful Solutions. 
Halle introduced John to George 

4147
03:40:20,100 --> 03:40:22,400
Graham London's. 
Best clockmaker. 

4148
03:40:22,400 --> 03:40:26,000
Graham was also smart enough to 
know when genius came to his 

4149
03:40:26,000 --> 03:40:28,300
shop. 
Graham spent the whole day with 

4150
03:40:28,300 --> 03:40:31,400
John listening to his ideas, 
looking at his drawings and 

4151
03:40:31,400 --> 03:40:34,500
slowly, realizing that this 
country Carpenter had ideas that

4152
03:40:34,500 --> 03:40:36,600
London's best instrument makers 
have missed. 

4153
03:40:37,500 --> 03:40:39,800
Grim did something amazing by 
the end of their meeting. 

4154
03:40:39,800 --> 03:40:42,800
He offered to lend John money 
without charging him interest to

4155
03:40:42,800 --> 03:40:45,300
help him build. 
His first Marine timekeeper, it 

4156
03:40:45,300 --> 03:40:48,000
was a leap of faith in what 
people could do and it changed 

4157
03:40:48,000 --> 03:40:51,100
everything. 
John went back to Yorkshire with

4158
03:40:51,100 --> 03:40:53,800
enough money to start building a
clock, that could work at Sea. 

4159
03:40:53,800 --> 03:40:56,600
He was about to enter a part of 
his life that would last for 

4160
03:40:56,600 --> 03:40:59,100
decades, drive him insane and 
changed the world. 

4161
03:40:59,100 --> 03:41:02,000
But first, he had to make the 
thing. 

4162
03:41:02,000 --> 03:41:06,000
Think about how long it would 
take to make just one clock, not

4163
03:41:06,000 --> 03:41:09,000
as a hobby or a side project. 
But as your main focus for five 

4164
03:41:09,000 --> 03:41:12,400
years of calculating adjusting 
testing and improving. 

4165
03:41:13,300 --> 03:41:16,500
That's what John Harrison did 
from 1730 to 1735. 

4166
03:41:16,500 --> 03:41:19,700
He made his first Marine time 
keeper which would later be 

4167
03:41:19,700 --> 03:41:23,400
called H1. 
H1 was not a delicate pocket. 

4168
03:41:23,400 --> 03:41:25,400
Watch. 
It was a huge machine that 

4169
03:41:25,400 --> 03:41:28,000
weighed about 75 pounds and was 
about two feet tall. 

4170
03:41:28,000 --> 03:41:31,200
Your first thought when you saw 
it in a museum today would 

4171
03:41:31,200 --> 03:41:33,600
probably be that. 
It looks like a steampunk 

4172
03:41:33,600 --> 03:41:36,800
sculpture with all the brass 
gears and strange moving Parts. 

4173
03:41:36,800 --> 03:41:41,400
But every part of h-1 design had
a specific purpose in the fight 

4174
03:41:41,400 --> 03:41:43,300
against the forces that had 
stopped. 

4175
03:41:43,300 --> 03:41:45,200
Every other attempt at making a 
sea clock. 

4176
03:41:45,208 --> 03:41:48,300
John's main problem was figuring
out how to make a clock, that 

4177
03:41:48,300 --> 03:41:51,500
keeps accurate time, even when 
it is moved shaking. 

4178
03:41:51,500 --> 03:41:55,400
Heated, cool, and hit by salty 
are all the time. 

4179
03:41:55,400 --> 03:41:58,800
It was like asking someone to 
play a violin while riding a 

4180
03:41:58,800 --> 03:41:59,700
roller coaster during an 
earthquake. 

4181
03:42:00,700 --> 03:42:03,300
The main task is hard enough 
without all those extra things 

4182
03:42:03,300 --> 03:42:05,900
getting in the way. 
John's ideas were brilliant 

4183
03:42:05,900 --> 03:42:08,300
because he had spent years 
thinking about how mechanisms 

4184
03:42:08,300 --> 03:42:12,100
work when they are under stress.
John used to balance mechanism 

4185
03:42:12,100 --> 03:42:15,100
with two weighted bars, 
connected by Springs and a 

4186
03:42:15,100 --> 03:42:18,000
pendulum. 
A pendulum needs gravity to work

4187
03:42:18,000 --> 03:42:20,100
all the time, but it didn't work
on a ship. 

4188
03:42:20,100 --> 03:42:23,500
That was tilting. 
One bar would swing one way and 

4189
03:42:23,500 --> 03:42:26,000
the other would swing the other 
way, when the ship rolled which 

4190
03:42:26,000 --> 03:42:29,000
stopped the ship from moving, it
was a mechanical genius that was

4191
03:42:29,008 --> 03:42:32,500
turned into brass and steel. 
The two balances were like 

4192
03:42:32,500 --> 03:42:35,500
dancers moving in perfect 
opposition, their movement. 

4193
03:42:35,500 --> 03:42:38,400
So perfectly timed, that the 
ship's rocking didn't matter. 

4194
03:42:39,200 --> 03:42:42,300
The ship pitched and rolled 
through the ways, but in H1s 

4195
03:42:42,300 --> 03:42:45,700
mechanism time moved forward 
with calm precision. the 

4196
03:42:45,700 --> 03:42:49,300
temperature was another problem 
when you heat metal it expands, 

4197
03:42:49,300 --> 03:42:53,600
and when you cool it, it shrinks
You may have noticed this when 

4198
03:42:53,600 --> 03:42:56,200
you run hot water over a Jared 
to make it easier to open. 

4199
03:42:57,200 --> 03:43:00,000
His tiny changes in size can 
mess up the timing of a clock. 

4200
03:43:00,000 --> 03:43:04,000
So much that stops working. 
John Hughes by metallic strips 

4201
03:43:04,000 --> 03:43:06,500
to fix this. 
The strips were made of brass 

4202
03:43:06,500 --> 03:43:09,800
and steal and reacted to changes
in temperature, in opposite ways

4203
03:43:09,800 --> 03:43:14,000
making up for each other, then 
there was friction, which is bad

4204
03:43:14,000 --> 03:43:17,400
for all moving Parts, friction 
was trying to slow things down 

4205
03:43:17,400 --> 03:43:20,600
and make them less accurate 
every time gear teeth mashed 

4206
03:43:20,600 --> 03:43:22,800
together or a bearing turned in 
its housing. 

4207
03:43:23,700 --> 03:43:26,700
Most clockmakers of the time 
used oil to reduce friction but 

4208
03:43:26,700 --> 03:43:29,700
oil thickened in the cold 
thinned in the Heat and 

4209
03:43:29,700 --> 03:43:32,300
eventually turned into sticky 
residue that gummed up the 

4210
03:43:32,308 --> 03:43:35,000
works. 
John's answer was to use lignum 

4211
03:43:35,000 --> 03:43:38,600
v-day a very hard, heavy wood 
that has its own natural oils. 

4212
03:43:38,600 --> 03:43:42,000
His bearings were made from this
wood that doesn't need oil so he

4213
03:43:42,000 --> 03:43:44,900
didn't need any at all. 
John knew a lot about how 

4214
03:43:44,900 --> 03:43:48,100
materials acted when they were 
under stress and every problem 

4215
03:43:48,100 --> 03:43:52,100
had a solution H1 was more than 
just a clock. 

4216
03:43:52,100 --> 03:43:55,300
It was a dissertation in 
mechanical engineering that a 

4217
03:43:55,300 --> 03:43:57,300
man who had never gone to 
college wrote in brass and 

4218
03:43:57,308 --> 03:44:00,100
steel. 
Each one was ready for its trial

4219
03:44:00,100 --> 03:44:05,000
in 1735, the board of longitude 
sent John on the HMS, Centurion 

4220
03:44:05,000 --> 03:44:08,500
to Lisbon, Portugal and back. 
This trip would test whether 

4221
03:44:08,500 --> 03:44:11,400
this complicated machine could 
really do what John said, it 

4222
03:44:11,400 --> 03:44:14,500
could. 
Think about how John felt as he 

4223
03:44:14,500 --> 03:44:17,600
watched his five years of work. 
Being carefully, loaded onto a 

4224
03:44:17,600 --> 03:44:20,600
royal Navy warship. 
The open ocean was about to 

4225
03:44:20,600 --> 03:44:23,000
judge everything. 
He had given up every hour. 

4226
03:44:23,000 --> 03:44:26,100
He had spent in his workshop and
every calculation and adjustment

4227
03:44:26,100 --> 03:44:29,500
he had made. 
The trip was hard, the Atlantic 

4228
03:44:29,500 --> 03:44:32,200
doesn't care about your precise 
tools or the work you've done 

4229
03:44:32,200 --> 03:44:35,700
for the rest of your life. 
The centurion's deck was covered

4230
03:44:35,700 --> 03:44:39,100
in wave's and the ship rolled at
angles that made even 

4231
03:44:39,100 --> 03:44:41,000
experienced Sailors. 
Hold onto the railing. 

4232
03:44:42,600 --> 03:44:46,900
Below in the captain's cabin, H1
sat quietly ticking away, 

4233
03:44:46,900 --> 03:44:49,600
seemingly unaffected by the 
chaos around it. 

4234
03:44:49,600 --> 03:44:52,800
The ships Navigators thought 
they were getting closer to 

4235
03:44:52,800 --> 03:44:54,800
England from a certain place on 
the way back. 

4236
03:44:55,500 --> 03:44:58,400
John's clock said they were 
really about 90 miles east of 

4237
03:44:58,400 --> 03:45:00,100
Where The Navigators thought 
they were. 

4238
03:45:00,700 --> 03:45:03,100
John told the captain that they 
were getting close to England 

4239
03:45:03,100 --> 03:45:04,600
near The Dangerous Waters 
around. 

4240
03:45:04,600 --> 03:45:07,700
Start point, he did this with 
the confidence of someone who 

4241
03:45:07,700 --> 03:45:10,200
trusted his own work more than 
what most people thought. 

4242
03:45:11,400 --> 03:45:14,400
Roger Wills the captain believed
what John said enough to change 

4243
03:45:14,400 --> 03:45:17,800
course and when the fog cleared 
start point was right, where 

4244
03:45:17,800 --> 03:45:21,100
John's clock said, it would be. 
The Navigators had made a 

4245
03:45:21,100 --> 03:45:23,600
mistake that could have easily 
sunk the ship by almost 100 

4246
03:45:23,600 --> 03:45:25,600
miles. 
Each one was correct. 

4247
03:45:25,600 --> 03:45:28,600
You might think that this 
successful trial would have won 

4248
03:45:28,600 --> 03:45:30,300
John the longitude prize right 
away. 

4249
03:45:31,400 --> 03:45:33,800
His clock had just showed that 
it could do exactly what 

4250
03:45:33,800 --> 03:45:37,200
Parliament had promised to pay 
20,000 pounds to do. 

4251
03:45:38,200 --> 03:45:40,700
But you would be underestimated,
how hard it is to convince 

4252
03:45:40,700 --> 03:45:43,300
experts, who are doubtful? 
That someone has solved a 

4253
03:45:43,300 --> 03:45:44,700
problem. 
They thought was almost 

4254
03:45:44,700 --> 03:45:47,500
impossible. 
The board of longitude said that

4255
03:45:47,508 --> 03:45:51,300
H1 had potential, which in 
bureaucratic language means, 

4256
03:45:51,300 --> 03:45:54,600
this is interesting, but we're 
not ready to give you all that 

4257
03:45:54,600 --> 03:45:58,800
money, yet they gave John 500 
pounds to keep working on it and

4258
03:45:58,800 --> 03:46:01,700
make a better version. 
It was both encouragement and a 

4259
03:46:01,700 --> 03:46:04,100
clear message show me again and 
do it better. 

4260
03:46:04,100 --> 03:46:06,300
John might have been feeling 
down. 

4261
03:46:06,300 --> 03:46:09,600
He went back to his shop and 
started making plans for each to

4262
03:46:09,600 --> 03:46:11,900
instead. 
You might think their H2 would 

4263
03:46:11,900 --> 03:46:13,800
take less time. 
Now that John knew how to do it 

4264
03:46:13,800 --> 03:46:15,900
because it took him five years 
to build H1. 

4265
03:46:15,900 --> 03:46:19,600
You would be very wrong. 
It took John almost 20 years to 

4266
03:46:19,600 --> 03:46:23,000
finish H2, but not because he 
worked slowly and kept coming up

4267
03:46:23,000 --> 03:46:25,500
with better ideas. 
This is the time in John 

4268
03:46:25,500 --> 03:46:28,300
Harrison's, life that will test 
your patience just to hear about

4269
03:46:28,300 --> 03:46:30,700
it. 
Imagine spending your whole 

4270
03:46:30,700 --> 03:46:34,800
adult life trying to solve one 
problem getting close and then 

4271
03:46:34,800 --> 03:46:38,200
realizing you could do better 
and starting over over and over 

4272
03:46:38,200 --> 03:46:44,600
for 40 years, H2, which was 
finished in 1741 was heavier 

4273
03:46:44,600 --> 03:46:49,300
than H1 about 86 pounds. 
But it had changes that made it 

4274
03:46:49,300 --> 03:46:52,100
more accurate. 
In theory, John had fine-tuned 

4275
03:46:52,100 --> 03:46:54,900
his temperature compensation 
system improved, his balance 

4276
03:46:54,900 --> 03:46:57,900
mechanism and made a lot of 
small changes that when added to

4277
03:46:57,900 --> 03:47:00,700
them made a difference, it was 
like seeing a perfectionist 

4278
03:47:00,700 --> 03:47:03,500
change and document changing the
words and punctuation. 

4279
03:47:03,500 --> 03:47:08,100
Until each sentence was as clear
as glass But before H2 could be 

4280
03:47:08,108 --> 03:47:11,800
tested at Sea, John realized 
something that worried him, he 

4281
03:47:11,800 --> 03:47:13,600
had already come up with ways to
make it better. 

4282
03:47:14,900 --> 03:47:18,500
The world of ships was also 
changing the board of longitude 

4283
03:47:18,500 --> 03:47:21,400
had paid for the creation of a 
new way to measure the distance 

4284
03:47:21,400 --> 03:47:24,400
to the Moon and astronomers were
publishing tables that made 

4285
03:47:24,400 --> 03:47:28,100
navigating by the Stars easier. 
John's chance to prove his 

4286
03:47:28,100 --> 03:47:29,700
mechanical solution was running 
out. 

4287
03:47:31,000 --> 03:47:33,900
John started working on H3 in 
1749. 

4288
03:47:34,800 --> 03:47:38,400
It would take him 17 years to 
finish this version during that 

4289
03:47:38,400 --> 03:47:42,700
time he hardly left his 
Workshop, rarely saw friends and

4290
03:47:42,700 --> 03:47:45,500
focused so hard that his friends
and family will worried. 

4291
03:47:46,200 --> 03:47:49,200
William his son who had grown up
watching his father's Obsession 

4292
03:47:49,200 --> 03:47:52,500
became his assistant and later 
his Advocate when he had to deal

4293
03:47:52,500 --> 03:47:56,800
with the board of longitude. 
H3 was smaller than the ones 

4294
03:47:56,800 --> 03:47:59,200
that came before it, but it was 
much more complicated. 

4295
03:47:59,200 --> 03:48:03,300
John added new features like a 
bimetallic strip to adjust for 

4296
03:48:03,300 --> 03:48:06,100
temperature and a cage roller 
bearing mechanism. 

4297
03:48:07,300 --> 03:48:10,200
This design was so ahead of its 
time that it wasn't rediscovered

4298
03:48:10,200 --> 03:48:13,400
and widely used until the 
Industrial Revolution, more than

4299
03:48:13,400 --> 03:48:16,400
100 years later. 
You benefit from something. 

4300
03:48:16,400 --> 03:48:19,800
John Harrison came up with while
trying to solve the longitude 

4301
03:48:19,800 --> 03:48:22,300
problem, every time you ride in 
a car or use a machine with 

4302
03:48:22,300 --> 03:48:26,700
roller bearings, But there was a
problem with H3 that John 

4303
03:48:26,700 --> 03:48:29,700
couldn't completely fix. 
It was more sensitive to the 

4304
03:48:29,700 --> 03:48:31,800
ship's movement than his other 
designs. 

4305
03:48:31,800 --> 03:48:34,900
The changes he made in some 
areas had made other areas 

4306
03:48:34,900 --> 03:48:37,400
weaker. 
It was the kind of trade-off in 

4307
03:48:37,400 --> 03:48:40,000
engineering that keeps 
perfectionists up at night and 

4308
03:48:40,000 --> 03:48:41,700
John was definitely a 
perfectionist. 

4309
03:48:41,700 --> 03:48:45,300
John was in his 60s by the 
middle of the 1750s. 

4310
03:48:45,300 --> 03:48:48,300
He had been working on sea 
clocks for more than 30 years. 

4311
03:48:48,300 --> 03:48:52,300
His first try was good enough to
show that the idea worked but 

4312
03:48:52,300 --> 03:48:55,200
not good enough to win. 
The longitude prize, his later 

4313
03:48:55,200 --> 03:48:58,200
attempts had been better in some
ways, but he still hadn't 

4314
03:48:58,200 --> 03:49:01,500
reached the level of perfection.
He wanted a lot of people would 

4315
03:49:01,500 --> 03:49:03,200
have given up the right thing to
do. 

4316
03:49:03,200 --> 03:49:05,200
Would have been to admit that he
had made important 

4317
03:49:05,200 --> 03:49:07,300
contributions, take whatever 
money. 

4318
03:49:07,300 --> 03:49:09,800
The board of longitude was 
willing to give him and then 

4319
03:49:09,800 --> 03:49:13,000
retire knowing that he had 
helped people learn more John 

4320
03:49:13,000 --> 03:49:15,900
Harrison was not like most 
people and he was not being 

4321
03:49:15,900 --> 03:49:19,000
reasonable about this problem. 
John made a choice in his 

4322
03:49:19,000 --> 03:49:21,600
Workshop that must have seemed a
little crazy even to him. 

4323
03:49:21,600 --> 03:49:25,400
He would stop working on H3 and 
start over from scratch with a 

4324
03:49:25,400 --> 03:49:28,000
very different method. 
His new clock would be nothing 

4325
03:49:28,000 --> 03:49:29,700
like the big complicated 
machine. 

4326
03:49:29,700 --> 03:49:34,200
He had spent years building, who
would be small elegant and based

4327
03:49:34,200 --> 03:49:36,600
on ideas, he had learned while 
working on the other ones, but 

4328
03:49:36,600 --> 03:49:40,600
had never fully used He would 
make H4 which would be a watch 

4329
03:49:40,600 --> 03:49:43,000
think of a pocket watch from the
1700s. 

4330
03:49:43,000 --> 03:49:46,400
Like the kind you might see in a
period drama as hanging from a 

4331
03:49:46,400 --> 03:49:48,300
gold chain on a gentleman's 
waistcoat. 

4332
03:49:48,300 --> 03:49:52,800
Fancy classy and small enough to
fit in your hand Now picture 

4333
03:49:52,800 --> 03:49:55,800
this watch being so accurate and
well made that it will lose less

4334
03:49:55,800 --> 03:49:58,000
than a minute. 
After months, at Sea, through 

4335
03:49:58,000 --> 03:50:03,800
storms and calm, heat and cold. 
That was H4. 

4336
03:50:04,700 --> 03:50:07,800
John Harrison started working on
H4 in 1755. 

4337
03:50:07,800 --> 03:50:11,400
And by 1759, he had made 
something that looks simple but 

4338
03:50:11,400 --> 03:50:15,000
wasn't it was about 5 inches 
across, which is big for a 

4339
03:50:15,008 --> 03:50:16,500
pocket, watch by today's 
standards. 

4340
03:50:16,500 --> 03:50:19,000
But small compared to H1 H2 or 
H3. 

4341
03:50:20,100 --> 03:50:23,200
It was only three pounds heavy. 
You could easily hold it in both

4342
03:50:23,200 --> 03:50:27,500
hands and admire its clean white
face, elegant Roman numerals and

4343
03:50:27,500 --> 03:50:30,700
the way its hands moves smoothly
to Mark seconds and minutes with

4344
03:50:30,700 --> 03:50:34,600
perfect timing. 
But the ease was a trick inside 

4345
03:50:34,600 --> 03:50:36,500
H4. 
Silver case was a world of 

4346
03:50:36,500 --> 03:50:39,300
exactness. 
John had put together everything

4347
03:50:39,300 --> 03:50:41,700
he had learned about 
clock-making over the past 30 

4348
03:50:41,700 --> 03:50:44,400
years into a package that could 
fit in your pocket. 

4349
03:50:45,400 --> 03:50:47,100
The balance wheel moved back and
forth. 

4350
03:50:47,100 --> 03:50:50,500
Five times per second, which was
faster than any other Marine. 

4351
03:50:50,500 --> 03:50:54,300
Timekeeper This meant that small
mistakes in each oscillation 

4352
03:50:54,300 --> 03:50:56,300
would average out of getting 
worse. 

4353
03:50:57,000 --> 03:50:59,500
It was the application of 
statistical smoothing to 

4354
03:50:59,500 --> 03:51:01,500
mechanical engineering long 
before. 

4355
03:51:01,500 --> 03:51:03,600
Anyone had put these ideas into 
writing. 

4356
03:51:04,300 --> 03:51:07,300
The escapement mechanism, which 
turns the Springs energy into 

4357
03:51:07,300 --> 03:51:11,100
the regular tiktok motion was a 
work of art, in terms of mint, 

4358
03:51:11,100 --> 03:51:14,500
Chiron, and accuracy. 
John had made sure that every 

4359
03:51:14,500 --> 03:51:17,800
tooth on every gear fit together
perfectly, which cut down on 

4360
03:51:17,800 --> 03:51:20,800
friction to almost nothing while
still keeping the right ratios 

4361
03:51:20,800 --> 03:51:24,600
for keeping time. 
The craftsmanship was so good 

4362
03:51:24,600 --> 03:51:28,200
that when you look at H4 under a
magnifying glass, you can see 

4363
03:51:28,200 --> 03:51:30,700
details that shouldn't have been
possible with tools from the 

4364
03:51:30,700 --> 03:51:33,200
18th century. 
The temperature compensation 

4365
03:51:33,200 --> 03:51:37,200
system used by metallic balance 
that grew and shrank in just the

4366
03:51:37,200 --> 03:51:40,600
right amounts to keep the watch 
accurate in both, arctic cold 

4367
03:51:40,600 --> 03:51:44,900
and tropical heat, The jeweled 
bearing which were tiny Ruby 

4368
03:51:44,900 --> 03:51:47,200
bearings that John used at 
important friction points. 

4369
03:51:47,200 --> 03:51:50,900
Kept the machine from wearing 
down and kept it accurate for a 

4370
03:51:50,900 --> 03:51:53,700
long time. 
Every part of H4 was the most 

4371
03:51:53,700 --> 03:51:55,500
advanced thing that could be 
done with machines. 

4372
03:51:55,500 --> 03:52:01,200
At the time H4 was ready for its
trial in 1761 when John was 68 

4373
03:52:01,200 --> 03:52:04,400
years old, The board of 
longitude sent the watch on a 

4374
03:52:04,408 --> 03:52:08,600
trip to Jamaica to test it. 
Trip would take months and put 

4375
03:52:08,600 --> 03:52:10,800
the watch through all kinds of 
weather and conditions that 

4376
03:52:10,800 --> 03:52:14,900
could happen in the Atlantic. 
William John's son offered to go

4377
03:52:14,900 --> 03:52:17,800
with H4 on the trip. 
This was partly because his 

4378
03:52:17,800 --> 03:52:21,000
father was too old for such a 
long and hard journey and partly

4379
03:52:21,000 --> 03:52:23,600
because someone needed to wind 
the watch every day and keep an 

4380
03:52:23,600 --> 03:52:26,500
eye on how it was working. 
Can you picture how William felt

4381
03:52:26,500 --> 03:52:29,600
as HMS Deptford? 
Got ready to leave, he had his 

4382
03:52:29,600 --> 03:52:32,500
father's whole life's work. 
In a silver case that was small 

4383
03:52:32,500 --> 03:52:36,600
enough to fit in his pocket. 
If H4 didn't work all the work, 

4384
03:52:36,600 --> 03:52:39,100
the house and family had done 
for decades would have been for 

4385
03:52:39,100 --> 03:52:41,700
nothing. 
If they were successful they 

4386
03:52:41,700 --> 03:52:45,300
would gain Fame wealth and the 
satisfaction of solving. 

4387
03:52:45,300 --> 03:52:47,400
One of the biggest scientific 
problems of the time. 

4388
03:52:47,400 --> 03:52:50,300
The trip to Jamaica took 81 
days. 

4389
03:52:50,300 --> 03:52:54,100
And during that time, William 
wound, 84 every day and kept 

4390
03:52:54,100 --> 03:52:55,600
careful records of how it 
worked. 

4391
03:52:56,300 --> 03:52:59,100
The watch kept ticking through 
the heat of the Caribbean and 

4392
03:52:59,100 --> 03:53:02,100
the storms of the Atlantic, as 
well as the calm times. 

4393
03:53:02,100 --> 03:53:05,200
When the ship barely moved, and 
the gaels went experienced 

4394
03:53:05,200 --> 03:53:09,300
Sailors prayed for deliverance. 
William compared h4s. 

4395
03:53:09,300 --> 03:53:11,500
Time to local astronomical 
observations. 

4396
03:53:11,500 --> 03:53:15,100
When the Deptford finally got to
Jamaica H4, had lost five 

4397
03:53:15,100 --> 03:53:16,700
seconds. 
Five seconds. 

4398
03:53:16,700 --> 03:53:20,600
The watch was off by five 
seconds after 81 days at Sea 

4399
03:53:20,600 --> 03:53:23,800
during which it traveled, 
thousands of miles in all kinds 

4400
03:53:23,800 --> 03:53:26,100
of weather. 
That mistake meant that the 

4401
03:53:26,100 --> 03:53:29,400
longitude calculation was off by
just over one nautical mile 

4402
03:53:29,400 --> 03:53:31,700
which is a lot better than the 
34 miles. 

4403
03:53:31,700 --> 03:53:35,500
The longitude prize needed the 
trip back was just as amazing. 

4404
03:53:35,500 --> 03:53:39,800
The Deptford came back to 
England after 161 days at Sea 

4405
03:53:39,800 --> 03:53:42,500
and h4s. 
Total error was one minute and 

4406
03:53:42,500 --> 03:53:46,000
54.5 seconds. 
There should have been no doubt 

4407
03:53:46,000 --> 03:53:49,000
that John Harrison had sold the 
longitude problem because it had

4408
03:53:49,000 --> 03:53:50,900
gone so far beyond what was 
needed to win. 

4409
03:53:50,900 --> 03:53:54,500
The highest level of the 
longitude prize, At this point, 

4410
03:53:54,500 --> 03:53:56,600
you might think that the board 
of longitude would have given 

4411
03:53:56,600 --> 03:54:00,000
John the full 20,000 pounds 
prize, right away, ordered 

4412
03:54:00,000 --> 03:54:03,300
several copies of H4 and 
celebrated British creativity. 

4413
03:54:04,400 --> 03:54:06,800
That is not what happened. 
Not even close. 

4414
03:54:06,800 --> 03:54:10,000
If you've ever had to deal with 
red tape, you know how annoying 

4415
03:54:10,000 --> 03:54:12,700
it is, when rules change, goals 
change, and committee's asked 

4416
03:54:12,700 --> 03:54:14,200
for more proof before they make 
a decision. 

4417
03:54:15,000 --> 03:54:18,400
Now, multiply that frustration 
by a few decades and add the 

4418
03:54:18,400 --> 03:54:20,500
bitter disappointment of seeing 
lesser Solutions. 

4419
03:54:20,500 --> 03:54:23,600
Get support, while your own work
is met with endless doubt. 

4420
03:54:24,800 --> 03:54:27,700
John Harrison had that 
experience after h4s, successful

4421
03:54:27,700 --> 03:54:29,800
trial. 
The board of longitude said that

4422
03:54:29,800 --> 03:54:33,300
H4 had done very well, but in 
stead of giving them the prize 

4423
03:54:33,300 --> 03:54:36,000
they asked for another trial. 
They said that the first trip 

4424
03:54:36,000 --> 03:54:39,100
might have been a fluke. 
We had to test the watch again 

4425
03:54:39,100 --> 03:54:40,500
to make sure it worked the same 
way. 

4426
03:54:40,500 --> 03:54:43,700
Every time. 
John who is now 70 years old had

4427
03:54:43,700 --> 03:54:48,400
to agree. the second trial 
happened in 1764 on a trip to 

4428
03:54:48,408 --> 03:54:51,800
Barbados the board of longitude 
sent Neville masculine this 

4429
03:54:51,800 --> 03:54:55,200
time, he was an astronomer who 
was very interested in the lunar

4430
03:54:55,200 --> 03:54:58,500
distance method of finding 
longitude Masculine was smart 

4431
03:54:58,500 --> 03:55:02,400
and dedicated, but unfortunately
for John, he was completely sure

4432
03:55:02,400 --> 03:55:05,100
that astronomical methods were 
better than mechanical ones. 

4433
03:55:06,000 --> 03:55:09,100
H4 worked perfectly during the 
trip but masculins report 

4434
03:55:09,100 --> 03:55:12,700
focused on small problems and 
theoretical issues and of the 

4435
03:55:12,700 --> 03:55:16,200
watches overall accuracy. 
It was like complaining that the

4436
03:55:16,200 --> 03:55:19,400
cup holder is an inch too small.
When you review a car that gets 

4437
03:55:19,400 --> 03:55:22,700
100 miles per gallon. 
When they got back to England, 

4438
03:55:22,700 --> 03:55:26,000
the board decided that even 
though H4 had done a great job, 

4439
03:55:26,000 --> 03:55:28,900
they couldn't give him the full 
prize until John showed 

4440
03:55:28,900 --> 03:55:31,500
everyone, how he built things, 
and let other watchmakers copy 

4441
03:55:31,500 --> 03:55:34,400
his work. 
This request, put John in a bad 

4442
03:55:34,408 --> 03:55:36,400
spot. 
He didn't want to share his 

4443
03:55:36,400 --> 03:55:39,500
Secrets because other makers 
could copy his design and he 

4444
03:55:39,500 --> 03:55:40,700
would lose his Edge in the 
market. 

4445
03:55:41,500 --> 03:55:44,100
He would not get the prize, he'd
worked his whole adult life for 

4446
03:55:44,100 --> 03:55:47,900
if he said no. 
It was a bureaucratic Catch 22, 

4447
03:55:47,900 --> 03:55:49,900
that looked like, it was meant 
to keep him from getting the 

4448
03:55:49,900 --> 03:55:54,100
credit he deserved. the board 
finally gave John half of the 

4449
03:55:54,100 --> 03:55:57,800
prize money 10,000 pounds, but 
only if he explained how he did 

4450
03:55:57,800 --> 03:56:01,400
it and made sure that the 
duplicate watches were built It 

4451
03:56:01,400 --> 03:56:03,700
was like winning an Olympic gold
medal and being told, you could 

4452
03:56:03,700 --> 03:56:05,900
only have it if you taught 
everyone else how to do it 

4453
03:56:05,908 --> 03:56:08,200
first. 
If they were happy with how you 

4454
03:56:08,200 --> 03:56:10,600
taught them, you might get the 
rest of your prize later, 

4455
03:56:10,600 --> 03:56:12,400
Neville. 
Masculine had become the 

4456
03:56:12,400 --> 03:56:14,900
astronomer Royal in a senior 
member of the board of 

4457
03:56:14,908 --> 03:56:17,200
longitude. 
By this point, he kept pushing 

4458
03:56:17,200 --> 03:56:20,200
for the lunar distance method by
publishing tables and 

4459
03:56:20,200 --> 03:56:23,600
instructions that made 
navigating the Stars easier, it 

4460
03:56:23,600 --> 03:56:25,400
was good work. 
That helped a lot of sailors, 

4461
03:56:25,400 --> 03:56:28,500
but it also meant that the 
person judging John's mechanical

4462
03:56:28,500 --> 03:56:33,400
method had spent years working 
on a competing solution The 

4463
03:56:33,400 --> 03:56:36,200
scientific Community had a 
strong bias against Mechanical 

4464
03:56:36,200 --> 03:56:38,600
Solutions. 
A lot of astronomers thought 

4465
03:56:38,600 --> 03:56:41,300
that navigation was an 
astronomical problem at its core

4466
03:56:41,300 --> 03:56:44,000
and should be sold with 
astronomical tools. 

4467
03:56:44,000 --> 03:56:47,300
They were offended that a 
Craftsman who was not even a 

4468
03:56:47,300 --> 03:56:50,500
real scientist or mathematician 
could use gears and Springs to 

4469
03:56:50,500 --> 03:56:53,900
figure out, longitude, For 
years, John built duplicate 

4470
03:56:53,900 --> 03:56:55,700
watches under the boards 
watchful eye. 

4471
03:56:55,700 --> 03:56:58,900
He showed other watchmakers how 
to do it and gave them more and 

4472
03:56:58,900 --> 03:57:00,800
more details explanations of his
work. 

4473
03:57:01,700 --> 03:57:04,700
William his son, became his 
lawyer, publicist and moral 

4474
03:57:04,700 --> 03:57:07,500
support all at once. 
He argued John's case. 

4475
03:57:07,500 --> 03:57:09,200
Before the board wrote 
pamphlets. 

4476
03:57:09,200 --> 03:57:12,100
Explaining how unfair their 
treatment was and did all of 

4477
03:57:12,108 --> 03:57:15,900
these things? 
John was in his late 70s by the 

4478
03:57:15,900 --> 03:57:18,800
early 1770s and he still hadn't 
won the full. 

4479
03:57:18,800 --> 03:57:21,700
Longitude prize. 
It had turned into a bit of a 

4480
03:57:21,700 --> 03:57:24,800
public Scandal, this man had 
clearly solved the problem that 

4481
03:57:24,800 --> 03:57:27,500
Parliament had asked him to, but
he couldn't get the promised 

4482
03:57:27,500 --> 03:57:31,200
reward because of technical 
issues, bureaucratic delays, and

4483
03:57:31,200 --> 03:57:33,900
what seemed to be professional 
jealousy, from the astronomical 

4484
03:57:33,900 --> 03:57:37,800
establishment, and 1772 John was
desperate. 

4485
03:57:37,800 --> 03:57:40,100
Knew he didn't have much time 
left because he was getting 

4486
03:57:40,100 --> 03:57:43,800
older, he did something strange.
He wrote to King George. 

4487
03:57:43,800 --> 03:57:46,400
The third directly, it was a 
brave. 

4488
03:57:46,400 --> 03:57:48,600
Moved to go, straight to the 
Royal Authority and stead of 

4489
03:57:48,608 --> 03:57:50,300
going through the board of 
longitude. 

4490
03:57:51,400 --> 03:57:54,300
King George, the third like 
science and was a specially 

4491
03:57:54,300 --> 03:57:56,400
interested in tools that were 
very accurate. 

4492
03:57:56,400 --> 03:57:59,500
The King was said to be very 
angry when he found out about 

4493
03:57:59,500 --> 03:58:02,700
John's situation. 
A man has spent 50 years working

4494
03:58:02,700 --> 03:58:05,300
on an important problem and 
still hadn't gotten the promised

4495
03:58:05,300 --> 03:58:07,500
reward. 
He had his four brought to his 

4496
03:58:07,508 --> 03:58:10,200
private Observatory or he 
watched it work for weeks. 

4497
03:58:10,900 --> 03:58:14,600
The King was sure that John had 
been treated unfairly George the

4498
03:58:14,600 --> 03:58:16,900
third used his power to make 
Parliament, to give John 

4499
03:58:16,900 --> 03:58:18,400
Harrison the rest of the prize 
money. 

4500
03:58:19,200 --> 03:58:21,600
John finally got the full 20,000
pounds. 

4501
03:58:21,600 --> 03:58:24,900
He had been promised almost 60 
years earlier in 1773 when he 

4502
03:58:24,908 --> 03:58:28,300
was 80 years old, it was a win. 
But it was a sad one. 

4503
03:58:29,100 --> 03:58:30,700
John one. 
Not because the scientific 

4504
03:58:30,700 --> 03:58:34,300
Community recognized his work, 
but because the royal family had

4505
03:58:34,300 --> 03:58:36,500
stepped in and stopped them from
objecting any longer. 

4506
03:58:37,400 --> 03:58:39,900
The board of longitude never 
officially said that John had 

4507
03:58:39,900 --> 03:58:41,900
won. 
The longitude prize instead. 

4508
03:58:41,900 --> 03:58:44,500
They made the payment as a 
special Grant from Parliament, 

4509
03:58:44,500 --> 03:58:47,800
which was worded in such a way, 
as to avoid suggesting that the 

4510
03:58:47,800 --> 03:58:52,600
board had made a mistake, three 
years later and 1776, John 

4511
03:58:52,600 --> 03:58:56,300
Harrison died at the age of 83, 
he had lived long enough to see 

4512
03:58:56,300 --> 03:58:59,900
his work at praised to know that
his sea clocks worked and could 

4513
03:58:59,900 --> 03:59:03,200
save lives and to see the start 
of a revolution in how ship's 

4514
03:59:03,200 --> 03:59:05,600
navigated that would last for 
the next 200 years. 

4515
03:59:06,700 --> 03:59:09,500
But he died without ever getting
a formal letter from the board 

4516
03:59:09,500 --> 03:59:11,500
of longitudes. 
Saying that he had sold the 

4517
03:59:11,500 --> 03:59:12,900
problem. 
They had asked to solve. 

4518
03:59:12,900 --> 03:59:16,300
You might not feel like you've 
won even when you do win. 

4519
03:59:17,000 --> 03:59:19,800
As you get more comfortable in 
your blankets and the stress of 

4520
03:59:19,800 --> 03:59:22,700
the day starts to fade. 
Let's talk about what happened 

4521
03:59:22,700 --> 03:59:26,300
after John Harrison died. 
This is when his story goes from

4522
03:59:26,300 --> 03:59:28,800
being about a personal Victory 
to a global change. 

4523
03:59:28,800 --> 03:59:33,300
By the 1780s, other watchmakers 
were making Marine chronometers,

4524
03:59:33,300 --> 03:59:36,800
based on John's ideas, these 
watches were very expensive. 

4525
03:59:36,800 --> 03:59:40,300
A good Marine chronometer could 
cost more than the captain of 

4526
03:59:40,300 --> 03:59:43,200
the ship made in a year. 
But, for long trips, they 

4527
03:59:43,200 --> 03:59:46,700
quickly became very useful. 
Ship owners learned that the 

4528
03:59:46,700 --> 03:59:49,800
price of a chronometer was 
nothing compared to the value of

4529
03:59:49,808 --> 03:59:51,800
the cargo they could lose if 
they got lost. 

4530
03:59:52,900 --> 03:59:55,500
The standard equipment, the 
British Navy started, giving 

4531
03:59:55,500 --> 03:59:59,000
Shipps Marine chronometers 
Captain James Cook took a 

4532
03:59:59,000 --> 04:00:01,900
chronometer made by Larkin. 
Kendall on his famous Pacific 

4533
04:00:01,900 --> 04:00:07,000
voyages in the 1770s, it was 
basically a copy of H4 Cook 

4534
04:00:07,000 --> 04:00:09,700
wrote with great, enthusiasm 
about how accurate and 

4535
04:00:09,700 --> 04:00:12,000
dependable the chronometer was 
calling it. 

4536
04:00:12,000 --> 04:00:14,900
His trusty friend and never 
failing guide. 

4537
04:00:15,800 --> 04:00:18,000
People pay attention when the 
man who napped more of the 

4538
04:00:18,008 --> 04:00:20,100
Pacific Ocean than anyone else 
before him. 

4539
04:00:20,100 --> 04:00:24,400
Praises your navigation tool. by
the beginning of the 1800s 

4540
04:00:24,400 --> 04:00:26,700
Marine, chronometers with the 
most common way to find 

4541
04:00:26,700 --> 04:00:29,600
longitude at sea The board of 
longitudes. 

4542
04:00:29,600 --> 04:00:32,100
Preferred astronomical, methods 
were still used as a backup. 

4543
04:00:32,100 --> 04:00:35,900
Good Navigators, used every tool
they could find but John 

4544
04:00:35,900 --> 04:00:39,000
Harrison's mechanical solution 
became the main way to navigate 

4545
04:00:39,000 --> 04:00:43,300
for the next 150 years. 
The effect on trade by sea was 

4546
04:00:43,300 --> 04:00:45,400
huge. 
Now, ships could plan their 

4547
04:00:45,400 --> 04:00:48,500
routes with confidence knowing 
that they could always find out 

4548
04:00:48,500 --> 04:00:51,700
where they were on the trip. 
Marine chronometers, that came 

4549
04:00:51,700 --> 04:00:54,300
from John Harrison's. 
Designs were used by clipper 

4550
04:00:54,300 --> 04:00:58,200
ships that raced tea from China 
to England, Merchant ships, that

4551
04:00:58,200 --> 04:00:59,800
connected Europe with the 
Americas. 

4552
04:00:59,800 --> 04:01:02,700
And Naval Expeditions that 
mapped the world's remaining 

4553
04:01:02,700 --> 04:01:06,100
coastline Changes to safety were
just as big. 

4554
04:01:06,100 --> 04:01:08,900
There were a lot fewer 
shipwrecks caused by navigation,

4555
04:01:08,900 --> 04:01:12,600
mistakes. now captains could 
safely get close to dangerous 

4556
04:01:12,600 --> 04:01:16,600
coastlines at night or in fog 
knowing where they were The 

4557
04:01:16,600 --> 04:01:19,700
ocean was still dangerous 
because storms icebergs, broken 

4558
04:01:19,700 --> 04:01:22,100
equipment, and human mistakes 
still sank ships. 

4559
04:01:22,900 --> 04:01:26,200
However, one major cause of 
Maritime disasters, had mostly 

4560
04:01:26,200 --> 04:01:29,000
been removed. 
More subtly being able to keep 

4561
04:01:29,000 --> 04:01:32,000
track of time accurately at Sea 
led to the creation of accurate 

4562
04:01:32,000 --> 04:01:36,100
charts and maps. 
Now every Harbor entrance every 

4563
04:01:36,100 --> 04:01:39,200
dangerous Shoal and every 
Coastline could be found with 

4564
04:01:39,200 --> 04:01:41,200
precision and saved for Future 
Sailors. 

4565
04:01:41,200 --> 04:01:44,600
The oceans of the world was 
slowly but surely changing from 

4566
04:01:44,600 --> 04:01:48,300
vast unknown areas where 
positions were unclear to mapped

4567
04:01:48,300 --> 04:01:49,700
areas where locations were 
known. 

4568
04:01:51,000 --> 04:01:53,800
The ideas about technology that 
John came up with had an effect 

4569
04:01:53,800 --> 04:01:57,000
on clock-making. 
Well, into the 20th century, his

4570
04:01:57,000 --> 04:01:59,700
new ideas for temperature, 
compensation, friction 

4571
04:01:59,700 --> 04:02:02,600
reduction, and precision, 
balance mechanisms became 

4572
04:02:02,600 --> 04:02:04,600
standard parts of high quality 
watches. 

4573
04:02:05,600 --> 04:02:08,900
Watchmakers studied his designs 
the same way musicians study 

4574
04:02:08,900 --> 04:02:12,700
back or Architects. 
Study old temples as examples of

4575
04:02:12,700 --> 04:02:15,400
how to use basic ideas with 
genius level skill. 

4576
04:02:16,300 --> 04:02:18,900
Lieutenant Commander Rupert, 
goold said that restoring the 

4577
04:02:18,900 --> 04:02:22,200
original Harrison sea clocks, 
which had fallen into disrepair 

4578
04:02:22,200 --> 04:02:24,400
was one of the best things that 
ever happened to him. 

4579
04:02:25,400 --> 04:02:28,700
When I opened H1 and saw John's,
wooden gears and carefully 

4580
04:02:28,700 --> 04:02:31,600
planned mechanisms. 
It was like talking to a Master 

4581
04:02:31,600 --> 04:02:33,400
Craftsman from hundreds of years
ago. 

4582
04:02:34,300 --> 04:02:35,900
The clocks were more than just 
old things. 

4583
04:02:35,900 --> 04:02:39,400
They were also working examples 
of ideas that were still useful.

4584
04:02:39,400 --> 04:02:42,800
The Harrison sea clocks made it 
through World War Two in London.

4585
04:02:42,800 --> 04:02:46,300
They were kept safe in a volt 
during the blitz, when German 

4586
04:02:46,300 --> 04:02:49,200
bombs fell on the city every 
night, they were cleaned 

4587
04:02:49,200 --> 04:02:52,000
restored and then put on display
at the Royal Observatory. 

4588
04:02:52,000 --> 04:02:55,400
In Greenwich where they still 
are today, you can see them 

4589
04:02:55,400 --> 04:02:57,900
ticking away, just like they did
hundreds of years ago. 

4590
04:02:57,900 --> 04:03:02,100
If you ever go to London H1 
through H5, and a few of John's,

4591
04:03:02,100 --> 04:03:04,800
other clocks are there, but the 
Marine chronometer was not the 

4592
04:03:04,800 --> 04:03:06,400
best navigation tool for all 
time. 

4593
04:03:07,200 --> 04:03:10,800
By the end of the 20th century 
GPS systems that use satellite 

4594
04:03:10,800 --> 04:03:13,500
started to take the place of 
mechanical navigation, tools 

4595
04:03:13,500 --> 04:03:16,700
ships could now tell where they 
were within feet instead of 

4596
04:03:16,700 --> 04:03:19,700
miles and they could do it all 
the time instead of having to do

4597
04:03:19,700 --> 04:03:22,800
it once a day. 
Change happens slowly. 

4598
04:03:22,800 --> 04:03:26,400
But by the early 2000s Marine 
chronometers were no longer the 

4599
04:03:26,400 --> 04:03:29,700
main tools for navigation, they 
were used as backups and safety 

4600
04:03:29,700 --> 04:03:32,200
devices. 
Than this technological 

4601
04:03:32,200 --> 04:03:35,600
advancement doesn't take away 
from what Harrison did GPS 

4602
04:03:35,600 --> 04:03:37,600
satellites need very accurate 
clocks. 

4603
04:03:37,600 --> 04:03:40,500
Like atomic clocks that make 
John's chronometers look rough 

4604
04:03:40,500 --> 04:03:44,400
by comparison. 
But the basic idea is still the 

4605
04:03:44,400 --> 04:03:47,600
same to navigate correctly, you 
need to keep track of time, 

4606
04:03:47,600 --> 04:03:50,400
correctly, John Harrison knew 
this truth. 

4607
04:03:50,400 --> 04:03:53,100
So well that he spent his whole 
life trying to make it better 

4608
04:03:53,100 --> 04:03:56,200
and every navigation system 
since then has been built on 

4609
04:03:56,200 --> 04:03:59,600
that Story of Harrison also 
changed, how we think about 

4610
04:03:59,600 --> 04:04:03,100
scientific recognition and the 
link between practical skills 

4611
04:04:03,100 --> 04:04:06,800
and theoretical science. 
John was not a mathematician 

4612
04:04:06,800 --> 04:04:10,800
with a degree from University or
a natural philosopher from the 

4613
04:04:10,800 --> 04:04:13,400
upper class. 
He was a working class craftsmen

4614
04:04:13,400 --> 04:04:16,400
who sold to Problem by trying 
different things over and over 

4615
04:04:16,400 --> 04:04:20,400
using his mechanical intuition 
and being very stubborn. 

4616
04:04:21,600 --> 04:04:24,300
Success called into question. 
The idea that only traditional 

4617
04:04:24,300 --> 04:04:26,800
academic sources can lead to 
important scientific 

4618
04:04:26,800 --> 04:04:29,900
breakthroughs, Historians have 
been both embarrassed and 

4619
04:04:29,900 --> 04:04:31,500
fascinated. 
By the way, the board of 

4620
04:04:31,508 --> 04:04:35,600
longitude treated Harrison in 
the last few decades, how could 

4621
04:04:35,600 --> 04:04:38,300
smart well-meaning? 
People not see that the answer 

4622
04:04:38,300 --> 04:04:40,700
to the problem. 
They had defined was so clear. 

4623
04:04:41,500 --> 04:04:44,800
The answer has to do with class 
bias jealousy among 

4624
04:04:44,800 --> 04:04:47,300
professionals institutional, 
inertia. 

4625
04:04:47,300 --> 04:04:50,500
And the fact that people tend to
prefer solutions that come from 

4626
04:04:50,500 --> 04:04:53,200
people who are like them, 
instead of people who are not. 

4627
04:04:53,900 --> 04:04:57,400
Today several museums have 
working copies of Harrisons 

4628
04:04:57,400 --> 04:05:00,300
chronometers that were made by 
skilled craftsmen, who followed 

4629
04:05:00,300 --> 04:05:03,800
his original plans, these 
replicas still work as well as 

4630
04:05:03,800 --> 04:05:06,700
they did, in the 1700s losing 
only a few seconds. 

4631
04:05:06,700 --> 04:05:09,100
A month, even though they were 
made with tools and methods from

4632
04:05:09,100 --> 04:05:12,900
that time, it shows how well 
John's designed worked and how 

4633
04:05:12,900 --> 04:05:14,600
well he understood the 
underlying ideas. 

4634
04:05:15,500 --> 04:05:19,200
The story of Harrison has 
inspired books movies and even a

4635
04:05:19,200 --> 04:05:22,500
best-selling novel by David, 
Sobel called longitude, which 

4636
04:05:22,500 --> 04:05:25,000
told millions of people about 
John's fight and victory 

4637
04:05:25,000 --> 04:05:27,600
students. 
Learn about him as a role model 

4638
04:05:27,600 --> 04:05:30,200
for hard work in new ideas. 
Engineers. 

4639
04:05:30,200 --> 04:05:32,800
Look at his mechanisms as 
examples of how to solve 

4640
04:05:32,800 --> 04:05:36,200
problems in a smart way. 
And anyone who has ever felt 

4641
04:05:36,200 --> 04:05:38,700
like an expert didn't believe in
them confined, something 

4642
04:05:38,700 --> 04:05:40,700
inspiring in his refusal to give
up. 

4643
04:05:41,500 --> 04:05:44,500
As you start to feel sleepy, 
let's take a step back and think

4644
04:05:44,500 --> 04:05:47,400
about what John Harrison's work 
really means in the grand scheme

4645
04:05:47,400 --> 04:05:49,900
of things. 
It's not just about one man, 

4646
04:05:49,900 --> 04:05:52,700
making fancy clocks. 
It's also about how we, as 

4647
04:05:52,700 --> 04:05:56,600
people relate to time space and 
our place in the universe time 

4648
04:05:56,600 --> 04:05:59,000
was mostly a local thing for 
most of human history. 

4649
04:05:59,000 --> 04:06:02,300
Noon was when the sun was at its
highest point where you were 

4650
04:06:02,308 --> 04:06:06,500
standing the sun's path across 
each Village City and Valley Sky

4651
04:06:06,500 --> 04:06:10,500
set the time for each place. 
This worked well when most 

4652
04:06:10,500 --> 04:06:13,000
people didn't go more than a few
miles from where they were born.

4653
04:06:13,900 --> 04:06:16,900
But a societies grew and 
communication got better this 

4654
04:06:16,900 --> 04:06:18,700
way of keeping time caused 
problems. 

4655
04:06:18,700 --> 04:06:21,100
What time does the morning coach
leave. 

4656
04:06:21,100 --> 04:06:24,500
When should we get together? 
The absence of a standardized 

4657
04:06:24,500 --> 04:06:27,200
time became progressively, 
problematic, when organizing 

4658
04:06:27,200 --> 04:06:29,600
activities, requiring 
coordination across distant 

4659
04:06:29,600 --> 04:06:33,200
locations, the longitude problem
made people rethink how they 

4660
04:06:33,200 --> 04:06:36,200
thought about time. 
To use Harrison's chronometers 

4661
04:06:36,200 --> 04:06:39,500
to find your way, you needed to 
know the time in both your area 

4662
04:06:39,500 --> 04:06:43,300
and at a reference point. 
Greenwich England became that 

4663
04:06:43,300 --> 04:06:46,100
reference point and this is how 
we got Greenwich Mean Time. 

4664
04:06:46,100 --> 04:06:49,400
All of a sudden time wasn't just
something that people in one 

4665
04:06:49,400 --> 04:06:52,100
place, could see. 
It was a global standard that 

4666
04:06:52,100 --> 04:06:55,800
linked far away places on Earth.
This change in how people 

4667
04:06:55,800 --> 04:06:59,300
thought about time eventually 
led to the time Zone's were used

4668
04:06:59,300 --> 04:07:01,400
now. 
In the 19th century. 

4669
04:07:01,400 --> 04:07:04,900
When railroad started linking 
far off cities, it became 

4670
04:07:04,900 --> 04:07:06,900
impossible to keep track of 
local times. 

4671
04:07:06,900 --> 04:07:10,400
It was a nightmare to coordinate
a train schedule that used dust 

4672
04:07:10,400 --> 04:07:13,400
of different local times. 
The answer was to break the 

4673
04:07:13,400 --> 04:07:16,700
world up into time zones, Each 
of which was set to a standard 

4674
04:07:16,708 --> 04:07:19,200
time. 
Greenwich was the main Meridian,

4675
04:07:19,200 --> 04:07:21,500
which is the point from which 
all other longitudes are 

4676
04:07:21,508 --> 04:07:23,600
measured. 
When you look at your watch to 

4677
04:07:23,600 --> 04:07:26,600
see if you're late for a meeting
or to help a friend on the other

4678
04:07:26,600 --> 04:07:28,500
side of the world, figure out 
what time it is. 

4679
04:07:28,500 --> 04:07:32,400
Using a way of thinking that 
came from John Harrison's work 

4680
04:07:32,400 --> 04:07:35,900
on the longitude problem. 
Standardization of time was 

4681
04:07:35,900 --> 04:07:39,300
necessary for navigation, which 
is why it became the same all 

4682
04:07:39,300 --> 04:07:41,200
over the world. 
Harrison's. 

4683
04:07:41,200 --> 04:07:43,500
Chronometers were also an 
important step in the history of

4684
04:07:43,500 --> 04:07:45,900
human precision. 
Before the Industrial 

4685
04:07:45,900 --> 04:07:50,000
Revolution, most things were 
made by hand, it fit the frame 

4686
04:07:50,000 --> 04:07:52,100
of the door. 
The wheel was round enough 

4687
04:07:52,100 --> 04:07:55,100
people used their eyes and 
experience to make measurements,

4688
04:07:55,100 --> 04:07:59,000
and of exact tools, the work of 
John, Harrison required and 

4689
04:07:59,000 --> 04:08:01,900
showed a level of accuracy that 
was not needed before. 

4690
04:08:01,900 --> 04:08:05,600
And was almost impossible to 
imagine, it was necessary to 

4691
04:08:05,600 --> 04:08:08,600
shape each gear tooth in H4 to 
within a few millimeters. 

4692
04:08:08,600 --> 04:08:11,400
Every Spring had to have the 
right amount of tension. 

4693
04:08:11,400 --> 04:08:14,000
Each bearing needed to be the 
right size. 

4694
04:08:14,000 --> 04:08:17,600
This wasn't rough craftsmanship.
It was Precision Engineering 

4695
04:08:17,600 --> 04:08:20,100
before. 
That word, even existed, John 

4696
04:08:20,100 --> 04:08:23,100
had to come up with new ways and
tools to get the accuracy his 

4697
04:08:23,100 --> 04:08:26,400
designs needed. 
This focus on accuracy spread 

4698
04:08:26,400 --> 04:08:29,500
from clock-making to other 
areas, the Industrial Revolution

4699
04:08:29,500 --> 04:08:32,100
was based on machines that got 
better and better at making 

4700
04:08:32,100 --> 04:08:34,100
parts that fit together better 
and better. 

4701
04:08:35,000 --> 04:08:37,700
Tolerance standards that modern 
manufacturing takes for granted 

4702
04:08:37,700 --> 04:08:42,500
Parts machine to 2000 of an inch
components designed to fit 

4703
04:08:42,500 --> 04:08:46,100
together with minimal gaps. 
These ideas came about in part 

4704
04:08:46,100 --> 04:08:48,900
because of the Precision culture
that clockmakers like Harrison 

4705
04:08:48,900 --> 04:08:52,800
started, Harrison's life also 
shows how strong people can be, 

4706
04:08:52,800 --> 04:08:56,700
which is very moving. 
He started making C clocks when 

4707
04:08:56,700 --> 04:09:00,100
he was in his thirties, but it 
wasn't until he was 80, but he 

4708
04:09:00,108 --> 04:09:04,100
got full credit for them. 
That's a lot of work on one 

4709
04:09:04,100 --> 04:09:08,500
problem over 50 years, 50 years 
of math changes let downs and 

4710
04:09:08,508 --> 04:09:11,100
little wins. 
Believing that what he was doing

4711
04:09:11,100 --> 04:09:14,400
mattered for 50 years even when 
powerful people told him. 

4712
04:09:14,400 --> 04:09:16,800
It didn't. 
Think about how much you want to

4713
04:09:16,800 --> 04:09:20,100
achieve that goal, most of us 
have trouble staying focused on 

4714
04:09:20,100 --> 04:09:23,300
a project for a few months when 
results don't come quickly. 

4715
04:09:23,300 --> 04:09:26,600
When others don't immediately, 
notice our hard work, or when 

4716
04:09:26,600 --> 04:09:28,800
the way forward seems unclear, 
we get discouraged. 

4717
04:09:28,800 --> 04:09:31,800
John Harris and had to deal with
all of these problems for 

4718
04:09:31,800 --> 04:09:35,400
decades but he never gave up. 
There were a lot of things that 

4719
04:09:35,400 --> 04:09:38,800
made him keep going. 
There was Pride for sure the 

4720
04:09:38,800 --> 04:09:41,700
pride of the Craftsman in making
something that works perfectly. 

4721
04:09:41,700 --> 04:09:45,900
There was ambition the chance to
win, the longitude prize and get

4722
04:09:45,900 --> 04:09:48,700
recognition for it. 
But there was also something 

4723
04:09:48,700 --> 04:09:52,700
deeper a belief that the problem
could be fixed that it was 

4724
04:09:52,700 --> 04:09:56,200
possible to keep time accurately
at Sea and that he was the one 

4725
04:09:56,200 --> 04:09:59,000
who could do it. 
It's not common to find someone 

4726
04:09:59,000 --> 04:10:02,300
who has this mix of technical 
skill stubbornness and 

4727
04:10:02,300 --> 04:10:05,700
unshakable self-confidence. 
A lot of people have one or two 

4728
04:10:05,708 --> 04:10:08,600
of these traits, but having all 
three for a long time, creates 

4729
04:10:08,600 --> 04:10:11,100
the kind of focused intensity 
that can solve problems, that 

4730
04:10:11,100 --> 04:10:14,500
others think are impossible as 
you're breathing, slows and your

4731
04:10:14,500 --> 04:10:16,300
mind starts to Drift Off to 
Sleep. 

4732
04:10:16,300 --> 04:10:19,800
Let's think about what we can 
learn from John Harrison's story

4733
04:10:19,800 --> 04:10:23,300
today in a world that seems very
different from 18th century 

4734
04:10:23,300 --> 04:10:26,300
England, but still has many of 
the same basic problems. 

4735
04:10:27,000 --> 04:10:29,100
The first lesson is about being 
an expert and having 

4736
04:10:29,100 --> 04:10:31,700
credibility. 
There were a lot of smart people

4737
04:10:31,700 --> 04:10:35,100
on the board of longitude like 
Royal astronomers mathematicians

4738
04:10:35,100 --> 04:10:37,800
and naval officers. 
They really thought they knew 

4739
04:10:37,800 --> 04:10:40,600
the best way to solve the 
longitude problem, they were not

4740
04:10:40,600 --> 04:10:43,800
mean or dumb. 
But they were so sure that 

4741
04:10:43,800 --> 04:10:47,100
astronomy had to be the answer 
that they couldn't fully see the

4742
04:10:47,100 --> 04:10:50,900
value of mechanical answer. 
Specially one suggested by 

4743
04:10:50,900 --> 04:10:52,300
someone who wasn't in their 
field. 

4744
04:10:53,200 --> 04:10:56,100
We see this happen. 
A lot in history, experts in a 

4745
04:10:56,100 --> 04:10:59,100
field become so attached to 
certain methods that they 

4746
04:10:59,100 --> 04:11:02,300
refused to consider other 
options, especially those 

4747
04:11:02,300 --> 04:11:04,400
suggested by people who aren't 
experts. 

4748
04:11:05,400 --> 04:11:08,200
This is a reminder that having 
credentials and an education 

4749
04:11:08,200 --> 04:11:09,800
doesn't mean you're open to new 
ideas. 

4750
04:11:10,700 --> 04:11:13,200
Sometimes the person who makes 
the Breakthrough, doesn't know 

4751
04:11:13,200 --> 04:11:14,900
that what they're trying to do 
is impossible. 

4752
04:11:15,700 --> 04:11:18,200
Second, there's the lesson about
how to be perfect and keep 

4753
04:11:18,208 --> 04:11:20,600
going. 
John Harrison could have stopped

4754
04:11:20,600 --> 04:11:23,100
after H1 show that the basic 
idea worked. 

4755
04:11:23,800 --> 04:11:26,700
He could have taken his partial 
payment and fame and lived 

4756
04:11:26,700 --> 04:11:29,300
comfortably. 
In his later years in Stead, he 

4757
04:11:29,300 --> 04:11:32,400
kept asking for better more 
polished and more perfect 

4758
04:11:32,400 --> 04:11:36,300
answers. 
H4 was his fifth, major Triad 

4759
04:11:36,300 --> 04:11:38,600
fixing a problem, that his first
try had mostly fixed. 

4760
04:11:39,500 --> 04:11:42,400
It's good that you're trying to 
be perfect, but it's also a 

4761
04:11:42,400 --> 04:11:44,400
little worrying. 
When does the search for 

4762
04:11:44,400 --> 04:11:46,100
improvement? 
Make it hard to put a good 

4763
04:11:46,100 --> 04:11:49,400
enough solution into action, 
Harrison worked on his designs 

4764
04:11:49,400 --> 04:11:52,300
for decades, but Sailors, kept 
dying because of navigation, 

4765
04:11:52,300 --> 04:11:56,000
mistakes that H1 could have 
fixed people who work on hard 

4766
04:11:56,000 --> 04:11:57,600
problems. 
Have to deal with the tension 

4767
04:11:57,600 --> 04:12:01,200
between wanting everything to be
perfect and being practical. 

4768
04:12:02,100 --> 04:12:03,900
Third. 
There's the lesson about getting

4769
04:12:03,900 --> 04:12:08,100
credit and being recognized John
Harrison needed outside proof 

4770
04:12:08,100 --> 04:12:11,100
that he had sold the problem. 
Like the longitude Prize or 

4771
04:12:11,100 --> 04:12:14,400
official recognition from the 
board, he got most of what he 

4772
04:12:14,400 --> 04:12:17,200
wanted but not always in the way
he wanted the board. 

4773
04:12:17,200 --> 04:12:20,500
Never said he was the winner in 
an official way instead of being

4774
04:12:20,500 --> 04:12:23,700
recognized by the institution. 
The prize money came from the 

4775
04:12:23,700 --> 04:12:26,400
Royal Family. 
His Vindication was both 

4776
04:12:26,400 --> 04:12:29,500
complete and incomplete. 
Many of us spend our lives 

4777
04:12:29,500 --> 04:12:32,800
looking for recognition for our 
work, whether it's getting a 

4778
04:12:32,800 --> 04:12:36,100
promotion getting good reviews, 
making a lot of money or just 

4779
04:12:36,108 --> 04:12:39,700
getting praise from people. 
We look up to Harrison's Story 

4780
04:12:39,700 --> 04:12:43,100
shows that validation can come 
in surprising ways, and may not 

4781
04:12:43,100 --> 04:12:44,900
be as satisfying as we thought 
it would be. 

4782
04:12:45,700 --> 04:12:48,900
The work itself, the joy of 
solving the problem and making 

4783
04:12:48,900 --> 04:12:51,700
something that works. 
Well might have to be the reward

4784
04:12:51,700 --> 04:12:54,400
forth. 
There's the lesson about how 

4785
04:12:54,400 --> 04:12:57,500
things get better. 
There wasn't one brilliant idea 

4786
04:12:57,500 --> 04:13:00,700
or lucky find that solved the 
longitude problem it was fixed 

4787
04:13:00,700 --> 04:13:02,800
over the course of Decades of 
small changes. 

4788
04:13:02,800 --> 04:13:05,900
Each one building on the last 
Harrison's. 

4789
04:13:05,900 --> 04:13:08,400
First clock taught him things 
that he used to make his second 

4790
04:13:08,400 --> 04:13:11,300
clock, which taught him things 
that he used to make his third 

4791
04:13:11,300 --> 04:13:13,900
clock. 
Progress was made up of a lot of

4792
04:13:13,908 --> 04:13:17,500
small steps forward. 
Not one big jump this pattern 

4793
04:13:17,500 --> 04:13:19,500
holds true for most major 
accomplishments. 

4794
04:13:19,500 --> 04:13:22,300
We like to think that 
breakthroughs happen in dramatic

4795
04:13:22,300 --> 04:13:26,000
Eureka moments a real progress. 
Usually looks more like John 

4796
04:13:26,000 --> 04:13:29,500
Harrison's Workshop years of 
careful testing countless small 

4797
04:13:29,500 --> 04:13:31,800
changes and slowly building up 
knowledge and skill. 

4798
04:13:32,600 --> 04:13:34,700
Fifth. 
There's the lesson about picking

4799
04:13:34,700 --> 04:13:37,500
your problems. 
John Harrison could have made a 

4800
04:13:37,500 --> 04:13:40,000
good living as a clockmaker by 
making regular clocks, for 

4801
04:13:40,000 --> 04:13:43,500
regular people. 
Instead he decided to take on 

4802
04:13:43,500 --> 04:13:47,000
one of the hardest, technical 
problems of his time. this 

4803
04:13:47,000 --> 04:13:50,200
decision shaped his whole life, 
leading him to Victory but also 

4804
04:13:50,200 --> 04:13:53,800
to years of anger and 
disappointment We all pick 

4805
04:13:53,800 --> 04:13:58,000
problems to work on even if we 
don't mean to some people, pick 

4806
04:13:58,000 --> 04:14:00,200
problems that are both solvable 
and rewarding. 

4807
04:14:00,200 --> 04:14:04,600
Some people choose problems that
are hard but important Some 

4808
04:14:04,600 --> 04:14:07,600
people like Harrison pick 
problems that seem almost 

4809
04:14:07,600 --> 04:14:10,900
impossible but a very important.
There isn't one right? 

4810
04:14:10,900 --> 04:14:13,900
Answer for what kind of problem 
to solve, but the choice, you 

4811
04:14:13,900 --> 04:14:15,200
make will affect the way you 
live. 

4812
04:14:15,200 --> 04:14:20,100
Last but not least, there's the 
lesson about time, John Harrison

4813
04:14:20,100 --> 04:14:23,500
devoted his life to accurately 
measuring time recording, its 

4814
04:14:23,500 --> 04:14:26,900
Passage through Springs, and 
gears making its flow visible 

4815
04:14:26,900 --> 04:14:29,700
and measurable. 
Its own sense of time was shaped

4816
04:14:29,700 --> 04:14:33,200
by Decades of hard work, the 
slower accumulation of skill and

4817
04:14:33,200 --> 04:14:36,000
knowledge, and a level of 
patience that most of us can't 

4818
04:14:36,000 --> 04:14:38,700
even begin to. 
Imagine in this age of instant 

4819
04:14:38,700 --> 04:14:41,800
communication and quick change, 
its hard to believe that 

4820
04:14:41,800 --> 04:14:45,400
Harrison would spend 50 years. 
On one problem, we used to get 

4821
04:14:45,400 --> 04:14:48,900
in quick results, quick feedback
and instant satisfaction. 

4822
04:14:50,100 --> 04:14:53,100
Harrison story reminds us that 
some girls take a different kind

4823
04:14:53,100 --> 04:14:55,700
of time instead of days or 
months. 

4824
04:14:55,700 --> 04:14:57,900
They take decades and progresses
slow. 

4825
04:14:57,900 --> 04:15:00,900
Recognition may not come until 
the end if at all. 

4826
04:15:02,100 --> 04:15:04,700
As you start to fall asleep, 
picture yourself visiting John 

4827
04:15:04,700 --> 04:15:06,700
Harrison's Workshop in the 
1750s. 

4828
04:15:07,500 --> 04:15:11,300
The room would smell like metal 
filings and oil would shavings 

4829
04:15:11,300 --> 04:15:14,900
and the smell of a place where 
people work hard candles. 

4830
04:15:14,900 --> 04:15:17,000
And the little bit of sunlight 
that came through the small 

4831
04:15:17,000 --> 04:15:20,300
Windows would give off light. 
It was so dim that it barely lit

4832
04:15:20,300 --> 04:15:24,200
up the incredibly fine work, 
John did squinting at tiny gears

4833
04:15:24,200 --> 04:15:28,000
and Springs you would hear the 
ticking of many clocks, not just

4834
04:15:28,000 --> 04:15:31,500
one each clock marked time in a 
slightly different way, as John 

4835
04:15:31,500 --> 04:15:36,200
tested changed and improved his 
designs, The Sounds would mix 

4836
04:15:36,200 --> 04:15:39,400
and get in each other's way, 
making complicated rhythms, that

4837
04:15:39,400 --> 04:15:43,100
never quite fit together, tiktok
Tick, Tock a dozen different 

4838
04:15:43,100 --> 04:15:45,800
voices are measuring the same 
invisible river that flows by 

4839
04:15:45,800 --> 04:15:48,200
all the time. 
And there would be John himself,

4840
04:15:48,200 --> 04:15:51,200
probably in his 60s or 70s. 
By the time before was being 

4841
04:15:51,200 --> 04:15:55,400
built his eyesight, wasn't what 
it used to be but his hands were

4842
04:15:55,400 --> 04:15:57,500
still steady. 
His mind was still sharp and his

4843
04:15:57,500 --> 04:16:00,500
determination was still strong. 
He would have tools, he made 

4844
04:16:00,500 --> 04:16:02,800
himself for jobs, that no one 
else had ever done before. 

4845
04:16:02,800 --> 04:16:06,500
Like specialized files, 
custom-made measuring tools 

4846
04:16:06,500 --> 04:16:10,100
Jigs, and fixtures to hold small
parts while he worked on the if 

4847
04:16:10,100 --> 04:16:13,100
you asked him, why he kept going
after 30 or 40 years without 

4848
04:16:13,100 --> 04:16:15,800
full recognition. 
He probably wouldn't have a 

4849
04:16:15,800 --> 04:16:17,900
dramatic answer. 
He might just say that. 

4850
04:16:17,900 --> 04:16:21,500
The problem could be fixed that 
he knew how to fix it and that 

4851
04:16:21,500 --> 04:16:24,500
the world needed The Fixx, it 
might have been that easy for 

4852
04:16:24,500 --> 04:16:27,500
John Harrison this Story is 
ultimately about what people can

4853
04:16:27,500 --> 04:16:30,600
do, what can happen when 
intelligent skill and 

4854
04:16:30,600 --> 04:16:33,500
determination come together and 
stay together for a lifetime. 

4855
04:16:33,500 --> 04:16:35,600
It's about believing in your own
work. 

4856
04:16:43,900 --> 04:16:46,900
Picture yourself settling into 
your favorite reading spot 

4857
04:16:46,900 --> 04:16:50,100
perhaps with a warm cup of tea 
steaming beside you. 

4858
04:16:50,800 --> 04:16:54,200
Tonight we're going to travel 
back to a time when sleep was as

4859
04:16:54,200 --> 04:16:56,500
different from yours, as a 
handwritten letter is from a 

4860
04:16:56,500 --> 04:16:58,900
text message. 
You might think sleep is always 

4861
04:16:58,900 --> 04:17:02,500
been the same 8 hours, a pillow,
maybe, some tossing, and 

4862
04:17:02,500 --> 04:17:06,400
turning, you'd be wrong. 
Before Johannes Gutenberg 

4863
04:17:06,400 --> 04:17:10,400
changed everything around 1440, 
sleep move to entirely different

4864
04:17:10,400 --> 04:17:13,000
rhythms. 
Imagine living in a world where 

4865
04:17:13,000 --> 04:17:16,500
Darkness truly meant silence 
where the only light after 

4866
04:17:16,500 --> 04:17:19,500
Sunset came from flickering, 
candles that cost more than most

4867
04:17:19,500 --> 04:17:22,800
people earned in a day or Smoky 
oil lamps that made your eyes 

4868
04:17:22,800 --> 04:17:27,100
water, just thinking about the 
In this world, your 

4869
04:17:27,100 --> 04:17:30,400
great-great-great and many more 
great grandmother didn't fight 

4870
04:17:30,400 --> 04:17:33,300
the darkness. 
He surrendered to it like a worn

4871
04:17:33,300 --> 04:17:34,800
out traveler finally reaching 
home. 

4872
04:17:35,800 --> 04:17:39,000
When the sun dipped below the 
Horizon, most people began their

4873
04:17:39,000 --> 04:17:42,900
journey into what historians 
Now, call segmented sleep though

4874
04:17:42,900 --> 04:17:44,900
back then. 
Nobody needed a fancy name for 

4875
04:17:44,900 --> 04:17:47,200
it. 
It was simply how humans slept, 

4876
04:17:47,200 --> 04:17:49,700
like the way birds fly or fish 
swim. 

4877
04:17:50,600 --> 04:17:53,700
Here's where it gets intriguing.
People didn't sleep for eight 

4878
04:17:53,700 --> 04:17:56,000
straight hours. 
Instead, they slept in two 

4879
04:17:56,000 --> 04:17:59,400
distinct chunks like a delicious
sandwich with a wide filling of 

4880
04:17:59,408 --> 04:18:02,700
wakefulness in between. 
The First Leap began shortly. 

4881
04:18:02,700 --> 04:18:06,600
After Sunset lasting roughly 
four hours then sometime between

4882
04:18:06,600 --> 04:18:09,500
midnight and two in the morning.
People would naturally wake up. 

4883
04:18:09,500 --> 04:18:13,200
However, the remarkable aspect 
is that they did not panic about

4884
04:18:13,200 --> 04:18:14,800
being a wake during the middle 
of the night. 

4885
04:18:15,600 --> 04:18:18,300
They did not deceive themselves 
by calculating the number of 

4886
04:18:18,300 --> 04:18:20,600
hours of sleep. 
They were sacrificing or by 

4887
04:18:20,600 --> 04:18:23,100
fretting over potential 
grogginess at work the following

4888
04:18:23,100 --> 04:18:25,600
day. 
Instead they embraced this 

4889
04:18:25,600 --> 04:18:28,200
midnight, Awakening, as 
naturally as you embrace your 

4890
04:18:28,200 --> 04:18:31,400
morning coffee routine. 
During these quiet hours between

4891
04:18:31,400 --> 04:18:34,100
sleeps people would do the most 
wonderfully human things. 

4892
04:18:34,100 --> 04:18:37,400
They tend to the fire and 
showing their family stayed warm

4893
04:18:37,400 --> 04:18:39,900
through the cold night. 
They'd monitor on children 

4894
04:18:39,900 --> 04:18:43,000
offering Comfort to little ones 
startled by dreams. 

4895
04:18:43,700 --> 04:18:47,000
Couples would talk softly in the
darkness sharing thoughts and 

4896
04:18:47,000 --> 04:18:50,300
feelings that somehow seemed 
easier to express when the world

4897
04:18:50,300 --> 04:18:54,300
felt smaller and more intimate. 
Some people use this time for 

4898
04:18:54,300 --> 04:18:58,000
prayer or meditation, finding a 
special connection to the Divine

4899
04:18:58,000 --> 04:19:00,800
in those hushed hours. 
When the boundary between day 

4900
04:19:00,800 --> 04:19:04,500
and night felt thin as gossip. 
Others would craft simple items 

4901
04:19:04,500 --> 04:19:08,400
by firelight mending clothes, 
carving wooden spoon or braiding

4902
04:19:08,400 --> 04:19:11,300
rope the wealthy might even 
visit neighbors, because 

4903
04:19:11,300 --> 04:19:13,800
apparently social calls at one 
in the morning were perfectly 

4904
04:19:13,800 --> 04:19:17,400
acceptable back then. 
Such Behavior wasn't considered 

4905
04:19:17,400 --> 04:19:21,400
insomnia or a sleep disorder. 
Medical texts from the error 

4906
04:19:21,400 --> 04:19:24,500
mentioned first, sleep. 
And second sleep was casually. 

4907
04:19:24,500 --> 04:19:27,700
As we might mention, breakfast, 
and lunch, People structured 

4908
04:19:27,700 --> 04:19:30,800
their nights around this natural
pattern planning activities for 

4909
04:19:30,800 --> 04:19:33,300
their wakeful hours just as 
carefully as they planned their 

4910
04:19:33,308 --> 04:19:37,200
daytime tasks. 
Goodness that surrounded, these 

4911
04:19:37,200 --> 04:19:40,300
midnight activities was profound
in ways we can barely imagine 

4912
04:19:40,300 --> 04:19:42,800
today. 
Step outside your house at night

4913
04:19:42,800 --> 04:19:47,300
now and you'll likely see street
lights house lights, the glow 

4914
04:19:47,300 --> 04:19:49,700
from Windows, and maybe the 
distant shine of a shopping 

4915
04:19:49,700 --> 04:19:52,500
center. 
Even in relatively rural areas, 

4916
04:19:52,500 --> 04:19:56,100
like pollution, reaches far 
beyond cities, creating what 

4917
04:19:56,100 --> 04:20:00,200
astronomers called Sky glow. but
in pre-printing press Europe, 

4918
04:20:00,200 --> 04:20:04,400
nighttime, Darkness was 
absolute, the Milky Way, blazed 

4919
04:20:04,400 --> 04:20:07,200
overhead, like a river of 
diamonds and people knew the 

4920
04:20:07,200 --> 04:20:10,900
constellation's not as romantic 
Notions, but As practical tools 

4921
04:20:10,900 --> 04:20:14,200
for navigation and timekeeping. 
The moon's phases mattered 

4922
04:20:14,200 --> 04:20:16,800
deeply because they determined 
how much natural light you'd 

4923
04:20:16,800 --> 04:20:20,400
have for nighttime activities. 
This Darkness shaped, not just 

4924
04:20:20,400 --> 04:20:23,400
when people slept but how they 
thought about rested itself? 

4925
04:20:24,600 --> 04:20:26,900
Sleep, wasn't something to be 
optimized or tracked with 

4926
04:20:26,900 --> 04:20:29,400
devices. 
It was a natural surrender to 

4927
04:20:29,408 --> 04:20:32,900
the rhythm of light and Shadow a
time when the boundaries between

4928
04:20:32,900 --> 04:20:35,800
Consciousness and dreams became 
delightfully blurred. 

4929
04:20:35,800 --> 04:20:39,000
And when the night held 
Mysteries that daylight, couldnt

4930
04:20:39,000 --> 04:20:43,400
touch, Little did anyone know 
that a Goldsmith son in mind was

4931
04:20:43,400 --> 04:20:45,100
about to change all of our lives
forever. 

4932
04:20:45,100 --> 04:20:48,900
Johannes Guttenberg probably 
never intended to revolutionize 

4933
04:20:48,900 --> 04:20:50,900
sleep. 
He was simply trying to solve a 

4934
04:20:50,908 --> 04:20:52,500
problem that had plagued 
Humanity. 

4935
04:20:52,500 --> 04:20:55,800
Since the first person wanted to
share a story with someone who 

4936
04:20:55,800 --> 04:20:59,400
wasn't there to hear it before 
his invention books were as rare

4937
04:20:59,400 --> 04:21:01,100
as unicorns and almost as 
expensive. 

4938
04:21:01,100 --> 04:21:05,200
Each one had to be copied by 
hand, letter by painstaking, 

4939
04:21:05,200 --> 04:21:08,000
letter, by scribes who, 
specialized in beautiful 

4940
04:21:08,000 --> 04:21:11,000
handwriting and presumably had 
powerful risks. 

4941
04:21:11,800 --> 04:21:14,100
Imagine Desiring to possess a 
single volume. 

4942
04:21:14,100 --> 04:21:17,200
He had a compilation of prayers 
or perhaps a manual on herb 

4943
04:21:17,200 --> 04:21:20,300
gardening, you'd need to save 
money for months, maybe even 

4944
04:21:20,300 --> 04:21:22,800
years. 
A single book could cost as much

4945
04:21:22,800 --> 04:21:25,900
as a farm. 
Most people owned exactly zero 

4946
04:21:25,900 --> 04:21:28,400
books, not because they couldn't
read though. 

4947
04:21:28,400 --> 04:21:31,100
Many couldn't, but, because 
books simply weren't available 

4948
04:21:31,100 --> 04:21:33,800
to ordinary folks. 
The scribes who copied. 

4949
04:21:33,800 --> 04:21:37,100
These manuscripts worked in 
scripture, which sounds much 

4950
04:21:37,100 --> 04:21:38,800
more glamorous than it actually 
was. 

4951
04:21:39,600 --> 04:21:42,900
Picture a large cold room filled
with monks hunched over wooden 

4952
04:21:42,900 --> 04:21:46,300
desks carefully, forming each 
letter with quill pens that 

4953
04:21:46,300 --> 04:21:49,500
needed constant attention. 
Sneezing at the wrong moment. 

4954
04:21:49,500 --> 04:21:52,800
Could ruin hours of work. 
One, small mistake meant 

4955
04:21:52,800 --> 04:21:54,400
starting an entire page over 
again. 

4956
04:21:54,400 --> 04:21:56,800
These hand-copied books were 
gorgeous. 

4957
04:21:56,800 --> 04:22:00,500
Works of art decorated with 
elaborate illustration and or 

4958
04:22:00,500 --> 04:22:03,400
Nate initial letters that look 
like tiny masterpieces. 

4959
04:22:04,800 --> 04:22:07,500
But they were also riddled with 
errors errors. 

4960
04:22:07,500 --> 04:22:11,000
Often creep in when humans copy 
text by hand much like weeds in 

4961
04:22:11,000 --> 04:22:13,800
a garden. 
A scribe might accidentally skip

4962
04:22:13,800 --> 04:22:17,600
a line, misspelled a word or 
correct something they thought 

4963
04:22:17,600 --> 04:22:20,600
was wrong. 
Several copies of a text might 

4964
04:22:20,600 --> 04:22:24,200
only bear a passing resemblance 
to the original Gutenberg with 

4965
04:22:24,200 --> 04:22:27,200
his Goldsmith's precision and 
apparent gift for seeing 

4966
04:22:27,200 --> 04:22:30,600
Solutions, where others saw, 
only problems developed movable 

4967
04:22:30,600 --> 04:22:34,000
type printing. 
Instead of carving entire pages 

4968
04:22:34,000 --> 04:22:37,400
into wooden blocks which have 
been tried before he created 

4969
04:22:37,400 --> 04:22:40,400
individual metal letters, that 
could be arranged and rearranged

4970
04:22:40,400 --> 04:22:42,100
to form different words and 
pages. 

4971
04:22:43,200 --> 04:22:45,500
It was akin to possessing a 
highly Advanced collection of 

4972
04:22:45,500 --> 04:22:48,300
alphabet blocks. 
These blocks had the potential 

4973
04:22:48,300 --> 04:22:49,900
to fundamentally alter the 
world. 

4974
04:22:49,900 --> 04:22:52,900
His printing, press could 
produce books faster than a 

4975
04:22:52,908 --> 04:22:56,300
scribe could even read them. 
Where it might take amongst six 

4976
04:22:56,300 --> 04:23:00,500
months to copy a single book 
gutenberg's press, could prints 

4977
04:23:00,500 --> 04:23:04,000
of copies in the same time. 
Suddenly books were precious 

4978
04:23:04,000 --> 04:23:06,700
unicorns, they were becoming 
more like Friendly Neighborhood,

4979
04:23:06,700 --> 04:23:10,000
Cats still special but no longer
impossibly rare. 

4980
04:23:11,800 --> 04:23:14,900
The first book Gutenberg chose 
to print was the Bible which 

4981
04:23:14,900 --> 04:23:17,200
made perfect sense. 
Since most literacy, at the time

4982
04:23:17,200 --> 04:23:18,800
was connected to religious 
practice. 

4983
04:23:19,700 --> 04:23:21,000
But here's where our sleep 
story. 

4984
04:23:21,000 --> 04:23:24,300
Really begins to unfold as 
printing presses, spread across 

4985
04:23:24,300 --> 04:23:26,500
Europe, faster than the news of 
a royal Scandal. 

4986
04:23:26,500 --> 04:23:28,600
They didn't just make books more
available. 

4987
04:23:28,600 --> 04:23:31,100
They made Reading itself a 
different activity. 

4988
04:23:32,400 --> 04:23:35,200
Before printing, most reading 
was done allowed in groups, 

4989
04:23:35,200 --> 04:23:37,300
families. 
Might gather to hear someone 

4990
04:23:37,300 --> 04:23:39,200
read from one of their precious 
few books. 

4991
04:23:40,000 --> 04:23:43,800
Reading was a social activity 
like sharing a meal or telling 

4992
04:23:43,800 --> 04:23:46,900
stories around a fire. 
People read during daylight 

4993
04:23:46,900 --> 04:23:48,200
hours when they could see 
clearly. 

4994
04:23:48,200 --> 04:23:51,100
And reading sessions were often 
planned events that brought 

4995
04:23:51,100 --> 04:23:54,600
communities together. 
But printed books changed this 

4996
04:23:54,600 --> 04:23:57,700
Dynamic entirely. 
Suddenly, you could own multiple

4997
04:23:57,700 --> 04:24:00,700
books and reading became 
something you could do alone 

4998
04:24:00,700 --> 04:24:03,000
quietly. 
Whenever you want it. 

4999
04:24:03,000 --> 04:24:05,900
You didn't need to coordinate 
with others or wait for someone 

5000
04:24:05,900 --> 04:24:09,200
else to finish with the family. 
Single volume you could read in 

5001
04:24:09,200 --> 04:24:12,400
bed like I can't like in the 
privacy of your thoughts. 

5002
04:24:12,400 --> 04:24:14,700
This shift from communal to 
private. 

5003
04:24:14,700 --> 04:24:17,900
Reading happened gradually Like 
the Way seasons change. 

5004
04:24:17,900 --> 04:24:21,800
You don't notice it day by day. 
Suddenly you realize everything 

5005
04:24:21,800 --> 04:24:25,700
is different People began 
staying up later reading by 

5006
04:24:25,700 --> 04:24:28,400
whatever light they could afford
candlemakers. 

5007
04:24:28,400 --> 04:24:31,100
Probably started having much 
better business years without 

5008
04:24:31,100 --> 04:24:34,600
fully understanding why. 
The content of books began to 

5009
04:24:34,600 --> 04:24:37,000
change too. 
Along with religious texts, 

5010
04:24:37,000 --> 04:24:40,000
printer started producing what 
we might recognize as the 

5011
04:24:40,000 --> 04:24:42,900
world's first entertainment. 
Reading stories. 

5012
04:24:42,900 --> 04:24:47,100
Poetry accounts of Adventures in
distant lands and even early 

5013
04:24:47,100 --> 04:24:50,500
versions of self-help books. 
For the first time in human 

5014
04:24:50,500 --> 04:24:53,400
history, you could disappear 
into a fictional World. 

5015
04:24:53,400 --> 04:24:57,100
Whenever you wanted transported 
by nothing, more than words on a

5016
04:24:57,108 --> 04:25:00,900
page in your own imagination. 
This was revolutionary in ways 

5017
04:25:00,900 --> 04:25:04,300
that go far beyond just having 
more books to read for thousands

5018
04:25:04,300 --> 04:25:06,200
of years. 
Humans, had lived primarily in 

5019
04:25:06,200 --> 04:25:08,600
the physical world immediately 
around them. 

5020
04:25:09,300 --> 04:25:10,800
Your Entertainment came from the
people. 

5021
04:25:10,800 --> 04:25:13,800
You knew the stories. 
They told in the songs they 

5022
04:25:13,800 --> 04:25:16,300
sang. 
But books opened up infinite 

5023
04:25:16,300 --> 04:25:19,500
worlds, all accessible from the 
comfort of your home, or even 

5024
04:25:19,500 --> 04:25:22,900
your bed. the printing press had
inadvertently created the 

5025
04:25:22,900 --> 04:25:26,700
world's first truly portable 
Entertainment System, As printed

5026
04:25:26,700 --> 04:25:29,600
books spread through European 
towns, like, honey, through warm

5027
04:25:29,600 --> 04:25:32,600
bread, something curious began 
happening to the night. 

5028
04:25:32,600 --> 04:25:36,100
You have to remember this 
transformation didn't occur 

5029
04:25:36,100 --> 04:25:39,100
overnight. 
It unfolded across Generations. 

5030
04:25:39,100 --> 04:25:42,900
The way a river slowly carves, a
new channel through Rock, But 

5031
04:25:42,900 --> 04:25:47,100
the change once it began was as 
irreversible as morning 

5032
04:25:47,100 --> 04:25:50,100
following Darkness. 
The most immediate shift was 

5033
04:25:50,100 --> 04:25:54,800
practical people who could now 
afford books and by 1500 a 

5034
04:25:54,800 --> 04:25:57,100
printed book cost roughly. 
What you might spend on a 

5035
04:25:57,100 --> 04:26:00,300
luxurious dinner today, Suddenly
had a reason to extend their 

5036
04:26:00,300 --> 04:26:02,700
waking hours. 
The new book owners found 

5037
04:26:02,700 --> 04:26:04,900
themselves negotiating with the 
Knight while. 

5038
04:26:04,900 --> 04:26:07,700
Previous generation, surrendered
to Darkness, as naturally as 

5039
04:26:07,700 --> 04:26:11,800
flowers close at sunset. 
Reading by candlelight evolved 

5040
04:26:11,800 --> 04:26:14,700
into a unique art form you 
learned to position yourself. 

5041
04:26:14,700 --> 04:26:18,200
Just so to avoid casting Shadows
on the page, while preventing 

5042
04:26:18,200 --> 04:26:20,300
wax from dripping onto your 
precious book. 

5043
04:26:21,100 --> 04:26:23,200
Can handle making of old too 
with Craftsman. 

5044
04:26:23,200 --> 04:26:25,500
Developing longer burning 
cleaner, burning candles 

5045
04:26:25,500 --> 04:26:28,800
specifically for readers. 
The wealthy began investing in 

5046
04:26:28,800 --> 04:26:32,600
multiple candles oil lamps with 
better Wix and even early 

5047
04:26:32,600 --> 04:26:35,200
version of reading glasses to 
make the most of their dim 

5048
04:26:35,200 --> 04:26:38,300
light, but here's where it gets 
fascinating, from a sleep 

5049
04:26:38,300 --> 04:26:40,700
perspective. 
People weren't just staying up 

5050
04:26:40,700 --> 04:26:43,400
later, they were changing what 
nighttime meant. 

5051
04:26:44,300 --> 04:26:46,900
Previously the hours between 
Sunset and sleep, had been 

5052
04:26:46,908 --> 04:26:50,300
family time Community time or 
practical time for essential 

5053
04:26:50,300 --> 04:26:53,300
tasks. 
Now night time became personal 

5054
04:26:53,300 --> 04:26:57,100
time, private time and thinking 
Time, picture yourself as a 

5055
04:26:57,100 --> 04:27:00,700
merchant in 1520 Antwerp, 
finally able to afford a small 

5056
04:27:00,708 --> 04:27:03,900
collection of printed books. 
After a day of buying and 

5057
04:27:03,900 --> 04:27:06,800
selling negotiating with 
customers and managing your 

5058
04:27:06,800 --> 04:27:09,300
shop, you discover that reading 
offers something unprecedented 

5059
04:27:09,300 --> 04:27:12,800
Escape. 
Not only does reading provide a 

5060
04:27:12,808 --> 04:27:16,100
physical escape to distant lands
described in travel narratives, 

5061
04:27:16,100 --> 04:27:19,000
but it also provides a mental 
escape from the immediate 

5062
04:27:19,000 --> 04:27:22,600
concerns of daily life. 
This mental Escape had profound 

5063
04:27:22,600 --> 04:27:26,000
effects on sleep itself. 
For the first time in human 

5064
04:27:26,000 --> 04:27:29,700
history, significant numbers of 
people were going to bed with 

5065
04:27:29,700 --> 04:27:32,800
their minds racing, not from the
days physical labors or 

5066
04:27:32,800 --> 04:27:36,400
immediate social concerns. 
But from the ideas stories, and 

5067
04:27:36,408 --> 04:27:38,300
emotions they'd absorbed from 
books. 

5068
04:27:39,200 --> 04:27:42,400
Their dreams began incorporating
elements from fictional worlds 

5069
04:27:42,400 --> 04:27:45,900
characters they'd never met and 
places they'd never seen. 

5070
04:27:47,200 --> 04:27:50,600
The old pattern of segmented, 
sleep began to shift, although 

5071
04:27:50,600 --> 04:27:52,000
it did not immediately 
disappear. 

5072
04:27:52,900 --> 04:27:55,600
People still often woke in the 
middle of the night, but in 

5073
04:27:55,600 --> 04:27:58,200
stead of using that time for 
practical tasks or quiet 

5074
04:27:58,200 --> 04:28:00,800
conversation, they increase the 
turn to reading. 

5075
04:28:01,600 --> 04:28:04,500
Those midnight hours became 
precious reading time when the 

5076
04:28:04,500 --> 04:28:06,500
house was quiet and distractions
minimal. 

5077
04:28:07,400 --> 04:28:10,400
This created, the first real 
tension between artificial light

5078
04:28:10,400 --> 04:28:14,400
and natural sleep patterns. 
Candlelight while dimmed by our 

5079
04:28:14,400 --> 04:28:17,300
standards was bright enough to 
suppress the body's natural 

5080
04:28:17,300 --> 04:28:20,700
production of sleep-inducing 
hormones people began 

5081
04:28:20,700 --> 04:28:23,000
experiencing what? 
We now recognize as the early 

5082
04:28:23,000 --> 04:28:26,200
stages of our official lights in
packed on circadian rhythms, 

5083
04:28:26,200 --> 04:28:28,800
even though they lacked 
scientific framework to 

5084
04:28:28,800 --> 04:28:30,200
understand the changes 
occurring. 

5085
04:28:30,900 --> 04:28:33,700
Religious authorities, noticed 
the change and weren't entirely 

5086
04:28:33,700 --> 04:28:37,200
pleased church leaders began 
warning against excessive 

5087
04:28:37,200 --> 04:28:42,000
nighttime reading, particularly 
of secular books worried they 

5088
04:28:42,000 --> 04:28:43,800
realized that. 
People were literally losing 

5089
04:28:43,800 --> 04:28:45,700
sleep over, fictional stories 
and worldly. 

5090
04:28:45,700 --> 04:28:48,400
Concerns time. 
They could have better spent in 

5091
04:28:48,400 --> 04:28:51,700
prayer or rest. 
Some sermons, from this period, 

5092
04:28:51,700 --> 04:28:55,100
specifically mentioned the 
dangers of night reading and its

5093
04:28:55,100 --> 04:28:56,800
effects on both, spiritual and 
physical health. 

5094
04:28:57,700 --> 04:29:00,400
Medical practitioners of the 
time, began documenting new 

5095
04:29:00,400 --> 04:29:03,700
types of sleep complaints. 
Physicians noted that patients 

5096
04:29:03,700 --> 04:29:07,700
particularly educated ones were 
reporting more difficulty, 

5097
04:29:07,700 --> 04:29:11,800
falling asleep, more restless 
nights and more Vivid complex 

5098
04:29:11,800 --> 04:29:16,100
dreams. the term Scholars and 
somnia appeared in medical 

5099
04:29:16,100 --> 04:29:19,800
texts, describing a condition 
primarily affecting people who 

5100
04:29:19,800 --> 04:29:23,700
read extensively, the printing 
Revolution also democratized 

5101
04:29:23,700 --> 04:29:26,200
knowledge in ways that affected 
sleep indirectly, but 

5102
04:29:26,200 --> 04:29:29,600
significantly people could now 
access medical information, 

5103
04:29:29,600 --> 04:29:33,900
including advice about sleep and
health without relying solely on

5104
04:29:33,900 --> 04:29:35,600
local practitioners or folk 
wisdom. 

5105
04:29:36,300 --> 04:29:39,100
This led to the first wave of 
people actively contemplating 

5106
04:29:39,100 --> 04:29:42,300
and trying to optimize their 
sleep rather than simply 

5107
04:29:42,300 --> 04:29:44,200
accepting what Ever. 
Rest came naturally. 

5108
04:29:45,600 --> 04:29:48,500
Books on health diet and daily 
routines became popular. 

5109
04:29:48,500 --> 04:29:51,100
Many offering advice about 
proper sleep habits. 

5110
04:29:51,100 --> 04:29:54,300
Ironically people were staying 
up late, reading books, about 

5111
04:29:54,300 --> 04:29:56,800
how to sleep better. 
The more information they 

5112
04:29:56,800 --> 04:29:59,500
consumed about sleep, the more 
conscious they became of their 

5113
04:29:59,500 --> 04:30:02,000
sleep patterns, which often made
sleep, more elusive. 

5114
04:30:02,000 --> 04:30:05,900
Meanwhile, the book industry 
itself was creating entirely new

5115
04:30:05,900 --> 04:30:09,300
nighttime economies. 
Printers worked long hours to 

5116
04:30:09,300 --> 04:30:12,600
meet growing demand. 
Bookbinders paper makers and 

5117
04:30:12,608 --> 04:30:16,500
type Founders extended their 
working days candlemakers and 

5118
04:30:16,500 --> 04:30:19,700
lamp oil producers. 
Experienced unprecedented demand

5119
04:30:19,700 --> 04:30:23,800
an entire ecosystem of night 
jobs, emerged to support the 

5120
04:30:23,800 --> 04:30:28,200
growing appetite for reading. 
By the late 1500s complaints, 

5121
04:30:28,200 --> 04:30:30,800
about neighbors, reading late 
into the night became common in 

5122
04:30:30,800 --> 04:30:33,800
urban areas. 
The soft glow of Candlelight 

5123
04:30:33,800 --> 04:30:37,400
from Windows previously assigned
that someone was sick or dealing

5124
04:30:37,400 --> 04:30:40,800
with an emergency increasingly. 
Just meant someone was enjoying 

5125
04:30:40,800 --> 04:30:43,000
a good. 
Buy paper makers, becoming less 

5126
04:30:43,000 --> 04:30:44,800
about rest and more about 
choice. 

5127
04:30:45,600 --> 04:30:48,100
The stage was set for sleep to 
become something entirely 

5128
04:30:48,100 --> 04:30:50,200
different from what humans had 
known for millennia. 

5129
04:30:51,900 --> 04:30:55,200
Something magical happened as 
books became cheaper and more 

5130
04:30:55,200 --> 04:30:59,300
abundant They began migrating 
from public spaces into the most

5131
04:30:59,300 --> 04:31:01,800
private space of all the 
bedroom. 

5132
04:31:03,200 --> 04:31:04,900
This wasn't just a matter of 
convenience. 

5133
04:31:04,900 --> 04:31:08,900
It represented a fundamental 
shift in how humans related to 

5134
04:31:08,900 --> 04:31:13,100
both sleep and stories. 
For the first time in history, 

5135
04:31:13,100 --> 04:31:15,900
the last thing, many people 
experience before sleep. 

5136
04:31:15,900 --> 04:31:19,100
Wasn't the voice of a family 
member, the crackle of a Dying 

5137
04:31:19,100 --> 04:31:21,500
Fire or the settling sounds of 
their house. 

5138
04:31:22,400 --> 04:31:25,100
But words on a page, that 
transported them to entirely 

5139
04:31:25,100 --> 04:31:28,400
different worlds. 
The practice of bedtime reading 

5140
04:31:28,400 --> 04:31:31,700
emerged gradually, like a new 
tradition, nobody plan, but 

5141
04:31:31,700 --> 04:31:33,500
everyone seemed to discover 
independently. 

5142
04:31:34,400 --> 04:31:37,100
Parents who could afford books 
began reading to their children 

5143
04:31:37,100 --> 04:31:40,300
at bedtime creating the first 
generation of humans to 

5144
04:31:40,300 --> 04:31:42,700
associate the transition to 
sleep with storytelling. 

5145
04:31:43,900 --> 04:31:46,600
These were the oral folk tales 
that had been passed down 

5146
04:31:46,600 --> 04:31:49,300
through generations. 
These were printed stories 

5147
04:31:49,300 --> 04:31:52,400
consistent in their telling 
often accompanied by 

5148
04:31:52,400 --> 04:31:54,500
illustration and infinitely. 
Repeatable. 

5149
04:31:55,400 --> 04:31:57,100
Children raised on bedtime 
stories. 

5150
04:31:57,100 --> 04:32:00,200
Develop different relationships 
with both sleep and Imagination.

5151
04:32:00,200 --> 04:32:03,200
Instead of drifting off to 
sleep, thinking of the days of 

5152
04:32:03,200 --> 04:32:06,000
events or tomorrow's chores. 
They fell asleep with their 

5153
04:32:06,000 --> 04:32:09,000
minds full of fictional 
characters and imaginary places 

5154
04:32:09,000 --> 04:32:12,100
and narrative possibilities. 
Their dreams began 

5155
04:32:12,100 --> 04:32:15,500
incorporating, more complex, 
storylines, and many reported 

5156
04:32:15,500 --> 04:32:18,500
dreams that seem to continue 
stories from their bedtime books

5157
04:32:18,500 --> 04:32:21,600
or create entirely new 
adventures, featuring beloved 

5158
04:32:21,600 --> 04:32:26,800
characters, adults 2, Discovery,
pleasure of reading in bed, the 

5159
04:32:26,800 --> 04:32:30,500
combination of physical Comfort,
dim light and engaging stories, 

5160
04:32:30,500 --> 04:32:33,900
created a uniquely conducive 
environment for relaxation. 

5161
04:32:34,800 --> 04:32:38,000
But it also created something 
unprecedented the Cliffhanger 

5162
04:32:38,000 --> 04:32:40,700
bed time. 
For the first time, people were 

5163
04:32:40,700 --> 04:32:43,300
deliberately putting themselves 
into emotional suspense right 

5164
04:32:43,300 --> 04:32:46,000
before sleep, their minds 
actively wandering. 

5165
04:32:46,000 --> 04:32:47,800
What would happen next in their 
stories? 

5166
04:32:48,400 --> 04:32:51,300
This led to what historians now 
recognized as the first 

5167
04:32:51,300 --> 04:32:54,300
widespread occurrence of 
voluntary sleep delay for 

5168
04:32:54,300 --> 04:32:57,300
entertainment purposes. 
People would tell themselves 

5169
04:32:57,300 --> 04:33:00,100
they'd read just one more 
chapter then find themselves 

5170
04:33:00,100 --> 04:33:05,400
still turning Pages hours later.
Phrase, I couldn't put it down, 

5171
04:33:05,400 --> 04:33:08,599
entered common usage during this
period, though. 

5172
04:33:08,599 --> 04:33:11,200
It originally referred 
specifically to the difficulty 

5173
04:33:11,200 --> 04:33:14,599
of stopping reading at bed time,
the types of books, people chose

5174
04:33:14,599 --> 04:33:16,800
for bedtime reading began to 
influence the content, 

5175
04:33:16,800 --> 04:33:20,200
Publishers produced. 
Adventure stories with chapter 

5176
04:33:20,200 --> 04:33:23,200
ending Cliffhangers. 
Proved in enormously popular as 

5177
04:33:23,200 --> 04:33:26,200
did Romantic tales that left. 
Readers, emotionally satisfied. 

5178
04:33:26,200 --> 04:33:29,099
But eager for more Publishers 
discovered that book 

5179
04:33:29,099 --> 04:33:32,700
specifically marked for bedtime 
reading sold exceptionally well 

5180
04:33:32,700 --> 04:33:36,000
leading to the development of 
what we might recognize as the 

5181
04:33:36,000 --> 04:33:38,400
first genre of fiction, 
specifically designed for 

5182
04:33:38,400 --> 04:33:41,300
nighttime consumption. 
Religious bedtime reading 

5183
04:33:41,300 --> 04:33:44,700
remained popular, but even 
devotional books began adapting 

5184
04:33:44,700 --> 04:33:47,900
to bedtime reading habits. 
Prayer books started, including 

5185
04:33:47,900 --> 04:33:50,800
shorter sections suitable for 
nighttime, reading, and 

5186
04:33:50,800 --> 04:33:53,800
collections of brief comforting 
religious passages became 

5187
04:33:53,800 --> 04:33:56,599
common. 
The practice of reading Assam or

5188
04:33:56,608 --> 04:34:00,300
brief devotional, passage before
sleep became so widespread that 

5189
04:34:00,300 --> 04:34:02,800
furniture makers, began 
designing bedside tables 

5190
04:34:02,800 --> 04:34:06,700
specifically, to hold books, and
candles the wealthy began 

5191
04:34:06,700 --> 04:34:10,099
commissioning special bedroom, 
libraries small collections of 

5192
04:34:10,099 --> 04:34:12,400
books, selected specifically for
nighttime reading. 

5193
04:34:13,300 --> 04:34:16,400
These typically included poetry,
easy to read, in short, 

5194
04:34:16,400 --> 04:34:19,099
segments, inspiring or 
comforting pros. 

5195
04:34:19,099 --> 04:34:22,000
And what Publishers began 
calling gentle Adventures. 

5196
04:34:22,900 --> 04:34:25,700
Exciting enough to be engaging 
but not so thrilling as to 

5197
04:34:25,700 --> 04:34:28,700
prevent sleep. 
Medical opinion on bedtime 

5198
04:34:28,700 --> 04:34:31,500
reading was mixed. 
Some Physicians warned that 

5199
04:34:31,500 --> 04:34:34,099
exciting stories could 
overstimulate the mine and 

5200
04:34:34,099 --> 04:34:37,300
prevent restful sleep. 
Others argued that reading help 

5201
04:34:37,300 --> 04:34:40,099
transition the Mind from the 
days concerns to a more peaceful

5202
04:34:40,108 --> 04:34:44,400
State, conducive to rest, This 
debate marked the beginning of 

5203
04:34:44,400 --> 04:34:47,099
what would become centuries of 
discussion about the 

5204
04:34:47,108 --> 04:34:50,500
relationship between mental 
stimulation and Sleep Quality. 

5205
04:34:51,900 --> 04:34:54,700
Practice of reading in bed, 
created new intimacies between 

5206
04:34:54,700 --> 04:34:58,700
Couples, married Partners, began
sharing books, reading aloud to 

5207
04:34:58,700 --> 04:35:00,599
each other and discussing 
stories. 

5208
04:35:00,599 --> 04:35:02,599
As a regular part of their 
bedtime routine. 

5209
04:35:02,599 --> 04:35:05,500
Some couples developed elaborate
systems for sharing. 

5210
04:35:05,500 --> 04:35:08,700
Limited reading light, taking 
turns holding candles, or 

5211
04:35:08,700 --> 04:35:10,500
reading aloud. 
While the other rested their 

5212
04:35:10,500 --> 04:35:12,800
eyes. 
This sharing of stories in the 

5213
04:35:12,800 --> 04:35:14,200
marriage. 
Bed represented something 

5214
04:35:14,200 --> 04:35:16,000
entirely new in human 
relationships. 

5215
04:35:16,000 --> 04:35:19,800
Previously, the most intimate 
conversations between couples 

5216
04:35:19,800 --> 04:35:23,700
typically focused on practical 
matters, family, concerns daily 

5217
04:35:23,700 --> 04:35:27,800
events, plans and problems. 
But bedtime reading introduce 

5218
04:35:27,800 --> 04:35:31,200
shared fictional experiences 
imaginary worlds that couples 

5219
04:35:31,200 --> 04:35:34,000
could explore together and 
characters, they could discuss 

5220
04:35:34,000 --> 04:35:37,400
and debate Children growing up 
in households with bedtime 

5221
04:35:37,400 --> 04:35:39,099
reading, began asking for their 
books. 

5222
04:35:39,099 --> 04:35:41,500
Earlier than previous 
generations, had shown interest 

5223
04:35:41,500 --> 04:35:44,200
in Reading. 
The association between books 

5224
04:35:44,200 --> 04:35:47,800
and comfort but books and the 
safety of home and books and the

5225
04:35:47,800 --> 04:35:51,000
transition to sleep created 
powerful, positive associations,

5226
04:35:51,000 --> 04:35:53,099
with reading that lasted 
throughout their lives. 

5227
04:35:54,000 --> 04:35:57,900
By 1600, a significant portion 
of the literate population had 

5228
04:35:57,900 --> 04:36:00,099
Incorporated reading into their 
bed time routine. 

5229
04:36:01,200 --> 04:36:03,900
What did began as a practical 
way to make use of expensive 

5230
04:36:03,900 --> 04:36:06,500
books and evolved into a new 
cultural ritual? 

5231
04:36:06,500 --> 04:36:10,099
One that transformed both how 
people fell asleep and what they

5232
04:36:10,099 --> 04:36:12,400
dreamed about when they finally 
closed their eyes. 

5233
04:36:13,400 --> 04:36:17,099
The night was no longer just 
Nature's signal for rest, it had

5234
04:36:17,099 --> 04:36:20,400
become reading time. 
By the early, 1600s something 

5235
04:36:20,400 --> 04:36:23,300
unprecedented was happening in 
bedrooms across literate Europe.

5236
04:36:24,000 --> 04:36:26,599
People were lying awake, 
contemplating sleep itself. 

5237
04:36:27,400 --> 04:36:30,500
For the first time in human 
history, significant numbers of 

5238
04:36:30,500 --> 04:36:34,099
people were actively analyzing 
their rest comparing their sleep

5239
04:36:34,108 --> 04:36:37,200
experiences to advice they'd 
read in books, and trying to 

5240
04:36:37,200 --> 04:36:40,900
optimize their nighttime hours. 
the printing press had 

5241
04:36:40,900 --> 04:36:43,700
accidentally created the world's
first generation of sleep 

5242
04:36:43,700 --> 04:36:48,099
conscious individuals, Medical 
books, once accessible only to 

5243
04:36:48,099 --> 04:36:51,599
Physicians were now available to
anyone who could read and afford

5244
04:36:51,599 --> 04:36:54,200
them. 
These texts introduced Ordinary 

5245
04:36:54,200 --> 04:36:57,800
People to Concepts, like humeral
balance and the idea that diet 

5246
04:36:57,800 --> 04:37:00,900
exercise and daily habits could 
affect Sleep Quality. 

5247
04:37:02,000 --> 04:37:05,200
People began experimenting with 
the timing of their meals, the 

5248
04:37:05,200 --> 04:37:08,400
firmness of their mattresses and
even the direction, their beds 

5249
04:37:08,400 --> 04:37:10,700
face. 
All based on printed advice from

5250
04:37:10,700 --> 04:37:14,099
medical authorities. 
This marked a fascinating shift 

5251
04:37:14,099 --> 04:37:16,400
from passive to active 
management. 

5252
04:37:16,400 --> 04:37:20,599
Your ancestors had simply slept 
when they were and woken when 

5253
04:37:20,599 --> 04:37:22,700
they were not. 
But the new book reading 

5254
04:37:22,700 --> 04:37:26,000
population began tracking their 
sleep patterns noting, which 

5255
04:37:26,000 --> 04:37:29,000
activities helped or hindered 
their rest and developing 

5256
04:37:29,000 --> 04:37:31,599
personal theories about optimal 
sleep conditions. 

5257
04:37:31,599 --> 04:37:36,400
The results were mixed to put it
gently Many people armed with 

5258
04:37:36,400 --> 04:37:38,700
partial medical knowledge and 
conflicting advice from 

5259
04:37:38,700 --> 04:37:42,700
different books began, creating 
elaborate bedtime routines, that

5260
04:37:42,700 --> 04:37:44,300
probably did more harm than 
good. 

5261
04:37:45,099 --> 04:37:47,599
Some would spend an hour before 
bed preparing their sleeping 

5262
04:37:47,599 --> 04:37:50,099
environment, according to 
whatever book, they'd most 

5263
04:37:50,099 --> 04:37:53,500
recently, read adjusting 
ventilation rearranging 

5264
04:37:53,500 --> 04:37:56,800
furniture or consuming specific 
Foods supposed to promote 

5265
04:37:56,800 --> 04:37:59,700
restful sleep. 
Meanwhile the mere Act of 

5266
04:37:59,707 --> 04:38:02,900
reading about sleep often made 
it more elusive people would lie

5267
04:38:02,900 --> 04:38:05,599
in bed analyzing whether they 
felt sufficiently relaxed, 

5268
04:38:05,599 --> 04:38:08,500
whether they're breathing match 
the patterns described in their 

5269
04:38:08,500 --> 04:38:11,099
health books and whether their 
mattress was positioned 

5270
04:38:11,099 --> 04:38:13,400
correctly, according to the 
latest printed advice. 

5271
04:38:14,099 --> 04:38:16,599
The more they thought about 
sleep the harder, it became 

5272
04:38:16,599 --> 04:38:20,200
Publishers recognizing a 
profitable Trend began producing

5273
04:38:20,200 --> 04:38:22,300
books specifically about 
sleeping Improvement. 

5274
04:38:23,099 --> 04:38:26,500
Titles, like the complete guide 
to restful Slumber and natural 

5275
04:38:26,500 --> 04:38:28,400
methods for perfect sleep, 
became best sellers. 

5276
04:38:28,400 --> 04:38:31,700
These books typically promised 
Simple Solutions to sleep 

5277
04:38:31,700 --> 04:38:34,599
problems while simultaneously 
making readers more anxious 

5278
04:38:34,599 --> 04:38:38,300
about whether they were sleeping
correctly, The wealthy began 

5279
04:38:38,300 --> 04:38:39,700
investing in a laboratory. 
Sleep. 

5280
04:38:39,700 --> 04:38:44,099
Optimization equipment base on 
printed recommendations, special

5281
04:38:44,099 --> 04:38:47,000
mattresses, pillows designed. 
According to particular 

5282
04:38:47,000 --> 04:38:51,200
theories, bedroom furniture 
range to promote better rest and

5283
04:38:51,200 --> 04:38:53,300
even clothing designed 
specifically for sleeping. 

5284
04:38:54,300 --> 04:38:57,500
This period saw the birth of the
idea that Sleep Quality could be

5285
04:38:57,500 --> 04:38:59,800
purchased an optimized through 
the right products. 

5286
04:38:59,800 --> 04:39:04,500
An idea we'd recognize today. 
Religious authorities continue 

5287
04:39:04,500 --> 04:39:06,599
to voice their concerns about 
the evolving relationship 

5288
04:39:06,599 --> 04:39:10,099
between books and bedtime. 
But their focus shifted from 

5289
04:39:10,099 --> 04:39:12,500
moral objections to practical 
health concerns. 

5290
04:39:13,500 --> 04:39:16,200
Church leaders began preaching 
about the importance of proper 

5291
04:39:16,200 --> 04:39:19,800
rest for spiritual life. 
Arguing that people too fatigued

5292
04:39:19,800 --> 04:39:22,800
from staying up reading were 
less able to focus during prayer

5293
04:39:22,800 --> 04:39:25,700
or church services. 
The emerging scientific 

5294
04:39:25,700 --> 04:39:29,300
revolution of the 1600s brought 
new complexity to sleep advice 

5295
04:39:29,300 --> 04:39:32,500
books, began presenting, 
competing theories about what 

5296
04:39:32,500 --> 04:39:36,300
happened during sleep by dreams 
occurred and how rest affected 

5297
04:39:36,300 --> 04:39:40,300
health People found themselves 
trying to sleep while mentally 

5298
04:39:40,300 --> 04:39:42,200
debating. 
Whether sleep was primarily for 

5299
04:39:42,200 --> 04:39:45,600
physical restoration, mental 
processing, or spiritual 

5300
04:39:45,600 --> 04:39:49,300
renewal, Coffee introduced to 
Europe during the same period 

5301
04:39:49,300 --> 04:39:52,000
added another layer of 
complexity to The Sleep 

5302
04:39:52,000 --> 04:39:54,500
equation. 
Popular books, about coffee 

5303
04:39:54,500 --> 04:39:57,100
stimulating effects, led to 
elaborate rules about when 

5304
04:39:57,100 --> 04:39:59,700
coffee consumption could occur 
without affecting nighttime 

5305
04:39:59,700 --> 04:40:02,100
rest. 
People began timing, their 

5306
04:40:02,100 --> 04:40:04,900
coffee consumption. 
Based on printed advice often 

5307
04:40:04,900 --> 04:40:07,500
creating more anxiety about 
their sleep than the coffee 

5308
04:40:07,500 --> 04:40:10,300
itself caused. 
The practice of keeping sleep 

5309
04:40:10,300 --> 04:40:12,500
journals emerged among the 
educated classes. 

5310
04:40:13,300 --> 04:40:16,300
People began recording their 
bedtimes, wake times, dream, 

5311
04:40:16,300 --> 04:40:19,800
content, and energy levels 
comparing their experiences to 

5312
04:40:19,800 --> 04:40:21,100
advice. 
They'd read in books. 

5313
04:40:21,100 --> 04:40:24,200
These personal sleep studies 
represented Humanities. 

5314
04:40:24,200 --> 04:40:27,200
First, systematic attempts to 
understand individual sleep 

5315
04:40:27,200 --> 04:40:30,000
patterns, though. 
The data was often more 

5316
04:40:30,000 --> 04:40:33,600
confusing than Illuminating, 
Physicians began reporting, a 

5317
04:40:33,600 --> 04:40:35,100
new category of patient 
complaints. 

5318
04:40:35,100 --> 04:40:37,500
People who felt their sleep was 
inadequate. 

5319
04:40:37,500 --> 04:40:40,400
Not because they were worn out, 
but because their sleep didn't 

5320
04:40:40,400 --> 04:40:43,100
match descriptions. 
They'd read in books, healthy 

5321
04:40:43,100 --> 04:40:45,700
individuals with normal sleep 
patterns, sought medical help 

5322
04:40:45,700 --> 04:40:48,300
because they worry their rest 
wasn't optimized according to 

5323
04:40:48,300 --> 04:40:53,000
the latest printed theories. 
This period saw the emergence of

5324
04:40:53,000 --> 04:40:56,900
sleep-related social anxiety. 
People began comparing their 

5325
04:40:56,900 --> 04:40:59,300
sleep habits. 
To those described in popular 

5326
04:40:59,300 --> 04:41:03,500
books worrying that their bed 
time routines, mattresses or 

5327
04:41:03,500 --> 04:41:06,600
sleep positions, mark them as 
unsophisticated or unhealthy. 

5328
04:41:07,500 --> 04:41:10,300
Sleep, which had been a private 
large on conscious activity, 

5329
04:41:10,300 --> 04:41:13,100
became a topic of social 
discussion and comparison. 

5330
04:41:14,100 --> 04:41:17,800
Everyone recognized the irony. 
Some writers of the time noted 

5331
04:41:17,800 --> 04:41:20,700
that Humanity had survived for 
Millennia with perfectly 

5332
04:41:20,700 --> 04:41:22,700
adequate sleep. 
Before anyone thought to write 

5333
04:41:22,700 --> 04:41:25,700
books about it, they observed 
that the more people read about 

5334
04:41:25,700 --> 04:41:28,400
sleep, the more problems, they 
seem to develop with sleeping 

5335
04:41:28,400 --> 04:41:32,100
but there was no going back. 
Printing, press had 

5336
04:41:32,100 --> 04:41:34,400
fundamentally altered, 
Humanity's relationship with 

5337
04:41:34,400 --> 04:41:37,100
rest. 
Transforming sleep from a 

5338
04:41:37,100 --> 04:41:40,400
natural surrender to Darkness 
into a complex activity. 

5339
04:41:40,400 --> 04:41:44,000
That could be studied analyzed 
optimized and worried about 

5340
04:41:44,800 --> 04:41:49,200
Sleep had become homework as the
1600s progressed into the 1700s.

5341
04:41:49,200 --> 04:41:52,800
Something profound was slipping 
away from Human Experience. 

5342
04:41:52,800 --> 04:41:56,000
So gradually that no one quite 
noticed until it was nearly 

5343
04:41:56,000 --> 04:41:58,000
gone. 
The ancient pattern of 

5344
04:41:58,000 --> 04:42:02,400
segmented, sleep first. 
Sleep, wakeful period, second 

5345
04:42:02,400 --> 04:42:05,900
sleep, was dissolving, like, 
Morning Mist, replaced by 

5346
04:42:05,908 --> 04:42:09,200
something entirely, different 
books weren't just changing when

5347
04:42:09,200 --> 04:42:12,000
people slept, they were 
fundamentally altering, how 

5348
04:42:12,000 --> 04:42:15,500
people slept The transition 
happened differently in cities 

5349
04:42:15,500 --> 04:42:18,900
than in rural areas and faster 
among the poor. 

5350
04:42:18,900 --> 04:42:21,200
But the direction was 
unmistakable. 

5351
04:42:21,200 --> 04:42:25,000
People were beginning to sleep 
in single Consolidated blocks 

5352
04:42:25,000 --> 04:42:29,200
much like you do today. 
This transition might seem like 

5353
04:42:29,200 --> 04:42:32,200
a minor technical change but it 
represented one of the most 

5354
04:42:32,200 --> 04:42:35,400
significant shifts in human 
behavior since the development 

5355
04:42:35,400 --> 04:42:38,400
of agriculture. 
Urban areas LED this 

5356
04:42:38,400 --> 04:42:42,500
transformation cities meant more
artificial, light more scheduled

5357
04:42:42,500 --> 04:42:45,700
activities, and more access to 
books and printed entertainment.

5358
04:42:46,500 --> 04:42:49,200
City dwellers found their old 
midnight, wake periods 

5359
04:42:49,200 --> 04:42:53,000
increasingly inconvenient. if 
you had to be at work by a 

5360
04:42:53,000 --> 04:42:55,400
specific time and needed to 
maintain your energy throughout 

5361
04:42:55,400 --> 04:42:58,400
the day, the segmented sleep 
pattern began to feel 

5362
04:42:58,400 --> 04:43:02,000
inefficient, rather than natural
Books played a crucial role in 

5363
04:43:02,000 --> 04:43:04,400
the shift. 
The growing practice of bedtime 

5364
04:43:04,400 --> 04:43:06,200
reading. 
Meant people were staying awake 

5365
04:43:06,200 --> 04:43:09,200
later into the evening pushing 
their first sleep period later. 

5366
04:43:09,200 --> 04:43:12,500
And later eventually many people
were going to bed. 

5367
04:43:12,500 --> 04:43:15,500
So late that their natural wake 
period occurred uncomfortably 

5368
04:43:15,500 --> 04:43:18,300
close to Dawn, rather than wake 
for an hour or two. 

5369
04:43:18,300 --> 04:43:20,700
In the middle of the night. 
They began sleeping straight 

5370
04:43:20,700 --> 04:43:23,100
through until morning. 
This changed didn't happen 

5371
04:43:23,100 --> 04:43:26,300
without consequences. 
People raised on segmented. 

5372
04:43:26,300 --> 04:43:29,400
Sleep patterns often struggled 
with the new Consolidated 

5373
04:43:29,400 --> 04:43:32,100
approach. 
They'd lie awake during what had

5374
04:43:32,100 --> 04:43:34,800
traditionally been their 
midnight active period, not 

5375
04:43:34,800 --> 04:43:36,600
understanding why sleep alluded 
them. 

5376
04:43:37,600 --> 04:43:40,000
Physicians began documenting 
what they called, Midnight, 

5377
04:43:40,000 --> 04:43:43,600
Melancholy periods of wakeful 
anxiety, that occurred when 

5378
04:43:43,600 --> 04:43:46,300
people fought against their 
natural tendency to wake during 

5379
04:43:46,300 --> 04:43:48,800
the night. 
The loss of segmented sleep 

5380
04:43:48,800 --> 04:43:52,200
meant The Disappearance of those
precious midnight hours that had

5381
04:43:52,200 --> 04:43:55,200
traditionally been used for 
quiet conversation, prayer, 

5382
04:43:55,200 --> 04:43:57,900
meditation and gentle 
activities. 

5383
04:43:59,000 --> 04:44:02,000
Couples lost that intimate time 
of soft conversation in the 

5384
04:44:02,000 --> 04:44:04,500
Darkness. 
Family, stopped sharing those 

5385
04:44:04,500 --> 04:44:07,200
peaceful moments of tending, the
fire and checking on children 

5386
04:44:07,200 --> 04:44:09,900
together. 
Stead all the evenings 

5387
04:44:09,900 --> 04:44:13,300
activities conversation, 
reading, planning and reflection

5388
04:44:13,300 --> 04:44:16,700
became compressed into the hours
between dinner and bedtime. 

5389
04:44:17,400 --> 04:44:20,800
This intensification of evening 
activities created, a faster 

5390
04:44:20,800 --> 04:44:22,800
pace of life, that many found 
overwhelming. 

5391
04:44:23,600 --> 04:44:26,600
The gentle rhythm of segmented 
sleep had provided natural 

5392
04:44:26,600 --> 04:44:29,000
breaks in the days, emotional 
and mental processing. 

5393
04:44:30,200 --> 04:44:33,100
But books, began reflecting and 
reinforcing this new sleep 

5394
04:44:33,100 --> 04:44:36,200
pattern, authors started writing
longer chapters. 

5395
04:44:36,200 --> 04:44:39,300
Assuming readers would want 
substantial content for their 

5396
04:44:39,300 --> 04:44:43,300
extended evening reading, 
session's The concept of the 

5397
04:44:43,300 --> 04:44:46,500
page Turner of books. 
So engaging you'd read later 

5398
04:44:46,500 --> 04:44:50,200
into the night became a 
marketing Advantage, Publishers 

5399
04:44:50,200 --> 04:44:52,700
discovered that books that kept 
people reading passed their 

5400
04:44:52,700 --> 04:44:55,800
traditional First bed time were 
most likely to become popular. 

5401
04:44:56,500 --> 04:44:59,300
The wealthy began designing 
their homes around Consolidated,

5402
04:44:59,300 --> 04:45:02,100
sleep patterns. 
Bedrooms became more elaborate 

5403
04:45:02,100 --> 04:45:05,300
and comfortable designed for 
longer periods of occupancy. 

5404
04:45:06,600 --> 04:45:09,900
The concept of the bedroom as a 
retreat, a personal Sanctuary 

5405
04:45:09,900 --> 04:45:13,700
designed specifically for rest 
and relaxation emerged during 

5406
04:45:13,700 --> 04:45:16,600
this period. 
Previously bedrooms had been 

5407
04:45:16,608 --> 04:45:20,800
more utilitarian places to sleep
certainly but not necessarily 

5408
04:45:20,800 --> 04:45:24,800
places to lingo or relax. 
Reading Nooks within bedrooms 

5409
04:45:24,800 --> 04:45:26,900
became fashionable among those 
who could afford them. 

5410
04:45:26,900 --> 04:45:30,600
These were specifically designed
spaces for pre-sleep reading 

5411
04:45:30,600 --> 04:45:33,900
with comfortable chairs, good, 
lighting and convenient book 

5412
04:45:33,900 --> 04:45:37,200
storage, the bedroom was 
transforming from a place you 

5413
04:45:37,200 --> 04:45:39,700
went only to sleep and to a 
place where you might spend 

5414
04:45:39,700 --> 04:45:43,300
several hours each evening 
reading, relaxing and gradually 

5415
04:45:43,300 --> 04:45:47,100
transitioning towards sleep. 
This architectural, shift 

5416
04:45:47,100 --> 04:45:50,100
reflected a deeper change in how
people thought about rest and 

5417
04:45:50,100 --> 04:45:52,500
privacy. 
The bedroom was becoming the 

5418
04:45:52,500 --> 04:45:56,200
first truly private space. 
In most people's homes, a place 

5419
04:45:56,200 --> 04:45:58,600
where you could Retreat from 
social obligations and family 

5420
04:45:58,600 --> 04:46:01,500
responsibilities to engage with 
books and your thoughts. 

5421
04:46:02,900 --> 04:46:05,100
Children growing up during this 
transition experience. 

5422
04:46:05,100 --> 04:46:08,000
Something unprecedented. 
They were the first generation 

5423
04:46:08,000 --> 04:46:10,900
to sleep through the night as a 
normal expected pattern. 

5424
04:46:11,600 --> 04:46:14,600
The parents and grandparents had
grown up expecting to wake 

5425
04:46:14,600 --> 04:46:17,000
during the night. 
These children learn to sleep 

5426
04:46:17,000 --> 04:46:18,700
for eight or nine, continuous 
hours. 

5427
04:46:18,700 --> 04:46:22,000
This created different 
relationships with both sleep 

5428
04:46:22,000 --> 04:46:25,100
and darkness and different 
capacities for sustained, 

5429
04:46:25,100 --> 04:46:27,200
attention and energy throughout 
long days. 

5430
04:46:27,200 --> 04:46:31,500
The old folk wisdom about sleep 
began to seem obsolete saying 

5431
04:46:31,500 --> 04:46:35,800
like the hour before midnight is
worth two, after made less sense

5432
04:46:35,800 --> 04:46:38,000
to people who were going to bed 
at midnight or later. 

5433
04:46:38,000 --> 04:46:41,900
Traditional advice about using 
wakeful periods for prayer or 

5434
04:46:41,900 --> 04:46:44,300
meditation. 
Seemed irrelevant people who no 

5435
04:46:44,300 --> 04:46:46,900
longer experienced regular 
midnight, wake periods. 

5436
04:46:47,900 --> 04:46:52,100
By 1750 Consolidated, sleep had 
become the new normal for most 

5437
04:46:52,100 --> 04:46:55,700
of the literate population. 
The segmented sleep pattern that

5438
04:46:55,700 --> 04:46:58,600
had characterized human rest for
Millennia survived. 

5439
04:46:58,600 --> 04:47:01,300
Mainly in rural areas where 
artificial light was still rare.

5440
04:47:01,300 --> 04:47:06,000
Daily schedules remained tied to
natural daylight Cycles, medical

5441
04:47:06,000 --> 04:47:08,600
authorities of the time, noted 
the change, but generally 

5442
04:47:08,600 --> 04:47:12,200
approved of it Consolidated. 
Sleep seemed more efficient. 

5443
04:47:12,200 --> 04:47:15,500
Better suited to the 
increasingly complex demands of 

5444
04:47:15,500 --> 04:47:18,500
Modern Life. 
Few realized that Humanity was 

5445
04:47:18,500 --> 04:47:21,100
abandoning arrest pattern that 
had evolved over thousands of 

5446
04:47:21,100 --> 04:47:24,300
years, replacing it with 
something entirely unprecedented

5447
04:47:24,300 --> 04:47:27,600
in Human Experience. 
The printing, press had 

5448
04:47:27,600 --> 04:47:30,200
accidentally engineered the most
significant change in human 

5449
04:47:30,200 --> 04:47:33,000
sleep patterns, since we learned
to control fire. 

5450
04:47:33,700 --> 04:47:36,100
Here you are centuries. 
Later settling into your 

5451
04:47:36,108 --> 04:47:38,600
comfortable bed with perhaps a 
book on your nightstand, 

5452
04:47:38,600 --> 04:47:42,100
completely unaware that your 
entire relationship with sleep 

5453
04:47:42,100 --> 04:47:45,100
was shaped by a Goldsmith's 
invention from the 1400s. 

5454
04:47:46,100 --> 04:47:49,900
The Consolidated sleep pattern, 
you can consider natural 8 hours

5455
04:47:49,900 --> 04:47:52,300
of continuous. 
Rest would have seemed a strange

5456
04:47:52,300 --> 04:47:54,800
to your medieval ancestors as 
their segmented. 

5457
04:47:54,800 --> 04:47:56,400
Sleep routine seems to you 
today. 

5458
04:47:57,800 --> 04:47:59,100
Transformation. 
The printing. 

5459
04:47:59,100 --> 04:48:02,800
Press began continues to Ripple 
through your nights in ways, 

5460
04:48:02,800 --> 04:48:06,500
both obvious, and subtle. 
Every time you reach for your 

5461
04:48:06,500 --> 04:48:09,700
phone to reach, just one more 
article before sleep, your 

5462
04:48:09,700 --> 04:48:11,600
participating in a tradition 
that began. 

5463
04:48:11,600 --> 04:48:14,200
When the first personality 
candle to read just one more 

5464
04:48:14,200 --> 04:48:18,400
chapter, The eternal struggle 
between I should go to sleep and

5465
04:48:18,400 --> 04:48:21,400
I'll just read a little longer 
started with those early book 

5466
04:48:21,400 --> 04:48:22,800
owners and as never really 
ended. 

5467
04:48:23,600 --> 04:48:25,500
Your bedroom itself is a 
testament to this 

5468
04:48:25,500 --> 04:48:28,000
transformation. 
The idea that you need a 

5469
04:48:28,000 --> 04:48:31,100
comfortable private space, 
specifically designed for rest 

5470
04:48:31,100 --> 04:48:34,100
and relaxation. 
Complete with good lighting for 

5471
04:48:34,100 --> 04:48:36,700
reading comfortable, seating and
easy, access to ebooks or 

5472
04:48:36,700 --> 04:48:39,300
digital devices. 
Would have been incomprehensible

5473
04:48:39,300 --> 04:48:42,600
to people who simply slept 
wherever they could identify a 

5474
04:48:42,600 --> 04:48:46,100
safe warm spot. 
The printing press didn't just 

5475
04:48:46,100 --> 04:48:48,800
change what people read, it 
changed how they think. 

5476
04:48:49,800 --> 04:48:53,400
The ability to access multiple 
perspectives, compared different

5477
04:48:53,400 --> 04:48:57,300
ideas and engage with complex 
narratives trained human Minds 

5478
04:48:57,300 --> 04:49:01,000
to be more active, more 
analytical and more imaginative.

5479
04:49:01,000 --> 04:49:04,200
These more active Minds 
naturally took longer to settle 

5480
04:49:04,200 --> 04:49:07,800
into sleep, requiring longer, 
transition periods, and more 

5481
04:49:07,800 --> 04:49:11,200
comfortable environments. 
Modern sleep science, has 

5482
04:49:11,200 --> 04:49:14,400
rediscovered, some wisdom from 
the pre-printing era, sleep 

5483
04:49:14,400 --> 04:49:16,100
researchers. 
Now, understand that the 

5484
04:49:16,100 --> 04:49:19,700
Consolidated 8-hour sleep 
pattern while workable isn't 

5485
04:49:19,700 --> 04:49:21,400
necessarily optimal for 
everyone. 

5486
04:49:22,100 --> 04:49:25,400
Some people naturally function 
better with segmented sleep or 

5487
04:49:25,400 --> 04:49:29,200
alternative patterns, but are 
modern world of scheduled work 

5488
04:49:29,200 --> 04:49:31,700
and artificial lighting makes 
these patterns difficult to 

5489
04:49:31,700 --> 04:49:35,700
maintain The books that line, 
your shelves, the reading light,

5490
04:49:35,700 --> 04:49:38,300
beside your bed, and the 
comfortable chair, where you 

5491
04:49:38,300 --> 04:49:41,700
might read before sleep. 
All of these represent Victory 

5492
04:49:41,700 --> 04:49:45,300
is in Humanities ongoing 
negotiation with Darkness each 

5493
04:49:45,300 --> 04:49:48,300
generation since Gutenberg has 
pushed bedtime a little later 

5494
04:49:48,300 --> 04:49:51,900
made a little brighter and 
filled the hours before sleep 

5495
04:49:51,900 --> 04:49:55,400
with more, mental stimulation. 
Your dreams themselves, carry 

5496
04:49:55,400 --> 04:49:56,700
the legacy of this 
transformation. 

5497
04:49:56,700 --> 04:50:00,100
The Complex narrative Rich 
dreams, that many people 

5498
04:50:00,100 --> 04:50:03,500
experience today, reflect Minds 
trained on centuries of 

5499
04:50:03,508 --> 04:50:06,700
Storytelling tradition. 
You're sleeping, brain 

5500
04:50:06,700 --> 04:50:10,100
processes, not just the days, 
immediate experience is, but 

5501
04:50:10,100 --> 04:50:12,900
also the characters, plots and 
ideas. 

5502
04:50:12,900 --> 04:50:16,000
You've absorbed from books 
creating dreams, that would have

5503
04:50:16,000 --> 04:50:19,700
been impossible for pre-literate
humans to imagine The Sleep 

5504
04:50:19,700 --> 04:50:23,000
problems that plague Modern Life
difficulty, falling asleep, 

5505
04:50:23,000 --> 04:50:26,600
racing thoughts at bedtime the 
temptation to read or check 

5506
04:50:26,600 --> 04:50:30,100
devices and of sleeping all have
their roots in that moment. 

5507
04:50:30,100 --> 04:50:32,900
When humans first chose 
artificial light and mental 

5508
04:50:32,900 --> 04:50:35,000
stimulation over natural 
darkness and rest. 

5509
04:50:36,000 --> 04:50:38,600
We traded the simple surrender 
to sleep for the complex, 

5510
04:50:38,600 --> 04:50:41,300
pleasure of extended 
Consciousness, and we're still 

5511
04:50:41,308 --> 04:50:43,900
learning to manage the 
consequences but perhaps this 

5512
04:50:43,900 --> 04:50:46,800
trade-off was worth it. 
The same printing, press 

5513
04:50:46,800 --> 04:50:48,600
Revolution that complicated 
sleep. 

5514
04:50:48,600 --> 04:50:52,700
Also democratized knowledge 
spread literacy enabled, the 

5515
04:50:52,700 --> 04:50:55,800
Scientific Revolution and 
created the foundation for every

5516
04:50:55,800 --> 04:50:58,700
book you've ever loved. 
Those late nights reading by 

5517
04:50:58,700 --> 04:51:00,600
candlelight. 
Gave birth to the modern world 

5518
04:51:00,600 --> 04:51:03,100
with all its complexities and 
possibilities. 

5519
04:51:04,000 --> 04:51:07,100
As you prepare for sleep 
tonight, your participating in a

5520
04:51:07,100 --> 04:51:09,100
ritual that would be 
recognizable to readers from 

5521
04:51:09,100 --> 04:51:13,500
centuries past. 
The details of changed electric 

5522
04:51:13,500 --> 04:51:17,700
lights and of candles printed 
books, or digital screens and of

5523
04:51:17,700 --> 04:51:21,000
hand copied manuscripts. 
But the basic pattern remains 

5524
04:51:21,000 --> 04:51:24,300
you're using artificial light to
extend Consciousness Beyond its 

5525
04:51:24,300 --> 04:51:27,800
natural limits, filling your 
mind with stories and ideas that

5526
04:51:27,800 --> 04:51:31,400
will accompany you to sleep and 
perhaps to dreams the printing, 

5527
04:51:31,400 --> 04:51:32,800
press taught Humanity that 
night. 

5528
04:51:32,800 --> 04:51:35,600
Doesn't have to mean the end of 
the thought that Darkness can be

5529
04:51:35,608 --> 04:51:38,600
filled with light and stories 
and that sleep can be a 

5530
04:51:38,600 --> 04:51:41,900
transition to Worlds even more 
fantastic than the ones we read 

5531
04:51:41,900 --> 04:51:44,900
about. 
Changing how we sleep changed us

5532
04:51:44,900 --> 04:51:49,200
as a species more thoughtful 
imaginative and connected to 

5533
04:51:49,200 --> 04:51:53,000
ideas and stories than before. 
So tonight is you finally turn 

5534
04:51:53,000 --> 04:51:56,200
off the light and settle into 
sleep, your carrying forward a 

5535
04:51:56,200 --> 04:51:59,200
tradition that began. 
When the first person decided 

5536
04:51:59,200 --> 04:52:01,700
that Sunset didn't have to mean 
the end of reading time. 

5537
04:52:01,700 --> 04:52:05,400
Sweet dreams, their brought to 
you by a Hannah Berg and 

5538
04:52:05,400 --> 04:52:16,100
everyone who ever stayed up late
reading, just one Chew yourself 

5539
04:52:16,100 --> 04:52:19,600
stepping off a Dusty Stagecoach.
In 1882 somewhere in the 

5540
04:52:19,600 --> 04:52:22,100
Arizona, territory your back 
aches. 

5541
04:52:22,100 --> 04:52:24,900
As if you've been sitting on a 
concrete park bench for 12 

5542
04:52:24,900 --> 04:52:29,000
hours, a situation that give 
them the suspension system of 

5543
04:52:29,000 --> 04:52:32,100
Frontier Transportation isn't 
too far from reality. 

5544
04:52:33,200 --> 04:52:34,800
The Sun is setting behind the 
mountains. 

5545
04:52:34,800 --> 04:52:36,900
Painting everything in that 
golden hour. 

5546
04:52:36,900 --> 04:52:40,300
Light that would make a modern 
Instagram influencer, weep With 

5547
04:52:40,300 --> 04:52:43,800
Envy, You're searching for a 
place to eat drink and maybe 

5548
04:52:43,800 --> 04:52:45,700
wash off three days worth of 
trail dust. 

5549
04:52:45,700 --> 04:52:48,200
And there it is right across the
street. 

5550
04:52:48,200 --> 04:52:52,800
The Silver Dollar Saloon Its 
painted sign creeks in the 

5551
04:52:52,808 --> 04:52:55,500
evening Breeze and those iconic 
batwing doors. 

5552
04:52:55,500 --> 04:52:59,200
You know, the ones that swing 
both ways and come up to about 

5553
04:52:59,200 --> 04:53:01,700
chest height, a practically 
calling your name. 

5554
04:53:02,600 --> 04:53:05,000
Now before you push through 
those doors, let's pause for a 

5555
04:53:05,008 --> 04:53:07,900
moment you're about to enter 
what was essentially the social 

5556
04:53:07,900 --> 04:53:11,200
media platform of its day. 
Imagine a wild west Saloon as a 

5557
04:53:11,208 --> 04:53:14,400
fusion of face book, Twitter and
your local Starbuck's, all 

5558
04:53:14,400 --> 04:53:17,900
housed within a single wooden 
structure that exudes a scent of

5559
04:53:17,900 --> 04:53:20,400
tobacco whiskey and surreal 
dreams. 

5560
04:53:21,600 --> 04:53:24,600
The Batwing doors were just for 
show, by the way, they were 

5561
04:53:24,600 --> 04:53:27,500
brilliantly practical, like 
cargo shorts, but actually 

5562
04:53:27,500 --> 04:53:31,000
useful. they kept out dust and 
tumbleweeds while letting in 

5563
04:53:31,000 --> 04:53:35,300
fresh air and allowing people to
see who was coming and going, In

5564
04:53:35,300 --> 04:53:37,900
a place where your reputation 
literally, determined, whether 

5565
04:53:37,900 --> 04:53:41,000
you lived or died knowing who 
just walked in, was rather 

5566
04:53:41,000 --> 04:53:43,900
important information as you 
approached the entrance. 

5567
04:53:43,900 --> 04:53:47,400
You notice the doors are worn 
Smooth by thousands of hands 

5568
04:53:47,400 --> 04:53:50,200
pushing through them. 
The wood has that patina that 

5569
04:53:50,200 --> 04:53:53,700
only comes from Decades of use, 
like, the handle of a well-loved

5570
04:53:53,700 --> 04:53:55,800
baseball bat or your 
grandmother's rolling pin. 

5571
04:53:56,600 --> 04:53:58,400
Inside. 
You can hear the sounds of 

5572
04:53:58,400 --> 04:54:02,500
laughter glasses, clinking, a 
slightly off-tune piano and the 

5573
04:54:02,500 --> 04:54:04,500
occasional third of boots on 
wooden floors. 

5574
04:54:04,500 --> 04:54:08,900
We take a deep breath catching 
sense of wood, smoke roasted 

5575
04:54:08,900 --> 04:54:12,300
meat and something that might be
coffee, but could just as easily

5576
04:54:12,300 --> 04:54:15,400
be paint thinner. 
Your stomach rumbles reminding 

5577
04:54:15,400 --> 04:54:18,500
you that hard tech and jerky, 
don't constitute fine, dining, 

5578
04:54:18,500 --> 04:54:21,300
no matter how you. 
Look at it, here's where your 

5579
04:54:21,300 --> 04:54:23,100
modern sensibility start to kick
in. 

5580
04:54:23,100 --> 04:54:26,200
You're accustomed to perusing 
online restaurant reviews and 

5581
04:54:26,200 --> 04:54:28,800
perhaps observing the health 
departments rating prominently 

5582
04:54:28,800 --> 04:54:32,500
displayed in the window. 
But this isn't that world, the 

5583
04:54:32,500 --> 04:54:34,800
only review system here is, 
whether people are still alive 

5584
04:54:34,800 --> 04:54:37,600
after eating with food, and even
that's not always a reliable 

5585
04:54:37,608 --> 04:54:40,400
indicator, giving the general 
life expectancy of the frontier.

5586
04:54:41,200 --> 04:54:43,800
You adjust your hat because 
everyone will caps. 

5587
04:54:43,800 --> 04:54:47,100
Then it wasn't optional, like 
wearing pants to Walmart, and 

5588
04:54:47,100 --> 04:54:50,100
push through those Swinging 
Doors, they spring back behind 

5589
04:54:50,100 --> 04:54:53,900
you with a satisfying whoosh. 
And suddenly, you're inside and 

5590
04:54:53,900 --> 04:54:57,200
oh, my, it's quite a scene. 
The first thing that hits you 

5591
04:54:57,200 --> 04:55:00,500
isn't the site. 
It's the sound, it's loud. 

5592
04:55:00,500 --> 04:55:04,400
It's not as loud as a rock 
concert, but rather as loud as a

5593
04:55:04,400 --> 04:55:08,400
busy restaurant on a Friday 
night, Conversations overlap 

5594
04:55:08,400 --> 04:55:11,800
like competing radio stations 
punctuated by the occasional 

5595
04:55:11,800 --> 04:55:15,700
burst of laughter, the scrape of
chairs on wooden floors and the 

5596
04:55:15,700 --> 04:55:18,300
rhythmic thunk. 
Thunk of someone dealing cards 

5597
04:55:18,300 --> 04:55:21,400
at a table near the back. 
The second thing that hits you 

5598
04:55:21,400 --> 04:55:24,500
is the smell. 
It's a complex bouquet that no, 

5599
04:55:24,500 --> 04:55:26,000
modern nose is quite prepared 
for. 

5600
04:55:26,000 --> 04:55:29,600
There's the obvious whiskey and 
tobacco but underneath that is 

5601
04:55:29,600 --> 04:55:32,900
the earthy scent of wool and 
leather the metallic Tang of Gun

5602
04:55:32,900 --> 04:55:36,200
oil and something that might 
charitably be called Frontier 

5603
04:55:36,200 --> 04:55:39,500
cologne, but more accurately 
described as three weeks without

5604
04:55:39,500 --> 04:55:42,700
a proper bath. 
The lighting is dim, not 

5605
04:55:42,700 --> 04:55:46,100
romantic restaurant dim, but we 
only have oil lamps and candles.

5606
04:55:46,100 --> 04:55:48,600
Dim your eyes. 
Take a moment to adjust. 

5607
04:55:48,600 --> 04:55:51,600
Like, when you walk into a movie
theater, except the movie 

5608
04:55:51,600 --> 04:55:54,000
theater, does not have armed 
Patron's, and questionable 

5609
04:55:54,000 --> 04:55:56,900
hygiene standards. 
And there you stand, just inside

5610
04:55:56,900 --> 04:56:00,400
these famous Swinging Doors 
taking in your first real wild 

5611
04:56:00,400 --> 04:56:03,400
west Saloon. 
The adventure is about to begin 

5612
04:56:03,400 --> 04:56:06,100
and honestly, you're not 
entirely sure whether to be 

5613
04:56:06,100 --> 04:56:09,800
excited or concerned may be both
probably both. 

5614
04:56:10,600 --> 04:56:13,300
Can now see the faces around 
you, as your eyes have adjusted 

5615
04:56:13,300 --> 04:56:18,000
to the oil lamps and the globe, 
and what faces they are. it's as

5616
04:56:18,000 --> 04:56:20,400
if you've stepped into a dynamic
to Guerra type only with 

5617
04:56:20,400 --> 04:56:24,300
everyone in motion and some 
armed The first rule of saloon 

5618
04:56:24,300 --> 04:56:26,700
etiquette which nobody bothered 
to mention in your guidebook is 

5619
04:56:26,700 --> 04:56:28,500
this. 
Don't just stand there. 

5620
04:56:28,500 --> 04:56:31,900
Gawking like a tourist at Times 
Square, you need to move with 

5621
04:56:31,900 --> 04:56:34,000
purpose. 
Even if that purpose is simply 

5622
04:56:34,000 --> 04:56:36,700
find a place to sit without 
getting shot. 

5623
04:56:37,700 --> 04:56:41,100
The bartender, catches your eye 
and nods, a universal gesture 

5624
04:56:41,100 --> 04:56:44,200
that transcends time, and 
roughly translates to buy 

5625
04:56:44,200 --> 04:56:47,700
something, or get out. 
He's a large man with sleeves, 

5626
04:56:47,700 --> 04:56:50,600
rolled up past his elbows. 
Sporting the kind of mustache 

5627
04:56:50,600 --> 04:56:54,300
that required, serious daily 
maintenance think, Tom Selleck 

5628
04:56:54,300 --> 04:56:56,600
but with more experience, 
breaking up fights and less 

5629
04:56:56,600 --> 04:56:58,200
experience solving crime in 
Hawaii. 

5630
04:56:58,200 --> 04:57:00,700
You scan the room for seating 
options. 

5631
04:57:00,700 --> 04:57:04,200
There's the bar itself naturally
with a few empty stools that 

5632
04:57:04,208 --> 04:57:06,400
look about as comfortable as 
sitting on a fence post. 

5633
04:57:06,400 --> 04:57:08,100
The bar is actually quite 
impressive. 

5634
04:57:08,100 --> 04:57:11,600
A long stretch of polished wood,
that seen more drama than a soap

5635
04:57:11,600 --> 04:57:14,800
opera Behind the bar bottles 
line, the shelves, like glass 

5636
04:57:14,800 --> 04:57:16,800
soldiers. 
However, several of them have 

5637
04:57:16,800 --> 04:57:19,300
handwritten labels that raise 
questions about quality control 

5638
04:57:19,300 --> 04:57:21,700
standards. 
Then there are the tables 

5639
04:57:21,700 --> 04:57:24,600
scattered around the room. 
This is where the study of 

5640
04:57:24,600 --> 04:57:28,300
social Outreach topology become 
fascinating, each table seems to

5641
04:57:28,300 --> 04:57:32,200
have its ecosystem, its own 
unspoken rules, and its 

5642
04:57:32,200 --> 04:57:37,400
potential for sudden violence. 
A table of real cowboys, not the

5643
04:57:37,400 --> 04:57:39,200
Hollywood version sits near the 
front window. 

5644
04:57:39,200 --> 04:57:43,000
They're Dusty Sun weathered and 
looked like they haven't seen a 

5645
04:57:43,000 --> 04:57:45,700
barber in months. 
Their hats are sweat-stained and

5646
04:57:45,700 --> 04:57:47,600
practical. 
Their boots are scuffed from 

5647
04:57:47,608 --> 04:57:50,600
actual work and they're their 
clothes have that lived in 

5648
04:57:50,600 --> 04:57:52,700
quality that comes from spending
weeks on the trail. 

5649
04:57:53,600 --> 04:57:55,700
Their nursing beers and 
discussing something that 

5650
04:57:55,700 --> 04:57:57,500
involves a lot of gesturing 
toward the door. 

5651
04:57:58,700 --> 04:58:01,400
We decide to file these 
observations under information 

5652
04:58:01,400 --> 04:58:05,500
to remember and keep looking in 
the corner, there's a poker game

5653
04:58:05,508 --> 04:58:08,900
happening at around table. 
The players are a mixed bunch a 

5654
04:58:08,900 --> 04:58:10,400
man in a slightly too fancy 
vest. 

5655
04:58:10,400 --> 04:58:13,300
Who might be a traveling 
salesman, a grizzled prospector 

5656
04:58:13,300 --> 04:58:15,300
whose beard could hide a small 
animal. 

5657
04:58:15,300 --> 04:58:18,300
And two other gentlemen, whose 
occupations are harder to 

5658
04:58:18,300 --> 04:58:21,400
determine but whose serious 
Expressions suggest the stakes 

5659
04:58:21,400 --> 04:58:24,300
are real. 
The fourth rule of saloons of 

5660
04:58:24,300 --> 04:58:26,700
survival, which follows the 
first three rules of. 

5661
04:58:26,700 --> 04:58:30,000
Don't stare. 
Don't touch anyone's hat and 

5662
04:58:30,000 --> 04:58:34,300
don't ask about anyone's past, 
is this never cited a poker 

5663
04:58:34,300 --> 04:58:36,900
table unless you're invited and 
prepared to lose your shirt, 

5664
04:58:36,900 --> 04:58:40,800
literally. 
There's a piano in one corner an

5665
04:58:40,800 --> 04:58:42,500
upright that seem better 
decades. 

5666
04:58:42,500 --> 04:58:45,300
Where a woman in a blue dress is
playing something that might be.

5667
04:58:45,300 --> 04:58:49,400
Oh, Susanna if you squint your 
ears, just right, she's what 

5668
04:58:49,400 --> 04:58:52,300
they called a saloon girl and 
her job description, included 

5669
04:58:52,300 --> 04:58:56,300
entertainment, conversation and 
selling drinks, despite what 

5670
04:58:56,300 --> 04:58:59,200
Hollywood might have suggested, 
most saloon girls were 

5671
04:58:59,200 --> 04:59:01,200
essentially, the taverns 
customer service 

5672
04:59:01,200 --> 04:59:03,800
Representatives, not anything 
more scandalous. 

5673
04:59:04,700 --> 04:59:08,100
The characters continue to 
unfold before you like the pages

5674
04:59:08,100 --> 04:59:11,900
in a very dusty book, the 
gentleman at the bar, dressed a 

5675
04:59:11,900 --> 04:59:15,200
macular and a black suit, a 
clean hat and Shining boots is a

5676
04:59:15,200 --> 04:59:18,400
sight to behold. 
He could be a banker a preacher,

5677
04:59:18,400 --> 04:59:21,700
or someone you really don't want
to accidentally bump into his 

5678
04:59:21,700 --> 04:59:24,000
coat hangs. 
Just so, he can't tell if that's

5679
04:59:24,000 --> 04:59:26,800
because he's very particular 
about his appearance or because 

5680
04:59:26,800 --> 04:59:29,200
he's carrying something under 
there, that requires easy access

5681
04:59:30,600 --> 04:59:33,100
to a small table near the back. 
A couple of older men are 

5682
04:59:33,100 --> 04:59:35,600
engaged in what appears to be 
either a heated philosophical 

5683
04:59:35,600 --> 04:59:37,500
debate, or an argument about 
whose turn. 

5684
04:59:37,500 --> 04:59:40,800
It is to buy the next round. 
Their voices, rise and fall like

5685
04:59:40,800 --> 04:59:43,800
a verbal tide and occasionally, 
one of them pounds, the table 

5686
04:59:43,800 --> 04:59:46,000
for emphasis making the glasses 
jump. 

5687
04:59:47,000 --> 04:59:48,700
You realize, you're still 
standing there like a 

5688
04:59:48,700 --> 04:59:51,100
decoration, so you make your 
move toward the bar. 

5689
04:59:51,900 --> 04:59:54,500
The bartender watches your 
approach with the expression of 

5690
04:59:54,500 --> 04:59:57,100
someone who seen everything at 
least twice and isn't easily 

5691
04:59:57,100 --> 04:59:59,500
impressed. 
As you climb onto one of those 

5692
04:59:59,500 --> 05:00:00,400
fence. 
Post stools. 

5693
05:00:00,400 --> 05:00:04,100
You notice the bar's surface 
tells its stories ring stains 

5694
05:00:04,100 --> 05:00:07,200
from countless glasses, small 
Nicks from knives. 

5695
05:00:07,200 --> 05:00:10,200
And what might be initials 
carved by patrons with too much 

5696
05:00:10,208 --> 05:00:13,800
time and whiskey. 
The stool creaks ominously under

5697
05:00:13,800 --> 05:00:17,100
your weight, not because you're 
heavy, but because it's held 

5698
05:00:17,100 --> 05:00:20,700
together with hope nails and 
possibly some very determined 

5699
05:00:20,700 --> 05:00:22,900
termites. 
You settle in trying to look 

5700
05:00:22,900 --> 05:00:26,200
like you belong or fighting the 
urge to ask if they have a wine 

5701
05:00:26,200 --> 05:00:29,700
list. 
The bartender approaches wiping 

5702
05:00:29,700 --> 05:00:31,800
his hands on a towel that has 
witnessed better days. 

5703
05:00:31,800 --> 05:00:35,200
What will it be? 
He asks, and you realize you're 

5704
05:00:35,200 --> 05:00:38,100
about to make your first real 
decision in the world. 

5705
05:00:38,100 --> 05:00:41,400
West. 
Choose wiseley your stomach and 

5706
05:00:41,400 --> 05:00:42,800
your reputation made depend on 
it. 

5707
05:00:42,800 --> 05:00:47,000
What it be the bartender asks. 
Again, when you realize that 

5708
05:00:47,000 --> 05:00:50,100
this isn't like browsing through
a 20 Page menu at the Cheesecake

5709
05:00:50,100 --> 05:00:53,200
Factory. 
Your options are limited and 

5710
05:00:53,200 --> 05:00:55,000
some of them might be 
questionable for your long term 

5711
05:00:55,000 --> 05:00:57,700
Health prospects. 
Let's start with the drinks, 

5712
05:00:57,700 --> 05:01:00,600
shall we? 
The house specialty is whiskey 

5713
05:01:00,600 --> 05:01:03,400
and buy specialty. 
I mean, it's basically the only 

5714
05:01:03,400 --> 05:01:05,500
option that won't require you to
lie down afterward. 

5715
05:01:05,500 --> 05:01:09,400
However, it's important to note 
that the master distiller did 

5716
05:01:09,400 --> 05:01:11,200
not age Frontier whiskey and 
Charming. 

5717
05:01:11,200 --> 05:01:15,200
Oak barrels for 12 years. 
Oh no, this whiskey was aged for

5718
05:01:15,200 --> 05:01:17,700
about as long as it took to make
it, which was roughly the same 

5719
05:01:17,700 --> 05:01:19,800
amount of time. 
It takes to microwave a burrito,

5720
05:01:19,800 --> 05:01:23,300
the bartender holds up a bottle 
with a handwritten label that 

5721
05:01:23,300 --> 05:01:26,600
simply says whiskey in letters 
that suggest the writers hand 

5722
05:01:26,600 --> 05:01:28,000
wasn't entirely steady at the 
time. 

5723
05:01:28,800 --> 05:01:32,000
The liquid inside has an amber 
color that could generously be 

5724
05:01:32,000 --> 05:01:37,000
called rustic or more accurately
described as concerning. but you

5725
05:01:37,000 --> 05:01:39,700
know what, when you've been 
eating Trail Dust for three 

5726
05:01:39,700 --> 05:01:43,200
days, your standards become 
remarkably flexible, Whiskey 

5727
05:01:43,200 --> 05:01:45,900
sounds, perfect. 
You say, because when in Rome, 

5728
05:01:45,900 --> 05:01:49,300
or in this case, when in a place
where Rome seems like a distant 

5729
05:01:49,300 --> 05:01:52,900
fever dream, you do as the 
locals, do the bartender pause? 

5730
05:01:52,900 --> 05:01:54,700
You a shot in a glass, that's 
clean enough. 

5731
05:01:54,700 --> 05:01:56,800
Assuming you don't look too 
closely at The Rim. 

5732
05:01:56,800 --> 05:02:00,400
The whiskey boasts, a color 
reminiscent of weak tea and an 

5733
05:02:00,400 --> 05:02:02,900
aroma reminiscent of what could 
want to be corn. 

5734
05:02:02,900 --> 05:02:07,400
You take a sip and wow, it's 
like liquid campfire with hints 

5735
05:02:07,400 --> 05:02:09,000
of regret and finish that 
suggests. 

5736
05:02:09,000 --> 05:02:11,000
You should probably something 
soon. 

5737
05:02:12,500 --> 05:02:16,500
Speaking of food, let's talk 
about your dining options, the 

5738
05:02:16,500 --> 05:02:20,300
menu such as it exists is posted
on a chalkboard behind the bar 

5739
05:02:20,300 --> 05:02:23,100
written in the same shaky 
handwriting as the whiskey 

5740
05:02:23,100 --> 05:02:24,800
label. 
Your choices are beef. 

5741
05:02:24,800 --> 05:02:27,500
Stew beans and bacon. 
Cornbread and something. 

5742
05:02:27,500 --> 05:02:29,600
Optimistically labeled fresh 
fish. 

5743
05:02:30,600 --> 05:02:32,100
Now you're in the middle of the 
desert. 

5744
05:02:32,100 --> 05:02:36,500
So the fresh fish raises, some 
immediate questions fresh from. 

5745
05:02:36,500 --> 05:02:39,600
Where exactly, how can the fish 
be considered fresh, when the 

5746
05:02:39,600 --> 05:02:42,100
nearest substantial body of 
water is a 3-day ride away? 

5747
05:02:43,000 --> 05:02:46,400
The bartender notices, your 
expression and Chuckles, don't 

5748
05:02:46,400 --> 05:02:49,000
worry about the fish. 
He says been on the menu for two

5749
05:02:49,000 --> 05:02:52,700
years, nobody's ever ordered it.
You decide beef stew? 

5750
05:02:52,700 --> 05:02:56,000
Sounds like the safest bet. 
It's a decision that shows 

5751
05:02:56,000 --> 05:02:58,800
wisdom beyond your years or at 
least beyond your experience 

5752
05:02:58,800 --> 05:03:02,100
with Frontier cuisine. 
The bartender calls your order 

5753
05:03:02,100 --> 05:03:04,900
back to the kitchen which is 
apparently just behind a curtain

5754
05:03:04,900 --> 05:03:07,700
doorway where you can hear the 
sounds of serious cooking 

5755
05:03:07,700 --> 05:03:11,300
happening lots of clanging, some
creative vocabulary, and what 

5756
05:03:11,300 --> 05:03:14,200
might be prayer while you, wait,
you notice the other patreons 

5757
05:03:14,200 --> 05:03:17,200
dining choices, the Cowboys at 
the front table are sharing a 

5758
05:03:17,200 --> 05:03:20,200
plate of beans and bacon, that 
could probably feed a small army

5759
05:03:20,200 --> 05:03:23,500
or at least three famished 
Cowboys, their eating, with the 

5760
05:03:23,500 --> 05:03:26,600
efficiency of people who view 
food as fuel rather than an 

5761
05:03:26,600 --> 05:03:29,600
experience, which is probably 
the right attitude when your 

5762
05:03:29,600 --> 05:03:32,600
dining options are limited to 
brown stuff and other brown 

5763
05:03:32,600 --> 05:03:35,100
stuff. 
The poker players have ordered 

5764
05:03:35,100 --> 05:03:37,700
rounds of everything, 
apparently, because their table 

5765
05:03:37,700 --> 05:03:40,900
looks like a frontier Buffet. 
There are plates of cornbread 

5766
05:03:40,900 --> 05:03:44,400
bowls of stews. 
Those stew strip of bacon and 

5767
05:03:44,400 --> 05:03:45,900
enough whiskey to fill a small 
boat. 

5768
05:03:46,800 --> 05:03:48,000
Of course, they're playing for 
money. 

5769
05:03:48,000 --> 05:03:50,700
So they might be trying to 
fortify themselves for a long 

5770
05:03:50,700 --> 05:03:53,700
night of cards and potentially 
life-changing losses. 

5771
05:03:54,600 --> 05:03:56,900
The well-dressed gentleman at 
the bar is nursing a single 

5772
05:03:56,900 --> 05:04:00,200
glass of whiskey and a plate of 
cornbread eating. 

5773
05:04:00,200 --> 05:04:02,700
With the careful, Precision of 
someone, who's either very 

5774
05:04:02,700 --> 05:04:05,600
refined or very suspicious of 
the food quality. 

5775
05:04:06,700 --> 05:04:09,400
He cuts his cornbread into 
perfect squares and chews 

5776
05:04:09,400 --> 05:04:11,300
thoughtfully. 
Like he's conducting a 

5777
05:04:11,300 --> 05:04:13,100
scientific analysis of its 
ingredients. 

5778
05:04:14,200 --> 05:04:18,000
Your stew arrives carried by a 
woman who emerges from behind 

5779
05:04:18,000 --> 05:04:20,900
the kitchen curtain like she 
stepping onto a stage. 

5780
05:04:21,900 --> 05:04:25,400
She is the cook clearly and she 
sets the Bold out with the pride

5781
05:04:25,400 --> 05:04:28,300
of someone who knows her craft. 
A pinball. 

5782
05:04:28,300 --> 05:04:32,300
Hot enough to Brand cattle, 
holds the stew and its contents 

5783
05:04:32,300 --> 05:04:34,800
appear. 
Substantial, the stew contains 

5784
05:04:34,800 --> 05:04:37,100
chunks of beef that were once 
tough, but have now become 

5785
05:04:37,100 --> 05:04:39,700
tender vegetables. 
That could be charitably 

5786
05:04:39,700 --> 05:04:43,100
described as rustic and a gravy.
Thick enough to serve as a 

5787
05:04:43,100 --> 05:04:45,300
mortar. 
It smells fantastic actually, 

5788
05:04:45,300 --> 05:04:48,200
like, comfort food made by 
someone who understands that 

5789
05:04:48,200 --> 05:04:49,900
Comfort. 
Sometimes comes in the form of 

5790
05:04:49,908 --> 05:04:52,600
calories and warmth, rather than
presentation and Molecular 

5791
05:04:52,600 --> 05:04:55,600
Gastronomy. 
You take a spoonful and it's 

5792
05:04:55,600 --> 05:04:58,700
delicious, really good. 
The kind of good that makes you 

5793
05:04:58,700 --> 05:05:00,900
understand why people wrote 
songs about home cooking. 

5794
05:05:01,800 --> 05:05:04,500
The cornbread that comes with it
is dense and filling with a 

5795
05:05:04,508 --> 05:05:07,600
slightly sweet taste that 
balances the hearty stew 

5796
05:05:07,600 --> 05:05:10,200
perfectly. 
There's nothing like the fluffy 

5797
05:05:10,200 --> 05:05:12,300
cake like cornbread. 
You might know from Modern 

5798
05:05:12,300 --> 05:05:15,200
restaurants. 
This bread symbolizes business 

5799
05:05:15,200 --> 05:05:18,000
and can sustain you throughout a
long day of your planned 

5800
05:05:18,000 --> 05:05:21,500
Frontier activities. 
As you eat, you start to relax a

5801
05:05:21,500 --> 05:05:24,300
little, the whiskey has smooth, 
some of your rough edges. 

5802
05:05:24,300 --> 05:05:27,800
The food is warming, you from 
the inside out and the general 

5803
05:05:27,800 --> 05:05:31,100
atmosphere is starting to feel 
less like a movie set and more 

5804
05:05:31,100 --> 05:05:35,000
like place where people come to 
eat and drink and escape from 

5805
05:05:35,000 --> 05:05:37,000
their day. 
But then you notice something 

5806
05:05:37,000 --> 05:05:40,800
that makes your spoon. 
Pause halfway to your mouth, The

5807
05:05:40,800 --> 05:05:43,500
conversation at the Cowboys 
table has gotten quieter more 

5808
05:05:43,500 --> 05:05:45,600
intense. 
They keep glancing towards the 

5809
05:05:45,608 --> 05:05:47,500
door and one of them has shifted
his chair. 

5810
05:05:47,500 --> 05:05:48,900
So he has a better view of the 
entrance. 

5811
05:05:50,000 --> 05:05:52,300
The world dress gentleman has 
also noticed the changes and as 

5812
05:05:52,300 --> 05:05:54,500
angled himself slightly on his 
stool up. 

5813
05:05:54,500 --> 05:05:57,300
Oh, you get the feeling that 
your peaceful dinner is about to

5814
05:05:57,300 --> 05:05:59,900
become significantly, more 
interesting, you're just 

5815
05:05:59,900 --> 05:06:03,000
starting to feel settled. 
The stew is warming, your belly.

5816
05:06:03,000 --> 05:06:06,000
The whiskey is taken the edge 
off, three days of Stagecoach, 

5817
05:06:06,000 --> 05:06:09,200
travel and your beginning. 
To think those whole Wild West 

5818
05:06:09,200 --> 05:06:11,900
experience, might be more 
civilized than the story 

5819
05:06:11,900 --> 05:06:15,000
suggested. 
At that moment, the Batwing 

5820
05:06:15,000 --> 05:06:18,500
doors opened forcefully, causing
the rooms temperature to drop by

5821
05:06:18,500 --> 05:06:22,300
approximately 10 degrees. 
Three men walk in and they walk 

5822
05:06:22,300 --> 05:06:24,900
like they own the place they 
appear as though their 

5823
05:06:24,900 --> 05:06:27,100
contemplating acquiring it 
without the need for paperwork. 

5824
05:06:27,100 --> 05:06:30,500
There are different from the 
other patrons cleaner better 

5825
05:06:30,500 --> 05:06:33,500
dressed but with an edge that 
makes everyone else look like 

5826
05:06:33,500 --> 05:06:35,200
Sunday school teachers by 
comparison. 

5827
05:06:36,200 --> 05:06:39,300
The leader is tall and lean 
wearing a black coat that seen 

5828
05:06:39,300 --> 05:06:43,200
some use, but not much abuse. 
His hat is perfectly positioned 

5829
05:06:43,200 --> 05:06:46,300
and his boots exuded a shine 
that suggests the other 

5830
05:06:46,308 --> 05:06:49,100
meticulously maintained his 
belongings or hasn't been 

5831
05:06:49,100 --> 05:06:50,700
traversing the desert dust for 
days. 

5832
05:06:51,900 --> 05:06:54,700
His eyes scan the room with the 
methodical Precision of someone 

5833
05:06:54,700 --> 05:06:57,800
conducting, an inventory, this 
companion's flank him like 

5834
05:06:57,800 --> 05:07:00,100
bookends one shorter and 
stockier. 

5835
05:07:00,100 --> 05:07:03,800
Bill like a man who settles 
disagreements with his fists and

5836
05:07:03,800 --> 05:07:06,300
another whose trying a little 
too difficult to look casual 

5837
05:07:06,300 --> 05:07:10,700
while obviously being anything 
but They moved to the bar but 

5838
05:07:10,700 --> 05:07:13,400
not before the tall one makes 
eye contact with several patrons

5839
05:07:13,400 --> 05:07:17,100
including you? 
Now you've never been in a 

5840
05:07:17,100 --> 05:07:20,400
situation quite like this, but 
some instincts are Universal, 

5841
05:07:20,400 --> 05:07:22,700
it's akin to being an a 
restaurant. 

5842
05:07:22,708 --> 05:07:25,500
When a group enters that exudes 
an unsettling presence, 

5843
05:07:25,500 --> 05:07:29,600
excessively loud overly 
aggressive and behaving, as 

5844
05:07:29,600 --> 05:07:32,700
though they are seeking 
confrontation, Except in this 

5845
05:07:32,708 --> 05:07:36,000
case, the people who might find 
trouble or armed and there's no 

5846
05:07:36,000 --> 05:07:39,200
manager to complain to the 
bartenders demeanor changes. 

5847
05:07:39,200 --> 05:07:42,000
Subtly, he's still approaches 
them and asks what they want. 

5848
05:07:42,000 --> 05:07:45,200
But now this tension in his 
shoulders, The Cowboys at the 

5849
05:07:45,200 --> 05:07:48,300
front table of gone, completely 
quiet, which is probably the 

5850
05:07:48,300 --> 05:07:50,200
frontier equivalent of turning 
off your phone. 

5851
05:07:50,200 --> 05:07:53,500
When you sense drama Brewing. 
Whiskey says the tall. 

5852
05:07:53,500 --> 05:07:55,900
Stranger the good stuff. 
Not what you've been serving in 

5853
05:07:55,908 --> 05:07:58,600
everyone else? 
This story is interesting. 

5854
05:07:58,600 --> 05:08:01,700
Apparently, there's a two-tier 
beverage system in operation 

5855
05:08:01,700 --> 05:08:05,600
here and you've been drinking 
from the economy section The 

5856
05:08:05,600 --> 05:08:08,400
bartender reaches under the bar 
and produces a different bottle.

5857
05:08:08,400 --> 05:08:11,700
This one with an actual printed 
label and liquid, that doesn't 

5858
05:08:11,700 --> 05:08:14,800
look like it could strip paint. 
As the strangers get their 

5859
05:08:14,800 --> 05:08:18,000
drinks, you notice the poker 
game is paused a players are 

5860
05:08:18,000 --> 05:08:20,400
still holding their cards, but 
nobody's looking at them 

5861
05:08:20,400 --> 05:08:22,800
anymore. 
The saloon girl has stopped 

5862
05:08:22,800 --> 05:08:26,500
playing piano mid-song which 
creates an awkward son's that 

5863
05:08:26,500 --> 05:08:29,900
everyone pretends not to notice 
you can continue eating your 

5864
05:08:29,900 --> 05:08:32,700
stew, trying to channel the 
energy of someone who's totally 

5865
05:08:32,700 --> 05:08:35,700
absorbed in their meal and 
definitely, not eavesdropping on

5866
05:08:35,700 --> 05:08:37,300
potentially dangerous 
conversations. 

5867
05:08:37,300 --> 05:08:40,600
Your task is harder than it. 
Sounds when every instinct is 

5868
05:08:40,600 --> 05:08:43,900
telling you to pay attention to 
the new arrivals, the tall 

5869
05:08:43,900 --> 05:08:46,700
stranger turns from the bar, 
whiskey in hand, and addresses 

5870
05:08:46,700 --> 05:08:50,300
the room in general evening, 
folks, beautiful night, isn't 

5871
05:08:50,300 --> 05:08:52,100
it? 
His voice is Pleasant enough, 

5872
05:08:52,100 --> 05:08:56,000
but there's something underneath
it like a velvet glove with 

5873
05:08:56,000 --> 05:08:59,800
brass knuckles and side. 
A few people Mumble responses. 

5874
05:08:59,800 --> 05:09:02,900
Someone asks a question that 
you're uncertain if the right 

5875
05:09:02,900 --> 05:09:06,700
answer could lead to your death.
We're looking for someone, The 

5876
05:09:06,700 --> 05:09:09,600
Stranger continues, taking a 
casual sip of his whiskey. 

5877
05:09:09,600 --> 05:09:12,300
We're searching for a friend by 
the name of Thompson. 

5878
05:09:13,100 --> 05:09:15,700
Bill Thompson heard, he might be
in these parts. 

5879
05:09:15,700 --> 05:09:19,300
Now, you don't know anyone named
Bill Thompson but you can feel 

5880
05:09:19,300 --> 05:09:22,300
the collective tension in the 
room ratchet up another notch. 

5881
05:09:22,300 --> 05:09:26,100
It's like when someone asks who 
broke this and even though 

5882
05:09:26,100 --> 05:09:27,700
you're innocent, you still feel 
guilty. 

5883
05:09:29,200 --> 05:09:30,700
One of the Cowboys clears his 
throat. 

5884
05:09:31,500 --> 05:09:35,500
But a Thompsons in these parts, 
he says carefully might help. 

5885
05:09:35,500 --> 05:09:39,600
If you could be more specific 
The Stranger smiles and it's not

5886
05:09:39,600 --> 05:09:43,300
entirely a pleasant expression. 
Oh, you'd know this Thompson. 

5887
05:09:43,300 --> 05:09:48,000
If you saw him about 40 brown 
hair scar on his left cheek from

5888
05:09:48,000 --> 05:09:51,300
a disagreement about cattle 
ownership 10's to be memorable. 

5889
05:09:52,400 --> 05:09:55,700
The description hangs in the air
like smoke from a bad cigar. 

5890
05:09:55,700 --> 05:09:58,800
You notice, the well-dressed 
gentleman at the bar has become 

5891
05:09:58,800 --> 05:10:02,100
very interested in the bottom of
his whiskey glass and the poker 

5892
05:10:02,100 --> 05:10:04,500
players have the Frozen Look of 
people trying to become 

5893
05:10:04,500 --> 05:10:06,500
invisible through sheer force of
will. 

5894
05:10:07,400 --> 05:10:08,600
Can't say the name rings, a 
bell. 

5895
05:10:08,608 --> 05:10:11,500
The cowboy says, which is 
probably true, but also probably

5896
05:10:11,500 --> 05:10:14,400
not the whole truth. 
The Stranger nods like he 

5897
05:10:14,400 --> 05:10:17,400
expected this answer. 
Well, that's disappointing. 

5898
05:10:17,400 --> 05:10:20,700
But understandable. 
Sometimes people's memories need

5899
05:10:20,700 --> 05:10:24,700
a little encouragement. 
And that's when you realize your

5900
05:10:24,700 --> 05:10:27,300
peaceful evening, has officially
taken a turn toward the kind of 

5901
05:10:27,308 --> 05:10:29,300
excitement. 
You read about in dime novels, 

5902
05:10:29,300 --> 05:10:33,100
but, never actually wanted to 
experience firsthand The stew 

5903
05:10:33,100 --> 05:10:36,500
suddenly tastes like cardboard 
and the whiskey isn't warming. 

5904
05:10:36,500 --> 05:10:38,100
Your stomach so much as 
churning. 

5905
05:10:38,100 --> 05:10:41,200
It you keep eating trying to 
look like someone who's 

5906
05:10:41,200 --> 05:10:44,900
completely oblivious to the 
growing tension, while your mind

5907
05:10:44,900 --> 05:10:48,300
races through your options. 
You could finish quickly and 

5908
05:10:48,300 --> 05:10:50,300
leave, but that might draw 
attention. 

5909
05:10:50,300 --> 05:10:53,800
You could stay and hope things 
settle down, but that could mean

5910
05:10:53,800 --> 05:10:55,300
getting caught in whatever is 
about to happen. 

5911
05:10:55,300 --> 05:10:57,800
We could just keep eating stew 
and pretend you're anywhere 

5912
05:10:57,800 --> 05:11:00,500
else, which is your current 
strategy, but probably not a 

5913
05:11:00,500 --> 05:11:03,600
long-term solution. 
The Stranger takes another sip 

5914
05:11:03,600 --> 05:11:06,900
of his whiskey and smiles. 
That unsettling smile again. 

5915
05:11:06,900 --> 05:11:08,900
Well no hurry, we've got all 
night. 

5916
05:11:10,000 --> 05:11:13,100
Oh good, they're staying, this 
should be interesting in a 

5917
05:11:13,108 --> 05:11:16,400
situation like this. 
It can be quite challenging to 

5918
05:11:16,400 --> 05:11:18,800
focus on your own Affairs. 
When everyone else is 

5919
05:11:18,800 --> 05:11:20,800
activities, are taking place 
right next to you. 

5920
05:11:21,600 --> 05:11:24,700
It's like trying to ignore a 
fire alarm technically possible,

5921
05:11:24,700 --> 05:11:27,900
but probably not advisable for 
your continued well-being. 

5922
05:11:28,900 --> 05:11:31,500
You've developed a sudden, 
intense fascination with your 

5923
05:11:31,500 --> 05:11:33,700
stew examining each piece of 
beef. 

5924
05:11:33,700 --> 05:11:35,900
Like you're conducting a 
scientific study on Frontier, 

5925
05:11:35,900 --> 05:11:39,000
cooking techniques. 
Meanwhile the three strangers 

5926
05:11:39,000 --> 05:11:41,900
have settled in at a table near 
the center of the room close 

5927
05:11:41,900 --> 05:11:44,600
enough to watch everyone far 
enough from the door to make 

5928
05:11:44,600 --> 05:11:46,500
leaving quickly a challenge for 
anyone else. 

5929
05:11:47,500 --> 05:11:50,200
The tall one seemingly 
representing the group has 

5930
05:11:50,200 --> 05:11:52,800
initiated a conversation with a 
variety of patrons. 

5931
05:11:52,800 --> 05:11:55,600
Is the kind of conversation 
where one person asks questions 

5932
05:11:55,600 --> 05:11:58,000
and everyone else provides 
answers that are technically 

5933
05:11:58,000 --> 05:11:59,500
truthful, but carefully and 
complete. 

5934
05:12:00,300 --> 05:12:02,700
Nice Town, you've got here. 
He says to the room in general 

5935
05:12:02,700 --> 05:12:06,400
quiet peaceful. 
The kind of place, where a man 

5936
05:12:06,400 --> 05:12:11,100
could disappear if you want to. 
the Cowboys nod politely similar

5937
05:12:11,100 --> 05:12:13,500
to how one might nod when 
someone makes a comment about 

5938
05:12:13,500 --> 05:12:16,700
the weather, that could be 
interpreted as a threat The 

5939
05:12:16,700 --> 05:12:19,900
poker players have resumed their
game but you notice their beting

5940
05:12:19,900 --> 05:12:21,800
much more conservatively than 
before. 

5941
05:12:22,600 --> 05:12:25,400
Nothing dampens, the spirit of 
gambling, more than the threat 

5942
05:12:25,400 --> 05:12:28,900
of unexpected violence. 
The bartender continues wiping 

5943
05:12:28,900 --> 05:12:32,500
glasses with that towel. 
Which by now must be either 

5944
05:12:32,500 --> 05:12:34,700
perfectly clean or completely 
contaminated. 

5945
05:12:35,600 --> 05:12:38,300
He's developed the expression of
someone who seen this movie 

5946
05:12:38,300 --> 05:12:41,200
before and knows, it doesn't end
with everyone shaking hands and 

5947
05:12:41,200 --> 05:12:44,300
sharing recipes. 
You're making excellent progress

5948
05:12:44,300 --> 05:12:46,500
on your stew. 
When the shorter of the three 

5949
05:12:46,500 --> 05:12:48,500
strangers. 
The one built like a human, 

5950
05:12:48,500 --> 05:12:50,200
Cannonball, stands up and 
stretches. 

5951
05:12:50,200 --> 05:12:54,300
It's an innocent enough gesture.
Except for the way, his coat 

5952
05:12:54,300 --> 05:12:55,900
Falls open just enough to 
reveal. 

5953
05:12:55,900 --> 05:12:58,200
What's definitely not a pocket 
watch on his hip. 

5954
05:12:58,900 --> 05:13:01,700
Think I'll take a look around, 
you know, Oz, get familiar with 

5955
05:13:01,708 --> 05:13:04,700
the local geography. 
He starts wandering between the 

5956
05:13:04,700 --> 05:13:06,400
tables, not bothering anyone. 
Exactly. 

5957
05:13:06,400 --> 05:13:09,900
But making his presence felt 
it's like having a tiger 

5958
05:13:09,900 --> 05:13:11,600
casually stroll through your 
living room. 

5959
05:13:11,600 --> 05:13:14,800
It might not eat you, but you're
definitely going to keep track 

5960
05:13:14,800 --> 05:13:18,200
of where it is. 
When he gets to the poker table,

5961
05:13:18,200 --> 05:13:20,400
he pauses to watch the game. 
Interesting. 

5962
05:13:20,400 --> 05:13:23,400
He says, looking at the cards, 
that's almost a winning hand. 

5963
05:13:23,400 --> 05:13:26,900
You've got their friend Specter 
with the impressive beard looks 

5964
05:13:26,900 --> 05:13:30,000
up nervously just having a 
friendly game, mister nothing 

5965
05:13:30,000 --> 05:13:32,700
serious. 
Oh, I'm sure the stranger 

5966
05:13:32,700 --> 05:13:35,300
replies though. 
I noticed you've got quite a 

5967
05:13:35,300 --> 05:13:39,300
pile of coins there. 
Lucky night, some nights are 

5968
05:13:39,300 --> 05:13:41,200
better than others prospector 
says carefully. 

5969
05:13:42,100 --> 05:13:44,300
The Stranger nods thoughtfully. 
That's true. 

5970
05:13:44,300 --> 05:13:46,900
Some nights. 
A man's luck can change. 

5971
05:13:46,900 --> 05:13:50,500
Very suddenly, it's not exactly 
a threat but it's not exactly 

5972
05:13:50,500 --> 05:13:53,200
not a threat either. 
It's that special, kind of 

5973
05:13:53,200 --> 05:13:55,800
Frontier Communication. 
That says everything while 

5974
05:13:55,800 --> 05:13:58,800
saying nothing like a passive 
aggressive email written with 

5975
05:13:58,800 --> 05:14:01,700
six shooters. 
The wandering stranger continues

5976
05:14:01,700 --> 05:14:04,100
his tour. 
Eventually making his way toward

5977
05:14:04,100 --> 05:14:08,600
the bar toward you you become 
intensely interested in the last

5978
05:14:08,600 --> 05:14:11,700
few spoonfuls of your stew, 
hoping to project the aura of 

5979
05:14:11,708 --> 05:14:14,400
someone completely absorbed in 
their dinner and definitely not 

5980
05:14:14,400 --> 05:14:18,300
worth talking to Evening, he 
says settling onto the stool 

5981
05:14:18,300 --> 05:14:21,600
next to you evening, you reply. 
Because ignoring him would be 

5982
05:14:21,600 --> 05:14:24,000
rude and rudeness in this 
situation, could have 

5983
05:14:24,000 --> 05:14:26,400
consequences that extend beyond 
hurt feelings. 

5984
05:14:27,300 --> 05:14:29,500
Good stew. 
He asks, looking at your bowl. 

5985
05:14:29,500 --> 05:14:30,900
Yes. 
Quite good. 

5986
05:14:30,900 --> 05:14:31,800
You answer. 
Honestly. 

5987
05:14:31,800 --> 05:14:34,200
No point in lying about 
something so easily. 

5988
05:14:34,200 --> 05:14:37,000
Verified, You're not from around
here. 

5989
05:14:37,000 --> 05:14:39,400
He observes. 
It's not a question. 

5990
05:14:40,100 --> 05:14:42,700
Just passing through you say 
which is true and hopefully 

5991
05:14:42,700 --> 05:14:45,800
boring enough to end the 
conversation, he nods and orders

5992
05:14:45,800 --> 05:14:48,900
a whiskey from the bartender. 
Not the good stuff, you know, 

5993
05:14:48,900 --> 05:14:51,600
notice which suggests either 
budget constraints, or that he's

5994
05:14:51,600 --> 05:14:53,300
not as important as his tall 
friend. 

5995
05:14:54,300 --> 05:14:57,000
While he waits for his drink, he
studies you with the Casual 

5996
05:14:57,000 --> 05:14:59,800
interest of someone examining a 
potentially interesting bug. 

5997
05:15:00,900 --> 05:15:04,500
Passing through to where he asks
now, you're in slightly trickier

5998
05:15:04,500 --> 05:15:07,300
territory too much detail. 
Might make you memorable in 

5999
05:15:07,300 --> 05:15:09,300
ways. 
You don't want to be too little 

6000
05:15:09,300 --> 05:15:12,500
might make you seem suspicious. 
You go with vague but plausible.

6001
05:15:13,300 --> 05:15:15,300
West. 
We say, looking for 

6002
05:15:15,300 --> 05:15:19,300
opportunities Chuckles. 
We all friends, aren't we all? 

6003
05:15:20,400 --> 05:15:24,100
His whiskey arrives and he takes
a sip then he leans slightly 

6004
05:15:24,100 --> 05:15:26,700
closer, and you catch a whiff of
tobacco leather. 

6005
05:15:26,700 --> 05:15:29,400
And something that might be per 
made or might be bear Grease. 

6006
05:15:30,100 --> 05:15:32,800
Word of advice. 
He says quietly sometimes the 

6007
05:15:32,800 --> 05:15:34,900
best opportunity is knowing when
to keep moving. 

6008
05:15:34,900 --> 05:15:38,800
No I mean you nod because you do
know what he means and because 

6009
05:15:38,800 --> 05:15:40,500
agreeing seems like the safest 
option. 

6010
05:15:40,500 --> 05:15:43,900
He's telling you in the polite 
as possible terms that this 

6011
05:15:43,900 --> 05:15:46,300
might be a good night to finish 
your dinner and find somewhere 

6012
05:15:46,300 --> 05:15:50,700
else to be. appreciate the 
advice you say, He nods and 

6013
05:15:50,700 --> 05:15:53,100
returns to his whiskey 
apparently, satisfied. 

6014
05:15:53,100 --> 05:15:55,200
That his message has been 
delivered and understood. 

6015
05:15:55,200 --> 05:15:58,800
He finished the last of your 
student cornbread trying to eat 

6016
05:15:58,800 --> 05:16:01,500
at a pace that suggests, you're 
not hurrying, but not lingering 

6017
05:16:01,500 --> 05:16:03,900
either. 
That's when the Batwing doors 

6018
05:16:03,900 --> 05:16:07,400
swing, open again and this time 
you know, before you even look 

6019
05:16:07,400 --> 05:16:09,800
that whoever's coming in is 
going to make the evening 

6020
05:16:09,800 --> 05:16:13,300
significantly more complicated. 
Because that's how these things 

6021
05:16:13,300 --> 05:16:16,400
work in the wild west. 
Just when you think you've got a

6022
05:16:16,400 --> 05:16:19,700
handle on the situation, the 
situation decides to handle you 

6023
05:16:19,700 --> 05:16:22,600
instead the man who walks 
through those batwing doors is 

6024
05:16:22,600 --> 05:16:26,700
about 40 years old has brown 
hair and sports a scar on his 

6025
05:16:26,700 --> 05:16:28,400
left cheek. 
That looks like it came from a 

6026
05:16:28,400 --> 05:16:30,100
disagreement about cattle 
ownership. 

6027
05:16:30,100 --> 05:16:33,800
In other words, he matches the 
description of Bill Thompson 

6028
05:16:33,800 --> 05:16:36,300
perfectly, which means your 
peaceful evening. 

6029
05:16:36,300 --> 05:16:39,800
Has just transformed into front 
row seats for whatever's about 

6030
05:16:39,800 --> 05:16:42,700
to unfold. 
Here's the thing that makes this

6031
05:16:42,700 --> 05:16:44,900
intriguing from a social 
dynamics perspective. 

6032
05:16:44,900 --> 05:16:48,100
Bill Thompson doesn't look 
surprised to see the three 

6033
05:16:48,100 --> 05:16:50,900
strangers. 
He doesn't pause doesn't scan 

6034
05:16:50,900 --> 05:16:53,600
the room, nervously and doesn't 
show any of the signs. 

6035
05:16:53,600 --> 05:16:55,400
You'd expect from someone who's 
being hunted. 

6036
05:16:55,400 --> 05:16:59,700
Instead, he walks to the bar 
with the Casual confidence of a 

6037
05:16:59,700 --> 05:17:03,000
man whose precisely where he 
wants to be evening Jake. 

6038
05:17:03,000 --> 05:17:05,800
He says, to the bartender who 
suddenly looks like, he'd rather

6039
05:17:05,800 --> 05:17:09,000
be anywhere else, perhaps 
somewhere peaceful like the 

6040
05:17:09,000 --> 05:17:12,600
middle of a buffalo, stampede. 
The tall stranger at the center 

6041
05:17:12,600 --> 05:17:14,400
table doesn't say anything 
immediately. 

6042
05:17:14,400 --> 05:17:18,300
He just watches Thompson order, 
a whiskey and settle against the

6043
05:17:18,300 --> 05:17:22,800
bar like he owns it. 
The silent stretches out like 

6044
05:17:22,800 --> 05:17:26,400
taffy, and you can practically 
hear everyone in the room. 

6045
05:17:26,400 --> 05:17:28,500
Not breathing. 
Finally, the tall. 

6046
05:17:28,500 --> 05:17:32,700
Stranger speaks, Bill Thompson. 
That's right, tops and replies 

6047
05:17:32,700 --> 05:17:35,900
without turning around. 
And you'd be casting unless I 

6048
05:17:35,900 --> 05:17:38,000
miss my guests. 
Castle. 

6049
05:17:39,000 --> 05:17:41,700
Now, the tall stranger has a 
name, which somehow makes the 

6050
05:17:41,700 --> 05:17:44,300
whole situation feel more real 
and more dangerous at the same 

6051
05:17:44,300 --> 05:17:47,500
time. 
Carson stands up slowly the kind

6052
05:17:47,500 --> 05:17:49,900
of deliberate movement that 
suggests, he's very comfortable 

6053
05:17:49,900 --> 05:17:51,800
with everyone's attention, 
focused on him. 

6054
05:17:52,800 --> 05:17:55,700
Been looking for you Bill. 
I figured that was the case 

6055
05:17:55,700 --> 05:17:59,200
Thompson says taking a sip of 
his whiskey heard, you boys were

6056
05:17:59,200 --> 05:18:01,400
asking around. 
Thought I'd save you the trouble

6057
05:18:01,400 --> 05:18:04,400
of hunting all over creation. 
Now, this is intriguing. 

6058
05:18:04,400 --> 05:18:06,400
Instead of a Manhunt your 
witnessing. 

6059
05:18:06,400 --> 05:18:07,800
What appears to be a planned 
meeting? 

6060
05:18:08,600 --> 05:18:10,600
The question is whether it's 
going to be a civilized 

6061
05:18:10,600 --> 05:18:13,400
conversation or something that 
requires you to duck under 

6062
05:18:13,400 --> 05:18:16,300
tables. 
The cowboy at the front table, 

6063
05:18:16,300 --> 05:18:19,500
shifts slightly in his chair and
you notice his hand resting 

6064
05:18:19,500 --> 05:18:22,900
casually near his side. 
The poker players have given up 

6065
05:18:22,900 --> 05:18:25,500
all pretense of playing cards 
and openly watching the 

6066
05:18:25,500 --> 05:18:28,800
proceedings, even the saloon 
girl is positioned herself near.

6067
05:18:28,800 --> 05:18:32,400
What you hope is a back exit. 
Carson moves away from his table

6068
05:18:32,400 --> 05:18:35,400
but not quickly, not 
aggressively, it's more like a 

6069
05:18:35,400 --> 05:18:37,200
dance where both Partners know 
the steps. 

6070
05:18:38,400 --> 05:18:40,400
You've got something that 
belongs to my employer bill. 

6071
05:18:40,400 --> 05:18:43,100
That's so Thompson says what 
might that be? 

6072
05:18:43,100 --> 05:18:46,000
Don't play game. 
The money from the Tucson job 

6073
05:18:46,000 --> 05:18:50,100
Thompson Chuckles, but it's not 
particularly amused sound money.

6074
05:18:50,100 --> 05:18:52,100
What makes you think? 
I've got any money. 

6075
05:18:52,100 --> 05:18:55,300
Look at me, cast, and do I look 
like a man who's recently come 

6076
05:18:55,300 --> 05:18:57,700
into wealth? 
And he's got a point, Thompson's

6077
05:18:57,700 --> 05:19:01,200
clothes, A Worn, but clean, his 
boots are scuffed and his hat 

6078
05:19:01,200 --> 05:19:05,000
has seen better years if he sit 
on a pile of stolen money, he's 

6079
05:19:05,000 --> 05:19:07,500
either excellent at hiding it or
terrible at spending it. 

6080
05:19:08,400 --> 05:19:11,900
My employer seems to think 
otherwise Carson says your 

6081
05:19:11,900 --> 05:19:14,500
employer thinks many things 
doesn't make them true. 

6082
05:19:14,500 --> 05:19:17,000
The conversation is polite, 
almost casual. 

6083
05:19:17,000 --> 05:19:19,700
But you can feel the 
undercurrent of violence running

6084
05:19:19,700 --> 05:19:21,500
beneath it like a stream under 
ice. 

6085
05:19:22,200 --> 05:19:24,600
Both men are armed. 
You can tell by the way, they 

6086
05:19:24,600 --> 05:19:27,800
carry themselves, the way their 
coats, hang and the way they 

6087
05:19:27,800 --> 05:19:30,800
position their hands. 
The question is whether they're 

6088
05:19:30,800 --> 05:19:33,600
going to keep talking or start 
shooting your beginning to 

6089
05:19:33,600 --> 05:19:36,200
understand why the bartender was
nervous about the fish on the 

6090
05:19:36,200 --> 05:19:38,200
menu. 
In a place where business 

6091
05:19:38,200 --> 05:19:41,400
disputes are settled with 
gunpowder freshness, standards 

6092
05:19:41,400 --> 05:19:43,700
are probably flexible. 
A shorter. 

6093
05:19:43,700 --> 05:19:46,000
Stranger the one who gave you 
the friendly advice about 

6094
05:19:46,000 --> 05:19:49,000
knowing when to keep moving has 
positioned himself near the 

6095
05:19:49,000 --> 05:19:50,700
door. 
Not blocking it. 

6096
05:19:50,700 --> 05:19:52,600
Exactly. 
But making it clear that anyone 

6097
05:19:52,600 --> 05:19:54,500
want him to leave, would need to
get past him. 

6098
05:19:55,900 --> 05:19:58,400
The third member of their group 
has moved to cover the back of 

6099
05:19:58,400 --> 05:20:00,600
the room. 
Thompson seems to notice these 

6100
05:20:00,600 --> 05:20:02,400
movements without looking 
directly at them. 

6101
05:20:03,300 --> 05:20:06,300
What the whole crew did you? 
That's flattering though. 

6102
05:20:06,300 --> 05:20:08,600
I have to say for a friendly 
conversation about money. 

6103
05:20:08,600 --> 05:20:11,900
I don't have you boys seem a 
little prepared. 

6104
05:20:13,000 --> 05:20:17,600
Just being careful, Carson says 
nothing personal. oh, I'm sure 

6105
05:20:17,600 --> 05:20:21,100
Thompson replies just like what 
happened in Prescott was nothing

6106
05:20:21,100 --> 05:20:24,600
personal Carson's expression 
changes slightly At The Mention 

6107
05:20:24,600 --> 05:20:27,100
Of Prescott and you get the 
feeling that there's a whole 

6108
05:20:27,100 --> 05:20:29,600
other story. 
There probably involving more 

6109
05:20:29,600 --> 05:20:33,300
cattle, more disagreements, and 
definitely more scars. 

6110
05:20:34,300 --> 05:20:37,600
That was business. 
Carson says so is this Thompson 

6111
05:20:37,600 --> 05:20:39,800
replies. 
And that's when you realize that

6112
05:20:39,800 --> 05:20:42,300
you're not just witnessing a 
confrontation between men with 

6113
05:20:42,300 --> 05:20:45,800
the disagreement about money. 
You're watching the continuation

6114
05:20:45,800 --> 05:20:48,400
of something that started 
somewhere else, probably 

6115
05:20:48,400 --> 05:20:51,100
involving cattle because 
everything in the west seems to 

6116
05:20:51,100 --> 05:20:54,100
involve cattle and definitely 
involving the kind of business 

6117
05:20:54,100 --> 05:20:55,800
that leaves scars on people's 
faces. 

6118
05:20:55,800 --> 05:20:59,200
The room has gone completely 
quiet except for the sound of 

6119
05:20:59,200 --> 05:21:02,500
your own heartbeat which seems 
unreasonably loud, give him the 

6120
05:21:02,500 --> 05:21:06,000
circumstances, you're trying to 
decide whether finishing your 

6121
05:21:06,000 --> 05:21:09,100
whiskey would be a good idea, 
liquid courage, or a terrible 

6122
05:21:09,100 --> 05:21:13,200
idea in judgment, when Thompson 
turned slightly and catches your

6123
05:21:13,200 --> 05:21:15,500
eye. 
He might want to step outside 

6124
05:21:15,500 --> 05:21:17,000
for some are friend. 
He says quietly. 

6125
05:21:17,000 --> 05:21:20,200
Sometimes these business 
discussions get a little heated 

6126
05:21:20,200 --> 05:21:23,400
which is probably the polite as 
way anyone has ever suggested 

6127
05:21:23,400 --> 05:21:25,600
that you evacuate before the 
shooting stars. 

6128
05:21:25,600 --> 05:21:28,300
Here's the thing about the wild 
west, that all those Hollywood 

6129
05:21:28,300 --> 05:21:31,300
movies, got wrong, most 
confrontations didn't end in 

6130
05:21:31,300 --> 05:21:34,800
gunfights, they ended in 
negotiations compromises, and 

6131
05:21:34,800 --> 05:21:37,200
people finding ways to settle 
their difference is without 

6132
05:21:37,200 --> 05:21:39,900
ventilating each other. 
Because despite what the dime 

6133
05:21:39,900 --> 05:21:42,500
novel suggested most folks 
preferred being alive to being 

6134
05:21:42,500 --> 05:21:46,000
legendary your contemplating 
Thompson suggestion about 

6135
05:21:46,000 --> 05:21:49,000
stepping outside when something 
unexpected happens. 

6136
05:21:50,100 --> 05:21:53,100
Carson. 
Laughs Carson, laughs not with a

6137
05:21:53,108 --> 05:21:56,300
menacing or bitter laugh but 
with an actual genuine laugh 

6138
05:21:56,300 --> 05:21:58,800
that changes his entire face. 
You know what? 

6139
05:21:58,800 --> 05:22:02,700
Bill You're absolutely right. 
This idea is ridiculous. 

6140
05:22:03,600 --> 05:22:06,500
He sits back down at his table 
and the tension in the room 

6141
05:22:06,500 --> 05:22:09,700
doesn't exactly disappear, but 
it shifts into something more 

6142
05:22:09,700 --> 05:22:13,400
manageable, removing the timer. 
Instead of cutting wires is akin

6143
05:22:13,400 --> 05:22:16,200
to diffusing a bomb. 
Were both getting too old for 

6144
05:22:16,200 --> 05:22:19,200
this Carson continues. 
And honestly, my employer is an 

6145
05:22:19,200 --> 05:22:21,800
idiot. 
Thompson turns around still 

6146
05:22:21,800 --> 05:22:23,600
holding his whiskey eyebrows 
raised. 

6147
05:22:23,600 --> 05:22:25,900
That's quite an admission coming
from you. 

6148
05:22:25,900 --> 05:22:28,900
Well, it's true. 
Sending me and the boys all the 

6149
05:22:28,908 --> 05:22:31,900
way out here to collect money. 
That probably doesn't exist from

6150
05:22:31,900 --> 05:22:33,500
a job. 
That went sideways six months 

6151
05:22:33,500 --> 05:22:36,200
ago from a man who has been 
trying to go straight ever 

6152
05:22:36,200 --> 05:22:37,700
since. 
Carson shakes. 

6153
05:22:37,700 --> 05:22:40,700
His head some days. 
I wonder why I don't just buy a 

6154
05:22:40,700 --> 05:22:44,000
farm and raise chickens. 
The shortest Ranger looks 

6155
05:22:44,000 --> 05:22:46,500
confused by this turn of events 
boss. 

6156
05:22:47,400 --> 05:22:50,000
We came all this way. 
I know what we came here for. 

6157
05:22:50,000 --> 05:22:53,000
Mike, Carson says, but 
occasionally, you get somewhere 

6158
05:22:53,000 --> 05:22:56,000
and realized the trip wasn't 
worth taking Thompson moves away

6159
05:22:56,000 --> 05:22:59,400
from the bar but towards and his
table not toward the door, he 

6160
05:22:59,400 --> 05:23:02,600
pulls out a chair and sits down 
still cautious but no longer 

6161
05:23:02,600 --> 05:23:04,500
looking like he's expecting to 
dodge bullets. 

6162
05:23:05,300 --> 05:23:06,100
So what happens? 
Now. 

6163
05:23:06,100 --> 05:23:10,700
Thompson asks now, Now we finish
our drinks, you tell me what 

6164
05:23:10,700 --> 05:23:13,100
really happened in Tucson, and 
maybe we figure out how to 

6165
05:23:13,108 --> 05:23:15,900
explain to my employer, that his
money disappeared Into Thin Air 

6166
05:23:15,900 --> 05:23:17,200
without anyone getting shot over
it. 

6167
05:23:17,200 --> 05:23:22,300
And just like that, the standoff
becomes a conversation Cowboys 

6168
05:23:22,300 --> 05:23:24,000
at the front table, start 
breathing again. 

6169
05:23:24,600 --> 05:23:26,400
The poker players. 
Remember they have cards to 

6170
05:23:26,400 --> 05:23:28,700
play? 
The saloon girl begins playing 

6171
05:23:28,700 --> 05:23:32,100
the piano again but this time 
she selects a more cheerful tune

6172
05:23:32,100 --> 05:23:34,700
than the one she played 
previously you decide to stay 

6173
05:23:34,700 --> 05:23:37,500
put an order another whiskey 
because the scene is turning 

6174
05:23:37,500 --> 05:23:40,400
into, exactly the kind of 
Frontier drama, you came West to

6175
05:23:40,400 --> 05:23:44,100
experience it except without the
Mortal Peril you hadn't really 

6176
05:23:44,100 --> 05:23:47,600
plan on. 
Thompson signals, Jake from 

6177
05:23:47,600 --> 05:23:49,200
another drink, and settles into 
his chair. 

6178
05:23:50,100 --> 05:23:51,900
Tucson was a disaster from the 
start. 

6179
05:23:51,900 --> 05:23:54,700
He begins. 
Your employer had a bank that 

6180
05:23:54,700 --> 05:23:59,000
turned out to be expecting us. 
Had to be. 

6181
05:23:59,900 --> 05:24:02,300
We walked into that bank and 
found half the territorial 

6182
05:24:02,300 --> 05:24:05,900
militia waiting for us. 
Lost two, good men, barely got 

6183
05:24:05,900 --> 05:24:09,600
out alive and came away with 
exactly nothing except a 

6184
05:24:09,600 --> 05:24:11,100
newfound. 
Appreciation for honest. 

6185
05:24:11,100 --> 05:24:14,900
Work, Carson nods thoughtfully. 
That explains some things. 

6186
05:24:14,900 --> 05:24:18,300
My employer has been mighty 
closed, mouth about the details,

6187
05:24:18,300 --> 05:24:21,900
probably because he set us up 
tops and says my guests. 

6188
05:24:22,800 --> 05:24:26,200
He made a deal with the law 
decided We Were Expendable and 

6189
05:24:26,200 --> 05:24:28,300
figured he'd collect the reward 
money instead of paying us. 

6190
05:24:29,400 --> 05:24:32,100
The shorter. 
Stranger Mike looks between his 

6191
05:24:32,100 --> 05:24:35,000
boss and Thompson like he's 
watching a tennis match played 

6192
05:24:35,000 --> 05:24:38,600
with words instead of bulls. 
So there never was any money to 

6193
05:24:38,600 --> 05:24:40,900
recover. 
Oh there was money. 

6194
05:24:40,900 --> 05:24:43,800
Thompson says just not where my 
employer thinks it ended up. 

6195
05:24:44,800 --> 05:24:47,200
He reaches into his coat. 
And for a moment, everyone tends

6196
05:24:47,200 --> 05:24:49,000
his again. 
But what he pulls out is a 

6197
05:24:49,008 --> 05:24:50,800
folded piece of paper, not a 
weapon. 

6198
05:24:51,500 --> 05:24:53,500
Bankrupt. 
The explains showing it to 

6199
05:24:53,500 --> 05:24:56,100
Carson, it was intended for the 
Tucson orphanage. 

6200
05:24:56,100 --> 05:24:59,100
If I was going to steal money, I
might as well steal it for 

6201
05:24:59,100 --> 05:25:01,000
someone who needed it. 
More than your employer did 

6202
05:25:01,000 --> 05:25:04,500
Carson examines the paper and 
his expression shifts to one 

6203
05:25:04,500 --> 05:25:08,500
that could be interpreted as 
respect You donated stolen money

6204
05:25:08,500 --> 05:25:11,500
to an orphanage. seemed like the
right thing to do at the time 

6205
05:25:11,500 --> 05:25:15,400
tops and says, with the shrug 
still does actually Mike looks 

6206
05:25:15,400 --> 05:25:19,100
completely baffled by this turn 
of events boss, what to tell 

6207
05:25:19,100 --> 05:25:22,400
him, back in Phoenix, Carson 
folds, the bank draft and handed

6208
05:25:22,400 --> 05:25:24,800
back to Thompson. 
He tell him that Bill Thompson 

6209
05:25:24,800 --> 05:25:26,800
is dead. 
What? 

6210
05:25:26,800 --> 05:25:30,900
Mike's voice goes up, an octave 
died in a gunfight tragic, 

6211
05:25:30,900 --> 05:25:33,200
really? 
We buried him outside of town 

6212
05:25:33,200 --> 05:25:36,600
and said some words a very 
touching ceremony Carson's 

6213
05:25:36,600 --> 05:25:38,800
deadpan delivery would make a 
professional poker player. 

6214
05:25:38,800 --> 05:25:43,300
Proud Money was never recovered.
He probably spent all the money 

6215
05:25:43,300 --> 05:25:46,700
on Whiskey and loose women 
before he died Thompson grins. 

6216
05:25:46,700 --> 05:25:49,900
I like it, though. 
I prefer to think I spent it on 

6217
05:25:49,908 --> 05:25:53,500
Whiskey and tight women. 
Details, Carson waves. 

6218
05:25:53,500 --> 05:25:56,600
Dismissively point is, as far as
Phoenix is concerned. 

6219
05:25:56,600 --> 05:25:59,400
This case is closed and that's 
when you realize you've just 

6220
05:25:59,400 --> 05:26:02,400
witnessed something remarkable. 
Problem solved, not with 

6221
05:26:02,400 --> 05:26:06,400
violence but with creativity 
pragmatism and a healthy dose of

6222
05:26:06,400 --> 05:26:09,500
Frontier Justice. 
This solution ensures that 

6223
05:26:09,500 --> 05:26:12,300
everyone leaves with their lives
and dignity intact. 

6224
05:26:12,300 --> 05:26:15,000
The Sloan has returned to 
something approaching normal. 

6225
05:26:15,000 --> 05:26:18,800
The poker game has resumed with 
renewed, enthusiasm, apparently 

6226
05:26:18,800 --> 05:26:21,600
nothing makes cards more 
captivating than the possibility

6227
05:26:21,600 --> 05:26:23,400
that you might not live to play 
another hand. 

6228
05:26:24,300 --> 05:26:26,900
Cowboys have ordered another 
round and a back to discussing 

6229
05:26:26,900 --> 05:26:29,200
whatever, important Cowboy 
business they were discussing 

6230
05:26:29,200 --> 05:26:33,100
before the excitement started. 
Carson stands up and extends his

6231
05:26:33,100 --> 05:26:35,700
hand to Thompson. 
It's been a pleasure doing 

6232
05:26:35,700 --> 05:26:38,600
business with you Bill, or 
should I say, it's been a 

6233
05:26:38,600 --> 05:26:41,100
pleasure not doing business with
you Thompson shakes. 

6234
05:26:41,100 --> 05:26:44,600
His hand. 
Likewise give my regards to 

6235
05:26:44,600 --> 05:26:46,700
Phoenix. 
Tell them I died bravely. 

6236
05:26:47,800 --> 05:26:50,900
Oh, I will, I will probably 
include some details about how 

6237
05:26:50,900 --> 05:26:53,200
you took three of us with you 
just to make the story more 

6238
05:26:53,200 --> 05:26:57,200
interesting. 
Mike still looks confused, but 

6239
05:26:57,200 --> 05:27:00,200
the third member of Carson's 
group who's been silent through 

6240
05:27:00,200 --> 05:27:04,300
most of this, finally speaks up.
Does your statement mean we can 

6241
05:27:04,300 --> 05:27:07,000
go home now? 
Tired of sleeping on the ground.

6242
05:27:07,700 --> 05:27:11,200
Yes, Eddie we can go home cotton
says patiently and we can stop 

6243
05:27:11,200 --> 05:27:13,000
at that hotel in Flagstaff on 
the way back. 

6244
05:27:13,900 --> 05:27:17,000
The one with the actual beds, 
the one with the actual beds. 

6245
05:27:17,700 --> 05:27:19,700
Eddie brightens considerably at 
this news. 

6246
05:27:19,700 --> 05:27:22,800
Apparently even in the wild 
west, a good night's sleep was 

6247
05:27:22,800 --> 05:27:26,900
worth more than a questionable, 
gunfight As Carson's group 

6248
05:27:26,908 --> 05:27:29,900
prepares to leave The Tall Man, 
pauses at your table. 

6249
05:27:29,900 --> 05:27:33,400
Thanks for the entertainment. 
He says not often do we get to 

6250
05:27:33,400 --> 05:27:35,600
watch a business meeting that 
ends with everyone still 

6251
05:27:35,600 --> 05:27:38,400
breathing? 
My pleasure, you reply, Raise 

6252
05:27:38,400 --> 05:27:41,400
Your Glass and a small salute, 
here's to create a problem 

6253
05:27:41,400 --> 05:27:43,600
solving. 
I'll drink to that. 

6254
05:27:43,600 --> 05:27:47,500
Carson says, and surprisingly, 
he does finishing his whiskey in

6255
05:27:47,508 --> 05:27:50,400
one, smooth, motion before 
tipping, his hat and heading for

6256
05:27:50,400 --> 05:27:53,800
the door. 
The saloon settles in to a 

6257
05:27:53,800 --> 05:27:55,700
comfortable evening Rhythm. 
As the three strangers 

6258
05:27:55,700 --> 05:27:59,300
disappear, through the Batwing, 
doors, Thompson moves to the bar

6259
05:27:59,300 --> 05:28:02,300
orders, another whiskey and 
Strikes up a conversation with 

6260
05:28:02,300 --> 05:28:04,300
Jacob about the weather and the 
price of cattle. 

6261
05:28:04,300 --> 05:28:07,800
You sit back in your chair. 
Nursing your second whiskey and 

6262
05:28:07,808 --> 05:28:09,800
marveling at what you've just 
experienced. 

6263
05:28:10,700 --> 05:28:13,900
In the span of two hours, you've
witnessed a Manhunt a standoff 

6264
05:28:13,900 --> 05:28:17,000
and negotiation and a resolution
that would have made Solomon 

6265
05:28:17,000 --> 05:28:19,600
proud. 
You've seen grown men solve 

6266
05:28:19,600 --> 05:28:22,400
their problems with words and of
weapons and creativity instead 

6267
05:28:22,400 --> 05:28:25,200
of violence. 
The saloon girl starts playing 

6268
05:28:25,200 --> 05:28:28,300
Red River Valley and this time 
she gets all the notes, right? 

6269
05:28:29,100 --> 05:28:30,600
The poker players are laughing 
at something. 

6270
05:28:30,600 --> 05:28:33,900
The prospector said, the Cowboys
are planning their next cattle 

6271
05:28:33,900 --> 05:28:37,400
drive and you're sitting in a 
wild West Tavern, drinking 

6272
05:28:37,400 --> 05:28:41,200
whiskey that tastes like liquid.
Campfire, eating stew that could

6273
05:28:41,200 --> 05:28:44,700
keep you going for a week and 
thinking that maybe just maybe 

6274
05:28:44,700 --> 05:28:47,900
the real wild west was more 
intriguing than any Hollywood 

6275
05:28:47,900 --> 05:28:51,500
movie ever suggested. 
Because the truth is most 

6276
05:28:51,500 --> 05:28:54,700
people, then just like, most 
people now were just trying to 

6277
05:28:54,708 --> 05:28:56,500
get through their day without 
too much trouble. 

6278
05:28:56,500 --> 05:28:59,700
They wanted to eat a decent 
meal, have a drink with friends,

6279
05:28:59,700 --> 05:29:02,700
maybe some cars and go home to 
their families. 

6280
05:29:03,400 --> 05:29:05,900
The fact that they sometimes 
carried guns and settled 

6281
05:29:05,900 --> 05:29:08,900
disputes with duals, doesn't 
mean they preferred violence. 

6282
05:29:08,900 --> 05:29:11,900
It just means they lived in a 
time and place where being 

6283
05:29:11,900 --> 05:29:15,300
prepared for trouble was a 
practical necessity as the 

6284
05:29:15,300 --> 05:29:17,900
evening Wine's down, and you can
consider heading to whatever 

6285
05:29:17,900 --> 05:29:21,800
passes for lodging in this 
Frontier Town, you reflect on 

6286
05:29:21,800 --> 05:29:22,900
the lesson you've learned 
tonight. 

6287
05:29:23,800 --> 05:29:26,700
Sometimes the most dangerous 
situations are resolved, not by 

6288
05:29:26,700 --> 05:29:29,200
the fastest gun or the strongest
fighter. 

6289
05:29:29,200 --> 05:29:32,500
But by the person clever enough 
to find a solution that lets 

6290
05:29:32,500 --> 05:29:34,700
everyone walk away with their 
pride intact. 

6291
05:29:36,200 --> 05:29:38,800
Thompson glances at you from the
bar, raising his glass in a 

6292
05:29:38,808 --> 05:29:43,300
small salute to orphanages, he 
says, quietly to often, it is 

6293
05:29:43,308 --> 05:29:45,000
your reply. 
And you both drink to the kind 

6294
05:29:45,000 --> 05:29:47,500
of justice that doesn't make 
headlines, but makes the world a

6295
05:29:47,500 --> 05:29:49,700
little bit better. 
One small Act of decency. 

6296
05:29:49,700 --> 05:29:53,500
At a time, outside the desert 
night is clear and cold full of 

6297
05:29:53,508 --> 05:29:57,400
stars that seem close enough to 
touch Inside the Silver Dollar 

6298
05:29:57,400 --> 05:30:01,400
Saloon the oil, lamps burn, warm
and steady the piano plays soft 

6299
05:30:01,400 --> 05:30:04,400
Melodies and people who've never
met before tomorrow will be 

6300
05:30:04,400 --> 05:30:07,700
strangers again, sharing stories
and whiskey and the kind of 

6301
05:30:07,700 --> 05:30:10,300
companionship that Travelers 
have always found in places like

6302
05:30:10,300 --> 05:30:13,300
this. 
And that more than any gunfight,

6303
05:30:13,300 --> 05:30:16,400
or cattle, rustling, or Gold 
Rush drama, is what the wild 

6304
05:30:16,400 --> 05:30:20,600
west was really about people 
finding ways to connect to solve

6305
05:30:20,600 --> 05:30:23,700
problems and to help each other 
through the challenges of living

6306
05:30:23,700 --> 05:30:25,400
in a hard place during a hard 
time. 

6307
05:30:26,300 --> 05:30:29,500
Your stew is long finish. 
Your whiskey glasses is empty 

6308
05:30:29,500 --> 05:30:31,200
and your adventure. 
In Frontier. 

6309
05:30:31,200 --> 05:30:34,400
Dining is complete. 
Tomorrow, you'll climb back on 

6310
05:30:34,400 --> 05:30:38,000
that Stagecoach and continue 
West carrying with you, the 

6311
05:30:38,000 --> 05:30:40,800
memory of an evening, when the 
wild west revealed itself to be 

6312
05:30:40,800 --> 05:30:44,500
not quite as wild as advertised,
but infinitely more fascinating 

6313
05:30:44,500 --> 05:30:47,700
than you'd expected. 
Sometimes the best stories 

6314
05:30:47,700 --> 05:30:51,200
aren't about the fastest, guns, 
or the biggest fights, sometimes

6315
05:30:51,200 --> 05:30:53,600
they're about the moments. 
When Ordinary People find 

6316
05:30:53,600 --> 05:30:55,700
extraordinary ways to be decent 
to each other? 

6317
05:30:55,700 --> 05:31:00,600
Even when a specially when it 
would be easier, not to be And 

6318
05:31:00,600 --> 05:31:03,500
with that thought you finish 
your whiskey tip your hat to 

6319
05:31:03,500 --> 05:31:06,500
Jake the bartender nod, Fair 
well, to Thompson and the other 

6320
05:31:06,500 --> 05:31:10,200
patrons, and push through those 
famous batwing doors into the 

6321
05:31:10,200 --> 05:31:12,700
star-filled desert night, 
carrying with you. 

6322
05:31:12,700 --> 05:31:15,500
A story worth telling in the 
kind of satisfied tiredness. 

6323
05:31:15,500 --> 05:31:17,900
That comes from a day. 
Well, lived and an evening. 

6324
05:31:17,900 --> 05:31:21,500
Well, spent The Silver Dollar 
Saloon settles into its 

6325
05:31:21,500 --> 05:31:22,700
nighttime. 
Rhythm behind. 

6326
05:31:22,700 --> 05:31:26,200
You ready to welcome the next 
travel traveler, the next Story.

6327
05:31:26,200 --> 05:31:28,600
The next small drama of frontier
life. 

6328
05:31:29,500 --> 05:31:30,900
Because that's what place is 
like this. 

6329
05:31:30,900 --> 05:31:34,200
Do they provide a stage where 
ordinary people can have 

6330
05:31:34,200 --> 05:31:37,200
extraordinary moments a 
strangers can become friends 

6331
05:31:37,200 --> 05:31:40,300
over shared meal and a glass of 
something that might charitably 

6332
05:31:40,300 --> 05:31:43,300
be called whiskey. 
And in the morning, the 

6333
05:31:43,300 --> 05:31:46,500
stagecoach will come and you'll 
climb aboard for the next leg of

6334
05:31:46,508 --> 05:31:48,300
your journey. 
But you'll always remember the 

6335
05:31:48,300 --> 05:31:50,900
night, you learned that the real
wild west wasn't one with guns. 

6336
05:31:50,900 --> 05:31:55,400
It was one with conversation 
creativity and the kind of human

6337
05:31:55,400 --> 05:31:59,800
decency that transcends time and
place sweet dreams Travelers the

6338
05:31:59,800 --> 05:32:02,200
frontier awaits. 
And now you know, it's not quite

6339
05:32:02,200 --> 05:32:05,200
as dangerous as the story 
suggest, just infinitely more 

6340
05:32:05,200 --> 05:32:06,600
interesting than you ever 
imagined. 

6341
05:32:17,700 --> 05:32:20,700
Picture yourself settling into 
your favorite reading chair on a

6342
05:32:20,700 --> 05:32:22,700
foggy. 
Edinburgh evening in 1886. 

6343
05:32:23,600 --> 05:32:25,400
The gas lamps, flicker outside 
your window. 

6344
05:32:25,400 --> 05:32:28,400
Casting dancing Shadows on 
cobblestone streets. 

6345
05:32:28,400 --> 05:32:32,800
That seemed to whisper secrets. 
This exact atmosphere enveloped 

6346
05:32:32,800 --> 05:32:36,900
a young medical student named 
Arthur Conan Doyle as he sat in 

6347
05:32:36,900 --> 05:32:39,900
his cramped, flat staring at a 
blank piece of paper and 

6348
05:32:39,900 --> 05:32:42,300
questioning how he would manage 
to pay his rent. 

6349
05:32:43,300 --> 05:32:45,500
You know that feeling when 
you're desperately trying to 

6350
05:32:45,500 --> 05:32:48,400
come up with a brilliant idea 
and your brain feels like it's 

6351
05:32:48,400 --> 05:32:52,400
been stuffed with cotton wool. 
Well, that's precisely where 

6352
05:32:52,400 --> 05:32:55,000
Arthur found himself. 
He'd been scribbling away at 

6353
05:32:55,000 --> 05:32:58,000
various stories trying to make a
name for himself as a writer, 

6354
05:32:58,000 --> 05:33:01,600
but nothing seemed to stick. 
His medical practice was about 

6355
05:33:01,600 --> 05:33:04,800
to successful as a chocolate 
teapot and his bank account was 

6356
05:33:04,800 --> 05:33:08,400
looking rather anemic. 
But here's where the story gets 

6357
05:33:08,400 --> 05:33:11,000
captivated. 
Arthur had been studying under 

6358
05:33:11,000 --> 05:33:13,600
Professor named, Dr. Joseph 
Bell. 

6359
05:33:13,600 --> 05:33:17,800
And this man was absolutely 
extraordinary, not in a flashy. 

6360
05:33:17,800 --> 05:33:21,100
Look at me, sort of way, but in 
a quietly, brilliant fashion, 

6361
05:33:21,100 --> 05:33:22,500
that would make your jaw. 
Drop. 

6362
05:33:22,500 --> 05:33:25,400
Dr. Belle. 
Have this uncanny ability to 

6363
05:33:25,400 --> 05:33:28,100
look at a patient and deduce. 
Their entire life story. 

6364
05:33:28,100 --> 05:33:30,400
Just from observing the smallest
details. 

6365
05:33:31,400 --> 05:33:33,800
He glanced at someone's hands 
and tell them their profession. 

6366
05:33:33,800 --> 05:33:37,700
Notice a particular type of mud 
on their boots and know exactly 

6367
05:33:37,700 --> 05:33:39,700
which part of Edinburgh. 
They'd walk through that 

6368
05:33:39,700 --> 05:33:41,900
morning. 
It was like watching a magician 

6369
05:33:41,900 --> 05:33:45,700
except the tricks were real and 
the magic was simply Keen. 

6370
05:33:45,700 --> 05:33:47,900
Observation mixed with logical 
thinking. 

6371
05:33:49,000 --> 05:33:51,600
Arthur would sit in those 
medical lectures completely 

6372
05:33:51,600 --> 05:33:54,500
mesmerized watching Dr. Belle 
work. 

6373
05:33:54,500 --> 05:33:56,800
His deductive Wizardry on 
unsuspecting patients. 

6374
05:33:57,800 --> 05:34:00,200
The excellent doctor would 
appear at a man's fingernails 

6375
05:34:00,200 --> 05:34:03,600
and announcements are, I see 
your a carpenter who has been 

6376
05:34:03,608 --> 05:34:05,800
working with Oak recently, and 
judging by that. 

6377
05:34:05,800 --> 05:34:08,700
Slight stain, on your thumb, 
you've been using a particular 

6378
05:34:08,700 --> 05:34:11,400
type of varnish that only sold 
in three shots in the city. 

6379
05:34:12,500 --> 05:34:15,000
The patients would stare at him,
like he just read their minds 

6380
05:34:15,000 --> 05:34:17,800
but Arthur began to understand 
that it wasn't mine reading at 

6381
05:34:17,800 --> 05:34:19,600
all. 
It was merely the skill of 

6382
05:34:19,600 --> 05:34:20,500
recognizing. 
What? 

6383
05:34:20,500 --> 05:34:23,900
Others missed and linking 
seemingly unconnected elements. 

6384
05:34:24,900 --> 05:34:26,500
To Belle was a performing magic 
tricks. 

6385
05:34:26,500 --> 05:34:29,700
He was demonstrating that the 
world is full of Clues. 

6386
05:34:29,700 --> 05:34:31,100
If you just know how to read 
them. 

6387
05:34:32,400 --> 05:34:35,900
As Arthur sat in his flat, that 
foggy evening, the memory of Dr.

6388
05:34:35,900 --> 05:34:38,800
Bell's methods began to 
percolate through his mind, like

6389
05:34:38,800 --> 05:34:43,300
a perfectly brewed cup of tea. 
What if he thought someone could

6390
05:34:43,300 --> 05:34:45,800
solve crime's using these same 
techniques? 

6391
05:34:46,600 --> 05:34:49,500
what if a detective could see, 
not just what happened at a 

6392
05:34:49,500 --> 05:34:55,400
crime scene, but how who, and 
why The idea began to take shape

6393
05:34:55,400 --> 05:34:58,500
slowly like a photograph 
developing in a dark room. 

6394
05:34:59,600 --> 05:35:03,200
Arthur imagined a tall thin man 
with sharp features and even 

6395
05:35:03,200 --> 05:35:06,300
sharper intellect. 
He had the ability to enter a 

6396
05:35:06,300 --> 05:35:09,900
room and instantly identify the 
17 details that others had 

6397
05:35:09,900 --> 05:35:12,400
overlooked. 
A person who found the Ordinary 

6398
05:35:12,400 --> 05:35:15,600
World rather dull, it came alive
when presented with a puzzle 

6399
05:35:15,600 --> 05:35:19,600
that needed solving. 
And so in that small Edinburgh, 

6400
05:35:19,600 --> 05:35:23,000
flat with the fog, pressing 
against the windows and the gas 

6401
05:35:23,000 --> 05:35:26,200
lamp flickering on his desk. 
Arthur Conan Doyle began to 

6402
05:35:26,200 --> 05:35:28,900
write about a Consulting 
detective named Sherlock Holmes.

6403
05:35:29,700 --> 05:35:32,300
He had no idea that he was about
to create the most famous 

6404
05:35:32,300 --> 05:35:35,800
fictional detective in history 
or that over a century later. 

6405
05:35:35,800 --> 05:35:38,700
People would still be arguing 
about whether Holmes was real or

6406
05:35:38,700 --> 05:35:41,200
not. 
Dr. Bell's methods, didn't just 

6407
05:35:41,200 --> 05:35:44,600
Inspire the character Arthur 
created, he was a blend of 

6408
05:35:44,600 --> 05:35:48,800
Victorian anxieties, scientific 
optimism and the growing belief 

6409
05:35:48,800 --> 05:35:50,400
that logic could solve any 
problem. 

6410
05:35:51,300 --> 05:35:54,200
Homes represented everything. 
The Victorian era wanted to 

6411
05:35:54,200 --> 05:35:58,200
believe about itself that reason
would triumph over chaos that 

6412
05:35:58,200 --> 05:36:01,400
careful observation could reveal
truth and that even the most 

6413
05:36:01,400 --> 05:36:04,100
complex Mysteries could be 
unraveled by a sufficiently 

6414
05:36:04,100 --> 05:36:07,200
clever mind. 
Little did Arthur know that his 

6415
05:36:07,200 --> 05:36:10,500
creation would outlive him 
outgrow him and eventually 

6416
05:36:10,500 --> 05:36:13,800
become more real to many people 
than the man who dreamed him up.

6417
05:36:13,800 --> 05:36:17,000
Let's delve deeper into Doctor, 
Joseph Bell. 

6418
05:36:17,000 --> 05:36:19,800
As comprehending him as akin to 
comprehending the hidden element

6419
05:36:19,800 --> 05:36:22,500
in your grandmother's. 
Renowned recipe without him. 

6420
05:36:22,500 --> 05:36:25,500
There would be no Sherlock 
Holmes, and the world would be a

6421
05:36:25,508 --> 05:36:29,200
significantly less interesting 
place, Dr. Belle wasn't your 

6422
05:36:29,200 --> 05:36:32,500
typical Victorian gentleman. 
While other doctors of his era 

6423
05:36:32,500 --> 05:36:34,500
were still debating. 
Whether washing hands between 

6424
05:36:34,500 --> 05:36:38,100
patients was really necessary. 
Bell was revolutionizing the 

6425
05:36:38,100 --> 05:36:40,000
entire approach to medical 
diagnosis. 

6426
05:36:40,000 --> 05:36:43,400
He believed that a doctor's job 
was not just to treat symptoms 

6427
05:36:43,400 --> 05:36:46,800
but to become a detective of the
human body piece in together, 

6428
05:36:46,800 --> 05:36:50,100
Clues to solve the mystery of 
what was actually wrong with a 

6429
05:36:50,100 --> 05:36:53,100
patient. 
Imagine walking into his 

6430
05:36:53,100 --> 05:36:54,800
classroom at the University of 
Edinburgh. 

6431
05:36:54,800 --> 05:36:58,200
The room would be thick with 
anticipation, the students, 

6432
05:36:58,200 --> 05:37:00,900
waited to see what Miracle of 
deduction, their Professor would

6433
05:37:00,900 --> 05:37:03,200
perform that day. 
Bellwood. 

6434
05:37:03,200 --> 05:37:06,000
Summon a volunteer patient 
prompting, a hapless individual 

6435
05:37:06,000 --> 05:37:08,700
to shuffle forward. 
Likely pondering their current 

6436
05:37:08,700 --> 05:37:12,000
circumstances Bellwood 
meticulously, circle around 

6437
05:37:12,000 --> 05:37:13,700
them. 
His Keen eyes scrutinizing, 

6438
05:37:13,700 --> 05:37:17,400
every detail, are you might say 
stroking? 

6439
05:37:17,400 --> 05:37:20,100
His chin thoughtfully. 
I see you've recently returned 

6440
05:37:20,100 --> 05:37:23,500
from the continent Germany. 
I'd say based on the particular 

6441
05:37:23,500 --> 05:37:25,200
type of clay under your 
fingernails. 

6442
05:37:25,200 --> 05:37:28,800
Your regard by profession that 
you've been doing some carpentry

6443
05:37:28,800 --> 05:37:31,800
work lately. 
Oak judging by the wood shavings

6444
05:37:31,800 --> 05:37:34,700
in your hair and that slight 
limp suggests you injured. 

6445
05:37:34,700 --> 05:37:38,400
Your left leg about three weeks 
ago, probably from a fall. the 

6446
05:37:38,400 --> 05:37:41,100
patient would not in amazement 
confirming every detail while 

6447
05:37:41,100 --> 05:37:43,400
the student scribbled 
frantically in their notebooks 

6448
05:37:43,400 --> 05:37:46,800
trying to capture the magic, But
Bell would always explain his 

6449
05:37:46,800 --> 05:37:49,300
reasoning. 
The clay was a specific type 

6450
05:37:49,300 --> 05:37:51,200
found. 
Only in certain German regions. 

6451
05:37:52,100 --> 05:37:54,600
Calluses on the man's hand 
showed the pattern of someone 

6452
05:37:54,600 --> 05:37:57,400
who worked with plants but had 
recently been gripping, 

6453
05:37:57,400 --> 05:38:00,600
different tools, the wood 
shavings were a clear indicator 

6454
05:38:00,600 --> 05:38:03,500
and the man's preference for his
right leg during walking 

6455
05:38:03,500 --> 05:38:07,000
revealed, a recent injury. 
What made Bell. 

6456
05:38:07,000 --> 05:38:09,700
Truly extraordinary wasn't just 
his powers of observation, 

6457
05:38:09,700 --> 05:38:12,400
though. 
Those were remarkable but his 

6458
05:38:12,400 --> 05:38:14,900
ability to teach others to see 
the world differently. 

6459
05:38:14,900 --> 05:38:18,700
He would tell his students that 
most people looked but didn't 

6460
05:38:18,700 --> 05:38:21,400
observe. 
They saw a man with dirty hands 

6461
05:38:21,400 --> 05:38:25,500
and thought laborer, but they 
missed the specific type of dirt

6462
05:38:25,500 --> 05:38:28,100
that could tell them exactly 
what kind of work he did and 

6463
05:38:28,100 --> 05:38:31,300
where he'd been doing it. 
Bell had this wonderful way of 

6464
05:38:31,300 --> 05:38:33,100
making the ordinary seem 
extraordinary. 

6465
05:38:34,100 --> 05:38:36,500
He'd pick up a walking. 
Stick left behind by a patient 

6466
05:38:36,500 --> 05:38:38,600
and turned it into a treasure 
Trove of information. 

6467
05:38:39,700 --> 05:38:42,100
The wear patterns on the handle 
could tell him if the owner was 

6468
05:38:42,100 --> 05:38:45,800
left or right handed the type of
wood and craftsmanship reveal 

6469
05:38:45,800 --> 05:38:49,000
their social class. 
Scratches and dents told stories

6470
05:38:49,000 --> 05:38:52,000
of how it had been used. 
Even the height of the stick 

6471
05:38:52,000 --> 05:38:56,000
provided clues about the owner 
statue and gate Arthur Conan 

6472
05:38:56,000 --> 05:38:57,400
Doyle would sit in these 
demonstrations. 

6473
05:38:57,400 --> 05:39:02,000
Absolutely captivated years 
later he would write about Dr. 

6474
05:39:02,000 --> 05:39:05,000
Belle with obvious affection, 
describing him as a man who 

6475
05:39:05,000 --> 05:39:06,600
could diagnose, not just 
diseases. 

6476
05:39:06,600 --> 05:39:11,500
But entire life, stories, Bell 
became Arthur's model for what a

6477
05:39:11,500 --> 05:39:12,900
truly observant person could 
achieve. 

6478
05:39:12,900 --> 05:39:15,200
And those classroom 
demonstrations became the 

6479
05:39:15,200 --> 05:39:19,400
blueprint for countless 
Sherlock, Holmes Adventures, But

6480
05:39:19,400 --> 05:39:21,900
here's something delightfully 
ironic about the whole 

6481
05:39:21,900 --> 05:39:25,200
situation. 
To bail the man who inspired the

6482
05:39:25,200 --> 05:39:28,300
world's most famous detective 
was, actually quite modest about

6483
05:39:28,300 --> 05:39:31,200
his abilities. 
He insisted that his methods 

6484
05:39:31,200 --> 05:39:33,600
weren't magical or even 
particularly difficult. 

6485
05:39:33,600 --> 05:39:37,600
They just required patience 
practice, and a willingness to 

6486
05:39:37,600 --> 05:39:39,700
pay attention to details. 
That others ignored. 

6487
05:39:40,500 --> 05:39:43,200
Bell would often say that the 
key to his success was simply 

6488
05:39:43,200 --> 05:39:46,400
remembering that every person 
carries their story written on 

6489
05:39:46,400 --> 05:39:50,300
their body, in their clothes and
in their mannerisms, most 

6490
05:39:50,300 --> 05:39:53,000
people, he explained are so 
focused on looking ahead that 

6491
05:39:53,000 --> 05:39:56,100
they never really look around. 
They miss the poetry written in.

6492
05:39:56,100 --> 05:39:59,500
Calluses, the stories told by 
shoe leather and the novels 

6493
05:39:59,500 --> 05:40:01,500
hidden in the way someone holds 
their shoulders. 

6494
05:40:02,400 --> 05:40:04,900
When Arthur finally created 
Sherlock Holmes, he was 

6495
05:40:04,900 --> 05:40:08,200
essentially asking the question.
What if someone took Dr? 

6496
05:40:08,200 --> 05:40:11,500
Bell's methods and applied them?
Not to medicine but crime. 

6497
05:40:12,300 --> 05:40:14,600
What if that Keen eye for detail
and logical? 

6498
05:40:14,600 --> 05:40:17,900
Mind were turned towards solving
mysteries in stead of diagnosing

6499
05:40:17,900 --> 05:40:20,800
illnesses? 
The result was a character who 

6500
05:40:20,800 --> 05:40:23,700
could walk into a room and 
immediately see things that 

6501
05:40:23,700 --> 05:40:27,300
would take Ordinary People hours
to notice if they notice them at

6502
05:40:27,300 --> 05:40:29,100
all. 
Let's transport ourselves to 

6503
05:40:29,100 --> 05:40:32,300
Victorian London for a moment 
because understanding the world 

6504
05:40:32,300 --> 05:40:34,800
that embraced Sherlock, Holmes 
is like understanding why 

6505
05:40:34,800 --> 05:40:38,700
certain songs become hits. 
It's all about timing atmosphere

6506
05:40:38,700 --> 05:40:42,000
and what people desperately need
to hear at exactly the right 

6507
05:40:42,000 --> 05:40:45,700
moment. 
Picture London in the 1890s and 

6508
05:40:45,700 --> 05:40:48,400
you'll find yourself in a city 
that was both magnificent and 

6509
05:40:48,400 --> 05:40:53,300
terrifying often simultaneously.
The industrial revolution had 

6510
05:40:53,300 --> 05:40:57,100
transformed it into this massive
sprawling, Beast of a metropolis

6511
05:40:57,100 --> 05:41:00,100
with over 4 million. 
People crammed into spaces that 

6512
05:41:00,108 --> 05:41:02,300
had been designed for maybe a 
quarter of that number. 

6513
05:41:03,300 --> 05:41:06,100
The city was growing so fast 
that it seemed to be bursting at

6514
05:41:06,100 --> 05:41:08,900
the seams like a sausage that 
has been over stuffed. 

6515
05:41:08,900 --> 05:41:11,400
You'd walk down streets where 
magnificent. 

6516
05:41:11,400 --> 05:41:15,000
Victorian Mansion, stood just a 
few blocks away from slums that 

6517
05:41:15,000 --> 05:41:18,900
would make your stomach turn. 
The contrast was jarring, one 

6518
05:41:18,900 --> 05:41:22,000
moment, you might be strolling, 
past elegant gasoline of Arts 

6519
05:41:22,000 --> 05:41:25,200
where well-dressed gentleman tip
their hats to ladies in a labret

6520
05:41:25,200 --> 05:41:27,300
bustles. 
And the next you'd find yourself

6521
05:41:27,300 --> 05:41:31,100
in narrow fog, choked Alleyways 
at the sun, barely penetrated 

6522
05:41:31,100 --> 05:41:32,900
and danger, lurked around every 
corner. 

6523
05:41:33,700 --> 05:41:35,700
This was the London of Jack, the
Ripper after all. 

6524
05:41:37,000 --> 05:41:38,800
The very real terror of those 
unsolved. 

6525
05:41:38,800 --> 05:41:41,600
Murders had gripped, the city 
just a few years before Holmes 

6526
05:41:41,600 --> 05:41:44,500
made his debut. 
People were genuinely frightened

6527
05:41:44,500 --> 05:41:46,600
and the police seemed completely
baffled. 

6528
05:41:47,400 --> 05:41:50,600
The idea that someone could 
commit such horrible crimes and 

6529
05:41:50,600 --> 05:41:54,300
simply vanish into the urban 
maze was deeply, unsettling to a

6530
05:41:54,300 --> 05:41:56,600
society that prided itself on 
order and progress. 

6531
05:41:57,700 --> 05:41:59,000
But here's where it gets 
intriguing. 

6532
05:41:59,600 --> 05:42:02,000
This era was also the age of 
scientific optimism. 

6533
05:42:02,800 --> 05:42:05,300
People believe that rational 
thinking and careful observation

6534
05:42:05,300 --> 05:42:08,900
could solve any problem, Darwin 
had shown them that even the 

6535
05:42:08,900 --> 05:42:11,300
mysteries of human existence 
could be unraveled through 

6536
05:42:11,300 --> 05:42:14,200
patient study. 
Electric lights, were beginning 

6537
05:42:14,208 --> 05:42:17,400
to push back the darkness, and 
the telegraph was shrinking. 

6538
05:42:17,400 --> 05:42:20,000
The world. 
There was this wonderful sense 

6539
05:42:20,000 --> 05:42:22,800
that Humanity was on the verge 
of conquering all the great 

6540
05:42:22,800 --> 05:42:27,000
mysteries of existence in this 
mixture of fear and hopes step 

6541
05:42:27,000 --> 05:42:29,800
Sherlock Holmes, and he was 
Flawless for the moment. 

6542
05:42:29,800 --> 05:42:33,500
This character could make sense 
of the chaos of city life. 

6543
05:42:33,500 --> 05:42:37,700
He could walk into the most 
baffling situation and through 

6544
05:42:37,700 --> 05:42:41,000
pure logic and observation 
restore order to the world. 

6545
05:42:41,800 --> 05:42:44,700
He was like a lighthouse in a 
storm cutting through the fog of

6546
05:42:44,700 --> 05:42:47,000
uncertainty, with the bright 
beam of reason. 

6547
05:42:48,300 --> 05:42:49,500
Timing couldn't have been 
better. 

6548
05:42:49,500 --> 05:42:53,400
People wanted stories that show 
the world made sense that every 

6549
05:42:53,400 --> 05:42:56,800
problem had a solution and that 
good could win over evil through

6550
05:42:56,800 --> 05:42:59,300
cleverness, rather than luck or 
divine intervention. 

6551
05:43:00,400 --> 05:43:03,200
Holmes represented, the 
Victorian dream of the rational 

6552
05:43:03,200 --> 05:43:06,300
man who could solve any puzzle. 
If he just applied enough 

6553
05:43:06,300 --> 05:43:07,800
intelligence and careful 
observation. 

6554
05:43:09,100 --> 05:43:11,800
But there was another layer to 
London's Readiness for homes. 

6555
05:43:11,800 --> 05:43:15,800
The city had transformed into a 
vibrant Hub of individuals from 

6556
05:43:15,800 --> 05:43:18,700
diverse backgrounds. 
In a single day, you might 

6557
05:43:18,700 --> 05:43:22,300
encounter a Russian count, a 
Chinese Merchant and Irish 

6558
05:43:22,300 --> 05:43:26,500
Docker and a Scottish Professor.
Each person carried Their Own 

6559
05:43:26,500 --> 05:43:30,900
Story, their own secrets and 
their own Mysteries The city 

6560
05:43:30,900 --> 05:43:33,900
itself had become a kind of 
living breathing puzzle and 

6561
05:43:33,900 --> 05:43:36,600
people were fascinated by the 
idea that someone could read the

6562
05:43:36,600 --> 05:43:37,900
clues. 
Hidden in plain sight. 

6563
05:43:38,900 --> 05:43:42,000
The police blessed, their hearts
were doing their best, but they 

6564
05:43:42,000 --> 05:43:44,900
were essentially using medieval 
methods to solve modern crime, 

6565
05:43:44,900 --> 05:43:48,500
they heavily relied on 
confession, I witnessed 

6566
05:43:48,500 --> 05:43:51,000
testimony and capturing 
criminals in the act. 

6567
05:43:51,700 --> 05:43:55,100
The idea of carefully examining 
a crime scene for clues of using

6568
05:43:55,100 --> 05:43:58,300
scientific methods to analyze 
evidence of building a case 

6569
05:43:58,300 --> 05:44:01,300
through logical deduction. 
These were revolutionary 

6570
05:44:01,300 --> 05:44:03,800
Concepts that most real 
detectives hadn't even 

6571
05:44:03,800 --> 05:44:08,200
considered So, when readers open
those early home stories, they 

6572
05:44:08,200 --> 05:44:09,400
weren't just getting 
entertainment. 

6573
05:44:09,400 --> 05:44:12,500
They were getting a glimpse of 
what crime solving could be like

6574
05:44:12,500 --> 05:44:14,300
if someone really smart was in 
charge. 

6575
05:44:15,900 --> 05:44:18,800
Holmes represented everything 
that Victorian readers, wish 

6576
05:44:18,800 --> 05:44:22,200
their actual police force. 
Could be observant, logical, 

6577
05:44:22,200 --> 05:44:26,700
Incorruptible and successful. 
The story is also tapped into 

6578
05:44:26,700 --> 05:44:28,400
something deeply satisfying 
about. 

6579
05:44:28,400 --> 05:44:31,500
The Victorian belief in 
progress, here was proof that 

6580
05:44:31,500 --> 05:44:35,300
human intelligence properly 
applied, could triumph over any 

6581
05:44:35,300 --> 05:44:38,800
challenge Holmes never solved 
crimes, through luck or 

6582
05:44:38,808 --> 05:44:41,000
accident. 
He solved them, through careful 

6583
05:44:41,000 --> 05:44:45,000
observation, logical thinking 
and refusing to accept that any 

6584
05:44:45,000 --> 05:44:48,300
mystery was unsolvable. 
This was a society that was 

6585
05:44:48,300 --> 05:44:51,500
simultaneously proud of its 
achievements and worried about 

6586
05:44:51,500 --> 05:44:55,400
his problems crime was Rising. 
The cities were becoming more 

6587
05:44:55,400 --> 05:44:58,500
complex and dangerous, and 
traditional Solutions were not 

6588
05:44:58,500 --> 05:45:01,300
working home's. 
Offered hope that intelligence 

6589
05:45:01,300 --> 05:45:04,100
and Method could restore order 
to a world that sometimes seem 

6590
05:45:04,100 --> 05:45:07,100
to be spinning out of control. 
Now, here's where our story 

6591
05:45:07,100 --> 05:45:10,400
takes a fascinating turn because
Arthur Conan Doyle, didn't just 

6592
05:45:10,400 --> 05:45:13,700
create a character he 
accidentally invented an entire 

6593
05:45:13,700 --> 05:45:16,800
literary. 
Genre The arrival of home's 

6594
05:45:16,800 --> 05:45:19,100
crime, fiction lacked a crucial 
component. 

6595
05:45:19,100 --> 05:45:23,700
You see crime stories existed 
before homes, but they were 

6596
05:45:23,700 --> 05:45:26,600
quite different creatures. 
Most of them were Sensational 

6597
05:45:26,600 --> 05:45:29,300
Tales focused on the gruesome 
details of murders. 

6598
05:45:29,300 --> 05:45:31,300
All the dramatic capture of 
villains. 

6599
05:45:32,200 --> 05:45:34,800
They were less about solving 
puzzles and more about shocking 

6600
05:45:34,800 --> 05:45:36,700
readers with Tales of urban 
horror. 

6601
05:45:37,800 --> 05:45:40,400
Think of them as the Victorian 
equivalent of those breathless 

6602
05:45:40,400 --> 05:45:42,600
newspaper headlines. 
You see at the grocery store 

6603
05:45:42,600 --> 05:45:45,900
checkout designed to grab 
attention, rather than Engage 

6604
05:45:45,900 --> 05:45:48,700
The Mind. 
A few detective stories that did

6605
05:45:48,700 --> 05:45:52,100
exist were often clumsy Affairs 
where the solution came out of 

6606
05:45:52,100 --> 05:45:55,200
nowhere, like a magician, 
pulling a rabbit from a hat 

6607
05:45:55,200 --> 05:45:58,900
without showing it to you first.
Readers were expected to sit 

6608
05:45:58,900 --> 05:46:01,700
back and be amazed rather than 
participate in the solving 

6609
05:46:01,700 --> 05:46:03,500
process. 
It was entertaining. 

6610
05:46:03,500 --> 05:46:05,900
It wasn't particularly 
satisfying entertainment. 

6611
05:46:06,900 --> 05:46:09,600
Then Along came home and 
suddenly everything changed 

6612
05:46:09,600 --> 05:46:13,500
Arthur created what would become
known as Fair played Detective 

6613
05:46:13,500 --> 05:46:17,200
fiction stories where the reader
was giving all the same clothes 

6614
05:46:17,200 --> 05:46:20,500
as the detective and could 
theoretically solve the mystery 

6615
05:46:20,500 --> 05:46:23,600
themselves. 
Of course, most of us would miss

6616
05:46:23,600 --> 05:46:27,100
the significance of tobacco 
ashtons or the 17th of 

6617
05:46:27,100 --> 05:46:29,300
footprints. 
But the clues were there for 

6618
05:46:29,300 --> 05:46:30,900
anyone, sharp enough to spot 
them. 

6619
05:46:30,900 --> 05:46:34,300
This Innovation was 
revolutionary instead of just 

6620
05:46:34,300 --> 05:46:37,800
reading about crime, people 
could now participate in solving

6621
05:46:37,800 --> 05:46:40,800
them Arthur had turned passive 
entertainment into an 

6622
05:46:40,800 --> 05:46:44,200
interactive experience readers 
would eagerly follow homes 

6623
05:46:44,200 --> 05:46:46,900
through his investigations, 
trying to spot the clues 

6624
05:46:46,900 --> 05:46:49,100
themselves. 
Attempting to deduce the 

6625
05:46:49,100 --> 05:46:52,400
solution before the brilliant. 
Detective revealed it, It was 

6626
05:46:52,408 --> 05:46:55,200
akin to the difference between 
observing someone play a game 

6627
05:46:55,208 --> 05:46:58,700
and engaging in it yourself. 
But Arthur's Innovation went 

6628
05:46:58,700 --> 05:47:00,400
deeper than just including 
Clues. 

6629
05:47:00,400 --> 05:47:03,500
He devised an impeccable and 
gratifying framework for 

6630
05:47:03,508 --> 05:47:06,100
detective stories, which remains
in use today. 

6631
05:47:06,100 --> 05:47:08,900
Every home story follows a 
similar pattern. 

6632
05:47:08,900 --> 05:47:12,300
A baffling mystery is presented 
homes. 

6633
05:47:12,300 --> 05:47:14,000
Observes details, that others 
Miss. 

6634
05:47:14,000 --> 05:47:17,600
He forms a theory based on 
logical deduction and then he 

6635
05:47:17,600 --> 05:47:19,700
proves his theory through. 
Dramatic revelation. 

6636
05:47:20,700 --> 05:47:23,600
Once you've immersed yourself in
this, well, choreographed dance.

6637
05:47:23,600 --> 05:47:27,000
Other types of crime stories. 
Begin to feel incomplete. 

6638
05:47:27,800 --> 05:47:30,700
The Genius of this structure is 
the mirrors the way our minds 

6639
05:47:30,700 --> 05:47:32,400
work when we're trying to solve 
a problem. 

6640
05:47:32,400 --> 05:47:37,200
We gather information, we form 
hypotheses, we test them and we 

6641
05:47:37,200 --> 05:47:40,600
reach conclusions. 
Holmes's stories felt natural 

6642
05:47:40,600 --> 05:47:43,200
because they followed the same 
thought processes that readers 

6643
05:47:43,200 --> 05:47:46,700
used in their own lives just 
with much more dramatic Stakes. 

6644
05:47:47,600 --> 05:47:51,200
Arthur also created something 
that hadn't existed before the 

6645
05:47:51,200 --> 05:47:54,700
recurring detective character. 
Previous crime stories 

6646
05:47:54,700 --> 05:47:57,900
typically, featured different 
protagonists in each Tale But 

6647
05:47:57,900 --> 05:48:00,400
home's was the same. 
Brilliant detective in every 

6648
05:48:00,400 --> 05:48:03,700
story, growing more familiar to 
readers with the adventure. 

6649
05:48:04,500 --> 05:48:06,600
People began to feel like they 
knew him personally. 

6650
05:48:06,600 --> 05:48:09,400
Like he was a friend. 
They could rely on to make sense

6651
05:48:09,400 --> 05:48:12,800
of a confusing world. 
This familiarity allowed Arthur 

6652
05:48:12,800 --> 05:48:14,900
to develop homes as character in
ways that wouldn't have been 

6653
05:48:14,900 --> 05:48:16,800
possible with one-off 
protagonists. 

6654
05:48:17,600 --> 05:48:20,600
Readers learned about his 
habits, his methods, his 

6655
05:48:20,600 --> 05:48:24,800
preferences and even his 
weaknesses Holmes became real to

6656
05:48:24,800 --> 05:48:27,000
people in a way that few 
fictional characters ever 

6657
05:48:27,000 --> 05:48:29,500
achieve. 
He wasn't just a problem solving

6658
05:48:29,500 --> 05:48:31,700
machine. 
He was a personal with quirks 

6659
05:48:31,700 --> 05:48:33,800
and flaws and a distinctive 
personality. 

6660
05:48:34,900 --> 05:48:37,800
The success of homes is stories.
Also established the template 

6661
05:48:37,800 --> 05:48:41,600
for the detective sidekick Dr. 
Watson played a crucial role as 

6662
05:48:41,600 --> 05:48:43,300
the reader's representative in 
the story. 

6663
05:48:43,300 --> 05:48:46,600
He was intelligent enough to 
understand home's explanation, 

6664
05:48:46,600 --> 05:48:49,800
but not so brilliant that he 
could solve the mystery himself.

6665
05:48:49,800 --> 05:48:53,500
He asked the question that 
readers wanted to ask and 

6666
05:48:53,500 --> 05:48:56,100
express the amazement that 
viewers felt when Holmes 

6667
05:48:56,100 --> 05:48:59,400
revealed his deductions. 
Arthur stumbled upon something 

6668
05:48:59,400 --> 05:49:02,400
that would become one of the 
most enduring formulas in all of

6669
05:49:02,400 --> 05:49:05,000
literature. 
The brilliant detective, the 

6670
05:49:05,000 --> 05:49:08,900
loyal companion, the baffling 
mystery, the careful 

6671
05:49:08,900 --> 05:49:11,300
investigation, The Logical 
solution. 

6672
05:49:11,300 --> 05:49:14,800
These elements were so perfectly
balanced that they created a 

6673
05:49:14,800 --> 05:49:17,500
template that countless writers 
would follow for the next 

6674
05:49:17,500 --> 05:49:20,900
century and beyond. 
What's particularly remarkable 

6675
05:49:20,900 --> 05:49:23,600
is that Arthur didn't set out to
create a new genre. 

6676
05:49:23,600 --> 05:49:27,000
He was merely attempting to 
craft entertaining stories that 

6677
05:49:27,000 --> 05:49:30,200
would contribute to his 
financial stability, but in 

6678
05:49:30,200 --> 05:49:33,500
creating homes, he attacked into
something fundamental about how 

6679
05:49:33,500 --> 05:49:37,200
human minds work and what kinds 
of stories satisfy us at the 

6680
05:49:37,208 --> 05:49:39,900
deepest level. 
The impact was immediate and 

6681
05:49:39,900 --> 05:49:43,000
Lasting other writers began 
creating their own detective 

6682
05:49:43,000 --> 05:49:45,400
characters, but they all 
followed the homes model. 

6683
05:49:46,600 --> 05:49:49,200
The genre that Arthur had 
accidentally invented became one

6684
05:49:49,200 --> 05:49:52,500
of the most popular forms of 
fiction, spawning, thousands of 

6685
05:49:52,500 --> 05:49:57,000
books, plays movies and 
television shows, here's where 

6686
05:49:57,000 --> 05:50:00,200
our story takes an ironic twist,
that would make Holmes himself 

6687
05:50:00,200 --> 05:50:04,800
smiled, wryly, Arthur Conan 
Doyle, having created the most 

6688
05:50:04,800 --> 05:50:08,100
beloved detective in literary. 
History began to view his 

6689
05:50:08,100 --> 05:50:10,100
Creation with something 
approaching horror. 

6690
05:50:10,800 --> 05:50:13,000
It's like watching someone 
created a beautiful garden and 

6691
05:50:13,000 --> 05:50:15,400
then become frustrated when 
everyone wants to talk about the

6692
05:50:15,400 --> 05:50:18,900
flowers and stead of the 
vegetables, you see Arthur had 

6693
05:50:18,900 --> 05:50:22,400
bigger Ambitions than writing 
detective stories, he fancied 

6694
05:50:22,400 --> 05:50:25,400
himself, a serious literary 
author, the kind who had writing

6695
05:50:25,400 --> 05:50:28,400
historical novels that would be 
studied in universities for 

6696
05:50:28,400 --> 05:50:31,400
Generations. 
He dreamed of crafting sweeping 

6697
05:50:31,400 --> 05:50:35,600
epics about medieval knights and
Noble calls stories that would 

6698
05:50:35,600 --> 05:50:38,600
Elevate the human spirit and 
earn him a place among the four 

6699
05:50:38,600 --> 05:50:41,400
most literary Masters. 
But every time he published a 

6700
05:50:41,400 --> 05:50:44,500
historical novel readers would 
politely applaud and then 

6701
05:50:44,500 --> 05:50:48,700
immediately asked When's the 
next home Story coming out, it 

6702
05:50:48,700 --> 05:50:50,700
was like being a chef who 
creates an elaborate 

6703
05:50:50,700 --> 05:50:54,200
seven-course meal, only to have 
everyone ignore the artistically

6704
05:50:54,200 --> 05:50:57,300
arranged vegetables and ask for 
more of the simple bread rolls. 

6705
05:50:58,600 --> 05:51:01,100
The problem was that homes have 
become phenomenally successful. 

6706
05:51:02,100 --> 05:51:05,300
By the 1890s Arthur was earning 
more money from his detective 

6707
05:51:05,300 --> 05:51:07,100
stories than he had ever dreamed
possible. 

6708
05:51:07,900 --> 05:51:10,600
The Strand magazine was paying 
him handsomely for each new 

6709
05:51:10,600 --> 05:51:13,100
homes adventure and readers 
couldn't get enough of them 

6710
05:51:13,100 --> 05:51:16,700
however Arthur realized that 
success could also be a form of 

6711
05:51:16,708 --> 05:51:19,600
isolation. 
He began to feel like home's was

6712
05:51:19,600 --> 05:51:21,900
overshadowing everything else he
wanted to accomplish. 

6713
05:51:22,800 --> 05:51:25,400
People introduced him as the 
creator of Sherlock Holmes. 

6714
05:51:25,400 --> 05:51:28,800
Not as the author of historical 
novels about medieval England, 

6715
05:51:28,800 --> 05:51:32,700
the serious literary work was 
being treated as a side project.

6716
05:51:32,700 --> 05:51:36,000
While his detective stories were
considered his main achievement 

6717
05:51:37,000 --> 05:51:39,200
It was deeply frustrating for a 
man who had worked. 

6718
05:51:39,200 --> 05:51:41,800
So hard to establish himself as 
a serious writer. 

6719
05:51:42,700 --> 05:51:45,900
In 1893 Arthur made one of the 
most shocking decisions in 

6720
05:51:45,900 --> 05:51:48,500
literary history. 
Bringing the situation to its 

6721
05:51:48,500 --> 05:51:50,900
peak. 
He decided to kill off Sherlock 

6722
05:51:50,900 --> 05:51:53,400
Holmes. 
He did not kill off Sherlock. 

6723
05:51:53,400 --> 05:51:57,600
Holmes gradually through old age
or in a subtle manner instead, 

6724
05:51:57,600 --> 05:52:01,300
he did so dramatically in a 
story called the final problem. 

6725
05:52:01,300 --> 05:52:04,200
He sent home's tumbling over, 
the right in back. 

6726
05:52:04,200 --> 05:52:07,100
Falls into Switzerland. 
Locked in Mortal Combat with his

6727
05:52:07,100 --> 05:52:09,000
arch. 
Nemesis Professor Moriarty 

6728
05:52:10,200 --> 05:52:12,300
Arthur believed he was 
liberating himself from the 

6729
05:52:12,300 --> 05:52:14,700
detective whom he considered a 
burden. 

6730
05:52:15,300 --> 05:52:18,100
He imagined that with Holmes 
gone readers would finally pay 

6731
05:52:18,100 --> 05:52:21,200
attention to his other work. 
He could write about historical 

6732
05:52:21,200 --> 05:52:24,900
subjects, explore spiritual 
themes and create the kind of 

6733
05:52:24,900 --> 05:52:27,000
literature that would earn him 
last and respect. 

6734
05:52:28,200 --> 05:52:30,700
But Arthur seriously 
underestimated how much people 

6735
05:52:30,700 --> 05:52:33,600
loved homes. 
The reaction to the final 

6736
05:52:33,600 --> 05:52:36,700
problem was unlike anything. 
The literary world had ever seen

6737
05:52:36,700 --> 05:52:41,400
readers were devastated. 
The Strand magazine, lost 20,000

6738
05:52:41,400 --> 05:52:44,700
subscribers overnight. 
People wore black armbands in 

6739
05:52:44,700 --> 05:52:48,100
mourning, some readers wrote, 
Furious letters, accusing Arthur

6740
05:52:48,100 --> 05:52:50,800
of literary murder. 
Others simply refused to believe

6741
05:52:50,800 --> 05:52:54,000
that Holmes was really dead. 
The outcry was so intense that 

6742
05:52:54,000 --> 05:52:57,300
it surprised even after he'd 
considered home's to be merely 

6743
05:52:57,300 --> 05:53:01,500
another character in yet another
story but to readers Holmes had 

6744
05:53:01,500 --> 05:53:05,000
evolved into something far more 
significant, he was a symbol of 

6745
05:53:05,008 --> 05:53:08,200
rational thought triumphing over
chaos of Justice. 

6746
05:53:08,200 --> 05:53:11,300
Prevailing over, evil of 
intelligence, solving problems 

6747
05:53:11,300 --> 05:53:14,300
that seemed impossible. 
Killing home's felt like killing

6748
05:53:14,300 --> 05:53:17,700
hope itself. 
For eight years after held firm 

6749
05:53:17,700 --> 05:53:22,600
heeding, his historical novels 
his spiritual exploration and a 

6750
05:53:22,600 --> 05:53:25,600
serious literary works. 
But the ghost of Holmes, 

6751
05:53:25,600 --> 05:53:28,900
haunted, everything he did. 
Rita's kept asking when the 

6752
05:53:28,900 --> 05:53:31,700
detective would return 
Publishers kept offering him 

6753
05:53:31,700 --> 05:53:34,900
enormous sums for new home 
stories and Arthur kept 

6754
05:53:34,900 --> 05:53:36,600
insisting. 
That the character was dead and 

6755
05:53:36,600 --> 05:53:40,800
buried. 
Finally, in 1901, Arthur gave 

6756
05:53:40,800 --> 05:53:44,800
into the pressure, he wrote The 
Hound of the Baskervilles, which

6757
05:53:44,800 --> 05:53:47,300
he positioned as a story from 
before Holmes's death. 

6758
05:53:48,100 --> 05:53:50,000
But readers weren't satisfied 
with a prequel. 

6759
05:53:50,000 --> 05:53:53,000
They wanted their detective back
in the present, solving new 

6760
05:53:53,000 --> 05:53:56,800
Mysteries. 
The demand was so intense that 

6761
05:53:56,800 --> 05:53:58,600
Arthur eventually had to perform
literary. 

6762
05:53:58,600 --> 05:54:01,300
Resurrection surgery, bringing 
home's back to life in the 

6763
05:54:01,300 --> 05:54:03,700
adventure of the empty house in 
1903. 

6764
05:54:04,900 --> 05:54:07,900
Arthur's explanation for how 
home survived the fall was in 

6765
05:54:07,900 --> 05:54:10,100
genius. 
But clearly written by someone 

6766
05:54:10,100 --> 05:54:12,500
who was trying to solve a 
problem, he'd never intended to 

6767
05:54:12,500 --> 05:54:15,000
create. 
Home had faked his death. 

6768
05:54:15,000 --> 05:54:18,100
He explained living in hide in 
for three years while tracking 

6769
05:54:18,100 --> 05:54:20,100
down the rest of Moriarty's 
organization. 

6770
05:54:20,100 --> 05:54:23,900
It was a clever solution that 
you could almost hear Arthur 

6771
05:54:23,900 --> 05:54:26,600
sighing, as he wrote it. 
The whole episode reveals 

6772
05:54:26,600 --> 05:54:29,600
something, fascinating about the
relationship between authors and

6773
05:54:29,600 --> 05:54:33,000
their Creations, Arthur had 
intended home's to be a 

6774
05:54:33,000 --> 05:54:35,800
temporary character. 
A means to an end a way to pay 

6775
05:54:35,800 --> 05:54:38,000
the bills while he worked on 
more important projects. 

6776
05:54:39,000 --> 05:54:41,700
The great fictional characters 
have a way of taking on lives of

6777
05:54:41,700 --> 05:54:44,800
their own becoming more real to 
readers than the people who 

6778
05:54:44,800 --> 05:54:48,000
created them. 
For the remainder of his life. 

6779
05:54:48,000 --> 05:54:51,300
Arthur continued to write home 
stories yet, he never fully 

6780
05:54:51,300 --> 05:54:53,400
reconciled with the success of 
his creation. 

6781
05:54:53,400 --> 05:54:57,300
He was proud of the detectives 
popularity, but he was also 

6782
05:54:57,300 --> 05:55:00,500
frustrated that his serious work
never received the same 

6783
05:55:00,508 --> 05:55:03,100
attention. 
It's one of literature's finest 

6784
05:55:03,100 --> 05:55:05,700
irony that the work Arthur 
considered his lesser 

6785
05:55:05,700 --> 05:55:07,800
achievement, turned out to be 
his greatest contribution to the

6786
05:55:07,800 --> 05:55:09,800
world. 
Now, let's dive into something 

6787
05:55:09,800 --> 05:55:12,500
that makes the home stories 
particularly fascinating. 

6788
05:55:13,300 --> 05:55:15,900
The way Arthur woe real 
scientific Advance is in to his 

6789
05:55:15,900 --> 05:55:19,000
fictional detective work. 
It's like watching someone build

6790
05:55:19,000 --> 05:55:21,900
a bridge between the world of 
imagination in the world of 

6791
05:55:21,900 --> 05:55:24,700
scientific progress. 
Creating something that was both

6792
05:55:24,700 --> 05:55:28,800
entertaining and educational. 
Arthur wasn't just a writer. 

6793
05:55:28,800 --> 05:55:31,800
He was a trained physician who 
had studied the latest 

6794
05:55:31,800 --> 05:55:35,700
scientific methods of his time 
when he created homes, he was 

6795
05:55:35,708 --> 05:55:38,900
essentially asking the question.
What would crime solving look 

6796
05:55:38,900 --> 05:55:40,300
like? 
If it were approached with the 

6797
05:55:40,300 --> 05:55:44,400
same scientific rigor, that was 
revolutionizing medicine and 

6798
05:55:44,400 --> 05:55:47,900
other fields? 
consider homes as famous method 

6799
05:55:47,900 --> 05:55:51,000
of deducing, someone's entire 
life story from Tiny, physical 

6800
05:55:51,000 --> 05:55:54,800
Clues, This approach wasn't just
literally fantasy. 

6801
05:55:54,800 --> 05:55:58,400
It was based on real scientific 
principles that Arthur had 

6802
05:55:58,400 --> 05:56:01,900
learned in medical school. 
Dr. Joseph Bell had shown that 

6803
05:56:01,900 --> 05:56:04,700
careful observation could reveal
incredible amounts of 

6804
05:56:04,700 --> 05:56:06,700
information about a person's 
life and habits. 

6805
05:56:07,700 --> 05:56:10,400
Arthur took this concept and 
applied it to detective, work, 

6806
05:56:10,400 --> 05:56:13,500
creating a character who could 
read people like books. 

6807
05:56:14,200 --> 05:56:16,900
Holmes's use of fingerprints is 
particularly intriguing because 

6808
05:56:16,900 --> 05:56:18,500
Arthur was actually ahead of his
time. 

6809
05:56:18,500 --> 05:56:21,700
Police forces didn't widely use 
for printing until the early 

6810
05:56:21,700 --> 05:56:26,100
1900s despite the publication of
the first home story in 1887 

6811
05:56:26,100 --> 05:56:29,500
Arthur, had read about the 
scientific work on fingerprints 

6812
05:56:29,500 --> 05:56:31,600
and Incorporated it into his 
fiction. 

6813
05:56:31,600 --> 05:56:33,800
Before most real detectives at 
even heard of it. 

6814
05:56:34,800 --> 05:56:37,900
In many ways, Holmes was using 
forensic technique that wouldn't

6815
05:56:37,900 --> 05:56:40,700
become standard police procedure
for another decade or two. 

6816
05:56:41,600 --> 05:56:44,500
The same was true for many other
scientific methods that home's 

6817
05:56:44,500 --> 05:56:47,600
employed, the analyzed 
handwriting studied different 

6818
05:56:47,600 --> 05:56:51,000
types of tobacco Ash examined 
Footprints, with scientific 

6819
05:56:51,000 --> 05:56:54,600
precision and used chemical test
to detect bloodstains. 

6820
05:56:55,500 --> 05:56:58,700
These work just clever plot 
devices, they were based on real

6821
05:56:58,700 --> 05:57:01,800
scientific techniques that were 
being developed in Laboratories 

6822
05:57:01,800 --> 05:57:04,700
around the world. 
Arthur was particularly 

6823
05:57:04,700 --> 05:57:07,000
fascinated by the emerging field
of Toxicology. 

6824
05:57:08,300 --> 05:57:10,900
Study of poisons and their 
effects on the human body. 

6825
05:57:11,500 --> 05:57:14,600
Arthur's, medical background and
his interest in using science to

6826
05:57:14,600 --> 05:57:18,600
solve crimes, evident in several
home stories, that feature 

6827
05:57:18,600 --> 05:57:22,000
exotic poisons in their 
detection, He understood that 

6828
05:57:22,000 --> 05:57:24,400
poison was often a weapon of 
choice for Cleaver criminals, 

6829
05:57:24,400 --> 05:57:27,400
because it was difficult to 
detect with the crude methods of

6830
05:57:27,400 --> 05:57:32,200
available to most police forces.
Holmes's laboratory at 221B, 

6831
05:57:32,200 --> 05:57:34,800
Baker Street was filled with the
kind of equipment that real 

6832
05:57:34,800 --> 05:57:37,300
scientists were using to make 
breakthrough discoveries. 

6833
05:57:38,200 --> 05:57:41,000
Any serious research facility of
the time, would have contained 

6834
05:57:41,000 --> 05:57:43,800
the chemical operators 
microscope and reference books 

6835
05:57:43,800 --> 05:57:46,600
that are described. 
He was showing readers that 

6836
05:57:46,600 --> 05:57:48,900
scientific methods could be 
applied to criminal 

6837
05:57:48,900 --> 05:57:51,700
investigation. 
Turning detective work from a 

6838
05:57:51,700 --> 05:57:54,900
matter of luck and intuition 
into a systematic process. 

6839
05:57:55,800 --> 05:57:58,500
But Arthur's genius was in. 
Making these scientific methods 

6840
05:57:58,500 --> 05:58:02,100
accessible to ordinary readers. 
He didn't bog down his stories 

6841
05:58:02,100 --> 05:58:03,700
with technical details or 
length. 

6842
05:58:03,700 --> 05:58:05,500
The explanations of scientific 
principles. 

6843
05:58:05,500 --> 05:58:10,300
Instead, he showed homes using 
these methods in action solving 

6844
05:58:10,300 --> 05:58:12,300
crimes through careful 
observation and logical 

6845
05:58:12,300 --> 05:58:14,700
analysis. 
Rita's could follow the 

6846
05:58:14,700 --> 05:58:18,100
detectives reasoning process 
without needing background in 

6847
05:58:18,100 --> 05:58:21,400
chemistry or biology. 
This approach had an unexpected 

6848
05:58:21,400 --> 05:58:24,700
educational affect many readers 
learned about scientific 

6849
05:58:24,700 --> 05:58:27,700
methods, through homes of 
stories, often without realizing

6850
05:58:27,700 --> 05:58:30,100
they were getting a science 
lesson along with their 

6851
05:58:30,100 --> 05:58:33,000
entertainment, the stories 
helped popularize. 

6852
05:58:33,000 --> 05:58:35,500
The idea that rational 
scientific thinking could solve 

6853
05:58:35,500 --> 05:58:39,100
complex problems contributing to
the growing public respect for 

6854
05:58:39,100 --> 05:58:42,200
scientific methods. 
The Victorian belief that human 

6855
05:58:42,200 --> 05:58:44,000
behavior, followed logical 
patterns, that were 

6856
05:58:44,000 --> 05:58:47,400
understandable and predictable 
also influenced homes as 

6857
05:58:47,400 --> 05:58:50,700
approach to Crime solving. 
If you studied someone carefully

6858
05:58:50,700 --> 05:58:54,000
enough home suggested, you could
understand their motivations 

6859
05:58:54,000 --> 05:58:56,800
predict their actions and solve 
the puzzles. 

6860
05:58:56,800 --> 05:58:59,600
They created. 
This was a reassuring message 

6861
05:58:59,600 --> 05:59:02,100
for readers who were living 
through a period of Rapid social

6862
05:59:02,100 --> 05:59:05,900
change and uncertainty, the 
scientific accuracy of homes is 

6863
05:59:05,900 --> 05:59:08,600
methods. 
Varied, of course, Some of his 

6864
05:59:08,600 --> 05:59:11,900
deductions were based on solid 
observational principles While 

6865
05:59:11,900 --> 05:59:15,100
others were more, fantastic. 
But Arthur was careful to 

6866
05:59:15,100 --> 05:59:17,900
ground, even his most dramatic 
Solutions in plausible, 

6867
05:59:17,900 --> 05:59:20,700
scientific reasoning. 
He wanted readers to believe 

6868
05:59:20,700 --> 05:59:23,800
that Holmes is methods could 
actually work even if they were 

6869
05:59:23,800 --> 05:59:26,000
sometimes exaggerated for 
dramatic effect. 

6870
05:59:27,000 --> 05:59:29,700
What's particularly remarkable 
is how many of homes is 

6871
05:59:29,700 --> 05:59:32,600
fictional forensic techniques. 
Eventually became standard 

6872
05:59:32,600 --> 05:59:36,300
police procedure Arthur's 
imagination frequently for Saul 

6873
05:59:36,300 --> 05:59:39,500
real, scientific advancements 
proposing, investigative 

6874
05:59:39,500 --> 05:59:42,600
techniques that would not gain 
widespread acceptance for years 

6875
05:59:42,600 --> 05:59:46,000
or decades. 
In many ways, the home store is 

6876
05:59:46,000 --> 05:59:48,300
served as a kind of training 
manual for future detectives 

6877
05:59:48,300 --> 05:59:51,200
showing them possibilities. 
They might not have considered 

6878
05:59:51,200 --> 05:59:53,800
otherwise. 
The scientific Foundation of 

6879
05:59:53,800 --> 05:59:55,900
homes is methods. 
Also helped to establish The 

6880
05:59:55,900 --> 05:59:58,000
credibility of detective 
fiction, as a genre. 

6881
05:59:58,800 --> 06:00:00,600
These weren't just wild 
adventures stories. 

6882
06:00:00,600 --> 06:00:03,300
There were logical puzzles. 
That could be sold through 

6883
06:00:03,300 --> 06:00:06,200
careful reasoning. 
This intellectual respectability

6884
06:00:06,200 --> 06:00:09,200
helped, Elevate crime, fiction 
from Mere Sensational 

6885
06:00:09,200 --> 06:00:11,900
entertainment, to a more 
sophisticated form of literature

6886
06:00:11,900 --> 06:00:15,300
as we reach the end of our cozy 
Journey Through the origins of 

6887
06:00:15,300 --> 06:00:17,400
Sherlock Holmes. 
It's worth pondering. 

6888
06:00:17,400 --> 06:00:20,700
Why this character has refused 
to stay buried in the Victorian 

6889
06:00:20,700 --> 06:00:24,400
era where he was born. 
Like a particularly persistent 

6890
06:00:24,400 --> 06:00:27,800
ghost, homeless has haunted, 
every generation since Arthur, 

6891
06:00:27,800 --> 06:00:31,300
first dreamed, him up adapting 
to New Times while somehow 

6892
06:00:31,300 --> 06:00:35,300
remaining eternally himself. 
The remarkable thing about homes

6893
06:00:35,300 --> 06:00:37,800
is, how he's managed to 
transcend his original time and 

6894
06:00:37,800 --> 06:00:40,300
place. 
You can transplant him to modern

6895
06:00:40,300 --> 06:00:40,800
day. 
London. 

6896
06:00:40,800 --> 06:00:44,300
Give him a smartphone and access
to the internet and he still 

6897
06:00:44,300 --> 06:00:45,700
fundamentally the same 
character. 

6898
06:00:46,700 --> 06:00:50,300
His methods change, you might 
use DNA analysis instead of 

6899
06:00:50,308 --> 06:00:53,800
tobacco, Ash identification, but
is essential, nature remains 

6900
06:00:53,800 --> 06:00:56,400
unchanged. 
He continues to be a brilliant 

6901
06:00:56,400 --> 06:01:00,000
Outsider, who perceives what 
others Overlook a man capable of

6902
06:01:00,000 --> 06:01:02,500
bringing order to chaos through 
sheer intellect. 

6903
06:01:03,500 --> 06:01:06,200
This adaptability suggests that 
Arthur tapped into something 

6904
06:01:06,200 --> 06:01:09,100
deeper than just Victorian 
anxieties about crime and urban 

6905
06:01:09,108 --> 06:01:11,400
life. 
He created a character who 

6906
06:01:11,400 --> 06:01:14,800
represents Timeless human 
desires, the wish to make sense 

6907
06:01:14,800 --> 06:01:18,100
of a confusing world. 
The hope that intelligence can 

6908
06:01:18,100 --> 06:01:20,900
triumph over evil and the 
comfort of knowing that there's 

6909
06:01:20,900 --> 06:01:23,500
someone out there who can solve 
problems that seem impossible to

6910
06:01:23,500 --> 06:01:26,400
the rest of us. 
Every generation has found its 

6911
06:01:26,400 --> 06:01:29,200
reasons to love homes during the
world wars. 

6912
06:01:29,200 --> 06:01:31,700
He represented British 
resilience and the Triumph of 

6913
06:01:31,700 --> 06:01:36,600
civilization over barbarism in 
the 1960s, he became a Counter 

6914
06:01:36,600 --> 06:01:38,800
Culture hero. 
The ultimate individualist who 

6915
06:01:38,800 --> 06:01:42,600
refused to conform to social 
expectations in our current age 

6916
06:01:42,600 --> 06:01:45,200
of information overload. 
He's the person who can cut 

6917
06:01:45,200 --> 06:01:46,800
through the noise and find the 
signal. 

6918
06:01:46,800 --> 06:01:50,100
You can separate truth from the 
overwhelming flood of data that 

6919
06:01:50,100 --> 06:01:53,600
surrounds us. 
The stories themselves have 

6920
06:01:53,600 --> 06:01:56,200
taken on a life that goes far 
beyond what Arthur ever 

6921
06:01:56,200 --> 06:02:00,100
imagined. 
There are more than 25,000 home 

6922
06:02:00,100 --> 06:02:03,000
stories that have been written 
by other authors, creating a 

6923
06:02:03,008 --> 06:02:05,900
vast literary universe. 
That continues to expand more 

6924
06:02:05,900 --> 06:02:08,100
than a century after the 
characters creation. 

6925
06:02:09,100 --> 06:02:11,600
Holmes has appeared in every 
medium imaginable. 

6926
06:02:11,600 --> 06:02:16,600
Radio shows, television series 
movies, video games, and even 

6927
06:02:16,600 --> 06:02:20,700
virtual reality experiences. 
But perhaps, the most remarkable

6928
06:02:20,700 --> 06:02:24,300
thing about homes is how he's 
managed to become more real than

6929
06:02:24,300 --> 06:02:28,200
many, actual people you can 
visit 221B Baker Street in 

6930
06:02:28,200 --> 06:02:31,100
London, where there's a museum 
dedicated to the fictional 

6931
06:02:31,100 --> 06:02:35,900
detective, the Royal Mail issues
stamps, featuring homes, the 

6932
06:02:35,900 --> 06:02:38,700
British government has given him
an official address, there are 

6933
06:02:38,708 --> 06:02:41,300
societies around the world, 
dedicated to studying his 

6934
06:02:41,300 --> 06:02:44,100
methods and analyzing his 
adventures as if they were 

6935
06:02:44,100 --> 06:02:47,000
historical documents. 
This blurring of the line 

6936
06:02:47,000 --> 06:02:49,600
between fiction and reality, 
would have amused off Arthur, 

6937
06:02:49,600 --> 06:02:51,600
who spent so much of his later 
life. 

6938
06:02:51,600 --> 06:02:54,700
Trying to convince people that 
Holmes was just a character in 

6939
06:02:54,700 --> 06:02:55,700
stories. 
He'd written. 

6940
06:02:57,100 --> 06:02:59,200
But the Public's insistence on 
treating homes. 

6941
06:02:59,200 --> 06:03:02,200
As a real person speaks to 
something profound about the 

6942
06:03:02,200 --> 06:03:05,500
power of outstanding, fictional 
characters to capture our 

6943
06:03:05,500 --> 06:03:08,600
imaginations and become part of 
our shared cultural reality. 

6944
06:03:10,200 --> 06:03:13,100
The influence of homes on real 
world, detective work has been 

6945
06:03:13,108 --> 06:03:15,800
enormous. 
Police departments around the 

6946
06:03:15,800 --> 06:03:19,500
world have adopted methods that 
homes used in fiction decades 

6947
06:03:19,500 --> 06:03:21,400
before they became standard 
practice. 

6948
06:03:21,400 --> 06:03:25,700
The careful examination of crime
scenes, the scientific analysis 

6949
06:03:25,700 --> 06:03:28,400
of evidence and the 
psychological profiling of 

6950
06:03:28,400 --> 06:03:30,900
suspects. 
These techniques that seem 

6951
06:03:30,900 --> 06:03:33,600
obvious to us now were 
revolutionary when Arthur first 

6952
06:03:33,600 --> 06:03:36,700
wrote about them. 
Holmes has also influenced how 

6953
06:03:36,700 --> 06:03:38,500
we think about problem solving 
in general. 

6954
06:03:39,100 --> 06:03:42,000
Is method of careful 
observation, logical deduction, 

6955
06:03:42,000 --> 06:03:46,000
and systematic analysis has been
applied to Fields, far beyond 

6956
06:03:46,000 --> 06:03:48,600
criminal investigation, Business
Leaders. 

6957
06:03:48,600 --> 06:03:52,600
Scientists and Educators have 
all found ways to apply home 

6958
06:03:52,600 --> 06:03:55,900
thinking to their challenges as 
you settle back into your 

6959
06:03:55,900 --> 06:03:58,800
comfortable, chair, and perhaps,
Close Your Eyes For a Moment. 

6960
06:03:58,808 --> 06:04:02,000
Consider this Somewhere in the 
world. 

6961
06:04:02,000 --> 06:04:04,700
Right now, someone is 
discovering Sherlock Holmes for 

6962
06:04:04,700 --> 06:04:08,300
the first time their 
experiencing that same sense of 

6963
06:04:08,300 --> 06:04:11,300
wonder that readers felt more 
than a century ago. 

6964
06:04:11,300 --> 06:04:14,700
When they first encountered the 
tall thin detective with his 

6965
06:04:14,700 --> 06:04:18,000
piercing eyes and incredible 
deductive abilities. 

6966
06:04:19,100 --> 06:04:22,100
The character that Arthur Conan 
Doyle created in frustration, 

6967
06:04:22,100 --> 06:04:25,200
developed with reluctance and 
tried to kill off in 

6968
06:04:25,200 --> 06:04:28,600
exasperation has become one of 
the most enduring figures in all

6969
06:04:28,600 --> 06:04:31,400
of literature. 
Holmes represent our Eternal. 

6970
06:04:31,400 --> 06:04:34,500
Hope that reason can triumph 
over chaos that careful 

6971
06:04:34,500 --> 06:04:37,900
observation can reveal Hidden 
Truths and that there's always a

6972
06:04:37,900 --> 06:04:41,900
logical solution to even the 
most baffling mystery. in a 

6973
06:04:41,900 --> 06:04:45,300
world that often seems random 
and senseless home's offers, the

6974
06:04:45,300 --> 06:04:47,700
comforting assurance that 
everything makes sense, if you 

6975
06:04:47,700 --> 06:04:50,600
just know how to look at it 
properly, He's the friend. 

6976
06:04:50,600 --> 06:04:54,100
We all wish we had the mind. 
We all wish we possessed. 

6977
06:04:54,100 --> 06:04:56,800
And the reassurance, we all need
that somewhere out there. 

6978
06:04:56,800 --> 06:05:00,000
Some one is smart enough to 
solve the problems that baffle 

6979
06:05:00,000 --> 06:05:00,500
the rest of us.