Da Tubes Lecture (Shoots and Roots)

<v Speaker 1>So today we're talking about shoots and roots. We're talking
<v Speaker 1>about shoots and roots. We're talking about the tubes, a
<v Speaker 1>series of tubes inside. I'm providing this. This is for
<v Speaker 1>a class that I'm teaching, but I figure, what the shit,
<v Speaker 1>why not make it available to everybody?
<v Speaker 2>This is in everybody class.
<v Speaker 1>Kind of like you know how the Italian said Columbus
<v Speaker 1>Days and everybody holiday. That's a fucking corny joke from
<v Speaker 1>a nineties sketch comedy. Ignore that. I don't celebrate Columbus
<v Speaker 1>Day either. I celebrate Indigenous People's Day, which is also
<v Speaker 1>in everybody holiday. Everybody should celebrate the Indigenous anyway. Fuck,
<v Speaker 1>let's keep going, all.
<v Speaker 2>Right, so everybody holiday.
<v Speaker 1>Okay, So anyway, what we're doing today, we're doing Ravens
<v Speaker 1>Biology of Plants this book right here, which is downloadable
<v Speaker 1>in the drive, and we're doing plant systematics. Okay, what's
<v Speaker 1>the difference in them? Ravens Biology of Plants is really
<v Speaker 1>heavy on the physiology and the biology, whereas plant systematics
<v Speaker 1>deals with basically that each lineage of plants and how
<v Speaker 1>and how they differ, and being that eighty percent of
<v Speaker 1>being that eighty percent of plants or angiosperms. Most of
<v Speaker 1>the book in Plant Systematics as angiosperms, but it's it's
<v Speaker 1>I really I prefer Plants Systematics honestly because it's got
<v Speaker 1>a whole chapter on plant morphology, chapter nine, and it
<v Speaker 1>covers it parallels a lot of the stuff you learn
<v Speaker 1>in Raven's Biology of Plants. But it doesn't have as
<v Speaker 1>many microscope slide photos, which I personally don't like because
<v Speaker 1>it's one thing to be, you know, in a lab
<v Speaker 1>looking through a microscope. It's another thing to be looking
<v Speaker 1>at photos of microscope slides in a book, which is
<v Speaker 1>you know, I prefer the drawings more, you know, I
<v Speaker 1>prefer a nice a nice drawing of a Microsoft What's
<v Speaker 1>something you'd see in a microscope slide than the microscope
<v Speaker 1>slide itself. It's just it's not it's blurry, it's abstract.
<v Speaker 1>It's like a It's like a fucking roth Coo painting
<v Speaker 1>or something in a way. Maybe a little bit more organization,
<v Speaker 1>but I just see those microscope slide photos and I
<v Speaker 1>want to lay down in the middle of the road.
<v Speaker 1>So Plant Systematics has really got it all. Anthra attachment,
<v Speaker 1>different types of stems, so that's what we're gonna be
<v Speaker 1>deal with it. We're gonna be done with stems and roots. Okay,
<v Speaker 1>so both are downloadable in that Google drive until it
<v Speaker 1>gets shut down by a man. And a man will
<v Speaker 1>shut you down if he knows you're sharing one hundred
<v Speaker 1>and forty dollars textbooks for free.
<v Speaker 2>But I get a tablet.
<v Speaker 1>Get your ass at tablet, even like a Samsung A
<v Speaker 1>nine reallys it's like one hundred bucks, carry thirty thousand
<v Speaker 1>books on it. So all right, starting off, I got
<v Speaker 1>a little slide presentation prepared, and it looks like this
<v Speaker 1>is actually recording, which is good because last time it
<v Speaker 1>didn't record any sound. So we're gonna go. We're gonna
<v Speaker 1>just launch right into it. Okay, here we go, So
<v Speaker 1>shoots and roots, all right. We talked about flowers. Actually,
<v Speaker 1>I don't know if I made that lecture public and
<v Speaker 1>available on the live stream, but I should. I certainly
<v Speaker 1>are on the on the podcast, but I should. They'll
<v Speaker 1>just do it again because that flower morphology shit's really important.
<v Speaker 1>I mean that we group plants by their flowers. We
<v Speaker 1>group plants into families. Family is the essential unit, and
<v Speaker 1>we use flowers to group things, but into families. Because
<v Speaker 1>they're evolutionarily conserved colmostly these day nice a, right, The
<v Speaker 1>reproductive structures don't change too much within a genus or
<v Speaker 1>a family. The general theme doesn't, but the leaves can,
<v Speaker 1>so can the form. Okay, So anyway, shoots and roots.
<v Speaker 1>This covers chapters twenty three, twenty four to twenty five
<v Speaker 1>and raven Biology of plants. Okay, we're dealing primarily with angiosperms,
<v Speaker 1>but there's similarities in conifers and et cetera. So so
<v Speaker 1>shoots comprise stems and leaves, all right, It makes perfect sense.
<v Speaker 1>They provide structure to get plants ap off the ground,
<v Speaker 1>to collect light and carbon dioxide. More more room for
<v Speaker 1>solar panels if you can get them up off the
<v Speaker 1>ground versus if they're just laying on the ground. There's
<v Speaker 1>only so much service area. That makes sense. I don't
<v Speaker 1>need to explain that roots collect water and minerals.
<v Speaker 2>Okay.
<v Speaker 1>Appical mirrors stems, though, are the places of new cell growth. Okay,
<v Speaker 1>both roots and stems contain appical marastemes. That's a word
<v Speaker 1>to remember. Appical marrastems. That's where new cell division is occurring,
<v Speaker 1>active new growth. Okay, so you know but there can
<v Speaker 1>be many apical marrastems. That's why, like a leaf can't heal.
<v Speaker 1>If a leaf is damaged, it can't heal. It Normally
<v Speaker 1>just ebb sizes and falls off the stem, and then
<v Speaker 1>a new apical apical bud on that stem that you know,
<v Speaker 1>a new axillary leaf budge just sends out a new leaf. Okay,
<v Speaker 1>So apical marastems are places of new cell growth. Both
<v Speaker 1>roots and stems contain appical mara stems. Apical mara stems
<v Speaker 1>go up and they go down. The roots grow down
<v Speaker 1>towards gravity and away from the light and branch a
<v Speaker 1>little bit, and the uh, the shoots go up, you know,
<v Speaker 1>towards the sky, collecting light.
<v Speaker 2>All right.
<v Speaker 1>So uh as plants grow from the marastimes if the
<v Speaker 1>marastims survive a weeding operation. You know, like my fucking
<v Speaker 1>neighbor had this beautiful desert yard and the house got sold.
<v Speaker 1>The old lady moved out, the new owner moved in.
<v Speaker 1>He's a shithead, no offense to them. He's probably not into
<v Speaker 1>this podcast. Some fucking rich guy and uh, you know
<v Speaker 1>he just went to town or he had workers do it.
<v Speaker 1>Hack away all these fucking agaves and lucophilums and just
<v Speaker 1>wonderful shit that was in his yard, and he wants
<v Speaker 1>to put a gravel yard, and I don't know which
<v Speaker 1>people get weird fucking ideas and don't know what the
<v Speaker 1>fuck they're doing, and so you end up with this.
<v Speaker 1>And so it sucked too because I was rescuing much
<v Speaker 1>of cat DII from his yard and there's all the
<v Speaker 1>all these geckos and all the animals that lived in
<v Speaker 1>his yard is fucking running for cover. They'll probably end
<v Speaker 1>up in mind, which is fine. But the stuff that's hacked, okay,
<v Speaker 1>can regrow as long as there's there's buds, as long
<v Speaker 1>as there's there's buds. If there's no buds present, it's
<v Speaker 1>not going to regrow. Okay, there's dormant buds throughout all
<v Speaker 1>the shoots and cacti are just shoots, they're just stems, Okay.
<v Speaker 1>Cac is just a stem that lost its leaves. The
<v Speaker 1>leaves turned into spines.
<v Speaker 2>So uh.
<v Speaker 1>Anyway, if if a weeding operation removes the weeds, leaves
<v Speaker 1>and the weed can regrow new leaves from the buds
<v Speaker 1>and the leaf axles. If, however, the weeding operation kills
<v Speaker 1>all the shoot buds. Then the weed will be unable
<v Speaker 1>to regrow new foliage and so will die the weed
<v Speaker 1>or the native plant that was in the yard that
<v Speaker 1>this dude didn't know how to appreciate because he was indoctrinated,
<v Speaker 1>like all of us are at a young agent. The
<v Speaker 1>thinking plants are what you you know, the plants in
<v Speaker 1>the landscape, the shit you buy from home depot. Everything
<v Speaker 1>else is.
<v Speaker 2>A weed.
<v Speaker 1>Fucking home depot. What is an applical marastem. It's a
<v Speaker 1>growing point. All new growth occurs in marass stems, stem cells,
<v Speaker 1>maris stems, nowhere else. Maras stems contain undifferentiated cells. The
<v Speaker 1>cells are not differentiated yet they differentiate and turn into
<v Speaker 1>their assigned cell type as that tissue matures. Okay, but
<v Speaker 1>they're you know, they're like primordial, like leaf primordia in
<v Speaker 1>an apical marastem. Okay, So like a maple tree can
<v Speaker 1>have many apical marastems. It's got many branches every place
<v Speaker 1>that new growth is occurring, not just well, even even
<v Speaker 1>leaves that are you know, coming out in the spring
<v Speaker 1>apical marrastems. Okay, So those actualary leaf buds are technically
<v Speaker 1>appical maras stems too.
<v Speaker 2>All right.
<v Speaker 1>Maraistematic tissues are cells or groups of cells out of
<v Speaker 1>the ability to divide. These tissues in a plant consists
<v Speaker 1>of small, densely pecked cells that can keep dividing to
<v Speaker 1>form new cells. Marist thematic tissue is characterized by small cells,
<v Speaker 1>thin cell walls, large cell nuclei, absent or small vacuoles,
<v Speaker 1>and no intercellular spaces. Maris thematic tissues are found in
<v Speaker 1>many locations, including near the tips of roots and stems,
<v Speaker 1>in the buds and nodes of stems, in the cambium
<v Speaker 1>between the xylemin floam and diecots only monocots don't have cambium.
<v Speaker 1>Monocots don't produce secondary growth. Then we'll get into this
<v Speaker 1>as we go on. Okay, Palm trees no secondary growth.
<v Speaker 2>That's why they just grow up. They don't grow wide.
<v Speaker 1>Some palms can get a little wide, it's not true
<v Speaker 1>secondary growth. They can get a little bit wider as
<v Speaker 1>they grow. Nowhere near as wide as like an oak
<v Speaker 1>tree is going to get between youth and maturity. Okay,
<v Speaker 1>but that's not true true secondary growth.
<v Speaker 2>Okay.
<v Speaker 1>No monocots, corn agave, yuccas, none of them have true
<v Speaker 1>secondary growth, all right, They can't really get wider, all right.
<v Speaker 1>Some of the fucking yuckas down in Mexico can rival it.
<v Speaker 1>But I think that's just an enlargement of some of
<v Speaker 1>the cells. I don't know, If I don't know, there's
<v Speaker 1>not a true cambium there, okay. And so like if
<v Speaker 1>you cross, if you across section of a monocot, you know,
<v Speaker 1>cut horizontally, looking down at all the cells, looks way different.
<v Speaker 1>The plumbing inside the zim and the floone which we're
<v Speaker 1>gonna get to, looks way different than the plumbing inside
<v Speaker 1>a diecot. Remember two main types of angiosperms flowering plants,
<v Speaker 1>monocots and diecots. There's a whole lineage of more early
<v Speaker 1>branching angiosperms in between monocots and diecots. I talked about
<v Speaker 1>that last class, all right, like the magnolias members of
<v Speaker 1>the avocado family, Cava and pipe ales that order. But
<v Speaker 1>don't worry about that, all right. They're kind of anomalous.
<v Speaker 1>They're like the there's a whole name for that clade.
<v Speaker 1>You'll find it on that angiosperm phylogeny poster. But just
<v Speaker 1>for all intents and purposes, just consider monocots and dicots.
<v Speaker 1>All right, that's basically the two subunits of angiosperm. Is
<v Speaker 1>it a monocot or a dicot? Does it have one
<v Speaker 1>seed leaf monocottletin or a die cut two seed leafs dichotalyte.
<v Speaker 1>All right, Anyway, we got off track there a little bit. Sorry,
<v Speaker 1>I tend to do that.
<v Speaker 2>Okay.
<v Speaker 1>Maarismatic tissues are found in many locations in camp Okay,
<v Speaker 1>we're talking about in cambium between the xylum and flowam
<v Speaker 1>of dicots, which have a cambium. That's how they grow laterally,
<v Speaker 1>how they get wider under the epidermis of dichyl Dikata leadinis,
<v Speaker 1>trees and shrubs the cork cambi, and you got two
<v Speaker 1>types of lateral cambian and diecots. You have vascular cambium
<v Speaker 1>and cork cambium.
<v Speaker 2>The bark and in.
<v Speaker 1>The paracycle of roots producing branch roots. Okay, so there's
<v Speaker 1>marastims in there. That's how that's how lateral branches form
<v Speaker 1>on roots. The two types of marastems are primary marastems
<v Speaker 1>and secondary marastems. And remember monocots don't have secondary marastems.
<v Speaker 2>We already talked about this, right.
<v Speaker 1>The apical marastem, also known as the growing tip, is
<v Speaker 1>an undifferentiated mirrors thematic tissue found in the buds are
<v Speaker 1>the growing tips of roots and plants. Its main function
<v Speaker 1>is to trigger the growth of new cells in young
<v Speaker 1>in young ceilings at the tips of roots and shoots
<v Speaker 1>and forming buds, not just young ceilings but growing trees
<v Speaker 1>as well. So anyway, and that was from Libre Texts
<v Speaker 1>thirty eleven. That's a libre text biology. That's a free
<v Speaker 1>textbook you can download online. Okay, we talked about this already.
<v Speaker 1>Apical marastems in lateral mirrorstems, all right, apical primary growth,
<v Speaker 1>lateral marastimes secondary growth, which monocots don't have. If I
<v Speaker 1>didn't say that six times already, right, apical marastimes located
<v Speaker 1>at the tips of roots and shoots responsible for primary growth,
<v Speaker 1>lengthening lateral marastems, vascular cambium and cork cambium found in
<v Speaker 1>the stem responsible for secondary growth. Mono cuts do not
<v Speaker 1>have lateral marastemes that do not produce secondary growth. Said
<v Speaker 1>that seven times. Now, if you don't remember it is
<v Speaker 1>if you forget this later on, I'm gonna be mad
<v Speaker 1>and hurt.
<v Speaker 2>I'm gonna be very hurt.
<v Speaker 1>All right, apical marats, Okay, we already, we already said it.
<v Speaker 1>Fucking I'm really running this shit home. Okay, we had
<v Speaker 1>to like this little diagram here, growth in length, production
<v Speaker 1>of leaves, production of branches, roots, let's focus on well,
<v Speaker 1>first off, apical marastimes. Look, you gotta over here a
<v Speaker 1>cross section of a stem. This little bud go at
<v Speaker 1>the top of a stem, like you got over here, and.
<v Speaker 2>Over here you got a cross section of the root.
<v Speaker 1>So you can see there's many sub units in each
<v Speaker 1>of those, Okay, and there's a lateral maristem grows with wise,
<v Speaker 1>you got cork, a bark, cork cambium which is growing
<v Speaker 1>dividing cell. The bark grows, Okay, the bark is dead tissue,
<v Speaker 1>but it grows. The cambium produces it, and then it
<v Speaker 1>later dies and then it's just used as the bark
<v Speaker 1>vascular cambium that produces a xylum and flow them. That's
<v Speaker 1>what's responsible for the tree rings and dicots. That's why
<v Speaker 1>there's no tree rings in a palm tree. You can't
<v Speaker 1>date a palm tree with the rings. Okay, or in
<v Speaker 1>a gave or a yucca or any of that. All right, okay, nice,
<v Speaker 1>this is from Plant Systematics. This cross section okay, shoot
<v Speaker 1>appical maras them up top. You got the shoot and
<v Speaker 1>then you got it's a nice cross section of a
<v Speaker 1>plant in the soil, just their generic ass plant shoot
<v Speaker 1>and root. Got the soil line. You got an enlargement
<v Speaker 1>of the root appical marastem with the root cap, the
<v Speaker 1>vascular cylinder inside. It's the plumbing, the vascular sure, the
<v Speaker 1>root hairs which are just part of the epidermis. Root
<v Speaker 1>hairs are just living, living, living tissue from the epidermis.
<v Speaker 1>They're part of the epidermis.
<v Speaker 2>Okay.
<v Speaker 1>Then up here you got the shoot appical marasthem with
<v Speaker 1>the bud primordium, right, and you get the new leaves.
<v Speaker 1>You can see you got like four rows of leaves.
<v Speaker 2>Stacked up there. Okay.
<v Speaker 1>The shoot consists of stems plus leaves, apical marastem, axillary buds, nodes,
<v Speaker 1>inner nodes, leaves, leaf primordia. Roots consist of an apical maristem.
<v Speaker 1>A root cap really important because that root is moving
<v Speaker 1>through the soil getting abraided by all kinds of shit.
<v Speaker 1>That root cap can just lose cells. It can get
<v Speaker 1>cells scraped off because it's producing new ones. It's part
<v Speaker 1>of the root well. It's it's an extension of the
<v Speaker 1>root appical marasin. The root appical marastem creates the cells
<v Speaker 1>that the root cap. They comprise the root cap.
<v Speaker 2>But the root cap.
<v Speaker 1>I mean, if you take a potted plant, you can
<v Speaker 1>look at that waxy looking material at the end of
<v Speaker 1>a root, you know, like a thick root, and that's
<v Speaker 1>the root cap.
<v Speaker 2>That's basically just.
<v Speaker 1>Acting like a little helmet for the root as it
<v Speaker 1>moves through the soil, getting the braided by all kinds
<v Speaker 1>of shit, you know, little bits of sand, rock, whatever.
<v Speaker 2>Okay.
<v Speaker 1>It's basically just kind of like a drill bit.
<v Speaker 2>Okay.
<v Speaker 1>And then you've got a mucilad sheath, which is the
<v Speaker 1>hydrated polysaccharide. The mucilad is like a lube. It's like
<v Speaker 1>an oil that helps that root move through the soil
<v Speaker 1>as it grows as well. Okay, vascular cylinder, root hairs,
<v Speaker 1>lateral roots. Okay, So the plant maintains a balance between
<v Speaker 1>its shoot and root systems. Since new above ground tissue
<v Speaker 1>requires water for the most part, the vegetative mass up
<v Speaker 1>top has to have an equal supply of root tissue
<v Speaker 1>for collecting water and minerals down below in order to
<v Speaker 1>supply those above ground parts with what they need. This
<v Speaker 1>is known as the root to shoot ratio. It is
<v Speaker 1>the ratio of total service area available for the manufacture
<v Speaker 1>of food to the total service area available for the
<v Speaker 1>absorption of water and minerals. If either side of this
<v Speaker 1>equation is damaged, it affects the other side. Okay, damage
<v Speaker 1>to roots, whether by root rot, overwatering, construction, or drying out,
<v Speaker 1>causes death of shoots. And you'll see this. So if
<v Speaker 1>you got branches dying up top, look to the roots,
<v Speaker 1>all right. Likewise we're taking a root out of the
<v Speaker 1>ground and transplanting. Your roots are invertiably disturbed, and fine
<v Speaker 1>roots are destroyed and leftiand and the soil cutting back
<v Speaker 1>the shoot helps to re establish a balance between the
<v Speaker 1>root system and the shootsy ism when we were saving plants,
<v Speaker 1>salvaging plants from the human tumor at the border wall operation,
<v Speaker 1>or this jackass who wanted to turn his property into
<v Speaker 1>a USDA funded grazing plot to graze cattle in the desert,
<v Speaker 1>and he was destroying a bunch of cool cacti. You know,
<v Speaker 1>dude's definitely in need of, if you know, physician assisted
<v Speaker 1>NDMA therapy. I mean, a guy's probably got sixty years
<v Speaker 1>of emotional trauma and you know, pain that he's covering
<v Speaker 1>up with this ego that he waves around like.
<v Speaker 2>A big old dick.
<v Speaker 1>She said, thing that a lot of Texas men do
<v Speaker 1>you see that? I mean, metal over the place. Really,
<v Speaker 1>let's be really, it's a Texas thing. You see those
<v Speaker 1>fucking trucks riding your ass so they can get to
<v Speaker 1>the you know, the fucking red light two hundred feet up.
<v Speaker 2>It's a Texas thing. Man.
<v Speaker 1>That is like, you know, some of the worst drivers in.
<v Speaker 2>The world that I've ever encountered.
<v Speaker 1>You know, Wow, it's really you know, I said, wow,
<v Speaker 1>you know you're already going like eighty five miles. Partly
<v Speaker 1>there's some dude riding your ass and it's roted up
<v Speaker 1>truck with you know, ninety thousand dollars of fucking accessories
<v Speaker 1>put on whatever. Anyway, Bud, he'd be out of shape
<v Speaker 1>going up a flight of stairs. Okay, it's enough. I'm
<v Speaker 1>done shitting on the finer parts of Texas.
<v Speaker 2>I do love it here.
<v Speaker 1>Maybe not the culture so much, but people can be
<v Speaker 1>very nice and does have a wonderful assortment of geology
<v Speaker 1>and plants.
<v Speaker 2>Moving right along.
<v Speaker 1>When we were salvaging plants at the border Wall operation,
<v Speaker 1>I watched a friend of mine dig out a small
<v Speaker 1>shrub from the ground and in doing that, it's hard
<v Speaker 1>not to disturb the roots. Okay, that's what you want
<v Speaker 1>to do, is not disturb the roots. You want to
<v Speaker 1>get as much of the soil around the roots as
<v Speaker 1>possible and leave kind of a crater in the ground.
<v Speaker 1>But if you if you end up not being able
<v Speaker 1>to do that and you're disturbing roots. The smartest thing
<v Speaker 1>to do, aside from putting it in a plastic bag
<v Speaker 1>while you're transporting it to be repotted, is that plastic
<v Speaker 1>bag keeps the humidity in. Is chop off a significant
<v Speaker 1>amount of shoots up top. You want to leave a
<v Speaker 1>little bit of photosynthetic tissue and maybe a few leaves,
<v Speaker 1>But you.
<v Speaker 2>Chop off some of the stuff up top. Why are
<v Speaker 2>you doing that?
<v Speaker 1>Because those leaves have stomata in them. There the water
<v Speaker 1>is being pulled out through the stomata because as long
<v Speaker 1>as that green tissue is there, it's going to be photosynthesizing,
<v Speaker 1>and the photosynthesize that it's to take in carbon dioxide
<v Speaker 1>through those through those stomata, those gas pours in the
<v Speaker 1>leaf and at the same time it's taking in carbon dioxide,
<v Speaker 1>it's letting out water vapor.
<v Speaker 2>But it's also just had its.
<v Speaker 1>Root system damn, and it's not in the ground anymore,
<v Speaker 1>so it can't absorb anymore water. So you're basically like
<v Speaker 1>leaking water.
<v Speaker 2>So you want to.
<v Speaker 1>Chop off those that shoot a lot of that shoot mass,
<v Speaker 1>the top mass, so that it's not leaking water. Okay,
<v Speaker 1>you're plugging up holes in the bathtub and cover it
<v Speaker 1>with the bag, and you know, but you want to
<v Speaker 1>leave a couple buds to you leave enough stem tissues
<v Speaker 1>so that the roots can survive. You put it in
<v Speaker 1>the shade out of keep it out of the heat,
<v Speaker 1>keep it, try to keep the humidity up, either with
<v Speaker 1>the bag or something else, and it'll hopefully grow new
<v Speaker 1>leaf material and as it does that, it'll grow new roots.
<v Speaker 1>Then you've successfully transplanted something that I don't recommend. People
<v Speaker 1>are always like, I'm going to transplant this. Can I
<v Speaker 1>move this? It doesn't work that easily. It's kind of
<v Speaker 1>a ship for brain. You don't want to do that,
<v Speaker 1>all right. It's also better. That's another reason why it's
<v Speaker 1>better to plant smaller stuff versus like these suburban homeowners
<v Speaker 1>that want to get these big ass oak trees instantly planted.
<v Speaker 1>They I'll get up ball and burl ap. I don't
<v Speaker 1>know if anybody knows what that is. It's a fucking
<v Speaker 1>horrible way the transplant stuff because they're growing these oak
<v Speaker 1>trees in the ground. They do the shit in the
<v Speaker 1>Midwest a lot, and probably the East Coast too. They'll
<v Speaker 1>grow these things in the ground that a tree farm
<v Speaker 1>dig it up with a tree spade. They're fucking up
<v Speaker 1>all the roots when.
<v Speaker 2>They do it.
<v Speaker 1>They get a big root ball, but part of the
<v Speaker 1>thing dies anyway. No matter what, it's gonna take a
<v Speaker 1>couple of years for this thing to come out of shock,
<v Speaker 1>all right, depending on how much moisture you have, what
<v Speaker 1>your climate is like. But whereas hot as balls down
<v Speaker 1>here in south or West Texas and super dry, it's
<v Speaker 1>gonna take a lot longer, and so you're damaging those roots.
<v Speaker 1>You just want to avoid fucking with the roots at
<v Speaker 1>all costs. Okay, unless it's a cactus or something you know,
<v Speaker 1>it's got all that energy stored up, it can send
<v Speaker 1>out new roots.
<v Speaker 2>Right, So root to.
<v Speaker 1>Shoe ratio, that's what that is, all right. Two main
<v Speaker 1>kinds of roots, tap root versus fibrous root. Tap roots
<v Speaker 1>are associated with die cuts. Fibrous roots are associated with monocots.
<v Speaker 1>There's always exceptions to this, but for the most part.
<v Speaker 1>On the left you have a diagram of lyatris punctata uh,
<v Speaker 1>and then those intervals, those crosshatches, those those horizontal lines
<v Speaker 1>are the same. In both diagrams. You can see the
<v Speaker 1>fibrous root of this a wrist, that of this grass
<v Speaker 1>on the right, super fibrous, super hairy, only goes down
<v Speaker 1>to three of those intervals. The root of that liatris
<v Speaker 1>sends a tap root down to like fifteen of those intervals. Okay,
<v Speaker 1>So if that's a foot, the grass is sending roots
<v Speaker 1>down three and a half feet, the lyatris is sending
<v Speaker 1>roots down fifteen feet, all right, So generally speaking, diecots
<v Speaker 1>send out a tap root. They've got lateral roots, of
<v Speaker 1>course two. And then the monocots send out fibrous roots,
<v Speaker 1>a mass of fibrous roots, many fine roots. Okay, So
<v Speaker 1>now we got a nice cross section from bottom to
<v Speaker 1>top of a root. Okay, so up top or from
<v Speaker 1>the bottom, you got must the mucilad sheath, it's the lube,
<v Speaker 1>it's the oil helps this root grow through the soil,
<v Speaker 1>reducing friction, lubricating it. You get the root cap, that
<v Speaker 1>waxy covering, and you can see all these cells down
<v Speaker 1>here that are just easily abraided off. Okay, as by
<v Speaker 1>you know, sand, grains, rock particles, whatever is this thing
<v Speaker 1>is growing at the apical marius them, which is behind
<v Speaker 1>the root cap. The root cap is like a helmet
<v Speaker 1>for the apical marius them. The growing tip. You get
<v Speaker 1>the root hairs, which are just part of the epidermis
<v Speaker 1>of the root. Okay, the outer layer, and you get
<v Speaker 1>the lateral roots up top. But notice how these lateral
<v Speaker 1>roots up top are coming from the layer at this
<v Speaker 1>cross section inside of that route. They're coming from the paracycle.
<v Speaker 1>They're not they're bursting through the epidermis.
<v Speaker 2>As you can see.
<v Speaker 1>They're not coming off the epidermis. They're bursting through it. Okay,
<v Speaker 1>and so what are we.
<v Speaker 2>Doing with here.
<v Speaker 1>Here's a cross section of the root. Okay, we got
<v Speaker 1>we got the root hair absorbs, water, minerals, the epidermis,
<v Speaker 1>which produces the root hairs. It's the outermost layer of
<v Speaker 1>Cells's kind of the protective barrier cortex, right, which is
<v Speaker 1>the mass of the tissue in the root, which is
<v Speaker 1>transports water. It's also storage storage of essential oils, like
<v Speaker 1>when people make a tea out of roots, you know
<v Speaker 1>you need like liquorice root or berberous root, whatever, And
<v Speaker 1>are going for all the stuff that's stored in the cortex,
<v Speaker 1>like all those essential oils and secondary metabolites that are
<v Speaker 1>stored in the cortex. Next layer in you've got the
<v Speaker 1>endodermis okay, between vascular system and the cortex, so it's
<v Speaker 1>between the xylemon flow and the cortex, regulates uptake of
<v Speaker 1>water nutrients, possesses Casparian strips, right, that's a tissue type
<v Speaker 1>and suberin, a hydrophobic substance contained in the endodermis right
<v Speaker 1>distinguishing feature the presence of Kisparian strips, which are bands
<v Speaker 1>of suberin that seal the spaces between endodermal cells, forcing
<v Speaker 1>water and minerals to pass through the cell cytoplasm. So
<v Speaker 1>it kind of acts as like a filter in a way.
<v Speaker 1>It's the barrier that's superin. Won't let the materials pass
<v Speaker 1>them between the cells. It's got to go right through
<v Speaker 1>the cell, all right. Paracycle inside it's the next layer
<v Speaker 1>in that endodermis, and that's giving rise to the lateral roots.
<v Speaker 1>Vascular cambium produces new cells known as secondary growth, not
<v Speaker 1>presentent monocots. Like we've said for nine times now, primary
<v Speaker 1>xylum moves water. Primary flow moves sugars. So xylum takes
<v Speaker 1>water up flow them moves sugars down, but also up
<v Speaker 1>if need be.
<v Speaker 2>Okay.
<v Speaker 1>Epidermis of root outer layer. Outer layer shields the roots
<v Speaker 1>from water loss, produces root hairs, regulates gas exchange, produces
<v Speaker 1>the mucilad sheath to help push the root through the soil.
<v Speaker 1>It's the epidermis, okay. The skin layer, very thin layer
<v Speaker 1>around the outside of a root. The cortex storage nutrients,
<v Speaker 1>essential oils, resins et cetera. Transports nutrients from the root
<v Speaker 1>epidermis into the vasculature. Any endodermis okay. The endodermis acts
<v Speaker 1>as a barrier to control the movement of water and
<v Speaker 1>nutrients from the soil into the roots. Vascular tissue to tubes,
<v Speaker 1>This barrier prevents nutrients from flowing back from the steely
<v Speaker 1>the steel and helps protect the plant from soil borne pathogens. Okay,
<v Speaker 1>So I remember.
<v Speaker 2>It's it's it's.
<v Speaker 1>That the material can't go in between the cells. It's
<v Speaker 1>got to go through the cells and that endodermis layer Okay,
<v Speaker 1>And that's how that endodermis protects the plant from soil
<v Speaker 1>borne pathogens. You're not gonna be able to sneak by
<v Speaker 1>in between these cells. You gotta move through mepew, you
<v Speaker 1>gotta move through the cells themselves, Okay. Regulatory module, the
<v Speaker 1>endodermis is a key regulatory module. It helps control root growth,
<v Speaker 1>tissue patterning, nutrient flow. Signaling center, the endodermis max is
<v Speaker 1>the signaling center that helps the plant receive stressful environment
<v Speaker 1>conditions and regulated growth and development. So we got we
<v Speaker 1>got the epidermis, the core text the endodermis, and then
<v Speaker 1>we're getting into the paracycle, which is where the lateral
<v Speaker 1>roots come from. And then we've got the vascular cambium,
<v Speaker 1>and then we've got the xylem and flowing on that
<v Speaker 1>central tube that's inner inside, on the inside of that
<v Speaker 1>endodermis layer Okay, that orange layer here in the diagram. Okay,
<v Speaker 1>and again, the endodermis has two specialized cell wall differentis
<v Speaker 1>of differentiations that help it perform its functions. Kissparine strips
<v Speaker 1>lignin is deposited in the cell wall the form kasparine
<v Speaker 1>strips and suberin lamye. Suberin lamine are also deposited in
<v Speaker 1>the cell wall. O. There's a nice little paper showing
<v Speaker 1>how important the endodermis is. The endodermis is a tightly
<v Speaker 1>controlled barrier for nutrients.
<v Speaker 2>All right.
<v Speaker 1>Paracycle The paracycle is a tissue in the root of
<v Speaker 1>a plant that has several functions, including lateral growth. Okay,
<v Speaker 1>so root appical Marisim's in there. For lateral growth. The
<v Speaker 1>paracycle regular and facilitates the growth of new lateral roots.
<v Speaker 1>This process involves the paracycle cells dividing rapidly near the
<v Speaker 1>xylum elements of the route vascular cambium. The paracycle contributes
<v Speaker 1>to the initiation of the vascular cambium, which leads the
<v Speaker 1>production of secondary tissues in the root. Again, that's not
<v Speaker 1>present in monocots. Okay, the paracycle is, but the vascular
<v Speaker 1>cambium is not. Okay, support and protection. The paracycle helps
<v Speaker 1>support and protect the xylum and flow them cells. And
<v Speaker 1>in die cut roots, the paracycle strengthens the roots. In
<v Speaker 1>monocot roots, the paracycle can give rise to branches. Okay,
<v Speaker 1>same thing. The paracycle is a unique tissue because its
<v Speaker 1>cells continue to cycle for a long time. It's located
<v Speaker 1>at the periphery of the root vascular cylinder. In vascular
<v Speaker 1>cylinders them from vascular cambium.
<v Speaker 2>Okay.
<v Speaker 1>You could see monocot root on the left, dieic root
<v Speaker 1>on the right. K Diecot's got star shaped xylem in
<v Speaker 1>the center of the root and flow them outside the xylum.
<v Speaker 2>Ok.
<v Speaker 1>Monocot root vascular bundles are arranged in the form of
<v Speaker 1>a ring around the central.
<v Speaker 2>Pith the pith all right.
<v Speaker 1>Xylum is always on the inside, flowms on the outside.
<v Speaker 1>Xylum water flowham sugars, xylems on the inside floams the
<v Speaker 1>next layer out on the outside of tubes of plumbing.
<v Speaker 1>All right, and we get the region of maristomatic activity.
<v Speaker 1>It's the root cap that's at the tip and in
<v Speaker 1>the middle regions the region of elongation where those cells
<v Speaker 1>after they're produced, start to elongate and enlargen, and then
<v Speaker 1>the region of maturation at which those undifferentiated cells become
<v Speaker 1>whatever part of the root that we just mentioned, you know,
<v Speaker 1>the endodermis the paracycle, et cetera. Where they start to differentiate.
<v Speaker 1>That's the region of maturation. So we got a root cap.
<v Speaker 1>It's a thimble like mass of living parankama cells. It
<v Speaker 1>protects the apical marasta behind it and age the root
<v Speaker 1>and penetration of the soil. Okay, the root appical mari stem.
<v Speaker 1>The region of actively dividing cells is called the region
<v Speaker 1>of cell division, region of mares thematic activities.
<v Speaker 2>Same thing.
<v Speaker 1>The next region back on the root. Behind the region
<v Speaker 1>of cell division is the region of elongation, usually only
<v Speaker 1>a few millimeters in length. The elongation of cells in
<v Speaker 1>this region results in most of the increase in length
<v Speaker 1>of the root Above this region, the root does not
<v Speaker 1>increase in length. Cells in this region are yet still
<v Speaker 1>undifferentiated and do not have a function. There's a differentiation
<v Speaker 1>of cells. Remember, stem cells are undifferentiated when they form,
<v Speaker 1>and as the cells mature they get a purpose. Okay,
<v Speaker 1>region of maturation is behind region of elongation. This is
<v Speaker 1>where cells begin to differentiate. Mature is also where the
<v Speaker 1>root hair is form. If root hair is formed in
<v Speaker 1>the zone of elongation, they would be sheared off as
<v Speaker 1>the root pushed through the soil. So the root hairs
<v Speaker 1>form after that, after the region of elongation. Look at
<v Speaker 1>this is a nice diagram against from Raven's Biology of Plants.
<v Speaker 1>Root cap controls the direction of root growth, protects the
<v Speaker 1>root appical maris them. Old cells are upbraided away by
<v Speaker 1>soil particles scraping against the root cap is the root
<v Speaker 1>growth of the soil. Lateral roots are called endogenous because
<v Speaker 1>they originate from deep within the root tissue, specifically from
<v Speaker 1>the paracycle air. Look at that drawing right that you
<v Speaker 1>can see they're busting through the epidermis. They're not growing
<v Speaker 1>out of it. They're busting through it because they originate
<v Speaker 1>inside that root from the paracycle, which is beyond the
<v Speaker 1>cortex and the endodermis all right, and it goes paracycle
<v Speaker 1>and endodermis and then continuing to go outwards from the
<v Speaker 1>center of the root, you have a cortex and then epidermis. Okay,
<v Speaker 1>So letter roots are called endogenous because they originate from
<v Speaker 1>deep within the root tissue, which is located inside the
<v Speaker 1>cortex and epidermis, specifically from the paracycle araa, which is
<v Speaker 1>located inside the cortex and epidermis, unlike other plant structures
<v Speaker 1>like leaves, that develop from external tissues, making their origin
<v Speaker 1>internal ornogenous, it's the topochic.
<v Speaker 2>I'm sorry.
<v Speaker 1>Root hairs are tubular extensions of the epidermis which greatly
<v Speaker 1>increase the absorptive service and outtake of minerals. So root
<v Speaker 1>hairs are different from lateral roots. Okay, don't need to
<v Speaker 1>say that eighty percent of plants are micorrhizal. They form
<v Speaker 1>symbiotic relationships with fungi which actually infect the root cells
<v Speaker 1>and exchange minerals they break down on the soil for
<v Speaker 1>carbohydrates that the plant produces via photosynthesis. Many micorrhizel fungi
<v Speaker 1>also protect the roots not only from drought, but from pathogenic, bad,
<v Speaker 1>quote bad parasitic fungi as well. So micorhiza of course
<v Speaker 1>have kind have a very protective effect. They actually ward
<v Speaker 1>off the bad fungi, which makes sense if they've got
<v Speaker 1>this situation set up, this reciprocal situation set up with
<v Speaker 1>a plant root, why the fuck they're gonna let you know,
<v Speaker 1>some pathogenic bastard get in there and are parasitizing their
<v Speaker 1>food source. Right, they're not so anyway, all right. There
<v Speaker 1>are two types of micorhizol associations endo microhizol. Two main
<v Speaker 1>types Endo micorrhyzol and ectomycrohyzol. Vast majority of plants are
<v Speaker 1>endo micro hyzol. Okay, specifically the glomeerro micets, the glomero micota.
<v Speaker 1>This is a clade of fungi.
<v Speaker 2>It's huge.
<v Speaker 1>They don't produce mushrooms. They're much different from the basidio Mycota,
<v Speaker 1>the typical stalk and cap mushrooms. Okay, most plants associate
<v Speaker 1>with endo microhyzol fungi. These fungi don't produce mushrooms. The
<v Speaker 1>fungus actually penetrates into the root cells. Okay, versus ectomycorhyzol
<v Speaker 1>fungi was just going to the spaces between the cells.
<v Speaker 2>Right.
<v Speaker 1>The endomcorrhizal fungi are also known as arbuscular microhysea because
<v Speaker 1>they form little arbuscules inside the cells. Most am fungi
<v Speaker 1>are in the phylum glomeeral Mycota, fucking weird clade of fungi.
<v Speaker 1>That is not that well studied and only really has
<v Speaker 1>been able to be studied since the advent of DNA
<v Speaker 1>in polymerase chain reaction, which allows scientists to amplify DNA
<v Speaker 1>DNA codes, DNA molecules well the code right, so that
<v Speaker 1>you have multiple copies of the DNA, which allows you
<v Speaker 1>to look to better analyze it.
<v Speaker 2>You can take a.
<v Speaker 1>Small amount and bring it through a thermal cycler and
<v Speaker 1>it does the zipping and unzipping with that enzyme, with
<v Speaker 1>the aid of that enzyme that's derived from an Archaea okay,
<v Speaker 1>a very old lineage of bacteria kind of analogous to bacteria,
<v Speaker 1>and not quite bacteria, but close enough microorganism that lives
<v Speaker 1>in that specific one that they get that enzyme from.
<v Speaker 1>That leads to the zipping and unzipping, and every time
<v Speaker 1>you zip on zip, you make a new copy. They
<v Speaker 1>get that from what is it the thermophilis? Is it
<v Speaker 1>Thermophilis aquaticus extremophile that lives in hot springs like in Yellowstone?
<v Speaker 1>All right, you don't you remember that? It's just kind
<v Speaker 1>of cool, all right. Glamare and my coda are still
<v Speaker 1>little known and understood. We don't know really how many
<v Speaker 1>species there are, We don't I mean to study them.
<v Speaker 1>Since there's not much morphological characteristics to look at under
<v Speaker 1>a microscope, you're basically just relying on DNA, okay. And
<v Speaker 1>since they produce primarily asexually, I think all of them
<v Speaker 1>are a produced asexually.
<v Speaker 2>I don't know.
<v Speaker 1>Anyway, they're very hard to study and so they required
<v Speaker 1>DNA analysis, whereas ectomycorrhizal fungi do not penetrate into the
<v Speaker 1>cells of roots. They're really they're comparatively really easy to study, Okay.
<v Speaker 1>They mostly associate with the pines and the oaks. The
<v Speaker 1>pines and the oaks and eucalyptus as well, are big
<v Speaker 1>ectomycorhizol hosts okay. And the mushrooms you're looking at are
<v Speaker 1>the fruit or reproductive unit of the fungus. It's like
<v Speaker 1>an apple to an apple tree. Whereas the my the celium,
<v Speaker 1>the white webby material that spreads through the ground and
<v Speaker 1>secretes enzymes, breaking down dead material, even minerals and sometimes
<v Speaker 1>bits of rock in the soil. That is, that's the
<v Speaker 1>actual living that's the apple tree. That's the living organism.
<v Speaker 2>Right.
<v Speaker 1>The mushroom is just the apple. It's the fruit of it.
<v Speaker 1>It's the reproductive structure. So when you pick mushrooms, you're
<v Speaker 1>not harming the fungus, all right, hopefully you're spreading spores
<v Speaker 1>for it. Okay, Many choice and edible fungi are ectomycorrhizol,
<v Speaker 1>including Chantrell's, chantrells, truffles, amanitas, candy caps, matsutaki, and porcini mushrooms,
<v Speaker 1>and again in the northern hemisphere it's mostly pines and oaks.
<v Speaker 1>Like if you're hanging out with like mushroom people ever
<v Speaker 1>you want to, they're going to look for the good mushrooms.
<v Speaker 1>They're going to where the good trees are, the oaks,
<v Speaker 1>the members of the pine family, like the furs, dug
<v Speaker 1>fur whatever, the pines, et cetera. I remember being with
<v Speaker 1>Alan Rockefeller. One of the most rich places for fungi.
<v Speaker 2>Was in the.
<v Speaker 1>Monarch forests where the monarchs go. That's a fucking siren anyway,
<v Speaker 1>where the monarchs go, like nine thousand foot elevation and Mitchellcan, Mexico,
<v Speaker 1>beautiful forests. Okay, the abies religiosa, the religious fur, they
<v Speaker 1>are these huge furs. Okay, furs, the genus of Christmas tree.
<v Speaker 1>They get fucking massive there's also monster lupins growing down there.
<v Speaker 1>It gets chilly, but it doesn't ever really freeze, I
<v Speaker 1>don't think, and it'd be amazed if it does.
<v Speaker 2>It's such a rich biota down there. It's incredible.
<v Speaker 1>A lot of illegal logging going on there too, you know,
<v Speaker 1>that's the whole human tumor thing.
<v Speaker 2>But I remember being down there in some of.
<v Speaker 1>These forests, these high elevation forests in central Mexico, and
<v Speaker 1>it's just fucking loaded with There's amanitas popping up everywhere.
<v Speaker 1>There's ghost pipe monotropa, you know, the which parasitizes Michael
<v Speaker 1>Ryzel fungi popping up everywhere. It's just it's such a
<v Speaker 1>The duff is thick and rich, and everything smells incredible.
<v Speaker 1>It's such a beautiful place. It's just it's fucking intoxicating
<v Speaker 1>to go.
<v Speaker 2>Everybody should go visit.
<v Speaker 1>Michell Kongres is little hot with the cartels, you know,
<v Speaker 1>but I think as long as you're not you're not
<v Speaker 1>involved with any you can go visit the monarch sanctuary
<v Speaker 1>down there. I just saw a bunch of monarchs moving
<v Speaker 1>through Texas yesterday. We were in the middle of the
<v Speaker 1>fucking desert and found some are buttoid some Arbutus which
<v Speaker 1>are our buttoid micro riise, and the members of the
<v Speaker 1>you know, there was our beautius hellapenches, the Texas madrone
<v Speaker 1>members of the blueberry family, and that whole subfamily associates
<v Speaker 1>with oar Buttoid micro riise. They've got their own kind
<v Speaker 1>of specialized root and it associates with a specialized type
<v Speaker 1>of micro rhiseel fungi. All right, right here you can
<v Speaker 1>see the endo michael riise are actually penetrate into the cells.
<v Speaker 1>Here's a cross section of a root. The hyphae, the
<v Speaker 1>fungal hyphae, those are those little stringy things, right, little
<v Speaker 1>bits of my celium actually penetrate into the root cell.
<v Speaker 1>And that's the far more common type. And then you've
<v Speaker 1>got the ectomycorhiza, which just formed this heart tag net
<v Speaker 1>around the root and actually just go into the spaces
<v Speaker 1>in between the cells. They still penetrate the epidermis, but
<v Speaker 1>they're going in between the cells. The hyphae do not
<v Speaker 1>penetrate root cells.
<v Speaker 2>They just go in between.
<v Speaker 1>There's another cross section of what's happening ectomycorisea in the
<v Speaker 1>left end.
<v Speaker 2>Though on the right.
<v Speaker 1>Ooh, clamidiospore, a clamidospore. Excuse me, because remember a clamidospore,
<v Speaker 1>that's like an asexual, asexual spore, and that's the glomeroro mycota.
<v Speaker 1>Because they don't produce the Glomera micota is almost synonymous
<v Speaker 1>with am fungi or endomycorrhizoal fungi. Okay, so they're just
<v Speaker 1>they don't produce fruiting bodies. They mostly reproduce a sexually.
<v Speaker 1>They certainly don't produce fucking mushrooms. But this is a
<v Speaker 1>very beneficial relationship, and it's a very old one too.
<v Speaker 1>It goes back quite a while. Here's Amanita muscaria. There's
<v Speaker 1>a specific variety I photographed the mountains in Portal, Arizona.
<v Speaker 1>My ceiling of this mushroom is tapped into the roots
<v Speaker 1>of this pine tree in the background. Criterilius tube beforemis
<v Speaker 1>Chantrell's Edible and delicious Northern Michigan.
<v Speaker 2>Oh, one of my favorites.
<v Speaker 1>Criterialists cornicopioides, the black trumpet Michael riisel on tan bark
<v Speaker 1>oak Natho Lithocarpus densil floris on the Pacific coast of
<v Speaker 1>North America. So the spores i'd imagine are being produced
<v Speaker 1>on that white I've got to fucking ask Alan again
<v Speaker 1>some of this shit is they're being produced on that
<v Speaker 1>white material. I forget the whole fungal life cycle too,
<v Speaker 1>you know, they got the whole the way they're nuclei.
<v Speaker 1>They're cell nuclei, and they're weird when they're haploid versus
<v Speaker 1>when they become diploid. It's should do another intro class.
<v Speaker 1>And I just refreshed my memory and do an intra class.
<v Speaker 1>Lac Terius deliciosis from tom Aleipus, beautiful tom Aleipis, talk
<v Speaker 1>about Cartel hot This was an l Cello biosphere reserve
<v Speaker 1>which I went to with my daughter's mom when she
<v Speaker 1>was in the womb. We went to We went to
<v Speaker 1>l Colo. Such a fucking incredible place and incredibly threatened
<v Speaker 1>to the human tumor. Is doing a lot of work there,
<v Speaker 1>really just reducing it, you know, just hacking away at
<v Speaker 1>everything and different root types. O K, primary route lateral
<v Speaker 1>root up up there. You can see this. It's a
<v Speaker 1>tap root Okay, like a turn up. You got a
<v Speaker 1>fibrous root system like a grasses from plant systematics.
<v Speaker 2>O kay, you got the.
<v Speaker 1>Uh prop roots of mangroves. Hoistorial roots like you'd see
<v Speaker 1>in a parasite, look like Coscuta or Cascitha, that member
<v Speaker 1>of the avocado family. That's also a vine where you
<v Speaker 1>can actually see the roots coming out of this vine
<v Speaker 1>and tapping into the penetrating the tissue, the epidermal tissue
<v Speaker 1>of the stems of whatever it's whatever, it's parasitizing, so
<v Speaker 1>shoots whereby we get into the details of stems, leaves,
<v Speaker 1>no xylum, flowing, the tubes and all that nice stuff. Okay,
<v Speaker 1>parts of his stem. It's just easy, all right. This
<v Speaker 1>everybody knows this, probably especially if you listen to this podcast.
<v Speaker 1>Appical butt okay, appical maristem up top. Petiole, right, which
<v Speaker 1>not all plants have, Some just have sessile leaves. Petiole
<v Speaker 1>is just the stalk that holds the leaves nodes, okay,
<v Speaker 1>nodes and internodes a right, why would it be good
<v Speaker 1>to know these words? Well, for some of the plants
<v Speaker 1>that we're in the formerly in the genus ocasion that
<v Speaker 1>we get out here in the desert, like Senegalia and
<v Speaker 1>Vicelia the blackbrush. Right, A key a floral key form
<v Speaker 1>is that the are at the nodes for Vicelia, or
<v Speaker 1>in between the nodes for Senegalia the catclaw Acacia, which
<v Speaker 1>is remember no longer in Acacia. So you obviously need
<v Speaker 1>to know where the nodes and the inner nodes are.
<v Speaker 1>You know the terminology. You can see you get these
<v Speaker 1>little apical buds to axxillary buds growing in the axles
<v Speaker 1>of the leaves. So when that leaf falls off or
<v Speaker 1>it gets damaged, you got a new leaf ready to go.
<v Speaker 1>It'll just pop up right there, all right. So the stems, leaves, nodes,
<v Speaker 1>inner nodes, petiole, et cetera. Okay, different types of stems
<v Speaker 1>from Michael Simpson's plant systematics book. Okay, onion is just
<v Speaker 1>a stem, a bulb, and a corn. You think of
<v Speaker 1>an onion, it's got all those roots on the bottom.
<v Speaker 1>You'd think an onion is technically a rude. It's not.
<v Speaker 1>It's it's this stem. It's not like it a stem. Well,
<v Speaker 1>actually that a bulb is. Actually what you're seeing are leaves, Okay.
<v Speaker 1>Bulbs are leaves. Corms are true stems. Okay, like a
<v Speaker 1>corm in Liatrous, for instance, the blazing stars. All right,
<v Speaker 1>the roots are down below that. If you if you
<v Speaker 1>look at this diagram here if you've ever looked at
<v Speaker 1>one that you've grown on a pot. So that corn,
<v Speaker 1>that swollen mass can't be the root. Okay, that bulb
<v Speaker 1>on an onion, that can't be the root. But you
<v Speaker 1>know you buy an onion at the store, it's still
<v Speaker 1>got the roots attest. Okay, those onion scales, the onion peels,
<v Speaker 1>those are leaves. There's there's succulent storage leaves and it's
<v Speaker 1>got productive scale leaves. They are leaves coming out of
<v Speaker 1>a stem. And then the stem is at the bottom. Okay,
<v Speaker 1>it's another variation of stem prickly pears right the clayto's
<v Speaker 1>it's just a stem. It's just a stem, no leaves.
<v Speaker 1>It has gotten rid of the leaves. The leaves have
<v Speaker 1>been turned into spines. Okay, some prickly pairs actually have
<v Speaker 1>leaves when they first when those when the new growth occurs,
<v Speaker 1>all right, choyas do that too, you'll see and they
<v Speaker 1>look like little green poky rods. Well they're not pokey,
<v Speaker 1>they're elongated, but they're fleshy and then they drop off.
<v Speaker 1>They're coming out of the same areal that a spine
<v Speaker 1>will be. The spine remains that aerial it's the fleshy
<v Speaker 1>leaf itself drops off. So you'll only see them at
<v Speaker 1>certain times a year, like in the spring when a
<v Speaker 1>choice is getting new growth after a monsoon rain.
<v Speaker 2>Okay, but cacti are just stems. They're just stems that.
<v Speaker 1>Have lost their leaves become photosynthetic, right, yeah, cut diiform
<v Speaker 1>stems over here, like like you'd see on Bocarnia, which
<v Speaker 1>is the quote unquote ponytail palm. No relation to palms
<v Speaker 1>at all, but it grows in Pueblos and we can
<v Speaker 1>get fifteen feet tall. They survive in South Texas too,
<v Speaker 1>they get that big hour glass based to them. That's
<v Speaker 1>just a cardiciform stem, all right. Bermuda grass when it's
<v Speaker 1>sending out runners, Okay, those rhizomes or stolen's actually I
<v Speaker 1>guess it would be, that's just a stem.
<v Speaker 2>Okay.
<v Speaker 1>The stolen that spreads horizontally just beneath the surface of
<v Speaker 1>the soil is also a kind of stem.
<v Speaker 2>Okay. So anyway, a.
<v Speaker 1>Tuber is a tuber of stem i. Guess, I guess
<v Speaker 1>so tubaba a cact is just a photosynthetic stem where
<v Speaker 1>the leave has been turned into spines. Okay, so same
<v Speaker 1>thing you're looking at saguaro, a prickly pair of barrel cactus,
<v Speaker 1>Choia whatever, just photosynthetic stem. Peyote is also a stem.
<v Speaker 1>Imagine a stem that's been a long cylinder that's been
<v Speaker 1>put in a vice and then compressed down, flattened into
<v Speaker 1>a little disc. That's all peyote is, and all the
<v Speaker 1>other small dominion of cacti. There's still stems. Okay, nice
<v Speaker 1>photo here if this is in Cohuila of in Agave,
<v Speaker 1>which is just a rosette of succulent spiny leaves, and
<v Speaker 1>a payote, which is just a flattened, little leafless stem.
<v Speaker 2>Okay.
<v Speaker 1>The two principal functions associated with stems are structural support
<v Speaker 1>and plumbing. All right, of course, solar panels for the leaves.
<v Speaker 1>The leaves need water along with CO two and sunlight
<v Speaker 1>to make sugar, so they need tubes to transport water
<v Speaker 1>up from the roots. In another set of tubes to
<v Speaker 1>transport sugars and other photos. In this photosynthates from the
<v Speaker 1>leaves to the rest of the plant. Xyleum transports water
<v Speaker 1>flow them transports sugars. There are two types of plumb
<v Speaker 1>and found in his stem. Remember xyleums on the inside
<v Speaker 1>flow thems on the outside. Xylem transports water up from
<v Speaker 1>the roots via capillary action, and flow them transports sugars
<v Speaker 1>and carbohydrates produced via photosynthesis down to the rest of
<v Speaker 1>the plant and back up. Remember, xylum is unidirectional. Flow
<v Speaker 1>them is bidirectional. Difference between xylem and flow them. There
<v Speaker 1>you go one way only flow them, two way flow
<v Speaker 1>water and minerals in xylum water and food and flow them. Okay,
<v Speaker 1>no end walls between cells In xylem. Cells have end
<v Speaker 1>walls with perforations, thick walls stiffened with lignin. I don't
<v Speaker 1>know what the fuck lighten is. It's like the dollar
<v Speaker 1>store version of a of the fucking this diagram I
<v Speaker 1>pull off the Internet. Okay, location of xylem and FLOWM
<v Speaker 1>in leaf. You could see it. The xylum is the red,
<v Speaker 1>the flow them is the blue. Okay, mesophyl epidermis, vascular bundles,
<v Speaker 1>et cetera, leaf veins, Okay, the stem, the pith. You
<v Speaker 1>got the epidermis, water bunnles, primary xylum, primary FLOWAM flows
<v Speaker 1>on the outside root same thing. Cortex, cortex and stem,
<v Speaker 1>cortex and root.
<v Speaker 2>All right.
<v Speaker 1>The main difference between xylem and flowam. Okay, the cells
<v Speaker 1>present in xylum are dead cells of maturity. Xylem tissues
<v Speaker 1>are unidirectional from root to shoot. We already talked about that.
<v Speaker 1>Flow tissues are bi directional. Xyleum is passive transportation of
<v Speaker 1>water and minerals, just relying on capillary action. Okay, the
<v Speaker 1>water goes out of the stomata when the stomata are
<v Speaker 1>open and taken in CO two. The atmosphere pulls the
<v Speaker 1>water out in the form of vapor, and as it
<v Speaker 1>does that, it's it's pulling water up from the roots. Okay,
<v Speaker 1>it's just capillary action. Okay, you can't have a space inside.
<v Speaker 2>All right.
<v Speaker 1>Water is so strong it will pull. We'll keep pulling,
<v Speaker 1>all right. So Exylum simply transports water and minerals from
<v Speaker 1>the roots to all other parts of the plant, and
<v Speaker 1>floam transports the substances produced by photosynthesis, like amino acids
<v Speaker 1>and sugars.
<v Speaker 2>All right.
<v Speaker 1>Xylem is formed of fiber tracheids and vessel elements. Xylem
<v Speaker 1>vessels and the angiosperms have xylem vessels. The conifers just
<v Speaker 1>have tracheads. Floam is you get the flowm fibers, deceived tube,
<v Speaker 1>deceived tube cells, perankimal cell and companion cells. Okay and xyleum.
<v Speaker 1>The cell wall is thick and it's made up of lignin.
<v Speaker 1>Lignin is impermeable. All right, flowam. The cell wall is
<v Speaker 1>thin and it's made up of cellulose. Cellulose is not permeable,
<v Speaker 1>so xylum is made of lignin, then it's permeable.
<v Speaker 2>All right.
<v Speaker 1>Flom ish the cell wall is thin, it's made.
<v Speaker 2>Up of cellulose. Okay.
<v Speaker 1>Cellulose is used to make paper and paperboard. Lignin is
<v Speaker 1>used as a binder and particle board, the soil conditioner,
<v Speaker 1>and an adhesive. Cellulose is a primary comp component of
<v Speaker 1>plant cell walls, while lignan is crucial for secondary cell walls,
<v Speaker 1>especially in the bark and wood.
<v Speaker 2>All Right.
<v Speaker 1>Xyleum located on the inside center of the stem. Floam
<v Speaker 1>located on the outer side of the stem. Cell size.
<v Speaker 1>Xylum fibers are small and the amount of total tissue
<v Speaker 1>is more.
<v Speaker 2>Okay.
<v Speaker 1>Flo Flowing fibers are large and the amount of total
<v Speaker 1>tissue is less. Permeability. Xylum is impermeable taking water up,
<v Speaker 1>can't be leaking it out floam is permeable. It's distributing
<v Speaker 1>sugar and other nutrients to the surrounding cells. So all right,
<v Speaker 1>tracheods and vessel elements two types of plumbing. On the right,
<v Speaker 1>you could see three tracheads, all right, thin this kind
<v Speaker 1>of taper at the ends. And on the left, but
<v Speaker 1>you gotta imagine this in three D. And on the
<v Speaker 1>left you got vessel elements. Okay, So trichiary elements in fibers,
<v Speaker 1>cell types in the secondary axylum or wood of an
<v Speaker 1>oak tree. Okay, wide vest elements. This is from a
<v Speaker 1>Raven's biology of plants.
<v Speaker 2>Okay.
<v Speaker 1>Tracheads are elongated and tapered at the ends, while vessel
<v Speaker 1>elements are shorter and wider with more uniform diameter, all right,
<v Speaker 1>and the way that water moves through them from end
<v Speaker 1>to end. These are laid out vertically. If you're listening
<v Speaker 1>to this right top to bottom. If you're listening to
<v Speaker 1>this and can't see it, all right, the vessels are broader,
<v Speaker 1>vest elements are broader, and the tracheads are much thinner,
<v Speaker 1>looking like little tapeworms. All right, plant groups. Tracheads are
<v Speaker 1>found in most vascular plants, including gymnosperms. Angiosperms have them too,
<v Speaker 1>while vessel elements are primarily present in angiosperms. So angiosperms
<v Speaker 1>can have tracheods and vessels and gymnosperms. Conifers, pine trees, redwoods,
<v Speaker 1>junipers just have tracheods. Tracheads have small pits on their
<v Speaker 1>lateral walls where water passes between cells, while vessel elements
<v Speaker 1>have large perforations at their end walls creating a continuous pathway.
<v Speaker 1>We got a nice diagram here showing you you can
<v Speaker 1>see like tracheods just kind of the ends line up
<v Speaker 1>just kind of like a wedge, and it just the
<v Speaker 1>water just moves almost laterally through those those wedge units
<v Speaker 1>on the end, whereas the vessel elements, the stuff that
<v Speaker 1>you know to just move right through those perforations. The
<v Speaker 1>waters water's just moving right through those perforations a right.
<v Speaker 1>So remember tracheads, investment vessel elements are only found in
<v Speaker 1>xylon because only xylon moves water, whereas flowing moves sugars.
<v Speaker 1>The main cell type and flow them is seeve elements,
<v Speaker 1>which we're gonna get to now again. Xylem is unidirectional.
<v Speaker 1>Flow is bi directional so we're showing right here tracheods
<v Speaker 1>and vessel elements or a vessel vessel member. There you go,
<v Speaker 1>perforation plates in the end of those vessels. The vessels
<v Speaker 1>are are bigger. It's a wider tube, right, somebody, it's
<v Speaker 1>a bigger diameter tube. Tracheods, all right, I mean you
<v Speaker 1>can see the tracheads. You could generally think of it
<v Speaker 1>as like a more primitive element, but angiosperms still have
<v Speaker 1>some of them. But whereas the perforation plates. Boyd, this
<v Speaker 1>is new stuff. I mean, this is really you know,
<v Speaker 1>this is new and improved. It's a more efficient way
<v Speaker 1>to move water through the tube. Okay, all right, and
<v Speaker 1>then flow them. You got these sieve plates. Sieve areas
<v Speaker 1>companion cells, and it's like a fiber, right, floham is
<v Speaker 1>bi directional up and down. Got to move those sugars
<v Speaker 1>to defeat every plance we already talk about that. Seave
<v Speaker 1>elements are specialized plant cells found on the flowam tissue
<v Speaker 1>responsible for transporting organic compounds like sugars produced during photosynthesis
<v Speaker 1>throughout the plant. They are elongated cells with perforated end
<v Speaker 1>walls called seed plates, allowing for the movement of nutrients
<v Speaker 1>between cells. You got to know what this plumbing is
<v Speaker 1>made out of, you know, for the stuff that composes
<v Speaker 1>the living world around you, right, allowing for the movement
<v Speaker 1>of nutrients between cells. Seve plates align for the movement
<v Speaker 1>of nutrients between cells and that maturity. They lack a
<v Speaker 1>nucleus and most organelles relying on companion cells for their
<v Speaker 1>metabolic needs. So that's the job of a companion cell
<v Speaker 1>and kind of supplying those those sieve plates. You get
<v Speaker 1>a lateral save area, sieve tube plate sieve tubes. Here's
<v Speaker 1>another cross section of the sieve tubes the flowam modified
<v Speaker 1>plastid seave tube elements, sieveplate poor lateral sieve area so
<v Speaker 1>they can move horizontally as well.
<v Speaker 2>There we go.
<v Speaker 1>I think that's all I got for this presentation. So
<v Speaker 1>there you go, all right, xyleum flow them the tubes
<v Speaker 1>we talked about, shoots, applical mirrorstams, lateral marrastems, lateral mirrors
<v Speaker 1>stems basically synonymous with secondary growth, and applica mara stems
<v Speaker 1>associated with either the roots growing down or the shoots
<v Speaker 1>growing up. All right, So that's that's it for that presentation.
<v Speaker 1>I'll have another one cooked up for you next week.
<v Speaker 1>Hopefully got someone that that's I gotta go fund it
<v Speaker 1>by