What Life Was Like For The Diving Women Of Jeju Island | Boring History

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All right, my sleepy friends. 
I see you. 

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Choosing Ocean Adventures from 
the safety of your blanket. 

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I'm glad you're here. 
The rain is falling steadily 

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outside soft enough to blur the 
edges of the night and quiet, 

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the busy parts of your mind. 
Tonight, we're easing into the 

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diving women of Jeju Island. 
Steady, breath, cold, water, and

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quiet, resilience behind a 
traditional shaped by Rhythm and

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patience. 
So, if this calm slightly, 

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boring reflection helps you 
unwind? 

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Feel free to follow. 
Drop a like and tell me where 

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you're listening from and what 
time it is for you. 

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Now let your head settle into 
the pillow length, and your 

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breath, and turn on that fan for
some steady, White Noise if 

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possible. 
Let's begin. 

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Off the southern coast of Korea.
Where black volcanic rocks meet 

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turquoise Waters generations of 
women have descended into the 

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ocean with nothing but their 
breath and their will. this is 

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the story of the Henry, the sea 
women of Jeju Island, whose 

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lives were shaped by tides and 
Seasons By The River of 

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breathing and the ancient of the
deep You wake Before Dawn on 

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Jeju Island in the spring of 
1958. 

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The rumors. 
Cool and dark outside your 

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window. 
The wind moves through the 

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Twisted branches of Tangerine 
trees, you can hear the ocean 

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already. 
It never really stops making 

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noise on this island. 
Even when the surface looks 

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calm, there is always the sound 
of water. 

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Meeting Stone, your grandmother 
is already awakened. 

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The kitchen, you can smell the 
Barley's Brewing, the scent 

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mingles with the Salt Air that 
seeps through. 

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Every Gap in the stone walls. 
This house has stood here for 

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three generations, your 
grandmother Dove these Waters, 

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your mother doves these Waters. 
Now you are learning your 16 

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years old and your finger still 
ache from yesterday's work. 

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The calluses are forming slowly 
on your palms. 

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Each day in the water, makes 
them a little thicker. 

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Your mother says this is good. 
She says soft hands cannot grip.

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The slippery rocks, where the 
Abalone hide? 

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She says the ocean teaches your 
skin to be strong before it 

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teaches your lungs. 
You dress in layers even though 

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it is spring. 
The water is always colder than 

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you, expect. 
You pull on Cotton 

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undergarments, then the loose 
work clothes that you will dive 

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in today. 
Later at the beach, you will add

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the thin wetsuit. 
It is made of rubber and smells 

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like the sea and like the sun. 
It smells like every hen you who

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has ever worn it before you. 
Your grandmother brings you a 

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bowl of warm soup miyoko. 
Seaweed soup made from the 

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Joaquin that your mother 
harvested last week. 

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The broth is Rich and salty. 
You eat slowly feeling the 

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warmth, spread through your 
chest. 

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This is important. 
You learned early that a warm 

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body holds its heat longer in 
cold water. 

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Your mother appears in the 
doorway her face is whether from

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Decades of sun and salt. 
Her hair still black despite her

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40 years. 
He's already tied back in 

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preparation. 
She looks at your bowl and nods.

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She is not need to speak. 
You've been doing this long 

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enough. 
Now to know the routine, you 

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finish your soup and rinse, the 
bowl, your grandmother packs, 

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rice balls wrapped in dried 
seaweed. 

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These will be your lunch eaten 
on the Rocks between dive, she 

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adds dried squid and pickled 
radish. she moves slowly, but 

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with certainly she's packed the 
same Foods 1000 times before the

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sky is turning gray. 
When you step out side, not the 

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gray of storms but the soft gray
that comes before Sunrise, the 

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stars of fading To the east, 
over the ocean, The Horizon 

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glows with the promise of light.
You Walk With Your Mother Down 

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The Narrow Path toward the sea. 
No one speaks much at this hour,

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the work, no one speaks much at 
this hour, the work ahead 

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requires Focus. 
The beach is not Sandy instead 

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black rocks slope down into the 
water. 

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They are smooth in places where 
the waves of warn them down. 

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In other places, they are sharp 
and Jagged. 

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You learn to read these rocks. 
When you were small, you learned

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which ones will hold your weight
and which ones will shift 

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beneath your feet. 
Your mother's bull. 

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Terk is already there. 
This is the shared Stone 

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shelter, where the hen you 
change clothes and warm the 

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cells between Dives? 
Smoke rises from the fire pit in

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the center. 
Some of the older women have 

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already arrived. 
They tend the fire and prepare 

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their equipment. 
You bout the elders. 

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They nodded in return. 
One of them, a woman named 

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grandmother King has been diving
for 60 years, a hands annulled 

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like Driftwood, but they moved 
with precision as she checks, 

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her net bag. 
She has pulled more out alone 

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from these Waters than anyone 
can count. 

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Your mother helps you with your 
diving suit. 

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The rubber is stiff from the 
cold night air. 

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You work your legs into it. 
Then your arms, the seal around 

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your neck is tight, it has to be
even a small Gap. 

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Will let the cold water rush in 
against your skin. 

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You strap the two act to your 
waist. 

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This is your flotation device 
around orange buoy made of gourd

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and net, it will float on the 
surface while you dive below. 

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Your Harvest bag will hang from 
it. 

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When you need to rest, you will 
hold on to it and breathe your 

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mother hands. 
You your bitching. this is your 

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diving tool, a flat Metal Blade 
attached to a short wooden 

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handle It looks simple but it is
everything with this tool. 

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You will pry Abalone from rocks.
You will cut sea, cucumbers, 

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free. 
You will dig for octopus in the 

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crevices where they hide the 
other women are ready. 

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Now, there are 12 of you this 
morning. 

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Three are grandmothers women in 
their 60s and 70s who still die 

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every day. for in their middle 
years, like your mother Three, a

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younger women in their 20s and 
30s. 

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And then there are you and one 
other girl, both still learning 

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the depths. 
Grandmother Kang walks to the 

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water's edge. 
She bows to the ocean. 

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This is not a religious gesture.
Exactly, though. 

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There is reverence in it. 
It is more like a greeting 

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between older acquaintances. 
The ocean gives and the ocean 

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takes today. 
You hope it will give more than 

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it. 
Takes you wade into the water 

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behind your mother. 
The cold hits your feet first. 

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Then your calves even through 
the rubber suit, you feel it. 

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The shock of it makes you want 
to grasp, but you learn to not 

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to do that, you breathe slowly 
and evenly you. 

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Let your body adjust and the 
water reaches, your waist. 

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You push off and begin to swim. 
The telak trails behind you, 

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bobbing on the surface around 
you. 

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The other women are swimming 
too. 

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Spread out across the rocky 
shallows each heading to her 

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preferred, diving spot. 
Your mother has been working the

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same area for 20 years. 
She knows every rock formation, 

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every underwater cave, every 
place where the current runs 

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strong or weak. 
She knows where the Abalone 

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cluster in summer and where they
move in winter. 

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This knowledge cannot be written
down. 

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It can only be learned by diving
again and again, until the ocean

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floor becomes as familiar as 
your own kitchen. 

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You follow her to a spot about 
30, metres from Shore. 

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The water here is about 5 meters
deep. 

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This is where you will start. 
Later, when you are more 

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experienced, you will dive to 8 
meters. 

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Then 10 then 12. 
Grandmother can still Dives to 

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15 meters, at the age of 73, but
that will come with time. 

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Your mother takes three deep 
breaths on the third breath. 

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She fills her lungs completely 
and ducts beneath the surface. 

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You watch her legs kick once 
twice and then she's gone into 

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the green water you count in 
your head. 

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She'll be down for about 90 
seconds. 

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You float on the surface holding
your tear whack, the sun is 

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rising. 
Now the light slant across the 

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water turning it from Gray to 
green to blue. 

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You can see the Rocks below 
covered in seaweed that sways 

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with the current Small fish Dart
between the stones, your 

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mother's surfaces with a burst 
of breath. 

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This is the sound all Henry make
when they resurface some bit. 

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It is a low whistle. 
A controlled exhale. 

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That signals the release of held
are Sound. 

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Almost like a sigh, almost like 
relief. 

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Hear it echoing across the water
as the other women surface and 

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dive surface and dive. 
She opens her net bag and drops 

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in two sea urchins not a big 
catch for a first dive but it is

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early yet. 
The good finds will come later 

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when you settle into the Rhythm.
Now, it is your turn. 

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You take your three breaths on 
the third. 

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You fill your lungs until they 
press against your ribs. 

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You bend at the waist and kick 
down the water closes over your 

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head, the sound of the world 
changes instantly Above the 

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surface, there is wind and waves
and the calls of seabirds below.

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There is only the muffled sound 
of water and your own heartbeat 

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in your ears, you kick downward 
following the angle of the 

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Rocks, the pressure builds in 
your ears. 

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You learn to equalize this 
pressure by swallowing by 

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adjusting the air in your head. 
It becomes automatic after a 

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while. 
The bottom is close to the new 

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expected, your hands touch the 
rocks, and you steady yourself. 

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Current here is gentle this 
morning. 

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You can feel it pushing at your 
back but not strongly. 

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You look around the underwater. 
Landscape is covered in life, 

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green and brown seaweed. 
Forests sway like trees in Wind.

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Pink Coraline algae, clings to 
the Rocks. 

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Small crabs. 
Scuttle. 

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Sideways into crevices. 
This is a garden. 

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That no one plants. 
But everyone tends you spot a 

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sea cucumber wedged between two 
rocks. 

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It is fat and brown and covered 
in soft spines you work your 

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bitch and beneath it and pry, it
Loose, it comes free with a 

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gentle tug. 
You tuck it into your waist bag 

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and keep searching your lungs. 
Are beginning to feel the strain

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now, not pain yet, but awareness
You've been down for about 40 

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seconds. 
You have another 30, maybe 40 

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seconds before, you need to 
surface. 

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You see movement in a shadowed 
crack, something, dark and 

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round, you reached toward it 
carefully. 

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Octopus can be tricky. 
They can squeeze into impossibly

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small spaces. 
They can also grip with 

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surprising strength, but this is
not an octopus, it is a large 

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turban shell, it spiral surface 
and crusted with small Barnacles

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this is a good fine turban 
shells are prized for their 

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sweet meat You work it free from
the rocks and add it to your 

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bag. 
Your chest is tightening. 

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Now, it is time. 
You push off from the bottom and

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kick toward the light. 
The surface seems farther away 

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than it should be. 
This is the trick of diving 

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going down. 
Feels quick coming up or always 

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feel slower. 
You break through into air and 

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exhale some bit. 
The sound comes naturally. 

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Now though, you remember how 
strange it felt when you first 

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learned it? 
You Gulpin fresh are feeling 

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your lungs. 
Expand fully again. 

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The oxygen feels like cool 
water. 

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After a long thirst. 
You hold onto your tear and 

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rest. 
This is important. 

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You learned not to rush from 
dive to dive the body needs time

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to recover. 
The blood needs time to carry 

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oxygen back to the muscles, 
rushing leads to mistakes. 

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Mistakes in the ocean can be 
dangerous. 

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Your mother. 
Surface is a few meters away. 

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She is caught an abalone. 
You can see its dark shell 

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glistening in her hand before 
she drops it into a net bag. 

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Abalone other most valuable 
catch, they're all. 

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So the hardest to find and the 
hardest to harvest, they cling 

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to rocks with a powerful 
muscular foot. 

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You need strength and skill to 
pry, them free without damaging 

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them, you dive again and again 
and again, the Rhythm becomes 

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everything, breathe dive search 
surface rest, breathe dive 

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search surface rest. 
Your body Finds Its Own timing, 

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your lungs, learn. 
How much are they can? 

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Hold your muscles, learn how to 
move efficiently in the water, 

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the sun, climbs higher the 
water. 

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Warm slightly though. 
It is never truly warm here. 

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Even in summer the ocean around 
Jeju Island stays cool. 

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The currents bring cold water up
from the depths. 

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This is why the sea life is so 
rich. 

230
00:13:06,100 --> 00:13:10,600
The cold water carries nutrients
that feed the algae, which feed 

231
00:13:10,600 --> 00:13:14,700
the small creatures, which feed 
the larger ones by mid-morning, 

232
00:13:14,700 --> 00:13:19,000
your catch bag is getting heavy,
you've collected a dozen sea, 

233
00:13:19,000 --> 00:13:23,800
urchins five, turban shells, 3C 
cucumbers and one small abalone.

234
00:13:24,500 --> 00:13:28,100
Your mother has caught twice as 
much, but you are learning each 

235
00:13:28,100 --> 00:13:31,600
day, you get a little faster, a 
little more efficient, a little 

236
00:13:31,608 --> 00:13:34,400
better at spotting, The Telltale
shapes among the rocks. 

237
00:13:35,100 --> 00:13:37,700
You notice grandmother Kang 
swimming towards Shore. 

238
00:13:37,700 --> 00:13:41,500
This is the signal it is time 
for the mid-morning break. 

239
00:13:41,500 --> 00:13:45,300
The other women begin to follow 
you swim back with your mother, 

240
00:13:45,300 --> 00:13:47,500
Towing your tiwa and its heavy 
load. 

241
00:13:48,500 --> 00:13:51,100
On the beach. 
The fire in the Baltic is 

242
00:13:51,108 --> 00:13:54,300
burning hot. 
Someone has added fresh wood. 

243
00:13:54,300 --> 00:13:56,900
While you were diving, the heat 
feels glorious. 

244
00:13:56,900 --> 00:14:00,400
After hours in the cold water 
you peel off your diving suit 

245
00:14:00,400 --> 00:14:03,600
and hang it to dry. 
The air on your skin feels 

246
00:14:03,600 --> 00:14:07,700
strange after being sealed in 
rubber so long, the women gather

247
00:14:07,700 --> 00:14:10,900
around the fire, they compare 
catches and share news. 

248
00:14:12,000 --> 00:14:14,500
One of the younger women has 
found a particularly large 

249
00:14:14,500 --> 00:14:17,500
abalone. 
She is praised for her sharp 

250
00:14:17,500 --> 00:14:21,400
eyes and Other Woman warns about
a strong current on the east 

251
00:14:21,400 --> 00:14:25,000
side of the diving grounds 
everyone nods and makes note of 

252
00:14:25,008 --> 00:14:27,500
this. 
Information about the ocean is 

253
00:14:27,500 --> 00:14:31,500
shared freely among the Henry. 
Your success does not diminish 

254
00:14:31,500 --> 00:14:34,400
mine. 
The sea is vast enough for all 

255
00:14:34,400 --> 00:14:38,500
your grandmother has sent lunch 
and you unwrap your rice balls. 

256
00:14:38,500 --> 00:14:41,800
The seaweed wrapper is slightly 
damp from Saltair. 

257
00:14:41,800 --> 00:14:45,800
The rice inside is still warm 
somehow you do not question this

258
00:14:45,800 --> 00:14:49,000
magic. 
You simply eat grateful for the 

259
00:14:49,008 --> 00:14:54,600
fuel. the women tell stories as 
they eat, grandmother Kang talks

260
00:14:54,600 --> 00:14:57,800
about the time. 
She saw a sea turtle, huge and 

261
00:14:57,800 --> 00:15:01,000
ancient gliding through the 
water, like a dream. 

262
00:15:02,300 --> 00:15:05,800
Another woman describes finding 
a ceramic jar on the ocean 

263
00:15:05,800 --> 00:15:08,100
floor. 
Probably lost from a fishing 

264
00:15:08,100 --> 00:15:11,400
boat decades ago. 
These stories are part of the 

265
00:15:11,400 --> 00:15:14,100
tradition. 
They are how knowledge is passed

266
00:15:14,100 --> 00:15:17,300
down. they have the young learn 
what to watch for and what to 

267
00:15:17,308 --> 00:15:21,500
wonder at Someone makes a joke 
about a lazy husband who sleeps.

268
00:15:21,500 --> 00:15:23,900
While his wife works, the women 
laugh. 

269
00:15:23,900 --> 00:15:28,100
The laughter is warm and knowing
on Jeju Island, the women of 

270
00:15:28,100 --> 00:15:32,200
always worked the sea while the 
men worked the land or fished 

271
00:15:32,200 --> 00:15:35,300
with Nets from boats, this 
created, a unique social 

272
00:15:35,300 --> 00:15:39,500
structure, women and money. 
Women made decisions women held 

273
00:15:39,500 --> 00:15:42,600
power in ways that were unusual 
in traditional Korean Society. 

274
00:15:43,600 --> 00:15:46,700
Your mother is quiet during the 
laughter, she's been a widow for

275
00:15:46,708 --> 00:15:49,600
five years now. 
Your father died in fishing 

276
00:15:49,600 --> 00:15:51,700
acts. 
And when his boat capsized in a 

277
00:15:51,700 --> 00:15:55,200
sudden storm, you remember the 
day, the news came, you 

278
00:15:55,200 --> 00:15:57,900
remember, your mother's face 
still and Silent a stone. 

279
00:15:57,900 --> 00:16:01,100
She went diving the next day and
the day off after that. 

280
00:16:01,800 --> 00:16:04,300
The ocean took your father but 
it also feeds you. 

281
00:16:04,300 --> 00:16:07,200
This is the bargain. 
After lunch. 

282
00:16:07,200 --> 00:16:10,900
You rest in the sun, your body 
is tired in a good way. 

283
00:16:10,900 --> 00:16:13,600
Your muscles. 
Ache from swimming and Diving 

284
00:16:13,600 --> 00:16:16,600
your skin tingles from the salt 
in the sun. 

285
00:16:16,608 --> 00:16:20,600
You close your eyes and listen 
to the women, talking, their 

286
00:16:20,600 --> 00:16:24,200
voices, mixing with the sound of
the waves, but the rest is 

287
00:16:24,200 --> 00:16:26,300
short. 
There are still worked to do. 

288
00:16:27,200 --> 00:16:29,800
The Tide is changing. 
And the afternoon, diving will 

289
00:16:29,800 --> 00:16:32,600
be different from the morning. 
Different currents mean, 

290
00:16:32,600 --> 00:16:36,100
different, diving spots, the 
Henry, read the ocean, like 

291
00:16:36,100 --> 00:16:39,200
Farmers read the sky. 
You pull your diving suit back 

292
00:16:39,200 --> 00:16:41,400
on. 
It is dry now and easier to 

293
00:16:41,400 --> 00:16:43,500
manage you. 
Check your bitch Ang to make 

294
00:16:43,500 --> 00:16:46,900
sure the blade is still sharp. 
You retire your net bag to your 

295
00:16:46,908 --> 00:16:49,400
tailback. 
Everything must be ready before 

296
00:16:49,400 --> 00:16:52,100
you enter the water. 
Again, the afternoon session is 

297
00:16:52,100 --> 00:16:56,700
harder your lungs are tired from
the morning dies, your muscles 

298
00:16:56,700 --> 00:17:01,100
are slower to respond, But this 
is when you learn in dirhams, 

299
00:17:01,100 --> 00:17:04,900
this is when you learn that, the
body can do more than the Mind 

300
00:17:04,900 --> 00:17:08,000
thinks it can. 
You dive to a new area. 

301
00:17:08,000 --> 00:17:10,000
Following your mother to deeper 
water. 

302
00:17:10,000 --> 00:17:12,500
Hear the bottom is 7 meters 
down. 

303
00:17:12,500 --> 00:17:15,200
The pressure is greater the 
time. 

304
00:17:15,200 --> 00:17:18,200
You can stay down as shorter but
the rewards are better. 

305
00:17:18,200 --> 00:17:23,700
Too larger Apollo live in deeper
water, More sea, cucumbers, 

306
00:17:23,700 --> 00:17:27,907
cluster in the darker crevices, 
on your 5th, dive of the 

307
00:17:27,915 --> 00:17:29,600
afternoon. 
You see something that makes 

308
00:17:29,600 --> 00:17:33,500
your heart race. 
An octopus big and rust colored 

309
00:17:33,500 --> 00:17:35,400
stretching its tentacles across 
a rock. 

310
00:17:35,400 --> 00:17:38,000
It is the largest one you have 
ever seen. 

311
00:17:38,000 --> 00:17:42,000
It must weigh four or five 
kilograms at least you know you 

312
00:17:42,000 --> 00:17:43,600
should not try to catch it 
alone. 

313
00:17:43,600 --> 00:17:47,200
Octopus are strong and smart 
they can fight back. 

314
00:17:47,200 --> 00:17:50,200
They can wrap their tentacles 
around your arm and refused to 

315
00:17:50,200 --> 00:17:53,700
let go. 
But the desire to prove yourself

316
00:17:53,700 --> 00:17:56,800
is strong. 
You want to surface with this 

317
00:17:56,800 --> 00:17:59,200
catch? 
You want the other women to see?

318
00:18:00,100 --> 00:18:04,100
You approach slowly your octopus
sees you and begins to change 

319
00:18:04,100 --> 00:18:06,800
color darkening to match the 
Rocks. 

320
00:18:06,800 --> 00:18:08,900
You reach out with your 
bitching. 

321
00:18:08,900 --> 00:18:10,800
Trying to hook it and pull it 
free. 

322
00:18:11,600 --> 00:18:12,600
The octopus. 
Grabs. 

323
00:18:12,600 --> 00:18:15,500
The blade with two tentacles. 
You pull it. 

324
00:18:15,500 --> 00:18:17,900
Pulls back. 
Your lungs are starting to burn 

325
00:18:17,900 --> 00:18:19,900
now. 
You have been down for almost a 

326
00:18:19,900 --> 00:18:23,400
minute but you do not want to 
give up yank hard on the bitch. 

327
00:18:24,800 --> 00:18:28,000
The octopus comes loose from The
Rock, but it does not let go of 

328
00:18:28,000 --> 00:18:31,300
your tool. 
Instead it climbs up the handle 

329
00:18:31,300 --> 00:18:34,400
towards your hand. 
This is when you realize your 

330
00:18:34,400 --> 00:18:37,900
mistake, you're running out of 
air and you are Tangled with an 

331
00:18:37,900 --> 00:18:40,800
angry octopus. 
Tentacles, reach your wrist, 

332
00:18:40,800 --> 00:18:43,400
then your forearm, the suckers 
grip your skin. 

333
00:18:44,200 --> 00:18:47,200
It does not hurt. 
Exactly, but the sensation is 

334
00:18:47,200 --> 00:18:48,700
alarming. 
You do. 

335
00:18:48,700 --> 00:18:51,900
The only thing you can do, you 
let go of the spit chain and 

336
00:18:51,900 --> 00:18:55,500
kick hard for the surface? 
The octopus, keeps your tool and

337
00:18:55,500 --> 00:18:58,800
sinks back toward the Rocks. 
You break through into where 

338
00:18:58,800 --> 00:19:02,400
gasping your heart, pounding 
your mother's surfaces nearby. 

339
00:19:02,400 --> 00:19:06,400
She seen everything Her eyes are
Stern but there is something 

340
00:19:06,400 --> 00:19:12,000
else there too understanding may
be or memory she probably did 

341
00:19:12,000 --> 00:19:13,500
something similar when she was 
your age. 

342
00:19:13,500 --> 00:19:17,300
She Dives down and retrieves 
your bitching, the octopus has 

343
00:19:17,300 --> 00:19:19,400
abandoned it and retreated into 
a crevice. 

344
00:19:20,100 --> 00:19:23,900
When she surfaces, she hands you
the tool without a word, but her

345
00:19:23,900 --> 00:19:28,600
expression says, what words do 
not need to learn from this, the

346
00:19:28,600 --> 00:19:30,800
ocean teaches through 
experience. 

347
00:19:31,800 --> 00:19:35,000
Sometimes those lessons are 
gentle, sometimes they are not 

348
00:19:35,000 --> 00:19:38,000
you dive again. 
More carefully now. 

349
00:19:38,800 --> 00:19:41,400
Your pride is bruised, but your 
body is fine. 

350
00:19:42,500 --> 00:19:45,100
The octopus incident has taught 
you something valuable. 

351
00:19:45,800 --> 00:19:48,100
Patience, is more important than
boldness. 

352
00:19:48,100 --> 00:19:50,500
Wisdom matters more than 
courage. 

353
00:19:51,500 --> 00:19:55,700
The afternoon wears on the sun 
begins, its descent toward the 

354
00:19:55,700 --> 00:19:59,600
Western Horizon, the light 
changes becoming golden and 

355
00:19:59,600 --> 00:20:02,500
soft. 
The water takes on new colors. 

356
00:20:02,500 --> 00:20:07,500
Shifting from blue to Amber. 
Grandmother Kang is the first to

357
00:20:07,500 --> 00:20:12,200
call it a day, she's strong, but
she's also wise, she knows when 

358
00:20:12,200 --> 00:20:15,500
her body has had enough, the 
others follow gradually. 

359
00:20:16,200 --> 00:20:19,500
You and your mother are among 
the last to leave the water back

360
00:20:19,500 --> 00:20:21,500
at the boltok. 
You count your catch for the 

361
00:20:21,500 --> 00:20:27,300
day. 18 sea, urchin, seven, 
shells, five CQ cumbers and two 

362
00:20:27,300 --> 00:20:30,200
abalone. 
It is not as much as your mother

363
00:20:30,200 --> 00:20:32,200
caught but it is more than 
yesterday. 

364
00:20:33,300 --> 00:20:37,000
Progresses measured in small 
increments the women prepared to

365
00:20:37,000 --> 00:20:39,200
go home. 
They load their catchers into 

366
00:20:39,200 --> 00:20:42,100
baskets and Nets. 
Some will sell their Harvest at 

367
00:20:42,100 --> 00:20:44,600
the market tomorrow. 
Others will trade with 

368
00:20:44,600 --> 00:20:47,200
neighbors. 
Some will keep the best pieces 

369
00:20:47,200 --> 00:20:50,400
for their own families. 
You walk home with your mother 

370
00:20:50,400 --> 00:20:52,800
as the sun sets. 
Your legs are heavy. 

371
00:20:52,800 --> 00:20:56,600
Your arms are tired, but there 
are satisfaction in this 

372
00:20:56,600 --> 00:20:59,800
exhaustion. 
It is the tiredness that comes 

373
00:20:59,800 --> 00:21:03,600
from honest work. 
From a day, spent in Pursuit Of 

374
00:21:03,600 --> 00:21:06,800
Something Real. 
At home, your grandmother has 

375
00:21:06,800 --> 00:21:11,300
prepared dinner, more soup this 
time with fish and vegetables, 

376
00:21:11,300 --> 00:21:14,000
you eat hungrily, barely 
tasting. 

377
00:21:14,000 --> 00:21:17,700
The food, your body needs fuel 
and you give it what it asks 

378
00:21:17,700 --> 00:21:20,200
for. 
After dinner, you help your 

379
00:21:20,200 --> 00:21:21,700
mother. 
Prepare tomorrow's equipment, 

380
00:21:21,700 --> 00:21:24,200
you check the diving suit for 
Tears. 

381
00:21:24,200 --> 00:21:26,300
You sharpen the bich on a 
whetstone. 

382
00:21:26,300 --> 00:21:28,500
You Mend, a small hole in the 
net bag. 

383
00:21:28,500 --> 00:21:32,000
These evening tasks are as much 
a part of diving as the diving 

384
00:21:32,000 --> 00:21:34,300
itself. 
Your mother teaches you how to 

385
00:21:34,300 --> 00:21:35,900
test the Rubber seal on your 
suit. 

386
00:21:36,800 --> 00:21:39,600
She shows you how to feel for 
weak spots that might let water 

387
00:21:39,600 --> 00:21:42,000
in. 
She demonstrates the proper 

388
00:21:42,000 --> 00:21:45,600
angle for sharpening the blade. 
These lessons are details and 

389
00:21:45,600 --> 00:21:48,200
specific. 
They are the accumulated 

390
00:21:48,200 --> 00:21:51,200
knowledge of generations. 
When the work is done. 

391
00:21:51,200 --> 00:21:54,100
You sit with your grandmother by
the kitchen fire. 

392
00:21:54,900 --> 00:21:58,800
She's old now, too old to die 
but a mind is sharp would make 

393
00:21:58,800 --> 00:22:01,300
your teeth chatter so hard. 
You would make your teeth 

394
00:22:01,300 --> 00:22:03,000
chatter so hard. 
You thought they might break. 

395
00:22:04,600 --> 00:22:07,700
She tells you about diving 
through winter storms, when the 

396
00:22:07,700 --> 00:22:11,000
ways were so high that even 
reaching the diving Grounds was 

397
00:22:11,000 --> 00:22:13,500
dangerous. 
She speaks of the years of 

398
00:22:13,500 --> 00:22:16,600
Japanese Occupation. 
When the hen you were forced to 

399
00:22:16,600 --> 00:22:18,700
give up much of their catch to 
feed the colonial 

400
00:22:18,700 --> 00:22:22,200
Administration, she also tells 
you about the beauty. 

401
00:22:22,200 --> 00:22:26,100
She has seen the underwater 
caves filled with dancing light.

402
00:22:26,800 --> 00:22:30,100
The days when the water was so 
clear, you could see 30 meters 

403
00:22:30,100 --> 00:22:34,300
in any direction. 
The time she swam alongside a 

404
00:22:34,300 --> 00:22:36,700
dolphin that seemed curious 
about this strange. 

405
00:22:36,700 --> 00:22:39,600
Diving woman. 
These stories fill you, with a 

406
00:22:39,600 --> 00:22:42,200
strange mixture of feelings 
pride. 

407
00:22:42,200 --> 00:22:45,100
In this tradition, you're 
joining or at the strength of 

408
00:22:45,100 --> 00:22:48,300
these women uncertainty about 
whether you can live up to their

409
00:22:48,300 --> 00:22:52,300
example but mostly beneath it 
all a quiet, determination to 

410
00:22:52,300 --> 00:22:55,400
try. 
You fall asleep that night with 

411
00:22:55,400 --> 00:22:59,300
the sound of waves in your ears 
in your dreams, your underwater.

412
00:23:00,300 --> 00:23:03,100
but instead of struggling for 
breath, you find that you can 

413
00:23:03,100 --> 00:23:07,000
breathe the sea, like are You 
swim deeper than you have ever 

414
00:23:07,000 --> 00:23:10,700
gone down to places where the 
light Fades to Blue Darkness. 

415
00:23:11,700 --> 00:23:14,400
Strange fish swim past paying, 
you know, mine. 

416
00:23:14,400 --> 00:23:18,700
The ocean floor is carpeted, 
with treasures, waiting to be 

417
00:23:18,700 --> 00:23:22,100
discovered When you wait, it is 
dark again. 

418
00:23:22,100 --> 00:23:26,700
Another day of diving aways Your
muscles are stiff from 

419
00:23:26,700 --> 00:23:29,500
yesterday's work, but they will 
loosen once you're in the water.

420
00:23:30,300 --> 00:23:34,700
This is the rhythm of your life.
Now, Sleep and wake dive and 

421
00:23:34,700 --> 00:23:39,600
surface work and rest. 
It is a simple pattern but 

422
00:23:39,600 --> 00:23:42,200
within that Simplicity, there is
room for Mastery. 

423
00:23:43,000 --> 00:23:44,900
Seasons turn and you turn with 
them. 

424
00:23:45,800 --> 00:23:48,400
Summer arrives with heat. 
That makes the volcanic rock 

425
00:23:48,400 --> 00:23:51,400
Shimmer. 
The water warms to temperatures 

426
00:23:51,400 --> 00:23:55,200
that would feel merely cool. 
Instead of cold, the diving gets

427
00:23:55,200 --> 00:23:57,300
easier in some ways and harder 
in others. 

428
00:23:57,300 --> 00:24:01,000
Your body does not Tire as 
quickly from fighting the chill 

429
00:24:01,000 --> 00:24:04,700
but the summer brings tourists 
and boats and distractions 

430
00:24:04,700 --> 00:24:08,400
Japanese tourists. 
Come to Jeju Island to watch the

431
00:24:08,400 --> 00:24:11,100
hen you dive. 
They stand on the shore with 

432
00:24:11,100 --> 00:24:14,000
cameras and notebooks. 
They are fascinated by these 

433
00:24:14,000 --> 00:24:17,100
women who descend into the sea 
with such casual mastery. 

434
00:24:17,800 --> 00:24:21,300
Some of the older Henry perform 
for them, making exaggerated 

435
00:24:21,300 --> 00:24:24,800
some bits sounds and holding up 
their catches for photographs. 

436
00:24:25,500 --> 00:24:28,000
The tourists pay for this 
entertainment and the money is 

437
00:24:28,000 --> 00:24:30,700
welcome. 
But in your mother do not die 

438
00:24:30,700 --> 00:24:33,300
for tourists. 
You dive in the early morning 

439
00:24:33,300 --> 00:24:36,700
before they arrive or in the 
evening after they have returned

440
00:24:36,700 --> 00:24:40,200
to their hotel's, the work is 
the same where that anyone 

441
00:24:40,200 --> 00:24:43,100
watches or not your skills, 
improve through the summer. 

442
00:24:44,100 --> 00:24:45,800
You can now hold your breath for
two minutes. 

443
00:24:45,800 --> 00:24:49,300
If the dive is shallow and calm,
you have learned to move 

444
00:24:49,300 --> 00:24:53,100
efficiently, underwater 
conserving, energy and are you 

445
00:24:53,100 --> 00:24:56,600
can spot Abalone from meters 
away by the slight difference in

446
00:24:56,600 --> 00:24:59,700
texture on the rocks. one 
morning in July, your mother 

447
00:24:59,700 --> 00:25:03,500
tells you it is time to try 
deeper water 8 meters instead of

448
00:25:03,500 --> 00:25:07,700
7 This might not sound like much
different, but each additional 

449
00:25:07,700 --> 00:25:11,300
meter changes everything. 
The pressure increases the 

450
00:25:11,300 --> 00:25:15,300
darkness increases the time. 
You can stay down decreases. 

451
00:25:15,300 --> 00:25:19,100
You follow her to a new diving 
spot, father, from Shore than 

452
00:25:19,100 --> 00:25:23,200
you have ever worked before. 
The water here is a deeper blue,

453
00:25:23,200 --> 00:25:25,300
almost purple in the early 
light. 

454
00:25:26,000 --> 00:25:28,900
You can see the bottom, but it 
looks distant and somehow more 

455
00:25:28,900 --> 00:25:30,800
serious. 
Your mother. 

456
00:25:30,800 --> 00:25:34,200
Dives first showing you the 
technique, she does not kick 

457
00:25:34,200 --> 00:25:38,700
frantically instead. 
She uses long smooth Strokes, 

458
00:25:39,600 --> 00:25:42,600
She descends at an angle, 
following the slope of the 

459
00:25:42,600 --> 00:25:46,200
Rocks. 
This can serves energy when she 

460
00:25:46,200 --> 00:25:48,500
surfaces, she is caught a large 
abalone. 

461
00:25:49,500 --> 00:25:51,700
She shows it to you before 
putting it in her bag. 

462
00:25:51,700 --> 00:25:54,100
The shell is as big as your 
hand. 

463
00:25:54,100 --> 00:25:57,700
This is what weights in deeper 
water for those brave enough to 

464
00:25:57,700 --> 00:26:00,800
seek it. 
You take your breaths and dive 

465
00:26:00,800 --> 00:26:03,400
The Descent feels longer than 
usual. 

466
00:26:03,400 --> 00:26:06,500
Your ears protest at the 
pressure and you have to 

467
00:26:06,500 --> 00:26:10,500
equalize three times before 
reaching the bottom The current 

468
00:26:10,500 --> 00:26:13,500
is stronger down here. 
You can feel it pushing at you, 

469
00:26:13,500 --> 00:26:16,200
trying to move you. 
Off course, you search the Rocks

470
00:26:16,200 --> 00:26:19,200
working quickly because you 
know, your air will not last as 

471
00:26:19,200 --> 00:26:23,300
long at this depth. the Abalone 
here, a larger just as your 

472
00:26:23,300 --> 00:26:26,900
mother promised That they're 
all, so fewer and harder to 

473
00:26:26,900 --> 00:26:29,500
spot. 
You work your way along a rock 

474
00:26:29,508 --> 00:26:31,800
face peering into shadows and 
crevices. 

475
00:26:31,800 --> 00:26:37,000
Then you see it a massive 
Abalone bigger than any you have

476
00:26:37,000 --> 00:26:40,300
caught before? 
Its shell is dark green and 

477
00:26:40,300 --> 00:26:44,500
encrusted with pink algae, it 
clings to an overhanging rock in

478
00:26:44,500 --> 00:26:46,300
a position that makes it 
difficult to reach. 

479
00:26:47,300 --> 00:26:49,800
You wedge your bitching under 
its shell and pry. 

480
00:26:50,500 --> 00:26:54,900
The Abalone holds tight you pry 
harder using both hands. 

481
00:26:54,900 --> 00:26:58,900
Now your lungs are starting to 
burn, you have been down for 

482
00:26:58,900 --> 00:27:03,400
about 90 seconds you should 
surface The Abalone is right 

483
00:27:03,400 --> 00:27:07,300
there. 
So close you give one final Yang

484
00:27:07,300 --> 00:27:11,200
and the Abalone comes free. 
Sudden release throws, you 

485
00:27:11,200 --> 00:27:14,200
slightly off balance. 
You kicked a stabilize yourself 

486
00:27:14,200 --> 00:27:17,400
and then head for the surface. 
The Abalone clutched in your 

487
00:27:17,400 --> 00:27:20,100
hand. 
When you break through into, are

488
00:27:20,100 --> 00:27:22,000
you make the loudest some bit of
your life? 

489
00:27:22,700 --> 00:27:25,000
The relief of breathing again is
overwhelming. 

490
00:27:25,700 --> 00:27:29,300
But so is the Triumph you hold 
up your catch and your mother 

491
00:27:29,300 --> 00:27:32,000
nods are approval. 
This is a turning point. 

492
00:27:32,000 --> 00:27:35,900
After this, dive the deeper 
waters, become your regulatory 

493
00:27:35,900 --> 00:27:39,200
each week. 
You push a little deeper a 

494
00:27:39,200 --> 00:27:42,700
little longer By the end of 
summer, your regularly diving to

495
00:27:42,700 --> 00:27:47,300
nine meters, 10 is Within Reach.
The catch gets better as your 

496
00:27:47,308 --> 00:27:50,600
skills improve some days, you 
bring home enough to fill two 

497
00:27:50,600 --> 00:27:54,100
baskets, your grandmother sells 
the Surplus at the market and 

498
00:27:54,100 --> 00:27:57,300
the money helps by rice and 
barley and cooking oil your 

499
00:27:57,300 --> 00:28:00,300
contributing to the household. 
Now, in real measurable ways, 

500
00:28:00,300 --> 00:28:03,400
but some are also brings storms 
typhoon. 

501
00:28:03,400 --> 00:28:08,100
Sweep up from the south churning
the ocean into chaos On these 

502
00:28:08,100 --> 00:28:11,500
days, no one dies. 
The women gather in the bulletin

503
00:28:11,500 --> 00:28:16,400
men Nets repair equipment, tell 
stories the force rest is 

504
00:28:16,400 --> 00:28:20,800
frustrating but necessary, the 
ocean demands respect and Thai 

505
00:28:20,800 --> 00:28:24,900
foods are her way of reminding 
you who is in charge, During one

506
00:28:24,900 --> 00:28:27,700
particularly Fierce storm, you 
watch the waves, crash against 

507
00:28:27,700 --> 00:28:32,200
the black rocks with terrifying.
Force water explodes upward in 

508
00:28:32,200 --> 00:28:35,000
white spray that reaches higher 
than the roofs of houses. 

509
00:28:35,800 --> 00:28:38,500
The wind howls like something 
alive and angry. 

510
00:28:39,300 --> 00:28:41,500
You think about what would 
happen to a dive? 

511
00:28:41,500 --> 00:28:44,600
A caught out in this the thought
makes your stomach tight with 

512
00:28:44,600 --> 00:28:48,900
fear your grandmother watches. 
You watching the storm, she says

513
00:28:48,900 --> 00:28:51,000
something, you will remember for
the rest of your life. 

514
00:28:51,000 --> 00:28:57,000
The ocean is not cruel and it is
not kind, it's simply is you can

515
00:28:57,000 --> 00:28:59,400
work with it or you can work 
against it. 

516
00:28:59,400 --> 00:29:01,800
One of these choices leads to a 
long life. 

517
00:29:01,800 --> 00:29:05,900
Autumn arrives with cooler air 
and migrating fish, the water 

518
00:29:05,900 --> 00:29:07,900
temperature drops. 
And you go back to where in 

519
00:29:07,900 --> 00:29:12,000
thicker other suits the tourists
leave the island returns to its 

520
00:29:12,000 --> 00:29:15,300
quieter to rhythms. 
This is when the hen you harvest

521
00:29:15,300 --> 00:29:17,800
seaweed. 
The Autumn growth is thick and 

522
00:29:17,800 --> 00:29:20,100
healthy. 
You learned to cut wakame and 

523
00:29:20,100 --> 00:29:22,900
kelp leaving enough behind. 
So it will grow back next year. 

524
00:29:23,800 --> 00:29:26,600
This is the sustainable practice
that has kept these Waters 

525
00:29:26,600 --> 00:29:29,400
productive for centuries. 
Take what you need, but 

526
00:29:29,400 --> 00:29:31,700
Nevermore, leave seed for 
tomorrow. 

527
00:29:33,000 --> 00:29:35,900
The work changes your body, in 
ways, you notice, gradually, 

528
00:29:35,900 --> 00:29:39,600
your shoulders, broaden from the
swimming, your legs become 

529
00:29:39,600 --> 00:29:41,600
powerful muscled from all the 
kicking. 

530
00:29:41,600 --> 00:29:44,400
Your hands. 
Develop calluses so thick that 

531
00:29:44,400 --> 00:29:48,000
you barely feel the sharp edge 
of rocks anymore. you're 

532
00:29:48,000 --> 00:29:52,200
becoming a henya not just in 
skill, but in form, the other 

533
00:29:52,200 --> 00:29:53,700
young divers, watch your 
progress. 

534
00:29:53,700 --> 00:29:56,600
Some are jealous. 
Some are encouraging. 

535
00:29:56,600 --> 00:29:59,500
One girl named. 
Sunja becomes a friend and 

536
00:29:59,500 --> 00:30:02,600
informal rival. 
You push each other to dive 

537
00:30:02,600 --> 00:30:05,400
deeper. 
Stay down longer catch more. 

538
00:30:06,200 --> 00:30:09,300
This competition makes both of 
you better soon. 

539
00:30:09,300 --> 00:30:12,600
Joe is fearless in ways that 
sometimes worry, you, she takes 

540
00:30:12,600 --> 00:30:16,500
risks that seemed unnecessary 
She Dives in rough conditions 

541
00:30:16,500 --> 00:30:20,300
when others stay ashore. 
She chases octopus with Reckless

542
00:30:20,300 --> 00:30:23,600
determination but she's also 
generous and funny. 

543
00:30:24,400 --> 00:30:27,100
She makes the work feel less 
like labor and more like 

544
00:30:27,100 --> 00:30:29,600
Adventure. 
One afternoon. 

545
00:30:29,600 --> 00:30:32,700
Soon jar challenges you to a 
diving contest. 

546
00:30:32,700 --> 00:30:35,600
You can catch the most sea in 
one hour. 

547
00:30:36,700 --> 00:30:39,800
The older women laugh at this 
youthful competition, but they 

548
00:30:39,800 --> 00:30:43,600
do not discourage it there. 
Remember, being young, they 

549
00:30:43,600 --> 00:30:46,300
remember the need to test 
themselves, you accept the 

550
00:30:46,300 --> 00:30:50,100
challenge the hour passes in a 
blur of diving and surfacing. 

551
00:30:50,100 --> 00:30:54,300
You lose count of how many times
you go down your arms from the 

552
00:30:54,300 --> 00:30:57,300
repetitive motion. 
Your lungs burn from the 

553
00:30:57,300 --> 00:31:00,700
constant breath-holding, but you
do not want to quit because soon

554
00:31:00,700 --> 00:31:04,300
just shows no signs of quitting 
when the our ends you count. 

555
00:31:04,300 --> 00:31:07,500
Your catchers sooner has 63 sea 
urchins. 

556
00:31:07,500 --> 00:31:13,400
You have 61, she wins, but 
barely You're both too exhausted

557
00:31:13,400 --> 00:31:16,300
to care, much rely on the Rocks,
laughing at your own 

558
00:31:16,300 --> 00:31:19,000
foolishness. 
The older women shake their 

559
00:31:19,000 --> 00:31:20,800
heads but you can see them 
smiling, too. 

560
00:31:21,800 --> 00:31:25,000
As winter approaches, the diving
becomes truly difficult again, 

561
00:31:25,000 --> 00:31:29,300
the water temperature drops 
below, 10 degrees Celcius, even 

562
00:31:29,300 --> 00:31:33,700
with thick suits the cold seeps 
into your bones, the winter. 

563
00:31:33,700 --> 00:31:36,700
Dives are shorter because your 
body cannot maintain heat for 

564
00:31:36,700 --> 00:31:39,400
long. 
But winter also brings the best 

565
00:31:39,400 --> 00:31:42,700
abalone season. 
Cold water, makes them grow 

566
00:31:42,700 --> 00:31:45,000
larger and their meat becomes 
sweeter. 

567
00:31:45,000 --> 00:31:48,400
The market price goes up the 
hen. 

568
00:31:48,400 --> 00:31:51,300
You who Brave the winter Waters?
Can earn significant money. 

569
00:31:52,400 --> 00:31:54,800
Your mother decides your ready 
for winter diving? 

570
00:31:54,800 --> 00:31:57,100
This is both an honor and a 
test. 

571
00:31:58,000 --> 00:32:00,200
Winter separates the committed 
from the Casual. 

572
00:32:00,200 --> 00:32:03,600
Many younger divers stop. 
When the water gets this cold. 

573
00:32:03,600 --> 00:32:07,200
They wait for spring but you 
have come too far to stop now. 

574
00:32:08,600 --> 00:32:11,200
First winter dive is shocked 
beyond anything. 

575
00:32:11,200 --> 00:32:15,700
You expected the cold hits, you 
like a physical blow, your 

576
00:32:15,700 --> 00:32:18,200
muscles sees your breath 
catches. 

577
00:32:19,500 --> 00:32:22,000
For a moment, you can consider 
swimming back to Shore and 

578
00:32:22,000 --> 00:32:24,300
giving up. 
But then you see your mother 

579
00:32:24,300 --> 00:32:27,500
diving beside you. 
Calm and steady as always. 

580
00:32:28,500 --> 00:32:32,100
If she can do this so can you 
you force yourself to take 

581
00:32:32,100 --> 00:32:35,400
control, breaths. 
You make yourself relax into the

582
00:32:35,400 --> 00:32:40,200
cold instead of fighting it. 
Gradually your body, adjusts it.

583
00:32:40,200 --> 00:32:44,100
Never becomes comfortable, but 
it becomes bearable, you learn 

584
00:32:44,100 --> 00:32:47,800
tricks for managing the winter 
cold, you eat more food before, 

585
00:32:47,800 --> 00:32:49,900
diving to fuel, your internal 
heat. 

586
00:32:50,500 --> 00:32:54,200
You spend longer warming by the 
fire between Dives you move more

587
00:32:54,200 --> 00:32:56,300
slowly underwater to conserve 
energy. 

588
00:32:57,100 --> 00:33:00,100
The smaller adjustments, make 
the difference between success 

589
00:33:00,100 --> 00:33:03,700
and suffering. 
One morning in December, you 

590
00:33:03,700 --> 00:33:07,000
surface from a dive to find 
snow, for falling white flakes. 

591
00:33:07,000 --> 00:33:10,600
Drift down onto the Dark Water, 
dissolving the moment, they 

592
00:33:10,600 --> 00:33:14,300
touch the surface. 
The contrast is beautiful and 

593
00:33:14,300 --> 00:33:17,200
surreal. 
In the ocean in Winter, while 

594
00:33:17,200 --> 00:33:22,600
snowfalls from the sky, this is 
your life now. by the end of 

595
00:33:22,600 --> 00:33:25,900
your first year as a working 
henya, you have changed in ways 

596
00:33:25,900 --> 00:33:29,800
that go beyond the physical you 
carry yourself differently, you 

597
00:33:30,000 --> 00:33:32,900
Seek with more confidence, you 
have found a kind of strength 

598
00:33:32,900 --> 00:33:36,900
that does not announce itself 
but simply exists quiet and 

599
00:33:36,900 --> 00:33:39,700
sure. 
Your grandmother sees this 

600
00:33:39,700 --> 00:33:43,300
change and approves your mother 
sees it and says nothing. 

601
00:33:43,300 --> 00:33:47,100
But a silence is have always 
been her way of expressing 

602
00:33:47,100 --> 00:33:49,700
Pride. 
You see it yourself when you 

603
00:33:49,700 --> 00:33:51,700
catch your reflection and still 
water. 

604
00:33:52,800 --> 00:33:56,000
The girl who started diving last
spring is not the same person 

605
00:33:56,000 --> 00:33:59,200
looking back at you. 
Now years passed in the rhythm 

606
00:33:59,200 --> 00:34:03,300
of Tides your 20. 
Now then 25, then 30. 

607
00:34:04,400 --> 00:34:09,300
Passage of time is marked not by
calendars, but by Seasons, By 

608
00:34:09,300 --> 00:34:12,900
The Return of migrating fish, 
each Spring by the first typhoon

609
00:34:12,900 --> 00:34:16,900
of Summer by the changing colors
of seaweed in Autumn by the bite

610
00:34:16,900 --> 00:34:21,100
of winter cold, you have become 
one of the strong divers, not 

611
00:34:21,100 --> 00:34:23,500
the strongest yet, but reliable 
and skilled. 

612
00:34:23,500 --> 00:34:27,000
You can dive to 12 meters now 
and stay down for two and a half

613
00:34:27,000 --> 00:34:29,300
minutes. 
Your catchers are consistently 

614
00:34:29,300 --> 00:34:32,199
good. 
Other women look to you for 

615
00:34:32,199 --> 00:34:34,100
guidance, the way you want to 
look to your mother. 

616
00:34:34,900 --> 00:34:37,000
Soon, jar is still your friend 
and rival. 

617
00:34:37,000 --> 00:34:40,400
She married two years ago and 
now has a baby daughter. 

618
00:34:41,300 --> 00:34:45,000
But she still Dives nearly every
day leaving the child with her 

619
00:34:45,000 --> 00:34:48,100
mother while she works. 
This is the way of JeJu, 

620
00:34:48,100 --> 00:34:52,100
grandmother's raised children, 
while mothers, dive the pattern 

621
00:34:52,100 --> 00:34:55,900
repeats across Generations, your
own mother is in her 50s now, 

622
00:34:55,900 --> 00:34:59,000
she still Dives but not as 
deeply or as long. 

623
00:34:59,000 --> 00:35:02,800
She has earned the right to 
easier work she focuses on the 

624
00:35:02,800 --> 00:35:05,900
shallower. 
Waters Gathering seaweed and sea

625
00:35:05,900 --> 00:35:08,600
urchins. 
She leaves the Deep Abalone 

626
00:35:08,600 --> 00:35:11,600
hunting to younger women. 
Like you grandmother King. 

627
00:35:11,600 --> 00:35:14,500
Finally, retired from diving 
last year at the age of 80. 

628
00:35:15,300 --> 00:35:18,300
The departure from the sea was 
marked with a small ceremony at 

629
00:35:18,300 --> 00:35:21,200
the bulldog. 
The women gave her gifts and 

630
00:35:21,200 --> 00:35:23,500
shared stories about her 
legendary catches. 

631
00:35:24,200 --> 00:35:26,100
She cried, which surprised 
everyone. 

632
00:35:26,100 --> 00:35:30,900
She said she was not crying from
sadness, but from gratitude, the

633
00:35:30,900 --> 00:35:35,000
ocean had given her a good life.
Now on the beach, each morning 

634
00:35:35,000 --> 00:35:38,000
you were sometimes the one who 
bows to the water first. 

635
00:35:39,000 --> 00:35:43,400
This informal leadership emerged
naturally. the older women are 

636
00:35:43,400 --> 00:35:46,700
still respected but they looked 
to the middle generation to set 

637
00:35:46,700 --> 00:35:50,100
the pace and make decisions 
about where to dive, and when to

638
00:35:50,100 --> 00:35:52,900
call breaks, You have also 
become a teacher. 

639
00:35:53,800 --> 00:35:56,400
Several teenage girls are 
learning to dive and you help 

640
00:35:56,400 --> 00:35:58,800
train them. 
You show them how to breathe, 

641
00:35:58,800 --> 00:36:02,200
how to equalize pressure, how to
read the underwater landscape, 

642
00:36:02,200 --> 00:36:05,200
you pass down the knowledge. 
That was passed to you. 

643
00:36:05,200 --> 00:36:08,600
Adding your own insights gained 
from years of experience. 

644
00:36:09,700 --> 00:36:13,300
One of your students is 
particularly promising, her name

645
00:36:13,300 --> 00:36:15,900
is mysonne and she's 15 years 
old. 

646
00:36:15,900 --> 00:36:20,500
She reminds you of yourself at 
that age, eager but uncertain 

647
00:36:20,500 --> 00:36:24,400
strong, but untested your 
patient with her mistakes, 

648
00:36:24,400 --> 00:36:26,600
because you remember making the 
same ones. 

649
00:36:27,300 --> 00:36:30,700
Me some struggles with her 
breathing technique she surfaces

650
00:36:30,700 --> 00:36:34,400
too quickly, wasting are we 
spend an entire morning teaching

651
00:36:34,400 --> 00:36:37,400
her the principal of control 
descent you show her how to 

652
00:36:37,400 --> 00:36:40,800
measure her breath, how to rise 
slowly enough to conserve oxygen

653
00:36:40,800 --> 00:36:43,800
but quickly enough to reach are 
before she needs. 

654
00:36:43,800 --> 00:36:48,100
It desperately She does not get 
it right for many days but then 

655
00:36:48,100 --> 00:36:52,700
on a sunny morning in April she 
surfaces after a long dive with 

656
00:36:52,700 --> 00:36:55,800
a perfect sunbit and a smile of 
Triumph. 

657
00:36:56,500 --> 00:37:00,500
She is caught three Abalone in 
one dive, you praise her. 

658
00:37:00,500 --> 00:37:05,100
And she glows with pride, This 
is how the tradition continues. 

659
00:37:05,900 --> 00:37:08,300
Student becomes teacher becomes 
student again. 

660
00:37:09,200 --> 00:37:12,400
And your community is changing 
in small but significant ways. 

661
00:37:13,500 --> 00:37:15,400
Some younger women are choosing 
other work. 

662
00:37:15,400 --> 00:37:19,100
Factory jobs on the mainland, 
pay steady wages and do not 

663
00:37:19,100 --> 00:37:21,200
require daily battles with cold 
water. 

664
00:37:22,600 --> 00:37:25,400
The population of active divers 
is slowly declining. 

665
00:37:25,400 --> 00:37:30,100
The government has noticed this 
trend officials come to Jeju to 

666
00:37:30,100 --> 00:37:33,500
study the Henry tradition. 
They take photographs and 

667
00:37:33,500 --> 00:37:36,400
conduct interviews. 
They talk about cultural 

668
00:37:36,400 --> 00:37:38,300
preservation and Heritage 
tourism. 

669
00:37:39,600 --> 00:37:43,000
Some of the attention is 
wellcome, some fills intrusive. 

670
00:37:44,100 --> 00:37:47,100
A researcher from Souls spends, 
three months on the island, 

671
00:37:47,100 --> 00:37:51,300
studying the diving practices. 
She is young and educated and 

672
00:37:51,300 --> 00:37:54,500
full of questions. 
She asked about sustainability 

673
00:37:54,500 --> 00:37:56,700
and harvest rates and economic 
models. 

674
00:37:56,700 --> 00:38:00,700
You answer a questions polite, 
but you wonder what all her 

675
00:38:00,700 --> 00:38:05,000
charts and graphs could possibly
capture about what it feels like

676
00:38:05,000 --> 00:38:08,400
to be underwater. 
Holding your breath searching 

677
00:38:08,400 --> 00:38:13,000
for food, in the dim, green 
light, Still some good comes 

678
00:38:13,000 --> 00:38:15,700
from the attention. 
The government establishes 

679
00:38:15,700 --> 00:38:18,600
protected zones were commercial 
fishing boats, cannot operate. 

680
00:38:18,600 --> 00:38:22,300
This gives the sea life room to 
recover from over harvesting, 

681
00:38:23,100 --> 00:38:24,300
Pain. 
You appreciate this. 

682
00:38:25,200 --> 00:38:27,600
You have always practiced 
restraint, but not everyone 

683
00:38:27,600 --> 00:38:30,400
does. 
Protected zones help ensure 

684
00:38:30,400 --> 00:38:33,700
there will be Abalone and sea 
urchins for future Generations. 

685
00:38:34,400 --> 00:38:36,900
Your life settles into patterns 
that feel like they could 

686
00:38:36,900 --> 00:38:40,800
continue forever. 
Wake Before Dawn dive until 

687
00:38:40,800 --> 00:38:43,400
midday rest and repair 
equipment. 

688
00:38:44,300 --> 00:38:47,200
Dive again in the afternoon. 
Return home. 

689
00:38:47,200 --> 00:38:51,200
Prepare for tomorrow. 
Sleep and repeat. 

690
00:38:52,400 --> 00:38:56,200
But nothing continues forever. 
Your Mother Falls ill in the 

691
00:38:56,208 --> 00:38:59,400
winter of your 30. 
Second year, it starts as a 

692
00:38:59,408 --> 00:39:01,300
cough that she dismisses as 
nothing. 

693
00:39:02,400 --> 00:39:05,700
A cough persists and grows worse
by Spring. 

694
00:39:05,700 --> 00:39:08,400
She is too weak to die. 
Dive by Summer. 

695
00:39:08,400 --> 00:39:10,200
She is too weak to leave the 
house. 

696
00:39:10,200 --> 00:39:14,700
The doctor says it is something 
in her lungs. years of breathing

697
00:39:14,700 --> 00:39:18,800
cold Sierra and Diving deep of 
taking their toll, her body has 

698
00:39:18,800 --> 00:39:22,500
given all it can give Now, it is
giving out. 

699
00:39:23,700 --> 00:39:26,800
You sit with her in the 
evening's, after diving, she 

700
00:39:26,800 --> 00:39:28,400
does not complain about her 
condition. 

701
00:39:28,400 --> 00:39:31,700
Instead she asked about your 
day, what did you catch? 

702
00:39:31,700 --> 00:39:34,800
How are the currents? 
Did you see anything unusual? 

703
00:39:34,800 --> 00:39:38,500
You tell her everything painting
pictures with your words so she 

704
00:39:38,500 --> 00:39:42,300
can still experience the ocean 
through you. she offers advice 

705
00:39:42,300 --> 00:39:45,800
even from her sick bed, She 
reminds you to check the seals 

706
00:39:45,800 --> 00:39:49,200
on your diving suit. 
She suggests new locations to 

707
00:39:49,200 --> 00:39:51,700
try. 
She warns about rocks, that 

708
00:39:51,700 --> 00:39:55,000
shift with the seasons. 
Her mind is still in the water, 

709
00:39:55,000 --> 00:39:56,500
even though her body cannot 
follow. 

710
00:39:57,600 --> 00:40:00,400
One evening, she tells you about
her favorite dive ever. 

711
00:40:01,100 --> 00:40:03,200
It was 40 years ago before you 
were born. 

712
00:40:03,900 --> 00:40:06,000
She was young and strong and 
fearless. 

713
00:40:06,600 --> 00:40:10,500
She Dove to 15 meters deeper 
than she had ever gone before. 

714
00:40:11,400 --> 00:40:14,600
At the bottom, she found a 
cluster of apolloni so dense 

715
00:40:14,600 --> 00:40:16,700
they covered in an entire rock 
face. 

716
00:40:16,700 --> 00:40:21,000
She gathered as many as she 
could carry, when she surfaced 

717
00:40:21,000 --> 00:40:23,100
The Other Women could not 
believe her luck. 

718
00:40:23,900 --> 00:40:28,000
But it was not just luck, she 
says it was intuition, it was 

719
00:40:28,000 --> 00:40:30,600
knowing the ocean. 
Well enough to sense where life 

720
00:40:30,600 --> 00:40:32,800
would gather. 
It was trusting her body to 

721
00:40:32,800 --> 00:40:36,400
handle the depth. '' was the 
combination of all her skills 

722
00:40:36,400 --> 00:40:38,800
working together perfectly for 
one moment. 

723
00:40:39,900 --> 00:40:42,500
She tells you that you have 
developed that same intuition. 

724
00:40:43,300 --> 00:40:47,000
She has watched you die, and she
can see it, you know, things 

725
00:40:47,000 --> 00:40:51,100
without being taught. 
You sensed the ocean's moods. 

726
00:40:51,100 --> 00:40:55,500
This is the mark of a true. 
Henry, you do not know how to 

727
00:40:55,500 --> 00:40:58,200
respond to this. 
Praise You, Mumble something 

728
00:40:58,200 --> 00:40:59,800
about still having much to 
learn. 

729
00:41:01,300 --> 00:41:03,900
Smiles and says that is exactly 
right. 

730
00:41:04,700 --> 00:41:08,400
There is always more to learn 
even grandmother, Kang, who 

731
00:41:08,400 --> 00:41:11,200
dough for 60 years said, she was
still learning in her final 

732
00:41:11,200 --> 00:41:14,200
season. 
Your mother dies in Early Autumn

733
00:41:14,200 --> 00:41:18,400
during the season when the 
seaweed grows thick, the funeral

734
00:41:18,400 --> 00:41:21,400
is attended by every hen you on 
this part of the island. 

735
00:41:22,300 --> 00:41:25,100
They come to pay respects to a 
woman who gave her life to the 

736
00:41:25,100 --> 00:41:27,800
Sea and who raised a daughter to
do the same? 

737
00:41:28,600 --> 00:41:31,900
After the funeral, you dive 
alone, you swim out, your 

738
00:41:31,900 --> 00:41:34,300
mother's favorite spot and you 
descend The Rock. 

739
00:41:34,300 --> 00:41:38,000
She worked for decades. 
You place a perfect Abalone on 

740
00:41:38,000 --> 00:41:41,300
the sea floor as an offering. 
This is not a traditional 

741
00:41:41,300 --> 00:41:45,200
practice, but it feels right 
your returning to the ocean. 

742
00:41:45,200 --> 00:41:47,200
Something beautiful that came 
from it. 

743
00:41:48,000 --> 00:41:51,400
When you surface, you make the 
sun bits sound and Echoes across

744
00:41:51,400 --> 00:41:54,600
empty water your crying, but 
you're all. 

745
00:41:54,600 --> 00:41:58,100
So somehow at peace, Your mother
lived, the life she chose. 

746
00:41:58,100 --> 00:42:00,800
She worked hard and provided for
her family. 

747
00:42:01,800 --> 00:42:03,700
She taught you everything. 
She knew. 

748
00:42:04,400 --> 00:42:06,700
What more could anyone ask from 
a life? 

749
00:42:07,400 --> 00:42:09,500
You can continue diving through 
your grief. 

750
00:42:09,500 --> 00:42:13,300
The work helps the physical 
exhaustion leaves. 

751
00:42:13,300 --> 00:42:16,100
No room for the mind to spiral 
Into Darkness. 

752
00:42:16,900 --> 00:42:20,100
The rhythm of breathing and 
Diving creates a meditation that

753
00:42:20,100 --> 00:42:23,800
soothes your aching heart. 
Soon, Jai is particularly kind. 

754
00:42:23,800 --> 00:42:27,800
During this time, she Dives 
beside you even when the catches

755
00:42:27,800 --> 00:42:30,900
a poor Shares her lunch. 
When you forget to bring your 

756
00:42:30,900 --> 00:42:34,400
own, she makes small jokes that 
gently pull you back toward 

757
00:42:34,400 --> 00:42:37,300
laughter. 
This is friendship, that does 

758
00:42:37,300 --> 00:42:40,000
not need words. 
Your grandmother moves more 

759
00:42:40,000 --> 00:42:42,500
slowly. 
Now she's in her 80s and her 

760
00:42:42,500 --> 00:42:46,500
joints hurt in the cold weather.
But she still tends the fire at 

761
00:42:46,500 --> 00:42:49,300
the Bulldog, she still packs 
your lunch. 

762
00:42:50,200 --> 00:42:52,000
She still tells stories in the 
evening. 

763
00:42:52,900 --> 00:42:56,300
She has lost a daughter but she 
refuses to surrender to sorrow 

764
00:42:56,300 --> 00:43:02,100
life continues because it must 
the seasons turn again winter 

765
00:43:02,100 --> 00:43:06,100
comes and you dive through the 
cold just as your mother did. 

766
00:43:07,200 --> 00:43:10,300
Spring returns and with it, the 
renewal of life in the ocean. 

767
00:43:11,200 --> 00:43:13,600
Some of brings warm water and 
tourists. 

768
00:43:14,300 --> 00:43:16,300
Autumn brings the seaweed 
Harvest. 

769
00:43:17,100 --> 00:43:19,800
You realize one day that you 
are, now the age of your mother 

770
00:43:19,800 --> 00:43:21,900
was when she started teaching 
you to die. 

771
00:43:22,800 --> 00:43:24,900
The thought is both strange and 
natural. 

772
00:43:24,900 --> 00:43:27,200
You're becoming the older 
generation. 

773
00:43:27,200 --> 00:43:29,300
Young adult divers are learning 
from you. 

774
00:43:30,000 --> 00:43:33,000
Cycle continues your 38 years 
old. 

775
00:43:33,000 --> 00:43:36,800
When the first big change comes 
to Jeju Island the government 

776
00:43:36,800 --> 00:43:40,500
announces plans to build a naval
base on the southern coast, the 

777
00:43:40,500 --> 00:43:43,900
construction will be massive. 
It will alter the coastline that

778
00:43:43,900 --> 00:43:46,400
will bring pollution and noise 
and disruption to the ocean 

779
00:43:46,400 --> 00:43:49,100
environment. 
The hen you are among the first 

780
00:43:49,100 --> 00:43:52,200
to protest. 
You have spent your entire life 

781
00:43:52,200 --> 00:43:55,000
learning to read the subtle 
signs of ocean health. 

782
00:43:55,700 --> 00:43:59,100
You know how fragile the balance
is, you know, that major 

783
00:43:59,100 --> 00:44:02,400
disruptions can destroy 
ecosystems that took centuries 

784
00:44:02,400 --> 00:44:05,200
to establish. 
You attend meetings in the 

785
00:44:05,200 --> 00:44:08,200
village hall, you listed 
government officials promised. 

786
00:44:08,200 --> 00:44:10,300
The environmental impacts will 
be minimal. 

787
00:44:10,300 --> 00:44:13,900
You do not believe them. 
You have seen what happens when 

788
00:44:13,900 --> 00:44:16,200
people underestimate, the oceans
of sensitivity. 

789
00:44:17,200 --> 00:44:19,200
Some of the older Henry 
organized a demonstration. 

790
00:44:19,200 --> 00:44:22,700
They weighed into the water, 
wearing their diving suits and 

791
00:44:22,700 --> 00:44:26,600
hold signs protesting the naval 
base photographers come from the

792
00:44:26,600 --> 00:44:30,300
mainland capture these images. 
The diving women of JeJu 

793
00:44:30,300 --> 00:44:33,900
defending their ocean. 
You join the demonstration you 

794
00:44:33,900 --> 00:44:36,300
stand in Waist Deep. 
Water holding a sign. 

795
00:44:36,300 --> 00:44:40,200
That says the sea is our life. 
The water is cold but you barely

796
00:44:40,200 --> 00:44:45,000
notice your two focused on the 
message to determine to be heard

797
00:44:45,000 --> 00:44:50,000
the protest makes national news.
Suddenly people across Korea are

798
00:44:50,000 --> 00:44:53,700
talking about the Henry Some 
support your cause others say 

799
00:44:53,708 --> 00:44:56,800
you are standing in the way of 
progress, the debate becomes 

800
00:44:56,800 --> 00:45:00,700
heated and political in the end,
the naval base is built anyway 

801
00:45:00,700 --> 00:45:03,500
but the protest is not entirely 
futile. 

802
00:45:03,500 --> 00:45:05,900
The government agrees to 
additional Environmental 

803
00:45:05,900 --> 00:45:09,800
Protections, they establish 
monitoring systems, they create 

804
00:45:09,800 --> 00:45:12,900
buffer zones. 
It is not everything you wanted 

805
00:45:12,900 --> 00:45:17,700
but it is something More 
importantly, the protest reminds

806
00:45:17,700 --> 00:45:21,600
the nation that the hen you 
still exists and still matter. 

807
00:45:22,500 --> 00:45:26,000
You're not just folklore or 
tourism attractions, you're 

808
00:45:26,000 --> 00:45:28,100
working with women with 
legitimate concerns about your 

809
00:45:28,100 --> 00:45:31,600
livelihood and your environment.
The attention brings other 

810
00:45:31,600 --> 00:45:35,400
changes UNESCO declares the 
Henry culture and intangible 

811
00:45:35,400 --> 00:45:39,900
cultural heritage of humanity. 
This is meant to be an honor, a 

812
00:45:39,900 --> 00:45:41,800
recognition of your unique, 
traditionally. 

813
00:45:41,800 --> 00:45:46,900
And in some ways, it is But it 
also brings more tourists, more 

814
00:45:46,900 --> 00:45:50,000
cameras, more Outsiders, who 
want to watch you work. 

815
00:45:50,900 --> 00:45:53,700
Some days, the beaches crowded 
with people who have come to see

816
00:45:53,700 --> 00:45:56,600
the famous diving women, they 
expect performance. 

817
00:45:56,600 --> 00:46:00,600
Is they want to hear the sun 
bits sound on demand, they ask 

818
00:46:00,600 --> 00:46:03,500
him questions. 
You find this attention 

819
00:46:03,500 --> 00:46:06,900
exhausting, you did not become a
Henry to be watched. 

820
00:46:06,900 --> 00:46:11,600
You became a Henry to work to 
provide for your family to 

821
00:46:11,600 --> 00:46:14,600
continue a tradition that has 
meaning Beyond spectacle. 

822
00:46:15,400 --> 00:46:20,700
Still, you adapt. when tourists 
are present, you dive in your 

823
00:46:20,708 --> 00:46:24,300
usual areas and do your usual 
work, if they want to watch, 

824
00:46:24,300 --> 00:46:29,200
they can watch But you will not 
change what you do or how you do

825
00:46:29,200 --> 00:46:32,900
it for their entertainment. 
Some of the younger henya, see 

826
00:46:32,900 --> 00:46:36,600
opportunity in the tourism, they
give demonstrations and sell 

827
00:46:36,600 --> 00:46:39,100
fresh seafood directly to 
visitors at premium prices. 

828
00:46:39,900 --> 00:46:42,400
This is practical and you do not
judge them for it. 

829
00:46:42,400 --> 00:46:46,300
Everyone must find their own way
to survive, your own path 

830
00:46:46,300 --> 00:46:48,200
remains focused on the diving 
itself. 

831
00:46:48,200 --> 00:46:51,600
You're now one of the strongest 
and most skilled henio in your 

832
00:46:51,608 --> 00:46:55,000
community. 
You regularly dive to 14 meters,

833
00:46:55,000 --> 00:46:58,800
you can stay down for nearly 
three minutes, your catchers are

834
00:46:58,800 --> 00:47:02,400
consistently among the best. 
younger women, ask you for 

835
00:47:02,400 --> 00:47:06,100
advice, not just about diving 
technique but about life, How do

836
00:47:06,100 --> 00:47:08,300
you stay motivated when the work
is hard? 

837
00:47:08,300 --> 00:47:11,700
How do you handle fear? 
How do you know when to push 

838
00:47:11,700 --> 00:47:15,500
yourself and when to hold back? 
You answer as honestly, as you 

839
00:47:15,500 --> 00:47:19,900
can, you tell them that fear 
never goes away entirely every 

840
00:47:19,900 --> 00:47:22,400
time you dive deep? 
There is a moment of uncertainty

841
00:47:22,400 --> 00:47:24,800
that you have learned to work 
with fear. 

842
00:47:24,800 --> 00:47:26,600
Instead of being paralyzed by 
it. 

843
00:47:26,600 --> 00:47:30,700
Fear can make you careful. 
Careful keeps you alive. 

844
00:47:30,700 --> 00:47:33,900
You tell them that motivation 
comes from purpose. 

845
00:47:33,900 --> 00:47:37,800
You dive because your family 
needs food and income, he dies 

846
00:47:37,800 --> 00:47:40,900
because you are good at it. 
You dive because the traditional

847
00:47:40,900 --> 00:47:43,600
matters. 
These reasons are enough on days

848
00:47:43,600 --> 00:47:45,800
when the water is cold and your 
body is tired. 

849
00:47:45,800 --> 00:47:49,200
You tell them that, knowing your
limits is the hardest skill to 

850
00:47:49,200 --> 00:47:51,100
learn. 
It requires honest, 

851
00:47:51,100 --> 00:47:54,300
self-assessment, it requires 
accepting that some days you 

852
00:47:54,300 --> 00:47:57,700
simply cannot dive as deep or as
long as other days. 

853
00:47:57,700 --> 00:48:00,000
The ocean will still be there 
tomorrow. 

854
00:48:00,000 --> 00:48:04,200
Mysonne your student from years 
ago is now a strong diver 

855
00:48:04,200 --> 00:48:07,500
herself. 
She's 25 and married with two 

856
00:48:07,500 --> 00:48:12,200
children, she Dives most days 
and her catches rival yours. 

857
00:48:12,200 --> 00:48:15,700
You feel deep satisfaction 
watching her work. 

858
00:48:15,700 --> 00:48:18,400
You helped shape her into the 
hen you. 

859
00:48:18,400 --> 00:48:23,400
She has become One more morning,
Mason surfaces, after a 

860
00:48:23,400 --> 00:48:26,000
particularly Long die, with an 
enormous abalone. 

861
00:48:26,800 --> 00:48:28,900
It is the size of both her hands
together. 

862
00:48:29,700 --> 00:48:31,400
The other women gather to admire
it. 

863
00:48:31,400 --> 00:48:34,100
This is a once in a seasoned 
catch. 

864
00:48:34,800 --> 00:48:38,200
Nissan is beaming with pride. 
You remember your first big 

865
00:48:38,200 --> 00:48:40,800
Abalone catch? 
The feeling of accomplishment 

866
00:48:40,800 --> 00:48:44,400
that swelled in your chest? 
The recognition from the older 

867
00:48:44,400 --> 00:48:48,400
divers, the scent that you had 
finally arrived as a true Henry.

868
00:48:49,400 --> 00:48:52,900
Now, you are the one offering 
recognition and it feels right. 

869
00:48:54,300 --> 00:48:56,200
Your grandmother is 92 years 
old. 

870
00:48:56,200 --> 00:48:58,700
Now, she no longer comes to the 
beach. 

871
00:48:58,700 --> 00:49:02,400
Her body is too frail but a mind
remains Sharp. 

872
00:49:03,100 --> 00:49:06,100
You visit her every evening and 
tell her about the days, diving.

873
00:49:06,900 --> 00:49:10,400
She listens intently asking 
specific questions, about 

874
00:49:10,400 --> 00:49:14,100
currents and catches. 
She tells you that she's proud 

875
00:49:14,100 --> 00:49:17,900
of what you have become not just
as a diver but as a woman. 

876
00:49:18,800 --> 00:49:20,800
You have faced challenges and 
adapted. 

877
00:49:20,800 --> 00:49:24,000
You have maintained the 
tradition while also evolving 

878
00:49:24,000 --> 00:49:27,600
with Changing Times. 
This balance is not easy. 

879
00:49:28,400 --> 00:49:31,500
She also tells you something you
would not considered, you will 

880
00:49:31,508 --> 00:49:33,500
be one of the last generation of
hen you. 

881
00:49:34,200 --> 00:49:36,200
Fewer young women are learning 
to die each year. 

882
00:49:36,200 --> 00:49:39,500
The work is too hard and there 
are easier ways to earn money. 

883
00:49:40,200 --> 00:49:43,200
Within a few decades, the 
tradition May Fade Away entirely

884
00:49:43,200 --> 00:49:48,100
this thoughts, Sans, you deeply.
he cannot imagine a judge you 

885
00:49:48,100 --> 00:49:51,600
Island without Henry you the 
diving women of being part of 

886
00:49:51,600 --> 00:49:53,600
this place for at least 1500 
years. 

887
00:49:54,500 --> 00:49:56,500
There were woven into the 
islands identity. 

888
00:49:56,500 --> 00:50:00,500
As surely, as the volcanic rocks
and tangerine Grove's, but you 

889
00:50:00,500 --> 00:50:02,600
also understand that changes 
inevitable. 

890
00:50:02,600 --> 00:50:06,300
You cannot force young women to 
choose a life of cold water and 

891
00:50:06,300 --> 00:50:08,500
physical hardship if they want 
something different. 

892
00:50:09,700 --> 00:50:13,000
All you can do is keep diving 
yourself and hope that your 

893
00:50:13,000 --> 00:50:15,500
example inspires at least a few 
others to continue. 

894
00:50:16,500 --> 00:50:19,600
You make a decision, then you're
not just dive for the rest of 

895
00:50:19,608 --> 00:50:22,500
your working years. 
You will also document the 

896
00:50:22,500 --> 00:50:25,200
tradition. 
You will teach anyone who wants 

897
00:50:25,200 --> 00:50:27,100
to learn. 
You will share your knowledge, 

898
00:50:27,100 --> 00:50:30,500
as widely as possible. 
If the hen you tradition is 

899
00:50:30,500 --> 00:50:33,100
going to fade, it will not be 
because the knowledge was lost 

900
00:50:33,100 --> 00:50:36,100
it will be because the world 
changed and people chose 

901
00:50:36,100 --> 00:50:38,500
different paths. 
You start meeting with 

902
00:50:38,500 --> 00:50:41,800
researchers and historians you 
describe in detail. 

903
00:50:41,800 --> 00:50:45,900
How you read the ocean, how you 
find Abalone how you manage your

904
00:50:45,900 --> 00:50:49,000
breathing You want these 
specifics recorded. 

905
00:50:49,000 --> 00:50:52,800
So that, even if no one is 
diving in 50 years, at least, 

906
00:50:52,800 --> 00:50:54,800
people will know exactly how it 
was done. 

907
00:50:55,600 --> 00:50:57,400
He also begin training a new 
student. 

908
00:50:58,200 --> 00:51:02,900
She's only 13 younger than most 
start but she is eager and her 

909
00:51:02,908 --> 00:51:06,500
family supports her choice. you 
work with her patiently, 

910
00:51:06,500 --> 00:51:10,800
teaching her everything, you 
know, if she is the last student

911
00:51:10,800 --> 00:51:12,700
you ever train, you want to do 
it, right? 

912
00:51:13,600 --> 00:51:15,100
The years continued their 
progression. 

913
00:51:16,000 --> 00:51:22,000
You turn 40, then 45 then 50. 
Your body remains strong from 

914
00:51:22,000 --> 00:51:24,800
the constant work, but you 
notice small changes. 

915
00:51:24,800 --> 00:51:27,100
Recoveries. 
Take a bit longer. 

916
00:51:27,900 --> 00:51:30,200
Deep Dives require more rest 
afterward. 

917
00:51:30,200 --> 00:51:33,500
You cannot stay in the cold 
water quite as long as you want 

918
00:51:33,500 --> 00:51:36,500
could. 
These changes do not alarm you. 

919
00:51:36,500 --> 00:51:39,800
They are natural. 
Every hen you experience is 

920
00:51:39,800 --> 00:51:42,100
them. 
The key is adjusting your diving

921
00:51:42,100 --> 00:51:44,900
to match your current 
capabilities rather than trying 

922
00:51:44,900 --> 00:51:46,900
to maintain what you could do at
30. 

923
00:51:47,600 --> 00:51:51,600
You shift gradually to slightly 
shallower Waters, you focus more

924
00:51:51,600 --> 00:51:55,400
on technique and efficiency, 
rather than raw endurance you 

925
00:51:55,400 --> 00:51:58,200
still catch plenty because, you 
know, exactly where to look and 

926
00:51:58,200 --> 00:52:01,400
how to work. 
Experience compensates for the 

927
00:52:01,400 --> 00:52:03,500
slight decline in physical 
capacity. 

928
00:52:04,400 --> 00:52:08,600
Soon jars experiencing similar 
changes she jokes that your both

929
00:52:08,600 --> 00:52:11,000
becoming like the old women used
to watch when you were young. 

930
00:52:12,100 --> 00:52:15,200
But there is wisdom in that 
comparison, those old women 

931
00:52:15,200 --> 00:52:18,700
knew, how to work smart. 
They did not waste energy on 

932
00:52:18,700 --> 00:52:23,900
unnecessary movements. 
They made every dive count One 

933
00:52:23,900 --> 00:52:25,600
evening soon. 
Join invites. 

934
00:52:25,600 --> 00:52:27,600
You to a house for dinner her 
daughter. 

935
00:52:27,600 --> 00:52:30,900
Now, 14 to learn diving. 
Soon. 

936
00:52:30,900 --> 00:52:33,400
Jar asks, if you will train her 
alongside your current student 

937
00:52:34,300 --> 00:52:36,400
Two girls learning together, 
might encourage each other. 

938
00:52:36,400 --> 00:52:40,100
She says, you agree, immediately
the thought of these two young 

939
00:52:40,100 --> 00:52:43,400
women learning side-by-side 
pushing each other to improve 

940
00:52:43,400 --> 00:52:46,000
just as you. 
And soon, jar once did feels 

941
00:52:46,000 --> 00:52:48,100
like the tradition finding a way
to continue. 

942
00:52:48,100 --> 00:52:51,600
It may not be the massive 
continuation of dozens of new 

943
00:52:51,600 --> 00:52:55,600
divers each year but two is 
better than none training. 

944
00:52:55,600 --> 00:52:58,500
The girls becomes one of the 
great joys of your 50s. 

945
00:52:58,500 --> 00:53:02,500
You see them making the same 
mistakes, you made, you watch 

946
00:53:02,500 --> 00:53:05,600
them overcome the same fears, 
You observe their skills 

947
00:53:05,600 --> 00:53:09,400
developing day by day, Dive by 
dive, you're giving them 

948
00:53:09,400 --> 00:53:11,100
something precious and they know
it. 

949
00:53:11,900 --> 00:53:15,200
On the day when both girls 
successfully dive to wait meters

950
00:53:15,200 --> 00:53:19,000
and catch their first hourly. 
You feel a surge of emotion that

951
00:53:19,000 --> 00:53:22,000
takes you by surprise? 
This is Legacy. 

952
00:53:22,000 --> 00:53:26,700
This is how something Outlast, 
any individual life, your 

953
00:53:26,700 --> 00:53:29,200
teaching them and through them, 
your mother's knowledge and your

954
00:53:29,200 --> 00:53:31,800
grandmother's knowledge 
continues forward into time. 

955
00:53:31,800 --> 00:53:35,700
Your 63 years old and you still 
dive nearly every day. 

956
00:53:35,700 --> 00:53:39,500
Your hair is completely grain. 
Now though, you keep it tied 

957
00:53:39,500 --> 00:53:42,000
back in the same style you have 
won for 40 years. 

958
00:53:42,000 --> 00:53:46,100
The face is deeply weathered 
from Decades of sun and salt. 

959
00:53:46,100 --> 00:53:49,600
Your hands are nulled and 
scarred from years of working, 

960
00:53:49,600 --> 00:53:53,500
with rocks and shells, and shop 
tools, but your lungs are still 

961
00:53:53,500 --> 00:53:55,800
strong. 
Your understanding of the ocean 

962
00:53:55,800 --> 00:53:58,600
is deeper than ever. 
You can read the water, like 

963
00:53:58,600 --> 00:54:02,000
some people read books, you know
what, the color of the sea at 

964
00:54:02,000 --> 00:54:03,600
dawn means for the afternoon? 
Currents. 

965
00:54:04,300 --> 00:54:06,600
You know how the wind direction 
affects where the fish will 

966
00:54:06,600 --> 00:54:10,200
gather, you know, which rocks 
will have Abalone today and 

967
00:54:10,200 --> 00:54:13,600
which ones were harvested, too. 
Recently, you're now among the 

968
00:54:13,600 --> 00:54:18,200
oldest active henya many women, 
your age of retired, but you are

969
00:54:18,200 --> 00:54:21,100
not ready to stop. 
Your body still works well 

970
00:54:21,100 --> 00:54:24,100
enough. 
Your mind is still sharp and 

971
00:54:24,100 --> 00:54:26,700
honestly you cannot imagine not 
diving. 

972
00:54:28,000 --> 00:54:29,500
What would you do with your 
days? 

973
00:54:30,300 --> 00:54:34,300
The ocean is where you belong. 
You're too students are now in 

974
00:54:34,300 --> 00:54:37,000
their late 20s. 
Both are skilled divers with 

975
00:54:37,000 --> 00:54:39,900
families of Their Own. 
They still seek your advice 

976
00:54:39,900 --> 00:54:42,900
sometimes but they no longer 
need constant instruction. 

977
00:54:43,800 --> 00:54:46,600
They have become full members of
the Henry, new community. 

978
00:54:47,500 --> 00:54:50,800
One of them soon jars daughter 
has started, teaching her own 

979
00:54:50,800 --> 00:54:53,100
daughter, the basics of swimming
and breath control. 

980
00:54:53,800 --> 00:54:56,300
The child is only eight, but 
she's already comfortable in the

981
00:54:56,300 --> 00:54:58,700
water. 
Whether she will actually become

982
00:54:58,700 --> 00:55:02,300
a Henry remains to be seen, But 
at least the possibility exists.

983
00:55:03,900 --> 00:55:06,800
The Henry Community has shrunk 
significantly over your life 

984
00:55:06,800 --> 00:55:10,900
time. when you started diving, 
there were over 30 women, 

985
00:55:10,900 --> 00:55:15,000
working these Waters regularly, 
Now there are a few of them 15 

986
00:55:15,000 --> 00:55:19,300
most are over 50 years old. 
Your training know new students 

987
00:55:19,300 --> 00:55:22,900
currently because no young women
are interested in learning. this

988
00:55:22,900 --> 00:55:26,400
reality sits Heavy in Your 
Heart, you're watching something

989
00:55:26,400 --> 00:55:30,700
ancient and precious fade away. 
But you also accept it. 

990
00:55:30,700 --> 00:55:35,400
The world has changed. 
Young women have options, their 

991
00:55:35,400 --> 00:55:38,500
grandmothers never dreamed of 
you cannot blame them for 

992
00:55:38,500 --> 00:55:41,400
choosing easier paths. 
The tourism is increased 

993
00:55:41,400 --> 00:55:44,300
dramatically. 
Judge you island is now a major 

994
00:55:44,300 --> 00:55:47,800
vacation to destination. 
Cruise ships dock at the port 

995
00:55:47,800 --> 00:55:51,100
and discouraged. 
Thousands of visitors, many come

996
00:55:51,100 --> 00:55:54,700
specifically to see the hen you,
the beach where you die is often

997
00:55:54,700 --> 00:55:58,200
crowded with onlookers, you have
made peace with this attention. 

998
00:55:58,200 --> 00:56:02,400
The tourists do not interfere 
with your actual diving, they 

999
00:56:02,400 --> 00:56:04,300
stay on Shore and take their 
photographs. 

1000
00:56:05,100 --> 00:56:08,900
Sometimes they buy your catch 
directly paying premium prices. 

1001
00:56:08,900 --> 00:56:13,200
This extra income is welcome. 
You have also come to see value 

1002
00:56:13,200 --> 00:56:16,300
in being visible. 
If people care about the Henry 

1003
00:56:16,300 --> 00:56:19,200
tradition, that they will care 
about protecting the ocean 

1004
00:56:19,200 --> 00:56:21,500
environment. 
That makes it possible every 

1005
00:56:21,500 --> 00:56:24,400
tourist who goes home, talking 
about the diving, women is 

1006
00:56:24,400 --> 00:56:27,700
someone who might think twice 
about ocean, pollution, The 

1007
00:56:27,700 --> 00:56:31,300
Korean government has created a 
cultural center dedicated to hen

1008
00:56:31,300 --> 00:56:33,700
you Heritage. 
It includes a museum with old 

1009
00:56:33,700 --> 00:56:36,700
diving equipment, photographs 
and video interviews with 

1010
00:56:36,700 --> 00:56:38,900
elderly divers. 
You were interviewed for this 

1011
00:56:38,900 --> 00:56:41,100
project. 
Several years ago, your words 

1012
00:56:41,100 --> 00:56:42,800
are now preserved for future 
Generations. 

1013
00:56:42,800 --> 00:56:47,000
Seeing yourself on video was 
strange, you appeared older than

1014
00:56:47,000 --> 00:56:50,000
you feel inside. 
But you are also pleased that 

1015
00:56:50,000 --> 00:56:51,200
your knowledge would be 
available. 

1016
00:56:51,200 --> 00:56:54,700
Even after you're gone, you 
explained in detail how to 

1017
00:56:54,700 --> 00:56:58,800
equalize pressure, how to read 
currents, how to identify good 

1018
00:56:58,800 --> 00:57:02,000
Abalone rocks. 
These specifics might matter to 

1019
00:57:02,000 --> 00:57:05,200
someone someday. 
Your life is settled into a 

1020
00:57:05,200 --> 00:57:07,800
gentle Rhythm now. 
You dive in the mornings. 

1021
00:57:07,800 --> 00:57:11,200
When the water is calmest, you 
catch enough to earn more 

1022
00:57:11,200 --> 00:57:13,400
distinct income. 
He spend after newnan's 

1023
00:57:13,400 --> 00:57:17,100
repairing equipment visiting 
with friends, or simply resting.

1024
00:57:17,900 --> 00:57:20,900
Evenings are for quiet, 
contemplation you live alone. 

1025
00:57:20,900 --> 00:57:24,000
Now, your grandmother died 
peacefully in her sleep at age, 

1026
00:57:24,000 --> 00:57:27,500
97, Soon, jar remains your 
closest friend. 

1027
00:57:27,500 --> 00:57:31,200
You dive together, most days 
swimming side by side. 

1028
00:57:31,200 --> 00:57:34,500
As you have for over 40 years. 
You do not talk much, while 

1029
00:57:34,500 --> 00:57:38,400
diving, you do not need to, you 
know, each other's rhythms as 

1030
00:57:38,400 --> 00:57:42,100
well as you know, your own. 
One morning, you surface from a 

1031
00:57:42,100 --> 00:57:45,400
dive to find soonja. 
Floating motionless on her tail 

1032
00:57:45,400 --> 00:57:47,400
whack. 
For a terrible moment, you think

1033
00:57:47,400 --> 00:57:50,500
something is wrong, but then you
see that she's just resting with

1034
00:57:50,500 --> 00:57:53,400
her eyes closed. 
Her face turned toward the sun, 

1035
00:57:53,400 --> 00:57:57,100
she looks peaceful and content, 
you float nearby. 

1036
00:57:57,100 --> 00:58:01,200
Also resting the sun is warm on 
your face. 

1037
00:58:01,200 --> 00:58:06,700
The water gently rocks. 
You see birds call Overhead in 

1038
00:58:06,700 --> 00:58:09,300
this moment. 
You feel a profound sense of 

1039
00:58:09,300 --> 00:58:11,900
completeness. 
This is what you meant to do. 

1040
00:58:11,900 --> 00:58:14,600
This is who you are, meant to 
be. 

1041
00:58:15,600 --> 00:58:18,000
Soon jar opens. 
Her eyes and smiles at you. 

1042
00:58:18,000 --> 00:58:21,200
She does not say anything. 
She just Smiles. 

1043
00:58:21,200 --> 00:58:24,800
You smile back. 
After so many years. 

1044
00:58:24,800 --> 00:58:29,100
So many Dives, so many days in 
the water together. 

1045
00:58:29,100 --> 00:58:33,000
Some things do not need words. 
You dive again. 

1046
00:58:33,000 --> 00:58:37,500
Down, you go into the green 
depths, your body knows exactly 

1047
00:58:37,500 --> 00:58:40,100
what to do. 
You have made, this descent 

1048
00:58:40,100 --> 00:58:42,100
thousands upon thousands of 
times. 

1049
00:58:42,100 --> 00:58:46,000
The Motions are as natural as 
breathing more natural. 

1050
00:58:46,000 --> 00:58:48,400
Perhaps, since breathing 
requires thought when you're 

1051
00:58:48,400 --> 00:58:51,600
holding air in your lungs, for 
minutes at a time on the ocean 

1052
00:58:51,600 --> 00:58:53,100
floor, you work with 
methodically. 

1053
00:58:53,100 --> 00:58:56,900
You check the usual spots. 
You find a cluster of sea 

1054
00:58:56,900 --> 00:59:00,100
urchins and carefully Harvest 
half of them leaving the others 

1055
00:59:00,100 --> 00:59:03,300
to reproduce. 
He spot a large turban shell and

1056
00:59:03,300 --> 00:59:06,500
add it to your bag. 
You see an octopus and decide to

1057
00:59:06,500 --> 00:59:08,500
leave it alone. 
It is not large enough yet. 

1058
00:59:08,500 --> 00:59:12,900
Let it grow another year. 
You surface and rest, dive and 

1059
00:59:12,900 --> 00:59:18,000
surface, dive and surface. 
The rhythm is meditation, the 

1060
00:59:18,000 --> 00:59:20,800
work is prayer. 
You're connected to this ocean 

1061
00:59:20,800 --> 00:59:22,800
in ways that transcends simple 
labor. 

1062
00:59:23,500 --> 00:59:27,100
You are part of its Cycles. 
You are a note in its endless 

1063
00:59:27,100 --> 00:59:30,300
song. 
By noon your bag is adequately 

1064
00:59:30,300 --> 00:59:32,800
full. 
Not the massive catchers of your

1065
00:59:32,800 --> 00:59:36,800
young Year's but enough You 
signal to soon jar that you're 

1066
00:59:36,800 --> 00:59:40,200
ready to return to shore. she 
nods and gathers her equipment 

1067
00:59:40,200 --> 00:59:44,100
back at the boltok fewer women 
gather, now, than in years past,

1068
00:59:44,900 --> 00:59:48,500
But those who remain are the 
dedicated ones, the ones for 

1069
00:59:48,500 --> 00:59:52,500
whom diving is not just work. 
But identity, you warm Yourself 

1070
00:59:52,500 --> 00:59:55,100
by the fire and share the 
morning stories. 

1071
00:59:55,900 --> 00:59:59,200
Someone caught an unusually 
large, are below me, someone 

1072
00:59:59,200 --> 01:00:02,200
else or see Turtle. 
Someone warns about a rough 

1073
01:00:02,200 --> 01:00:05,600
current on the west and rocks. 
The conversation is familiar and

1074
01:00:05,600 --> 01:00:09,200
comforting you have been part of
thousands of conversations like 

1075
01:00:09,200 --> 01:00:12,600
this, each one slightly 
different but fundamentally the 

1076
01:00:12,600 --> 01:00:15,600
same, you eat your lunch and let
the sun dry your skin. 

1077
01:00:15,600 --> 01:00:19,000
You think about the afternoon 
session and decide to skip it 

1078
01:00:19,000 --> 01:00:21,400
today? 
Your body's tired and that is 

1079
01:00:21,400 --> 01:00:23,300
okay. 
You have earned the right to 

1080
01:00:23,300 --> 01:00:26,600
stop when you choose to stop. 
Walking home. 

1081
01:00:26,600 --> 01:00:30,400
You notice how the island has 
changed over your lifetime New 

1082
01:00:30,400 --> 01:00:32,700
Roads cut through what used to 
be Fields. 

1083
01:00:32,700 --> 01:00:35,900
Modern houses have replaced 
traditional, stone structures. 

1084
01:00:35,900 --> 01:00:39,900
Cars are everywhere. 
The Tangerine Groves remain but 

1085
01:00:39,900 --> 01:00:42,400
even they are managed 
differently now with modern 

1086
01:00:42,400 --> 01:00:44,300
irrigation and Commercial 
harvesting. 

1087
01:00:45,000 --> 01:00:47,600
Yet, the ocean remains 
fundamentally the same. 

1088
01:00:48,500 --> 01:00:51,900
The tides rise and fall on the 
same schedule, they always have 

1089
01:00:51,900 --> 01:00:54,700
the currents. 
Follow their ancient patterns, 

1090
01:00:54,700 --> 01:00:58,400
the marine life continues, its 
Eternal cycles of birth and 

1091
01:00:58,400 --> 01:01:03,800
death and renewal Some things 
change some things endure at 

1092
01:01:03,800 --> 01:01:05,100
home. 
You prepared dinner with 

1093
01:01:05,100 --> 01:01:07,900
ingredients. 
You have stood yourself Sea, 

1094
01:01:07,900 --> 01:01:12,400
urchin, roe still fresh and 
sweet seaweed that you gather 

1095
01:01:12,400 --> 01:01:16,000
last week we can drive in the 
sun rice from the market, but 

1096
01:01:16,000 --> 01:01:19,500
cooked in the same pot, your 
grandmother used you eat, 

1097
01:01:19,500 --> 01:01:21,400
slowly, save savoring, each 
bite. 

1098
01:01:22,200 --> 01:01:24,100
You have learned not to rush 
through life. 

1099
01:01:24,100 --> 01:01:28,800
Small Pleasures, a good meal, a 
quiet evening, the absence of 

1100
01:01:28,800 --> 01:01:31,100
pain. 
These things matter more with 

1101
01:01:31,100 --> 01:01:35,100
each passing year after dinner, 
you sit outside and watch the 

1102
01:01:35,100 --> 01:01:38,600
sunset. 
The sky, turned orange, and pink

1103
01:01:38,600 --> 01:01:41,800
and purple. 
The ocean reflects these colors 

1104
01:01:41,800 --> 01:01:43,700
back, creating a mirror of 
beauty. 

1105
01:01:43,700 --> 01:01:46,900
You have seen thousands of 
sunsets from this same spot. 

1106
01:01:46,900 --> 01:01:50,600
Each one unique each one worth 
witnessing. 

1107
01:01:51,300 --> 01:01:53,200
You think about your mother and 
your grandmother? 

1108
01:01:53,200 --> 01:01:56,700
You imagine them young diving in
the same Waters. 

1109
01:01:56,700 --> 01:02:00,400
You think about the countless 
generations of hen you who came 

1110
01:02:00,400 --> 01:02:03,200
before them stretching back 
through centuries. 

1111
01:02:03,200 --> 01:02:06,500
You're part of this long chain 
of women, who took their living 

1112
01:02:06,500 --> 01:02:09,100
from the sea. 
You think about the young women 

1113
01:02:09,100 --> 01:02:13,200
who chose different paths, you 
do not judge them, the world, 

1114
01:02:13,200 --> 01:02:15,300
offered them options and they 
took them. 

1115
01:02:16,000 --> 01:02:18,200
But you are grateful that you 
chose this path. 

1116
01:02:18,900 --> 01:02:21,900
Diving gave you strength and 
purpose and connection. 

1117
01:02:21,900 --> 01:02:26,700
It gave your life shape and 
meaning tomorrow you will wake. 

1118
01:02:26,700 --> 01:02:28,900
Before Dawn, you will eat your 
breakfast. 

1119
01:02:28,900 --> 01:02:32,500
You will walk to the beach. 
You will bow to the ocean and 

1120
01:02:32,500 --> 01:02:36,100
then to the water you will dive 
and surface and dive again. 

1121
01:02:37,100 --> 01:02:40,700
This pattern will continue as 
long as your body allows, and 

1122
01:02:40,700 --> 01:02:44,000
when you can no longer die, you 
will still come to the beach. 

1123
01:02:44,000 --> 01:02:46,600
You will tend the fire in the 
boltok. 

1124
01:02:46,600 --> 01:02:48,900
You will teach anyone who wants 
to learn. 

1125
01:02:48,900 --> 01:02:52,200
You will keep the traditional 
live in whatever ways remain 

1126
01:02:52,200 --> 01:02:55,100
available to you. 
Because this is not just about 

1127
01:02:55,100 --> 01:02:58,600
catching Seafood, it is about 
maintaining a connection between

1128
01:02:58,600 --> 01:03:01,700
humans and the ocean that is 
ancient and profound. 

1129
01:03:02,400 --> 01:03:05,500
It is about demonstrating that 
people can take from nature 

1130
01:03:05,500 --> 01:03:08,100
sustainably. 
If they are willing to work 

1131
01:03:08,100 --> 01:03:11,800
within natural limits, It is 
about proving that women can be 

1132
01:03:11,800 --> 01:03:14,200
strong and independent and 
skilled. 

1133
01:03:15,000 --> 01:03:20,000
The last like, Fades from the 
sky stars, begin to appear, you 

1134
01:03:20,000 --> 01:03:24,200
go inside and prepare for bed. 
Your muscles ache, pleasantly 

1135
01:03:24,200 --> 01:03:26,300
from the days work, you fall 
asleep. 

1136
01:03:26,300 --> 01:03:31,100
Quickly, as you always do. 
In your dreams, you are young. 

1137
01:03:31,100 --> 01:03:36,000
Again, you dive to Impossible 
debts with our effort, the water

1138
01:03:36,000 --> 01:03:39,500
is crystal clear and filled with
wonders, your mother and 

1139
01:03:39,500 --> 01:03:41,600
grandmother are there diving 
beside you. 

1140
01:03:41,600 --> 01:03:46,200
They smile and beckon, you 
deeper You follow them down into

1141
01:03:46,200 --> 01:03:48,700
the blue darkness, which you're 
not afraid. 

1142
01:03:48,700 --> 01:03:52,600
You have spent your whole life 
learning these depths, you know,

1143
01:03:52,600 --> 01:03:55,300
them as well as anyone could. 
And when you wake in the 

1144
01:03:55,308 --> 01:03:56,900
morning, you will return to the 
game. 

1145
01:03:57,600 --> 01:04:00,900
The ocean is patient. 
The ocean is eternal. 

1146
01:04:00,900 --> 01:04:04,700
The ocean will be here long 
after your gone, but for now, 

1147
01:04:04,700 --> 01:04:08,800
while you're still here, You 
will meet it on its own terms. 

1148
01:04:08,800 --> 01:04:12,700
You will dive into its depths. 
You will take what it offers. 

1149
01:04:12,700 --> 01:04:15,700
You will give back your respect 
and your restraint. 

1150
01:04:15,700 --> 01:04:19,500
This is the way of the henya. 
This has always been the way. 

1151
01:04:20,300 --> 01:04:23,500
For as long as you draw breath, 
this will remain your way. 

1152
01:04:24,300 --> 01:04:29,900
The tide comes in, the tide, 
goes out the seasons, turn the 

1153
01:04:29,900 --> 01:04:34,400
years pass, and through it all 
the diving women of Jeju Island.

1154
01:04:34,400 --> 01:04:37,700
Continued, their ancient 
practice fewer in number now 

1155
01:04:37,700 --> 01:04:41,900
them before but no less 
dedicated, no less skilled, no 

1156
01:04:41,900 --> 01:04:44,700
less connected to the sea. 
That has sustained them for so 

1157
01:04:44,700 --> 01:04:47,000
long. 
Your part of this tradition, 

1158
01:04:47,000 --> 01:04:49,100
you're a keeper of this 
knowledge. 

1159
01:04:49,100 --> 01:04:51,900
You're a living link between 
past and future. 

1160
01:04:51,900 --> 01:04:56,300
And tomorrow when the sunrise 
is, you will prove it again by 

1161
01:04:56,300 --> 01:04:59,400
entering the water and 
descending Into the Depths just 

1162
01:04:59,400 --> 01:05:02,200
as your ancestors of done for 
1500 years. 

1163
01:05:03,500 --> 01:05:05,600
The Sea Calls to you even in 
sleep. 

1164
01:05:05,600 --> 01:05:11,800
And you are, you always answer 
because you are Henry, this is 

1165
01:05:11,800 --> 01:05:14,000
what you do. 
This is who you are. 

1166
01:05:14,000 --> 01:05:18,000
This is your legacy and your 
gift, and your sacred Trust. 

1167
01:05:19,700 --> 01:05:24,100
The story continues, the 
tradition endures, the ocean 

1168
01:05:24,100 --> 01:05:34,100
Waits, and tomorrow, before 
Dawn, you will Begin Again. now,

1169
01:05:34,100 --> 01:05:37,400
imagine this in that comfy bed 
of yours, you're standing on the

1170
01:05:37,400 --> 01:05:41,300
deck of research, vessel in the 
middle of the Pacific Ocean, 300

1171
01:05:41,300 --> 01:05:45,500
miles from the nearest land, its
just passed Dawn and the water 

1172
01:05:45,508 --> 01:05:48,500
around you is that particular 
shade of blue that doesn't 

1173
01:05:48,500 --> 01:05:50,000
exist? 
Anywhere else on Earth. 

1174
01:05:50,900 --> 01:05:54,300
Not the blue of swimming pools 
or tropical lagoons, but 

1175
01:05:54,300 --> 01:05:57,900
something deeper more honest. 
The kind of blew that makes you 

1176
01:05:57,900 --> 01:05:59,500
realize. 
The ocean isn't trying to be 

1177
01:05:59,500 --> 01:06:01,800
pretty for anyone. 
Blow your feet. 

1178
01:06:01,800 --> 01:06:04,200
The ocean floor, lies, nearly 
four miles down. 

1179
01:06:04,200 --> 01:06:07,600
If you could somehow drain all 
this water away, you'd be 

1180
01:06:07,608 --> 01:06:10,500
standing at the edge of a cliff 
that makes the Grand Canyon look

1181
01:06:10,500 --> 01:06:13,600
like a drainage ditch. 
But you can't see any of that 

1182
01:06:13,600 --> 01:06:16,300
from here. 
All you can see is the gentle 

1183
01:06:16,300 --> 01:06:19,000
role of swells, that began 
somewhere near New Zealand and 

1184
01:06:19,000 --> 01:06:22,000
will end eventually on a beach 
in California. 

1185
01:06:23,500 --> 01:06:25,900
The research submersible hangs 
from a crane. 

1186
01:06:25,900 --> 01:06:28,700
It's white Hull gleaming in the 
early light. 

1187
01:06:28,700 --> 01:06:31,000
It looks exactly like what it 
is. 

1188
01:06:31,000 --> 01:06:35,100
A very expensive, very 
sophisticated metal ball with 

1189
01:06:35,100 --> 01:06:38,200
Windows. 
The head researcher a woman 

1190
01:06:38,208 --> 01:06:42,100
who's made this descent 17 times
checks her watch and nods to the

1191
01:06:42,108 --> 01:06:44,300
crew. 
You climb inside through a 

1192
01:06:44,300 --> 01:06:45,800
hatch. 
That's barely wide enough for 

1193
01:06:45,800 --> 01:06:49,100
your shoulders, settle into a 
seat designed by someone who 

1194
01:06:49,100 --> 01:06:53,300
apparently never met a human 
spine and watch as they seal 

1195
01:06:53,300 --> 01:06:55,600
you. 
In The Descent begins with all 

1196
01:06:55,600 --> 01:06:57,600
the drama of a grocery store 
elevator. 

1197
01:06:58,400 --> 01:07:00,600
For the first few minutes, 
you'll still in the zone where 

1198
01:07:00,600 --> 01:07:03,700
normal ocean things happen. 
The water is that luminous 

1199
01:07:03,700 --> 01:07:05,700
Caribbean Blue. 
That makes you understand why 

1200
01:07:05,700 --> 01:07:08,100
people pay thousands of dollars 
to go snorkeling. 

1201
01:07:08,900 --> 01:07:12,500
Sunlight streams down in shafts 
that look almost solid as if you

1202
01:07:12,500 --> 01:07:17,000
could grab onto them, small fish
dark past, the viewport species,

1203
01:07:17,000 --> 01:07:19,400
you might recognize from 
aquariums or fishing 

1204
01:07:19,400 --> 01:07:22,900
documentaries. 
The water is about 75 degrees, 

1205
01:07:22,900 --> 01:07:27,000
which is to say perfectly 
Pleasant the temperature of a 

1206
01:07:27,000 --> 01:07:30,400
bath, you'd actually want to get
into at 50 feet down. 

1207
01:07:30,400 --> 01:07:34,100
You notice the first change, the
red wavelengths of light of 

1208
01:07:34,100 --> 01:07:36,600
vanished. 
If you'd brought a tomato with 

1209
01:07:36,600 --> 01:07:39,400
you which would be weird but 
bear with me, it would look. 

1210
01:07:39,400 --> 01:07:43,200
Black blood looks black down 
here too which is something that

1211
01:07:43,200 --> 01:07:46,500
surprises new divers when they 
cut themselves and see what 

1212
01:07:46,508 --> 01:07:48,600
appears to be ink leaking from 
their skin. 

1213
01:07:48,600 --> 01:07:51,000
The ocean is eating the color 
spectrum. 

1214
01:07:51,000 --> 01:07:54,500
One wavelength at a time, 
starting with the warm tones, 

1215
01:07:54,500 --> 01:07:57,600
the colors of fire and Sunset 
and everything humans 

1216
01:07:57,600 --> 01:08:00,000
traditionally associate with 
safety. 

1217
01:08:00,800 --> 01:08:05,400
At 100 feet, the orange goes 
then yellow at 300 feet, which 

1218
01:08:05,400 --> 01:08:07,900
is about as deep as recreational
scuba divers. 

1219
01:08:07,900 --> 01:08:10,200
Ever go. 
And honestly good for them, for 

1220
01:08:10,200 --> 01:08:13,400
knowing their limits, the water 
is still relatively warm and 

1221
01:08:13,400 --> 01:08:16,200
still bright enough to read by. 
But already, you've descended 

1222
01:08:16,200 --> 01:08:20,399
farther than 99% of humans ever 
will you're now in a realm 

1223
01:08:20,399 --> 01:08:24,500
visited only by professional 
divers military submarines and 

1224
01:08:24,500 --> 01:08:26,700
people who made some really 
interesting Life Choices. 

1225
01:08:27,600 --> 01:08:29,899
That's 600 feet the green 
wavelengths. 

1226
01:08:29,899 --> 01:08:33,700
Filter out the water around, you
is now entirely blue and purple.

1227
01:08:33,700 --> 01:08:36,899
The colors of bruises. 
And Twilight, the temperature 

1228
01:08:36,899 --> 01:08:40,700
has dropped to 50 degrees, which
doesn't sell that cold until you

1229
01:08:40,700 --> 01:08:44,300
remember that water conducts 
heat away from your body 25 

1230
01:08:44,300 --> 01:08:48,200
times faster than are outside. 
This pressurized capsule 

1231
01:08:48,200 --> 01:08:52,200
hyperthermia would be competing 
with nitrogen Narcosis for which

1232
01:08:52,200 --> 01:08:54,899
could kill you first. 
It would be a close race. 

1233
01:08:54,899 --> 01:08:58,100
This is the Twilight Zone 
officially called the 

1234
01:08:58,100 --> 01:09:02,100
mesopelagic but Twilight Zone, 
sounds much better and 

1235
01:09:02,100 --> 01:09:05,600
scientists to appreciate a good 
name as much as anyone some 

1236
01:09:05,600 --> 01:09:08,600
light still penetrates here but 
it's the kind of light that 

1237
01:09:08,600 --> 01:09:11,000
makes you squint that never 
quite feels like enough. 

1238
01:09:11,000 --> 01:09:14,500
If This Were a place on land it 
would be that moment just after 

1239
01:09:14,500 --> 01:09:17,399
Sunset when you're trying to 
decide if you should turn on the

1240
01:09:17,399 --> 01:09:19,899
headlights or if you can make it
home first. 

1241
01:09:20,700 --> 01:09:24,100
You definitely turn on the 
Headlights by 1000 feet. 

1242
01:09:24,100 --> 01:09:26,800
Even the blue is starting to 
give up the water. 

1243
01:09:26,800 --> 01:09:29,500
Looks less like water and more 
like smoke. 

1244
01:09:29,500 --> 01:09:32,200
Like your descending through 
some dense medium. 

1245
01:09:32,200 --> 01:09:34,800
That can't quite decide. 
What state of matter, it wants 

1246
01:09:34,800 --> 01:09:37,600
to be the temperature is 45 
degrees. 

1247
01:09:37,600 --> 01:09:41,800
Now, outside the submersible, 
the pressure is roughly 45 times

1248
01:09:41,800 --> 01:09:45,200
what it is at the surface, which
means every square inch of your 

1249
01:09:45,207 --> 01:09:48,700
body would be experiencing 45 
pounds of force, the 

1250
01:09:48,700 --> 01:09:51,600
submersible's. 
Hull is 6 inches of titanium 

1251
01:09:51,600 --> 01:09:54,000
designed by people who stayed 
awake during their physics 

1252
01:09:54,000 --> 01:09:57,300
classes and just suddenly very 
grateful for their attention, to

1253
01:09:57,300 --> 01:10:00,800
detail a 2000 feet. 
You enter the midnight zone, the

1254
01:10:00,800 --> 01:10:03,100
Beth at pelagic and the last of 
the light goes out. 

1255
01:10:04,000 --> 01:10:06,800
Not gradually not with any 
ceremony, just gone. 

1256
01:10:06,800 --> 01:10:10,600
You've been descending for about
40 minutes and now you're in. 

1257
01:10:10,600 --> 01:10:13,100
The kind of Darkness that City 
dwellers don't even have a 

1258
01:10:13,108 --> 01:10:16,000
reference. 
For, is not the darkness of a 

1259
01:10:16,000 --> 01:10:18,700
room with the lights off, where 
your eyes are just, and you can 

1260
01:10:18,700 --> 01:10:20,500
still make out the shape of the 
furniture. 

1261
01:10:21,500 --> 01:10:25,000
Is not the darkness of a rural 
road at night where you still 

1262
01:10:25,000 --> 01:10:27,700
have Starlight. 
This is the darkness of being 

1263
01:10:27,700 --> 01:10:30,300
inside a mountain, inside a 
cave. 

1264
01:10:30,300 --> 01:10:34,600
Inside the Earth itself, the 
only light now comes from your 

1265
01:10:34,600 --> 01:10:38,800
submersible's external floods, 
which cut through the water and 

1266
01:10:38,800 --> 01:10:41,900
stark white beams that make the 
darkness Beyond them seem even 

1267
01:10:41,900 --> 01:10:45,200
more absolute. 
And in those beams, you see them

1268
01:10:45,200 --> 01:10:48,700
particles. 
Millions upon millions of 

1269
01:10:48,700 --> 01:10:51,800
particles drifting down through 
the water, like the world's 

1270
01:10:51,800 --> 01:10:56,200
slowest snow storm. 
This is Marine snow the detritus

1271
01:10:56,200 --> 01:10:59,100
of the ocean surface. 
Everything that lived and died 

1272
01:10:59,100 --> 01:11:02,800
up where the Sunshine's now, 
making its long, slow Journey to

1273
01:11:02,800 --> 01:11:06,300
the bottom. 
Dead Plankton fragments of fish 

1274
01:11:06,300 --> 01:11:09,500
scales fecal. 
Pellets from whales sharks and 

1275
01:11:09,500 --> 01:11:14,900
sardines, bits of jellyfish, 
scraps of seaweed, The water is 

1276
01:11:14,900 --> 01:11:18,300
thick with Organic. 
Confetti each spec representing 

1277
01:11:18,300 --> 01:11:20,700
something that was once alive in
the world above. 

1278
01:11:20,700 --> 01:11:24,200
It takes weeks for this material
to drift down from the surface 

1279
01:11:24,200 --> 01:11:28,700
tumbling, end over end Through 
The Dark Water, getting smaller 

1280
01:11:28,700 --> 01:11:32,300
as bacteria, break it down and 
being eaten and recent by 

1281
01:11:32,300 --> 01:11:34,100
creatures that live at different
depths. 

1282
01:11:34,100 --> 01:11:38,300
This is what sustains the deep 
ocean leftovers from someone 

1283
01:11:38,300 --> 01:11:41,400
else's party. 
The temperature is 38 degrees. 

1284
01:11:41,400 --> 01:11:45,300
Now, if you could somehow step 
outside which you absolutely 

1285
01:11:45,300 --> 01:11:49,200
cannot and should not even think
about the pressure would be 

1286
01:11:49,208 --> 01:11:53,900
approximately, 120 times what it
is at the surface, your lungs 

1287
01:11:53,900 --> 01:11:57,300
would collapse before you could 
even inhale your ear, drums 

1288
01:11:57,300 --> 01:12:00,400
would rupture. 
Gas spaces in your body would 

1289
01:12:00,400 --> 01:12:04,800
compress to nothing, it would be
to put it mildly a bad 

1290
01:12:04,800 --> 01:12:08,700
experience. 
At 3,000 feet your deeper than 

1291
01:12:08,700 --> 01:12:10,600
the vast majority of submarines 
ever. 

1292
01:12:10,600 --> 01:12:14,200
Go military vessels. 
Generally tap out around 2000 

1293
01:12:14,200 --> 01:12:17,700
feet because at some point, even
governments decide that 

1294
01:12:17,700 --> 01:12:20,700
discretion is the better part of
not being crushed like a soda. 

1295
01:12:20,700 --> 01:12:24,100
Can you are now in a depth Zone 
visited only by research 

1296
01:12:24,100 --> 01:12:27,600
vessels, certain species of 
whales that are frankly showing 

1297
01:12:27,600 --> 01:12:31,400
off and fish species that have 
never seen sunlight, and never 

1298
01:12:31,400 --> 01:12:34,300
will. 
The Marine snow continues, its 

1299
01:12:34,300 --> 01:12:38,100
endless drift, your submersible 
passes through clouds of it. 

1300
01:12:38,100 --> 01:12:40,600
And for a moment, you could 
almost convinced yourself. 

1301
01:12:40,600 --> 01:12:44,900
You're in a gentle, snowstorm 
maybe in Vermont, maybe anywhere

1302
01:12:44,900 --> 01:12:47,100
except three miles on the water 
in the Pacific. 

1303
01:12:47,100 --> 01:12:50,400
But then you see something move 
in the darkness, beyond your 

1304
01:12:50,400 --> 01:12:53,400
lights, something larger than 
the particles, something 

1305
01:12:53,400 --> 01:12:56,100
deliberate. 
And you remember exactly where 

1306
01:12:56,100 --> 01:13:00,800
you are, But 3500 feet, you've 
descended deeper than the 

1307
01:13:00,800 --> 01:13:04,200
Titanic rests. 
That ship took two and a half 

1308
01:13:04,208 --> 01:13:08,400
miles to reach the bottom and it
took 93 years before someone 

1309
01:13:08,400 --> 01:13:10,400
sent a submersible down to 
photograph. 

1310
01:13:10,400 --> 01:13:14,900
It, the water temperature is now
36 degrees just above freezing 

1311
01:13:14,900 --> 01:13:18,300
cold enough that you can see 
your breath inside the capsule, 

1312
01:13:18,300 --> 01:13:22,100
despite the heating system. 
The pressure is nearly 2,000 

1313
01:13:22,100 --> 01:13:24,500
pounds per square inch at the 
surface. 

1314
01:13:24,500 --> 01:13:29,000
Your body displays is about two 
gallons of air down here that 

1315
01:13:29,000 --> 01:13:32,800
same amount of air would fit in 
a tennis ball and still you keep

1316
01:13:32,800 --> 01:13:36,600
descending. 
Still somehow this father to go 

1317
01:13:36,600 --> 01:13:40,400
the ocean, you realize is almost
incomprehensibly deep. 

1318
01:13:41,200 --> 01:13:45,600
If Mount Everest all 29,000 feet
of it, replaced in the deepest 

1319
01:13:45,600 --> 01:13:48,800
part of the ocean, there would 
still be a mile of water of the 

1320
01:13:48,800 --> 01:13:51,000
summit. 
The average depth of the ocean 

1321
01:13:51,000 --> 01:13:54,800
is over 12,000 feet. 
Humans live on what amounts to 

1322
01:13:54,800 --> 01:13:57,800
Tiny dry Islands. 
Poking up through a global Water

1323
01:13:57,800 --> 01:14:01,400
envelope that covers 71% of the 
planet surface. 

1324
01:14:02,700 --> 01:14:07,100
At 4,000 feet, your descent 
slows the seafloor is 

1325
01:14:07,108 --> 01:14:11,600
approaching, not the dramatic 
trenches but the abyssal plain 

1326
01:14:11,600 --> 01:14:15,600
the endless flat muddy expanse. 
That covers more of Earth's 

1327
01:14:15,600 --> 01:14:19,700
surface than all the continents 
combined your lights illuminate 

1328
01:14:19,700 --> 01:14:22,400
sediment, that hasn't been 
Disturbed in thousands of years,

1329
01:14:22,400 --> 01:14:26,700
fine, particles that settle over
everything like dust on an 

1330
01:14:26,700 --> 01:14:29,700
abandoned house. 
The last Photon of sunlight that

1331
01:14:29,700 --> 01:14:32,400
could theoretically Reach This 
depth gave up about two miles 

1332
01:14:32,400 --> 01:14:37,500
ago You are now in a place of 
absolute Eternal Night as place,

1333
01:14:37,500 --> 01:14:41,100
where the sun is a rumor, where 
Darkness isn't the absence of 

1334
01:14:41,100 --> 01:14:45,200
light, but rather the default 
state of existence interrupted 

1335
01:14:45,200 --> 01:14:48,600
only by the bioluminescent 
flashes of creatures, making 

1336
01:14:48,600 --> 01:14:51,800
their own rules about 
illumination and yet, as your 

1337
01:14:51,800 --> 01:14:55,300
submersible, finally touches 
bottom, with a gentle bump on a 

1338
01:14:55,300 --> 01:14:59,100
puff of sediment, you see 
something moving, multiple, 

1339
01:14:59,100 --> 01:15:03,400
something's the ocean floor. 
Supposedly so hostile to life is

1340
01:15:03,400 --> 01:15:06,200
crawling with it. 
The Fading of light, it turns 

1341
01:15:06,200 --> 01:15:09,600
out was just the beginning. 
The first thing you notice about

1342
01:15:09,600 --> 01:15:11,800
the abyssal plain is how flatted
it is. 

1343
01:15:11,808 --> 01:15:15,700
I mean, really genuinely flat in
a way that makes Kansas look 

1344
01:15:15,700 --> 01:15:18,600
positively mountainous from your
viewport. 

1345
01:15:18,600 --> 01:15:20,800
The sea floor stretches away in 
all directions. 

1346
01:15:20,800 --> 01:15:24,300
Like a parking lot design by 
someone with no imagination and 

1347
01:15:24,300 --> 01:15:28,400
unlimited space. 
Sediment is a uniform grey brown

1348
01:15:28,400 --> 01:15:32,000
finest talcum powder, and it 
appears to go on forever in 

1349
01:15:32,000 --> 01:15:35,800
every direction. 
Pressure outside is now around 

1350
01:15:35,800 --> 01:15:39,500
6,000 pounds per square inch to 
put that in perspective. 

1351
01:15:39,500 --> 01:15:43,800
If you could somehow stand on 
this seafloor unprotected, you'd

1352
01:15:43,800 --> 01:15:46,800
experience about 400 times the 
pressure that's crushing your 

1353
01:15:46,808 --> 01:15:49,400
car tires. 
Right now, every square inch of 

1354
01:15:49,408 --> 01:15:52,100
your body would be supporting 
the weight of a small car. 

1355
01:15:52,900 --> 01:15:56,000
This is the kind of pressure 
that makes steel spheres Creak 

1356
01:15:56,000 --> 01:15:59,500
and groan, the kind of pressure 
that turned the titans of 

1357
01:15:59,500 --> 01:16:02,700
merciful into compressed 
fragments in about four 

1358
01:16:02,700 --> 01:16:05,300
milliseconds. 
During its ill-fated descent to 

1359
01:16:05,308 --> 01:16:09,600
the Titanic you'll submersible. 
Thankfully was designed by 

1360
01:16:09,600 --> 01:16:12,400
people who understood exactly 
what water pressure at depth 

1361
01:16:12,400 --> 01:16:15,200
means. 
The titanium Hull is thicker 

1362
01:16:15,200 --> 01:16:18,500
than your thigh with no straight
seams where stress could 

1363
01:16:18,500 --> 01:16:21,400
concentrate and no clever 
Corners were physics. 

1364
01:16:21,400 --> 01:16:24,500
Could gain a foothold, it's 
essentially a very sophisticated

1365
01:16:24,500 --> 01:16:28,400
ball because balls as it turns 
out a very good at handling 

1366
01:16:28,400 --> 01:16:31,700
omni-directional pressure. 
Submarines are cylindrical 

1367
01:16:31,700 --> 01:16:34,200
because they need to move 
through water, efficiently 

1368
01:16:34,200 --> 01:16:37,500
submersible's. 
That just need to not implode a 

1369
01:16:37,500 --> 01:16:40,900
spherical because Spears 
distribute stress evenly across 

1370
01:16:40,900 --> 01:16:44,400
their entire surface. 
The water temperature is 

1371
01:16:44,400 --> 01:16:48,400
stabilized at around 36 degrees 
Fahrenheit just barely above 

1372
01:16:48,400 --> 01:16:52,300
freezing at this depth water 
actually becomes slightly more 

1373
01:16:52,300 --> 01:16:55,900
dense than it is at the surface 
compressed by its own weight 

1374
01:16:55,900 --> 01:16:59,008
into something that's not quite 
the H2O, you're used to. 

1375
01:16:59,016 --> 01:17:02,500
If you could examine it at the 
molecular level you'd see the 

1376
01:17:02,500 --> 01:17:05,800
water molecules packed together 
more tightly than they ever get 

1377
01:17:05,800 --> 01:17:08,800
in your glass at dinner outside 
a creature swims. 

1378
01:17:08,800 --> 01:17:11,600
Past your viewport. 
Something that looks vaguely 

1379
01:17:11,600 --> 01:17:13,400
fish. 
Like if fish were designed by 

1380
01:17:13,400 --> 01:17:15,900
someone who'd only heard them 
described over a bad phone 

1381
01:17:15,900 --> 01:17:18,300
connection. 
It's about 8 inches long 

1382
01:17:18,300 --> 01:17:22,400
translucent with eyes that are 
disproportionately huge and 

1383
01:17:22,400 --> 01:17:25,100
teeth at a disproportionately 
pointier than seems necessary. 

1384
01:17:25,100 --> 01:17:28,700
This is a bristle mouth. 
One of the most numerous 

1385
01:17:28,700 --> 01:17:31,300
vertebrates on Earth and you've 
probably never heard of it 

1386
01:17:31,300 --> 01:17:34,600
because it lives, where humans 
don't, there are more bristle 

1387
01:17:34,600 --> 01:17:37,900
mouths in the ocean and there 
are humans on land but they live

1388
01:17:37,900 --> 01:17:40,200
in a place. 
So removed from our experience 

1389
01:17:40,200 --> 01:17:42,400
that we barely acknowledge their
existence. 

1390
01:17:43,500 --> 01:17:47,200
The submersible's manipulator, 
arm extends collecting a 

1391
01:17:47,200 --> 01:17:50,200
settlement sample. 
The movement is excruciatingly 

1392
01:17:50,200 --> 01:17:52,000
slow. 
Because everything moves slowly 

1393
01:17:52,000 --> 01:17:56,100
down here, water at this depth 
has a viscosity of about 60% 

1394
01:17:56,100 --> 01:17:59,500
higher than at the surface, 
which means pushing through it 

1395
01:17:59,500 --> 01:18:02,800
feels less like swimming and 
more like moving through cold 

1396
01:18:02,800 --> 01:18:05,300
honey. 
For the creatures that live 

1397
01:18:05,300 --> 01:18:07,500
here. 
Speed is mostly irrelevant. 

1398
01:18:07,500 --> 01:18:10,400
Anyway, where exactly would they
hurry to? 

1399
01:18:11,300 --> 01:18:14,900
The sea cucumber trundles past 
and trundles is really the only 

1400
01:18:14,900 --> 01:18:18,000
appropriate verb. 
It's moving at approximately the

1401
01:18:18,000 --> 01:18:21,000
speed of erosion. 
One of those animals that makes 

1402
01:18:21,000 --> 01:18:22,600
sloths. 
Look hyperactive. 

1403
01:18:22,600 --> 01:18:26,100
Sea cucumbers are essentially 
animated vacuum cleaners 

1404
01:18:26,100 --> 01:18:29,600
crawling across the sediment and
ingesting anything organic. 

1405
01:18:29,600 --> 01:18:33,900
They encounter they process, the
mud extract, whatever calories, 

1406
01:18:33,900 --> 01:18:37,400
they can from the sparse, 
organic matter and excrete, 

1407
01:18:37,400 --> 01:18:39,600
pellets of slightly, reorganized
mud. 

1408
01:18:39,600 --> 01:18:45,000
It's not glamorous, but it's a 
living Technically the pressure,

1409
01:18:45,000 --> 01:18:48,900
affect everything down here in 
ways that seem almost designed 

1410
01:18:48,900 --> 01:18:53,200
to make life inconvenient. 
Gas bladders, which many fish 

1411
01:18:53,200 --> 01:18:55,400
use to control their buoyancy in
shallow water. 

1412
01:18:55,400 --> 01:18:58,000
A completely useless at this 
depth. 

1413
01:18:58,800 --> 01:19:00,200
Pressure would compress them to 
nothing. 

1414
01:19:01,100 --> 01:19:04,100
So the fish that live here of 
either giving up on gas entirely

1415
01:19:04,100 --> 01:19:07,600
or replace them with deposits of
lighter than water, oils that 

1416
01:19:07,600 --> 01:19:09,800
don't compress. 
It's the difference between 

1417
01:19:09,800 --> 01:19:13,000
trying to use a balloon for 
buoyancy versus using a chunk of

1418
01:19:13,008 --> 01:19:16,200
Styrofoam. 
One option adapts to pressure, 

1419
01:19:16,200 --> 01:19:19,600
the other just gets crushed, 
you'll submersible, drifts 

1420
01:19:19,600 --> 01:19:22,700
forward slowly. 
It's Motors barely audible as it

1421
01:19:22,700 --> 01:19:26,800
hums through the hole in the 
distance and distance is weird 

1422
01:19:26,800 --> 01:19:28,600
down here because there are no 
reference points. 

1423
01:19:29,300 --> 01:19:31,800
You see a cluster of what looks 
like tube worms. 

1424
01:19:31,800 --> 01:19:35,100
Each one rising from the 
sediment like an abandoned 

1425
01:19:35,100 --> 01:19:38,100
Periscope. 
These are polyte worms, and 

1426
01:19:38,100 --> 01:19:41,500
they've constructed tubes from 
mucus and sediment particles. 

1427
01:19:42,200 --> 01:19:44,900
They extend their feathery, 
feeding appendages into the 

1428
01:19:44,900 --> 01:19:48,800
water hoping to snag some of 
that Marine snow as it drifted 

1429
01:19:48,800 --> 01:19:53,000
past they've been growing for 
decades possibly centuries 

1430
01:19:53,000 --> 01:19:55,700
adding millimeters to their 
tubes each year. 

1431
01:19:56,500 --> 01:20:00,000
A rat tail fish appears at the 
edge of your light's named for 

1432
01:20:00,000 --> 01:20:03,700
its long, tapering tail. 
That looks exactly like you'd 

1433
01:20:03,700 --> 01:20:06,600
expect from the name. 
It hovers near the sea floor. 

1434
01:20:06,600 --> 01:20:09,200
Essentially waiting for 
something edible to wander by. 

1435
01:20:10,000 --> 01:20:13,200
Hunting down here isn't so much 
hunting as it is strategic 

1436
01:20:13,200 --> 01:20:15,000
loitering. 
With food. 

1437
01:20:15,000 --> 01:20:18,900
So scarce Predators can't afford
to waste energy, chasing prey, 

1438
01:20:18,900 --> 01:20:21,700
they parked themselves 
somewhere, promising and wait. 

1439
01:20:22,400 --> 01:20:26,200
Sometimes for days. 
The metabolic rate of deep sea 

1440
01:20:26,200 --> 01:20:30,000
fish is astonishingly low often.
Just two to three percent of 

1441
01:20:30,000 --> 01:20:33,800
what surface fish require. 
They've evolved to run on fumes.

1442
01:20:33,800 --> 01:20:37,200
The pressure means that simple 
biological processes. 

1443
01:20:37,200 --> 01:20:41,100
Work differently down here, cell
membranes, which are fluid at 

1444
01:20:41,100 --> 01:20:44,400
the surface would become rigid, 
and useless at this depth, 

1445
01:20:44,400 --> 01:20:48,200
except that deep sea organisms, 
have adapted their membrane 

1446
01:20:48,200 --> 01:20:51,500
lipids to stay flexible. 
Under Pressure proteins, that 

1447
01:20:51,500 --> 01:20:54,400
would denature and fall apart in
shallow water, fish have been 

1448
01:20:54,408 --> 01:20:57,800
modified with subtle molecular 
changes that make them stabil 

1449
01:20:57,800 --> 01:21:00,100
under pressure. 
This light comparing a house, 

1450
01:21:00,100 --> 01:21:03,400
built for California, versus a 
house built for Alaska, same 

1451
01:21:03,400 --> 01:21:07,100
basic structure, different 
engineering requirements, You 

1452
01:21:07,100 --> 01:21:09,700
notice something odd about the 
fish that passed through your 

1453
01:21:09,700 --> 01:21:14,500
lights, many of them appear to 
be melting, not literally, but 

1454
01:21:14,500 --> 01:21:17,000
their flesh has a weird 
gelatinous quality. 

1455
01:21:17,000 --> 01:21:20,500
A translucent that makes them 
look like they're made of 

1456
01:21:20,500 --> 01:21:24,200
partially set jello. 
This isn't diseased or damaged 

1457
01:21:24,200 --> 01:21:29,100
its adaptation at these depths 
where food is scarce and every 

1458
01:21:29,100 --> 01:21:33,500
calorie counts when maintaining 
a dense muscular body is a waste

1459
01:21:33,500 --> 01:21:36,200
of resources. 
These fish have essentially 

1460
01:21:36,200 --> 01:21:40,000
given up on structural Integrity
in favor of energy conservation.

1461
01:21:40,000 --> 01:21:42,100
They're built like water 
balloons. 

1462
01:21:42,100 --> 01:21:45,100
Because down here, there's no 
evolutionary pressure to be 

1463
01:21:45,108 --> 01:21:48,800
streamlined or sturdy. 
There are no fast currents to 

1464
01:21:48,800 --> 01:21:52,000
fight against, no Predators fast
enough to make fleeing 

1465
01:21:52,000 --> 01:21:56,200
worthwhile, an isopod crawls, 
the sediment, a creature that 

1466
01:21:56,208 --> 01:21:58,600
looks distressingly like a pill 
bug that got into. 

1467
01:21:58,600 --> 01:22:02,800
The steroids is about 10 inches 
long, armored and moving with 

1468
01:22:02,800 --> 01:22:05,900
the deliberation of something 
that has nowhere to be in an 

1469
01:22:05,900 --> 01:22:09,900
eternity to get there. 
Giant isopods are scavengers the

1470
01:22:09,900 --> 01:22:13,400
vultures of the deep ocean. 
They can go years without eating

1471
01:22:13,400 --> 01:22:16,700
their metabolism, slowed to a 
level at barely qualifies as 

1472
01:22:16,700 --> 01:22:19,100
life. 
When a whale carcass or large 

1473
01:22:19,100 --> 01:22:22,700
fish drops to the sea floor, 
they congregate in numbers that 

1474
01:22:22,700 --> 01:22:24,100
would make a horror movie 
direct. 

1475
01:22:24,100 --> 01:22:28,200
A weep with joy, stripping the 
remains down to Bare Bones over 

1476
01:22:28,200 --> 01:22:32,000
the course of months. 
The submersible sonar pings 

1477
01:22:32,000 --> 01:22:33,700
mapping the sea floor around 
you. 

1478
01:22:34,700 --> 01:22:36,700
The sound travels strangely down
here. 

1479
01:22:36,700 --> 01:22:39,400
Water pressure, affects the 
speed of sound. 

1480
01:22:39,400 --> 01:22:42,400
Making it travel about 3% faster
than at the surface. 

1481
01:22:42,400 --> 01:22:46,700
But more interesting is what the
sonar reveals the abyssal plain 

1482
01:22:46,700 --> 01:22:48,400
isn't quite as flat as it 
appeared. 

1483
01:22:48,400 --> 01:22:52,400
There are subtle variations 
gentle Hills and Valleys 

1484
01:22:52,400 --> 01:22:55,900
measured in meters and features 
that took millions of years to 

1485
01:22:55,900 --> 01:22:59,800
form a sediment accumulated. 
Grain by grain Century. 

1486
01:22:59,800 --> 01:23:03,600
By Century you're sitting in a 
place where sediment accumulates

1487
01:23:03,600 --> 01:23:06,700
at roughly one, centimeter every
Thousand Years. 

1488
01:23:07,600 --> 01:23:10,900
The mud directly beneath your 
submersible is there for older 

1489
01:23:10,900 --> 01:23:15,600
than human civilization, older 
than agriculture older than the 

1490
01:23:15,600 --> 01:23:18,700
last ice age. 
Your resting on layers of time 

1491
01:23:18,700 --> 01:23:22,000
compressed into geology. 
Each stratum representing 

1492
01:23:22,000 --> 01:23:26,500
Millennia of marine snow slowly 
drifting down and settling a 

1493
01:23:26,500 --> 01:23:30,000
Grenadier, fish swims past and 
other deep sea resident, with 

1494
01:23:30,000 --> 01:23:31,500
the large head and tapering 
body. 

1495
01:23:31,500 --> 01:23:33,900
The seems to be standard issued 
down here. 

1496
01:23:34,700 --> 01:23:38,900
Its eyes are huge and dark 
adapted to detect the faintest 

1497
01:23:38,900 --> 01:23:42,500
bioluminescent flashes. 
Those eyes can't form clear 

1498
01:23:42,500 --> 01:23:44,400
images. 
There's not enough light for 

1499
01:23:44,400 --> 01:23:48,000
that but they're extraordinarily
sensitive to movement and dim 

1500
01:23:48,000 --> 01:23:50,100
glows. 
The grenadiers essentially, 

1501
01:23:50,100 --> 01:23:54,100
navigating by glimpses and 
suggestions piecing together a 

1502
01:23:54,100 --> 01:23:56,500
picture of its World from 
fragments of light that wouldn't

1503
01:23:56,500 --> 01:24:00,300
register to humanize at all. 
The pressure outside continues 

1504
01:24:00,300 --> 01:24:03,300
to press against the 
submersible's hull, the force of

1505
01:24:03,300 --> 01:24:06,500
several million pounds. 
The titanium flexes 

1506
01:24:06,500 --> 01:24:10,700
microscopically Distributing the
stress inside your comfortable 

1507
01:24:10,700 --> 01:24:14,200
at one atmosphere of pressure. 
The same as a nice spring day at

1508
01:24:14,200 --> 01:24:17,000
sea level. 
But between you, and the ocean 

1509
01:24:17,000 --> 01:24:20,800
floor is just six inches of 
metal and Engineering Beyond 

1510
01:24:20,800 --> 01:24:23,500
which the pressure is sufficient
to compress bone. 

1511
01:24:23,500 --> 01:24:27,500
A jellyfish drifts past though, 
calling it a jellyfish is 

1512
01:24:27,500 --> 01:24:29,900
generous. 
It's more like a translucent 

1513
01:24:29,900 --> 01:24:33,200
blob with tentacles. 
So delicate it looks like it 

1514
01:24:33,200 --> 01:24:35,200
might come apart. 
If you looked at it too hard, 

1515
01:24:35,200 --> 01:24:39,800
these deep sea jellies are about
95% water with just enough, 

1516
01:24:39,800 --> 01:24:43,700
biology to qualify as alive. 
They drift through the darkness 

1517
01:24:43,700 --> 01:24:47,200
trailing tentacles that can 
extend for 20 or 30 feet, 

1518
01:24:47,200 --> 01:24:51,100
waiting for something small and 
unlucky to blunder into them 

1519
01:24:51,100 --> 01:24:54,900
when they capture prey, which 
happens rarely based on how thin

1520
01:24:54,900 --> 01:24:58,200
these jellies are, they digested
over the course of weeks. 

1521
01:24:58,200 --> 01:25:01,900
Everything happens and slow 
motion down here, the weight of 

1522
01:25:01,908 --> 01:25:05,500
water shapes everything at this 
depth, it determines body 

1523
01:25:05,500 --> 01:25:09,700
structure hunting, strategies 
reproduction and even the 

1524
01:25:09,700 --> 01:25:13,300
chemistry of life itself, 
Creatures here have evolved 

1525
01:25:13,300 --> 01:25:17,300
Under Pressure literal, physical
pressure that would kill surface

1526
01:25:17,300 --> 01:25:20,900
organisms instantly, they've 
sold engineering problems. 

1527
01:25:20,900 --> 01:25:23,900
That human Engineers struggle 
with and they've done it, not 

1528
01:25:23,900 --> 01:25:27,800
through intelligence or design. 
But through the simple brutal 

1529
01:25:27,800 --> 01:25:32,300
process of trying, everything. 
Keeping what works discarding? 

1530
01:25:32,300 --> 01:25:35,500
What doesn't and repeating for 
50 million years? 

1531
01:25:35,500 --> 01:25:39,900
Your lights sweep across the set
of something catches your eye. 

1532
01:25:40,700 --> 01:25:44,000
Tracks. 
Long parallel grooves in the mud

1533
01:25:44,000 --> 01:25:48,200
leading off into the darkness. 
Something walked here recently, 

1534
01:25:48,200 --> 01:25:52,000
recently being a relative term 
when sediment takes Millennia to

1535
01:25:52,000 --> 01:25:55,400
settle, the tracks could be 
hours old or decades old. 

1536
01:25:56,100 --> 01:25:58,400
Time moves differently when the 
environment changes. 

1537
01:25:58,400 --> 01:26:00,700
So slowly that centuries are 
barely noticeable. 

1538
01:26:00,700 --> 01:26:04,500
The submersible begins to rise 
ascending slowly from the 

1539
01:26:04,500 --> 01:26:07,000
abyssal plain toward the next 
leg of your journey. 

1540
01:26:08,100 --> 01:26:10,800
As you lift away from the sea 
floor, you take one last. 

1541
01:26:10,800 --> 01:26:13,500
Look at that uniform muddy 
expanse. 

1542
01:26:14,300 --> 01:26:17,900
It looks lifeless. 
Barren a place where nothing 

1543
01:26:17,900 --> 01:26:21,500
should exist. 
And yet impossibly life persists

1544
01:26:21,500 --> 01:26:25,400
adapted to pressure that would 
crush submarines cold that would

1545
01:26:25,400 --> 01:26:29,900
kill in minutes and darkness, 
That Never Ends life persists, 

1546
01:26:29,900 --> 01:26:32,900
because life is stubborn that 
way, because chemistry finds 

1547
01:26:32,900 --> 01:26:36,200
even under 6,000 pounds per 
square inch of water. 

1548
01:26:37,300 --> 01:26:40,300
The weight of water, doesn't end
a life, it just changes. 

1549
01:26:40,300 --> 01:26:43,800
The terms, the thermometer on 
your instrument panel reads, 

1550
01:26:43,800 --> 01:26:48,500
35.7 degrees Fahrenheit. 
This isn't the kind of cold that

1551
01:26:48,500 --> 01:26:51,600
makes you put on a sweater. 
This is the kind of cold that 

1552
01:26:51,600 --> 01:26:55,800
permeates everything that seeps 
into molecular structures and 

1553
01:26:55,800 --> 01:26:58,200
slows chemical reactions to 
accrual. 

1554
01:26:59,000 --> 01:27:02,400
This is cold. 
That has lasted unchanged for 

1555
01:27:02,400 --> 01:27:05,200
millions of years. 
Here's something that will 

1556
01:27:05,200 --> 01:27:08,900
reorganize your perspective. 
The deep ocean doesn't really do

1557
01:27:08,900 --> 01:27:12,500
seasons while the surface might 
warm in summer, and cool in 

1558
01:27:12,500 --> 01:27:16,600
Winter down here at 12,000 feet.
The temperature has been 

1559
01:27:16,608 --> 01:27:19,600
essentially constant since long 
before, humans started 

1560
01:27:19,600 --> 01:27:23,800
recording, whether the ice ages 
came and went massive glaciers 

1561
01:27:23,800 --> 01:27:27,000
covered half of Europe, and 
North America melted reformed, 

1562
01:27:27,000 --> 01:27:30,800
and melted again and down here. 
The temperature may be changed 

1563
01:27:30,800 --> 01:27:32,900
by half a degree. 
May be. 

1564
01:27:32,900 --> 01:27:37,100
This stability is both a 
blessing and a curse for deep 

1565
01:27:37,100 --> 01:27:40,000
sea life. 
The blessing is predictability 

1566
01:27:40,000 --> 01:27:43,900
organisms, don't need to adapt 
to temperature swings, don't 

1567
01:27:43,900 --> 01:27:46,000
need to prepare for winter or 
endure. 

1568
01:27:46,000 --> 01:27:49,000
Summer heat waves, the curses 
that they've become so 

1569
01:27:49,000 --> 01:27:51,400
specialized for cold. 
That even minor temperature 

1570
01:27:51,400 --> 01:27:54,900
increases would be catastrophic.
These creatures are like people 

1571
01:27:54,900 --> 01:27:58,100
who have only ever lived in one 
climate their entire lives who 

1572
01:27:58,100 --> 01:28:01,300
have built every aspect of their
biology around, specific 

1573
01:28:01,300 --> 01:28:05,300
environmental conditions. 
Squid Glides past your viewport.

1574
01:28:05,300 --> 01:28:09,100
Its body about two feet long 
arms trailing behind in warmer 

1575
01:28:09,100 --> 01:28:10,400
water. 
A squid. 

1576
01:28:10,400 --> 01:28:12,900
This size would be darting 
around changing colors 

1577
01:28:12,900 --> 01:28:16,000
demonstrating, the kind of 
hyperactive energy that makes 

1578
01:28:16,000 --> 01:28:20,200
squid both fascinating and 
exhausting to watch this one 

1579
01:28:20,200 --> 01:28:21,600
moves. 
Like it's swimming through 

1580
01:28:21,600 --> 01:28:26,000
molasses which in a sense it is 
given the viscosity of cold 

1581
01:28:26,000 --> 01:28:30,300
pressurized water its metabolism
runs at a fraction of the speed 

1582
01:28:30,300 --> 01:28:33,600
of its surface dwelling cousins,
where a coastal squid, might 

1583
01:28:33,600 --> 01:28:35,900
live two years. 
This one could live 20 

1584
01:28:36,800 --> 01:28:39,400
Everything happens slower. 
When you're running your biology

1585
01:28:39,400 --> 01:28:43,600
on economy mode, the cold 
effects proteins in fascinating 

1586
01:28:43,600 --> 01:28:47,700
ways at surface temperatures, 
proteins are flexible Dynamic 

1587
01:28:47,700 --> 01:28:51,800
molecules that fold and unfold 
bind to things and release them 

1588
01:28:51,800 --> 01:28:55,300
and generally act like the busy 
little molecular machines they 

1589
01:28:55,300 --> 01:28:58,500
are But cold makes molecules 
sluggish. 

1590
01:28:58,500 --> 01:29:01,800
It reduces the kinetic energy of
available for chemical 

1591
01:29:01,800 --> 01:29:04,900
reactions. 
So, deep sea organisms produce 

1592
01:29:04,900 --> 01:29:07,900
proteins that are specifically 
adapted to work at low 

1593
01:29:07,900 --> 01:29:09,800
temperatures. 
Proteins. 

1594
01:29:09,800 --> 01:29:12,200
That would actually stop 
functioning properly if you warm

1595
01:29:12,200 --> 01:29:14,300
them up. 
These creatures would be poised 

1596
01:29:14,300 --> 01:29:17,200
by warm water. 
Not because heated self is 

1597
01:29:17,200 --> 01:29:21,300
toxic, but because they're 
entire biochemistry would stop 

1598
01:29:21,300 --> 01:29:25,600
working correctly. 
Fish swims past that appears to 

1599
01:29:25,600 --> 01:29:29,900
have antifreeze in its blood, 
which as it turns out, it does 

1600
01:29:29,900 --> 01:29:34,200
many deep sea fish produce 
antifreeze proteins molecules 

1601
01:29:34,200 --> 01:29:37,100
that prevent ice crystals from 
forming in their tissues. 

1602
01:29:37,800 --> 01:29:41,600
Now, you might reasonably point 
out that 36 degrees is above 

1603
01:29:41,600 --> 01:29:43,400
freezing. 
So why would they need 

1604
01:29:43,400 --> 01:29:45,800
antifreeze? 
Excellent question. 

1605
01:29:45,800 --> 01:29:48,700
The answer is that these 
pressures the freezing point of 

1606
01:29:48,708 --> 01:29:52,400
water drops slightly also fish 
body fluids have a lower 

1607
01:29:52,408 --> 01:29:55,400
freezing point than pure water 
anyway because they contain 

1608
01:29:55,400 --> 01:29:58,400
salts and proteins. 
But some deep sea fish, have 

1609
01:29:58,400 --> 01:30:02,300
added an extra margin of safety 
producing glycoproteins that 

1610
01:30:02,300 --> 01:30:05,400
bind to any ice crystals that 
start to form and prevent them 

1611
01:30:05,400 --> 01:30:08,700
from growing. 
Biological insurance against a 

1612
01:30:08,700 --> 01:30:11,000
catastrophe that might occur 
once in a million years. 

1613
01:30:12,000 --> 01:30:15,000
The cold also means that 
decomposition happens at a 

1614
01:30:15,000 --> 01:30:18,700
geological pace. 
When a fish dies in warm surface

1615
01:30:18,700 --> 01:30:21,400
water bacteria break it down 
within days. 

1616
01:30:21,400 --> 01:30:25,200
Down here that same fish might 
remain relatively intact for 

1617
01:30:25,200 --> 01:30:28,800
months or even years. 
The cold slows bacterial 

1618
01:30:28,800 --> 01:30:31,300
metabolism, just like it slows, 
everything else. 

1619
01:30:32,100 --> 01:30:35,300
This has interesting 
implications the deep ocean is 

1620
01:30:35,300 --> 01:30:39,400
in effect, a preservation 
chamber, whale carcasses can 

1621
01:30:39,400 --> 01:30:41,000
remain on the seafloor for 
decades. 

1622
01:30:41,000 --> 01:30:44,400
Slowly being consumed by a 
succession of Specialists 

1623
01:30:44,400 --> 01:30:47,600
organic matter, that would 
vanish quickly and warm water. 

1624
01:30:47,600 --> 01:30:51,300
Persists, providing a long-term 
food source for the scavengers 

1625
01:30:51,300 --> 01:30:54,600
patient enough to find it, your 
lights illuminate, a cluster of 

1626
01:30:54,608 --> 01:30:58,100
amphipods, small Crustaceans 
that look like swimming commas 

1627
01:30:58,100 --> 01:31:02,100
clustered around what appears to
be a fragment of something 

1628
01:31:02,100 --> 01:31:05,600
organic could be fish flesh. 
Could be whale. 

1629
01:31:05,600 --> 01:31:08,900
Blubber could be the remains of 
a jellyfish that died at the 

1630
01:31:08,900 --> 01:31:12,300
surface 6 months ago and finally
drifted down here. 

1631
01:31:12,300 --> 01:31:15,900
The amphipods are eating it with
the enthusiasm of people who 

1632
01:31:15,900 --> 01:31:18,800
aren't sure when they're leading
again, because they genuinely 

1633
01:31:18,800 --> 01:31:22,800
aren't sure when their lead to 
get Food is so scarce down here,

1634
01:31:22,800 --> 01:31:25,100
that finding a meal is an event 
worth documenting. 

1635
01:31:25,100 --> 01:31:28,700
The submersible's external 
sensors record, the water 

1636
01:31:28,700 --> 01:31:32,600
salinity, dissolved, oxygen 
levels and Trace chemical 

1637
01:31:32,600 --> 01:31:37,000
composition, the oxygen content 
is surprisingly, High cold water

1638
01:31:37,000 --> 01:31:40,300
holds more dissolved oxygen than
warm water which is one of the 

1639
01:31:40,300 --> 01:31:43,100
few advantages of operating in 
what amounts, to a natural 

1640
01:31:43,100 --> 01:31:46,700
refrigerator, many deep-sea 
organisms have evolved large 

1641
01:31:46,700 --> 01:31:49,400
Gill surfaces to extract their 
oxygen efficiently. 

1642
01:31:50,400 --> 01:31:53,100
Cause while there's plenty of 
oxygen available, the cold 

1643
01:31:53,100 --> 01:31:55,500
temperature means their 
metabolic Machinery Works 

1644
01:31:55,500 --> 01:31:58,100
slowly. 
So they need to maximize intake.

1645
01:31:58,100 --> 01:32:02,200
A comb jelly drifts passed, his 
rows of cilia, creating those 

1646
01:32:02,200 --> 01:32:05,100
characteristic rainbow ripples, 
as they catch your light's. 

1647
01:32:05,800 --> 01:32:08,800
Comb jellies are among the most 
alien looking creatures in the 

1648
01:32:08,800 --> 01:32:11,500
ocean. 
All translucent geometry and 

1649
01:32:11,500 --> 01:32:14,300
flowing movement. 
This one is about the size of 

1650
01:32:14,300 --> 01:32:16,700
your fist, pulsing slowly 
through the water. 

1651
01:32:17,800 --> 01:32:21,500
And warm surface water's comb, 
jellies can swim with surprising

1652
01:32:21,500 --> 01:32:25,600
speed there beating rapidly. 
This one moves like its 

1653
01:32:25,600 --> 01:32:29,200
underwater, which okay? 
It is on the water. 

1654
01:32:29,200 --> 01:32:32,300
But you know what I mean? 
It moves like it's underwater 

1655
01:32:32,300 --> 01:32:38,300
even for something underwater. 
Slow dream-like as if swimming 

1656
01:32:38,300 --> 01:32:41,900
Through Time rather than water. 
The cold has another effect that

1657
01:32:41,900 --> 01:32:44,500
scientists didn't fully 
appreciate until recently. 

1658
01:32:45,200 --> 01:32:50,100
It affects intelligence. 
Many deep sea fish have smaller 

1659
01:32:50,100 --> 01:32:53,100
brains relative to their body 
size than surface fish. 

1660
01:32:53,100 --> 01:32:57,300
This isn't because they're 
stupid will they might be but 

1661
01:32:57,300 --> 01:33:00,000
that's not the point. 
Brain tissue is metabolically 

1662
01:33:00,000 --> 01:33:03,400
expensive. 
Requiring significant energy to 

1663
01:33:03,400 --> 01:33:07,600
maintain in an environment where
food is scarce and metabolism is

1664
01:33:07,600 --> 01:33:11,400
slow maintaining a large. 
Brain is a luxury, few species 

1665
01:33:11,400 --> 01:33:15,000
can afford. 
So deep sea fish, have evolved 

1666
01:33:15,000 --> 01:33:18,500
to operate on minimal, neural 
Hardware, like running a modern 

1667
01:33:18,500 --> 01:33:23,100
computer on a processor from 
1995 it works, but don't expect 

1668
01:33:23,100 --> 01:33:26,500
miracles. 
A CQ cumber crosses the sediment

1669
01:33:26,500 --> 01:33:29,900
with the urgency of a glacier. 
Siku numbers are basically, the 

1670
01:33:29,900 --> 01:33:33,400
Roomba vacuum cleaners of the 
deep ocean, except slower and 

1671
01:33:33,400 --> 01:33:36,400
less intelligent, which is 
saying something given that 

1672
01:33:36,408 --> 01:33:38,000
roomba's regularly gets stuck 
on. 

1673
01:33:38,000 --> 01:33:40,900
Shoelaces. 
This particular specimen is 

1674
01:33:40,900 --> 01:33:44,800
about a footlong dark brown and 
covered in small PA that might 

1675
01:33:44,800 --> 01:33:47,900
serve some function or might 
just be along for the ride. 

1676
01:33:48,700 --> 01:33:52,600
Processing sediment, extracting,
whatever Trace organic matter. 

1677
01:33:52,600 --> 01:33:56,200
It can find and leaving behind 
neat, little piles of waste 

1678
01:33:56,200 --> 01:33:59,300
pellets. 
In cold water, this process 

1679
01:33:59,300 --> 01:34:01,500
takes even longer than it would 
in warm water. 

1680
01:34:01,500 --> 01:34:06,100
This sea cucumber might move 10 
feet in a day and consider it a 

1681
01:34:06,100 --> 01:34:08,800
productive outing. 
The cold also affects 

1682
01:34:08,800 --> 01:34:12,300
reproduction in ways that seem 
almost designed to frustrate the

1683
01:34:12,300 --> 01:34:14,900
animals. 
Involved many deep sea species, 

1684
01:34:14,900 --> 01:34:18,700
reach sexual maturity slowly. 
We're talking years or even 

1685
01:34:18,700 --> 01:34:21,300
decades. 
The anglerfish you saw earlier 

1686
01:34:21,300 --> 01:34:25,700
with its bioluminescent lure. 
It might not be ready to mate 

1687
01:34:25,700 --> 01:34:29,200
until it's 15 years old. 
Compared that to surface fish 

1688
01:34:29,200 --> 01:34:31,300
species, that reach maturity and
months. 

1689
01:34:31,300 --> 01:34:35,300
The cold temperatures, slows 
growth rates, delays development

1690
01:34:35,300 --> 01:34:38,600
and generally makes the entire 
process of reproduction. 

1691
01:34:38,600 --> 01:34:42,700
An investment that requires 
serious long-term planning, a 

1692
01:34:42,700 --> 01:34:44,300
Dumbo octopus. 
Appears at the edge of your 

1693
01:34:44,300 --> 01:34:46,900
lights named for the ear like 
fins on its head. 

1694
01:34:46,900 --> 01:34:49,500
That make it look like Disney's 
elephant, had a really strange 

1695
01:34:49,500 --> 01:34:53,500
evolutionary pathway Dumbo 
octopuses live at depths ranging

1696
01:34:53,500 --> 01:34:57,500
from 10,000 to 20,000 feet, 
making them some of the deepest 

1697
01:34:57,500 --> 01:35:00,700
living octopuses known. 
They hover just above the sea 

1698
01:35:00,700 --> 01:35:02,500
floor. 
Flapping those ear fins and slow

1699
01:35:02,500 --> 01:35:04,800
motion. 
Looking for small worms and 

1700
01:35:04,800 --> 01:35:07,900
Crustaceans. 
Everything about this octopus 

1701
01:35:07,900 --> 01:35:11,900
says low energy lifestyle. 
It doesn't jet around like it's 

1702
01:35:11,900 --> 01:35:14,900
shallow water cousin's. 
It doesn't change color rapidly,

1703
01:35:14,900 --> 01:35:17,700
its chromatophores. 
Like he works sluggishly at the 

1704
01:35:17,700 --> 01:35:20,400
temperature. 
It simply drifts along 

1705
01:35:20,400 --> 01:35:23,300
occasionally, extending an arm 
to grab something edible. 

1706
01:35:23,300 --> 01:35:26,700
Then continuing, its endless 
slow-motion, patrol of the 

1707
01:35:26,700 --> 01:35:30,900
Abyss, the submersible's heating
system kicks on with a quiet hum

1708
01:35:30,900 --> 01:35:34,200
inside your comfortable at about
68 degrees. 

1709
01:35:34,200 --> 01:35:37,900
But the cold outside is 
constantly trying to infiltrate 

1710
01:35:37,900 --> 01:35:41,900
conducting through the titanium 
Hull, despite the insulation. 

1711
01:35:41,900 --> 01:35:45,100
It's a reminder that you're 
essentially sitting in a warm 

1712
01:35:45,100 --> 01:35:48,400
bubble, surrounded by a cold 
that has persisted longer than 

1713
01:35:48,400 --> 01:35:51,800
our species has existed. 
Scientists have discovered that 

1714
01:35:51,800 --> 01:35:55,100
many deep sea organisms produce 
what are called, cold shock 

1715
01:35:55,100 --> 01:35:59,400
proteins molecules that help 
stabilize other proteins at low 

1716
01:35:59,400 --> 01:36:02,300
temperatures preventing them 
from folding incorrectly or 

1717
01:36:02,300 --> 01:36:05,700
aggregating into useless clumps.
It's like having molecular 

1718
01:36:05,700 --> 01:36:08,400
chaperones that make sure all 
the other proteins, maintain 

1719
01:36:08,400 --> 01:36:10,500
their shapes and keep doing 
their jobs. 

1720
01:36:10,500 --> 01:36:14,600
Despite working in what, amounts
to a giant underwater freezer, a

1721
01:36:14,600 --> 01:36:16,300
jellyfish of truly impressive 
size. 

1722
01:36:16,300 --> 01:36:18,800
Appears ahead of you, it's at 
least three. 

1723
01:36:19,100 --> 01:36:22,800
Feet across translucent with 
dozens of 10 to tentacles 

1724
01:36:22,800 --> 01:36:24,500
trailing behind it, like, 
streamers. 

1725
01:36:24,500 --> 01:36:28,900
This is a deep sea Medusa and 
it's probably been drifting 

1726
01:36:28,900 --> 01:36:33,400
through these cold waters for 
years growing slowly, capturing,

1727
01:36:33,400 --> 01:36:36,200
whatever small creatures are. 
Unlucky enough to brush against 

1728
01:36:36,200 --> 01:36:38,900
its stinging tentacles in warm 
water. 

1729
01:36:38,900 --> 01:36:41,400
A jellyfish. 
This size might live for a few 

1730
01:36:41,408 --> 01:36:46,500
months in the cold deep ocean it
Just for decades, its tissues 

1731
01:36:46,500 --> 01:36:48,800
breaking down. 
So slowly, that time becomes 

1732
01:36:48,800 --> 01:36:51,900
almost irrelevant. 
Coal doesn't just slow life 

1733
01:36:51,900 --> 01:36:54,200
down. 
It changes the entire strategy. 

1734
01:36:55,100 --> 01:36:59,200
Surfaced dwelling organisms, 
live fast reproduce quickly and 

1735
01:36:59,200 --> 01:37:02,500
die young. 
Deep sea organisms, live slowly 

1736
01:37:02,500 --> 01:37:06,700
reproduce rarely, and persist 
for decades or centuries. 

1737
01:37:06,700 --> 01:37:09,500
It's the difference between a 
sprinter and an Ultra 

1738
01:37:09,500 --> 01:37:12,300
marathoner. 
Between burning bright and 

1739
01:37:12,300 --> 01:37:16,300
burning long, your submersible 
continues, its journey across 

1740
01:37:16,300 --> 01:37:18,800
the abyssal. 
Plain through water, that has 

1741
01:37:18,800 --> 01:37:22,600
been cold since before they were
humans to feel cold through an 

1742
01:37:22,600 --> 01:37:25,300
environment. 
So stable that Evolution here 

1743
01:37:25,300 --> 01:37:27,200
happens, even more slowly than 
usual. 

1744
01:37:27,200 --> 01:37:30,200
The organisms around. 
You aren't surviving the cold. 

1745
01:37:30,200 --> 01:37:34,600
They've transcended, it becoming
so perfectly adapted to it that,

1746
01:37:34,600 --> 01:37:38,000
the coldest simply their default
State, the only temperature 

1747
01:37:38,000 --> 01:37:41,200
they've ever known or could 
tolerate the thermometer still 

1748
01:37:41,200 --> 01:37:47,000
reads 35.7 degrees. 
It will read 35.7 degrees 1000 

1749
01:37:47,000 --> 01:37:51,400
years from now, 100,000 years 
from now, the cold that Outlast 

1750
01:37:51,400 --> 01:37:54,300
ice ages, doesn't fluctuate, 
doesn't change. 

1751
01:37:54,300 --> 01:37:56,600
And doesn't care about what's 
happening on the surface. 

1752
01:37:56,600 --> 01:38:01,900
It simply persists patient and 
eternal shaping life into forms 

1753
01:38:01,900 --> 01:38:05,800
that move slowly. 
Think, slowly grows slowly and 

1754
01:38:05,800 --> 01:38:10,400
endure, your hovering about 50 
feet above the abyssal plain and

1755
01:38:10,400 --> 01:38:12,600
you haven't seen anything. 
Eat anything else for the past 

1756
01:38:12,600 --> 01:38:16,300
45 minutes. 
This it turns out is completely 

1757
01:38:16,300 --> 01:38:19,000
normal down here. 
Food isn't scared. 

1758
01:38:19,000 --> 01:38:21,700
It's essentially theoretical. 
It's something. 

1759
01:38:21,700 --> 01:38:24,500
You've heard exists, something 
your grandparents mentioned. 

1760
01:38:24,500 --> 01:38:27,400
Once something you might 
encounter at some point before 

1761
01:38:27,400 --> 01:38:31,000
you die of old age. 
The Marine snow continues, its 

1762
01:38:31,000 --> 01:38:34,100
endless drift downward. 
And now, you understand why they

1763
01:38:34,100 --> 01:38:36,800
call it that, it really does 
look like snow. 

1764
01:38:36,800 --> 01:38:40,000
Except the snow falls at roughly
three to four miles per hour. 

1765
01:38:40,800 --> 01:38:44,300
This stuff this Falls at about 
four feet per day. 

1766
01:38:45,200 --> 01:38:48,800
A particle leaving the surface. 
Today won't reach this depth for

1767
01:38:48,800 --> 01:38:51,700
about a month and a half. 
And by the time it gets here, 

1768
01:38:51,700 --> 01:38:54,700
it's been picked over by every 
hungry creature at every depth 

1769
01:38:54,700 --> 01:38:58,500
along the way what reaches the 
abyssal plain is basically the 

1770
01:38:58,500 --> 01:39:01,300
crumbs from someone else's 
Crumbs from someone else's 

1771
01:39:01,300 --> 01:39:03,900
crumbs. 
Scientists estimate, that only 

1772
01:39:03,900 --> 01:39:07,000
about 1% of the organic matter 
produced at the surface ever 

1773
01:39:07,000 --> 01:39:11,500
makes it to the deep sea floor. 
1%, imagine living in a place 

1774
01:39:11,500 --> 01:39:15,100
where 99% of all food is 
destroyed before it reaches you 

1775
01:39:15,100 --> 01:39:19,200
and the 1% that remains has been
thoroughly protruded by everyone

1776
01:39:19,200 --> 01:39:21,600
else. 
Now, imagine that's the good 

1777
01:39:21,600 --> 01:39:25,400
times the feast periods. 
That's the deep ocean. 

1778
01:39:26,300 --> 01:39:28,800
A transparency squid. 
Hangs Motionless In The Water 

1779
01:39:28,800 --> 01:39:31,200
ahead of you. 
And when I say transparent, I 

1780
01:39:31,200 --> 01:39:34,000
mean, you can literally see its 
internal organs through its 

1781
01:39:34,000 --> 01:39:37,100
skin. 
This isn't some artistic Choice.

1782
01:39:37,100 --> 01:39:41,000
It's camouflage in A Place With 
No Light being invisible, 

1783
01:39:41,000 --> 01:39:45,100
doesn't help much But this squid
likely migrates Upward at night 

1784
01:39:45,100 --> 01:39:48,500
to feed in slightly shallower 
Waters where transparency is 

1785
01:39:48,500 --> 01:39:52,200
actually useful right now though
it's just hanging there. 

1786
01:39:52,900 --> 01:39:57,300
Doing absolutely nothing because
doing nothing is the only energy

1787
01:39:57,300 --> 01:39:59,700
efficient strategy when food is 
this rare. 

1788
01:40:00,800 --> 01:40:04,100
The squids stomach is visible 
through its translucent tissue 

1789
01:40:04,100 --> 01:40:08,400
and its empty, not just empty. 
Like, I should probably soon but

1790
01:40:08,400 --> 01:40:11,400
empty, like, a last date 3 weeks
ago, and I'm fine with that. 

1791
01:40:12,300 --> 01:40:15,600
Deep sea creatures, have evolved
metabolic rates solo that they 

1792
01:40:15,600 --> 01:40:19,400
make hibernating bears, look 
hyperactive this squid might eat

1793
01:40:19,400 --> 01:40:21,700
twice a month and consider 
itself well fed. 

1794
01:40:22,400 --> 01:40:25,400
Here's a fun fact that will 
rearrange your understanding of 

1795
01:40:25,400 --> 01:40:27,700
energy. 
Some deep sea fish have 

1796
01:40:27,700 --> 01:40:31,700
metabolic rate so low that they 
burn fewer calories per day than

1797
01:40:31,700 --> 01:40:36,000
a battery releases. 
We're talking about animals that

1798
01:40:36,000 --> 01:40:38,200
operate on less than 10 calories
per day. 

1799
01:40:39,000 --> 01:40:42,300
A single potato, chip contains 
more energy than some deep sea 

1800
01:40:42,300 --> 01:40:44,600
fish. 
Consume in a week, they have 

1801
01:40:44,600 --> 01:40:47,700
essentially learned to run their
entire biology on standby mode. 

1802
01:40:47,700 --> 01:40:51,400
Keeping just enough functions, 
active to qualify as alive 

1803
01:40:51,400 --> 01:40:56,000
waiting, for the rare moment 
when food actually appears a rat

1804
01:40:56,000 --> 01:40:58,900
tail fish swims past, and you 
notice something odd about his 

1805
01:40:58,900 --> 01:41:02,300
body composition. 
It's mostly water and very 

1806
01:41:02,300 --> 01:41:05,700
little muscle. 
Maybe 20% of its body weight is 

1807
01:41:05,700 --> 01:41:09,000
actual tissue. 
The rest is water and gelatinous

1808
01:41:09,000 --> 01:41:11,400
protein. 
This is the deep sea equivalent 

1809
01:41:11,400 --> 01:41:15,500
of a budget, laptop maximum 
size, minimum components. 

1810
01:41:15,500 --> 01:41:19,100
The fish needs to be large 
enough to avoid predation, and 

1811
01:41:19,100 --> 01:41:22,100
to hold sufficient eggs for 
reproduction, but it can't 

1812
01:41:22,100 --> 01:41:24,700
afford the energy cost of 
maintaining muscle tissue at 

1813
01:41:24,700 --> 01:41:27,600
rarely uses. 
So it's essentially a water 

1814
01:41:27,600 --> 01:41:30,800
balloon with just enough biology
attached to keep things running.

1815
01:41:31,500 --> 01:41:34,800
Your lights catch something 
falling, a larger chunk of 

1816
01:41:34,800 --> 01:41:39,400
organic matter, maybe the size 
of a softball descending faster 

1817
01:41:39,400 --> 01:41:42,800
than the usual Marine snow. 
This is what scientists call 

1818
01:41:42,800 --> 01:41:45,800
fasting particles chunks of 
fecal. 

1819
01:41:45,800 --> 01:41:49,400
Matter from surface whales, dead
jellyfish and fragments of large

1820
01:41:49,400 --> 01:41:52,100
fish. 
This is Prime real estate in the

1821
01:41:52,108 --> 01:41:55,500
deep ocean, the equivalent of 
finding, a $20 bill on the 

1822
01:41:55,508 --> 01:41:58,900
sidewalk. 
Within moments small Crustaceans

1823
01:41:58,900 --> 01:42:01,800
appear from the darkness. 
Converging on this falling 

1824
01:42:01,800 --> 01:42:03,700
treasure, they'll strip it 
clean. 

1825
01:42:03,700 --> 01:42:06,800
Before it reaches the sea floor,
fighting over scraps, that 

1826
01:42:06,800 --> 01:42:10,700
surface creatures would consider
garbage The foods Gas City 

1827
01:42:10,700 --> 01:42:12,900
affects every aspect of life 
down here. 

1828
01:42:12,900 --> 01:42:17,300
Take reproduction. many deep sea
fish are what's called broadcast

1829
01:42:17,300 --> 01:42:21,100
born as they release eggs and 
sperm into the water and hopes, 

1830
01:42:21,100 --> 01:42:25,400
some of the meat, Food Rich, 
surface waters, fish can afford 

1831
01:42:25,400 --> 01:42:28,600
to produce hundreds of thousands
of tiny eggs because most will 

1832
01:42:28,600 --> 01:42:31,500
die. 
But enough, will survive in the 

1833
01:42:31,500 --> 01:42:34,200
deep ocean. 
Females produce, far, fewer 

1834
01:42:34,200 --> 01:42:36,500
eggs. 
But each one is large, and 

1835
01:42:36,500 --> 01:42:40,000
packed with nutrients giving the
lovely a better chance of 

1836
01:42:40,000 --> 01:42:43,100
surviving the brutal early weeks
when their two small to compete 

1837
01:42:43,100 --> 01:42:45,300
for food. 
Effectively, a gulper eel 

1838
01:42:45,300 --> 01:42:48,600
appears in your lights and it's 
exactly as unsettling as the 

1839
01:42:48,600 --> 01:42:52,200
name. 
Suggests Its mouth is enormous 

1840
01:42:52,200 --> 01:42:57,000
literally four times the size of
its body opening to a size that 

1841
01:42:57,000 --> 01:43:00,200
looks physically impossible. 
This is because when you never 

1842
01:43:00,208 --> 01:43:03,300
know, when you'll eat again, you
can't afford to be picky about 

1843
01:43:03,300 --> 01:43:06,300
prey size. 
If something edible swims past 

1844
01:43:06,300 --> 01:43:07,500
you need to be able to swallow 
it. 

1845
01:43:07,500 --> 01:43:11,100
Whether it's smaller than you 
roughly or size or in some 

1846
01:43:11,108 --> 01:43:15,200
remarkable cases, actually 
larger than you the gulper eel 

1847
01:43:15,200 --> 01:43:18,100
has essentially evolved into a 
self-propelled stomach that 

1848
01:43:18,100 --> 01:43:22,100
occasionally encounters food, 
But here's the thing, even that 

1849
01:43:22,100 --> 01:43:26,000
enormous mouth goes unused. 
Most of the time, scientists 

1850
01:43:26,000 --> 01:43:28,700
have examined, gulper eel, 
stomachs and found the empty 

1851
01:43:28,700 --> 01:43:32,100
more often than not. 
This fish can go months without 

1852
01:43:32,100 --> 01:43:35,300
eating. 
Its metabolism is so slow that a

1853
01:43:35,308 --> 01:43:39,100
single meal. 
Even a small one can sustain it 

1854
01:43:39,100 --> 01:43:41,600
for weeks. 
It drifts through the darkness 

1855
01:43:41,600 --> 01:43:45,100
mouth a gate. 
Essentially trolling for food on

1856
01:43:45,100 --> 01:43:47,600
the off-chance that something 
edible might swim into it. 

1857
01:43:47,600 --> 01:43:51,500
It's the most passive hunting 
strategy imaginable and it works

1858
01:43:51,500 --> 01:43:55,200
about as well as you'd expect 
which is to say barely a haul of

1859
01:43:55,200 --> 01:43:58,500
marine snow accumulates on the 
sea floor, beneath you forming 

1860
01:43:58,500 --> 01:44:01,000
small Mounds that rise. 
Perhaps an inch above, the 

1861
01:44:01,000 --> 01:44:04,400
surrounding sediment, these 
Mounds represent months or years

1862
01:44:04,400 --> 01:44:08,000
of accumulation and their 
hotspots of biological activity,

1863
01:44:08,000 --> 01:44:11,800
which in this context means that
two or three seek you come as 

1864
01:44:11,800 --> 01:44:16,000
might visit them in a decade. 
Cucumbers will process this 

1865
01:44:16,000 --> 01:44:20,200
sediment, extracting whatever, 
Trace organic matter remains and

1866
01:44:20,200 --> 01:44:22,200
leave behind slightly different 
sediment. 

1867
01:44:23,400 --> 01:44:27,000
It's the Deep oceans version of 
farming except slower and 

1868
01:44:27,000 --> 01:44:29,700
sadder. 
The food scarcity is led to some

1869
01:44:29,700 --> 01:44:34,100
truly bizarre feeding strategies
Some deep sea fish have, Jaws 

1870
01:44:34,100 --> 01:44:37,000
that can dislocate to allow them
to swallow prey larger than 

1871
01:44:37,000 --> 01:44:39,900
themselves. 
Others have expandable stomachs 

1872
01:44:39,900 --> 01:44:43,300
that can stretch to accommodate 
rare large meals, It's like 

1873
01:44:43,300 --> 01:44:46,100
showing up to a buffet once a 
year and trying to eat enough to

1874
01:44:46,100 --> 01:44:49,900
last until the next one, the 
strategy Works technically but 

1875
01:44:49,900 --> 01:44:53,200
it's not something, you'd 
recommend a vampire squid drifts

1876
01:44:53,200 --> 01:44:56,300
passed and despite the name it 
doesn't suck blood it. 

1877
01:44:56,300 --> 01:44:59,700
Got its name from the dark 
webbing between its arms, which 

1878
01:44:59,700 --> 01:45:02,800
looks like a vampires cloak when
it inverts the arms over itself 

1879
01:45:02,800 --> 01:45:05,600
in a defensive posture. 
But here's what makes the 

1880
01:45:05,600 --> 01:45:08,900
vampire squid special. 
It's one of the few deep sea 

1881
01:45:08,900 --> 01:45:11,000
creatures that figured out a 
clever food hack. 

1882
01:45:11,000 --> 01:45:14,900
Instead of waiting for live 
prey, it collects Marine snow, 

1883
01:45:14,900 --> 01:45:18,700
those drifting particles of 
organic matter using filaments 

1884
01:45:18,700 --> 01:45:22,600
covered in sticky mucus. 
It then runs these filaments 

1885
01:45:22,600 --> 01:45:25,600
through his arms, scraping off 
the collected particles and 

1886
01:45:25,600 --> 01:45:27,700
eating them. 
Is this dignified? 

1887
01:45:27,700 --> 01:45:30,600
No. 
Does it sound like something a 

1888
01:45:30,600 --> 01:45:33,700
creature would do if it had 
literally any other option also 

1889
01:45:33,700 --> 01:45:36,900
know. 
But it works the vampire squid 

1890
01:45:36,900 --> 01:45:39,800
is essentially become a filter 
feeder in a place where filter 

1891
01:45:39,800 --> 01:45:42,700
feeding shouldn't be viable 
because they're so little to 

1892
01:45:42,700 --> 01:45:48,500
filter it surviving on scraps of
scraps and somehow impossibly, 

1893
01:45:48,500 --> 01:45:52,600
it's making it work, your 
submersible sensors detect. 

1894
01:45:52,600 --> 01:45:56,200
A localized area of slightly 
higher, biological activity 

1895
01:45:56,200 --> 01:45:58,100
ahead. 
As you approach. 

1896
01:45:58,100 --> 01:46:04,400
You see why a whale fall. 
A gray whale dead for Pats. 

1897
01:46:04,400 --> 01:46:08,200
A decade lies on the sea floor. 
Like a gift from the gods. 

1898
01:46:08,200 --> 01:46:12,300
Its flesh is been Stripped Away 
by scavengers but its bones 

1899
01:46:12,300 --> 01:46:15,400
remain and their covered with 
strange white filaments. 

1900
01:46:15,400 --> 01:46:18,100
These are zombie worms. 
Yes. 

1901
01:46:18,100 --> 01:46:21,200
That's their actual name and 
their dissolving. 

1902
01:46:21,200 --> 01:46:23,900
The whale bones to extract the 
lipids trapped inside. 

1903
01:46:23,900 --> 01:46:28,200
This whale carcass, which would 
decomposing months in warm 

1904
01:46:28,200 --> 01:46:31,900
shallow water, will sustain a 
community of specialist down 

1905
01:46:31,900 --> 01:46:36,300
here for 50 or 60 years. 
This is what counts as a bonanza

1906
01:46:36,300 --> 01:46:39,200
in the deep ocean. 
A dead whale. 

1907
01:46:39,200 --> 01:46:43,200
That'll last two generations. 
This scarcity of food has shaped

1908
01:46:43,200 --> 01:46:45,100
every aspect of evolution down 
here. 

1909
01:46:45,900 --> 01:46:49,800
Deep sea fish have reduced 
skeletal density, less bone 

1910
01:46:49,800 --> 01:46:53,600
means less tissue to maintain. 
They have minimal scales or no 

1911
01:46:53,600 --> 01:46:56,000
scales at all. 
Their brains are smaller. 

1912
01:46:56,000 --> 01:46:59,600
Their organs are compact. 
Everything nonessential has been

1913
01:46:59,600 --> 01:47:02,800
Stripped Away In The Name Of 
Energy Efficiency, they're like 

1914
01:47:02,808 --> 01:47:05,000
organisms that have been through
a ruthless corporate 

1915
01:47:05,000 --> 01:47:08,000
restructuring. 
Cut down to only the Departments

1916
01:47:08,000 --> 01:47:09,800
that absolutely must keep 
running. 

1917
01:47:10,600 --> 01:47:13,600
A tripod fish sits on the sea 
floor ahead and it's doing 

1918
01:47:13,600 --> 01:47:15,400
exactly what it is. 
Named suggests. 

1919
01:47:16,200 --> 01:47:19,400
Standing on three along gated 
finra Rays like a camera tripod.

1920
01:47:19,400 --> 01:47:24,200
It's facing into the current 
such as it is waiting for food 

1921
01:47:24,200 --> 01:47:27,500
to drift past this fish can 
stand here for days. 

1922
01:47:27,500 --> 01:47:31,200
Barely moving barely breathing 
and conserving every possible 

1923
01:47:31,200 --> 01:47:35,100
Cal when something edible 
touches its sensory Rays, it'll 

1924
01:47:35,100 --> 01:47:38,600
strike a quick snap of Jaws that
represents more energy 

1925
01:47:38,600 --> 01:47:41,100
expenditure than the fish has 
made in the past week. 

1926
01:47:41,900 --> 01:47:44,900
Then it'll return to its tripod 
stance and wait, some more. 

1927
01:47:44,900 --> 01:47:49,700
This is hunting in the deep 
ocean standing, very still for a

1928
01:47:49,700 --> 01:47:52,800
very long time and hoping Food, 
scarcity. 

1929
01:47:52,800 --> 01:47:57,200
Oddly enough has led to less 
competition when resources are 

1930
01:47:57,200 --> 01:47:58,900
this sparse defending a 
territory? 

1931
01:47:58,900 --> 01:48:01,600
Makes no sense. 
Because there's nothing worth 

1932
01:48:01,600 --> 01:48:04,800
defending. 
Fighting over food costs more 

1933
01:48:04,800 --> 01:48:07,800
energy than just waiting for the
next bit of marine. 

1934
01:48:07,800 --> 01:48:11,200
Snow to drift past so deep sea 
creatures, have largely 

1935
01:48:11,200 --> 01:48:15,700
abandoned territorial Behavior, 
they simply spread out maximize 

1936
01:48:15,700 --> 01:48:19,200
their spacing and hope their 
particular patch of seafloor. 

1937
01:48:19,200 --> 01:48:22,000
Receives slightly more than 
average, rainfall of organic 

1938
01:48:22,000 --> 01:48:24,300
matter. 
Your submersible begins to 

1939
01:48:24,300 --> 01:48:26,400
ascend leaving the abyssal plain
behind. 

1940
01:48:26,400 --> 01:48:30,000
As you rise, you look down at 
the sea floor, one more time 

1941
01:48:30,000 --> 01:48:34,100
that the vast muddy expanse, 
where food is rare enough to be 

1942
01:48:34,100 --> 01:48:37,500
precious where creatures have 
evolved to survive on almost 

1943
01:48:37,500 --> 01:48:41,400
nothing and where the entire 
ecosystem operates on energy, 

1944
01:48:41,400 --> 01:48:44,400
margins? 
So thin the surface organisms 

1945
01:48:44,400 --> 01:48:48,300
could not even comprehend them 
when food becomes fiction like 

1946
01:48:48,300 --> 01:48:52,000
becomes patients and down here. 
Patience is the only virtue that

1947
01:48:52,000 --> 01:48:54,300
matters. 
Your submersible is moving 

1948
01:48:54,300 --> 01:48:57,700
laterally now, crossing the 
abyssal plain towards something.

1949
01:48:57,700 --> 01:49:01,900
The sonar detected an hour ago. 
Ridge, rising from the sea 

1950
01:49:01,900 --> 01:49:04,600
floor, like a mountain. 
That never quite breaks. 

1951
01:49:04,600 --> 01:49:08,000
The surface, your approaching, 
what's called a mid-ocean ridge?

1952
01:49:08,000 --> 01:49:11,600
One of the places where tectonic
plates are spreading apart and 

1953
01:49:11,600 --> 01:49:16,100
Earth is literally creating new 
seafloor pumping out fresh rock 

1954
01:49:16,100 --> 01:49:20,900
from the mantle below The water 
temperature ahead is rising, not

1955
01:49:20,900 --> 01:49:23,300
much. 
You've gone from 36 degrees to 

1956
01:49:23,300 --> 01:49:27,000
38 degrees but in a place where 
temperature has been constant 

1957
01:49:27,000 --> 01:49:29,700
for millions of years. 
Two degrees feels like a 

1958
01:49:29,700 --> 01:49:33,600
revolution, your sensors are all
so detecting chemical anomalies 

1959
01:49:33,600 --> 01:49:37,200
hydrogen sulfide methane and 
metals in solution. 

1960
01:49:38,100 --> 01:49:40,800
Something ahead is profoundly 
changing, the chemistry of the 

1961
01:49:40,808 --> 01:49:46,400
water and then you see it. 
Black smoker, it rises from the 

1962
01:49:46,400 --> 01:49:50,600
sea floor, like a chimney from 
Hell roughly 20 feet, tall made 

1963
01:49:50,600 --> 01:49:53,500
of minerals that have 
precipitated out of superheated 

1964
01:49:53,500 --> 01:49:56,100
water. 
And from its opening, billowing 

1965
01:49:56,100 --> 01:50:00,100
up into the cold, ocean comes a 
dark blue that looks like smoke 

1966
01:50:00,100 --> 01:50:04,100
but is actually water water 
heated to over 600 degrees 

1967
01:50:04,100 --> 01:50:07,300
Fahrenheit. 
So hot, it would boil instantly 

1968
01:50:07,300 --> 01:50:10,900
at the surface but stays liquid 
down here because the pressure 

1969
01:50:10,900 --> 01:50:15,600
is too intense to let vaporize. 
This is a hydrothermal vent and 

1970
01:50:15,600 --> 01:50:18,200
it represents a complete 
inversion of everything you've 

1971
01:50:18,200 --> 01:50:21,500
learned about the depot potion. 
This is a place of heat in the 

1972
01:50:21,508 --> 01:50:24,600
cold Abyss. 
Of chemical energy in a food, 

1973
01:50:24,600 --> 01:50:29,300
starved Wasteland of abundance 
and scarcity and it's absolutely

1974
01:50:29,300 --> 01:50:32,900
crawling with life. 
The area around the vent is 

1975
01:50:32,900 --> 01:50:35,500
covered. 
And I mean, covered with tube 

1976
01:50:35,500 --> 01:50:37,900
worms. 
They're called riftia and 

1977
01:50:37,900 --> 01:50:39,400
they're about as weird as 
organisms. 

1978
01:50:39,400 --> 01:50:43,800
Get each one is six feet long 
white with brilliant, red 

1979
01:50:43,800 --> 01:50:46,600
plumes. 
Extending from their tubes, they

1980
01:50:46,600 --> 01:50:50,300
have no mouth, no digestive 
system, and no anus. 

1981
01:50:50,300 --> 01:50:53,700
They survive entirely through a 
symbiotic relationship with 

1982
01:50:53,700 --> 01:50:55,600
bacteria that live inside their 
bodies. 

1983
01:50:55,600 --> 01:50:59,200
The bacteria, use the hydrogen 
sulfide from the vent water, 

1984
01:50:59,200 --> 01:51:02,800
which is toxic to most organisms
to produce energy through 

1985
01:51:02,800 --> 01:51:05,700
chemosynthesis. 
And they share that energy with 

1986
01:51:05,700 --> 01:51:08,400
the worm. 
The worm in return provides, the

1987
01:51:08,400 --> 01:51:10,600
bacteria with hydrogen, sulfide 
and oxygen. 

1988
01:51:11,700 --> 01:51:15,200
Its photosynthesis with without 
the photo part life powered by 

1989
01:51:15,200 --> 01:51:17,300
Earth's internal heat rather 
than the Sun. 

1990
01:51:17,300 --> 01:51:21,100
A white crabs scuttles across 
the tube worm storks picking at 

1991
01:51:21,100 --> 01:51:24,300
the plumes with its claws. 
This is a vent crab and it's 

1992
01:51:24,300 --> 01:51:28,200
blind its eyes of regressed to 
useless nubbins because there's 

1993
01:51:28,200 --> 01:51:31,700
no light down here anyway and 
maintaining functional eyes 

1994
01:51:31,700 --> 01:51:34,300
costs energy that could be 
better, spent elsewhere. 

1995
01:51:35,100 --> 01:51:37,900
But it doesn't need eyes. 
It can sense the chemical 

1996
01:51:37,900 --> 01:51:41,400
gradients in the water finding 
its way toward food sources by 

1997
01:51:41,400 --> 01:51:44,600
chemistry alone. 
The black smoker continues to 

1998
01:51:44,600 --> 01:51:48,200
Billow its dark plume, which is 
actually mineral-rich water 

1999
01:51:48,200 --> 01:51:53,100
precipitating out, iron copper 
zinc and other metals as it hits

2000
01:51:53,100 --> 01:51:56,500
the cold ocean over time. 
This precipitation builds the 

2001
01:51:56,500 --> 01:52:00,500
chimney taller adding layer upon
layer of minerals, some of these

2002
01:52:00,500 --> 01:52:04,600
chimneys grow for decades 
reaching Heights of 60 or 70 

2003
01:52:04,600 --> 01:52:07,400
feet before they collapse under 
their own weight or seal 

2004
01:52:07,400 --> 01:52:09,300
themselves shut with mineral 
deposits. 

2005
01:52:10,000 --> 01:52:13,300
A shrimp swarms around the vent 
opening, thousands of them. 

2006
01:52:13,300 --> 01:52:15,700
So densely packed. 
They looked like a living 

2007
01:52:15,700 --> 01:52:18,300
carpet. 
He's a vent shrimp and their 

2008
01:52:18,300 --> 01:52:21,300
farming bacteria. 
They've evolved specialized 

2009
01:52:21,300 --> 01:52:24,500
structures on their backs where 
bacteria grow and the shrimp 

2010
01:52:24,500 --> 01:52:27,000
position themselves at. 
Just the right distance from the

2011
01:52:27,000 --> 01:52:29,600
vent. 
Close enough to benefit from the

2012
01:52:29,600 --> 01:52:32,400
chemical Rich water far enough. 
Not to cook. 

2013
01:52:32,400 --> 01:52:36,000
They literally stand at the edge
of boiling harvesting 

2014
01:52:36,000 --> 01:52:39,800
microorganisms that are 
themselves harvesting energy 

2015
01:52:39,800 --> 01:52:43,600
from toxic minerals. the 
temperature gradients, here are 

2016
01:52:43,600 --> 01:52:48,900
extreme the water exiting, the 
vent is over, 600 Degrees 6 

2017
01:52:48,900 --> 01:52:54,300
inches away, its 300 degrees, a 
foot away, its 100 degrees, 2 

2018
01:52:54,300 --> 01:52:56,000
feet away. 
Its back to ambient temperature,

2019
01:52:56,000 --> 01:52:59,900
that same 36 degrees, that 
characterizes the rest of the 

2020
01:52:59,900 --> 01:53:03,500
Abyss organisms here have to 
navigate thermal boundaries, 

2021
01:53:03,500 --> 01:53:06,800
that would be instantly lethal 
if crossed positioning 

2022
01:53:06,800 --> 01:53:08,700
themselves with Precision in a 
Zone. 

2023
01:53:08,700 --> 01:53:11,900
That's simultaneously warm 
enough to support chemosynthetic

2024
01:53:11,900 --> 01:53:14,800
bacteria. 
But cool enough not to denature 

2025
01:53:14,800 --> 01:53:19,200
proteins, a giant clam sits near
the base of the vent chimney. 

2026
01:53:19,208 --> 01:53:24,700
Its shell easily three feet 
across Like the tube worms, it 

2027
01:53:24,700 --> 01:53:27,200
has no need for a conventional 
digestive system. 

2028
01:53:27,200 --> 01:53:31,200
It's full of chemosynthetic 
bacteria that do the heavy 

2029
01:53:31,200 --> 01:53:34,400
lifting of energy production. 
The clam just sits there, 

2030
01:53:34,400 --> 01:53:38,300
filtering vent, water, providing
its bacterial partners with 

2031
01:53:38,300 --> 01:53:41,300
hydrogen sulfide and collecting 
the nutrients. 

2032
01:53:41,300 --> 01:53:44,000
They produce. 
It's been sitting in this exact 

2033
01:53:44,000 --> 01:53:48,000
spot for potentially 100 years. 
Growing slowly surrounded by 

2034
01:53:48,000 --> 01:53:50,600
toxic chemicals. 
That would kill most organisms 

2035
01:53:50,600 --> 01:53:53,000
within minutes. 
What's remarkable about these 

2036
01:53:53,000 --> 01:53:55,900
venti ecosystems is that they're
completely independent of the 

2037
01:53:55,900 --> 01:54:01,600
Sun, every other ecosystem on 
Earth forests grasslands, coral 

2038
01:54:01,600 --> 01:54:05,800
reefs, even the Deep oceans, a 
Bissell planes ultimately 

2039
01:54:05,800 --> 01:54:08,300
depends on photosynthesis 
energy. 

2040
01:54:08,300 --> 01:54:11,200
Enters through plants or 
phytoplankton and then moves up 

2041
01:54:11,200 --> 01:54:15,200
through food chains. 
Here at hydrothermal vents 

2042
01:54:15,200 --> 01:54:18,400
energy enters Through Chemistry 
bacteria. 

2043
01:54:18,400 --> 01:54:21,600
Take hydrogen, sulfide and 
produce organic compounds. 

2044
01:54:21,600 --> 01:54:24,900
Those bacteria, become the 
foundation of an entire food 

2045
01:54:24,900 --> 01:54:27,100
web. 
This means that if the sun went 

2046
01:54:27,100 --> 01:54:29,100
out tomorrow, which lets be 
clear. 

2047
01:54:29,108 --> 01:54:32,100
It won't, but hypothetically, 
these vent communities. 

2048
01:54:32,100 --> 01:54:35,500
Would be fine. 
They wouldn't even notice their 

2049
01:54:35,500 --> 01:54:39,100
powered by Earth's, internal 
heat by the radioactive decay of

2050
01:54:39,100 --> 01:54:42,700
elements in the mantle, and by 
geological processes that will 

2051
01:54:42,700 --> 01:54:46,800
continue for billions of years. 
After the sun expands into a red

2052
01:54:46,800 --> 01:54:50,400
giant, and consumes the inner 
planets, an octopus appears at 

2053
01:54:50,408 --> 01:54:52,300
the edge of your light's pale 
and ghostly. 

2054
01:54:52,300 --> 01:54:57,200
It's hunting extending its arms 
into crevices between rocks, 

2055
01:54:57,200 --> 01:55:01,600
searching for crabs or shrimp. 
This is one of the few places in

2056
01:55:01,600 --> 01:55:04,500
the deep ocean where Predators 
can actually find enough food to

2057
01:55:04,500 --> 01:55:08,000
justify hunting actively the 
concentration of life. 

2058
01:55:08,000 --> 01:55:11,400
Here is so unusual. 
So, contrary to the sparse 

2059
01:55:11,400 --> 01:55:14,800
distribution of organisms on the
Abyssal plain that it almost 

2060
01:55:14,800 --> 01:55:16,800
feels like you've traveled to a 
different planet. 

2061
01:55:16,800 --> 01:55:20,700
The black smoker pulses, 
slightly not dramatically, just 

2062
01:55:20,700 --> 01:55:23,100
a subtle variation in the plume,
intensity. 

2063
01:55:23,900 --> 01:55:27,200
This is because the flow isn't 
constant, it varies with 

2064
01:55:27,200 --> 01:55:30,400
pressure changes deep in the 
Earth's crust with the opening 

2065
01:55:30,400 --> 01:55:34,100
and closing of microscopic 
fissures in the rock below when 

2066
01:55:34,100 --> 01:55:36,800
events flow stops. 
The ecosystem dies. 

2067
01:55:37,500 --> 01:55:41,300
The tube worms unable to move. 
Simply perish, the bacteria, 

2068
01:55:41,300 --> 01:55:43,300
die, the crabs. 
Leave. 

2069
01:55:44,100 --> 01:55:46,800
Within months, a thriving 
Community can become a 

2070
01:55:46,800 --> 01:55:49,800
graveyard. 
But new vents are always forming

2071
01:55:49,800 --> 01:55:53,600
along the mid-ocean ridges tube 
worm, larvae drift in the 

2072
01:55:53,600 --> 01:55:57,600
currents waiting to detect the 
chemical signature of hydrogen 

2073
01:55:57,600 --> 01:56:00,300
sulfide. 
When they find a new vent, they 

2074
01:56:00,300 --> 01:56:04,400
settle and begin building their 
tubes, within a few years, a new

2075
01:56:04,400 --> 01:56:07,800
community establishes itself. 
The vents are ephemeral on 

2076
01:56:07,800 --> 01:56:11,700
geological time scales. 
Each one might last 20 or 30 

2077
01:56:11,700 --> 01:56:15,800
years before its seals shut, But
the system as a whole persists 

2078
01:56:15,800 --> 01:56:18,900
because there are always new 
vents forming somewhere along 

2079
01:56:18,900 --> 01:56:22,100
the 40,000 mile long mid-ocean 
ridge system. 

2080
01:56:22,100 --> 01:56:25,900
A fish swims past that looks 
relatively normal or at least as

2081
01:56:25,900 --> 01:56:29,200
normal as deep sea fish, look, 
but with one striking feature, 

2082
01:56:29,200 --> 01:56:32,500
its gills are bright red, almost
fluorescent. 

2083
01:56:32,500 --> 01:56:36,000
This is event fish and those red
gills are packed with 

2084
01:56:36,000 --> 01:56:38,300
hemoglobin, that's specially 
adapted to handle. 

2085
01:56:38,300 --> 01:56:41,800
Both the lower oxygen of deep 
water and the presence of 

2086
01:56:41,800 --> 01:56:45,700
hydrogen sulfide, which normally
interferes with oxygen transport

2087
01:56:45,700 --> 01:56:48,100
in blood. 
It solved a chemical problem 

2088
01:56:48,100 --> 01:56:51,400
that would stomp most organisms,
allowing it to live in water, 

2089
01:56:51,400 --> 01:56:54,500
that simultaneously, oxygen, 
poor and toxin Rich. 

2090
01:56:54,500 --> 01:56:57,700
The submersible sensors are 
recording constantly 

2091
01:56:57,700 --> 01:57:01,700
temperature. 
Chemical composition, pH levels 

2092
01:57:01,700 --> 01:57:05,500
and flow rates. 
The water here is a sick pH 

2093
01:57:05,500 --> 01:57:10,300
around 5 or 6 and loaded with 
heavy metals by surface 

2094
01:57:10,300 --> 01:57:13,100
standards. 
This is a toxic waste dump by 

2095
01:57:13,100 --> 01:57:15,800
the standard organisms, it's 
Paradise. 

2096
01:57:16,600 --> 01:57:20,200
A white smoker appears in the 
distance a related but different

2097
01:57:20,200 --> 01:57:22,900
phenomenon. 
Where black smokers emit Dark, 

2098
01:57:22,900 --> 01:57:25,900
mineral-rich Water? 
White smokers emit 

2099
01:57:25,900 --> 01:57:27,500
lighter-colored. 
Fluids that are cooler. 

2100
01:57:27,500 --> 01:57:32,300
Only about 200 to 300 degrees. 
And contain different dissolved 

2101
01:57:32,300 --> 01:57:34,400
minerals. 
They support similar, but 

2102
01:57:34,400 --> 01:57:37,500
distinct communities. 
Different species of tube, 

2103
01:57:37,500 --> 01:57:39,300
worms. 
Different bacteria and different

2104
01:57:39,300 --> 01:57:41,800
crabs. 
Evolution has produced 

2105
01:57:41,800 --> 01:57:44,300
Specialists for every 
conceivable niche. 

2106
01:57:44,300 --> 01:57:47,400
In this environment, what 
scientists find most exciting 

2107
01:57:47,400 --> 01:57:51,000
about hydrothermal vents isn't 
just that life exists here. 

2108
01:57:51,000 --> 01:57:55,500
What it implies if life can 
thrive in toxic, superheated 

2109
01:57:55,500 --> 01:57:59,700
water powered by chemistry 
rather than sunlight in complete

2110
01:57:59,700 --> 01:58:01,500
darkness under crushing 
pressure. 

2111
01:58:02,300 --> 01:58:05,100
Well, it suggests life might be 
possible in places. 

2112
01:58:05,100 --> 01:58:07,400
We previously written off as 
uninhabitable. 

2113
01:58:08,300 --> 01:58:10,300
Subsurface, ocean of Jupiter's 
moon. 

2114
01:58:10,300 --> 01:58:17,000
Europa maybe the underground 
water of Mars, possibly The 

2115
01:58:17,000 --> 01:58:19,200
concept of a habitable zone has 
expanded. 

2116
01:58:19,200 --> 01:58:24,000
Dramatically since hydrothermal 
vents were discovered in 1977, a

2117
01:58:24,000 --> 01:58:27,500
bacterial mat spread across the 
Rocks, near the vent base, white

2118
01:58:27,500 --> 01:58:29,600
and fuzzy. 
Looking these bacteria are 

2119
01:58:29,600 --> 01:58:33,000
probably growing at the fastest 
rate, any organism, grows in the

2120
01:58:33,008 --> 01:58:36,900
deep ocean which is still slow 
by surface standards but blazing

2121
01:58:36,900 --> 01:58:39,100
fast compared to the millimeter 
per year. 

2122
01:58:39,100 --> 01:58:42,200
Growth of most deep sea life. 
They're converting, hydrogen 

2123
01:58:42,200 --> 01:58:46,900
sulfide to energy, reproducing 
and forming layers of biomass 

2124
01:58:46,900 --> 01:58:48,600
that other organisms will graze 
on. 

2125
01:58:49,900 --> 01:58:52,500
The concentration of life. 
Here is staggering compared to 

2126
01:58:52,500 --> 01:58:54,900
the baron Bissell plane on the 
plane. 

2127
01:58:54,900 --> 01:58:58,000
You might see a fish. 
Every few hours here you can 

2128
01:58:58,000 --> 01:59:00,500
count hundreds of all organisms 
in a single frame of the 

2129
01:59:00,500 --> 01:59:05,000
viewport. it's the difference 
between a desert and 086 between

2130
01:59:05,000 --> 01:59:08,900
starvation and abundant the 
submersible begins to pull away 

2131
01:59:08,900 --> 01:59:12,700
from the vent and as it does you
watch the community received 

2132
01:59:12,700 --> 01:59:16,500
Into Darkness The bright plume 
of black smoke, a water 

2133
01:59:16,500 --> 01:59:20,700
continues to Billow upward. 
Tube worms, wave their red. 

2134
01:59:20,700 --> 01:59:24,200
Plumes in the current, the crabs
can continue their endless 

2135
01:59:24,200 --> 01:59:27,700
Scavenging and somewhere in the 
rock below magma is heating 

2136
01:59:27,700 --> 01:59:31,000
water, dissolving minerals, and 
creating the chemical 

2137
01:59:31,000 --> 01:59:33,300
foundation. 
For this entire impossible, 

2138
01:59:33,300 --> 01:59:37,900
ecosystem where black smokers 
Roar with life the deeper 

2139
01:59:37,900 --> 01:59:42,700
potions rules are suspended. 
Food is abundant growth is 

2140
01:59:42,700 --> 01:59:45,400
quick. 
The temperature rises above 

2141
01:59:45,400 --> 01:59:50,700
freezing and life. 
Improbably thrives, your 

2142
01:59:50,700 --> 01:59:52,900
submersible has left the 
hydrothermal vent behind and 

2143
01:59:52,900 --> 01:59:55,700
return to the vast. 
Dark expanse of the open water 

2144
01:59:55,700 --> 01:59:59,500
column The depth gauge reads 
11,000 feet. 

2145
02:00:00,300 --> 02:00:04,800
The temperature is back to 36 
degrees, the pressure is a snore

2146
02:00:04,800 --> 02:00:06,800
Miss. 
And now, for the first time, 

2147
02:00:06,800 --> 02:00:09,900
since you pass through the 
Twilight Zone hours ago, you're 

2148
02:00:09,900 --> 02:00:14,200
about to see light real light 
produced by living organisms, 

2149
02:00:14,200 --> 02:00:18,100
for purposes, that would make a 
Communications engineer envious.

2150
02:00:18,900 --> 02:00:21,000
The first flash is so brief. 
You almost miss it. 

2151
02:00:21,000 --> 02:00:23,900
A blue green spark about 50 feet
away. 

2152
02:00:23,900 --> 02:00:28,200
Lasting may be a 10th of a 
second, then another, then three

2153
02:00:28,200 --> 02:00:30,800
more in quick. 
Succession, forming a pattern. 

2154
02:00:30,800 --> 02:00:36,500
Dot dot, dot dash dash dash, dot
dot, you'll not receiving a 

2155
02:00:36,500 --> 02:00:39,500
morse code socks, but you are 
witnessing one of the most 

2156
02:00:39,500 --> 02:00:43,200
sophisticated communication 
systems in nature by 

2157
02:00:43,200 --> 02:00:47,200
luminescence. 
Down here where sunlight never 

2158
02:00:47,200 --> 02:00:50,800
reaches, roughly 90% of 
organisms, produced their own 

2159
02:00:50,800 --> 02:00:55,000
light, not weak, light not 
ambiguous glows, but actual 

2160
02:00:55,000 --> 02:00:57,400
photons generated through 
chemical reactions. 

2161
02:00:58,300 --> 02:01:01,400
Usually involving a molecule 
called luciferin reacting with 

2162
02:01:01,400 --> 02:01:04,000
an enzyme called luciferous the 
name. 

2163
02:01:04,000 --> 02:01:07,900
Sound like they came from a 
fantasy novel luciferin 

2164
02:01:07,900 --> 02:01:11,800
literally, light bringing named 
after Lucifer, the light bearer.

2165
02:01:12,600 --> 02:01:16,100
Scientists in the 19th century. 
Had a flair for dramatic naming 

2166
02:01:16,100 --> 02:01:19,600
a jellyfish drifts past your 
viewport and as it does it 

2167
02:01:19,600 --> 02:01:24,200
pulses with light, Not bright 
light more like the glow of a 

2168
02:01:24,200 --> 02:01:27,200
watch dial, but enough to 
illuminate, its Bell and 

2169
02:01:27,200 --> 02:01:30,900
trailing tentacles in a ghostly 
blue green, the color isn't 

2170
02:01:30,900 --> 02:01:33,200
random. 
Blue green light with 

2171
02:01:33,200 --> 02:01:37,300
wavelengths around 470, 
nanometers travels farthest 

2172
02:01:37,300 --> 02:01:40,500
through sea water. 
Red light is absorbed within 

2173
02:01:40,500 --> 02:01:44,000
feet of the source. 
But Bluegreen can travel does of

2174
02:01:44,000 --> 02:01:46,100
yards before being scattered or 
absorbed. 

2175
02:01:46,100 --> 02:01:49,500
So evolution is tuned. 
Most bioluminescence to this 

2176
02:01:49,500 --> 02:01:53,200
narrow band of the spectrum, the
color that actually works in the

2177
02:01:53,200 --> 02:01:56,500
environment. 
And another flash, this one from

2178
02:01:56,500 --> 02:01:59,300
something small and fast. 
Moving is Zips. 

2179
02:01:59,300 --> 02:02:01,700
Across your field of view, 
leaving a trailer of light. 

2180
02:02:01,700 --> 02:02:06,500
Aluminous contrail in the 
Blackwater, This might be a coat

2181
02:02:06,500 --> 02:02:09,100
pod. 
One of the tiny Crustaceans that

2182
02:02:09,100 --> 02:02:13,100
form the base of the ocean's 
food, web and down here, when 

2183
02:02:13,100 --> 02:02:16,700
threatened, many coats released,
a burst of bioluminescent 

2184
02:02:16,700 --> 02:02:20,900
chemicals, creating a flash that
startles Predators or more 

2185
02:02:20,900 --> 02:02:24,300
cleverly illuminates, the 
Predator, making it visible to 

2186
02:02:24,300 --> 02:02:27,500
its own predators. 
Biological misdirection. 

2187
02:02:28,400 --> 02:02:31,200
I might be eaten, but you're 
definitely being seen. 

2188
02:02:32,300 --> 02:02:34,200
A lantern fish appears in your 
lights. 

2189
02:02:34,200 --> 02:02:36,400
One of the most common fish in 
the ocean. 

2190
02:02:36,400 --> 02:02:39,100
The most people have never heard
of them because they live in the

2191
02:02:39,100 --> 02:02:42,500
mess of plagi Zone and only 
vention near the surface at 

2192
02:02:42,500 --> 02:02:44,800
night. 
It sides are covered with photo 

2193
02:02:44,800 --> 02:02:48,300
Force, specialized like 
producing organs arranged in 

2194
02:02:48,300 --> 02:02:51,100
precise patterns. 
Each species has a different 

2195
02:02:51,100 --> 02:02:53,600
pattern, like a barcode made of 
Lights. 

2196
02:02:53,600 --> 02:02:57,000
This is how lantern fish 
recognize their own species in 

2197
02:02:57,000 --> 02:03:01,500
the dark by reading each other's
light patterns the lantern fish 

2198
02:03:01,500 --> 02:03:05,400
swims beneath your submersible 
and as it does, its ventral 

2199
02:03:05,400 --> 02:03:09,600
photo Force glow, softly, this 
is called counter illumination. 

2200
02:03:10,800 --> 02:03:13,800
Fish matches the faint 
downwelling light from above 

2201
02:03:13,800 --> 02:03:16,400
making itself invisible to 
Predators. 

2202
02:03:16,400 --> 02:03:19,600
Looking up from below it. 
Active camouflage using 

2203
02:03:19,600 --> 02:03:22,900
bioluminescence. 
A biological version of what 

2204
02:03:22,900 --> 02:03:26,300
stealth aircraft do with radar. 
The fish isn't trying to be 

2205
02:03:26,300 --> 02:03:28,700
bright. 
It's trying to be precisely as 

2206
02:03:28,700 --> 02:03:32,600
bright as the background which 
is much harder a dragon fish 

2207
02:03:32,600 --> 02:03:35,600
materializes from the darkness 
and its carrying its own 

2208
02:03:35,600 --> 02:03:38,600
spotlight. 
Beneath its eye is a photo for 

2209
02:03:38,600 --> 02:03:40,500
that. 
I met red light, which is 

2210
02:03:40,500 --> 02:03:42,700
extremely unusual in the deep 
ocean. 

2211
02:03:42,700 --> 02:03:45,700
Most organisms can't see red 
light at this depth. 

2212
02:03:46,400 --> 02:03:50,100
They lack the necessary photo 
receptors, but Dragonfish, can 

2213
02:03:50,100 --> 02:03:54,100
they've evolved the ability to 
see red and they've evolved the 

2214
02:03:54,100 --> 02:03:56,900
ability to produce it. 
This gives them a private 

2215
02:03:56,900 --> 02:04:00,300
channel of communication and 
more importantly, a hunting 

2216
02:04:00,300 --> 02:04:04,100
tool, they can illuminate prey 
without the prey knowing their 

2217
02:04:04,100 --> 02:04:06,800
being illuminated. 
It's like having night vision 

2218
02:04:06,800 --> 02:04:09,000
goggles in a world where 
everyone else is blind. 

2219
02:04:09,000 --> 02:04:12,800
The dragon Fishers light sweeps 
across the water, like a search.

2220
02:04:12,800 --> 02:04:16,800
Like, and for a moment, you see 
several small Crustaceans Frozen

2221
02:04:16,800 --> 02:04:19,700
in its beam illuminated in 
wavelengths. 

2222
02:04:19,700 --> 02:04:22,400
They can't detect. 
They have no idea they've been 

2223
02:04:22,400 --> 02:04:24,700
spotted. 
Then the dragon fish strikes. 

2224
02:04:24,700 --> 02:04:27,700
Inhaling one of them and 
disappears back into the 

2225
02:04:27,700 --> 02:04:31,500
darkness. 
A siphonophore drifts passed. 

2226
02:04:32,200 --> 02:04:35,500
A colonial organism that looks 
like a long stringy jellyfish. 

2227
02:04:35,500 --> 02:04:40,100
The entire length of, it may be 
30 feet is decorated with tiny 

2228
02:04:40,100 --> 02:04:43,800
bioluminescent light, making it 
look like an underwater 

2229
02:04:43,800 --> 02:04:46,400
Christmas tree. 
These lights serve multiple 

2230
02:04:46,400 --> 02:04:49,800
purposes. 
Attracting prey startling 

2231
02:04:49,800 --> 02:04:52,300
predators and maybe 
communicating with other 

2232
02:04:52,300 --> 02:04:56,200
siphonophores. 
The Colony pulses its lights in 

2233
02:04:56,200 --> 02:04:59,400
waves creating patterns that 
Ripple along its length. 

2234
02:04:59,400 --> 02:05:02,600
You're watching a light show 
designed by Evolution for an 

2235
02:05:02,608 --> 02:05:06,300
audience of Hungry Fish. 
Your submersibles external light

2236
02:05:06,300 --> 02:05:08,700
switch off. 
The crew wants to observe 

2237
02:05:08,700 --> 02:05:12,200
bioluminescence without 
interference for a moment. 

2238
02:05:12,200 --> 02:05:15,600
You're in complete darkness. 
The kind of Darkness that makes 

2239
02:05:15,600 --> 02:05:18,400
you understand what? 
Absents of light really means. 

2240
02:05:19,200 --> 02:05:24,600
And then slowly you start to see
them flashes glows, pulses. 

2241
02:05:25,400 --> 02:05:27,500
The water around you as a live 
with light. 

2242
02:05:28,200 --> 02:05:30,400
A squid, produces a burst of 
luminous Inc. 

2243
02:05:31,200 --> 02:05:34,800
Not blacking like its surface 
relatives use, but glowing ink. 

2244
02:05:35,900 --> 02:05:40,000
Cloud of light, hangs in the 
water roughly squid shaped while

2245
02:05:40,000 --> 02:05:42,500
the squid itself jets away into 
the darkness. 

2246
02:05:43,300 --> 02:05:46,500
The Predator that was pursuing 
it lunges at the glowing decoy, 

2247
02:05:46,500 --> 02:05:50,800
giving the squid precious second
to escape its by logical sleight

2248
02:05:50,800 --> 02:05:52,500
of hand. 
I'm over here. 

2249
02:05:53,600 --> 02:05:56,000
No. 
Wait, I'm over there actually. 

2250
02:05:56,000 --> 02:05:57,800
I'm no where near either of 
those locations. 

2251
02:05:59,000 --> 02:06:01,800
Fish swims past with photo fours
inside its mouth. 

2252
02:06:01,800 --> 02:06:06,100
When it opens its jaws, the 
inside glows creating a luminous

2253
02:06:06,100 --> 02:06:08,800
cave that small prey might 
mistake for shelter. 

2254
02:06:08,800 --> 02:06:12,200
They swim toward the light, 
seeking safety and fine teeth 

2255
02:06:12,200 --> 02:06:17,100
instead It's the anglerfish 
strategy refined instead of a 

2256
02:06:17,100 --> 02:06:20,000
lure dangling in front the 
entire mouth becomes the Trap 

2257
02:06:20,000 --> 02:06:23,800
the bioluminescence down here 
serves so many purposes that 

2258
02:06:23,800 --> 02:06:25,700
scientists are still cataloging 
them. 

2259
02:06:26,400 --> 02:06:30,200
Defense, startle. 
Predators illuminate them for 

2260
02:06:30,200 --> 02:06:35,600
their predators or create decoys
hunting lure, prey illuminate, 

2261
02:06:35,600 --> 02:06:38,700
prey invisibly. 
If you have red light or create 

2262
02:06:38,700 --> 02:06:41,200
hunting Partnerships by 
signaling to others, 

2263
02:06:42,100 --> 02:06:46,000
Communication. 
Species recognition, Matt 

2264
02:06:46,000 --> 02:06:49,400
attraction and territorial 
displays camouflage. 

2265
02:06:50,400 --> 02:06:53,200
Counter illumination to 
disappear against downwelling 

2266
02:06:53,200 --> 02:06:57,400
light, a jellyfish passes by the
looks unremarkable, until 

2267
02:06:57,400 --> 02:07:01,400
something bumps into it. 
Then it explodes with light. 

2268
02:07:02,300 --> 02:07:05,800
Bright pulsing Ring's that 
radiate out from the point of 

2269
02:07:05,800 --> 02:07:08,700
contact, this is a burglar alarm
display. 

2270
02:07:09,500 --> 02:07:12,100
The jellyfish is trying to 
attract attention to whatever 

2271
02:07:12,100 --> 02:07:15,100
just touched it. 
Hoping that attention comes in 

2272
02:07:15,100 --> 02:07:18,300
the form of a predator that will
eat the thing that bumped into 

2273
02:07:18,300 --> 02:07:20,500
it. 
It's desperate loud. 

2274
02:07:20,500 --> 02:07:24,000
And surprisingly effective. 
Many fish will immediately 

2275
02:07:24,000 --> 02:07:26,700
Retreat from anything that 
suddenly lights up like a police

2276
02:07:26,700 --> 02:07:28,800
car? 
Some of the light patterns 

2277
02:07:28,800 --> 02:07:31,600
you're seeing aren't random 
flashes but coded signals 

2278
02:07:31,600 --> 02:07:35,500
certain species of squid produce
specific patterns when they're 

2279
02:07:35,500 --> 02:07:38,900
looking for mates. 
Particular sequences are flashes

2280
02:07:38,900 --> 02:07:40,800
that translate roughly to I'm 
available. 

2281
02:07:40,800 --> 02:07:44,000
I'm the right species and I'm in
breeding condition. 

2282
02:07:44,900 --> 02:07:47,800
Other squid produced different 
patterns that mean, this 

2283
02:07:47,800 --> 02:07:51,600
territory is occupied, or I'm 
too large to be worth attacking.

2284
02:07:52,800 --> 02:07:56,700
Flash light fish appears. 
Yes that's its actual name with 

2285
02:07:56,700 --> 02:08:00,100
a large photo Force beneath its 
eyes that it can cover with 

2286
02:08:00,100 --> 02:08:04,300
specialized flaps of skin 
creating a controllable on off 

2287
02:08:04,300 --> 02:08:07,400
signal. 
It flashes in patterns three 

2288
02:08:07,400 --> 02:08:11,700
quick, pause two quick pause, 
one long. 

2289
02:08:12,800 --> 02:08:16,200
Other flash like fish respond 
with their own patterns, your 

2290
02:08:16,200 --> 02:08:19,800
watching a conversation 
conducted entirely in blinks a 

2291
02:08:19,800 --> 02:08:22,800
discussion of whatever matters 
to flash like Fish Feeding 

2292
02:08:22,800 --> 02:08:28,600
spots, mating of availability 
local Predators, the content 

2293
02:08:28,600 --> 02:08:30,800
doesn't matter as much as the 
fact that it's happening. 

2294
02:08:31,500 --> 02:08:35,400
Social communication using light
in a place where light was 

2295
02:08:35,400 --> 02:08:38,200
supposed to be impossible, the 
submersible's lights come back 

2296
02:08:38,208 --> 02:08:42,000
on and the bioluminescence 
vanishes washed out by the 

2297
02:08:42,000 --> 02:08:45,700
bright artificial illumination. 
It's a reminder that what you're

2298
02:08:45,700 --> 02:08:49,500
seeing was actually quite dim. 
Photons produced One reaction at

2299
02:08:49,500 --> 02:08:51,900
a time efficient but not 
powerful. 

2300
02:08:52,900 --> 02:08:56,100
A typical bioluminescent 
organism produces about as much 

2301
02:08:56,100 --> 02:08:59,800
light as a single LED. 
It seems brighter in absolute 

2302
02:08:59,800 --> 02:09:03,200
Darkness but it's nowhere near 
the intensity of sunlight or 

2303
02:09:03,200 --> 02:09:06,800
even a flash light. 
An angler fish swims slowly 

2304
02:09:06,800 --> 02:09:09,300
passed and its lure is glowing 
again. 

2305
02:09:10,200 --> 02:09:13,800
That famous dangling appendage 
with bioluminescent bacteria, 

2306
02:09:13,800 --> 02:09:16,800
living inside it, the bacteria 
glow continuously. 

2307
02:09:16,800 --> 02:09:20,200
And the angle of fish controls, 
whether the light is visible by 

2308
02:09:20,200 --> 02:09:23,800
covering or uncovering the organ
with Specialized pigment cells. 

2309
02:09:23,800 --> 02:09:28,600
It's an on-off switch control by
chromatophores, the same cells 

2310
02:09:28,600 --> 02:09:30,900
that squid and octopuses used to
change color. 

2311
02:09:31,700 --> 02:09:34,900
By biology as repurposed, the 
same tools for completely 

2312
02:09:34,900 --> 02:09:37,900
different applications. 
The depth gauge. 

2313
02:09:37,900 --> 02:09:41,900
Now, reads 12,000 feet your 
approaching, the deepest zones, 

2314
02:09:41,900 --> 02:09:46,600
most submersible's can reach the
hadal Zone named after Hades, 

2315
02:09:46,600 --> 02:09:50,400
and even here in what should be 
a realm of absolute Darkness? 

2316
02:09:50,400 --> 02:09:54,900
Life carries, its own light, not
as defiant, not a celebration, 

2317
02:09:54,900 --> 02:10:00,200
but as a tool, a waiter survive,
communicate, hunt and reproduce 

2318
02:10:00,200 --> 02:10:03,600
in a place, where survival seems
impossible, The light that 

2319
02:10:03,600 --> 02:10:06,600
carries messages isn't trying to
illuminate the darkness. 

2320
02:10:06,600 --> 02:10:09,800
It's just trying to say 
something one flash at a time. 

2321
02:10:09,808 --> 02:10:14,000
I'm here, I'm hungry, I'm 
available, I'm dangerous, I'm 

2322
02:10:14,000 --> 02:10:18,700
food, stay away, come closer, 
simple messages, really. 

2323
02:10:18,700 --> 02:10:22,800
But delivered with photons 
instead of sound with chemistry 

2324
02:10:22,800 --> 02:10:26,200
instead of electricity and with 
Elegance, that makes human 

2325
02:10:26,200 --> 02:10:30,100
communication systems seem all 
most crude the chronometer on 

2326
02:10:30,100 --> 02:10:32,400
your instrument panel indicates,
you've been descending and 

2327
02:10:32,408 --> 02:10:36,900
exploring for six hours, the 
down here, at 13,000 feet. 

2328
02:10:37,700 --> 02:10:41,600
You could be told it's been six 
minutes or six days and you'd 

2329
02:10:41,600 --> 02:10:45,100
have no way to verify it time 
works differently when nothing 

2330
02:10:45,100 --> 02:10:49,700
around you indicates its passage
no Sunrise, no Sunset, no 

2331
02:10:49,700 --> 02:10:53,200
temperature changes, no seasons 
and no tide strong enough to 

2332
02:10:53,208 --> 02:10:57,900
notice just the Eternal now 
stretching and all directions. 

2333
02:10:57,900 --> 02:11:01,900
A bristle worm crawls across the
sediment beneath you and based 

2334
02:11:01,900 --> 02:11:04,700
on the growth rings in the 
segments, scientists estimate. 

2335
02:11:04,700 --> 02:11:07,700
This individual is somewhere 
between 40 and 60 years old, 

2336
02:11:07,700 --> 02:11:11,600
it's been alive since the 
Kennedy administration possibly 

2337
02:11:11,600 --> 02:11:15,500
moving at roughly the speed of 
tectonic, plates, eating 

2338
02:11:15,500 --> 02:11:17,800
settlement and processing 
nutrients. 

2339
02:11:17,800 --> 02:11:21,400
So slowly that its metabolism is
barely distinguishable from 

2340
02:11:21,400 --> 02:11:24,000
geology. 
Time in the deep ocean is not 

2341
02:11:24,000 --> 02:11:28,300
measured in days or weeks, but 
in decades and centuries that CQ

2342
02:11:28,300 --> 02:11:30,700
cumber. 
You saw earlier, Based on growth

2343
02:11:30,700 --> 02:11:32,500
rate studies, it might be 100 
years old. 

2344
02:11:32,500 --> 02:11:35,800
The tube worms at the 
hydrothermal vent can live for 

2345
02:11:35,800 --> 02:11:40,200
250 years adding microscopic 
amounts to their length each 

2346
02:11:40,200 --> 02:11:42,800
year. 
So patient, they make tortoises 

2347
02:11:42,800 --> 02:11:45,000
look. 
Impulsive Grenadier. 

2348
02:11:45,000 --> 02:11:47,500
Fish hovers near the seafloor. 
Essentially doing nothing. 

2349
02:11:47,500 --> 02:11:51,500
It's been doing nothing for the 
past three days, not because 

2350
02:11:51,500 --> 02:11:55,300
it's lazy but because with a 
metabolic rate this low doing 

2351
02:11:55,300 --> 02:11:58,900
nothing is its default state. 
It will wait here until 

2352
02:11:58,900 --> 02:12:02,000
something edible comes within 
range, then it will strike with 

2353
02:12:02,000 --> 02:12:04,100
movement. 
So slow, you could probably 

2354
02:12:04,100 --> 02:12:07,000
dodged it if you were paying 
attention, the strike will 

2355
02:12:07,000 --> 02:12:10,000
consume more calories than the 
fish is burned in the past week,

2356
02:12:10,000 --> 02:12:12,200
which is why it won't attempt to
another one. 

2357
02:12:12,200 --> 02:12:15,500
Unless success seems very 
probable, you'll submersible, 

2358
02:12:15,500 --> 02:12:19,000
settles onto the sea floor, with
a gentle bump stirring up a 

2359
02:12:19,000 --> 02:12:22,000
small cloud of sediment that 
takes several minutes to settle 

2360
02:12:22,000 --> 02:12:25,500
at the surface Disturbed 
settlement would resettle in 

2361
02:12:25,500 --> 02:12:28,800
seconds. 
Maybe a minute at most down here

2362
02:12:28,800 --> 02:12:31,300
in. 
Cold, viscous water, the 

2363
02:12:31,300 --> 02:12:34,400
particles drifted downward, with
the enthusiasm of a teenager 

2364
02:12:34,400 --> 02:12:38,500
asked to chores there in no, 
hurry, there's no current to 

2365
02:12:38,500 --> 02:12:42,000
speak of no disturbance and no 
reason for haste. 

2366
02:12:42,700 --> 02:12:45,700
Sediment Cloud. 
Finally settles and you can see 

2367
02:12:45,700 --> 02:12:50,200
the surface clearly again, 
uniform undisturbed mud, 

2368
02:12:50,200 --> 02:12:53,800
extending in every direction. 
The layer of sediment. 

2369
02:12:53,800 --> 02:12:57,100
You just Disturbed was probably 
deposited over the course of 

2370
02:12:57,100 --> 02:13:01,200
several thousand years. 
The layer beneath it another 

2371
02:13:01,200 --> 02:13:04,300
several thousand years. 
You can call down through the 

2372
02:13:04,300 --> 02:13:07,700
mud here and read Earth's 
history like a very boring book.

2373
02:13:07,700 --> 02:13:10,500
Each centimeter representing a 
millennium. 

2374
02:13:10,500 --> 02:13:15,500
Each meter representing a 
geological age, a c-pen rises 

2375
02:13:15,500 --> 02:13:18,300
from the settlement. 
A colonial organism that looks 

2376
02:13:18,300 --> 02:13:21,600
like an old-fashioned quill pen,
which is exactly where it got 

2377
02:13:21,600 --> 02:13:24,000
its name. 
This individual is about two 

2378
02:13:24,000 --> 02:13:26,900
feet tall. 
Swaying almost imperceptibly in 

2379
02:13:26,900 --> 02:13:29,300
current too weak to register on 
your instruments. 

2380
02:13:29,300 --> 02:13:33,800
Its filter feeding extending 
polyps to catch whatever organic

2381
02:13:33,800 --> 02:13:36,900
particles drift passed based on 
its size. 

2382
02:13:36,900 --> 02:13:40,700
The sea pen is, probably at 
least 200 years old, it was here

2383
02:13:40,700 --> 02:13:44,100
before the American Revolution. 
It will be here long after your,

2384
02:13:44,100 --> 02:13:48,000
great-grandchildren a dust. 
The slow pace of life down here,

2385
02:13:48,000 --> 02:13:50,900
isn't a disadvantage. 
It's an adaptation. 

2386
02:13:51,800 --> 02:13:54,600
In an environment with minimal 
food, limited, temperature, 

2387
02:13:54,600 --> 02:13:58,300
variation, and few Predators. 
There's no evolutionary pressure

2388
02:13:58,300 --> 02:14:00,200
to move fast or reproduce 
quickly. 

2389
02:14:00,200 --> 02:14:03,500
The organisms that thrive. 
Here are the ones that learn to 

2390
02:14:03,500 --> 02:14:07,600
run their biology on minimal 
energy to live slowly and to 

2391
02:14:07,600 --> 02:14:10,200
wait. 
They're the biological 

2392
02:14:10,200 --> 02:14:14,100
equivalent of high-efficiency 
Vehicles, optimize not for 

2393
02:14:14,100 --> 02:14:16,200
Speed, but for distance per 
calorie. 

2394
02:14:16,900 --> 02:14:20,600
Tripod, fish remains in, its 
characteristic stance elevated 

2395
02:14:20,600 --> 02:14:24,500
on elongated fin Rays facing 
into the imperceptible current. 

2396
02:14:24,500 --> 02:14:28,100
It's been in this exact position
for, at least the past week, 

2397
02:14:28,100 --> 02:14:31,400
based on the undisturbed 
sediment around its feet. 

2398
02:14:31,400 --> 02:14:35,000
It will probably remain here for
another week and the week after 

2399
02:14:35,000 --> 02:14:39,400
that moving cost energy standing
still and waiting for food to 

2400
02:14:39,400 --> 02:14:41,000
come to you costs almost 
nothing. 

2401
02:14:42,000 --> 02:14:46,200
In the deep ocean is measured by
growth rings in Fisher Bones by 

2402
02:14:46,200 --> 02:14:48,600
radioactive decay in sediment 
layers. 

2403
02:14:48,600 --> 02:14:51,100
And by the slow accumulation of 
marine. 

2404
02:14:51,100 --> 02:14:55,800
Snow the glass sponge nearby 
might be 500 years old older 

2405
02:14:55,800 --> 02:14:58,700
than the founding of Saint 
Petersburg older than the Taj 

2406
02:14:58,700 --> 02:15:01,100
Mahal. 
It's been sitting on the spot 

2407
02:15:01,100 --> 02:15:03,400
filtering water since the Ming 
Dynasty. 

2408
02:15:03,400 --> 02:15:07,300
If it could speak it would tell 
you that changes, something that

2409
02:15:07,300 --> 02:15:09,500
happens to other people in other
places. 

2410
02:15:09,500 --> 02:15:13,600
Your submersible sampling arm 
extends and collects a core of 

2411
02:15:13,600 --> 02:15:17,000
sediment. 
Chups two feet long, containing 

2412
02:15:17,000 --> 02:15:20,000
mud that represents roughly 2 
million years of deposition. 

2413
02:15:20,000 --> 02:15:23,800
The bottom of the core is from 
the place to scene from a time. 

2414
02:15:23,800 --> 02:15:26,500
When mastered ones, walk, the 
earth and humans were just 

2415
02:15:26,508 --> 02:15:29,900
figuring out fire. 
The top layer was deposited last

2416
02:15:29,900 --> 02:15:34,100
Tuesday, or maybe last month at 
this rate of accumulation, the 

2417
02:15:34,100 --> 02:15:38,500
distinction is meaningless. 
Crinoids its attached to a rock 

2418
02:15:38,500 --> 02:15:41,500
and Aquino Derm. 
That looks like a flower made of

2419
02:15:41,500 --> 02:15:43,800
arms. 
Crinoids are sometimes called 

2420
02:15:43,800 --> 02:15:46,900
living fossils, though, that 
term is somewhat misleading 

2421
02:15:46,900 --> 02:15:49,300
because all organisms are 
equally evolved. 

2422
02:15:49,300 --> 02:15:52,800
Having had the same amount of 
time to adapt their environments

2423
02:15:52,800 --> 02:15:56,100
but criminals do look. 
Remarkably similar to their 

2424
02:15:56,100 --> 02:16:00,200
ancestors from 300 million years
ago which suggests that their 

2425
02:16:00,200 --> 02:16:02,600
body plan works. 
Well enough that there's been no

2426
02:16:02,600 --> 02:16:06,300
pressure to change it if it's 
not broken, don't fix it. 

2427
02:16:06,300 --> 02:16:10,100
Even if not fixing it means 
staying the same for geological 

2428
02:16:10,100 --> 02:16:12,800
errors. 
The slow time of the deep ocean 

2429
02:16:12,800 --> 02:16:15,800
means that recovery from 
disturbance takes decades or 

2430
02:16:15,800 --> 02:16:18,300
centuries. 
If a submarine scrapes across 

2431
02:16:18,300 --> 02:16:21,700
the sea floor, the tracks can 
remain visible for 50 years. 

2432
02:16:22,700 --> 02:16:26,400
If deep sea mining were to occur
the Disturbed areas, wouldn't 

2433
02:16:26,400 --> 02:16:29,100
recover in any human meaningful 
time frame. 

2434
02:16:29,100 --> 02:16:33,299
The organisms here have adapted 
to stability to an environment 

2435
02:16:33,299 --> 02:16:35,799
that changes. 
So slowly that they can afford 

2436
02:16:35,799 --> 02:16:39,600
to grow slowly reproduce, slowly
and recover slowly. 

2437
02:16:40,799 --> 02:16:44,500
Rapid change is something their 
biology simply isn't equipped to

2438
02:16:44,500 --> 02:16:47,299
handle a sea spider walks. 
Across the sediment. 

2439
02:16:47,299 --> 02:16:51,500
Not actually a spider, but a 
pecking, a gonad Creatures so 

2440
02:16:51,500 --> 02:16:54,799
weird that scientists had to 
give it its own taxonomic class.

2441
02:16:54,799 --> 02:16:58,000
This particular specimen is 
about the size of your hand. 

2442
02:16:58,000 --> 02:17:01,600
Moving with the deliberation of 
something, that understands it 

2443
02:17:01,600 --> 02:17:04,700
has all day and all night, and 
all year to get wherever it's 

2444
02:17:04,700 --> 02:17:07,000
going. 
It's legs probe. 

2445
02:17:07,000 --> 02:17:11,299
The mud searching for small 
worms or hydroids when it finds 

2446
02:17:11,299 --> 02:17:14,000
one it will feed for hours, 
possibly days. 

2447
02:17:14,000 --> 02:17:17,299
Extracting nutrients. 
With the enthusiasm of someone 

2448
02:17:17,299 --> 02:17:20,600
reading terms and conditions, 
the concept of circadian, 

2449
02:17:20,600 --> 02:17:24,600
rhythms, the 24-hour biological 
cycles that govern most surface 

2450
02:17:24,600 --> 02:17:26,600
life. 
Barely exists down here. 

2451
02:17:27,600 --> 02:17:31,299
There's no daylight cycle to 
synchronize to no reason for an 

2452
02:17:31,299 --> 02:17:33,700
organism to be more active at 
one time than another. 

2453
02:17:33,700 --> 02:17:37,500
Some deep sea fish show activity
patterns that correspond to the 

2454
02:17:37,508 --> 02:17:41,799
vertical migration of prey from 
above Peaks of activity every 12

2455
02:17:41,799 --> 02:17:45,299
or 24 hours, but many show, no 
Cycles at all. 

2456
02:17:45,299 --> 02:17:49,200
They feed when they encounter 
food rest, when they don't and 

2457
02:17:49,200 --> 02:17:51,299
ignore the passage of time 
entirely. 

2458
02:17:52,200 --> 02:17:56,299
Your instruments detect a slight
current water moving at 

2459
02:17:56,299 --> 02:17:59,700
approximately one centimeter per
second or about two feet per 

2460
02:17:59,700 --> 02:18:02,000
minute. 
This is what passes for strong 

2461
02:18:02,000 --> 02:18:05,500
flow in the deep ocean. 
Land, you wouldn't even feel 

2462
02:18:05,500 --> 02:18:08,299
this, it wouldn't roughly a hair
or cool, your skin. 

2463
02:18:08,299 --> 02:18:12,100
But down here, it's sufficient 
to influence where organisms 

2464
02:18:12,100 --> 02:18:15,799
settle, which direction they 
faced and how they position 

2465
02:18:15,799 --> 02:18:18,200
themselves to maximize food 
capture. 

2466
02:18:18,200 --> 02:18:21,900
A bacterial Colony, grows on a 
piece of Driftwood that somehow 

2467
02:18:21,900 --> 02:18:24,700
made it down here. 
Probably sank after being 

2468
02:18:24,700 --> 02:18:26,500
waterlogged for months at the 
surface. 

2469
02:18:26,500 --> 02:18:29,700
The wood is being slowly 
consumed by bacteria. 

2470
02:18:30,700 --> 02:18:34,500
Specialized wood boring 
bivalves, this process will take

2471
02:18:34,500 --> 02:18:37,500
decades. 
Similar piece of wood on land 

2472
02:18:37,500 --> 02:18:41,000
would be decomposed within 
years, maybe months in a humid 

2473
02:18:41,000 --> 02:18:44,400
environment. 
But down here in cold water with

2474
02:18:44,400 --> 02:18:47,200
limited oxygen and sparse 
bacterial, population's 

2475
02:18:47,200 --> 02:18:50,400
decomposition happens at 
geological speeds. 

2476
02:18:51,100 --> 02:18:54,600
The slow time has stranger 
effect on Evolution with 

2477
02:18:54,600 --> 02:18:57,799
generation times, measured in 
decades, rather than years. 

2478
02:18:57,799 --> 02:19:01,500
And population sizes, often 
small due to food scarcity, 

2479
02:19:01,500 --> 02:19:06,400
genetic changes take longer to 
spread through population's, but

2480
02:19:06,400 --> 02:19:09,900
there's also less competition, 
fewer and environmental changes 

2481
02:19:09,900 --> 02:19:12,900
to adapt to and therefore less 
selective pressure. 

2482
02:19:13,900 --> 02:19:17,400
Evolution here happens in slow 
motion, which is fitting for 

2483
02:19:17,407 --> 02:19:19,799
organisms that do everything in 
slow motion. 

2484
02:19:20,400 --> 02:19:24,500
A cusp scale swims past one of 
the deepest dwelling fish ever 

2485
02:19:24,500 --> 02:19:27,900
recorded, found at depth 
succeeding 27,000 feet. 

2486
02:19:28,799 --> 02:19:31,000
It moves through the water with 
minimal effort. 

2487
02:19:31,000 --> 02:19:35,400
Its body undulating slowly time 
for this fish is measured 

2488
02:19:35,400 --> 02:19:36,900
differently than for surface 
fish. 

2489
02:19:37,600 --> 02:19:40,600
Where a tuna might burn through 
its energy reserves in hours of 

2490
02:19:40,600 --> 02:19:44,299
high speed swimming. 
This Cascade can go weaks on a 

2491
02:19:44,299 --> 02:19:46,700
single small meal. 
It's playing a completely 

2492
02:19:46,700 --> 02:19:50,400
different game one where 
patients isn't a virtue but a 

2493
02:19:50,400 --> 02:19:53,900
survival requirement. 
The submersible's clock indicate

2494
02:19:53,900 --> 02:19:56,900
you've been on the bottom for 90
minutes, but it feels both 

2495
02:19:56,900 --> 02:19:59,300
longer and shorter than that 
longer. 

2496
02:19:59,300 --> 02:20:03,500
Because so little has happened. 
No dramatic events, no sudden 

2497
02:20:03,500 --> 02:20:07,600
movements, no changes in the 
environment shorter because the 

2498
02:20:07,600 --> 02:20:10,100
unchanging nature of your 
surroundings makes time feel 

2499
02:20:10,100 --> 02:20:13,900
compressed as if you just 
arrived, it's already time to 

2500
02:20:13,900 --> 02:20:16,300
leave. 
This is time at the bottom of 

2501
02:20:16,308 --> 02:20:19,000
the world. 
Not linear not urgent. 

2502
02:20:19,000 --> 02:20:22,300
Not bound by the rotations and 
revolution's that governs 

2503
02:20:22,300 --> 02:20:26,100
surface life just the slow 
accumulation of moments and to 

2504
02:20:26,100 --> 02:20:28,300
ours. 
In today's into decades into 

2505
02:20:28,300 --> 02:20:33,000
centuries, each one identical to
the last each one like to be 

2506
02:20:33,000 --> 02:20:35,900
identical to the next. 
Time down here. 

2507
02:20:35,900 --> 02:20:40,100
Doesn't pass it. 
Accumulates your submersible is 

2508
02:20:40,100 --> 02:20:43,600
ascending now. 
Rising slowly through water that

2509
02:20:43,600 --> 02:20:48,700
humans have visited perhaps 20 
times in all of history. 20 

2510
02:20:48,700 --> 02:20:51,100
visits to a realm that covers 
more than half. 

2511
02:20:51,100 --> 02:20:55,100
The planet's surface, we've sent
more missions to the Moon. 12 

2512
02:20:55,100 --> 02:20:59,000
Apollo Landings alone than to 
the deepest parts of the ocean. 

2513
02:20:59,900 --> 02:21:02,400
We have better maps of Mars than
of the sea floor. 

2514
02:21:02,400 --> 02:21:05,200
There are more people who've 
walked in space than have been 

2515
02:21:05,208 --> 02:21:08,300
to the hadal Zone. 
This fact should bother you more

2516
02:21:08,300 --> 02:21:11,300
than it does. 
We've designated ourselves, the 

2517
02:21:11,300 --> 02:21:14,700
dominant species on Earth, the 
only ones with self-awareness 

2518
02:21:14,700 --> 02:21:18,100
and technology and Grand 
Ambitions, and yet we've barely 

2519
02:21:18,100 --> 02:21:21,200
explored our own Planet. 
The deep ocean Remains, the 

2520
02:21:21,200 --> 02:21:23,100
largest unexplored, Frontier on 
Earth. 

2521
02:21:23,100 --> 02:21:26,300
Not because it's impossible to 
reach, but because it's 

2522
02:21:26,300 --> 02:21:30,800
expensive difficult and yields 
knowledge rather than profit in 

2523
02:21:30,800 --> 02:21:33,300
1960. 
Jacques piccard and Don Walsh 

2524
02:21:33,300 --> 02:21:35,100
descended to the bottom of the 
Challenger Deep. 

2525
02:21:35,100 --> 02:21:39,500
The deepest point in the ocean 
nearly 36,000 feet down. 

2526
02:21:39,500 --> 02:21:43,500
They spent 20 minutes on the 
bottom, saw a flat fish in a 

2527
02:21:43,500 --> 02:21:47,000
shrimp and returned to the 
surface then, nothing. 

2528
02:21:47,000 --> 02:21:52,600
It would be 52 years before 
anyone returned to that debt. 52

2529
02:21:52,600 --> 02:21:56,500
years in that time, we sent 
humans to the Moon, six times 

2530
02:21:56,500 --> 02:22:00,200
launched, hundreds of satellites
built, the International Space 

2531
02:22:00,200 --> 02:22:03,200
Station, and sent probes to 
every planet in the solar 

2532
02:22:03,200 --> 02:22:06,000
system. 
But the deepest part of our own 

2533
02:22:06,000 --> 02:22:09,100
ocean one. 
Visit every 50 years sounds 

2534
02:22:09,100 --> 02:22:11,700
about, right. 
The deep ocean doesn't make for 

2535
02:22:11,700 --> 02:22:15,600
good television. 
There are no stunning Vistas, no

2536
02:22:15,600 --> 02:22:19,600
dramatic Landscapes, and no 
charismatic megafauna. 

2537
02:22:20,200 --> 02:22:23,100
Just darkness. 
Mud and weird fish. 

2538
02:22:23,100 --> 02:22:26,000
It's hard to get funding for 
exploring mud. 

2539
02:22:26,000 --> 02:22:28,800
It's hard to get public interest
in creatures that look like 

2540
02:22:28,800 --> 02:22:32,500
mistakes spaces. 
Sexy, the ocean floor is not 

2541
02:22:32,500 --> 02:22:35,800
your Ascent continues 8,000 
feet. 

2542
02:22:35,800 --> 02:22:39,700
Now, Rising through the Abyssal 
Zone, the organisms, your 

2543
02:22:39,700 --> 02:22:42,100
passing, the jellyfish, the 
squid. 

2544
02:22:42,100 --> 02:22:44,300
The strange fish with impossible
proportions. 

2545
02:22:44,300 --> 02:22:48,200
Have probably never seen a 
submersible before might never 

2546
02:22:48,200 --> 02:22:50,300
see one. 
Again, your lights are likely 

2547
02:22:50,300 --> 02:22:54,400
the brightest illumination of 
experience since well ever. 

2548
02:22:55,400 --> 02:22:59,500
Your usfo to them. 
Inexplicable intrusion of light 

2549
02:22:59,500 --> 02:23:02,300
and noise and artificial 
geometry into their world of 

2550
02:23:02,300 --> 02:23:05,000
organic curves and 
bioluminescent Whispers 

2551
02:23:05,000 --> 02:23:09,300
scientists estimate that we've 
explored less than 5% of the 

2552
02:23:09,300 --> 02:23:13,100
ocean floor 5%. 
We know more about the surface 

2553
02:23:13,100 --> 02:23:16,700
of Venus where the temperature 
is 900 Degrees and the pressure 

2554
02:23:16,700 --> 02:23:20,300
would flatten you instantly than
about significant portions of 

2555
02:23:20,300 --> 02:23:24,100
our own sea floor. 
We've mapped 100% of Venus, 

2556
02:23:24,100 --> 02:23:29,100
we've mapped 5% of the ocean 
floor at high resolution 6,000 

2557
02:23:29,100 --> 02:23:31,600
feet. 
Now, your passing through zones 

2558
02:23:31,600 --> 02:23:34,900
where scientists of collected 
dozen specimens of certain 

2559
02:23:34,900 --> 02:23:38,600
species, we know these creatures
exist because we've accidentally

2560
02:23:38,600 --> 02:23:41,400
caught them in Nets. 
But we don't know how they live,

2561
02:23:41,400 --> 02:23:45,400
where they breed, what they eat 
or how long they survive. 

2562
02:23:46,300 --> 02:23:48,900
We have their bodies, but not 
their stories. 

2563
02:23:48,900 --> 02:23:52,100
The deep ocean, resists, human 
intrusion, not through 

2564
02:23:52,100 --> 02:23:55,500
hostility, but through in 
different, it doesn't care that 

2565
02:23:55,500 --> 02:24:00,100
we want to explore it. 
It continues its cold dark high 

2566
02:24:00,100 --> 02:24:03,300
pressure existence. 
Whether we visit or not, the 

2567
02:24:03,300 --> 02:24:05,500
organisms here have been 
evolving for hundreds of 

2568
02:24:05,508 --> 02:24:08,800
millions of years without human 
input and they'll continue 

2569
02:24:08,800 --> 02:24:10,400
evolving long. 
After we're gone. 

2570
02:24:10,400 --> 02:24:13,600
Our submarines and submersibles 
are footnotes in their world 

2571
02:24:13,600 --> 02:24:17,200
brief anomalies that appear 
collect a few samples. 

2572
02:24:17,200 --> 02:24:21,500
Take some photographs and 
vanish. 4,000 feet your 

2573
02:24:21,500 --> 02:24:24,900
approaching the depth where 
submarines operate where human 

2574
02:24:24,900 --> 02:24:29,400
technology becomes more common. 
But even here the visits are 

2575
02:24:29,400 --> 02:24:31,400
rare. 
The military submarine might 

2576
02:24:31,408 --> 02:24:35,100
pass through these Waters once a
month or once a year research 

2577
02:24:35,100 --> 02:24:38,400
vessels, come even less 
frequently, the creatures here 

2578
02:24:38,400 --> 02:24:41,700
live their entire lives in near 
total isolation from Human 

2579
02:24:41,700 --> 02:24:44,300
observation. 
There's something humbling about

2580
02:24:44,300 --> 02:24:46,500
that. 
We like to think we've conquered

2581
02:24:46,500 --> 02:24:49,400
Earth, that we've cataloged its 
creatures, and mapped its 

2582
02:24:49,400 --> 02:24:51,300
terrain and understood its 
systems. 

2583
02:24:51,300 --> 02:24:54,700
But the deep ocean reminds us 
that most of this planet is 

2584
02:24:54,700 --> 02:24:58,100
beyond our reach operating. 
According to rules, we barely 

2585
02:24:58,100 --> 02:25:03,200
understand populated by 
creatures, with never seen 2000 

2586
02:25:03,200 --> 02:25:05,400
feet. 
Now you're in the Bethel Zone, 

2587
02:25:05,400 --> 02:25:08,700
where a few more submersible's 
operate where some commercial 

2588
02:25:08,700 --> 02:25:13,400
fishing impacts the ecosystem. 
But even here, human presence is

2589
02:25:13,400 --> 02:25:15,700
Braddock. 
A trawler might drag the 

2590
02:25:15,700 --> 02:25:17,600
seafloor. 
Once destroying Century old, 

2591
02:25:17,600 --> 02:25:21,600
Coral in minutes, then move on. 
The damage remains for decades, 

2592
02:25:21,600 --> 02:25:24,200
but the humans who caused it 
never returned to see it. 

2593
02:25:24,200 --> 02:25:27,500
Scientists estimate that there 
are potentially one million 

2594
02:25:27,500 --> 02:25:30,500
species living in the deep ocean
that we haven't discovered yet 

2595
02:25:30,500 --> 02:25:35,000
one million in an age where we 
can sequence genomes and edit 

2596
02:25:35,000 --> 02:25:36,900
genes and create artificial 
intelligence. 

2597
02:25:36,900 --> 02:25:41,300
We still don't know what lives 
in 70% of our own Planet were 

2598
02:25:41,300 --> 02:25:44,100
cataloging exoplanets in other 
solar systems while remaining 

2599
02:25:44,100 --> 02:25:48,800
fundamentally ignorant of our 
Ocean's depths 1000 feet. 

2600
02:25:49,800 --> 02:25:54,400
Light is beginning to penetrate 
from above faint blue, but real 

2601
02:25:54,400 --> 02:25:56,600
sunlight. 
You're leaving the midnight 

2602
02:25:56,600 --> 02:26:00,300
zone, entering the Twilight Zone
and approaching the realm where 

2603
02:26:00,300 --> 02:26:03,200
human activity is common. 
Fishing vessels. 

2604
02:26:03,200 --> 02:26:07,200
Submarines underwater, cables, 
offshore drilling platforms 

2605
02:26:07,200 --> 02:26:09,700
technology is everywhere up 
here. 

2606
02:26:09,700 --> 02:26:14,300
The contrast is striking In the 
space of a few hours, you've 

2607
02:26:14,300 --> 02:26:16,200
moved from a place. 
Essentially Untouched by 

2608
02:26:16,208 --> 02:26:19,800
Humanity to a place where human 
impact is everywhere. 

2609
02:26:19,800 --> 02:26:23,900
From sea floor that hasn't been 
Disturbed in Millennia to 

2610
02:26:23,900 --> 02:26:26,900
Water's fished. 
Commercial Lee from darkness and

2611
02:26:26,900 --> 02:26:32,100
isolation to light and 
intrusion. 500 feet. you can see

2612
02:26:32,100 --> 02:26:35,800
the surface now, a boundary 
between worlds, a transition 

2613
02:26:35,800 --> 02:26:41,200
from the familiar to the alien 
above Sunlight warmth, human 

2614
02:26:41,200 --> 02:26:44,900
ship's satellite and billions of
people living their lives. 

2615
02:26:44,900 --> 02:26:50,000
Mostly unaware of what exists 
below below, the cold, the dark,

2616
02:26:50,000 --> 02:26:52,700
the pressure and the strange 
slow. 

2617
02:26:52,700 --> 02:26:54,700
Life. 
That persists in conditions that

2618
02:26:54,700 --> 02:26:57,100
would kill surface organisms 
instantly. 

2619
02:26:58,100 --> 02:27:01,100
The submersible breaks through 
the surface with a slash that 

2620
02:27:01,100 --> 02:27:04,200
seems absurdly loud. 
After hours of near silence 

2621
02:27:04,200 --> 02:27:08,700
water streams off the hull, the 
hatch opens and warm are floods 

2622
02:27:08,700 --> 02:27:11,200
in. 
Are that feels tropical compared

2623
02:27:11,200 --> 02:27:15,200
to the refrigerated interior? 
You climb out into sunlight that

2624
02:27:15,200 --> 02:27:19,600
seems impossibly bright painful.
Almost the research vessels 

2625
02:27:19,600 --> 02:27:21,700
crane lifts the submersible from
the water. 

2626
02:27:21,700 --> 02:27:25,900
The ocean surface rolls? 
Gently looking exactly the same 

2627
02:27:25,900 --> 02:27:27,300
as it. 
Did six hours ago. 

2628
02:27:27,300 --> 02:27:31,500
Nothing about it suggests, What 
Lies Beneath the miles of cold 

2629
02:27:31,500 --> 02:27:34,900
Darkness, the strange creatures 
the slow, time the alien. 

2630
02:27:34,900 --> 02:27:39,700
Ecosystems, the surface keeps 
its Secrets, you'll write a 

2631
02:27:39,700 --> 02:27:43,800
report scientists will study 
your samples, a few photographs 

2632
02:27:43,800 --> 02:27:47,500
will be published, and then 
everyone will mostly forget. 

2633
02:27:48,400 --> 02:27:50,700
Because the deep ocean doesn't 
capture imagination. 

2634
02:27:50,700 --> 02:27:54,000
The way space does, it doesn't 
promise mineral wells or 

2635
02:27:54,000 --> 02:27:58,100
strategic Advantage? 
It's just their deep and dark 

2636
02:27:58,100 --> 02:28:02,500
and full of weird fish, But for 
the creatures down there, this 

2637
02:28:02,500 --> 02:28:06,600
is everything. 
This is their entire world, the 

2638
02:28:06,600 --> 02:28:10,900
only World they've ever known or
will know And we are to them 

2639
02:28:10,900 --> 02:28:13,700
vanishingly rare, we are 
legends. 

2640
02:28:13,700 --> 02:28:17,600
Rumors, inexplicable lights that
appear once in a lifetime. 

2641
02:28:17,600 --> 02:28:20,700
If at all. 
The rare moments, we arrived 

2642
02:28:20,700 --> 02:28:23,700
change nothing for them. 
The deep ocean continues. 

2643
02:28:23,700 --> 02:28:27,700
Its cold dark existence. 
The Marine snow keeps falling. 

2644
02:28:28,400 --> 02:28:29,900
The tube worms. 
Keep filtering. 

2645
02:28:29,900 --> 02:28:32,700
Hydrogen sulfide. 
The tripod fish. 

2646
02:28:32,700 --> 02:28:36,700
Keep waiting for food. 
Time moves, slowly pressure 

2647
02:28:36,700 --> 02:28:40,900
remains constant and life 
persists in the dark with all 

2648
02:28:40,900 --> 02:28:44,200
without us, your standing on the
deck of the research vessel 

2649
02:28:44,200 --> 02:28:46,600
watching the sun, set over the 
Pacific. 

2650
02:28:47,500 --> 02:28:50,800
The water is turning from Blue 
to purple to almost black as the

2651
02:28:50,800 --> 02:28:54,800
light fades in an hour, it'll be
completely dark surface dark the

2652
02:28:54,800 --> 02:28:58,100
kind where you can still see 
stars and shiplights, not deep 

2653
02:28:58,100 --> 02:29:01,400
ocean dark, which is a different
thing entirely somewhere beneath

2654
02:29:01,400 --> 02:29:05,200
this ship four miles down, life 
is continuing exactly as it has 

2655
02:29:05,200 --> 02:29:08,600
for millions of years. 
Seek you come as a processing 

2656
02:29:08,600 --> 02:29:13,300
sediment fish are waiting for 
food back here are converting 

2657
02:29:13,300 --> 02:29:16,900
chemicals into energy at 
hydrothermal vents, and none of 

2658
02:29:16,900 --> 02:29:20,000
them know or care that humans 
exist, that we've built 

2659
02:29:20,000 --> 02:29:23,300
civilizations and Technologies 
and dreams of exploring the 

2660
02:29:23,300 --> 02:29:25,500
universe. 
The deep ocean represents 

2661
02:29:25,500 --> 02:29:29,400
Earth's final frontier, not. 
Because it's the last place to 

2662
02:29:29,400 --> 02:29:32,500
explore chronologically, but 
because it might be the last 

2663
02:29:32,500 --> 02:29:35,200
place we actually do explore 
thoroughly. 

2664
02:29:36,200 --> 02:29:39,200
Space is the dream that captures
human imagination. 

2665
02:29:39,200 --> 02:29:43,700
Mars, the moons of Jupiter 
exoplanets, orbiting distant 

2666
02:29:43,700 --> 02:29:47,400
Stars, These are the Frontiers 
that Inspire funding and public 

2667
02:29:47,400 --> 02:29:50,900
interest. 
The deep ocean is just there. 

2668
02:29:51,600 --> 02:29:58,000
Wet dark expensive to visit and 
full of uncharismatic Foreigner,

2669
02:29:58,000 --> 02:30:01,700
but here's what we're missing. 
The deep ocean is genuinely 

2670
02:30:01,700 --> 02:30:05,100
alien in ways that Mars isn't. 
Mars is a dead world. 

2671
02:30:05,100 --> 02:30:09,600
It's cold dry and sterile. 
If there's life there, it's 

2672
02:30:09,600 --> 02:30:13,400
probably microbial. 
Probably hiding underground and 

2673
02:30:13,400 --> 02:30:15,600
probably not doing anything 
particularly interesting. 

2674
02:30:15,600 --> 02:30:18,800
The deep ocean is teeming with 
complex life. 

2675
02:30:19,600 --> 02:30:21,900
Organisms with bizarre 
adaptations. 

2676
02:30:21,900 --> 02:30:25,500
Intricate ecosystems and 
evolutionary solutions to 

2677
02:30:25,500 --> 02:30:26,900
problems. 
We didn't know existed. 

2678
02:30:28,100 --> 02:30:31,300
It's alien life on our own 
planet and where largely 

2679
02:30:31,300 --> 02:30:34,400
ignoring it. 
The pressure, the cold, the 

2680
02:30:34,400 --> 02:30:38,500
darkness, these aren't just 
obstacles to exploration their 

2681
02:30:38,500 --> 02:30:40,600
selective forces. 
That have created organisms 

2682
02:30:40,600 --> 02:30:43,300
fundamentally different from 
anything in our terrestrial 

2683
02:30:43,300 --> 02:30:46,600
experience. 
A huddle snail fish that looks 

2684
02:30:46,600 --> 02:30:51,100
like it's melting a gulper eel. 
That's mostly mouth a barrel 

2685
02:30:51,100 --> 02:30:54,100
life fish with a transparent 
head and upward pointing tubular

2686
02:30:54,100 --> 02:30:56,500
eyes. 
These aren't science fiction 

2687
02:30:56,500 --> 02:31:00,200
creatures, the real organisms 
that evolved to solve real 

2688
02:31:00,200 --> 02:31:03,200
problems in real environments 
and we barely know them. 

2689
02:31:04,000 --> 02:31:07,500
Most deep sea species are known 
from a handful of specimens, if 

2690
02:31:07,500 --> 02:31:10,000
that? 
We have rough ideas about their 

2691
02:31:10,000 --> 02:31:14,600
diets, vague estimates of their 
populations and speculation 

2692
02:31:14,600 --> 02:31:19,300
about their reproduction. 
It's 2026 and we can sequence, 

2693
02:31:19,300 --> 02:31:22,800
the Genome of any organism we 
can catch but we can't catch 

2694
02:31:22,800 --> 02:31:25,000
most of them because we don't 
know where they live or how to 

2695
02:31:25,008 --> 02:31:26,800
find them. 
The sun is gone. 

2696
02:31:26,800 --> 02:31:31,000
Now stars are appearing more 
than you can see from cities but

2697
02:31:31,000 --> 02:31:33,000
still washed out by the ship's 
lights. 

2698
02:31:33,900 --> 02:31:36,600
Real darkness. 
The kind that makes the Deep 

2699
02:31:36,600 --> 02:31:39,300
Ocean's. 
Darkness meaningful is hard to 

2700
02:31:39,300 --> 02:31:43,600
find on Earth's surface anymore.
We've illuminated the land up, 

2701
02:31:43,600 --> 02:31:46,100
our cities and banished the 
night through technology. 

2702
02:31:47,000 --> 02:31:50,700
That the deep ocean remains dark
in different to our lights 

2703
02:31:50,700 --> 02:31:54,000
unchanged by our presents 
scientists. 

2704
02:31:54,000 --> 02:31:57,700
Talk about charismatic 
megafauna, the pandas Tigers 

2705
02:31:57,700 --> 02:32:01,700
elephants, and whales organisms 
that capture public imagination 

2706
02:32:01,700 --> 02:32:05,700
and drive conservation efforts. 
The deep ocean has almost no 

2707
02:32:05,700 --> 02:32:08,500
charismatic megafauna giant 
squids. 

2708
02:32:08,500 --> 02:32:11,400
May be though, we film living 
specimens, only a handful of 

2709
02:32:11,400 --> 02:32:14,400
times. 
Most deep sea creatures are 

2710
02:32:14,400 --> 02:32:18,700
small, weird translucent and 
utterly lacking an appeal to 

2711
02:32:18,708 --> 02:32:21,900
anyone who isn't a marine 
biologist or genuinely strange, 

2712
02:32:21,900 --> 02:32:25,900
this presents a problem. 
How do you conserve and protect 

2713
02:32:25,900 --> 02:32:28,000
ecosystems that people don't 
care about? 

2714
02:32:29,200 --> 02:32:32,000
How do you prevent deep sea 
mining when the alternative is 

2715
02:32:32,000 --> 02:32:35,400
mud? 
How do you regulate fishing in 

2716
02:32:35,400 --> 02:32:38,000
areas? 
No one visits to species. 

2717
02:32:38,000 --> 02:32:40,600
No one's heard of the answer so 
far. 

2718
02:32:40,600 --> 02:32:44,400
Has been, we mostly don't. 
The deep ocean remains largely 

2719
02:32:44,400 --> 02:32:48,400
unregulated, unexplored, and 
unprotected a few Marine 

2720
02:32:48,400 --> 02:32:51,600
reserves exist, but their drops,
in an ocean commercially 

2721
02:32:51,600 --> 02:32:54,000
interests are already eyeing, 
the mineral deposits around 

2722
02:32:54,000 --> 02:32:58,200
hydrothermal vents rich in 
Copper zinc and Rare Earth 

2723
02:32:58,200 --> 02:33:00,600
elements. 
The economics are compelling. 

2724
02:33:00,600 --> 02:33:05,100
The ecological costs are unknown
but likely severe the crew 

2725
02:33:05,100 --> 02:33:07,200
member walks passed heading 
below deck. 

2726
02:33:08,100 --> 02:33:09,900
The ship rocks gently in the 
swells. 

2727
02:33:10,700 --> 02:33:13,200
Somewhere in the darkness. 
Dolphins might be riding the 

2728
02:33:13,200 --> 02:33:16,800
bear weigh or bioluminescent 
Plankton might be creating 

2729
02:33:16,800 --> 02:33:18,300
glowing trails. 
In the water. 

2730
02:33:18,300 --> 02:33:21,400
The surface ocean is still 
magical in place is still 

2731
02:33:21,400 --> 02:33:25,100
capable of wonder. 
But the real Mysteries, the real

2732
02:33:25,100 --> 02:33:28,300
alien environments are below. 
The deep. 

2733
02:33:28,300 --> 02:33:31,800
Ocean is Earth's largest biome 
the Abyssal Plains alone. 

2734
02:33:31,800 --> 02:33:33,600
Cover more area than all 
terrestrial. 

2735
02:33:33,600 --> 02:33:37,200
Habitats combined. 
And we've sampled it about as 

2736
02:33:37,200 --> 02:33:40,100
thoroughly as you'd sample a 
continent by collecting a few 

2737
02:33:40,100 --> 02:33:44,100
dozen shovels of dirt were 
extrapolating ecosystems from 

2738
02:33:44,100 --> 02:33:48,000
fragments inferring food, webs 
from partial evidence and 

2739
02:33:48,000 --> 02:33:51,400
guessing at population Dynamics 
based on mathematical models. 

2740
02:33:51,400 --> 02:33:55,400
This is fine for generating 
hypotheses but it's a poor 

2741
02:33:55,408 --> 02:33:57,000
foundation for protecting 
ecosystems. 

2742
02:33:57,000 --> 02:34:00,600
We don't understand. 
How do you assess the impact of 

2743
02:34:00,600 --> 02:34:02,600
deep sea mining? 
When you don't know what lives 

2744
02:34:02,600 --> 02:34:04,800
there? 
How do you prevent extinctions 

2745
02:34:04,800 --> 02:34:06,300
of species? 
You haven't discovered? 

2746
02:34:07,100 --> 02:34:10,100
How do you balance resource 
extraction against ecological 

2747
02:34:10,100 --> 02:34:12,600
preservation? 
When the ecology is mostly 

2748
02:34:12,600 --> 02:34:14,600
guesswork? 
Stars are bright. 

2749
02:34:14,600 --> 02:34:18,800
Now you can see the Milky Way a 
pale band across the sky. 

2750
02:34:19,700 --> 02:34:21,900
Billions of stars, many with 
planets. 

2751
02:34:21,900 --> 02:34:24,800
Some of those planets 
potentially harboring life. 

2752
02:34:24,800 --> 02:34:28,400
We're spending billions on 
telescopes and space mission's 

2753
02:34:28,400 --> 02:34:31,300
to find that life. 
While simultaneously ignoring 

2754
02:34:31,300 --> 02:34:34,700
complex ecosystems in our own 
Ocean's, there's no 

2755
02:34:34,700 --> 02:34:38,400
contradiction really space and 
ocean exploration aren't in 

2756
02:34:38,400 --> 02:34:41,300
competition. 
We could fund both adequately if

2757
02:34:41,300 --> 02:34:44,900
we chose to, but the funding 
ratios reveal our priorities. 

2758
02:34:45,600 --> 02:34:48,800
Space gets the money, the public
interest and the grand 

2759
02:34:48,800 --> 02:34:51,500
Ambitions. 
The ocean gets what's left over,

2760
02:34:51,500 --> 02:34:54,300
which isn't much. 
Maybe that's human nature. 

2761
02:34:55,200 --> 02:34:58,500
We've always looked outward 
toward Horizons towards beyond 

2762
02:34:58,500 --> 02:35:00,300
the next Hill or across the. 
Next ocean. 

2763
02:35:00,300 --> 02:35:03,900
Looking down into depths that 
crush and freeze and hide their 

2764
02:35:03,908 --> 02:35:07,200
secrets doesn't trigger the same
exploratory, impulse. 

2765
02:35:07,900 --> 02:35:09,900
But the ocean depths are 
genuinely here. 

2766
02:35:09,900 --> 02:35:14,700
Genuinely alien and genuinely 
full of discoveries, waiting to 

2767
02:35:14,700 --> 02:35:17,500
be made the deep ocean will 
Outlast Humanity. 

2768
02:35:17,500 --> 02:35:22,400
When We're Gone, whether in 100 
years or 100 million, the 

2769
02:35:22,400 --> 02:35:25,200
Abyssal Plains will still be 
accumulating sediment 

2770
02:35:25,900 --> 02:35:29,700
Hydrothermal vents will still be
creating Oasis of life and the 

2771
02:35:29,700 --> 02:35:31,900
hadal snailfish will still be 
doing whatever. 

2772
02:35:31,900 --> 02:35:36,000
It is hadal snailfish do the 
ocean doesn't need us. 

2773
02:35:36,000 --> 02:35:39,700
It was here before we evolved 
and it'll be here after we're 

2774
02:35:39,700 --> 02:35:41,600
extinct. 
But we need it in ways. 

2775
02:35:41,600 --> 02:35:44,400
We probably don't fully 
appreciate the ocean. 

2776
02:35:44,400 --> 02:35:48,800
Regulates climate produces 
oxygen absorbs carbon dioxide 

2777
02:35:48,800 --> 02:35:52,400
and drives weather patterns. 
The deep ocean is part of that 

2778
02:35:52,400 --> 02:35:56,400
system, not isolated from the 
surface, but connected through 

2779
02:35:56,400 --> 02:36:00,500
the slow mixing of water, the 
vertical migration of organisms 

2780
02:36:00,500 --> 02:36:04,400
and the reign of organic matter 
from above, and we're changing 

2781
02:36:04,400 --> 02:36:06,100
it. 
Ocean acidification. 

2782
02:36:06,100 --> 02:36:10,100
Caused by absorbed, CO2 is 
affecting deep sea organisms 

2783
02:36:10,100 --> 02:36:13,400
that have never dealt with ph 
changes warming. 

2784
02:36:13,400 --> 02:36:16,000
Surface waters are altering 
circulation patterns that 

2785
02:36:16,000 --> 02:36:19,400
determine when nutrients go, 
which affects what sinks to the 

2786
02:36:19,400 --> 02:36:23,000
Deep plastic microparticles have
been found at the bottom of the 

2787
02:36:23,000 --> 02:36:25,700
Marianna trench. 
We've managed to pollute the 

2788
02:36:25,900 --> 02:36:27,700
Deepest part of the ocean. 
A place. 

2789
02:36:27,700 --> 02:36:31,500
We barely visit the deep ocean 
is Earth's final frontier. 

2790
02:36:31,500 --> 02:36:35,100
Not because it's the last place 
left to explore, but because it 

2791
02:36:35,100 --> 02:36:38,100
might be the last place we 
actually recognize as worth 

2792
02:36:38,100 --> 02:36:40,800
exploring before. 
It's too late before we've 

2793
02:36:40,800 --> 02:36:42,900
changed it too much to 
understand what it was. 

2794
02:36:43,900 --> 02:36:47,700
Before we've lost species, we 
never knew existed the ship's 

2795
02:36:47,700 --> 02:36:50,800
engines rumbled to life. 
You're heading back to Port, 

2796
02:36:50,800 --> 02:36:55,500
back to land, back to the world 
of air and sunlight and 

2797
02:36:55,500 --> 02:36:57,800
reasonable pressure. 
The deep ocean. 

2798
02:36:57,800 --> 02:37:00,000
Recedes behind you, not 
physically. 

2799
02:37:00,000 --> 02:37:04,000
It's still right there under the
ship but conceptually it becomes

2800
02:37:04,000 --> 02:37:06,400
something you visited rather 
than something you're 

2801
02:37:06,400 --> 02:37:09,900
experiencing a memory rather 
than an immediate reality. 

2802
02:37:09,900 --> 02:37:12,100
And that's how most people 
experience. 

2803
02:37:12,100 --> 02:37:15,500
The deep ocean. 
There's an abstraction a fact 

2804
02:37:15,500 --> 02:37:18,200
mentioned in documentaries. 
A place that exists 

2805
02:37:18,200 --> 02:37:21,000
theoretically but has no bearing
on daily life. 

2806
02:37:21,700 --> 02:37:25,500
It's easier that way easier than
contemplating, the vast cold, 

2807
02:37:25,500 --> 02:37:28,200
dark volumes of water that cover
most of the planet. 

2808
02:37:29,100 --> 02:37:31,200
Easier than Imagining the 
strange slow. 

2809
02:37:31,200 --> 02:37:35,500
Life that persists there. 
But it exists regardless, the 

2810
02:37:35,500 --> 02:37:37,700
deep ocean doesn't need our 
acknowledgment or our 

2811
02:37:37,700 --> 02:37:43,100
understanding it's simply is 
eternal patient indifferent. 

2812
02:37:44,000 --> 02:37:47,800
Earth's quiet deaths. 
Were life found ways to persist 

2813
02:37:47,800 --> 02:37:51,400
that surface organisms would 
consider impossible where time 

2814
02:37:51,400 --> 02:37:54,500
moves differently, where light 
is a message rather than an 

2815
02:37:54,500 --> 02:37:58,200
environment and where food is 
rare and patience is everything.

2816
02:37:59,500 --> 02:38:03,100
Final frontier isn't out there 
Among the Stars, it's down 

2817
02:38:03,100 --> 02:38:05,800
there. 
Beneath our ships beneath our 

2818
02:38:05,800 --> 02:38:08,500
feet when we stand on the shore 
alien. 

2819
02:38:08,500 --> 02:38:12,800
Vast mostly unknown and largely 
ignored. 

2820
02:38:12,800 --> 02:38:16,400
While we dream of Mars, the 
Stars wheel overhead. 

2821
02:38:16,400 --> 02:38:20,500
The ocean roles beneath and 
somewhere in the darkness below,

2822
02:38:20,500 --> 02:38:24,500
a depth that crushed. 
Submarines life continues. 

2823
02:38:24,500 --> 02:38:30,500
Its slow patient existence with 
or without our attention with or

2824
02:38:30,500 --> 02:38:36,600
without our understanding just 
continuing as it has, as it will

2825
02:38:36,600 --> 02:38:38,700
in the end. 
That's what the deep ocean 

2826
02:38:38,700 --> 02:38:42,300
teaches us. 
Systems matters more than speed 

2827
02:38:42,300 --> 02:38:47,300
patients matters more than 
urgently and life finds ways to 

2828
02:38:47,300 --> 02:38:49,400
exist in conditions that seem 
impossible. 

2829
02:38:50,400 --> 02:38:52,600
The creatures of the deep aren't
trying to impress anyone, 

2830
02:38:52,600 --> 02:38:56,000
they're not putting on a show, 
they're simply living in the 

2831
02:38:56,000 --> 02:38:57,800
only way that works in their 
environment. 

2832
02:38:58,700 --> 02:39:01,400
And maybe that's the lesson 
worth keeping as you head back 

2833
02:39:01,400 --> 02:39:05,200
to shore back to human 
complexity and artificial light 

2834
02:39:05,200 --> 02:39:09,400
life is remarkably good at being
life, even in places where it 

2835
02:39:09,400 --> 02:39:12,400
shouldn't work, even under 
conditions that would kill most 

2836
02:39:12,400 --> 02:39:18,000
organisms instantly. 
The deep ocean exists, vast cold

2837
02:39:18,000 --> 02:39:23,200
dark and patient always there 
always waiting. 

2838
02:39:23,200 --> 02:39:26,800
Always doing what it's done for 
hundreds of millions of years 

2839
02:39:26,800 --> 02:39:31,700
and we occasionally briefly 
expensively visit, its edges and

2840
02:39:31,700 --> 02:39:36,100
Marvel at what we find then 
return to the surface to the 

2841
02:39:36,100 --> 02:39:40,300
light to the warm shallows. 
Where humans belong the Deep 

2842
02:39:40,300 --> 02:39:50,400
remains, quiet, Eternal unknown.
Harry S, Truman's Roots traced 

2843
02:39:50,400 --> 02:39:53,400
to the quiet, farmlands of 
Western Missouri, worlds removed

2844
02:39:53,400 --> 02:39:54,700
from the polished corals of 
Washington. 

2845
02:39:54,700 --> 02:39:59,100
He'd one day and have it. 
Born on May 8th 1884 in the 

2846
02:39:59,100 --> 02:40:01,700
small town of Lamar. 
He was the first child of John 

2847
02:40:01,700 --> 02:40:05,300
Anderson, Truman and Martha, 
Ellen young modest, beginning to

2848
02:40:05,300 --> 02:40:08,600
his early sensibilities, the 
family moved frequently, chasing

2849
02:40:08,600 --> 02:40:11,000
opportunities across, 
Hardscrabble, farmland, and 

2850
02:40:11,000 --> 02:40:14,000
short lived Ventures. 
Even so the young Truman 

2851
02:40:14,000 --> 02:40:17,200
absorbed or a Relentless work 
ethic from dawn to dusk chores, 

2852
02:40:17,200 --> 02:40:19,800
and gleaned and unvarnished 
sense of people's struggles, 

2853
02:40:19,800 --> 02:40:23,800
little about his childhood for 
cast of the president sea, that 

2854
02:40:23,800 --> 02:40:25,400
would thrust him into Global 
crises. 

2855
02:40:25,400 --> 02:40:29,600
His Boyhood was peppered with a 
pawnshop, for reading a road 

2856
02:40:29,600 --> 02:40:32,600
copy of Pluto's lives, or 
perhaps a Mark Twain novel, 

2857
02:40:32,600 --> 02:40:34,000
capturing the spirit of Middle 
America. 

2858
02:40:34,900 --> 02:40:37,700
Unlike many peers, Harry 
devoured, thick tomes about 

2859
02:40:37,700 --> 02:40:41,100
history, and political 
philosophy, the Spectacles 

2860
02:40:41,100 --> 02:40:43,600
perched, on his nose, unto him 
occasional, teasing from 

2861
02:40:43,600 --> 02:40:45,100
schoolmates, but he Shrugged It 
Off. 

2862
02:40:45,700 --> 02:40:49,100
His father's Farm demands forced
him to develop stamina in a 

2863
02:40:49,100 --> 02:40:52,900
literal sense, wrangling mules, 
or stacking hay, even as he 

2864
02:40:52,900 --> 02:40:55,100
contemplated the larger World 
Beyond county lines. 

2865
02:40:55,800 --> 02:40:57,800
With no prestigious family name 
or wealth. 

2866
02:40:57,800 --> 02:40:59,700
Further, educational was never 
assured. 

2867
02:40:59,700 --> 02:41:02,600
After finishing High School. 
In the independence College 

2868
02:41:02,600 --> 02:41:06,300
seemed an unreachable dream, 
family, finances and 

2869
02:41:06,300 --> 02:41:10,000
obligations, rerouted him to an 
array of our jobs timekeeper for

2870
02:41:10,000 --> 02:41:12,200
the Santa Fe railroad Bank, 
Clark, and farmhand. 

2871
02:41:13,100 --> 02:41:16,100
His early 20s Truman's curiosity
about public affairs. 

2872
02:41:16,100 --> 02:41:19,600
Solidified, the world was Qin 
upping, horse drawn. 

2873
02:41:19,600 --> 02:41:23,500
Wagons meteorama Beals the 
economy swelled and new 

2874
02:41:23,500 --> 02:41:25,300
technologies. 
Whispered of Unstoppable 

2875
02:41:25,300 --> 02:41:28,300
progress, yet Southern 
Missouri's, conservative climate

2876
02:41:28,300 --> 02:41:31,100
promised, fast, social, or 
political transformation. 

2877
02:41:32,000 --> 02:41:36,300
Politically a swirl of party 
machines in the Kansas City. 

2878
02:41:36,300 --> 02:41:40,400
State of Missouri dominated 
locales to elections. 

2879
02:41:41,300 --> 02:41:43,400
Established dynasties 
overshadowed the notion that 

2880
02:41:43,400 --> 02:41:45,500
ordinary citizens could break 
into politics. 

2881
02:41:46,600 --> 02:41:50,200
Truman while not outspoken about
these realities, observed them 

2882
02:41:50,200 --> 02:41:53,100
closely. 
In the year 1905. 

2883
02:41:53,100 --> 02:41:56,400
The young man ventured to Kansas
City, the state of Missouri. 

2884
02:41:57,200 --> 02:41:59,800
But his father's declining 
Health compelled him to return 

2885
02:41:59,800 --> 02:42:01,800
to the Grandview Farm due to 
family obligations. 

2886
02:42:03,000 --> 02:42:06,700
The life of a farmer was tough 
on body and spirit as an era 

2887
02:42:06,700 --> 02:42:09,900
lacking Modern Machinery. 
But these years on the farms are

2888
02:42:09,900 --> 02:42:13,100
might argue lay the foundation 
for Truman's later authenticity.

2889
02:42:13,100 --> 02:42:17,200
He saw the cyclical nature of 
crops, the unpredictability of 

2890
02:42:17,200 --> 02:42:20,100
weather and the straightforward 
handshake culture of small town 

2891
02:42:20,100 --> 02:42:22,700
trades. 
The stoicism gleaned from 

2892
02:42:22,700 --> 02:42:24,700
failed, harvests or broken 
equipment. 

2893
02:42:24,700 --> 02:42:28,500
Taught him resilience a trait, 
he'd lean on heavily decades 

2894
02:42:28,500 --> 02:42:33,500
later, underlying higher Stakes,
then came 1917, and America's 

2895
02:42:33,500 --> 02:42:37,400
entry into World War 1, like 
many patriots, Truman enlisted, 

2896
02:42:37,400 --> 02:42:40,100
a 33. 
He was in to typical fresh face 

2897
02:42:40,100 --> 02:42:42,800
recruit, but his earnestness and
unwavering sense of Duty 

2898
02:42:42,800 --> 02:42:45,600
propelled him forward. 
Commissioned, as an artillery 

2899
02:42:45,600 --> 02:42:49,000
officer, he found a surprising 
gift for leadership men, who 

2900
02:42:49,000 --> 02:42:52,200
initially dismissed him as a 
four-eyed Farm Boy, discovered a

2901
02:42:52,200 --> 02:42:55,700
commanding presence. 
He enforced discipline, but 

2902
02:42:55,700 --> 02:42:58,800
listen to grievances forging an 
official battery that ultimately

2903
02:42:58,800 --> 02:43:01,100
saw action in The Muddy Shell, 
Scott Fields of France. 

2904
02:43:02,200 --> 02:43:04,900
Under withering artillery Truman
kept his battery steady and 

2905
02:43:04,908 --> 02:43:08,400
morale intact that success 
fueled a new self-confidence. 

2906
02:43:08,400 --> 02:43:11,700
If he could manage the emotional
storm of War, may be Leading 

2907
02:43:11,700 --> 02:43:14,600
Men, and later constituents was 
not. 

2908
02:43:14,600 --> 02:43:18,200
So implausible. 
Returning Stateside in 1919 

2909
02:43:18,200 --> 02:43:21,100
Truman married, best Wallace, 
his longtime sweetheart from 

2910
02:43:21,100 --> 02:43:23,400
Independence. 
She was known for a steady 

2911
02:43:23,408 --> 02:43:25,900
temperament and a gentle 
reluctance for public life. 

2912
02:43:26,800 --> 02:43:29,900
Their Union would provide her 
emotional grounding through the 

2913
02:43:29,900 --> 02:43:33,900
political turbulence ahead. 
First, they tested civilian 

2914
02:43:33,900 --> 02:43:36,300
Ventures. 
Tried opening a men's clothing 

2915
02:43:36,300 --> 02:43:39,600
store in Kansas City, that the 
post-war economy sank into 

2916
02:43:39,600 --> 02:43:42,900
recession, the store to leaving 
him in debt that took years to 

2917
02:43:42,900 --> 02:43:45,600
repay. 
Despite the financial strain, he

2918
02:43:45,600 --> 02:43:48,400
refused to declare bankruptcy 
demonstrating, his adherence to 

2919
02:43:48,400 --> 02:43:50,300
the moral code of meeting 
obligations. 

2920
02:43:51,500 --> 02:43:53,500
Around this time, the 
Pendergrass political machine 

2921
02:43:53,500 --> 02:43:56,800
offered a Lifeline Tom 
Pendergast, a powerful, 

2922
02:43:56,800 --> 02:43:59,800
Democratic boss, recognized 
Truman's, war hero reputation. 

2923
02:43:59,800 --> 02:44:03,000
And unwavering loyalty he 
suggested a run for County, 

2924
02:44:03,000 --> 02:44:06,700
judge a role more administrative
than judicial in Jackson County.

2925
02:44:07,600 --> 02:44:09,500
Truman. 
Initially, hesitant realized 

2926
02:44:09,500 --> 02:44:11,900
politics could merge. 
His sense of civic duty. 

2927
02:44:11,900 --> 02:44:13,900
With the means to provide for 
his family. 

2928
02:44:13,900 --> 02:44:18,600
In 1922, he stepped onto the 
ballot, the campaign demanded he

2929
02:44:18,600 --> 02:44:21,200
mingle with rural neighbors 
chatting, Dusty General stores 

2930
02:44:21,200 --> 02:44:24,300
and knock on thousands of doors,
over time. 

2931
02:44:24,300 --> 02:44:28,400
He honed in every man approached
direct warm unpretentious 

2932
02:44:28,400 --> 02:44:30,800
though. 
Overshadowed by bigger city 

2933
02:44:30,800 --> 02:44:34,200
names Truman 1, he soon 
discovered that politics 

2934
02:44:34,200 --> 02:44:37,600
demanded compromise the Press 
sniffed at him as a Pendergrass 

2935
02:44:37,600 --> 02:44:40,000
puppet, but he set about 
improving County Roads and 

2936
02:44:40,000 --> 02:44:42,000
public buildings focusing on 
practical governance. 

2937
02:44:42,000 --> 02:44:43,800
He didn't make headlines in 
Washington. 

2938
02:44:43,800 --> 02:44:47,600
But local folk started trusting 
that judge Truman might be the 

2939
02:44:47,600 --> 02:44:50,000
rare politician. 
Who balance machine loyalty with

2940
02:44:50,000 --> 02:44:53,600
genuine public benefit. 
This vaunted from county level 

2941
02:44:53,600 --> 02:44:56,100
duties juggling budgets awarding
contracts. 

2942
02:44:56,100 --> 02:44:59,100
Meeting local taxpayers would 
form the Bedrock of his 

2943
02:44:59,100 --> 02:45:01,700
pragmatic style. 
Later defining, how he navigated

2944
02:45:01,700 --> 02:45:03,700
the halls of Congress and 
eventually the White House. 

2945
02:45:04,500 --> 02:45:07,700
Harry Truman's position as a 
Jackson County Judge provided 

2946
02:45:07,700 --> 02:45:10,600
him with an intimate view of the
political dynamics that shaped 

2947
02:45:10,600 --> 02:45:13,000
Kansas City and its surrounding 
areas. 

2948
02:45:13,000 --> 02:45:16,800
Contrary to Modern assumptions 
judge in, that era didn't always

2949
02:45:16,800 --> 02:45:19,800
require a law degree, the role. 
Resembled a county. 

2950
02:45:19,800 --> 02:45:23,400
Commissioner managing budgets, 
overseeing infrastructure and 

2951
02:45:23,400 --> 02:45:26,400
mediating local disputes. 
Truman's approach was 

2952
02:45:26,400 --> 02:45:29,500
straightforward. 
Keep roads, maintained ensure 

2953
02:45:29,500 --> 02:45:33,300
budgets balanced and minimize 
corruption where possible yet 

2954
02:45:33,300 --> 02:45:35,700
the Pendergast machine, that 
backed him thrived on. 

2955
02:45:35,700 --> 02:45:39,600
Patronage awarding contracts to 
Friendly bidders for Truman. 

2956
02:45:39,600 --> 02:45:42,600
The challenge was upholding 
Integrity while not alienating 

2957
02:45:42,600 --> 02:45:45,900
the very Network that had placed
him in office throughout the 

2958
02:45:45,908 --> 02:45:50,900
1920s Truman and reputation for 
honesty that set him apart Euro 

2959
02:45:50,900 --> 02:45:54,000
in gold in the nepotism that 
others accepted as routine. 

2960
02:45:54,000 --> 02:45:57,100
Journalists covering local 
government perceived judge 

2961
02:45:57,100 --> 02:46:00,500
Truman as a unique individual a 
devoted member of the Pendergast

2962
02:46:00,500 --> 02:46:02,900
team who genuinely aimed to 
promote the public welfare. 

2963
02:46:03,600 --> 02:46:07,400
He developed a method, maintain 
civil relationships with boss, 

2964
02:46:07,400 --> 02:46:10,700
Tom Pendergast, but quietly push
for a to Administration. 

2965
02:46:11,800 --> 02:46:14,500
This precarious, balance Drew 
occasional, disapproval from 

2966
02:46:14,500 --> 02:46:17,500
reform-minded critics, who felt 
he should break with the machine

2967
02:46:17,500 --> 02:46:21,000
entirely Truman reason that from
within he could do more for 

2968
02:46:21,000 --> 02:46:24,000
constituents in private. 
He admitted the tension. 

2969
02:46:24,000 --> 02:46:25,400
Nored at him yet. 
No. 

2970
02:46:25,400 --> 02:46:27,000
Obvious alternative route 
existed. 

2971
02:46:27,000 --> 02:46:30,700
The machine was the only ladder 
for local Democratic politicians

2972
02:46:30,700 --> 02:46:33,900
by the early, 1930s. 
The Great Depression rattled, 

2973
02:46:33,900 --> 02:46:38,000
every corner of America, Kansas 
City state of Missouri, faced 

2974
02:46:38,000 --> 02:46:40,700
Bank closures, mass 
unemployment, and bread lines, 

2975
02:46:40,700 --> 02:46:44,900
Truman re-elected as a presiding
judge in 1930, used New Deal 

2976
02:46:44,900 --> 02:46:48,100
funds to jumpstart local 
projects Bridges, public 

2977
02:46:48,100 --> 02:46:51,600
buildings and new highways 
attempting to pump lifeblood 

2978
02:46:51,600 --> 02:46:55,000
into the local economy. 
His sincere empathy for ordinary

2979
02:46:55,000 --> 02:46:57,800
families grounded. 
In his experience of economic 

2980
02:46:57,800 --> 02:46:59,800
hardship, colored every 
decision. 

2981
02:46:59,800 --> 02:47:03,200
He oversaw County relief 
program, that while not free of 

2982
02:47:03,208 --> 02:47:06,500
cronyism often delivered, real 
help to needy citizens. 

2983
02:47:06,500 --> 02:47:10,100
This bolstered Truman standing. 
As a conscientious official 

2984
02:47:10,100 --> 02:47:12,700
though, overshadowed by the 
iconic New Deal initiatives 

2985
02:47:12,700 --> 02:47:16,100
Champion by President Franklin D
Roosevelt at the national level.

2986
02:47:17,300 --> 02:47:21,400
Year 1934, brought a new 
opportunity, Pendergast decided 

2987
02:47:21,400 --> 02:47:24,200
to push Truman as the Democratic
candidate for the US Senate. 

2988
02:47:25,100 --> 02:47:27,400
The overshadowed by more 
prominent figures in state 

2989
02:47:27,400 --> 02:47:30,800
politics Truman's, quiet, 
perseverance appealed to rural 

2990
02:47:30,800 --> 02:47:34,300
voters, on the campaign Trail. 
Wearing his trademark wide 

2991
02:47:34,300 --> 02:47:37,500
brimmed hat and thick glasses. 
He visited farmhouses and small 

2992
02:47:37,500 --> 02:47:40,300
town, Gatherings, he promised to
back Roosevelt's program, 

2993
02:47:40,300 --> 02:47:41,900
praising the impetus behind 
them. 

2994
02:47:42,800 --> 02:47:46,300
Meanwhile suspicious voices 
hammered him as a Pendergast 

2995
02:47:46,300 --> 02:47:49,800
stooge. 
The boss is endorsements, seal 

2996
02:47:49,800 --> 02:47:52,800
the nomination, but winning the 
general election was no 

2997
02:47:52,800 --> 02:47:54,500
guarantee. 
Nonetheless. 

2998
02:47:54,500 --> 02:47:57,000
National frustration with the 
Republicans handling of the 

2999
02:47:57,008 --> 02:48:01,600
depression gave the Democrats, a
strong Tailwind, Truman eked out

3000
02:48:01,608 --> 02:48:05,900
of Victory heading to Washington
at age. 50 in the Senate, he was

3001
02:48:05,900 --> 02:48:09,200
a small fish in a pond teeming 
with the established ways like a

3002
02:48:09,200 --> 02:48:12,700
Huey Long Carter glass and 
Robert La Follette, Junior, 

3003
02:48:12,700 --> 02:48:16,700
eager to prove his worth Truman 
initially found himself 

3004
02:48:16,700 --> 02:48:19,700
overshadowed by Southern 
Democrats who dominated key 

3005
02:48:19,700 --> 02:48:22,400
committee's he stuck to the 
Commerce and intrinsic 

3006
02:48:22,400 --> 02:48:26,100
regulation committee's quietly. 
Gleaning how legislative deals 

3007
02:48:26,100 --> 02:48:29,400
were forged mindful that he 
needed to rid himself of the 

3008
02:48:29,400 --> 02:48:31,700
Pendergrass stigma. 
He tackled issues with a 

3009
02:48:31,708 --> 02:48:37,000
methodical zeal. one such moment
arrived, in 1939, when he 

3010
02:48:37,000 --> 02:48:39,200
chaired a subcommittee 
investigating Railroad 

3011
02:48:39,200 --> 02:48:42,900
reorganization, Applying his 
county level budgeting lessons 

3012
02:48:42,900 --> 02:48:46,800
to a national stage colleagues. 
Noticed his meticulous approach,

3013
02:48:46,800 --> 02:48:51,000
he seldom boasted rarely sought 
headlines, but delivered 

3014
02:48:51,000 --> 02:48:54,900
results. 
The mid-1930s to late 1930s. 

3015
02:48:54,900 --> 02:48:58,600
Also saw the unraveling of 
Pendergast Empire accusations of

3016
02:48:58,608 --> 02:49:02,200
tax evasion and Corruption sword
in 1939. 

3017
02:49:02,200 --> 02:49:05,500
Tom Pendergast was convicted of 
tax fraud and imprisoned 

3018
02:49:05,500 --> 02:49:09,600
headlines implicated him in his 
associates in a massive graphed 

3019
02:49:09,600 --> 02:49:14,200
Truman facing re-election in 
1940, braced for the blowback, 

3020
02:49:14,200 --> 02:49:18,000
his opponents, painted him as 
the senator from Pendergast, but

3021
02:49:18,000 --> 02:49:21,400
Truman countered that he too 
disapproved of corruption and 

3022
02:49:21,400 --> 02:49:25,000
that is recorded. 
Independent voters, evaluating 

3023
02:49:25,000 --> 02:49:28,000
his actual performance decided 
to give him another term. 

3024
02:49:29,000 --> 02:49:32,000
The tight race confirmed that 
his margin of Victory Lane trust

3025
02:49:32,000 --> 02:49:35,300
built by actual service 
overshadowing the old Machine 

3026
02:49:35,300 --> 02:49:37,800
Label. 
In his second term, Truman's 

3027
02:49:37,800 --> 02:49:40,600
name surfaced more often, 
especially as storm clouds 

3028
02:49:40,600 --> 02:49:45,100
gathered in Europe. 
World War 2 erupted in 1939 by 

3029
02:49:45,100 --> 02:49:48,100
1941 and America was aging 
closer to involvement 

3030
02:49:48,100 --> 02:49:51,600
roseville's, lendlease policies 
and the ramp up of Defense 

3031
02:49:51,600 --> 02:49:53,300
Industries, demanded close 
oversight. 

3032
02:49:54,100 --> 02:49:57,800
Truman sensing billions of tax 
dollars, swirling into new 

3033
02:49:57,800 --> 02:50:01,300
factories spearheaded a senate 
committee to monitor War 

3034
02:50:01,300 --> 02:50:03,600
profiteering. 
The Senate special committee to 

3035
02:50:03,600 --> 02:50:06,700
investigate the National Defense
program, more famously known as 

3036
02:50:06,700 --> 02:50:10,000
The Truman committee set out to 
ensure that war contracts will 

3037
02:50:10,000 --> 02:50:13,900
legitimate factories, produced 
quality goods and unscrupulous 

3038
02:50:13,900 --> 02:50:17,300
profiteers were exposed. 
This gave Truman a national 

3039
02:50:17,300 --> 02:50:19,900
Spotlight. 
He visited defense plants in 

3040
02:50:19,900 --> 02:50:23,400
cognito scrutinizing. 
Paperwork the committee earned 

3041
02:50:23,400 --> 02:50:26,800
praise for saving taxpayers. 
Giant sums press coverage, 

3042
02:50:26,800 --> 02:50:29,700
portrayed him as a bulldog for 
accountability, not a 

3043
02:50:29,700 --> 02:50:31,900
grandstander. 
But someone truly outraged by 

3044
02:50:31,900 --> 02:50:36,400
waste direct exploitation. 
By 1943, The Truman committee 

3045
02:50:36,400 --> 02:50:39,000
had propelled the senator from 
Missouri into the national 

3046
02:50:39,000 --> 02:50:41,600
consciousness. 
Pundits, who wants to dismissed 

3047
02:50:41,600 --> 02:50:44,700
him as a background functionary.
Now, viewed him as a champion of

3048
02:50:44,708 --> 02:50:48,000
good governance, amid a massive 
global war, the White House. 

3049
02:50:48,000 --> 02:50:52,700
Notice two Roosevelt seeking to 
unify, the Democratic party for 

3050
02:50:52,700 --> 02:50:56,400
the 1944 election face. 
The question of who should serve

3051
02:50:56,400 --> 02:51:00,700
as vice president, his current 
VP Henry Wallace was viewed as 

3052
02:51:00,700 --> 02:51:04,000
two, Radical by Party. 
Conservatives could Harry Truman

3053
02:51:04,000 --> 02:51:07,300
a moderate Pro defense. 
Corruption fighting senator. 

3054
02:51:07,300 --> 02:51:10,500
Be the compromise pick. 
The party bigwigs thought. 

3055
02:51:10,500 --> 02:51:14,900
So the stage was set for a Twist
in Truman's life from being a 

3056
02:51:14,900 --> 02:51:18,000
steady second term Senator to 
possibly occupying the second 

3057
02:51:18,000 --> 02:51:20,300
highest office in the land 
perched. 

3058
02:51:20,300 --> 02:51:22,600
Precariously near the center of 
a global conflict. 

3059
02:51:23,400 --> 02:51:26,500
Harry Truman, never aggressively
personed, the vice presidency, 

3060
02:51:26,500 --> 02:51:30,900
but in the swirl of 1944 
politics, He emerged as a 

3061
02:51:30,900 --> 02:51:34,900
near-consensus choice. 
Franklin D Roosevelt seeking an 

3062
02:51:34,900 --> 02:51:37,600
unprecedented. 
Fourth term recognized that in a

3063
02:51:37,600 --> 02:51:41,100
fractious Democratic party. 
Henry Wallace polarized, too 

3064
02:51:41,100 --> 02:51:44,800
many Conservative Democrats, 
demanded a replacement and 

3065
02:51:44,800 --> 02:51:47,600
Truman's unassuming loyalty and 
his credibility in the war 

3066
02:51:47,600 --> 02:51:50,600
proved to be a suitable fit. 
when the Democratic National 

3067
02:51:50,600 --> 02:51:54,500
Convention convened that July in
Chicago backroom dealings sealed

3068
02:51:54,500 --> 02:51:58,000
the arrangement Truman famously 
claimed, he woke up one morning 

3069
02:51:58,000 --> 02:52:00,800
as a senator and went to bed 
that night as the parties, Vice 

3070
02:52:00,800 --> 02:52:03,600
Presidential nominee. 
Even then he expressed 

3071
02:52:03,600 --> 02:52:06,600
reluctance famously quipping, 
that the role was largely 

3072
02:52:06,600 --> 02:52:11,000
ornamental, a spare tire on the 
Autumn of government. the 

3073
02:52:11,000 --> 02:52:14,000
Roosevelt Truman ticket 
triumphed in November 1944 

3074
02:52:14,000 --> 02:52:18,600
riding on FDR's record as a 
wartime leader The margin was 

3075
02:52:18,600 --> 02:52:22,200
narrower than earlier Roosevelt 
victories reflecting War fatigue

3076
02:52:22,200 --> 02:52:25,700
among Americans but a victory 
was still a victory and in 

3077
02:52:25,700 --> 02:52:30,000
January 1945 Truman took the 
oath as vice president within 

3078
02:52:30,000 --> 02:52:32,600
weeks the Allies Advanced on 
Nazi Germany. 

3079
02:52:32,600 --> 02:52:35,500
The battle of the Bulger had 
ended and the liberation of 

3080
02:52:35,500 --> 02:52:39,000
concentration camps approached. 
Meanwhile the Pacific Theater 

3081
02:52:39,000 --> 02:52:42,000
raged on with US forces, inching
closer to Japan. 

3082
02:52:42,800 --> 02:52:45,100
Truman found himself at the 
periphery of top-level 

3083
02:52:45,100 --> 02:52:47,800
discussions. 
Roosevelt, his health failing 

3084
02:52:47,800 --> 02:52:50,400
still dominated the 
administration strategic 

3085
02:52:50,400 --> 02:52:53,700
deliberations. 
Truman's main tasks involved. 

3086
02:52:53,700 --> 02:52:56,300
Presiding over the Senate and 
fulfilling ceremonial roles. 

3087
02:52:56,300 --> 02:52:59,600
He was rarely looped into the 
secrets of the Manhattan Project

3088
02:52:59,600 --> 02:53:01,600
or the exact shape of post-war 
negotiations. 

3089
02:53:02,800 --> 02:53:07,900
Everything changed abruptly on 
April 12th, 1945 Rosevelt, died 

3090
02:53:07,900 --> 02:53:11,100
in Warm Springs. 
Georgia after months of visibly,

3091
02:53:11,100 --> 02:53:14,500
declining vitality, Stunned 
Truman was summoned to the White

3092
02:53:14,500 --> 02:53:17,400
House and took the oath of 
office as president in a small 

3093
02:53:17,400 --> 02:53:20,500
tent ceremony. 
He later recalled, I felt like 

3094
02:53:20,500 --> 02:53:24,000
the moon, the stars and all the 
planets had fallen on me. 

3095
02:53:25,100 --> 02:53:27,800
The man who had been in the dark
about critical aspects of the 

3096
02:53:27,800 --> 02:53:30,000
war, particularly the atomic 
program. 

3097
02:53:30,000 --> 02:53:34,100
Now became Commander in Chief of
a global superpower in Waiting, 

3098
02:53:34,100 --> 02:53:37,300
advisors scrambled to brief him 
on ongoing strategies. 

3099
02:53:37,300 --> 02:53:40,700
Secret weapons, research and the
complexity of Allied 

3100
02:53:40,700 --> 02:53:42,800
negotiations with star in and 
Churchill. 

3101
02:53:43,500 --> 02:53:46,200
Truman's earliest, decisions 
revolved around ending World War

3102
02:53:46,200 --> 02:53:50,700
Two in Europe Victory, seemed 
imminent with Hitler's regime. 

3103
02:53:50,700 --> 02:53:57,100
Collapsing VE Day victory in 
Europe, arrived on May 8th 1945,

3104
02:53:57,100 --> 02:54:00,200
overshadowing, the raw sense of 
Roosevelt's absence. 

3105
02:54:00,200 --> 02:54:03,400
Meanwhile, the Potsdam 
Conference in July saw a Truman 

3106
02:54:03,400 --> 02:54:05,800
meet Winston. 
Churchill later replaced by 

3107
02:54:05,800 --> 02:54:08,500
Clement Atlee mid conference and
Joseph Stalin. 

3108
02:54:09,400 --> 02:54:12,400
With the war in Europe settled. 
The conversation, pivoted, 

3109
02:54:12,400 --> 02:54:15,500
dividing Germany into zones, 
shaping Eastern, Europe's 

3110
02:54:15,500 --> 02:54:17,300
future, and extracting 
concessions. 

3111
02:54:17,300 --> 02:54:20,000
From the Soviet Union about 
joining the war, against Japan 

3112
02:54:20,000 --> 02:54:22,700
Truman and novice in the high 
stakes. 

3113
02:54:22,700 --> 02:54:26,300
Diplomacy that Rosevelt had 
navigated approached star in 

3114
02:54:26,300 --> 02:54:29,100
with caution. 
Glean that the Soviet leader had

3115
02:54:29,100 --> 02:54:32,800
Ambitions in Eastern Europe, a 
harbinger of postwar friction. 

3116
02:54:33,500 --> 02:54:36,600
Simultaneously Truman faced to 
moral and strategic quandary in 

3117
02:54:36,600 --> 02:54:39,200
the Pacific the Manhattan 
Project had succeeded. 

3118
02:54:39,200 --> 02:54:42,200
The atomic bomb was ready, 
military planners. 

3119
02:54:42,200 --> 02:54:45,500
Estimated an invasion of Japan's
home Islands could cost a 

3120
02:54:45,500 --> 02:54:48,100
catastrophic number of Allied 
and Japanese lives. 

3121
02:54:48,100 --> 02:54:50,900
The question was, where the 
dropping the bomb might force a 

3122
02:54:50,900 --> 02:54:54,400
swift surrender, Truman wrestled
with the ethics But ultimately 

3123
02:54:54,400 --> 02:54:57,500
authorized using Atomic weapons.
Believing it would end the 

3124
02:54:57,500 --> 02:55:02,300
conflict more quickly on August 
6th. 1945, a B-29 dropped. 

3125
02:55:02,300 --> 02:55:04,800
The first bomb on Hiroshima. 
Three days later. 

3126
02:55:04,800 --> 02:55:08,400
Nagasaki was hit, Japan 
announced surrender on August 

3127
02:55:08,400 --> 02:55:11,000
15th. 
The effect was as unprecedented 

3128
02:55:11,000 --> 02:55:14,400
as it was terrifying. 
The world recognized a new era 

3129
02:55:14,400 --> 02:55:17,900
of nuclear capability Truman 
Justified, his choice to the 

3130
02:55:17,908 --> 02:55:19,400
American public. 
As a necessary. 

3131
02:55:19,400 --> 02:55:23,200
Evil one that in his view saved 
more lives than it cost. 

3132
02:55:24,000 --> 02:55:27,200
Others debated, the morality for
generations to come but the 

3133
02:55:27,200 --> 02:55:30,000
immediate aftermath was a wave 
of relief that the war was over 

3134
02:55:30,000 --> 02:55:33,600
emerging from the wars. 
Conclusion Truman found an 

3135
02:55:33,600 --> 02:55:37,000
altered Planet, the Soviet Union
and the US stood as rival 

3136
02:55:37,000 --> 02:55:41,100
superpowers, Europe in Ruins 
Asia, wrestled with new 

3137
02:55:41,100 --> 02:55:44,200
Independence movements and the 
nuclear age, overshadowed all 

3138
02:55:44,200 --> 02:55:48,400
many Americans wanted a return 
to domestic normalcy hoping to 

3139
02:55:48,400 --> 02:55:50,200
spend energy on economic 
Revival. 

3140
02:55:51,200 --> 02:55:55,100
But the unraveling alliance with
Stalin's USSR, hinted at a new 

3141
02:55:55,108 --> 02:55:59,200
conflict in the making. 
A cold war of ideologies spies 

3142
02:55:59,200 --> 02:56:02,900
and proxy battles. 
Truman The Accidental, president

3143
02:56:02,900 --> 02:56:06,200
would have to craft policies 
that shape this precarious World

3144
02:56:06,200 --> 02:56:10,300
in 1946, as the rest of the 
Allied powers demobilized. 

3145
02:56:11,300 --> 02:56:15,000
Soviets entrenched in Eastern 
Europe, Winston Churchill no 

3146
02:56:15,000 --> 02:56:16,200
longer. 
Britain's prime minister 

3147
02:56:16,200 --> 02:56:20,300
visited, the US and declared an 
iron curtain had descended 

3148
02:56:20,300 --> 02:56:24,100
across the continent. 
Truman recognized the need for a

3149
02:56:24,100 --> 02:56:27,200
Doctrine to counter Soviet 
expansion, albeit, short of 

3150
02:56:27,208 --> 02:56:30,000
direct Warfare. 
The seeds of the containment 

3151
02:56:30,000 --> 02:56:33,500
strategy took shape culminating 
in what would be known as the 

3152
02:56:33,500 --> 02:56:36,900
Truman Doctrine pledging support
to countries threatened by the 

3153
02:56:36,900 --> 02:56:40,100
Communists of version. 
With minimal foreign policy 

3154
02:56:40,100 --> 02:56:43,400
background, he relied on 
seasoned figures like George 

3155
02:56:43,400 --> 02:56:47,200
Marshall, denature, son, and 
others to devise new Frameworks 

3156
02:56:47,200 --> 02:56:50,500
for the global stability. 
Meanwhile, on the domestic 

3157
02:56:50,500 --> 02:56:52,200
front. 
The challenge of Recon. 

3158
02:56:52,200 --> 02:56:54,600
The economy from wartime 
production to peace, time, 

3159
02:56:54,600 --> 02:56:59,900
soared labor strikes in demands 
for civil rights tested Truman's

3160
02:56:59,900 --> 02:57:05,000
leadership, As 1947 approached, 
Truman's tenure had only begun, 

3161
02:57:05,000 --> 02:57:08,600
the decisions about nuclear 
arms, the Aiden programs for war

3162
02:57:08,600 --> 02:57:11,700
ravaged allies and the looming 
confrontational with Soviet 

3163
02:57:11,700 --> 02:57:14,700
policies in Europe and Asia. 
These would Define not just his 

3164
02:57:14,700 --> 02:57:18,500
president, see, but the entire 
Global Order, once a quiet, 

3165
02:57:18,500 --> 02:57:22,000
Senator overshadowed by 
roseville's, magnetism Truman 

3166
02:57:22,000 --> 02:57:25,600
had stepped into the spotlight. 
He was about to introduce a new 

3167
02:57:25,608 --> 02:57:28,900
vocabulary to American 
statecraft, the Marshall Plan, 

3168
02:57:28,900 --> 02:57:32,100
the Berlin airlift, and the 
seeds of NATO forging, an era 

3169
02:57:32,100 --> 02:57:34,200
where the United States 
embraced, superpower 

3170
02:57:34,200 --> 02:57:36,800
responsibilities, Unthinkable a 
mere decade earlier. 

3171
02:57:37,600 --> 02:57:40,800
In the tumultuous post-war 
climate Harry Truman found his 

3172
02:57:40,800 --> 02:57:43,500
presidency. 
Pivoting on two broad fronts 

3173
02:57:43,500 --> 02:57:46,300
foreign policy crises and 
domestic upheaval. 

3174
02:57:47,100 --> 02:57:51,000
Fresh from the Euphoria victory 
over fascism American soon. 

3175
02:57:51,000 --> 02:57:53,200
Recognized that a new tension 
with the Soviet Union. 

3176
02:57:53,200 --> 02:57:56,600
Dominated world, affairs, 
Eastern Europe, on the Communist

3177
02:57:56,600 --> 02:57:59,200
influence. 
And Stalin's grip tightened 

3178
02:57:59,200 --> 02:58:01,500
across Poland, Hungary and 
others. 

3179
02:58:01,500 --> 02:58:04,600
These developments spurred 
Truman's Administration to 

3180
02:58:04,600 --> 02:58:06,100
articulate a more defined 
stance. 

3181
02:58:07,000 --> 02:58:10,700
In March 1947, he presented to 
Congress what became known as 

3182
02:58:10,708 --> 02:58:13,600
the Truman Doctrine. 
The United States would Aid 

3183
02:58:13,600 --> 02:58:16,800
nation's resisting subjugation 
by armed minorities or outside 

3184
02:58:16,800 --> 02:58:20,600
pressures though, triggered by 
crises and Greece and Turkey the

3185
02:58:20,600 --> 02:58:22,400
doctrine signaled. 
A broader commitment to 

3186
02:58:22,400 --> 02:58:25,100
containing communism. 
Skeptics worried about 

3187
02:58:25,100 --> 02:58:28,800
entangling America, in Endless, 
foreign struggles, but Truman 

3188
02:58:28,800 --> 02:58:31,000
insisted that. 
Inaction would yield greater 

3189
02:58:31,000 --> 02:58:33,800
perils. 
Soon after Secretary of State, 

3190
02:58:33,800 --> 02:58:36,300
George Marshall proposed the 
European recovery program 

3191
02:58:36,300 --> 02:58:39,400
colloquially. 
The martial plan War, ravaged, 

3192
02:58:39,400 --> 02:58:42,100
Europe, faced famine and 
economic collapse conditions. 

3193
02:58:42,100 --> 02:58:45,900
Ripe for communist infiltration.
Marshall's Plan offered massive 

3194
02:58:45,900 --> 02:58:49,200
financial aid to rebuild 
infrastructure revitalized 

3195
02:58:49,200 --> 02:58:52,800
Industries and stabilize 
currencies Truman champion. 

3196
02:58:52,800 --> 02:58:55,800
This approach is simultaneously 
humanitarian and strategic. 

3197
02:58:56,600 --> 02:58:59,200
Western Europe, Swift 
reconstruction, under the plan, 

3198
02:58:59,200 --> 02:59:03,100
created an economic boom. 
Forging stable, democracies less

3199
02:59:03,100 --> 02:59:06,100
vulnerable to Soviet influence 
this bold initiative. 

3200
02:59:06,100 --> 02:59:10,700
Reshaped America's Global role 
no longer isolationist that was 

3201
02:59:10,708 --> 02:59:13,800
now the engine of ancient 
Western Alliance domestically 

3202
02:59:13,800 --> 02:59:16,500
Truman in countered. 
An equally formidable challenge,

3203
02:59:16,500 --> 02:59:20,300
millions of veterans returned, 
seeking jobs and affordable 

3204
02:59:20,300 --> 02:59:22,200
housing. 
Labor unions. 

3205
02:59:22,200 --> 02:59:25,700
Having postponed strikes during 
the war now pressed for raises 

3206
02:59:25,700 --> 02:59:29,200
in an inflationary climate. 
The Republican Resurgence in the

3207
02:59:29,208 --> 02:59:32,500
1946. 
Midterms gave the GOP control of

3208
02:59:32,500 --> 02:59:36,400
Congress complicating Truman's 
legislative Ambitions, he 

3209
02:59:36,400 --> 02:59:37,300
Advanced what? 
He dubbed. 

3210
02:59:37,300 --> 02:59:40,100
The Fair Deal. 
Sweeter proposals aiming to 

3211
02:59:40,100 --> 02:59:43,800
expand upon Roosevelt's New 
Deal, National Health Care civil

3212
02:59:43,800 --> 02:59:48,500
rights, measures 8 to education 
and a higher minimum wage Yeah, 

3213
02:59:48,500 --> 02:59:51,900
these ran headlong into 
Congressional opposition with 

3214
02:59:51,900 --> 02:59:54,500
the Republicans and conservative
Southern Democrats blocking 

3215
02:59:54,500 --> 02:59:57,000
large. 
Segments, the result incremental

3216
02:59:57,000 --> 03:00:00,200
progress overshadowed by 
persistent gridlock. 

3217
03:00:00,900 --> 03:00:05,100
Matters of race also percolated.
Despite Roosevelt's color blind 

3218
03:00:05,100 --> 03:00:07,900
rhetoric during the war 
African-Americans faced 

3219
03:00:07,900 --> 03:00:12,300
persistent discrimination. 
In 1948, Truman issued an 

3220
03:00:12,300 --> 03:00:15,900
executive order to desegregate 
the Armed Forces, a bold move 

3221
03:00:15,900 --> 03:00:19,600
that outraged, many Southern 
politicians, but signaled, a new

3222
03:00:19,608 --> 03:00:22,900
federal stance on civil rights. 
He also called for an end to 

3223
03:00:22,908 --> 03:00:26,500
poll taxes and for legislation 
Banning lynching though, those 

3224
03:00:26,500 --> 03:00:29,900
proposals stalled in Congress, 
Civil rights leaders. 

3225
03:00:29,900 --> 03:00:32,700
Applauded him as the first 
modern president to make such a 

3226
03:00:32,700 --> 03:00:35,100
stand, though. 
It carried political risks in 

3227
03:00:35,100 --> 03:00:39,200
the upcoming election. 
The 1948 presidential race 

3228
03:00:39,200 --> 03:00:42,600
shaped up as a daunting one for 
Truman many believed he was 

3229
03:00:42,600 --> 03:00:46,800
doomed to defeat even within his
party sudden Dixiecrats. 

3230
03:00:46,800 --> 03:00:50,000
Broke off championing Strom 
Thurmond in the protest of civil

3231
03:00:50,000 --> 03:00:53,400
rights while Henry Wallace and a
former vice president led. 

3232
03:00:53,400 --> 03:00:56,700
The Progressive Party from the 
left, the Republican nominee 

3233
03:00:56,700 --> 03:01:01,200
Thomas Dewey exuded confidence 
pollsters and newspapers 

3234
03:01:01,200 --> 03:01:04,600
predicted a Shore, Republican 
Victory, but Truman embarked on 

3235
03:01:04,600 --> 03:01:07,400
a legendary Whistlestop campaign
across the country by train 

3236
03:01:07,400 --> 03:01:11,100
hitting small towns and big 
cities with fiery speeches, he 

3237
03:01:11,100 --> 03:01:13,600
hammered the do nothing congress
for blocking his Fair Deal 

3238
03:01:13,600 --> 03:01:18,300
measures championed the average 
Dean citizens needs and exuded 

3239
03:01:18,300 --> 03:01:22,100
an underdog energy that 
resonated with voters on 

3240
03:01:22,100 --> 03:01:24,200
Election night. 
The Chicago Tribune famously 

3241
03:01:24,200 --> 03:01:27,900
printed its Dewey defeats 
Truman, headline prematurely. 

3242
03:01:29,000 --> 03:01:33,200
The actual result a surprise 
Truman Victory securing his 

3243
03:01:33,200 --> 03:01:35,000
place in the white house for a 
full term. 

3244
03:01:35,800 --> 03:01:39,100
Historians still Marvel at this 
upset, tributing it to Truman's 

3245
03:01:39,100 --> 03:01:42,100
Relentless, Grassroots, appeal, 
and Americans preference for 

3246
03:01:42,100 --> 03:01:45,800
continuity and uncertain times. 
Even after this Triumph, the 

3247
03:01:45,800 --> 03:01:49,200
cold Wars drum beat intensified 
in 1949. 

3248
03:01:49,200 --> 03:01:52,800
The Soviets tested their first 
atomic bomb sooner than Western 

3249
03:01:52,800 --> 03:01:55,400
intelligence had anticipated 
China's. 

3250
03:01:55,400 --> 03:01:58,300
Civil War ended with MAO 
zedong's, communist Victory, and

3251
03:01:58,300 --> 03:02:01,600
other Blow To Us hopes of 
containing communism within the 

3252
03:02:01,600 --> 03:02:03,600
US. 
Paranoia about Soviet 

3253
03:02:03,600 --> 03:02:06,300
infiltration sword. 
Prompting investigations of 

3254
03:02:06,300 --> 03:02:09,200
alleged spies and government. 
Accusations. 

3255
03:02:09,200 --> 03:02:12,300
By Senator Joseph McCarthy, of 
communist sympathizers in the 

3256
03:02:12,300 --> 03:02:16,100
state department, gain traction,
fueling an era of blacklists and

3257
03:02:16,100 --> 03:02:18,900
loyalty. 
Oaths Truman initially 

3258
03:02:18,900 --> 03:02:22,500
dismissive of McCarthy's claims 
found the climate overshadowing 

3259
03:02:22,500 --> 03:02:24,300
more moderate approaches to 
subversion. 

3260
03:02:25,100 --> 03:02:28,600
The so-called Red Scare impacted
the national mood making 

3261
03:02:28,600 --> 03:02:31,800
American suspicious of any 
perceived left-leaning activity.

3262
03:02:32,600 --> 03:02:36,800
Simultaneously, the Berlin 
crisis escalated, in 1948, to 

3263
03:02:36,800 --> 03:02:40,900
1949 Stalin blockaded West, 
Berlin, hoping to force the 

3264
03:02:40,900 --> 03:02:43,800
Allies out. 
Truman answered with the Berlin 

3265
03:02:43,800 --> 03:02:47,900
Air Lift, the logistical Marvel 
fairing supplies by are to 2 

3266
03:02:47,900 --> 03:02:51,100
million berliners Round the 
Clock cargo plane soared over 

3267
03:02:51,100 --> 03:02:54,000
Soviet occupied zones, bringing 
food and coal. 

3268
03:02:54,000 --> 03:02:57,600
The operation success showcase 
Truman's willingness to stand 

3269
03:02:57,600 --> 03:03:01,200
firm without triggering. 
Direct War by midnight. 1949, 

3270
03:03:01,200 --> 03:03:04,500
the blockade ended proving 
Western Unity triumphant. 

3271
03:03:05,400 --> 03:03:08,600
Yet Germany's formal partition 
into Eastern West underscored 

3272
03:03:08,600 --> 03:03:11,300
that the global divide was no 
fleeting spat. 

3273
03:03:12,200 --> 03:03:14,900
It crystallized an iron curtain 
across Europe. 

3274
03:03:16,000 --> 03:03:18,400
Truman's presidency. 
Thus served as The Crucible. 

3275
03:03:18,400 --> 03:03:23,000
Forging NATO established in 1949
to unify Western defense. 

3276
03:03:24,000 --> 03:03:28,300
By 1950, the stage was set for 
the next major conflict in Korea

3277
03:03:28,300 --> 03:03:31,300
communist. 
North invade the South prompting

3278
03:03:31,300 --> 03:03:35,700
un-led intervention Truman 
fervent to stop aggression. 

3279
03:03:35,700 --> 03:03:39,800
But wary of Another World War 
authorized forces under General 

3280
03:03:39,800 --> 03:03:43,100
MacArthur, the Korean War would 
Define his final years in 

3281
03:03:43,100 --> 03:03:46,500
office, intensifying domestic 
debates over how to contain 

3282
03:03:46,500 --> 03:03:48,900
Communism without triggering 
nuclear catastrophe. 

3283
03:03:49,900 --> 03:03:54,700
So from the Vantage of the early
1950s Harry Truman, once a 

3284
03:03:54,700 --> 03:03:57,500
relatively obscure Senator had 
become the architect of 

3285
03:03:57,500 --> 03:04:00,700
containment, The Man Behind the 
Fair Deal and the figure 

3286
03:04:00,700 --> 03:04:03,900
bridging FDR's Global Legacy 
with a precarious New Order. 

3287
03:04:04,700 --> 03:04:07,400
His next steps would further 
tests both his presidency and 

3288
03:04:07,400 --> 03:04:09,800
the tolerance of a public 
increasingly fatigued by 

3289
03:04:09,800 --> 03:04:14,300
unending conflicts of abroad. 
June 1950 jolted, The Truman 

3290
03:04:14,300 --> 03:04:17,200
Administration where North 
Korean forces under Kim, the 

3291
03:04:17,200 --> 03:04:21,300
second song Sergeant across the 
38th parallel, overwhelming the 

3292
03:04:21,300 --> 03:04:23,900
ill prepared, South Korean army 
within days. 

3293
03:04:23,900 --> 03:04:27,700
Soul fell un Security Council. 
Swiftly, condemned the 

3294
03:04:27,708 --> 03:04:30,300
aggression. 
The rare instance where the 

3295
03:04:30,300 --> 03:04:32,100
Soviet Union's absence from the 
council. 

3296
03:04:32,100 --> 03:04:34,900
Due to boycotting over China's 
seat allowed. 

3297
03:04:34,900 --> 03:04:39,700
A unanimous resolution to pass. 
Truman responded promptly, he 

3298
03:04:39,700 --> 03:04:42,500
committed US Air and Naval 
support soon dispatching. 

3299
03:04:42,500 --> 03:04:45,000
Ground troops. 
Technically, the conflict was a 

3300
03:04:45,000 --> 03:04:47,100
police action rather than a 
declared war. 

3301
03:04:47,900 --> 03:04:50,400
But thousands of American 
servicemen found themselves. 

3302
03:04:50,400 --> 03:04:52,400
In brutal combat across the 
Korean Peninsula. 

3303
03:04:52,400 --> 03:04:56,300
General, Douglas MacArthur a 
decorated World War, Two figure 

3304
03:04:56,300 --> 03:05:01,000
assumed command of UN forces. 
At first, the situation was Dire

3305
03:05:01,000 --> 03:05:04,900
Allied lines, shrank to a small 
defensive pocket around pusan. 

3306
03:05:04,900 --> 03:05:09,900
Then came the Bold in Sean 
Landing in September 1950, a 

3307
03:05:09,900 --> 03:05:12,500
brilliant amphibious operation 
that outflanked North, Korean 

3308
03:05:12,500 --> 03:05:17,200
supply lines, MacArthur's troops
recaptured Soul reversing, North

3309
03:05:17,200 --> 03:05:22,000
Korea's gains boyed by success. 
MacArthur pushed north crossing,

3310
03:05:22,000 --> 03:05:24,700
the 38th parallel with Truman's 
tentative endorsement. 

3311
03:05:25,800 --> 03:05:28,300
The objective evolved from 
merely repelling The Invasion to

3312
03:05:28,300 --> 03:05:30,000
toppling the Kim regime 
entirely. 

3313
03:05:30,000 --> 03:05:34,600
So the general believed, Yet, a 
new threat loomed communist, 

3314
03:05:34,600 --> 03:05:37,500
China warned, it would not 
tolerate foreign armies on its 

3315
03:05:37,500 --> 03:05:40,100
border. 
Truman's advisors debated 

3316
03:05:40,100 --> 03:05:43,900
whether unifying Korea by force 
was feasible or wise Crossing 

3317
03:05:43,900 --> 03:05:47,000
into the far, north could lead 
to Chinese intervention many 

3318
03:05:47,000 --> 03:05:50,700
warned. 
MacArthur Brash and confident 

3319
03:05:50,700 --> 03:05:54,800
discounted such warnings by late
1950. 

3320
03:05:54,800 --> 03:05:57,800
Chinese, volunteers poured 
across the Yellow River, 

3321
03:05:57,800 --> 03:06:01,800
launching a massive 
counter-offensive American and 

3322
03:06:01,800 --> 03:06:04,800
Allied Forces reeled Southwood 
in a grim, winter retreat. 

3323
03:06:05,400 --> 03:06:08,100
Public shocked at this sudden, 
reversal battered Truman's. 

3324
03:06:08,100 --> 03:06:12,000
Popularity as casualties 
mounted, a rift yawned between 

3325
03:06:12,000 --> 03:06:16,200
Macarthur who demanded expanded 
War, potentially bombing Chinese

3326
03:06:16,200 --> 03:06:19,000
bases. 
And Truman, who insisted on 

3327
03:06:19,000 --> 03:06:22,200
avoiding a broader conflict 
MacArthur disregarding 

3328
03:06:22,200 --> 03:06:25,100
presidential directives publicly
criticized, Washington's 

3329
03:06:25,100 --> 03:06:28,400
caution, effectively, 
undermining, Truman's Authority.

3330
03:06:29,100 --> 03:06:32,900
In April, 1951 Truman made a 
fateful decision, he revved 

3331
03:06:32,900 --> 03:06:37,300
MacArthur of command. 
The Uproar was immediate. 

3332
03:06:38,800 --> 03:06:42,600
MacArthur was a national hero. 
Welcome to Home by throngs, 

3333
03:06:42,600 --> 03:06:47,200
chanting his name. 
Meanwhile critics accused Truman

3334
03:06:47,200 --> 03:06:50,300
of weakening the war effort but 
Truman committed to civilian 

3335
03:06:50,300 --> 03:06:52,300
control of the military stood 
firm. 

3336
03:06:52,300 --> 03:06:55,100
He believed that letting a 
general Define foreign policy 

3337
03:06:55,100 --> 03:06:56,700
threatened, the very core of 
democracy. 

3338
03:06:56,700 --> 03:07:01,200
Despite the controversy, the 
Korean War ground on Armistice 

3339
03:07:01,200 --> 03:07:05,700
talks started in mid 1951 but 
dragged on for months, even as 

3340
03:07:05,700 --> 03:07:09,400
battles flared along entrenched 
lines near the 38th parallel. 

3341
03:07:10,400 --> 03:07:13,100
While U.S public support for the
war waned. 

3342
03:07:13,700 --> 03:07:16,900
Truman's White House wrestled 
with spiraling defense costs, 

3343
03:07:16,900 --> 03:07:20,600
anxious to avoid overextension. 
Some soil parallels to the 

3344
03:07:20,600 --> 03:07:23,800
frustration in World War 1, 
trenches minimal, territorial 

3345
03:07:23,800 --> 03:07:27,100
gains High casualties and 
endless negotiations. 

3346
03:07:28,300 --> 03:07:32,700
By 1952 many Americans had grown
disillusioned, the war 

3347
03:07:32,700 --> 03:07:35,100
overshadowed domestic progress 
on the Fair Deal. 

3348
03:07:35,700 --> 03:07:38,200
Political opponents hammered 
Truman for what they saw as a 

3349
03:07:38,200 --> 03:07:40,900
stalemate in Asia. 
Tying it to claims of 

3350
03:07:40,908 --> 03:07:43,100
infiltration by communist 
sympathizers at home. 

3351
03:07:44,100 --> 03:07:48,000
Fed by these tensions, the 1952 
presidential election shaped up 

3352
03:07:48,008 --> 03:07:51,600
Truman battered by criticism. 
Decided not to run for another 

3353
03:07:51,600 --> 03:07:53,900
term. 
He had served nearly 8 years 

3354
03:07:53,900 --> 03:07:56,400
after Roosevelt's death plus the
partial term. 

3355
03:07:56,400 --> 03:08:00,200
Instead, the Democratic party 
nominated at lace Stevenson, the

3356
03:08:00,200 --> 03:08:03,400
second who faced Dwight D 
Eisenhower the popular General 

3357
03:08:03,400 --> 03:08:06,700
from World War II. 
Eisenhower's promised to go to 

3358
03:08:06,700 --> 03:08:08,700
Korea. 
And in the war resonated deeply 

3359
03:08:08,700 --> 03:08:12,600
with a weary public Truman 
overshadowed, simply hoped the 

3360
03:08:12,600 --> 03:08:17,400
conflict might find resolution 
In January 1953, he left office 

3361
03:08:17,400 --> 03:08:20,800
with approval ratings, near 
historic lows, overshadowed, by 

3362
03:08:20,808 --> 03:08:23,800
the drawn-out, Korean struggle. 
And the McCarthy era's 

3363
03:08:23,800 --> 03:08:26,300
Relentless accusations of 
communist infiltration in the 

3364
03:08:26,300 --> 03:08:30,200
government yet even as he 
vacated the White House Truman 

3365
03:08:30,200 --> 03:08:32,400
insisted that the containment 
strategy was correct. 

3366
03:08:32,400 --> 03:08:36,400
He recognized that waiting 
passively would yield expansions

3367
03:08:36,400 --> 03:08:39,700
of Soviet or Chinese communism, 
which he believed threatened 

3368
03:08:39,700 --> 03:08:43,400
global stability, the Berlin. 
Airlift, the Marshall Plan, the 

3369
03:08:43,400 --> 03:08:47,200
formation of NATO and a degree 
in Turkey stood as cornerstones 

3370
03:08:47,200 --> 03:08:49,100
of what he considered necessary 
steps. 

3371
03:08:49,100 --> 03:08:52,900
The Korean War while painful in 
his View at halted a potential 

3372
03:08:52,900 --> 03:08:56,400
chain reaction of communist 
conquests in Asia the public and

3373
03:08:56,400 --> 03:08:59,800
policy circles fiercely debated,
whether the high cost Justified 

3374
03:08:59,800 --> 03:09:01,800
the war returning to 
Independence. 

3375
03:09:01,800 --> 03:09:04,100
Missouri, Truman embraced 
private life. 

3376
03:09:04,100 --> 03:09:06,800
Without many of the trappings 
modern presidents would later 

3377
03:09:06,800 --> 03:09:10,000
enjoy, he had minimal pension, 
no secret service detail 

3378
03:09:10,000 --> 03:09:13,600
initially and took up every day,
routines morning, walks visits 

3379
03:09:13,600 --> 03:09:17,200
to his library and Lively 
discussions with passes by over 

3380
03:09:17,200 --> 03:09:21,400
time Americans, softened toward 
him the same man once reviled 

3381
03:09:21,400 --> 03:09:24,300
from MacArthur's firing. 
And for the loss of China found,

3382
03:09:24,300 --> 03:09:27,400
belated appreciation as a symbol
of plain-spoken decency. 

3383
03:09:27,400 --> 03:09:31,900
Journalists occasionally visited
his mum, modest home to chat 

3384
03:09:31,900 --> 03:09:34,400
about world events. 
He deflected speculation about 

3385
03:09:34,400 --> 03:09:36,900
regrets. 
Typically remarking that under 

3386
03:09:36,900 --> 03:09:40,700
the same conditions you do much 
the same, the Aging man in his 

3387
03:09:40,700 --> 03:09:44,200
signature Fedora projected, an 
air of calm that belied the 

3388
03:09:44,208 --> 03:09:47,100
turmoil. 
He once navigated in the broader

3389
03:09:47,100 --> 03:09:51,000
sense the years following 1953 
revealed that the cold war 

3390
03:09:51,000 --> 03:09:54,200
strategies Truman helped Pioneer
would Endure Cross president's 

3391
03:09:54,200 --> 03:09:56,600
shaping US foreign policy for 
decades. 

3392
03:09:56,600 --> 03:09:59,900
The notion that America must 
lead, alliance's proper 

3393
03:09:59,900 --> 03:10:02,700
threatened, governments and 
maintain a robust military 

3394
03:10:02,700 --> 03:10:05,000
footprint. 
Ode much to the architecture in 

3395
03:10:05,000 --> 03:10:08,000
his advisors, sketched 
controversies over, nuclear 

3396
03:10:08,000 --> 03:10:10,900
arms, covid intervention. 
And moral trade-offs, would 

3397
03:10:10,900 --> 03:10:14,600
continue to swirl meanwhile, the
so called Truman Doctrine in 

3398
03:10:14,608 --> 03:10:18,700
simpler times evolved into 
Myriad forms from Vietnam to the

3399
03:10:18,700 --> 03:10:22,300
Middle East, where the favorable
or unfavorable The boundaries 

3400
03:10:22,300 --> 03:10:25,300
Truman established during the 
initial years of the Cold War 

3401
03:10:25,300 --> 03:10:28,000
established a superpower's 
worldwide Stars. 

3402
03:10:28,800 --> 03:10:32,300
After leaving the presidency, 
Harry Truman quietly returned to

3403
03:10:32,300 --> 03:10:34,900
the same unpretentious 
Independence neighborhood, he'd 

3404
03:10:34,900 --> 03:10:38,500
Left Behind reporters, Marvel 
that unlike many political 

3405
03:10:38,500 --> 03:10:41,400
figures who were treated in to 
comfortable consultant, gigs or 

3406
03:10:41,400 --> 03:10:44,100
lavish perks. 
Truman strolled us about as 

3407
03:10:44,100 --> 03:10:46,500
though unchanged. 
He personally answered the phone

3408
03:10:46,500 --> 03:10:50,000
at his home penders letters at a
small writing desk and took 

3409
03:10:50,000 --> 03:10:52,000
daily constitutional through the
neighborhood. 

3410
03:10:52,000 --> 03:10:55,400
When neighbors encountered him, 
he was as likely to talk about 

3411
03:10:55,400 --> 03:10:58,600
local weather AS Global Affairs.
However, his historical 

3412
03:10:58,600 --> 03:11:00,100
decisions, carried significant 
weight. 

3413
03:11:00,100 --> 03:11:04,900
Despite the sense of normalcy in
1953, the Korean Wars. 

3414
03:11:04,900 --> 03:11:08,300
Armistice took effect largely 
shaped by his successor. 

3415
03:11:08,300 --> 03:11:10,900
Eisenhower carried, forward 
negotiation. 

3416
03:11:10,900 --> 03:11:14,100
That Truman's administration had
begun though the conflict 

3417
03:11:14,100 --> 03:11:16,300
remained. 
Technically unresolved, the 

3418
03:11:16,300 --> 03:11:19,700
ceasefire established, the 
demilitarized zone freezing, the

3419
03:11:19,700 --> 03:11:23,500
peninsula's division, Critics 
contended that, a final piece 

3420
03:11:23,500 --> 03:11:25,200
was never achieved under 
Truman's. 

3421
03:11:25,200 --> 03:11:28,700
Watch yet Defenders, argued that
halting North Korean advances 

3422
03:11:28,700 --> 03:11:33,000
preserved, South Korea's future,
as years passed ongoing 

3423
03:11:33,000 --> 03:11:35,800
partitioned to the legacy of 
tension in East Asia. 

3424
03:11:35,800 --> 03:11:38,700
Intimately linked to Truman 
stand against communist 

3425
03:11:38,700 --> 03:11:41,500
aggression. 
In the realm of civil liberties,

3426
03:11:41,500 --> 03:11:44,600
the McCarthy era is further 
gradually subsided. 

3427
03:11:45,200 --> 03:11:48,200
Senator McCarthy overreached and
was eventually censured by his 

3428
03:11:48,200 --> 03:11:51,700
colleagues retrospective 
analysis revealed, the climate 

3429
03:11:51,700 --> 03:11:55,500
of fear had led to blacklists 
and ruined careers with cold 

3430
03:11:55,500 --> 03:11:57,400
scant evidence of actual 
subversion. 

3431
03:11:58,300 --> 03:12:01,800
From his Vantage Point Truman, 
felt Vindicated about firing 

3432
03:12:01,800 --> 03:12:03,700
MacArthur and resisting 
extremes. 

3433
03:12:04,300 --> 03:12:06,900
He had insisted that 
constitutional processes matter 

3434
03:12:06,900 --> 03:12:09,700
more than a general's personal 
convictions or a demagogue 

3435
03:12:09,700 --> 03:12:12,700
execution. 
Yet the climate had left scars 

3436
03:12:12,700 --> 03:12:16,300
on the Democratic party, 
Truman's own brand of moderate, 

3437
03:12:16,300 --> 03:12:20,200
liberalism, heavy on foreign 
policy hawkishness and domestic 

3438
03:12:20,200 --> 03:12:23,300
incremental, reforms had 
receded, under the weight of 

3439
03:12:23,308 --> 03:12:26,900
political realignments. 
Truman's financial situation. 

3440
03:12:26,900 --> 03:12:30,900
Post-presidency was precarious 
at that time ex-presidents 

3441
03:12:30,900 --> 03:12:34,200
received, no, pension, except 
for a small army pension from 

3442
03:12:34,200 --> 03:12:37,300
his service in World War one, he
faced burdened some living 

3443
03:12:37,300 --> 03:12:39,700
costs. 
A modest book deal for his 

3444
03:12:39,700 --> 03:12:42,100
Memoirs helped but it was not 
extravagant. 

3445
03:12:42,100 --> 03:12:45,300
He refused to cash in on 
corporate lobbying or serve on 

3446
03:12:45,308 --> 03:12:47,100
boards. 
He considered morally dubious 

3447
03:12:47,100 --> 03:12:50,700
eventually Congress passed. 
The former presidents act in 

3448
03:12:50,700 --> 03:12:54,600
1958 partly spurred by Truman 
circumstance, providing a 

3449
03:12:54,608 --> 03:12:56,400
pension and resources for office
staff. 

3450
03:12:57,300 --> 03:13:00,900
He disliked taking charity but 
recognize the policy, served 

3451
03:13:00,900 --> 03:13:03,000
future ex-presidents more than 
himself. 

3452
03:13:03,000 --> 03:13:06,500
Meanwhile, he poured energy into
his Presidential Library. 

3453
03:13:06,500 --> 03:13:10,100
Determined that the story of his
administration warts and all be 

3454
03:13:10,100 --> 03:13:13,500
accessible to Scholars? 
His Memoirs published in two 

3455
03:13:13,500 --> 03:13:18,800
volumes 1955 and 1956 revealed a
candid, plain-spoken Narrative 

3456
03:13:18,800 --> 03:13:21,400
of events. 
He offered no apologies for the 

3457
03:13:21,400 --> 03:13:24,600
atomic bomb decisions. 
Emphasizing that the abrupt end 

3458
03:13:24,600 --> 03:13:27,400
of the Pacific War saved. 
Countless Allied and Japanese 

3459
03:13:27,400 --> 03:13:30,700
lives. 
On the controversies surrounding

3460
03:13:30,700 --> 03:13:34,200
recognition of Israel Truman 
Swift acknowledgment of the new 

3461
03:13:34,200 --> 03:13:36,100
state in 19 was a watershed 
moment. 

3462
03:13:36,100 --> 03:13:38,900
In Middle East politics. 
He insisted it was the moral 

3463
03:13:38,900 --> 03:13:40,800
path despite opposition from 
Key. 

3464
03:13:40,800 --> 03:13:44,400
Advisors indeed. 
This quiet steadfast approach 

3465
03:13:44,400 --> 03:13:47,800
characterized his Recollections,
he may have been overshadowed by

3466
03:13:47,800 --> 03:13:50,700
FDR or disliked by flamboyant 
generals. 

3467
03:13:50,700 --> 03:13:54,100
But in times of Crisis, he did 
what he believed was necessary. 

3468
03:13:55,200 --> 03:13:57,600
Over time. 
Public perception of Truman. 

3469
03:13:57,600 --> 03:14:00,600
Shifted from unremarkable. 
Care taker to gutsy decision 

3470
03:14:00,600 --> 03:14:03,300
maker. 
Revisionist historians started, 

3471
03:14:03,300 --> 03:14:06,400
praising the Truman Doctrine 
Clarity, the martial plan, 

3472
03:14:06,400 --> 03:14:09,800
success, in rebuilding Europe 
and the pragmatic approach to 

3473
03:14:09,800 --> 03:14:13,800
containing Soviet influence. 
He noted how he integrated civil

3474
03:14:13,800 --> 03:14:17,400
rights stances into mainstream 
Democratic ideology setting the 

3475
03:14:17,400 --> 03:14:20,400
stage for the more comprehensive
reforms of the 1960s. 

3476
03:14:21,300 --> 03:14:24,800
Younger politicians from John F,
Kennedy onward acknowledged. 

3477
03:14:24,800 --> 03:14:28,500
A debt to Truman's Legacy that 
the president was about forging 

3478
03:14:28,500 --> 03:14:31,000
alliances. 
Championing domestic fairness 

3479
03:14:31,000 --> 03:14:32,700
and preserving a stable Global 
Order. 

3480
03:14:33,600 --> 03:14:36,600
Not all revered him. 
Some leftist critics hammered 

3481
03:14:36,600 --> 03:14:39,900
the extremes of anti-communist 
actions While others on the 

3482
03:14:39,900 --> 03:14:43,400
right called the stalemate in 
Korea evidence of half-hearted 

3483
03:14:43,400 --> 03:14:45,700
War. 
Yet nostalgic sentiment 

3484
03:14:45,700 --> 03:14:49,300
gradually emerged painting 
Truman as a leader of a simpler 

3485
03:14:49,300 --> 03:14:52,700
more honest era. 
Truman's personal life in his 

3486
03:14:52,700 --> 03:14:55,600
late years, revolved around 
Devotion to best remained 

3487
03:14:55,600 --> 03:14:57,600
reclusive, referring not to 
appear in public. 

3488
03:14:58,700 --> 03:15:02,200
The couples daily routine, 
included quite breakfasts visits

3489
03:15:02,200 --> 03:15:06,000
to the library and an occasional
Drive, grandchildren brought New

3490
03:15:06,000 --> 03:15:08,900
Joy. 
Sometimes foreign dignitaries or

3491
03:15:08,900 --> 03:15:11,500
Scholars would drop by seeking 
the old amounts perspective. 

3492
03:15:11,500 --> 03:15:14,900
He offered on, varnished 
answers, peppered with plain 

3493
03:15:14,900 --> 03:15:16,400
spoken. 
Missouri and humor. 

3494
03:15:16,400 --> 03:15:20,100
There were no Illusions or 
Frills in his answers journalist

3495
03:15:20,100 --> 03:15:23,100
noticed that he rarely 
exploited, the spotlighting to 

3496
03:15:23,100 --> 03:15:25,800
let official archives and 
Librarians handle big historical

3497
03:15:25,800 --> 03:15:29,800
query. 
By the 1960s, the Cold War had 

3498
03:15:29,800 --> 03:15:33,400
escalated to new crises the 
Berlin Wall, the Cuban Missile 

3499
03:15:33,400 --> 03:15:35,500
Crisis, and Vietnam's deepening 
conflict. 

3500
03:15:36,800 --> 03:15:40,000
Truman watched with concern, he 
occasionally wrote letters to 

3501
03:15:40,000 --> 03:15:42,300
current officials carefully. 
Disclaiming that he was not 

3502
03:15:42,300 --> 03:15:45,600
meddling, merely offering the 
wisdom gleaned from the post 

3503
03:15:45,600 --> 03:15:48,600
World War 2 Crucible. 
Presidents of both parties, 

3504
03:15:48,600 --> 03:15:51,800
recognized the significance of a
living repository of post-war 

3505
03:15:51,800 --> 03:15:54,600
policy decisions. 
Sometimes hosting him at White 

3506
03:15:54,600 --> 03:15:56,800
House. 
Gatherings Though, not an 

3507
03:15:56,800 --> 03:16:00,600
official advisor Truman's moral 
Authority soared. people 

3508
03:16:00,600 --> 03:16:03,300
perceived him as the final 
figure from a crucial period of 

3509
03:16:03,300 --> 03:16:07,000
transition, the establishment of
the atomic age, the emergence of

3510
03:16:07,000 --> 03:16:11,200
containment And the delicate 
balance between social justice 

3511
03:16:11,200 --> 03:16:15,600
and political realism in 
December 1972 at the age at 

3512
03:16:15,600 --> 03:16:19,700
Harry Truman passed away. 
The state funeral and 

3513
03:16:19,700 --> 03:16:22,600
Independence was modest 
reflecting, his personal style 

3514
03:16:22,600 --> 03:16:26,600
presidents, foreign dignitaries 
and ordinary Americans, pause to

3515
03:16:26,600 --> 03:16:28,400
salute. 
A man, whose improbable Journey 

3516
03:16:28,400 --> 03:16:31,500
took him from Missouri farm to 
the White House's epicenter 

3517
03:16:31,500 --> 03:16:34,800
eulogies, recalled him as the 
champion of the Marshall Plan, 

3518
03:16:34,800 --> 03:16:40,400
the father of containment the 
unlikely, Victor of 1948 And the

3519
03:16:40,400 --> 03:16:43,500
president who integrated the 
military over time, his name 

3520
03:16:43,508 --> 03:16:45,600
became shorthand for fortitude 
Under Pressure. 

3521
03:16:45,600 --> 03:16:50,000
The buck stops here in his own 
famous phrase, it stands as an 

3522
03:16:50,000 --> 03:16:52,200
emblem of personal 
accountability that for a better

3523
03:16:52,200 --> 03:16:54,900
or worse, shaped the modern 
presidency, and the Free World 

3524
03:16:54,900 --> 03:16:58,100
post-war order. 
Fast forward to the present and 

3525
03:16:58,100 --> 03:17:00,900
Harry Truman's memory stands. 
As a fascinating study in 

3526
03:17:00,900 --> 03:17:03,700
leadership. 
He was a product of small town, 

3527
03:17:03,700 --> 03:17:07,200
America shaped by the 
unvarnished realities of farm, 

3528
03:17:07,200 --> 03:17:10,600
labor and local politics. 
He lacked formal college degrees

3529
03:17:10,600 --> 03:17:13,800
or aristocratic lineage 
initially seeming, an improbable

3530
03:17:13,800 --> 03:17:15,900
figure to guide, the world's 
most powerful Nation. 

3531
03:17:16,800 --> 03:17:19,600
Yet Guided by personal ethics, 
and a knack for directness. 

3532
03:17:19,600 --> 03:17:23,100
He navigated Global crises 
unmatched in scale. 

3533
03:17:23,900 --> 03:17:27,400
Historians often, Place him 
among the near Great presidents.

3534
03:17:27,400 --> 03:17:31,100
An honor marking house, 
significantly steered the US in 

3535
03:17:31,100 --> 03:17:34,600
the aftermath of World War 2. 
One of the most potent lessons 

3536
03:17:34,600 --> 03:17:37,700
gleaned from his presidency lies
in how he approached big 

3537
03:17:37,700 --> 03:17:39,900
decisions. 
Truman rarely wallowed in 

3538
03:17:39,900 --> 03:17:42,400
indecision faced with the atomic
bombs. 

3539
03:17:42,400 --> 03:17:47,100
Moral Quagmire, he concluded 
swiftly, to use it, faced with 

3540
03:17:47,108 --> 03:17:50,900
Soviet expansion, he launched 
the Truman Doctrine, even the 

3541
03:17:50,900 --> 03:17:53,800
firing of General MacArthur a 
national hero. 

3542
03:17:53,800 --> 03:17:57,700
Illustrated, a principal know, 
individuals stands above 

3543
03:17:57,700 --> 03:18:01,300
civilian Authority, many leaders
might waffle or Fear public 

3544
03:18:01,300 --> 03:18:05,000
backlash, but Truman style was 
to weigh advice pick a course. 

3545
03:18:05,000 --> 03:18:08,700
And then bear the consequences 
that unwavering approach still 

3546
03:18:08,700 --> 03:18:12,300
informs discussions about how 
leaders handle emergency Powers 

3547
03:18:12,300 --> 03:18:14,600
his era. 
Also, cements the notion that 

3548
03:18:14,600 --> 03:18:17,400
personal authenticity can matter
more than rhetorical polish, 

3549
03:18:18,100 --> 03:18:20,900
Unlike FDR's Patrician 
confidence or JFK's glamour. 

3550
03:18:21,700 --> 03:18:23,300
Truman's Persona was 
straightforward. 

3551
03:18:23,300 --> 03:18:27,200
Sprinkled with folksy phrases, 
critics at times, derided his 

3552
03:18:27,200 --> 03:18:30,400
style as hickey or unrefined, 
but millions of Americans 

3553
03:18:30,400 --> 03:18:33,200
identified with it. 
Seeing in him, a mirror of their

3554
03:18:33,200 --> 03:18:37,100
anxieties and aspirations, 
political culture in the 21st 

3555
03:18:37,100 --> 03:18:39,200
century. 
Saturated with scripted 

3556
03:18:39,200 --> 03:18:43,400
soundbites often yearns for that
raw sincerity even if the 

3557
03:18:43,400 --> 03:18:45,900
complexities are far more 
complicated than a single 

3558
03:18:45,900 --> 03:18:49,800
personality trait can address. 
Another dimension of Truman's 

3559
03:18:49,800 --> 03:18:52,400
story, pertains to the permanent
changes in US governance. 

3560
03:18:53,100 --> 03:18:56,900
He presided over the creation of
the National Security State, CIA

3561
03:18:56,900 --> 03:18:59,900
NSA, and the mushrooming defense
department. 

3562
03:19:01,000 --> 03:19:03,500
He also oversaw the near 
permanent mobilization of the 

3563
03:19:03,500 --> 03:19:05,500
economy to feed the cold Wars 
demands. 

3564
03:19:06,200 --> 03:19:09,000
This shift from a more isolated 
Republic to a globally. 

3565
03:19:09,000 --> 03:19:12,600
Engaged superpower was not 
wholly his alone, but he carried

3566
03:19:12,600 --> 03:19:16,300
forward the impetus The ongoing 
debate about how much government

3567
03:19:16,300 --> 03:19:19,900
surveillance or Global policing 
is Justified owes, a debt to the

3568
03:19:19,908 --> 03:19:23,500
structures under Truman. 
His own personal discomfort with

3569
03:19:23,500 --> 03:19:25,400
certain expansions such as 
loyalty. 

3570
03:19:25,400 --> 03:19:28,900
Oaths, testifies to the moral, 
dilemmas in twined with these 

3571
03:19:28,900 --> 03:19:32,600
transformations, civil rights 
also saw in Paterson under his 

3572
03:19:32,600 --> 03:19:35,900
watch, though, this took decades
for the full effect to unfold, 

3573
03:19:35,900 --> 03:19:38,500
his desegregation of the Armed 
Forces. 

3574
03:19:38,500 --> 03:19:42,000
In 1948, was one of the earliest
executive acts dismantling 

3575
03:19:42,000 --> 03:19:45,300
institutional racism. 
Overshadowed, by the moored 

3576
03:19:45,300 --> 03:19:48,200
dramatic battles of the 1950s 
and 60s it later. 

3577
03:19:48,200 --> 03:19:51,300
Crucial president. 
Black veterans who served in 

3578
03:19:51,300 --> 03:19:54,600
integrated units, carried new 
expectations for equal 

3579
03:19:54,600 --> 03:19:56,800
treatment. 
Fueling the Civil Rights 

3580
03:19:56,800 --> 03:19:59,300
Movement. 
This example, underscores that 

3581
03:19:59,308 --> 03:20:03,000
incremental changes championed 
even buy a leaders not known 

3582
03:20:03,000 --> 03:20:06,400
primarily as civil rights 
Crusaders can pivot historical 

3583
03:20:06,400 --> 03:20:09,500
momentum in ways. 
Invisible at the time, modern 

3584
03:20:09,500 --> 03:20:13,500
presidents from both parties. 
Occasionally invoked Truman's 

3585
03:20:13,500 --> 03:20:16,400
name when justifying bold 
stances, they highlight his 

3586
03:20:16,400 --> 03:20:19,200
willingness to Buck popularity 
for principal or highlight. 

3587
03:20:19,200 --> 03:20:22,900
How under crisis he harnessed 
executive power to contain 

3588
03:20:22,900 --> 03:20:25,300
threats. 
Some hail him as the father of 

3589
03:20:25,300 --> 03:20:28,300
American internationalism. 
Forging alliances and Frameworks

3590
03:20:28,300 --> 03:20:31,800
like NATO others, cringe at the 
memory of the bombings, and the 

3591
03:20:31,800 --> 03:20:36,400
Loyalty purges that Duality 
heroic to some morally. 

3592
03:20:36,400 --> 03:20:39,600
Fraught to others mirrors, the 
complexity of the 20th century 

3593
03:20:39,600 --> 03:20:43,700
itself, For the typical American
family though, the memory of 

3594
03:20:43,700 --> 03:20:47,400
Truman might conjure images of 
that iconic. 1948 photo with the

3595
03:20:47,408 --> 03:20:51,400
newspaper headline, Dewey 
defeats Truman all the black and

3596
03:20:51,400 --> 03:20:53,500
white footage of him announcing 
Japan surrender. 

3597
03:20:54,300 --> 03:20:56,400
Library across the country. 
Preserve Diaries from 

3598
03:20:56,400 --> 03:20:59,800
grandparents, who felt uncertain
about sending their son's to 

3599
03:20:59,800 --> 03:21:03,400
Korea reading Day by Day news of
the Truman War. 

3600
03:21:04,500 --> 03:21:07,300
The Narrative resonates, a low 
profile man. 

3601
03:21:07,300 --> 03:21:11,100
Confronted with outsized 
responsibilities forging a path 

3602
03:21:11,100 --> 03:21:12,700
that was neither perfect, nor 
doomed. 

3603
03:21:12,700 --> 03:21:16,200
But shaped by moral convictions 
and a refusal to shirk tough 

3604
03:21:16,200 --> 03:21:19,200
calls. 
In the end, Harry Truman's life 

3605
03:21:19,200 --> 03:21:22,300
serves as a testament to the 
unexpected emergence of 

3606
03:21:22,308 --> 03:21:25,400
leadership and the resilience 
and determination of common men 

3607
03:21:25,400 --> 03:21:27,100
in the face of extraordinary 
events. 

3608
03:21:27,800 --> 03:21:30,400
For a generation battered by 
depression and War. 

3609
03:21:30,400 --> 03:21:33,500
He was a reassuring presence for
modern society. 

3610
03:21:33,500 --> 03:21:36,600
Grappling with new Global 
threats from climate crises to 

3611
03:21:36,600 --> 03:21:39,500
cyber conflicts, his blueprint 
of strategic alliances 

3612
03:21:39,500 --> 03:21:44,100
unwavering moral lines and 
willingness to face unpopularity

3613
03:21:44,100 --> 03:21:48,000
might hold valuable lessons. 
Indeed, his story stands as a 

3614
03:21:48,000 --> 03:21:51,000
testament to how the unassuming 
can transform into pivotal 

3615
03:21:51,000 --> 03:21:54,500
figures once fate thrusts them 
into the spotlight. 

3616
03:21:54,500 --> 03:21:58,400
As the decades roll on the 
modest Museum who saw himself 

3617
03:21:58,400 --> 03:22:01,400
simply as a public servant 
remains emblematic of how 

3618
03:22:01,400 --> 03:22:04,700
steadfast character can guide a 
nation through perilous times 

3619
03:22:04,700 --> 03:22:07,700
and reshaped the Very meaning of
American leadership. 

3620
03:22:15,200 --> 03:22:18,600
Imagine yourself standing in a 
Victorian library, on a rainy 

3621
03:22:18,600 --> 03:22:23,500
London, after noon in 1864. 
Gas, lamps cost, warm pools of 

3622
03:22:23,500 --> 03:22:26,100
light across mahogany tables 
stacked with leather bound 

3623
03:22:26,100 --> 03:22:29,400
volumes. 
Outside the city, hums with the 

3624
03:22:29,400 --> 03:22:33,200
energy of an Empire at its peak.
But in here, you're surrounded 

3625
03:22:33,200 --> 03:22:35,300
by Maps. 
Beautiful. 

3626
03:22:35,300 --> 03:22:38,800
Intricate maps that are 
simultaneously masterpieces and 

3627
03:22:38,800 --> 03:22:42,300
confessions of ignorance, these 
Maps show something our modern 

3628
03:22:42,300 --> 03:22:47,000
world has lost genuine mystery. 
Vast portions of the Indian 

3629
03:22:47,000 --> 03:22:51,100
Ocean appear as blank, blue, 
expanses interrupted only by 

3630
03:22:51,100 --> 03:22:53,900
scattered Islands. 
Whose Interiors remain 

3631
03:22:53,900 --> 03:22:58,300
unexplored. 
Madagascar looms, like a green 

3632
03:22:58,300 --> 03:23:00,500
question. 
Mark off the African Coast. 

3633
03:23:01,300 --> 03:23:04,600
The islands of Indonesia and 
melanesia Scatter across the 

3634
03:23:04,600 --> 03:23:06,900
sea, like puzzle pieces from 
different boxes. 

3635
03:23:07,700 --> 03:23:10,600
There are relationships to each 
other unclear and tantalizing 

3636
03:23:10,600 --> 03:23:13,700
your living in an era. 
When a gentleman naturist, could

3637
03:23:13,700 --> 03:23:17,000
still discover entirely new 
species on a weekend collecting 

3638
03:23:17,000 --> 03:23:19,400
trip. 
When Expeditions regularly 

3639
03:23:19,400 --> 03:23:22,100
returned with creatures that 
seem to belong in mythology, 

3640
03:23:22,100 --> 03:23:26,600
rather than natural history 
museums Charles Darwin has 

3641
03:23:26,600 --> 03:23:29,400
recently published his 
revolutionary Theory and the 

3642
03:23:29,400 --> 03:23:32,000
world of science is reeling from
the implication. 

3643
03:23:32,900 --> 03:23:36,400
If species could change over 
time, if life itself was not 

3644
03:23:36,400 --> 03:23:39,700
fixed but fluid, then what else 
might be possible. 

3645
03:23:39,700 --> 03:23:43,300
The Victorian era, possessed, a 
particular genius for combining 

3646
03:23:43,300 --> 03:23:47,800
rigorous scientific inquiry with
unbridled romantic speculation. 

3647
03:23:48,600 --> 03:23:52,000
these were people who would 
spend decades cataloging Beetle 

3648
03:23:52,000 --> 03:23:55,400
specimens while simultaneously 
believing that fairies might 

3649
03:23:55,400 --> 03:23:58,800
inhabit their Gardens, this 
combination of careful, 

3650
03:23:58,800 --> 03:24:02,400
observation and wild imagination
created, the perfect conditions 

3651
03:24:02,400 --> 03:24:06,500
for myths to take root in 
scientific soil, the maps, your 

3652
03:24:06,500 --> 03:24:09,700
studying show something 
puzzling, certain plants and 

3653
03:24:09,700 --> 03:24:13,700
animals appear in places, they 
have no business being Lemurs, 

3654
03:24:13,700 --> 03:24:17,400
those wide-eyed primates with 
their haunting calls and ghostly

3655
03:24:17,400 --> 03:24:21,900
movements live in Madagascar. 
Yet their closest relatives 

3656
03:24:21,900 --> 03:24:25,600
aren't in nearby Africa, but 
thousands of miles away in India

3657
03:24:25,600 --> 03:24:29,000
and Southeast Asia. 
It's as if someone had scattered

3658
03:24:29,000 --> 03:24:32,400
them, across the ocean, 
deliberately like seeds from a 

3659
03:24:32,400 --> 03:24:36,100
cosmic hand, fossils present, 
even stranger Mysteries. 

3660
03:24:37,600 --> 03:24:40,500
The Colossus Fern, which anyone 
can recognize from its 

3661
03:24:40,508 --> 03:24:44,200
distinctive tongue-shaped leaves
appears in rocks, across South 

3662
03:24:44,200 --> 03:24:47,800
America Africa, India and 
Australia. 

3663
03:24:49,100 --> 03:24:51,900
It's the Botanical equivalent of
finding your house key 

3664
03:24:51,900 --> 03:24:55,200
simultaneously in London, Cairo,
Mumbai and Sydney. 

3665
03:24:56,000 --> 03:24:58,300
Something doesn't add up and 
Victorian. 

3666
03:24:58,300 --> 03:25:01,600
Scientists knew it. 
The standard explanation that 

3667
03:25:01,600 --> 03:25:04,600
these species had somehow walked
or swarm across thousands of 

3668
03:25:04,600 --> 03:25:08,600
miles of open, ocean seemed 
absurd, even to 19th century 

3669
03:25:08,600 --> 03:25:11,700
Minds. 
Lemurs a decent climbers, but 

3670
03:25:11,700 --> 03:25:16,400
notoriously, poor swimmers the 
glossopteris fern produces seeds

3671
03:25:16,400 --> 03:25:18,700
far too. 
Heavy to blow across Ocean's on 

3672
03:25:18,700 --> 03:25:22,000
the Wind. 
Yet there they were separated by

3673
03:25:22,000 --> 03:25:25,000
impossible distances, clearly 
related. 

3674
03:25:25,000 --> 03:25:28,900
But impossibly divided. 
This was the scientific puzzle. 

3675
03:25:28,900 --> 03:25:32,400
That would give birth to 
lemuria. but to understand how 

3676
03:25:32,400 --> 03:25:36,100
that happened, you need to 
appreciate the Victorian mindset

3677
03:25:36,100 --> 03:25:40,100
that saw patterns in everything 
and believed that every mystery 

3678
03:25:40,100 --> 03:25:43,100
had a solution. 
Even if that solution required 

3679
03:25:43,100 --> 03:25:47,500
imagining entire continents into
existence, the 19th century was 

3680
03:25:47,500 --> 03:25:50,200
also a time when the Earth 
itself seemed younger and more 

3681
03:25:50,200 --> 03:25:53,600
malleable geologists, which were
just beginning to understand the

3682
03:25:53,600 --> 03:25:57,000
planet's true age, which was 
considerably older than the 

3683
03:25:57,000 --> 03:26:00,100
biblical calculations that have 
previously dominated Western 

3684
03:26:00,100 --> 03:26:04,500
thought But they still imagine 
the Earth as a cooling sphere 

3685
03:26:04,500 --> 03:26:08,900
Contracting like a drying apple 
with its surface wrinkling into 

3686
03:26:08,900 --> 03:26:10,800
mountains and valleys as it 
shrank. 

3687
03:26:10,800 --> 03:26:14,100
This contraction Theory 
suggested that the planet's 

3688
03:26:14,100 --> 03:26:18,000
geography might have been very 
different in the past Land 

3689
03:26:18,000 --> 03:26:20,900
bridges had connected continents
that now stood separate. 

3690
03:26:21,800 --> 03:26:24,800
Perhaps entire land masses had 
sunk beneath the waves as the 

3691
03:26:24,800 --> 03:26:28,400
Earth contracted taking their 
flora and fauna with them. 

3692
03:26:29,200 --> 03:26:31,000
The idea wasn't just 
speculation. 

3693
03:26:31,000 --> 03:26:34,500
It seemed to follow logically 
from the best understanding of 

3694
03:26:34,500 --> 03:26:37,600
planetary formation of available
at the time into this 

3695
03:26:37,600 --> 03:26:39,500
atmosphere. 
Of scientific inquiry and 

3696
03:26:39,500 --> 03:26:42,800
creative theorizing, stepped a 
British zoologist, named Philip 

3697
03:26:42,800 --> 03:26:46,500
Slater who was about to name, 
something that didn't exist and 

3698
03:26:46,500 --> 03:26:50,500
in doing so create a legend that
would outlive his actual 

3699
03:26:50,500 --> 03:26:53,900
scientific contributions. 
Philip's Slater was by all 

3700
03:26:53,900 --> 03:26:56,800
accounts, a thoroughly 
respectable Victorian scientist.

3701
03:26:57,700 --> 03:27:00,700
He wasn't a wild-eyed Mystic or 
romantic dreamer. 

3702
03:27:00,700 --> 03:27:02,900
He was a fellow of the Royal 
Society. 

3703
03:27:02,900 --> 03:27:07,300
A serious zoologist with 
impeccable credentials, and a 

3704
03:27:07,300 --> 03:27:09,800
particular interest in the 
geographical distribution of 

3705
03:27:09,800 --> 03:27:12,400
species. 
The kind of man who wore proper 

3706
03:27:12,400 --> 03:27:15,400
suits to dinner, and catalogued 
specimens with meticulous care 

3707
03:27:15,400 --> 03:27:18,800
in 1864. 
Slater published a paper with 

3708
03:27:18,800 --> 03:27:22,500
the rather dry title, the 
mammals of Madagascar which 

3709
03:27:22,500 --> 03:27:26,200
addressed the Lima problem we 
discussed earlier. his solution 

3710
03:27:26,200 --> 03:27:30,700
was elegantly simple, what if 
Madagascar and India had once 

3711
03:27:30,700 --> 03:27:35,300
been connected by a land bridge 
or better, yet were fragments of

3712
03:27:35,308 --> 03:27:39,200
a larger landmass that had since
subsided into the ocean, this 

3713
03:27:39,200 --> 03:27:43,500
hypothetical continent needed a 
name and Slater chose lemuria 

3714
03:27:43,500 --> 03:27:46,500
after the Lemurs whose 
distribution had inspired the 

3715
03:27:46,500 --> 03:27:49,800
theory, It was meant to be a 
strictly scientific term. 

3716
03:27:49,800 --> 03:27:52,900
Describing a purely geological 
hypothesis. 

3717
03:27:54,100 --> 03:27:57,200
Slater, imagine lemuria as a 
long, vanished connection 

3718
03:27:57,200 --> 03:28:01,000
between continents, a bridge 
that had allowed species to 

3719
03:28:01,000 --> 03:28:03,400
spread. 
And then disappeared leaving 

3720
03:28:03,400 --> 03:28:06,400
only scattered population on 
isolated lands. 

3721
03:28:06,400 --> 03:28:10,200
The beauty of Slaters theory was
that it explained so much with 

3722
03:28:10,200 --> 03:28:14,300
the single hypothesis. 
The distribution of lemurs the 

3723
03:28:14,300 --> 03:28:17,500
presence of similar rock 
formations across distant lands 

3724
03:28:17,500 --> 03:28:20,800
and the fossil record that 
suggested tropical forest in 

3725
03:28:20,800 --> 03:28:24,000
places. 
Now, divided by ocean all of it 

3726
03:28:24,000 --> 03:28:27,100
made sense, if you accepted that
the Indian Ocean had once 

3727
03:28:27,100 --> 03:28:31,000
contained substantial land 
masses other scientists quickly 

3728
03:28:31,000 --> 03:28:36,300
embraced and expanded Clayton's 
idea, Ernst haeckel a German 

3729
03:28:36,300 --> 03:28:39,900
biologist and passionate of 
Darwin's evolutionary theory 

3730
03:28:39,900 --> 03:28:44,200
Incorporated lemuria in his 
understanding of human Origins. 

3731
03:28:45,100 --> 03:28:49,200
If lemuria had existed Heckle 
reasoned, it might have been the

3732
03:28:49,200 --> 03:28:52,700
birthplace of humanity, the 
Garden of Eden, rendered in 

3733
03:28:52,700 --> 03:28:56,300
geological terms, haeckel's 
version of lemuria grew 

3734
03:28:56,300 --> 03:29:00,000
considerably larger than Slaters
modest land bridge in heels. 

3735
03:29:00,000 --> 03:29:02,600
Imagination. 
It became a vast continent. 

3736
03:29:02,600 --> 03:29:06,100
Stretching across much of the 
Indian Ocean, a Lost Paradise, 

3737
03:29:06,100 --> 03:29:08,700
where the first humans had 
evolved before spreading to 

3738
03:29:08,700 --> 03:29:11,900
other continents. 
His beautifully detailed maps, 

3739
03:29:11,900 --> 03:29:15,500
showed lemuria, as a substantial
land, mass complete with 

3740
03:29:15,508 --> 03:29:18,400
mountain ranges and river 
systems that existed. 

3741
03:29:18,400 --> 03:29:22,600
Only in scientific speculation, 
the scientific Community, didn't

3742
03:29:22,600 --> 03:29:25,500
immediately reject these ideas 
because they addressed real 

3743
03:29:25,500 --> 03:29:28,100
puzzles with what seemed like 
reasonable Solutions. 

3744
03:29:29,000 --> 03:29:32,000
Continental subtitles wasn't 
considered impossible. 

3745
03:29:32,800 --> 03:29:36,300
After all, earthquakes and 
volcanic eruptions constantly 

3746
03:29:36,300 --> 03:29:38,900
demonstrated that the Earth's 
surface was changeable. 

3747
03:29:39,900 --> 03:29:42,200
If mountains could rise and 
valleys form. 

3748
03:29:42,200 --> 03:29:45,900
Why couldn? 
Entire continents sink for a few

3749
03:29:45,908 --> 03:29:49,000
decades, lemuria occupied a 
strange position. 

3750
03:29:49,000 --> 03:29:53,800
It was a scientific hypothesis 
with no direct evidence, but it 

3751
03:29:53,800 --> 03:29:56,500
explained patterns that 
otherwise seemed inexplicable 

3752
03:29:57,600 --> 03:30:01,000
Scientists discussed it and 
academic journals while 

3753
03:30:01,000 --> 03:30:03,900
acknowledging that proving its 
existence would be difficult. 

3754
03:30:03,900 --> 03:30:08,500
It was a placeholder solution 
waiting for better explanations 

3755
03:30:08,500 --> 03:30:10,500
to come along. 
But something interesting 

3756
03:30:10,500 --> 03:30:12,900
happened. 
As lemuria moved from scientific

3757
03:30:12,900 --> 03:30:14,400
journals into popular 
consciousness. 

3758
03:30:15,800 --> 03:30:19,200
The hypothesis began to 
transform Gathering romantic 

3759
03:30:19,200 --> 03:30:22,400
associations, and mystical, 
overtones like a snowball 

3760
03:30:22,400 --> 03:30:25,200
rolling downhill. 
Accumulates Mass. 

3761
03:30:26,100 --> 03:30:29,700
What started as a dry geological
theory about Lima distribution 

3762
03:30:29,700 --> 03:30:33,500
was about to become something 
far, more enchanting and 

3763
03:30:33,500 --> 03:30:37,200
considerably less scientific. 
The Victorian public had an 

3764
03:30:37,200 --> 03:30:39,600
insatiable appetite for lost 
worlds, and vanish 

3765
03:30:39,600 --> 03:30:42,700
civilizations. 
Atlantis, had captured 

3766
03:30:42,700 --> 03:30:47,200
imaginations for centuries, but 
Atlantis was ancient history of 

3767
03:30:47,200 --> 03:30:49,600
philosophical allegory recorded 
by Plato. 

3768
03:30:50,500 --> 03:30:54,100
The muria was different. 
It was being discussed by actual

3769
03:30:54,100 --> 03:30:57,300
scientists in actual academic 
journals. 

3770
03:30:58,300 --> 03:31:01,400
It had the glamour of mystery 
combined with the authority of 

3771
03:31:01,400 --> 03:31:05,400
science, a combination that 
proved utterly, irresistible 

3772
03:31:05,400 --> 03:31:08,400
popular magazines, began 
publishing articles about 

3773
03:31:08,400 --> 03:31:12,500
lemuria each iteration, adding 
new details and expanding the 

3774
03:31:12,500 --> 03:31:15,800
story. 
What if lemuria hadn't just been

3775
03:31:15,800 --> 03:31:19,200
a land bridge but a genuine 
continent with its own ecology, 

3776
03:31:19,200 --> 03:31:24,000
its own Landscapes and perhaps 
even its own civilizations. 

3777
03:31:25,500 --> 03:31:29,500
The scientific hypothesis was 
becoming a myth in real time and

3778
03:31:29,500 --> 03:31:30,900
you could almost watch it 
transform. 

3779
03:31:30,900 --> 03:31:35,100
If you track the Publications 
chronologically by the 1870s 

3780
03:31:35,100 --> 03:31:38,400
lemuria had escaped, the 
confines of Zoological journals 

3781
03:31:38,400 --> 03:31:42,000
entirely, it was appearing in 
spiritualist literature in 

3782
03:31:42,000 --> 03:31:45,000
speculative histories and in 
romantic poetry. 

3783
03:31:45,900 --> 03:31:49,300
The Lost Continent was taking on
a life of its own and that life 

3784
03:31:49,300 --> 03:31:52,200
would prove far more durable 
than its scientific Origins 

3785
03:31:52,200 --> 03:31:55,200
picture yourself. 
Now in a Victorian drawing room 

3786
03:31:55,200 --> 03:31:59,100
this time in the evening with 
heavy curtains, drawn against 

3787
03:31:59,100 --> 03:32:02,500
the London Fog. 
Candles flicker on the mantle 

3788
03:32:02,500 --> 03:32:05,200
piece and a group of 
well-dressed, ladies and 

3789
03:32:05,200 --> 03:32:08,600
gentlemen, sit in a circle, 
holding hands around a table. 

3790
03:32:09,500 --> 03:32:13,000
This is a sale once one of 
thousands conducted across 

3791
03:32:13,000 --> 03:32:16,600
Europe and America in the late 
19th century when spiritualism 

3792
03:32:16,600 --> 03:32:20,600
wasn't considered Fringe but 
fashionable the Victorian era 

3793
03:32:20,600 --> 03:32:22,300
was experiencing a spiritual 
crisis. 

3794
03:32:23,500 --> 03:32:26,800
Darwin's theory of evolution had
shaken traditional religious 

3795
03:32:26,800 --> 03:32:29,500
certainty. 
Industrialization was 

3796
03:32:29,500 --> 03:32:32,900
transforming agrarian society 
into urban Landscapes. 

3797
03:32:32,900 --> 03:32:35,800
Where ancient rhythms of life? 
No longer applied. 

3798
03:32:36,500 --> 03:32:40,000
People felt unmoored searching 
for meaning in a world that 

3799
03:32:40,000 --> 03:32:43,500
seemed increasingly mechanical, 
and purposeless into this 

3800
03:32:43,500 --> 03:32:46,800
uncertainty stepped, her, a 
remarkable woman named Helena 

3801
03:32:46,800 --> 03:32:49,900
petrovna blavatsky known to 
everyone as madame. 

3802
03:32:49,900 --> 03:32:54,500
Blavatsky She was depending on 
your perspective, either a 

3803
03:32:54,500 --> 03:32:58,900
brilliant Mystic or a talented 
charlatan possibly both born in 

3804
03:32:58,908 --> 03:33:01,800
Russia. 
Widely traveled and possessed of

3805
03:33:01,800 --> 03:33:05,800
enormous Charisma and 
questionable ethics Livesky. 

3806
03:33:05,800 --> 03:33:10,700
Founded the theosophical society
in 1875, with the goal of 

3807
03:33:10,700 --> 03:33:14,400
exploring, the hidden wisdom. 
Supposedly underlying all 

3808
03:33:14,400 --> 03:33:17,200
religions. 
Livesky, had a genius for 

3809
03:33:17,200 --> 03:33:20,000
synthesis. 
Combining elements of Hinduism 

3810
03:33:20,000 --> 03:33:21,800
Buddhism. 
Western occultism. 

3811
03:33:21,800 --> 03:33:25,300
And contemporary science into a 
grand narrative that appealed to

3812
03:33:25,300 --> 03:33:28,700
Victorian Seekers Her magnum, 
opus. 

3813
03:33:29,700 --> 03:33:34,000
This critique Doctrine published
in 1888 presented, a vast 

3814
03:33:34,000 --> 03:33:37,600
cosmology, involving root races 
spiritual, Evolution and 

3815
03:33:37,600 --> 03:33:42,800
crucially for our story lost 
continents of his telling the 

3816
03:33:42,800 --> 03:33:45,800
muria became far more than a 
Zoological hypothesis. 

3817
03:33:45,800 --> 03:33:49,300
It transformed into the homeland
of the third route, race of 

3818
03:33:49,300 --> 03:33:53,300
humanity, Civilization of 
spiritually Advanced beings, who

3819
03:33:53,300 --> 03:33:58,100
existed millions of years ago? 
These lemurians in blavatsky is 

3820
03:33:58,100 --> 03:34:01,300
cosmology were not quite human 
as we understand it. 

3821
03:34:01,300 --> 03:34:05,400
They were gigantic egg-laying 
hermaphrodites with four arms 

3822
03:34:05,400 --> 03:34:07,200
and an i in the back of their 
heads. 

3823
03:34:07,200 --> 03:34:10,200
Now, you might be settling 
deeper into your pillows and 

3824
03:34:10,200 --> 03:34:12,500
thinking that this sounds 
completely ridiculous. 

3825
03:34:12,500 --> 03:34:17,900
You'd be right. but here's 
what's fascinating, butski 

3826
03:34:17,900 --> 03:34:20,800
claimed her information came 
from ancient manuscripts, shown 

3827
03:34:20,800 --> 03:34:24,500
to her by spiritual masks and 
Tibet and thousands of 

3828
03:34:24,500 --> 03:34:28,500
intelligent educated victorians 
believed her, Or at least they 

3829
03:34:28,500 --> 03:34:31,400
wanted to believe her, which 
amounts to nearly the same 

3830
03:34:31,400 --> 03:34:35,300
thing, the theosophical lemuria 
bought almost no resemblance to 

3831
03:34:35,300 --> 03:34:39,200
his modest land bridge. 
It stretched across vast 

3832
03:34:39,200 --> 03:34:42,700
portions of the Pacific and 
Indian Ocean's encompassing 

3833
03:34:42,700 --> 03:34:45,200
everything from Madagascar to 
Easter Island. 

3834
03:34:46,200 --> 03:34:50,300
Its civilization, predated any 
known human culture and its 

3835
03:34:50,300 --> 03:34:52,300
inhabitants possessed powers 
that made. 

3836
03:34:52,300 --> 03:34:55,900
Modern humans seem like pale 
Shadows of former glory. 

3837
03:34:55,900 --> 03:34:58,100
According to theosophical 
teachings. 

3838
03:34:58,100 --> 03:35:01,700
The lemurians had been destroyed
in a catechism, volcanic 

3839
03:35:01,700 --> 03:35:05,000
eruptions and earthquakes that 
caused their entire continent to

3840
03:35:05,000 --> 03:35:09,200
sink beneath the waves. 
But before the destruction, the 

3841
03:35:09,200 --> 03:35:11,500
most advanced lemurians had 
escaped. 

3842
03:35:12,000 --> 03:35:15,400
Carrying their wisdom to other 
lands, this explained 

3843
03:35:15,400 --> 03:35:19,000
conveniently, why traces of 
advanced ancient knowledge 

3844
03:35:19,000 --> 03:35:23,200
appeared in cultures worldwide. 
The beauty of blavatsky system 

3845
03:35:23,200 --> 03:35:27,800
was its unfalsifiable Any 
evidence that contradicted her 

3846
03:35:27,800 --> 03:35:31,600
claims could be explained away 
as incomplete understanding, or 

3847
03:35:31,600 --> 03:35:35,300
spiritual blindness? 
The lack of physical evidence 

3848
03:35:35,300 --> 03:35:38,200
for lemuria became proof of how 
thoroughly it had been 

3849
03:35:38,208 --> 03:35:41,300
destroyed. 
It was mythology masquerading as

3850
03:35:41,300 --> 03:35:44,800
lost history and it filled a 
need that pure science, could 

3851
03:35:44,800 --> 03:35:48,300
not satisfy the osophy. 
Attracted an impressive, roster 

3852
03:35:48,300 --> 03:35:52,500
of followers, including writers,
artists, scientists and social 

3853
03:35:52,500 --> 03:35:56,300
reformers These were not 
necessarily gullible fools. 

3854
03:35:56,300 --> 03:35:59,700
Many were thoughtful, people 
seeking alternatives to both 

3855
03:35:59,700 --> 03:36:02,000
religious dogmatism and 
materialistic. 

3856
03:36:02,000 --> 03:36:04,600
Reductionism. 
The philosophy. 

3857
03:36:04,600 --> 03:36:07,600
Offered a middle path. 
Spiritual meaning clothed, in 

3858
03:36:07,600 --> 03:36:11,600
pseudo, scientific language. 
The theosophical lemuria also 

3859
03:36:11,600 --> 03:36:13,000
served. 
Another Victorian 

3860
03:36:13,000 --> 03:36:18,500
pre-occupational race Theory. 
the concept of root races each 

3861
03:36:18,500 --> 03:36:22,100
supposedly more evolved than the
last appealed to a society 

3862
03:36:22,100 --> 03:36:27,600
deeply invested in hierarchical 
thinking, Global system was less

3863
03:36:27,600 --> 03:36:30,300
overtly racist than some 
Victorian race theories. 

3864
03:36:30,300 --> 03:36:33,200
It's still embedded troubling, 
assumptions about human 

3865
03:36:33,200 --> 03:36:36,700
development that reflected the 
prejudices of her era, other 

3866
03:36:36,700 --> 03:36:39,900
writers and Mystics eagerly 
expanded on blavatsky. 

3867
03:36:41,300 --> 03:36:44,100
James churchwood in the early 
20th century. 

3868
03:36:44,100 --> 03:36:48,400
Wrote extensively about move 
which he claimed was lemuria 

3869
03:36:48,400 --> 03:36:51,700
specific counterpart. 
Another Lost Continent 

3870
03:36:51,700 --> 03:36:54,900
supposedly proven by ancient 
tablets that conveniently 

3871
03:36:54,900 --> 03:36:57,400
disappeared before anyone else 
could examine them. 

3872
03:36:58,400 --> 03:37:00,900
Each iteration added new layers 
to the myth. 

3873
03:37:01,600 --> 03:37:04,900
Building an elaborate structure 
on foundations that had never 

3874
03:37:04,900 --> 03:37:07,200
existed. 
What's remarkable is, how 

3875
03:37:07,200 --> 03:37:09,300
quickly lemuria moved from 
scientific. 

3876
03:37:09,300 --> 03:37:13,500
Hypothesis to Mystical certainly
Within a few decades, you could 

3877
03:37:13,500 --> 03:37:16,700
find multiple versions of 
Lemurian history, each 

3878
03:37:16,700 --> 03:37:20,000
contradicting the others, but 
all claiming ancient Authority. 

3879
03:37:20,900 --> 03:37:25,000
Some describe lemuria, as a 
Tropical Paradise, others as a 

3880
03:37:25,000 --> 03:37:28,700
harsh, volcanic landscape. 
Some lemurians were spiritual 

3881
03:37:28,700 --> 03:37:31,400
Masters. 
Others were primitive Giants. 

3882
03:37:32,500 --> 03:37:35,600
the continents location shifted,
depending on who was writing 

3883
03:37:35,600 --> 03:37:39,000
about it, this proliferation of 
conflicting accounts should have

3884
03:37:39,000 --> 03:37:43,500
undermined, lemuria credibility,
but somehow, it didn't, instead 

3885
03:37:43,500 --> 03:37:47,400
each new version seem to 
validate the basic concept, if 

3886
03:37:47,400 --> 03:37:51,100
so many different sources, 
mentioned, lemuria, surely there

3887
03:37:51,100 --> 03:37:55,300
must be something to it. 
This is how myths work, the 

3888
03:37:55,300 --> 03:37:56,900
accumulate details and 
variations. 

3889
03:37:56,900 --> 03:37:59,800
While the core story remains 
flexible enough to accommodate 

3890
03:37:59,800 --> 03:38:02,200
contradiction by the turn of the
20th. 

3891
03:38:02,200 --> 03:38:05,300
Century lemuria had become 
firmly established in popular 

3892
03:38:05,300 --> 03:38:08,800
Consciousness, particularly 
among spiritual Seekers and 

3893
03:38:08,800 --> 03:38:12,700
alternative historians. 
It was taught in theosophical 

3894
03:38:12,700 --> 03:38:17,200
lodges discussed in a cult 
circles and reference in popular

3895
03:38:17,200 --> 03:38:21,100
literature. 
The Lost Continent had a kind of

3896
03:38:21,100 --> 03:38:24,600
cultural reality independent of 
any physical evidence. 

3897
03:38:24,600 --> 03:38:26,800
As you drift deeper into this 
story. 

3898
03:38:26,800 --> 03:38:31,200
Imagine yourself in early 20th 
century California specifically 

3899
03:38:31,200 --> 03:38:35,900
at Mount Shasta that magnificent
snowcat volcano rising from the 

3900
03:38:35,900 --> 03:38:39,500
northern landscape. 
Local Legends, Begin circulating

3901
03:38:39,500 --> 03:38:42,900
about a secret civilization 
living inside the mountain 

3902
03:38:42,900 --> 03:38:47,000
survivors of ancient lemuria who
retreated Underground when their

3903
03:38:47,000 --> 03:38:49,900
continents sang. 
These Lemurian survivors 

3904
03:38:49,900 --> 03:38:52,800
supposedly built a city called 
Telos within the mountain 

3905
03:38:52,800 --> 03:38:56,500
complete with temples and 
Gardens illuminated by 

3906
03:38:56,500 --> 03:39:00,700
mysterious lights horses. 
The occasionally emerged to walk

3907
03:39:00,700 --> 03:39:04,300
among ordinary humans, 
recognizable by their unusual 

3908
03:39:04,300 --> 03:39:08,100
height, white robes, and 
tendency to pay for supplies 

3909
03:39:08,100 --> 03:39:10,000
with gold nuggets before 
disappearing. 

3910
03:39:10,000 --> 03:39:13,800
Back into the Wilderness, the 
Shasta, Legends illustrate, how 

3911
03:39:13,800 --> 03:39:17,500
lemuria adapted to local 
conditions, every region that 

3912
03:39:17,500 --> 03:39:20,700
embrace the myth, modified it to
fit, local geography and 

3913
03:39:20,700 --> 03:39:23,900
culture. 
In the Pacific lemuria explained

3914
03:39:23,900 --> 03:39:27,000
the origin of Polynesian 
people's in India. 

3915
03:39:27,000 --> 03:39:30,400
It connected to Vedic, 
traditions in California. 

3916
03:39:30,400 --> 03:39:34,100
It merged with Native American 
legends and Gold Rush, mysticism

3917
03:39:34,100 --> 03:39:38,500
to create something uniquely 
West in American, the lemurians 

3918
03:39:38,500 --> 03:39:41,100
themselves. 
In the popular imagination from 

3919
03:39:41,100 --> 03:39:45,200
lafata's into more 
conventionally attractive, 

3920
03:39:45,200 --> 03:39:49,200
spiritual Masters. 
By the 1930s descriptions 

3921
03:39:49,200 --> 03:39:53,000
typically, portrayed them as 
tall, graceful beings with pale 

3922
03:39:53,000 --> 03:39:56,000
skin, large eyes, and Serena 
expressions. 

3923
03:39:56,800 --> 03:40:00,300
Basically, they looked like 
idealized Hollywood versions of 

3924
03:40:00,300 --> 03:40:03,900
wise Mystics. 
This transformation reveals 

3925
03:40:03,900 --> 03:40:07,100
something interesting about how 
myths adapt to their audience's 

3926
03:40:07,100 --> 03:40:09,800
aesthetic. 
Preferences, various channels 

3927
03:40:09,800 --> 03:40:13,800
and mediums to communicate with 
Lemurian, Spirits, receiving 

3928
03:40:13,800 --> 03:40:17,200
messages about spiritual 
Evolution, and Humanity's 

3929
03:40:17,200 --> 03:40:20,200
future. 
He's Communications typically 

3930
03:40:20,200 --> 03:40:24,100
emphasize peace love and the 
development of psychic 

3931
03:40:24,100 --> 03:40:27,000
abilities. 
Standard fare for New Age 

3932
03:40:27,000 --> 03:40:30,900
spirituality but given 
historical weight by association

3933
03:40:30,900 --> 03:40:34,900
with an ancient civilization. 
Frederick, Spencer, Oliver's 

3934
03:40:34,900 --> 03:40:37,800
1894 novel. 
A dweller on two planets 

3935
03:40:37,800 --> 03:40:42,100
introduced another element to 
Lemurian mythology, advanced 

3936
03:40:42,100 --> 03:40:44,400
technology. 
Oliver claimed. 

3937
03:40:44,400 --> 03:40:47,300
His book was channeled from a 
spirit who described Lemurian 

3938
03:40:47,300 --> 03:40:51,500
civilization as possessing 
flying machines, Wireless 

3939
03:40:51,500 --> 03:40:55,700
communication, and other devices
that anticipated 20th century 

3940
03:40:55,700 --> 03:41:00,700
Innovations This technologically
advanced lemuria would become 

3941
03:41:00,700 --> 03:41:04,600
increasingly popular as the 
actual 20th century demonstrated

3942
03:41:04,600 --> 03:41:07,700
that impossible Technologies 
could become reality. 

3943
03:41:07,700 --> 03:41:11,200
The notion of lemuria as a 
technologically sophisticated 

3944
03:41:11,200 --> 03:41:15,900
civilization, served multiple 
purposes It's suggested that 

3945
03:41:15,900 --> 03:41:18,700
modern progress, wasn't 
unprecedented, but rather a 

3946
03:41:18,700 --> 03:41:20,200
rediscovery of ancient 
knowledge. 

3947
03:41:21,100 --> 03:41:24,300
It implied that human potential 
was greater than contemporary 

3948
03:41:24,300 --> 03:41:27,800
limitation suggested. 
And it provided comfort that 

3949
03:41:27,800 --> 03:41:31,600
even Advanced civilizations 
could be destroyed making the 

3950
03:41:31,600 --> 03:41:34,400
catastrophic potential of 20th 
century Warfare. 

3951
03:41:34,400 --> 03:41:38,000
Feel like part of a larger 
pattern rather than a unique 

3952
03:41:38,000 --> 03:41:41,700
modern horror Edgar. 
Casey the famous Sleeping 

3953
03:41:41,700 --> 03:41:45,600
Prophet Incorporated, lemuria in
his trance reading during the 

3954
03:41:45,600 --> 03:41:50,300
1920s and 1930s. 
His versions emphasized the 

3955
03:41:50,300 --> 03:41:52,900
spiritual and psychic abilities 
of lemurians. 

3956
03:41:52,900 --> 03:41:57,000
Describing them as beings who 
communicated telepathically and 

3957
03:41:57,000 --> 03:42:01,100
manipulated matter through 
thought When their civilization 

3958
03:42:01,100 --> 03:42:04,500
fell, Casey claimed. 
It was because they had misused 

3959
03:42:04,500 --> 03:42:07,900
their powers privileging 
material advancement over 

3960
03:42:07,900 --> 03:42:11,600
Spiritual Development. 
A cautionary tale that resonated

3961
03:42:11,600 --> 03:42:15,300
with audiences living through 
Rapid technological change, what

3962
03:42:15,300 --> 03:42:17,500
United? 
Most of these Lemurian accounts 

3963
03:42:17,500 --> 03:42:21,100
was a sense of loss and 
possibility, lemuria 

3964
03:42:21,100 --> 03:42:23,100
represented. 
Something Humanity had once 

3965
03:42:23,100 --> 03:42:27,200
possessed and might reclaim 
harmony with nature spiritual 

3966
03:42:27,200 --> 03:42:31,000
advancement and technological 
prowess combined with wisdom. 

3967
03:42:32,000 --> 03:42:34,800
The Lost Continent became a 
mirror reflecting whatever, its 

3968
03:42:34,800 --> 03:42:37,100
Believers felt was missing from 
Modern Life. 

3969
03:42:37,100 --> 03:42:40,700
The Myth also provided An Origin
story that bypassed 

3970
03:42:40,700 --> 03:42:43,600
uncomfortable questions about 
Evolution and human Origins. 

3971
03:42:44,800 --> 03:42:48,300
If Humanity descended from 
spiritually Advanced lemurians, 

3972
03:42:48,300 --> 03:42:52,400
then we weren't merely evolved 
Apes but beings were the noble, 

3973
03:42:52,400 --> 03:42:55,100
lineage temporarily fallen from 
former glory. 

3974
03:42:56,200 --> 03:42:58,500
This Narrative of appealed to 
people who couldn't accept 

3975
03:42:58,500 --> 03:43:01,800
evolutionary theory, but 
recognized that biblical 

3976
03:43:01,800 --> 03:43:05,500
literalism was increasingly 
untenable indigenous people's 

3977
03:43:05,500 --> 03:43:09,600
reactions, to Lemurian, theories
were complicated. some saw the 

3978
03:43:09,600 --> 03:43:13,000
myths as yet another example of 
colonizers appropriating and 

3979
03:43:13,000 --> 03:43:17,300
distorting Indigenous histories 
Others found ways to incorporate

3980
03:43:17,300 --> 03:43:20,800
lemuria into their own 
Traditions, using the concept to

3981
03:43:20,800 --> 03:43:23,000
add historical depth to oral 
histories. 

3982
03:43:24,000 --> 03:43:27,700
The Hawaiian concept of move. 
For instance, became entangled 

3983
03:43:27,700 --> 03:43:31,800
with Lemurian mythology in ways 
that blurred original Traditions

3984
03:43:31,800 --> 03:43:35,500
with imported ideas by 
mid-century lemuria had become 

3985
03:43:35,500 --> 03:43:37,400
something like King Arthur's, 
Camelot. 

3986
03:43:38,000 --> 03:43:40,100
A story. 
Everyone knew probably wasn't 

3987
03:43:40,100 --> 03:43:42,800
literally true, but that 
persisted because it served 

3988
03:43:42,800 --> 03:43:44,500
emotional and psychological 
needs. 

3989
03:43:44,500 --> 03:43:48,300
That fact could not address 
People wanted to believe in Lost

3990
03:43:48,300 --> 03:43:51,700
gold Golden Ages and hidden 
wisdom in the possibility that 

3991
03:43:51,700 --> 03:43:54,900
somewhere beneath the ocean 
surface or inside mountains, 

3992
03:43:54,900 --> 03:43:58,500
traces of Humanity's Noble 
passed injured. 

3993
03:43:58,500 --> 03:44:02,100
The irony is that while Mystics 
and channelers were elaborating 

3994
03:44:02,100 --> 03:44:04,500
increasingly, Barack vision of 
Lemurian. 

3995
03:44:04,500 --> 03:44:07,300
Civilization. 
Actual scientists were 

3996
03:44:07,300 --> 03:44:10,300
developing theories that would 
completely eliminate any need 

3997
03:44:10,300 --> 03:44:14,600
for lemurs existence. 
The solution to the puzzles that

3998
03:44:14,600 --> 03:44:17,200
had inspired Slaters. 
Original hypothesis was 

3999
03:44:17,200 --> 03:44:19,800
emerging. 
But it would take decades for 

4000
03:44:19,800 --> 03:44:21,700
that solution to become widely 
accepted. 

4001
03:44:21,700 --> 03:44:26,500
Let's shift our scene now to 19 
to 12 to a meeting of the German

4002
03:44:26,500 --> 03:44:30,300
Geological Society where a 
meteorologist named Alfred 

4003
03:44:30,300 --> 03:44:34,300
vagina is presenting a theory. 
So radical that most of his 

4004
03:44:34,300 --> 03:44:35,900
colleague think his lost his 
mind. 

4005
03:44:36,700 --> 03:44:40,400
Beginner is proposing. 
That continents move not slowly 

4006
03:44:40,400 --> 03:44:44,100
settling or Rising but actually 
drifting across the Earth's 

4007
03:44:44,100 --> 03:44:47,200
surface, like, massive rafts 
floating on a denser layer 

4008
03:44:47,200 --> 03:44:49,400
below. 
Again, has noticed the same 

4009
03:44:49,400 --> 03:44:53,300
puzzles that inspired lemuria 
Matching fossils on different 

4010
03:44:53,300 --> 03:44:55,900
continents. 
Similar rock formations 

4011
03:44:55,900 --> 03:44:59,400
separated by oceans and 
coastlines that fit together, 

4012
03:44:59,400 --> 03:45:02,800
like jigsaw pieces. 
But instead of imagining 

4013
03:45:02,800 --> 03:45:06,100
vanished, land bridges is 
proposing something far more 

4014
03:45:06,100 --> 03:45:09,200
revolutionary. 
All the continents, He suggests 

4015
03:45:09,200 --> 03:45:12,000
were once joined in a single 
supercontinent. 

4016
03:45:12,000 --> 03:45:16,200
He calls it Pangea that has 
since split apart and drifted to

4017
03:45:16,200 --> 03:45:19,300
their current positions. 
The reaction from the geological

4018
03:45:19,300 --> 03:45:21,400
establishment is Swift and 
brutal. 

4019
03:45:21,400 --> 03:45:24,600
Continental drifts seems 
physically impossible. 

4020
03:45:24,600 --> 03:45:29,400
What force could move entire 
continents, how could Solid Rock

4021
03:45:29,400 --> 03:45:32,600
flow like liquid? 
They're gonna can't answer these

4022
03:45:32,600 --> 03:45:34,800
questions. 
Satisfactorily, and his theory 

4023
03:45:34,800 --> 03:45:37,100
is large League. 
Dismissed as imaginative 

4024
03:45:37,100 --> 03:45:39,700
speculation unsupported by 
mechanism. 

4025
03:45:39,700 --> 03:45:42,500
Here's what's fascinating. 
Vegan. 

4026
03:45:42,500 --> 03:45:46,300
As evidence for continental 
drift was actually stronger than

4027
03:45:46,300 --> 03:45:50,900
any evidence for lemuria had 
ever been He could show matching

4028
03:45:50,900 --> 03:45:55,200
Rock layers, identical fossils 
and even glacial patterns that 

4029
03:45:55,200 --> 03:45:58,400
made sense only if continents 
had once been connected 

4030
03:45:58,400 --> 03:46:01,800
differently. 
Yet the scientific Community 

4031
03:46:01,800 --> 03:46:05,400
rejected his well evidence 
Theory while some of those same 

4032
03:46:05,400 --> 03:46:07,200
scientists have previously 
entertained. 

4033
03:46:07,200 --> 03:46:10,300
The essentially evidence-free 
notion of sunken continents, 

4034
03:46:10,300 --> 03:46:14,300
this reveals something important
about how scientific acceptance 

4035
03:46:14,300 --> 03:46:16,600
works. 
It's not just about evidence, 

4036
03:46:16,600 --> 03:46:19,800
but about whether a theory fits 
within acceptable Frameworks, 

4037
03:46:20,400 --> 03:46:23,400
Land bridges and subsiding 
continents fit Victorious. 

4038
03:46:23,400 --> 03:46:25,100
Assumptions about how the Earth 
worked. 

4039
03:46:25,700 --> 03:46:29,200
Moving continents didn't. 
So despite better evidence 

4040
03:46:29,200 --> 03:46:33,900
continental drift languished in 
scientific Purgatory for decades

4041
03:46:33,900 --> 03:46:36,700
but vacant as Theory had planted
a seed. 

4042
03:46:37,700 --> 03:46:40,300
Other researchers began finding 
supporting evidence. 

4043
03:46:41,100 --> 03:46:45,300
Paleo magnetic studies examining
the magnetic orientation of 

4044
03:46:45,300 --> 03:46:48,100
ancient rocks. 
Showed that continents must have

4045
03:46:48,100 --> 03:46:50,100
moved relative to the magnetic 
poles. 

4046
03:46:51,700 --> 03:46:55,000
Mapping the ocean floor revealed
mid-ocean ridges and deep 

4047
03:46:55,000 --> 03:46:58,200
trenches that suggested active 
geological processes. 

4048
03:46:58,200 --> 03:47:01,900
The real breakthrough came in 
the 1966 with the development of

4049
03:47:01,900 --> 03:47:03,000
plate. 
Tectonics theory. 

4050
03:47:04,000 --> 03:47:06,700
Scientists realized that the 
Earth's surface consists of 

4051
03:47:06,700 --> 03:47:10,900
massive rigid plates floating on
a partially molten layer 

4052
03:47:10,900 --> 03:47:13,900
beneath. 
These plates move driven by 

4053
03:47:13,900 --> 03:47:16,900
convection currents in the 
Earth's mantle where plates 

4054
03:47:16,900 --> 03:47:21,000
separate new crust forms where 
they Collide mountains, rise or 

4055
03:47:21,000 --> 03:47:23,900
one plate, subducts beneath 
another plate, tectonics 

4056
03:47:23,900 --> 03:47:26,700
explained everything that 
lemuria had been invented to 

4057
03:47:26,700 --> 03:47:30,000
explain, but it did. 
So with actual evidence and 

4058
03:47:30,000 --> 03:47:33,800
testable mechanisms the matching
fossils on different continents,

4059
03:47:34,700 --> 03:47:37,400
they weren't separated by a 
sunken land bridge but by 

4060
03:47:37,400 --> 03:47:41,700
continents that had split apart,
The distribution of Lemurs 

4061
03:47:41,700 --> 03:47:45,300
Madagascar had separated from 
India, millions of years ago, 

4062
03:47:45,300 --> 03:47:48,600
when Africa and the Indian 
subcontinent were parts of 

4063
03:47:48,600 --> 03:47:52,800
gondwana, a southern 
supercontinent, suddenly lemuria

4064
03:47:52,800 --> 03:47:54,600
became scientifically 
unnecessary. 

4065
03:47:55,600 --> 03:47:58,900
The puzzles that had inspired 
Slaters original hypothesis. 

4066
03:47:58,900 --> 03:48:02,900
Now had a better explanation, 
one supported by evidence from 

4067
03:48:02,900 --> 03:48:06,600
ocean floor, mapping, 
earthquake, patterns, volcanic 

4068
03:48:06,600 --> 03:48:10,100
activity, and the continuing 
movement of continents, that 

4069
03:48:10,100 --> 03:48:12,200
could be measured with Precision
Instruments. 

4070
03:48:12,200 --> 03:48:15,100
You might think this would have 
killed the lemuria myth. 

4071
03:48:15,700 --> 03:48:19,000
But mythology doesn't die, just 
because science provides better,

4072
03:48:19,000 --> 03:48:23,200
explanations. 
Myths persist because they serve

4073
03:48:23,200 --> 03:48:28,000
needs that transcend factual 
accuracy. while geologists 

4074
03:48:28,000 --> 03:48:32,400
abandon lemuria Mystics and 
alternative historians clung to 

4075
03:48:32,400 --> 03:48:36,100
it with renewed further often 
claiming that mainstream science

4076
03:48:36,100 --> 03:48:39,800
was suppressing evidence or that
spiritual truth, transcended 

4077
03:48:39,800 --> 03:48:43,200
mere, physical facts, The 
scientific abandonment of 

4078
03:48:43,200 --> 03:48:45,600
lemuria actually freed the myth 
to become more. 

4079
03:48:45,600 --> 03:48:49,200
Elaborate Without the constraint
of needing to fit geological 

4080
03:48:49,200 --> 03:48:53,000
evidence, Lemurian enthusiasts 
could imagine whatever they want

4081
03:48:53,000 --> 03:48:55,500
wanted. 
The Lost Continent, migrated 

4082
03:48:55,500 --> 03:48:58,200
between Ocean's depending on who
was writing about it. 

4083
03:48:59,200 --> 03:49:02,700
It civilization's technology 
became increasingly and not 

4084
03:49:02,700 --> 03:49:06,400
chronic and impossible. 
The reasons for its destruction 

4085
03:49:06,400 --> 03:49:09,600
multiplied and diverged. 
Modern, geology can. 

4086
03:49:09,600 --> 03:49:13,300
Now, map the ocean floor with 
extraordinary Precision, we've 

4087
03:49:13,300 --> 03:49:16,300
sent submarines to the deepest 
trenches and used sonar to 

4088
03:49:16,300 --> 03:49:18,700
create detail. 
Topographical maps of underwater

4089
03:49:18,700 --> 03:49:22,800
Terrain, there's no where for a 
continent sized landmass to hide

4090
03:49:22,800 --> 03:49:26,300
the Indian Ocean Floor, shows 
the expected patterns of plate, 

4091
03:49:26,300 --> 03:49:30,500
tectonics spreading ridges, 
subduction zone, and Volcanic 

4092
03:49:30,500 --> 03:49:34,500
chains, but no evidence of 
recent Continental, subsidence, 

4093
03:49:34,500 --> 03:49:38,100
yet, this definitive absence of 
evidence hasn't eliminated 

4094
03:49:38,100 --> 03:49:41,800
belief in lemuria instead 
Believers of adapted their 

4095
03:49:41,800 --> 03:49:46,300
claims Maybe lemuria existed. 
So long ago that geological 

4096
03:49:46,300 --> 03:49:50,200
processes of erased all traces 
Maybe it was in a different 

4097
03:49:50,200 --> 03:49:54,000
Ocean than originally thought. 
Maybe it wasn't a physical 

4098
03:49:54,000 --> 03:49:57,200
continent, but nostril realm 
that existed on a different 

4099
03:49:57,200 --> 03:50:00,400
plane of reality. 
The myth simply evolves to 

4100
03:50:00,408 --> 03:50:04,500
survive demonstrating 
impressive, adaptability, the 

4101
03:50:04,500 --> 03:50:06,800
transformation of lemuria from 
scientific. 

4102
03:50:06,800 --> 03:50:10,900
Hypothesis to disproven Theory 
to persistent myth illustrate, 

4103
03:50:10,900 --> 03:50:13,000
something important about how 
knowledge works. 

4104
03:50:13,900 --> 03:50:17,000
Scientific theories are 
provisional, they stand until 

4105
03:50:17,000 --> 03:50:21,300
better explanations emerge. 
Then gracefully retire, myths 

4106
03:50:21,300 --> 03:50:23,300
are different. 
They're not about explaining 

4107
03:50:23,300 --> 03:50:26,100
physical reality, but about 
meeting psychological and 

4108
03:50:26,100 --> 03:50:28,800
emotional, needs disproving a 
myths. 

4109
03:50:28,800 --> 03:50:30,300
Literal truth, doesn't 
eliminate. 

4110
03:50:30,300 --> 03:50:32,900
Those needs for scientists 
plate. 

4111
03:50:32,900 --> 03:50:35,200
Tectonics. 
Replacing lemuria represents 

4112
03:50:35,200 --> 03:50:38,000
progress better understanding 
built on evidence. 

4113
03:50:39,000 --> 03:50:41,700
For believers science, is 
rejection of lemuria, Might 

4114
03:50:41,700 --> 03:50:45,700
represent closed-mindedness all 
the limitations of materialistic

4115
03:50:45,700 --> 03:50:48,300
thinking. 
These groups were essentially 

4116
03:50:48,300 --> 03:50:52,000
speaking, different languages 
pursuing different goals and 

4117
03:50:52,000 --> 03:50:54,100
measuring success by different 
standards. 

4118
03:50:55,100 --> 03:50:58,300
Story of lemuria scientific 
demise is actually a success 

4119
03:50:58,300 --> 03:51:01,400
story for science a 
demonstration of how the 

4120
03:51:01,400 --> 03:51:04,400
scientific method eventually 
arrives at better explanations 

4121
03:51:04,400 --> 03:51:06,300
by following evidence, wherever 
it leads. 

4122
03:51:07,300 --> 03:51:10,000
But it's simultaneously a 
demonstration of science is 

4123
03:51:10,000 --> 03:51:12,700
limits. 
Science can explain physical 

4124
03:51:12,700 --> 03:51:16,300
processes but it can't 
necessarily satisfy human 

4125
03:51:16,300 --> 03:51:20,300
yearning for lost Golden Ages or
connections to ancient wisdom. 

4126
03:51:20,300 --> 03:51:23,000
As you settle more comfortably 
into your blankets. 

4127
03:51:23,000 --> 03:51:26,500
Let's explore how lemuria 
escaped the confines of both 

4128
03:51:26,500 --> 03:51:30,000
scientific journals. 
And a cult Society is to become 

4129
03:51:30,000 --> 03:51:34,000
a presence in art galleries, 
bookstores, and eventually movie

4130
03:51:34,000 --> 03:51:37,600
theater, The Lost Continent. 
Proved a resistible to artists 

4131
03:51:37,600 --> 03:51:40,700
and writers because it offered 
something precious a blank 

4132
03:51:40,700 --> 03:51:43,800
canvas. 
Unlike actual historical 

4133
03:51:43,800 --> 03:51:48,200
civilizations that come burdened
with inconvenient facts lemuria 

4134
03:51:48,200 --> 03:51:50,200
could be what ever an artist 
needed it to be. 

4135
03:51:51,100 --> 03:51:55,100
It was Eden without biblical 
constraints Atlantis without 

4136
03:51:55,100 --> 03:51:59,400
Plato's philosophical baggage. 
A lost world limited only by 

4137
03:51:59,400 --> 03:52:02,100
imagination. 
Science fiction writers were 

4138
03:52:02,100 --> 03:52:04,300
particularly drawn to Lemurian 
themes. 

4139
03:52:04,300 --> 03:52:08,900
Abraham merits, 19 novel the 
moon pool featured hidden 

4140
03:52:08,900 --> 03:52:13,200
Lemurian ruins in Micronesia, 
complete with ancient technology

4141
03:52:13,200 --> 03:52:17,900
and other worldly beings. 
His Lush dream-like prose. 

4142
03:52:17,900 --> 03:52:20,500
Transformed. 
Lemuria from an abstract concept

4143
03:52:20,500 --> 03:52:23,900
into a visceral experience. 
You could almost smell the 

4144
03:52:23,900 --> 03:52:26,900
tropical flowers and feel the 
humid air of his Lost World. 

4145
03:52:26,900 --> 03:52:30,100
These early 20th century 
adventure stories, treated 

4146
03:52:30,100 --> 03:52:34,700
lemuria much as they treated any
exotic location as a setting for

4147
03:52:34,700 --> 03:52:37,600
Western protagonist to have 
thrilling experiences. 

4148
03:52:38,400 --> 03:52:41,400
The actual lemurians often 
appeared as wise mentors 

4149
03:52:41,400 --> 03:52:45,100
mysterious guides or 
occasionally obstacles to be 

4150
03:52:45,100 --> 03:52:48,900
overcome. they were essentially 
Fantastical versions of the 

4151
03:52:48,900 --> 03:52:53,200
noble, savage Trope, filtered 
through theosophical ideas about

4152
03:52:53,200 --> 03:52:57,400
spiritual advancement poets 
found lemuria equally inspiring 

4153
03:52:58,300 --> 03:53:01,300
The Lost Continent became a 
metaphor for vanished Innocents,

4154
03:53:01,300 --> 03:53:04,600
for knowledge, lost to time for 
the price of hubris. 

4155
03:53:05,600 --> 03:53:08,900
In these poetic treatments, 
lemuria wasn't necessarily 

4156
03:53:08,900 --> 03:53:12,100
literal. 
It was symbolic representing, 

4157
03:53:12,100 --> 03:53:15,000
whatever the poet felt had been 
lost in the transition to 

4158
03:53:15,000 --> 03:53:18,300
modernity. 
Continents, physical existence 

4159
03:53:18,300 --> 03:53:22,400
mattered less than its emotional
resonance visual artists. 

4160
03:53:22,400 --> 03:53:26,100
Produced, countless depictions 
of lemuria each reflecting their

4161
03:53:26,100 --> 03:53:30,900
eras Aesthetics of abilities. 
Victorian illustrations showed 

4162
03:53:30,900 --> 03:53:33,800
it as a vaguely classical 
civilization with. 

4163
03:53:33,800 --> 03:53:36,600
Toga clad inhabitants and marble
temples. 

4164
03:53:37,500 --> 03:53:41,000
Art Deco interpretations, 
featured Sleek, geometric 

4165
03:53:41,000 --> 03:53:46,700
buildings and stylized figures. 
1970s new age are transformed it

4166
03:53:46,700 --> 03:53:49,900
into a psychedelic Paradise of 
crystals and Cosmic 

4167
03:53:49,900 --> 03:53:52,200
Consciousness. 
What striking about these 

4168
03:53:52,200 --> 03:53:54,100
artistic? 
Representations is their 

4169
03:53:54,100 --> 03:53:56,900
diversity. 
Unlike historically, attested 

4170
03:53:56,900 --> 03:54:00,300
civilizations that must conform 
to archaeological evidence. 

4171
03:54:00,300 --> 03:54:04,600
Lemurian art was constrained 
only by the artist imagination 

4172
03:54:04,600 --> 03:54:06,900
and their audience's 
expectations. 

4173
03:54:08,000 --> 03:54:12,200
This Freedom produced wildly 
varying Visions from primitive 

4174
03:54:12,200 --> 03:54:16,200
tribal societies to 
technological Utopias sometimes 

4175
03:54:16,200 --> 03:54:19,600
within the same decade comic 
books and Pulp magazines 

4176
03:54:19,600 --> 03:54:21,500
embraced lemuria 
enthusiastically. 

4177
03:54:22,400 --> 03:54:25,800
The continent of appeared in 
adventure stories, horror tales 

4178
03:54:25,800 --> 03:54:30,000
and even superhero comics. 
Some times, it was the source of

4179
03:54:30,000 --> 03:54:32,800
mystical artifacts that modern 
characters sought. 

4180
03:54:33,700 --> 03:54:37,500
Sometimes, it provided origin 
stories for mysterious villains 

4181
03:54:37,500 --> 03:54:41,600
or wise mentors. 
The Lost Continent had become a 

4182
03:54:41,600 --> 03:54:45,200
standard element in popular 
cultures toolkit available for 

4183
03:54:45,200 --> 03:54:49,300
whatever narrative purpose or 
writer needed the 1960s and 

4184
03:54:49,300 --> 03:54:52,900
1970s counterculture found. 
Lemuria particularly appealing 

4185
03:54:53,600 --> 03:54:56,700
As young people rejected 
mainstream society and sought 

4186
03:54:56,700 --> 03:55:00,400
alternative, worldviews the Lost
Continent fit perfectly into 

4187
03:55:00,400 --> 03:55:04,600
emerging New Age philosophy. 
Lemuria represented Humanity. 

4188
03:55:04,600 --> 03:55:09,500
Before hierarchies before, 
pollution before War everything,

4189
03:55:09,500 --> 03:55:11,700
the counterculture imagined 
could exist. 

4190
03:55:11,700 --> 03:55:16,000
If only society would Embrace 
peace, love and Spiritual 

4191
03:55:16,000 --> 03:55:20,000
Development, this association 
with new age culture, cemented 

4192
03:55:20,000 --> 03:55:24,700
lemurs modern image walking into
any metaphysical bookstore and 

4193
03:55:24,700 --> 03:55:26,500
you're likely find books about 
Lemurian. 

4194
03:55:26,500 --> 03:55:30,300
Crystals Lemurian, healing 
techniques or how to channel 

4195
03:55:30,300 --> 03:55:34,000
Lemurian spirits. 
A continent as become thoroughly

4196
03:55:34,000 --> 03:55:35,900
integrated into contemporary 
alternative. 

4197
03:55:35,900 --> 03:55:40,600
Spirituality alongside chartres 
auras and astral projection. 

4198
03:55:40,600 --> 03:55:44,900
Musicians of composed Symphonies
and songs inspired by lemuria. 

4199
03:55:45,700 --> 03:55:48,900
Progressive rock bands, wrote 
concept albums about its fall. 

4200
03:55:48,900 --> 03:55:53,100
New Age, musicians, created 
ambient soundscapes, supposedly 

4201
03:55:53,100 --> 03:55:57,400
channeling Lemurian vibrations 
The Lost Continent even appeared

4202
03:55:57,400 --> 03:56:01,000
in video games, providing 
backstory and mystical elements 

4203
03:56:01,000 --> 03:56:03,900
for Fantasy worlds. 
What's interesting is how 

4204
03:56:03,900 --> 03:56:08,100
lemuria is Artistic and cultural
presence has eclipsed its 

4205
03:56:08,100 --> 03:56:12,700
scientific Origins ask most 
people today about lemuria and 

4206
03:56:12,700 --> 03:56:15,600
they're more likely to mention 
crystals and spiritual Evolution

4207
03:56:15,600 --> 03:56:20,000
than Lima distribution patterns.
The myth has successfully 

4208
03:56:20,000 --> 03:56:23,500
reproduced across cultural 
domains adapting to each new 

4209
03:56:23,500 --> 03:56:26,700
medium while maintaining enough 
consistency to remain 

4210
03:56:26,700 --> 03:56:29,800
recognizable, television and 
film approached. 

4211
03:56:29,800 --> 03:56:32,900
Lemuria more cautiously than 
print media, perhaps because 

4212
03:56:32,900 --> 03:56:36,700
visual media demands more 
concrete depiction Still the 

4213
03:56:36,700 --> 03:56:39,600
continent has appeared in 
documentary is about lost 

4214
03:56:39,600 --> 03:56:42,500
civilizations. 
Usually framed as some people 

4215
03:56:42,500 --> 03:56:45,300
believe segments that present 
claims without endorsement. 

4216
03:56:46,200 --> 03:56:49,900
These presentations often treat,
lemuria alongside Atlantis and 

4217
03:56:49,900 --> 03:56:53,500
other legendary places, rarely 
acknowledging, that lemuria 

4218
03:56:53,500 --> 03:56:58,600
unlike Atlantis originated as a 
serious scientific hypothesis. 

4219
03:56:58,600 --> 03:57:02,100
The internet age has been 
remarkably kind to lemuria 

4220
03:57:02,800 --> 03:57:04,800
Website's devoted to the Lost 
Continent. 

4221
03:57:04,800 --> 03:57:08,500
Proliferate offering everything 
from supposedly historical 

4222
03:57:08,500 --> 03:57:11,700
accounts to guide item 
meditation for connecting with 

4223
03:57:11,700 --> 03:57:15,000
Lemurian energy. 
YouTube features, countless 

4224
03:57:15,000 --> 03:57:19,000
videos about lemuria ranging 
from Earnest spiritual teachings

4225
03:57:19,000 --> 03:57:23,200
to critical debunking. 
The democratization of content. 

4226
03:57:23,200 --> 03:57:27,400
Creation means lemuria can be 
endlessly reinvented by anyone 

4227
03:57:27,400 --> 03:57:29,300
with a camera and an internet 
connection. 

4228
03:57:29,300 --> 03:57:33,000
Social media has created 
communities of lemuria believers

4229
03:57:33,000 --> 03:57:35,800
who share experiences theories 
and art. 

4230
03:57:36,700 --> 03:57:39,800
These digital spaces function, 
similarly to Victorian 

4231
03:57:39,800 --> 03:57:43,100
spiritualist, societies 
communities of seekers 

4232
03:57:43,100 --> 03:57:45,600
supporting each other's 
explorations of alternative, 

4233
03:57:45,600 --> 03:57:47,600
history, and spiritual 
possibilities. 

4234
03:57:48,300 --> 03:57:51,500
The technology is modern, but 
the impulses are ancient. 

4235
03:57:51,500 --> 03:57:54,600
What all these artistic and 
cultural manifestations. 

4236
03:57:54,600 --> 03:57:58,100
Share is a sense that lemuria 
represents something missing 

4237
03:57:58,100 --> 03:58:01,400
from Modern Life. 
Whether that spiritual wisdom, 

4238
03:58:01,400 --> 03:58:06,200
harmony with nature advance, but
lost technology, or simply the 

4239
03:58:06,200 --> 03:58:09,500
romance of mystery. 
The Lost Continent serves, as a 

4240
03:58:09,508 --> 03:58:11,500
receptacle for contemporary 
longings. 

4241
03:58:11,500 --> 03:58:15,200
Projected onto a Machinery 
passed as we approach the end of

4242
03:58:15,208 --> 03:58:17,400
our journey. 
Let's consider what lemuria 

4243
03:58:17,400 --> 03:58:19,900
means. 
Now in our own time, when 

4244
03:58:19,900 --> 03:58:23,600
satellite imagery has maped 
every inch of the planet and 

4245
03:58:23,600 --> 03:58:26,300
scientific understanding of 
Earth's history as more 

4246
03:58:26,300 --> 03:58:30,600
comprehensive than ever, the 
story of lemuria is ultimately a

4247
03:58:30,600 --> 03:58:33,600
story about human imagination 
and its relationship with 

4248
03:58:33,600 --> 03:58:36,500
evidence. 
It demonstrates how easily 

4249
03:58:36,500 --> 03:58:40,100
scientific hypotheses can 
transform into myths when they 

4250
03:58:40,100 --> 03:58:42,100
tap into deeper needs and 
desires. 

4251
03:58:42,800 --> 03:58:46,100
It shows how myths persist 
despite contrary evidence 

4252
03:58:46,100 --> 03:58:49,500
because they serve purposes that
transcend factual accuracy, 

4253
03:58:49,500 --> 03:58:52,500
lemuria Journey. 
From Zoological puzzle to 

4254
03:58:52,508 --> 03:58:55,300
spiritual, Homeland reveals 
something important about the 

4255
03:58:55,300 --> 03:58:59,400
Victorian era that created it. 
That was a time of enormous 

4256
03:58:59,400 --> 03:59:02,600
confidence in human 
understanding, but also deep 

4257
03:59:02,600 --> 03:59:05,300
anxiety about Humanity's place 
in the universe. 

4258
03:59:06,200 --> 03:59:09,700
Darwin had displayed human from 
their special Creation in 

4259
03:59:09,700 --> 03:59:12,000
industrialization. 
A disrupted traditional 

4260
03:59:12,000 --> 03:59:15,800
communities, traditional 
religious certainty was eroding.

4261
03:59:16,800 --> 03:59:20,800
A muria offered Comfort. 
A suggestion that Humanity had 

4262
03:59:20,800 --> 03:59:24,500
once achieved greatness and 
might do so again, the myth also

4263
03:59:24,500 --> 03:59:26,900
reflects Colonial, attitude and 
anxiety attacks. 

4264
03:59:27,800 --> 03:59:31,100
The idea that isolated primitive
people's might be degraded 

4265
03:59:31,100 --> 03:59:34,200
remnants of advanced 
civilization's Justified. 

4266
03:59:34,200 --> 03:59:37,500
Colonialism while explaining 
cultural differences in ways 

4267
03:59:37,500 --> 03:59:40,800
that preserved European 
superiority, even as it, 

4268
03:59:40,800 --> 03:59:47,400
critiqued modern civilization, 
flaws the murrieta's about human

4269
03:59:47,400 --> 03:59:50,700
development and achievement, 
modern Believers in lemuria 

4270
03:59:50,700 --> 03:59:52,500
face. 
Different challenges than their 

4271
03:59:52,500 --> 03:59:56,100
Victorian predecessors. 
They must navigate a world where

4272
03:59:56,100 --> 03:59:58,200
a murias scientific 
impossibilities. 

4273
03:59:58,200 --> 04:00:02,700
Well, established, This is led 
to interesting adaptations, some

4274
04:00:02,700 --> 04:00:05,800
locate lemuria in increasingly 
remote time periods. 

4275
04:00:05,800 --> 04:00:09,800
Hundreds of millions of years 
ago, when geological evidence 

4276
04:00:09,800 --> 04:00:13,300
becomes murkier. 
Others shift from physical to 

4277
04:00:13,300 --> 04:00:17,600
metaphysical claims suggesting 
lemuria existed on spiritual 

4278
04:00:17,600 --> 04:00:21,500
rather than material planes. 
The Persistence of the lemuria 

4279
04:00:21,500 --> 04:00:25,400
belief, despite scientific 
consensus reveals the limits of 

4280
04:00:25,400 --> 04:00:28,300
scientific Authority in shaping 
public imagination. 

4281
04:00:29,100 --> 04:00:32,400
Science can establish facts 
about the physical world, but it

4282
04:00:32,408 --> 04:00:35,600
cannot dictate what stories 
people find meaningful or what 

4283
04:00:35,600 --> 04:00:39,800
beliefs serve their cycle needs.
This is both science is 

4284
04:00:39,800 --> 04:00:43,300
limitation and its strength. 
It constrains itself to 

4285
04:00:43,300 --> 04:00:46,100
answerable questions, rather 
than claiming authority over 

4286
04:00:46,100 --> 04:00:49,700
human meaning, making lemuria 
has also become a case, study 

4287
04:00:49,700 --> 04:00:53,000
and how to approach dubious 
claims without dismissing the 

4288
04:00:53,000 --> 04:00:56,700
people who hold them. 
Skeptics who simply mock linear 

4289
04:00:56,700 --> 04:01:00,000
Believers, often miss the 
opportunity to understand why 

4290
04:01:00,000 --> 04:01:03,500
the myth remains appealing. 
The Lost Continent addresses. 

4291
04:01:03,500 --> 04:01:07,500
Real needs for one for 
connection to something greater 

4292
04:01:07,500 --> 04:01:10,700
than oneself and for 
alternatives to materialistic 

4293
04:01:10,700 --> 04:01:13,500
reductionism. 
The educational challenge is 

4294
04:01:13,500 --> 04:01:16,100
finding ways to teach critical 
thinking while respecting 

4295
04:01:16,100 --> 04:01:19,900
people's need for meaning. 
Explaining why lemuria is 

4296
04:01:19,900 --> 04:01:22,100
geologically. 
Impossible is relatively 

4297
04:01:22,100 --> 04:01:25,200
straightforward. 
Helping people understand what 

4298
04:01:25,200 --> 04:01:28,400
needs the myth serves and 
finding better ways to meet 

4299
04:01:28,400 --> 04:01:31,400
those needs is much harder. 
But ultimately more important 

4300
04:01:31,400 --> 04:01:34,700
lemuria has left. 
Its mark on language and culture

4301
04:01:34,700 --> 04:01:37,900
in ways that persist regardless 
of belief in its literal 

4302
04:01:37,900 --> 04:01:41,200
existence. 
When someone refers to an idea, 

4303
04:01:41,200 --> 04:01:45,500
as lemuria vague 
unsubstantiated, but appealing 

4304
04:01:45,500 --> 04:01:48,300
their drawing on the Lost 
continents Legacy. 

4305
04:01:49,200 --> 04:01:52,300
Term has become short-hand for a
particular kind of attractive 

4306
04:01:52,300 --> 04:01:55,800
but unfounded speculation. 
The myth has also influenced 

4307
04:01:55,800 --> 04:01:59,400
legitimate archeology and 
anthropology by creating 

4308
04:01:59,400 --> 04:02:02,900
expectations and interpretations
that researchers must navigate 

4309
04:02:04,200 --> 04:02:06,900
when unusual artifact or 
structures are discovered. 

4310
04:02:07,700 --> 04:02:10,700
Someone inevitably suggest 
Lemurian Origins. 

4311
04:02:11,600 --> 04:02:14,800
This forces scientists to 
repeatedly explained dating 

4312
04:02:14,800 --> 04:02:18,200
methods, construction 
technique's, and cultural 

4313
04:02:18,200 --> 04:02:21,000
contexts. 
Which can be frustrating but 

4314
04:02:21,000 --> 04:02:24,800
also provides opportunities for 
public education about how we 

4315
04:02:24,800 --> 04:02:28,900
actually understand the past. 
Perhaps lumiere's most lasting 

4316
04:02:28,900 --> 04:02:32,300
contribution is as a reminder of
science is provisional nature. 

4317
04:02:33,400 --> 04:02:36,600
The scientific theories that 
gave birth to lemuria seemed 

4318
04:02:36,600 --> 04:02:38,300
sound based on available 
evidence. 

4319
04:02:39,200 --> 04:02:41,500
Scientists weren't being foolish
or credulous. 

4320
04:02:41,500 --> 04:02:44,100
They were working with 
incomplete information and 

4321
04:02:44,100 --> 04:02:47,200
proposing, explanations that fit
their understanding of how the 

4322
04:02:47,200 --> 04:02:50,400
world worked. 
That those explanations proved 

4323
04:02:50,400 --> 04:02:54,400
incorrect, doesn't diminish, the
legitimate scientific process 

4324
04:02:54,400 --> 04:02:57,200
that generated them. 
This should make us humble about

4325
04:02:57,200 --> 04:03:00,200
current scientific consensus. 
Not every Theory will be 

4326
04:03:00,200 --> 04:03:03,900
overturned, but history suggests
that some of what we consider 

4327
04:03:03,900 --> 04:03:07,400
establish fact will be revised 
as understanding deepens. 

4328
04:03:08,200 --> 04:03:11,200
The scientific methods strength 
lies in its self-correction. 

4329
04:03:11,200 --> 04:03:14,900
Its willingness to abandon even 
cherished theories when evidence

4330
04:03:14,900 --> 04:03:18,600
demands it at the same time 
aurius transformation from 

4331
04:03:18,600 --> 04:03:22,000
hypothesis to myth, 
Demonstrates, the danger of 

4332
04:03:22,000 --> 04:03:25,800
premature certainly. 
The ease with which Victorian 

4333
04:03:25,800 --> 04:03:29,200
scientists accepted the 
subsiding continent hypothesis 

4334
04:03:29,200 --> 04:03:31,700
suggests. 
They were too quick to embrace 

4335
04:03:31,700 --> 04:03:35,200
convenient explanations. 
This is a trap that each 

4336
04:03:35,200 --> 04:03:39,000
generation of scientists must 
guard against the temptation to 

4337
04:03:39,000 --> 04:03:42,500
accept explanations that fit 
expectations, rather than 

4338
04:03:42,500 --> 04:03:47,100
demanding rigorous proof, the 
Believers in lemuria, the myth 

4339
04:03:47,100 --> 04:03:51,000
offer something science, cannot 
A sense of enchantment in a 

4340
04:03:51,000 --> 04:03:54,400
disenchanted world. 
It suggests that reality is 

4341
04:03:54,400 --> 04:03:57,300
larger and Stranger Than 
mainstream understanding allows 

4342
04:03:57,300 --> 04:04:02,100
that mystery persists, despite 
scientific explanation and that 

4343
04:04:02,100 --> 04:04:05,100
rationality doesn't exhaust the 
possibilities of Human 

4344
04:04:05,100 --> 04:04:08,400
Experience. 
These are important needs that 

4345
04:04:08,400 --> 04:04:11,800
deserve respect even when 
specific beliefs don't deserve 

4346
04:04:11,800 --> 04:04:14,200
acceptance. 
The question isn't, whether 

4347
04:04:14,200 --> 04:04:17,200
lemuria existed geologically? 
It didn't. 

4348
04:04:18,100 --> 04:04:20,900
The interesting question is why 
people continue to believe in 

4349
04:04:20,900 --> 04:04:22,700
it? 
And what that belief does for 

4350
04:04:22,700 --> 04:04:25,100
them. 
Some are drawn to the narrative.

4351
04:04:25,100 --> 04:04:28,600
Spiritual elements finding 
meaning in Lemurian teachings 

4352
04:04:28,600 --> 04:04:30,600
about Consciousness and human 
potential. 

4353
04:04:31,600 --> 04:04:34,300
Others, appreciate the myths, 
critique of modern civilization,

4354
04:04:34,300 --> 04:04:38,700
using lemuria as a lens for 
examining what contemporary 

4355
04:04:38,700 --> 04:04:42,100
Society might be missing. 
Young people today, discovering 

4356
04:04:42,100 --> 04:04:44,600
lemuria often approach it 
differently than earlier 

4357
04:04:44,600 --> 04:04:47,300
Generations. 
Many treated as aesthetic. 

4358
04:04:47,300 --> 04:04:51,000
Inspirational Lemurian imagery 
for art musical. 

4359
04:04:51,000 --> 04:04:53,600
Fashioned without committing to 
literal belief. 

4360
04:04:54,400 --> 04:04:57,700
This ironic or aesthetic 
appropriation represents another

4361
04:04:57,700 --> 04:05:01,700
evolution of the myth one that 
values lemurs and imaginative 

4362
04:05:01,700 --> 04:05:04,700
power while acknowledging its 
factual problems. 

4363
04:05:04,700 --> 04:05:09,300
As you prepare for Sleep, 
consider this Lemurian never 

4364
04:05:09,300 --> 04:05:14,000
existed as a physical place, but
it exists very much as an idea. 

4365
04:05:14,900 --> 04:05:18,000
Map showing its location, have 
influenced, thought, and culture

4366
04:05:18,000 --> 04:05:21,600
for over a century. 
Books, describing its 

4367
04:05:21,600 --> 04:05:23,600
civilization Line library 
shelves. 

4368
04:05:24,300 --> 04:05:27,100
Art depicting, its Landscapes, 
hangs and galleries. 

4369
04:05:27,100 --> 04:05:30,800
The lost continent is imaginary,
but its effects are real. 

4370
04:05:30,800 --> 04:05:34,500
This Paradox that fictional 
places can have genuine 

4371
04:05:34,500 --> 04:05:37,000
consequences. 
Tells us something profound 

4372
04:05:37,000 --> 04:05:40,400
about human nature. we are 
storytelling creatures, who 

4373
04:05:40,400 --> 04:05:44,000
create meaning through 
narrative, Facts matter, but 

4374
04:05:44,000 --> 04:05:46,900
stories matter too. 
And sometimes they matter in 

4375
04:05:46,900 --> 04:05:49,400
different ways. 
The blank spaces on those 

4376
04:05:49,400 --> 04:05:52,500
Victorian Maps, weren't really 
blank, there were full of 

4377
04:05:52,508 --> 04:05:56,400
possibility. 
When explorers finally mapped 

4378
04:05:56,400 --> 04:06:00,300
those spaces and found only 
water coral, reefs and volcanic 

4379
04:06:00,300 --> 04:06:02,800
islands. 
They eliminated geographical 

4380
04:06:02,800 --> 04:06:05,800
mystery but couldn't eliminate 
the human need for one day. 

4381
04:06:06,400 --> 04:06:09,700
Lemuria filled that need. 
And when physical geography, 

4382
04:06:09,700 --> 04:06:13,400
could no longer accommodate it. 
The myth simply migrated to 

4383
04:06:13,400 --> 04:06:17,600
other territories, the distant 
past alternative Dimensions, 

4384
04:06:17,600 --> 04:06:21,800
spiritual Realms, your own life,
probably contains equivalent 

4385
04:06:21,800 --> 04:06:24,800
blank spaces periods. 
You don't fully remember 

4386
04:06:24,800 --> 04:06:28,600
possibilities. 
Not pursued, Futures, that might

4387
04:06:28,600 --> 04:06:33,000
have been Like Victorian 
cartographers filling, oceans 

4388
04:06:33,000 --> 04:06:36,400
with speculative continents, 
you've probably populated your 

4389
04:06:36,400 --> 04:06:39,200
blank spaces with imagine what 
ifs and might have been. 

4390
04:06:39,208 --> 04:06:44,500
This isn't foolishness, it's 
imagination and Imagination is 

4391
04:06:44,500 --> 04:06:48,700
as fundamental to human nature. 
As reason the story of lemuria 

4392
04:06:48,700 --> 04:06:50,900
teaches us to hold our 
certainties lightly. 

4393
04:06:51,600 --> 04:06:53,600
The Victorian scientists who 
proposed. 

4394
04:06:53,600 --> 04:06:55,400
Sunken continents. 
Weren't stupid. 

4395
04:06:56,100 --> 04:06:58,900
They were working with 
incomplete information and doing

4396
04:06:58,900 --> 04:07:01,200
their best to explain genuine 
Mysteries. 

4397
04:07:01,200 --> 04:07:05,700
The mystics who elaborated, the 
myth weren't all frauds, many 

4398
04:07:05,700 --> 04:07:08,900
genuinely sought, meaning in a 
world that seemed increasingly 

4399
04:07:08,900 --> 04:07:12,300
meaningless. 
Even modern Believers in lemuria

4400
04:07:12,300 --> 04:07:15,600
are not necessarily credulous. 
There are often thoughtful 

4401
04:07:15,600 --> 04:07:19,000
people who have decided that 
spiritual truth and scientific 

4402
04:07:19,000 --> 04:07:21,300
fact, operating different 
domains. 

4403
04:07:21,300 --> 04:07:25,000
This doesn't mean or beliefs are
equally valid that we should 

4404
04:07:25,000 --> 04:07:28,500
abandon critical thinking. 
Scientific evidence. 

4405
04:07:28,500 --> 04:07:31,600
Clearly demonstrates that no 
continent sized land. 

4406
04:07:31,600 --> 04:07:35,800
Mass has subsided in the Indian 
or Pacific Ocean within the 

4407
04:07:35,800 --> 04:07:37,300
time. 
Frame relevant to human 

4408
04:07:37,300 --> 04:07:40,100
evolution. 
Plate tectonics explains the 

4409
04:07:40,108 --> 04:07:43,900
distribution of species and 
geological formations without 

4410
04:07:43,900 --> 04:07:48,100
requiring lost continents, these
facts matter and respecting 

4411
04:07:48,100 --> 04:07:51,100
evidence matters but facts, 
don't exhaust reality. 

4412
04:07:52,100 --> 04:07:55,600
The human need for, Wonder for 
connection to something greater 

4413
04:07:55,600 --> 04:07:58,700
than ourselves, the narratives 
that give life meaning. 

4414
04:07:59,400 --> 04:08:03,300
These are also real. 
Lemuria persists not because 

4415
04:08:03,300 --> 04:08:07,500
evidence supports it but because
it addresses needs that evidence

4416
04:08:07,500 --> 04:08:10,600
cannot satisfy. 
Understanding this helps us. 

4417
04:08:10,600 --> 04:08:13,100
Appreciate why myths endure and 
what purposes? 

4418
04:08:13,100 --> 04:08:16,800
They serve the 21st century 
presents us with fewer, 

4419
04:08:16,800 --> 04:08:20,500
geographical blank spaces than 
the victorians enjoyed, but 

4420
04:08:20,500 --> 04:08:22,500
we've discovered new Realms of 
Mystery. 

4421
04:08:23,200 --> 04:08:25,800
The ocean depths remain largely 
unexplored. 

4422
04:08:26,900 --> 04:08:29,800
The quantum realm behaves in 
ways that defy intuition. 

4423
04:08:30,600 --> 04:08:34,000
Consciousness itself remains 
mysterious despite his advances 

4424
04:08:34,000 --> 04:08:37,100
in neuroscience. 
Perhaps these modern Mysteries. 

4425
04:08:37,100 --> 04:08:40,600
Will inspire new myths? 
New lemuria suited to 

4426
04:08:40,600 --> 04:08:43,200
contemporary needs. 
What we can learn from. 

4427
04:08:43,200 --> 04:08:46,200
Lemuria store is the importance 
of distinguishing between 

4428
04:08:46,200 --> 04:08:50,300
different kinds of Truth? 
Scientific truth based on 

4429
04:08:50,300 --> 04:08:53,700
evidence and testing tells us 
what physically exists. 

4430
04:08:54,600 --> 04:08:58,600
Mythological truth based on 
meaning and narrative tells us 

4431
04:08:58,600 --> 04:09:00,500
what we need psychologically and
spiritually. 

4432
04:09:01,800 --> 04:09:03,700
The problems arise. 
When we confuse these 

4433
04:09:03,700 --> 04:09:07,200
categories, when myths, claim 
scientific Authority, they don't

4434
04:09:07,200 --> 04:09:10,400
have or when science claims to 
answer questions Beyond its 

4435
04:09:10,400 --> 04:09:12,500
scope. 
He mature relationship with 

4436
04:09:12,500 --> 04:09:15,600
beliefs like lemuria involves 
appreciating, what they offer 

4437
04:09:15,600 --> 04:09:20,400
while technology what they lack.
You can find meaning in Lemurian

4438
04:09:20,400 --> 04:09:23,700
mythologies, emphasis on 
Spiritual Development without 

4439
04:09:23,700 --> 04:09:26,400
believing in literal, Lemurian 
civilizations. 

4440
04:09:27,100 --> 04:09:29,800
You can use the myth as 
inspiration for art or 

4441
04:09:29,800 --> 04:09:33,300
meditation without making 
factual claims about geography. 

4442
04:09:34,500 --> 04:09:38,500
This both respects the myths, 
power and maintains intellectual

4443
04:09:38,500 --> 04:09:41,100
honesty. 
The scientist who debunked 

4444
04:09:41,100 --> 04:09:45,300
lemuria didn't destroy anything 
valuable They clarified, our 

4445
04:09:45,300 --> 04:09:48,700
understanding of Earth's actual 
history, which is fascinating 

4446
04:09:48,700 --> 04:09:50,600
enough without fictional 
continents. 

4447
04:09:51,400 --> 04:09:54,700
The real story of gondwana 
breaking apart of India, 

4448
04:09:54,700 --> 04:09:58,300
colliding, with Asia, to create 
the Himalayas of Australia. 

4449
04:09:58,300 --> 04:10:01,800
Drifting North while carrying 
its unique marsupial Foreigner, 

4450
04:10:01,800 --> 04:10:06,100
this is genuinely one dress. 
We don't need imaginary 

4451
04:10:06,100 --> 04:10:08,200
continents. 
When actual geological history 

4452
04:10:08,200 --> 04:10:11,200
is so remarkable. 
Yet, something is lost when we 

4453
04:10:11,200 --> 04:10:14,200
eliminate all mystery. 
When every blank space gets 

4454
04:10:14,200 --> 04:10:18,200
filled with verified facts, 
Tension between knowledge and 

4455
04:10:18,200 --> 04:10:22,000
wonder between explanation. 
And in enchantment, is one that 

4456
04:10:22,000 --> 04:10:24,300
each generation must navigate 
for itself. 

4457
04:10:25,300 --> 04:10:28,000
Perhaps the healthiest approach 
is maintaining both. 

4458
04:10:29,000 --> 04:10:33,300
Scientific literacy about how 
the world actually works coupled

4459
04:10:33,300 --> 04:10:35,500
with appreciation for the human 
imagination. 

4460
04:10:35,500 --> 04:10:39,200
That can conceive of lost 
continents, ancient 

4461
04:10:39,200 --> 04:10:43,800
civilizations, and Spiritual 
truths Beyond material reality. 

4462
04:10:43,800 --> 04:10:47,000
The maurya reminds us that 
humans have always been meaning 

4463
04:10:47,000 --> 04:10:50,300
makers storytellers who shape 
our understanding through 

4464
04:10:50,300 --> 04:10:52,500
narrative as much as through 
observation. 

4465
04:10:53,400 --> 04:10:55,800
This is neither a flaw, nor a 
virtue. 

4466
04:10:55,800 --> 04:10:59,100
It's simply what we are. 
The challenges doing it, 

4467
04:10:59,100 --> 04:11:02,300
consciously with awareness of 
when we're making claims about 

4468
04:11:02,300 --> 04:11:05,700
physical reality and when we 
were expressing psychological 

4469
04:11:05,700 --> 04:11:09,800
needs through metaphor and myth 
as you drift towards sleep, you 

4470
04:11:09,800 --> 04:11:12,700
might dream of Tropical Islands.
Appearing on empty ocean. 

4471
04:11:12,700 --> 04:11:17,000
Horizon's of ancient temples 
emerging from missed of 

4472
04:11:17,000 --> 04:11:21,100
civilization's that never were. 
But somehow feel real in the way

4473
04:11:21,100 --> 04:11:24,800
that dreams feel real. 
These dreams can connect you to 

4474
04:11:24,800 --> 04:11:27,500
everyone who has ever wondered 
about what lies beyond the 

4475
04:11:27,500 --> 04:11:31,900
known, who was populated blank 
spaces with possibility and who 

4476
04:11:31,900 --> 04:11:35,200
has found meaning and stories. 
That transcend faced The 

4477
04:11:35,200 --> 04:11:38,000
victorians Who imagined lemuria 
were trying to solve real 

4478
04:11:38,000 --> 04:11:41,900
puzzles with the tools they had 
available, When better tools 

4479
04:11:41,900 --> 04:11:45,700
revealed better answers, the 
scientific hypothesis correctly 

4480
04:11:45,700 --> 04:11:50,200
faded away. 
But the myth persists because it

4481
04:11:50,200 --> 04:11:53,600
serves different needs needs for
Wonder for alternative 

4482
04:11:53,600 --> 04:11:56,600
possibilities for narratives. 
That suggests human. 

4483
04:11:56,600 --> 04:12:00,200
Existence is larger and more 
meaningful than materialistic 

4484
04:12:00,200 --> 04:12:04,500
reduction allows tomorrow when 
you wait, you'll inhabit a 

4485
04:12:04,500 --> 04:12:07,800
thoroughly mapped world? 
Satellites are photographed, 

4486
04:12:07,800 --> 04:12:10,000
every square mile of land and 
sea. 

4487
04:12:10,000 --> 04:12:12,900
We know where continents are, 
how they've moved. 

4488
04:12:12,900 --> 04:12:15,000
And why lemurs live where they 
do? 

4489
04:12:15,000 --> 04:12:20,100
This is progress. 
Genuine valuable progress, that 

4490
04:12:20,100 --> 04:12:22,200
expands human understanding and 
capability. 

4491
04:12:22,200 --> 04:12:26,000
But you'll also wake to a world 
that still contains mystery 

4492
04:12:26,000 --> 04:12:29,600
still offers possibilities for 
one day and still invite 

4493
04:12:29,600 --> 04:12:31,700
imagination. 
Even in the absence of 

4494
04:12:31,700 --> 04:12:36,200
geographical blank spaces. 
The human capacity to dream up 

4495
04:12:36,200 --> 04:12:39,200
lost continents hasn't 
disappeared, just because we've 

4496
04:12:39,200 --> 04:12:43,100
mapped the ocean floor, it 
simply found new outlets, New 

4497
04:12:43,100 --> 04:12:47,000
Frontiers, and new blank spaces 
to populate with possibility. 

4498
04:12:47,000 --> 04:12:51,800
Lemuria was born from lemurs and
scientific puzzles, transformed 

4499
04:12:51,800 --> 04:12:55,600
by spiritual Seekers and 
romantic dreamers elaborated by 

4500
04:12:55,600 --> 04:12:58,500
artists and writers and survives
today. 

4501
04:12:58,500 --> 04:13:01,200
As an idea, that means different
things to different people. 

4502
04:13:01,200 --> 04:13:03,900
It's a testament to human 
imagination. 

4503
04:13:03,900 --> 04:13:07,000
A cautionary tale about 
premature certainty. 

4504
04:13:07,000 --> 04:13:11,100
And a reminder that the stories 
we tell ourselves are as much a 

4505
04:13:11,100 --> 04:13:13,500
part of human reality as the 
facts. 

4506
04:13:13,500 --> 04:13:18,000
We discover the Lost Continent, 
never existed but the need to 

4507
04:13:18,000 --> 04:13:21,500
address is a real The 
civilizations described by 

4508
04:13:21,508 --> 04:13:25,700
Mystics, never flourished. 
But the yearning for Golden Ages

4509
04:13:25,700 --> 04:13:30,300
and spiritual wisdom is genuine.
The geographical hypothesis was 

4510
04:13:30,300 --> 04:13:33,900
wrong but the impulse to explain
puzzling observations was 

4511
04:13:33,900 --> 04:13:38,300
scientifically legitimate. 
Lemuria is false but not 

4512
04:13:38,300 --> 04:13:42,500
meaningless, a sleep, approaches
little Muriel, remind you that 

4513
04:13:42,500 --> 04:13:45,900
the boundary between fact and 
fiction between knowledge and 

4514
04:13:45,900 --> 04:13:50,500
Imagination and between science 
and myth, is more permeable than

4515
04:13:50,500 --> 04:13:53,800
we often acknowledge. 
We need rigorous thinking to 

4516
04:13:53,800 --> 04:13:57,700
understand how the world works. 
But we also need imagination to 

4517
04:13:57,700 --> 04:13:59,200
Envision how it might be 
different. 

4518
04:14:00,100 --> 04:14:03,200
We need evidence to guide our 
beliefs but we also need 

4519
04:14:03,200 --> 04:14:07,100
narratives to give our lives. 
Meaning the story of lemuria is 

4520
04:14:07,100 --> 04:14:10,700
ultimately hopeful. 
It shows that humans have always

4521
04:14:10,700 --> 04:14:14,300
looked at mystery and tried to 
understand it, have always faced

4522
04:14:14,300 --> 04:14:17,900
the unknown and tried to map it 
and have always encountered 

4523
04:14:17,900 --> 04:14:20,300
limits and tried to transcend 
them. 

4524
04:14:21,100 --> 04:14:24,600
Sometimes are answers are wrong,
but the questions reveal, what 

4525
04:14:24,600 --> 04:14:30,000
matters to her connection 
meaning wonder and the Eternal 

4526
04:14:30,000 --> 04:14:32,100
human impulse to explore beyond 
the known. 

4527
04:14:32,100 --> 04:14:34,900
So sleep. 
Well, knowing your part of a 

4528
04:14:34,908 --> 04:14:37,800
species that can imagine entire 
continents in to existence. 

4529
04:14:37,800 --> 04:14:43,400
And then with equal creativity, 
use the scientific method to 

4530
04:14:43,400 --> 04:14:48,700
discover what actually exists. 
Both capabilities imagination 

4531
04:14:48,700 --> 04:14:51,200
and investigation, make us 
human. 

4532
04:14:52,000 --> 04:14:53,500
Neither is complete without the 
other. 

4533
04:14:53,500 --> 04:14:56,600
The blank space is on. 
Victorian maps are filled now 

4534
04:14:56,600 --> 04:14:59,200
but new blank spaces, always 
emerge. 

4535
04:15:00,100 --> 04:15:03,400
The questions that inspired 
lemuria are answered but new 

4536
04:15:03,400 --> 04:15:08,700
questions constantly arise. the 
lost continent has been found in

4537
04:15:08,700 --> 04:15:13,700
myth in art in culture and in 
the persistent human need for 

4538
04:15:13,700 --> 04:15:17,800
stories that transcend, the 
merely factual lemuria reminds 

4539
04:15:17,800 --> 04:15:21,600
us that we are fundamentally 
explorers, not just a physical 

4540
04:15:21,600 --> 04:15:25,700
geography, but of possibility of
meaning of the territories where

4541
04:15:25,700 --> 04:15:30,000
fact, and Imagination 
intertwine, we map what we find 

4542
04:15:30,000 --> 04:15:34,100
but we also dream of what might 
be we correct our mistakes but 

4543
04:15:34,100 --> 04:15:37,700
we never stop creating new 
visions and perhaps that's the 

4544
04:15:37,700 --> 04:15:41,300
truest Legacy of lemuria not as 
a cautionary tale about 

4545
04:15:41,300 --> 04:15:43,600
scientific era or an example of 
gullibility. 

4546
04:15:43,600 --> 04:15:47,100
But as a testament to the 
indomitable human spirit. 

4547
04:15:47,100 --> 04:15:51,200
That looks at an empty ocean and
imagines continents that 

4548
04:15:51,200 --> 04:15:53,700
scattered species and envisions 
bridges. 

4549
04:15:53,700 --> 04:15:57,700
That apparent limitations and 
dreams of transcendence, the 

4550
04:15:57,700 --> 04:16:02,100
lost continent is found not 
where Maps suggested, not when 

4551
04:16:02,100 --> 04:16:06,000
Mystics claimed, but in the 
persistent, human capacity to 

4552
04:16:06,000 --> 04:16:10,400
populate blank spaces with Wanda
to create meaning from Mystery. 

4553
04:16:10,400 --> 04:16:14,200
And Exploring long after the 
maps are complete dream. 

4554
04:16:14,200 --> 04:16:17,400
Well of contents, that never 
were, but somehow remain more 

4555
04:16:17,400 --> 04:16:21,500
real than many things that are. 
Dream of the blank spaces where 

4556
04:16:21,500 --> 04:16:24,700
possibility lives. 
Of the questions that Inspire 

4557
04:16:24,700 --> 04:16:28,500
both science and story and of 
the Eternal human Journey 

4558
04:16:28,500 --> 04:16:32,400
between what we know and what we
imagined for in the end lemuria 

4559
04:16:32,400 --> 04:16:37,000
teaches us this, the maps we 
make of the world matter but so 

4560
04:16:37,000 --> 04:16:41,500
do the maps we make of meaning. 
Physical geography, constrained 

4561
04:16:41,500 --> 04:16:45,500
by continents can be but 
imagination has no such limits. 

4562
04:16:46,200 --> 04:16:47,800
Reality defines. 
What is? 

4563
04:16:47,800 --> 04:16:52,000
But humans have always been more
interested in what could be What

4564
04:16:52,000 --> 04:16:55,600
Might Have Been and what Stories
We Tell ourselves about both. 

4565
04:16:55,600 --> 04:16:59,400
So rest, now in this thoroughly 
mapped world, that still 

4566
04:16:59,400 --> 04:17:03,700
contains infinite mystery, this 
evidence base reality that still

4567
04:17:03,700 --> 04:17:07,400
accommodates one day. 
This psionic age that still 

4568
04:17:07,400 --> 04:17:11,800
needs myth. 
Lemuria is gone or rather never 

4569
04:17:11,800 --> 04:17:14,900
was. 
But its Legacy endures in every 

4570
04:17:14,900 --> 04:17:18,800
human who looks at the unknown 
and dares to imagine sweet 

4571
04:17:18,800 --> 04:17:22,700
dreams of lost worlds, and 
found, wisdom of blank spaces 

4572
04:17:22,700 --> 04:17:26,500
filled with possibility of the 
Eternal dance between knowledge 

4573
04:17:26,500 --> 04:17:31,500
and wonder that makes us human. 
The continent may be lost but 

4574
04:17:31,500 --> 04:17:35,300
the capacity to dream it into 
being and then to seek truth 

4575
04:17:35,300 --> 04:17:38,900
about what actually is remains 
are most distinctly human 

4576
04:17:38,900 --> 04:17:48,800
inheritance. 
Picture yourself settling into a

4577
04:17:48,808 --> 04:17:51,800
comfortable chair on a quiet 
evening, perhaps, with a warm 

4578
04:17:51,800 --> 04:17:54,400
drink in hand as we travel back 
to a time when the world was 

4579
04:17:54,400 --> 04:17:58,100
smaller and simpler yet somehow 
more complicated all at once. 

4580
04:17:59,000 --> 04:18:01,200
You're about to witness one of 
history's, most remarkable 

4581
04:18:01,200 --> 04:18:04,500
Transformations, not Through The
Eyes Of Kings or generals. 

4582
04:18:04,500 --> 04:18:07,400
But as someone watching Ordinary
People discover, they had 

4583
04:18:07,400 --> 04:18:10,300
extraordinary courage, buried 
deep inside them. 

4584
04:18:11,600 --> 04:18:14,900
It's the early 8th century and 
you find yourself in what we 

4585
04:18:14,900 --> 04:18:17,300
now. 
Call Spain, though, back then it

4586
04:18:17,300 --> 04:18:19,600
was known as Hispana to those 
who bothered with such 

4587
04:18:19,600 --> 04:18:22,600
formalities. 
The visigothic kingdom stretches

4588
04:18:22,600 --> 04:18:25,300
before you like a patchwork 
quilt, that sings better days. 

4589
04:18:25,300 --> 04:18:28,600
Some patches holding strong, 
others, fraying the edges. 

4590
04:18:28,600 --> 04:18:31,300
And a few that probably should 
have been replaced years ago. 

4591
04:18:31,300 --> 04:18:34,000
You'd think ruling a kingdom 
would be straightforward, 

4592
04:18:34,000 --> 04:18:36,800
wouldn't you? 
After all, you sit on a throne 

4593
04:18:36,800 --> 04:18:39,600
people bow and everyone does 
what you say. 

4594
04:18:41,000 --> 04:18:43,300
But the Visigoths had managed to
turn monarchy into something. 

4595
04:18:43,300 --> 04:18:45,900
Resembling, a particularly 
chaotic game of musical. 

4596
04:18:45,900 --> 04:18:49,700
Chairs King's came, and went 
with the regularity of seasons 

4597
04:18:49,700 --> 04:18:51,900
though, with considerably less 
predictability. 

4598
04:18:52,800 --> 04:18:55,600
One day you'd have King with 
teaser on the throne, the next 

4599
04:18:55,600 --> 04:18:57,000
day. 
His rival Roderick would be 

4600
04:18:57,008 --> 04:18:58,900
measuring the Royal cushions for
size. 

4601
04:18:59,500 --> 04:19:03,100
This constant Game of Thrones 
and yes, that's exactly what it 

4602
04:19:03,100 --> 04:19:05,800
was had left. 
The kingdom about a stable as a 

4603
04:19:05,808 --> 04:19:09,000
three-legged stool on a ship 
during a storm Noble. 

4604
04:19:09,000 --> 04:19:11,100
Spent more time plotting against
each other than actually 

4605
04:19:11,100 --> 04:19:13,800
governing which meant that when 
real trouble came knocking, 

4606
04:19:13,800 --> 04:19:16,800
everyone was too busy looking 
over their shoulders, to notice 

4607
04:19:16,800 --> 04:19:20,100
the front door being kicked in. 
the irony of course, is that 

4608
04:19:20,100 --> 04:19:22,900
while the visigothic nobility 
were perfecting, the art of 

4609
04:19:22,908 --> 04:19:25,800
political backstabbing, they 
were completely missing the 

4610
04:19:25,800 --> 04:19:29,400
bigger picture unfolding to the 
South across the narrow straight

4611
04:19:29,400 --> 04:19:32,700
that separated Europe, from 
Africa forces were gathering 

4612
04:19:32,700 --> 04:19:35,900
that would change everything, 
but you know, how it is with 

4613
04:19:35,900 --> 04:19:38,900
people who are too caught up in 
their own drama, they rarely 

4614
04:19:38,900 --> 04:19:43,000
noticed the storm clouds and the
rain starts falling The Muslim 

4615
04:19:43,000 --> 04:19:46,000
conquest of North Africa, had 
been proceeding with the kind of

4616
04:19:46,000 --> 04:19:49,700
methodical efficiency that would
make a Swiss, clockmaker weep 

4617
04:19:49,700 --> 04:19:53,100
with joy. 
City after City region. 

4618
04:19:53,100 --> 04:19:56,600
After region, until the Islamic 
forces stood at the very edge of

4619
04:19:56,600 --> 04:20:00,200
the African continent, looking 
across, those few miles of water

4620
04:20:00,200 --> 04:20:02,200
toward Europe. 
Like a person eyeing. 

4621
04:20:02,200 --> 04:20:04,300
The last piece of chocolate cake
at a dinner party. 

4622
04:20:05,500 --> 04:20:08,500
Now you might wonder why anyone 
would want to cross a body of 

4623
04:20:08,500 --> 04:20:11,500
water to conquer a land full of 
quarreling Nobles, and political

4624
04:20:11,500 --> 04:20:14,600
chaos. 
The answer as it often is in 

4625
04:20:14,600 --> 04:20:17,300
history, comes down to 
opportunity meeting ambition. 

4626
04:20:17,300 --> 04:20:20,300
The Muslim forces weren't just 
looking for new lands to 

4627
04:20:20,300 --> 04:20:22,200
conquer. 
They were looking for lands 

4628
04:20:22,200 --> 04:20:26,600
worth conquering and despite all
its internal squabbling hispania

4629
04:20:26,600 --> 04:20:30,000
was still rich in resources 
fertile in agriculture and 

4630
04:20:30,000 --> 04:20:33,100
strategically positioned at the 
crossroads of Europe and Africa.

4631
04:20:34,000 --> 04:20:36,400
Stage was set for one of those 
moments in history, when 

4632
04:20:36,400 --> 04:20:40,000
everything changes so quickly. 
That people living through, it 

4633
04:20:40,000 --> 04:20:42,600
probably felt like they were 
watching the world's most 

4634
04:20:42,600 --> 04:20:47,100
dramatic magic trick. 
One moment you have the familiar

4635
04:20:47,100 --> 04:20:50,100
chaos of visigothic politics 
with its predictable. 

4636
04:20:50,100 --> 04:20:54,000
Unpredictability The next 
moment, everything you thought 

4637
04:20:54,000 --> 04:20:57,300
you knew about power religion 
and daily life has turned 

4638
04:20:57,308 --> 04:21:00,900
completely upside down. 
But here's what makes this story

4639
04:21:00,900 --> 04:21:03,100
particularly fascinating from 
our cozy. 

4640
04:21:03,100 --> 04:21:06,400
Vantage points, centuries, 
later. the people living through

4641
04:21:06,400 --> 04:21:09,100
these changes didn't know, they 
were witnessing the end of one 

4642
04:21:09,100 --> 04:21:12,800
era and the beginning of another
They were just trying to get 

4643
04:21:12,800 --> 04:21:16,600
through each day, make sense of 
rapidly changing circumstances 

4644
04:21:16,600 --> 04:21:20,000
and figure out how to protect 
themselves and their families in

4645
04:21:20,000 --> 04:21:22,600
a world that suddenly seemed a 
lot less predictable than it had

4646
04:21:22,600 --> 04:21:26,100
been the week before the wrekin 
kisser that centuries long 

4647
04:21:26,100 --> 04:21:28,400
process of Christian kingdoms 
gradually reclaiming, the 

4648
04:21:28,400 --> 04:21:32,400
Iberian Peninsula wasn't born in
a single moment of inspiration 

4649
04:21:32,400 --> 04:21:36,900
or divine revelation it emerged 
slowly organically from the 

4650
04:21:36,900 --> 04:21:40,000
accumulated frustration and 
determination of people who 

4651
04:21:40,000 --> 04:21:43,200
found themselves living under 
foreign Rule and decided. 

4652
04:21:43,200 --> 04:21:46,500
Sometimes one person at a time 
that they weren't going to 

4653
04:21:46,500 --> 04:21:50,200
accept this as their permanent 
reality, as you settle deeper 

4654
04:21:50,200 --> 04:21:52,300
into your chair. 
Imagine yourself as one of those

4655
04:21:52,300 --> 04:21:55,200
people watching the old world 
crumble and wandering. 

4656
04:21:55,200 --> 04:21:57,600
What kind of new world might 
rise from its ashes? 

4657
04:21:58,500 --> 04:22:02,000
Because that's exactly where our
Story begins not with the end, 

4658
04:22:02,000 --> 04:22:03,800
but with the ending that became 
a beginning. 

4659
04:22:04,500 --> 04:22:07,000
And seven, eleven, if you live 
near southern Spain, you may 

4660
04:22:07,000 --> 04:22:09,700
have seen something odd on the 
horizon and ship's. 

4661
04:22:10,700 --> 04:22:13,300
There were actually quite a few 
ships and none of them were 

4662
04:22:13,300 --> 04:22:14,900
flying. 
Any flags that you recognize 

4663
04:22:14,900 --> 04:22:18,300
this Fleet wasn't the usual, 
Merchant traffic, all the 

4664
04:22:18,308 --> 04:22:21,000
occasional Viking raid that 
everyone had learned to treat as

4665
04:22:21,000 --> 04:22:22,700
just another Tuesday 
inconvenience. 

4666
04:22:23,500 --> 04:22:27,200
The scene was something entirely
different, the fleet approaching

4667
04:22:27,200 --> 04:22:30,500
your Shores, belonged to tourach
Evans, Ziad, whose name would 

4668
04:22:30,500 --> 04:22:33,400
become so associated, with this 
moment that the rocky outcrop 

4669
04:22:33,400 --> 04:22:37,100
where he landed Gibraltar 
literally means jabal Tariq or 

4670
04:22:37,100 --> 04:22:39,100
tariq's Mountain. 
It's one of those perfect 

4671
04:22:39,100 --> 04:22:41,900
historical coincidences that 
makes you wonder if someone 

4672
04:22:41,900 --> 04:22:43,800
somewhere has a sense of humor 
about these things. 

4673
04:22:44,700 --> 04:22:47,200
Now, if you were a military 
strategist sitting in your 

4674
04:22:47,200 --> 04:22:50,600
favorite armchair, you might 
assume that conquering an entire

4675
04:22:50,600 --> 04:22:54,500
Kingdom would require vast 
armies years of planning and 

4676
04:22:54,500 --> 04:22:57,000
Logistics that would make a 
modern supply chain manager 

4677
04:22:57,000 --> 04:23:00,800
breakout in hives. 
But something perhaps more 

4678
04:23:00,800 --> 04:23:05,400
valuable than massive numbers. 
He had timing determination and 

4679
04:23:05,400 --> 04:23:08,300
an opponent that was essentially
doing half the work for him. 

4680
04:23:09,200 --> 04:23:11,800
The visigothic Kingdom at this 
moment was like a house with a 

4681
04:23:11,808 --> 04:23:14,400
beautiful facade, but termites 
in the foundation. 

4682
04:23:15,400 --> 04:23:17,600
King Roderick was dealing with 
rebellion in the north. 

4683
04:23:17,600 --> 04:23:20,400
Noble families were still 
playing their endless game of 

4684
04:23:20,400 --> 04:23:22,500
political chess. 
And the Army was scattered 

4685
04:23:22,500 --> 04:23:25,400
across the peninsula, dealing 
with various internal squabbles.

4686
04:23:25,400 --> 04:23:28,700
It was rather like trying to 
defend your home from burglars. 

4687
04:23:28,700 --> 04:23:30,600
While your family, is having a 
loud argument in the living 

4688
04:23:30,608 --> 04:23:32,700
room. 
Tarek's initial force was 

4689
04:23:32,700 --> 04:23:36,700
relatively modest somewhere 
between 7,000 and 12,000 men 

4690
04:23:36,700 --> 04:23:39,200
depending on which historical 
account you trust. 

4691
04:23:40,700 --> 04:23:43,200
These weren't just random 
soldiers looking for adventure, 

4692
04:23:43,200 --> 04:23:45,700
though. 
They were experienced fighters 

4693
04:23:45,700 --> 04:23:47,800
who had already proven 
themselves in the conquest of 

4694
04:23:47,800 --> 04:23:50,700
North Africa and they brought 
with them, something, the 

4695
04:23:50,700 --> 04:23:54,900
visigothic forces lacked, Unity 
of purpose, and a command 

4696
04:23:54,900 --> 04:23:58,000
structure that actually 
functioned, The Landing itself 

4697
04:23:58,000 --> 04:24:00,400
must have been one of those 
surreal moments in history, 

4698
04:24:00,400 --> 04:24:03,900
picture yourself as a local 
fishermen, going about your 

4699
04:24:03,900 --> 04:24:07,200
normal morning routine and 
suddenly the bay fills with 

4700
04:24:07,200 --> 04:24:10,300
foreign ships disgorging 
thousands of armed men who 

4701
04:24:10,300 --> 04:24:12,700
clearly aren't there for the 
local tourism opportunities. 

4702
04:24:14,000 --> 04:24:16,200
You'd probably spend a few 
moments wondering if you were 

4703
04:24:16,200 --> 04:24:18,600
still dreaming. 
Then realized the moment was 

4704
04:24:18,600 --> 04:24:21,100
definitely one of those days 
when staying home might have 

4705
04:24:21,100 --> 04:24:23,200
been the better choice. 
What happened? 

4706
04:24:23,200 --> 04:24:25,900
Next demonstrates, one of 
History's recurring themes. 

4707
04:24:25,900 --> 04:24:29,200
Sometimes the outcome of 
momentous events, depends Less 

4708
04:24:29,200 --> 04:24:32,000
on Grand strategy and more on 
basic human psychology. 

4709
04:24:33,600 --> 04:24:36,900
When news of the landing reached
King Roderick, he did what any 

4710
04:24:36,900 --> 04:24:40,100
reasonable monk would do. 
He gathered his forces and 

4711
04:24:40,100 --> 04:24:42,200
marched South to deal with this 
invasion. 

4712
04:24:43,500 --> 04:24:46,700
The problem was that Gathering 
his forces in a politically 

4713
04:24:46,700 --> 04:24:50,100
fractured Kingdom, meant trying 
to assemble an army from Nobles 

4714
04:24:50,100 --> 04:24:52,300
who were entirely sure they 
wanted him to succeed. 

4715
04:24:53,700 --> 04:24:57,700
The Battle of guadalete fought 
sometime in July 7-Eleven became

4716
04:24:57,700 --> 04:25:00,300
one of those encounters that 
historians described with words 

4717
04:25:00,300 --> 04:25:03,900
like decisive and pivotal which 
are academic ways of saying 

4718
04:25:03,900 --> 04:25:07,600
everything changed rapidly. 
Roderick's Army was larger on 

4719
04:25:07,600 --> 04:25:10,900
paper but paper armies and real 
armies are two very different 

4720
04:25:10,900 --> 04:25:14,500
things when your troops include 
people who might actually prefer

4721
04:25:14,500 --> 04:25:17,800
to see you lose military 
mathematics becomes considerably

4722
04:25:17,800 --> 04:25:21,400
more complicated. 
The battle itself was less a 

4723
04:25:21,400 --> 04:25:23,500
Clash of Titans and more like 
watching a carefully. 

4724
04:25:23,500 --> 04:25:25,100
Stacked House of Cards and 
counter. 

4725
04:25:25,100 --> 04:25:28,400
A sudden Breeze roderick's 
forces didn't just lose, they 

4726
04:25:28,400 --> 04:25:30,900
collapsed with the kind of 
spectacular completeness that 

4727
04:25:30,900 --> 04:25:33,500
makes military historian. 
Shake their heads in amazement, 

4728
04:25:33,500 --> 04:25:36,500
the king himself disappeared 
during the fighting. 

4729
04:25:36,500 --> 04:25:39,300
And while there is stories, 
emerged about his fate, the 

4730
04:25:39,300 --> 04:25:42,500
Practical result was the same. 
The visigothic kingdom had just 

4731
04:25:42,500 --> 04:25:44,200
lost. 
Its head, literally or 

4732
04:25:44,200 --> 04:25:46,700
figuratively. 
But here's where the story 

4733
04:25:46,700 --> 04:25:49,000
becomes, particularly 
captivating from your 

4734
04:25:49,000 --> 04:25:52,500
comfortable evening perspective.
The speed of what followed 

4735
04:25:52,500 --> 04:25:54,400
defied all reasonable 
expectations. 

4736
04:25:54,400 --> 04:25:58,200
Within a few years Muslim forces
had swept across most of the 

4737
04:25:58,208 --> 04:26:01,300
Iberian Peninsula, with a 
swiftness that seems almost 

4738
04:26:01,300 --> 04:26:03,400
impossible until you remember 
that. 

4739
04:26:03,400 --> 04:26:04,800
They weren't just conquering 
territory. 

4740
04:26:05,400 --> 04:26:08,500
They were often being invited in
by local populations who saw 

4741
04:26:08,500 --> 04:26:11,100
them as preferable to the chaos 
of visigothic rule. 

4742
04:26:11,800 --> 04:26:14,700
The result wasn't the Hollywood 
version of Conquest with 

4743
04:26:14,700 --> 04:26:17,200
dramatic sieges and heroic last 
stands. 

4744
04:26:17,700 --> 04:26:20,500
This was Conquest through 
administrative competence 

4745
04:26:20,500 --> 04:26:23,800
religious tolerance and the 
simple appeal of stable 

4746
04:26:23,800 --> 04:26:27,800
Government after Decades of 
political turmoil, Sometimes the

4747
04:26:27,800 --> 04:26:30,200
most revolutionary changes 
happen, not through dramatic 

4748
04:26:30,200 --> 04:26:33,100
confrontation, but through 
offering people something they 

4749
04:26:33,100 --> 04:26:36,000
didn't even realize they wanted 
predictability. 

4750
04:26:36,000 --> 04:26:39,100
Imagine waking up one morning to
discover that everything 

4751
04:26:39,100 --> 04:26:42,100
familiar about your world has 
been quietly rearranged while 

4752
04:26:42,100 --> 04:26:44,900
you slept. 
The same Mountain, Still frame, 

4753
04:26:44,900 --> 04:26:47,700
The Horizon, and the Same 
Rivers, still float toward the 

4754
04:26:47,700 --> 04:26:49,900
sea. 
But suddenly there are new 

4755
04:26:49,900 --> 04:26:53,900
rules, new rulers, and new ways 
of doing things that everyone is

4756
04:26:53,900 --> 04:26:55,400
expected to learn rather 
quickly. 

4757
04:26:55,400 --> 04:26:58,200
This is essentially what 
happened to the people of 

4758
04:26:58,200 --> 04:27:01,200
hispania as Muslim rule settled 
over the peninsula, like a new 

4759
04:27:01,200 --> 04:27:03,700
season. 
But unlike the harsh winter of 

4760
04:27:03,700 --> 04:27:06,500
Conquest, that many might have 
expected, what? 

4761
04:27:06,500 --> 04:27:10,100
Actually emerged was something 
surprisingly manageable. 

4762
04:27:11,000 --> 04:27:13,700
The new rule is it turned out 
were excellent at the mundane 

4763
04:27:13,700 --> 04:27:15,200
business of actually running 
things. 

4764
04:27:15,200 --> 04:27:18,800
You see the Maya had caliphate 
had learned something that many 

4765
04:27:18,800 --> 04:27:20,600
conquerors throughout history 
seem to miss. 

4766
04:27:21,500 --> 04:27:24,100
Destroying everything, you've 
just conquered is rather like 

4767
04:27:24,100 --> 04:27:27,500
Burning Down The House. 
You've just bought instead, they

4768
04:27:27,500 --> 04:27:29,800
brought with them, a 
sophisticated administrative 

4769
04:27:29,800 --> 04:27:32,800
system that had been refined 
through governing diverse 

4770
04:27:32,800 --> 04:27:36,300
populations across a vast 
territory, stretching from Spain

4771
04:27:36,300 --> 04:27:38,900
to Central Asia. 
The Christian and Jewish 

4772
04:27:38,900 --> 04:27:42,600
populations found themselves 
classified as Demi protected, 

4773
04:27:42,600 --> 04:27:45,200
people who could continue 
practicing their religions in 

4774
04:27:45,200 --> 04:27:48,500
exchange for paying additional 
taxes and accepting certain 

4775
04:27:48,500 --> 04:27:52,100
legal restrictions. 
Now, before you start thinking 

4776
04:27:52,100 --> 04:27:55,500
this Arrangement, sounds 
wonderfully tolerant by modern 

4777
04:27:55,500 --> 04:27:57,500
standards. 
Remember that religious 

4778
04:27:57,500 --> 04:28:00,400
tolerance in the 8th century was
rather like air conditioning in 

4779
04:28:00,400 --> 04:28:03,700
the desert rare enough that you 
appreciated it when you found 

4780
04:28:03,700 --> 04:28:05,600
it. 
Even if it wasn't quite what 

4781
04:28:05,600 --> 04:28:08,700
you'd get at home. 
For many people, daily life 

4782
04:28:08,700 --> 04:28:11,200
under the new system was 
actually an improvement over the

4783
04:28:11,200 --> 04:28:15,400
chaos of late visigothic rule. 
Trade, flourished, cities, grew 

4784
04:28:15,400 --> 04:28:19,900
and the famous conventia. 
Coexistence of Christian Muslim 

4785
04:28:19,900 --> 04:28:23,100
and Jewish communities began to 
develop in ways that would make 

4786
04:28:23,100 --> 04:28:26,100
medieval Iberia one of the most 
culturally Rich regions in 

4787
04:28:26,100 --> 04:28:29,600
Europe. but here's where human 
nature, asserts itself in ways 

4788
04:28:29,600 --> 04:28:33,200
that are both predictable and 
touching people adapt, but they 

4789
04:28:33,200 --> 04:28:37,300
also remember And countless 
small ways the Concord 

4790
04:28:37,300 --> 04:28:39,400
population maintained 
connections to their previous 

4791
04:28:39,400 --> 04:28:42,300
identity while learning to 
navigate their new reality. 

4792
04:28:43,200 --> 04:28:45,500
They spoke Arabic in the 
marketplace but might still pray

4793
04:28:45,500 --> 04:28:48,300
in Latin at home. 
They adopted new architectural 

4794
04:28:48,300 --> 04:28:51,500
Styles while preserving old 
family traditions, they learned 

4795
04:28:51,500 --> 04:28:53,300
new skills. 
While teaching their children 

4796
04:28:53,300 --> 04:28:56,100
old stories. 
This cultural blending created. 

4797
04:28:56,100 --> 04:28:58,200
Something unprecedented in 
medieval Europe. 

4798
04:28:58,900 --> 04:29:01,500
A society, where a Christian 
Merchants might do business with

4799
04:29:01,500 --> 04:29:04,400
a Muslim banker while discussing
philosophy with a Jewish 

4800
04:29:04,400 --> 04:29:07,500
scholar, and nobody thought this
was particularly remarkable. 

4801
04:29:08,400 --> 04:29:11,000
It was rather like living in one
of those modern neighborhoods 

4802
04:29:11,000 --> 04:29:14,500
where everyone's from somewhere 
else except with more swords and

4803
04:29:14,500 --> 04:29:18,400
considerably less Plumbing. 
The new rulers established their

4804
04:29:18,400 --> 04:29:21,700
Capital at Cordoba which under 
their guidance would become one 

4805
04:29:21,700 --> 04:29:24,100
of the largest and most 
sophisticated cities in Europe. 

4806
04:29:25,000 --> 04:29:28,300
They built schools, libraries 
and workshops, they improved 

4807
04:29:28,300 --> 04:29:31,900
agricultural techniques and 
expanded, trade networks, even 

4808
04:29:31,900 --> 04:29:34,400
maintained an expanded, the 
Roman infrastructure, they 

4809
04:29:34,400 --> 04:29:37,500
inherited, which showed a 
refreshing appreciation for good

4810
04:29:37,500 --> 04:29:39,300
engineering, regardless of its 
Origins. 

4811
04:29:40,400 --> 04:29:42,800
Yet beneath this surface of 
accommodation and progress. 

4812
04:29:42,800 --> 04:29:45,300
Something else was quietly 
taking route. 

4813
04:29:46,600 --> 04:29:49,700
In the mountainous regions of 
the north where the conquest had

4814
04:29:49,700 --> 04:29:53,000
been less complete and Central 
Authority, was weaker small 

4815
04:29:53,000 --> 04:29:55,900
communities of Christians began 
to develop what we might call 

4816
04:29:55,900 --> 04:29:58,000
Selective Amnesia about their 
new reality. 

4817
04:29:58,000 --> 04:30:02,000
They remembered the Old Kingdom,
the old faith and the old ways 

4818
04:30:02,000 --> 04:30:05,400
of doing things, and they began 
to nurture the idea that their 

4819
04:30:05,400 --> 04:30:07,000
current situation might not be 
permanent. 

4820
04:30:08,100 --> 04:30:11,400
These weren't grand gestures of 
defiance or dramatic 

4821
04:30:11,400 --> 04:30:15,300
Declarations of Independence. 
They were the quiet, persistent 

4822
04:30:15,300 --> 04:30:18,100
activities of people who had 
decided that while they might 

4823
04:30:18,100 --> 04:30:21,700
have to accept foreign rule, 
they didn't have to like it or 

4824
04:30:21,700 --> 04:30:24,900
consider it legitimate. 
They maintained their own 

4825
04:30:24,900 --> 04:30:28,200
religious practices, preserve 
their own legal traditions, and 

4826
04:30:28,200 --> 04:30:30,500
most importantly told their 
children, stories about how 

4827
04:30:30,500 --> 04:30:33,100
things used to be and how they 
might be again. 

4828
04:30:34,200 --> 04:30:36,600
The irony, of course, is that 
the very tolerant and 

4829
04:30:36,600 --> 04:30:38,900
administrative competence that 
made Muslim rule. 

4830
04:30:38,900 --> 04:30:42,400
Bearable also provided the space
for this quiet, resistance to 

4831
04:30:42,400 --> 04:30:46,000
develop, A harsher system might 
have Stamped Out Christian 

4832
04:30:46,000 --> 04:30:48,500
identity entirely while a more 
chaotic. 

4833
04:30:48,500 --> 04:30:51,500
One might have left people to 
focused on simple survival to 

4834
04:30:51,500 --> 04:30:54,300
think about political 
Alternatives, instead the 

4835
04:30:54,300 --> 04:30:56,900
Concord population found 
themselves in the historically 

4836
04:30:56,900 --> 04:30:59,600
unusual position of being 
governed by people who are 

4837
04:30:59,600 --> 04:31:02,700
genuinely better at governing 
than their previous rulers while

4838
04:31:02,700 --> 04:31:06,400
still maintaining the cycle and 
cultural resources to imagine 

4839
04:31:06,400 --> 04:31:09,700
eventual liberation. 
It was rather like being in a 

4840
04:31:09,708 --> 04:31:12,400
very comfortable prison run by 
thoughtful wardens. 

4841
04:31:12,400 --> 04:31:15,300
You might appreciate the 
amenities while still planning 

4842
04:31:15,300 --> 04:31:18,300
your eventual. 
Escape this quiet persistence in

4843
04:31:18,300 --> 04:31:20,000
the northern mountains would be 
one of history's. 

4844
04:31:20,000 --> 04:31:23,500
Most patient Investments planted
by people who might never live 

4845
04:31:23,500 --> 04:31:26,400
to see its Harvest, but who 
maintained faith that someone 

4846
04:31:26,400 --> 04:31:28,500
someday would. 
Let's take a moment to 

4847
04:31:28,500 --> 04:31:31,900
appreciate one of history's. 
Most delightful irony is the 

4848
04:31:31,900 --> 04:31:35,100
reconquest of Iberia began not 
with a Grand Army or divine 

4849
04:31:35,100 --> 04:31:38,800
revelation, but with what was 
essentially a tax dispute that 

4850
04:31:38,800 --> 04:31:42,600
got wildly out of hand, you have
to admire the very human scale 

4851
04:31:42,600 --> 04:31:44,700
of it. 
All is rather like discovering 

4852
04:31:44,700 --> 04:31:47,200
that the American Revolution 
started because someone got 

4853
04:31:47,200 --> 04:31:49,000
really annoyed about the price 
of tea. 

4854
04:31:50,000 --> 04:31:53,000
In the Austrian mountains of 
Northern Spain around the year, 

4855
04:31:53,000 --> 04:31:57,800
718 of visigothic nobleman named
Palio was dealing with the kind 

4856
04:31:57,800 --> 04:32:00,000
of problem that would be 
familiar to anyone who's ever 

4857
04:32:00,000 --> 04:32:02,000
had a disagreement with the 
local authorities. 

4858
04:32:02,900 --> 04:32:05,700
The Muslim Governors wanted him 
to pay tribute and acknowledge 

4859
04:32:05,700 --> 04:32:08,900
their Authority. hero for 
reasons that probably made 

4860
04:32:08,900 --> 04:32:12,900
perfect sense to him at the time
decided, he'd rather not now, 

4861
04:32:12,900 --> 04:32:16,200
under normal circumstances, this
kind of local disagreement would

4862
04:32:16,200 --> 04:32:19,200
be resolved quickly and 
decisively in favor of whoever 

4863
04:32:19,200 --> 04:32:23,200
had the bigger Army, But the 
Assyrian mountains weren't 

4864
04:32:23,200 --> 04:32:26,200
normal circumstances they were 
the Medieval equivalent of 

4865
04:32:26,200 --> 04:32:29,200
trying to govern a region made 
entirely of natural fortresses. 

4866
04:32:29,900 --> 04:32:32,800
The terrain was so rugged that 
sending large military forces 

4867
04:32:32,800 --> 04:32:34,100
into. 
It was rather like trying to 

4868
04:32:34,108 --> 04:32:38,000
organize a parade in a maze 
players initial Act of defiance 

4869
04:32:38,000 --> 04:32:41,600
was probably witnessed by fewer 
people than typically attend a 

4870
04:32:41,600 --> 04:32:44,800
modern city council meeting. 
He gathered a small group of 

4871
04:32:44,800 --> 04:32:49,200
supporters accounts of vary, but
we're talking dozens, not 

4872
04:32:49,200 --> 04:32:52,400
thousands and retreated to a 
cave called covadonga. 

4873
04:32:53,400 --> 04:32:55,900
From a military perspective, the
event looked like the kind of 

4874
04:32:55,908 --> 04:32:58,400
Last Stand that usually ends 
with historians writing. 

4875
04:32:58,400 --> 04:33:03,000
Sympathetic, footnotes about 
brave, but doomed resistance The

4876
04:33:03,000 --> 04:33:06,000
Muslim Force sent to deal with 
this minor irritation was 

4877
04:33:06,000 --> 04:33:08,800
probably expecting what their 
commanders backing Cordoba were 

4878
04:33:08,800 --> 04:33:12,200
expecting a brief expedition, to
arrest some troublemakers and 

4879
04:33:12,200 --> 04:33:14,700
restore order. 
Instead, they found themselves 

4880
04:33:14,700 --> 04:33:17,599
attempting to dislodge, 
determine Defenders from 

4881
04:33:17,599 --> 04:33:20,300
positions, seemingly destined 
for such stubborn resistance. 

4882
04:33:21,400 --> 04:33:25,599
The Battle of covadonga fought 
sometime around 7:22, was the 

4883
04:33:25,599 --> 04:33:28,000
kind of encounter that looks 
insignificant in the moment. 

4884
04:33:28,000 --> 04:33:30,700
But gross an important with the 
passing year. 

4885
04:33:31,500 --> 04:33:35,099
The Muslim Force Was Defeated 
not destroyed but defeated 

4886
04:33:35,099 --> 04:33:38,300
enough that they withdrew rather
than continue what was turning 

4887
04:33:38,300 --> 04:33:40,700
into an expensive and 
embarrassing exercise in 

4888
04:33:40,700 --> 04:33:44,300
Mountain Warfare. 
From paleos perspective, he had 

4889
04:33:44,300 --> 04:33:47,200
successfully defended his home 
and maintained his independence.

4890
04:33:48,000 --> 04:33:50,200
From the Muslim Governor's 
perspective, they had bigger 

4891
04:33:50,200 --> 04:33:53,300
concerns than chasing a few 
Rebels through mountains that 

4892
04:33:53,300 --> 04:33:56,000
seemed designed to make military
operations as difficult as 

4893
04:33:56,000 --> 04:33:58,500
possible. 
From history's perspective, 

4894
04:33:58,500 --> 04:34:01,000
something had just begun that 
would continue for the next 

4895
04:34:01,000 --> 04:34:03,599
seventh centuries. 
What makes this moment 

4896
04:34:03,599 --> 04:34:06,599
particularly fascinating, is how
ordinary it must have seemed to 

4897
04:34:06,599 --> 04:34:09,800
almost everyone involved. 
Halia wasn't proclaiming 

4898
04:34:09,800 --> 04:34:12,599
himself, the champion of 
Christendom or announcing a 

4899
04:34:12,599 --> 04:34:15,099
divinely inspired mission to 
reconquer Iberia. 

4900
04:34:16,099 --> 04:34:18,900
He was simply a man who decided 
he preferred his traditional way

4901
04:34:18,900 --> 04:34:21,700
of life to the new management 
and who happened to live in 

4902
04:34:21,700 --> 04:34:24,300
terrain that made his preference
militarily viable. 

4903
04:34:24,300 --> 04:34:27,099
The victory at cover donger, 
became something more than a 

4904
04:34:27,099 --> 04:34:30,200
military success. 
It became proof that Muslim rule

4905
04:34:30,200 --> 04:34:33,700
wasn't inevitable or permanent. 
Words spread through the 

4906
04:34:33,700 --> 04:34:36,000
Christian communities that 
remained scattered across the 

4907
04:34:36,000 --> 04:34:39,400
peninsula. 
Carried by Merchant's pilgrims 

4908
04:34:39,400 --> 04:34:42,500
and that most effective of 
medieval communication networks 

4909
04:34:42,500 --> 04:34:46,500
gossip. 
But here's what makes pelayo's 

4910
04:34:46,500 --> 04:34:48,800
story particularly relevant to 
your evening contemplation? 

4911
04:34:48,800 --> 04:34:52,400
He didn't succeed because he had
a master plan or Divine 

4912
04:34:52,400 --> 04:34:56,099
Assistance or Superior military 
technology, he succeeded because

4913
04:34:56,099 --> 04:34:58,500
he was stubborn. 
He picked his ground carefully 

4914
04:34:58,500 --> 04:35:01,400
and he was willing to accept a 
very modest definition of 

4915
04:35:01,400 --> 04:35:04,599
success. 
Occasionally, the most important

4916
04:35:04,599 --> 04:35:07,800
historical changes begin with 
someone simply saying, no, and 

4917
04:35:07,800 --> 04:35:10,800
meaning it. 
The kingdom of Asturias that 

4918
04:35:10,800 --> 04:35:14,099
emerged from this mountain, 
rebellion was Tiny poor and 

4919
04:35:14,099 --> 04:35:16,200
surrounded by much, more 
powerful, Neighbors. 

4920
04:35:17,300 --> 04:35:19,900
By any reasonable measure. 
It should have been a historical

4921
04:35:19,900 --> 04:35:23,300
footnote, one of those brief 
moments of Independence, that 

4922
04:35:23,300 --> 04:35:25,900
gets absorbed back into the 
larger political reality. 

4923
04:35:25,900 --> 04:35:30,200
Instead, it became the seed from
which the entire Reconquista 

4924
04:35:30,200 --> 04:35:33,800
would eventually grow This 
episode suggests something, both

4925
04:35:33,800 --> 04:35:36,800
encouraging and slightly absurd 
about human nature. 

4926
04:35:36,800 --> 04:35:41,000
Sometimes the most significant 
changes in history, begin with 

4927
04:35:41,000 --> 04:35:43,200
people who have no idea their 
making history. 

4928
04:35:44,000 --> 04:35:47,000
They're just dealing with their 
immediate circumstances making 

4929
04:35:47,000 --> 04:35:50,099
the best decisions they can with
the information, they have and 

4930
04:35:50,099 --> 04:35:54,200
refusing to accept situations, 
they find unacceptable player 

4931
04:35:54,200 --> 04:35:56,800
probably went to sleep each 
night, thinking about practical 

4932
04:35:56,800 --> 04:36:00,599
problems, Food Supplies, 
defensive positions, and keeping

4933
04:36:00,599 --> 04:36:03,300
his small band of followers, 
motivated and organized. 

4934
04:36:04,099 --> 04:36:06,800
He almost certainly didn't 
imagine that he was launching a 

4935
04:36:06,800 --> 04:36:09,800
centuries-long process that 
would reshape the entire Iberian

4936
04:36:09,800 --> 04:36:12,400
Peninsula. 
He was just a man trying to 

4937
04:36:12,400 --> 04:36:14,900
preserve his way of life in a 
world that had changed around 

4938
04:36:14,900 --> 04:36:16,599
him. 
Imagine a garden where 

4939
04:36:16,599 --> 04:36:19,599
aggressive weeds of completely 
overtaken the original flowers, 

4940
04:36:20,400 --> 04:36:23,200
But then, if you look carefully 
in the corners and along the 

4941
04:36:23,200 --> 04:36:26,200
edges, you start to notice small
shoots pushing up through the 

4942
04:36:26,200 --> 04:36:28,500
soil. 
The old plants, haven't died. 

4943
04:36:28,500 --> 04:36:31,000
They've just been growing 
quietly in places where the 

4944
04:36:31,000 --> 04:36:33,900
weeds couldn't reach them. 
This is essentially, what was 

4945
04:36:33,900 --> 04:36:36,200
happening in the northern 
regions of Iberia during the 

4946
04:36:36,200 --> 04:36:40,500
early centuries of Muslim rule, 
The kingdom of Asturias emerging

4947
04:36:40,500 --> 04:36:43,599
from pelio's successful 
Mountain, rebellion was rather 

4948
04:36:43,599 --> 04:36:48,099
like a medieval startup. 
Small Scrappy and operating with

4949
04:36:48,099 --> 04:36:51,800
the kind of lean efficiency that
comes from having absolutely no 

4950
04:36:51,800 --> 04:36:55,700
choice in the matter. 
The early in Kings ruled over a 

4951
04:36:55,700 --> 04:36:57,400
territory that was mostly rocks 
trees. 

4952
04:36:57,400 --> 04:37:00,200
And people who had gotten very 
good at making do with limited 

4953
04:37:00,200 --> 04:37:02,599
resources. 
But what makes their story 

4954
04:37:02,599 --> 04:37:05,599
particularly endearing is that 
they transform their poverty 

4955
04:37:05,599 --> 04:37:09,099
into a strength rather than a 
weakness. since they couldn't 

4956
04:37:09,099 --> 04:37:12,099
compete with the wealth and 
sophistication of Muslim Iberia,

4957
04:37:12,099 --> 04:37:15,300
they positioned themselves as 
the authentic keepers of the old

4958
04:37:15,300 --> 04:37:18,700
traditions, they were the 
original article, the Vintage 

4959
04:37:18,700 --> 04:37:23,000
Christian kingdom, aged to 
perfection in Mountain cave and 

4960
04:37:23,000 --> 04:37:27,900
seasoned with genuine suffering,
King Alfonso, the first ruling 

4961
04:37:27,900 --> 04:37:31,200
in the early 8th Century 
affected, what we might call The

4962
04:37:31,200 --> 04:37:35,300
Liberation through depopulation 
strategy, He would launch raids 

4963
04:37:35,300 --> 04:37:37,900
into the territories between his
kingdom and the main Muslim 

4964
04:37:37,900 --> 04:37:40,500
settlements, not to conquer, and
hold ground. 

4965
04:37:40,500 --> 04:37:43,700
But to convince the Christian 
populations, in those areas to 

4966
04:37:43,700 --> 04:37:45,599
pack up and move north to his 
kingdom. 

4967
04:37:45,599 --> 04:37:49,200
It was rather like being a 
medieval real estate agent whose

4968
04:37:49,200 --> 04:37:51,900
sales pitch was. 
Come living, our beautiful 

4969
04:37:51,900 --> 04:37:56,000
mountains, where the scenery is 
spectacular, and nobody will try

4970
04:37:56,000 --> 04:37:59,900
to convert you to Islam. 
This policy had the delightful 

4971
04:37:59,900 --> 04:38:02,599
side effect of creating a 
no-man's land between Christian 

4972
04:38:02,599 --> 04:38:05,000
and Muslim territories. 
A buffer zone. 

4973
04:38:05,000 --> 04:38:07,500
That was difficult for either 
side to control, but which 

4974
04:38:07,500 --> 04:38:09,700
served as an excellent training 
ground for the kind of 

4975
04:38:09,700 --> 04:38:12,500
small-scale warfare that 
mountain kingdoms do best. 

4976
04:38:13,500 --> 04:38:16,500
The asterion became experts at 
what we'd Now, call Guerrilla 

4977
04:38:16,500 --> 04:38:19,800
tactics, though they probably 
just thought of it as how you 

4978
04:38:19,800 --> 04:38:21,300
fight when you can't afford to 
lose. 

4979
04:38:22,400 --> 04:38:25,900
Meanwhile, Leona merged as the 
Kingdom's New Capital, when the 

4980
04:38:25,900 --> 04:38:29,000
king's decided that ruling from 
Mountain caves, while 

4981
04:38:29,000 --> 04:38:32,300
romantically authentic was 
becoming impractical as their 

4982
04:38:32,300 --> 04:38:36,000
territory expanded. 
Leon offered the radical luxury 

4983
04:38:36,000 --> 04:38:38,500
of being a place where you could
hold Court without worrying 

4984
04:38:38,500 --> 04:38:40,300
about the ceiling dripping on 
your crown. 

4985
04:38:41,099 --> 04:38:44,599
The really clever part of the 
Assyrian strategy was cultural 

4986
04:38:44,599 --> 04:38:47,599
as well as military. 
They positioned themselves as 

4987
04:38:47,599 --> 04:38:50,700
the continuation of the 
visigothic Kingdom, not its 

4988
04:38:50,700 --> 04:38:53,400
successors, but literally the 
same Kingdom that had 

4989
04:38:53,400 --> 04:38:55,800
temporarily lost most of its 
territory there. 

4990
04:38:55,800 --> 04:38:59,099
Are not just propaganda. 
It was a comprehensive 

4991
04:38:59,099 --> 04:39:01,500
rebranding effort that would 
make modern Marketing. 

4992
04:39:01,500 --> 04:39:03,300
Executives, weep with 
admiration. 

4993
04:39:04,099 --> 04:39:08,300
They maintained visigothic legal
codes preserved Latin literacy 

4994
04:39:08,300 --> 04:39:11,800
and most importantly developed, 
what we might call the we never 

4995
04:39:11,808 --> 04:39:15,700
really left narrative. 
According to this version of 

4996
04:39:15,700 --> 04:39:19,200
events, the kingdom of Asturias 
wasn't a new political entity, 

4997
04:39:19,200 --> 04:39:22,200
but rather the visigothic 
kingdom in temporary exile, 

4998
04:39:22,200 --> 04:39:25,000
waiting for the right moment to 
reclaim its inheritance. 

4999
04:39:25,000 --> 04:39:29,099
This narrative was particularly 
powerful because it transformed 

5000
04:39:29,099 --> 04:39:31,599
what could have been considered 
a series of Border AIDS and 

5001
04:39:31,608 --> 04:39:35,400
minor territorial expansion into
something much more significant.

5002
04:39:36,099 --> 04:39:38,500
The systematic recovery of 
stolen property. 

5003
04:39:39,700 --> 04:39:43,300
When asturian forces captured a 
town or Valley they were not 

5004
04:39:43,300 --> 04:39:46,400
conquering new territory, they 
were liberating occupied land 

5005
04:39:46,400 --> 04:39:48,400
and restoring it to its rightful
rulers. 

5006
04:39:48,400 --> 04:39:51,700
The psychological impact of this
approach was considerable 

5007
04:39:51,700 --> 04:39:55,700
Christian population throughout 
Iberia now, had a focal point 

5008
04:39:55,700 --> 04:39:58,700
for their identity and 
aspirations, the kingdom of 

5009
04:39:58,700 --> 04:40:02,000
Asturias proved that Christian 
rule was still possible still 

5010
04:40:02,000 --> 04:40:06,800
viable and most importantly 
still expanding Every asturian 

5011
04:40:06,800 --> 04:40:09,500
Victory, regardless of its 
magnitude demonstrated that the 

5012
04:40:09,500 --> 04:40:11,700
Muslim Conquest was not the 
Final Chapter. 

5013
04:40:12,600 --> 04:40:15,800
But perhaps the most remarkable 
aspect of this early period was 

5014
04:40:15,800 --> 04:40:18,600
how the Austrian approach to 
reconquest was fundamentally 

5015
04:40:18,600 --> 04:40:20,000
different from what we might 
expect. 

5016
04:40:21,000 --> 04:40:24,300
Their strategy wasn't driven by 
religious fanaticism or ethnic 

5017
04:40:24,300 --> 04:40:26,400
hatred. 
It was driven by the much, more 

5018
04:40:26,400 --> 04:40:29,100
practical desire to live 
according to familiar laws and 

5019
04:40:29,100 --> 04:40:32,000
customs. 
Yes durians didn't spend a lot 

5020
04:40:32,008 --> 04:40:34,600
of time denouncing Islam. 
They spent their time 

5021
04:40:34,600 --> 04:40:37,000
demonstrating that Christian 
rule, could be effective 

5022
04:40:37,000 --> 04:40:41,400
protective and worth supporting 
They were all so remarkably 

5023
04:40:41,400 --> 04:40:45,300
pragmatic about their goals. 
Rather than declaring their 

5024
04:40:45,300 --> 04:40:48,200
intention to reconquer, the 
entire Peninsula, which would 

5025
04:40:48,200 --> 04:40:51,000
have sounded rather absurd 
coming from rulers of a mountain

5026
04:40:51,000 --> 04:40:53,300
Kingdom. 
They focused on the achievable 

5027
04:40:53,300 --> 04:40:57,400
objective of expanding their 
territory, bit by bit Valley by 

5028
04:40:57,400 --> 04:41:01,500
Valley Mountain, by Mountain. 
This patience and pragmatism 

5029
04:41:01,500 --> 04:41:03,700
would prove to be one of their 
greatest strengths. 

5030
04:41:04,400 --> 04:41:07,000
While other medieval kingdoms 
Rose and fell through over 

5031
04:41:07,000 --> 04:41:11,300
ambitious expansion or internal 
conflict, the austrians built 

5032
04:41:11,300 --> 04:41:14,400
something sustainable. 
Christian kingdom that grew 

5033
04:41:14,400 --> 04:41:17,100
stronger rather than weaker over
time, and that would eventually 

5034
04:41:17,100 --> 04:41:20,800
become the foundation for much 
larger reconquest efforts by the

5035
04:41:20,800 --> 04:41:23,700
9th and 10th centuries. 
Pallios, persistent refusal to 

5036
04:41:23,700 --> 04:41:26,000
pay taxes. 
Had transformed into a situation

5037
04:41:26,000 --> 04:41:29,700
that was beginning to cause the 
Muslim rulers of Iberia genuine 

5038
04:41:29,700 --> 04:41:33,200
discomfort is rather like 
watching a small crack, in a 

5039
04:41:33,200 --> 04:41:35,400
wall gradually. 
Expand Until you realize the 

5040
04:41:35,400 --> 04:41:36,900
whole structure might need 
attention. 

5041
04:41:38,300 --> 04:41:41,000
The kingdom of Asturias had been
quietly but persistently 

5042
04:41:41,000 --> 04:41:44,600
expanding and by now it was no 
longer accurate to describe it 

5043
04:41:44,600 --> 04:41:48,100
as a minor Mountain Rebellion. 
Under King's like Alfonso the 

5044
04:41:48,100 --> 04:41:50,500
second and Alfonso. 
The third, the kingdom had 

5045
04:41:50,500 --> 04:41:53,300
developed from a desperate 
refugee camp in to a functioning

5046
04:41:53,300 --> 04:41:56,900
medieval state with its own 
economy, military organization, 

5047
04:41:56,900 --> 04:41:59,800
and most importantly, a clear 
sense of mission. 

5048
04:42:00,600 --> 04:42:02,600
Alfonso. 
The third, who ruled in the late

5049
04:42:02,600 --> 04:42:05,300
night century, was particularly 
good at what we might call 

5050
04:42:05,300 --> 04:42:08,300
expansion with style. 
He didn't just conquer 

5051
04:42:08,300 --> 04:42:11,000
territory. 
He established cities, built 

5052
04:42:11,000 --> 04:42:13,700
churches, and created the kind 
of infrastructure that made 

5053
04:42:13,700 --> 04:42:17,200
people want to stay rather than 
flee at the first opportunity. 

5054
04:42:18,400 --> 04:42:21,600
Cities like Zamora and Torro 
weren't just military outposts. 

5055
04:42:21,600 --> 04:42:25,000
They were statements of 
permanents and now announcements

5056
04:42:25,000 --> 04:42:27,300
that Christian rules back and 
intended to stay. 

5057
04:42:28,300 --> 04:42:30,700
But what's particularly 
fascinating about this period? 

5058
04:42:30,700 --> 04:42:33,600
Is that the Christian kingdoms 
were acquiring, the same 

5059
04:42:33,600 --> 04:42:37,900
patients and strategic thinking 
that had made Muslim rules so 

5060
04:42:37,900 --> 04:42:40,000
successful. 
They weren't just fighting 

5061
04:42:40,000 --> 04:42:42,400
battles. 
They were building institutions 

5062
04:42:42,400 --> 04:42:45,500
establishing trade networks. 
And most importantly, creating 

5063
04:42:45,500 --> 04:42:48,400
the administrative Machinery, 
that could govern an expanding 

5064
04:42:48,400 --> 04:42:52,200
territory. 
The really clever Innovation was

5065
04:42:52,200 --> 04:42:54,800
the development of what 
historians call the reconquest 

5066
04:42:54,800 --> 04:42:57,500
ideology. 
A systematic intellectual 

5067
04:42:57,500 --> 04:43:01,200
framework that transformed 
military expansion into a sacred

5068
04:43:01,200 --> 04:43:03,600
Mission. 
The mission wasn't just about 

5069
04:43:03,600 --> 04:43:05,000
recovering lost territory 
anymore. 

5070
04:43:05,000 --> 04:43:08,500
It was about fulfilling a Divine
mandate to restore Christian 

5071
04:43:08,500 --> 04:43:12,400
ruled the entire peninsula. 
It was brilliant marketing that 

5072
04:43:12,400 --> 04:43:15,100
gave every border Skirmish, 
Cosmic significance. 

5073
04:43:15,100 --> 04:43:18,600
This ideological framework have 
the additional advantage of 

5074
04:43:18,600 --> 04:43:20,600
attracting support from Beyond 
the peninsula. 

5075
04:43:21,500 --> 04:43:24,200
Christian kingdoms across Europe
began to see the Iberian 

5076
04:43:24,200 --> 04:43:27,500
reconquest as part of their own 
spiritual Mission, which meant 

5077
04:43:27,500 --> 04:43:31,300
that French, Italian, and other 
European Knights started 

5078
04:43:31,300 --> 04:43:34,300
arriving to help with what they 
saw as a holy war against Islam.

5079
04:43:35,200 --> 04:43:37,600
These foreign volunteers brought
more than just military 

5080
04:43:37,600 --> 04:43:39,700
assistance. 
They brought new military 

5081
04:43:39,700 --> 04:43:43,800
techniques, financial resources.
And most importantly, they 

5082
04:43:43,800 --> 04:43:46,500
brought the sense that the Rick 
conquista was part of a larger 

5083
04:43:46,500 --> 04:43:49,800
European Christian identity. 
What did begun as a local 

5084
04:43:49,800 --> 04:43:52,600
dispute over governance? 
Was gradually becoming part of 

5085
04:43:52,600 --> 04:43:55,400
the Great cultural and religious
confrontation between 

5086
04:43:55,400 --> 04:43:59,600
Christianity and Islam. 
Meanwhile Muslim, Iberia was 

5087
04:43:59,600 --> 04:44:02,200
discovering that success can 
create its own problems. 

5088
04:44:02,200 --> 04:44:06,100
The efficiency and prosperity 
that had made Alanis the Envy of

5089
04:44:06,108 --> 04:44:08,300
Europe had also made it somewhat
complacent. 

5090
04:44:09,100 --> 04:44:11,600
For so long the Christian 
Kingdoms in the north were 

5091
04:44:11,600 --> 04:44:14,900
viewed as minor irritations and 
when they began to pose a 

5092
04:44:14,900 --> 04:44:17,300
genuine threat, the response was
often delayed. 

5093
04:44:17,300 --> 04:44:20,400
The umayyad caliphate was also 
dealing with internal pressures 

5094
04:44:20,400 --> 04:44:23,200
that diverted attention and 
resources from the northern 

5095
04:44:23,200 --> 04:44:26,100
Frontier. 
Political succession disputes 

5096
04:44:26,100 --> 04:44:29,800
Regional rebellions and the 
constant challenge of governing 

5097
04:44:29,800 --> 04:44:32,600
a diverse population. 
Meant that the military Focus 

5098
04:44:32,600 --> 04:44:35,700
needed to contain Christian 
expansion, wasn't always 

5099
04:44:35,700 --> 04:44:37,300
available when and where it was 
needed. 

5100
04:44:38,200 --> 04:44:41,100
By the 10th Century, the balance
of power was shifting in ways 

5101
04:44:41,100 --> 04:44:43,500
that would have seemed 
impossible two centuries 

5102
04:44:43,500 --> 04:44:46,700
earlier. 
The Christian kingdoms weren't 

5103
04:44:46,700 --> 04:44:49,900
just surviving, they were 
beginning to thrive, they had 

5104
04:44:49,900 --> 04:44:53,100
developed their own military 
innovations, established secure,

5105
04:44:53,100 --> 04:44:56,200
economic bases. 
And most importantly, they had 

5106
04:44:56,200 --> 04:44:59,100
created a political and cultural
identity, that was attracting 

5107
04:44:59,100 --> 04:45:00,800
support from a cross Christian 
Europe. 

5108
04:45:01,600 --> 04:45:04,300
The psychological transformation
was perhaps even more 

5109
04:45:04,300 --> 04:45:07,400
significant than the military 
one Christian population. 

5110
04:45:07,400 --> 04:45:10,500
Throughout Iberia now had 
concrete evidence that Muslim 

5111
04:45:10,500 --> 04:45:13,700
rule wasn't permanent or 
inevitable, Every Christian 

5112
04:45:13,700 --> 04:45:17,400
Victory every recovered City. 
Every successful campaign was 

5113
04:45:17,400 --> 04:45:20,300
proof, that change was possible 
and that supporting the 

5114
04:45:20,300 --> 04:45:23,900
reconquest might be a winning 
strategy rather than a hopeless 

5115
04:45:23,900 --> 04:45:26,600
gesture. 
This shift in perception created

5116
04:45:26,600 --> 04:45:30,100
a feedback loop that accelerated
the process as Christian 

5117
04:45:30,100 --> 04:45:33,300
kingdoms became more successful.
They attracted more support, 

5118
04:45:33,300 --> 04:45:38,100
which made them more successful 
which attracted more support the

5119
04:45:38,100 --> 04:45:40,700
momentum that had been building 
slowly for Generations was 

5120
04:45:40,700 --> 04:45:42,400
beginning to reach critical 
mass. 

5121
04:45:42,400 --> 04:45:46,000
The Reconquista was transforming
from a local mountain rebellion 

5122
04:45:46,000 --> 04:45:49,800
in to a peninsula wide movement 
with international support and 

5123
04:45:49,800 --> 04:45:53,400
religious legitimacy. 
What had once seemed like an 

5124
04:45:53,400 --> 04:45:57,000
Impossible, Dream, the complete 
recovery of Christian rule over 

5125
04:45:57,000 --> 04:45:59,900
Iberia was beginning to look 
like an achievable. 

5126
04:45:59,900 --> 04:46:03,800
If long-term objective But 
perhaps most importantly, the 

5127
04:46:03,800 --> 04:46:06,200
Christian kingdoms had learned 
something crucial about the 

5128
04:46:06,200 --> 04:46:09,800
nature of historical change. 
Sometimes the most effective way

5129
04:46:09,800 --> 04:46:11,900
to transform the world is to 
start. 

5130
04:46:11,900 --> 04:46:15,800
Small, stay focused and maintain
consistent pressure over very 

5131
04:46:15,800 --> 04:46:18,500
long periods of time. 
They had mastered the art of 

5132
04:46:18,500 --> 04:46:21,500
strategic patience. 
As you sit here in the gentle 

5133
04:46:21,500 --> 04:46:24,400
quiet of evening and imagine 
yourself looking back across 

5134
04:46:24,400 --> 04:46:27,200
these seven centuries that 
stretched between Palio's first 

5135
04:46:27,200 --> 04:46:30,400
Defiance stand in the mountains 
and the final surrender of 

5136
04:46:30,400 --> 04:46:34,700
Grenada in 1492, its rather like
watching time-lapse photography 

5137
04:46:34,700 --> 04:46:36,800
of a garden. 
Were flowers that were planted 

5138
04:46:36,800 --> 04:46:39,000
in Spring, don't Bloom until the
following winter. 

5139
04:46:39,900 --> 04:46:41,700
Except the seasons lasted for 
Generations. 

5140
04:46:42,900 --> 04:46:45,900
The Reconquista that began with 
a tax disputed, become something

5141
04:46:45,900 --> 04:46:49,200
unprecedented in medieval 
history, a sustained 

5142
04:46:49,200 --> 04:46:52,200
multi-generational project that 
transformed not just the 

5143
04:46:52,200 --> 04:46:55,800
political map of Iberia, but the
very identity of European 

5144
04:46:55,800 --> 04:46:59,300
Christianity. 
What started as a simple refusal

5145
04:46:59,300 --> 04:47:02,200
to accept, foreign rule, had 
evolved into a defining, 

5146
04:47:02,200 --> 04:47:05,200
characteristic of Spanish, and 
Portuguese culture, that would 

5147
04:47:05,200 --> 04:47:08,200
influence their approach to 
everything from exploration, to 

5148
04:47:08,200 --> 04:47:11,300
Empire Building. 
By the 11th century. 

5149
04:47:11,300 --> 04:47:14,000
The momentum that had been 
building for centuries was 

5150
04:47:14,000 --> 04:47:15,800
beginning to produce dramatic 
results. 

5151
04:47:17,000 --> 04:47:19,200
Sheriff Toledo in 1085 by 
Alfonso. 

5152
04:47:19,200 --> 04:47:22,200
The sixth of Castile was one of 
those moments when everyone 

5153
04:47:22,200 --> 04:47:24,600
involved probably sent. 
They were participating in 

5154
04:47:24,600 --> 04:47:27,300
something. 
Historically significant Toledo 

5155
04:47:27,300 --> 04:47:30,600
wasn't just another city. 
It was the ancient capital of 

5156
04:47:30,600 --> 04:47:34,100
visigothic Spain, the symbolic 
heart of the Kingdom that the 

5157
04:47:34,100 --> 04:47:38,100
Christian rulers claimed to be 
restoring, The fall of Toledo, 

5158
04:47:38,100 --> 04:47:40,800
demonstrated something that 
military theorists still study 

5159
04:47:40,800 --> 04:47:43,800
today. 
How psychological Victory is can

5160
04:47:43,800 --> 04:47:47,200
be more important than purely 
military ones, the conquest of 

5161
04:47:47,200 --> 04:47:49,500
this city didn't just add 
territory to the Christian 

5162
04:47:49,500 --> 04:47:51,700
kingdoms. 
It proved that, even the most 

5163
04:47:51,700 --> 04:47:54,500
seemingly secure Muslim 
strongholds could be taken by 

5164
04:47:54,500 --> 04:47:58,000
patient determined forces who 
were willing to play the long 

5165
04:47:58,000 --> 04:48:01,100
game. 
Perhaps the most remarkable 

5166
04:48:01,100 --> 04:48:04,300
aspect of the Reconquista. 
Ultimate success was how it 

5167
04:48:04,300 --> 04:48:06,900
maintained its essential 
character across those seven 

5168
04:48:06,900 --> 04:48:09,500
centuries. 
The same qualities that had made

5169
04:48:09,500 --> 04:48:13,000
Polaris Rebellion, successful 
stubbornness, strategic 

5170
04:48:13,000 --> 04:48:16,100
patience, and the ability to 
turn disadvantages into 

5171
04:48:16,100 --> 04:48:19,300
advantages remained Central to 
the Christian approach 

5172
04:48:19,300 --> 04:48:23,000
throughout the entire process. 
The Christian kingdoms learn to 

5173
04:48:23,000 --> 04:48:25,600
cooperate when necessary while 
maintaining their independence 

5174
04:48:25,600 --> 04:48:28,900
to adopt new military 
Technologies, while preserving 

5175
04:48:28,900 --> 04:48:33,000
their cultural identity. 
And most importantly, to think, 

5176
04:48:33,000 --> 04:48:36,800
in terms of generations, rather 
than immediate results, they 

5177
04:48:36,800 --> 04:48:39,900
created institutions that could 
survive individual defeats 

5178
04:48:39,900 --> 04:48:43,800
economic, setbacks and political
changes because they were built 

5179
04:48:43,800 --> 04:48:46,100
around the idea that temporary 
setbacks were just that 

5180
04:48:46,100 --> 04:48:49,500
temporary. 
The final centuries of the 

5181
04:48:49,500 --> 04:48:52,800
Reconquista were marked by the 
consolidation of Christian 

5182
04:48:52,800 --> 04:48:55,000
power. 
Under the unified, crowns of 

5183
04:48:55,000 --> 04:48:58,500
Castile, and Aragon the marriage
of Isabella and Ferdinand, in 

5184
04:48:58,500 --> 04:49:01,700
1469, created the political 
Unity, that could finally 

5185
04:49:01,700 --> 04:49:03,900
complete. 
What polio had begun in the 

5186
04:49:03,908 --> 04:49:07,300
mountains of Asturias. 
It's one of History's neat 

5187
04:49:07,300 --> 04:49:10,000
symmetries that are movement, 
that began with one's stubborn. 

5188
04:49:10,000 --> 04:49:12,900
Individual would be completed by
the Strategic Alliance of two 

5189
04:49:12,900 --> 04:49:16,500
determined monarchs. 
The surrender of Grenada in 1492

5190
04:49:16,500 --> 04:49:19,800
marked, not just the end of 
Muslim rule in Iberia, but the 

5191
04:49:19,800 --> 04:49:22,800
completion of one of the longest
and most successful military 

5192
04:49:22,800 --> 04:49:26,400
campaigns in European history. 
What makes it particularly 

5193
04:49:26,400 --> 04:49:29,200
remarkable is that it's 
succeeded not through 

5194
04:49:29,200 --> 04:49:31,500
overwhelming force or brilliant 
strategy. 

5195
04:49:31,500 --> 04:49:35,300
But through the simple expedient
of refusing to give up and 

5196
04:49:35,300 --> 04:49:38,700
consistently working toward a, 
clearly defined goal across 

5197
04:49:38,700 --> 04:49:41,900
multiple centuries. 
The legacy of the Reconquista 

5198
04:49:41,900 --> 04:49:45,400
extends far beyond the borders 
of Spain and Portugal the 

5199
04:49:45,400 --> 04:49:48,100
experience of successfully 
recovering lost territory 

5200
04:49:48,100 --> 04:49:51,200
through sustained effort, 
created a cultural confidence 

5201
04:49:51,200 --> 04:49:52,900
that would fuel the age of 
exploration. 

5202
04:49:53,900 --> 04:49:57,100
The same kingdoms that had spent
centuries learning to expand 

5203
04:49:57,100 --> 04:49:59,100
their territory. 
Step by step would soon be 

5204
04:49:59,100 --> 04:50:01,400
applying those lessons to Global
Empire Building. 

5205
04:50:02,900 --> 04:50:05,600
More fundamentally the 
Reconquista demonstrated 

5206
04:50:05,600 --> 04:50:08,000
something encouraging about 
human persistence and the 

5207
04:50:08,008 --> 04:50:11,600
possibility of long-term change 
it showed that even the most 

5208
04:50:11,600 --> 04:50:14,500
seemingly permanent political 
Arrangements can be transformed 

5209
04:50:14,500 --> 04:50:18,100
by people who are willing to 
start small, stay focused and 

5210
04:50:18,100 --> 04:50:20,300
maintain their efforts across 
multiple Generations. 

5211
04:50:20,300 --> 04:50:23,700
As you can consider this story 
from your comfortable, modern 

5212
04:50:23,700 --> 04:50:27,500
perspective, perhaps the most 
relevant lesson is how Ordinary 

5213
04:50:27,500 --> 04:50:31,700
People faced with circumstances.
They found unacceptable created,

5214
04:50:31,700 --> 04:50:33,700
extraordinary change through the
simple. 

5215
04:50:33,700 --> 04:50:36,800
Expedient of refusing to accept 
that those circumstances were 

5216
04:50:36,800 --> 04:50:41,000
permanent He didn't need special
advantages or dramatic gestures,

5217
04:50:41,000 --> 04:50:44,300
they just needed patience 
persistence and the willingness 

5218
04:50:44,300 --> 04:50:48,000
to think beyond their lifetimes,
the birth of the Reconquista 

5219
04:50:48,000 --> 04:50:49,600
reminds us that some of 
history's. 

5220
04:50:49,600 --> 04:50:52,200
Most significant 
Transformations, begin not with 

5221
04:50:52,200 --> 04:50:55,200
grand declarations or 
revolutionary moments but with 

5222
04:50:55,200 --> 04:50:58,200
individuals who simply decide 
that their current situation 

5223
04:50:58,200 --> 04:51:01,600
doesn't have to be their 
permanent reality, sometimes the

5224
04:51:01,600 --> 04:51:04,400
most powerful force in human 
history, is just the quiet, 

5225
04:51:04,400 --> 04:51:07,300
determination to make tomorrow 
different from today. 

5226
04:51:07,300 --> 04:51:10,000
Sustained over enough, 
tomorrow's to make a difference 

5227
04:51:10,000 --> 04:51:14,400
that lasts and with that thought
that it's time to let this story

5228
04:51:14,400 --> 04:51:17,300
settle into your evening, quiet 
carrying with it. 

5229
04:51:17,300 --> 04:51:20,400
The gentle reminder that, even 
the longest journey is begin 

5230
04:51:20,400 --> 04:51:21,900
with someone taking the first 
step. 

5231
04:51:27,700 --> 04:51:30,400
Imagine your driving through the
Rolling Hills of central Italy. 

5232
04:51:30,400 --> 04:51:32,700
Maybe humming along to the song 
on the radio. 

5233
04:51:32,700 --> 04:51:36,000
When you suddenly see the 
landscape start to change the 

5234
04:51:36,000 --> 04:51:39,500
soft Farmland gives way to 
something more dramatic, a huge 

5235
04:51:39,500 --> 04:51:41,600
Limestone Mountain. 
That looks like the shoulder of 

5236
04:51:41,600 --> 04:51:43,900
a sleeping giant. 
Its slopes are covered in 

5237
04:51:43,900 --> 04:51:46,600
medieval Stone buildings that 
look like they grew right out of

5238
04:51:46,600 --> 04:51:48,700
the rock. 
This is Monty titano. 

5239
04:51:48,700 --> 04:51:52,200
If you squint just right in the 
afternoon light, you can almost 

5240
04:51:52,200 --> 04:51:55,300
see the ghost of a stonemason 
named Marina from the fourth 

5241
04:51:55,300 --> 04:51:57,100
Century climbing, its Rocky 
Parks. 

5242
04:51:57,100 --> 04:52:00,500
He's probably wondering why he 
left the relative comfort of the

5243
04:52:00,500 --> 04:52:02,500
Croatian Coast for this Italian 
wilderness. 

5244
04:52:03,300 --> 04:52:06,000
We could say that marinus was a 
very religious person. 

5245
04:52:06,000 --> 04:52:09,500
He had become a Christian at a 
time when being one was about as

5246
04:52:09,500 --> 04:52:10,800
popular as being a tax 
collector. 

5247
04:52:10,800 --> 04:52:14,100
He thought the best way to serve
God was to build a church. 

5248
04:52:14,100 --> 04:52:17,900
In the most inconvenient place, 
he could find Monte titano, must

5249
04:52:17,900 --> 04:52:20,100
have seemed like the perfect 
place because of its steep 

5250
04:52:20,100 --> 04:52:23,100
Cliffs, unpredictable, weather 
and lack of amenities. 

5251
04:52:23,100 --> 04:52:26,100
The mountain itself, is an 
interesting geological feature. 

5252
04:52:26,100 --> 04:52:29,300
It's a piece of limestone that 
sticks out from the surrounding 

5253
04:52:29,300 --> 04:52:31,400
area, like a medieval castle 
made by Nature. 

5254
04:52:31,400 --> 04:52:35,000
The Three Peaks make it a 
natural Fortress with steep 

5255
04:52:35,000 --> 04:52:38,000
drops on most sides and only a 
few easy ways to get there. 

5256
04:52:38,000 --> 04:52:40,700
This Rocky outcropping looks 
like it was made just for 

5257
04:52:40,700 --> 04:52:42,200
Hermits. 
And people who want to prove 

5258
04:52:42,200 --> 04:52:44,200
something. 
If you were trying to hide from 

5259
04:52:44,200 --> 04:52:47,100
the world, you could not do much
better than this Mariah came to 

5260
04:52:47,100 --> 04:52:51,200
roam around 301 CE with the 
Roman Empire was still trying to

5261
04:52:51,200 --> 04:52:53,400
figure out what to do about this
new Christian religion. 

5262
04:52:53,400 --> 04:52:56,000
Most people were keeping their 
heads down and not saying 

5263
04:52:56,000 --> 04:52:58,400
anything but mine is wasn't like
most people. 

5264
04:52:58,400 --> 04:53:01,700
He built a small Hermitage on 
the side of the mountain and 

5265
04:53:01,700 --> 04:53:05,000
started letting other Christian.
Stay there over time. 

5266
04:53:05,000 --> 04:53:08,000
He built what was basically a 
very small, very high altitude 

5267
04:53:08,000 --> 04:53:10,800
religious community. 
In those days, the area around 

5268
04:53:10,800 --> 04:53:14,700
Monte titano was a mix of Roman 
Farms forest clearings and wild 

5269
04:53:14,700 --> 04:53:17,600
Countryside that may Travel and 
Adventure in the most dangerous 

5270
04:53:17,600 --> 04:53:21,700
way possible wolves, still roam.
The hills Bandits use the Forest

5271
04:53:21,700 --> 04:53:24,600
roads as their own personal 
shopping centers and the weather

5272
04:53:24,600 --> 04:53:27,800
could change from nice to deadly
in the time it takes for a 

5273
04:53:27,800 --> 04:53:30,300
toddler to get upset, but 
marinas and is growing 

5274
04:53:30,308 --> 04:53:33,200
Community, had found something 
that would define San Marino for

5275
04:53:33,200 --> 04:53:36,700
the next 1700 years. 
Sometimes the best way to 

5276
04:53:36,700 --> 04:53:40,100
protect yourself is to just be 
too much trouble to attack. 

5277
04:53:40,100 --> 04:53:43,800
The mountain was too steep, for 
an army to climb, too far away 

5278
04:53:43,800 --> 04:53:46,800
for you to gain, much from 
controlling it, and too, poor 

5279
04:53:46,800 --> 04:53:49,000
for you to ever get back, what 
you spent to conquer it. 

5280
04:53:49,000 --> 04:53:52,000
The people who live there at 
first survived by growing what 

5281
04:53:52,000 --> 04:53:54,500
they could in the thin Mountain 
soil and trading. 

5282
04:53:54,500 --> 04:53:57,100
With the few Merchants, who were
brave enough to make the climb. 

5283
04:53:57,100 --> 04:53:59,800
They kept goats because goats 
seem to, like, living on the 

5284
04:53:59,800 --> 04:54:03,000
edge of cliffs, unlike sheep, 
they grew great because great 

5285
04:54:03,000 --> 04:54:06,600
finds like Hermits, do well in 
Rocky hard to reach places and 

5286
04:54:06,600 --> 04:54:09,100
they got that kind of mountain 
stubbornness that comes from. 

5287
04:54:09,100 --> 04:54:10,900
Knowing that no one else will 
care about you. 

5288
04:54:10,900 --> 04:54:14,600
If you don't, as you fall asleep
tonight, pick the sound of 

5289
04:54:14,600 --> 04:54:17,900
church bells, ringing offline, 
Stone Cliffs, the smell of wood.

5290
04:54:17,900 --> 04:54:21,300
Smoke mixing, with the smell of 
wild herbs, and the site of a 

5291
04:54:21,308 --> 04:54:24,500
small group of people who chose 
the hard path, because it was 

5292
04:54:24,508 --> 04:54:26,900
the right one. 
They had no idea they were 

5293
04:54:26,908 --> 04:54:29,600
making the groundwork for one of
the most successful countries in

5294
04:54:29,600 --> 04:54:32,400
the world by accident they were 
just trying to make it through 

5295
04:54:32,400 --> 04:54:35,100
each day on a mountain. 
San Marino is the answer. 

5296
04:54:35,400 --> 04:54:37,800
If you've ever wondered what it 
would be like to live in a place

5297
04:54:37,800 --> 04:54:40,100
where you could walk from one 
end of your country, to the 

5298
04:54:40,100 --> 04:54:43,100
other, in about an hour, it's 
about the size of a small 

5299
04:54:43,100 --> 04:54:46,500
American suburb, but it has all 
the problems and quirks of a 

5300
04:54:46,500 --> 04:54:49,400
real nation state. 
The Republic is like a ship's 

5301
04:54:49,400 --> 04:54:51,300
Crow's Nest. 
That looks out over the Emilia 

5302
04:54:51,300 --> 04:54:53,300
romagna region of Italy from 
there. 

5303
04:54:53,300 --> 04:54:56,100
You can see all the way from the
Adriatic Sea, to the opinion 

5304
04:54:56,100 --> 04:54:59,200
mountains, on clear days, which 
happened a lot, because the 

5305
04:54:59,200 --> 04:55:02,300
mountain is so high, you can see
all the way to the Croatian 

5306
04:55:02,300 --> 04:55:04,800
Coast Western Marina started his
journey. 

5307
04:55:04,800 --> 04:55:07,400
You can see why people in the 
Middle Ages thought. 

5308
04:55:07,400 --> 04:55:09,500
They could see the whole world 
from high places. 

5309
04:55:09,500 --> 04:55:11,800
When you look at this view, 
quite are sester. 

5310
04:55:11,800 --> 04:55:14,400
And montale are the three peaks 
of Monte Tano. 

5311
04:55:14,400 --> 04:55:17,500
Each one is topped with old 
fortifications, making a natural

5312
04:55:17,500 --> 04:55:20,100
defensive triangle that has 
never been breached by force. 

5313
04:55:20,100 --> 04:55:23,900
Of course, this wasn't planned, 
when you build a settlement on a

5314
04:55:23,900 --> 04:55:27,100
mountain with three convenient 
Peaks and live in a time when 

5315
04:55:27,100 --> 04:55:30,400
people use swords to settle 
arguments, it's only natural 

5316
04:55:30,400 --> 04:55:33,700
that you would put watch Towers 
on the high points Italians call

5317
04:55:33,700 --> 04:55:37,100
the climate here. 
Continental Mediterranean, which

5318
04:55:37,100 --> 04:55:39,600
sounds fancy but really just 
means nice weather. 

5319
04:55:39,600 --> 04:55:42,500
Most of the time with enough 
seasonal change to keep things 

5320
04:55:42,500 --> 04:55:45,100
interesting. 
Summers are warm but not too 

5321
04:55:45,100 --> 04:55:47,500
hot. 
Thanks to the elevation and the 

5322
04:55:47,500 --> 04:55:50,700
breezes that come up from The 
Valleys around, the winters are 

5323
04:55:50,700 --> 04:55:53,600
cool and sometimes snowy, which 
makes the medieval Stone 

5324
04:55:53,600 --> 04:55:55,500
buildings. 
Look like a Christmas card made 

5325
04:55:55,500 --> 04:55:59,400
by someone with great taste in 
architecture, the soil and Monty

5326
04:55:59,400 --> 04:56:02,500
titano is thin and Rocky which 
might seem like a bad thing at 

5327
04:56:02,500 --> 04:56:04,700
first. 
But this is the kind of land 

5328
04:56:04,700 --> 04:56:06,800
that grows great wine, grapes 
and tough people. 

5329
04:56:06,800 --> 04:56:09,900
The Vineyards in San Marino, 
grow on terrorists, slopes that 

5330
04:56:09,900 --> 04:56:12,900
would scare a mountain goat. 
The wines they make taste, like 

5331
04:56:12,900 --> 04:56:15,900
they've taken in the essence of 
limestone sunshine and sheer 

5332
04:56:15,900 --> 04:56:18,000
willpower. 
But maybe the most important 

5333
04:56:18,000 --> 04:56:20,700
thing about San Marino's 
geography is that it is 

5334
04:56:20,700 --> 04:56:24,400
surrounded by nothing but Italy,
geographers call, the Republican

5335
04:56:24,400 --> 04:56:27,600
Enclave, which means that it is 
a country that is completely 

5336
04:56:27,600 --> 04:56:31,200
surrounded by another country. 
It's like being a tiny Island in

5337
04:56:31,200 --> 04:56:34,600
a huge Italian sea, which is 
affected every part of San 

5338
04:56:34,600 --> 04:56:38,000
Marino's growth from the Middle 
Ages to now this Geographic 

5339
04:56:38,000 --> 04:56:40,900
reality made, what you could 
call the Goldilocks effect of 

5340
04:56:40,900 --> 04:56:44,300
survival, San Marino was big 
enough to keep its own Culture 

5341
04:56:44,300 --> 04:56:46,800
and traditions, but not so big. 
That anyone really wanted to 

5342
04:56:46,800 --> 04:56:49,200
take it over. 
It was rich enough to keep its 

5343
04:56:49,200 --> 04:56:51,100
people from having to move 
somewhere else because they were

5344
04:56:51,100 --> 04:56:54,300
so poor, but not so rich that it
got the kind of attention that 

5345
04:56:54,300 --> 04:56:56,800
makes armies show up at your 
door with paperwork, to take 

5346
04:56:56,800 --> 04:56:59,100
your stuff. 
The mountains location also, 

5347
04:56:59,100 --> 04:57:01,400
made it a natural stop for 
people, traveling between 

5348
04:57:01,400 --> 04:57:04,200
northern and southern Italy, 
people who were Merchants 

5349
04:57:04,200 --> 04:57:06,800
pilgrims, or even lost. 
Nobles would climb the winding 

5350
04:57:06,800 --> 04:57:11,100
paths to Monte titano, spend a 
night or two there by supplies 

5351
04:57:11,100 --> 04:57:14,100
and then move on this. 
Kept the Republic from becoming 

5352
04:57:14,100 --> 04:57:17,400
completely cut off from the 
outside world, but it was never 

5353
04:57:17,400 --> 04:57:20,200
enough to threaten its 
independence water, was always 

5354
04:57:20,200 --> 04:57:23,500
hard to find on the mountain. 
So people built complex systems 

5355
04:57:23,500 --> 04:57:27,000
to collect and store rainwater, 
you can still see the Old Stone 

5356
04:57:27,000 --> 04:57:29,400
channels and underground 
reservoirs that the Saint Mary's

5357
04:57:29,400 --> 04:57:31,100
built to catch every drop of 
water. 

5358
04:57:31,100 --> 04:57:34,100
It reminds us, that independent 
often means learning how to 

5359
04:57:34,100 --> 04:57:35,900
survive a specially in small 
places. 

5360
04:57:35,900 --> 04:57:39,100
The forest That Grew on the 
lower, slopes gave the Republic 

5361
04:57:39,100 --> 04:57:42,900
wood for building fuel for 
heating and places to hunt that 

5362
04:57:42,900 --> 04:57:46,700
added to the Public's diet, 
there are enough wild boar deer 

5363
04:57:46,700 --> 04:57:49,800
and smaller game to feed the 
people, but the community is 

5364
04:57:49,800 --> 04:57:51,500
changing laws. 
Made sure that hunting rights 

5365
04:57:51,500 --> 04:57:54,600
were carefully, controlled the 
mountains natural boundaries may

5366
04:57:54,600 --> 04:57:57,400
have given people a healthy 
sense of scale which is 

5367
04:57:57,400 --> 04:58:00,700
something psychologists might 
recognize San Marino was small 

5368
04:58:00,700 --> 04:58:02,000
enough. 
That everyone knew everyone 

5369
04:58:02,000 --> 04:58:03,900
else. 
Big enough to hold all the 

5370
04:58:03,900 --> 04:58:07,300
different parts of human society
and far enough away from the 

5371
04:58:07,300 --> 04:58:09,600
rest of the world that problems 
can be solved by working 

5372
04:58:09,600 --> 04:58:11,400
together. 
Instead of needing help from 

5373
04:58:11,400 --> 04:58:13,500
outside. 
Imagine living in a house 

5374
04:58:13,500 --> 04:58:16,200
between two neighbors, who spend
most of their time fighting over

5375
04:58:16,200 --> 04:58:20,100
property lines, fence lines and 
whose dog is making too much 

5376
04:58:20,100 --> 04:58:22,100
noise. 
Now picture that your neighbors 

5377
04:58:22,100 --> 04:58:26,000
are huge, medieval kingdoms, 
with armies goals and a habit of

5378
04:58:26,008 --> 04:58:28,200
settling arguments by setting 
things on fire. 

5379
04:58:28,200 --> 04:58:31,400
Instead of suburban homeowners, 
for most of its early history, 

5380
04:58:31,400 --> 04:58:34,800
this was the case in San Marino.
Amazingly, they turned what 

5381
04:58:34,800 --> 04:58:37,800
seemed like a disadvantage into 
their biggest strength to the 

5382
04:58:37,808 --> 04:58:40,700
north and east were the lands 
ruled by different Italian city 

5383
04:58:40,700 --> 04:58:44,600
states Venice, had its Maritime 
Empire Lawrence had its banking 

5384
04:58:44,600 --> 04:58:47,000
networks. 
And there was a rotating cast of

5385
04:58:47,000 --> 04:58:50,700
Duchess and principalities that 
changed hands faster than a 

5386
04:58:50,700 --> 04:58:53,300
cursed Medieval sword. 
The Papal States were to the 

5387
04:58:53,308 --> 04:58:56,100
South and West. 
The pope had both spiritual and 

5388
04:58:56,100 --> 04:58:58,400
political power there. 
And his armies could be blessed 

5389
04:58:58,400 --> 04:59:00,300
by God and still stabbed you 
with a sword. 

5390
04:59:00,300 --> 04:59:03,600
San Marino was smart enough to 
know early on that when you're 

5391
04:59:03,600 --> 04:59:06,300
too small to fight the big 
Powers, the best thing to do is 

5392
04:59:06,300 --> 04:59:09,500
to make yourself, too useful to 
destroy and to harmless to fear.

5393
04:59:09,500 --> 04:59:12,000
They were like Switzerland in 
medieval Italy. 

5394
04:59:12,000 --> 04:59:15,200
But in banking and chocolate, 
they offered strategic 

5395
04:59:15,200 --> 04:59:18,800
neutrality and great Hospitality
to anyone who climbed their 

5396
04:59:18,800 --> 04:59:21,900
Mountain San Marino became very 
good at being diplomatically 

5397
04:59:21,900 --> 04:59:24,200
invisible during the long Wars 
between the guelphs and 

5398
04:59:24,200 --> 04:59:26,700
giblin's. 
These wars were like a political

5399
04:59:26,700 --> 04:59:29,100
argument that lasted for 
centuries about who should be in

5400
04:59:29,108 --> 04:59:33,100
charge the pope or the Holy 
Roman Emperor has Guelph armies 

5401
04:59:33,100 --> 04:59:35,800
marched Through The Valleys 
below the San Marino's would 

5402
04:59:35,800 --> 04:59:38,100
wave from their mountain tops 
and offered to pray for their 

5403
04:59:38,100 --> 04:59:40,500
Victory. 
When giblyn troops came by, they

5404
04:59:40,500 --> 04:59:43,400
would do the same thing with the
same enthusiasm and sincerity 

5405
04:59:43,900 --> 04:59:47,000
This wasn't cowardice. 
It was smart politics by people 

5406
04:59:47,000 --> 04:59:49,000
who knew that. 
Sometimes you have to put aside 

5407
04:59:49,000 --> 04:59:51,900
your pride and serve tea to 
everyone who might think you're 

5408
04:59:51,900 --> 04:59:53,900
an enemy. 
People started to think of the 

5409
04:59:53,900 --> 04:59:56,800
Republic as a place where people
from different sides could meet 

5410
04:59:56,800 --> 05:00:00,000
to talk things over where 
religious pilgrims could find 

5411
05:00:00,000 --> 05:00:01,600
safety. 
No matter what their political 

5412
05:00:01,600 --> 05:00:05,200
beliefs were and where tired 
medieval Warriors could rest 

5413
05:00:05,200 --> 05:00:07,500
without worrying about being 
attacked by their enemies. 

5414
05:00:07,500 --> 05:00:10,800
The relationship with the Papal 
States was a specially fragile 

5415
05:00:10,800 --> 05:00:13,200
because San Marino was 
technically part of land that 

5416
05:00:13,200 --> 05:00:16,400
the pope claimed as his own the 
Pope's, who were busy running, 

5417
05:00:16,400 --> 05:00:19,100
both the church and a government
usually found it easier to 

5418
05:00:19,100 --> 05:00:21,900
recognize San Marino's 
Independence and to spend the 

5419
05:00:21,900 --> 05:00:24,400
time and money needed to take 
over such a small and 

5420
05:00:24,400 --> 05:00:28,000
economically unimportant area. 
This led to a series of papal 

5421
05:00:28,000 --> 05:00:31,000
recognitions that were more like
acknowledgments of reality than 

5422
05:00:31,000 --> 05:00:34,300
formal trees. 
The Pope seem to be saying fine,

5423
05:00:34,300 --> 05:00:36,700
you can keep your little 
mountain Republic but don't 

5424
05:00:36,700 --> 05:00:39,200
cause any trouble and remember 
to invite us to your important 

5425
05:00:39,200 --> 05:00:42,600
festivals. 
In return, San Marino stuck to 

5426
05:00:42,600 --> 05:00:45,800
strict religious rules, and made
sure that any Pope who came 

5427
05:00:45,800 --> 05:00:48,700
would get a warm, welcome that 
made the climb worth, while the 

5428
05:00:48,700 --> 05:00:50,600
relationship with the Italian 
Powers around. 

5429
05:00:50,600 --> 05:00:53,400
It was similar, San Marino would
pay tribute when it was 

5430
05:00:53,408 --> 05:00:56,400
appropriate, help with military 
matters when it was asked for 

5431
05:00:56,400 --> 05:00:59,400
impossible. 
And always always show the kind 

5432
05:00:59,400 --> 05:01:01,900
of diplomatic courtesy that made
it clear. 

5433
05:01:01,900 --> 05:01:04,100
They knew their place in the 
grand scheme of things. 

5434
05:01:04,100 --> 05:01:06,700
They were like the ideal 
neighbor, who never complains 

5435
05:01:06,700 --> 05:01:09,800
about noise always returns 
borrowed Tools, in better shape 

5436
05:01:09,800 --> 05:01:12,700
than they got them and can be 
counted on to water your plants 

5437
05:01:12,700 --> 05:01:15,100
when you're away. 
But this plan of strategic 

5438
05:01:15,100 --> 05:01:17,300
insignificance needed to be 
adjusted all the time. 

5439
05:01:17,300 --> 05:01:20,200
If you are too independent, you 
might be seen as a threat. 

5440
05:01:20,200 --> 05:01:24,000
If you are too dependent, you 
might be completely absorbed for

5441
05:01:24,000 --> 05:01:27,800
100s of years and Marina walked 
this tightrope developing an 

5442
05:01:27,800 --> 05:01:30,400
almost Supernatural sense of 
when to stand up for themselves.

5443
05:01:30,400 --> 05:01:34,200
And when to fade into the 
background of bigger events, the

5444
05:01:34,200 --> 05:01:36,800
Republic's location, also made 
it natural place for people to 

5445
05:01:36,800 --> 05:01:39,100
go when they were fleeing the 
political unrest, that happened 

5446
05:01:39,100 --> 05:01:42,400
all the time in medieval it, 
Nobles, who had been kicked out 

5447
05:01:42,400 --> 05:01:45,800
of their homes, intellectuals 
who had been persecuted, and the

5448
05:01:45,800 --> 05:01:48,500
occasional Merchant who had 
backed the wrong side, in a 

5449
05:01:48,500 --> 05:01:51,400
city-state dispute, would all 
make their way up Monte titano, 

5450
05:01:51,400 --> 05:01:54,700
to wait out the storm and plan. 
Their next moves, this brought 

5451
05:01:54,700 --> 05:01:57,600
in a steady stream of outside 
Knowledge and Skills that made 

5452
05:01:57,600 --> 05:02:00,300
San Marino's culture. 
Better without ever threatening 

5453
05:02:00,300 --> 05:02:03,000
to, take it over. 
If you can imagine a community 

5454
05:02:03,000 --> 05:02:05,700
meeting where everyone has to be
there because there is no one 

5455
05:02:05,700 --> 05:02:07,200
else to make the important 
decisions. 

5456
05:02:07,200 --> 05:02:11,300
You can start to understand how 
San Marino accidentally came up 

5457
05:02:11,300 --> 05:02:13,600
with one of the most stable 
forms of democratic government 

5458
05:02:13,600 --> 05:02:16,000
in the world. 
Their political system wasn't 

5459
05:02:16,000 --> 05:02:20,100
based on ideas, it was based on 
need and the kind of common 

5460
05:02:20,100 --> 05:02:22,100
sense that comes from. 
Knowing that if you fail, 

5461
05:02:22,100 --> 05:02:24,800
everyone will starve the early 
Saint. 

5462
05:02:24,800 --> 05:02:27,000
Marinis had a problem that 
anyone who has ever been in 

5463
05:02:27,000 --> 05:02:29,100
charge of a neighborhood 
association would know about 

5464
05:02:29,100 --> 05:02:33,000
some one had to decide how to 
use shared resources, cetl 

5465
05:02:33,000 --> 05:02:36,200
fights between neighbors and 
deal with emergencies, but they 

5466
05:02:36,200 --> 05:02:38,100
couldn't go to a higher 
authority, when things got 

5467
05:02:38,100 --> 05:02:41,200
tough, like most communities, 
could it would take days To get 

5468
05:02:41,200 --> 05:02:44,900
to the nearest Duke, bishop, or 
imperial representative and they

5469
05:02:44,900 --> 05:02:46,600
were probably too busy with more
important. 

5470
05:02:46,600 --> 05:02:50,100
Things to care about fights over
goat grazing rights or when to 

5471
05:02:50,100 --> 05:02:52,500
clean the system. 
So, they did what people have 

5472
05:02:52,500 --> 05:02:54,000
always done when they lived 
together. 

5473
05:02:54,800 --> 05:02:57,700
They made a system that let the 
people who are most affected by 

5474
05:02:57,700 --> 05:03:01,400
decisions help make them the 
arengo which is San Marino's. 

5475
05:03:01,400 --> 05:03:04,400
General Assembly Grew From 
informal Community, meetings 

5476
05:03:04,400 --> 05:03:06,200
into something like a town hall 
democracy. 

5477
05:03:07,000 --> 05:03:08,700
But the town was actually the 
whole country. 

5478
05:03:08,700 --> 05:03:10,900
The arengo wasn't a modern 
Parliament. 

5479
05:03:10,900 --> 05:03:13,600
It was more like a big family 
meeting where everyone had 

5480
05:03:13,600 --> 05:03:16,300
strong opinions. 
Most decisions needed to be 

5481
05:03:16,308 --> 05:03:19,800
agreed upon and the loudest 
voice didn't always win in 

5482
05:03:19,800 --> 05:03:22,300
medieval times. 
Every head of household could 

5483
05:03:22,300 --> 05:03:24,700
take part which meant adult 
males who owned land. 

5484
05:03:24,700 --> 05:03:27,700
However, the property 
requirement was so low that it 

5485
05:03:27,700 --> 05:03:30,800
basically included. 
Anyone who owned a goat, kept a 

5486
05:03:30,800 --> 05:03:33,700
Vineyard or could show that they
weren't completely dependent on 

5487
05:03:33,700 --> 05:03:36,800
someone else for survival. 
The Duel captaincy came out of 

5488
05:03:36,800 --> 05:03:38,500
these meetings and became San 
Marino's. 

5489
05:03:38,500 --> 05:03:41,700
Most important contribution to 
political science they didn't 

5490
05:03:41,700 --> 05:03:44,700
choose one leader who might be 
tempted by power or corrupted by

5491
05:03:44,700 --> 05:03:47,300
Authority. 
Instead they chose two captains 

5492
05:03:47,300 --> 05:03:50,100
region to serve together. 
For six months it was like 

5493
05:03:50,100 --> 05:03:52,600
having two presidents who kept 
each other Honest, by making 

5494
05:03:52,600 --> 05:03:55,800
sure that any abuse of power 
would be seen right away by the 

5495
05:03:55,800 --> 05:03:58,800
person sitting next to you. 
This system came about because 

5496
05:03:58,800 --> 05:04:01,100
of Real World Experience, not 
political Theory. 

5497
05:04:01,100 --> 05:04:04,300
They had noticed that single 
leaders often started to believe

5498
05:04:04,300 --> 05:04:06,200
they were more important than 
they really were. 

5499
05:04:06,200 --> 05:04:09,200
But Committees could argue about
decisions until the Wolves were 

5500
05:04:09,200 --> 05:04:12,000
actually at the door. 
Two people chosen for their 

5501
05:04:12,000 --> 05:04:14,700
skills and required to work 
together could make decisions 

5502
05:04:14,700 --> 05:04:17,200
quickly and keep an eye on each 
other's possible excesses. 

5503
05:04:17,200 --> 05:04:19,500
The six-month term limit was 
also useful. 

5504
05:04:19,500 --> 05:04:22,300
Six months was enough time to 
deal with the complicated 

5505
05:04:22,300 --> 05:04:25,600
business of running a small 
Republic, like negotiating with 

5506
05:04:25,600 --> 05:04:29,500
nearby Powers managing shared 
resources and settling major 

5507
05:04:29,500 --> 05:04:31,800
disagreements. 
But it was not long enough for 

5508
05:04:31,800 --> 05:04:34,700
anyone to start thinking of the 
job as a career instead of a 

5509
05:04:34,700 --> 05:04:37,200
civic duty. 
It also meant that everyone knew

5510
05:04:37,200 --> 05:04:39,000
that today's leader would be 
tomorrow's neighbor. 

5511
05:04:39,000 --> 05:04:41,900
This makes people much more 
polite when they are in charge, 

5512
05:04:41,900 --> 05:04:44,700
but maybe the most creative 
thing about San Marino's 

5513
05:04:44,700 --> 05:04:46,900
government was how it handled 
Law And Justice. 

5514
05:04:46,900 --> 05:04:50,300
Instead of using a complicated 
legal code that came from above.

5515
05:04:50,300 --> 05:04:53,400
They came up with a way to 
settle disputes that was based 

5516
05:04:53,400 --> 05:04:55,200
on common sense and local 
Customs. 

5517
05:04:55,200 --> 05:04:58,800
Most disagreements were worked 
out through mediation with the 

5518
05:04:58,800 --> 05:05:01,400
Elders of the Community, Helping
neighbor's, come to agreements 

5519
05:05:01,400 --> 05:05:04,400
that everyone could live with, 
they set up a system of Courts 

5520
05:05:04,400 --> 05:05:06,700
for more serious cases, that 
focused more on. 

5521
05:05:06,900 --> 05:05:10,000
Things then, on punishing 
people, if someone damaged their

5522
05:05:10,000 --> 05:05:13,200
neighbor's property, the goal 
was to fix the damage, not to 

5523
05:05:13,200 --> 05:05:15,400
get back at them. 
If someone broke the rules of 

5524
05:05:15,400 --> 05:05:18,200
the community, the usual 
response was to try to get them 

5525
05:05:18,200 --> 05:05:20,800
back in good standing instead of
kicking them out for good. 

5526
05:05:20,800 --> 05:05:23,900
This method worked in part 
because San Marino was small 

5527
05:05:23,900 --> 05:05:26,900
enough that everyone's 
reputation mattered and social 

5528
05:05:26,900 --> 05:05:29,000
pressure was more effective than
formal punishment. 

5529
05:05:29,000 --> 05:05:32,500
But it also worked because the 
people in the community knew 

5530
05:05:32,500 --> 05:05:35,300
that in a place where everyone 
depended on everyone else to 

5531
05:05:35,300 --> 05:05:38,300
live breaking up relationships 
was a luxury they couldn't 

5532
05:05:38,300 --> 05:05:41,000
afford the way. 
The Republic handled taxes was 

5533
05:05:41,000 --> 05:05:44,800
also very practical instead of a
complicated system of taxes and 

5534
05:05:44,800 --> 05:05:46,800
fees. 
They mostly relied on people 

5535
05:05:46,800 --> 05:05:49,600
giving them goods and services 
everyone in the community 

5536
05:05:49,600 --> 05:05:52,400
pitched in to help build 
fortifications by doing work or 

5537
05:05:52,400 --> 05:05:55,000
bringing materials, depending on
what they could do. 

5538
05:05:55,000 --> 05:05:58,500
Everyone pitched in to help pay 
for diplomatic trips or host 

5539
05:05:58,500 --> 05:06:01,000
important guests based on what 
they could afford. 

5540
05:06:01,000 --> 05:06:04,000
This system of government had to
create something amazing. 

5541
05:06:04,000 --> 05:06:07,300
A political culture where 
leadership was seen as Service 

5542
05:06:07,300 --> 05:06:11,000
and privilege, where decisions 
were made together in by one 

5543
05:06:11,000 --> 05:06:13,600
person and where the health of 
the community was more important

5544
05:06:13,600 --> 05:06:16,100
than individual goals? 
It wasn't perfect. 

5545
05:06:16,100 --> 05:06:20,600
No human system ever is, but it 
was very strong and surprisingly

5546
05:06:20,600 --> 05:06:23,500
good at managing the difficult 
task of keeping a small Mountain

5547
05:06:23,500 --> 05:06:26,200
Republic free for more than 17 
centuries. 

5548
05:06:26,200 --> 05:06:29,500
It's funny how a community 
suddenly realizes, it has become

5549
05:06:29,500 --> 05:06:32,600
a country like someone who 
starts collecting stamps as a 

5550
05:06:32,600 --> 05:06:35,300
hobby and then finds out their 
running a philatelic Empire. 

5551
05:06:35,300 --> 05:06:39,100
San Marino slowly came to this 
realization one day. 

5552
05:06:39,100 --> 05:06:41,500
They were just a group of people
living on a mountain. 

5553
05:06:41,500 --> 05:06:44,200
Trying to keep their traditions 
and Independence. 

5554
05:06:44,200 --> 05:06:47,900
The next day they were Sovereign
Nation with diplomatic ties and 

5555
05:06:47,900 --> 05:06:50,000
everything. 
There wasn't a declaration of 

5556
05:06:50,000 --> 05:06:53,600
independence, her Revolutionary 
War or even a very dramatic 

5557
05:06:53,600 --> 05:06:57,200
ceremony to Mark the change. 
In Stead, it happened through a 

5558
05:06:57,200 --> 05:07:01,000
series of small acknowledgments,
practical agreements and the 

5559
05:07:01,008 --> 05:07:04,100
gradual building up of Prestons 
that eventually led to something

5560
05:07:04,100 --> 05:07:07,200
that looked like statehood. 
It was like becoming Famous 

5561
05:07:07,200 --> 05:07:09,300
without realizing. 
When you stopped being a private

5562
05:07:09,300 --> 05:07:14,000
person in 1631, Pope Urban the 
8th, officially recognized San 

5563
05:07:14,000 --> 05:07:16,800
Marino's Independence. 
This was the first sign that the

5564
05:07:16,800 --> 05:07:19,700
small community had crossed an 
invisible line in to becoming a 

5565
05:07:19,700 --> 05:07:21,700
real country. 
It wasn't that the pope was 

5566
05:07:21,700 --> 05:07:24,700
being especially nice. 
It was more like a busy landlord

5567
05:07:24,700 --> 05:07:27,000
officially saying that the 
tenants in the small apartment 

5568
05:07:27,000 --> 05:07:30,000
upstairs, could take care of 
themselves and probably didn't 

5569
05:07:30,000 --> 05:07:33,300
need to be directly supervised, 
but getting the Pope's approval 

5570
05:07:33,300 --> 05:07:36,200
was one thing living in a world 
where nation states were getting

5571
05:07:36,200 --> 05:07:37,800
stronger. 
Was something else entirely 

5572
05:07:37,800 --> 05:07:41,800
during the 17th and 18th, 
centuries, Europe, saw the rise 

5573
05:07:41,800 --> 05:07:45,300
of territorial consolidation 
where bigger Powers took over 

5574
05:07:45,300 --> 05:07:48,700
smaller ones, through War 
married or just to make things 

5575
05:07:48,700 --> 05:07:52,300
easier to run San Marino's. 
Continued Independence started 

5576
05:07:52,300 --> 05:07:55,600
to see less like a strange thing
from the Middle Ages and more 

5577
05:07:55,600 --> 05:07:58,500
like a political. 
They were able to stay alive 

5578
05:07:58,500 --> 05:08:01,200
because they were very good at 
what we might call Strategic 

5579
05:08:01,200 --> 05:08:03,800
relevance. 
They were too small to be a 

5580
05:08:03,800 --> 05:08:07,900
threat to pour to be worth. 
Conquering, for economic, And 

5581
05:08:07,900 --> 05:08:09,800
too well positioned to be 
completely ignored. 

5582
05:08:09,800 --> 05:08:12,800
They were in a good place in the
complicated world of European 

5583
05:08:12,800 --> 05:08:16,500
politics, important enough to be
a neutral meeting place but not 

5584
05:08:16,500 --> 05:08:18,900
so important that they could be 
dangerous on their own. 

5585
05:08:18,900 --> 05:08:22,500
This was especially important 
during the time of Napoleon when

5586
05:08:22,500 --> 05:08:25,000
the French Emperor was changing 
the map of Europe with the same 

5587
05:08:25,000 --> 05:08:27,900
excitement as someone who had 
just bought a house and was 

5588
05:08:27,900 --> 05:08:30,100
rearranging the furniture 
Napoleon. 

5589
05:08:30,100 --> 05:08:32,900
Strangely enough, not only left 
San Marino alone, but also 

5590
05:08:32,900 --> 05:08:36,500
offered to give them more land. 
The sand Marinis would be able 

5591
05:08:36,500 --> 05:08:37,900
to stay alive for hundreds of 
years. 

5592
05:08:37,900 --> 05:08:41,400
Politely said no they knew that 
taking gifts from Napoleon could

5593
05:08:41,400 --> 05:08:43,300
mean making promises they 
couldn't keep and getting 

5594
05:08:43,300 --> 05:08:45,600
attention. 
They didn't want the 19th 

5595
05:08:45,600 --> 05:08:47,200
century. 
Brought new problems as 

5596
05:08:47,200 --> 05:08:50,200
nationalism spread across Europe
and the Italian Peninsula 

5597
05:08:50,200 --> 05:08:52,100
started. 
Its long journey towards 

5598
05:08:52,100 --> 05:08:55,200
unification San Marino was in 
the strange position of being 

5599
05:08:55,200 --> 05:08:57,400
asked to join something that 
didn't really exist. 

5600
05:08:57,400 --> 05:09:01,300
Yet a unified Italian nation 
that was still more of a dream 

5601
05:09:01,300 --> 05:09:03,800
that a reality. 
They answered in a way that was 

5602
05:09:03,800 --> 05:09:07,600
typical of them practical. 
They generally supported Italian

5603
05:09:07,600 --> 05:09:11,300
unification gave political 
refugees from Austrian and Papal

5604
05:09:11,300 --> 05:09:14,500
authorities are placed to stay 
and even offered military help 

5605
05:09:14,500 --> 05:09:16,100
when they could do. 
So, without putting their own 

5606
05:09:16,100 --> 05:09:19,100
safety at risk, but they also 
made it clear that they would 

5607
05:09:19,100 --> 05:09:21,500
not give up their own 
independence in order to support

5608
05:09:21,500 --> 05:09:24,200
Italian nationalism. 
This job needed a lot of 

5609
05:09:24,200 --> 05:09:27,500
diplomatic skill, San Marino 
needed to show that they were on

5610
05:09:27,500 --> 05:09:29,200
the same page as their Italian 
neighbors. 

5611
05:09:29,200 --> 05:09:32,500
But they didn't want to look 
like a remnant of the old feudal

5612
05:09:32,500 --> 05:09:34,400
system that the nationalists 
were trying to get rid of. 

5613
05:09:34,400 --> 05:09:37,400
They had to show the new Italian
state that they were useful. 

5614
05:09:37,400 --> 05:09:41,000
But not so useful, that it would
be tempting to take them in San 

5615
05:09:41,000 --> 05:09:42,800
Marino's. 
Main idea that help them get 

5616
05:09:42,800 --> 05:09:44,900
through this time was 
understanding the difference 

5617
05:09:44,900 --> 05:09:47,400
between Independence and 
sovereignty, they could 

5618
05:09:47,400 --> 05:09:49,900
negotiate defend and keep their 
sovereignty. 

5619
05:09:49,900 --> 05:09:53,400
The formal recognition of their 
right to exist as a separate 

5620
05:09:53,400 --> 05:09:57,100
political entity through careful
diplomacy Independence. 

5621
05:09:57,100 --> 05:10:00,100
The ability to make their own 
decisions about their own lives.

5622
05:10:00,100 --> 05:10:02,900
Was something they had to show 
through, good government and 

5623
05:10:02,900 --> 05:10:06,200
strong Community ties, the 
charismatic leader of Italian 

5624
05:10:06,200 --> 05:10:08,700
unification. 
Epic are about in new this 

5625
05:10:08,700 --> 05:10:11,200
difference. 
After a failed campaign, he went

5626
05:10:11,200 --> 05:10:14,500
to San Marino for safety there. 
He was not welcomed as a 

5627
05:10:14,500 --> 05:10:17,200
Conquering Hero but as a guest 
who had earned Sanctuary through

5628
05:10:17,200 --> 05:10:20,400
his dedication to Freedom, the 
Republic's decision to protect 

5629
05:10:20,400 --> 05:10:22,000
him. 
Even though the Austrian 

5630
05:10:22,000 --> 05:10:23,900
authorities were putting 
pressure on them showed that 

5631
05:10:23,908 --> 05:10:27,400
their independence wasn't just a
legal technicality, but a real 

5632
05:10:27,408 --> 05:10:31,200
commitment to the values that 
had kept them going for years by

5633
05:10:31,200 --> 05:10:33,900
1871 when Italy became a unified
country. 

5634
05:10:33,900 --> 05:10:37,500
San Marino, a changed from a 
medieval Oddity into a real 

5635
05:10:37,500 --> 05:10:39,000
member of the community of 
Nations. 

5636
05:10:39,000 --> 05:10:42,200
They had treaties with big 
countries, diplomatic 

5637
05:10:42,200 --> 05:10:44,200
representation in important 
cities. 

5638
05:10:44,200 --> 05:10:47,700
And most importantly an 
international reputation that 

5639
05:10:47,700 --> 05:10:49,300
made. 
It seem normal for them to stay 

5640
05:10:49,300 --> 05:10:51,600
in dependent. 
But the most interesting thing 

5641
05:10:51,600 --> 05:10:54,700
about Samar Marino's accidental 
nationhood is how little it 

5642
05:10:54,700 --> 05:10:57,100
changed the way, they ran their 
garden and lived in their 

5643
05:10:57,100 --> 05:10:59,300
communities. 
They stayed a republic of 

5644
05:10:59,300 --> 05:11:02,200
neighbors who just happened to 
live in the same country, not 

5645
05:11:02,200 --> 05:11:04,500
subjects of a state who just 
happened to live in the same 

5646
05:11:04,500 --> 05:11:06,700
place. 
The difference may seem small, 

5647
05:11:07,200 --> 05:11:09,100
But it changed how they sold 
their relationship with each 

5648
05:11:09,100 --> 05:11:12,500
other and the world around them.
Imagine waking up every day in a

5649
05:11:12,500 --> 05:11:14,400
place where your commute to work
might take you past. 

5650
05:11:14,400 --> 05:11:17,900
Fortifications that are 1000 
years old, where your local 

5651
05:11:17,908 --> 05:11:20,700
grocery store is built on a 
foundation that is older than 

5652
05:11:20,700 --> 05:11:23,700
most European Cathedrals and 
where you might run into your 

5653
05:11:23,700 --> 05:11:26,700
head of state at the market. 
This was the daily life of 

5654
05:11:26,700 --> 05:11:29,600
people in San Marino, who 
somehow managed to live normal 

5655
05:11:29,600 --> 05:11:31,400
lives. 
And one of the most accidentally

5656
05:11:31,400 --> 05:11:34,800
amazing places on Earth, the 
mountain itself, set the pace 

5657
05:11:34,800 --> 05:11:38,100
for daily life, in the Republic,
the Eastern slopes of Monte 

5658
05:11:38,100 --> 05:11:40,900
tetano woke up early. 
The warm Gold light painted, the

5659
05:11:40,900 --> 05:11:43,900
Limestone walls of the old 
towers and the lights slowly 

5660
05:11:43,900 --> 05:11:46,500
spread across the Terrace. 
Vineyards, and Olive Groves that

5661
05:11:46,500 --> 05:11:49,600
clung to the mountain sides the 
air in the morning smelled like 

5662
05:11:49,600 --> 05:11:53,100
wild herbs like rosemary, thyme 
and Sage that grew in the Rocky 

5663
05:11:53,100 --> 05:11:55,600
crevasses. 
It also smelled like wood smoke 

5664
05:11:55,600 --> 05:11:58,000
from the chimneys of houses that
looked like they were made of 

5665
05:11:58,008 --> 05:12:00,800
Mountain Stone as it. 
Always has been in farming 

5666
05:12:00,800 --> 05:12:03,200
communities where daylight is 
precious and Seasons. 

5667
05:12:03,200 --> 05:12:06,700
Don't wait for anyone. 
Work started early The Vineyards

5668
05:12:06,700 --> 05:12:09,900
needed Constant care pruning in 
the winter training in the 

5669
05:12:09,900 --> 05:12:13,000
spring and harvesting in the 
fall, the thin Mountain soil 

5670
05:12:13,000 --> 05:12:15,700
needed, careful cultivation to 
grow anything more than food. 

5671
05:12:15,700 --> 05:12:18,700
But maybe because of these 
problems San Marino's wines 

5672
05:12:18,700 --> 05:12:21,200
became known far beyond the tiny
borders of the Republic. 

5673
05:12:21,200 --> 05:12:24,800
The olive Groves were just as 
hard to work in their silver 

5674
05:12:24,800 --> 05:12:27,800
trees were routed into Terraces.
That previous generations had 

5675
05:12:27,800 --> 05:12:30,600
carved out of the Mountainside 
with only their willpower and 

5676
05:12:30,600 --> 05:12:33,100
simple tools. 
Olive oil wasn't just something 

5677
05:12:33,100 --> 05:12:37,900
to cook with it was also money 
medicine and the basis for trade

5678
05:12:37,900 --> 05:12:41,000
with the valleys below, a good 
harvest could pay for diplomatic

5679
05:12:41,000 --> 05:12:42,700
missions, or infrastructure 
projects. 

5680
05:12:42,700 --> 05:12:45,800
But a bad one meant having to 
cut back and hope for a better 

5681
05:12:45,800 --> 05:12:48,500
year next year. 
But farming was only one part of

5682
05:12:48,500 --> 05:12:51,400
the Republic's economy because 
of where it was on Old trade 

5683
05:12:51,400 --> 05:12:53,600
routes. 
San Marino was a natural place 

5684
05:12:53,600 --> 05:12:56,100
for merchants to stop on their 
way between northern and 

5685
05:12:56,100 --> 05:12:58,700
southern Italy. 
The Republic's markets which 

5686
05:12:58,700 --> 05:13:01,700
were held in the shadow of 
medieval Towers came known for 

5687
05:13:01,700 --> 05:13:03,600
their honesty. 
In a world where traveling 

5688
05:13:03,600 --> 05:13:06,100
Merchants never knew if they 
would be cheated robbed, or 

5689
05:13:06,108 --> 05:13:08,900
both. 
Merino offered something rare 

5690
05:13:08,900 --> 05:13:12,900
reliable Fair dealing. 
This reputation for honesty and 

5691
05:13:12,900 --> 05:13:15,800
business wasn't just a fluke in 
a community where everyone's 

5692
05:13:15,800 --> 05:13:17,900
actions had an impact on 
everyone else as well. 

5693
05:13:17,900 --> 05:13:21,500
Keeping trust, wasn't just the 
right thing to do, it was 

5694
05:13:21,508 --> 05:13:25,200
necessary for economic survival.
If a merchant cheated visitors, 

5695
05:13:25,200 --> 05:13:28,100
their neighbors would shun them.
Because they knew that their 

5696
05:13:28,100 --> 05:13:31,300
reputation as a group was their 
most valuable asset craft 

5697
05:13:31,300 --> 05:13:34,100
Traditions that grew up in San 
Marino, were based on both need 

5698
05:13:34,100 --> 05:13:37,300
and charts, stonemasons had to 
learn how to work with the local

5699
05:13:37,300 --> 05:13:40,400
Limestone, for both building and
decorating Woodworkers, who 

5700
05:13:40,400 --> 05:13:42,800
lived on the lower, slopes of 
the mountain had access to the 

5701
05:13:42,800 --> 05:13:45,900
forests and learned how to make 
furniture and tools that could 

5702
05:13:45,900 --> 05:13:48,900
stand up to the mountains. 
Extreme weather at first, 

5703
05:13:48,900 --> 05:13:52,200
metalworkers only made weapons 
and tools for farming over time.

5704
05:13:52,200 --> 05:13:55,300
They became artists, whose work 
was sought after by collectors 

5705
05:13:55,300 --> 05:13:57,800
all over Italy. 
But the most unique thing about 

5706
05:13:57,800 --> 05:14:01,100
daily life in San Marino was how
everyone was expected to be 

5707
05:14:01,108 --> 05:14:03,900
responsible for their own 
actions in bigger countries. 

5708
05:14:03,900 --> 05:14:06,500
You have to deal with government
in San Marino. 

5709
05:14:06,500 --> 05:14:09,200
It was just Just natural as 
taking care of your Vineyard or 

5710
05:14:09,208 --> 05:14:11,600
your home. 
The arango meetings, weren't 

5711
05:14:11,600 --> 05:14:14,000
official political events. 
They were Community. 

5712
05:14:14,000 --> 05:14:16,100
Gatherings where neighbors 
talked about things that were 

5713
05:14:16,100 --> 05:14:18,400
important to them. 
And made decisions together 

5714
05:14:18,400 --> 05:14:21,200
about things like how to keep 
the roads in good shape and how 

5715
05:14:21,200 --> 05:14:24,500
to handle Foreign Affairs. 
The social calendar was made up 

5716
05:14:24,500 --> 05:14:26,700
of both religious holidays and 
Civic festivals. 

5717
05:14:26,700 --> 05:14:29,500
This created a rhythm of 
Celebration that made the 

5718
05:14:29,508 --> 05:14:32,000
community feel like they were 
all part of something bigger. 

5719
05:14:32,000 --> 05:14:34,800
The feast of Saint Mariners, 
which took place on September 

5720
05:14:34,800 --> 05:14:38,300
3rd was both a religious holiday
and a national celebration. 

5721
05:14:38,300 --> 05:14:42,000
It included processions, 
traditional foods and the kind 

5722
05:14:42,000 --> 05:14:44,800
of communal activities that 
reminded everyone why they chose

5723
05:14:44,800 --> 05:14:48,200
to live on a mountain together. 
The food culture in San Marino 

5724
05:14:48,200 --> 05:14:51,200
is unique because it is based on
mounting ingredients and Italian

5725
05:14:51,200 --> 05:14:55,500
influences but it is still very 
local, the food, tasted like the

5726
05:14:55,500 --> 05:14:58,700
mountain itself because it was 
made with Wild game from the 

5727
05:14:58,700 --> 05:15:01,100
nearby. 
Forests cheese from mountain. 

5728
05:15:01,100 --> 05:15:05,100
Goats wine from Terrace 
Vineyards and olive oil pressed 

5729
05:15:05,100 --> 05:15:08,300
from trees that grew in soil. 
That was Rocky, it seemed 

5730
05:15:08,300 --> 05:15:11,300
impossible, the Republic's 
approached education showed that

5731
05:15:11,300 --> 05:15:14,600
it knew that in a small country.
Everyone's work is important. 

5732
05:15:14,600 --> 05:15:17,600
Kids learned more than just 
reading writing and math. 

5733
05:15:17,600 --> 05:15:21,300
They also learned useful skills 
like farming making things and 

5734
05:15:21,300 --> 05:15:24,000
how to be a good citizen. 
They learned as they grew up 

5735
05:15:24,000 --> 05:15:26,800
that they were inheriting more 
than just property or a job. 

5736
05:15:26,800 --> 05:15:30,000
They were all inheriting the 
responsibility of keeping a 

5737
05:15:30,000 --> 05:15:32,800
unique way of life alive. 
That had lasted for hundreds of 

5738
05:15:32,808 --> 05:15:34,700
years. 
Through the hard work of many 

5739
05:15:34,700 --> 05:15:38,500
people San Marino's culture saw 
Public Service as a normal part 

5740
05:15:38,500 --> 05:15:40,700
of adult life, not as a special 
job. 

5741
05:15:40,700 --> 05:15:44,800
This is perhaps the most amazing
thing about the country citizens

5742
05:15:44,800 --> 05:15:47,500
were expected to serve on 
committees help, make decisions 

5743
05:15:47,500 --> 05:15:50,500
about public issues and take 
turns in different government 

5744
05:15:50,500 --> 05:15:52,800
jobs. 
Captain's Regent were not 

5745
05:15:52,800 --> 05:15:55,700
professional politicians, they 
were neighbors who had been 

5746
05:15:55,708 --> 05:15:59,300
chosen to run the community's 
business for six months before 

5747
05:15:59,300 --> 05:16:02,700
going back to their Vineyards 
workshops or whatever else they 

5748
05:16:02,700 --> 05:16:05,200
did for a living. 
This blending of government into

5749
05:16:05,200 --> 05:16:07,900
everyday, life, made a political
culture, that was both very 

5750
05:16:07,900 --> 05:16:11,400
stable, and very Dynamic changes
occurred incrementally 

5751
05:16:11,400 --> 05:16:15,100
facilitated by dialogue and 
consensus, rather than through 

5752
05:16:15,100 --> 05:16:18,400
Revolution, or edict. 
However, they transpired as the 

5753
05:16:18,400 --> 05:16:21,900
community adjusted to emerging 
challenges while preserving its 

5754
05:16:21,900 --> 05:16:23,800
fundamental values and 
traditions. 

5755
05:16:23,800 --> 05:16:26,800
When you're not sure you wanted 
International recognition in the

5756
05:16:26,800 --> 05:16:29,100
first place, it can be a little 
awkward. 

5757
05:16:29,100 --> 05:16:33,700
San Marino went through this in 
the 1800s and 1900s as the world

5758
05:16:33,700 --> 05:16:37,600
slowly realized that this tiny 
Mountain Republic was more than 

5759
05:16:37,600 --> 05:16:39,600
just a Charming medieval 
curiosity. 

5760
05:16:39,600 --> 05:16:43,100
It was a real Sovereign Nation. 
With all the rights and duties 

5761
05:16:43,100 --> 05:16:45,700
that come with being a state. 
Getting formal, diplomatic 

5762
05:16:45,700 --> 05:16:48,100
recognition was like being asked
to join a club. 

5763
05:16:48,100 --> 05:16:51,200
You didn't know you wanted to 
join only to find out that being

5764
05:16:51,200 --> 05:16:52,700
a member. 
Came with a lot of rules. 

5765
05:16:52,700 --> 05:16:55,900
You hadn't thought, of before, 
all of a sudden San Marino was 

5766
05:16:55,900 --> 05:16:59,200
expected to have opinions on 
global issues, follow formal 

5767
05:16:59,200 --> 05:17:02,700
diplomatic procedures and have 
the kind of bureaucratic system 

5768
05:17:02,700 --> 05:17:05,100
that bigger countries take for 
granted World War. 

5769
05:17:05,100 --> 05:17:08,300
One was the first big test of 
their new international status. 

5770
05:17:08,300 --> 05:17:11,700
Most of Europe was too busy 
tearing itself apart over issues

5771
05:17:11,700 --> 05:17:15,500
of nationalism, imperialism and 
royal family feuds that had 

5772
05:17:15,500 --> 05:17:18,200
gotten way out of hand. 
San Marino, showing the 

5773
05:17:18,200 --> 05:17:20,900
Diplomatic skill that had kept 
them free for hundreds of years,

5774
05:17:20,900 --> 05:17:25,100
declared neutrality, and spent 
the War years helping refugees 

5775
05:17:25,100 --> 05:17:27,200
while carefully avoiding any 
actions. 

5776
05:17:27,200 --> 05:17:28,800
That could be seen as taking 
sides. 

5777
05:17:28,800 --> 05:17:32,000
This neutrality didn't mean 
staying out of world affairs. 

5778
05:17:32,000 --> 05:17:34,300
It meant doing active 
peacekeeping work. 

5779
05:17:34,300 --> 05:17:37,800
That took a lot of skill and 
resources, the Republic became a

5780
05:17:37,800 --> 05:17:39,500
safe place for people fleeing 
the violence. 

5781
05:17:39,500 --> 05:17:42,300
A place where people from both 
sides could talk to each other 

5782
05:17:42,300 --> 05:17:45,100
and assign that. 
Not every disagreement had to be

5783
05:17:45,100 --> 05:17:48,300
settled with guns. 
It was hard work that used up a 

5784
05:17:48,300 --> 05:17:51,400
lot of their resources, but it 
also made San Marino known as 

5785
05:17:51,600 --> 05:17:54,800
Real neutral power instead of 
just a country that was too 

5786
05:17:54,800 --> 05:17:57,900
small to matter during the 
interval years, fascist movement

5787
05:17:57,900 --> 05:18:01,200
spread across Europe, the old 
way of doing diplomacy fell 

5788
05:18:01,200 --> 05:18:04,800
apart into ideological conflict.
San Marino was in a strange 

5789
05:18:04,800 --> 05:18:07,500
situation because it was 
surrounded by Mussolini's Italy.

5790
05:18:07,500 --> 05:18:10,000
While trying to keep Democratic 
institutions. 

5791
05:18:10,000 --> 05:18:12,200
That their powerful neighbor saw
is outdated. 

5792
05:18:12,200 --> 05:18:15,300
The Republic's response was a 
lesson in how to stay alive by 

5793
05:18:15,300 --> 05:18:18,500
being flexible in diplomacy. 
They got along well, with a 

5794
05:18:18,500 --> 05:18:21,200
fascist government while quietly
keeping up their usual 

5795
05:18:21,200 --> 05:18:24,000
democratic practices. 
They didn't say anything that 

5796
05:18:24,000 --> 05:18:27,100
would make things worse and they
continued to shelter political 

5797
05:18:27,100 --> 05:18:29,900
refugees overall. 
They acted like good neighbors, 

5798
05:18:29,900 --> 05:18:32,000
who just had different ideas 
about how to run their own 

5799
05:18:32,000 --> 05:18:34,500
Affairs. 
This Balancing Act needed to be 

5800
05:18:34,500 --> 05:18:37,000
adjusted all the time, and 
sometimes needed to be given up 

5801
05:18:37,000 --> 05:18:39,700
San Marino. 
Could openly oppose fascism 

5802
05:18:39,700 --> 05:18:42,300
with, without risking being 
taken over, but they couldn't 

5803
05:18:42,300 --> 05:18:45,400
support it without going against
the democratic values that made 

5804
05:18:45,400 --> 05:18:47,800
them who they are. 
The answer was what we might 

5805
05:18:47,800 --> 05:18:51,400
call principal pragmatism 
keeping their core values. 

5806
05:18:51,700 --> 05:18:54,200
Changing, how they acted in 
order to stay alive in a world, 

5807
05:18:54,200 --> 05:18:57,300
that was becoming more hostile. 
The tensions reached a breaking 

5808
05:18:57,300 --> 05:19:00,300
point during World War Two, even
though San Marino was officially

5809
05:19:00,300 --> 05:19:03,000
neutral, its location, made it 
impossible to be. 

5810
05:19:03,000 --> 05:19:06,400
Truly neutral, Allied planes 
flew over their land and German 

5811
05:19:06,400 --> 05:19:09,600
troops were nearby the Republic 
clearly sided with the 

5812
05:19:09,608 --> 05:19:12,000
Democratic Powers, even if they 
couldn't say. 

5813
05:19:12,000 --> 05:19:16,300
So out loud, the most dramatic 
event happened in 1944, when 

5814
05:19:16,300 --> 05:19:19,700
German troops briefly, took over
San Marino, they said it was to 

5815
05:19:19,700 --> 05:19:22,700
keep the Allies from using their
territory, but it was really to 

5816
05:19:22,700 --> 05:19:25,600
show what could happen if the 
Republic's neutrality became a 

5817
05:19:25,600 --> 05:19:27,800
problem. 
The occupation only lasted a few

5818
05:19:27,808 --> 05:19:31,300
weeks, but it reminded everyone 
that Independence, no matter how

5819
05:19:31,300 --> 05:19:34,600
legally solid depended on the 
Goodwill of bigger Powers. 

5820
05:19:34,600 --> 05:19:38,300
After the war, San Marino became
independent and its wartime 

5821
05:19:38,300 --> 05:19:41,200
record made it even stronger. 
The Republic had been able to 

5822
05:19:41,200 --> 05:19:44,400
keep both Allied and axis 
refugees safe, avoid major 

5823
05:19:44,400 --> 05:19:47,600
damage and show that small 
countries could stay strong even

5824
05:19:47,600 --> 05:19:50,700
when things got really bad, 
their reputation for principal 

5825
05:19:50,700 --> 05:19:52,900
neutrality. 
Came one of their most useful 

5826
05:19:52,900 --> 05:19:56,500
diplomatic tools, but being 
recognized came with new duties 

5827
05:19:56,500 --> 05:19:59,100
that sometimes clashed with the 
old ways of doing things, 

5828
05:19:59,100 --> 05:20:02,600
international law, expected San 
Marino to have up-to-date legal 

5829
05:20:02,600 --> 05:20:06,100
codes, standardized 
administrative procedures and 

5830
05:20:06,100 --> 05:20:08,500
the kind of institutional 
infrastructure that could work 

5831
05:20:08,500 --> 05:20:11,500
with other modern countries, 
this meant slowly changing. 

5832
05:20:11,500 --> 05:20:14,600
In formal Community practices, 
into formal government systems. 

5833
05:20:14,600 --> 05:20:18,000
This process kept the substance 
of traditional governance while 

5834
05:20:18,000 --> 05:20:21,600
changing its form to fit, modern
needs tourism growth, brought 

5835
05:20:21,600 --> 05:20:25,100
both chances and problems. 
San Marino is the world's oldest

5836
05:20:25,100 --> 05:20:28,300
Republic and its beautiful 
mountains and well-preserved 

5837
05:20:28,300 --> 05:20:31,300
medieval buildings, make it a 
great place for travelers who 

5838
05:20:31,300 --> 05:20:32,800
want something different from 
the usual. 

5839
05:20:32,800 --> 05:20:36,300
European tourist experience, 
tourism brought in money and 

5840
05:20:36,300 --> 05:20:39,000
made the Republic known around 
the world, but it also 

5841
05:20:39,000 --> 05:20:41,700
threatened to turn it from a 
real Community into a kind of 

5842
05:20:41,700 --> 05:20:44,200
historical theme park to keep 
this balance. 

5843
05:20:44,200 --> 05:20:46,800
They needed the same kind of 
wisdom that had helped San 

5844
05:20:46,800 --> 05:20:48,500
Marino. 
Stay in power for hundreds of 

5845
05:20:48,500 --> 05:20:50,300
years. 
They needed to be able to 

5846
05:20:50,300 --> 05:20:53,500
welcome visitors without Being 
overwhelmed by them to show off 

5847
05:20:53,500 --> 05:20:56,600
their history without being 
stuck in it and to stay true to 

5848
05:20:56,600 --> 05:20:58,900
who they were while taking 
advantage of the economic 

5849
05:20:58,900 --> 05:21:01,700
opportunities. 
That tourism brought the saint 

5850
05:21:01,700 --> 05:21:03,500
mireni's solution was to welcome
tourists. 

5851
05:21:03,500 --> 05:21:06,300
While making it clear, which 
parts of their society were open

5852
05:21:06,300 --> 05:21:09,200
to business and which was still 
private Community matters. 

5853
05:21:09,200 --> 05:21:12,600
People could visit the old 
fortifications by local crafts 

5854
05:21:12,600 --> 05:21:15,200
and taste the wine, but the 
arengo meetings were still only 

5855
05:21:15,200 --> 05:21:18,900
for Citizens and self-government
went on mostly the same way had 

5856
05:21:18,900 --> 05:21:21,000
always had take a seat and think
about this. 

5857
05:21:21,000 --> 05:21:25,000
Amazing fact, in an age, when 
huge corporations span 

5858
05:21:25,000 --> 05:21:28,000
continents and Global Powers 
measure their power and billions

5859
05:21:28,000 --> 05:21:30,300
of people. 
San Marino has not only 

5860
05:21:30,300 --> 05:21:34,100
survived, but thrived as a 
country with only 34,000, people

5861
05:21:34,100 --> 05:21:36,400
living there and governing 
themselves on a mountain that 

5862
05:21:36,400 --> 05:21:37,900
you could walk across in an 
afternoon. 

5863
05:21:37,900 --> 05:21:41,100
It's like finding out that a 
community still runs by Town 

5864
05:21:41,100 --> 05:21:43,900
Hall meetings and everyone 
really goes even though we live 

5865
05:21:43,900 --> 05:21:46,900
in an age of smartphones in 
space travel, the story of how 

5866
05:21:46,900 --> 05:21:50,200
San Marino went from being a 
medieval Mountain Village to a 

5867
05:21:50,200 --> 05:21:53,200
modern European nation state is 
one of adaptation without 

5868
05:21:53,200 --> 05:21:55,500
abandonment. 
The country kept the basic 

5869
05:21:55,500 --> 05:21:58,500
principles of traditional 
government while also adopting 

5870
05:21:58,500 --> 05:22:01,200
the Technologies and 
institutions needed for a modern

5871
05:22:01,200 --> 05:22:03,500
State. 
It's like fixing up a house that

5872
05:22:03,500 --> 05:22:05,800
is hundreds of years old by 
adding modern plumbing and 

5873
05:22:05,800 --> 05:22:09,100
electricity while keeping the 
stone walls and wooden beams 

5874
05:22:09,100 --> 05:22:11,600
that give it character, the 
Republic had to come up with 

5875
05:22:11,600 --> 05:22:14,200
some creative ways to solve 
problems that bigger countries 

5876
05:22:14,200 --> 05:22:16,000
don't have to deal with when 
they join the modern 

5877
05:22:16,008 --> 05:22:19,000
international system. 
How do you keep diplomatic ties 

5878
05:22:19,000 --> 05:22:21,600
with dozens of countries when 
your whole country could fit in 

5879
05:22:21,600 --> 05:22:24,400
a medium sized sport Stadium? 
How do you build a modern 

5880
05:22:24,408 --> 05:22:27,400
economy when your whole country 
could fit on a big college 

5881
05:22:27,400 --> 05:22:30,400
campus? 
During Season when tourist out, 

5882
05:22:30,400 --> 05:22:31,700
number residents by a wide 
margin. 

5883
05:22:31,700 --> 05:22:34,200
How do you keep real Traditions 
alive? 

5884
05:22:34,200 --> 05:22:37,200
San Marino's way of dealing with
these problems showed the same 

5885
05:22:37,200 --> 05:22:39,200
practical wisdom that had helped
them. 

5886
05:22:39,200 --> 05:22:42,600
Stay alive for 17 centuries 
instead of trying to compete in 

5887
05:22:42,600 --> 05:22:46,000
every area of national activity,
they focused on doing a few 

5888
05:22:46,000 --> 05:22:48,700
things really well. 
San Marino like a small 

5889
05:22:48,700 --> 05:22:51,300
restaurant, that becomes famous 
by perfecting a small menu 

5890
05:22:51,300 --> 05:22:53,800
figured out what made them 
better than their competitors 

5891
05:22:53,800 --> 05:22:56,500
and built modern institutions 
around those things. 

5892
05:22:56,500 --> 05:22:59,900
Their diplomatic strategy took 
advantage of the fact that they 

5893
05:22:59,900 --> 05:23:03,100
were an ancient Republic with a 
long history of staying neutral 

5894
05:23:03,100 --> 05:23:06,000
and running a democracy. 
San Marino, could be truly 

5895
05:23:06,000 --> 05:23:08,300
neutral because it has never 
been powerful enough to make 

5896
05:23:08,300 --> 05:23:11,600
enemies while larger countries 
may have trouble letting go of 

5897
05:23:11,600 --> 05:23:14,900
old grudges and Imperial. 
Baggage they became experts in 

5898
05:23:14,900 --> 05:23:18,400
international mediation and 
peaceful diplomacy which were 

5899
05:23:18,400 --> 05:23:21,000
becoming more and more important
in a world that was getting more

5900
05:23:21,000 --> 05:23:23,200
complicated. 
The Republic's way of growing, 

5901
05:23:23,200 --> 05:23:26,200
the economy was all so smart 
instead of trying to compete 

5902
05:23:26,200 --> 05:23:29,600
with Italy's industrial centers 
or relying on one, Street. 

5903
05:23:29,600 --> 05:23:32,800
They branched out into areas 
where their small size was an 

5904
05:23:32,800 --> 05:23:34,600
advantage asset rather than a 
hindrance. 

5905
05:23:34,600 --> 05:23:38,000
San Marino's reputation for 
being private and stable helped.

5906
05:23:38,000 --> 05:23:41,500
Its Banking and Financial 
Services tourism took advantage 

5907
05:23:41,500 --> 05:23:43,900
of their unique history and 
beautiful natural setting 

5908
05:23:43,900 --> 05:23:46,900
visitors looking for real 
alternatives to mass-produced. 

5909
05:23:46,900 --> 05:23:49,200
Goods, help traditional crafts. 
Find new markets. 

5910
05:23:49,200 --> 05:23:52,700
But the most impressive thing 
about San Marino is that they 

5911
05:23:52,700 --> 05:23:55,200
were able to modernize their 
government systems without 

5912
05:23:55,200 --> 05:23:58,300
giving up their basic commitment
to participatory democracy 

5913
05:23:58,300 --> 05:24:01,400
Durango still meets. 
But now people who can't go in 

5914
05:24:01,400 --> 05:24:03,000
person can watch the meetings 
online. 

5915
05:24:03,000 --> 05:24:06,500
The Dual Captain Regency is 
still going on but now the 

5916
05:24:06,500 --> 05:24:09,800
captains deal with both local 
and Global issues as well as 

5917
05:24:09,800 --> 05:24:13,100
working with International 
organizations and the media, the

5918
05:24:13,100 --> 05:24:15,700
community based way of solving 
problems is still around. 

5919
05:24:15,700 --> 05:24:18,900
But now the problems include 
things like adapting to climate 

5920
05:24:18,900 --> 05:24:20,900
change and protecting against 
cyber attacks. 

5921
05:24:20,900 --> 05:24:24,200
The growth of Information, 
Technology gave a country whose 

5922
05:24:24,200 --> 05:24:26,900
whole government was based on 
personal relationships and 

5923
05:24:26,900 --> 05:24:31,100
face-to-face interaction. 
Both Chances and problems, how 

5924
05:24:31,100 --> 05:24:33,400
do you keep your community 
together when social media 

5925
05:24:33,400 --> 05:24:35,700
connects your people to Global 
networks? 

5926
05:24:35,700 --> 05:24:37,100
That are much bigger than their 
own? 

5927
05:24:37,100 --> 05:24:40,300
How do you keep real civic 
participation alive when it's 

5928
05:24:40,300 --> 05:24:43,200
easier to engage with people 
online than to go to meetings in

5929
05:24:43,200 --> 05:24:45,200
person? 
San Marino's, answer was typical

5930
05:24:45,200 --> 05:24:48,300
of how they think they saw 
technology as a way to improve, 

5931
05:24:48,300 --> 05:24:51,900
not replace traditional ways of 
doing things in their 

5932
05:24:51,900 --> 05:24:55,100
communities online platforms. 
Gave people new ways to get 

5933
05:24:55,100 --> 05:24:58,000
information and join 
discussions, but people still 

5934
05:24:58,000 --> 05:25:01,000
had to be there in person for 
important meetings, digital 

5935
05:25:01,000 --> 05:25:04,300
communication, added to, but 
didn't replace the personal 

5936
05:25:04,300 --> 05:25:06,700
relationships that were still 
the basis of their political 

5937
05:25:06,700 --> 05:25:10,000
culture, the educational system 
of the Republic changed over 

5938
05:25:10,000 --> 05:25:12,800
time to get, people ready to be 
active members of both their own

5939
05:25:12,800 --> 05:25:15,800
community, and the world as a 
whole students learned about the

5940
05:25:15,800 --> 05:25:18,600
history and Customs that link 
them to 17th centuries of 

5941
05:25:18,608 --> 05:25:20,700
self-rule. 
They also learned how to do 

5942
05:25:20,700 --> 05:25:23,500
well, in a modern economy and 
take part in international 

5943
05:25:23,500 --> 05:25:26,700
discussions, about a wide range 
of topics from protecting the 

5944
05:25:26,700 --> 05:25:30,300
environment to digital rights 
this Dual Focus led to a 

5945
05:25:30,300 --> 05:25:33,200
generation of Saint Marini 
citizens, who were both deeply 

5946
05:25:33,200 --> 05:25:36,300
connected to their local customs
and open-minded about the world.

5947
05:25:36,300 --> 05:25:39,600
They knew that their Republic's 
Independence depended, not on 

5948
05:25:39,600 --> 05:25:42,700
being cut off from Global 
Trends, but on being selective 

5949
05:25:42,700 --> 05:25:46,500
about which ones to engage with,
and which ones to change, it was

5950
05:25:46,500 --> 05:25:49,600
hard to keep real culture alive 
in a time of global media and 

5951
05:25:49,600 --> 05:25:51,800
mass tourism. 
So people had to be on the 

5952
05:25:51,808 --> 05:25:54,000
lookout all the time and come up
with new ideas. 

5953
05:25:54,000 --> 05:25:57,200
San Marino created, what we 
might call cultural curation, 

5954
05:25:57,200 --> 05:26:00,700
they carefully chose which parts
of their society were open to 

5955
05:26:00,700 --> 05:26:03,800
outside as while keeping the 
most important parts of their 

5956
05:26:03,800 --> 05:26:05,700
culture safe for the people who 
live there. 

5957
05:26:05,700 --> 05:26:08,900
For instance, the yearly 
celebration of Saint Marina 

5958
05:26:08,900 --> 05:26:10,800
stayed, a real Community 
Festival, where people 

5959
05:26:10,800 --> 05:26:13,900
reconnected with each other and 
their shared history and the 

5960
05:26:13,900 --> 05:26:16,100
same time, some parts of the 
celebration were opened to 

5961
05:26:16,108 --> 05:26:18,800
visitors who wanted to see real 
traditional, instead of a fake 

5962
05:26:18,800 --> 05:26:21,000
show. 
It was like keeping up a family 

5963
05:26:21,000 --> 05:26:24,300
dinner tradition that sometimes 
includes thoughtful guests, but 

5964
05:26:24,300 --> 05:26:26,800
still keeps the closeness. 
That makes it special for family

5965
05:26:26,800 --> 05:26:29,700
members because San Marino was a
Number of international 

5966
05:26:29,700 --> 05:26:32,600
organizations, they had to learn
things that their medieval 

5967
05:26:32,600 --> 05:26:34,300
ancestors. 
Could never have imagined. 

5968
05:26:34,300 --> 05:26:37,700
They needed to take a stand on 
climate change, which is 

5969
05:26:37,700 --> 05:26:41,000
surprisingly complicated for a 
mountain Republic, digital 

5970
05:26:41,000 --> 05:26:43,600
privacy rights, which were 
important for their banking 

5971
05:26:43,600 --> 05:26:47,000
sector and international trade 
agreements, which are very 

5972
05:26:47,000 --> 05:26:49,800
important for their economy, 
which relies on tourism. 

5973
05:26:49,800 --> 05:26:51,700
But they dealt with these world 
problems. 

5974
05:26:51,700 --> 05:26:55,300
Using the same community-based 
decision making processes that 

5975
05:26:55,300 --> 05:26:57,700
had worked for them. 
For hundreds of years, the way 

5976
05:26:57,700 --> 05:26:59,100
the Republic dealt with the 
European. 

5977
05:26:59,100 --> 05:27:02,100
Union was a great example of how
they handled problems in the 

5978
05:27:02,100 --> 05:27:04,500
modern world. 
San Marino didn't want to join 

5979
05:27:04,500 --> 05:27:07,500
the EU but they made cooperation
agreements that let them benefit

5980
05:27:07,500 --> 05:27:10,500
from European integration while 
still being independent. 

5981
05:27:10,500 --> 05:27:14,700
They use the euro as their money
took part in European programs 

5982
05:27:14,700 --> 05:27:17,300
that helped their people and 
made sure that their rules were 

5983
05:27:17,300 --> 05:27:19,900
in line with European standards 
when it made sense to do. 

5984
05:27:19,900 --> 05:27:22,800
So, they did all of this while 
still being able to make their 

5985
05:27:22,800 --> 05:27:24,400
own choices about their own 
future. 

5986
05:27:24,400 --> 05:27:27,500
This selective integration 
showed that they had a deep 

5987
05:27:27,500 --> 05:27:30,300
understanding of how small 
Countries can do well in a 

5988
05:27:30,300 --> 05:27:32,600
globalized world. 
San Marino, didn't see 

5989
05:27:32,600 --> 05:27:35,800
globalization as a threat to 
their independence in Stead, 

5990
05:27:35,800 --> 05:27:38,900
they saw it as a chance to use 
their unique traits for the good

5991
05:27:38,900 --> 05:27:41,500
of everyone because they were 
smaller, they could be more 

5992
05:27:41,500 --> 05:27:44,700
flexible and responsive than 
bigger countries their stability

5993
05:27:44,700 --> 05:27:46,600
and Democratic. 
Traditions made them, good 

5994
05:27:46,600 --> 05:27:48,300
partners for international 
cooperation. 

5995
05:27:48,300 --> 05:27:51,300
As you get ready for bed, think 
about what San Marino. 

5996
05:27:51,300 --> 05:27:54,000
Strange story can teach us about
the good and bad things that can

5997
05:27:54,000 --> 05:27:57,200
happen when people live together
in today's complicated world. 

5998
05:27:57,200 --> 05:28:00,500
This is a place that almost 
accidentally became a nation 

5999
05:28:00,500 --> 05:28:04,600
survived by being able to change
rather than being strong and 

6000
05:28:04,600 --> 05:28:07,600
thrived by knowing that the best
way to protect what matters most

6001
05:28:07,600 --> 05:28:10,600
is to be opened to change in all
other areas. 

6002
05:28:10,600 --> 05:28:13,700
The Republic's Journey from A 
hermits Refuge to a modern 

6003
05:28:13,700 --> 05:28:16,200
nation state over the course of 
17th centuries. 

6004
05:28:16,200 --> 05:28:19,400
Teachers things that go far 
beyond its small borders. 

6005
05:28:19,400 --> 05:28:23,200
San Marino shows that real 
participatory democracy is not 

6006
05:28:23,200 --> 05:28:26,300
only possible, but also 
sustainable when it is based on 

6007
05:28:26,308 --> 05:28:30,000
community responsibility rather 
than Individual rights. 

6008
05:28:30,000 --> 05:28:33,400
This is important in a time when
many people feel disconnected 

6009
05:28:33,400 --> 05:28:36,208
from the political systems that 
govern them their way of 

6010
05:28:36,216 --> 05:28:37,800
running. 
Things shows that size and 

6011
05:28:37,808 --> 05:28:41,000
complexity aren't always 
necessary for Effectiveness San 

6012
05:28:41,000 --> 05:28:42,300
Marino. 
On the other hand makes 

6013
05:28:42,300 --> 05:28:45,300
decisions as a group, using 
processes that value consensus 

6014
05:28:45,300 --> 05:28:47,200
building over winner-take-all 
competition. 

6015
05:28:47,200 --> 05:28:50,900
This is in contrast to larger 
countries, which have problems 

6016
05:28:50,900 --> 05:28:53,700
with bureaucratic inefficiency 
and political polarization. 

6017
05:28:53,700 --> 05:28:56,900
It's a reminder that talking 
about problems is often better 

6018
05:28:56,900 --> 05:28:59,600
than fighting over them. 
The Diplomatic history of the 

6019
05:28:59,600 --> 05:29:02,300
Republic is a great example of 
how to use soft power and 

6020
05:29:02,300 --> 05:29:04,600
position. 
Yourself strategically San 

6021
05:29:04,600 --> 05:29:06,800
Marino show that power doesn't 
come from having a strong 

6022
05:29:06,800 --> 05:29:09,700
military, or a strong economy. 
It comes from having a good 

6023
05:29:09,700 --> 05:29:13,200
reputation being reliable, and 
being able to offer something 

6024
05:29:13,200 --> 05:29:15,300
useful to others, their 
neutrality. 

6025
05:29:15,300 --> 05:29:17,300
Wasn't just a way to stay out of
world events. 

6026
05:29:17,300 --> 05:29:20,000
It was an active Choice based on
principles. 

6027
05:29:20,000 --> 05:29:23,300
That people from all political 
backgrounds respected San Marino

6028
05:29:23,300 --> 05:29:26,100
Story shows how important it is 
for communities to stick 

6029
05:29:26,100 --> 05:29:28,300
together to protect their 
independence and identity. 

6030
05:29:29,000 --> 05:29:31,100
Larger societies often have 
problems with social 

6031
05:29:31,100 --> 05:29:33,500
fragmentation and a lack of 
Civic engagement. 

6032
05:29:33,500 --> 05:29:36,600
The Republican on the other 
hand, kept strong Community 

6033
05:29:36,600 --> 05:29:39,900
ties, by making sure that every 
citizen had both opportunities 

6034
05:29:39,900 --> 05:29:42,100
and responsibilities to help the
common. 

6035
05:29:42,100 --> 05:29:45,700
Good, the economic lessons from 
San Marino, adjusters important,

6036
05:29:45,700 --> 05:29:49,000
instead of trying to compete in 
areas where their size was a 

6037
05:29:49,000 --> 05:29:50,800
disadvantage. 
They worked on building 

6038
05:29:50,800 --> 05:29:54,000
competitive advantages, based on
what made them unique, they 

6039
05:29:54,000 --> 05:29:56,600
became specialists in stead of 
generalists using their 

6040
05:29:56,600 --> 05:29:59,100
reputation and position in stead
of trying to match their 

6041
05:29:59,100 --> 05:30:02,500
neighbors industrial capacity. 
Their way of preserving culture 

6042
05:30:02,500 --> 05:30:05,100
in the face of modernization. 
Gives hope to communities all 

6043
05:30:05,100 --> 05:30:08,000
over the world that are trying 
to keep real Traditions alive. 

6044
05:30:08,000 --> 05:30:11,800
While also adapting to Modern 
Life, San Marino showed that its

6045
05:30:11,800 --> 05:30:14,300
possible to welcome him outside 
influences while keeping your 

6046
05:30:14,300 --> 05:30:17,500
own identity to join Global 
networks while keeping your 

6047
05:30:17,500 --> 05:30:20,600
local community and to embrace 
positive changes while 

6048
05:30:20,600 --> 05:30:23,600
protecting your core values. 
The way that generations of 

6049
05:30:23,600 --> 05:30:26,800
Saint Marinis of taking care of 
the environment is an early 

6050
05:30:26,800 --> 05:30:28,400
example of sustainable 
development. 

6051
05:30:29,200 --> 05:30:32,900
Carefully managing their limited
resources, water, soil, forest 

6052
05:30:32,900 --> 05:30:35,300
and stone. 
They were able to live in a way 

6053
05:30:35,300 --> 05:30:37,800
that could last forever without 
damaging the natural systems 

6054
05:30:37,800 --> 05:30:40,200
that supported it. 
The terrorists Vineyards and 

6055
05:30:40,208 --> 05:30:42,700
Olive Groves that still got the 
landscape are a type of 

6056
05:30:42,708 --> 05:30:46,200
partnership between human 
activity and natural processes. 

6057
05:30:46,200 --> 05:30:49,200
That modern environmentalists 
are trying to bring back but 

6058
05:30:49,200 --> 05:30:51,800
maybe the most important thing 
we can learn from San Marino's 

6059
05:30:51,800 --> 05:30:53,800
accidental. 
Nationhood is what political 

6060
05:30:53,800 --> 05:30:56,800
legitimacy really means the 
Republic survived. 

6061
05:30:56,800 --> 05:30:59,700
Not because it was forced on 
people or kept Alive by force, 

6062
05:30:59,700 --> 05:31:03,300
but because its citizens still 
saw in their shared goal of 

6063
05:31:03,300 --> 05:31:06,100
self-governance. 
Their loyalty wasn't based on 

6064
05:31:06,100 --> 05:31:08,700
ethnic nationalism or 
ideological commitment. 

6065
05:31:08,700 --> 05:31:11,800
It was based on how well the 
system worked for the people who

6066
05:31:11,800 --> 05:31:14,100
lived under it. 
This means that political 

6067
05:31:14,100 --> 05:31:16,000
systems that last must be earned
all the time. 

6068
05:31:16,000 --> 05:31:19,200
Not just passed out the 
government of San Marino was 

6069
05:31:19,200 --> 05:31:21,600
still legitimate because it can 
continue to serve its people. 

6070
05:31:21,600 --> 05:31:25,300
Well adapted to new situations 
while keeping important values 

6071
05:31:25,300 --> 05:31:28,300
and kept the trust needed for 
generations of people to work 

6072
05:31:28,300 --> 05:31:30,300
together. 
Story of the Republic. 

6073
05:31:30,300 --> 05:31:33,500
Also shows how personal freedom 
and group responsibility are 

6074
05:31:33,500 --> 05:31:35,400
connected. 
Saint Marini citizens. 

6075
05:31:35,400 --> 05:31:37,200
Had a lot of freedom because 
they also took on 

6076
05:31:37,200 --> 05:31:38,900
responsibilities to their 
Community. 

6077
05:31:38,900 --> 05:31:41,200
They were able to be free 
because they understood 

6078
05:31:41,200 --> 05:31:44,600
interdependence, which means 
that personal freedom grows when

6079
05:31:44,600 --> 05:31:46,800
people help each other and are 
committed to each other. 

6080
05:31:46,800 --> 05:31:49,800
San Marino's model is becoming 
more and more important. 

6081
05:31:49,800 --> 05:31:53,300
As we Face, Global problems, 
that need both local adaptation 

6082
05:31:53,300 --> 05:31:56,300
and international cooperation. 
They showed that. 

6083
05:31:56,300 --> 05:31:59,700
It's possible to keep a strong 
sense of local identity while 

6084
05:31:59,700 --> 05:32:03,000
working well with bigger systems
to keep Traditional Values. 

6085
05:32:03,000 --> 05:32:05,700
While accepting new ideas that 
are good for you and to be 

6086
05:32:05,700 --> 05:32:07,900
responsible with your 
sovereignty in a world that is 

6087
05:32:07,900 --> 05:32:10,200
connected. 
The Republic's way of resolving 

6088
05:32:10,200 --> 05:32:13,200
conflicts which focuses on 
mediation instead of punishment 

6089
05:32:13,200 --> 05:32:17,100
Restoration in stead of Revenge 
and Community healing. 

6090
05:32:17,100 --> 05:32:20,800
In of individual satisfaction is
different from the adversarial 

6091
05:32:20,800 --> 05:32:24,400
ways that most big political 
systems use their ability to 

6092
05:32:24,400 --> 05:32:27,400
keep social cohesion, through 
centuries of change shows that 

6093
05:32:27,400 --> 05:32:30,100
communities can become more 
resilient by putting the needs 

6094
05:32:30,100 --> 05:32:31,900
of the group of those of the 
individual. 

6095
05:32:31,900 --> 05:32:35,400
The story of San Marino shows us
that countries can choose their 

6096
05:32:35,400 --> 05:32:38,100
own character. 
Just like, people can, they 

6097
05:32:38,100 --> 05:32:40,900
could have turned into a tourist
trap that traded authenticity 

6098
05:32:40,900 --> 05:32:43,600
for money. 
Tax Haven that put profit ahead 

6099
05:32:43,600 --> 05:32:47,000
of principles or a museum piece 
that kept Traditions alive while

6100
05:32:47,000 --> 05:32:50,700
losing touch with modern times, 
and they decided to stay a 

6101
05:32:50,700 --> 05:32:53,000
living community that honors, 
its past while looking forward 

6102
05:32:53,000 --> 05:32:55,900
to its future. 
They became an accidental nation

6103
05:32:55,900 --> 05:32:58,400
that accidentally learned 
something important about how 

6104
05:32:58,400 --> 05:33:01,400
people can work together as you.
Fall asleep, picture yourself 

6105
05:33:01,400 --> 05:33:05,200
standing on the old walls of San
Marino's guate Fortress and 

6106
05:33:05,200 --> 05:33:07,800
looking out over the lights of 
the Italian Countryside below, 

6107
05:33:07,800 --> 05:33:11,300
which look like a constellation 
that has fallen to Earth. 

6108
05:33:11,300 --> 05:33:14,000
The wind, brings the smell of 
wild herbs and the sound of 

6109
05:33:14,008 --> 05:33:17,300
church bells ringing in the 
distance, the same stars that 

6110
05:33:17,300 --> 05:33:20,000
led Saint Marina to this 
mountain 17th century ago. 

6111
05:33:20,000 --> 05:33:22,900
Are still moving across the sky.
From this point of view, you can

6112
05:33:22,900 --> 05:33:24,200
see the whole history of 
humanity. 

6113
05:33:24,200 --> 05:33:27,400
You can see the Roman roads, 
that still connect cities that 

6114
05:33:27,400 --> 05:33:30,800
are far apart, the medieval 
towns that grew up around Market

6115
05:33:30,800 --> 05:33:33,800
squares and Cathedral spires, 
and the modern highways that 

6116
05:33:33,800 --> 05:33:36,400
take people between ancient 
places at speeds, that would 

6117
05:33:36,400 --> 05:33:38,600
have seemed magical to people in
the past. 

6118
05:33:38,600 --> 05:33:41,000
But this little Republic on its 
unlikely. 

6119
05:33:41,000 --> 05:33:44,600
Mounted has State the same 
through all these changes, like 

6120
05:33:44,600 --> 05:33:47,600
the Limestone under your feet 
that has changed and stayed the 

6121
05:33:47,600 --> 05:33:49,600
same. 
The story of San Marino is 

6122
05:33:49,600 --> 05:33:52,500
ultimately about how people can 
still make a difference in a 

6123
05:33:52,500 --> 05:33:55,500
world where institutions often 
seem too big to understand or 

6124
05:33:55,500 --> 05:33:57,500
change. 
It's about the chance to have 

6125
05:33:57,500 --> 05:33:59,900
real community in a world full 
of fake connections. 

6126
05:33:59,900 --> 05:34:02,708
The strength of principled, 
pragmatism in a time of 

6127
05:34:02,716 --> 05:34:06,600
ideological extremism and the 
long-lasting nature of systems 

6128
05:34:06,600 --> 05:34:08,600
built on mutual, respect and 
shared responsibility. 

6129
05:34:08,600 --> 05:34:12,200
But maybe the most important 
thing is The Accidental wisdom 

6130
05:34:12,200 --> 05:34:13,500
that comes from paying attention
to. 

6131
05:34:13,500 --> 05:34:16,600
What works instead of what 
theory says should work. 

6132
05:34:16,600 --> 05:34:19,900
San Marino became a successful 
country, not by following a big 

6133
05:34:19,900 --> 05:34:23,900
plan but by making good choices,
one at a time, not by trying to 

6134
05:34:23,900 --> 05:34:27,200
get power but by being 
responsible and not by trying to

6135
05:34:27,208 --> 05:34:30,100
get attention. 
But by earning respect their 

6136
05:34:30,100 --> 05:34:31,200
unintentional. 
Success. 

6137
05:34:31,200 --> 05:34:33,700
Gives hope to all the other 
unintentional communities, 

6138
05:34:33,700 --> 05:34:37,500
neighborhoods groups, families, 
and friendships that make up our

6139
05:34:37,500 --> 05:34:40,100
daily lives. 
Like San Marino the smaller 

6140
05:34:40,100 --> 05:34:42,500
human systems. 
Often work best when They focus 

6141
05:34:42,500 --> 05:34:45,800
on working together in a 
practical way rather than, on 

6142
05:34:45,800 --> 05:34:50,000
abstract ideals, when they value
flexibility over rigidity and 

6143
05:34:50,000 --> 05:34:52,200
when they remember that, the 
goal isn't to become something 

6144
05:34:52,200 --> 05:34:55,200
impressive. 
But to stay true to themselves a

6145
05:34:55,200 --> 05:34:57,700
sleep approaches, the lights 
below start to blur, but the 

6146
05:34:57,700 --> 05:35:00,700
lesson is still clear. 
Even though the world can seem 

6147
05:35:00,700 --> 05:35:03,800
too big and complicated to 
navigate, there are still room 

6148
05:35:03,800 --> 05:35:06,900
for small communities, where 
everyone's voice matters where 

6149
05:35:06,900 --> 05:35:09,500
Neighbors Know Each Other's 
names and where the business of 

6150
05:35:09,500 --> 05:35:12,800
living together is done with the
kind of practical wisdom, that 

6151
05:35:12,800 --> 05:35:16,500
turns survival into thriving. 
San Marino became a country by 

6152
05:35:16,500 --> 05:35:18,600
mistake because it wouldn't stop
being a community. 

6153
05:35:18,600 --> 05:35:22,000
We can make something lasting 
real and worth. 

6154
05:35:22,000 --> 05:35:24,400
Keeping for the generations that
will have to deal with the 

6155
05:35:24,400 --> 05:35:26,400
results of our choices. 
In the community's we 

6156
05:35:26,400 --> 05:35:29,600
accidentally create like 
choosing where to spend our time

6157
05:35:29,600 --> 05:35:33,300
energy and Sleep. 
Well, knowing that the lights 

6158
05:35:33,300 --> 05:35:36,300
are still on in the world's 
smallest Republic, which is on a

6159
05:35:36,300 --> 05:35:38,200
mountain in Italy, tomorrow's 
Captain. 

6160
05:35:38,200 --> 05:35:41,500
Regents might be tonight's 
Vineyard workers ancient Stones,

6161
05:35:41,500 --> 05:35:44,800
protect modern dreams and The 
Accidental nation is still on 

6162
05:35:44,800 --> 05:35:47,400
its unlikely journey into a 
future that is uncertain. 

6163
05:35:47,400 --> 05:35:51,200
But hopeful the Republic of San 
Marino is still around, not 

6164
05:35:51,200 --> 05:35:52,400
because it was meant to be 
great. 

6165
05:35:52,400 --> 05:35:56,100
But because for 17 centuries, 
ordinary people made 

6166
05:35:56,100 --> 05:35:58,100
extraordinary choices to protect
something. 

6167
05:35:58,100 --> 05:36:01,300
Valuable change, something 
useful and make something 

6168
05:36:01,300 --> 05:36:03,900
beautiful out of the simple 
things that people could work 

6169
05:36:03,900 --> 05:36:05,600
together on, like, mountains, 
Stone. 

6170
05:36:05,600 --> 05:36:08,400
We all have the chance to build 
something worth keeping in our 

6171
05:36:08,408 --> 05:36:10,400
own small ways. 
And in the communities, we 

6172
05:36:10,400 --> 05:36:14,000
choose this can happen by 
accident, but it can also happen

6173
05:36:14,000 --> 05:36:17,300
with purpose care, and the kind 
of practical wisdom, that turns 

6174
05:36:17,300 --> 05:36:18,900
good neighbors into lasting 
Nations. 

6175
05:36:26,600 --> 05:36:31,000
Albert Einstein was born on 
March 14th, 1879 in the modest 

6176
05:36:31,000 --> 05:36:34,500
city of all in the German 
Empire, his father, Herman 

6177
05:36:34,500 --> 05:36:38,500
managed small, electrical 
Ventures and his mother Pauline 

6178
05:36:38,500 --> 05:36:42,100
nurtured, a love of Music. 
Contrary to later myths, he 

6179
05:36:42,100 --> 05:36:43,400
wasn't a poor student. 
Rather. 

6180
05:36:43,400 --> 05:36:47,000
He disliked wrote memorization 
and preferred exploring ideas on

6181
05:36:47,000 --> 05:36:49,700
his own at age. 
Five, he received a simple 

6182
05:36:49,700 --> 05:36:52,700
compass. 
It's unwavering needle Guided by

6183
05:36:52,700 --> 05:36:56,100
an unseen Force, left him 
Spellbound hinting at Hidden 

6184
05:36:56,100 --> 05:36:59,300
laws in nature in school. 
He often seemed preoccupied 

6185
05:36:59,300 --> 05:37:02,500
building intricate houses of 
cards or lost in thought. 

6186
05:37:03,200 --> 05:37:05,900
Though, teachers labeled him 
indifferent, he was quietly. 

6187
05:37:05,900 --> 05:37:08,800
Constructing mental pictures 
that reached far beyond mundane 

6188
05:37:08,800 --> 05:37:11,400
lessons music also shaped his 
early life. 

6189
05:37:11,400 --> 05:37:15,200
Pauline insisted he learned 
violin and though, reluctant at 

6190
05:37:15,200 --> 05:37:18,200
first, He found a kinship with 
Mozart's compositions. 

6191
05:37:19,300 --> 05:37:22,300
This link between artistic 
Harmony and orderly principles 

6192
05:37:22,300 --> 05:37:25,300
of the universe captivated him 
even as a child. 

6193
05:37:25,300 --> 05:37:28,000
He sensed that creativity and 
logic could co-exist 

6194
05:37:28,000 --> 05:37:31,400
productively. 
His family's moves first to 

6195
05:37:31,400 --> 05:37:34,000
Munich, then to Italy, created 
in him. 

6196
05:37:34,000 --> 05:37:37,700
A sense of displacement rather 
than fitting snugly into any 

6197
05:37:37,700 --> 05:37:39,500
single cultural or academic 
mold. 

6198
05:37:39,500 --> 05:37:43,300
He became an observer 
questioning, everything around 

6199
05:37:43,300 --> 05:37:45,500
him during a stint at a 
Catholic. 

6200
05:37:45,500 --> 05:37:48,700
Elementary school, he briefly 
embraced religious devotion, 

6201
05:37:49,400 --> 05:37:52,100
Yet, he soon gravitated toward a
more personal sense. 

6202
05:37:52,100 --> 05:37:56,800
Of wonder One Unbound by strict 
Doctrine later, he would speak 

6203
05:37:56,800 --> 05:38:00,800
of a cosmic religious feeling a 
reverence for the unfathomable 

6204
05:38:00,800 --> 05:38:04,600
mysteries of existence. 
The German educational system 

6205
05:38:04,600 --> 05:38:06,400
clashed with his inquisitive 
spirit. 

6206
05:38:07,200 --> 05:38:11,300
Teachers focused on memorization
while Einstein was enthralled by

6207
05:38:11,300 --> 05:38:14,300
independent exploration. 
He pulled over geometry and 

6208
05:38:14,300 --> 05:38:18,400
calculus texts in his free time.
Often outpacing his peers in 

6209
05:38:18,400 --> 05:38:22,000
conceptual understanding One 
tutor noticed his knack for 

6210
05:38:22,000 --> 05:38:25,600
dissecting problems from 
multiple angles, an early sign 

6211
05:38:25,600 --> 05:38:27,900
of the thought experiments. 
He would later make famous. 

6212
05:38:27,900 --> 05:38:31,300
Meanwhile Herman's business 
Pursuits, met with limited 

6213
05:38:31,300 --> 05:38:34,100
success adding Financial strain 
to the household. 

6214
05:38:35,000 --> 05:38:38,100
Yet in that uncertainty, 
Einstein found pockets of 

6215
05:38:38,100 --> 05:38:40,600
freedom. 
His parents rarely scolded him 

6216
05:38:40,600 --> 05:38:43,400
for daydreaming. 
Instead, they recognized his 

6217
05:38:43,400 --> 05:38:45,400
inclination to probe and 
analyze. 

6218
05:38:46,100 --> 05:38:49,900
When he built Kart Towers, it 
was more than play, he studied 

6219
05:38:49,900 --> 05:38:53,600
balanced structure and 
resilience qualities, he would 

6220
05:38:53,600 --> 05:38:57,500
apply to his theoretical work. 
Overlooked details of his youth 

6221
05:38:57,500 --> 05:38:59,400
further, illustrate his 
distinctive perspective. 

6222
05:39:00,700 --> 05:39:03,200
He once spent hours, trying to 
visualize how a beam of light 

6223
05:39:03,200 --> 05:39:05,200
might appear, if one could race 
alongside it. 

6224
05:39:06,000 --> 05:39:08,900
These musics were embryonic 
glimpses of the relativity. 

6225
05:39:08,900 --> 05:39:12,700
He would formalize years later. 
Far from Mere fanciful flights. 

6226
05:39:12,700 --> 05:39:15,700
They were a training ground for 
a mind unafraid to question 

6227
05:39:15,700 --> 05:39:19,800
conventional frame of reference.
Another seldom noted aspect was 

6228
05:39:19,800 --> 05:39:23,000
his relationship with language 
raised in a multilingual 

6229
05:39:23,000 --> 05:39:27,300
environment German at home 
occasionally Italian outside, he

6230
05:39:27,300 --> 05:39:30,400
developed a nuanced, 
appreciation for Words later in 

6231
05:39:30,400 --> 05:39:32,100
life. 
He would craft carefully, 

6232
05:39:32,100 --> 05:39:35,000
balanced scientific papers where
Clarity took precedence over 

6233
05:39:35,000 --> 05:39:38,000
flourish. 
But as a boy, he simply 

6234
05:39:38,000 --> 05:39:41,200
recognized that words were 
imperfect vessels for ideas. 

6235
05:39:42,100 --> 05:39:44,900
Sparking a habit of visualizing 
Concepts to grasp the more 

6236
05:39:44,908 --> 05:39:48,700
deeply. 
By his early teens Einstein grew

6237
05:39:48,700 --> 05:39:50,900
increasingly restless with 
formal schooling. 

6238
05:39:50,900 --> 05:39:54,600
The Lewis Paul generation in 
Munich with its strict regiment,

6239
05:39:54,600 --> 05:39:58,900
clashed, with his burgeoning 
interests, feeling stifled, he 

6240
05:39:58,900 --> 05:40:02,100
began to defy conventional 
academic paths in a decision 

6241
05:40:02,100 --> 05:40:05,400
that alarmed his teachers. 
He left school before graduation

6242
05:40:05,400 --> 05:40:06,900
and followed his family to 
Italy. 

6243
05:40:06,900 --> 05:40:10,200
To sum it looked like a rash 
move yet. 

6244
05:40:10,200 --> 05:40:12,600
It was an act of 
self-determination fueled by a 

6245
05:40:12,600 --> 05:40:14,100
longing to learn without 
constraint. 

6246
05:40:14,900 --> 05:40:18,400
During this period, he explored 
philosophy as well, delving into

6247
05:40:18,400 --> 05:40:20,400
accounts works and pondering the
nature of reality. 

6248
05:40:21,500 --> 05:40:24,200
Such reading's reinforced his 
conviction, that genuine 

6249
05:40:24,200 --> 05:40:26,500
understanding required, more 
than reciting facts. 

6250
05:40:26,500 --> 05:40:30,100
He craved first-hand, encounters
with the puzzles of the Universe

6251
05:40:30,100 --> 05:40:32,900
from the motion of planets to 
the properties of light. 

6252
05:40:33,900 --> 05:40:36,600
Though his childhood did not 
revolve solely around science, 

6253
05:40:36,600 --> 05:40:40,700
he played violin enjoyed walks 
and showed flashes of humour. 

6254
05:40:40,700 --> 05:40:43,000
It was imbued with a special 
kind of curiosity. 

6255
05:40:43,000 --> 05:40:45,900
He was neither the hapless 
student nor the overnight 

6256
05:40:45,900 --> 05:40:50,000
Prodigy that later, narratives 
would portray instead, he was a 

6257
05:40:50,000 --> 05:40:52,800
reflective somewhat solitary 
child who found, meaning in 

6258
05:40:52,800 --> 05:40:56,600
probing life's deeper questions,
his early experience is compass 

6259
05:40:56,600 --> 05:41:00,000
in Hand cards, neatly stacked 
violin tucked under his chin, 

6260
05:41:00,000 --> 05:41:02,100
crystallized into the core of a 
worldview. 

6261
05:41:02,100 --> 05:41:04,400
That would soon turn the 
scientific World on its head. 

6262
05:41:04,400 --> 05:41:08,300
Ultimately the disparate strands
of his youth would unite in a 

6263
05:41:08,300 --> 05:41:10,000
bold questioning of the 
established order. 

6264
05:41:10,800 --> 05:41:13,200
Few recognized how far his 
curiosity would carry him. 

6265
05:41:14,300 --> 05:41:17,300
Einstein's choice to abandon the
Lewis, Paul gymnasium, before 

6266
05:41:17,300 --> 05:41:21,300
graduating startled his teachers
but he felt stifled by rote 

6267
05:41:21,300 --> 05:41:24,000
drills. 
He rejoined, his family in Milan

6268
05:41:24,000 --> 05:41:26,100
where Herman hoped to save his 
faltering business. 

6269
05:41:26,100 --> 05:41:30,800
Finally freed from rigid, school
routines, Einstein studied math 

6270
05:41:30,800 --> 05:41:33,600
and philosophy on his own 
devouring Cuts. 

6271
05:41:33,600 --> 05:41:36,300
Works nurturing an obsession 
with the universe's hidden 

6272
05:41:36,300 --> 05:41:38,900
structure. 
Still the need for formal 

6273
05:41:38,900 --> 05:41:43,000
credentials loomed in. 1895 he 
applied to the Swiss Federal 

6274
05:41:43,000 --> 05:41:46,200
Polytechnic in Zurich known for 
its Forward Thinking curriculum.

6275
05:41:47,100 --> 05:41:51,000
He excelled in math and physics.
He flunked the entrance exams 

6276
05:41:51,000 --> 05:41:54,600
other parts undeterred. 
He spent a transformative year 

6277
05:41:54,600 --> 05:41:57,300
at the cantonal school in aarau 
Switzerland. 

6278
05:41:58,300 --> 05:42:02,500
This school's Progressive, ethos
welcomed curiosity and debate an

6279
05:42:02,500 --> 05:42:04,100
environment in which Einstein 
thrived. 

6280
05:42:04,800 --> 05:42:06,100
Living with the winter are 
family. 

6281
05:42:06,100 --> 05:42:09,800
You formed close bonds. 
He briefly romanced their 

6282
05:42:09,800 --> 05:42:14,200
daughter Marie but also made 
lifelong friendships armed with 

6283
05:42:14,200 --> 05:42:17,200
improved preparation. 
He passed the Polytechnic 

6284
05:42:17,200 --> 05:42:20,800
entrance exam in 1896 and 
pursued a teaching diploma in 

6285
05:42:20,808 --> 05:42:24,100
math and physics. 
Zurich's intellectual pulse 

6286
05:42:24,100 --> 05:42:28,000
invigorated him by day injured, 
lectures by night. 

6287
05:42:28,000 --> 05:42:31,500
He wrestled with scientific 
texts or debated theory in cafes

6288
05:42:31,500 --> 05:42:34,900
lesson for all with rope note 
taking you favored independent 

6289
05:42:34,900 --> 05:42:38,700
study though he admired some 
professors others, saw him as 

6290
05:42:38,700 --> 05:42:41,900
dismissive and unruly 
reputation, that would later 

6291
05:42:41,900 --> 05:42:45,900
cost him solid references. 
during this period Einstein 

6292
05:42:45,900 --> 05:42:48,600
Metallica marriage, the only 
woman in their physics cohort, 

6293
05:42:48,600 --> 05:42:52,700
she was bright and tenacious 
undeterred by an academic world,

6294
05:42:52,700 --> 05:42:56,100
largely unwelcome to women, 
Their bond in to twine, 

6295
05:42:56,100 --> 05:42:59,700
intellectual exchange and 
romantic attraction. letters 

6296
05:42:59,700 --> 05:43:02,800
between them, reveal Lively 
dialogues about abstract science

6297
05:43:02,800 --> 05:43:06,600
and the deeper questions of 
existence, critics, sometimes 

6298
05:43:06,600 --> 05:43:09,700
question, the extent of malaya's
contributions to Einstein's 

6299
05:43:09,700 --> 05:43:13,100
early work, But it certain she 
engaged in stimulating 

6300
05:43:13,100 --> 05:43:16,400
discussions, at a formative time
in his career, Einstein 

6301
05:43:16,400 --> 05:43:20,200
graduated in 1900. 
Despite his clear gift for 

6302
05:43:20,200 --> 05:43:22,600
physics? 
Job prospects were scarce 

6303
05:43:22,600 --> 05:43:25,300
dismissed by some professors as 
headstrong. 

6304
05:43:25,300 --> 05:43:29,500
He received only lukewarm 
recommendations over the next 

6305
05:43:29,500 --> 05:43:32,500
two years. 
He subsisted on tutoring gigs 

6306
05:43:32,500 --> 05:43:35,000
and part-time teaching roles, 
struggling to pay rent. 

6307
05:43:35,000 --> 05:43:38,400
Meanwhile, his relationship with
Malaysia grew more serious. 

6308
05:43:38,400 --> 05:43:42,700
They had a daughter liezel whose
fate remains one of the murkiest

6309
05:43:42,700 --> 05:43:45,500
aspects of Einstein's life 
records suggests. 

6310
05:43:45,500 --> 05:43:49,100
She may have been adopted but 
details are sparse Financial 

6311
05:43:49,100 --> 05:43:51,200
anxiety. 
Nor did him and paternal 

6312
05:43:51,200 --> 05:43:54,800
disapproval of Malaysia added 
stress, yet his scientific 

6313
05:43:54,800 --> 05:43:57,800
passion, never dimmed whenever 
he found a spare. 

6314
05:43:57,800 --> 05:44:01,600
Our Einstein tackled research 
problems of thermodynamics or 

6315
05:44:01,600 --> 05:44:04,600
statistical mechanics. 
Despite their lack of wide 

6316
05:44:04,600 --> 05:44:08,000
spread attention, the small 
papers, demonstrated Einstein's 

6317
05:44:08,000 --> 05:44:10,800
capacity to critically examine 
conventional assumptions. 

6318
05:44:11,600 --> 05:44:14,200
A modest Beacon of stability 
arrived in 1902. 

6319
05:44:14,200 --> 05:44:18,600
Einstein secured a post as a 
technical expert third class at 

6320
05:44:18,600 --> 05:44:20,800
the Swiss patent office in Byrne
while. 

6321
05:44:20,800 --> 05:44:24,100
Many might view patent reviewing
as mundane the job offered a 

6322
05:44:24,100 --> 05:44:26,900
predictable schedule and a 
steady wage precisely what he 

6323
05:44:26,908 --> 05:44:30,300
needed. crucially, it also left 
him mental space, for 

6324
05:44:30,300 --> 05:44:32,900
independent thought, Far from 
being a lull. 

6325
05:44:32,900 --> 05:44:35,500
This period set the stage for 
his most significant 

6326
05:44:35,500 --> 05:44:38,800
breakthroughs. 
Burn itself was unassuming that 

6327
05:44:38,800 --> 05:44:41,200
it possessed an understated 
cultural Vitality. 

6328
05:44:41,200 --> 05:44:44,800
Einstein ever sociable in an 
understated way. 

6329
05:44:44,800 --> 05:44:47,100
Found a small circle of a 
like-minded acquaintances. 

6330
05:44:47,100 --> 05:44:51,000
They shared books, debated 
philosophical, ideas, and 

6331
05:44:51,000 --> 05:44:54,000
sometimes playfully referred to 
the cells as the Olympia 

6332
05:44:54,000 --> 05:44:56,800
Academy. 
The groups, informal Spirit 

6333
05:44:56,800 --> 05:44:58,600
aligned perfectly with 
Einstein's. 

6334
05:44:58,600 --> 05:45:02,300
Own approach, free wheeling, 
yet, anchored by Deep respect 

6335
05:45:02,300 --> 05:45:05,600
for rational inquiry. 
Meanwhile, his personal life. 

6336
05:45:05,600 --> 05:45:08,700
Moved forward. 
He in Malaysia married in 1903 

6337
05:45:08,700 --> 05:45:12,900
hoping to create a steel home. 
A union was hardly perfect 

6338
05:45:12,900 --> 05:45:15,800
fraught with the usual 
challenges of newlyweds. 

6339
05:45:15,800 --> 05:45:19,100
Compounded by Einstein's 
preoccupation with science and 

6340
05:45:19,100 --> 05:45:22,500
ongoing money worries. 
Still having a supportive 

6341
05:45:22,500 --> 05:45:24,300
partner with a keen interest in 
physics. 

6342
05:45:24,300 --> 05:45:27,500
Likely encouraged his 
intellectual wandering during 

6343
05:45:27,500 --> 05:45:32,800
these formative years. 
Between 1902 and 1904 Einstein 

6344
05:45:32,800 --> 05:45:36,600
churned through patent 
applications by day, evaluating 

6345
05:45:36,600 --> 05:45:38,800
new inventions for novelty and 
feasibility. 

6346
05:45:39,400 --> 05:45:43,000
At night, he scribbled equations
and chased the big questions 

6347
05:45:43,000 --> 05:45:45,500
that had haunted him. 
Since childhood, the nature of 

6348
05:45:45,500 --> 05:45:48,500
light the structure of time and 
whether the cosmos had 

6349
05:45:48,500 --> 05:45:52,000
fundamental certainties little 
did anyone suspect that his 

6350
05:45:52,000 --> 05:45:55,500
quiet hours in Burn would yield 
a series of scientific papers 

6351
05:45:55,500 --> 05:45:58,800
that would upend centuries of 
accepted physics and elevator 

6352
05:45:58,800 --> 05:46:02,900
once errant student to the front
ranks of modern science in a few

6353
05:46:02,900 --> 05:46:04,600
years. 
He would unleash a torrent of 

6354
05:46:04,600 --> 05:46:09,000
revolutionary ideas proving that
unorthodox paths can lead to 

6355
05:46:09,000 --> 05:46:13,100
remarkable destinations Settled 
at the Swiss patent office in 

6356
05:46:13,100 --> 05:46:15,400
Byrne. 
Einstein was officially a Clarke

6357
05:46:15,400 --> 05:46:18,500
reviewing applications for new 
inventions unofficially. 

6358
05:46:18,500 --> 05:46:22,000
He was a theorist probing, the 
Bedrock of physics, the job's 

6359
05:46:22,000 --> 05:46:24,300
predictable routine. 
Left him, time to explore the 

6360
05:46:24,300 --> 05:46:28,600
mysteries of light motion and 
energy questions that had 

6361
05:46:28,600 --> 05:46:30,800
haunted him. 
Since childhood, his personal 

6362
05:46:30,800 --> 05:46:35,100
life had stabilized, someone he 
emilya now married lived 

6363
05:46:35,100 --> 05:46:39,700
modestly mindful of every 
expense Their son hands, Albert,

6364
05:46:39,700 --> 05:46:44,700
born in 1904 haddid, new 
responsibilities own physics. 

6365
05:46:44,700 --> 05:46:47,900
Background made her supportive 
Confidant for Einstein's musics 

6366
05:46:47,900 --> 05:46:49,500
though. 
The precise scope of her 

6367
05:46:49,500 --> 05:46:54,900
influence remains debated. 
In 1905, Einstein Unleashed four

6368
05:46:54,900 --> 05:46:58,600
seminal papers in anal. 
Endear physic the first explain 

6369
05:46:58,600 --> 05:47:01,200
the photoelectric effect by 
treating light as particles 

6370
05:47:01,200 --> 05:47:05,800
helping seed, the future field 
of quantum mechanics. next came 

6371
05:47:05,800 --> 05:47:09,500
his work on Brownian motion 
using statistics to confirm the 

6372
05:47:09,500 --> 05:47:13,900
existence of atoms and molecules
Then in his special theory of 

6373
05:47:13,900 --> 05:47:17,300
relativity he shattered the old 
notion of absolute time 

6374
05:47:17,300 --> 05:47:21,000
proposing that simultaneity 
depends on an observer's motion 

6375
05:47:21,000 --> 05:47:25,500
finally in a spare. 
But dazzling note heard E equals

6376
05:47:25,500 --> 05:47:29,500
MC is squared revealing the 
profound equivalents of mass and

6377
05:47:29,500 --> 05:47:34,000
energy at first these radical 
ideas mixed responses some 

6378
05:47:34,000 --> 05:47:37,400
Scholars found them to 
speculative others grasped their

6379
05:47:37,400 --> 05:47:41,000
seismic potential. 
Over time the consensus grew 

6380
05:47:41,000 --> 05:47:44,900
Einstein had transformed physics
from the inside out, his 

6381
05:47:44,900 --> 05:47:48,000
reputation slowly spread. 
Though, he remained a patent 

6382
05:47:48,000 --> 05:47:52,100
Clark until 1909 yearned for an 
academic post, but faced 

6383
05:47:52,100 --> 05:47:55,700
challenges, he lacked the usual 
pedigrees and some professors 

6384
05:47:55,700 --> 05:47:59,000
gave tepid recommendations. 
Eventually the University of 

6385
05:47:59,000 --> 05:48:02,600
Zurich appointed him as Elektra,
opening the door to more formal 

6386
05:48:02,600 --> 05:48:06,300
scientific community. the labor,
managed, their growing family, 

6387
05:48:06,300 --> 05:48:11,100
which now included a second son,
Edward while Einstein wrestled 

6388
05:48:11,100 --> 05:48:14,500
with teaching duties and ongoing
research, But their marriage 

6389
05:48:14,508 --> 05:48:18,300
started to show cracks strained 
by the financial pressures and 

6390
05:48:18,300 --> 05:48:20,400
Einstein's single-minded 
Devotion to work. 

6391
05:48:21,200 --> 05:48:24,200
Despite domestic tension his 
scientific profile Rose, 

6392
05:48:24,200 --> 05:48:27,400
swiftly. 
Younger physicists Marvel at his

6393
05:48:27,400 --> 05:48:30,600
knack for taking early insights 
such as those from hendrik, 

6394
05:48:30,600 --> 05:48:33,300
lorentz, and honorary, poincare 
and unifying them into a 

6395
05:48:33,308 --> 05:48:36,600
cohesive vision. 
The outcome was more than a 

6396
05:48:36,600 --> 05:48:40,600
patchwork of theories, it was a 
radical recasting of how energy 

6397
05:48:40,600 --> 05:48:45,900
space and time interlock. 
He left Bern for Zurich in 1909,

6398
05:48:45,900 --> 05:48:49,600
then moved to Prague in 19011 
for another professorship. 

6399
05:48:50,600 --> 05:48:53,600
Believer followed, but the 
demands of uprooting and the 

6400
05:48:53,600 --> 05:48:56,300
complexities of raising children
chipped away at their 

6401
05:48:56,300 --> 05:49:00,000
partnership in Prague. 
Einstein refined his thoughts on

6402
05:49:00,000 --> 05:49:03,400
gravity, hinting at a broader 
framework to come though. 

6403
05:49:03,400 --> 05:49:05,800
Overshadowed by cultural and 
political tensions. 

6404
05:49:05,800 --> 05:49:09,300
In the austro-hungarian Empire, 
the city still offered pockets 

6405
05:49:09,300 --> 05:49:10,500
of intellectual. 
Firmament. 

6406
05:49:10,500 --> 05:49:14,200
Einstein found colleagues 
intrigued by his work and critic

6407
05:49:14,200 --> 05:49:17,100
skeptical of it. 
He thrived on debate defending 

6408
05:49:17,100 --> 05:49:21,000
his theories with calm 
conviction by 1912, he was back 

6409
05:49:21,000 --> 05:49:24,700
in Zurich at the politics. 
Now, as a professor, this time 

6410
05:49:24,700 --> 05:49:27,400
he delved deeper into the 
mathematics needed to extend 

6411
05:49:27,400 --> 05:49:29,300
relativity to gravitational 
fields. 

6412
05:49:30,200 --> 05:49:32,700
His collaboration with 
mathematician Marcel, grossmann 

6413
05:49:32,700 --> 05:49:35,700
was vital laying the groundwork 
for what would become the 

6414
05:49:35,700 --> 05:49:39,300
general theory of relativity? 
While special relativity had 

6415
05:49:39,300 --> 05:49:41,700
reconfigured space and time on a
flat stage. 

6416
05:49:41,700 --> 05:49:44,900
Einstein, now aimed to show how 
massive objects could warp that 

6417
05:49:44,900 --> 05:49:48,900
stage itself in parallel 
tensions at home, worsened. 

6418
05:49:49,500 --> 05:49:52,100
Was hopes for her own, 
scientific contributions had 

6419
05:49:52,100 --> 05:49:55,200
faded into domestic obligations 
Einstein's growing. 

6420
05:49:55,200 --> 05:49:58,500
Fame, meant invitations to speak
and collaborate, pulling him 

6421
05:49:58,500 --> 05:50:02,000
away for extended periods that 
times letters. 

6422
05:50:02,000 --> 05:50:05,000
Reveal a coldness creeping into 
their marriage, he could be 

6423
05:50:05,008 --> 05:50:08,500
absent, minded impatient and 
increasingly dismissive of 

6424
05:50:08,500 --> 05:50:12,200
malays as emotional needs. 
The personal costs of Genius 

6425
05:50:12,200 --> 05:50:15,200
were mounting even if the 
broadest world was beginning to 

6426
05:50:15,200 --> 05:50:19,500
admire him as a visionary, by 
the end of 1912 Einstein's, 

6427
05:50:19,500 --> 05:50:22,700
Ambitions were clear. 
He had cemented a reputation as 

6428
05:50:22,700 --> 05:50:25,400
the Mind behind special 
relativity and he was on the 

6429
05:50:25,400 --> 05:50:27,900
cusp of unveiling, a more 
comprehensive framework to 

6430
05:50:27,900 --> 05:50:31,500
explain gravity University's 
courted him and scientific 

6431
05:50:31,500 --> 05:50:33,700
societies began to Lord his 
insights. 

6432
05:50:34,300 --> 05:50:36,400
Yet beneath this rise, lay 
private Discord. 

6433
05:50:37,300 --> 05:50:40,500
Tension that would escalate once
his career carried him to bin 

6434
05:50:40,500 --> 05:50:44,400
for now though, I Inspire path 
LED in an extra to toward one of

6435
05:50:44,400 --> 05:50:46,500
the greatest intellectual Feats 
in history. 

6436
05:50:46,500 --> 05:50:50,100
Fueled by that same Restless 
curiosity, that once made him 

6437
05:50:50,100 --> 05:50:53,600
walk away from gymnasium classes
in questions, the simplest one 

6438
05:50:53,600 --> 05:50:59,100
of nature despite turmoil his 
momentum was on stoppable The 

6439
05:50:59,100 --> 05:51:02,600
stage was set for him to 
finalize a theory of gravity, a 

6440
05:51:02,600 --> 05:51:05,300
masterpiece that would reshape 
Humanities view of the cosmos. 

6441
05:51:06,500 --> 05:51:10,500
In 1913 the Prussian Academy of 
Sciences in Berlin Bays, 

6442
05:51:10,500 --> 05:51:13,800
beckoned Albert Einstein with a 
prestigious post that required 

6443
05:51:13,800 --> 05:51:17,600
minimal teaching. 
By 1914 he was in the German 

6444
05:51:17,600 --> 05:51:21,200
Capital poised to perfect his 
theory of gravity yet the move 

6445
05:51:21,200 --> 05:51:23,400
magnified personal and political
tensions. 

6446
05:51:23,400 --> 05:51:27,000
His marriage to Malay was 
fracturing and Europe stood on 

6447
05:51:27,000 --> 05:51:29,900
the brink of War. 
A pacifist at heart. 

6448
05:51:29,900 --> 05:51:33,300
Einstein found himself at odds, 
with the fervent nationalism 

6449
05:51:33,300 --> 05:51:36,500
gripping, Germany unperturbed by
the storm outside. 

6450
05:51:36,500 --> 05:51:39,900
He pushed forward on general 
relativity, aided by 

6451
05:51:39,900 --> 05:51:43,300
mathematician Marcel, grossmann 
their goal was to show that 

6452
05:51:43,300 --> 05:51:47,100
gravity arose from curved 
space-time a radical notion 

6453
05:51:47,100 --> 05:51:51,000
demanding complex tense or 
calculus by 1915. 

6454
05:51:51,000 --> 05:51:54,100
Einstein had, refined the field 
equations describing how massive

6455
05:51:54,100 --> 05:51:57,000
form space time and how that 
curvature dictates motion. 

6456
05:51:58,100 --> 05:52:00,600
A Triumph soon. 
Followed the new Theory 

6457
05:52:00,600 --> 05:52:03,700
explained, Mercury's orbital 
quirks better than Newtonian 

6458
05:52:03,700 --> 05:52:07,300
physics. 
Overjoyed Einstein wrote to a 

6459
05:52:07,300 --> 05:52:10,300
friend that is heart shivered 
upon seeing the data aligned 

6460
05:52:10,300 --> 05:52:13,300
with his calculations, but his 
personal world was unraveling 

6461
05:52:14,200 --> 05:52:17,900
Maleva struggled in Berlin, 
stifling atmosphere and felt 

6462
05:52:17,900 --> 05:52:21,600
increasingly isolated. 
Meanwhile Einstein grew close to

6463
05:52:21,608 --> 05:52:24,600
his cousin Elsa louvain tile 
letters. 

6464
05:52:24,600 --> 05:52:27,200
Show me lavers Despair and 
Einstein's emotional withdrawal.

6465
05:52:27,200 --> 05:52:30,200
She took their sons back to 
Switzerland and the marriage 

6466
05:52:30,200 --> 05:52:32,500
ended in divorce. 
He later wed. 

6467
05:52:32,500 --> 05:52:35,100
Elsa igniting gossip about his 
private life. 

6468
05:52:36,200 --> 05:52:38,500
Even as general relativity 
gained traction, among 

6469
05:52:38,500 --> 05:52:41,500
physicists, his personal 
reputation became fodder for 

6470
05:52:41,500 --> 05:52:44,700
public speculation. 
World War one had also 

6471
05:52:44,700 --> 05:52:48,600
splintered scientific exchanges 
while many German intellectuals 

6472
05:52:48,600 --> 05:52:52,100
endorsed the war, Einstein, 
stood nearly alone, signing 

6473
05:52:52,100 --> 05:52:56,200
anti-war petitions and voicing 
pacifist views, his stance 

6474
05:52:56,200 --> 05:52:59,900
stirred resentment at home. 
Still foreign scientists such as

6475
05:52:59,900 --> 05:53:02,800
the British astronomer Arthur 
Edington recognized, the 

6476
05:53:02,800 --> 05:53:06,900
significance of Einstein's, 
work, edington's, 1919 Eclipse 

6477
05:53:06,900 --> 05:53:09,500
Expedition tested, whether 
Starlight passing near the sun 

6478
05:53:09,500 --> 05:53:11,100
would bend. 
According to Einstein's 

6479
05:53:11,100 --> 05:53:14,900
predictions, the measurements 
matched, electrifying the global

6480
05:53:14,900 --> 05:53:19,500
press and throwing Newton in the
public eye overnight, Einstein 

6481
05:53:19,500 --> 05:53:21,100
became a symbol of modern 
genius. 

6482
05:53:21,900 --> 05:53:25,400
Newspapers everywhere, featured.
His thoughtful gaze and unruly 

6483
05:53:25,400 --> 05:53:29,500
hair invitations, rained down 
from universities and societies.

6484
05:53:29,500 --> 05:53:33,300
While he believed in Sharing 
knowledge openly, he disliked 

6485
05:53:33,300 --> 05:53:36,800
the frenzied attention and grew 
uneasy with Germany's renewed 

6486
05:53:36,800 --> 05:53:40,800
nationalism post-war turmoil, 
fanned political flames and 

6487
05:53:40,800 --> 05:53:43,700
Einstein's pacifism Drew Ayer 
from right-wing groups. 

6488
05:53:44,500 --> 05:53:47,900
Nevertheless, the validation of 
general relativity, cemented his

6489
05:53:47,900 --> 05:53:49,700
place at the scientific 
hierarchy. 

6490
05:53:50,500 --> 05:53:53,600
Even Skeptics admitted that his 
calculations matched, observable

6491
05:53:53,600 --> 05:53:56,500
reality in a way. 
No previous Theory, could with 

6492
05:53:56,500 --> 05:54:00,100
maleva in Zurich caring for 
their sons, Einstein found both 

6493
05:54:00,100 --> 05:54:04,800
freedom and loneliness. 
He married Elsa, in 1919 on her 

6494
05:54:04,800 --> 05:54:08,000
to manage his crowded schedule 
and mitigate public demands. 

6495
05:54:08,000 --> 05:54:12,300
As the 1920s donned Einstein, 
was heralded as a Visionary, 

6496
05:54:12,300 --> 05:54:15,300
whose equations recast, the 
universe as a playable fabric 

6497
05:54:15,300 --> 05:54:19,100
shape by energy and mass These 
Notions pave, the way for Cosmic

6498
05:54:19,100 --> 05:54:21,500
models, that would soon. 
Suggest an expanding Universe 

6499
05:54:21,500 --> 05:54:25,900
involving astronomers like Edwin
Hubble Initially, Einstein 

6500
05:54:25,900 --> 05:54:29,800
proposed a cosmological constant
to keep the universe static but 

6501
05:54:29,800 --> 05:54:32,800
later deemed that idea a 
mistake, a rare admission of 

6502
05:54:32,800 --> 05:54:35,400
error from a man idolized for 
brilliant. 

6503
05:54:36,200 --> 05:54:38,800
Meanwhile, he turned his 
attention back to Quantum 

6504
05:54:38,800 --> 05:54:41,600
Mechanics, a field. 
He had an advertently sparked 

6505
05:54:41,600 --> 05:54:45,000
with his photoelectric paper. 
Newcomers like Werner, 

6506
05:54:45,000 --> 05:54:48,100
Heisenberg and urban 
Schrodinger, Advanced ideas that

6507
05:54:48,100 --> 05:54:50,000
clashed with Einstein's comfort 
zone. 

6508
05:54:50,600 --> 05:54:52,700
He balked at the probabilistic 
nature, they proposed. 

6509
05:54:52,700 --> 05:54:56,200
Insisting, there must be a 
deeper deterministic layer. 

6510
05:54:57,200 --> 05:55:00,800
Thus began the famed series of 
debates with Neil's bore with 

6511
05:55:00,800 --> 05:55:03,800
Einstein challenging, the notion
that reality might hinge on 

6512
05:55:03,800 --> 05:55:07,800
randomness. by mid-decade 
Einstein's travel schedule 

6513
05:55:07,800 --> 05:55:11,500
ballooned He turned the United 
States and parts of Europe, 

6514
05:55:11,500 --> 05:55:15,900
drawing huge, crowds statements 
celebrities, and fellow 

6515
05:55:15,900 --> 05:55:18,400
Scholars, caught, his presence 
in Germany. 

6516
05:55:18,400 --> 05:55:21,500
However, he faced mounting 
hostility from nationalist, 

6517
05:55:21,500 --> 05:55:23,900
factions who died in his 
theories, as Jewish science. 

6518
05:55:24,900 --> 05:55:28,400
Unfazed. 
He pressed on confident that 

6519
05:55:28,400 --> 05:55:31,100
empirical evidence would Outlast
Prejudice. 

6520
05:55:31,100 --> 05:55:34,400
His personal realm. 
Now Tethered to Elsa offered 

6521
05:55:34,400 --> 05:55:38,700
stability, she shielded him from
ceaseless demands allowing him 

6522
05:55:38,700 --> 05:55:40,200
to pursue his ideas and 
relative. 

6523
05:55:40,200 --> 05:55:43,000
Peace. 
Yet the creeping political tide 

6524
05:55:43,000 --> 05:55:45,100
would soon overshadow. 
Even on Stein's lofty. 

6525
05:55:45,100 --> 05:55:49,500
Pursuits at the dawn of the next
decade, Einstein found himself a

6526
05:55:49,500 --> 05:55:52,500
global icon yet behind that 
Fame, lady deeper struggles and 

6527
05:55:52,500 --> 05:55:54,500
fresh challenges that would 
shape his destiny. 

6528
05:55:55,600 --> 05:55:58,900
The 1920s were a whirlwind. 
Reinstein blending. 

6529
05:55:58,900 --> 05:56:01,700
Scientific Milestones with 
Worldwide acclaim. 

6530
05:56:02,200 --> 05:56:05,300
Ever the Restless thinker. 
He spent these years grappling 

6531
05:56:05,300 --> 05:56:07,700
with quantum theory while 
maintaining his fascination with

6532
05:56:07,700 --> 05:56:10,300
relativity. 
Though, his general theory of 

6533
05:56:10,300 --> 05:56:12,000
relativity was universally 
hailed. 

6534
05:56:12,000 --> 05:56:15,300
He grew increasingly uneasy 
about the indeterminate flavor 

6535
05:56:15,300 --> 05:56:18,900
of quantum mechanics to him. 
The idea that fundamental 

6536
05:56:18,900 --> 05:56:22,500
processes could be governed by 
pure chance, seemed incomplete 

6537
05:56:22,500 --> 05:56:27,100
Einstein's Public Image soared 
as he told Europe and North 

6538
05:56:27,100 --> 05:56:31,500
America lecture Halls. 
Overflowed audiences were drawn,

6539
05:56:31,500 --> 05:56:35,700
not just to his ideas but also 
to his Persona rumpled suits, 

6540
05:56:35,700 --> 05:56:39,100
mischievous humor and an aura of
introspective brilliant. 

6541
05:56:40,000 --> 05:56:43,700
journalists clamored for 
interviews often distorting his 

6542
05:56:43,700 --> 05:56:47,300
words into simplistic sound 
bites, despite Elsa's best 

6543
05:56:47,300 --> 05:56:49,800
efforts to safeguard his 
previously, The Cult of 

6544
05:56:49,808 --> 05:56:53,400
Personality grew Politicians 
hoped his presence would lend 

6545
05:56:53,400 --> 05:56:56,800
Prestige to their events and 
luminaries from other fields 

6546
05:56:56,800 --> 05:57:00,700
sought his endorsement. 
Beneath the accolades Einstein 

6547
05:57:00,700 --> 05:57:03,700
remained wary of Fame. 
He believes that genuine 

6548
05:57:03,700 --> 05:57:07,000
Discovery flourished in quiet 
reflection, not in the spotlight

6549
05:57:07,000 --> 05:57:11,800
whenever possible escaped to the
Alps or the countryside reveling

6550
05:57:11,800 --> 05:57:13,700
in Mountain, walks and violin 
practice. 

6551
05:57:14,500 --> 05:57:17,400
Music provided a counterbalance 
to the rigors of theoretical 

6552
05:57:17,400 --> 05:57:21,200
work, reinforcing his belief 
that Art and Science, shared a 

6553
05:57:21,200 --> 05:57:24,300
quest for harmony. 
Meanwhile in academic circles, 

6554
05:57:24,300 --> 05:57:28,600
the quantum Revolution thundered
on physicists like Niels, Bohr 

6555
05:57:28,600 --> 05:57:32,600
Vernor, Heisenberg and Max born 
that probabilities lay at the 

6556
05:57:32,600 --> 05:57:36,100
heart of physical reality. 
Einstein countered that God does

6557
05:57:36,100 --> 05:57:39,200
not play dice questioning. 
Whether Randomness was the final

6558
05:57:39,200 --> 05:57:41,800
word. 
Their debates polite yet 

6559
05:57:41,800 --> 05:57:46,600
intense, fueled a new era of 
theoretical exploration. the 

6560
05:57:46,600 --> 05:57:50,400
young Quantum guarded Einstein's
contributions, but insisted that

6561
05:57:50,400 --> 05:57:54,200
his skepticism missed the 
theories core Elegance At the 

6562
05:57:54,200 --> 05:57:57,000
same time, Europe was 
experiencing social and 

6563
05:57:57,000 --> 05:57:59,400
political upheavals in the 
aftermath of World War 1. 

6564
05:58:00,800 --> 05:58:03,800
Germany's bimar Republic, veered
between fragile democracy. 

6565
05:58:03,800 --> 05:58:06,700
And looming chaos, 
hyperinflation devastated, the 

6566
05:58:06,700 --> 05:58:10,100
middle class. streamers 
factions, including the nascent 

6567
05:58:10,100 --> 05:58:14,200
nutsy party exploited, economic 
despair, promoting xenophobia, 

6568
05:58:14,200 --> 05:58:18,000
and anti-Semitism, Einstein, as 
a Jewish intellectual of an 

6569
05:58:18,000 --> 05:58:21,300
outspoken pacifist, became a 
prime target for nationalists, 

6570
05:58:21,300 --> 05:58:25,400
hate mail, arrived with 
disturbing regularity, accusing 

6571
05:58:25,400 --> 05:58:29,100
him of undermining, Germany, 
scientific heritage, Despite 

6572
05:58:29,100 --> 05:58:31,500
these threats Einstein refused 
to hide. 

6573
05:58:31,500 --> 05:58:34,300
He rallied for disarmament and 
international cooperation, 

6574
05:58:34,300 --> 05:58:37,400
endorsing pacifist. 
Causes that were deeply 

6575
05:58:37,400 --> 05:58:39,200
unpopular among nationalist 
circles. 

6576
05:58:39,200 --> 05:58:43,500
His celebrity magnified, the 
visibility of his stance, making

6577
05:58:43,500 --> 05:58:45,400
him a lightning rod for 
political hatred. 

6578
05:58:46,200 --> 05:58:49,000
Some colleagues implored him to 
be more guarded, but he believed

6579
05:58:49,000 --> 05:58:53,100
moral convictions, outweighed, 
personal safety. in 1922 

6580
05:58:53,100 --> 05:58:56,900
Einstein was awarded the Nobel 
Prize in physics, not for 

6581
05:58:56,900 --> 05:59:00,000
relativity, surprisingly, but 
for his earlier explanation of 

6582
05:59:00,000 --> 05:59:04,600
the photoelectric effect, By 
then the Nobel committee had 

6583
05:59:04,600 --> 05:59:07,900
become weary of the ongoing 
debate about relativity yet. 

6584
05:59:07,900 --> 05:59:10,400
They could not ignore his 
contributions to Quantum Theory.

6585
05:59:10,400 --> 05:59:14,700
When news arrived, Einstein was 
traveling in Asia, embarked on a

6586
05:59:14,700 --> 05:59:17,800
tour that took him to Japan 
where he was met by enthralled 

6587
05:59:17,800 --> 05:59:21,500
crowds and showered with gifts 
notes, from that trip reveal a 

6588
05:59:21,500 --> 05:59:24,900
man torn between gratitude for 
the adulation and a desire for 

6589
05:59:24,900 --> 05:59:27,500
solitude. 
Upon returning to Germany, 

6590
05:59:27,500 --> 05:59:30,300
Einstein found the political 
climate darker. 

6591
05:59:30,900 --> 05:59:33,800
The early stirrings of Nazi 
ideology were creeping into 

6592
05:59:33,800 --> 05:59:35,400
universities and public 
discourse. 

6593
05:59:35,400 --> 05:59:39,100
Although he tried to remain 
above Petty bickering, vicious 

6594
05:59:39,100 --> 05:59:40,700
attacks on his own German 
physics. 

6595
05:59:40,700 --> 05:59:44,400
Intensified right-wing 
Publications branded relativity 

6596
05:59:44,400 --> 05:59:46,600
are hoax. 
Some of his lectures were 

6597
05:59:46,600 --> 05:59:49,200
disrupted by hostile, 
demonstrators and rumors of 

6598
05:59:49,200 --> 05:59:54,000
assassination, plots circulated.
Elsa deeply concerned urged him 

6599
05:59:54,000 --> 05:59:57,200
to consider emigrating yet. 
Einstein hesitated. 

6600
05:59:57,200 --> 06:00:00,700
He felt a profound connection to
German speaking intellectual 

6601
06:00:00,700 --> 06:00:02,900
life. 
Despite recognizing his 

6602
06:00:02,900 --> 06:00:06,000
dangerous currents, he also 
clung to the hope that reason 

6603
06:00:06,000 --> 06:00:10,300
and Goodwill might Prevail. 
When not in Tangled in politics,

6604
06:00:10,300 --> 06:00:14,000
he continued refining his 
approach to Quantum puzzles, He 

6605
06:00:14,000 --> 06:00:16,400
developed thought experiments 
aimed at exposing hidden 

6606
06:00:16,400 --> 06:00:18,900
variables or revealing 
contradictions in the quantum 

6607
06:00:18,900 --> 06:00:21,600
framework. 
Each new exchange with bore 

6608
06:00:21,600 --> 06:00:23,900
underscored. 
The chasm between Einstein's 

6609
06:00:23,900 --> 06:00:27,100
quest for determinism and the 
Copenhagen schools acceptance of

6610
06:00:27,100 --> 06:00:31,400
uncertainty by the late 1920s, 
Einstein stature had grown 

6611
06:00:31,400 --> 06:00:34,400
colossal but so had his 
disillusionment with Europe's 

6612
06:00:34,400 --> 06:00:37,100
volatile mood. 
Whispers of an eventual 

6613
06:00:37,100 --> 06:00:41,000
departure grew louder in public.
He spoke calmly about the 

6614
06:00:41,000 --> 06:00:43,700
spiritual crisis. 
Afflicting the continent. 

6615
06:00:44,500 --> 06:00:48,000
Privately he pondered where his 
future, lay the man who had once

6616
06:00:48,000 --> 06:00:51,000
roamed Italy in his youth, 
yearning for free thought. 

6617
06:00:51,000 --> 06:00:55,700
Again stood, at a Crossroads, 
When Adolf Hitler Rose to power 

6618
06:00:55,700 --> 06:01:00,900
in 1933 Einstein's, predicament 
crystallized the Nazis targeted 

6619
06:01:00,900 --> 06:01:04,600
Jewish scientists of scapegoats 
accusing them of corrupting 

6620
06:01:04,600 --> 06:01:08,100
German culture. 
For Einstein, an internationally

6621
06:01:08,100 --> 06:01:11,400
admired thinker yet domestic 
Pariah remaining in Germany. 

6622
06:01:11,400 --> 06:01:15,300
Became untenable acting on 
Elsa's urging and his own sense 

6623
06:01:15,300 --> 06:01:17,900
of imminent danger. 
He left Berlin for what would 

6624
06:01:17,900 --> 06:01:22,200
become a permanent exile. 
Stopping briefly in Europe, he 

6625
06:01:22,200 --> 06:01:24,000
announced his resignation from 
the Prussian Academy. 

6626
06:01:24,000 --> 06:01:26,700
The move was both symbolic and 
pragmatic. 

6627
06:01:26,700 --> 06:01:29,700
He refused to serve an 
institution bent on persecuting 

6628
06:01:29,700 --> 06:01:31,700
him. 
Although, his name still 

6629
06:01:31,700 --> 06:01:33,800
commanded, respect abroad in 
Germany. 

6630
06:01:33,800 --> 06:01:37,300
His books were publicly burned 
and officials seized his assets.

6631
06:01:38,000 --> 06:01:41,300
Nazi propaganda labeled him. 
The arch enemy of true science 

6632
06:01:41,300 --> 06:01:46,200
unfazed by police and attacks. 
Einstein worried about friends 

6633
06:01:46,200 --> 06:01:48,800
and colleague's trapped in a 
regime that suppress free 

6634
06:01:48,800 --> 06:01:51,000
thought. 
He soon found refuge in the 

6635
06:01:51,000 --> 06:01:53,900
United States, accepting an 
appointment at the newly 

6636
06:01:53,900 --> 06:01:56,800
established Institute for 
advanced study in Princeton New 

6637
06:01:56,800 --> 06:02:00,000
Jersey Princeton offered 
Serenity and intellectual 

6638
06:02:00,000 --> 06:02:02,400
autonomy with no formal teaching
duties. 

6639
06:02:03,000 --> 06:02:06,000
The institutes wooded campus and
quite Community reminded 

6640
06:02:06,000 --> 06:02:08,400
Einstein of the Tranquility. 
He once treasured in 

6641
06:02:08,400 --> 06:02:11,400
Switzerland, he took up 
residence in a modest house on 

6642
06:02:11,400 --> 06:02:14,500
Mercer Street. 
Where Curious townsfolk would 

6643
06:02:14,500 --> 06:02:19,100
spot him on daily walks unruly 
hair type in hand lost in 

6644
06:02:19,100 --> 06:02:21,900
reflection. 
Yet exiled on him. 

6645
06:02:22,600 --> 06:02:26,000
The grateful for safety, he 
missed the vibrant cafes of 

6646
06:02:26,000 --> 06:02:29,200
Europe and lamented the plight 
of Jewish refugees barred from 

6647
06:02:29,200 --> 06:02:32,300
many countries. 
He became an outspoken advocate 

6648
06:02:32,300 --> 06:02:34,300
for civil rights and 
international cooperation. 

6649
06:02:34,300 --> 06:02:37,500
Determined to counter the nuts. 
Nazi threat. 

6650
06:02:38,300 --> 06:02:41,000
He supported various relief 
organizations, assisting to 

6651
06:02:41,000 --> 06:02:44,800
place Scholars letters from this
period reflect a mix of relief 

6652
06:02:44,800 --> 06:02:49,600
sorrow and moral. 
Urgently scientifically Einstein

6653
06:02:49,600 --> 06:02:51,700
continued to question the 
underpinning of quantum 

6654
06:02:51,700 --> 06:02:54,000
mechanics. 
He collaborated with Boris 

6655
06:02:54,000 --> 06:02:58,200
podolsky and Nathan Rose, and on
the famous 1935 epr, Paradox 

6656
06:02:58,200 --> 06:03:01,500
asserting that quantum theory 
was incomplete. 

6657
06:03:01,500 --> 06:03:05,000
This paper challenge, the 
Copenhagen interpretation by 

6658
06:03:05,000 --> 06:03:08,700
suggesting that spooky action at
a distance conflicted with the 

6659
06:03:08,700 --> 06:03:10,300
principles of locality and 
realism. 

6660
06:03:11,200 --> 06:03:13,700
Though intended to reveal 
quantum mechanics, shortcomings.

6661
06:03:13,700 --> 06:03:17,500
The paper instead pave the way 
for future breakthroughs in 

6662
06:03:17,500 --> 06:03:21,500
quantum entanglement research, 
ironically fueling the very 

6663
06:03:21,500 --> 06:03:27,800
field Einstein doubted Meanwhile
Global tensions escalated as 

6664
06:03:27,800 --> 06:03:31,700
Nazi Germany, expanded its 
militaristic Ambitions Einstein 

6665
06:03:31,700 --> 06:03:33,700
was drawn into geopolitical 
concerns. 

6666
06:03:33,700 --> 06:03:36,700
He had tried to avoid Friends 
cautioned him about the 

6667
06:03:36,700 --> 06:03:39,900
possibility of an atomic bomb, 
highlighting the dire 

6668
06:03:39,900 --> 06:03:41,900
consequences. 
If Hitler's regime managed to 

6669
06:03:41,900 --> 06:03:45,400
harness nuclear fission first. 
Ironically, it was Einstein's 

6670
06:03:45,400 --> 06:03:48,100
own mass energy. 
Equivalence E equals MC squared.

6671
06:03:48,100 --> 06:03:50,400
That foreshadowed the 
destructive power of splitting 

6672
06:03:50,400 --> 06:03:53,100
the atom Alarmed by such 
prospects. 

6673
06:03:53,100 --> 06:03:56,800
He allowed Hungarian Emma Gray 
physicist, Leo, szilard to draft

6674
06:03:56,800 --> 06:04:00,500
a letter in 1939. 
Alerting US President Franklin, 

6675
06:04:00,500 --> 06:04:02,200
D. 
Roosevelt to the possibility of 

6676
06:04:02,200 --> 06:04:06,000
a German Atomic program. 
This letter bearing Einstein's 

6677
06:04:06,000 --> 06:04:08,900
signature catalyzed the 
Manhattan Project, though, 

6678
06:04:08,900 --> 06:04:11,900
Einstein himself never worked 
directly on Atomic weapons. 

6679
06:04:11,900 --> 06:04:15,300
Regret haunted him in later 
Recollections. 

6680
06:04:15,300 --> 06:04:18,100
He lamented that had. 
He foreseen the scale of 

6681
06:04:18,100 --> 06:04:19,800
Devastation nuclear arms would 
bring. 

6682
06:04:19,800 --> 06:04:23,200
He might never have signed the 
warning yet at the time 

6683
06:04:23,200 --> 06:04:25,100
Einstein's. 
Pacifist. 

6684
06:04:25,100 --> 06:04:28,700
Leanings clashed with real 
politic a painful contradiction.

6685
06:04:28,700 --> 06:04:30,100
He carried to the end of his 
life. 

6686
06:04:30,900 --> 06:04:35,100
Princeton gradually became home.
Einstein strolled its streets in

6687
06:04:35,100 --> 06:04:37,900
tattered sweaters. 
Occasionally offering an 

6688
06:04:37,900 --> 06:04:39,600
impromptu violin performance for
friends. 

6689
06:04:39,600 --> 06:04:43,900
You feel did letters from admire
as worldwide often replying with

6690
06:04:43,900 --> 06:04:47,200
brief but thoughtful notes 
Photos from the era show. 

6691
06:04:47,200 --> 06:04:50,400
A gentle face figure. equal 
parts, grandfather and 

6692
06:04:50,400 --> 06:04:54,400
inscrutable he advised younger 
scientists although his own 

6693
06:04:54,400 --> 06:04:57,800
research shifted away from 
mainstream physics fixated on 

6694
06:04:57,800 --> 06:05:00,200
unifying gravity with 
electromagnetic forces. 

6695
06:05:00,200 --> 06:05:03,100
He pursued a theory of 
everything that increasingly 

6696
06:05:03,100 --> 06:05:05,900
isolated him from the 
cutting-edge work on Quantum 

6697
06:05:05,900 --> 06:05:09,500
Fields outside. 
The academic sphere, Einstein 

6698
06:05:09,500 --> 06:05:11,000
gained a voice in public 
debates. 

6699
06:05:11,000 --> 06:05:14,800
He spoke out Against Racism. 
In America comparing it to the 

6700
06:05:14,808 --> 06:05:18,000
anti-jewish sentiments. 
He had witnessed in Europe, He 

6701
06:05:18,000 --> 06:05:20,500
supported civil rights activists
and forged friendships with 

6702
06:05:20,500 --> 06:05:23,500
prominent black leaders despite 
the era's pervasive 

6703
06:05:23,500 --> 06:05:26,600
discrimination. 
Occasionally, he faced criticism

6704
06:05:26,600 --> 06:05:29,900
for meddling in social issues 
rather than sticking to science.

6705
06:05:30,900 --> 06:05:34,200
But I Einstein considered moral 
responsibility Inseparable from 

6706
06:05:34,200 --> 06:05:37,700
intellectual freedom. 
As World War 2 rage are 

6707
06:05:37,700 --> 06:05:39,000
Einstein's heartbreak was 
twofold. 

6708
06:05:39,000 --> 06:05:43,700
Germany is intellectual cradle, 
had become a synonym for 

6709
06:05:43,700 --> 06:05:46,800
barbarity, while the Allies were
forced to develop weapons of 

6710
06:05:46,800 --> 06:05:50,600
unprecedented lethality. 
He could only watch from afar 

6711
06:05:50,600 --> 06:05:53,600
offering moral support and 
condemnation of fascist 

6712
06:05:53,600 --> 06:05:56,600
ideologies. 
In the aftermath of World War 2 

6713
06:05:56,600 --> 06:05:59,300
Albert Einstein status as a 
global icon. 

6714
06:05:59,300 --> 06:06:03,400
Solidified Yet his latter years 
were marked by reflection in a 

6715
06:06:03,408 --> 06:06:06,500
sense of unresolved questions. 
Despite pushing physics towards 

6716
06:06:06,500 --> 06:06:09,400
quantum theory, he remained 
resistant to its probabilistic 

6717
06:06:09,400 --> 06:06:12,400
core. 
Though, the Manhattan Project 

6718
06:06:12,400 --> 06:06:15,600
had validated the destructive 
potential of E equals MC 

6719
06:06:15,600 --> 06:06:18,900
squared. 
It also weighed heavily on his 

6720
06:06:18,900 --> 06:06:21,900
conscience. 
He loathed the arms race that 

6721
06:06:21,900 --> 06:06:24,500
followed and spoke openly 
against nuclear proliferation. 

6722
06:06:25,800 --> 06:06:29,000
Living in Princeton. 
He continued his quest for a 

6723
06:06:29,000 --> 06:06:32,000
unified field Theory, an 
ambitious bid to reconcile 

6724
06:06:32,000 --> 06:06:34,400
electromagnetism. 
And gravity under one framework,

6725
06:06:34,400 --> 06:06:38,100
he toiled over complex 
equations, convinced that nature

6726
06:06:38,100 --> 06:06:41,800
possessed an underlying 
simplicity Critics meanwhile, 

6727
06:06:41,800 --> 06:06:44,600
argued that he was out of touch 
with emerging Quantum field, 

6728
06:06:44,600 --> 06:06:48,900
theories, undeterred Einstein 
pursued his unification program,

6729
06:06:48,900 --> 06:06:52,900
almost in solitude like in 
himself to a loan travel or on a

6730
06:06:52,900 --> 06:06:55,900
Winding Road. 
Younger physicists acknowledged 

6731
06:06:55,900 --> 06:06:58,600
his genius but often parted ways
with his methods. 

6732
06:06:58,600 --> 06:07:01,800
Embracing instead the quantum 
approach, he had always found 

6733
06:07:01,800 --> 06:07:04,900
unsettling Beyond science. 
Einstein's. 

6734
06:07:04,900 --> 06:07:06,900
Voice resonated in global 
debates. 

6735
06:07:06,900 --> 06:07:10,200
He championed a super national 
government to curb the risk of 

6736
06:07:10,208 --> 06:07:13,200
nuclear war, advocating 
collective security over 

6737
06:07:13,200 --> 06:07:16,200
nationalism. 
Despite controversies many 

6738
06:07:16,200 --> 06:07:19,900
admired, his stance seeing in 
him a moral compass shape, by 

6739
06:07:19,900 --> 06:07:22,100
first-hand experience of 
authoritarianism. 

6740
06:07:22,100 --> 06:07:24,100
He wrote letters to world 
leaders. 

6741
06:07:24,100 --> 06:07:28,100
Sometimes scoring partial 
victories, often meeting polite 

6742
06:07:28,100 --> 06:07:31,000
in difference. 
Yeti pressed on believing that 

6743
06:07:31,000 --> 06:07:34,200
scientific Insight conferred, a 
duty to safeguard Humanity from 

6744
06:07:34,200 --> 06:07:37,100
its inventions. 
His private life in Prince and 

6745
06:07:37,100 --> 06:07:40,300
had a gentle routine. 
Each morning brought a steady 

6746
06:07:40,300 --> 06:07:42,100
stream of letters. 
Seeking his opinion on 

6747
06:07:42,108 --> 06:07:44,800
everything from cosmic theories 
to personal woes. 

6748
06:07:45,600 --> 06:07:48,500
He obliged when he could, but 
dismissed frivolous requests 

6749
06:07:48,500 --> 06:07:51,800
after noon's often involved slow
Wars or reading classical 

6750
06:07:51,800 --> 06:07:55,100
literature, evening's might find
him improvising on the violin 

6751
06:07:55,100 --> 06:07:57,600
seeking solace in music 
structured for freedom. 

6752
06:07:58,100 --> 06:08:01,100
Friends found him warm, but 
occasionally aloof an introvert.

6753
06:08:01,100 --> 06:08:05,500
Who value genuine conversation, 
yet to Small Talk, Elsa's death 

6754
06:08:05,508 --> 06:08:09,100
in 1936, had left an emotional 
Gap that he filled through 

6755
06:08:09,100 --> 06:08:13,000
companionship with his 
stepdaughter Margo and a circle 

6756
06:08:13,000 --> 06:08:17,200
of close confidants. 
His older son's Albert pursued 

6757
06:08:17,200 --> 06:08:20,200
an engineering career. 
While younger son, Edward 

6758
06:08:20,200 --> 06:08:23,200
battled health challenges that 
Einstein struggled to comprehend

6759
06:08:23,200 --> 06:08:26,300
but he remained steadfast in 
providing financial and 

6760
06:08:26,300 --> 06:08:31,100
emotional support from afar. 
As the Cold War, donned Einstein

6761
06:08:31,100 --> 06:08:33,400
found himself in a complicated 
political environment. 

6762
06:08:34,200 --> 06:08:38,500
Paradoxically the FBI kept files
on him viewing his pacifist, 

6763
06:08:38,500 --> 06:08:42,200
leanings and Global Outlook as 
potentially subversive rumors 

6764
06:08:42,200 --> 06:08:44,700
circulated that he was 
sympathetic to communist causes 

6765
06:08:44,700 --> 06:08:46,600
though. 
He consistently denounced 

6766
06:08:46,600 --> 06:08:51,000
stalinist oppression instead, 
Einstein championed Universal 

6767
06:08:51,000 --> 06:08:55,100
human rights, he grew vocally 
critical of McCarthyism branding

6768
06:08:55,100 --> 06:08:57,000
it in assault, on intellectual 
Freedom. 

6769
06:08:57,000 --> 06:08:58,500
Akin to the political witch 
hunts. 

6770
06:08:58,500 --> 06:09:02,400
He had fled in Germany. 
By the early 1950s health 

6771
06:09:02,400 --> 06:09:04,500
issues, nudged him toward a 
quieter pace? 

6772
06:09:05,300 --> 06:09:08,900
Yet his mind remained agile, and
he sometimes engaged in public 

6773
06:09:08,900 --> 06:09:12,200
letters, urging scientists to 
unite for peaceful Endeavors. 

6774
06:09:12,200 --> 06:09:16,000
He admired younger luminaries 
like Kurt girdle and conversed 

6775
06:09:16,000 --> 06:09:18,200
with them about the nature of 
logic and Mathematics. 

6776
06:09:19,000 --> 06:09:21,200
But he found little common 
ground with the new wave of 

6777
06:09:21,200 --> 06:09:24,300
particle physics. 
Students worldwide still saw him

6778
06:09:24,300 --> 06:09:27,200
as an emblem of pure genius. 
While I Einstein himself 

6779
06:09:27,200 --> 06:09:30,200
downplayed personal accolades, 
insisting, he had simply 

6780
06:09:30,200 --> 06:09:32,400
followed his curiosity, wherever
it led. 

6781
06:09:33,300 --> 06:09:37,400
In 1955 Einstein experience in 
internal bleeding from an 

6782
06:09:37,400 --> 06:09:40,700
abdominal aneurysm though. 
Doctors recommended surgery. 

6783
06:09:40,700 --> 06:09:43,900
He refused declaring that. 
It was his time to go with 

6784
06:09:43,900 --> 06:09:45,800
dignity. 
True to form. 

6785
06:09:45,800 --> 06:09:48,400
He spent his final days, 
revising a speech, he intended 

6786
06:09:48,400 --> 06:09:51,800
to deliver for Israel's 7th, 
anniversary reflecting his 

6787
06:09:51,800 --> 06:09:54,500
long-standing support for Jewish
communities, while advocating, 

6788
06:09:54,500 --> 06:09:58,800
peaceful coexistence. 
He died on April 18th, 1955, 

6789
06:09:58,800 --> 06:10:02,200
leaving behind notes, and half 
finished equations in search of 

6790
06:10:02,200 --> 06:10:06,100
that, elusive, unified field. 
News of his passing reverberated

6791
06:10:06,100 --> 06:10:09,200
across the globe, world leaders 
and fellow scientists. 

6792
06:10:09,200 --> 06:10:11,800
Paid tribute to the man who had 
reshaped our understanding of 

6793
06:10:11,800 --> 06:10:16,900
space time and energy. 
Yet Einstein's Legacy extended 

6794
06:10:16,900 --> 06:10:20,100
Beyond equation's. 
He embodied the principle that 

6795
06:10:20,100 --> 06:10:23,100
moral conviction. 
And intellectual daring can and 

6796
06:10:23,100 --> 06:10:27,400
must coexist in death, he became
even more iconic. 

6797
06:10:27,400 --> 06:10:30,900
His name synonymous with 
Visionary genius and his 

6798
06:10:30,908 --> 06:10:33,900
photograph instantly 
recognizable as a totem of human

6799
06:10:33,900 --> 06:10:37,000
possibility. 
Today, I Einstein's work 

6800
06:10:37,000 --> 06:10:39,900
undergirds Technologies from GPS
to nuclear power. 

6801
06:10:40,600 --> 06:10:42,100
His debate about quantum 
mechanics. 

6802
06:10:42,100 --> 06:10:45,300
Remain at the heart of physics 
pointing toward from tears in 

6803
06:10:45,308 --> 06:10:46,900
entanglement and information 
Theory. 

6804
06:10:47,600 --> 06:10:50,200
In that tension between 
breathtaking Discovery and 

6805
06:10:50,200 --> 06:10:53,200
ethical uncertainty lies. 
The fullest measure of Albert 

6806
06:10:53,200 --> 06:10:55,200
Einstein's. 
Singular complex Legacy.