What Happened to the People Who Built the Pyramids (The Full Story) | Boring History

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Welcome in my tired potatoes and
really glad you're here with the

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community tonight. 
Take a moment to relax and allow

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the day to ease around you 
tonight. 

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We're stepping into what 
happened to the people who built

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the pyramids looking Beyond The 
Monuments to the lives work and 

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quiet. 
Realities of those who made them

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possible. 
This is story in particular, is 

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a carefully researched and 
thoughtfully written sleep story

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shaped from historical evidence 
and designed to be calm, steady 

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and easy to follow. 
So if this calm grounded history

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helps you feel at peace for the 
night. 

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Feel free to follow, leave a 
like and tell me where you're 

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listening from and what time it 
is for you. 

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Now, let your body relax into 
the pillow, slow your breathing 

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and gently drift with me into 
the story. 

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Welcomed my tired dumpling's. 
Tonight will walking into the 

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workers Village at geyser, where
the people who actually built 

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the pyramids. 
Lived worked, a slept and died. 

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You'll see what archaeologists 
found when they finally dug into

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the sand where these laborers 
called home. 

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The sun sets, over the keys are 
platter in the 26th Century 

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before the Common Era. 
Dust from Limestone, cutting 

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hangs in the air like a golden 
fog. 

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You stand at the edge of a 
settlement that will vanish for 

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4,000 years before anyone thinks
to look for it. 

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You arrive at hailed. 
Grab on a September evening, 

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when the heat finally breaks the
workers settlement sprawls 

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across the desert, south of the 
Great Pyramid. 

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And from where you stand, you 
can see cooking fires beginning 

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to Glow between mud brick walls.
The Village doesn't look 

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temporary. 
These aren't flimsy shelters 

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thrown together for disposable 
labor. 

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You're looking at permanent 
architecture, planned streets 

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and organized neighborhoods that
suggests someone cared about the

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people who would live here. 
Yes. 

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Smells like bread baking and 
outdoor ovens smoke. 

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Carries the center of fish 
roasting over. 

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Charcoal someone is grinding 
grain nearby and you hear the 

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steady rhythm of stone on Stone.
A donkey Brays from the 

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direction of what looks like a 
storage complex. 

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The Village hums with domestic 
life. 

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Not the desperate silents of 
force labor camps, He walked 

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down one of the main streets. 
The mud brick walls on either 

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side. 
Stand taller than your head. 

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These buildings have multiple 
rooms not single pain, sleeping 

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quarters. 
He passed a courtyard where 

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someone has left a grinding. 
Stone beside a stack of ceramic 

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bowls, a cat watches you from 
the windowsill completely 

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unimpressed by your presence. 
Cats in ancient Egypt. 

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Always looked like they own the 
place. 

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This one definitely does the 
settlement covers about 16 

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Acres. 
That's roughly 12, American 

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football fields of residential 
and workspace. 

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Archaeologists will eventually 
estimate that between 15,000 and

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20,000 workers lived here during
Peak construction periods. 

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That number isn't a guess, 
pulled from administrative 

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records, that might inflate 
figures. 

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It comes from Counting bakeries.
Measuring grain, processing 

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capacity and calculating how 
much bread you need to feed a 

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Workforce this size. 
You reach the area. 

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Archaeologists will later call 
the gallery complex. 

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For long galleries, run parallel
to each other to each one, 

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subdivided into smaller rooms, 
the galleries measure about 11, 

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feet wide and extend for 100s of
feet. 

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Workers sleep in these rooms, 
but they also cut here. 

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Store personal possessions and 
live actual lives between shifts

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the walls show. 
Soot marks from oil lamps 

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Someone has scratched graffiti 
into the plaster near one 

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doorway. 
He can't read higher attic 

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script but you recognize the 
gesture. 

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People have always written their
names on walls. 

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The floor beneath your feet is 
packed Earth. 

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Warns, Smooth by thousands of 
footsteps, you know, notice 

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broken pottery sherds pressed 
into the dirt These aren't 

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decorative pieces, their 
ordinary bowls and cups that 

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cracked and got trampled into 
the floor. 

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The pottery is good quality 
though. 

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We'll Throne properly fired with
clean lines. 

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These workers eat from real 
dishes. 

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Not broken scraps. 
You move toward the bakery 

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District. 
The archaeological evidence for 

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industrial scale bread. 
Production at geyser is 

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overwhelming. 
You're about to see why. 

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The bakery is occupy their own 
sector of the village and you 

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smell them before you see them. 
Fresh bread has a scent that 

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transcends time. 
It smells exactly like bread 

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should smell which is to say it 
smells like home. 

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Each Bakery, contains rows of, 
bell-shaped bread molds. 

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The Bakers make Chronicle 
loaves, by packing dough, into 

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these clay forms and then 
placing them upside down in the 

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end of a fire. 
The bread bakes from the outside

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in creating a stereo and soft 
interior. 

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You watch workers pulling finish
loaves from the fires. 

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They work in coordinated teams. 
Moving hot molds with, practice 

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to see. 
Nobody gets burned, nobody 

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fumbles. 
This is skilled labor performed 

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by people who know exactly what 
they're doing. 

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The bakery is produced hundreds 
of lows per day. 

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Some are small dents and meant 
for rations. 

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Others are larger, and lighter, 
possibly for supervisors, or 

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feast days. 
You notice different grades of 

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flour and storage jars along the
walls. 

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The finest flour makes bread for
someone important. 

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The course of flour, makes daily
rations even in bread 

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production, hierarchy exists, 
adjacent to the bakeries. 

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You find the breweries. 
Ancient Egyptian beer, isn't the

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filtered carbonated beverage. 
You might expect its thick 

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nutritious and somewhat sweet. 
Workers make it by partially 

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baking barley bread, crumbling 
it into water and allowing the 

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mixture to ferment. 
The resulting liquid has the 

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consistency of a smoothie and 
the alcohol content of weak 

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wine. 
It provides calories hydration, 

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and probably makes the work more
bearable you walk through the 

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fish processing area. 
The Nile lies. 

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Several miles to the east. 
But fish arrives here. 

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Daily workers. 
Split salt and dry fish in open.

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Are workshops. 
The smell is powerful but not 

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unpleasant if you grew up near 
water these workers probably did

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Egypt is a river civilization. 
Everyone knows fish the meat 

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processing sector reveals 
something important about the 

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social organization of this 
place cattle Bones show up in 

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abundance. 
Someone is slaughtering bulls 

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and distributing beef to the 
workforce bef is expensive. 

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It requires pasture land, water 
and time to raise cattle to 

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slaughter weight. 
Pharaoh is feeding these workers

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beef not because he's generous 
but because he needs them 

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healthy and strong you don't 
build pyramids with starving 

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labor as Darkness. 
Settles completely you, notice 

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oil, lamps being lit, throughout
the village, the lamps burn 

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castor oil or animal fat. 
They produce steady, warm light.

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That transforms the mud brick 
corridors into something, almost

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cozy. 
Workers Gather in Courtyards 

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sitting in groups sharing the 
evening meal you hear laughter? 

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Someone is telling a story and 
other person responds with what 

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sounds like a good natured 
insult. 

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This is community. 
You climb to a slight rise at 

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the edge of the settlement and 
look back toward the pyramid. 

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The Limestone facing still 
gleams in the Moonlight. 

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The structure looks impossible 
from here, a geometric Mountain 

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that shouldn't exist. 
You turn and look back at the 

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village. 
From this perspective, you can 

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see the logic of the settlement 
layout housing, clusters around 

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food production, food production
connects to storage facilities, 

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storage facilities, linked to 
distribution points. 

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Everything is planned 
everything. 

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Serves the single purpose of 
supporting the workforce that 

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builds the pyramid, A worker 
walks past your heading back to 

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the galleries. 
He carries a copper chisel and a

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wooden mallet. 
His hands are calloused but not 

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mangled. 
His body is lean and muscular 

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but not a Messier. 
He nods at you as he passes. 

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The gesture is casual the 
acknowledgment of one working 

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person to another. 
He doesn't look like a slave. 

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He looks like someone heading 
home after a long shift. 

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You realized that calling these 
people slaves? 

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Misses, something fundamental 
about what's Happening Here. 

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Slaves. 
Don't get beef and slaves don't 

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have organized neighborhoods 
with Bakery producing. 

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Multiple greats of bread slaves.
Don't carve their names into 

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walls and expect to be 
remembered these workers have 

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stated us. 
They have roles they have reason

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to be proud of their work. 
Even if that work, involves 

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dragging Limestone blocks upper 
ramp under the Egyptian sun, the

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pyramid, Builders aren't slaves,
their participants in the state 

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organized labor system that 
pulls work as from across Egypt.

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Some come seasonally during the 
Nile flood when their fields are

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underwater others. 
Work year-round as skilled 

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Craftsmen, all of them live in 
this Village. 

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All of them. 
Eat bread from these bakeries. 

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All of them sleep in these 
galleries before waking to build

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something that will Outlast 
their entire civilization. 

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You wait before Dawn to the 
sound of footsteps and the 

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gallery. 
Workers are already moving 

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toward the pyramid site. 
Nobody shouts orders, nobody 

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cracks whips. 
The movement is organized, but 

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not frantic purposeful but not 
desperate. 

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You pull yourself up and join 
the flow of people heading 

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toward the plateau. 
The walk from the village to the

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pyramid takes about 15 minutes. 
The path is well, worn marked by

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thousands of daily trips. 
You noticed that work as walking

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groups, not in regimented lines,
they taught to each other. 

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Occasionally, someone laughs, 
you're watching. 

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People go to work, not prisoners
marching to punishment. 

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The pyramid site Dawn is already
active torches burn along the 

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ramps where night cruise, finish
their shifts day workers 

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replaced them. 
In smooth transitions, you smell

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sweat, lime stone dust. 
And the animal musk of oxen used

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for Heavy Hauling Sound is 
constant but not overwhelming. 

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Stones scraping against Stone 
copper chisel striking, Rock, 

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wooden rollers, creaking 
underweight, voices, calling 

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measurements, and directions. 
You follow a group toward the 

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query on the plateau's Eastern 
Edge. 

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This is where workers extract, 
the Limestone blocks that form, 

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the pyramids core, The Quarry 
looks like a series of stepped 

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trenches cut into bedrock. 
Workers stand in these trenches 

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using copper chisels and wooden 
wedges to separate blocks from 

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the living Rock. 
The technique is precise. 

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A work outlines a block by 
cutting a trench along its 

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perimeter. 
Trench only needs to be a few 

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inches wide. 
Once the outline is complete, 

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other workers Drive, wooden 
wedges into the cut. 

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They pour water on the wedges, 
would swells when wet the 

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expanding wedges. 
Apply steady pressure until the 

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block cracks free. 
You watch one, team complete a 

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block. 
It takes the most of the morning

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that seems slow until you 
remember. 

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They're cutting Limestone with 
copper tools copper is soft 

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compared to Iron or steel. 
The workers compensate by using 

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technique. 
Instead of force, they strike 

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the Chisel at precise angles. 
They know exactly where to place

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wedges for maximum effect. 
This is skilled labor, not Brute

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Force, once freed the block sits
in its trench waiting for the 

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hauling Cruise, the halling 
teams arrived with wooden 

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sledges and thick ropes multiple
workers. 

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Leave the block onto the Sledge.
Using wooden poles, the process 

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is called coordinated through 
works on songs. 

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You hear the Rhythm before you 
understand the purpose, one 

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person calls a line. 
Everyone responds with a chorus 

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on the emphasized. 
Beat everyone pulls or levers 

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together the block rise, is the 
Sledge slide underneath the 

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blocks settles into place, Sled 
run as a wide and flat designed 

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to distribute weight across 
sand. 

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Workers pour water on the sand 
in front of the Sledge. 

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Wet sand is firmer than dry 
sand. 

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It reduces friction 
significantly. 

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Team of 20 workers pulls the 
Sledge toward the ramp. 

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They don't struggle as much as 
you might expect. 

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The blocks are heavy, but the 
system is efficient. 

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Humans can move enormous weights
with proper technique and 

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sufficient numbers the ramp 
system, dominates, the pyramids 

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working face. 
Archaeological evidence suggests

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multiple ramp configurations? 
During different construction 

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phases. right now, you're 
looking at a long straight ramp 

234
00:12:25,100 --> 00:12:28,800
that, approaches the pyramid, 
from the south The ramps core is

235
00:12:28,800 --> 00:12:32,900
desert rock and Rubble. 
Its surface is limestone chips. 

236
00:12:32,900 --> 00:12:37,800
Packed hard by constant traffic 
the slope is gentle, maybe one 

237
00:12:37,800 --> 00:12:41,100
foot of rise for every 10 feet 
of horizontal distance workers 

238
00:12:41,100 --> 00:12:43,300
can walk up this ramp without 
exhausting themselves. 

239
00:12:43,300 --> 00:12:46,400
Sledges can be dragged up 
without excessive effort. 

240
00:12:46,400 --> 00:12:49,700
You follow a hauling team up. 
The ramp, the ascent takes about

241
00:12:49,700 --> 00:12:52,500
an hour workers, stop 
periodically, to rest, drink 

242
00:12:52,500 --> 00:12:55,100
water and adjust roads. 
Nobody collapses. 

243
00:12:55,100 --> 00:12:59,000
Nobody struggles Beyond normal 
exertion, these people are fit 

244
00:12:59,000 --> 00:13:00,800
welfare and accustomed to the 
work. 

245
00:13:00,800 --> 00:13:04,600
You pass other teams descending 
with empty, sledges everyone, 

246
00:13:04,600 --> 00:13:08,000
moves aside to let the loaded. 
Sledges pass, the traffic flow 

247
00:13:08,000 --> 00:13:10,700
is organized. 
Almost choreographed at the 

248
00:13:10,708 --> 00:13:13,400
pyramids upper levels, a 
different kind of worker takes 

249
00:13:13,400 --> 00:13:17,300
over, These are the Setters, the
skilled craftsmen who positioned

250
00:13:17,300 --> 00:13:18,700
blocks with millimeter 
precision. 

251
00:13:19,600 --> 00:13:22,700
They use copper tools to trim 
the block sides until it fits 

252
00:13:22,700 --> 00:13:25,800
perfectly against its neighbors.
They employ wooden levers to 

253
00:13:25,800 --> 00:13:28,800
shift blocks into final 
position, they check alignment 

254
00:13:28,800 --> 00:13:30,700
with Plumb Bobs and measuring 
chords. 

255
00:13:30,700 --> 00:13:34,600
This work requires judgment 
experience and mathematical 

256
00:13:34,600 --> 00:13:37,100
understanding. 
Not everyone can do this. 

257
00:13:37,100 --> 00:13:40,700
You notice gang marks painted on
some of the finished blocks, 

258
00:13:40,700 --> 00:13:44,700
these marks identify which crew 
place the block, the marks 

259
00:13:44,700 --> 00:13:46,500
aren't just administrative 
records. 

260
00:13:46,500 --> 00:13:49,600
Their signatures expressions of 
Pride. 

261
00:13:49,600 --> 00:13:53,800
One Mark reads, the crew menco 
is drunk. 

262
00:13:53,800 --> 00:13:58,000
Another says the followers of 
the powerful white crown of 

263
00:13:58,000 --> 00:14:01,700
Khufu, these aren't the 
desperate scratches of anonymous

264
00:14:01,700 --> 00:14:04,100
slaves. 
These are team names. 

265
00:14:04,100 --> 00:14:07,400
Chosen by workers who expected 
their contributions to be 

266
00:14:07,400 --> 00:14:10,200
remembered. 
The organizational structure 

267
00:14:10,200 --> 00:14:12,800
becomes clearer as you watch 
different Crews work. 

268
00:14:13,500 --> 00:14:17,200
Teams are organized into gangs, 
probably around 200 men. 

269
00:14:17,200 --> 00:14:22,100
Each gang subdivide into Cruise 
of about 20 workers each crew, 

270
00:14:22,100 --> 00:14:27,300
as a specific, task some Quarry,
some haul, some set, some 

271
00:14:27,300 --> 00:14:30,700
prepare, the work site, The 
division of the labor is 

272
00:14:30,700 --> 00:14:34,000
sophisticated designed to keep 
everyone productive without 

273
00:14:34,000 --> 00:14:37,700
creating bottlenecks. 
Supervisors move between work 

274
00:14:37,700 --> 00:14:40,400
areas. 
They carry staffs not whips. 

275
00:14:40,400 --> 00:14:43,800
You watch one supervisor consult
with a crew leader about a 

276
00:14:43,800 --> 00:14:47,200
difficult block placement. 
They discussed the problem, the 

277
00:14:47,200 --> 00:14:50,200
crew leader, suggests a 
solution, the supervisor nods 

278
00:14:50,200 --> 00:14:53,200
and moves on. 
Authority exists here, but it 

279
00:14:53,200 --> 00:14:55,800
operates through competence not 
Terror. 

280
00:14:56,500 --> 00:14:59,200
Water carriers move constantly 
through the work site. 

281
00:14:59,200 --> 00:15:02,900
They carry large ceramic jars. 
Suspended from shoulder Yoke's 

282
00:15:02,900 --> 00:15:07,200
workers drink whenever they need
to nobody rationals water, the 

283
00:15:07,200 --> 00:15:10,900
Nile provides unlimited water, 
the state provides unlimited 

284
00:15:10,900 --> 00:15:14,000
transportation. 
Keeping workers hydrated is 

285
00:15:14,000 --> 00:15:16,200
logistically, simple and 
politically necessary. 

286
00:15:16,200 --> 00:15:21,000
Dehydrated workers die dead 
workers, don't build pyramids. 

287
00:15:21,000 --> 00:15:23,500
You notice medical personnel at 
the worksite. 

288
00:15:23,500 --> 00:15:26,400
These aren't modern doctors, but
they're trained in bone. 

289
00:15:26,400 --> 00:15:28,400
Setting wound treatment and 
basic surgery. 

290
00:15:28,400 --> 00:15:31,900
Egyptian medical texts described
treatments for construction 

291
00:15:31,900 --> 00:15:35,800
injuries broken bones get 
splintered deep Cuts get sutured

292
00:15:35,800 --> 00:15:39,400
with linen thread infections. 
Get treated with honey and moldy

293
00:15:39,400 --> 00:15:41,900
bread which actually works 
because bread mold contains 

294
00:15:41,900 --> 00:15:45,400
penicillin, like compounds. 
The medical care isn't perfect, 

295
00:15:45,400 --> 00:15:50,300
but it exists, Someone is trying
to keep these workers alive, the

296
00:15:50,300 --> 00:15:52,500
accident rate based on skeletal 
evidence. 

297
00:15:52,500 --> 00:15:56,300
Archaeologists will eventually 
recover is surprisingly low 

298
00:15:57,000 --> 00:16:01,000
Workers show healed fractures, 
but not catastrophic injuries. 

299
00:16:02,000 --> 00:16:05,100
Back show stress from heavy 
labor, but not collapsed 

300
00:16:05,100 --> 00:16:08,100
vertebrae. 
The work is hard, but the pace 

301
00:16:08,100 --> 00:16:11,800
allows for Recovery the Pharaoh,
needs a sustainable Workforce, 

302
00:16:11,800 --> 00:16:15,700
not disposable labor. 
By midday the heat becomes 

303
00:16:15,700 --> 00:16:18,600
oppressive Works slows but 
doesn't stop. 

304
00:16:18,600 --> 00:16:22,700
Work is take longer breaks in 
available shade some Cruise 

305
00:16:22,700 --> 00:16:25,000
rotate off to rest. 
While fresh Crews take their 

306
00:16:25,000 --> 00:16:27,500
places. 
The pyramid, construction 

307
00:16:27,500 --> 00:16:31,500
precedes continuously, but 
individual workers are not work 

308
00:16:31,500 --> 00:16:34,200
to death. 
The system accounts for human 

309
00:16:34,200 --> 00:16:37,900
limitations, you descend the 
ramp and return to the workers 

310
00:16:37,900 --> 00:16:40,100
Village. 
The afternoon meal is being 

311
00:16:40,100 --> 00:16:43,100
prepared in the communal bakerys
you smell onions. 

312
00:16:43,100 --> 00:16:47,500
Cooking in oil, fish grilling 
over fires and fresh bread 

313
00:16:47,500 --> 00:16:52,000
emerging from Marvin's Workers 
returning waves eating and 

314
00:16:52,000 --> 00:16:55,000
shifts so that the pyramid site 
is never completely abandoned. 

315
00:16:55,800 --> 00:16:58,400
The meal is substantial grade 
beer. 

316
00:16:58,400 --> 00:17:00,500
Fish onions. 
And occasionally meet. 

317
00:17:00,500 --> 00:17:04,400
This is not survival rationales.
This is Food. 

318
00:17:04,400 --> 00:17:09,000
Meant to fuel heavy labor. 
After eating workers, rest 

319
00:17:09,000 --> 00:17:10,300
through the worst heat of the 
day. 

320
00:17:11,099 --> 00:17:14,400
Some sleep in the shade of the 
galleries, others sitting 

321
00:17:14,400 --> 00:17:17,099
Courtyards repairing, tools or 
talking. 

322
00:17:17,900 --> 00:17:21,500
You notice that workers have 
personal possessions ceramic 

323
00:17:21,500 --> 00:17:26,099
cups with distinctive 
decoration, wooden Combs, copper

324
00:17:26,099 --> 00:17:29,800
needles for mending clothes, 
ambulance on linen, chords, 

325
00:17:29,800 --> 00:17:34,100
these people own things, they 
have preferences, they have 

326
00:17:34,100 --> 00:17:38,200
identities, beyond their labor. 
As the sun descends toward the 

327
00:17:38,200 --> 00:17:43,000
Western Horizon work resumes. 
The evening shift is shorter 

328
00:17:43,000 --> 00:17:46,200
than the morning shift. 
Workers returned to the Village 

329
00:17:46,200 --> 00:17:49,500
before full Darkness. 
You see families reunite 

330
00:17:49,500 --> 00:17:52,500
children, too young to work, run
to greet parents. 

331
00:17:52,500 --> 00:17:55,500
These workers aren't isolated 
from normal life. 

332
00:17:55,500 --> 00:17:59,400
They live here with families, 
raise children, and maintain 

333
00:17:59,400 --> 00:18:02,700
relationships, Evening in the 
village feels like evening 

334
00:18:02,700 --> 00:18:05,300
anywhere. 
People prepare small meals on 

335
00:18:05,300 --> 00:18:08,100
individual halves. 
Neighbor's gossip across 

336
00:18:08,100 --> 00:18:10,800
Courtyard walls. 
Someone is teaching a child to 

337
00:18:10,800 --> 00:18:14,000
use a grinding stone. 
Another person is fixing a 

338
00:18:14,000 --> 00:18:18,000
broken storage jar with Clay 
slip, life continues in all its 

339
00:18:18,000 --> 00:18:21,400
mundane detail. 
He realized that the pyramid 

340
00:18:21,400 --> 00:18:25,900
Builders maintain two existences
simultaneously, they participate

341
00:18:25,900 --> 00:18:29,200
in an enormous state project of 
cosmic significance. 

342
00:18:30,000 --> 00:18:32,900
He also live ordinary lives 
filled with ordinary concerns. 

343
00:18:32,900 --> 00:18:36,500
They build eternity in the 
morning and grind barley in the 

344
00:18:36,500 --> 00:18:39,000
evening. 
The two realities coexist 

345
00:18:39,000 --> 00:18:43,300
without contradiction you stand 
in the supply complex at dawn. 

346
00:18:43,308 --> 00:18:45,600
Watching grain arrive from 
upriver. 

347
00:18:46,300 --> 00:18:49,700
The logistics of feeding 15,000 
workers become tangible. 

348
00:18:49,700 --> 00:18:52,400
When you see the boats, they're 
not small craft. 

349
00:18:53,100 --> 00:18:56,200
These are cargo vessels capable 
of carrying multiple tons of 

350
00:18:56,200 --> 00:18:58,900
Wheaton barley. 
Their arrive daily during 

351
00:18:58,900 --> 00:19:02,900
construction, season unload at 
the Riverport and then return 

352
00:19:02,900 --> 00:19:06,400
North for another load. 
The supply system operates like 

353
00:19:06,400 --> 00:19:10,100
a machine constantly moving food
from the Nile Delta to the 

354
00:19:10,108 --> 00:19:13,500
pyramids site. 
Workers unload grain sacks from 

355
00:19:13,500 --> 00:19:17,100
the boats. 
This sacks of woven linen sealed

356
00:19:17,100 --> 00:19:20,800
with Clay Stoppers that Bear 
official stamps, each stamp 

357
00:19:20,800 --> 00:19:23,900
indicates, which administrative 
District provided the grain. 

358
00:19:24,600 --> 00:19:27,500
This isn't random contribution. 
This is organized. 

359
00:19:27,500 --> 00:19:31,200
Taxation a state system that 
pulls resources from across 

360
00:19:31,200 --> 00:19:33,700
Egypt and concentrates them at 
geyser. 

361
00:19:34,700 --> 00:19:37,900
The pyramid project requires 
resources from hundreds of miles

362
00:19:37,900 --> 00:19:40,200
away. 
Someone has to organize that 

363
00:19:40,200 --> 00:19:43,600
flow, you follow a grain 
shipment from the Riverport to 

364
00:19:43,600 --> 00:19:45,800
the storage facilities near the 
workers Village. 

365
00:19:46,500 --> 00:19:49,000
The storage buildings are 
massive thick. 

366
00:19:49,000 --> 00:19:53,000
Mud brick walls, protect grain 
from moisture and pests, the 

367
00:19:53,000 --> 00:19:57,900
roofs are flat waterproofed with
layers of mud and straw inside 

368
00:19:57,900 --> 00:20:02,400
grain, fill ceramic jars that 
stand taller than you are each 

369
00:20:02,400 --> 00:20:04,800
jar holds 100 of pounds of 
grain. 

370
00:20:04,800 --> 00:20:08,000
The facility contains dozens of 
jars. 

371
00:20:08,000 --> 00:20:11,900
You're looking at months of Food
Supplies stored against flood 

372
00:20:11,900 --> 00:20:16,500
famine or Supply interruptions. 
Administrative workers track 

373
00:20:16,500 --> 00:20:19,800
everything they use. 
Wooden writing boards, and Reed 

374
00:20:19,800 --> 00:20:22,900
pens to record. 
Deliveries you watch one scribe 

375
00:20:22,900 --> 00:20:26,600
Mark tally marks on a board 
counting sacks as they pass. 

376
00:20:26,600 --> 00:20:30,800
Another scribe maintains Master 
records on Papyrus roles. 

377
00:20:30,800 --> 00:20:34,600
The accounting is details 
specific and apparently audited 

378
00:20:34,600 --> 00:20:38,800
the Pharos Administration knows 
exactly how much grain arrives. 

379
00:20:38,800 --> 00:20:43,700
How much gets processed and how 
much each worker consumes You 

380
00:20:43,700 --> 00:20:46,700
can't embezzle food in a system.
This closely monitored. 

381
00:20:46,700 --> 00:20:50,300
The grain processing begins in 
designated work. 

382
00:20:50,300 --> 00:20:55,400
Areas near the bakery is Workers
pour grain into large quo's flat

383
00:20:55,400 --> 00:20:59,300
stone surfaces with smaller, 
grinding stones, to workers, 

384
00:20:59,300 --> 00:21:01,900
usually operate each Kern 
trading positions. 

385
00:21:01,900 --> 00:21:04,800
As they Tire, they push the 
smaller Stone back and forth 

386
00:21:04,808 --> 00:21:08,100
across the flat surface. 
Crushing grain between Stones, 

387
00:21:08,100 --> 00:21:11,600
the work is repetitive, 
physically demanding, and 

388
00:21:11,600 --> 00:21:16,400
essential Without ground grain, 
there's no flour without flour. 

389
00:21:16,400 --> 00:21:20,900
There's no bread without bread. 
There's no Workforce, the 

390
00:21:20,900 --> 00:21:23,600
grinding produces flower with 
varying textures. 

391
00:21:23,600 --> 00:21:28,500
The first pass produces, coarse 
flour, still containing bran and

392
00:21:28,500 --> 00:21:30,800
wheat germ. 
Workers shift. 

393
00:21:30,800 --> 00:21:34,100
This flower through linen 
screens, the finest particles 

394
00:21:34,100 --> 00:21:36,200
fall through to make 
high-quality bread flour. 

395
00:21:36,200 --> 00:21:39,700
The course are particles. 
Get ground again or used for 

396
00:21:39,700 --> 00:21:42,000
animal feed. 
Nothing is wasted. 

397
00:21:42,700 --> 00:21:46,100
Ancient Egypt is a civilization 
billed on agricultural Surplus 

398
00:21:46,100 --> 00:21:48,000
but Surplus doesn't mean 
abundance. 

399
00:21:48,000 --> 00:21:51,600
Efficiency matters. 
You watch Baker's, prepared doe 

400
00:21:51,600 --> 00:21:55,600
in the industrial Bakery, they 
mix flour, water and 11 agent in

401
00:21:55,600 --> 00:21:58,900
large, ceramic bowls. 
The leavening is probably saved 

402
00:21:58,900 --> 00:22:02,300
from previous batches. 
Maintaining a sourdough starter 

403
00:22:02,300 --> 00:22:04,000
that has been passed down for 
Generations. 

404
00:22:05,500 --> 00:22:09,200
Baker's need dough with practice
movements, folding and pressing 

405
00:22:09,200 --> 00:22:11,600
until the texture. 
Reaches proper consistency. 

406
00:22:12,700 --> 00:22:15,200
The dough is alive, Rising 
slowly. 

407
00:22:15,200 --> 00:22:18,100
In the warm are transforming. 
Simple ingredients into 

408
00:22:18,100 --> 00:22:21,000
something nourishing. 
The bread molds, get filled with

409
00:22:21,000 --> 00:22:24,500
practice deficiency. 
Each Baker can fill dozens of 

410
00:22:24,508 --> 00:22:27,700
molds in an hour. 
The molds go into the fires 

411
00:22:27,700 --> 00:22:31,600
which burn constantly fed by 
workers, whose entire job is 

412
00:22:31,600 --> 00:22:33,600
maintaining optimal baking 
temperature. 

413
00:22:34,600 --> 00:22:38,000
Fires burn a combination of 
materials including date palm 

414
00:22:38,000 --> 00:22:41,400
wood, Acacia branches and dried 
animal dung. 

415
00:22:41,400 --> 00:22:45,900
The fuel Choice, matters, 
different fuels, produced 

416
00:22:45,900 --> 00:22:49,000
different heat characteristics. 
These Bakers understand 

417
00:22:49,000 --> 00:22:51,900
combustion chemistry, without 
knowing the modern terminology. 

418
00:22:53,000 --> 00:22:56,300
Finished loaves emerge from the 
fires with crusts that crack 

419
00:22:56,300 --> 00:23:00,200
when you touch them. 
Interior remains soft and dense.

420
00:23:00,200 --> 00:23:04,000
The bread is nutritious filling 
and stable. 

421
00:23:04,000 --> 00:23:07,300
It doesn't spoil quickly in the 
dry Egyptian climate. 

422
00:23:08,100 --> 00:23:10,900
Workers can carry rationals for 
several days without 

423
00:23:10,900 --> 00:23:14,200
Refrigeration. 
The bread also serves as a form 

424
00:23:14,200 --> 00:23:18,100
of currency within the village. 
Extra loaves can be traded for 

425
00:23:18,100 --> 00:23:22,200
other goods or services. 
Bread is both food and economic 

426
00:23:22,200 --> 00:23:25,200
medium. 
Be a production occurs adjacent 

427
00:23:25,200 --> 00:23:28,000
to bread. 
Making sharing others and work 

428
00:23:28,000 --> 00:23:30,700
areas. 
The process is similar to bread 

429
00:23:30,700 --> 00:23:32,800
production until the 
fermentation stage. 

430
00:23:33,400 --> 00:23:37,500
Workers crumble, partially baked
bread into large, ceramic jars, 

431
00:23:37,500 --> 00:23:41,100
add water and allow natural 
fermentation to begin. 

432
00:23:42,100 --> 00:23:45,200
While yeasts in the air and on 
the grain initiate, the process.

433
00:23:46,100 --> 00:23:49,800
The mixer ferments for several 
days, producing a thick beverage

434
00:23:49,800 --> 00:23:52,500
with nutritional value and Mild 
alcoholic content. 

435
00:23:53,400 --> 00:23:57,100
Workers receive beer, rations 
daily, the beer provides 

436
00:23:57,100 --> 00:24:01,000
calories hydration and probably 
makes life more bearable. 

437
00:24:01,000 --> 00:24:04,600
The fish supply chain operates 
differently from Grane 

438
00:24:04,600 --> 00:24:07,900
Logistics. 
Fishes perishable can't be 

439
00:24:07,900 --> 00:24:11,700
stored for months like grain. 
The supply must be continuous 

440
00:24:11,700 --> 00:24:15,100
fishing operations on the Nile 
work here, around catching 

441
00:24:15,100 --> 00:24:19,100
multiple species, including 
catfish perch and mullet. 

442
00:24:19,900 --> 00:24:24,000
Fresh fish arrives at Giza, 
daily transported in baskets, 

443
00:24:24,000 --> 00:24:27,900
and kept moist with wet reads. 
Workers process, fish 

444
00:24:27,900 --> 00:24:31,700
immediately upon arrival, either
cooking it fresh or preserving 

445
00:24:31,700 --> 00:24:35,300
it, through drying or salting. 
The fish drying operation 

446
00:24:35,300 --> 00:24:38,800
occupies a large Courtyard 
within the village workers. 

447
00:24:38,800 --> 00:24:43,100
Split fish, lengthwise, remove 
organs and spread the butterfly 

448
00:24:43,100 --> 00:24:47,500
bodies on racks in the Sun. 
The hot dry climate desiccate 

449
00:24:47,500 --> 00:24:51,100
fish quickly. 
Within a few days, the fish is 

450
00:24:51,100 --> 00:24:53,000
preserved and can be stored for 
weeks. 

451
00:24:53,800 --> 00:24:56,600
Dried fish provides protein, 
through Seasons. 

452
00:24:56,600 --> 00:25:01,000
When fresh fish is scarce. 
It also travels, well, making it

453
00:25:01,000 --> 00:25:03,500
ideal for workers, who might 
rotate between different 

454
00:25:03,500 --> 00:25:07,000
construction sites, Cattle 
arrived less frequently than 

455
00:25:07,000 --> 00:25:11,500
fish, but when they come the 
entire Village notice, is you 

456
00:25:11,500 --> 00:25:14,100
watch a herd of cattle being 
driven into the slaughter area? 

457
00:25:14,100 --> 00:25:18,400
These are not dairy cows, he's a
beef, cattle, race, specifically

458
00:25:18,400 --> 00:25:21,600
for consumption. 
The Pharaoh maintains cattle 

459
00:25:21,600 --> 00:25:24,800
ranches in the Delta 
specifically to supply the 

460
00:25:24,800 --> 00:25:29,000
pyramid project this represents 
enormous capital investment 

461
00:25:29,000 --> 00:25:33,700
cattle are expenses. 
Date is feeding these workers 

462
00:25:33,700 --> 00:25:36,500
beef because the alternative is 
faild Construction. 

463
00:25:37,500 --> 00:25:40,900
The slaughter process is 
efficient and relatively Humane,

464
00:25:40,900 --> 00:25:44,200
by ancient standards. 
Professional butchers kill 

465
00:25:44,200 --> 00:25:45,900
cattle quickly with a single 
throat. 

466
00:25:45,900 --> 00:25:49,500
Cut the animal bleeds out in 
seconds, losing Consciousness, 

467
00:25:49,500 --> 00:25:53,300
almost immediately. 
Workers process, the carcass 

468
00:25:53,300 --> 00:25:57,100
systematically separating meet 
hide bones and organs. 

469
00:25:57,100 --> 00:26:01,900
Everything gets used. 
Meat goes to workers, hide 

470
00:26:01,900 --> 00:26:05,400
becomes leather. 
Bones, become tools, and glue. 

471
00:26:05,400 --> 00:26:08,700
Organs are consumed or used as 
bait for fishing. 

472
00:26:08,700 --> 00:26:12,900
The efficiency is total meat 
distribution follows. 

473
00:26:12,900 --> 00:26:17,200
Hierarchy the finest Cuts, 
probably go to supervisors and 

474
00:26:17,200 --> 00:26:20,700
skilled Craftsmen tougher cuts 
are studied for common workers 

475
00:26:20,700 --> 00:26:22,900
bones with scraps of meat, 
attached. 

476
00:26:22,900 --> 00:26:24,600
Get boiled into nutritious 
broth. 

477
00:26:24,600 --> 00:26:28,200
The goal is extracting maximum 
nutrition from each carcass. 

478
00:26:28,200 --> 00:26:32,400
A society without Refrigeration,
meet must be consumed quickly or

479
00:26:32,400 --> 00:26:35,100
preserved workers eat. 
Well, when cattle are 

480
00:26:35,100 --> 00:26:37,900
slaughtered enjoying protein 
levels, that would be envied by 

481
00:26:37,908 --> 00:26:42,200
many pre-industrial societies. 
Vegetables arrive from Gardens 

482
00:26:42,200 --> 00:26:45,300
along the Nile, UC deliveries of
onions, garlic. 

483
00:26:45,300 --> 00:26:49,000
Lettuce, cucumbers and melons. 
The vegetables are fresh 

484
00:26:49,000 --> 00:26:51,300
harvested within days of 
arrival. 

485
00:26:52,000 --> 00:26:55,300
Garden produce provides vitamins
and minerals that bread and meat

486
00:26:55,300 --> 00:26:58,300
cannot Supply. 
Onions are especially abundant 

487
00:26:58,300 --> 00:27:01,600
ancient Egyptians consumed 
onions and quantities. 

488
00:27:01,600 --> 00:27:05,600
That would shock modern pallets,
onions and nutritious flavorful 

489
00:27:05,600 --> 00:27:08,900
and help prevent certain 
nutritional deficiencies the 

490
00:27:08,900 --> 00:27:11,700
entire food system, reveals 
something profound about pyramid

491
00:27:11,700 --> 00:27:14,200
construction. 
The pyramids aren't built with 

492
00:27:14,200 --> 00:27:17,700
slave labor because slave labor 
doesn't work for projects this 

493
00:27:17,700 --> 00:27:20,400
complex. 
The fair only need skilled 

494
00:27:20,400 --> 00:27:22,600
workers who can perform precise 
tasks. 

495
00:27:23,400 --> 00:27:25,400
Skilled workers. 
Require proper nutrition. 

496
00:27:25,400 --> 00:27:28,800
Proper nutrition requires a 
massive Supply infrastructure. 

497
00:27:29,900 --> 00:27:33,800
the infrastructure becomes its 
own Monument invisible, but 

498
00:27:33,800 --> 00:27:38,400
essential the true pyramid is 
the system not just the stone. 

499
00:27:39,600 --> 00:27:43,500
The Nile flood begins in July, 
we stand on the riverbank 

500
00:27:43,500 --> 00:27:47,400
watching the water rise. 
The annual inundation transforms

501
00:27:47,400 --> 00:27:51,500
Egypt from a narrow Green River 
to a shallow Inland Sea dotted 

502
00:27:51,500 --> 00:27:53,900
with villages on mounds and 
Rising ground. 

503
00:27:54,800 --> 00:27:58,500
Fields disappear underwater, 
agricultural, work becomes 

504
00:27:58,500 --> 00:28:02,300
impossible, millions of farmers 
suddenly have no crops to tend. 

505
00:28:02,300 --> 00:28:06,800
This is when the pyramid 
Workforce swells workers arrived

506
00:28:06,800 --> 00:28:10,700
from Villages up and down the 
Nile they come on foot by boat. 

507
00:28:10,700 --> 00:28:13,800
And with their families they're 
not conscripted at swordpoint 

508
00:28:13,800 --> 00:28:17,100
their participating in a labor 
obligation that's part of 

509
00:28:17,100 --> 00:28:21,900
Egyptian citizenship the Pharaoh
provides food shelter and wages 

510
00:28:21,900 --> 00:28:25,400
workers, provide labor, during 
the season when they can't Farm.

511
00:28:25,400 --> 00:28:27,800
Anyway. 
The arrangement is practical, 

512
00:28:27,800 --> 00:28:31,900
not primarily coercive You watch
new workers arrived at the 

513
00:28:31,900 --> 00:28:34,400
Village. 
They come in groups organized by

514
00:28:34,400 --> 00:28:36,900
their home. 
Regions officials greet them 

515
00:28:36,900 --> 00:28:39,800
assign them to gangs and direct 
them to housing. 

516
00:28:40,700 --> 00:28:44,900
The process is bureaucratic, but
not dehumanizing, each worker 

517
00:28:44,900 --> 00:28:48,700
gets recorded each worker 
receives initial rashes. 

518
00:28:48,700 --> 00:28:52,000
Each workers told where to 
report for work, assignments. 

519
00:28:52,700 --> 00:28:55,600
The system has absorbed 
seasonal, labor in flux before. 

520
00:28:55,600 --> 00:28:59,600
It knows what it's doing. 
Seasonal workers bring different

521
00:28:59,600 --> 00:29:01,200
skills than the permanent 
Workforce. 

522
00:29:01,200 --> 00:29:04,900
Some are experienced in mud 
brick construction from building

523
00:29:04,900 --> 00:29:08,100
houses in their Villages. 
Others are skilled in rope 

524
00:29:08,100 --> 00:29:11,400
making basket, weaving or other 
crafts that support pyramid. 

525
00:29:11,400 --> 00:29:15,200
Construction, in directly, the 
permanent workers at geyser a 

526
00:29:15,200 --> 00:29:17,700
specialist and stone working 
surveying and complex 

527
00:29:17,700 --> 00:29:20,800
engineering. 
The seasonal workers, provide 

528
00:29:20,800 --> 00:29:24,000
labor volume for tasks that 
don't require years of training.

529
00:29:24,700 --> 00:29:27,600
You notice that seasonal workers
receive slightly different 

530
00:29:27,600 --> 00:29:31,500
rations than permanent workers. 
Food is adequate but less 

531
00:29:31,500 --> 00:29:33,800
varied. 
This isn't punishment. 

532
00:29:33,800 --> 00:29:38,000
It's practical allocation. 
Permanent workers. 

533
00:29:38,000 --> 00:29:40,900
Performing skilled tasks, need 
optimal nutrition. 

534
00:29:41,900 --> 00:29:43,500
Seasonal. 
Workers performing, less 

535
00:29:43,500 --> 00:29:46,000
demanding, labor needs. 
Sufficient nutrition. 

536
00:29:46,900 --> 00:29:50,100
The difference reflects the work
requirements, not the workers 

537
00:29:50,100 --> 00:29:53,600
value as humans, the work 
assignments for seasonal 

538
00:29:53,600 --> 00:29:56,700
laborers, focus on ramp 
construction and maintenance. 

539
00:29:57,700 --> 00:30:01,800
The ramps require constant 
repair, thousands of workers and

540
00:30:01,800 --> 00:30:05,800
sledges Traverse them daily. 
The surface to grades from 

541
00:30:05,800 --> 00:30:09,800
traffic workers must constantly.
Add new Limestone chips 

542
00:30:09,800 --> 00:30:13,800
surfacing repair erosion damage 
and maintain proper slope 

543
00:30:13,800 --> 00:30:16,400
angles. 
The workers is essential but 

544
00:30:16,400 --> 00:30:18,100
doesn't require specialized 
training. 

545
00:30:18,100 --> 00:30:22,300
Seasonal workers can learn ramp 
maintenance quickly and perform 

546
00:30:22,300 --> 00:30:24,900
it competently. 
Seasonal workers. 

547
00:30:24,900 --> 00:30:29,600
Also participating operations. 
The permanent workers Mark 

548
00:30:29,600 --> 00:30:31,400
blocks and make the critical 
cuts. 

549
00:30:32,200 --> 00:30:35,400
Seasonal workers assist with the
heavy labor of Levering Blocks 

550
00:30:35,400 --> 00:30:38,900
free and loading them onto 
sledges the combination of 

551
00:30:38,908 --> 00:30:41,100
skilled and unskilled labor 
works. 

552
00:30:41,100 --> 00:30:43,700
Because the system is designed 
around that combination. 

553
00:30:44,500 --> 00:30:47,200
Tasks are divided according to 
skill requirements. 

554
00:30:47,200 --> 00:30:51,400
Everyone contributes at their 
competency level you meet a 

555
00:30:51,400 --> 00:30:53,700
seasonal worker named Horry 
during a water break. 

556
00:30:53,700 --> 00:30:57,400
He comes from a village in the 
Delta several days, travel north

557
00:30:57,400 --> 00:31:01,100
of Giza, this is his third 
season working on the pyramid, 

558
00:31:01,100 --> 00:31:04,900
he tells you through gestures 
and broken conversation that he 

559
00:31:04,900 --> 00:31:08,200
works here during the flood seas
and then returns home to farm. 

560
00:31:08,200 --> 00:31:11,500
Once the water recedes, his 
family is back in his village. 

561
00:31:11,500 --> 00:31:15,300
He sends wages home with 
traveling Traders, he'll return 

562
00:31:15,308 --> 00:31:17,400
to farm in October and come back
to Giza. 

563
00:31:17,400 --> 00:31:21,400
Next July is a rangement reveals
the pyramids economic impact on 

564
00:31:21,400 --> 00:31:24,000
Egypt he is not just 
contributing labor. 

565
00:31:24,000 --> 00:31:27,600
He's earning wages that support 
his family through Seasons, when

566
00:31:27,600 --> 00:31:30,900
farming income is reduced. 
The pyramid project 

567
00:31:30,900 --> 00:31:34,400
redistributes wealth from the 
fair's treasury to thousands of 

568
00:31:34,400 --> 00:31:38,900
families across Egypt. 
This isn't charity, it Economic 

569
00:31:38,900 --> 00:31:42,500
Policy, probably unintentional, 
but nonetheless effective. 

570
00:31:43,800 --> 00:31:46,800
Pyramid stimulates the Egyptian 
economy through massive 

571
00:31:46,800 --> 00:31:49,900
government spending. 
The permanent Workforce at 

572
00:31:49,900 --> 00:31:51,600
geyser looks different from 
seasonal workers. 

573
00:31:51,600 --> 00:31:54,100
These are Specialists, who live 
at the site. 

574
00:31:54,100 --> 00:31:58,300
Year-round, you identify them by
their tools which are personal 

575
00:31:58,300 --> 00:32:01,000
property, often marked with 
owner's names. 

576
00:32:01,000 --> 00:32:04,800
A permanent workers copper 
chisel is maintained with care, 

577
00:32:04,800 --> 00:32:08,400
sharp and regularly, and 
protected from theft or loss. 

578
00:32:09,100 --> 00:32:12,500
A seasonal worker uses communal 
tools issued at the start of 

579
00:32:12,500 --> 00:32:15,500
each shift. 
Permanent workers include stone,

580
00:32:15,500 --> 00:32:20,200
masons surveyors, Architects 
copper Smiths and 

581
00:32:20,200 --> 00:32:23,500
administrators. 
These people have invested Years

582
00:32:23,500 --> 00:32:26,500
Learning, their trades, they 
cannot be easily replaced. 

583
00:32:27,500 --> 00:32:31,400
Pharaoh pays them higher wages 
provides better housing and 

584
00:32:31,400 --> 00:32:33,200
ensures their families are 
supported. 

585
00:32:33,900 --> 00:32:36,400
The permanent Workforce is the 
backbone of the project. 

586
00:32:37,400 --> 00:32:41,400
Seasonal workers provide volume,
but permanent workers, provide 

587
00:32:41,400 --> 00:32:44,600
expertise. 
You watch a masterstone Mason, 

588
00:32:44,600 --> 00:32:48,000
train an apprentice. 
The Apprentice is the Mason's, 

589
00:32:48,000 --> 00:32:51,200
son, learning the trade, through
direct observation, and 

590
00:32:51,200 --> 00:32:54,500
practice. 
The training takes years, The 

591
00:32:54,500 --> 00:32:58,100
Apprentice must learn to read, 
Stone understanding, where it 

592
00:32:58,100 --> 00:32:59,500
will split and where it will 
hold. 

593
00:32:59,500 --> 00:33:03,900
He must learn copper tool 
maintenance, keeping edges sharp

594
00:33:03,900 --> 00:33:08,300
without wasting soft metal 
through excessive grinding, He 

595
00:33:08,300 --> 00:33:11,200
must learn measuring systems, 
geometric principles and 

596
00:33:11,200 --> 00:33:16,000
construction sequences. 
This is skilled knowledge passed

597
00:33:16,000 --> 00:33:18,700
from father to son through 
careful mentoring. 

598
00:33:19,400 --> 00:33:22,500
The apprenticeship system, 
ensures skills, persist across 

599
00:33:22,500 --> 00:33:25,200
Generations. 
The pyramid project will 

600
00:33:25,200 --> 00:33:29,900
continue for decades workers. 
Will age retire and die. 

601
00:33:30,700 --> 00:33:33,500
New workers must replace them 
without degrading, the quality 

602
00:33:33,500 --> 00:33:36,100
of work. 
The apprenticeship system 

603
00:33:36,100 --> 00:33:37,800
solves. 
This problem by creating a 

604
00:33:37,800 --> 00:33:41,800
pipeline of trained workers, 
When a Master Mason can no 

605
00:33:41,800 --> 00:33:44,100
longer work, his Apprentice 
takes his place. 

606
00:33:45,100 --> 00:33:49,200
Knowledge, persists, even as 
individuals pass women are 

607
00:33:49,200 --> 00:33:52,000
present in the workers Village 
though, not on the construction 

608
00:33:52,000 --> 00:33:56,300
site itself. 
Women grind, bake bread. 

609
00:33:56,300 --> 00:34:01,100
We've linen and maintain 
households. some women work as 

610
00:34:01,100 --> 00:34:04,500
professional, mourners 
performing funerary rituals when

611
00:34:04,500 --> 00:34:09,400
workers die, others work as 
midwives helping with childbirth

612
00:34:09,400 --> 00:34:13,100
and Early Child Care. 
The division of labor follows 

613
00:34:13,100 --> 00:34:17,199
cultural patterns, but women's 
work is essential to keeping the

614
00:34:17,199 --> 00:34:20,600
village functional. 
Without women processing grain 

615
00:34:20,600 --> 00:34:23,400
into bread, the workforce 
starves. 

616
00:34:24,000 --> 00:34:25,699
Children are everywhere in the 
village. 

617
00:34:25,699 --> 00:34:28,800
The two young to work on the 
pyramid but old enough to 

618
00:34:28,800 --> 00:34:32,500
contribute to household tasks. 
You see children carrying water 

619
00:34:32,500 --> 00:34:35,800
sweeping Courtyards and caring 
for younger siblings. 

620
00:34:36,699 --> 00:34:39,000
The children of permanent 
workers will probably enter the 

621
00:34:39,000 --> 00:34:41,900
workforce as apprentices when 
they reach appropriate age. 

622
00:34:42,699 --> 00:34:45,600
The children of seasonal workers
will probably return to farming 

623
00:34:45,600 --> 00:34:48,600
like their parents. 
The pyramid project creates 

624
00:34:48,600 --> 00:34:51,800
opportunities but it doesn't 
erase existing social 

625
00:34:51,800 --> 00:34:54,900
structures. 
Has the flood season progresses,

626
00:34:54,900 --> 00:34:59,000
the workforce reaches, its 
maximum size, The Villages 

627
00:34:59,000 --> 00:35:02,900
crowded, but not chaotic 
administrative systems. 

628
00:35:02,900 --> 00:35:07,000
That manage 15,000 workers 
during low Seasons, scale up to 

629
00:35:07,000 --> 00:35:11,800
manage 25,000 during High 
season, the food supply 

630
00:35:11,800 --> 00:35:16,700
increases, the bakery is run 
additional shifts, more fish 

631
00:35:16,700 --> 00:35:20,900
arrives, more Catalyst 
slaughtered the system flexes to

632
00:35:20,900 --> 00:35:25,900
accommodate fluctuating demand 
By October, the flood begins to 

633
00:35:25,900 --> 00:35:30,100
recede Fields emerge from 
beneath the water Farmers. 

634
00:35:30,100 --> 00:35:32,100
Must return to plant, winter 
crops. 

635
00:35:32,900 --> 00:35:35,300
Seasonal workers. 
Begin to parting you. 

636
00:35:35,300 --> 00:35:37,500
Watch them leave in the same 
organized groups. 

637
00:35:37,500 --> 00:35:39,800
They arrived in. 
Officials record their 

638
00:35:39,800 --> 00:35:43,200
departure. 
They received final wages often 

639
00:35:43,200 --> 00:35:46,200
in the form of stored grain that
they can transport home. 

640
00:35:46,200 --> 00:35:49,700
They leave having contributed to
the pyramid and having earned 

641
00:35:49,700 --> 00:35:51,900
resources that will support 
their families through the 

642
00:35:51,900 --> 00:35:55,000
coming year. 
The permanent Workforce remains 

643
00:35:55,000 --> 00:35:59,100
continuing construction through 
Seasons when farming is 

644
00:35:59,100 --> 00:36:02,400
possible. 
The work proceeds year-round but

645
00:36:02,400 --> 00:36:05,900
at varying intensity. 
Permanent workers of the 

646
00:36:05,900 --> 00:36:09,000
Project's constant. 
They maintain continuity 

647
00:36:09,000 --> 00:36:13,300
preserves specialized knowledge 
and ensure construction quality 

648
00:36:13,300 --> 00:36:17,100
doesn't degrade between flood 
seasons. you stand at the 

649
00:36:17,100 --> 00:36:20,300
entrance to a tomb in the 
workers Cemetery, east of the 

650
00:36:20,300 --> 00:36:24,700
main pyramid, complex, The sun 
is low, casting Long Shadows 

651
00:36:24,700 --> 00:36:28,100
across the desert. 
The two men entrance is cut into

652
00:36:28,100 --> 00:36:31,900
limestone bedrock. 
Small rectangular opening that 

653
00:36:31,900 --> 00:36:35,100
descended Into Darkness. 
You're about to discover 

654
00:36:35,100 --> 00:36:38,300
something that fundamentally 
contradicts the slave narrative,

655
00:36:38,300 --> 00:36:41,600
the workers Cemetery contains 
over 6002. 

656
00:36:41,600 --> 00:36:44,700
These aren't elaborate treasure 
filled Chambers. 

657
00:36:44,700 --> 00:36:48,300
These are modest burials. 
But their burials nonetheless. 

658
00:36:49,200 --> 00:36:51,900
Someone cared enough about these
workers to provide them with 

659
00:36:51,900 --> 00:36:53,600
tombs near the pyramids they 
built. 

660
00:36:54,400 --> 00:36:58,300
Someone invested, labor 
resources and ritual attention 

661
00:36:58,300 --> 00:37:01,200
in ensuring these workers had 
proper afterlife Provisions. 

662
00:37:01,200 --> 00:37:05,500
You don't do that for disposable
slaves, you descend into one of 

663
00:37:05,500 --> 00:37:09,400
the larger tombs the Interiors 
cool protected from the desert 

664
00:37:09,400 --> 00:37:11,800
heat by several feet of 
limestone and sand. 

665
00:37:12,600 --> 00:37:16,000
The burial chamber is roughly 10
feet square car from bedrock 

666
00:37:16,000 --> 00:37:19,000
with copper tools. 
The ceiling shows tool marks 

667
00:37:19,000 --> 00:37:22,400
where workers shaped the stone. 
The walls are smooth but not 

668
00:37:22,400 --> 00:37:25,800
decorated. 
This is a functional space not 

669
00:37:25,800 --> 00:37:29,800
an artistic statement. 
The tomb contains skeleton 

670
00:37:29,800 --> 00:37:33,200
remains of a man in his forties.
His bones. 

671
00:37:33,200 --> 00:37:35,900
Tell a story that modern 
archaeologists will eventually 

672
00:37:35,900 --> 00:37:38,900
read like a biography. 
His spine shows compression 

673
00:37:38,900 --> 00:37:42,500
fractures common among people 
who carry heavy loads his 

674
00:37:42,500 --> 00:37:44,900
shoulder joints show where 
patterns consistent with 

675
00:37:44,900 --> 00:37:48,200
repeated pulling motions his 
hands show Bones. 

676
00:37:48,200 --> 00:37:51,500
Spurs where tendons attached 
evidence of a lifetime gripping 

677
00:37:51,500 --> 00:37:54,000
tools and ropes. 
This man built the Pyramid. 

678
00:37:54,000 --> 00:37:57,600
His body proves it but his 
skeleton also shows Medical 

679
00:37:57,600 --> 00:38:00,800
Care, one leg, bone shows, a 
healed fracture, that was 

680
00:38:00,800 --> 00:38:03,300
properly set. 
The bone, fused correctly, 

681
00:38:03,300 --> 00:38:06,900
suggesting someone splintered it
and allowed proper healing time.

682
00:38:06,900 --> 00:38:10,400
Another bone shows signs of 
surgery, possibly to remove 

683
00:38:10,400 --> 00:38:14,000
damaged tissue or drain 
infection, These interventions 

684
00:38:14,000 --> 00:38:16,200
required medical knowledge and 
time to heal. 

685
00:38:16,800 --> 00:38:19,400
This worker received treatment, 
not abandonment. 

686
00:38:20,200 --> 00:38:24,300
The tomb contains burial Goods 
modest but present a ceramic 

687
00:38:24,300 --> 00:38:27,800
Bowl sits near the skeleton's 
head probably originally filled 

688
00:38:27,800 --> 00:38:32,000
with food offerings a copper all
lies near the hand, perhaps the 

689
00:38:32,000 --> 00:38:34,400
workers personal tool buried 
with him for use in the 

690
00:38:34,408 --> 00:38:37,400
afterlife a small amulet rests 
on the chest. 

691
00:38:37,400 --> 00:38:40,700
A protective charm meant to 
safeguard the deceased through 

692
00:38:40,700 --> 00:38:42,400
the dangers of the underworld 
Journey. 

693
00:38:43,200 --> 00:38:45,700
These Goods suggest someone 
cared about this person's 

694
00:38:45,700 --> 00:38:46,900
afterlife. 
Well fair. 

695
00:38:46,900 --> 00:38:50,200
You climb back to the surface 
and examine other two tombs in 

696
00:38:50,200 --> 00:38:53,700
the cemetery. 
The variety of striking, some 

697
00:38:53,700 --> 00:38:57,200
tombs are simple shafts, cut 
into Bedrock, barely large 

698
00:38:57,200 --> 00:39:00,100
enough for a body. 
Others are more elaborate with 

699
00:39:00,100 --> 00:39:03,300
multiple Chambers and 
Architectural features, the 

700
00:39:03,300 --> 00:39:06,000
variation suggests hierarchy, 
even in death. 

701
00:39:06,800 --> 00:39:09,800
More skilled or more valued 
workers, received more elaborate

702
00:39:09,800 --> 00:39:12,400
burials. 
But everyone received something.

703
00:39:12,400 --> 00:39:17,400
Even the simplest to represent 
effort, resources and ritual 

704
00:39:17,400 --> 00:39:20,800
concern. 
One tomb contains particularly 

705
00:39:20,800 --> 00:39:24,200
interesting details. 
The ceiling is decorated with 

706
00:39:24,200 --> 00:39:27,800
red, Oaker painting's simple, 
but intentional designs. 

707
00:39:28,600 --> 00:39:32,300
The paintings depict geometric 
patterns, possibly representing 

708
00:39:32,300 --> 00:39:34,600
construction, tools or 
architectural elements. 

709
00:39:35,600 --> 00:39:38,200
Someone invested time in 
decorating this tomb. 

710
00:39:38,200 --> 00:39:41,400
The deceased was significant 
enough to Warrant artistic 

711
00:39:41,400 --> 00:39:44,800
attention, even if the art is 
simple, buy Elite standards. 

712
00:39:44,800 --> 00:39:48,800
You notice that many tombs are 
clustered in groups, possibly 

713
00:39:48,800 --> 00:39:51,400
representing work gangs or 
family units? 

714
00:39:52,300 --> 00:39:54,700
Workers, who live together 
apparently chose to be buried 

715
00:39:54,700 --> 00:39:57,700
together. 
The spatial organization of the 

716
00:39:57,700 --> 00:40:00,600
cemetery mirrors, the social 
organization of the village. 

717
00:40:01,500 --> 00:40:05,500
The tomb group suggests 
Community affiliation and social

718
00:40:05,500 --> 00:40:09,600
bonds that transcended death. 
The skeletal evidence from the 

719
00:40:09,600 --> 00:40:14,100
workers Cemetery reveals average
life expectancy of 30 to 35 

720
00:40:14,100 --> 00:40:17,400
years. 
This seems shockingly Young by 

721
00:40:17,400 --> 00:40:20,600
modern standards, but its 
average for ancient Egypt to 

722
00:40:20,600 --> 00:40:24,300
cross all social classes. 
These workers aren't dying 

723
00:40:24,300 --> 00:40:27,000
younger than Farmers Merchants, 
or scribed. 

724
00:40:27,000 --> 00:40:30,900
The work is hard, but it's not 
systematically more lethal than 

725
00:40:30,900 --> 00:40:35,500
other forms of ancient labor. 
Some scale to show traumatic 

726
00:40:35,500 --> 00:40:37,100
injuries, that probably cause 
death. 

727
00:40:38,000 --> 00:40:41,200
One man has a crushed ripped 
cage, like, from being struck by

728
00:40:41,200 --> 00:40:43,900
a falling block. 
Another has a shattered skull 

729
00:40:43,900 --> 00:40:45,500
possibly from a construction 
accident. 

730
00:40:45,500 --> 00:40:48,900
These deaths are tragic, but 
they're relatively rare in the 

731
00:40:48,900 --> 00:40:52,700
cemetery population. 
Most workers died from aged 

732
00:40:52,700 --> 00:40:56,100
disease or accumulated wear not 
from catastrophic. 

733
00:40:56,100 --> 00:40:59,000
Workplace accidents. 
The construction site was 

734
00:40:59,000 --> 00:41:00,600
dangerous but not a 
slaughterhouse. 

735
00:41:00,600 --> 00:41:04,000
You examine the tomb of a woman 
buried in the worker's Cemetery.

736
00:41:04,700 --> 00:41:07,800
Women are less common than men 
in the cemetery, but their 

737
00:41:07,800 --> 00:41:10,400
present. 
This woman Skeleton shows, no 

738
00:41:10,400 --> 00:41:14,700
signs of construction laborer. 
Her bones, lack the wear 

739
00:41:14,700 --> 00:41:16,700
patterns common in male 
skeletons. 

740
00:41:17,500 --> 00:41:20,800
She probably worked in the 
village perhaps as a baker or 

741
00:41:20,808 --> 00:41:23,100
Weaver. 
Her burial in the workers 

742
00:41:23,100 --> 00:41:25,900
Cemetery suggests, she was 
considered part of the pyramid 

743
00:41:25,900 --> 00:41:29,200
Workforce even though she didn't
directly Place stones. 

744
00:41:30,300 --> 00:41:33,400
The most elaborate tomb in the 
workers Cemetery contains 

745
00:41:33,400 --> 00:41:37,000
multiple Chambers and 
Architectural Innovations, 

746
00:41:37,000 --> 00:41:40,800
including a small false door, a 
symbolic Gateway between the 

747
00:41:40,800 --> 00:41:44,300
living world and the afterlife, 
the full store allows the 

748
00:41:44,300 --> 00:41:47,300
deceased Spirit to pass Between 
Worlds to receive offerings. 

749
00:41:48,400 --> 00:41:51,200
The tomb also contains 
fragmentary hieroglyphic 

750
00:41:51,200 --> 00:41:53,900
inscription rare in the workers 
Cemetery. 

751
00:41:54,800 --> 00:41:58,200
The inscriptions are damaged, 
but enough survived to identify 

752
00:41:58,200 --> 00:42:02,500
the deceased as a supervisor, 
who oversaw multiple work gangs?

753
00:42:03,200 --> 00:42:06,500
His higher status in life 
translated to higher status in 

754
00:42:06,500 --> 00:42:09,600
death. 
Archaeological evidence shows 

755
00:42:09,600 --> 00:42:12,700
that workers families visited 
these tombs regularly after 

756
00:42:12,700 --> 00:42:15,900
burial. 
The tombs contain accumulations 

757
00:42:15,900 --> 00:42:19,700
of offering pottery bowls and 
jars left by mourners bringing 

758
00:42:19,700 --> 00:42:23,700
food and drink to the deceased. 
The offerings weren't one-time, 

759
00:42:23,700 --> 00:42:26,800
burial deposits, their 
accumulated over years. 

760
00:42:26,800 --> 00:42:29,100
Suggesting sustained 
remembrance. 

761
00:42:30,000 --> 00:42:31,700
Families didn't abandon their 
dead. 

762
00:42:32,500 --> 00:42:35,400
They maintained relationships 
across the boundary between life

763
00:42:35,400 --> 00:42:38,300
and death. 
Presence of children's burials 

764
00:42:38,300 --> 00:42:40,300
in the cemetery is particularly 
moving. 

765
00:42:41,100 --> 00:42:44,200
Several tombs can contain the 
remains of children ranging from

766
00:42:44,200 --> 00:42:47,400
infants to adolescents. 
These children died at the 

767
00:42:47,408 --> 00:42:51,100
pyramids site probably from 
disease, rather than labor. 

768
00:42:51,100 --> 00:42:54,600
Accidents their families, buried
them in the workers Cemetery 

769
00:42:54,600 --> 00:42:58,100
rather than taking them home. 
The children's presence, 

770
00:42:58,100 --> 00:43:00,900
suggests families, lived at 
Giza, long enough to establish 

771
00:43:00,900 --> 00:43:04,600
roots to consider the place home
to despite his temporary nature.

772
00:43:05,500 --> 00:43:08,300
You noticed that tomb 
construction techniques vary 

773
00:43:08,300 --> 00:43:11,800
across the cemetery. 
Some tomb shows skilled masonry 

774
00:43:11,800 --> 00:43:14,400
carefully, Cuts Stone and 
precise joints. 

775
00:43:15,100 --> 00:43:19,100
Others show rougher construction
adequate but not masterful. 

776
00:43:19,800 --> 00:43:22,600
The quality variation suggests 
that workers built their own 

777
00:43:22,600 --> 00:43:25,300
tombs or had tombs built by 
colleagues. 

778
00:43:25,900 --> 00:43:28,200
The better tombs weren't 
provided by the state. 

779
00:43:28,200 --> 00:43:32,400
They were earned through skill 
status or Community 

780
00:43:32,400 --> 00:43:35,800
relationships. 
The workers Cemetery continues 

781
00:43:35,800 --> 00:43:38,800
to receive burials throughout 
the pyramid construction, period

782
00:43:38,800 --> 00:43:41,900
and Beyond. 
The cemetery grows organically 

783
00:43:41,900 --> 00:43:44,500
expanding as the workforce 
persists. 

784
00:43:45,200 --> 00:43:48,500
Final burials, occur decades, 
after the pyramids completion. 

785
00:43:48,500 --> 00:43:51,700
Suggesting some work as remained
at geyser even after 

786
00:43:51,700 --> 00:43:54,600
construction ceased they had 
made lives here. 

787
00:43:54,600 --> 00:43:58,200
They chose to stay. 
Standing among the tombs at 

788
00:43:58,200 --> 00:43:59,800
Sunset. 
You understand what this 

789
00:43:59,800 --> 00:44:03,000
Cemetery represents. 
These are people who built 

790
00:44:03,000 --> 00:44:06,100
something Eternal and then were 
granted their own small 

791
00:44:06,100 --> 00:44:10,600
eternity's, their buried in 
sight of their creation every 

792
00:44:10,600 --> 00:44:14,400
day, the Rising Sun illuminates,
the pyramid, and then Falls 

793
00:44:14,400 --> 00:44:17,800
across their tombs. 
The workers and their work are 

794
00:44:17,800 --> 00:44:20,000
forever. 
Linked preserved together in 

795
00:44:20,000 --> 00:44:25,300
stone and Sam and The workers 
Village disappears around 2,400,

796
00:44:25,300 --> 00:44:30,200
BC, e Construction ends. 
Workers depart or die. 

797
00:44:30,900 --> 00:44:35,300
The Niles sand drifts over mud 
brick walls filling rooms 

798
00:44:35,300 --> 00:44:38,200
burying bakeries and obscuring 
streets. 

799
00:44:39,000 --> 00:44:42,100
Within a century, The Villages 
invisible, just another 

800
00:44:42,100 --> 00:44:45,400
undifferentiated, stretch of 
desert south of the pyramids. 

801
00:44:46,100 --> 00:44:51,400
4,000 years pass, thousands of 
Travelers, visit geyser Marvel 

802
00:44:51,400 --> 00:44:54,500
at the pyramids and never know, 
their Standing On Top of the 

803
00:44:54,500 --> 00:44:58,000
answer, to one of history's. 
Most persistent questions you 

804
00:44:58,000 --> 00:45:03,400
leap forward to 1990 CE. 
Mark Lena an American 

805
00:45:03,400 --> 00:45:07,500
archaeologist, conducts ground, 
penetrating radar, surveys, 

806
00:45:07,500 --> 00:45:11,900
south of the pyramids, Surveys 
reveal anomalies beneath the 

807
00:45:11,900 --> 00:45:16,200
sand, rectangular Shadows, that 
suggests ancient architecture. 

808
00:45:17,100 --> 00:45:22,400
Lena's permits and funding 
excavation begins within weeks. 

809
00:45:22,400 --> 00:45:25,200
Mud brick, walls emerge from the
sand. 

810
00:45:25,200 --> 00:45:28,000
The walls belonged to the 
gallery complex. 

811
00:45:28,000 --> 00:45:30,600
Those long parallel buildings 
where workers lived. 

812
00:45:31,200 --> 00:45:34,300
As excavation. 
Expands the scale becomes clear.

813
00:45:35,300 --> 00:45:39,300
The workers Village is enormous 
covering 16 Acres of preserved 

814
00:45:39,300 --> 00:45:43,400
architecture. 
Preservation is exceptional sand

815
00:45:43,400 --> 00:45:47,800
protected, mudbrick from erosion
organic materials, survived 

816
00:45:47,800 --> 00:45:51,200
Millennia of burial 
archaeologists find intact 

817
00:45:51,200 --> 00:45:55,500
floors, complete hearths, and 
undisturbed artifact, deposits. 

818
00:45:55,500 --> 00:45:58,700
You watch excavators work in the
bakery District. 

819
00:45:58,700 --> 00:46:02,200
They use dental tools and 
brushes to expose bread molds, 

820
00:46:02,200 --> 00:46:05,500
still arranged in their original
patterns, Some molds contain 

821
00:46:05,500 --> 00:46:09,600
carbonized bread, preserved by 
accidental burning 4,000 years 

822
00:46:09,600 --> 00:46:12,600
ago. 
The bread looks fresh crusty, 

823
00:46:12,600 --> 00:46:16,400
and defined, you could almost 
pick it up and eat it. 

824
00:46:16,408 --> 00:46:19,500
Chemical analysis, will 
eventually reveal that the bread

825
00:46:19,500 --> 00:46:21,800
was made from Emma wheat 
contained. 

826
00:46:21,800 --> 00:46:25,100
No significant adulterants and 
was nutritionally dense. 

827
00:46:26,000 --> 00:46:29,400
The fish processing area, 
yielded over evidence of diet. 

828
00:46:30,200 --> 00:46:32,500
Fish bones. 
Phil trash pits, thousands of 

829
00:46:32,500 --> 00:46:35,600
Bones from multiple species 
archaeologists identified, 

830
00:46:35,600 --> 00:46:38,900
catfish perch and tilapia the 
bones. 

831
00:46:38,900 --> 00:46:42,300
Showed butchering marks knife 
Cuts were workers removed flesh,

832
00:46:43,100 --> 00:46:45,900
Statistical analysis of bone 
distribution will prove that 

833
00:46:45,900 --> 00:46:49,300
workers consumed fish daily. 
Not occasionally fish was a 

834
00:46:49,300 --> 00:46:53,300
staple protein Source, not a 
luxury supplement, cattle, bones

835
00:46:53,300 --> 00:46:55,400
appear throughout the site and 
quantities that shot. 

836
00:46:55,400 --> 00:46:58,900
The excavation team, cattle, 
bones are expensive evidence. 

837
00:46:58,900 --> 00:47:04,100
Each bone represents significant
resource investment Share volume

838
00:47:04,100 --> 00:47:05,700
of Bones. 
Suggests regular beef 

839
00:47:05,700 --> 00:47:08,900
consumption. 
Later analysis will estimate the

840
00:47:08,900 --> 00:47:12,500
workers consumed, thousands of 
cattle during Peak construction 

841
00:47:12,500 --> 00:47:15,500
periods. 
The Pharaoh was financing a 

842
00:47:15,500 --> 00:47:19,100
massive protein subsidy The 
pottery evidence fills storage 

843
00:47:19,108 --> 00:47:22,900
facilities at the excavation 
base camp, workers lived among 

844
00:47:22,900 --> 00:47:26,300
ceramics. 
Cooking pots storage jars, 

845
00:47:26,300 --> 00:47:30,600
serving bowls and beer vessels 
litter every excavated area. 

846
00:47:31,500 --> 00:47:35,200
Most Pottery is utilitarian 
wheel thrown and mass produced. 

847
00:47:35,200 --> 00:47:40,200
But some pieces show individual 
decoration painted designs or 

848
00:47:40,200 --> 00:47:43,300
impressed patterns Workers had 
preferences. 

849
00:47:43,300 --> 00:47:46,700
They chose specific bowls for 
specific purposes. 

850
00:47:46,700 --> 00:47:49,800
They expressed taste through 
ordinary objects. 

851
00:47:50,500 --> 00:47:52,800
Archaeologists. 
Discover higher erratic, 

852
00:47:52,800 --> 00:47:57,100
graffiti in multiple locations 
workers wrote on walls, floors 

853
00:47:57,100 --> 00:48:00,500
and pottery. 
The texts include gang names, 

854
00:48:00,500 --> 00:48:04,000
administrative records and 
personal messages. 

855
00:48:04,000 --> 00:48:07,700
One graffiti translates roughly 
to the year after the 6th of 

856
00:48:07,700 --> 00:48:12,800
cattle, six months of work, This
is bureaucratic notation someone

857
00:48:12,800 --> 00:48:14,900
marking time or recording work 
completion. 

858
00:48:14,900 --> 00:48:18,700
The graffiti proves workers were
literate, at least functionally 

859
00:48:18,700 --> 00:48:22,200
literate enough to track work, 
and time copper tools emerge 

860
00:48:22,200 --> 00:48:25,400
from the sand in remarkable. 
Condition dry desert conditions,

861
00:48:25,400 --> 00:48:27,900
preserve metal. 
That would rust away in humid 

862
00:48:27,900 --> 00:48:30,500
climates. 
Archaeologists find chisels 

863
00:48:30,500 --> 00:48:34,100
needles alls and fishhooks. 
The tools show where patterns 

864
00:48:34,100 --> 00:48:37,500
from use chisels, have beveled 
edges shaped by repeated 

865
00:48:37,500 --> 00:48:41,200
sharpening needles. 
Have enlarged eyes worn by linen

866
00:48:41,200 --> 00:48:43,400
thread. 
These tools were used hard, 

867
00:48:43,400 --> 00:48:46,900
maintained carefully, and 
eventually lost or discarded. 

868
00:48:47,600 --> 00:48:50,400
The excavation reveals 
sophisticated Water Management 

869
00:48:50,400 --> 00:48:54,100
workers, dug channels and 
constructed catchment basins to 

870
00:48:54,100 --> 00:48:57,200
direct flash flood water into 
storage facilities. 

871
00:48:58,000 --> 00:49:01,100
Egypt receives little rain, that
occasional storms, drop 

872
00:49:01,100 --> 00:49:04,400
significant water, The Village 
was designed to capture and 

873
00:49:04,400 --> 00:49:06,800
store. 
This water supplementing, the 

874
00:49:06,800 --> 00:49:10,500
steady supply brought from the 
Nile The Water Management 

875
00:49:10,500 --> 00:49:14,100
reveals Engineering, fistic in 
applied to practical problems. 

876
00:49:14,100 --> 00:49:18,000
The workers Cemetery becomes a 
major excavation Focus 

877
00:49:18,000 --> 00:49:23,100
archaeologist carefully excavate
hundreds of tombs documenting 

878
00:49:23,100 --> 00:49:26,600
burial positions, grave goods 
and skeletal remains. 

879
00:49:27,700 --> 00:49:31,000
Physical anthropologists, 
analyze bones measuring 

880
00:49:31,000 --> 00:49:35,400
everything looking for patterns.
The data of eventually reveals 

881
00:49:35,400 --> 00:49:37,200
that workers came from a cross 
Egypt. 

882
00:49:37,900 --> 00:49:41,400
Isotope analysis of teeth. 
Proves childhood Origins, from 

883
00:49:41,400 --> 00:49:45,200
the Nile, Delta, the Nile 
Valley, and even regions south 

884
00:49:45,200 --> 00:49:47,800
of Egypt. 
Proper The pyramid. 

885
00:49:47,800 --> 00:49:50,000
Workforce was geographically 
diverse. 

886
00:49:50,700 --> 00:49:53,400
Skeletal trauma. 
Analysis destroys, the most 

887
00:49:53,408 --> 00:49:57,500
Sensational slavery claims 
workers, show stress injuries 

888
00:49:57,500 --> 00:50:01,100
from heavy labor, but not trauma
consistent with systemic 

889
00:50:01,100 --> 00:50:03,900
beatings. 
There are no shackle marks on 

890
00:50:03,900 --> 00:50:06,700
ankle bones. 
There are no defensive wounds on

891
00:50:06,700 --> 00:50:12,000
forearms the skeletons. 
Show, hard workers, not abused 

892
00:50:12,000 --> 00:50:15,700
captives. 
Physical evidence contradicts 

893
00:50:15,700 --> 00:50:18,600
centuries of speculation about 
pyramid, construction methods. 

894
00:50:19,500 --> 00:50:22,300
Medical intervention evidence 
appears repeatedly in the 

895
00:50:22,308 --> 00:50:25,600
skeletal record. 
Multiple individuals show 

896
00:50:25,600 --> 00:50:29,500
healed, fractures with proper 
alignment, proof of skilled bone

897
00:50:29,500 --> 00:50:32,500
setting. 
One Skeleton shows evidence of 

898
00:50:32,500 --> 00:50:36,000
skull surgery trepanation 
performed with copper tools. 

899
00:50:36,000 --> 00:50:39,600
The surgery was successful, the 
bone shows healing. 

900
00:50:39,600 --> 00:50:44,400
Meaning the patient survived. 
Ancient Egyptian medicine was 

901
00:50:44,400 --> 00:50:46,700
sophisticated enough to perform 
successful. 

902
00:50:46,700 --> 00:50:50,400
Brain surgery on construction 
workers archaeologists 

903
00:50:50,400 --> 00:50:52,800
discovered administrative 
buildings within the village. 

904
00:50:53,600 --> 00:50:57,300
These structures contain Papyrus
fragments heavily damaged but 

905
00:50:57,300 --> 00:51:00,900
partially legible The text 
discussed grain. 

906
00:51:00,900 --> 00:51:04,100
Deliveries worker assignments, 
and construction schedules. 

907
00:51:04,900 --> 00:51:08,300
The administrative operators was
literate, bureaucratic, and 

908
00:51:08,300 --> 00:51:11,100
precise. 
The pyramid project wasn't 

909
00:51:11,100 --> 00:51:13,600
organized through oral tradition
or improvisation. 

910
00:51:13,600 --> 00:51:17,900
It was planned documented and 
managed through written records.

911
00:51:18,600 --> 00:51:21,300
One particularly important 
Discovery comes from the 

912
00:51:21,308 --> 00:51:24,300
southern sector of the village. 
Archaeologists. 

913
00:51:24,300 --> 00:51:26,700
Find a copper Workshop. 
Containing crucibles. 

914
00:51:26,700 --> 00:51:32,100
Molds and slag residue workers 
were smelting and casting copper

915
00:51:32,100 --> 00:51:34,000
on site producing tools as 
needed. 

916
00:51:35,000 --> 00:51:37,800
The workshop reveals the 
projects in industrial scale. 

917
00:51:38,600 --> 00:51:42,000
The pyramid was not just a 
construction site, it was a 

918
00:51:42,000 --> 00:51:45,300
manufacturing complex producing 
the tools required for its own 

919
00:51:45,300 --> 00:51:48,500
constriction. 
The excavation team discovers 

920
00:51:48,500 --> 00:51:51,900
pigment processing areas where 
workers ground minerals into 

921
00:51:51,900 --> 00:51:55,500
paint powders. 
Pigments decorated, tomb, walls,

922
00:51:55,500 --> 00:52:00,500
marked blocks and created 
administrative documents. the 

923
00:52:00,500 --> 00:52:05,000
colors include red, Oaker 
yellow, ocher and lamp black The

924
00:52:05,000 --> 00:52:09,200
pigments were pure carefully, 
processed and stored in sealed 

925
00:52:09,200 --> 00:52:12,900
containers. 
Quality control applied, even to

926
00:52:12,900 --> 00:52:16,300
paint production. 
As excavation continues through 

927
00:52:16,300 --> 00:52:20,400
the 1990s and 2000s. 
The evidence accumulates into an

928
00:52:20,400 --> 00:52:23,000
overwhelming narrative. 
The pyramid. 

929
00:52:23,000 --> 00:52:25,900
Builders were organized workers 
participating in a state. 

930
00:52:25,908 --> 00:52:29,900
Labor program, they received 
food housing, Medical Care and 

931
00:52:29,900 --> 00:52:33,300
burial Provisions. 
They lived in families raised 

932
00:52:33,300 --> 00:52:35,000
children and maintained 
communities. 

933
00:52:35,000 --> 00:52:39,200
It took pride in their work, 
sign their names to stones and 

934
00:52:39,700 --> 00:52:42,500
expected to be remembered. 
The archaeological evidence 

935
00:52:42,500 --> 00:52:46,400
destroys the slave narrative 
completely the logistics alone, 

936
00:52:46,400 --> 00:52:50,100
disproof slavery. 
You cannot build the pyramids 

937
00:52:50,100 --> 00:52:53,600
with unwilling labor. 
The Precision required, the 

938
00:52:53,600 --> 00:52:56,400
skilled demanded and the 
coordination necessary. 

939
00:52:56,400 --> 00:53:00,300
All require motivated workers 
who understand their tasks and 

940
00:53:00,300 --> 00:53:03,800
care about outcomes. 
Slaves can perform simple 

941
00:53:03,800 --> 00:53:05,900
repetitive labor, under 
coercion. 

942
00:53:06,600 --> 00:53:10,400
Slaves cannot perform complex, 
engineering judgment and 

943
00:53:10,400 --> 00:53:14,600
expertise. 
Modern excavation continues each

944
00:53:14,600 --> 00:53:17,600
season, reveals new details 
about workers' lives. 

945
00:53:18,300 --> 00:53:20,400
Archaeologists. 
Now, understand their diet. 

946
00:53:20,400 --> 00:53:24,300
Their health, their Origins, 
their work patterns and their 

947
00:53:24,300 --> 00:53:26,700
deaths. 
The workers have been rescued 

948
00:53:26,700 --> 00:53:29,900
from anonymity. 4,000 years 
after they build the pyramids, 

949
00:53:29,900 --> 00:53:34,700
their Village, their tombs and 
their possessions, testify to 

950
00:53:34,700 --> 00:53:37,900
their Humanity, their skill, and
their contributions. 

951
00:53:38,700 --> 00:53:41,000
You stand on the Giza Plateau at
Sunrise. 

952
00:53:41,000 --> 00:53:45,900
The pyramids, catch the first 
light, Limestone faces glowing. 

953
00:53:45,900 --> 00:53:50,300
Warm in the horizontal son. 
Behind you barely visible 

954
00:53:50,300 --> 00:53:53,600
beneath protective sand, cover 
lies the worker's Village. 

955
00:53:54,400 --> 00:53:57,200
The village and the pyramids 
exist in permanent relationship.

956
00:53:57,200 --> 00:54:00,300
One explaining the other. 
The pyramid. 

957
00:54:00,300 --> 00:54:03,700
Builders succeeded in their 
fundamental goal, they created 

958
00:54:03,700 --> 00:54:08,300
something permanent the pyramids
of survive, 4,000 years of wind,

959
00:54:08,300 --> 00:54:11,300
sand, earthquakes, and human 
activity. 

960
00:54:12,100 --> 00:54:15,400
They've survived Conquest 
colonization and Industrial 

961
00:54:15,400 --> 00:54:18,600
quarrying. 
They remain still the most 

962
00:54:18,600 --> 00:54:21,600
immediately recognizable 
structures from ancient Egypt. 

963
00:54:22,500 --> 00:54:25,800
The workers who built the 
achieved, their immortality just

964
00:54:25,800 --> 00:54:27,200
not. 
In the way, they probably 

965
00:54:27,200 --> 00:54:30,800
imagined the workers expected 
personal immortality through 

966
00:54:30,800 --> 00:54:34,500
Proper Burial and ritual 
offering they received tombs and

967
00:54:34,500 --> 00:54:38,100
Grave Goods their families, 
brought offerings that 

968
00:54:38,100 --> 00:54:42,500
eventually the families died. 
The offerings stopped the 

969
00:54:42,500 --> 00:54:45,300
workers names were forgotten. 
The tombs were buried. 

970
00:54:46,300 --> 00:54:50,500
The workers vanished into sand 
and silents individual 

971
00:54:50,500 --> 00:54:54,100
immortality fails. 
Collective immortality 

972
00:54:54,100 --> 00:54:56,700
succeeded. 
The pyramids ensure that the 

973
00:54:56,700 --> 00:55:01,400
builders are remembered even if 
individual names are lost Every 

974
00:55:01,400 --> 00:55:04,300
time someone looks at the Great 
Pyramid and asks, how did they 

975
00:55:04,300 --> 00:55:07,200
build that? 
The question honors, the workers

976
00:55:07,200 --> 00:55:10,700
every archaeological excavation 
in the workers Village, 

977
00:55:10,700 --> 00:55:13,600
resurrects them. 
Every Museum exhibition of 

978
00:55:13,608 --> 00:55:17,300
pyramid construction tools, 
testifies to their skill, they 

979
00:55:17,300 --> 00:55:20,800
are remembered as collective, a 
Workforce, a civilization 

980
00:55:20,800 --> 00:55:24,700
capable of extraordinary 
achievement the workers also 

981
00:55:24,700 --> 00:55:26,900
achieved something they probably
never intended. 

982
00:55:27,600 --> 00:55:29,900
They created the foundation for 
egyptology. 

983
00:55:30,800 --> 00:55:33,200
The pyramids attracted, 
Travelers Scholars. 

984
00:55:33,200 --> 00:55:36,600
And eventually archaeologists. 
The mystery of pyramid 

985
00:55:36,600 --> 00:55:40,400
construction drove, centuries of
Investigation. that 

986
00:55:40,400 --> 00:55:43,900
investigation revealed not just 
construction technique's, but 

987
00:55:43,900 --> 00:55:48,100
the entire structure of ancient 
Egyptian Society, the workers 

988
00:55:48,100 --> 00:55:52,100
Village provide evidence for 
daily life, social organization 

989
00:55:52,100 --> 00:55:54,700
and state Administration that 
would be lost. 

990
00:55:54,700 --> 00:55:58,800
Otherwise The pyramids are 
history books written in stone. 

991
00:55:59,600 --> 00:56:02,900
Modern visitors to gezer rarely 
know about the workers Village. 

992
00:56:03,700 --> 00:56:07,200
Tour groups, focus on the 
pyramids themselves on Royal 

993
00:56:07,200 --> 00:56:11,600
burial Chambers and astronomical
alignments, the workers remain 

994
00:56:11,600 --> 00:56:15,200
invisible just as they did for 
4,000 years. 

995
00:56:16,200 --> 00:56:18,400
But the archaeological Community
knows. 

996
00:56:18,400 --> 00:56:22,200
The evidence has been published,
analyzed and synthesized into 

997
00:56:22,200 --> 00:56:25,300
textbooks. 
Future Generations will learn 

998
00:56:25,300 --> 00:56:28,200
about pyramid, construction 
methods grounded in actual 

999
00:56:28,200 --> 00:56:31,300
evidence, not speculation or 
myth. 

1000
00:56:32,200 --> 00:56:35,700
The slave narrative dies, slowly
popular culture, resists 

1001
00:56:35,700 --> 00:56:40,000
correction movies, documentaries
and novels continue, depicting 

1002
00:56:40,000 --> 00:56:43,600
pyramid construction as powered 
by enslaved masses. 

1003
00:56:44,900 --> 00:56:47,900
The dramatic image of suffering 
captives, tracking Stones 

1004
00:56:47,900 --> 00:56:50,600
persists despite contrary 
evidence. 

1005
00:56:51,700 --> 00:56:55,500
Mythology is resilient. 
It satisfies psychological needs

1006
00:56:55,500 --> 00:56:59,200
that faxed cannot touch. 
People want simple stories about

1007
00:56:59,200 --> 00:57:02,500
Ancient Wonders. 
The true story is complex 

1008
00:57:02,500 --> 00:57:05,200
bureaucratic and less 
cinematically dramatic than 

1009
00:57:05,200 --> 00:57:09,200
slavery. 
But accuracy, sprayed, museums 

1010
00:57:09,200 --> 00:57:12,600
updated, exhibits documentaries,
and corporate new 

1011
00:57:12,600 --> 00:57:16,400
archaeological, findings 
educational materials. 

1012
00:57:16,400 --> 00:57:20,300
Reflect current research. 
The next generation will inherit

1013
00:57:20,300 --> 00:57:23,000
a more accurate understanding of
pyramid construction. 

1014
00:57:23,000 --> 00:57:27,000
The workers will finally be seen
as they actually were rather 

1015
00:57:27,000 --> 00:57:29,300
than how slavery narratives 
imagine them. 

1016
00:57:29,900 --> 00:57:32,200
The pyramid Builders offer 
lessons for modern labor 

1017
00:57:32,200 --> 00:57:35,700
movements they demonstrate that 
large-scale projects require 

1018
00:57:35,700 --> 00:57:40,300
well fed well housed workers, 
they proved that quality work 

1019
00:57:40,300 --> 00:57:44,900
requires skilled labor, not 
coerced labor, they show that 

1020
00:57:44,900 --> 00:57:48,600
workers take pride in meaningful
work even when that work is 

1021
00:57:48,600 --> 00:57:52,100
physically demanding. 
These lessons remain relevant. 

1022
00:57:53,000 --> 00:57:56,400
Modern construction, projects, 
succeed, or fail based on 

1023
00:57:56,400 --> 00:57:59,900
workforce management. 
The ancient Egyptians understood

1024
00:57:59,900 --> 00:58:02,600
principles that some Modern 
employers still resist. 

1025
00:58:03,400 --> 00:58:06,400
The workers also, demonstrate 
the power of organization. 

1026
00:58:07,200 --> 00:58:10,000
The pyramid project succeeded 
because Egypt possessed, 

1027
00:58:10,000 --> 00:58:12,900
bureaucratic infrastructure 
capable of coordinating 

1028
00:58:12,900 --> 00:58:17,200
resources across of Miles the 
projects exceeded because 

1029
00:58:17,200 --> 00:58:21,600
administrators could track grain
deliveries assign work gangs and

1030
00:58:21,600 --> 00:58:25,300
maintain Supply chains. 
The pyramids of monuments to 

1031
00:58:25,300 --> 00:58:28,700
organizational capacity as much 
as architectural skill. 

1032
00:58:29,600 --> 00:58:32,800
The visible pyramid rests on an 
invisible Foundation of 

1033
00:58:32,800 --> 00:58:35,100
administration Logistics and 
planning. 

1034
00:58:35,900 --> 00:58:38,300
You think about the workers 
daily experience? 

1035
00:58:38,300 --> 00:58:42,200
They woke Before Dawn walked to 
the pyramid site and spent the 

1036
00:58:42,200 --> 00:58:44,800
day, cutting moving and placing 
Stone. 

1037
00:58:44,800 --> 00:58:47,400
The work was hard, the 
conditions were difficult. 

1038
00:58:47,400 --> 00:58:51,600
The heat was oppressive yet, 
they persisted returning day 

1039
00:58:51,600 --> 00:58:55,400
after day season after season. 
They found meaning in the work 

1040
00:58:55,400 --> 00:58:58,800
pride in accomplishment and 
Community with fellow workers. 

1041
00:58:58,800 --> 00:59:02,100
They lived full human lives 
while building eternity. 

1042
00:59:02,100 --> 00:59:04,700
The children who played in the 
workers Village. 

1043
00:59:04,700 --> 00:59:06,500
Probably took the pyramid for 
granted. 

1044
00:59:06,500 --> 00:59:11,400
It was always there. 
Always growing always part of 

1045
00:59:11,400 --> 00:59:14,200
their world. 
They couldn't imagine a world 

1046
00:59:14,208 --> 00:59:18,500
without pyramid Construction. 
Then one generation after 

1047
00:59:18,500 --> 00:59:23,800
another construction, slowed, 
then stopped the workers. 

1048
00:59:23,800 --> 00:59:28,500
Departed or died. 
The Village at The children grew

1049
00:59:28,500 --> 00:59:31,600
old in a world where pyramid 
building had become history and 

1050
00:59:31,600 --> 00:59:35,400
stead of daily life. 
A transformation happened within

1051
00:59:35,400 --> 00:59:38,900
a single lifetime. 
The workers children probably 

1052
00:59:38,900 --> 00:59:42,000
told their own children about 
the Great Pyramid project about 

1053
00:59:42,000 --> 00:59:45,700
the thousands of workers about 
the organization and food and 

1054
00:59:45,700 --> 00:59:49,000
community. 
Those stories persisted for 

1055
00:59:49,000 --> 00:59:52,900
Generations before Fading Into 
The General passed eventually 

1056
00:59:52,900 --> 00:59:55,900
later Egyptians looked at the 
pyramids and wondered how they 

1057
00:59:55,900 --> 00:59:58,600
were built. 
The organizational knowledge had

1058
00:59:58,600 --> 01:00:02,700
been lost, the techniques had 
been forgotten, the pyramids 

1059
01:00:02,700 --> 01:00:05,200
became mysterious even to 
Egyptians. 

1060
01:00:06,000 --> 01:00:10,000
Speculation replaced knowledge, 
the Mysteries accumulated over 

1061
01:00:10,000 --> 01:00:13,600
centuries generating 
increasingly Fantastical 

1062
01:00:13,600 --> 01:00:16,800
explanations. 
By the Greek and Roman periods. 

1063
01:00:16,800 --> 01:00:20,000
The pyramids were ancient 
wonders built by vanished 

1064
01:00:20,000 --> 01:00:24,200
civilizations using Lost Wisdom.
The workers are disappeared. 

1065
01:00:24,200 --> 01:00:28,800
Completely from cultural memory.
Modern Archaeology is rescued 

1066
01:00:28,800 --> 01:00:33,100
them, the excavations at Giza 
Act of remembrance bringing the 

1067
01:00:33,100 --> 01:00:37,400
workers back from 4,000 years of
Oblivion, every artifact 

1068
01:00:37,400 --> 01:00:41,500
cataloged, every skeleton. 
Analyzed, and every tomb. 

1069
01:00:41,500 --> 01:00:44,900
Documented restores. 
The workers to history there no 

1070
01:00:44,900 --> 01:00:47,900
longer invisible labor. 
Their individual human beings 

1071
01:00:47,900 --> 01:00:52,100
with names families and lives. 
Archeology practices. 

1072
01:00:52,100 --> 01:00:55,700
Resurrection. 
You watch the sun climb higher 

1073
01:00:55,700 --> 01:00:59,800
heat begins building, the 
Limestone faces of the pyramids,

1074
01:00:59,800 --> 01:01:02,500
start to Glow, White. 
Tourists began. 

1075
01:01:02,500 --> 01:01:06,500
Arriving buses parking in 
designated areas guides lead 

1076
01:01:06,500 --> 01:01:09,600
groups toward the pyramids 
gesturing and explaining. 

1077
01:01:10,700 --> 01:01:15,300
Most explanations focus on 
pharaohs tombs and mystical 

1078
01:01:15,300 --> 01:01:18,300
significance. 
Few mentioned the workers who 

1079
01:01:18,300 --> 01:01:21,800
made it all possible. 
But you know, you've walked 

1080
01:01:21,800 --> 01:01:25,100
through their Village eaten from
their bakeries and stood in 

1081
01:01:25,100 --> 01:01:27,900
their tombs. 
You've seen the evidence of 

1082
01:01:27,900 --> 01:01:31,100
their lives. 
You understand that the pyramids

1083
01:01:31,100 --> 01:01:35,000
required, not just Vision but 
hands not just Authority, but 

1084
01:01:35,000 --> 01:01:37,700
labor, not just pharaohs, but 
workers. 

1085
01:01:38,700 --> 01:01:42,700
The great Stone monuments rest 
on foundations of bread, fish 

1086
01:01:42,700 --> 01:01:46,700
and human effort. 
The workers, succeeded, they 

1087
01:01:46,700 --> 01:01:49,800
built their Mountain, they 
outlasted their bodies and their

1088
01:01:49,800 --> 01:01:54,200
names, they created something. 
So durable that it forced future

1089
01:01:54,200 --> 01:01:58,000
generations to search for them 
to excavate their Village, to 

1090
01:01:58,000 --> 01:02:01,900
study their bones and to honor 
their achievement, their 

1091
01:02:01,900 --> 01:02:06,400
remembered. a pyramids ensure it
the ancient Egyptian concept of 

1092
01:02:06,400 --> 01:02:10,200
immortality required that 
someone speak your name as long 

1093
01:02:10,200 --> 01:02:12,500
as someone said your name 
allowed you remained alive in 

1094
01:02:12,500 --> 01:02:16,100
the afterlife, the individual 
workers names are mostly lost 

1095
01:02:16,100 --> 01:02:19,900
but collectively then named 
every time someone says pyramid 

1096
01:02:19,900 --> 01:02:23,400
builders The existing every 
question about construction 

1097
01:02:23,400 --> 01:02:27,200
methods, they live in every 
archaeological report about the 

1098
01:02:27,200 --> 01:02:30,400
workers Village. 
They achieved their immortality 

1099
01:02:30,400 --> 01:02:34,600
through Collective memory rather
than individual remembrance You 

1100
01:02:34,600 --> 01:02:37,700
turn away from the pyramids and 
walk back to the buried Village.

1101
01:02:38,500 --> 01:02:42,600
The sand conceals most of the 
archeology protective measures. 

1102
01:02:42,600 --> 01:02:44,800
Keep tourist, traffic away from 
fragile. 

1103
01:02:44,800 --> 01:02:47,000
Mud brick remains. 
But you know What? 

1104
01:02:47,000 --> 01:02:49,400
Lies Beneath You know, the 
galleries. 

1105
01:02:49,400 --> 01:02:52,500
The bakery is the tombs. 
You know, the workers stories 

1106
01:02:52,500 --> 01:02:54,700
preserved in bone pottery and 
Stone. 

1107
01:02:55,500 --> 01:02:58,800
You carry their memory forward, 
they built their pyramid. 

1108
01:02:58,800 --> 01:03:03,400
You've witnessed their lives. 
The transaction is complete, the

1109
01:03:03,400 --> 01:03:05,200
workers and the pyramid both 
endure. 

1110
01:03:05,200 --> 01:03:08,800
Thank you for spending this hour
among the pyramid, Builders my 

1111
01:03:08,800 --> 01:03:11,900
tired dumplings. 
If the sound of ancient bread 

1112
01:03:11,900 --> 01:03:15,400
ovens and Limestone dust somehow
helped you drift off to night, 

1113
01:03:15,400 --> 01:03:18,700
you might enjoy our journey 
through the buried ports of 

1114
01:03:18,708 --> 01:03:22,000
Bronze Age Cyprus. 
Where Merchants Sailors left 

1115
01:03:22,000 --> 01:03:25,300
remarkably similar evidence of 
their ordinary extraordinary 

1116
01:03:25,300 --> 01:03:28,800
lives. 
Sweet dreams and may your own 

1117
01:03:28,800 --> 01:03:37,600
work out last your lifetime. 
You stand on a wooden deck that 

1118
01:03:37,600 --> 01:03:39,700
moves beneath your feet like a 
living thing. 

1119
01:03:39,700 --> 01:03:43,400
Watching the coast of Spain fade
into mist and memory. 

1120
01:03:44,200 --> 01:03:48,600
The year is 1500 and 27 and you 
have signed articles to sail 

1121
01:03:48,600 --> 01:03:51,700
westward across an ocean that 
most of Europe, still considers 

1122
01:03:51,700 --> 01:03:56,100
more room of the reality. 
What follows is not an adventure

1123
01:03:56,100 --> 01:04:00,300
of Discovery in glory? 
A quieter stranger truth of what

1124
01:04:00,300 --> 01:04:02,200
it meant to live for months. 
On a floating. 

1125
01:04:02,200 --> 01:04:06,400
Wooden box suspended Between Two
Worlds that might as well have 

1126
01:04:06,400 --> 01:04:10,000
been on different planets. 
The smell hits you before 

1127
01:04:10,000 --> 01:04:13,000
anything else. 
When you first climb aboard, A 

1128
01:04:13,000 --> 01:04:16,500
combination of tar. 
Wet rope bilgewater and 

1129
01:04:16,500 --> 01:04:18,400
something else. 
You cannot quite name but will 

1130
01:04:18,400 --> 01:04:19,400
come to know. 
Intimately. 

1131
01:04:20,300 --> 01:04:23,700
It is the smell of wood that has
been damp for years of salt. 

1132
01:04:23,700 --> 01:04:27,600
That has worked its way into 
every fiber, and grain of men. 

1133
01:04:27,600 --> 01:04:31,200
Living in close quarters with no
privacy and limited washing 

1134
01:04:31,200 --> 01:04:34,700
water in a few weeks, you will 
stop noticing it. 

1135
01:04:34,700 --> 01:04:38,800
In a few months, you will smell 
it in your dreams, your sea 

1136
01:04:38,800 --> 01:04:40,000
chests. 
Sits in the space. 

1137
01:04:40,000 --> 01:04:43,200
You have been allotted below 
deck, which is not really a 

1138
01:04:43,200 --> 01:04:45,900
space at all, but rather the 
absence of someone else's 

1139
01:04:45,900 --> 01:04:48,700
belongings. 
You have roughly two feet of 

1140
01:04:48,708 --> 01:04:52,200
width to call your own wedge 
between a Carpenters, mate from 

1141
01:04:52,200 --> 01:04:55,800
Seville who snores like a 
wounded bull and a young rope 

1142
01:04:55,800 --> 01:04:58,500
maker from Cadiz, who has 
already been sick three times 

1143
01:04:58,500 --> 01:05:00,900
and you have not yet cleared the
harbor. 

1144
01:05:01,700 --> 01:05:05,300
The ceiling deck, you must learn
to call it a deck. 

1145
01:05:05,900 --> 01:05:08,400
Hang so low that you cannot 
stand upright. 

1146
01:05:09,200 --> 01:05:12,100
You will spend the next several 
months, either crouching or 

1147
01:05:12,100 --> 01:05:16,000
lying down except when you are 
topside performing the endless 

1148
01:05:16,000 --> 01:05:21,900
tasks that keep a ship moving. 
The first night you lie in the 

1149
01:05:21,900 --> 01:05:26,000
darkness, listening to the ship.
She creaks and groans like an 

1150
01:05:26,000 --> 01:05:29,000
old house in a windstorm, but 
these sounds are alive and 

1151
01:05:29,000 --> 01:05:31,700
conversational. 
The Timbers speak to each other 

1152
01:05:31,700 --> 01:05:36,100
and squeaks and moans the ropes,
whom different notes depending 

1153
01:05:36,100 --> 01:05:39,900
on their attention, water slaps 
against the hull in rhythms, 

1154
01:05:39,900 --> 01:05:42,000
that change with every shift in 
the Wind. 

1155
01:05:43,000 --> 01:05:46,500
Around you, 30 other men, 
breathe and snore and 

1156
01:05:46,500 --> 01:05:48,400
occasionally cry out in their 
sleep. 

1157
01:05:49,100 --> 01:05:50,800
Someone is quietly. 
Weeping. 

1158
01:05:50,800 --> 01:05:55,000
Someone else's praying. 
Most to simply trying to find a 

1159
01:05:55,000 --> 01:05:57,500
position where they can sleep 
without rolling into their 

1160
01:05:57,500 --> 01:05:59,700
neighbor. 
When the ship tilts, you have 

1161
01:05:59,708 --> 01:06:03,300
been issued your rationale, for 
the week ships biscuit that has 

1162
01:06:03,300 --> 01:06:06,700
already harder than roof tiles, 
salt, pork that has a faintly 

1163
01:06:06,700 --> 01:06:10,600
greenish tinge in certain like 
dried peas, that rattle like 

1164
01:06:10,600 --> 01:06:13,800
pebbles in their sack. 
And Action of wine that tastes 

1165
01:06:13,800 --> 01:06:16,100
like vinegar. 
Someone forgotten a barrel for 

1166
01:06:16,100 --> 01:06:18,700
several years. 
The biscuit. 

1167
01:06:18,700 --> 01:06:22,800
You discover must be soaked in 
wine or water before you can eat

1168
01:06:22,800 --> 01:06:26,600
it without risking your teeth. 
Even then it has the texture of 

1169
01:06:26,600 --> 01:06:29,100
salted cardboard and about as 
much flavor. 

1170
01:06:29,100 --> 01:06:31,800
The pork is better. 
If you don't think about how 

1171
01:06:31,800 --> 01:06:34,300
long it's been preserved or 
what's growing in the salt 

1172
01:06:34,300 --> 01:06:38,200
crust, your first morning. 
Watch begins at 4:00, which 

1173
01:06:38,200 --> 01:06:39,900
means being shaken away in 
darkness. 

1174
01:06:39,900 --> 01:06:42,900
So complete, you cannot see your
hand in front of your face. 

1175
01:06:42,900 --> 01:06:47,000
You stumble topside with the 
others, still half asleep and 

1176
01:06:47,000 --> 01:06:49,600
report to the boats in who 
assigns you to help. 

1177
01:06:49,600 --> 01:06:53,600
Adjust the sails. 
This sounds simple enough and 

1178
01:06:53,600 --> 01:06:56,600
until you actually climbing the 
rigging in the dark with the 

1179
01:06:56,600 --> 01:06:58,700
ship rolling beneath you and the
ropes. 

1180
01:06:58,700 --> 01:07:01,300
Rough enough to sand the skin 
from your palms. 

1181
01:07:01,300 --> 01:07:05,700
The experienced Sailors. 
Move Like Spiders, confident and

1182
01:07:05,700 --> 01:07:08,100
quick. 
You move like a drunk man. 

1183
01:07:08,100 --> 01:07:09,600
Climbing a ladder during an 
earthquake. 

1184
01:07:09,600 --> 01:07:15,500
The Horizon stretches and every 
direction empty and Gray in the 

1185
01:07:15,500 --> 01:07:19,200
pre-dawn light There are 
something deeply unsettling 

1186
01:07:19,200 --> 01:07:21,400
about this emptiness, that you 
are not prepared for. 

1187
01:07:22,400 --> 01:07:25,700
On land, even in the most 
desolate places, there are 

1188
01:07:25,700 --> 01:07:31,800
features a distant Hill, a tree,
a rock formation here, there is 

1189
01:07:31,800 --> 01:07:34,800
nothing. 
The sea and sky meeting a line. 

1190
01:07:34,800 --> 01:07:37,800
So, perfect. 
It looks drawn with a ruler and 

1191
01:07:37,800 --> 01:07:40,700
between that line in the ship 
there is absolutely nothing 

1192
01:07:40,700 --> 01:07:43,700
worth looking at. 
This nothingness will be your 

1193
01:07:43,700 --> 01:07:45,400
view for the next two to three 
months. 

1194
01:07:45,400 --> 01:07:49,700
Whether permitting by the end of
the first week, your hands are 

1195
01:07:49,700 --> 01:07:52,600
covered in blisters that have 
burst and reformed and burst 

1196
01:07:52,600 --> 01:07:55,300
again. 
Your shoulders ache from hauling

1197
01:07:55,300 --> 01:07:59,200
ropes, your back hurts from the 
constant crouching below deck. 

1198
01:07:59,900 --> 01:08:02,600
You've discovered that your 
stomach which you had always 

1199
01:08:02,600 --> 01:08:06,500
considered quite reliable on 
land as opinions about constant 

1200
01:08:06,500 --> 01:08:08,700
motion that it never bothered to
share before. 

1201
01:08:09,600 --> 01:08:13,100
You're not properly seasick, not
like poor Rodriguez, the Rope 

1202
01:08:13,100 --> 01:08:16,600
maker, who cannot keep down even
water, but you're not entirely 

1203
01:08:16,600 --> 01:08:18,200
well either. 
Food. 

1204
01:08:18,200 --> 01:08:21,600
Sits uneasily. 
Sleep comes and strange shallow 

1205
01:08:21,600 --> 01:08:24,100
waves. 
You feel perpetually slightly 

1206
01:08:24,100 --> 01:08:25,800
dizzy. 
As if you have been drinking 

1207
01:08:25,800 --> 01:08:30,700
since noon, the ship's hierarchy
reveals itself quickly at the 

1208
01:08:30,700 --> 01:08:34,399
top, is the captain who you see 
perhaps twice a day, and who 

1209
01:08:34,399 --> 01:08:37,300
seems to exist in a different 
world from the rest of you. 

1210
01:08:37,300 --> 01:08:39,700
He has a cabin. 
He has privacy. 

1211
01:08:39,700 --> 01:08:42,600
He eats food. 
That does not come from a common

1212
01:08:42,600 --> 01:08:45,800
Barrel. 
Below him is the master who 

1213
01:08:45,800 --> 01:08:48,800
actually runs the ship and knows
more about navigation and 

1214
01:08:48,800 --> 01:08:52,700
sailing than anyone else aboard.
Then come the boats, and the 

1215
01:08:52,700 --> 01:08:55,899
carpenter, and the various mate 
and specialists. 

1216
01:08:56,700 --> 01:09:01,200
At the bottom, a common Sailors,
like yourself interchangeable, 

1217
01:09:01,200 --> 01:09:05,000
and numerous expected to do 
whatever needs doing whenever it

1218
01:09:05,000 --> 01:09:07,899
needs doing, which turns out to 
be approximately all the time. 

1219
01:09:08,800 --> 01:09:12,100
There is no single moment when 
you realize you're truly at Sea,

1220
01:09:12,100 --> 01:09:18,000
no dramatic Severance from Land.
Instead it happens gradually. 

1221
01:09:18,899 --> 01:09:23,300
Like, falling asleep. 
On a clear day, you can still 

1222
01:09:23,300 --> 01:09:26,399
make out the mountains of the 
Spanish Coast as a smudge on the

1223
01:09:26,408 --> 01:09:29,700
horizon. 
The next day they are gone and 

1224
01:09:29,700 --> 01:09:33,800
in their place is more water and
then more water beyond that you 

1225
01:09:33,800 --> 01:09:35,399
have stepped off the edge of the
world you need. 

1226
01:09:35,399 --> 01:09:39,100
And there is no going back and 
the wind and current decided to 

1227
01:09:39,100 --> 01:09:43,000
carry you to the other side. 
time at Sea operates differently

1228
01:09:43,000 --> 01:09:47,600
than time on land on land days, 
are marked by changing scenery 

1229
01:09:47,600 --> 01:09:51,100
by different tasks and by the 
movement of people and animals 

1230
01:09:51,100 --> 01:09:55,900
and seasons, At Sea. 
Every day is nearly identical to

1231
01:09:55,900 --> 01:09:59,100
the one before. 
It distinguished only by minor 

1232
01:09:59,100 --> 01:10:03,100
variations in wind direction and
the slow decoration of the food 

1233
01:10:03,100 --> 01:10:07,200
supply. 
You wait you work, you eat, you 

1234
01:10:07,200 --> 01:10:11,100
sleep, and the ship continues, 
its endless rocking motion 

1235
01:10:11,100 --> 01:10:14,400
regardless of whether you are 
conscious to experience it. 

1236
01:10:15,300 --> 01:10:18,600
The ship's Bell marks, the 
passing of watches, each 

1237
01:10:18,600 --> 01:10:21,800
four-hour period wrung out in a 
pattern of Chimes. 

1238
01:10:21,800 --> 01:10:23,800
That becomes the heartbeat of 
your existence. 

1239
01:10:24,500 --> 01:10:28,800
One Bell means the first half 
hour of the watch has passed two

1240
01:10:28,800 --> 01:10:32,400
Bells, Mark the first hour by 
eight Bells, four hours of 

1241
01:10:32,400 --> 01:10:35,400
elapsed and a new watch. 
Begins, you learn to wake 

1242
01:10:35,400 --> 01:10:38,900
automatically at certain bells 
and to judge the time by the 

1243
01:10:38,900 --> 01:10:41,800
pattern of sound, even before 
you fully open your eyes. 

1244
01:10:43,100 --> 01:10:46,100
The bells become more reliable 
than any other measure of time 

1245
01:10:46,100 --> 01:10:49,800
more trustworthy than the sun, 
which hides behind clouds for 

1246
01:10:49,800 --> 01:10:53,100
days are distraction. 
Your duty is rotate through a 

1247
01:10:53,100 --> 01:10:56,400
predictable cycle, there is 
always a sale to be adjusted, 

1248
01:10:56,400 --> 01:11:00,200
always wrote to be spliced and 
always something that needs holy

1249
01:11:00,200 --> 01:11:04,800
stoning or scraping or retiring.
The deck must be swapped each 

1250
01:11:04,800 --> 01:11:07,900
morning, which sounds simple 
until you're doing it in a cold 

1251
01:11:07,900 --> 01:11:11,100
rain, with water. 
Sloshing over the side and your 

1252
01:11:11,100 --> 01:11:13,000
hands. 
So numb you can barely grip the 

1253
01:11:13,000 --> 01:11:16,400
mop The rigging must be 
inspected constantly for where 

1254
01:11:16,400 --> 01:11:19,200
the barrels in. 
The hold must be checked and 

1255
01:11:19,200 --> 01:11:21,400
rotated. 
The bilge must be pumped. 

1256
01:11:22,400 --> 01:11:25,100
The bilge pumping is everyone's 
least favorite task though. 

1257
01:11:25,100 --> 01:11:28,100
No one complains, because 
complaining is pointless and 

1258
01:11:28,100 --> 01:11:29,600
all. 
So because there is a shared 

1259
01:11:29,600 --> 01:11:33,200
understanding, that some 
experience is a two universally 

1260
01:11:33,200 --> 01:11:37,200
miserable to require comment. 
the bilge is where all the water

1261
01:11:37,200 --> 01:11:41,000
that seeps into the ship 
collects rainwater, sea, water 

1262
01:11:41,000 --> 01:11:45,300
that splashes over the sides 
condensation and various other 

1263
01:11:45,300 --> 01:11:49,200
liquids you prefer not to 
identify This water must be 

1264
01:11:49,200 --> 01:11:53,100
pumped out regularly or the ship
will slowly sink under its own 

1265
01:11:53,100 --> 01:11:57,000
accumulated dampness. 
The pump is operated by hand. 

1266
01:11:57,000 --> 01:12:01,100
Requiring two men to work 
Handles in a rhythm while a 

1267
01:12:01,100 --> 01:12:04,900
third ensures the leather 
gaskets are properly seated The 

1268
01:12:04,900 --> 01:12:07,700
smell that rises from the build.
When you open it is something 

1269
01:12:07,700 --> 01:12:11,800
you wish you could unknow. 
It is Decay and rot and sourness

1270
01:12:11,800 --> 01:12:14,100
all combined into a visible 
miasma. 

1271
01:12:14,100 --> 01:12:17,200
That seems to cling to your 
clothes for days afterward. 

1272
01:12:18,500 --> 01:12:22,600
Food, preparation happens, twice
daily weather permitting, the 

1273
01:12:22,600 --> 01:12:25,100
ship's cook a one-eyed man from 
Galicia. 

1274
01:12:25,100 --> 01:12:26,800
Whose name, no one can pronounce
correctly. 

1275
01:12:26,800 --> 01:12:30,200
Presides over a firebox. 
That is more dangerous than it 

1276
01:12:30,200 --> 01:12:33,800
has any right to be. 
Building a fire on a wooden ship

1277
01:12:33,800 --> 01:12:35,800
in the middle of an ocean 
requires. 

1278
01:12:35,800 --> 01:12:38,900
A special kind of optimism or 
Insanity, possibly both. 

1279
01:12:40,100 --> 01:12:42,600
The Firebox sits on a bed of 
sand and is surrounded by 

1280
01:12:42,600 --> 01:12:45,500
buckets of water, but everyone 
understands that. 

1281
01:12:45,500 --> 01:12:48,400
If a fire ever got loose below 
deck, you would all die 

1282
01:12:48,400 --> 01:12:52,300
screaming long before you could 
lower a boat, The cook boils 

1283
01:12:52,300 --> 01:12:54,700
everything. 
Peas are boiled until they 

1284
01:12:54,700 --> 01:12:56,700
disintegrate into a grayish 
paste. 

1285
01:12:57,400 --> 01:13:00,500
Salt pork is boiled until it 
achieves a texture somewhere 

1286
01:13:00,500 --> 01:13:04,600
between leather and rubber. 
On good days when the seas are 

1287
01:13:04,600 --> 01:13:07,800
calm enough and the supplies 
hold out, you might get a stew 

1288
01:13:07,800 --> 01:13:11,500
made from the ship's biscuit 
pounded into crumbs boiled with 

1289
01:13:11,500 --> 01:13:14,200
pork fat and whatever dried 
vegetables have survived the 

1290
01:13:14,208 --> 01:13:17,400
damp. 
This concoction is grandly 

1291
01:13:17,400 --> 01:13:20,500
called Lobster's and it's 
supposed to be nourishing. 

1292
01:13:20,500 --> 01:13:24,900
It tastes like wallpaper paste 
mixed with regret your daily 

1293
01:13:24,900 --> 01:13:27,000
wine. 
Rationale is distributed at noon

1294
01:13:27,000 --> 01:13:30,200
and in the evening. 
The wine if you can call it 

1295
01:13:30,200 --> 01:13:33,800
that, let's turn to vinegar and 
then evolved Beyond vinegar into

1296
01:13:33,800 --> 01:13:35,300
something that might strip 
paint. 

1297
01:13:36,100 --> 01:13:38,900
You drink it anyway because 
water stored in wooden barrels 

1298
01:13:38,900 --> 01:13:41,300
for weeks. 
Develops interesting properties,

1299
01:13:41,300 --> 01:13:45,300
including a greenish tinge and 
small swimming things. 

1300
01:13:45,300 --> 01:13:48,500
You try not to examine Too Close
closely, The wine. 

1301
01:13:48,500 --> 01:13:52,800
However, vial is at least 
reliably vile in ways you 

1302
01:13:52,800 --> 01:13:55,400
understand. 
First is supposed to be 

1303
01:13:55,400 --> 01:13:58,600
different because thirsty is 
meat day on Thursdays. 

1304
01:13:58,600 --> 01:14:00,800
You receive your full ration of 
salt pork. 

1305
01:14:00,800 --> 01:14:05,600
Whereas on other days you make 
with peas and biscuit The 

1306
01:14:05,600 --> 01:14:08,400
anticipation of Thursday pork 
becomes absurdly important. 

1307
01:14:08,400 --> 01:14:12,500
You find yourself thinking about
it days in advance, remembering 

1308
01:14:12,500 --> 01:14:15,500
the taste of meat. 
However, preserved and however, 

1309
01:14:15,500 --> 01:14:18,800
boiled as if it was some 
delicacy, instead of a chunk of 

1310
01:14:18,800 --> 01:14:21,700
pig that has been sitting in a 
barrel for the better part of a 

1311
01:14:21,700 --> 01:14:24,800
year. 
Between watches during the brief

1312
01:14:24,800 --> 01:14:26,600
periods. 
When you're neither working nor 

1313
01:14:26,600 --> 01:14:31,100
sleeping you exist in a strange 
limbo, there is nothing to do. 

1314
01:14:31,100 --> 01:14:34,700
There is no way to go. 
You cannot take a walk. 

1315
01:14:34,700 --> 01:14:37,600
You cannot visit a friend in 
another part of town. 

1316
01:14:37,600 --> 01:14:40,700
You cannot even really have a 
proper conversation because the 

1317
01:14:40,700 --> 01:14:43,500
wind and waves, create a 
constant background noise that 

1318
01:14:43,500 --> 01:14:47,800
makes talking exhausting. 
So, you sit, you stare at the 

1319
01:14:47,800 --> 01:14:51,900
water, you watch the clouds, you
count the barrels, lash to the 

1320
01:14:51,900 --> 01:14:56,100
deck, you examine your hands and
notice how the calluses have 

1321
01:14:56,100 --> 01:14:59,700
calluses now, You think about 
food you've eaten on land? 

1322
01:15:00,600 --> 01:15:02,800
You remember what it felt like 
to walk on ground? 

1323
01:15:02,800 --> 01:15:07,300
That didn't move some men carve.
They make small figures from 

1324
01:15:07,300 --> 01:15:09,900
scraps of wood. 
Will they practice fancy not 

1325
01:15:09,900 --> 01:15:13,700
work with bits of rope? 
Some men, gamble using dried 

1326
01:15:13,700 --> 01:15:17,100
peas as currently since actual 
money is useless aboard ship. 

1327
01:15:18,000 --> 01:15:21,700
Some men sleep whenever possible
banking rest against the next 

1328
01:15:21,700 --> 01:15:24,900
storm or emergency. 
A few men have brought books, 

1329
01:15:24,900 --> 01:15:28,400
which they read until the pages,
begin to separate from The Damp.

1330
01:15:28,400 --> 01:15:31,000
And then they read them again 
because there is nothing else. 

1331
01:15:32,200 --> 01:15:35,300
You discover that boredom has 
depths you never suspected. 

1332
01:15:35,300 --> 01:15:39,600
There is surface boredom a kind.
You feel waiting for something 

1333
01:15:39,600 --> 01:15:42,100
specific to happen? 
Below. 

1334
01:15:42,100 --> 01:15:46,800
That is a deeper boredom. 
A kind of gray mental fog where 

1335
01:15:46,800 --> 01:15:50,500
you stopped even wishing for 
stimulation and simply exist in 

1336
01:15:50,500 --> 01:15:53,100
a state of numb acceptance 
below. 

1337
01:15:53,100 --> 01:15:56,400
That is something else. 
Strange place where your mind 

1338
01:15:56,400 --> 01:15:59,900
starts generating its own 
entertainment from nothing where

1339
01:15:59,900 --> 01:16:02,700
you can spend 20 minutes, 
watching a particular wave and 

1340
01:16:02,700 --> 01:16:04,500
finding it, genuinely 
interesting. 

1341
01:16:04,500 --> 01:16:08,600
And where the way light hits the
sale becomes a source of actual 

1342
01:16:08,600 --> 01:16:13,100
fascination You understand that 
the ship is being navigated but 

1343
01:16:13,100 --> 01:16:16,300
the actual process remains 
mysterious and somewhat magical 

1344
01:16:16,300 --> 01:16:18,900
to you and most of the common 
sailors. 

1345
01:16:19,800 --> 01:16:22,900
The officers possess instruments
that they consult with great 

1346
01:16:22,900 --> 01:16:28,300
seriousness across staff, an 
astrolabe and a compass that 

1347
01:16:28,300 --> 01:16:30,400
sits in a special Box near the 
helm. 

1348
01:16:31,800 --> 01:16:35,200
They take measurements of the 
sun's height at noon making 

1349
01:16:35,200 --> 01:16:38,300
marks on charts and Performing 
calculations that involve 

1350
01:16:38,300 --> 01:16:40,900
numbers larger than you ever 
learned in the Village School, 

1351
01:16:40,900 --> 01:16:43,300
where you spent three Winters 
learning to read and write. 

1352
01:16:44,200 --> 01:16:46,200
The compass at least makes basic
sense. 

1353
01:16:47,400 --> 01:16:51,700
The needle Points North always 
north drawn, by some invisible 

1354
01:16:51,700 --> 01:16:54,400
force toward the top of the 
world at night. 

1355
01:16:54,400 --> 01:16:58,000
When the clouds clear, you can 
see the North Star holding its 

1356
01:16:58,000 --> 01:17:01,100
position while the other stars 
wheel around it like dancers. 

1357
01:17:02,200 --> 01:17:05,500
The officers, use this start of 
verify the compass taking 

1358
01:17:05,500 --> 01:17:08,000
sightings and making adjustments
to their charts. 

1359
01:17:08,900 --> 01:17:12,700
But how they determine where you
are on the vast blank ocean, how

1360
01:17:12,700 --> 01:17:15,400
they know whether you are 200 
miles from your destination or 

1361
01:17:15,400 --> 01:17:19,100
2000. 
This remains as opaque to you as

1362
01:17:19,100 --> 01:17:23,400
Church Latin. 
The captain guard, his charts 

1363
01:17:23,400 --> 01:17:26,700
like holy relics. 
Keeping them in his cabin, 

1364
01:17:26,700 --> 01:17:31,000
wrapped in oil cloth. you have 
Glimpse, the once when 

1365
01:17:31,000 --> 01:17:34,400
delivering a message, and they 
looked less like Maps than, 

1366
01:17:34,400 --> 01:17:39,000
like, artistic interpretation of
maps with sea monsters drawn in 

1367
01:17:39,000 --> 01:17:42,600
the empty spaces and Compass 
Rose's blooming, like flowers, 

1368
01:17:43,600 --> 01:17:47,000
The coastlines are approximate, 
the distances are approximate 

1369
01:17:47,000 --> 01:17:50,000
everything about Ocean Travel. 
You are coming to understand is 

1370
01:17:50,000 --> 01:17:52,100
approximate. 
Dead reckoning. 

1371
01:17:52,100 --> 01:17:55,400
Is the primary method of 
navigation, which sounds ominous

1372
01:17:55,400 --> 01:17:58,000
until you learn. 
It simply means calculating your

1373
01:17:58,000 --> 01:18:02,700
position based on your speed 
direction and time traveled. 

1374
01:18:04,100 --> 01:18:06,500
Ships speed is measured by 
throwing a log. 

1375
01:18:06,500 --> 01:18:09,600
Tied to a knotted rope over the 
stern and Counting. 

1376
01:18:09,600 --> 01:18:13,000
How many knots pass through your
hands in a specific time period.

1377
01:18:14,000 --> 01:18:16,500
This gives you your speed in 
what will eventually be called? 

1378
01:18:16,500 --> 01:18:20,800
Not though right now it is just 
called making good way or barely

1379
01:18:20,800 --> 01:18:23,100
moving depending on the number 
of rope sections. 

1380
01:18:23,100 --> 01:18:26,400
That slip by Direction comes 
from the compass. 

1381
01:18:26,400 --> 01:18:30,100
Assuming the compass is working 
correctly and has not been 

1382
01:18:30,100 --> 01:18:34,200
confused by lightning or the 
mysterious magnetic variations 

1383
01:18:34,200 --> 01:18:36,200
that occur in certain parts of 
the ocean. 

1384
01:18:37,300 --> 01:18:40,800
Time comes from The Hourglass 
which must be turned every half 

1385
01:18:40,800 --> 01:18:43,700
hour by Whoever has been 
assigned glass watching duty. 

1386
01:18:43,700 --> 01:18:47,600
If the glass Watcher falls 
asleep or forgets or simply does

1387
01:18:47,600 --> 01:18:51,900
not care your entire navigation 
system, slide into an accuracy. 

1388
01:18:53,000 --> 01:18:55,800
This happens more often than the
office as would like to admit. 

1389
01:18:56,900 --> 01:18:59,700
Given these methods and they're 
obvious potential for error. 

1390
01:18:59,700 --> 01:19:04,000
It is remarkable that ships ever
arrive anywhere near their 

1391
01:19:04,000 --> 01:19:09,300
intended destination and indeed 
many do not The ocean bottom is 

1392
01:19:09,300 --> 01:19:12,500
littered with ships, that 
miscalculated that thought they 

1393
01:19:12,500 --> 01:19:16,800
were far from land and they were
father from rocks or that simply

1394
01:19:16,800 --> 01:19:19,600
got lost in the featureless blue
and ran out of food before 

1395
01:19:19,600 --> 01:19:23,600
finding anything solid. 
Your captain claims to have sale

1396
01:19:23,600 --> 01:19:26,800
this route before, which is 
reassuring Until you realize 

1397
01:19:26,800 --> 01:19:31,900
that before was seven years ago,
and ocean, currents change and 

1398
01:19:31,900 --> 01:19:33,700
coastlines. 
In the new world are still being

1399
01:19:33,700 --> 01:19:35,700
discovered and what he 
remembers. 

1400
01:19:35,700 --> 01:19:39,200
As a reliable Landmark might 
have been a different Island 

1401
01:19:39,200 --> 01:19:41,900
entirely or possibly a cloud 
formation. 

1402
01:19:41,900 --> 01:19:45,000
That looked like an island 
navigation at this point in 

1403
01:19:45,000 --> 01:19:47,200
history. 
As part science, part 

1404
01:19:47,200 --> 01:19:52,600
experience, part luck and part 
wishful thinking the lead line 

1405
01:19:52,600 --> 01:19:55,400
provides the only reliable 
information about your location,

1406
01:19:55,400 --> 01:19:58,400
but only when you are close 
enough to shore for the bottom 

1407
01:19:58,400 --> 01:20:02,000
to be reachable, The line is 
marked at various depths with 

1408
01:20:02,000 --> 01:20:04,700
different materials, leather 
cloth bits of rope. 

1409
01:20:04,700 --> 01:20:08,600
So the man throwing it, can call
out the depth even in darkness. 

1410
01:20:09,600 --> 01:20:13,800
When the Lightman begins to find
bottom at 100 fathoms, then 80 

1411
01:20:13,800 --> 01:20:17,600
then 60, everyone knows. 
Land is approaching even if you 

1412
01:20:17,600 --> 01:20:21,500
cannot see it yet. 
The spacing of these soundings 

1413
01:20:21,500 --> 01:20:24,600
tells the officers about the 
shape of the sea floor, which 

1414
01:20:24,600 --> 01:20:28,100
can indicate proximity to 
certain known Harbors or Shoals.

1415
01:20:29,100 --> 01:20:31,600
But in the deep ocean, the lead 
finds nothing. 

1416
01:20:32,400 --> 01:20:36,100
The line runs out its full 200 
fathoms and still touches no 

1417
01:20:36,100 --> 01:20:39,200
bottom. 
You are suspended over depths 

1418
01:20:39,200 --> 01:20:41,700
that would swallow Cathedrals 
and still have room for more. 

1419
01:20:41,700 --> 01:20:45,400
This knowledge sits uneasily in 
your mind during night watches 

1420
01:20:45,400 --> 01:20:48,300
when you're alone with your 
thoughts and the Dark Water. 

1421
01:20:48,300 --> 01:20:53,500
Hissing past the hole Beneath 
You miles beneath, you is a 

1422
01:20:53,500 --> 01:20:56,400
world. 
You will never see populated by 

1423
01:20:56,400 --> 01:21:00,100
creatures and no one as ever 
imagined in darkness. 

1424
01:21:00,100 --> 01:21:03,800
So complete that no light has 
touched it since the world was 

1425
01:21:03,800 --> 01:21:06,400
made. 
Whether at Sea is not the same 

1426
01:21:06,400 --> 01:21:10,500
as whether on land where you can
go inside when it rains or build

1427
01:21:10,500 --> 01:21:14,200
a fire when it gets cold. 
At Sea, whether is the 

1428
01:21:14,200 --> 01:21:17,900
environment, the entirety of 
your existence, something you 

1429
01:21:17,900 --> 01:21:20,700
cannot Escape or ignore or wait 
out in Comfort. 

1430
01:21:21,500 --> 01:21:25,300
When it rains, you get wet and 
stay wet because there is no way

1431
01:21:25,300 --> 01:21:28,300
dry. 
When the Sun beats down you 

1432
01:21:28,300 --> 01:21:31,100
burn, because there is no shade 
except below deck. 

1433
01:21:31,100 --> 01:21:34,500
And below deck is dark and 
airless, and somehow hotter than

1434
01:21:34,508 --> 01:21:37,100
top side, despite being out of 
direct sunlight. 

1435
01:21:37,900 --> 01:21:42,200
The wind is your master and your
servant simultaneously too 

1436
01:21:42,200 --> 01:21:45,400
little wind and you sit 
motionless wallowing and swells 

1437
01:21:45,400 --> 01:21:49,500
that make everyone sick going. 
Nowhere consuming supplies while

1438
01:21:49,508 --> 01:21:53,000
making no progress. 
Too much wind and you are 

1439
01:21:53,000 --> 01:21:57,000
overpowered forced to reduce 
sale sometimes Force to run 

1440
01:21:57,000 --> 01:21:58,800
before the storm with bear 
poles. 

1441
01:21:58,800 --> 01:22:02,300
Hoping the whole can take the 
battery, hoping the mask can 

1442
01:22:02,300 --> 01:22:05,800
handle the strain and hoping 
everyone remembers how to tie 

1443
01:22:05,800 --> 01:22:11,000
proper knots because now is when
it matters Storms announced 

1444
01:22:11,000 --> 01:22:14,200
themselves and subtle ways that 
they experienced Sailors 

1445
01:22:14,200 --> 01:22:19,000
recognized long before you do. 
The light changes taking on a 

1446
01:22:19,000 --> 01:22:23,500
peculiar yellow gray quality. 
The clouds building specific 

1447
01:22:23,500 --> 01:22:27,300
formation that mean nothing to 
you, but calls the boats in to 

1448
01:22:27,300 --> 01:22:29,500
start checking the lashings on 
everything movable. 

1449
01:22:30,300 --> 01:22:33,200
The wind shifts Direction and 
picks up speed and there is a 

1450
01:22:33,200 --> 01:22:36,800
smell to it. 
Charged electric smell, that 

1451
01:22:36,800 --> 01:22:38,600
makes the hair on your arms, 
stand up. 

1452
01:22:39,500 --> 01:22:43,100
When a storm hits properly, it 
is nothing like thunder showers 

1453
01:22:43,100 --> 01:22:45,800
on land. 
This is not rain. 

1454
01:22:45,800 --> 01:22:49,200
You can watch from a window. 
This is water coming from every 

1455
01:22:49,200 --> 01:22:52,200
direction. 
At once, from above from the 

1456
01:22:52,200 --> 01:22:57,400
sides, over the rails and up 
through the deck seams the ship 

1457
01:22:57,400 --> 01:23:00,300
tilts at angles, that seem 
geometrically impossible. 

1458
01:23:01,200 --> 01:23:04,900
You cling to whatever you can 
grip, and try to follow shouted 

1459
01:23:04,900 --> 01:23:06,700
orders. 
You can barely hear over the 

1460
01:23:06,700 --> 01:23:10,700
winds raw, the sails that you do
not take down in time, tear 

1461
01:23:10,700 --> 01:23:13,300
themselves to Peace's with 
sound, like Canon fire. 

1462
01:23:14,000 --> 01:23:17,300
Waves break over the bow. 
With enough Force to knock a man

1463
01:23:17,308 --> 01:23:19,000
off his feet and wash him 
overboard. 

1464
01:23:19,000 --> 01:23:24,100
If he is not secured, The worst 
part of storms is not the fear 

1465
01:23:24,100 --> 01:23:27,700
though, there is plenty of that.
The worst part is the 

1466
01:23:27,700 --> 01:23:30,600
helplessness. 
There is nothing you can really 

1467
01:23:30,600 --> 01:23:34,400
do except hold on and wait, you 
cannot fight a storm. 

1468
01:23:34,400 --> 01:23:38,300
He cannot negotiate with it. 
You cannot even hide from it. 

1469
01:23:38,300 --> 01:23:41,800
Effectively, you can only endure
and hope the ship is strong 

1470
01:23:41,800 --> 01:23:44,300
enough. 
The officer skilled enough and 

1471
01:23:44,300 --> 01:23:46,100
luck favorable enough to see it 
through. 

1472
01:23:47,900 --> 01:23:53,100
After a storm passes, the work 
begins there are always repairs 

1473
01:23:53,100 --> 01:23:56,100
torn. 
Sails to be replaced rope to be 

1474
01:23:56,100 --> 01:24:00,600
response and deck cargo to be 
re-secured There are always 

1475
01:24:00,600 --> 01:24:03,600
injuries to be tendered though. 
The ship surgeon, is more 

1476
01:24:03,600 --> 01:24:07,100
enthusiastic than qualified and 
his preferred treatment for 

1477
01:24:07,100 --> 01:24:08,600
almost. 
Everything is bleeding. 

1478
01:24:09,300 --> 01:24:11,700
Which seems counterproductive 
for men who are already 

1479
01:24:11,700 --> 01:24:14,800
exhausted and battered. 
And there is always the 

1480
01:24:14,800 --> 01:24:17,300
inventory of what was lost 
barrels. 

1481
01:24:17,300 --> 01:24:20,700
Washed overboard, Provisions 
ruined by sea water. 

1482
01:24:21,500 --> 01:24:23,100
Sometimes men who were there. 
Yes. 

1483
01:24:23,100 --> 01:24:27,900
Today and are not there anymore.
Simply gone taken by a wave or a

1484
01:24:27,900 --> 01:24:30,300
falling spa or the Seas casual 
violence. 

1485
01:24:31,400 --> 01:24:34,700
But there are also days of 
perfect weather days when the 

1486
01:24:34,700 --> 01:24:38,600
wind is steady from the right 
quarter and the Sun is warm, but

1487
01:24:38,600 --> 01:24:41,900
not scorching. 
And the sea is that impossible 

1488
01:24:41,900 --> 01:24:44,500
deep blue that does not exist on
land. 

1489
01:24:45,400 --> 01:24:49,300
On these days, the ship seems to
sail herself, requiring, only 

1490
01:24:49,300 --> 01:24:52,800
Minor Adjustments to the helm. 
The crews mood lifts. 

1491
01:24:53,200 --> 01:24:57,300
Someone sings someone else tells
a story The Cook makes something

1492
01:24:57,300 --> 01:25:00,000
almost edible. 
You remember why people have 

1493
01:25:00,000 --> 01:25:02,600
been going to see for thousands 
of years to despite all the 

1494
01:25:02,608 --> 01:25:04,900
evidence suggesting this as a 
terrible idea? 

1495
01:25:06,000 --> 01:25:08,600
The doldrums are worse than 
storms in their own way. 

1496
01:25:09,400 --> 01:25:13,100
When the wind dies completely 
and the ship sits motionless on 

1497
01:25:13,100 --> 01:25:17,100
glassy water, everything becomes
urgent, and nothing can be done.

1498
01:25:17,900 --> 01:25:21,700
Your consuming supplies, your 
drinking water and eating food, 

1499
01:25:21,700 --> 01:25:25,300
but you're going nowhere, making
no progress toward the 

1500
01:25:25,300 --> 01:25:28,400
destination that holds the 
promise of fresh provisions, and

1501
01:25:28,400 --> 01:25:32,100
Solid Ground. 
The heat becomes oppressive, the

1502
01:25:32,100 --> 01:25:35,800
ship stinks worse than usual 
because the air does not move. 

1503
01:25:35,800 --> 01:25:40,200
Tempers Frey, small 
disagreements become arguments, 

1504
01:25:40,200 --> 01:25:43,700
arguments become grudges that 
will last the entire Voyage 

1505
01:25:43,700 --> 01:25:46,900
during one stretch of calm that 
lasts six days. 

1506
01:25:46,900 --> 01:25:51,000
You watch a barrel floating in 
the distance noting with growing

1507
01:25:51,000 --> 01:25:53,800
unease that it's positioned 
relative to the ship does not 

1508
01:25:53,800 --> 01:25:57,900
change. 
Six entire days you make no 

1509
01:25:57,900 --> 01:26:01,200
progress whatsoever. 
The barrel mocks you floating 

1510
01:26:01,200 --> 01:26:03,000
there in the same spot on the 
horizon. 

1511
01:26:03,000 --> 01:26:07,400
The wooden reminded that forward
movement is not a given but a 

1512
01:26:07,400 --> 01:26:10,700
gift from wind and current that 
can be withdrawn without notice 

1513
01:26:12,200 --> 01:26:16,300
life on a ship creates, its own 
peculiar Society, a small 

1514
01:26:16,300 --> 01:26:20,600
floating village where everyone 
knows everyone else far too 

1515
01:26:20,600 --> 01:26:23,200
well. 
And there is no possibility of 

1516
01:26:23,200 --> 01:26:26,100
privacy or escape from people, 
you have come to dislike. 

1517
01:26:27,100 --> 01:26:31,600
Friendships form quickly and 
intensely enmities form just as 

1518
01:26:31,600 --> 01:26:35,500
quickly and can last entire 
voyages over incidents. 

1519
01:26:35,500 --> 01:26:37,600
That would be forgotten in a day
on land. 

1520
01:26:38,700 --> 01:26:41,300
There is the carpenter from 
Seville in the space next to 

1521
01:26:41,300 --> 01:26:43,300
yours. 
The one who snores. 

1522
01:26:44,100 --> 01:26:48,100
His name is Miguel and he is 40.
Something years old with hands 

1523
01:26:48,100 --> 01:26:50,500
scarred from Decades of working 
with tools. 

1524
01:26:50,500 --> 01:26:54,800
He has sale this route five 
times before and treats the 

1525
01:26:54,800 --> 01:26:57,300
ocean with the Casual 
familiarity of someone, who 

1526
01:26:57,300 --> 01:26:59,300
knows exactly how dangerous it 
is. 

1527
01:26:59,300 --> 01:27:01,700
But a stopped being impressed by
the danger. 

1528
01:27:01,700 --> 01:27:05,400
He shares his tobacco with you 
sometimes and you share the 

1529
01:27:05,400 --> 01:27:07,200
dried. 
Figs your mother pressed into 

1530
01:27:07,200 --> 01:27:11,100
your hand before you left. 
Neither of you says much, but 

1531
01:27:11,100 --> 01:27:13,100
there is a companionship in the 
silents. 

1532
01:27:13,800 --> 01:27:17,000
Rodriguez, the young wrote maker
who started the voyage sick 

1533
01:27:17,000 --> 01:27:20,500
recovers by the second week and 
reveals himself to be 

1534
01:27:20,500 --> 01:27:24,500
relentlessly cheerful in a way 
that should be annoying, but 

1535
01:27:24,500 --> 01:27:30,300
somehow is not He is a 18 years 
old and has never been farther 

1536
01:27:30,300 --> 01:27:34,200
from Cadiz than Barcelona. 
Everything about this Voyage 

1537
01:27:34,200 --> 01:27:38,000
amazes him. 
Size of the ways, the depth of 

1538
01:27:38,000 --> 01:27:41,500
the water, and the speed at, 
which dolphin swim alongside the

1539
01:27:41,500 --> 01:27:44,600
ship. 
His enthusiasm is infectious 

1540
01:27:44,600 --> 01:27:47,800
enough that even the silliest 
Sailors find themselves. 

1541
01:27:47,800 --> 01:27:51,600
Explaining things to him showing
him not and telling him stories.

1542
01:27:52,400 --> 01:27:54,500
The boats in is a different sort
entirely. 

1543
01:27:54,500 --> 01:27:58,400
He is perhaps 35 Broad 
shouldered and perpetually 

1544
01:27:58,400 --> 01:28:01,600
sunburned with a voice that 
could cut through a hurricane. 

1545
01:28:01,600 --> 01:28:05,400
His job is to enforce order and 
maintain discipline which he 

1546
01:28:05,400 --> 01:28:08,100
does with a combination of 
shouted commands and creative 

1547
01:28:08,100 --> 01:28:12,600
profanity that could blister But
he is also fair in his way. 

1548
01:28:12,600 --> 01:28:16,500
Expecting everyone to work hard,
but expecting no more than he 

1549
01:28:16,500 --> 01:28:19,800
himself does. 
When a spa breaks during a storm

1550
01:28:19,800 --> 01:28:22,200
and needs to be replaced 
immediately in conditions that 

1551
01:28:22,200 --> 01:28:24,900
are frankly terrifying. 
He is up in the rigging 

1552
01:28:24,900 --> 01:28:28,500
alongside everyone else working 
as hard as the youngest sailor, 

1553
01:28:29,500 --> 01:28:33,700
The Cook the one-eyed Galician 
speak Spanish, so heavily 

1554
01:28:33,700 --> 01:28:37,200
accented, that half the crew 
cannot understand him which 

1555
01:28:37,200 --> 01:28:39,500
might be just as well. 
Give them that most of what he 

1556
01:28:39,500 --> 01:28:42,100
says, appears to be complaints 
about the quality of the 

1557
01:28:42,100 --> 01:28:44,400
provisions. 
He is expected to transform into

1558
01:28:44,400 --> 01:28:47,100
meals. 
He's been sailing since before 

1559
01:28:47,100 --> 01:28:49,400
you were born and has opinions 
about everything. 

1560
01:28:49,400 --> 01:28:53,500
The correct way to store salt 
pork, the uselessness of 

1561
01:28:53,500 --> 01:28:57,500
Portuguese navigation, methods 
and the superiority of Galician 

1562
01:28:57,500 --> 01:28:59,600
wine over the vinegar you are 
currently drinking. 

1563
01:28:59,600 --> 01:29:03,900
He is also, you discover an 
excellent singer and sometimes 

1564
01:29:03,900 --> 01:29:06,600
in the evening, he sings Old 
ballads in a language. 

1565
01:29:06,600 --> 01:29:09,500
That might be Gleason or might 
be something older. 

1566
01:29:10,200 --> 01:29:13,500
Songs about Sailors who never 
came home and women who waited 

1567
01:29:13,500 --> 01:29:18,000
for ships that never returned. 
there is a boy aboard, perhaps 

1568
01:29:18,000 --> 01:29:21,300
14 years old, who serves as 
Cabin Boy to the captain and 

1569
01:29:21,300 --> 01:29:25,500
runs messages between officers, 
he's quick and clever and 

1570
01:29:25,500 --> 01:29:29,000
learning navigation from the 
master and everyone knows he'll 

1571
01:29:29,000 --> 01:29:32,700
be an officer himself in a few 
years if he survives He treats 

1572
01:29:32,700 --> 01:29:35,900
this Voyage, as an education, 
asking questions about 

1573
01:29:35,900 --> 01:29:40,400
everything, examining the charts
when allowed and practicing is 

1574
01:29:40,400 --> 01:29:44,200
not during spare moments. 
His optimism about the voyage 

1575
01:29:44,200 --> 01:29:47,000
and about the sea in general, 
makes you feel ancient and 

1576
01:29:47,000 --> 01:29:50,100
cynical at 26. 
There are tensions. 

1577
01:29:50,100 --> 01:29:53,400
Of course, a ship this size 
cannot hold this many men. 

1578
01:29:53,400 --> 01:29:56,500
This long without friction, 
someone is always snoring too 

1579
01:29:56,500 --> 01:29:59,800
loud or taking up too much space
or shirking duties or stealing 

1580
01:29:59,800 --> 01:30:03,600
food from the common stores. 
The Sailor, everyone calls 

1581
01:30:03,600 --> 01:30:06,300
Portuguese, your own even though
there are three other 

1582
01:30:06,300 --> 01:30:10,200
Portuguese, Sailors aboard has a
habit of forgetting his turn at 

1583
01:30:10,200 --> 01:30:12,300
the bilge pump. 
This has been noticed. 

1584
01:30:12,300 --> 01:30:15,000
There are muttered conversations
about this for getting. 

1585
01:30:15,000 --> 01:30:18,500
It will eventually be addressed,
probably not pleasantly. 

1586
01:30:19,800 --> 01:30:23,000
Two men Sailors, who signed on 
together from the same Village. 

1587
01:30:23,000 --> 01:30:26,000
Have not spoken to each other in
three weeks over. 

1588
01:30:26,000 --> 01:30:27,800
Some dispute about a woman back 
home. 

1589
01:30:27,800 --> 01:30:30,700
They work alongside each other 
in complete silence 

1590
01:30:30,700 --> 01:30:33,700
communicating only through 
eloquent klairs. 

1591
01:30:33,700 --> 01:30:36,500
This could continue for the 
entire voyage. 

1592
01:30:37,300 --> 01:30:40,300
It has happened before the 
officers occupied different 

1593
01:30:40,300 --> 01:30:43,700
world, eating separately, 
sleeping separately, and making 

1594
01:30:43,700 --> 01:30:46,800
decisions that affect everyone 
without consultation or 

1595
01:30:46,800 --> 01:30:49,300
explanation. 
This creates a natural 

1596
01:30:49,300 --> 01:30:52,400
resentment, but it is also 
understood that someone needs to

1597
01:30:52,400 --> 01:30:54,600
be in charge. 
Someone needs to maintain 

1598
01:30:54,600 --> 01:30:57,600
Authority or the whole system 
falls apart. 

1599
01:30:58,800 --> 01:31:02,300
A ship operates on a hierarchy 
as rigid as anything in church 

1600
01:31:02,300 --> 01:31:05,300
or aristocracy. 
And while you might not like it,

1601
01:31:05,300 --> 01:31:09,600
you understand its necessity. 
Around the fourth week, 

1602
01:31:09,600 --> 01:31:13,400
something shifts in your mind. 
The initial strange news of 

1603
01:31:13,400 --> 01:31:16,700
being at sea, has worn off. 
You no longer wake up. 

1604
01:31:16,700 --> 01:31:19,600
Surprised to find yourself on a 
moving wooden platform, 

1605
01:31:19,600 --> 01:31:23,700
surrounded by endless water. 
The routine has become 

1606
01:31:23,700 --> 01:31:27,200
automatic. you can tie half the 
knots in your sleep now, 

1607
01:31:27,200 --> 01:31:31,100
literally having woken yourself 
up several times going through 

1608
01:31:31,100 --> 01:31:35,200
the motions But with the 
acceptance of routine, Comes A 

1609
01:31:35,200 --> 01:31:39,000
peculiar kind of isolation. 
You start to forget what Solid 

1610
01:31:39,000 --> 01:31:41,700
Ground feels like when you close
your eyes. 

1611
01:31:41,700 --> 01:31:45,500
And try to remember, walking on 
land, the memory feels distant 

1612
01:31:45,500 --> 01:31:49,300
almost dreamlike did the ground,
really stay still. 

1613
01:31:50,200 --> 01:31:52,700
Was there really a horizon with 
trees and buildings? 

1614
01:31:52,700 --> 01:31:56,700
Your mother's face is getting 
harder to recall clearly the 

1615
01:31:56,700 --> 01:32:00,000
smell of your village would 
smoke an animal manure and 

1616
01:32:00,000 --> 01:32:02,600
whatever, the baker was making 
seems like something you 

1617
01:32:02,600 --> 01:32:05,700
invented rather than something 
you actually experienced. 

1618
01:32:07,000 --> 01:32:09,400
Time distorts. 
Days. 

1619
01:32:09,400 --> 01:32:13,200
Blend together into a continuous
present that has no clear 

1620
01:32:13,200 --> 01:32:16,200
beginning or end. 
You know, intellectually that 

1621
01:32:16,200 --> 01:32:19,100
weaks of past but 
experientially, it feels like 

1622
01:32:19,100 --> 01:32:21,900
one very long day that never 
quite finishes. 

1623
01:32:23,000 --> 01:32:27,600
The same of the routine, the 
unchanging view, the repetitive 

1624
01:32:27,600 --> 01:32:31,500
tasks, all of it creates a 
mental fog where past and future

1625
01:32:31,500 --> 01:32:33,600
become less. 
Real than the immediate moment 

1626
01:32:33,600 --> 01:32:37,800
of hauling rope or swapping deck
or choking down ship's biscuit 

1627
01:32:38,900 --> 01:32:41,900
You find yourself thinking about
land in ways that surprise you. 

1628
01:32:42,700 --> 01:32:46,300
Not Grand thoughts about 
exploration or Discovery, all 

1629
01:32:46,300 --> 01:32:50,900
the glory of reaching the new 
world. in Stead, you think about

1630
01:32:50,900 --> 01:32:55,500
small things with an intensity 
that seems disproportionate You 

1631
01:32:55,500 --> 01:32:58,900
think about Apple's, you spend 
an entire watch in imagining 

1632
01:32:58,900 --> 01:33:02,100
biting into a fresh Apple, the 
way the skin breaks under your 

1633
01:33:02,100 --> 01:33:05,600
teeth, the sweet juice and the 
crisp white flesh. 

1634
01:33:06,400 --> 01:33:09,500
You can almost taste it. 
And they almost taste is somehow

1635
01:33:09,500 --> 01:33:11,600
worse than not thinking about it
at all. 

1636
01:33:11,600 --> 01:33:15,600
You think about walking just 
walking on ground? 

1637
01:33:15,600 --> 01:33:19,000
That does not move in a straight
line for more than 50 feet 

1638
01:33:19,000 --> 01:33:21,200
without having to turn around or
climb over something. 

1639
01:33:22,100 --> 01:33:26,100
The ship is perhaps, 70 feet 
long, and every day you walk its

1640
01:33:26,100 --> 01:33:29,800
lengths of times and every time 
you reach the end you have to 

1641
01:33:29,800 --> 01:33:33,700
turn around and walk back. 
The concept of Walking In One 

1642
01:33:33,708 --> 01:33:37,200
Direction for miles of choosing 
to walk to a different village, 

1643
01:33:37,200 --> 01:33:40,800
just to see what it looks like. 
The comes fantastically 

1644
01:33:40,800 --> 01:33:44,700
appealing. 
The night sky at least provides 

1645
01:33:44,700 --> 01:33:49,100
some comfort on clear nights 
when you're not on Watch and can

1646
01:33:49,100 --> 01:33:52,100
lie on Deck. 
Looking up the stars are more 

1647
01:33:52,100 --> 01:33:55,800
numerous and brighter than they 
ever were on land without the 

1648
01:33:55,800 --> 01:33:58,000
smoke of cooking fires and 
candles. 

1649
01:33:58,000 --> 01:34:01,700
Without the lights of villages, 
the sky reveals itself in its 

1650
01:34:01,700 --> 01:34:06,300
full Glory, You can see the 
Milky Way as a luminous River 

1651
01:34:06,300 --> 01:34:09,300
across the darkness. 
You can watch shooting stars 

1652
01:34:09,300 --> 01:34:12,000
arcs the Heaven's. 
You can find the 

1653
01:34:12,000 --> 01:34:14,100
constellation's, the master of 
taught you. 

1654
01:34:14,100 --> 01:34:17,300
The one Sailors used for 
navigation but also the ones 

1655
01:34:17,300 --> 01:34:20,900
that are just their ancient 
patterns traced by Greeks and 

1656
01:34:20,900 --> 01:34:22,800
Romans and Phoenicians before 
them. 

1657
01:34:23,900 --> 01:34:26,900
There is something deeply 
unsettling about the ocean at 

1658
01:34:26,900 --> 01:34:30,400
night during the day. 
At least you can see, you can 

1659
01:34:30,400 --> 01:34:34,200
watch the waves spot, potential 
problems and take comfort in the

1660
01:34:34,200 --> 01:34:37,100
visible presence of your 
Shipmates and the ship herself. 

1661
01:34:38,300 --> 01:34:42,500
But at night, especially on 
moonless nights, the darkness is

1662
01:34:42,500 --> 01:34:45,900
absolute. 
The ocean becomes a presence, 

1663
01:34:45,900 --> 01:34:49,600
you can only hear the endless 
slap and hiss of water against 

1664
01:34:49,600 --> 01:34:53,900
the hull, the groan of Timbers, 
and the singing of wind through 

1665
01:34:53,900 --> 01:34:56,600
rigging. 
You are suspended in darkness 

1666
01:34:56,600 --> 01:34:59,600
over depth. 
You cannot see cannot comprehend

1667
01:34:59,600 --> 01:35:02,500
trusting that the ship will 
continue to float. 

1668
01:35:02,500 --> 01:35:05,000
That the Navigator knows where 
you're going. 

1669
01:35:05,000 --> 01:35:09,100
And that Dawn, will eventually 
come some men handle this 

1670
01:35:09,100 --> 01:35:13,600
isolation better than others. 
Rodriguez continues his cheerful

1671
01:35:13,600 --> 01:35:16,600
chatter apparently unfazed by 
the monotony. 

1672
01:35:16,600 --> 01:35:21,100
Miguel simply accepted having 
done this enough times that. 

1673
01:35:21,100 --> 01:35:23,800
He knows it will end eventually 
and there is no point 

1674
01:35:23,800 --> 01:35:25,600
complaining about what cannot be
changed. 

1675
01:35:26,500 --> 01:35:29,800
But others withdraw into the 
cells, he watched Men become 

1676
01:35:29,800 --> 01:35:34,300
quieter week by week speaking. 
Only when necessary spending 

1677
01:35:34,300 --> 01:35:36,700
their free time. 
Staring at the water with 

1678
01:35:36,700 --> 01:35:40,400
expression of profound absence. 
There is one sailor. 

1679
01:35:40,400 --> 01:35:43,100
An older man from Portugal. 
Whose name, you never learned 

1680
01:35:43,100 --> 01:35:46,300
who stops speaking entirely 
around weak 5. 

1681
01:35:47,100 --> 01:35:48,900
Not because anything dramatic 
happened. 

1682
01:35:48,900 --> 01:35:52,200
No argument no injury. 
No incident. 

1683
01:35:52,200 --> 01:35:55,900
He simply stops talking. 
He still does his work. 

1684
01:35:55,900 --> 01:35:59,700
He still eats his rations, but 
he has retreated, somewhere 

1685
01:35:59,700 --> 01:36:02,800
inside of himself where words 
are not needed or of stopped 

1686
01:36:02,800 --> 01:36:06,100
making sense. 
The officers noticed, but do 

1687
01:36:06,100 --> 01:36:08,200
nothing as long as he continues 
working. 

1688
01:36:09,000 --> 01:36:11,700
Silence is not against any rule 
though. 

1689
01:36:11,700 --> 01:36:13,600
It unsettles, the other Sailors 
in ways. 

1690
01:36:13,600 --> 01:36:17,300
They do not discuss he developed
small rituals to Mark the 

1691
01:36:17,300 --> 01:36:19,600
passage of time and maintain 
your sense of self. 

1692
01:36:19,600 --> 01:36:22,500
Every morning. 
You count your remaining small 

1693
01:36:22,500 --> 01:36:26,200
store of figs even though the 
number decreases by predictable 

1694
01:36:26,200 --> 01:36:29,500
increments and Counting them. 
Serves no purpose except to 

1695
01:36:29,500 --> 01:36:33,600
confirm that time is passing. 
You keep a small pebble from 

1696
01:36:33,600 --> 01:36:35,200
home in your pocket and touch 
it. 

1697
01:36:35,200 --> 01:36:39,100
Periodically as if maintaining 
contact, with this small piece 

1698
01:36:39,100 --> 01:36:42,400
of solider Earth will keep you 
anchored to the reality of land.

1699
01:36:43,500 --> 01:36:45,000
You wish your own name to 
yourself. 

1700
01:36:45,000 --> 01:36:48,500
Sometimes just to hear it to 
remind yourself, that you are 

1701
01:36:48,500 --> 01:36:50,700
still you. 
And not just another pair of 

1702
01:36:50,700 --> 01:36:55,000
hands hauling rope, the cycle. 
Weight of the voyage accumulates

1703
01:36:55,000 --> 01:36:57,400
slowly, like water seeping into 
the village. 

1704
01:36:57,400 --> 01:37:01,800
Each day, adds only a little to 
the burden but week after week 

1705
01:37:01,800 --> 01:37:06,300
the accumulated weight becomes 
significant You are tired in 

1706
01:37:06,300 --> 01:37:10,200
ways that sleep does not fix. 
You are lonely, despite being 

1707
01:37:10,200 --> 01:37:14,000
surrounded by men, your homesick
for places and people you are 

1708
01:37:14,000 --> 01:37:16,300
not even particularly fond of 
before leaving. 

1709
01:37:17,200 --> 01:37:20,400
The Village Baker, who always 
shortchanged everyone on bread 

1710
01:37:20,400 --> 01:37:22,800
weight. 
Now seems like a Charming 

1711
01:37:22,800 --> 01:37:25,600
character. 
You would give anything to argue

1712
01:37:25,600 --> 01:37:30,400
with again. by week 6, the food 
situation has become genuinely 

1713
01:37:30,400 --> 01:37:34,200
concerning the ship's biscuit 
has developed an ecosystem. 

1714
01:37:35,100 --> 01:37:38,600
Small, gray, weevils live in the
barrels and the biscuit pieces 

1715
01:37:38,600 --> 01:37:40,400
are often more hole than 
substance. 

1716
01:37:41,500 --> 01:37:44,600
The accepted practice is to tap 
your biscuit against the table 

1717
01:37:44,600 --> 01:37:47,900
before eating it, which 
dislodges some of the weevils, 

1718
01:37:47,900 --> 01:37:51,600
not all of them that would be 
impossible but enough that you 

1719
01:37:51,600 --> 01:37:54,900
can eat it without the texture, 
being overwhelmingly squirming. 

1720
01:37:54,900 --> 01:37:57,800
You've stopped thinking of the 
remaining weevils as 

1721
01:37:57,800 --> 01:38:01,200
contamination and started 
thinking of them as protein, 

1722
01:38:01,200 --> 01:38:04,000
which is either pragmatic or 
deeply worrying. 

1723
01:38:04,000 --> 01:38:07,900
Depending on your perspective, 
the salt pork has transformed 

1724
01:38:07,900 --> 01:38:11,300
from merely on appetizing to 
actively questionable. 

1725
01:38:12,200 --> 01:38:14,900
The meat that is supposed to be 
pink under its salt crust as 

1726
01:38:14,900 --> 01:38:18,800
taken on a green machine, and it
smells like something that died 

1727
01:38:18,800 --> 01:38:20,400
and was not discovered for 
several days. 

1728
01:38:21,200 --> 01:38:24,100
The cooking sis. 
This is normal that salt pork 

1729
01:38:24,100 --> 01:38:27,900
always smells like death and 
disappointment He boils it for 

1730
01:38:27,900 --> 01:38:31,200
hours which does reduce the 
smell to merely nauseating 

1731
01:38:31,200 --> 01:38:34,700
rather than actively offensive. 
The resulting meat has the 

1732
01:38:34,700 --> 01:38:37,800
texture of shoe leather and 
about the same amount of flavor,

1733
01:38:37,800 --> 01:38:42,100
but it is protein and your body.
Craves it enough that you chew 

1734
01:38:42,100 --> 01:38:46,100
through it without complaint The
peas have held up better than 

1735
01:38:46,100 --> 01:38:49,100
most Provisions, possibly, 
because they were already 

1736
01:38:49,100 --> 01:38:52,200
essentially Immortal. 
When loaded aboard boiled into 

1737
01:38:52,200 --> 01:38:55,600
submission, they form a greyish 
paste that sticks to your ribs 

1738
01:38:55,600 --> 01:38:59,200
and requires no chewing. 
This is good because your teeth 

1739
01:38:59,200 --> 01:39:03,300
are starting to hurt your gums 
are getting soft and chewing as 

1740
01:39:03,300 --> 01:39:06,800
become an activity. 
You avoid when possible, The 

1741
01:39:06,800 --> 01:39:10,300
cook says, this is normal. 
That is just scurvy. 

1742
01:39:10,300 --> 01:39:14,700
Starting that everyone gets it 
on Long voyages and that it will

1743
01:39:14,700 --> 01:39:17,000
get better. 
Once you reach land and can eat 

1744
01:39:17,000 --> 01:39:20,600
fresh food again. 
This is not particularly 

1745
01:39:20,600 --> 01:39:24,300
reassuring, the wine has passed 
through several stages of 

1746
01:39:24,300 --> 01:39:27,400
vinegar and has now achieved a 
state that might best be 

1747
01:39:27,400 --> 01:39:31,400
described as a dress of acidity.
You could probably be used to 

1748
01:39:31,400 --> 01:39:34,900
clean rust off metal. 
You drink it anyway, holding 

1749
01:39:34,900 --> 01:39:37,700
your breath, and swallowing 
quickly because the alternative 

1750
01:39:37,700 --> 01:39:40,600
is water that has turned green 
in the barrels and hosts. 

1751
01:39:40,600 --> 01:39:43,900
Small swimming creatures, that 
were definitely not present when

1752
01:39:43,900 --> 01:39:46,500
the water was first. 
Stored some men have started 

1753
01:39:46,500 --> 01:39:49,900
catching rainwater during 
storms, holding up cups and 

1754
01:39:49,900 --> 01:39:52,400
trying to collect clean water 
before it runs across the deck 

1755
01:39:52,400 --> 01:39:55,900
and picks up the taste of tar 
and wood and whatever else makes

1756
01:39:55,900 --> 01:40:00,900
deck water undrinkable. 
Protein becomes an obsession you

1757
01:40:00,900 --> 01:40:04,500
dream about meat, not the salt 
pork that you're eating, but 

1758
01:40:04,500 --> 01:40:06,600
real meat. 
Fresh meat. 

1759
01:40:06,600 --> 01:40:10,100
The kind you remember from 
festivals and Market Days, 

1760
01:40:10,100 --> 01:40:15,700
roasted chicken, grilled fish 
beef stew with actual vegetables

1761
01:40:15,700 --> 01:40:17,800
that are not dried and 
reconstituted. 

1762
01:40:18,600 --> 01:40:21,300
You're waking thoughts, 
increasingly revolve around food

1763
01:40:21,300 --> 01:40:25,100
during watches when there is 
little to, do you mentally 

1764
01:40:25,100 --> 01:40:27,900
catalog every meal? 
You remember eating in the last 

1765
01:40:27,900 --> 01:40:32,100
year, examining each one in 
detail, remembering flavors and 

1766
01:40:32,100 --> 01:40:34,900
textures with an intensity that 
seems almost religious. 

1767
01:40:36,400 --> 01:40:40,100
The ship stores, all so include 
rice which sounds promising 

1768
01:40:40,100 --> 01:40:42,200
until you taste. 
The rice that has been sitting 

1769
01:40:42,200 --> 01:40:46,000
in a damp hold for six weeks. 
It is absorbed various flavors 

1770
01:40:46,000 --> 01:40:49,300
from its environment creating a 
taste profile that could 

1771
01:40:49,300 --> 01:40:53,000
generously be described as 
complex and more accurately 

1772
01:40:53,000 --> 01:40:57,400
described as musky. 
The cook attempts to improve it 

1773
01:40:57,400 --> 01:41:00,700
by boiling it with some of the 
salt pork fat, which does make 

1774
01:41:00,700 --> 01:41:03,300
it more edible in the sense that
everything tastes like salt, 

1775
01:41:03,300 --> 01:41:06,100
pork fat, which at least is a 
familiar flavor. 

1776
01:41:06,100 --> 01:41:09,900
There are also dried fish, which
seemed like a good idea when 

1777
01:41:09,900 --> 01:41:13,100
they were loaded aboard and have
since become an argument against

1778
01:41:13,100 --> 01:41:16,300
fish in general. 
The drawing process is 

1779
01:41:16,300 --> 01:41:18,700
concentrated, the fishiness to 
levels that are almost 

1780
01:41:18,700 --> 01:41:21,900
weaponized. 
When the cook opens a barrel of 

1781
01:41:21,908 --> 01:41:24,900
dried fish, everyone within 20 
feet knows. 

1782
01:41:24,900 --> 01:41:28,300
It immediately, the resulting 
meal tastes exactly like you 

1783
01:41:28,300 --> 01:41:29,800
would. 
Imagine fish would taste, if 

1784
01:41:29,800 --> 01:41:32,900
fish were a form of punishment, 
you eat it because not eating 

1785
01:41:32,900 --> 01:41:36,500
means being hungry, and being 
hungry means being weak and 

1786
01:41:36,500 --> 01:41:38,400
being weak. 
On a ship means, not being able 

1787
01:41:38,400 --> 01:41:42,000
to do your work and not doing 
your work, means the boats and 

1788
01:41:42,000 --> 01:41:44,800
becomes interested in your 
welfare in ways that are not 

1789
01:41:44,808 --> 01:41:50,200
pleasant. 
There is a moment about seven 

1790
01:41:50,200 --> 01:41:53,900
weeks in when you're eating your
evening ration of boiled, peas 

1791
01:41:53,900 --> 01:41:57,700
and Weevil enhance biscuit in 
questionable, salt pork. 

1792
01:41:57,700 --> 01:42:00,500
When you realize, you've 
forgotten what being fully 

1793
01:42:00,500 --> 01:42:04,000
satisfied. 
After a meal feels like You're 

1794
01:42:04,000 --> 01:42:06,000
always hungry. 
Not starving. 

1795
01:42:06,000 --> 01:42:08,800
The rationals are calculated to 
keep men working. 

1796
01:42:08,800 --> 01:42:11,500
If not comfortable, but never 
satisfied. 

1797
01:42:11,500 --> 01:42:14,400
Your stomach is always a little 
empty. 

1798
01:42:14,400 --> 01:42:16,900
Your body is always wanting 
more. 

1799
01:42:17,800 --> 01:42:21,100
This Perpetual low level hunger 
becomes as much a part of your 

1800
01:42:21,100 --> 01:42:24,900
existence as the motion of the 
ship or the sound of the waves. 

1801
01:42:25,800 --> 01:42:28,300
The few luxuries that were 
brought aboard, have long since 

1802
01:42:28,300 --> 01:42:31,600
been consumed? 
The dried figs your mother gave 

1803
01:42:31,600 --> 01:42:34,500
you a gun. 
Someone's wheels of cheese have 

1804
01:42:34,500 --> 01:42:37,800
been distributed and eaten the 
small stores of honey and 

1805
01:42:37,800 --> 01:42:40,200
preserved fruits that were 
supposed to make the voyage more

1806
01:42:40,200 --> 01:42:43,800
bearable lasted, perhaps three 
weeks before being depleted. 

1807
01:42:43,800 --> 01:42:49,700
Now, you are down to the basics 
biscuit, pork peas, and 

1808
01:42:49,700 --> 01:42:53,500
aggressive wine, and you will be
eating these same things in the 

1809
01:42:53,500 --> 01:42:56,400
same combinations for however 
many more weeks. 

1810
01:42:56,400 --> 01:42:59,800
It takes to reach land. 
Ironically, you will surrounded 

1811
01:42:59,800 --> 01:43:05,000
by food fish, jump alongside the
ship regularly Birds land in the

1812
01:43:05,000 --> 01:43:07,600
rigging. 
The ocean contains more fish 

1813
01:43:07,600 --> 01:43:08,800
than you could eat in a 
lifetime. 

1814
01:43:08,800 --> 01:43:13,100
But catching them is difficult. 
Fishing lines are deployed when 

1815
01:43:13,100 --> 01:43:15,700
weather permits and 
occasionally, someone holds up 

1816
01:43:15,700 --> 01:43:18,700
something edible. 
These fish are distributed among

1817
01:43:18,700 --> 01:43:21,400
the crew and devoured with a 
desperate and enthusiasm that 

1818
01:43:21,400 --> 01:43:23,800
surprises. 
Everyone who experiences it? 

1819
01:43:23,800 --> 01:43:28,700
Fresh fish even small ones, even
ones that are mostly bones. 

1820
01:43:28,700 --> 01:43:32,700
Taste like the finest delicacy 
after weeks of salt, pork and 

1821
01:43:32,700 --> 01:43:36,600
weevils. 
One morning, someone catches a 

1822
01:43:36,600 --> 01:43:39,900
seabird that made the mistake of
landing on a yardarm within 

1823
01:43:39,900 --> 01:43:42,600
grabbing range. 
There is a serious discussion 

1824
01:43:42,600 --> 01:43:46,400
about cooking it, the cook 
points out that seabirds taste 

1825
01:43:46,400 --> 01:43:48,800
terrible, that they eat fish and
other things. 

1826
01:43:48,800 --> 01:43:50,700
You do not want to think about 
that. 

1827
01:43:50,700 --> 01:43:53,600
Even boiling one for hours will 
not improve, the fundamental 

1828
01:43:53,600 --> 01:43:58,000
fishiness of the meat. 
This argument is ignored, the 

1829
01:43:58,000 --> 01:44:00,900
bird is plucked cleaned and 
boiled. 

1830
01:44:00,900 --> 01:44:05,100
The cook is proven correct. 
It tastes like fish flavored 

1831
01:44:05,100 --> 01:44:06,500
chicken in the worst possible 
way. 

1832
01:44:07,300 --> 01:44:10,900
But everyone eats their share 
anyway because it is meat and it

1833
01:44:10,900 --> 01:44:14,200
is different from salt pork and 
variety matters. 

1834
01:44:14,200 --> 01:44:16,400
When you have been eating the 
same thing for weeks. 

1835
01:44:17,600 --> 01:44:19,900
You're becoming a different 
person though. 

1836
01:44:19,900 --> 01:44:22,300
The changes. 
So gradual you barely notice it.

1837
01:44:22,300 --> 01:44:25,200
Your hands which were soft when 
you started. 

1838
01:44:25,200 --> 01:44:28,400
This Voyage are now covered in, 
calluses thick enough that you 

1839
01:44:28,400 --> 01:44:30,500
can grip rough rope without much
pain. 

1840
01:44:30,500 --> 01:44:34,700
You can tie knots without 
thinking about them bow lines, 

1841
01:44:34,700 --> 01:44:38,600
clove hitches and Sheet bends, 
each one flowing from your 

1842
01:44:38,600 --> 01:44:41,800
fingers in the correct sequence,
even when you're half asleep or 

1843
01:44:41,800 --> 01:44:45,300
fully exhausted, These notes 
will stay with you, for life, 

1844
01:44:45,300 --> 01:44:49,600
muscle memory written so deeply 
that you could probably tie them

1845
01:44:49,600 --> 01:44:51,400
as an old man. 
Even if you forgot your own 

1846
01:44:51,400 --> 01:44:54,700
name, you've learned to walk on 
a moving deck without thinking 

1847
01:44:54,700 --> 01:44:57,200
about it. 
The first few weeks, you 

1848
01:44:57,200 --> 01:45:01,200
stumbled constantly reaching out
to grab rails and ropes for 

1849
01:45:01,208 --> 01:45:03,700
balance. 
Now, your body automatically 

1850
01:45:03,700 --> 01:45:07,200
adjusts to the ship's motion 
shifting your weight without 

1851
01:45:07,200 --> 01:45:10,900
conscious thought moving across 
the deck with a rolling gate 

1852
01:45:10,900 --> 01:45:14,400
that would look absurd on land 
but is perfectly suited to a 

1853
01:45:14,400 --> 01:45:17,700
tilting swaying platform 
suspended on water. 

1854
01:45:17,700 --> 01:45:21,100
When you do return to land, you 
will find yourself still swaying

1855
01:45:21,100 --> 01:45:24,100
still adjusting for motion, that
is not there. 

1856
01:45:24,100 --> 01:45:28,000
You're inner ear, confused by 
the Stillness of solid ground. 

1857
01:45:29,200 --> 01:45:32,800
You have learned to sleep 
anywhere in any position in 

1858
01:45:32,800 --> 01:45:37,300
almost any weather. 
First weeks, you needed darkness

1859
01:45:37,300 --> 01:45:39,800
and quiet and relative Comfort 
to sleep. 

1860
01:45:40,900 --> 01:45:44,400
Now, you can fall asleep, 
sitting up leaning, against a 

1861
01:45:44,400 --> 01:45:46,700
masked with rain falling on your
head. 

1862
01:45:47,500 --> 01:45:49,800
Because when you are tired 
enough, sleep happens, 

1863
01:45:49,800 --> 01:45:53,500
regardless of conditions you 
have learned to wake instantly 

1864
01:45:53,500 --> 01:45:56,100
when your name is called, or a 
bell rings or someone shakes, 

1865
01:45:56,100 --> 01:45:58,900
your shoulder going from 
unconscious to working in 

1866
01:45:58,900 --> 01:46:02,600
seconds because there is no room
aboard ship for grogginess or 

1867
01:46:02,600 --> 01:46:05,600
gradual waking. 
You have learned to judge the 

1868
01:46:05,600 --> 01:46:09,400
weather from subtle signs, the 
smell of the air, the shape of 

1869
01:46:09,408 --> 01:46:13,500
clouds, the behavior of birds, 
and the feel of the wind on your

1870
01:46:13,508 --> 01:46:16,300
skin. 
You cannot predict storms as 

1871
01:46:16,300 --> 01:46:19,100
well as the experienced Sailors,
but you are learning. 

1872
01:46:19,100 --> 01:46:22,900
You notice when the barometer 
drops, when the light takes on 

1873
01:46:22,900 --> 01:46:26,500
that particular, yellow quality,
and when the swells begin to 

1874
01:46:26,500 --> 01:46:29,200
organize themselves into 
patterns, that mean, bad weather

1875
01:46:29,200 --> 01:46:31,800
is coming. 
This knowledge is bought with 

1876
01:46:31,800 --> 01:46:35,600
experience with time spent 
watching and learning and 

1877
01:46:35,600 --> 01:46:37,900
occasionally being caught by 
surprise when you miss the 

1878
01:46:37,900 --> 01:46:40,300
signs. 
You have learned the ships 

1879
01:46:40,300 --> 01:46:42,900
language. 
The particular creaks and 

1880
01:46:42,908 --> 01:46:46,700
groans, that mean she is working
normally versus the sound. 

1881
01:46:46,700 --> 01:46:48,300
That indicates something is 
wrong. 

1882
01:46:49,300 --> 01:46:51,900
The rhythmic squeaking of the 
rudder-post is normal. 

1883
01:46:52,800 --> 01:46:55,900
The sharp crack of wood under 
strain, might mean a Timber is 

1884
01:46:55,900 --> 01:46:58,200
splitting, the singing of 
overtype. 

1885
01:46:58,200 --> 01:47:01,100
Rigging means you need to ease 
off before something breaks. 

1886
01:47:01,800 --> 01:47:06,300
The ship talks constantly and 
you have learned to listen to 

1887
01:47:06,300 --> 01:47:09,400
interpret and to respond to what
she is telling you. 

1888
01:47:10,100 --> 01:47:13,600
You've learned to work a loft 
climbing, the rigging to adjust 

1889
01:47:13,600 --> 01:47:17,000
sales while the ship rolls 
beneath you, and the deck looks 

1890
01:47:17,000 --> 01:47:20,700
impossibly small and far away. 
The first time you had to go up 

1891
01:47:20,700 --> 01:47:22,300
in rough weather, you were 
terrified. 

1892
01:47:22,300 --> 01:47:25,800
Now, you are merely carefully 
respectful of the item, the 

1893
01:47:25,800 --> 01:47:29,100
danger, you understand? 
That one hand is for the ship 

1894
01:47:29,100 --> 01:47:33,200
and one hand is for yourself 
that you check every grip before

1895
01:47:33,200 --> 01:47:36,300
trusting your weight to it. 
And that you move deliberately 

1896
01:47:36,300 --> 01:47:40,400
and never quickly because quick 
movements are lost lead to Falls

1897
01:47:40,400 --> 01:47:44,000
and Falls, lead to death or 
injury that amounts to the same 

1898
01:47:44,000 --> 01:47:47,000
thing when you're weeks from any
doctor, worth the name. 

1899
01:47:47,800 --> 01:47:50,900
You have learned to splice rope.
Skill. 

1900
01:47:50,900 --> 01:47:55,200
That seemed impossibly complex 
when first demonstrated Now, 

1901
01:47:55,200 --> 01:47:59,000
your fingers can tease apart the
strands weave them together in 

1902
01:47:59,000 --> 01:48:02,500
the correct pattern and create a
splice stronger than the Rope 

1903
01:48:02,500 --> 01:48:06,100
itself. 
You take pride in this in the 

1904
01:48:06,100 --> 01:48:09,600
neat uniform appearance of your 
splices and in the fact that 

1905
01:48:09,600 --> 01:48:12,100
experienced Sailors. 
Now sometimes ask you to help 

1906
01:48:12,100 --> 01:48:15,900
with the particularly difficult 
splice in work, you have learned

1907
01:48:15,900 --> 01:48:19,900
patience of a kind, you never 
knew existed on land on land. 

1908
01:48:19,900 --> 01:48:24,000
If you were hungry, you ate. 
If you were tired, you slept, if

1909
01:48:24,000 --> 01:48:27,500
you are uncomfortable, you 
adjusted your position at Sea, 

1910
01:48:27,500 --> 01:48:31,100
you cannot control these things,
you are hungry, but the next 

1911
01:48:31,100 --> 01:48:33,800
meal comes. 
When it comes not before your 

1912
01:48:33,800 --> 01:48:36,100
tired. 
But your watch has three more 

1913
01:48:36,100 --> 01:48:39,100
hours before you can sleep your 
uncomfortable. 

1914
01:48:39,100 --> 01:48:42,600
But There is no comfortable 
position to be found, so you 

1915
01:48:42,600 --> 01:48:46,100
exist in discomfort until it 
becomes normal and you stop 

1916
01:48:46,108 --> 01:48:49,400
noticing it as much. 
You have learned the value of 

1917
01:48:49,400 --> 01:48:52,800
small things, the dry pair of 
socks is treasure. 

1918
01:48:53,500 --> 01:48:55,100
A cup of water that does not 
taste. 

1919
01:48:55,100 --> 01:48:59,300
Actively foul is a luxury. 
A knight of sleep uninterrupted 

1920
01:48:59,300 --> 01:49:04,400
by emergency or rough weather is
a gift. these small Comforts 

1921
01:49:04,400 --> 01:49:07,400
which you would not have noticed
on land, become the highlights 

1922
01:49:07,400 --> 01:49:11,500
of your existence you hoard them
in memory recalling the time two

1923
01:49:11,500 --> 01:49:14,700
weeks ago when you slept six 
hours straight or that morning, 

1924
01:49:14,700 --> 01:49:17,600
when the cook made a biscuit 
that was actually crispy instead

1925
01:49:17,600 --> 01:49:20,900
of soggy You have learned that 
you are stronger than you 

1926
01:49:20,900 --> 01:49:23,500
thought, both physically and 
mentally. 

1927
01:49:24,700 --> 01:49:26,700
For this Voyage, you would not 
have believed. 

1928
01:49:26,700 --> 01:49:29,600
You could work a full watch on 
minimal, sleep and bad food. 

1929
01:49:29,600 --> 01:49:33,000
Then work, another half watch 
because the weather demanded it.

1930
01:49:33,000 --> 01:49:36,100
You would not have believed. 
You could climb swaying rigging 

1931
01:49:36,100 --> 01:49:39,300
in a storm, you would not have 
believed, you could endure weeks

1932
01:49:39,300 --> 01:49:43,200
of monotony without going mad. 
But here you are doing all of 

1933
01:49:43,200 --> 01:49:45,800
these things, surviving in an 
environment that would have 

1934
01:49:45,800 --> 01:49:47,400
broken. 
The person you were before 

1935
01:49:47,400 --> 01:49:50,000
boarding the ship. 
By the 8th week. 

1936
01:49:50,000 --> 01:49:53,600
You have stopped asking how much
farther everyone has stopped 

1937
01:49:53,600 --> 01:49:57,000
asking how much farther. 
The officers do not know with 

1938
01:49:57,000 --> 01:50:00,500
any precision and asking only 
reminds everyone that you are 

1939
01:50:00,500 --> 01:50:03,900
still nowhere near Land. 
The Voyage takes, as long as it 

1940
01:50:03,900 --> 01:50:08,100
takes the wind determines, the 
speed, the current, determine 

1941
01:50:08,100 --> 01:50:12,200
the root, your passengers on a 
journey, whose duration cannot 

1942
01:50:12,200 --> 01:50:15,700
be known in advance. 
Only endured until completion. 

1943
01:50:15,700 --> 01:50:18,900
The ship herself is showing the 
strain of the voyage. 

1944
01:50:19,700 --> 01:50:22,100
Sales, that were new. 
When you departed, and now 

1945
01:50:22,100 --> 01:50:26,300
patched in multiple places, the 
neat squares of canvas visible 

1946
01:50:26,300 --> 01:50:28,100
as slightly different shades of 
white. 

1947
01:50:29,300 --> 01:50:32,200
Ropes, a fraying and being 
replaced section by section. 

1948
01:50:33,300 --> 01:50:36,400
The deck planking is worn smooth
in the high traffic areas. 

1949
01:50:37,200 --> 01:50:39,000
Everything. 
Wooden is swelling, and 

1950
01:50:39,000 --> 01:50:43,200
shrinking and warping with the 
constant damp. the carpenter 

1951
01:50:43,200 --> 01:50:46,900
spent his days making repairs 
fixing problems before they 

1952
01:50:46,900 --> 01:50:49,800
become emergencies and 
occasionally, discovering 

1953
01:50:49,800 --> 01:50:52,400
problems that have already 
become emergence is without 

1954
01:50:52,400 --> 01:50:55,800
anyone noticing You're all 
showing strain as well. 

1955
01:50:55,800 --> 01:51:00,000
Everyone as lost weight. 
The combination of hard work and

1956
01:51:00,000 --> 01:51:03,900
inadequate nutrition means your 
clothes, hang loose, your belt 

1957
01:51:03,900 --> 01:51:06,600
needs new holes and your faces 
become gaunt. 

1958
01:51:06,600 --> 01:51:08,600
Your gums are definitely 
bleeding. 

1959
01:51:08,600 --> 01:51:11,800
Now when you eat the hard 
biscuit leaving, pink stains 

1960
01:51:11,800 --> 01:51:15,600
that you try not to examine too 
closely Several men have 

1961
01:51:15,600 --> 01:51:19,000
developed sores, that do not 
heal properly, the early signs 

1962
01:51:19,000 --> 01:51:22,700
of serious scurvy. 
The ship surgeon bleeds them, 

1963
01:51:22,700 --> 01:51:25,700
which helps nothing, but at 
least gives the appearance of 

1964
01:51:25,700 --> 01:51:29,100
medical intervention. 
Tempers are shorter. 

1965
01:51:29,800 --> 01:51:32,500
The small irritations that were 
amusing in week. 2 are 

1966
01:51:32,500 --> 01:51:37,100
infuriating in week 8. 
Portuguese humans continue for 

1967
01:51:37,100 --> 01:51:40,400
getting of his bilge Duty. 
Finally comes to a head when two

1968
01:51:40,400 --> 01:51:44,000
Sailors confront him directly, 
there is shouting, there is 

1969
01:51:44,000 --> 01:51:47,000
shoving. 
The boats were intervenes before

1970
01:51:47,000 --> 01:51:51,000
it becomes actual fighting and 
Duo is a signed double billed 

1971
01:51:51,000 --> 01:51:54,100
for the next week. 
This is considered fair by 

1972
01:51:54,100 --> 01:51:57,600
everyone except while who sults 
but complies because the 

1973
01:51:57,600 --> 01:52:01,400
alternative is worse. 
The silence between the two. 

1974
01:52:01,400 --> 01:52:03,200
Sailors. 
From the same Village, has 

1975
01:52:03,200 --> 01:52:06,700
evolved from Angry silence to 
something more like weary 

1976
01:52:06,700 --> 01:52:09,500
acceptance of Silence. 
They were probably never speak 

1977
01:52:09,500 --> 01:52:11,100
again. 
Their friendship. 

1978
01:52:11,100 --> 01:52:15,200
Whatever it was has been killed 
by proximity in Grudge and the 

1979
01:52:15,208 --> 01:52:18,300
particular kind of ossification 
that happens when you see the 

1980
01:52:18,300 --> 01:52:21,900
same person every day for months
with no escape from their 

1981
01:52:21,900 --> 01:52:25,900
presence. new friendships have 
formed though you and Miguel and

1982
01:52:25,908 --> 01:52:29,500
Rodriguez of become a sort of 
unit eating together, when 

1983
01:52:29,500 --> 01:52:33,500
possible sharing tobacco and 
stories and working alongside 

1984
01:52:33,500 --> 01:52:37,000
each other, when the duty 
rotation allows These 

1985
01:52:37,000 --> 01:52:41,200
friendships are circumstantial 
formed by proximity and shared 

1986
01:52:41,200 --> 01:52:44,500
misery. 
But they feel real nonetheless. 

1987
01:52:45,300 --> 01:52:47,800
You suspect, you will remember 
these men for the rest of your 

1988
01:52:47,800 --> 01:52:51,400
life, even if you never see them
again after making port. 

1989
01:52:52,300 --> 01:52:54,300
The younger Sailors talk about 
what they will do. 

1990
01:52:54,300 --> 01:52:56,900
When they reach land, they will 
eat fresh bread. 

1991
01:52:56,900 --> 01:53:00,500
They will drink clean water from
the well, they will sleep on 

1992
01:53:00,500 --> 01:53:02,000
ground. 
That does not move. 

1993
01:53:02,000 --> 01:53:04,800
They will walk in straight lines
for Miles. 

1994
01:53:04,800 --> 01:53:09,800
Their plans are elaborate and 
specific and touching naive as 

1995
01:53:09,800 --> 01:53:11,800
if the new world is simply 
Spain. 

1996
01:53:11,800 --> 01:53:16,100
Relocated across an ocean rather
than a genuinely different place

1997
01:53:16,100 --> 01:53:19,600
with different challenges. 
The older Sailors the ones who 

1998
01:53:19,600 --> 01:53:23,100
have done this before, say less,
they know that reaching land 

1999
01:53:23,100 --> 01:53:26,300
means the beginning of different
hardships, the work of unloading

2000
01:53:26,300 --> 01:53:30,700
cargo the negotiations overpay 
the temptation to spend all your

2001
01:53:30,700 --> 01:53:34,300
wages in the first Port, Tavon, 
and the eventual necessity of 

2002
01:53:34,300 --> 01:53:37,400
signing onto another ship 
because what else you qualify to

2003
01:53:37,400 --> 01:53:40,000
do now. 
But they do not share these 

2004
01:53:40,000 --> 01:53:43,200
thoughts with the younger men. 
Let them have their dreams of 

2005
01:53:43,200 --> 01:53:47,600
fresh bread and stable ground. 
The master takes son sightings 

2006
01:53:47,600 --> 01:53:50,000
every day. 
At noon weather permitting, 

2007
01:53:50,000 --> 01:53:53,800
using his cross staff to measure
the sun's angle of the Horizon. 

2008
01:53:53,800 --> 01:53:58,400
He makes calculations consults 
his charts and announces that 

2009
01:53:58,400 --> 01:54:01,700
you are making good progress. 
This is encouraging Until you 

2010
01:54:01,700 --> 01:54:03,300
realize. 
He's been announcing good 

2011
01:54:03,300 --> 01:54:06,800
progress for weeks and you are 
still nowhere near land. 

2012
01:54:07,500 --> 01:54:10,800
Good progress and you are 
learning are relative Concepts. 

2013
01:54:11,500 --> 01:54:14,700
Birds begin appearing more 
frequently which is taken as a 

2014
01:54:14,700 --> 01:54:18,400
positive sign, Lan Birds. 
The master explains do not 

2015
01:54:18,408 --> 01:54:22,100
Venture far from Shore their 
presence suggests proximity to 

2016
01:54:22,100 --> 01:54:25,500
Solid ground though how much 
proximity remains unclear. 

2017
01:54:25,500 --> 01:54:28,500
Could be a day away could be a 
week. 

2018
01:54:28,500 --> 01:54:33,100
The ocean is large and bird. 
Flight Rangers variable and 

2019
01:54:33,100 --> 01:54:35,200
everything about navigation is 
approximate. 

2020
01:54:35,200 --> 01:54:38,800
You start having dreams about 
land with increasing frequency. 

2021
01:54:39,800 --> 01:54:44,500
Not coherent dreams with plots 
but sensory fragments the smell 

2022
01:54:44,500 --> 01:54:47,500
of pine trees. 
The sound of a stream, the 

2023
01:54:47,500 --> 01:54:51,400
feeling of grass, under bare 
feet, the taste of fresh milk 

2024
01:54:52,400 --> 01:54:54,800
You wake from these dreams with 
a physical ache. 

2025
01:54:54,800 --> 01:54:56,900
A homesickness. 
So intense. 

2026
01:54:56,900 --> 01:54:59,800
It is almost painful. 
You have been at Sea so long 

2027
01:54:59,800 --> 01:55:01,600
that land has become a mythical 
Place. 

2028
01:55:01,600 --> 01:55:05,300
Something you remember but are 
not entirely sure, still exists.

2029
01:55:06,700 --> 01:55:10,100
The first sign that land is 
genuinely, close comes from the 

2030
01:55:10,100 --> 01:55:14,600
leading bottom at 100 fathoms. 
The announcement sends a ripple 

2031
01:55:14,600 --> 01:55:17,600
of excitement through the entire
crew for weeks. 

2032
01:55:17,600 --> 01:55:21,300
The lead has found nothing but 
depth now, there is something 

2033
01:55:21,300 --> 01:55:25,500
down there, something solid, 
which means the seabed is 

2034
01:55:25,500 --> 01:55:30,200
rising, which means a coastline 
is approaching The Mooda board 

2035
01:55:30,200 --> 01:55:33,500
ship shifts. 
Noticeably men work with more 

2036
01:55:33,500 --> 01:55:36,400
energy conversations become more
animated. 

2037
01:55:37,300 --> 01:55:40,000
Even the food seemed slightly 
less awful when eating with the 

2038
01:55:40,000 --> 01:55:41,800
knowledge that better food is 
coming soon. 

2039
01:55:43,300 --> 01:55:45,200
The second sign is the 
watercolor. 

2040
01:55:46,000 --> 01:55:49,400
The deep blue of mid-ocean is 
giving way to a greenish tint. 

2041
01:55:49,400 --> 01:55:53,300
That indicates shallow a water. 
Floating debris, appears, 

2042
01:55:53,300 --> 01:55:57,700
branches, leave and things that 
could only have come from Land, 

2043
01:55:57,700 --> 01:56:00,500
someone spots. 
What might be a bird or might be

2044
01:56:00,500 --> 01:56:03,200
a piece of bark, but either way,
it is something that is not just

2045
01:56:03,200 --> 01:56:05,300
empty ocean and that is 
progress. 

2046
01:56:06,600 --> 01:56:10,500
The third sign is the smell. 
On a morning, watch you catch a 

2047
01:56:10,500 --> 01:56:12,700
scent on the wind. 
That makes you stop mid task. 

2048
01:56:13,500 --> 01:56:17,700
It is the smell of Earth. 
A vegetation of land. 

2049
01:56:18,800 --> 01:56:20,700
It's so faint, you're not 
entirely. 

2050
01:56:20,700 --> 01:56:24,500
Sure you're not imagining it. 
But other smell it too and the 

2051
01:56:24,508 --> 01:56:28,700
master confirms it. 
Lands smells can carry far over 

2052
01:56:28,700 --> 01:56:30,100
water under the right 
conditions. 

2053
01:56:30,100 --> 01:56:35,100
You are close now. 
Not there but close The next 

2054
01:56:35,100 --> 01:56:39,000
day, the lookout in the Crow's 
Nest calls out the word everyone

2055
01:56:39,000 --> 01:56:41,300
has been waiting to hear. 
Land. 

2056
01:56:42,400 --> 01:56:45,100
The announcement is greeted with
a cheer that probably frightened

2057
01:56:45,100 --> 01:56:48,100
fish for miles. 
You rushed to the rail along 

2058
01:56:48,100 --> 01:56:50,800
with everyone else, straining to
see what the Lookouts heighted 

2059
01:56:50,800 --> 01:56:55,300
as revealed. 
At first, you see nothing then 

2060
01:56:55,300 --> 01:56:58,300
as the ship Rises on a swell, 
you Glimpse it? 

2061
01:56:59,100 --> 01:57:04,200
Thin dark line on the horizon. 
So fainted could be a cloud, but

2062
01:57:04,200 --> 01:57:06,600
it is not moving like a cloud 
move's. 

2063
01:57:06,600 --> 01:57:11,400
It is land, it is real. 
You're not going to spend the 

2064
01:57:11,400 --> 01:57:13,100
rest of your life on this. 
Wooden box office. 

2065
01:57:13,100 --> 01:57:17,600
After all the approach to land 
is slower than anyone wants The 

2066
01:57:17,600 --> 01:57:21,100
coast is visible, but distant 
the wind, which was favorable 

2067
01:57:21,100 --> 01:57:24,100
for crossing, the ocean is now 
coming from the wrong direction,

2068
01:57:24,100 --> 01:57:28,600
for easy entry to the harbor. 
Ship must tack back and forth, 

2069
01:57:28,600 --> 01:57:33,600
making zigzag progress, gaining 
a mile and losing half a mile 

2070
01:57:33,600 --> 01:57:37,600
over and over. 
This is infuriating when land is

2071
01:57:37,600 --> 01:57:40,700
in sight. 
It seems to get no closer, you 

2072
01:57:40,700 --> 01:57:43,800
have traveled, thousands of 
miles across open ocean and now 

2073
01:57:43,800 --> 01:57:47,500
these last few miles are taking 
hours but eventually finally the

2074
01:57:47,500 --> 01:57:50,000
harbor mouth approaches. 
You can see buildings. 

2075
01:57:50,000 --> 01:57:53,800
Now you can see trees, you can 
see people moving on the shore, 

2076
01:57:53,800 --> 01:57:56,600
tiny figures engaged in normal 
and activities. 

2077
01:57:56,600 --> 01:58:00,700
That seem impossibly exotic 
after two months at Sea, the 

2078
01:58:00,700 --> 01:58:02,700
ship Glides into Harbor with a 
ceremony. 

2079
01:58:02,700 --> 01:58:07,100
That feels both significant and 
anti-climactic The anchor drops 

2080
01:58:07,100 --> 01:58:09,000
with a splash and rattle of 
chain. 

2081
01:58:09,000 --> 01:58:13,700
The Voyages over accepted is not
quite over because you cannot 

2082
01:58:13,700 --> 01:58:17,300
just leave. 
There are four Maltese customs 

2083
01:58:17,300 --> 01:58:20,500
and spectrums health, checks and
official permission. 

2084
01:58:21,700 --> 01:58:25,200
The harbor officials come aboard
and spend hours examining papers

2085
01:58:25,200 --> 01:58:27,600
and cargo while you and the 
other Sailors. 

2086
01:58:27,600 --> 01:58:30,600
Wait, so close to land, you can 
smell it properly. 

2087
01:58:30,600 --> 01:58:34,400
Now Earth and vegetation and 
cooking fires and human 

2088
01:58:34,400 --> 01:58:38,600
habitation, but still trapped on
the ship. when you're finally 

2089
01:58:38,608 --> 01:58:42,200
allowed to disembark, stepping 
onto the dock is profoundly 

2090
01:58:42,200 --> 01:58:47,400
disorienting The ground does not
move your body, which is spent 

2091
01:58:47,400 --> 01:58:49,300
two months adjusting to 
constant. 

2092
01:58:49,300 --> 01:58:51,400
Motion, keeps adjusting for 
motion. 

2093
01:58:51,400 --> 01:58:54,800
That is not happening. 
You stagger like a drunk 

2094
01:58:54,800 --> 01:58:57,700
reaching out. 
Steady yourself on stable ground

2095
01:58:57,700 --> 01:59:01,100
that does not need steadying. 
Other Sailors are having the 

2096
01:59:01,100 --> 01:59:05,200
same problem walking with 
exaggerated caution trying to 

2097
01:59:05,200 --> 01:59:08,300
convince their inner ears that 
the world has changed. 

2098
01:59:09,400 --> 01:59:13,100
The first fresh food you eat. 
A piece of bread. 

2099
01:59:13,100 --> 01:59:16,900
Purchased from a dock Fender is 
so overly delicious. 

2100
01:59:16,900 --> 01:59:19,000
You actually close your eyes 
while chewing it. 

2101
01:59:19,000 --> 01:59:24,200
It is just bread ordinary bread,
probably not even particularly 

2102
01:59:24,200 --> 01:59:26,600
good bread. 
But after two months of 

2103
01:59:26,600 --> 01:59:29,800
Weaverville infested ship's 
biscuit, It tastes like 

2104
01:59:29,808 --> 01:59:34,300
something Angels would eat. 
You eat it, slowly savoring, 

2105
01:59:34,300 --> 01:59:36,900
every bite. 
Making it lasts while your 

2106
01:59:36,900 --> 01:59:41,000
stomach unused to fresh food, 
sends up confused signals about 

2107
01:59:41,000 --> 01:59:44,700
what is happening. 
Fresh water from a well tastes 

2108
01:59:44,700 --> 01:59:48,300
clean impossibly? 
Incredibly clean. 

2109
01:59:48,300 --> 01:59:51,000
No slime. 
No floaters. 

2110
01:59:51,000 --> 01:59:56,300
No taste of wood or Barrel, just
water cold, and pure and 

2111
01:59:56,300 --> 01:59:58,500
perfect. 
You drink until you feel 

2112
01:59:58,500 --> 02:00:02,000
slightly sick. 
Then drink more unable to 

2113
02:00:02,000 --> 02:00:03,700
believe that water can taste 
this good. 

2114
02:00:03,700 --> 02:00:06,900
That you took this for granted 
all those years before sailing. 

2115
02:00:08,200 --> 02:00:11,800
That night sleeping in an actual
bed in a shorefront boarding 

2116
02:00:11,800 --> 02:00:14,200
house. 
That caters to Sailors you lie 

2117
02:00:14,200 --> 02:00:18,500
awake, despite your exhaustion, 
the bed is to still the room is 

2118
02:00:18,500 --> 02:00:22,700
too quiet, the absence of the 
ship's constant motion and sound

2119
02:00:22,700 --> 02:00:26,700
feels wrong somehow. 
You've spent two months adapting

2120
02:00:26,700 --> 02:00:31,100
to life at Sea and now you must 
adapt back to life on land and 

2121
02:00:31,100 --> 02:00:35,900
the transition is strange. 
You think about what the voyage 

2122
02:00:35,900 --> 02:00:38,600
has changed in you? 
You're physically different 

2123
02:00:38,600 --> 02:00:44,300
lighter, harder more scarred. 
But the mental changes are 

2124
02:00:44,300 --> 02:00:47,300
harder to quantify. 
You have experienced something. 

2125
02:00:47,300 --> 02:00:51,400
Most people never will seem 
Horizon's most people never see 

2126
02:00:51,400 --> 02:00:55,200
and survived conditions, that 
would terrify your former self. 

2127
02:00:55,200 --> 02:00:58,100
You have learned that you are 
capable of more than you 

2128
02:00:58,100 --> 02:01:01,500
believed both in terms of 
endurance and in terms of 

2129
02:01:01,500 --> 02:01:06,500
adaptation, You think about the 
crew dispersed now, to various 

2130
02:01:06,500 --> 02:01:10,000
boarding houses and taverns 
pursuing their own version of 

2131
02:01:10,000 --> 02:01:12,700
the fresh food and stable 
ground, they have craved for 

2132
02:01:12,700 --> 02:01:15,500
weeks. 
You will probably never see most

2133
02:01:15,500 --> 02:01:18,600
of them again. 
Ships, scatter their Crews with 

2134
02:01:18,600 --> 02:01:22,600
each Voyage picking up new 
Sailors, and losing old ones to 

2135
02:01:22,600 --> 02:01:25,700
other ships, or other ports or 
other Fates. 

2136
02:01:26,600 --> 02:01:29,300
But you will remember them, 
Miguel with his casual 

2137
02:01:29,300 --> 02:01:32,100
competence, Rodriguez, with his 
unflagging. 

2138
02:01:32,100 --> 02:01:35,900
Enthusiasm, and the cook with 
his songs in languages, you 

2139
02:01:35,900 --> 02:01:40,500
could not identify You think 
about the ocean itself, which 

2140
02:01:40,500 --> 02:01:42,900
you have come to know in ways 
that are impossible to explain 

2141
02:01:42,900 --> 02:01:44,700
to people who have not 
experienced it. 

2142
02:01:45,400 --> 02:01:47,700
The ocean is not one thing but 
many things. 

2143
02:01:47,700 --> 02:01:52,800
Beautiful, and terrifying were 
not in surprising life-giving 

2144
02:01:52,800 --> 02:01:56,900
and deadly often simultaneously.
It is vast Beyond human 

2145
02:01:56,900 --> 02:02:00,200
comprehension yet intimate in 
the way it surrounds and 

2146
02:02:00,200 --> 02:02:02,500
contains and defines life aboard
ship. 

2147
02:02:03,500 --> 02:02:05,900
You have spent two months 
suspended over depths you 

2148
02:02:05,900 --> 02:02:08,300
cannot. 
Imagine trusting your life to 

2149
02:02:08,300 --> 02:02:11,700
Wood and rope and wind and the 
skill of men who were strangers.

2150
02:02:11,700 --> 02:02:14,900
When you started The Voyage is 
giving you stories. 

2151
02:02:14,900 --> 02:02:18,000
You will tell for years, though 
you suspect, they will sound 

2152
02:02:18,000 --> 02:02:20,400
more dramatic in the telling 
than they felt in the living. 

2153
02:02:21,400 --> 02:02:24,500
The truth about long ocean 
voyages is that they are mostly 

2154
02:02:24,500 --> 02:02:28,000
boring. 
The dramatic moments storms 

2155
02:02:28,000 --> 02:02:33,400
dangers crises a real but brief.
The vast majority of the time is

2156
02:02:33,400 --> 02:02:36,800
spent doing routine work in 
routine ways while slowly 

2157
02:02:36,800 --> 02:02:39,300
traveling across a featureless 
expanse of water. 

2158
02:02:40,300 --> 02:02:42,300
But that is the story. 
No one wants to hear. 

2159
02:02:43,100 --> 02:02:45,100
People want, drama and 
adventure. 

2160
02:02:45,100 --> 02:02:49,000
Not the reality of Weevil, 
filled biscuits and endless rope

2161
02:02:49,000 --> 02:02:52,000
splicing. 
You wonder if you will do this 

2162
02:02:52,000 --> 02:02:55,400
again. 
Right now lying in a real bed on

2163
02:02:55,400 --> 02:02:58,100
the stable ground. 
You cannot imagine voluntarily 

2164
02:02:58,100 --> 02:03:01,300
getting back on a ship. 
The memory of constant, dampness

2165
02:03:01,300 --> 02:03:04,200
and bad food and endless watches
is too fresh. 

2166
02:03:04,900 --> 02:03:08,500
But you know, that memory Fades.
The discomforts will become less

2167
02:03:08,500 --> 02:03:12,000
Vivid over time while the sense 
of accomplishment of having 

2168
02:03:12,000 --> 02:03:15,100
done, something difficult and 
survived, it will remain. 

2169
02:03:17,000 --> 02:03:20,300
A few months when your savings 
run low and you need work, the 

2170
02:03:20,300 --> 02:03:23,500
sea will call again. 
It always does for men who have 

2171
02:03:23,500 --> 02:03:26,100
sale. 
The ocean gets into your blood 

2172
02:03:26,100 --> 02:03:27,300
in ways. 
You cannot explain. 

2173
02:03:27,300 --> 02:03:30,300
Do not fully understand until 
you have experienced it. 

2174
02:03:31,100 --> 02:03:34,100
You think about time and how it 
is operated differently during 

2175
02:03:34,100 --> 02:03:36,700
the voyage? 
Two months at Sea, felt 

2176
02:03:36,700 --> 02:03:40,600
simultaneously endless and 
briefed each day long in its 

2177
02:03:40,600 --> 02:03:44,100
monotony yet weeks passed in a 
blur of similar days. 

2178
02:03:45,000 --> 02:03:47,900
You left Spain, in one season, 
and arrived in the New World in 

2179
02:03:47,900 --> 02:03:51,600
another, you departed, as one 
version of yourself and arrived 

2180
02:03:51,600 --> 02:03:55,100
as a slightly different version 
shaped by experience and 

2181
02:03:55,100 --> 02:03:58,100
hardship and the peculiar 
demands of life and board ship. 

2182
02:03:59,000 --> 02:04:01,400
The sounds of the port drift 
through your window. 

2183
02:04:01,400 --> 02:04:05,100
Men shouting in Spanish and 
Portuguese and languages. 

2184
02:04:05,100 --> 02:04:10,000
You do not recognize carts 
rumbling on cobblestones music 

2185
02:04:10,000 --> 02:04:13,100
from a nearby Tavern, and the 
ordinary sounds of human 

2186
02:04:13,100 --> 02:04:16,400
habitation. 
After two months of hearing, 

2187
02:04:16,400 --> 02:04:19,800
only wind and waves and the 
creaking of your own ship, these

2188
02:04:19,800 --> 02:04:22,500
sounds are almost overwhelming 
in their variety and complexity.

2189
02:04:23,700 --> 02:04:27,900
The world on land is so full of 
things, so crowded with stimuli 

2190
02:04:27,900 --> 02:04:32,000
and activity and options. 
At sea, life was simple. 

2191
02:04:32,000 --> 02:04:35,300
Even when it was hard, there 
were only, so many things, you 

2192
02:04:35,300 --> 02:04:38,000
could do only so many places you
could go. 

2193
02:04:39,000 --> 02:04:42,000
Ah, constraints were absolute 
but also freeing in their way. 

2194
02:04:43,000 --> 02:04:46,400
You drift towards sleep, your 
body, finally beginning to 

2195
02:04:46,400 --> 02:04:50,200
accept that Solid Ground is real
and will be here to morrow 

2196
02:04:50,200 --> 02:04:53,900
tomorrow, you will report back 
to the ship for unloading duty 

2197
02:04:53,900 --> 02:04:56,000
tomorrow. 
You will learn whether the next 

2198
02:04:56,000 --> 02:04:58,700
voyages going. 
And when it departs, tomorrow, 

2199
02:04:58,700 --> 02:05:00,500
you will begin the process of 
forgetting. 

2200
02:05:00,500 --> 02:05:03,200
The discomforts of this Voyage 
while the memories of 

2201
02:05:03,208 --> 02:05:05,000
accomplishment settling into 
place. 

2202
02:05:05,800 --> 02:05:10,800
But tonight, you are simply here
on land in a bed that doesn't 

2203
02:05:10,800 --> 02:05:15,700
move, listening to sounds, that 
are not wind and water tasting. 

2204
02:05:15,700 --> 02:05:19,900
Are that doesn't smell like, 
salt and tar and bilge and 

2205
02:05:19,900 --> 02:05:24,700
despite everything, The Voyage 
contained, the hardship, the 

2206
02:05:24,700 --> 02:05:30,000
danger, the border of the fear. 
Your satisfied with yourself in 

2207
02:05:30,000 --> 02:05:31,600
ways, you have never quite felt 
before. 

2208
02:05:32,500 --> 02:05:35,700
You have crossed an ocean. 
You've endured what needed? 

2209
02:05:35,700 --> 02:05:38,700
Enduring you have learned what? 
Needed learning. 

2210
02:05:39,400 --> 02:05:43,100
You have become in some 
fundamental way, a different 

2211
02:05:43,100 --> 02:05:46,200
person than you were when you 
boarded that ship in Spain, two 

2212
02:05:46,200 --> 02:05:48,400
months ago. 
And whether or not you ever 

2213
02:05:48,400 --> 02:05:50,400
sail. 
Again, this will remain true. 

2214
02:05:50,400 --> 02:05:55,400
The ocean is marked you taught 
you and change you in ways that 

2215
02:05:55,400 --> 02:05:58,500
will last long after the 
calluses fade and the Rope Burns

2216
02:05:58,500 --> 02:06:01,800
heal. 
Outside your window, the ship 

2217
02:06:01,800 --> 02:06:03,400
rocks. 
Gently at anchor. 

2218
02:06:03,400 --> 02:06:07,600
Already preparing for her. 
Next Voyage already forgetting 

2219
02:06:07,600 --> 02:06:09,700
This Crew in anticipation of the
next. 

2220
02:06:10,500 --> 02:06:14,000
But you will remember her and 
the journey and the impossible 

2221
02:06:14,000 --> 02:06:18,500
endlessness of water and sky and
the slow transformation that 

2222
02:06:18,500 --> 02:06:21,600
happens when you spend enough 
time suspended Between Two 

2223
02:06:21,600 --> 02:06:25,100
Worlds. 
Belonging fully to neither and 

2224
02:06:25,108 --> 02:06:36,600
with that thought, finally, you 
sleep Your settling into night 

2225
02:06:36,600 --> 02:06:39,100
with a question, that's older 
than most civilizations. 

2226
02:06:39,900 --> 02:06:42,900
How does the distant past reach 
forward through Millennia to 

2227
02:06:42,900 --> 02:06:46,400
touch your everyday life? 
The answer lies along the banks 

2228
02:06:46,400 --> 02:06:49,800
of a river that's been flowing 
for millions of years in a land 

2229
02:06:49,800 --> 02:06:51,700
where ambitious, rulers built 
monuments. 

2230
02:06:51,700 --> 02:06:55,200
So enduring that their Shadows 
still fall across your morning 

2231
02:06:55,200 --> 02:06:58,200
commute. 
Your government office, your 

2232
02:06:58,200 --> 02:07:02,100
City skyline and even the way 
you measure the hours between 

2233
02:07:02,100 --> 02:07:06,100
now and sleep. 
Tonight, we're traveling to 

2234
02:07:06,100 --> 02:07:10,900
ancient Egypt, not as tourists 
rushing through temples. but as 

2235
02:07:10,900 --> 02:07:14,800
quiet observers discovering, how
thoroughly the Pharaohs embedded

2236
02:07:14,800 --> 02:07:18,200
their Innovations into the 
foundation of everything you can

2237
02:07:18,200 --> 02:07:22,000
consider modern You wake up on a
Monday morning, glance at your 

2238
02:07:22,000 --> 02:07:25,600
phone and note the date. 
Perhaps it's the 15th of the 

2239
02:07:25,600 --> 02:07:29,500
month, you've been doing this 
your entire life, organizing 

2240
02:07:29,500 --> 02:07:34,300
your existence and neat boxes of
days weeks, months and years. 

2241
02:07:34,300 --> 02:07:37,500
But you've probably never 
stopped to wonder where this 

2242
02:07:37,500 --> 02:07:42,700
system came from the answer as 
with so many things begins with 

2243
02:07:42,700 --> 02:07:46,800
people watching a river. 
Imagine standing on the banks of

2244
02:07:46,800 --> 02:07:50,700
the Nile around, 3,000 BC e. 
You're not. 

2245
02:07:50,708 --> 02:07:54,200
You exactly. 
You're a farmer whose entire 

2246
02:07:54,200 --> 02:07:57,000
livelihood depends on 
understanding when the river 

2247
02:07:57,000 --> 02:08:00,300
will flood. 
Get it wrong and your crops 

2248
02:08:00,300 --> 02:08:03,400
fail. 
Get it right and your family 

2249
02:08:03,400 --> 02:08:08,500
eats for another year. so, you 
watch You watch the river, you 

2250
02:08:08,500 --> 02:08:13,500
watch the stars and slowly 
patterns emerge from the chaos 

2251
02:08:13,500 --> 02:08:17,700
of nature, the Nile flooded 
every year with remarkable 

2252
02:08:17,700 --> 02:08:22,200
consistency, swelling, its banks
and depositing rich dark soil. 

2253
02:08:22,200 --> 02:08:26,700
Across the flood. 
Plain but every year is a vague 

2254
02:08:26,700 --> 02:08:31,300
concept when you don't have a 
calendar, how long is a year the

2255
02:08:31,300 --> 02:08:34,700
farmers noticed that the star 
serious, which they called sop 

2256
02:08:34,700 --> 02:08:38,800
debt, appeared on the horizon 
Just Before Dawn at roughly, the

2257
02:08:38,808 --> 02:08:43,200
same time, the flood began This 
heliacal Rising as astronomers 

2258
02:08:43,200 --> 02:08:45,500
Now, call it became their Anchor
Point. 

2259
02:08:46,400 --> 02:08:49,600
From one appearance of serious 
to the next was one complete 

2260
02:08:49,600 --> 02:08:52,600
cycle. 
One year, But here's where 

2261
02:08:52,600 --> 02:08:54,600
Egyptian Ingenuity really 
shines. 

2262
02:08:54,600 --> 02:08:58,500
They didn't just Mark the year. 
They divided it into something 

2263
02:08:58,500 --> 02:09:01,600
manageable. 
They created 12 months of 30 

2264
02:09:01,600 --> 02:09:05,500
days each then added five extra 
days at the end as a kind of 

2265
02:09:05,508 --> 02:09:10,100
bonus holiday period. 365 days. 
Total. 

2266
02:09:10,100 --> 02:09:12,900
Does this sound familiar? 
It should. 

2267
02:09:13,700 --> 02:09:16,700
Your living inside a modified 
version of their invention. 

2268
02:09:17,400 --> 02:09:21,100
Now, you might be thinking, but 
our months until 30 days long. 

2269
02:09:22,000 --> 02:09:24,400
True. 
The Egyptian system wasn't 

2270
02:09:24,400 --> 02:09:26,900
perfect. 
The actual solar year is about 

2271
02:09:26,908 --> 02:09:32,700
365 and a quarter days but they 
were astonishingly close. when 

2272
02:09:32,700 --> 02:09:37,900
Julius Caesar later, reformed 
the Roman Calendar in 46 BCE, he

2273
02:09:37,900 --> 02:09:40,900
borrowed heavily from the 
Egyptian model, adding leap 

2274
02:09:40,900 --> 02:09:44,800
years to account for that extra 
quarter day, That Julian 

2275
02:09:44,800 --> 02:09:48,200
calendar, with further tweaks, 
by Pope Gregory the 13th in 

2276
02:09:48,200 --> 02:09:51,200
1582, became the Gregorian 
calendar. 

2277
02:09:51,200 --> 02:09:55,200
You used to day, Every time you 
schedule a meeting for next 

2278
02:09:55,200 --> 02:09:59,400
Thursday or plan a vacation for 
July, you're using a timekeeping

2279
02:09:59,400 --> 02:10:02,500
system, whose bones were 
assembled by people watching a 

2280
02:10:02,500 --> 02:10:07,200
river flood in the pre-dynastic 
period. they gave structure to 

2281
02:10:07,200 --> 02:10:11,300
time itself transforming the 
chaotic flow of days and to 

2282
02:10:11,300 --> 02:10:15,600
something predictable, something
you could plan around The 

2283
02:10:15,600 --> 02:10:18,700
Egyptians also divided their 
year into three seasons, each 

2284
02:10:18,700 --> 02:10:21,400
four months. 
Long acutt was the inundation 

2285
02:10:21,400 --> 02:10:25,400
season and the Nile flooded 
parent was the growing season 

2286
02:10:25,400 --> 02:10:30,800
when crops sprouted in the rich 
mud left behind Shimu was the 

2287
02:10:30,808 --> 02:10:33,500
harvest season when Farmers 
gathered, what they'd planted. 

2288
02:10:34,400 --> 02:10:39,500
This agricultural Rhythm flood 
grow Harvest became so 

2289
02:10:39,500 --> 02:10:43,300
fundamental to Egyptian identity
that it shaped everything from 

2290
02:10:43,300 --> 02:10:45,800
their religious festivals to 
their tax collection. 

2291
02:10:45,800 --> 02:10:48,900
Think about how you still 
organize your year around 

2292
02:10:48,900 --> 02:10:51,300
Seasons. 
Even if you work in a climate, 

2293
02:10:51,300 --> 02:10:55,200
controlled office and buy 
strawberries in January, Bring 

2294
02:10:55,200 --> 02:10:58,800
for planting some of her growth 
Autumn for Harvest. 

2295
02:10:58,800 --> 02:11:04,500
And winter for rest. 
The specifics of changed. but 

2296
02:11:04,508 --> 02:11:08,900
the underlying concept that time
has a cyclical nature tied to 

2297
02:11:08,900 --> 02:11:13,200
the land, Comes straight from 
civilizations like Egypt that 

2298
02:11:13,200 --> 02:11:15,900
lived close enough to the Earth 
to feel its pulse. 

2299
02:11:16,700 --> 02:11:19,900
And it wasn't just the year. 
They divided the Egyptian split 

2300
02:11:19,900 --> 02:11:23,800
each day and night in, to 12 
hours, each creating the 24-hour

2301
02:11:23,800 --> 02:11:25,100
day, your experience in right 
now. 

2302
02:11:26,500 --> 02:11:29,100
Admittedly their hours were 
quite like yours. 

2303
02:11:30,100 --> 02:11:32,900
And intentional varied in 
length, depending on the season 

2304
02:11:32,900 --> 02:11:36,000
daylight hours were longer in 
summer and shorter in winter. 

2305
02:11:36,000 --> 02:11:40,100
But the concept of dividing the 
day into 24 segments was their 

2306
02:11:40,100 --> 02:11:44,100
gift to you. 
When medieval Europeans adopted 

2307
02:11:44,100 --> 02:11:47,400
this system, centuries later, 
they standardized, the our 

2308
02:11:47,400 --> 02:11:50,100
lengths. 
But the basic framework remained

2309
02:11:50,100 --> 02:11:53,800
Egyptian You can trace this 
obsession with timekeeping to 

2310
02:11:53,800 --> 02:11:57,400
the Pharaohs themselves when 
you're building monuments meant 

2311
02:11:57,400 --> 02:11:59,700
to last forever. 
When you're claiming Divine 

2312
02:11:59,700 --> 02:12:02,800
Authority, that transcends 
mortal life, you need to make 

2313
02:12:02,800 --> 02:12:06,100
time itself. 
Seem conquerable the Pharaohs 

2314
02:12:06,100 --> 02:12:07,700
wanted to create order from 
chaos. 

2315
02:12:07,700 --> 02:12:11,800
Nothing represents chaos, quite 
like the unmarked flow of days, 

2316
02:12:11,800 --> 02:12:13,800
stretching into an unknowable 
future. 

2317
02:12:14,700 --> 02:12:18,200
So they measured it, they marked
it, they build it into 

2318
02:12:18,200 --> 02:12:22,500
structures, Shadow clocks water,
clocks, and star charts that 

2319
02:12:22,500 --> 02:12:25,900
could track times passage even 
when the sun hid behind clouds. 

2320
02:12:26,700 --> 02:12:29,700
These were just practical tools.
They were assertion of power. 

2321
02:12:30,400 --> 02:12:33,600
they said we understand the 
cosmos, well, enough to predict 

2322
02:12:33,600 --> 02:12:38,400
it to divide it and to name its 
parts There's something oddly 

2323
02:12:38,400 --> 02:12:39,600
comforting about this, isn't 
there? 

2324
02:12:40,400 --> 02:12:44,100
The idea that humans, 5,000 
years ago, face the same 

2325
02:12:44,100 --> 02:12:48,100
fundamental challenge you face 
every Sunday night Making sense 

2326
02:12:48,100 --> 02:12:53,000
of time, organizing it into 
comprehensible units and trying 

2327
02:12:53,000 --> 02:12:55,600
to pack meaning into the days 
before they slip away. 

2328
02:12:56,400 --> 02:13:01,000
He succeeded so well that you've
inherited their solution refined

2329
02:13:01,000 --> 02:13:04,400
and adjusted but still 
fundamentally Egyptian in its 

2330
02:13:04,400 --> 02:13:07,300
architecture. 
The next time you're lying in 

2331
02:13:07,300 --> 02:13:09,900
bed, watching minutes, tick 
passed on your digital clock 

2332
02:13:09,900 --> 02:13:12,800
drifting towards sleep as the 
day counts down. 

2333
02:13:12,800 --> 02:13:17,500
Remember your experiencing time 
through a lens first ground by 

2334
02:13:17,500 --> 02:13:20,500
people who lived closer to the 
beginning of civilization than 

2335
02:13:20,500 --> 02:13:23,500
to you. 
They looked up at stars down a 

2336
02:13:23,500 --> 02:13:26,400
flooding River and decided that 
chaos Could Be Tamed with 

2337
02:13:26,408 --> 02:13:30,700
observation mathematics and the 
sheer human stubbornness to 

2338
02:13:30,700 --> 02:13:32,600
believe that tomorrow could be 
predicted. 

2339
02:13:33,600 --> 02:13:36,900
And honestly, given how often 
you check what day it is, they 

2340
02:13:36,900 --> 02:13:41,500
were probably on to something. 
Let's talk about building's, not

2341
02:13:41,500 --> 02:13:44,300
just any buildings, but the ones
that make you stop and stare 

2342
02:13:44,300 --> 02:13:47,900
that make you feel small and 
temporary and oddly inspired all

2343
02:13:47,900 --> 02:13:51,700
at once. 
Skyscrapers Capital building's 

2344
02:13:51,700 --> 02:13:56,400
monuments memorials. 
The structures that Define your 

2345
02:13:56,400 --> 02:13:59,700
City skyline and make tourists 
Point cameras upward. 

2346
02:14:00,400 --> 02:14:03,700
Every single one of them owes 
something to a group of ancient 

2347
02:14:03,700 --> 02:14:07,400
workers dragging lime, stone 
blocks across the desert sand. 

2348
02:14:08,300 --> 02:14:11,400
Picture this, you're standing in
front of a modern government 

2349
02:14:11,400 --> 02:14:15,100
building, maybe your state 
capital or a federal courthouse,

2350
02:14:15,100 --> 02:14:19,800
it has columns, doesn't it? 
Tall imposing columns holding up

2351
02:14:19,800 --> 02:14:23,200
a triangular pediment, maybe 
there's a statue, or two. 

2352
02:14:23,800 --> 02:14:26,100
Definitely some impressive Stone
steps. 

2353
02:14:26,100 --> 02:14:29,200
Leading to the entrance. 
You've seen this design so many 

2354
02:14:29,200 --> 02:14:31,900
times it barely registers as 
Choice anymore. 

2355
02:14:31,900 --> 02:14:34,500
Its just what important 
buildings look like. 

2356
02:14:34,500 --> 02:14:38,900
But why why do we keep building 
the same basic structure for 

2357
02:14:38,900 --> 02:14:42,200
authority and permanents. 
The answer requires a mental 

2358
02:14:42,200 --> 02:14:45,800
Journey, Back to the Valley of 
the king's to Temple's Karnak, 

2359
02:14:45,800 --> 02:14:49,600
and Luxor, and to the massive 
Stone gateways called pylons 

2360
02:14:49,600 --> 02:14:52,100
that Mark the entrance to Sacred
spaces. 

2361
02:14:53,100 --> 02:14:56,900
Pharos didn't invent Monumental 
architecture but they perfected 

2362
02:14:56,900 --> 02:15:00,000
its cycle impact. 
They understood something 

2363
02:15:00,000 --> 02:15:02,000
fundamental about human 
perception. 

2364
02:15:02,800 --> 02:15:07,100
Vertical lines, make us feel 
small, massive Stones, make us 

2365
02:15:07,100 --> 02:15:10,300
feel temporary and symmetry 
makes us feel that what we're 

2366
02:15:10,300 --> 02:15:13,900
seeing was meant to be. 
The Egyptian temple followed a 

2367
02:15:13,900 --> 02:15:17,100
specific pattern. 
You'd approach through a massive

2368
02:15:17,100 --> 02:15:20,700
pylon Gateway flanked, by 
obelisks and statues. 

2369
02:15:21,500 --> 02:15:25,200
Then you'd enter a peristyle 
court, an open courtyard 

2370
02:15:25,200 --> 02:15:30,500
surrounded by columns. 
Next came the hypostyle hall a 

2371
02:15:30,500 --> 02:15:32,600
forest of columns supporting a 
stone ceiling. 

2372
02:15:33,400 --> 02:15:36,900
With each step, the flauros 
slightly, the ceiling dropped 

2373
02:15:36,900 --> 02:15:41,600
lower, and the light dimmed. by 
the time you reach the inner 

2374
02:15:41,600 --> 02:15:44,600
Sanctuary you were in near 
darkness in a small intimate 

2375
02:15:44,600 --> 02:15:48,800
space where the gods supposedly 
dwelled, The entire building was

2376
02:15:48,800 --> 02:15:51,500
a journey from the public and 
bright to the private and 

2377
02:15:51,500 --> 02:15:53,800
mysterious. 
I think about how you 

2378
02:15:53,800 --> 02:15:57,600
experience, a modern government.
Building you climb steps, 

2379
02:15:57,600 --> 02:16:01,800
already arising being elevated, 
you passed through an imposing 

2380
02:16:01,800 --> 02:16:04,800
entrance. 
Often, with columns, you enter a

2381
02:16:04,800 --> 02:16:07,800
grand Lobby or a tundra and 
modern peristyle Court. 

2382
02:16:07,800 --> 02:16:12,300
The important office is a deeper
inside hard to reach the most 

2383
02:16:12,308 --> 02:16:16,000
powerful person where the 
president governor or judge sits

2384
02:16:16,000 --> 02:16:18,600
in the most interior most 
protected space. 

2385
02:16:19,400 --> 02:16:23,200
The architecture creates a 
higher of access just as it did 

2386
02:16:23,200 --> 02:16:27,000
in the themes 3000 years ago. 
The Columns themselves tell 

2387
02:16:27,000 --> 02:16:30,000
their own story. 
The Egyptians developed several 

2388
02:16:30,000 --> 02:16:34,299
Styles, Lotus columns with 
capital shaped like Lotus Birds,

2389
02:16:34,299 --> 02:16:39,100
her Pieris columns mimicking, 
Marsh plants, and palm columns 

2390
02:16:39,100 --> 02:16:42,600
echoing date palms. 
Later the Greeks borrowed, these

2391
02:16:42,600 --> 02:16:46,200
ideas and created their own 
orders, Doric Ionic and 

2392
02:16:46,200 --> 02:16:49,400
Corinthian. 
When the Romans conquered Egypt 

2393
02:16:49,400 --> 02:16:53,000
in 30 BCE, they were so 
impressed by what they found 

2394
02:16:53,000 --> 02:16:56,299
that they hold actual Egyptian 
obelisks back to Rome. 

2395
02:16:56,900 --> 02:17:00,000
You can still see them there 
today, standing in Italian 

2396
02:17:00,000 --> 02:17:04,200
piazza's strange visitors from 
another civilization entirely. 

2397
02:17:05,000 --> 02:17:09,000
This enthusiasm for Egyptian 
style, never really died, it 

2398
02:17:09,000 --> 02:17:12,200
just evolved during the 
Renaissance, European 

2399
02:17:12,200 --> 02:17:14,900
Architects, rediscovered 
classical forms, and through 

2400
02:17:14,900 --> 02:17:19,200
them, the Egyptian influences, 
embedded Within When Napoleon 

2401
02:17:19,200 --> 02:17:23,799
invaded Egypt, in 1798 his 
Scholars documented, everything 

2402
02:17:23,799 --> 02:17:27,799
they found triggering an 
egyptomania that swept through 

2403
02:17:27,799 --> 02:17:32,299
West and Design. suddenly 
everyone wanted obelisks in 

2404
02:17:32,299 --> 02:17:35,200
their public squares and 
sphinxes guarding their Bridges 

2405
02:17:36,100 --> 02:17:39,299
The Washington Monument 
completed in 1884, is the 

2406
02:17:39,299 --> 02:17:42,700
world's tallest Obelisk, a 
purely Egyptian form 

2407
02:17:42,700 --> 02:17:44,600
transplanted to the American 
Capital. 

2408
02:17:46,000 --> 02:17:50,100
The Lincoln Memorial dedicated 
in 1922 sits like a greek 

2409
02:17:50,100 --> 02:17:52,100
temple. 
The Greek temples themselves 

2410
02:17:52,100 --> 02:17:55,900
were inspired by Egyptian 
priests and Follow the 

2411
02:17:55,900 --> 02:17:58,799
architectural family. 
Tree far enough back and you 

2412
02:17:58,808 --> 02:18:02,900
always end up in the Nile 
Valley, even Modern Skyscrapers,

2413
02:18:02,900 --> 02:18:06,299
those glass and steel Giants. 
That seem so thoroughly 

2414
02:18:06,299 --> 02:18:09,200
contemporary. 
Follow principles the pyramid. 

2415
02:18:09,200 --> 02:18:13,900
Builders would recognize The 
Monuments to ambition their 

2416
02:18:13,900 --> 02:18:17,400
expensive, demonstrations of 
power and wealth, they're 

2417
02:18:17,400 --> 02:18:19,600
designed to last beyond the 
lives of their creators. 

2418
02:18:19,600 --> 02:18:22,900
They make statements about who 
built them and why those 

2419
02:18:22,900 --> 02:18:27,200
Builders matter. 
Pharaoh building a pyramid and a

2420
02:18:27,200 --> 02:18:29,900
corporation erecting. 
A headquarters Tower are engaged

2421
02:18:29,900 --> 02:18:34,100
in fundamentally the same act 
using architecture to claim 

2422
02:18:34,100 --> 02:18:37,200
immortality. 
The ancient Egyptians also 

2423
02:18:37,200 --> 02:18:40,200
pioneered construction 
techniques that modern Engineers

2424
02:18:40,200 --> 02:18:43,100
still admire. 
They didn't have iron tools 

2425
02:18:43,100 --> 02:18:47,299
pulleys or Wheels. 
Well, they had Wheels but rarely

2426
02:18:47,299 --> 02:18:51,299
used them for construction. 
What they had was copper Stone 

2427
02:18:51,299 --> 02:18:55,900
wrote wooden sledges and an 
absolutely remarkable 

2428
02:18:55,900 --> 02:18:59,100
understanding of Leverage 
coordination and geometry. 

2429
02:19:00,000 --> 02:19:03,400
To build the Great pyramid at 
Giza, 2 million stone blocks. 

2430
02:19:03,400 --> 02:19:07,000
Some weighing 15 Tons, they 
created ramps, water, 

2431
02:19:07,000 --> 02:19:10,500
lubricated, sledges, and an 
organizational system that could

2432
02:19:10,500 --> 02:19:14,600
coordinate thousands of workers.
Recent archaeological evidence 

2433
02:19:14,600 --> 02:19:18,000
suggests these workers weren't 
slaves, but paid laborers who 

2434
02:19:18,000 --> 02:19:22,000
lived in purpose-built, villages
received Medical Care and H 

2435
02:19:22,000 --> 02:19:24,000
reasonable. 
Well they were skilled 

2436
02:19:24,000 --> 02:19:25,799
professionals who took pride in 
their work? 

2437
02:19:26,700 --> 02:19:30,200
Sound familiar, the modern 
construction industry with its 

2438
02:19:30,200 --> 02:19:33,600
specialized Crews. 
Its project managers its complex

2439
02:19:33,600 --> 02:19:36,500
Logistics and its worker safety 
protocols. 

2440
02:19:36,500 --> 02:19:40,400
All of this Echoes the systems 
developed by people building 

2441
02:19:40,400 --> 02:19:44,700
eternity monuments in the desert
But perhaps, the most enduring 

2442
02:19:44,700 --> 02:19:48,200
architectural gift from the 
Pharaohs is the simple belief 

2443
02:19:48,200 --> 02:19:50,800
that building should mean 
something beyond their function.

2444
02:19:51,800 --> 02:19:54,200
Sure. 
A pyramid is technically a tomb,

2445
02:19:54,200 --> 02:19:58,100
but it's also a statement about 
Cosmic order Divine kingship, 

2446
02:19:58,100 --> 02:20:02,000
and Humanity's ability to create
something that defies time. 

2447
02:20:02,900 --> 02:20:05,100
Sure. 
A temple is technically a place 

2448
02:20:05,108 --> 02:20:09,000
for rituals, but it's also a 
lesson in approaching the sacred

2449
02:20:09,000 --> 02:20:13,600
a physical Journey from the 
mundane to the holy This idea 

2450
02:20:13,600 --> 02:20:17,000
that architecture should tell a 
story should make you feel 

2451
02:20:17,000 --> 02:20:20,100
something specific and shouldn't
code meaning in. 

2452
02:20:20,100 --> 02:20:24,300
Its very forum is so thoroughly 
Egyptian that we don't even 

2453
02:20:24,300 --> 02:20:26,100
recognize it as a choice 
anymore. 

2454
02:20:26,100 --> 02:20:30,100
We just assume that Courthouse 
should look dignified that 

2455
02:20:30,100 --> 02:20:34,100
monuments should Inspire or and 
that your City skyline should 

2456
02:20:34,100 --> 02:20:36,500
make you feel something. 
When you see it from a distance,

2457
02:20:37,400 --> 02:20:40,600
The Pharaohs taught us that 
buildings are a language and 

2458
02:20:40,600 --> 02:20:42,000
we've been speaking at ever 
since. 

2459
02:20:42,000 --> 02:20:45,200
And so the next time you're 
walking up the steps to some 

2460
02:20:45,200 --> 02:20:48,400
impressive building. 
Take a moment to appreciate the 

2461
02:20:48,400 --> 02:20:50,600
Invisible Thread. 
Connecting you to an ancient 

2462
02:20:50,600 --> 02:20:54,100
architect who probably never 
imagined their ideas would 

2463
02:20:54,100 --> 02:20:57,300
travel quite this far. 
They were just trying to house a

2464
02:20:57,300 --> 02:21:01,300
God or honor a King instead. 
They created a template for how 

2465
02:21:01,300 --> 02:21:05,100
humans signal importance through
Stone and we're still using that

2466
02:21:05,100 --> 02:21:06,800
template. 
Every time we want to build 

2467
02:21:06,800 --> 02:21:09,800
something that matters. 
You probably don't think about 

2468
02:21:09,800 --> 02:21:12,800
bureaucracy as an Egyptian 
invention, but here you are 

2469
02:21:12,800 --> 02:21:16,400
surrounded by it. 
Every form you've ever filled 

2470
02:21:16,400 --> 02:21:20,300
out every government office, 
you've ever visited every tax 

2471
02:21:20,300 --> 02:21:22,800
return you've ever filed with 
mounting dread. 

2472
02:21:23,600 --> 02:21:26,000
All of it, traces back to 
people, recording grained 

2473
02:21:26,000 --> 02:21:29,400
deliveries on Papyrus Scrolls. 
Let's set the scene properly. 

2474
02:21:30,400 --> 02:21:32,300
Ancient Egypt wasn't just a 
kingdom. 

2475
02:21:32,300 --> 02:21:35,300
It was arguably the world's 
first nation state. 

2476
02:21:35,300 --> 02:21:38,500
The unified territory with 
centralized controls 

2477
02:21:38,500 --> 02:21:42,000
standardized Administration and 
a civil service that would make 

2478
02:21:42,000 --> 02:21:44,400
modern government workers in 
recognition. 

2479
02:21:45,600 --> 02:21:49,700
The fairer sat at the top, yes, 
but beneath him stretched and 

2480
02:21:49,700 --> 02:21:54,000
elaborate higher of officials 
each with specific duties titles

2481
02:21:54,000 --> 02:21:57,900
and spheres of authority. 
The jatti or vizier was 

2482
02:21:57,900 --> 02:22:01,000
essentially the Prime Minister 
handling day-to-day governance, 

2483
02:22:01,000 --> 02:22:03,400
while the Pharaoh focused on 
being semi-divine. 

2484
02:22:04,200 --> 02:22:06,900
Below the vizier came 
provincial, Governors, Tax 

2485
02:22:06,900 --> 02:22:12,800
Collectors, scribes judges 
police and a whole spectrum of 

2486
02:22:12,800 --> 02:22:14,700
officials. 
Whose job sound oddly 

2487
02:22:14,700 --> 02:22:17,500
contemporary. 
There was someone responsible 

2488
02:22:17,500 --> 02:22:21,100
for managing the greeneries 
someone else oversaw irrigation 

2489
02:22:21,100 --> 02:22:24,300
projects. 
Another official handled foreign

2490
02:22:24,300 --> 02:22:27,300
correspondence, a separate 
Department dealt with mining 

2491
02:22:27,300 --> 02:22:29,800
operations. 
Everything was organized, 

2492
02:22:29,800 --> 02:22:32,300
categorized and meticulously 
recorded. 

2493
02:22:32,300 --> 02:22:38,400
And oh the records, the ancient 
Egyptians were possibly the most

2494
02:22:38,400 --> 02:22:40,900
documentation of Obsessed 
civilization in history. 

2495
02:22:41,800 --> 02:22:46,700
They wrote everything down grain
shipments, recorded worker 

2496
02:22:46,700 --> 02:22:51,800
attendance, recorded legal 
disputes, tax assessments trade,

2497
02:22:51,800 --> 02:22:55,500
transactions, military, 
Expeditions and Temple 

2498
02:22:55,500 --> 02:22:58,000
offerings. 
All recorded often in 

2499
02:22:58,008 --> 02:23:01,500
triplicate, on Papyrus Scrolls 
that were then filed away in 

2500
02:23:01,500 --> 02:23:04,700
archives. 
Archaeologists have found 

2501
02:23:04,700 --> 02:23:08,400
absence notes from pyramid. 
Construction site explaining 

2502
02:23:08,400 --> 02:23:11,300
that a worker couldn't come to 
work because his mother-in-law 

2503
02:23:11,300 --> 02:23:13,700
had died or because he was 
nursing a hangover. 

2504
02:23:15,300 --> 02:23:17,300
The bureaucracy was that 
detailed. 

2505
02:23:18,100 --> 02:23:20,600
This obsession with 
documentation created, something

2506
02:23:20,600 --> 02:23:24,500
unprecedented institutional 
memory. 

2507
02:23:25,400 --> 02:23:29,000
Unlike kingdoms that relied 
purely on oral tradition, or the

2508
02:23:29,008 --> 02:23:32,500
memory of individual rulers 
Egypt, built a system where 

2509
02:23:32,500 --> 02:23:36,100
information persisted Beyond any
single person's lifetime. 

2510
02:23:36,100 --> 02:23:39,800
A new Pharaoh, could consult 
records from previous Reigns. 

2511
02:23:39,800 --> 02:23:43,300
A governor could check how his 
predecessors handled a drought 

2512
02:23:44,100 --> 02:23:47,300
The accumulated wisdom of 
generations was preserved in 

2513
02:23:47,300 --> 02:23:50,300
writing and made available to 
those who knew how to read. 

2514
02:23:51,200 --> 02:23:55,300
Sound familiar, it should. 
Every modern government operates

2515
02:23:55,300 --> 02:23:58,300
on the same principle laws are 
written down so they can be 

2516
02:23:58,308 --> 02:24:01,500
enforced consistently. 
Corporate proceedings are 

2517
02:24:01,500 --> 02:24:03,200
recorded so they can be 
reviewed. 

2518
02:24:04,000 --> 02:24:07,600
Budgets are documented so they 
can be ordered. the entire 

2519
02:24:07,600 --> 02:24:10,000
structure of contemporary 
governance rests on the 

2520
02:24:10,000 --> 02:24:13,100
assumption that important 
information should be preserved 

2521
02:24:13,100 --> 02:24:17,100
in a form that outlasts 
individual memory, The Egyptians

2522
02:24:17,100 --> 02:24:21,100
didn't invent writing, that 
credit goes to Mesopotamia but 

2523
02:24:21,100 --> 02:24:23,500
they perfected the use of 
writing as a tool of 

2524
02:24:23,500 --> 02:24:27,100
administration. he also 
developed sophisticated legal 

2525
02:24:27,100 --> 02:24:30,600
codes though, unfortunately, 
most of the actual written laws 

2526
02:24:30,600 --> 02:24:34,200
haven't survived What has 
survived a court records 

2527
02:24:34,200 --> 02:24:38,500
contracts and legal documents 
that show a system. 

2528
02:24:38,500 --> 02:24:42,300
Surprisingly concerned with 
fairness and evidence trials 

2529
02:24:42,300 --> 02:24:46,100
required, Witnesses, testimony 
was recorded judges were 

2530
02:24:46,100 --> 02:24:49,200
expected to be impartial 
punishments, were supposed to 

2531
02:24:49,200 --> 02:24:52,500
fit crimes, you could even 
appeal decisions to higher 

2532
02:24:52,500 --> 02:24:55,200
courts. 
Women had legal rights, that 

2533
02:24:55,200 --> 02:24:58,100
would have shocked later 
civilizations they could own 

2534
02:24:58,100 --> 02:25:02,400
property initiate, divorce, 
conduct business and inherit 

2535
02:25:02,400 --> 02:25:04,900
wealth. 
Some even held positions of 

2536
02:25:04,900 --> 02:25:08,800
authority Hatshepsut became 
pharaoh and ruled for over 20 

2537
02:25:08,800 --> 02:25:12,300
years, commissioning some of 
ancient Egypt's most impressive 

2538
02:25:12,300 --> 02:25:16,000
building projects. 
While medieval European women 

2539
02:25:16,000 --> 02:25:17,600
were still being treated as 
property. 

2540
02:25:17,600 --> 02:25:22,500
Egyptian women, 4,000 years 
earlier could sign contracts and

2541
02:25:22,508 --> 02:25:26,200
sue for damages. 
Attack system, deserves special 

2542
02:25:26,200 --> 02:25:29,400
mention because it was wildly 
sophisticated and also kind of 

2543
02:25:29,400 --> 02:25:32,300
amusing. 
Since Egypt didn't use money for

2544
02:25:32,300 --> 02:25:35,800
most of its history, currently 
wasn't wide spread and the late 

2545
02:25:35,800 --> 02:25:40,700
period taxes were paid in Goods 
grain mostly but also livestock 

2546
02:25:40,700 --> 02:25:44,500
cloth metals and labor officials
would assess how much land you 

2547
02:25:44,500 --> 02:25:48,000
farmed estimated its 
productivity and determine your 

2548
02:25:48,000 --> 02:25:51,800
tax burden accordingly. 
Then they show up at Harvest 

2549
02:25:51,800 --> 02:25:55,100
time to collect their share. 
To make this work, they needed 

2550
02:25:55,100 --> 02:25:58,200
detailed records of who owned. 
What who owed, what? 

2551
02:25:58,200 --> 02:26:02,000
And who'd paid what? 
They needed surveyors to measure

2552
02:26:02,000 --> 02:26:04,800
fields. 
Officially after the annual Nile

2553
02:26:04,800 --> 02:26:08,400
flood arrays, boundary markers, 
they needed scribes to track 

2554
02:26:08,400 --> 02:26:11,100
everything. 
They needed storage facilities 

2555
02:26:11,100 --> 02:26:14,600
for the collected Goods. 
They needed Distribution Systems

2556
02:26:14,600 --> 02:26:16,500
to move tax revenue where it was
needed. 

2557
02:26:17,400 --> 02:26:20,600
It was an enormously complex 
operation, that required. 

2558
02:26:20,600 --> 02:26:23,000
The same kind of bureaucratic 
infrastructure. 

2559
02:26:23,000 --> 02:26:27,800
You'd recognize in any modern 
tax agency just with more grain 

2560
02:26:27,800 --> 02:26:32,400
and fewer spreadsheets. 
The Egyptians also understood 

2561
02:26:32,400 --> 02:26:34,400
something about governance, that
still relevant. 

2562
02:26:35,200 --> 02:26:38,900
The important of infrastructure.
The Pharaohs didn't just build 

2563
02:26:38,900 --> 02:26:43,000
pyramids and temples they built.
Irrigation canals organized 

2564
02:26:43,000 --> 02:26:47,000
labor for maintaining, dikes 
funded expeditions to secure 

2565
02:26:47,000 --> 02:26:50,300
resources and invested in 
projects that benefited the 

2566
02:26:50,300 --> 02:26:53,900
entire Kingdom. 
The Nile might flood reliably. 

2567
02:26:53,900 --> 02:26:56,900
But turning that flood into 
productive, agriculture 

2568
02:26:56,900 --> 02:26:59,200
required, massive coordinated 
effort. 

2569
02:26:59,900 --> 02:27:03,000
Water had to be channeled 
Fields, had to be protected 

2570
02:27:03,000 --> 02:27:06,000
storage facilities. 
Had to be maintained. 

2571
02:27:06,800 --> 02:27:09,700
All of this required Central 
planning and execution. 

2572
02:27:10,500 --> 02:27:13,000
Your modern government does. 
Essentially the same things, 

2573
02:27:13,000 --> 02:27:18,000
maintaining roads managing Water
Supplies, organizing disaster 

2574
02:27:18,000 --> 02:27:20,200
relief. 
But the Egyptian version was 

2575
02:27:20,200 --> 02:27:24,200
arguably more direct. 
When a pharaoh ordered a new 

2576
02:27:24,208 --> 02:27:28,300
Canal, dug actual work is 
actually dug it and everyone 

2577
02:27:28,300 --> 02:27:31,400
could see the result. 
The connection between taxes 

2578
02:27:31,400 --> 02:27:35,000
paid and benefits received, was 
more obvious than it is when 

2579
02:27:35,000 --> 02:27:37,800
your tax dollars disappear into 
a federal budget spanning 

2580
02:27:37,800 --> 02:27:40,700
trillions. 
He is a slightly funny detail 

2581
02:27:40,700 --> 02:27:45,100
Egyptian bureaucrats love their 
titles, their accumulated, the 

2582
02:27:45,100 --> 02:27:46,700
way. 
Modern professionals collect 

2583
02:27:46,700 --> 02:27:49,500
credentials. 
You might be overseer of the 

2584
02:27:49,500 --> 02:27:53,300
royal Grainery, chief of 
scribes, seal-bearer of the king

2585
02:27:53,300 --> 02:27:55,300
of Lower Egypt, and sold 
companion. 

2586
02:27:56,200 --> 02:27:58,100
The more titles, the more 
important you were. 

2587
02:27:58,800 --> 02:28:02,700
This served a practical purpose,
it told everyone exactly where 

2588
02:28:02,700 --> 02:28:07,000
you fit in the hierarchy, but it
also fed into very human desires

2589
02:28:07,000 --> 02:28:10,800
for status and recognition. 
Not so different from someone's 

2590
02:28:10,800 --> 02:28:17,000
email, signature listing, their 
MBA CPA PMP and three, 

2591
02:28:17,000 --> 02:28:18,900
professional Society 
memberships. 

2592
02:28:20,100 --> 02:28:22,900
The pharaonic system of 
governance lasted for roughly 

2593
02:28:22,900 --> 02:28:26,700
3,000 years which is longer than
most modern Nations have 

2594
02:28:26,700 --> 02:28:30,100
existed. 
It survived invasions Civil 

2595
02:28:30,100 --> 02:28:33,400
Wars, climate changes and 
economic collapses. 

2596
02:28:33,400 --> 02:28:38,700
It bent, but rarely broke. 
Part of this resilience came 

2597
02:28:38,700 --> 02:28:40,400
from its bureaucratic 
Foundation. 

2598
02:28:41,300 --> 02:28:44,200
Because Authority was 
distributed across institutions,

2599
02:28:44,200 --> 02:28:47,100
rather than concentrated 
entirely in the individuals. 

2600
02:28:47,100 --> 02:28:50,900
The system could survive weak. 
Pharaohs child, rulers and 

2601
02:28:50,900 --> 02:28:54,100
periods of chaos. 
The bureaucracy kept functioning

2602
02:28:54,100 --> 02:28:56,000
even when the throne was in 
turmoil. 

2603
02:28:56,000 --> 02:28:59,800
This is the deeper Legacy. 
The idea that government should 

2604
02:28:59,800 --> 02:29:02,900
be more than one person's whim, 
that it should operate through 

2605
02:29:02,900 --> 02:29:06,100
established procedures, and 
trained officials that it should

2606
02:29:06,100 --> 02:29:08,500
maintain continuity across 
Generations. 

2607
02:29:08,500 --> 02:29:12,400
The specific forms of changed 
your, hopefully not paying your 

2608
02:29:12,400 --> 02:29:15,500
taxes in Grain, but the 
underlying concept of 

2609
02:29:15,500 --> 02:29:18,400
bureaucratic governance remains 
thoroughly Egyptian. 

2610
02:29:18,400 --> 02:29:21,900
So the next time, your 
frustrated by some form, you 

2611
02:29:21,900 --> 02:29:26,500
have to fill out or some office.
You have to visit, remember your

2612
02:29:26,500 --> 02:29:30,700
experience in a system that's 
been refined over 5,000 years. 

2613
02:29:31,600 --> 02:29:36,000
the Egyptians started it, and 
every civilization since has 

2614
02:29:36,000 --> 02:29:39,600
borrowed adapted and built upon 
their template, They turned 

2615
02:29:39,600 --> 02:29:43,200
governance into an Institutional
rather than a personality cult. 

2616
02:29:43,700 --> 02:29:46,600
And that might be their most 
underappreciated achievement. 

2617
02:29:46,600 --> 02:29:49,300
Well, that an inventing sick 
days. 

2618
02:29:49,300 --> 02:29:52,700
You've seen the ankle even if 
you didn't know what it was 

2619
02:29:52,708 --> 02:29:57,500
called, it shows up on jewelry. 
Tattoos album covers, and the 

2620
02:29:57,500 --> 02:29:59,500
occasional grocery store tote 
bag. 

2621
02:29:59,500 --> 02:30:03,600
Printed with vaguely mystical 
imagery, it's a cross with a 

2622
02:30:03,600 --> 02:30:07,100
loop at the top, simple and 
elegant, and it's been around 

2623
02:30:07,100 --> 02:30:10,700
for roughly 5,000 years without 
ever going out of style. 

2624
02:30:11,600 --> 02:30:14,900
That's longer than any fashion 
trend has any right to last. 

2625
02:30:14,900 --> 02:30:18,300
Which tells you something about 
the power of Egyptian symbolism.

2626
02:30:19,200 --> 02:30:23,900
The ankh represented life. not 
just buy a logical existence but

2627
02:30:23,900 --> 02:30:29,300
the concept of life itself, 
Eternal, and divine Gods, hold 

2628
02:30:29,300 --> 02:30:33,400
anks in Temple reliefs offering 
them to fairs like GIFs. 

2629
02:30:34,400 --> 02:30:37,900
Pharos holds in statues, 
claiming authority over life and

2630
02:30:37,900 --> 02:30:40,500
death. 
The symbol worked because it was

2631
02:30:40,500 --> 02:30:43,900
both specific enough to mean 
something and vacant enough to 

2632
02:30:43,900 --> 02:30:47,100
mean many things. 
You could interpret it literally

2633
02:30:47,100 --> 02:30:51,400
or metaphorically, as a key, or 
a combination of male and female

2634
02:30:51,400 --> 02:30:54,400
symbols or a sunrise over the 
horizon. 

2635
02:30:55,200 --> 02:30:58,500
This flexibility is exactly why.
It's still showing up on 

2636
02:30:58,500 --> 02:31:02,600
merchandise, 3 Millennia later. 
But the ankh is just the most 

2637
02:31:02,608 --> 02:31:06,900
obvious example, Egyptian 
symbols saturated their culture 

2638
02:31:06,900 --> 02:31:11,400
so thoroughly that they created 
an entire visual language and 

2639
02:31:11,400 --> 02:31:13,300
pieces of that language are 
still in use today. 

2640
02:31:14,500 --> 02:31:17,100
The Eye of Horus became a symbol
of protection and health. 

2641
02:31:17,100 --> 02:31:21,100
The scarab beetle represented, 
transformation and rebirth. 

2642
02:31:21,900 --> 02:31:25,400
The djed pillar symbolized 
stability, the September 

2643
02:31:25,400 --> 02:31:28,800
indicated power. 
Put the symbols together in 

2644
02:31:28,800 --> 02:31:31,700
various combinations and you 
could convey complex ideas 

2645
02:31:31,700 --> 02:31:36,500
without writing a single word. 
This wasnt just decorative in a 

2646
02:31:36,500 --> 02:31:38,900
society where most people 
couldn't read hieroglyphs. 

2647
02:31:38,900 --> 02:31:42,400
Symbolic literacy was how you 
communicated with the masses. 

2648
02:31:43,700 --> 02:31:46,800
Pharaoh depicted smiting enemies
while wearing the double crown 

2649
02:31:46,800 --> 02:31:50,600
of Upper and Lower Egypt, 
holding a Setter and protected 

2650
02:31:50,600 --> 02:31:54,400
by the wings of Horus. 
That image told a complete story

2651
02:31:54,400 --> 02:31:58,700
about Authority and legitimacy 
and divine favor, without 

2652
02:31:58,700 --> 02:32:02,900
requiring any explanatory text. 
It was political messaging, 

2653
02:32:02,900 --> 02:32:05,200
refined to its purest visual 
form. 

2654
02:32:06,200 --> 02:32:09,900
Modern Advertising works the 
same way, think about corporate 

2655
02:32:09,900 --> 02:32:12,700
logos. 
Those carefully designed symbols

2656
02:32:12,700 --> 02:32:15,300
meant to convey brand, identity 
at a glance. 

2657
02:32:16,100 --> 02:32:18,900
The Nike Swoosh suggests motion 
and victory. 

2658
02:32:18,900 --> 02:32:21,800
The apple apple suggests 
knowledge, and Innovation with a

2659
02:32:21,808 --> 02:32:25,400
bite taken out to avoid 
confusion with a cherry, the 

2660
02:32:25,400 --> 02:32:28,700
Mercedes-Benz star claims 
dominion over land sea and air. 

2661
02:32:29,700 --> 02:32:32,900
These aren't random squiggles, 
they're compressed meaning 

2662
02:32:32,900 --> 02:32:35,900
symbolic communication that 
bypasses language entirely. 

2663
02:32:36,800 --> 02:32:39,400
The Pharaohs would understand 
this immediately, they invented 

2664
02:32:39,400 --> 02:32:42,500
it. 
Political symbolism traces back 

2665
02:32:42,500 --> 02:32:45,300
to Egypt. 
The idea that a leader should 

2666
02:32:45,300 --> 02:32:47,100
have a distinctive visual 
identity. 

2667
02:32:48,200 --> 02:32:53,200
Particular Crown, a special 
SEPTA, a unique cartoon became 

2668
02:32:53,200 --> 02:32:57,400
standard practice for rulers 
everywhere. medieval kings had 

2669
02:32:57,400 --> 02:33:01,300
their crowns and orbs popes have
their might as and Ring's 

2670
02:33:01,300 --> 02:33:05,500
presidents, have this seals and 
flags, all of these are 

2671
02:33:05,508 --> 02:33:08,500
elaborations on the Egyptian 
concept that power should be 

2672
02:33:08,500 --> 02:33:14,300
visible recognizable and imbued 
with symbolic meaning The 

2673
02:33:14,300 --> 02:33:17,000
Pharaohs also pioneered the use 
of color as symbolism. 

2674
02:33:17,700 --> 02:33:21,400
Red represented chaos and the 
desert black represented 

2675
02:33:21,400 --> 02:33:25,000
fertility, and the rich Nile 
soil, gold represented, the 

2676
02:33:25,000 --> 02:33:29,800
Divine and eternal white 
suggested Purity green indicated

2677
02:33:29,800 --> 02:33:33,400
rebirth and vegetation. 
These weren't just aesthetic 

2678
02:33:33,400 --> 02:33:35,800
choices. 
They were theological and 

2679
02:33:35,800 --> 02:33:39,000
political statements, when you 
saw a pharaoh depicted with 

2680
02:33:39,000 --> 02:33:43,000
black skin, you were seeing them
aligned with those Cyrus, God of

2681
02:33:43,000 --> 02:33:47,100
rebirth and the afterlife. 
When their Crown was white and 

2682
02:33:47,100 --> 02:33:50,900
red combined, you were seeing 
Upper and Lower Egypt unified 

2683
02:33:50,900 --> 02:33:54,600
under one ruler. 
This codified use of color, has 

2684
02:33:54,600 --> 02:33:57,600
influenced how cultures of 
thought about color symbolism 

2685
02:33:57,600 --> 02:34:00,600
ever since. 
White for Purity and weddings. 

2686
02:34:00,600 --> 02:34:05,400
Black for mourning, Redford 
danger or passion and blue for 

2687
02:34:05,400 --> 02:34:08,200
calm or sadness. 
These associations aren't 

2688
02:34:08,200 --> 02:34:11,400
Universal or natural their 
cultural constructs. 

2689
02:34:11,400 --> 02:34:15,100
And many of them have roots in 
Egyptian, color theory as 

2690
02:34:15,100 --> 02:34:19,000
transmitted through Greek, 
Roman, and eventually European 

2691
02:34:19,000 --> 02:34:21,800
tradition. 
The cartoonish deserves its own 

2692
02:34:21,800 --> 02:34:25,000
paragraph because it's such a 
perfect example of symbolic 

2693
02:34:25,000 --> 02:34:28,400
efficiency. 
A Cartouche was an oval rope 

2694
02:34:28,400 --> 02:34:31,300
Loop that encircled. 
A Pharaoh's name in hieroglyphic

2695
02:34:31,300 --> 02:34:35,100
inscriptions, the Rope 
symbolized eternity. 

2696
02:34:35,100 --> 02:34:39,500
It has no beginning or end and 
placing the Royal name inside. 

2697
02:34:39,500 --> 02:34:43,100
It was a way of saying. 
This person is eternal. 

2698
02:34:43,100 --> 02:34:47,200
This name will last forever. 
It was a simple device that 

2699
02:34:47,200 --> 02:34:49,500
conveyed, tremendous meaning, 
and it worked. 

2700
02:34:49,500 --> 02:34:53,300
So well that people today still 
recognize cartouches instantly 

2701
02:34:53,300 --> 02:34:56,500
as Egyptian. 
Scarab amulet is another 

2702
02:34:56,500 --> 02:34:59,900
interesting case. 
Egyptians observed scarab 

2703
02:34:59,900 --> 02:35:03,100
beetles rolling balls of dung 
across the ground and 

2704
02:35:03,100 --> 02:35:06,300
interpreted this as the beetle 
rolling, the son of the sky. 

2705
02:35:07,100 --> 02:35:10,900
From this observation came an 
entire symbolic system the 

2706
02:35:10,900 --> 02:35:15,300
Scarab as a representation of 
the sun god Capri as a symbol of

2707
02:35:15,308 --> 02:35:20,000
Transformations, because beetles
emerge from dung balls and as a 

2708
02:35:20,008 --> 02:35:23,500
protective amulet that could 
ensure rebirth in the afterlife.

2709
02:35:24,600 --> 02:35:28,000
Millions of Scarab amulets were 
produced over Egypt's long 

2710
02:35:28,000 --> 02:35:31,600
history, and they became so 
wide-spread that you can still 

2711
02:35:31,600 --> 02:35:35,300
buy them in tourist shops today.
Though the people wearing them 

2712
02:35:35,300 --> 02:35:37,400
rarely know, their carrying 
around a symbol of resurrection 

2713
02:35:37,400 --> 02:35:42,000
and tied to a dung beetle. 
Egyptian symbolic thinking also 

2714
02:35:42,000 --> 02:35:44,100
gave us the concept of the power
of the image. 

2715
02:35:44,800 --> 02:35:46,400
They believed that depicting 
something. 

2716
02:35:46,400 --> 02:35:49,600
Gave it reality. 
Statue wasn't just a 

2717
02:35:49,600 --> 02:35:52,600
representation of a person. 
It could become that person's 

2718
02:35:52,600 --> 02:35:56,000
resting place for their car, 
their spiritual essence. 

2719
02:35:57,100 --> 02:36:00,000
A temple relief showing a 
pharaoh defeating enemies didn't

2720
02:36:00,000 --> 02:36:04,400
just commemorate past victories,
it magically ensured continued, 

2721
02:36:04,400 --> 02:36:07,000
success. 
This idea that images have 

2722
02:36:07,000 --> 02:36:10,900
inherent power that they can 
affect reality rather than just 

2723
02:36:10,900 --> 02:36:14,100
reflecting it. 
Persists in subtle ways 

2724
02:36:14,100 --> 02:36:17,600
throughout modern culture. 
Think about how people react to 

2725
02:36:17,600 --> 02:36:21,900
flags being burned, or statues, 
being toppled, or logos being 

2726
02:36:21,900 --> 02:36:26,800
redesigned We claim these are 
just symbols but we treat them 

2727
02:36:26,800 --> 02:36:31,100
as if they matter tremendously. 
That's Egyptian thinking still 

2728
02:36:31,100 --> 02:36:35,300
at work, the pyramids themselves
became the ultimate symbol not 

2729
02:36:35,300 --> 02:36:39,000
just of ancient Egypt, but of 
mystery permanents and human 

2730
02:36:39,000 --> 02:36:42,100
ambition in general. 
The pyramid shape appears in 

2731
02:36:42,100 --> 02:36:47,300
corporate logos architectural 
flourishes organizational charts

2732
02:36:47,300 --> 02:36:50,500
and self-help diagrams about 
hierarchy of needs. 

2733
02:36:51,200 --> 02:36:56,300
It's become visual shorthand for
something old and important, or 

2734
02:36:56,300 --> 02:36:59,900
a foundational structure upon 
which everything else rests. 

2735
02:37:00,700 --> 02:37:03,100
Not bad for a tomb design from 
the Old Kingdom. 

2736
02:37:03,100 --> 02:37:06,900
Even the way we think about 
symbols as things that compress 

2737
02:37:06,900 --> 02:37:11,400
complex ideas into simple, 
memorable, forms, owe something 

2738
02:37:11,408 --> 02:37:14,400
to Egyptian precedent. 
They were Masters At This 

2739
02:37:14,400 --> 02:37:17,400
compression. 
A single hieroglyph, could be a 

2740
02:37:17,400 --> 02:37:21,900
letter, A word, an idea, or all 
three simultaneously depending 

2741
02:37:21,900 --> 02:37:26,100
on context, The entire writing 
system was symbolic in multiple 

2742
02:37:26,100 --> 02:37:29,500
overlapping ways. 
And while hieroglyphs themselves

2743
02:37:29,500 --> 02:37:32,900
eventually fell out of use, the 
underlying principle that 

2744
02:37:32,908 --> 02:37:36,100
symbols can carry layered 
meaning, became fundamental to 

2745
02:37:36,100 --> 02:37:39,400
human communication. 
There's something almost funny 

2746
02:37:39,400 --> 02:37:42,700
about wearing anchors jewelry. 
When you're rushing to a meeting

2747
02:37:42,700 --> 02:37:46,800
about quarterly earnings the 
symbol predates corporations by 

2748
02:37:46,800 --> 02:37:50,900
thousands of years. 
But here it is repurposed as 

2749
02:37:50,900 --> 02:37:55,000
fashion stripped of its original
religious context and filled 

2750
02:37:55,000 --> 02:37:58,100
with new personal, meaning by 
whoever chose to wear it. 

2751
02:37:59,300 --> 02:38:01,400
This is cultural transmission at
work. 

2752
02:38:02,100 --> 02:38:05,700
Symbols survived by becoming 
flexible, by being meaningful 

2753
02:38:05,700 --> 02:38:08,400
enough to preserve, but vague 
enough to reinterpret. 

2754
02:38:09,200 --> 02:38:12,200
The Egyptians created a visual 
vocabulary that still being 

2755
02:38:12,200 --> 02:38:15,600
spoken every time you see a 
pyramid on a dollar bill. 

2756
02:38:15,600 --> 02:38:19,100
Every time a company uses a 
Scarab or an obelisk in their 

2757
02:38:19,108 --> 02:38:21,200
logo. 
And every time someone gets a 

2758
02:38:21,200 --> 02:38:25,300
hieroglyphic tattoo, even if 
it's misspelled your witnessing 

2759
02:38:25,300 --> 02:38:29,000
symbols, that refused to die. 
They just keep getting copied 

2760
02:38:29,000 --> 02:38:33,200
adapted and reused because they 
tap into something fundamental 

2761
02:38:33,200 --> 02:38:37,500
about how humans process meaning
through images and that might be

2762
02:38:37,500 --> 02:38:39,100
the most persistent Legacy of 
all. 

2763
02:38:39,100 --> 02:38:43,600
Not the specific symbols 
themselves but the demonstration

2764
02:38:43,600 --> 02:38:48,300
that the right symbol deployed 
correctly can outlive Empires. 

2765
02:38:49,100 --> 02:38:52,800
The Pharos understood that power
could be visual that I could be 

2766
02:38:52,800 --> 02:38:55,300
carved in stone. 
And that meaning could be 

2767
02:38:55,300 --> 02:38:58,500
compressed into formed, simple 
enough for anyone to recognize, 

2768
02:38:58,500 --> 02:39:01,500
but Rich enough to reward deeper
contemplation. 

2769
02:39:03,100 --> 02:39:06,100
You live in their symbolic World
whether you know it or not, you 

2770
02:39:06,100 --> 02:39:09,500
just call it branding. 
Now let's talk about water, not 

2771
02:39:09,500 --> 02:39:12,800
the Romantic poetic kind flowing
through Nature Documentaries, 

2772
02:39:12,800 --> 02:39:17,100
but the Practical engineering 
kind that either feed your crops

2773
02:39:17,100 --> 02:39:20,500
or drowns your house, depending 
on whether you've planed for it 

2774
02:39:20,500 --> 02:39:23,800
properly. 
The ancient Egyptians became 

2775
02:39:23,800 --> 02:39:27,200
absolute experts at Water 
Management, not because they 

2776
02:39:27,200 --> 02:39:31,200
were particularly fascinated by 
Hydraulics, but because survival

2777
02:39:31,200 --> 02:39:35,400
demanded, it the Nile gave life.
But only if you could control 

2778
02:39:35,400 --> 02:39:39,200
what it gave every year, the 
River flooded, this was 

2779
02:39:39,200 --> 02:39:42,300
wonderful for depositing, 
nutrient-rich silt across the 

2780
02:39:42,300 --> 02:39:46,000
Farmland but terrible, if you 
happen to be standing where the 

2781
02:39:46,000 --> 02:39:49,100
water wanted to go. 
The Egyptians developed 

2782
02:39:49,100 --> 02:39:53,100
sophisticated Canal systems 
basins and levies that 

2783
02:39:53,100 --> 02:39:55,900
channeled, flood water, where it
was needed and protected 

2784
02:39:55,900 --> 02:40:00,400
settlements from where it wasnt.
They created artificial ponds 

2785
02:40:00,400 --> 02:40:02,700
that held water long after the 
flood receded. 

2786
02:40:02,700 --> 02:40:07,500
Extending the growing season. 
They built Shadow irrigation 

2787
02:40:07,500 --> 02:40:10,100
devices. 
A counterweighted pole with a 

2788
02:40:10,100 --> 02:40:13,700
bucket that let Farmers lift 
water from canals to Higher 

2789
02:40:13,700 --> 02:40:15,600
Ground without breaking their 
backs. 

2790
02:40:16,300 --> 02:40:19,400
These techniques became the 
foundation for every irrigation 

2791
02:40:19,400 --> 02:40:22,900
system developed since. 
When civilizations in 

2792
02:40:22,908 --> 02:40:26,800
Mesopotamia, the Indus Valley 
and eventually the Americas 

2793
02:40:26,800 --> 02:40:28,800
tackled similar Water Management
problems. 

2794
02:40:28,800 --> 02:40:31,900
They were often rediscovering 
Solutions, the Egyptians had 

2795
02:40:31,900 --> 02:40:35,100
already implemented. 
The basic principles remain 

2796
02:40:35,100 --> 02:40:38,500
unchanged. 
Capture water when it's abundant

2797
02:40:38,500 --> 02:40:42,900
store it, when it's scarce, move
it where it's needed and keep it

2798
02:40:42,900 --> 02:40:46,300
away from where it will cause 
damage, your modern damn 

2799
02:40:46,300 --> 02:40:49,400
serving, a hydroelectric. 
Plant follows the same logic as 

2800
02:40:49,400 --> 02:40:51,600
an Egyptian, Basin serving a 
wheat field. 

2801
02:40:52,700 --> 02:40:55,600
The Egyptians also pioneered 
surveying and measurement 

2802
02:40:55,600 --> 02:40:58,900
techniques that Engineers still 
recognized as foundational. 

2803
02:40:59,800 --> 02:41:01,800
The annual flood erased field 
boundaries. 

2804
02:41:01,800 --> 02:41:04,200
So farmers needed a way to 
reestablish. 

2805
02:41:04,200 --> 02:41:07,600
Who owned what? 
Enter the Harper Dom app day, 

2806
02:41:07,600 --> 02:41:11,000
the Rope stretchers who use 
knotted ropes of standard 

2807
02:41:11,000 --> 02:41:14,600
lengths to measure land. they 
understood geometry not as 

2808
02:41:14,600 --> 02:41:18,300
abstract mathematics, that is a 
practical tool for dividing 

2809
02:41:18,300 --> 02:41:23,300
space fairly The rendered 
mathematical Papyrus dating to 

2810
02:41:23,300 --> 02:41:27,300
around 1650 BC. 
E contained problems about 

2811
02:41:27,300 --> 02:41:30,900
calculating field areas, 
measuring slopes, and 

2812
02:41:30,900 --> 02:41:34,000
determining volume. 
All the math, you'd need for 

2813
02:41:34,000 --> 02:41:35,400
construction and Land 
Management. 

2814
02:41:36,800 --> 02:41:39,800
This same practical geometry 
made pyramid, construction 

2815
02:41:39,800 --> 02:41:42,300
possible. 
Building a structure with a 

2816
02:41:42,308 --> 02:41:45,800
square base. 
Perfectly level with side's 

2817
02:41:45,800 --> 02:41:48,900
aligned to the Cardinal 
Direction's and slopes meeting 

2818
02:41:48,900 --> 02:41:51,400
at a precise Point. 
Hundreds of feet in the air. 

2819
02:41:51,400 --> 02:41:55,400
This requires mathematical 
sophistication, even with modern

2820
02:41:55,400 --> 02:42:00,100
tools, The Egyptians Managed IT 
with rope, wooden tools and 

2821
02:42:00,100 --> 02:42:03,500
copper instruments. 
They used a merket, a kind of 

2822
02:42:03,500 --> 02:42:07,100
primitive transit to sight on 
stars and establish True North. 

2823
02:42:07,100 --> 02:42:10,900
They use set squares and Plumb 
Bobs to maintain right angles 

2824
02:42:10,900 --> 02:42:14,000
and vertical lines. 
They check the level by creating

2825
02:42:14,000 --> 02:42:16,800
water filled channels and 
measuring against the surface. 

2826
02:42:17,500 --> 02:42:21,000
Every technique was elegant 
practical and effective. 

2827
02:42:21,900 --> 02:42:25,100
Modern construction Engineers 
study, these methods not out of 

2828
02:42:25,100 --> 02:42:29,100
historical curiosity but because
they work remarkably well. 

2829
02:42:30,100 --> 02:42:33,000
When you're building something, 
massive and permanent sometimes.

2830
02:42:33,000 --> 02:42:36,800
The simplest tools of the most 
reliable, you can't run out of 

2831
02:42:36,800 --> 02:42:40,800
batteries on a plumb bob. 
A rope stretched taught has been

2832
02:42:40,808 --> 02:42:44,300
the same length for 5,000 years.
Water. 

2833
02:42:44,300 --> 02:42:47,400
Always finds level whether 
you're in Egypt to Egypt themed.

2834
02:42:47,400 --> 02:42:50,100
Last Vegas. 
The quarrying technique to 

2835
02:42:50,100 --> 02:42:52,200
deserves special attention 
because there are almost 

2836
02:42:52,200 --> 02:42:55,900
absurdly clever. 
To extract large blocks from 

2837
02:42:55,900 --> 02:42:59,300
Limestone quarries, Egyptian 
workers would cut narrow, 

2838
02:42:59,300 --> 02:43:02,300
trenches around the desired 
block, using copper tools and 

2839
02:43:02,300 --> 02:43:04,800
stone. 
Pounders, then they'd insert 

2840
02:43:04,800 --> 02:43:07,600
wooden wages into the trenches 
and soak them with water. 

2841
02:43:08,400 --> 02:43:11,000
Has the woods swelled it 
generated enough. 

2842
02:43:11,000 --> 02:43:13,700
Force to crack the stone along 
the desired Lines. 

2843
02:43:13,700 --> 02:43:20,200
No explosives, no steel. 
Just would water and patience. 

2844
02:43:21,200 --> 02:43:24,100
The technique was so effective 
that some quarries still show 

2845
02:43:24,100 --> 02:43:28,500
ancient wedge marks Frozen 
midsplit abandoned projects 

2846
02:43:28,500 --> 02:43:31,700
waiting 3,000 years for workers 
will never return. 

2847
02:43:32,700 --> 02:43:35,700
Moving these blocks was another 
engineering challenge entirely. 

2848
02:43:36,400 --> 02:43:40,300
The great pyramid at Giza used 
roughly 2.3 million stone 

2849
02:43:40,300 --> 02:43:44,100
blocks, averaging two and a half
tons each with some Granite 

2850
02:43:44,100 --> 02:43:46,800
blocks in the king's chamber, 
weighing 50 to 80 tons. 

2851
02:43:47,700 --> 02:43:51,100
How do you move that much Stone 
without wheels without pulleys 

2852
02:43:51,100 --> 02:43:55,600
without mechanical advantage? 
The answer appears to be ramps 

2853
02:43:55,600 --> 02:43:58,600
sledges and a lot of coordinated
human effort. 

2854
02:43:59,400 --> 02:44:01,900
Though, the specific ramp design
is still debated. 

2855
02:44:02,900 --> 02:44:06,400
Some Marky just argue for 
straight rounds, others, for 

2856
02:44:06,400 --> 02:44:09,500
spiral ramps, and still others 
for a combination. 

2857
02:44:10,800 --> 02:44:13,800
What's clear is that the 
Egyptian sold, a logistics 

2858
02:44:13,800 --> 02:44:16,400
problem, that would challenge 
modern construction companies 

2859
02:44:16,400 --> 02:44:20,500
equipped with cranes and trucks.
He also demonstrated 

2860
02:44:20,500 --> 02:44:24,600
sophisticated understanding of 
Material Science, copper tools, 

2861
02:44:24,600 --> 02:44:28,200
were sharpened and reshaped 
constantly wooden sledges were 

2862
02:44:28,200 --> 02:44:31,900
built to specific weight. 
Tolerances mortar was mixed at 

2863
02:44:31,900 --> 02:44:36,000
exact consistencies the casing 
stones on pyramids were cut, so 

2864
02:44:36,000 --> 02:44:38,800
precisely that you supposedly 
can't fit a knife blade between 

2865
02:44:38,800 --> 02:44:41,300
them. 
This wasn't just craftsmanship, 

2866
02:44:41,300 --> 02:44:45,000
it was Engineering in the truest
sense, applying scientific 

2867
02:44:45,000 --> 02:44:47,500
principles to achieve specific 
results. 

2868
02:44:48,900 --> 02:44:51,900
The ventilation shafts in the 
Great Pyramid, provide a 

2869
02:44:51,900 --> 02:44:55,100
particularly interesting example
of engineering foresight. 

2870
02:44:55,900 --> 02:45:00,000
These narrow channels only about
8 inches Square run from the 

2871
02:45:00,000 --> 02:45:04,100
king's and queen's Chambers to 
the pyramids exterior for years.

2872
02:45:04,100 --> 02:45:08,400
Archaeologists debated. 
Their purpose are shocked star, 

2873
02:45:08,400 --> 02:45:11,700
citing tunnels or symbolic 
Pathways for the pharaoh's 

2874
02:45:11,700 --> 02:45:14,500
spirit. 
Recent research suggests, they 

2875
02:45:14,500 --> 02:45:18,100
actually did function as 
ventilation maintaining airflow 

2876
02:45:18,100 --> 02:45:21,300
in the burial Chambers. 
The Egyptians understood that 

2877
02:45:21,300 --> 02:45:24,200
deep interior spaces, needed, 
air circulation. 

2878
02:45:24,200 --> 02:45:28,600
And they designed accordingly. 
This is the same principle used 

2879
02:45:28,600 --> 02:45:32,700
in modern HVAC systems. 
Just implemented with stone 

2880
02:45:32,700 --> 02:45:34,900
channels and stead of metal 
Duck's. 

2881
02:45:35,500 --> 02:45:38,800
The Egyptian shipbuilding was 
equally impressive, they 

2882
02:45:38,800 --> 02:45:43,300
constructed ocean-going vessels 
that could sail to punt probably

2883
02:45:43,300 --> 02:45:47,500
modern Somalia or Yemen and 
return loaded with luxury goods.

2884
02:45:48,400 --> 02:45:51,700
These weren't crude River rafts 
but proper ships with Keels 

2885
02:45:51,700 --> 02:45:54,700
cabins and the ability to handle
Open Water. 

2886
02:45:55,900 --> 02:45:59,000
The Khufu ship discovered, 
buried near the Great Pyramid in

2887
02:45:59,000 --> 02:46:05,000
1954 is 43 and a half meters, 
long beautifully preserved, and 

2888
02:46:05,000 --> 02:46:07,500
clearly designed for both River 
and sea travel. 

2889
02:46:08,200 --> 02:46:12,100
It demonstrates understanding of
hydrodynamics material 

2890
02:46:12,100 --> 02:46:16,500
selection, Lebanon Cedar for 
strength, Egyptian Acacia for 

2891
02:46:16,500 --> 02:46:20,200
flexibility and joinery 
technique that held the vessel 

2892
02:46:20,200 --> 02:46:22,500
together with a single metal 
fastener. 

2893
02:46:23,400 --> 02:46:26,000
The engineering mindset, the 
belief that problems can be 

2894
02:46:26,000 --> 02:46:29,300
solved through careful, 
observation measurement testing 

2895
02:46:29,300 --> 02:46:33,000
and iteration is fundamentally 
Egyptian in origin. 

2896
02:46:34,000 --> 02:46:36,700
They didn't have the scientific 
method as formally articulated, 

2897
02:46:36,700 --> 02:46:39,400
but they practice something very
similar. 

2898
02:46:40,200 --> 02:46:44,600
The observed nature identified 
patterns developed theories, 

2899
02:46:44,600 --> 02:46:48,900
tested Solutions, and refined 
techniques based on a result. 

2900
02:46:50,000 --> 02:46:53,200
This empirical approach. 
This willingness to learn from 

2901
02:46:53,200 --> 02:46:56,800
reality rather than just 
speculate about it became the 

2902
02:46:56,800 --> 02:46:59,900
foundation for all subsequent 
technological development. 

2903
02:47:01,100 --> 02:47:04,300
Your smartphone exists because 
countless Engineers built on 

2904
02:47:04,300 --> 02:47:07,600
principles established by people
who once figured out how to 

2905
02:47:07,600 --> 02:47:11,500
split stone with wet wood. 
That might sound like a stretch 

2906
02:47:11,500 --> 02:47:15,100
but it's not engineering is 
cumulative. 

2907
02:47:15,800 --> 02:47:19,100
Each generation builds on the 
previous generation Solutions 

2908
02:47:19,100 --> 02:47:23,000
and those Solutions Trace back 
through an unbroken chain to the

2909
02:47:23,000 --> 02:47:27,100
first people who thought. 
What if we try this and then 

2910
02:47:27,100 --> 02:47:28,700
actually tried it to see what 
happened. 

2911
02:47:28,700 --> 02:47:32,300
The Egyptians were trying things
constantly, they experimented 

2912
02:47:32,300 --> 02:47:36,700
with different pyramid, designs 
stepped pyramids, bent pyramids,

2913
02:47:36,700 --> 02:47:39,900
and true. 
Pyramids learning from failures 

2914
02:47:39,900 --> 02:47:43,600
and refining successes. 
They tested different copper 

2915
02:47:43,600 --> 02:47:45,200
Alloys to improve tool 
performance. 

2916
02:47:46,100 --> 02:47:49,000
They developed multiple types of
stone cutting techniques 

2917
02:47:49,000 --> 02:47:51,000
optimized for different 
materials. 

2918
02:47:51,000 --> 02:47:55,200
They were problem solvers in the
most practical sense and the 

2919
02:47:55,200 --> 02:47:59,700
problems they sold how to move 
heavy objects, how to build tall

2920
02:47:59,700 --> 02:48:01,600
structures. 
How to manage water? 

2921
02:48:01,600 --> 02:48:05,400
How to measure land a problems, 
human still face. 

2922
02:48:06,200 --> 02:48:09,700
So every time you cross a bridge
drive through a tunnel, watch 

2923
02:48:09,700 --> 02:48:13,400
water flow through an irrigation
system or Marvel at some 

2924
02:48:13,400 --> 02:48:16,500
impressive. 
Bit of construction, pause for a

2925
02:48:16,500 --> 02:48:19,200
moment and appreciate the long 
traditional witnessing. 

2926
02:48:20,000 --> 02:48:23,900
The specific Technologies of 
advanced enormously but the 

2927
02:48:23,900 --> 02:48:28,900
underlying approach, observe the
problem devise a solution test. 

2928
02:48:28,900 --> 02:48:32,700
It improve it. 
Hasn't changed since someone 

2929
02:48:32,700 --> 02:48:35,800
decided to build something that 
would Outlast their own life 

2930
02:48:35,800 --> 02:48:39,400
time. 
They succeeded, obviously you're

2931
02:48:39,400 --> 02:48:42,900
still admiring their work from 
5,000 years away which is better

2932
02:48:42,900 --> 02:48:44,500
than most of your projects will 
manage. 

2933
02:48:45,300 --> 02:48:47,800
And the methods they used to 
achieve that longevity. 

2934
02:48:47,800 --> 02:48:52,000
Those are still being used 
refined and updated by every 

2935
02:48:52,000 --> 02:48:54,900
engineer who's ever decided that
impossible. 

2936
02:48:54,900 --> 02:48:59,000
Just means, nobody's figured out
how yet your reading these words

2937
02:48:59,000 --> 02:49:01,200
on a screen or possibly on 
paper. 

2938
02:49:01,200 --> 02:49:04,000
If you've printed them out and 
you probably have not thought 

2939
02:49:04,000 --> 02:49:05,800
much about how a remarkable this
is. 

2940
02:49:06,800 --> 02:49:10,600
The ability to encode thoughts 
and to symbols transmit those 

2941
02:49:10,600 --> 02:49:14,600
symbols across space and time 
and have them decoded back into 

2942
02:49:14,600 --> 02:49:16,500
thoughts inside someone else's 
mind. 

2943
02:49:17,400 --> 02:49:21,400
This is arguably Humanities, 
most important invention and the

2944
02:49:21,400 --> 02:49:24,500
Egyptians refined it into 
something approaching an art 

2945
02:49:24,500 --> 02:49:27,100
form. 
Hieroglyphs were never just a 

2946
02:49:27,100 --> 02:49:30,000
writing system. 
They were simultaneously a 

2947
02:49:30,000 --> 02:49:33,300
practical tool for record. 
Keeping a sacred language for 

2948
02:49:33,300 --> 02:49:37,400
religious texts and a decorative
element in architectural design.

2949
02:49:38,500 --> 02:49:40,900
The word hieroglyph itself comes
from Greek. 

2950
02:49:41,600 --> 02:49:45,900
Higher us, meaning, sacred and 
glyphe, meaning to carve. 

2951
02:49:46,700 --> 02:49:49,400
The Greeks who encountered 
Egyptian writing was struck by, 

2952
02:49:49,400 --> 02:49:52,500
how beautiful it was, how the 
symbols seemed to be both 

2953
02:49:52,500 --> 02:49:54,800
functional and artistic 
simultaneously. 

2954
02:49:54,800 --> 02:49:59,100
They work wrong. 
A single hieroglyphic sign could

2955
02:49:59,100 --> 02:50:03,000
function in multiple ways. 
It might represent a sound like 

2956
02:50:03,000 --> 02:50:06,300
a letter in an alphabet. 
It might represent a whole word 

2957
02:50:06,300 --> 02:50:10,400
like sun or house. 
It might be a determinative and 

2958
02:50:10,400 --> 02:50:13,100
non-print announced. 
Sign that clarified meaning 

2959
02:50:13,100 --> 02:50:16,500
telling you, whether the 
preceding signs refer to a god, 

2960
02:50:16,500 --> 02:50:21,300
a person, an action, or an 
abstract concept, this 

2961
02:50:21,300 --> 02:50:24,500
flexibility made higher a 
glyphic writing incredibly 

2962
02:50:24,500 --> 02:50:27,700
efficient, for those who knew 
how to read it and absolutely 

2963
02:50:27,700 --> 02:50:31,500
impenetrable for those who did 
not The Rosetta Stone. 

2964
02:50:32,100 --> 02:50:36,100
Discovered in 1799, by French 
soldiers, and Egypt, became the 

2965
02:50:36,100 --> 02:50:38,000
key to unlocking this lost 
language. 

2966
02:50:38,800 --> 02:50:41,300
It contained the same text in 
three scripts. 

2967
02:50:41,300 --> 02:50:46,600
Hieroglyphic demotic a 
simplified Egyptian, script and 

2968
02:50:46,600 --> 02:50:49,500
Greek. 
Scholars could read Greek. 

2969
02:50:49,500 --> 02:50:53,600
So they had a reference point. 
Jean Francois Jean-Paul, Leon 

2970
02:50:53,600 --> 02:50:58,600
spent years, comparing the three
versions and in 1822, he finally

2971
02:50:58,600 --> 02:51:01,900
cracked the code. 
Suddenly, all those carved 

2972
02:51:01,900 --> 02:51:05,100
inscription filling Egyptian 
temples became readable again 

2973
02:51:05,100 --> 02:51:09,700
after 1400 years of Silence. 
The dead civilization began 

2974
02:51:09,700 --> 02:51:12,600
speaking. 
What they said was both mundane 

2975
02:51:12,600 --> 02:51:16,600
and profound tax records. 
And grain inventories sat beside

2976
02:51:16,600 --> 02:51:20,900
love poetry and Theological 
treatises the full spectrum of 

2977
02:51:20,900 --> 02:51:24,000
human experience was preserved 
in stone and papyrus. 

2978
02:51:24,900 --> 02:51:27,800
And Ministry of documents. 
That would bore you to tears. 

2979
02:51:27,800 --> 02:51:31,100
Medical texts. 
Describing treatments for 

2980
02:51:31,100 --> 02:51:35,500
various ailments magical spells 
intended to protect the dead 

2981
02:51:35,500 --> 02:51:38,000
wisdom. 
Literature offering advice on 

2982
02:51:38,000 --> 02:51:41,700
how to live, well, Stories of 
Adventure and conflict 

2983
02:51:41,700 --> 02:51:45,600
astronomical, observations, 
mathematical calculations and 

2984
02:51:45,600 --> 02:51:49,700
endless, endless propaganda 
about how great the current 

2985
02:51:49,700 --> 02:51:52,600
Pharaoh was. 
This last category is 

2986
02:51:52,600 --> 02:51:55,700
particularly interesting. 
The ancient Egyptians were 

2987
02:51:55,700 --> 02:51:58,900
prolific. 
Self-promoted, who did anything 

2988
02:51:58,900 --> 02:52:01,200
notable had it? 
Carved into Temple walls. 

2989
02:52:01,200 --> 02:52:05,400
Usually with significant 
embellishment, a minor Skirmish 

2990
02:52:05,400 --> 02:52:09,100
became a great Victory. 
A trade Expedition became a 

2991
02:52:09,100 --> 02:52:11,900
heroic Quest. 
The Pharaoh was always the 

2992
02:52:11,900 --> 02:52:17,200
strongest wisest and most Pious 
ruler who ever lived the loved 

2993
02:52:17,200 --> 02:52:19,600
by the gods and destined for 
eternal glory. 

2994
02:52:20,600 --> 02:52:23,600
Modern politicians, who inflate 
their accomplishments are 

2995
02:52:23,600 --> 02:52:25,800
following a traditional 
established by a messes. 

2996
02:52:25,800 --> 02:52:31,300
The second, he had his battle 
victories carved so thoroughly 

2997
02:52:31,300 --> 02:52:34,600
across Egypt that you'd think he
was the only fair who ever did 

2998
02:52:34,608 --> 02:52:37,600
anything. 
But here's the thing, it worked.

2999
02:52:38,400 --> 02:52:42,200
Ramesses wanted to be remembered
and 33 centuries later. 

3000
02:52:42,200 --> 02:52:46,800
You know, his name, Ozymandias 
the king of King's His 

3001
02:52:46,800 --> 02:52:49,800
propaganda outlasted his kingdom
by Millennia, because he 

3002
02:52:49,800 --> 02:52:53,300
understood something fundamental
about writing, it makes claims 

3003
02:52:53,300 --> 02:52:55,700
to permanence that spoke and 
words can't match. 

3004
02:52:56,500 --> 02:53:01,200
Say something and it vanishes 
into where carverton Stone, and 

3005
02:53:01,200 --> 02:53:05,800
it might outlive civilizations. 
The Egyptians wrote on various 

3006
02:53:05,800 --> 02:53:07,500
surfaces each with its own 
purpose. 

3007
02:53:08,500 --> 02:53:13,800
Monumental inscriptions went on 
Stone Temple walls, obelisks 

3008
02:53:13,800 --> 02:53:16,300
tomb Chambers and Were Meant to 
last forever. 

3009
02:53:17,100 --> 02:53:19,700
Administrative documents went on
Papyrus. 

3010
02:53:19,700 --> 02:53:22,500
A writing surface made from 
Papyrus plant. 

3011
02:53:22,500 --> 02:53:24,900
Stems that were laid crosswise 
and pressed together. 

3012
02:53:25,800 --> 02:53:28,700
Papyrus was lighter and cheaper 
than Stone. 

3013
02:53:28,700 --> 02:53:31,700
They're still expensive enough 
that scribes were careful not to

3014
02:53:31,700 --> 02:53:34,600
waste it. 
For temporary notes and student 

3015
02:53:34,600 --> 02:53:37,600
exercises. 
There were Austria, Pottery 

3016
02:53:37,600 --> 02:53:40,900
shards, or flakes of lines that 
cost nothing and could be 

3017
02:53:40,908 --> 02:53:44,400
discarded afterwards. 
The Pirates itself was a 

3018
02:53:44,400 --> 02:53:46,500
significant technological 
innovation. 

3019
02:53:46,500 --> 02:53:51,000
It was portable relatively 
durable and could be rolled into

3020
02:53:51,000 --> 02:53:55,200
Scrolls for storage. 
The word paper derives from 

3021
02:53:55,200 --> 02:53:57,900
Papyrus. 
And while modern paper is made 

3022
02:53:57,900 --> 02:54:01,400
differently, the concept of a 
lightweight writing surface. 

3023
02:54:01,400 --> 02:54:03,800
You can fold transport in 
archive. 

3024
02:54:03,800 --> 02:54:05,300
Come straight from the Nile 
Valley. 

3025
02:54:06,000 --> 02:54:09,800
The Library of Alexandria that 
legendary repository of ancient 

3026
02:54:09,800 --> 02:54:13,700
knowledge was essentially a huge
Papyrus scroll collection. 

3027
02:54:14,900 --> 02:54:18,500
When it burned repeatedly over 
several centuries. 

3028
02:54:19,100 --> 02:54:23,200
Humanity lost and incalculable 
amount of knowledge, all of it 

3029
02:54:23,200 --> 02:54:25,300
encoded on this Egyptian writing
material. 

3030
02:54:26,500 --> 02:54:30,100
The profession of scribe carried
enormous prestige in Egyptian 

3031
02:54:30,100 --> 02:54:33,300
Society. 
Scribes were literate in a 

3032
02:54:33,300 --> 02:54:36,700
largely illiterate World, which 
gave them access to power and 

3033
02:54:36,700 --> 02:54:40,800
relatively comfortable lives. 
They kept records, drafted 

3034
02:54:40,800 --> 02:54:44,200
correspondence, copied texts and
generally served as the 

3035
02:54:44,208 --> 02:54:46,400
information processes of their 
civilization. 

3036
02:54:47,900 --> 02:54:51,100
Training to become a scribe, 
took years and involved 

3037
02:54:51,100 --> 02:54:54,700
memorizing, hundreds of 
hieroglyphic signs learning 

3038
02:54:54,700 --> 02:54:59,200
proper writing techniques and 
studying mathematics geography, 

3039
02:54:59,200 --> 02:55:02,900
and literature. 
Scribble schools produced 

3040
02:55:02,900 --> 02:55:06,300
instruction texts that have 
survived to the present day and 

3041
02:55:06,300 --> 02:55:08,700
there are often quite funny in 
their complaints about how hard 

3042
02:55:08,700 --> 02:55:12,100
students have to work. 
One text from the Middle Kingdom

3043
02:55:12,100 --> 02:55:15,800
instructs students to be a 
scribe and avoid other 

3044
02:55:15,800 --> 02:55:19,400
professionals by describing the 
miseries of being a farmer, a 

3045
02:55:19,400 --> 02:55:22,000
soldier, a fisherman or a 
Craftsman. 

3046
02:55:22,000 --> 02:55:24,600
It's basically career 
propaganda. 

3047
02:55:25,700 --> 02:55:29,400
Stay in school learn to write or
you'll end up breaking your back

3048
02:55:29,400 --> 02:55:31,900
in the hot sun like those poor 
manual laborers. 

3049
02:55:33,100 --> 02:55:36,300
The underlying message was 
clear, literacy, equals 

3050
02:55:36,300 --> 02:55:40,500
opportunity and that message 
hasn't changed in 3,000 years. 

3051
02:55:41,400 --> 02:55:45,300
The concept of a library, a 
dedicated space for storing and 

3052
02:55:45,300 --> 02:55:48,800
organizing written knowledge 
also developed in Egypt. 

3053
02:55:49,500 --> 02:55:53,000
Temple, libraries preserved 
religious texts, scientific 

3054
02:55:53,000 --> 02:55:55,400
treatises and historical 
records. 

3055
02:55:56,300 --> 02:55:58,200
Private. 
Libraries existed in the homes 

3056
02:55:58,200 --> 02:56:01,200
of wealthy officials. 
The idea that knowledge should 

3057
02:56:01,200 --> 02:56:03,600
be collected categorized and 
preserved. 

3058
02:56:03,600 --> 02:56:07,200
For future reference was an 
Egyptian Innovation that every 

3059
02:56:07,200 --> 02:56:11,100
library from Alexandria to the 
Library of Congress as built 

3060
02:56:11,100 --> 02:56:13,300
upon. 
Egyptian writing. 

3061
02:56:13,300 --> 02:56:15,900
Also gave us some of the early 
literature that still fills. 

3062
02:56:15,900 --> 02:56:20,300
Recognizably literary. 
The tale of seni from around 

3063
02:56:20,300 --> 02:56:25,300
1900 BCE tells the story of an 
official, who flees Egypt lives 

3064
02:56:25,300 --> 02:56:27,500
in Exile and eventually returned
home. 

3065
02:56:27,500 --> 02:56:31,900
It has character development, 
emotional, depth and narrative 

3066
02:56:31,900 --> 02:56:34,800
structure. 
The eloquent peasant is a story 

3067
02:56:34,800 --> 02:56:38,300
about a peasant who's robbed and
delivers increasingly, elaborate

3068
02:56:38,300 --> 02:56:42,200
speeches, demanding Justice, 
showcasing the Egyptian 

3069
02:56:42,200 --> 02:56:44,100
appreciation for skilled 
rhetoric. 

3070
02:56:44,900 --> 02:56:48,500
These aren't just historical 
documents their actual stories 

3071
02:56:48,500 --> 02:56:51,600
that were meant to entertain and
move their audiences and they 

3072
02:56:51,600 --> 02:56:55,400
still do. 
The Edwin Smith Papyrus dating 

3073
02:56:55,400 --> 02:57:00,400
to around 1600 BCE but copying 
material, possibly 500 years, 

3074
02:57:00,400 --> 02:57:04,200
older is a medical text. 
That describes 48 cases of 

3075
02:57:04,200 --> 02:57:07,600
traumatic injuries, their 
symptoms, diagnoses and 

3076
02:57:07,600 --> 02:57:11,300
treatments. 
Its systematic logical and 

3077
02:57:11,300 --> 02:57:14,100
empirical. 
It describes what the physician 

3078
02:57:14,100 --> 02:57:17,300
should observe and what actions 
to take based on those 

3079
02:57:17,300 --> 02:57:22,000
observations. this is early 
scientific writing, an attempt 

3080
02:57:22,000 --> 02:57:25,100
to codify Medical knowledge, so 
it could be transmitted and 

3081
02:57:25,100 --> 02:57:28,600
improved upon every medical 
textbook you've ever seen 

3082
02:57:28,600 --> 02:57:31,800
descends from this impulse to 
record what works. 

3083
02:57:31,800 --> 02:57:35,100
So the Next Generation doesn't 
have to ReDiscover it from 

3084
02:57:35,100 --> 02:57:38,600
scratch. 
The religious texts pyramid, 

3085
02:57:38,600 --> 02:57:41,100
texts coffin texts. 
And eventually The Book of the 

3086
02:57:41,100 --> 02:57:44,700
Dead represents, some of 
Humanity's earliest sustained 

3087
02:57:44,700 --> 02:57:48,600
thinking about the afterlife 
morality and the relationship 

3088
02:57:48,600 --> 02:57:52,400
between gods and humans. 
They're not Systematic Theology 

3089
02:57:52,400 --> 02:57:55,500
in the later Greek or Christian 
sentence but they show people 

3090
02:57:55,500 --> 02:57:57,500
wrestling with fundamental 
questions. 

3091
02:57:57,500 --> 02:58:00,900
What happens? 
After death, how should we live?

3092
02:58:00,900 --> 02:58:06,100
What do the gods want from us? 
These questions are Timeless and

3093
02:58:06,100 --> 02:58:08,900
the fact that we can read 
ancient Egyptian attempts, to 

3094
02:58:08,908 --> 02:58:12,000
answer them creates a strange 
intimacy across millennia. 

3095
02:58:12,800 --> 02:58:15,900
What the Egyptians ultimately 
gave us was the model of writing

3096
02:58:15,900 --> 02:58:19,600
as a multi-purpose tool. 
simultaneously practical, 

3097
02:58:19,600 --> 02:58:24,100
artistic religious, and 
political Writing could track 

3098
02:58:24,100 --> 02:58:27,600
grain. 
Praise Gods tell stories record 

3099
02:58:27,600 --> 02:58:31,100
history. 
Encode laws, preserve medical 

3100
02:58:31,100 --> 02:58:37,400
knowledge and claim immortality 
This versatility is exactly why 

3101
02:58:37,400 --> 02:58:39,900
writing became so Central to 
human civilization. 

3102
02:58:41,100 --> 02:58:44,100
It's useful in every context 
where information needs to 

3103
02:58:44,100 --> 02:58:47,600
survive Beyond immediate memory.
Every time you write something 

3104
02:58:47,600 --> 02:58:52,200
down, a grocery list, a text 
message, a working email, a 

3105
02:58:52,200 --> 02:58:55,400
journal entry during engaging in
this ancient technology. 

3106
02:58:56,600 --> 02:59:00,600
The specific symbols of changed 
and the surfaces you write on. 

3107
02:59:00,600 --> 02:59:04,400
Have evolved from Stone to 
Papyrus to paper to glass 

3108
02:59:04,400 --> 02:59:07,500
screens. 
That the fundamental act Remains

3109
02:59:07,500 --> 02:59:11,100
the Same your encoding thoughts 
into permanent form. 

3110
02:59:11,100 --> 02:59:14,400
You're creating something that 
can Outlast the moment of its 

3111
02:59:14,400 --> 02:59:18,700
creation You're doing what the 
scribes did just faster. 

3112
02:59:18,700 --> 02:59:22,800
And with spell, check and 
somewhere in some metaphysical. 

3113
02:59:22,800 --> 02:59:26,700
Scribble School, the ghost of an
Egyptian writing instructor is 

3114
02:59:26,700 --> 02:59:29,900
nodding and approval. 
While simultaneously complaining

3115
02:59:29,900 --> 02:59:32,700
about how students these days 
don't even know how to properly 

3116
02:59:32,700 --> 02:59:36,400
prepare papyrus. 
Let's return to buildings but 

3117
02:59:36,400 --> 02:59:38,200
this time. 
Let's think about why they were 

3118
02:59:38,200 --> 02:59:41,000
built. 
The pyramids weren't just tombs,

3119
02:59:41,000 --> 02:59:44,900
they were statements about 
mortality Authority and the 

3120
02:59:44,900 --> 02:59:47,300
possibility of permanence in a 
temporary world. 

3121
02:59:47,300 --> 02:59:50,900
The Pharaohs were obsessed with 
forever and they expressed this 

3122
02:59:50,900 --> 02:59:53,900
Obsession through architecture 
that still standing after 

3123
02:59:53,900 --> 02:59:56,800
everything else about their 
civilization, has vanished. 

3124
02:59:58,200 --> 03:00:00,200
Think about what? 
Survives from ancient Egypt. 

3125
03:00:00,200 --> 03:00:04,100
Not the wood structures. 
Where people lived those rotted 

3126
03:00:04,100 --> 03:00:07,000
away. 
Not the Papyrus documents that 

3127
03:00:07,000 --> 03:00:11,300
recorded daily life, most of 
those burned or decomposed. 

3128
03:00:11,300 --> 03:00:16,700
Not the paint that once covered 
everything that faded or was 

3129
03:00:16,708 --> 03:00:20,400
deliberately removed What 
survives is Stone? 

3130
03:00:21,200 --> 03:00:27,300
Temple's tombs statues obelisks.
The things were built to last 

3131
03:00:27,300 --> 03:00:30,200
forever because the people who 
built them desperately wanted to

3132
03:00:30,200 --> 03:00:34,600
defeat time this wasn't vanity 
or at least not only vanity. 

3133
03:00:35,200 --> 03:00:37,700
The Egyptians believed that 
being remembered was essential 

3134
03:00:37,700 --> 03:00:39,900
for continued existence in the 
afterlife. 

3135
03:00:40,600 --> 03:00:44,500
If your name was spoken, if your
image was seen, if your Deeds 

3136
03:00:44,500 --> 03:00:48,600
were known, then part of you 
remained alive, conversely. 

3137
03:00:48,600 --> 03:00:52,800
If you were forgotten if your 
name was erased, Your statues. 

3138
03:00:52,800 --> 03:00:57,100
Destroyed your monuments. 
Dismantled you died a second 

3139
03:00:57,108 --> 03:00:58,900
death from which there was no 
return. 

3140
03:01:00,000 --> 03:01:01,900
This made architecture 
existential. 

3141
03:01:02,700 --> 03:01:05,200
Building something permanent 
wasn't just about ego. 

3142
03:01:05,200 --> 03:01:07,800
It was about survival Beyond 
Death. 

3143
03:01:09,100 --> 03:01:12,400
The pyramids at Giza, built 
during the fourth, Dennis deer 

3144
03:01:12,400 --> 03:01:17,200
around, 2550 BC e represent the 
peak of these architectural 

3145
03:01:17,200 --> 03:01:22,200
immortality project. 
Their massive precisely aligned 

3146
03:01:22,200 --> 03:01:25,500
and absolutely permanent in a 
way that almost nothing else. 

3147
03:01:25,500 --> 03:01:27,700
Humans have ever built can 
claim. 

3148
03:01:27,700 --> 03:01:31,400
The Great Pyramid was the 
tallest human-made structure in 

3149
03:01:31,400 --> 03:01:35,700
the world for over 300 years, 
only surpassed by Lincoln 

3150
03:01:35,700 --> 03:01:39,600
cathedral in 1311 CE, Think 
about that. 

3151
03:01:40,400 --> 03:01:43,500
For most of recorded history, 
the tallest thing humans had 

3152
03:01:43,500 --> 03:01:47,500
ever built was an Egyptian tomb.
But the pyramids weren't 

3153
03:01:47,500 --> 03:01:50,400
solitary monuments. 
They were surrounded by entire 

3154
03:01:50,400 --> 03:01:55,500
complexes Mortuary temples. 
Causeways Valley temples 

3155
03:01:55,500 --> 03:02:00,700
subsidiary pyramids, boat, pits 
and Cemetery fields for Nobles. 

3156
03:02:00,700 --> 03:02:03,400
And officials, who wanted to 
spend eternity near their 

3157
03:02:03,400 --> 03:02:06,200
pharaoh. 
These were cities of the Dead 

3158
03:02:06,200 --> 03:02:09,500
carefully planned neighborhoods 
where the afterlife was supposed

3159
03:02:09,500 --> 03:02:12,500
to unfold. 
The living maintained, these 

3160
03:02:12,500 --> 03:02:15,800
complexes for Generations, 
performing rituals making 

3161
03:02:15,800 --> 03:02:18,700
offerings and keeping the memory
of the dead fairy alive. 

3162
03:02:19,400 --> 03:02:22,200
As long as the rituals 
continued, the pharaoh's car, 

3163
03:02:22,200 --> 03:02:27,400
their life force could enjoy 
Eternal existence Eventually, of

3164
03:02:27,400 --> 03:02:31,800
course, the ritual stopped the 
Old Kingdom collapsed and the 

3165
03:02:31,808 --> 03:02:34,700
carefully maintained pyramid. 
Complexes were abandoned. 

3166
03:02:35,600 --> 03:02:39,200
Lutta striped, the burial 
Chambers Stone was quarried from

3167
03:02:39,200 --> 03:02:41,200
the casing blocks for use in 
other buildings. 

3168
03:02:41,200 --> 03:02:45,500
The pyramids became ruins, their
original purpose for gotten or 

3169
03:02:45,500 --> 03:02:49,900
misunderstood medieval Arabs 
thought they were grain silos 

3170
03:02:49,900 --> 03:02:54,400
built by the biblical Joseph. 
Later, European spun fantasies 

3171
03:02:54,400 --> 03:02:57,100
about them being built by aliens
or atlanteans. 

3172
03:02:57,800 --> 03:03:01,300
The actual Builders skilled 
Egyptian workers coordinated by 

3173
03:03:01,300 --> 03:03:04,600
experienced Architects and 
Engineers were erased from 

3174
03:03:04,608 --> 03:03:07,000
popular memory by more exciting,
myths. 

3175
03:03:07,600 --> 03:03:11,700
But the structures themselves 
endured you can speculate all 

3176
03:03:11,700 --> 03:03:14,700
you want about their purpose, 
but you can't deny their 

3177
03:03:14,700 --> 03:03:17,200
presence. 
They refuse to disappear. 

3178
03:03:17,200 --> 03:03:21,100
This is exactly what the 
Pharaohs wanted monuments. 

3179
03:03:21,100 --> 03:03:25,900
So massive, so permanent that 
future Generations would have no

3180
03:03:25,900 --> 03:03:27,700
choice but to acknowledge their 
existence. 

3181
03:03:27,700 --> 03:03:31,200
Even if everything else about 
their civilization was 

3182
03:03:31,200 --> 03:03:33,900
forgotten. 
The temples took a different 

3183
03:03:33,900 --> 03:03:37,000
approach to permanence. 
While pyramids were sealed 

3184
03:03:37,000 --> 03:03:39,100
structures meant to protect 
Royal burials. 

3185
03:03:39,100 --> 03:03:42,300
Temples were active spaces. 
Where rituals were performed 

3186
03:03:42,300 --> 03:03:44,900
daily yet. 
They too were built to last 

3187
03:03:44,900 --> 03:03:48,800
forever and many have the Temple
of Karnak. 

3188
03:03:48,800 --> 03:03:53,100
Dedicated to Amun Ra was 
expanded and modified over 1500 

3189
03:03:53,100 --> 03:03:57,900
years, by successive, pharaohs. 
walking through CarMax today is 

3190
03:03:57,900 --> 03:04:00,500
like walking through time 
itself, You can see 

3191
03:04:00,500 --> 03:04:04,500
architectural styles of evolving
religious, emphasis shifting, 

3192
03:04:04,500 --> 03:04:06,900
and political power centers 
changing. 

3193
03:04:06,900 --> 03:04:09,900
It's a stone Archive of Egyptian
history. 

3194
03:04:11,000 --> 03:04:13,300
These temples followed the 
pattern mentioned earlier. 

3195
03:04:13,300 --> 03:04:18,400
Pylon Gateway peristyle Court 
hypostyle Hall in a sanctuary. 

3196
03:04:19,200 --> 03:04:21,700
But the experience of moving 
through them was deliberately 

3197
03:04:21,700 --> 03:04:25,500
overwhelming. 
The hypostyle hall at Karnak, 

3198
03:04:25,500 --> 03:04:30,900
contains 134 columns. 
Some 21 meters tall arranged in 

3199
03:04:30,908 --> 03:04:32,900
rows, that create a forest of 
stone. 

3200
03:04:32,900 --> 03:04:36,200
The ceiling was painted blue 
with gold stars. 

3201
03:04:37,000 --> 03:04:39,700
Sunlight filtered through. 
Clear story Windows. 

3202
03:04:39,700 --> 03:04:42,000
Creating dramatic, lighting 
effects. 

3203
03:04:42,900 --> 03:04:45,900
Flawed upward towards the 
sanctuary while the ceiling 

3204
03:04:45,900 --> 03:04:48,900
sloped downward, creating a 
sense of compression and 

3205
03:04:48,900 --> 03:04:51,900
intimacy as you approached the 
holy of holies. 

3206
03:04:52,800 --> 03:04:57,000
Every architectural Choice, 
served to inspire all and 

3207
03:04:57,000 --> 03:05:00,500
reinforce the power of both the 
gods and the pharaoh who built 

3208
03:05:00,500 --> 03:05:03,200
the temple. 
This use of architecture to 

3209
03:05:03,200 --> 03:05:06,900
create specific, psychological 
experiences is something Modern 

3210
03:05:06,900 --> 03:05:11,500
Builders still emulate. think 
about walking into a cathedral a

3211
03:05:11,500 --> 03:05:15,300
capital ratonda or a 
well-designed museum, The 

3212
03:05:15,300 --> 03:05:17,800
Architects deliberately 
manipulate your experience 

3213
03:05:17,800 --> 03:05:21,900
through scale, proportionally, 
light and sequence. 

3214
03:05:22,700 --> 03:05:25,600
You're meant to feel certain 
things in certain spaces. 

3215
03:05:25,600 --> 03:05:30,400
Reverence here openness their 
Intimacy in this chamber 

3216
03:05:30,400 --> 03:05:35,200
Grandeur in that Hall. 
The fairy onic Architects, 

3217
03:05:35,200 --> 03:05:37,900
pioneered these techniques. 
And every subsequent culture has

3218
03:05:37,900 --> 03:05:41,400
borrowed from their playbook, 
the rock-cut tombs in the Valley

3219
03:05:41,400 --> 03:05:44,300
of the Kings represent, yet 
another approach to permanence. 

3220
03:05:44,900 --> 03:05:48,100
Instead of building upward, 
these pharaohs tunnel into the 

3221
03:05:48,100 --> 03:05:51,700
Limestone Cliffs creating 
elaborate underground Chambers 

3222
03:05:51,700 --> 03:05:54,500
decorated with scenes from The 
Book of the Dead and other 

3223
03:05:54,500 --> 03:05:58,800
funerary texts. 
The logic was security, Aiden 

3224
03:05:58,800 --> 03:06:01,600
tomb was less likely to be 
robbed than an obvious pyramid. 

3225
03:06:02,500 --> 03:06:06,100
This didn't work particularly 
well, nearly every Royal tomb 

3226
03:06:06,100 --> 03:06:09,400
was looted in antiquity. 
But the tombs themselves 

3227
03:06:09,400 --> 03:06:13,100
survived, and when 
archaeologists excavated them in

3228
03:06:13,108 --> 03:06:16,600
modern times, they found walls 
still covered with vibrant pain 

3229
03:06:16,600 --> 03:06:20,900
and hieroglyphic texts that had 
remained in darkness for 3,000 

3230
03:06:20,900 --> 03:06:23,900
years. 
The discovery of Tutankhamun's 

3231
03:06:23,900 --> 03:06:28,300
tomb in 1922 by Howard Carter. 
Created a worldwide and 

3232
03:06:28,300 --> 03:06:32,000
Sensational precisely because it
demonstrated how completely 

3233
03:06:32,000 --> 03:06:35,000
Egyptian artistic Vision could 
be preserved. 

3234
03:06:35,000 --> 03:06:39,200
When protected from light are 
and looters the gold and mass 

3235
03:06:39,200 --> 03:06:41,500
the shrine boxes, the furniture 
of the jewelry. 

3236
03:06:41,500 --> 03:06:45,000
All of it, provided an 
unfiltered glimpse into fairy 

3237
03:06:45,000 --> 03:06:46,100
onic. 
Burial practices. 

3238
03:06:47,000 --> 03:06:49,600
Most importantly, it proved that
the Egyptians belief in 

3239
03:06:49,600 --> 03:06:51,900
architectural. 
Permanence was not misplaced. 

3240
03:06:52,800 --> 03:06:55,400
Given the right conditions, 
their Creations could indeed 

3241
03:06:55,400 --> 03:06:59,300
last forever. this obsession 
with building for eternity 

3242
03:06:59,300 --> 03:07:04,000
influenced, every culture that 
came after the Romans built 

3243
03:07:04,000 --> 03:07:07,200
aqueducts and Roads designed to 
last centuries. 

3244
03:07:08,000 --> 03:07:11,000
Medieval Christians built 
Cathedrals that took generations

3245
03:07:11,000 --> 03:07:15,200
to complete, but were meant to 
stand until the second coming. 

3246
03:07:16,000 --> 03:07:19,600
Modern Nations build monuments 
to their ideals and heroes. 

3247
03:07:19,600 --> 03:07:23,100
Hoping these will convey their 
values to distant, descendants. 

3248
03:07:24,300 --> 03:07:26,300
Were all still trying to do what
the Fair Oaks did. 

3249
03:07:27,000 --> 03:07:28,800
Build something that will 
Outlast us. 

3250
03:07:28,800 --> 03:07:32,700
That will tell future people. 
We were here, we mattered and we

3251
03:07:32,700 --> 03:07:34,300
understood something worth 
preserving. 

3252
03:07:35,400 --> 03:07:38,400
There's something both admirable
and slightly absurd about this 

3253
03:07:38,400 --> 03:07:41,100
compulsion. 
The universe doesn't care about 

3254
03:07:41,100 --> 03:07:45,300
your monuments entropy wins. 
Eventually the pyramids 

3255
03:07:45,300 --> 03:07:49,400
themselves are slowly eroding, 
grain by grain, under the 

3256
03:07:49,400 --> 03:07:54,200
assault of wind and time in a 
few million years, a blink on 

3257
03:07:54,208 --> 03:07:58,400
geological time scales. 
They'll be unrecognizable mounds

3258
03:07:58,400 --> 03:08:01,700
of rubble. 
Put on human time scales on the 

3259
03:08:01,700 --> 03:08:04,600
scales, that matter, to the 
brief Sparks of Consciousness. 

3260
03:08:04,600 --> 03:08:08,200
We call lives 4500 years is 
close enough to Forever. 

3261
03:08:08,900 --> 03:08:13,200
The pharaoh's bet on Stone, they
bet that massive well-built 

3262
03:08:13,200 --> 03:08:18,200
structures would Outlast, would 
Papyrus memory language. 

3263
03:08:18,200 --> 03:08:22,300
And even the civilization that 
created them, they were right. 

3264
03:08:23,300 --> 03:08:27,400
long after the last person who 
spoke ancient Egyptian died, 

3265
03:08:27,400 --> 03:08:30,800
long after the religion was 
abandoned and the political 

3266
03:08:30,800 --> 03:08:37,200
system collapsed the buildings 
remained mute mysterious but 

3267
03:08:37,200 --> 03:08:41,300
undeniably present you live in a
world where permanent usually 

3268
03:08:41,300 --> 03:08:44,600
means until the next remodel, 
where building is demolished 

3269
03:08:44,600 --> 03:08:47,100
after a few decades, if the 
location becomes valuable 

3270
03:08:47,100 --> 03:08:50,300
enough, the idea that something 
should be built to last 

3271
03:08:50,300 --> 03:08:54,200
thousands of years seems almost 
quaint But every so often 

3272
03:08:54,200 --> 03:08:58,800
Humanity builds something meant 
to endure a memorial, a 

3273
03:08:58,800 --> 03:09:04,100
monument, a cathedral, a museum 
and when we do, we're channeling

3274
03:09:04,100 --> 03:09:07,400
the same impulse that drove 
those ancient workers to drag 

3275
03:09:07,400 --> 03:09:09,100
Limestone blocks across the 
desert. 

3276
03:09:10,000 --> 03:09:13,900
We want to leave something 
behind, we want to defeat time. 

3277
03:09:13,900 --> 03:09:17,800
If only symbolically we want 
future people to know we were 

3278
03:09:17,800 --> 03:09:21,700
here, the Pharaohs taught us how
to express this desire through 

3279
03:09:21,700 --> 03:09:26,000
architecture and their success. 
The simple fact that you know 

3280
03:09:26,000 --> 03:09:27,600
who they were and what they 
build. 

3281
03:09:28,300 --> 03:09:30,800
Suggest they understood 
something profound about the 

3282
03:09:30,800 --> 03:09:34,600
relationship between Stone 
memory and immortality. 

3283
03:09:35,600 --> 03:09:38,900
So the next time you visit some 
impressive old building, think 

3284
03:09:38,900 --> 03:09:41,600
about the chain of influence, 
connecting it to a pyramid on 

3285
03:09:41,600 --> 03:09:45,100
the Giza, Plateau different 
styles, different purposes, 

3286
03:09:45,100 --> 03:09:48,400
different cultures. 
But the same underlying belief 

3287
03:09:48,400 --> 03:09:50,500
that what we build can transcend
who we are. 

3288
03:09:50,500 --> 03:09:53,800
That architecture can be a 
bridge between the past and 

3289
03:09:53,800 --> 03:09:57,000
future and that human ambition. 
Carved into stone. 

3290
03:09:57,000 --> 03:09:59,200
Might actually achieve something
approaching forever. 

3291
03:10:00,400 --> 03:10:03,000
Or at least long enough to 
matter, you probably have a 

3292
03:10:03,008 --> 03:10:05,800
filing system. 
Maybe it's physical folders in a

3293
03:10:05,800 --> 03:10:08,200
cabinet. 
Maybe it's digital folders on 

3294
03:10:08,200 --> 03:10:10,700
your computer. 
Maybe it's just strategically 

3295
03:10:10,700 --> 03:10:12,300
labeled. 
Piles on your desk. 

3296
03:10:13,900 --> 03:10:16,500
Wherever you fall on the 
Spectrum from meticulous, 

3297
03:10:16,500 --> 03:10:18,700
organizer to. 
I know where everything is in 

3298
03:10:18,700 --> 03:10:22,300
this chaos, your participating 
in a tradition of Information 

3299
03:10:22,300 --> 03:10:25,300
Management that the ancient 
Egyptians refined into a 

3300
03:10:25,300 --> 03:10:27,900
science. 
The concept of organized 

3301
03:10:27,900 --> 03:10:31,600
archives places where documents 
are systematically stored and 

3302
03:10:31,600 --> 03:10:34,900
can be retrieved when needed was
essential to Egyptian 

3303
03:10:34,900 --> 03:10:39,000
Administration without it, the 
whole bureaucratic system would 

3304
03:10:39,000 --> 03:10:41,900
have collapsed. 
How could you assess taxes? 

3305
03:10:41,900 --> 03:10:43,800
If you didn't know what someone 
paid last year? 

3306
03:10:44,700 --> 03:10:47,400
How could you enforce laws if 
you couldn't reference the legal

3307
03:10:47,400 --> 03:10:49,600
precedence? 
How could you maintain 

3308
03:10:49,600 --> 03:10:52,800
irrigation systems if you didn't
have records of how they'd been 

3309
03:10:52,800 --> 03:10:56,600
maintained previously? 
So the Egyptians created the 

3310
03:10:56,600 --> 03:11:00,400
house of life and institution 
attached to Major temples that 

3311
03:11:00,400 --> 03:11:04,000
served as a library. 
Archive scriptorium and 

3312
03:11:04,000 --> 03:11:08,700
Educational Center, Here, 
scribes copied important text to

3313
03:11:08,700 --> 03:11:12,600
preserve them. 
Priests consulted medical and 

3314
03:11:12,600 --> 03:11:16,000
religious documents. 
Scholar study mathematics 

3315
03:11:16,000 --> 03:11:19,400
astronomy and literature. 
It was simultaneously a 

3316
03:11:19,400 --> 03:11:23,000
monastery, a university and a 
government Records Office. 

3317
03:11:23,800 --> 03:11:26,700
A centralized repository of 
knowledge that ensured 

3318
03:11:26,700 --> 03:11:30,800
continuity across Generations. 
This model of the archive as an 

3319
03:11:30,800 --> 03:11:35,100
essential institution influenced
every literate society that came

3320
03:11:35,100 --> 03:11:38,500
off after The Library of 
Alexandria was the most famous 

3321
03:11:38,500 --> 03:11:42,400
example, but libraries sprouted 
across the Hellenistic world. 

3322
03:11:42,400 --> 03:11:45,500
Then the Roman world then 
Medieval Europe. 

3323
03:11:46,500 --> 03:11:49,300
The Catholic Church maintained 
Monastery, libraries throughout 

3324
03:11:49,300 --> 03:11:52,600
the Dark Ages preserving 
classical texts, that would 

3325
03:11:52,600 --> 03:11:56,600
otherwise have vanished. 
Islamic scholars, created vast 

3326
03:11:56,600 --> 03:12:00,200
libraries. 
In Baghdad, Cordoba and Cairo. 

3327
03:12:01,300 --> 03:12:04,600
The concept that knowledge 
should be collected organized 

3328
03:12:04,600 --> 03:12:08,500
and made accessible. 
This came from Egypt and spread 

3329
03:12:08,500 --> 03:12:11,000
everywhere literate civilization
reached. 

3330
03:12:12,000 --> 03:12:14,900
The cataloging systems they 
developed were remarkably 

3331
03:12:14,900 --> 03:12:17,900
sophisticated. 
Documents were labeled by 

3332
03:12:17,900 --> 03:12:22,400
subject date and author. 
Scrolls were stored in the label

3333
03:12:22,400 --> 03:12:26,400
jars or boxes registers listed 
what was available in each 

3334
03:12:26,400 --> 03:12:29,000
section. 
It's not so different from the 

3335
03:12:29,000 --> 03:12:32,500
Dewey Decimal System. 
All the organization scheme of a

3336
03:12:32,508 --> 03:12:36,400
modern Library The specific 
Technologies change. 

3337
03:12:37,100 --> 03:12:39,000
But the underlying problem 
Remains the Same. 

3338
03:12:39,000 --> 03:12:42,300
You have more information than 
any individual can remember. 

3339
03:12:42,300 --> 03:12:46,300
So you need a system to find 
specific pieces of information 

3340
03:12:46,300 --> 03:12:49,700
when you need them. 
The Egyptians also pioneered, 

3341
03:12:49,700 --> 03:12:52,400
the idea of standardized 
formatting for different types 

3342
03:12:52,400 --> 03:12:55,400
of documents. 
Legal contracts, followed 

3343
03:12:55,400 --> 03:12:59,200
specific formulas tax 
assessments, use standard 

3344
03:12:59,200 --> 03:13:03,200
templates, medical texts had 
conventional organizational 

3345
03:13:03,200 --> 03:13:06,100
structures. 
This standardization made 

3346
03:13:06,100 --> 03:13:10,000
documents easier to create 
easier to read and easier to 

3347
03:13:10,000 --> 03:13:13,100
file. 
The same principle behind modern

3348
03:13:13,100 --> 03:13:17,600
forms and templates, you create 
a structure once then reuse it 

3349
03:13:17,608 --> 03:13:19,100
with different details filled 
in. 

3350
03:13:19,700 --> 03:13:22,700
Efficiency through 
standardization is a thoroughly 

3351
03:13:22,700 --> 03:13:26,000
Egyptian concept. 
They understood something subtle

3352
03:13:26,000 --> 03:13:30,100
about information management. 
Organizing data isn't just about

3353
03:13:30,100 --> 03:13:32,500
storage. 
It's about enabling action. 

3354
03:13:32,500 --> 03:13:36,000
A tax records sitting in an 
archive doesn't do anything. 

3355
03:13:36,900 --> 03:13:40,300
But when an official needs to 
assess this year's taxes and can

3356
03:13:40,300 --> 03:13:43,900
quickly consult last year's 
assessment, suddenly that 

3357
03:13:43,900 --> 03:13:46,000
archived data becomes 
actionable. 

3358
03:13:46,800 --> 03:13:50,100
The value isn't in having the 
information it's in being able 

3359
03:13:50,100 --> 03:13:53,800
to retrieve and use it when 
needed. this Insight underlies, 

3360
03:13:53,800 --> 03:13:57,100
every database, every search 
engine, and every information 

3361
03:13:57,100 --> 03:14:01,600
system we've built since Google 
isn't valuable because it stores

3362
03:14:01,600 --> 03:14:04,100
web pages, plenty of service do 
that. 

3363
03:14:04,100 --> 03:14:07,600
It's valuable because it can 
find the specific webpage. 

3364
03:14:07,600 --> 03:14:10,200
You need among billions of 
options in fractions of a 

3365
03:14:10,208 --> 03:14:13,200
second. 
The Egyptian archives worked on 

3366
03:14:13,208 --> 03:14:16,900
the same principle. 
Just slower and with Papyrus and

3367
03:14:16,900 --> 03:14:21,200
of servers the Egyptians all. 
So developed conventions for how

3368
03:14:21,200 --> 03:14:25,600
to reference other documents, 
When one text cited another, it 

3369
03:14:25,600 --> 03:14:30,000
would include identifying 
information, author title, and 

3370
03:14:30,000 --> 03:14:33,900
sometimes even the specific 
section this created a network 

3371
03:14:33,900 --> 03:14:36,700
of cross-references that, lets 
Scholars Trace ideas across 

3372
03:14:36,700 --> 03:14:40,400
multiple sources. 
It's the ancient predecessor to 

3373
03:14:40,408 --> 03:14:43,200
footnotes citations and 
hyperlinks. 

3374
03:14:43,800 --> 03:14:47,400
The same intellectual technology
that lets you verify claims and 

3375
03:14:47,400 --> 03:14:50,800
follow arguments back to their 
sources was being used by 

3376
03:14:50,800 --> 03:14:54,500
Egyptian priests Consulting, 
medical texts 3,000 years ago. 

3377
03:14:55,500 --> 03:14:59,100
There's a particular type of 
document called a palimpsest, a 

3378
03:14:59,100 --> 03:15:02,200
manuscript where the original 
text was scraped off and the 

3379
03:15:02,200 --> 03:15:06,200
surface reused for new writing. 
Papyrus was expensive. 

3380
03:15:06,200 --> 03:15:09,800
So sometimes older texts were 
erased and written over. 

3381
03:15:10,700 --> 03:15:13,300
This was practical but 
occasionally tragic. 

3382
03:15:14,300 --> 03:15:16,500
Some classical Works survived, 
only as faint. 

3383
03:15:16,500 --> 03:15:20,600
Traces, underneath medieval 
religious, techs, The Egyptians 

3384
03:15:20,600 --> 03:15:23,300
did this too, though. 
Usually with Australia rather 

3385
03:15:23,300 --> 03:15:26,300
than papyrus. 
Shows the tension between 

3386
03:15:26,300 --> 03:15:30,000
preserving information and the 
Practical cost of preservation 

3387
03:15:30,000 --> 03:15:33,300
attention, that still exists in 
the digital age. 

3388
03:15:33,300 --> 03:15:36,100
When server space isn't 
infinite, and someone has to 

3389
03:15:36,100 --> 03:15:39,300
decide what's worth. 
Keeping the concept of a fish 

3390
03:15:39,300 --> 03:15:40,800
will records. 
That have legal Authority. 

3391
03:15:40,800 --> 03:15:45,300
Also comes from Egyptian 
administrative practice. if 

3392
03:15:45,300 --> 03:15:48,200
something was written down in an
official context by an 

3393
03:15:48,200 --> 03:15:52,200
authorized scribe it became 
legally binding truth, This 

3394
03:15:52,200 --> 03:15:56,200
created enormous power for those
who controlled the records, if 

3395
03:15:56,200 --> 03:15:59,100
you could edit the archives you 
could edit reality. 

3396
03:15:59,100 --> 03:16:03,100
Some pharaohs literally erase 
their predecessors from history 

3397
03:16:03,100 --> 03:16:06,700
by chiseling, their names of 
monuments and removing them from

3398
03:16:06,700 --> 03:16:10,500
King lists. 
This practice called dimascio, 

3399
03:16:10,500 --> 03:16:15,000
Memoria was later adopted by the
Romans and has echoes in every 

3400
03:16:15,000 --> 03:16:18,300
authoritarian regime that's 
tried to rewrite history by 

3401
03:16:18,300 --> 03:16:21,900
controlling the archives. 
But it also created a 

3402
03:16:21,900 --> 03:16:25,100
countability. 
If officials knew their actions 

3403
03:16:25,100 --> 03:16:28,100
were being recorded, they were 
more likely to follow proper 

3404
03:16:28,100 --> 03:16:31,200
procedures. 
Citizens knew they could appeal 

3405
03:16:31,200 --> 03:16:34,000
to return law rather than 
arbitrary judgment. 

3406
03:16:34,000 --> 03:16:36,100
They had records against 
Injustice. 

3407
03:16:37,100 --> 03:16:40,100
The existence of organized 
accessible records made 

3408
03:16:40,100 --> 03:16:42,000
governance more transparent and 
predictable. 

3409
03:16:43,300 --> 03:16:46,500
Not perfectly Corruption of 
favoritism, still existed. 

3410
03:16:47,300 --> 03:16:50,700
But better than systems, based 
purely on personal power and 

3411
03:16:50,700 --> 03:16:53,000
memory. 
The Egyptian model of 

3412
03:16:53,000 --> 03:16:56,400
organizational systems extended 
Beyond documents to physical 

3413
03:16:56,400 --> 03:16:59,500
objects. 
Museum collections follow 

3414
03:16:59,500 --> 03:17:02,200
organizational principles 
established by Temple. 

3415
03:17:02,200 --> 03:17:05,300
Treasuries. 
Warehouse inventory systems 

3416
03:17:05,300 --> 03:17:07,400
descend from grain storage 
management. 

3417
03:17:08,300 --> 03:17:11,700
Even your kitchen cabinets. 
Organized by category with 

3418
03:17:11,700 --> 03:17:15,500
labels on containers. 
Follow the same basic logic. 

3419
03:17:16,400 --> 03:17:19,900
Group similar items together, 
mark them clearly and put 

3420
03:17:19,900 --> 03:17:22,900
everything in a consistent 
location so you can find it 

3421
03:17:22,900 --> 03:17:27,300
again, this might seem mundane 
but it's not organization is 

3422
03:17:27,300 --> 03:17:31,400
what allows complexity to scale.
You can manage a few dozen 

3423
03:17:31,400 --> 03:17:34,700
Scrolls through personal memory.
You can't manage thousands 

3424
03:17:34,700 --> 03:17:38,600
without a systematic approach. 
The Egyptians figured out how to

3425
03:17:38,600 --> 03:17:41,600
manage complexity through 
organization and every 

3426
03:17:41,600 --> 03:17:45,400
subsequent civilization, that 
achieved any scale has had to 

3427
03:17:45,400 --> 03:17:48,300
learn the same lesson. 
There's something deeply 

3428
03:17:48,300 --> 03:17:50,600
satisfying about a 
well-organized system, isn't 

3429
03:17:50,600 --> 03:17:52,500
there? 
Whether it's a cleanly 

3430
03:17:52,500 --> 03:17:57,200
structured database, a properly,
alphabetize bookshelf, or just a

3431
03:17:57,208 --> 03:17:59,700
filing cabinet, where you can 
actually find things 

3432
03:17:59,700 --> 03:18:04,200
organization, creates a sense of
control, over chaos, the 

3433
03:18:04,200 --> 03:18:08,900
Egyptians felt this too, For 
them, Mart the concept of order 

3434
03:18:08,900 --> 03:18:12,900
truth and Cosmic Harmony was the
foundation of civilization. 

3435
03:18:14,100 --> 03:18:18,900
Chaos was the enemy organization
was sacred this belief that 

3436
03:18:18,900 --> 03:18:22,108
order should be created and 
maintained that chaos should be 

3437
03:18:22,116 --> 03:18:24,000
resisted through. 
Systematic effort. 

3438
03:18:24,000 --> 03:18:27,000
That information should be 
preserved and made accessible. 

3439
03:18:27,000 --> 03:18:30,900
These are Egyptian values that 
have become so Universal, we 

3440
03:18:30,900 --> 03:18:33,000
don't even recognize them as 
choices anymore. 

3441
03:18:33,900 --> 03:18:36,800
We just assume that important 
information should be organized 

3442
03:18:36,800 --> 03:18:39,100
and preserved. 
We take it for granted. 

3443
03:18:39,100 --> 03:18:41,900
That there should be systems for
finding what we need when we 

3444
03:18:41,900 --> 03:18:44,500
need it. 
But these aren't natural laws 

3445
03:18:44,500 --> 03:18:48,000
their cultural choices decisions
that are civilization makes 

3446
03:18:48,000 --> 03:18:50,700
about how to handle the problem 
of accumulating knowledge. 

3447
03:18:51,500 --> 03:18:52,900
The Egyptians made those 
choices. 

3448
03:18:52,900 --> 03:18:56,900
Consciously build institutions 
around them and transmitted the 

3449
03:18:56,900 --> 03:18:59,600
results down through the 
centuries until filing cabinets,

3450
03:18:59,600 --> 03:19:02,900
and search, algorithms became 
normal parts of human life. 

3451
03:19:03,800 --> 03:19:06,400
So the next time your searching 
for a document in a filing 

3452
03:19:06,400 --> 03:19:10,000
system where the physical or 
digital appreciate the long 

3453
03:19:10,000 --> 03:19:14,000
tradition your participating in 
Some one has to decide how to 

3454
03:19:14,000 --> 03:19:18,100
organize information how to 
label categories and how to make

3455
03:19:18,100 --> 03:19:21,800
retrieval possible. 
The Egyptians did this work, 

3456
03:19:21,800 --> 03:19:25,000
thousands of years ago and 
you're still benefiting from 

3457
03:19:25,000 --> 03:19:28,600
their organizational Innovations
every time you find what you're 

3458
03:19:28,600 --> 03:19:32,000
looking for without having to 
search through random piles of 

3459
03:19:32,008 --> 03:19:34,800
Chaos. 
Which honestly is a bigger gift 

3460
03:19:34,808 --> 03:19:38,700
than any pyramid. 
You visit a doctor, they examine

3461
03:19:38,700 --> 03:19:42,500
you ask about symptoms, maybe 
run some tests, then diagnose, 

3462
03:19:42,500 --> 03:19:44,000
your condition and prescribed 
treatment. 

3463
03:19:45,100 --> 03:19:48,700
This seems like a completely 
modern scientific process, but 

3464
03:19:48,700 --> 03:19:52,200
its structure is ancient. 
The Egyptians were among the 

3465
03:19:52,200 --> 03:19:56,300
first to approach medicine as a 
systematic practice rather than 

3466
03:19:56,300 --> 03:20:00,300
pure magic or prayer and the 
framework, they established 

3467
03:20:00,300 --> 03:20:04,700
observed diagnose, treat Remains
the foundation of medical 

3468
03:20:04,700 --> 03:20:07,600
practice today. 
The Edwin Smith Papyrus 

3469
03:20:07,600 --> 03:20:10,800
mentioned earlier, is the early 
known surgical text. 

3470
03:20:10,800 --> 03:20:13,500
It describes injuries from head 
to foot. 

3471
03:20:13,500 --> 03:20:17,400
In organized detail, for each 
case, it provides a title. 

3472
03:20:18,400 --> 03:20:21,600
Instructions, concerning a 
gaping wound in his head. 

3473
03:20:22,500 --> 03:20:25,800
Examination steps. 
If you examine a man, having a 

3474
03:20:25,800 --> 03:20:30,200
gaping wound, diagnosis. 
You should say concerning him 

3475
03:20:30,200 --> 03:20:32,400
one. 
Having a gaping wound in his 

3476
03:20:32,400 --> 03:20:34,500
head. 
Penetrating to the Bone, 

3477
03:20:34,500 --> 03:20:38,200
Perforating the suits of his 
skull and treatment 

3478
03:20:38,200 --> 03:20:41,200
recommendations. 
You should bind it with fresh 

3479
03:20:41,200 --> 03:20:44,100
meat, the first day. 
And after a treat with grease, 

3480
03:20:44,100 --> 03:20:48,600
honey and lint every day until 
he recovers This is 

3481
03:20:48,608 --> 03:20:50,700
recognizable, medical 
documentation. 

3482
03:20:51,600 --> 03:20:54,400
Modern clinical case notes 
follow, essentially the same 

3483
03:20:54,400 --> 03:20:59,600
structure, Chief complaint 
examination findings, diagnosis 

3484
03:20:59,600 --> 03:21:03,200
and treatment plan. 
The Egyptians weren't always 

3485
03:21:03,200 --> 03:21:06,200
correct in their theories. 
They thought the heart was the 

3486
03:21:06,200 --> 03:21:09,500
center of thought and emotion 
for instance but their 

3487
03:21:09,500 --> 03:21:11,500
methodological approach was 
sound. 

3488
03:21:12,200 --> 03:21:15,600
Systematic, observation leads to
better outcomes than random 

3489
03:21:15,600 --> 03:21:19,200
intervention. 
They also specialized there were

3490
03:21:19,208 --> 03:21:22,900
General Physicians but also 
specialists in eyes, stomachs 

3491
03:21:22,900 --> 03:21:25,800
teeth and other specific body 
systems. 

3492
03:21:26,800 --> 03:21:30,800
The Greek historian Herodotus 
writing in the 5th Century BCE 

3493
03:21:30,800 --> 03:21:35,200
noted, with some of amazing that
Egyptian medicine was divided. 

3494
03:21:35,200 --> 03:21:38,800
Each physician Is A Healer of 
one disease and no more. 

3495
03:21:39,800 --> 03:21:42,900
This specialization allowed 
practitioners to develop deep 

3496
03:21:42,900 --> 03:21:47,100
expertise in particular, areas. 
Your modern Medical Specialists,

3497
03:21:47,100 --> 03:21:49,700
cardiologist neurologists and 
orthopedists. 

3498
03:21:49,700 --> 03:21:53,700
A following an Egyptian 
organizational model Egyptian 

3499
03:21:53,700 --> 03:21:55,600
Dentistry was surprisingly 
Advanced. 

3500
03:21:55,600 --> 03:22:00,300
Mummy show evidence of dental 
work including fillings Bridges 

3501
03:22:00,300 --> 03:22:02,200
and attempts at tooth 
extraction. 

3502
03:22:03,100 --> 03:22:06,300
Some skulls show signs of dental
abscesses that were drained 

3503
03:22:06,300 --> 03:22:10,800
surgically. dental disease was 
common in ancient Egypt, partly 

3504
03:22:10,800 --> 03:22:15,000
because the bread contained grit
from Stone grinding wheels which

3505
03:22:15,100 --> 03:22:19,300
wore down teeth prematurely But 
the fact that people sought 

3506
03:22:19,300 --> 03:22:23,100
treatment and received it rather
than just suffering until the 

3507
03:22:23,100 --> 03:22:26,600
tooth fell out or they died from
infection shows, a fairly 

3508
03:22:26,600 --> 03:22:28,700
sophisticated approach to oral 
health. 

3509
03:22:29,700 --> 03:22:32,600
They understood surgery to a 
degree that seems remarkable 

3510
03:22:32,600 --> 03:22:37,000
given their tools. 
Circumcision was practiced skull

3511
03:22:37,000 --> 03:22:39,600
trepanation drilling holes in 
the skull was performed. 

3512
03:22:39,600 --> 03:22:43,600
Sometimes successfully. 
There's evidence of Lima, 

3513
03:22:43,600 --> 03:22:47,200
amputations that healed 
suggesting the patience of the 

3514
03:22:47,200 --> 03:22:49,900
procedure and the subsequent 
recovery period. 

3515
03:22:50,900 --> 03:22:54,400
This required, not just surgical
skill, but also understanding of

3516
03:22:54,400 --> 03:22:57,600
infection prevention, Wound Care
and Pain Management. 

3517
03:22:58,600 --> 03:23:01,400
For pain management. 
They used opium poppies, which 

3518
03:23:01,400 --> 03:23:03,000
grow in the Mediterranean 
region. 

3519
03:23:03,800 --> 03:23:08,300
They also used Willow Bart which
contains salicylic acid the 

3520
03:23:08,300 --> 03:23:11,300
active ingredient in Aspirin. 
They didn't understand the 

3521
03:23:11,300 --> 03:23:14,600
chemistry, but they recognized 
through observation that the 

3522
03:23:14,600 --> 03:23:19,500
substances helped with pain and 
inflammation. this empirical 

3523
03:23:19,500 --> 03:23:23,900
approach trying things noting 
what works and using it even 

3524
03:23:23,900 --> 03:23:28,100
without understanding why Is how
most medicine progressed until 

3525
03:23:28,100 --> 03:23:32,400
the modern era. 
The ebers Papyrus, another 

3526
03:23:32,400 --> 03:23:37,200
important medical texts from 
around 1550 BCE contains over 

3527
03:23:37,200 --> 03:23:39,600
700 remedies for various 
ailments. 

3528
03:23:40,500 --> 03:23:42,600
Some are effective, some are 
useless. 

3529
03:23:42,600 --> 03:23:46,800
And some are actively harmful by
modern standards. but the 

3530
03:23:46,800 --> 03:23:49,900
document shows systematic 
cataloging of medical knowledge 

3531
03:23:50,700 --> 03:23:52,700
Each remedy is described in 
detail. 

3532
03:23:52,700 --> 03:23:57,400
What ingredients to use, what 
proportions, how to prepare the 

3533
03:23:57,400 --> 03:24:02,200
mixer and how to administer it. 
This is early farmer ecology. 

3534
03:24:02,200 --> 03:24:05,600
The beginning of the idea that 
medicine should be standardized 

3535
03:24:05,600 --> 03:24:09,600
and reproducible rather than 
varying, by practitioner whim. 

3536
03:24:10,500 --> 03:24:13,600
Egyptian Physicians, understood 
that the heart pumped blood 

3537
03:24:13,600 --> 03:24:15,400
through vessels to the rest of 
the body. 

3538
03:24:16,200 --> 03:24:19,600
They couldn't fully explain the 
cardiovascular system that 

3539
03:24:19,600 --> 03:24:23,300
understanding came much later, 
but they recognized that pulse 

3540
03:24:23,300 --> 03:24:26,900
was related to heart function 
and that disruptions in pulse, 

3541
03:24:26,900 --> 03:24:29,500
often indicated problems 
elsewhere in the body. 

3542
03:24:30,600 --> 03:24:34,200
Taking a patient's pulse became 
a standard diagnostic technique,

3543
03:24:34,200 --> 03:24:37,600
one that your doctor still 
performs today with more 

3544
03:24:37,600 --> 03:24:40,500
sophisticated understanding but 
the same basic gesture. 

3545
03:24:41,100 --> 03:24:44,800
They recognize the importance of
cleanliness and hygiene even if 

3546
03:24:44,800 --> 03:24:46,500
they didn't understand germ 
Theory. 

3547
03:24:47,300 --> 03:24:50,700
Priests who often served as 
Physicians underwent regular 

3548
03:24:50,700 --> 03:24:54,600
purification rituals, including 
washing and shaving body hair. 

3549
03:24:55,500 --> 03:24:57,200
Medical instruments were 
cleaned. 

3550
03:24:57,200 --> 03:24:59,900
Wounds were bandaged with clean 
linen. 

3551
03:25:00,500 --> 03:25:03,900
These practices were partly 
religious, maintaining Purity 

3552
03:25:03,900 --> 03:25:07,400
for ritual reasons, but they had
a practical health benefits as 

3553
03:25:07,400 --> 03:25:09,600
well. 
The concept of a medical 

3554
03:25:09,600 --> 03:25:12,500
professional with ethical 
standards also originates in 

3555
03:25:12,500 --> 03:25:15,000
Egypt. 
Physicians, were trained in 

3556
03:25:15,000 --> 03:25:18,700
houses of Life tested on their 
knowledge and held to standards 

3557
03:25:18,700 --> 03:25:21,400
of conduct. 
The oath of him attack 

3558
03:25:21,400 --> 03:25:24,100
attributed to the deified 
architect and for physician 

3559
03:25:24,100 --> 03:25:26,600
predates. 
The better known Hippocratic 

3560
03:25:26,600 --> 03:25:29,700
Oath in contains similar, 
ethical commitments. 

3561
03:25:30,500 --> 03:25:33,100
The idea that medical 
practitioners should have formal

3562
03:25:33,100 --> 03:25:37,000
training demonstrate competence 
and adhere to ethical 

3563
03:25:37,000 --> 03:25:40,300
principles. 
This is Egyptian in origin and 

3564
03:25:40,300 --> 03:25:42,100
remains Central to Medical 
Practice. 

3565
03:25:42,100 --> 03:25:45,900
Worldwide imitate himself is a 
fascinating figure. 

3566
03:25:45,900 --> 03:25:49,500
He was the architect to design, 
the step pyramid, at saqqara, 

3567
03:25:49,500 --> 03:25:52,700
the first large-scale, stone 
building in Egypt. 

3568
03:25:53,600 --> 03:25:56,400
But he was also a physician of 
such skill that he was 

3569
03:25:56,400 --> 03:25:59,300
eventually deified and 
worshiped, as a god of medicine,

3570
03:25:59,300 --> 03:26:03,800
temples to imitate function as 
Healing Centers were sick. 

3571
03:26:03,800 --> 03:26:06,600
People would come to sleep in 
the hope of receiving, Curative 

3572
03:26:06,600 --> 03:26:09,900
dreams, or visions. 
This might seem like pure 

3573
03:26:09,900 --> 03:26:13,800
Superstition but consider a 
place where sick people could 

3574
03:26:13,800 --> 03:26:18,700
rest receive care eat, regular 
meals, and have their symptoms 

3575
03:26:18,700 --> 03:26:22,600
monitored by knowledgeable 
practitioners, that's basically 

3576
03:26:22,600 --> 03:26:25,400
a hospital. 
Even if the theoretical 

3577
03:26:25,400 --> 03:26:30,600
justification involved divine 
intervention, The Egyptians also

3578
03:26:30,600 --> 03:26:32,800
understood the importance of 
diet in health. 

3579
03:26:33,700 --> 03:26:36,700
Medical texts. 
Prescribes specific foods, for 

3580
03:26:36,700 --> 03:26:40,300
various conditions, they 
recognize that some illnesses 

3581
03:26:40,300 --> 03:26:43,600
were caused by eating spoiled 
food or contaminated water. 

3582
03:26:44,500 --> 03:26:47,300
They understood that proper 
nutritional aided recovery from 

3583
03:26:47,300 --> 03:26:51,000
illness or injury. 
The modern concept of preventive

3584
03:26:51,000 --> 03:26:54,800
medicine maintaining Health 
through proper diet, exercise, 

3585
03:26:54,800 --> 03:26:58,100
and lifestyle, rather than just 
treating disease after it 

3586
03:26:58,100 --> 03:27:01,000
appears. 
As ancient prison in Egyptian 

3587
03:27:01,000 --> 03:27:04,400
medical thinking, Their 
anatomical knowledge while 

3588
03:27:04,400 --> 03:27:07,700
limited by the lack of 
systematic, dissection was still

3589
03:27:07,700 --> 03:27:10,800
impressive. 
Mummification and provided 

3590
03:27:10,800 --> 03:27:13,200
opportunities to observe 
internal organs. 

3591
03:27:13,200 --> 03:27:17,100
Even if the religious context of
the procedure limited scientific

3592
03:27:17,100 --> 03:27:21,200
inquiry The brain was discarded 
as unimportant. 

3593
03:27:21,200 --> 03:27:24,300
Again, they thought the heart 
was the seat of consciousness. 

3594
03:27:25,300 --> 03:27:28,700
But other organs were carefully 
preserved and their functions at

3595
03:27:28,700 --> 03:27:32,800
least partially understood. 
Egyptian Ophthalmology was 

3596
03:27:32,800 --> 03:27:36,200
particularly advanced. 
Eye diseases were common in 

3597
03:27:36,208 --> 03:27:38,900
Egypt, due to the bright Sun, 
dust, and flies. 

3598
03:27:38,900 --> 03:27:42,200
So I Specialists of treatments 
that actually worked. 

3599
03:27:42,900 --> 03:27:46,000
They used copper salts to 
prevent eye infections practice 

3600
03:27:46,000 --> 03:27:49,200
surgery for cataracts and 
understood that some vision 

3601
03:27:49,200 --> 03:27:51,900
problems could be corrected with
magnifying lenses. 

3602
03:27:53,200 --> 03:27:56,600
The basic eye examination, 
testing visual Acuity. 

3603
03:27:56,600 --> 03:28:00,600
Checking for cloudiness or 
inflammation examining the 

3604
03:28:00,600 --> 03:28:04,300
pupils response to light has 
changed very little since 

3605
03:28:04,300 --> 03:28:07,200
ancient times. 
The transmission of Egyptian. 

3606
03:28:07,200 --> 03:28:10,700
Medical knowledge in Florence 
Greek medicine, which in turn 

3607
03:28:10,700 --> 03:28:14,100
influenced Roman medicine, which
formed the foundation of 

3608
03:28:14,100 --> 03:28:17,800
medieval European medicine which
eventually evolved into modern 

3609
03:28:17,800 --> 03:28:20,300
medicine. 
This is a direct line of 

3610
03:28:20,300 --> 03:28:22,600
Transmissions spanning thousands
of years. 

3611
03:28:23,700 --> 03:28:27,700
When Galen the famous Roman 
physician organized medical 

3612
03:28:27,700 --> 03:28:29,600
knowledge in the second century 
CE. 

3613
03:28:29,600 --> 03:28:33,900
He was building on Greek sources
that had Incorporated Egyptian 

3614
03:28:33,900 --> 03:28:37,300
practices. 
His work remained authorized in 

3615
03:28:37,300 --> 03:28:40,600
Europe until the Renaissance, 
which means Egyptian medical. 

3616
03:28:40,600 --> 03:28:44,500
Concepts influenced Western 
medicine for over 1500 years. 

3617
03:28:44,500 --> 03:28:49,200
After the Egyptian civilization 
itself had ended What the 

3618
03:28:49,200 --> 03:28:53,000
Egyptians gave us ultimately was
the model of medicine. 

3619
03:28:53,000 --> 03:28:57,500
As a learned profession based 
on, systematic observation, and 

3620
03:28:57,500 --> 03:29:00,500
documented knowledge, rather 
than just traditional an 

3621
03:29:00,500 --> 03:29:03,500
improvisation. 
They were not always right about

3622
03:29:03,500 --> 03:29:05,800
mechanisms, nobody was until 
quite recently. 

3623
03:29:05,800 --> 03:29:10,300
But their methodological 
approach was sound, observe 

3624
03:29:10,300 --> 03:29:12,900
symptoms. 
Carefully consult previous 

3625
03:29:12,900 --> 03:29:17,400
cases, try treatment 
systematically record results, 

3626
03:29:17,400 --> 03:29:19,500
share knowledge, with other 
practitioners. 

3627
03:29:19,500 --> 03:29:23,100
This is how medical progress 
happens, and the Egyptians were 

3628
03:29:23,100 --> 03:29:26,500
among the first do it this way. 
So, the next time, you're 

3629
03:29:26,500 --> 03:29:29,200
sitting in a doctor's office, 
being examined and diagnosed and

3630
03:29:29,200 --> 03:29:32,500
treated, remember that the 
structure of that interaction is

3631
03:29:32,500 --> 03:29:36,700
ancient The specific tools and 
knowledge of improved 

3632
03:29:36,700 --> 03:29:40,800
enormously, but the basic 
framework, the idea that illness

3633
03:29:40,800 --> 03:29:43,900
should be studied categorized 
and treated systematically by 

3634
03:29:43,900 --> 03:29:46,400
trained. 
Professionals comes from people 

3635
03:29:46,400 --> 03:29:49,700
who practice medicine in the 
shadows of pyramids. 4,000 years

3636
03:29:49,708 --> 03:29:51,300
ago, they didn't cure 
everything. 

3637
03:29:51,300 --> 03:29:54,700
Neither do we But they 
established. 

3638
03:29:54,700 --> 03:29:57,400
The healing should be pursued 
through knowledge rather than 

3639
03:29:57,400 --> 03:30:00,000
just hope. 
And that might be their most 

3640
03:30:00,000 --> 03:30:04,100
enduring Legacy beyond all The 
Monuments and artifacts your 

3641
03:30:04,100 --> 03:30:06,100
lying in bed. 
Now, perhaps a bit closer to 

3642
03:30:06,100 --> 03:30:09,100
sleep than when we started. 
The room is quiet. 

3643
03:30:09,100 --> 03:30:13,000
The days tasks are done or at 
least postponed until tomorrow. 

3644
03:30:13,000 --> 03:30:16,500
You've just spent an hour 
hearing about ancient Egypt, but

3645
03:30:16,500 --> 03:30:20,300
really, you've been hearing 
about yourself. about the world,

3646
03:30:20,300 --> 03:30:24,800
you inhabit, the systems, you 
use, and the concepts you take 

3647
03:30:24,800 --> 03:30:28,500
for granted the connection 
between ancient Egypt and your 

3648
03:30:28,500 --> 03:30:31,800
Modern Life isn't some tenuous 
academic exercise. 

3649
03:30:31,800 --> 03:30:36,100
Its direct persistent and 
visible everywhere. 

3650
03:30:36,100 --> 03:30:40,100
If you know where to look, You 
tell time using a system, they 

3651
03:30:40,100 --> 03:30:43,000
invented. 
Your work in buildings, inspired

3652
03:30:43,000 --> 03:30:46,100
by their architecture, you 
benefit from governmental 

3653
03:30:46,100 --> 03:30:49,300
bureaucracies, they pioneered, 
you symbols. 

3654
03:30:49,300 --> 03:30:52,800
They created the organized 
information using principles, 

3655
03:30:52,800 --> 03:30:56,300
they established You receive 
Medical Care based on 

3656
03:30:56,308 --> 03:30:57,900
methodologies. 
They developed. 

3657
03:30:58,800 --> 03:31:01,600
Pharaohs are not distant 
historical Curiosities. 

3658
03:31:01,600 --> 03:31:04,500
There are architects of the 
infrastructure of civilization 

3659
03:31:04,500 --> 03:31:06,900
and you're still living inside 
what they built. 

3660
03:31:07,800 --> 03:31:10,300
This is the Strange Magic of 
human culture. 

3661
03:31:10,300 --> 03:31:14,200
Ideas. 
Persist Technologies, get 

3662
03:31:14,200 --> 03:31:18,400
refined Innovations, compound 
across Generations. 

3663
03:31:19,400 --> 03:31:21,700
People who first divided the 
year into months couldn't have 

3664
03:31:21,700 --> 03:31:25,500
imagined digital calendars but 
those calendars still use the 

3665
03:31:25,500 --> 03:31:27,400
fundamental structure they 
created. 

3666
03:31:28,200 --> 03:31:30,700
The workers who dragged 
Limestone blocks across the 

3667
03:31:30,700 --> 03:31:33,300
desert. 
Couldn't have imagined steel and

3668
03:31:33,300 --> 03:31:36,900
glass skyscrapers. 
But those skyscrapers use 

3669
03:31:36,900 --> 03:31:40,000
psychological principles of 
height and symmetry that 

3670
03:31:40,000 --> 03:31:41,900
pyramid. 
Builders understood intuitively.

3671
03:31:42,900 --> 03:31:46,400
Cultural transmission is messy 
ideas, get distorted, 

3672
03:31:46,400 --> 03:31:50,200
misunderstood reinvented and 
combined with other ideas from 

3673
03:31:50,200 --> 03:31:53,300
other places. 
The Egyptians didn't directly 

3674
03:31:53,300 --> 03:31:56,100
design your office, building, or
write your medical textbooks. 

3675
03:31:57,000 --> 03:32:00,500
But they established template 
created Frameworks and 

3676
03:32:00,500 --> 03:32:04,100
demonstrated possibilities that 
subsequent civilizations built 

3677
03:32:04,100 --> 03:32:06,900
upon. 
Each generation adds layers, 

3678
03:32:06,900 --> 03:32:11,000
makes modifications and adapts 
to new contexts, but the 

3679
03:32:11,000 --> 03:32:14,600
foundation remains recognizable.
There's something profoundly 

3680
03:32:14,600 --> 03:32:19,300
human about this continuity. 
We are all of us building on 

3681
03:32:19,300 --> 03:32:22,200
what came before. 
Nobody starts from scratch. 

3682
03:32:22,200 --> 03:32:26,000
Even the most revolutionary 
Innovations are a combination of

3683
03:32:26,000 --> 03:32:29,300
existing ideas. 
The Pharaohs looked at the Nile 

3684
03:32:29,300 --> 03:32:33,000
flooding and created calendars. 
We looked at their calendars and

3685
03:32:33,000 --> 03:32:36,700
created time zones. 
Someone will look at our times 

3686
03:32:36,700 --> 03:32:38,400
zones and create something we 
can't yet. 

3687
03:32:38,400 --> 03:32:43,100
Imagine But the thread connects 
as all people solving human 

3688
03:32:43,100 --> 03:32:47,200
problems using Humanity, each 
solution becoming the foundation

3689
03:32:47,200 --> 03:32:49,400
for the next generation's 
achievements. 

3690
03:32:50,100 --> 03:32:52,800
The Egyptian obsession with 
permanents turns out to have 

3691
03:32:52,800 --> 03:32:55,200
been Justified. 
Just not in the way they 

3692
03:32:55,200 --> 03:32:58,200
expected. 
They wanted their name to last 

3693
03:32:58,200 --> 03:33:03,800
forever and many did Khufu. 
Ramesses had ships suit and 

3694
03:33:03,800 --> 03:33:08,600
Akinator But more importantly, 
there are ideas lasted their 

3695
03:33:08,600 --> 03:33:11,800
techniques lasted. 
They're innovation's became so 

3696
03:33:11,800 --> 03:33:15,100
thoroughly integrated into human
civilization that their 

3697
03:33:15,100 --> 03:33:17,200
invisible like the air you 
breathe. 

3698
03:33:17,900 --> 03:33:20,700
You don't think about calendars 
being invented because they've 

3699
03:33:20,700 --> 03:33:23,900
always been there in your 
experience, but someone invented

3700
03:33:23,900 --> 03:33:27,200
them, refined them and passed 
them along until they reached 

3701
03:33:27,200 --> 03:33:29,700
you. 
This is the real immortality. 

3702
03:33:29,700 --> 03:33:33,500
The Pharaohs achieved. 
Not personal survival in some 

3703
03:33:33,500 --> 03:33:35,700
afterlife. 
Of the survival of their 

3704
03:33:35,700 --> 03:33:37,100
contributions, to human 
knowledge. 

3705
03:33:37,900 --> 03:33:40,900
Every time you check what day it
is, they live. 

3706
03:33:41,600 --> 03:33:44,100
Every time you walk into a 
building with columns, they 

3707
03:33:44,100 --> 03:33:48,600
live, every time information is 
filed and retrieved, they live 

3708
03:33:48,600 --> 03:33:51,300
every time. 
A doctor examines a patient 

3709
03:33:51,300 --> 03:33:52,500
systematically. 
They live. 

3710
03:33:53,400 --> 03:33:55,900
These aren't the dramatic forms 
of immortality. 

3711
03:33:55,900 --> 03:34:00,300
Ancient texts promise. 
No souls sailing across the sky 

3712
03:34:00,300 --> 03:34:03,000
in a solar barque, but their 
real, in a way. 

3713
03:34:03,008 --> 03:34:05,000
Those religious promises never 
were. 

3714
03:34:05,000 --> 03:34:09,900
You are carrying ancient Egypt 
forward, not consciously, not 

3715
03:34:09,900 --> 03:34:14,500
deliberately, but inevitably, 
The systems you use the 

3716
03:34:14,500 --> 03:34:17,200
concepts. 
You think with the solutions to 

3717
03:34:17,200 --> 03:34:20,500
problems that seem Universal but
are actually cultural 

3718
03:34:20,500 --> 03:34:22,900
inventions. 
These are gifts from people who 

3719
03:34:22,900 --> 03:34:26,200
died Millennia ago, but whose 
work remains stubbornly useful 

3720
03:34:26,900 --> 03:34:29,900
They solved problems that are 
still problems, they asked 

3721
03:34:29,900 --> 03:34:33,100
questions that are still 
questions, they found answers 

3722
03:34:33,100 --> 03:34:36,100
that are still answers or at 
least still the starting points 

3723
03:34:36,100 --> 03:34:39,400
from which better answers can be
discovered. think about what 

3724
03:34:39,400 --> 03:34:43,400
this means for your own work, 
your own life what you create 

3725
03:34:43,400 --> 03:34:46,500
what you build and what you 
contribute might Outlast you in 

3726
03:34:46,500 --> 03:34:49,200
ways, you can't predict Not your
name. 

3727
03:34:49,200 --> 03:34:53,300
Necessarily most of us won't be 
remembered personally, but your 

3728
03:34:53,300 --> 03:34:56,500
contributions to the collective 
human project of figuring things

3729
03:34:56,500 --> 03:34:59,500
out. 
The teacher Who develops a 

3730
03:34:59,500 --> 03:35:01,300
better way to explain difficult 
Concepts. 

3731
03:35:02,200 --> 03:35:05,800
The programmer, who writes more 
elegant code, the administrator 

3732
03:35:05,800 --> 03:35:09,400
who streamlines a process, the 
parent who raises thoughtful 

3733
03:35:09,400 --> 03:35:12,300
children. 
These contributions Ripple 

3734
03:35:12,300 --> 03:35:16,400
outward, get adopted, get 
refined and get passed along 

3735
03:35:16,400 --> 03:35:18,200
until this severed from their 
Origins. 

3736
03:35:18,200 --> 03:35:22,400
But still present in the world. 
The Pharos wanted Glory, they 

3737
03:35:22,400 --> 03:35:25,700
got infrastructure, they wanted 
worship, they got bureaucratic 

3738
03:35:25,700 --> 03:35:28,400
systems. 
They wanted their names to echo 

3739
03:35:28,400 --> 03:35:31,400
through eternity, they got 
calendar, reforms and 

3740
03:35:31,400 --> 03:35:34,800
Architectural principles. 
Maybe this is better than what 

3741
03:35:34,800 --> 03:35:39,400
they hoped for Glory Fades, 
worship ends and names of 

3742
03:35:39,400 --> 03:35:42,800
Forgotten. 
But useful ideas, persist 

3743
03:35:42,800 --> 03:35:45,800
because every generation 
rediscovers how useful they are.

3744
03:35:46,900 --> 03:35:50,200
There's a kind of immortality in
that in creating something. 

3745
03:35:50,200 --> 03:35:54,400
So practical, so fundamentally 
right, that it becomes invisible

3746
03:35:54,400 --> 03:35:57,500
through Ubiquiti. 
The Pharaohs are no longer 

3747
03:35:57,508 --> 03:36:01,700
worshiped but their gifts are 
used daily by billions of people

3748
03:36:01,700 --> 03:36:05,900
who've never heard their names 
that's influence on a scale. 

3749
03:36:05,900 --> 03:36:10,400
No conqueror ever achieved 
extending far beyond any 

3750
03:36:10,400 --> 03:36:14,800
Empire's borders, into the 
future itself. so, as you drift 

3751
03:36:14,800 --> 03:36:18,800
towards sleep, Carrying with you
thoughts of rivers and pyramids 

3752
03:36:18,800 --> 03:36:21,300
and ancient scribes working by 
Lamplight. 

3753
03:36:22,100 --> 03:36:26,300
Recognize that you're connected 
to, those people buy unbroken 

3754
03:36:26,300 --> 03:36:28,300
threads of innovation and 
transmission. 

3755
03:36:29,300 --> 03:36:31,500
They watch the Nile and learn to
predict it. 

3756
03:36:31,500 --> 03:36:34,500
You watch the calendar and plan 
your life around it. 

3757
03:36:35,300 --> 03:36:38,900
Different tools. 
Same fundamental human project, 

3758
03:36:38,900 --> 03:36:44,100
making sense of chaos, creating 
order and Building Systems that 

3759
03:36:44,100 --> 03:36:48,100
help life work better. 
Pharaoh still shape your world. 

3760
03:36:48,900 --> 03:36:53,200
Gently invisibly through the 
accumulated weight of thousands 

3761
03:36:53,200 --> 03:36:57,100
of small innovations that became
normal that became necessary 

3762
03:36:57,100 --> 03:37:00,700
that became the foundation upon 
which everything else was billed

3763
03:37:00,700 --> 03:37:03,900
there in your walls and your 
watches in your government and 

3764
03:37:03,900 --> 03:37:07,100
your Grammar in your hospitals 
and your habits of thought. 

3765
03:37:07,900 --> 03:37:11,100
They're not the distant past, 
they're the Deep foundation of 

3766
03:37:11,108 --> 03:37:14,000
the present. 
And tomorrow when you wake up 

3767
03:37:14,000 --> 03:37:17,100
and check what day it is, you 
can thank them for making that 

3768
03:37:17,100 --> 03:37:20,800
simple action possible. 
Now, sleep well, surrounded by 

3769
03:37:20,800 --> 03:37:24,600
their invisible gifts, in a 
world, they helped create could 

3770
03:37:24,600 --> 03:37:27,800
never have imagined. 
The calendar will still be there

3771
03:37:27,800 --> 03:37:31,500
in the morning, counting days. 
The way it has for 5000 years 

3772
03:37:31,500 --> 03:37:34,700
patient and persistent as the 
Nile in flood. 

3773
03:37:44,400 --> 03:37:48,100
Imagine Rome in 100 BC when the 
main concern was not your 

3774
03:37:48,100 --> 03:37:51,000
cholesterol or your mortgage but
rather whether or not The 

3775
03:37:51,000 --> 03:37:52,500
Barbarians would storm your 
city. 

3776
03:37:52,500 --> 03:37:56,300
Gates Gaius Julius, Caesar was 
born into this world but 

3777
03:37:56,300 --> 03:37:58,800
everyone just called him Julius 
because Romans loved their 

3778
03:37:58,800 --> 03:38:01,800
nicknames almost as much as they
loved conquering things. 

3779
03:38:02,500 --> 03:38:06,800
Now, you may picture a golden 
cradle with a baby Julius, born 

3780
03:38:06,800 --> 03:38:09,100
to be great. 
The problem with the Caesar 

3781
03:38:09,100 --> 03:38:11,900
family though is that they were 
similar to that relative of 

3782
03:38:11,900 --> 03:38:15,300
yours who constantly talks about
how great they were, but never 

3783
03:38:15,300 --> 03:38:16,800
quite lives up to their 
expectations. 

3784
03:38:16,800 --> 03:38:21,200
When you consider that half of 
Rome Divine ancestry, their 

3785
03:38:21,200 --> 03:38:24,000
claimed to be descended from. 
Venus herself seems impressive. 

3786
03:38:24,000 --> 03:38:27,100
Everybody seemed to have a well 
known ancestor listed on their 

3787
03:38:27,100 --> 03:38:30,700
LinkedIn profile. 
Sabra the neighborhood where 

3788
03:38:30,700 --> 03:38:33,400
Julius grew up was essentially 
the archetypal equivalent of a 

3789
03:38:33,400 --> 03:38:37,100
rough area of town with its 
winding streets, dubious odors. 

3790
03:38:37,100 --> 03:38:39,800
And the kind of nightlife your 
parents warned you about, 

3791
03:38:39,800 --> 03:38:43,600
imagine it as Rome's equivalent 
of the wrong side of the tracks.

3792
03:38:43,600 --> 03:38:47,500
However, for a young man with 
lofty aspirations it was the 

3793
03:38:47,500 --> 03:38:50,500
ideal setting for learning about
real people and real issues. 

3794
03:38:51,400 --> 03:38:54,300
Skills that would come in handy 
later when he had to interact 

3795
03:38:54,300 --> 03:38:57,600
with regular soldiers and 
civilians when he was younger, 

3796
03:38:57,600 --> 03:39:00,900
Julius was what we might kindly 
refer to as academically gifted.

3797
03:39:00,900 --> 03:39:04,500
But physically unimpressive 
Other Roman boys were learning 

3798
03:39:04,500 --> 03:39:07,800
to wrestle and swing swords. 
Julius was more interested in 

3799
03:39:07,800 --> 03:39:10,300
words and Concepts after too 
much wine. 

3800
03:39:10,300 --> 03:39:13,600
He could debate philosophy like 
a college professor and recite 

3801
03:39:13,600 --> 03:39:17,400
poetry like a medieval Bard. 
His family likely questioned, 

3802
03:39:17,400 --> 03:39:19,300
whether they had 
unintentionally, brought up a 

3803
03:39:19,300 --> 03:39:22,300
Greek scholar rather than a 
legitimate Roman soldier. 

3804
03:39:22,300 --> 03:39:25,000
This is where the story becomes 
intriguing though. 

3805
03:39:25,000 --> 03:39:27,900
Think of julius's. 
Uncle Mario's, as the family's 

3806
03:39:27,900 --> 03:39:30,300
first true success story, he 
passed away. 

3807
03:39:30,300 --> 03:39:33,800
When Julia was only 16 and the 
political climate in Rome, 

3808
03:39:33,800 --> 03:39:36,100
abruptly changed like a volatile
weather system. 

3809
03:39:37,100 --> 03:39:40,800
Solar Rome's, newest strongman 
had all the charm of attacks 

3810
03:39:40,800 --> 03:39:44,000
auditor and twice, the 
ruthlessness of the young Caesar

3811
03:39:44,000 --> 03:39:47,300
after observing this scrawny 
adolescent from a dubious family

3812
03:39:47,300 --> 03:39:50,400
so looking concluded that Julius
might cause trouble in the 

3813
03:39:50,400 --> 03:39:53,500
future. 
When Julius obediently refused 

3814
03:39:53,500 --> 03:39:56,700
solar placed him on what was 
effectively Rome's first Wanted 

3815
03:39:56,700 --> 03:39:59,700
list, he had ordered the young 
man to divorce his wife. 

3816
03:39:59,700 --> 03:40:03,500
Yes, Caesar was already married 
at 16 because Romans didn't mess

3817
03:40:03,500 --> 03:40:07,000
around, Julius, Caesar, who was 
18 at the time was hiding in the

3818
03:40:07,008 --> 03:40:09,800
Italian Countryside, like a 
participant in an Antiquated 

3819
03:40:09,800 --> 03:40:13,300
Witness Protection Program. 
The majority of teenagers would 

3820
03:40:13,300 --> 03:40:15,700
have called their parents in a 
panic and pleaded for the them 

3821
03:40:15,700 --> 03:40:18,500
to come home. 
Julius though, he took advantage

3822
03:40:18,500 --> 03:40:22,200
of this time to reflect make 
plans and come to the crucial 

3823
03:40:22,200 --> 03:40:23,800
realization that you must 
outplay. 

3824
03:40:23,800 --> 03:40:26,100
Everyone else in the game. 
If you want to survive in Rome 

3825
03:40:26,100 --> 03:40:29,500
after Saul's death, which the 
Romans commemorated with nearly 

3826
03:40:29,500 --> 03:40:33,200
the same further as births. 
Caesar came out of hiding with a

3827
03:40:33,208 --> 03:40:36,200
fresh perspective on power. 
He had discovered that you were 

3828
03:40:36,200 --> 03:40:39,300
either prey or predator in Rome 
and he had no desire to be 

3829
03:40:39,308 --> 03:40:42,100
anyone's dinner. 
You've probably experienced the 

3830
03:40:42,100 --> 03:40:44,700
realization that offers 
politics, a more complex than 

3831
03:40:44,700 --> 03:40:48,100
International diplomacy. 
When you start a new job for 

3832
03:40:48,100 --> 03:40:51,900
young Julius Caesar, that was 
Rome, except the Gladiators were

3833
03:40:51,900 --> 03:40:54,400
used at office parties and the 
stakes were life and death. 

3834
03:40:55,100 --> 03:40:57,900
In ancient Rome, being a 
prosecutor was akin to being a 

3835
03:40:57,908 --> 03:40:59,400
district attorney and a game 
show. 

3836
03:40:59,400 --> 03:41:03,600
Host, this was Caesar's first, 
real job, Roman trial served as 

3837
03:41:03,600 --> 03:41:07,000
public entertainment and a young
attorney could gain notoriety by

3838
03:41:07,000 --> 03:41:09,700
putting on a strong front and 
damaging the reputation of his 

3839
03:41:09,700 --> 03:41:12,600
rival, Caesar proved to have a 
natural talent for this. 

3840
03:41:12,600 --> 03:41:15,900
He could transform across 
examination into a performance 

3841
03:41:15,900 --> 03:41:19,900
piece and make arguing sound 
poetic Caesar, however, stood 

3842
03:41:19,900 --> 03:41:22,500
out from other aspirational 
young Romans because he 

3843
03:41:22,500 --> 03:41:24,300
genuinely cared about his 
abilities. 

3844
03:41:24,300 --> 03:41:27,600
Caesar studied rhetoric like a 
doctoral student studying for 

3845
03:41:27,600 --> 03:41:29,700
finals. 
While his peers were happy to 

3846
03:41:29,700 --> 03:41:32,900
rely on inherited wealth, and 
Family Ties, even future 

3847
03:41:32,900 --> 03:41:35,800
dictators require a good 
education, which is why he went 

3848
03:41:35,800 --> 03:41:38,100
to Rhodes to study under the 
best instructors. 

3849
03:41:38,100 --> 03:41:41,200
Something happened during this 
learning experience that 

3850
03:41:41,200 --> 03:41:44,400
exemplifies, Caesar's 
personality, his ship was taken 

3851
03:41:44,400 --> 03:41:47,200
by Pirates. 
At the time Mediterranean 

3852
03:41:47,200 --> 03:41:50,400
Pirates were a highly organized 
Maritime, criminal organization.

3853
03:41:51,300 --> 03:41:54,400
Caesar chuckled when they asked 
for 20 talents of silver to free

3854
03:41:54,400 --> 03:41:56,900
him. 
He was offended, not because he 

3855
03:41:56,908 --> 03:42:00,700
founded amusing. 
He allegedly asked 20 talents. 

3856
03:42:00,700 --> 03:42:04,400
I'm worth it at least 50. 
Don't you know who I am? 

3857
03:42:04,400 --> 03:42:07,300
The Pirates increase their price
likely believing. 

3858
03:42:07,300 --> 03:42:09,500
They had captured either a 
Madman or a high-ranking 

3859
03:42:09,500 --> 03:42:12,900
official during his captivity 
sees a treated, the pirate's, 

3860
03:42:12,900 --> 03:42:14,700
more like dim house guests than 
captors. 

3861
03:42:14,700 --> 03:42:18,800
He worked out wrote poetry and 
told them to quiet down if they 

3862
03:42:18,808 --> 03:42:21,200
were making too much noise for 
his afternoon snooze. 

3863
03:42:21,200 --> 03:42:24,200
The Pirates, founded amusing 
that even vowed to return and 

3864
03:42:24,200 --> 03:42:26,400
crucify them. 
All Caesar wasn't kidding 

3865
03:42:26,400 --> 03:42:28,400
though. 
After being set free, he 

3866
03:42:28,400 --> 03:42:31,500
promptly gathered a fleet found 
the Pirates and had them 

3867
03:42:31,500 --> 03:42:34,700
crucified though he was lenient 
and had them killed first. 

3868
03:42:35,700 --> 03:42:38,600
It was a precursor to Seasons 
unusual charm and ruthless 

3869
03:42:38,600 --> 03:42:41,900
practicality, Caesar returned to
Rome and started moving up the 

3870
03:42:41,900 --> 03:42:44,900
political office ladder or 
cursor Sonora as the Romans 

3871
03:42:44,900 --> 03:42:47,500
called it. 
Imagine it as a medieval video 

3872
03:42:47,500 --> 03:42:50,700
game, where every level opens 
up, new tasks and opportunities 

3873
03:42:50,700 --> 03:42:54,900
to either make friends or deadly
foes as he Advanced through the 

3874
03:42:54,900 --> 03:42:59,100
ranks, Cuesta, edel and Prater, 
Caesar learn new things about 

3875
03:42:59,100 --> 03:43:02,400
the inner workings of Rome 
Caesar was essentially in charge

3876
03:43:02,400 --> 03:43:05,800
of Rome's entertainment as 
needle, overseeing public games 

3877
03:43:05,800 --> 03:43:08,600
and festivals. 
The majority of politicians are 

3878
03:43:08,600 --> 03:43:11,300
tempted to cut costs because 
they believed that this was an 

3879
03:43:11,300 --> 03:43:13,900
expense. 
Caesar believed it to be the 

3880
03:43:13,900 --> 03:43:16,100
greatest marketing opportunity 
ever created. 

3881
03:43:16,100 --> 03:43:19,400
He organized gladiatorial fights
that left people talking for 

3882
03:43:19,400 --> 03:43:23,000
months hosted parties that made 
Super Bowl half-time seem 

3883
03:43:23,000 --> 03:43:26,100
insignificant. 
Somehow managed to accrue 

3884
03:43:26,100 --> 03:43:28,900
enormous debt while rising to 
the position of most popular 

3885
03:43:28,900 --> 03:43:31,800
politician in Rome. 
Caesar knew something is 

3886
03:43:31,800 --> 03:43:35,400
creditors did not in politics. 
Popularity is the most valuable 

3887
03:43:35,400 --> 03:43:38,800
asset his creditors, were likely
having Collective heart attacks.

3888
03:43:38,800 --> 03:43:42,900
If your loved, you can always 
find money, but if you're hated 

3889
03:43:42,900 --> 03:43:46,600
no amount of money can help Rome
had a problem by the time Caesar

3890
03:43:46,600 --> 03:43:49,600
was in his 40s. 
The Republic was like an old car

3891
03:43:49,600 --> 03:43:52,300
held together with duct tape and
Wishful Thinking, which was 

3892
03:43:52,300 --> 03:43:54,100
actually the largest of Rome's 
problems. 

3893
03:43:54,100 --> 03:43:57,100
Now, that Rome ruled over the 
majority of the Known World. 

3894
03:43:57,100 --> 03:44:00,400
The system that had functioned, 
when it was a tiny city-state 

3895
03:44:00,400 --> 03:44:03,700
was disintegrating. 
After realizing the situation 

3896
03:44:03,700 --> 03:44:06,500
three men, made the decision to 
take action. 

3897
03:44:06,500 --> 03:44:09,300
The most renowned General in 
Rome Pompey. 

3898
03:44:09,300 --> 03:44:12,000
The great had conquered more 
land than most people could find

3899
03:44:12,000 --> 03:44:15,300
on a map. 
Crassus was so wealthy, that he 

3900
03:44:15,300 --> 03:44:17,700
gave the impression that 
contemporary billionaires were 

3901
03:44:17,700 --> 03:44:20,800
barely scraping by a 
contemporary nation state would 

3902
03:44:20,800 --> 03:44:23,700
have been impressed by Caesar's 
charm intelligence and debts. 

3903
03:44:24,600 --> 03:44:27,200
Despite never using that term 
themselves, these three 

3904
03:44:27,200 --> 03:44:30,000
comprised what historians refer 
to as the first triumvirate. 

3905
03:44:30,000 --> 03:44:33,400
It was more akin to a casual 
gentleman's agreement to support

3906
03:44:33,400 --> 03:44:36,300
one another in achieving their 
goals Pompey. 

3907
03:44:36,300 --> 03:44:39,600
Wanted his conquests in the East
to be formally acknowledged and 

3908
03:44:39,600 --> 03:44:42,600
his veterans to be fairly 
rewarded to go along with his 

3909
03:44:42,600 --> 03:44:44,800
wealth. 
Crassus desired respect and 

3910
03:44:44,800 --> 03:44:48,200
possibly a military position. 
Caesar desired a prominent 

3911
03:44:48,200 --> 03:44:52,000
provincial position where he 
could gain notoriety and ideally

3912
03:44:52,000 --> 03:44:54,600
enough cash to settle his 
massive debts. 

3913
03:44:54,600 --> 03:44:58,000
You have to imagine that this 
partnership was similar to three

3914
03:44:58,000 --> 03:45:00,900
CEOs from separate businesses 
coming together with the covert 

3915
03:45:00,900 --> 03:45:03,400
intention of eventually 
acquiring the others 

3916
03:45:03,400 --> 03:45:06,500
professionally respectful, but 
always waiting for someone to 

3917
03:45:06,500 --> 03:45:09,900
show weakness, they were friends
in the same way that sharks were

3918
03:45:09,900 --> 03:45:13,400
friends with other sharks. 
By splitting up, Roman politics,

3919
03:45:13,400 --> 03:45:16,900
like a pizza, the three managed 
to make their Arrangement work 

3920
03:45:16,900 --> 03:45:20,900
in 59 BCE seesaw, was made a 
console, which was a one year 

3921
03:45:20,900 --> 03:45:24,500
term as president with a few 
extra togas often using tactics 

3922
03:45:24,500 --> 03:45:27,300
that made his fellow Senators, 
clutch their pearls and mutter 

3923
03:45:27,300 --> 03:45:30,200
about the good old days. 
He used this position to push 

3924
03:45:30,200 --> 03:45:32,700
through legislation that gave 
his Partners, what they wanted, 

3925
03:45:32,700 --> 03:45:35,900
witnessing a master chess 
player, defeat a poems, who were

3926
03:45:35,900 --> 03:45:38,500
still learning how to move the 
piece is like being seizures, 

3927
03:45:38,500 --> 03:45:42,000
console, Caesar had the other 
console locked in his house and 

3928
03:45:42,000 --> 03:45:44,400
pelted with trash. 
When he attempted to oppose him,

3929
03:45:44,400 --> 03:45:47,400
Caesar chiefly disregarded, 
centuries of Preston. 

3930
03:45:47,400 --> 03:45:49,700
And declared that the gods were 
clearly on his side. 

3931
03:45:49,700 --> 03:45:52,500
When Senators attempted to use 
religious, technicalities to 

3932
03:45:52,500 --> 03:45:55,600
block his legislation, but the 
same sense of horror you might 

3933
03:45:55,600 --> 03:45:57,400
have. 
When you see someone reorganized

3934
03:45:57,400 --> 03:46:01,100
your meticulously arranged spice
cabinet, the traditional Roman 

3935
03:46:01,100 --> 03:46:04,400
establishment, observed all of 
this season was accomplishing 

3936
03:46:04,400 --> 03:46:07,700
his goals but he was also 
violating numerous unspoken 

3937
03:46:07,700 --> 03:46:10,300
laws, that had maintained Roman 
governments for centuries. 

3938
03:46:11,200 --> 03:46:13,500
Caesar was dangerous though 
because he wasn't merely 

3939
03:46:13,500 --> 03:46:16,900
breaking the law for fun. 
He was resolving actual issues 

3940
03:46:16,900 --> 03:46:19,100
that the conventional system was
unable to manage. 

3941
03:46:19,900 --> 03:46:23,000
The provinces needed to be 
properly administered, veterans 

3942
03:46:23,000 --> 03:46:25,900
needed land, and roam needed 
leaders who could make 

3943
03:46:25,900 --> 03:46:28,200
decisions, rather than arguing 
over protocol. 

3944
03:46:28,200 --> 03:46:31,100
All the time Caesar had 
achieved, his ultimate goal by 

3945
03:46:31,100 --> 03:46:34,500
the end of his consulship. 
Control of Gaul, the enormous 

3946
03:46:34,500 --> 03:46:37,300
region, north of Italy, that was
home to numerous tribes that the

3947
03:46:37,300 --> 03:46:40,100
Romans regarded as only 
marginally more civilized than 

3948
03:46:40,100 --> 03:46:42,800
Untamed animals. 
It was an opportunity to achieve

3949
03:46:42,800 --> 03:46:46,800
great wealth, military, success,
and enough political standing to

3950
03:46:46,800 --> 03:46:49,300
be considered one of Rome's. 
Most powerful men when he 

3951
03:46:49,300 --> 03:46:52,200
returned, I sending him to 
battle Barbarians in the 

3952
03:46:52,200 --> 03:46:54,200
wilderness. 
His enemies, most likely 

3953
03:46:54,200 --> 03:46:55,600
believed they were getting rid 
of him. 

3954
03:46:55,600 --> 03:46:58,500
They were unaware that they were
going to produce the most 

3955
03:46:58,500 --> 03:47:00,500
powerful military leader in 
Roman history. 

3956
03:47:00,500 --> 03:47:03,800
Consider yourself a travel 
writer tasked with covering what

3957
03:47:03,800 --> 03:47:06,600
the Romans referred to as Gaul 
which includes parts of 

3958
03:47:06,608 --> 03:47:08,700
Switzerland Belgium and modern 
de France. 

3959
03:47:08,700 --> 03:47:11,500
The following is likely what 
your guidebook would say. 

3960
03:47:11,500 --> 03:47:15,500
Bring sturdy boots, and a good 
sword Scenic forests Rolling 

3961
03:47:15,500 --> 03:47:18,000
Hills and fascinating local 
tribes who enjoy painting 

3962
03:47:18,000 --> 03:47:20,800
themselves blue. 
And Collecting enemy heads as 

3963
03:47:20,800 --> 03:47:24,700
decorative items. 
Caesar's new task was likely to 

3964
03:47:24,700 --> 03:47:28,100
be to suppress small uprisings 
for a few years perhaps extend 

3965
03:47:28,100 --> 03:47:31,000
the Yum boundaries a bit and 
then returned home with enough 

3966
03:47:31,000 --> 03:47:33,800
treasure to settle his debts. 
Caesar, on the other hand was 

3967
03:47:33,800 --> 03:47:36,300
going to spend eight years 
essentially, rewriting the 

3968
03:47:36,300 --> 03:47:39,400
European map and establishing a 
military myth that would live on

3969
03:47:39,400 --> 03:47:42,700
for generations to come Caesar 
found himself in a situation. 

3970
03:47:42,700 --> 03:47:46,100
That was a combination of Crisis
opportunity and Adventure movie,

3971
03:47:46,100 --> 03:47:48,000
waiting to happen when he 
arrived in. 

3972
03:47:48,008 --> 03:47:51,300
Gaul in 58. 
BCE the Swiss tribe known as the

3973
03:47:51,300 --> 03:47:54,200
helvete had decided that their 
Mountain Homes were too small 

3974
03:47:54,200 --> 03:47:57,000
and were moving through Gaul 
with everything, they owned 

3975
03:47:57,000 --> 03:48:00,900
resembling an Antiquated form of
a huge RV Convoy. 

3976
03:48:00,900 --> 03:48:04,000
That also happened to be spear 
armed, Seas of viewed. 

3977
03:48:04,000 --> 03:48:07,700
This migration as the ideal 
pretext for entering politics in

3978
03:48:07,700 --> 03:48:10,300
the battle that followed, he 
blocked, the hell, vet's, route,

3979
03:48:10,300 --> 03:48:12,500
and prove something that would 
later become his signature. 

3980
03:48:12,500 --> 03:48:16,200
He could Elevate military 
strategy to the level of Fine 

3981
03:48:16,200 --> 03:48:19,800
Art, Caesar combined, technical 
skill with cycle, Warfare. 

3982
03:48:19,800 --> 03:48:23,100
And a knack for appearing, 
precisely where his adversaries.

3983
03:48:23,200 --> 03:48:26,500
Least expected him in contrast 
to other Roman generals who 

3984
03:48:26,500 --> 03:48:29,000
relied on brute force and 
conventional formations. 

3985
03:48:29,000 --> 03:48:32,100
The helvetii discovered, the 
hard way that this middle-aged 

3986
03:48:32,100 --> 03:48:35,200
Roman politician had somehow 
become one of the greatest 

3987
03:48:35,200 --> 03:48:38,500
military thinkers in history. 
Caesar sent them home to rebuild

3988
03:48:38,500 --> 03:48:41,100
their former lands and reflect 
on their life decisions rather 

3989
03:48:41,100 --> 03:48:44,800
than simply defeating them. 
However, Gaul was similar to a 

3990
03:48:44,800 --> 03:48:48,100
huge puzzle with 10, new issues 
revealed, when one piece was 

3991
03:48:48,100 --> 03:48:51,200
sold, other gallic, tribes began
approaching Caesar For 

3992
03:48:51,200 --> 03:48:53,500
assistance with their neighbors.
As soon as he had dealt with the

3993
03:48:53,500 --> 03:48:56,500
helvetii usually because someone
was doing something that they 

3994
03:48:56,500 --> 03:48:59,500
didn't like though, the couples 
were entire tribes in the 

3995
03:48:59,508 --> 03:49:02,700
counseling sessions involved, 
Cavalry Charges it was similar 

3996
03:49:02,700 --> 03:49:05,300
to serving as a marriage 
counselor for warrior societies.

3997
03:49:06,300 --> 03:49:09,200
Caesar had a talent for turning 
these tribal disputes to Rome's 

3998
03:49:09,200 --> 03:49:11,600
Advantage. 
Caesar established himself as 

3999
03:49:11,600 --> 03:49:14,300
the protector of gallic 
Independence, while extending 

4000
03:49:14,300 --> 03:49:17,100
Roman Authority. 
When the Germanic King Ariel 

4001
03:49:17,100 --> 03:49:19,800
Vista began to establish himself
in gallic territory. 

4002
03:49:19,800 --> 03:49:22,800
Using your opponents strength 
against the while appearing to 

4003
03:49:22,800 --> 03:49:26,000
be the reasonable party was the 
epitome of political Jiu Jitsu 

4004
03:49:26,000 --> 03:49:29,400
when Caesar insisted on a 
meeting, the German King. 

4005
03:49:29,400 --> 03:49:32,000
Most likely assumed he was 
merely interacting with another 

4006
03:49:32,000 --> 03:49:34,700
Roman official. 
Instead he had to contend with 

4007
03:49:34,700 --> 03:49:37,200
the person who was both 
diplomatically charming and 

4008
03:49:37,200 --> 03:49:40,700
subtly threatening to use 
extreme violence when talks 

4009
03:49:40,700 --> 03:49:43,200
broke down. 
Aerovista learned from Caesar's 

4010
03:49:43,200 --> 03:49:45,800
Legions that, professional Roman
military engineering differs, 

4011
03:49:45,800 --> 03:49:49,100
greatly from raiding parties, 
Sees his campaigns were 

4012
03:49:49,100 --> 03:49:52,300
consistent from year to year. 
Caesar would March his Legions 

4013
03:49:52,300 --> 03:49:56,100
across impossible Terrain in 
impossible time arrived when no 

4014
03:49:56,100 --> 03:49:59,200
one was expecting him and then 
proceeded to show why Roman 

4015
03:49:59,200 --> 03:50:02,100
military Doctrine had conquered 
most of the known world after 

4016
03:50:02,100 --> 03:50:04,800
some gallic tribe called 
trouble, he played against 

4017
03:50:04,800 --> 03:50:07,700
opponents who were still 
learning Checkers, much like a 

4018
03:50:07,700 --> 03:50:10,800
chess Grandmaster Caesar was 
changing the way the Romans 

4019
03:50:10,800 --> 03:50:13,300
viewed War though. 
In addition to winning battles, 

4020
03:50:13,300 --> 03:50:16,400
his Legions were able to march 
distances that left their 

4021
03:50:16,400 --> 03:50:19,400
enemies gasping in their wake 
build Siege works. 

4022
03:50:19,400 --> 03:50:22,700
That resembled tiny cities and 
build Bridges across Raging 

4023
03:50:22,700 --> 03:50:25,400
Rivers in a matter of days. 
More significantly. 

4024
03:50:25,400 --> 03:50:28,900
Cesar was demonstrating that 
Roman engineering and discipline

4025
03:50:28,900 --> 03:50:31,400
could conquer any challenge 
human or natural. 

4026
03:50:31,400 --> 03:50:34,400
The gallic tribes started to 
understand that they were up 

4027
03:50:34,400 --> 03:50:37,400
against more than just another 
Roman politicians seeking a 

4028
03:50:37,400 --> 03:50:40,400
short-term military Victory. 
They were up against a man who 

4029
03:50:40,400 --> 03:50:44,700
was a combination of logistical 
genius, strategic genius, and a 

4030
03:50:44,700 --> 03:50:47,700
total refusal to concede defeat,
while teaching a whole 

4031
03:50:47,700 --> 03:50:50,300
generation of Roman soldiers. 
That impossible was just another

4032
03:50:50,300 --> 03:50:53,000
word for Tuesday. 
Caesar was also rewriting, the 

4033
03:50:53,000 --> 03:50:56,300
rules of warfare. 
If This Were a film passenger 

4034
03:50:56,300 --> 03:50:58,900
Torx would be the charismatic 
Rebel leader, who finally 

4035
03:50:58,900 --> 03:51:01,500
learned how to fight the Empire 
and Caesar would be the 

4036
03:51:01,500 --> 03:51:04,900
intelligent but increasingly 
dangerous, General, who success 

4037
03:51:04,900 --> 03:51:06,500
is beginning to worry his own 
government. 

4038
03:51:06,500 --> 03:51:10,300
Every great story needs, a 
worthy opponent. and Caesar 

4039
03:51:10,300 --> 03:51:12,600
found his in a young gallic 
Chieftain named versing 

4040
03:51:12,600 --> 03:51:19,800
getirilen By 52 BCE. 
Caesar had systematically 

4041
03:51:19,800 --> 03:51:22,900
conquered Gaul for six years, 
using the same level of 

4042
03:51:22,908 --> 03:51:26,000
efficiency as someone setting up
a massive bloody filing system. 

4043
03:51:26,000 --> 03:51:30,000
However, the gallic tribes have 
been observing learning and 

4044
03:51:30,000 --> 03:51:31,300
gradually coming to the 
conclusion. 

4045
03:51:31,300 --> 03:51:34,500
That Roman military Precision 
was outperforming their old 

4046
03:51:34,500 --> 03:51:38,100
style of combat which involved 
numerous individual heroics and 

4047
03:51:38,100 --> 03:51:41,500
dramatic charges the singer Torx
stood for something novel. 

4048
03:51:41,500 --> 03:51:45,000
A garlic leader who recognized 
the advantages of his own people

4049
03:51:45,000 --> 03:51:47,200
as well as the shortcomings of 
the Romans. 

4050
03:51:47,200 --> 03:51:49,600
He planned. 
What is now known as a guerrilla

4051
03:51:49,600 --> 03:51:52,500
campaign rather than engaging 
Caesar's Legions in direct 

4052
03:51:52,500 --> 03:51:56,200
combat, his soldiers would 
attack Roman supply routes, stay

4053
03:51:56,200 --> 03:51:59,400
out of direct combat and 
withdraw to fortified areas that

4054
03:51:59,400 --> 03:52:02,200
would be expensive for the 
Romans to attack for the first 

4055
03:52:02,200 --> 03:52:05,800
time in his gallic campaign. 
Season was truly challenged and 

4056
03:52:05,800 --> 03:52:07,800
it was like witnessing a 
medieval Insurgency. 

4057
03:52:07,800 --> 03:52:11,500
He was being forced by the sun, 
gets to fight the kind of war. 

4058
03:52:11,500 --> 03:52:15,100
That the Romans detested one in 
which local expertise and 

4059
03:52:15,100 --> 03:52:18,300
popular support were more. 
Superior planning and Equipment.

4060
03:52:18,300 --> 03:52:21,800
The ensuing campaign, resembled 
a lethal game of cat and mouse 

4061
03:52:21,808 --> 03:52:23,700
that was played throughout 
Gould's Countryside. 

4062
03:52:23,700 --> 03:52:27,200
First integer X would show up 
with his Warriors, Slaughter, 

4063
03:52:27,200 --> 03:52:30,200
Roman soldiers, and then 
disappear into forests that his 

4064
03:52:30,200 --> 03:52:32,800
people were familiar with like, 
their own backyards. 

4065
03:52:32,800 --> 03:52:35,600
Caesar was always on the 
defensive as he pursued an 

4066
03:52:35,600 --> 03:52:37,200
adversary that would not remain 
motionless. 

4067
03:52:37,200 --> 03:52:41,100
Long enough for a true Roman 
style conflict Caesar's years of

4068
03:52:41,100 --> 03:52:43,800
military command had taught him 
that every strategy had a 

4069
03:52:43,800 --> 03:52:46,400
counter strategy. 
Caesar would put first and get 

4070
03:52:46,408 --> 03:52:49,900
in a situation that the gallic 
leader couldn't ignore forcing 

4071
03:52:49,900 --> 03:52:52,100
him into a pitched battle. 
If he wished to avoid one, 

4072
03:52:53,000 --> 03:52:56,600
Elisea, a Hilltop Fortress that 
verse in selected, as his 

4073
03:52:56,600 --> 03:53:00,100
stronghold provided, the 
opportunity with its high walls,

4074
03:53:00,100 --> 03:53:03,100
steep, approaches and enough 
Supply to last a long seed. 

4075
03:53:03,100 --> 03:53:05,000
The position of appeared in 
pregnant people. 

4076
03:53:05,800 --> 03:53:09,200
After seeing Alicia the majority
of Roman generals would have 

4077
03:53:09,200 --> 03:53:12,200
chosen to pursue a simpler 
Target, Caesar chose to try 

4078
03:53:12,200 --> 03:53:14,100
something that went against all 
military. 

4079
03:53:14,100 --> 03:53:16,500
Common Sense. 
After taking a look at alizea, 

4080
03:53:16,500 --> 03:53:21,200
he would construct, not one but 
two full sets of fortifications 

4081
03:53:21,200 --> 03:53:24,500
to enclose the Fortress one 
facing Alicia to keep the 

4082
03:53:24,500 --> 03:53:27,800
Defenders inside and another 
facing outward to prevent The 

4083
03:53:27,800 --> 03:53:31,100
Siege from being broken by 
gallic relief forces, the scale 

4084
03:53:31,100 --> 03:53:33,600
of the engineering made building
Roman Bridges seem like a 

4085
03:53:33,600 --> 03:53:36,800
do-it-yourself weekend project 
in addition to maintaining a 

4086
03:53:36,800 --> 03:53:40,000
Siege and preparing for a tax 
from various angles Caesar's 

4087
03:53:40,000 --> 03:53:43,300
Legions constructed miles of 
walls, ditches traps and 

4088
03:53:43,308 --> 03:53:46,000
defensive positions. 
It was similar to attempting to 

4089
03:53:46,008 --> 03:53:48,700
construct a house while Fender 
off Intruders and getting ready 

4090
03:53:48,700 --> 03:53:52,100
for a dinner party, but with 
more stabbing Seasons, knowledge

4091
03:53:52,100 --> 03:53:55,100
of Roman military engineering 
leadership, and warfare was put 

4092
03:53:55,100 --> 03:53:58,700
to the ultimate test during the 
Sea of Elysia passenger, tricks.

4093
03:53:58,700 --> 03:54:00,900
And his soldiers were starving 
inside the Fortress. 

4094
03:54:00,900 --> 03:54:04,300
As they observed Caesar's 
impossibly strong defenses, 

4095
03:54:04,300 --> 03:54:08,000
gaining strength every day. 
The kind of great battle that 

4096
03:54:08,000 --> 03:54:11,700
had made Roman Legions, famous 
was created outside as gallic 

4097
03:54:11,700 --> 03:54:14,900
relief, armies assembled to 
break the siege with desperate 

4098
03:54:14,900 --> 03:54:18,600
Defenders, overwhelming odds, 
Cavalry Charges and the fate of 

4099
03:54:18,600 --> 03:54:22,000
Gaul hanging in the balance. 
The final assault had all the 

4100
03:54:22,000 --> 03:54:25,400
makings of a Hollywood film sees
a demonstrated that military 

4101
03:54:25,400 --> 03:54:27,700
Brilliance involves more than 
just strategy. 

4102
03:54:27,700 --> 03:54:30,500
It also involves the capacity to
control chaos. 

4103
03:54:31,600 --> 03:54:34,900
He was everywhere at once 
organizing attacks on his inner 

4104
03:54:34,900 --> 03:54:36,900
walls and leading the defense of
his outer ones. 

4105
03:54:36,900 --> 03:54:40,300
First injector's walked out of 
Elysia to throw his weapons at 

4106
03:54:40,300 --> 03:54:43,100
Caesar's feet in a gesture of 
both defeat and dignity. 

4107
03:54:43,100 --> 03:54:47,300
Thereby saving his people from 
complete destruction and ending 

4108
03:54:47,300 --> 03:54:49,000
the battle. 
It was the event that 

4109
03:54:49,000 --> 03:54:51,700
essentially put an end to Gaelic
Independence for the following 

4110
03:54:51,700 --> 03:54:55,900
five centuries and immortalized.
Caesar's reputation Caesars 

4111
03:54:55,900 --> 03:54:58,000
accomplishments and gold were 
causing the kind of political 

4112
03:54:58,000 --> 03:55:00,700
issues that contemporary Spin 
Doctors dread back in Rome. 

4113
03:55:00,700 --> 03:55:03,800
He had on the one hand, brought 
vast wealth, into Rome's. 

4114
03:55:03,800 --> 03:55:06,700
Treasury conquered territory, 
roughly the size of modern 

4115
03:55:06,700 --> 03:55:09,700
France and demonstrated that 
Roman arms could Prevail 

4116
03:55:09,700 --> 03:55:12,500
anywhere. 
However, he had also built an 

4117
03:55:12,500 --> 03:55:15,000
army of seasoned soldiers, who 
were personally, loyal to seize 

4118
03:55:15,000 --> 03:55:17,300
her and didn't care much about 
what other people thought. 

4119
03:55:17,300 --> 03:55:20,600
Consider this. 
Suppose your colleague went on a

4120
03:55:20,600 --> 03:55:21,800
brief business trip and 
returned. 

4121
03:55:21,800 --> 03:55:24,500
Eight years later with a private
Army, a multi-national 

4122
03:55:24,500 --> 03:55:27,700
corporation and enough cash to 
purchase your entire business. 

4123
03:55:27,700 --> 03:55:31,300
Cesar had effectively done that 
and his fellow politicians. 

4124
03:55:31,600 --> 03:55:34,600
Were beginning to feel as though
they had unintentionally created

4125
03:55:34,600 --> 03:55:37,500
a monster in particular. 
The Roman senate was concerned. 

4126
03:55:37,500 --> 03:55:41,600
Imagine a chamber full of men in
togas who argued about precedent

4127
03:55:41,600 --> 03:55:44,300
and procedure. 
Most of the time as Consul they 

4128
03:55:44,300 --> 03:55:46,600
had witnessed Caesar defied 
political conventions. 

4129
03:55:46,600 --> 03:55:49,600
And now he had returned with a 
military reputation that made 

4130
03:55:49,600 --> 03:55:52,900
Pompey, the great appear like a 
weekend, warrior even worse. 

4131
03:55:52,900 --> 03:55:56,000
Caesar was still legally 
protected from prosecution as 

4132
03:55:56,000 --> 03:55:58,200
long as he was in office because
he was still a governor. 

4133
03:55:58,900 --> 03:56:01,600
Sees his adversaries. 
Recognized a chance they could 

4134
03:56:01,600 --> 03:56:04,100
prosecute him for all those 
constitutional irregularities 

4135
03:56:04,100 --> 03:56:06,500
from his consulship. 
If they could make him return to

4136
03:56:06,500 --> 03:56:09,700
Rome as a private citizen. 
It would be akin to compelling a

4137
03:56:09,700 --> 03:56:12,500
prosperous, but morally dubious 
entrepreneur to Forfeit, his 

4138
03:56:12,500 --> 03:56:14,800
corporate safeguards and 
confronted a group of 

4139
03:56:14,800 --> 03:56:19,200
prosecutors who had spent eight 
years crafting their case The 

4140
03:56:19,200 --> 03:56:22,200
Trap was simple but elegant, 
Caesar's political survival 

4141
03:56:22,200 --> 03:56:25,400
required him to either remain in
Gaul or return to Rome with 

4142
03:56:25,400 --> 03:56:26,900
sufficient power to defend 
himself. 

4143
03:56:26,900 --> 03:56:30,800
While Roman law mandated that he
must disband his armies before 

4144
03:56:30,800 --> 03:56:33,500
entering Italy. 
In essence, his adversaries were

4145
03:56:33,500 --> 03:56:36,000
pressuring him to decide between
abiding by the law and 

4146
03:56:36,000 --> 03:56:39,000
committing political suicide, 
negotiations. 

4147
03:56:39,000 --> 03:56:42,500
Dragged on for months, much like
a high-stakes divorce, 

4148
03:56:42,500 --> 03:56:45,300
mediation. 
Caesar's opponents insisted on a

4149
03:56:45,300 --> 03:56:48,200
gap that would expose him. 
While his supporters in Rome 

4150
03:56:48,200 --> 03:56:50,300
sought a compromise that would 
allow him to go straight. 

4151
03:56:50,300 --> 03:56:53,900
From Governor to Consul Caesar 
and his Legions sat in Gaul. 

4152
03:56:53,900 --> 03:56:56,900
In the meantime watching Roman 
politics Splinter over how to 

4153
03:56:56,908 --> 03:56:59,900
handle him being asked to 
mediate between two former 

4154
03:56:59,900 --> 03:57:03,200
friends who both believe you 
should take side, put pompy the 

4155
03:57:03,200 --> 03:57:04,400
great in the middle of this 
mess. 

4156
03:57:04,400 --> 03:57:07,500
Caesar had been partnered with 
Pompey and the triumvirate. 

4157
03:57:07,500 --> 03:57:10,500
But Pompey was uncomfortably 
powerful after Caesar's success 

4158
03:57:10,500 --> 03:57:13,000
in Gaul. 
In essence pompy was being asked

4159
03:57:13,000 --> 03:57:15,800
to decide between his 
long-standing Alliance and their

4160
03:57:15,800 --> 03:57:19,700
apprehension about Caesar's 
aspirations when the Past what 

4161
03:57:19,700 --> 03:57:23,200
amounted to a martial law 
declaration in January of 49 BCE

4162
03:57:23,200 --> 03:57:27,100
the crisis reached a Breaking 
Point and Pompey was granted 

4163
03:57:27,100 --> 03:57:30,600
emergency powers to protect the 
Republic from Caesar everyone. 

4164
03:57:30,600 --> 03:57:32,700
In Rome knew that it was the 
political equivalent of 

4165
03:57:32,700 --> 03:57:35,400
declaring war. 
At the banks of the Rubicon 

4166
03:57:35,400 --> 03:57:37,900
River which has historically 
served as the border between 

4167
03:57:37,900 --> 03:57:40,600
Gaul and Italy. 
Caesar was informed of this 

4168
03:57:40,600 --> 03:57:43,200
development. 
This River was the ultimate Red 

4169
03:57:43,200 --> 03:57:46,200
Line in Roman politics because 
it was forbidden by Roman law 

4170
03:57:46,200 --> 03:57:49,000
for any general to cross it with
troops standing there. 

4171
03:57:49,000 --> 03:57:51,400
With his seasoned Legions, 
Caesar had to make a decision 

4172
03:57:51,400 --> 03:57:54,600
that would affect not only his 
own destiny, but also the course

4173
03:57:54,600 --> 03:57:57,500
of the Roman Republic Caesar 
reportedly stopped at the 

4174
03:57:57,500 --> 03:57:59,600
riverbank and uttered the words 
that would reverberate 

4175
03:57:59,600 --> 03:58:05,300
throughout history, Aaliyah 
yacta SST, the die is cast He 

4176
03:58:05,300 --> 03:58:08,000
then LED his army across the 
Rubicon changing, from a Roman 

4177
03:58:08,000 --> 03:58:09,600
Governor, to a rebel against the
state. 

4178
03:58:09,600 --> 03:58:13,200
He had spent his entire 
professional life serving, it 

4179
03:58:13,200 --> 03:58:15,900
was a time when historical, 
inevitability political 

4180
03:58:15,900 --> 03:58:18,900
necessity, and personal ambition
and came together to form a 

4181
03:58:18,900 --> 03:58:22,200
single decision. 
Caesar was not merely crossing a

4182
03:58:22,200 --> 03:58:23,900
river. 
He was also crossing the 

4183
03:58:23,900 --> 03:58:27,300
boundary between the Roman 
Republic and the future Caesars 

4184
03:58:27,300 --> 03:58:29,600
crossing of the Rubicon sparked.
A civil war that the most 

4185
03:58:29,600 --> 03:58:32,000
skilled military in the world 
would be engaged in against 

4186
03:58:32,000 --> 03:58:34,500
itself. 
Something the Romans had feared 

4187
03:58:34,500 --> 03:58:37,000
for Generations. 
It was similar to witnessing a 

4188
03:58:37,000 --> 03:58:40,000
family business disintegrate. 
Except that the family business,

4189
03:58:40,000 --> 03:58:43,000
controlled the majority of the 
Mediterranean region and the 

4190
03:58:43,000 --> 03:58:44,900
disputes were resolved with 
swords. 

4191
03:58:44,900 --> 03:58:48,200
The Romans had never witnessed 
anything like Caesar's march 

4192
03:58:48,200 --> 03:58:51,000
across Italy Caesar launched, 
what may have been the first 

4193
03:58:51,000 --> 03:58:53,900
charm offensive in history 
rather than the ruthless 

4194
03:58:53,900 --> 03:58:56,200
Conquest. 
They had anticipated he showed 

4195
03:58:56,200 --> 03:58:59,200
unusual clemency to the citizens
of the cities that welcome to 

4196
03:58:59,200 --> 03:59:01,200
him. 
He offered them positions in his

4197
03:59:01,200 --> 03:59:03,700
army and pardon the enemy 
soldiers who turned themselves 

4198
03:59:03,700 --> 03:59:07,300
in he released Roman officials, 
he had captured with courtesy 

4199
03:59:07,300 --> 03:59:09,700
notes implying. 
They might want to reevaluate 

4200
03:59:09,700 --> 03:59:13,300
their political affiliation, it 
was the best kind of cycle 

4201
03:59:13,300 --> 03:59:16,200
Warfare. 
Caesar was proving that he was a

4202
03:59:16,200 --> 03:59:18,800
Roman statement attempting to 
rescue the Republic from his own

4203
03:59:18,800 --> 03:59:21,700
political dysfunction. 
Not just another ambitious 

4204
03:59:21,700 --> 03:59:25,300
General looking to plunder Rome 
Caesars policy of clemency was 

4205
03:59:25,300 --> 03:59:28,400
both genuinely compassionate and
Incredibly well thought out. 

4206
03:59:29,200 --> 03:59:31,600
Each enemy. 
He pardoned served as a living 

4207
03:59:31,600 --> 03:59:35,000
example of his reasonable Miss. 
Meanwhile Pompey and the Senate 

4208
03:59:35,000 --> 03:59:37,500
were learning that Civil War. 
Preparation is far more 

4209
03:59:37,500 --> 03:59:39,500
difficult than Conquest 
preparation abroad. 

4210
03:59:39,500 --> 03:59:43,100
Their plan was to leave Italy 
assembled troops in the Eastern 

4211
03:59:43,100 --> 03:59:46,700
Mediterranean and then return 
with a massive Force to put an 

4212
03:59:46,700 --> 03:59:49,400
end to Caesar's Uprising. 
The political realities of the 

4213
03:59:49,400 --> 03:59:52,100
situation were totally 
disregarded in favor of sound 

4214
03:59:52,100 --> 03:59:55,000
military reasoning. 
Pompey gave Caesar the ultimate 

4215
03:59:55,000 --> 03:59:58,300
propaganda Triumph by leaving 
Rome now that his enemies had 

4216
03:59:58,300 --> 04:00:01,400
fled like cowards Caesar could 
say he was protecting the city. 

4217
04:00:01,400 --> 04:00:04,100
Even as he methodically 
destroyed, the political 

4218
04:00:04,100 --> 04:00:07,400
structure that had stood in his 
way, Caesar made a point to 

4219
04:00:07,400 --> 04:00:10,500
uphold Republican traditions and
established institutions. 

4220
04:00:10,500 --> 04:00:13,900
When he arrived in Rome, the 
ensuing Civil War, spread like a

4221
04:00:13,900 --> 04:00:17,300
deadly reality show throughout 
the Mediterranean region, the 

4222
04:00:17,300 --> 04:00:20,300
greatest armies in history were 
commanded by Caesar and Pompey 

4223
04:00:20,300 --> 04:00:23,200
and they were commanded by 
officers who are dedicated their

4224
04:00:23,200 --> 04:00:25,400
professional lives to honing 
their military skills. 

4225
04:00:25,400 --> 04:00:28,700
These kinds of colliding, forces
produced, amazing. 

4226
04:00:29,200 --> 04:00:31,800
And destructive results. 
Sees approved during his 

4227
04:00:31,800 --> 04:00:34,700
campaign in Spain that he could 
outmaneuver opponents without 

4228
04:00:34,700 --> 04:00:38,200
necessarily destroying them sees
a gained control of the Iberian 

4229
04:00:38,200 --> 04:00:41,200
Peninsula, through Superior 
Logistics rather than Superior 

4230
04:00:41,200 --> 04:00:44,100
violence after he encircled 
pompey's allies. 

4231
04:00:44,100 --> 04:00:46,600
So thoroughly that they 
surrendered without a 

4232
04:00:46,600 --> 04:00:49,500
significant conflict military. 
Theorists were impressed by this

4233
04:00:49,500 --> 04:00:52,400
type of victory, for centuries 
to come the real battle. 

4234
04:00:52,400 --> 04:00:56,100
However took place at Dirham in 
present-day Albania, where 

4235
04:00:56,100 --> 04:00:59,300
pompey's Army first outwitted, 
Caesar in what turned out to be 

4236
04:00:59,300 --> 04:01:03,000
one of Caesar's few decisive 
losses for an instant pompy 

4237
04:01:03,000 --> 04:01:05,200
appeared to have discovered the 
secret to defeating the most 

4238
04:01:05,200 --> 04:01:08,600
successful General, in Rome 
Caesars reaction to this. 

4239
04:01:08,600 --> 04:01:11,500
Setback provided important 
insight into his personality 

4240
04:01:11,500 --> 04:01:13,500
instead with the patience of 
one. 

4241
04:01:13,500 --> 04:01:16,100
Who knew that individual battles
do not decide Wars. 

4242
04:01:16,100 --> 04:01:18,100
He examined. 
What had gone wrong. 

4243
04:01:18,100 --> 04:01:20,600
Modified his strategy and 
readied himself. 

4244
04:01:20,600 --> 04:01:24,300
For the next engagement, Caesar 
and pompies larger Army engaged 

4245
04:01:24,300 --> 04:01:27,700
in a fierce battle at fossilis 
Greece, which was the pivotal 

4246
04:01:27,700 --> 04:01:30,400
moment for which Roman military 
Doctrine was created. 

4247
04:01:30,800 --> 04:01:33,900
Pompey's Army was great, but 
predictable and season had 

4248
04:01:33,900 --> 04:01:36,700
learned to improvise during his 
eight years in Gaul, the actual 

4249
04:01:36,700 --> 04:01:40,200
battle was a tactical. 
Flexibility masterclass Caesar 

4250
04:01:40,200 --> 04:01:42,300
used his reserves in a 
surprising formation. 

4251
04:01:42,300 --> 04:01:44,700
That turned the strength of the 
enemy into weakness. 

4252
04:01:44,700 --> 04:01:48,000
When pompey's Cavalry threatened
to outflank seizures forces, 

4253
04:01:48,000 --> 04:01:51,000
watching a chess, Grandmaster 
sacrifice a piece to reach. 

4254
04:01:51,000 --> 04:01:54,800
Checkmate, 3 moves later was 
like that the Republic's ability

4255
04:01:54,800 --> 04:01:58,100
to oppose Caesar was essentially
destroyed by pompey's defeat at 

4256
04:01:58,100 --> 04:02:00,700
pharsalus, but it also signaled 
to see that. 

4257
04:02:00,700 --> 04:02:03,500
A military Triumph was just the 
start of his troubles. 

4258
04:02:03,500 --> 04:02:06,000
Overcoming adversaries is 
comparatively easy. 

4259
04:02:06,900 --> 04:02:09,800
Managing an Empire Shattered by 
Civil War as a completely 

4260
04:02:09,800 --> 04:02:12,100
different matter. 
Caesar was in the unique 

4261
04:02:12,100 --> 04:02:15,400
position of winning a civil war 
after fossilis, but he wasn't 

4262
04:02:15,400 --> 04:02:18,500
entirely sure what to do next. 
In one of the biggest blunders 

4263
04:02:18,500 --> 04:02:21,100
in history, the Egyptians chose 
to win, seize her over by 

4264
04:02:21,100 --> 04:02:23,600
killing Pompey and giving his 
head as a present. 

4265
04:02:24,400 --> 04:02:27,100
Pompey, had fled to Egypt, 
seeking Refuge from Rome's 

4266
04:02:27,100 --> 04:02:30,200
long-standing Ally the Egyptians
likely didn't anticipate. 

4267
04:02:30,200 --> 04:02:32,600
Season's response. 
When he saw the severed head of 

4268
04:02:32,600 --> 04:02:36,400
his former rival, Caesar 
reportedly wept whether out of 

4269
04:02:36,400 --> 04:02:38,400
true grief or political 
calculation. 

4270
04:02:38,400 --> 04:02:41,700
Instead of gratitude, the man 
whose opposition had given 

4271
04:02:41,700 --> 04:02:44,200
Caesar's own position. 
Legitimacy was no longer his 

4272
04:02:44,200 --> 04:02:47,400
most credible opponent, he was 
now merely a Roman general 

4273
04:02:47,400 --> 04:02:50,500
occupying, a foreign land with 
no obvious adversary to engage 

4274
04:02:50,500 --> 04:02:55,200
in combat with however, Egypt 
provided restitution chiefly in 

4275
04:02:55,200 --> 04:02:57,700
the form of Cleopatra. 
The seventh Egypt's, final 

4276
04:02:57,700 --> 04:03:00,800
pharaoh and perhaps, the most 
cultured woman sees ahead ever 

4277
04:03:00,800 --> 04:03:04,100
met here was a person who ruled 
one of the richest kingdoms in 

4278
04:03:04,100 --> 04:03:07,600
Antiquity spoken. 
Nine languages and had received 

4279
04:03:07,600 --> 04:03:11,100
his education from the finest 
alexandrian Scholars, she 

4280
04:03:11,100 --> 04:03:15,100
resembled a cross between a 
Fortune 500, CEO and a Harvard 

4281
04:03:15,100 --> 04:03:17,800
MBA who happened to have 
ancestry dating back to 

4282
04:03:17,800 --> 04:03:21,700
Alexander the Great rather than 
a Disney princess Caesar. 

4283
04:03:21,700 --> 04:03:24,300
And Cleopatra's relationship was
a combination of mutual 

4284
04:03:24,300 --> 04:03:28,200
recognition, political Alliance 
and personal attraction between 

4285
04:03:28,200 --> 04:03:31,800
two of the most Brilliant Minds.
In antique the 52 year. 

4286
04:03:31,800 --> 04:03:34,000
Old Caesar had lived his entire 
life surrounded. 

4287
04:03:34,000 --> 04:03:37,800
By Roman politicians who believe
that tactical maneuvering meant 

4288
04:03:37,800 --> 04:03:40,700
slightly, different forms of 
bribery managing a kingdom. 

4289
04:03:40,700 --> 04:03:42,900
That was essentially a 
multinational corporation with 

4290
04:03:42,900 --> 04:03:47,000
pyramids. 21 year old Cleopatra 
had been dealing with court 

4291
04:03:47,000 --> 04:03:50,100
Intrigue since she was a young 
girl Alexandria, the greatest 

4292
04:03:50,100 --> 04:03:52,800
center of learning and culture 
and Antiquity, served as the 

4293
04:03:52,800 --> 04:03:56,100
backdrop for their romance. 
Caesar found himself in a city 

4294
04:03:56,100 --> 04:03:57,400
with the largest library in the 
world. 

4295
04:03:57,400 --> 04:04:00,600
The most sophisticated 
engineering and intellectual 

4296
04:04:00,600 --> 04:04:04,000
Traditions that made Rome appear
like a promising startup while, 

4297
04:04:04,000 --> 04:04:07,600
Roman senators were debating 
precedent, and procedure Caesar 

4298
04:04:07,600 --> 04:04:10,000
was captivated by Egyptian 
governance, and partially 

4299
04:04:10,000 --> 04:04:13,000
enamored with Cleopatra, during 
his month-long stay in Egypt. 

4300
04:04:13,000 --> 04:04:15,900
While Rome was still learning 
how to rule over lands outside 

4301
04:04:15,900 --> 04:04:18,200
of Italy. 
This Kingdom had been handling 

4302
04:04:18,200 --> 04:04:20,500
intricate bureaucracy for 
thousands of years. 

4303
04:04:21,500 --> 04:04:25,000
Seasoned Imperial Administration
lessons from the experience that

4304
04:04:25,000 --> 04:04:28,600
shape his subsequent reforms. 
However, this ancient sabbatical

4305
04:04:28,600 --> 04:04:31,000
romance was eventually 
overshadowed by political 

4306
04:04:31,000 --> 04:04:34,400
reality, Caesar couldn't afford 
to ignore the opportunities for 

4307
04:04:34,400 --> 04:04:37,700
opposition that his extended 
absence from Roman politics was 

4308
04:04:37,700 --> 04:04:40,500
creating, and his enemies were 
regrouping throughout the 

4309
04:04:40,500 --> 04:04:44,200
Mediterranean upon his return. 
To Rome sees her encountered, 

4310
04:04:44,200 --> 04:04:46,900
the same problem that as plague 
successful, revolutionaries for 

4311
04:04:46,900 --> 04:04:50,200
centuries, how to 
institutionalize change, without

4312
04:04:50,200 --> 04:04:52,300
destroying the system, your 
attempting to reform. 

4313
04:04:52,300 --> 04:04:54,800
Caesar's solution was 
characteristically. 

4314
04:04:54,800 --> 04:04:58,600
Bold he would establish himself 
as a dictator but one who would 

4315
04:04:58,600 --> 04:05:01,400
fought a fire rather than 
undermine Roman institutions. 

4316
04:05:02,300 --> 04:05:04,300
The Romans had never known a 
dictatorship. 

4317
04:05:04,300 --> 04:05:07,500
Like Caesars in the past 
dictators have been appointed 

4318
04:05:07,500 --> 04:05:10,600
for particular crises and were 
supposed to step down after the 

4319
04:05:10,600 --> 04:05:13,800
crisis was over Caesar appeared 
to have a longer-term vision of 

4320
04:05:13,800 --> 04:05:16,600
a reformed Roman state, with 
himself as its permanent 

4321
04:05:16,600 --> 04:05:19,800
executive fusing, the 
effectiveness of monarchical 

4322
04:05:19,800 --> 04:05:22,500
decision-making with the 
traditions of Republican 

4323
04:05:22,500 --> 04:05:26,000
institutions, the breadth and 
usefulness of his reforms were 

4324
04:05:26,000 --> 04:05:28,400
astounding. 
Caesar changed the Roman 

4325
04:05:28,400 --> 04:05:31,400
Calendar, to the Julian 
calendar, which is still in use 

4326
04:05:31,400 --> 04:05:34,400
today with a few tweaks, he 
started large-scale Public 

4327
04:05:34,400 --> 04:05:36,600
Works. 
Projects changed the debt law 

4328
04:05:36,600 --> 04:05:40,400
increased citizenship and 
started organizing colonies for 

4329
04:05:40,400 --> 04:05:43,600
Rome's expanding populists. 
It was similar to witnessing 

4330
04:05:43,600 --> 04:05:46,300
someone manage a whole 
civilization and restructure. 

4331
04:05:46,300 --> 04:05:49,600
It sees a success however, was 
setting the stage for his 

4332
04:05:49,600 --> 04:05:52,600
demise. 
A seizure accumulated powers 

4333
04:05:52,600 --> 04:05:56,300
that made him effectively a king
in all but name, Roman Senators 

4334
04:05:56,300 --> 04:05:58,400
who had dedicated their 
professional lives to the 

4335
04:05:58,400 --> 04:06:01,700
Republican system of government.
Watched the man who had said he 

4336
04:06:01,700 --> 04:06:04,100
was saving, the Republic was now
threatening to destroy it 

4337
04:06:04,100 --> 04:06:06,400
completely. 
Both former foes and 

4338
04:06:06,400 --> 04:06:09,000
disillusioned friends were part 
of the plot against Caesar 

4339
04:06:09,000 --> 04:06:11,100
because Caesar had treated 
Brutus. 

4340
04:06:11,100 --> 04:06:14,400
Almost like a son, men, like him
started to think that the only 

4341
04:06:14,400 --> 04:06:16,900
way to preserve Roman Liberty 
was to kill Caesar. 

4342
04:06:16,900 --> 04:06:20,300
This Choice was a combination of
personal animosity, true 

4343
04:06:20,300 --> 04:06:23,300
patriotism and likely some 
concern about Caesar's next 

4344
04:06:23,300 --> 04:06:25,300
move. 
Despite fortune, tellers 

4345
04:06:25,300 --> 04:06:28,400
cautions his wife's dreams and 
most likely his own political 

4346
04:06:28,400 --> 04:06:31,200
instincts. 
Caesar entered, the Roman senate

4347
04:06:31,200 --> 04:06:35,900
building on March 1544, BCE also
known as The Ides of March 

4348
04:06:35,900 --> 04:06:39,300
following that dozens of 
senators, alternated stabbing, 

4349
04:06:39,300 --> 04:06:42,100
the man who had rebuilt, the 
Roman World, which was less 

4350
04:06:42,100 --> 04:06:44,500
like, an assassination than a 
group therapy session with 

4351
04:06:44,500 --> 04:06:47,000
knives. 
Caesar's life and death were 

4352
04:06:47,000 --> 04:06:50,800
equally, dramatic, his final 
words according to Legend, when 

4353
04:06:50,800 --> 04:06:54,000
he saw Brutus among his 
murderers were two brute. 

4354
04:06:54,000 --> 04:06:58,300
And You Brutus, it was the 
ultimate betrayal by someone. 

4355
04:06:58,300 --> 04:07:01,300
He had trusted and it 
encapsulated the tragedy of a 

4356
04:07:01,300 --> 04:07:03,900
man whose greatest 
accomplishments had set the 

4357
04:07:03,900 --> 04:07:07,200
stage for his own downfall. 
Sometimes the Cure is worse than

4358
04:07:07,200 --> 04:07:09,100
the illness. 
Don't, you know, that's 

4359
04:07:09,100 --> 04:07:11,900
basically what happened when 
Caesar was assassinated by the 

4360
04:07:11,900 --> 04:07:14,000
Roman Senators. 
They believed they were 

4361
04:07:14,008 --> 04:07:17,800
preserving the Republic but in 
reality they ensured its demise 

4362
04:07:17,800 --> 04:07:20,400
and paved the way for a civil 
war that would make Caesar's 

4363
04:07:20,400 --> 04:07:23,500
dispute with Pompey. 
Seem like a local quarrel sees. 

4364
04:07:23,500 --> 04:07:26,600
His death had been carefully 
planned by the conspirators, but

4365
04:07:26,600 --> 04:07:29,300
it seems, they had neglected to 
plan for what would happen next?

4366
04:07:29,300 --> 04:07:32,600
It became evident within hours 
of the assassination that they 

4367
04:07:32,600 --> 04:07:34,700
had killed Rome's. 
Most well-liked, Man, without 

4368
04:07:34,700 --> 04:07:37,800
knowing how to handle the power 
vacuum, they had caused the 

4369
04:07:37,800 --> 04:07:39,300
company. 
In question happened to control 

4370
04:07:39,300 --> 04:07:41,900
the majority of the known world.
So it was similar to 

4371
04:07:41,900 --> 04:07:45,200
successfully outing a CEO 
without a succession plan. 

4372
04:07:45,200 --> 04:07:48,400
When Mark Antony sees his 
faithful left tenant, came out 

4373
04:07:48,400 --> 04:07:50,300
of hiding to give Caesar's 
funeral oration. 

4374
04:07:50,300 --> 04:07:53,400
He quickly transformed it into 
the most potent political 

4375
04:07:53,400 --> 04:07:57,200
theater in Antiquity by reading 
seasons will which left money to

4376
04:07:57,200 --> 04:08:00,400
all Roman citizens and 
displaying his bloodied Togo. 

4377
04:08:00,400 --> 04:08:03,700
While explaining each wound 
Anthony turned, Caesar's funeral

4378
04:08:03,700 --> 04:08:05,600
into a masterclass in emotional,
man. 

4379
04:08:05,600 --> 04:08:09,400
Rather than the straightforward 
ceremony, the conspirators at 

4380
04:08:09,400 --> 04:08:11,800
anticipated. 
The response from the crowd, was

4381
04:08:11,800 --> 04:08:15,200
exactly what Antony had hoped 
for, and what the conspirators 

4382
04:08:15,200 --> 04:08:18,500
should have been afraid of in 
search of anyone involved in the

4383
04:08:18,508 --> 04:08:22,600
assassination, Roman's rioted 
throughout the city protected, 

4384
04:08:22,600 --> 04:08:24,000
by the very government 
buildings. 

4385
04:08:24,000 --> 04:08:25,300
They had claimed to be 
defending. 

4386
04:08:25,300 --> 04:08:28,700
The conspirators ended up 
barricaded on capitalone Hill 

4387
04:08:29,400 --> 04:08:32,200
However, the true drama was only
getting started. 

4388
04:08:32,200 --> 04:08:36,000
Caesar had adopted his 18 year 
old grand-nephew Octavius, as 

4389
04:08:36,000 --> 04:08:38,700
his son and Heir, the surprise 
that would change the course of 

4390
04:08:38,708 --> 04:08:41,300
Roman history. 
According to his will suddenly 

4391
04:08:41,300 --> 04:08:45,000
this young man who would go on 
to become, Augustus was the heir

4392
04:08:45,000 --> 04:08:48,100
to the most illustrious name in 
Roman politics and the son of a 

4393
04:08:48,108 --> 04:08:52,400
god Caesar had been posthumously
deified young octavius's 

4394
04:08:52,400 --> 04:08:54,800
transitioned into a political 
figure was similar to witnessing

4395
04:08:54,800 --> 04:08:57,100
someone. 
Go from intern to CEO in a 

4396
04:08:57,100 --> 04:08:59,400
single day. 
He was studying philosophy at a 

4397
04:08:59,400 --> 04:09:02,300
Greek College one day and then 
he was heading back to Rome to 

4398
04:09:02,300 --> 04:09:05,600
claim an inheritance that 
included immense wealth a well 

4399
04:09:05,600 --> 04:09:08,600
known name and the allegiance of
Caesars seasoned Legions. 

4400
04:09:08,600 --> 04:09:11,900
Octavius was inheriting a 
revolution, whereas most 

4401
04:09:11,900 --> 04:09:14,200
teenagers would have been 
overwhelmed by inheriting a 

4402
04:09:14,200 --> 04:09:17,200
family business in the years 
after season's death, Mark, 

4403
04:09:17,200 --> 04:09:19,600
Antony Octavius, and a 
politician by the name of 

4404
04:09:19,600 --> 04:09:22,500
leopardus formed what historians
refer to as the second 

4405
04:09:22,500 --> 04:09:25,100
triumvirate. 
This triumvirate was formal 

4406
04:09:25,100 --> 04:09:29,000
lawful and specifically created 
to find Caesar's Killers while 

4407
04:09:29,300 --> 04:09:32,400
Lighting, the Roman World among 
themselves in contrast to The 

4408
04:09:32,408 --> 04:09:35,400
Unofficial agreement Caesar had 
made with Pompeii and Crassus. 

4409
04:09:35,400 --> 04:09:38,700
Caesar's policy of clemency, was
rendered obsolete by the 

4410
04:09:38,700 --> 04:09:40,400
ensuing. 
Systematic campaign of 

4411
04:09:40,400 --> 04:09:43,500
retaliation by publishing 
proscription lists, which were 

4412
04:09:43,500 --> 04:09:45,800
essentially death warrants for 
their political Rivals. 

4413
04:09:45,800 --> 04:09:49,200
The triumphs transformed Rome 
into a place where slandering 

4414
04:09:49,200 --> 04:09:52,200
neighbors could bring in large 
sums of money and where 

4415
04:09:52,200 --> 04:09:56,000
political connections were 
essential to one survival, the 

4416
04:09:56,000 --> 04:09:58,500
conspirators who had killed 
Caesar were now dispersed 

4417
04:09:58,500 --> 04:10:01,200
throughout the Mediterranean 
frantically attempting to 

4418
04:10:01,200 --> 04:10:04,600
assemble armies, while being 
methodically pursued by men who 

4419
04:10:04,600 --> 04:10:07,700
combined Caesar's military 
prowess with none of his 

4420
04:10:07,700 --> 04:10:10,700
compassion at Philippi, where 
Brutus and cashless LED 

4421
04:10:10,700 --> 04:10:13,100
Republican, forces against 
Antony and Octavius. 

4422
04:10:13,100 --> 04:10:15,400
Armies, the final battle took 
place. 

4423
04:10:15,400 --> 04:10:18,600
The Roman Republic came to an 
end at the Battle of Philippi 

4424
04:10:18,600 --> 04:10:21,900
but it also served as a sneak 
peek at the Imperial structure 

4425
04:10:21,900 --> 04:10:24,600
that would take its place. 
The Roman world was split 

4426
04:10:24,600 --> 04:10:27,700
between Antony and Octavius like
a particularly valuable piece of

4427
04:10:27,700 --> 04:10:31,300
real estate being split by 
Partners who didn't fully trust 

4428
04:10:31,300 --> 04:10:33,800
each other, after Caesar's 
assassins were killed. 

4429
04:10:33,800 --> 04:10:38,000
However, even this Arrangement 
was not sustainable Octavius. 

4430
04:10:38,000 --> 04:10:41,000
Had the ideal opportunity to 
portray himself as the protector

4431
04:10:41,000 --> 04:10:44,400
of Roman values against foreign 
corruption because of Antony and

4432
04:10:44,400 --> 04:10:48,000
Cleopatra's relationship, which 
started as a political Alliance 

4433
04:10:48,000 --> 04:10:51,200
and eventually turned into a 
True Romance in the ensuing, 

4434
04:10:51,200 --> 04:10:55,000
propaganda War, Anthony a Roman 
who had left his native land for

4435
04:10:55,000 --> 04:10:58,700
Egyptian luxury was transformed 
from seasons of vendor to 

4436
04:10:58,700 --> 04:11:02,400
Caesar's traitor. 
The Roman Republic's last Civil 

4437
04:11:02,400 --> 04:11:05,700
War and folded like a battleship
soap, opera Octavius. 

4438
04:11:05,700 --> 04:11:08,600
Stood for Republican 
institutions, due to the state 

4439
04:11:08,600 --> 04:11:12,400
and traditional Roman values. 
The threat of foreign dominance 

4440
04:11:12,400 --> 04:11:15,900
personal Indulgence in eastern 
luxury, were all symbolized by 

4441
04:11:15,900 --> 04:11:20,800
Antony and Cleopatra in 31 BC, 
their fleets clashed attacked 

4442
04:11:20,800 --> 04:11:24,300
him deciding not only who would 
govern Rome but also the nature 

4443
04:11:24,300 --> 04:11:27,300
of the city-state. 
The Roman Republic came to an 

4444
04:11:27,308 --> 04:11:30,500
end with octavius's victory at 
actium and the Roman Empire 

4445
04:11:30,500 --> 04:11:33,400
began Rome was the only 
superpower in the ancient 

4446
04:11:33,400 --> 04:11:35,600
Mediterranean after Antony and 
Cleopatra. 

4447
04:11:35,600 --> 04:11:40,000
Committed suicide in Alexandria 
ending the Hellenistic era that 

4448
04:11:40,000 --> 04:11:41,800
had lasted since Alexander the 
Great. 

4449
04:11:41,800 --> 04:11:43,600
Let's talk about something 
amazing. 

4450
04:11:43,600 --> 04:11:46,300
As you curl up with your blanket
and maybe refill that tea cup. 

4451
04:11:46,300 --> 04:11:50,800
How a man who passed away more 
than 2,000 years ago, continues 

4452
04:11:50,800 --> 04:11:54,100
to have an impact on your life. 
In ways you probably aren't even

4453
04:11:54,100 --> 04:11:56,500
aware of Cesar's. 
Handiwork is visible. 

4454
04:11:56,500 --> 04:11:59,600
Every time you look at a 
calendar that Julian calendar, 

4455
04:11:59,600 --> 04:12:04,600
he made in 46, BC e with leap 
days, every four years and a 

4456
04:12:04,600 --> 04:12:08,500
year with 365 days. 
We still use a slightly altered 

4457
04:12:08,500 --> 04:12:11,700
version of it today because it 
was so well designed Julius, 

4458
04:12:11,700 --> 04:12:14,300
Caesar decided that Roman time 
keeping needed to be better 

4459
04:12:14,300 --> 04:12:17,600
organized which is why December 
31st exists today. 

4460
04:12:17,600 --> 04:12:21,000
You are adhering to assist him 
created by a man who is never 

4461
04:12:21,000 --> 04:12:23,700
seen a car or an airplane when 
you schedule your birthday or 

4462
04:12:23,700 --> 04:12:27,400
some of vacation. 
However, Seasons impact extends,

4463
04:12:27,400 --> 04:12:30,200
far beyond, calendar reform, 
season's title. 

4464
04:12:30,200 --> 04:12:34,100
Imperato is where the word 
Emperor originates, German and 

4465
04:12:34,100 --> 04:12:36,800
Russian rulers, who wish to 
inherit season's name used the 

4466
04:12:36,800 --> 04:12:40,600
variations Kaiser and Kazar. 
Ambitious leaders have been 

4467
04:12:40,600 --> 04:12:43,000
attempting to emulate. 
Julius Caesar with regional 

4468
04:12:43,000 --> 04:12:46,100
traits for more than two 
Millennia, Caesar invented a 

4469
04:12:46,100 --> 04:12:48,500
number of political ideas that 
have reverberated throughout 

4470
04:12:48,500 --> 04:12:51,200
history and both inspiring and 
terrifying ways. 

4471
04:12:51,200 --> 04:12:54,400
These ideas include the notion 
that popular support could 

4472
04:12:54,400 --> 04:12:57,700
legitimize radical change. 
That military success could 

4473
04:12:57,700 --> 04:12:59,600
translate into civilian 
Authority. 

4474
04:12:59,600 --> 04:13:02,800
And that charismatic leadership 
could transcend traditional 

4475
04:13:02,800 --> 04:13:06,800
institutional limits, Caesar's 
strategy is being used by every 

4476
04:13:06,800 --> 04:13:09,400
populist politician who says 
they are speaking for the people

4477
04:13:09,400 --> 04:13:12,600
against the ruling class, 
consider the expression Crossing

4478
04:13:12,600 --> 04:13:15,100
the Rubicon. 
When someone says their crossing

4479
04:13:15,100 --> 04:13:17,900
their Rubicon, their referring 
to a decision that will alter 

4480
04:13:17,900 --> 04:13:21,200
everything forever sees to 
decision-making moment on that. 

4481
04:13:21,200 --> 04:13:25,100
River Bank in 49, BC is the 
direct source of that metaphor 

4482
04:13:25,100 --> 04:13:27,700
historians. 
Use it to explain times when 

4483
04:13:27,700 --> 04:13:31,100
societies change couples. 
Use it to talk about significant

4484
04:13:31,100 --> 04:13:34,400
life, Transitions and corporate 
Executives, use it in board, 

4485
04:13:34,400 --> 04:13:37,800
meetings Seasons, military 
advancements, impacted Warfare 

4486
04:13:37,800 --> 04:13:39,200
for centuries and persisted 
through. 

4487
04:13:39,400 --> 04:13:42,400
The Roman Empire. 
Roman Doctrine adopted his 

4488
04:13:42,400 --> 04:13:46,300
emphasis on agility. 
Speed and Engineering solutions 

4489
04:13:46,300 --> 04:13:48,600
to Tactical issues in order to 
move. 

4490
04:13:48,600 --> 04:13:51,900
Swiftly, through Gaul, his 
Legions constructed roads, which

4491
04:13:51,900 --> 04:13:55,000
later served as the basis for 
European transportation systems 

4492
04:13:55,000 --> 04:13:56,900
that persisted well into the 
modern era. 

4493
04:13:56,900 --> 04:13:59,700
The roots that Caesar's 
Engineers surveyed more than 

4494
04:13:59,708 --> 04:14:03,700
2000 years ago are still used by
some European highways Caesar's 

4495
04:14:03,700 --> 04:14:06,300
demonstration that the political
structures of the ancient world 

4496
04:14:06,300 --> 04:14:09,700
were not static or unalterable. 
However, may have been his most 

4497
04:14:09,700 --> 04:14:13,400
enduring contribution. 
Before Caesar the majority of 

4498
04:14:13,400 --> 04:14:16,700
people believed that things had 
to be the way they were Caesar 

4499
04:14:16,700 --> 04:14:19,200
proved that anyone with enough 
Vision talent and willpower 

4500
04:14:19,200 --> 04:14:22,500
could rebuild entire 
civilizations institutions and 

4501
04:14:22,500 --> 04:14:25,000
Customs. 
This was dangerous, as well as 

4502
04:14:25,000 --> 04:14:28,600
liberating season demonstrated 
the ability of human societies 

4503
04:14:28,600 --> 04:14:31,100
to change and adapt and 
advanced. 

4504
04:14:32,200 --> 04:14:35,100
From debt relief for struggling 
Farmers to citizenship for 

4505
04:14:35,100 --> 04:14:36,700
formerly marginalized 
communities. 

4506
04:14:36,700 --> 04:14:40,400
His reforms truly improve the 
lives of millions of Romans. 

4507
04:14:40,400 --> 04:14:43,800
However, he also demonstrated, 
how easily Democratic 

4508
04:14:43,800 --> 04:14:46,700
institutions could be overthrown
by someone, who was more aware 

4509
04:14:46,700 --> 04:14:49,800
of their flaws than their 
supporters Seasons Revolution, 

4510
04:14:49,800 --> 04:14:53,400
gave rise to the centuries long,
Roman Empire, which Served as a 

4511
04:14:53,408 --> 04:14:56,200
model for structuring and 
governing vast heterogeneous 

4512
04:14:56,200 --> 04:14:59,800
societies, Caesar contributed to
the development of Roman law 

4513
04:14:59,800 --> 04:15:03,200
which served as the basis for 
legal systems across Europe and 

4514
04:15:03,200 --> 04:15:05,900
ultimately impacted legal 
Traditions across the globe. 

4515
04:15:05,900 --> 04:15:09,400
You benefit from ideas, that 
developed from Roman precedence.

4516
04:15:09,400 --> 04:15:12,400
When you have the presumption of
innocence, the right to a trial 

4517
04:15:12,400 --> 04:15:15,500
and legal safeguards against 
capricious government, action 

4518
04:15:15,500 --> 04:15:18,900
aspiring leaders have even 
attempted to emulate, Caesar's 

4519
04:15:18,900 --> 04:15:21,900
Personal Style, For thousands of
years, people have been 

4520
04:15:21,908 --> 04:15:25,400
captivated by his leadership 
style, which combines military 

4521
04:15:25,400 --> 04:15:28,400
skill, intellectual 
sophistication, and public 

4522
04:15:28,400 --> 04:15:31,500
appeal by bringing a biography 
of the Roman General on his 

4523
04:15:31,500 --> 04:15:34,200
military Expeditions. 
Napoleon purposefully modeled 

4524
04:15:34,200 --> 04:15:37,800
himself after Caesar, Caesar's 
speeches are still studied by 

4525
04:15:37,800 --> 04:15:40,600
contemporary politicians as a 
source of rhetorical and 

4526
04:15:40,600 --> 04:15:43,100
persuasive lessons. 
Caesar's memory has endured 

4527
04:15:43,100 --> 04:15:46,200
through literature and drama in 
ways that were impossible for 

4528
04:15:46,200 --> 04:15:49,600
purely historical, research 
Shakespeare's Julius Caesar 

4529
04:15:49,600 --> 04:15:52,700
created dialogue that has become
ingrained in our common cultural

4530
04:15:52,700 --> 04:15:55,600
vocabulary while making the 
story understandable to 

4531
04:15:55,600 --> 04:15:57,700
audiences, who are ignorant of 
Roman politics. 

4532
04:15:57,700 --> 04:16:01,100
The Phrase Friends Romans 
countrymen, lend me. 

4533
04:16:01,100 --> 04:16:03,400
Your ears is likely more well 
known than anything that the 

4534
04:16:03,400 --> 04:16:07,100
real Anthony said Caesars life. 
Poses issues that are just as 

4535
04:16:07,100 --> 04:16:10,100
pertinent today, as they were 
two Millennia ago, including 

4536
04:16:10,100 --> 04:16:13,800
ambition leadership, and the 
nature of political change was 

4537
04:16:13,800 --> 04:16:16,500
Caesar and ambitious autocrat, 
who overthrew the Republican 

4538
04:16:16,500 --> 04:16:20,100
government for his own benefit. 
Was he a Visionary reformer who 

4539
04:16:20,100 --> 04:16:21,900
prevented political dysfunction 
in Rome. 

4540
04:16:21,900 --> 04:16:25,000
His story will always be 
fascinating because the truthful

4541
04:16:25,000 --> 04:16:28,600
response is most likely both. 
The same conflicts that 

4542
04:16:28,600 --> 04:16:31,200
shattered, the Roman Republic, 
still played contemporary 

4543
04:16:31,200 --> 04:16:33,200
democracies. 
How can Democratic 

4544
04:16:33,200 --> 04:16:35,600
accountability and effectively 
leadership be balanced. 

4545
04:16:35,600 --> 04:16:39,700
How can outmoded institutions be
reformed without jeopardizing? 

4546
04:16:39,700 --> 04:16:42,500
The stability? 
They offer, When leaders assert 

4547
04:16:42,500 --> 04:16:45,000
that they speak for the people's
will against established 

4548
04:16:45,000 --> 04:16:46,800
institutions. 
How do you react? 

4549
04:16:47,700 --> 04:16:50,400
These are issues that every 
Democratic Society must deal 

4550
04:16:50,400 --> 04:16:54,100
with not just historical ones as
we draw to a close. 

4551
04:16:54,100 --> 04:16:57,200
It is important to take a moment
to reflect on Caesar's character

4552
04:16:57,200 --> 04:17:00,300
outside of his political 
scheming and Military triumphs 

4553
04:17:00,600 --> 04:17:04,200
Because despite his historical 
significance, Julius Caesar was 

4554
04:17:04,200 --> 04:17:07,600
just a regular person with the 
same wants needs and anxieties 

4555
04:17:07,600 --> 04:17:10,500
as everyone else. 
According to reports, Caesar had

4556
04:17:10,500 --> 04:17:13,200
a great deal of personal charm 
and could make anyone feel like 

4557
04:17:13,200 --> 04:17:14,800
the most important person in the
room. 

4558
04:17:14,800 --> 04:17:18,500
He was tall and pale with dark 
eyes, and a receding hairline 

4559
04:17:18,500 --> 04:17:21,400
that apparently bothered him so 
much, that he frequently covered

4560
04:17:21,400 --> 04:17:24,000
it with Laurel wreaths according
to Roman sources. 

4561
04:17:24,000 --> 04:17:27,200
The fact that even the most 
influential people in history 

4562
04:17:27,200 --> 04:17:30,600
were self-conscious about their 
appearance and experimented with

4563
04:17:30,600 --> 04:17:33,000
unconventional, hair loss, 
remedies is strangely 

4564
04:17:33,000 --> 04:17:35,200
reassuring. 
His political Rivals, 

4565
04:17:35,200 --> 04:17:37,800
occasionally made fun of him for
being a feminine because he was 

4566
04:17:37,800 --> 04:17:40,000
infamously. 
Conceited about his appearance 

4567
04:17:40,000 --> 04:17:43,300
and lavished a lot of time and 
money on personal grooming, 

4568
04:17:43,300 --> 04:17:46,600
Caesar's focus on style and 
appearance was viewed as 

4569
04:17:46,600 --> 04:17:49,300
somewhat scandalous in a 
society, that valued masculine 

4570
04:17:49,300 --> 04:17:52,300
military virtues. 
However, this same as stencil 

4571
04:17:52,300 --> 04:17:55,500
politician was able to 
personally lead, Cavalry Charges

4572
04:17:55,500 --> 04:17:58,600
against Germanic Warriors, and 
out, maneuver soldiers, half his

4573
04:17:58,600 --> 04:18:01,700
age, even by Roman Standards 
Caesars. 

4574
04:18:01,700 --> 04:18:04,600
Intellectual curiosity was 
legendary during his gallic 

4575
04:18:04,600 --> 04:18:06,600
campaigns. 
He wrote poetry studied 

4576
04:18:06,600 --> 04:18:09,700
philosophy and supposedly wrote 
A Treatise on grammar, while 

4577
04:18:09,700 --> 04:18:13,100
traveling across the Alps. 
Imagine having such a Restless 

4578
04:18:13,100 --> 04:18:16,000
mind that you take advantage of 
military marches to write 

4579
04:18:16,000 --> 04:18:19,000
academically. 
In addition, he penned in-depth 

4580
04:18:19,000 --> 04:18:21,600
analysis of his own military 
operations, which are still 

4581
04:18:21,600 --> 04:18:23,300
studied today as historical 
documents. 

4582
04:18:23,300 --> 04:18:27,300
And as examples of persuasive 
political propaganda, a more 

4583
04:18:27,308 --> 04:18:30,100
intimate aspect of Caesar's 
personality is shown through his

4584
04:18:30,100 --> 04:18:33,500
relationship with his daughter. 
Julia, he reportedly loved her 

4585
04:18:33,500 --> 04:18:36,200
and a union with Pompey, was one
of the few occasions. 

4586
04:18:36,200 --> 04:18:38,900
When Caesar appeared to put 
political gain ahead of the 

4587
04:18:38,900 --> 04:18:41,900
happiness of his family. 
Both Caesar and Pompey were said

4588
04:18:41,900 --> 04:18:44,400
to have been devastated. 
When Julia died in childbirth, 

4589
04:18:44,400 --> 04:18:48,300
and some historians contend that
her passing aided in the 

4590
04:18:48,300 --> 04:18:51,600
dissolution of their political 
partnership in the end, even the

4591
04:18:51,600 --> 04:18:54,300
most prosperous politicians are 
just fathers who missed their 

4592
04:18:54,300 --> 04:18:56,900
kids seizures. 
Well, known Clemente toward 

4593
04:18:56,900 --> 04:19:00,300
vanquished adversaries, appears 
to have been motivated by more 

4594
04:19:00,300 --> 04:19:04,600
than just political expediency. 
Rather it appears to have been a

4595
04:19:04,600 --> 04:19:08,600
sincere conviction that kindness
worked better than brutality in 

4596
04:19:08,600 --> 04:19:11,300
a time when enslavement and mass
executioners were common. 

4597
04:19:11,500 --> 04:19:15,300
Following military triumphs. 
This was unusual, Caesar saw 

4598
04:19:15,300 --> 04:19:16,500
that. 
How you handled defeated 

4599
04:19:16,500 --> 04:19:19,000
opponents often determines 
whether they become future 

4600
04:19:19,000 --> 04:19:22,300
allies or lifelong enemies? 
Something that many leaders fail

4601
04:19:22,300 --> 04:19:25,400
to recognize. 
However, Caesar was also capable

4602
04:19:25,400 --> 04:19:27,200
of being brutal when he felt the
need to do. 

4603
04:19:27,208 --> 04:19:29,800
So his willingness to use 
political violence. 

4604
04:19:29,800 --> 04:19:33,500
When other options failed, his 
systematic destruction of towns 

4605
04:19:33,500 --> 04:19:37,100
that resisted his forces and his
Massacre of German tribes, who 

4606
04:19:37,100 --> 04:19:38,500
broke their agreements with 
Rome. 

4607
04:19:38,500 --> 04:19:42,700
All demonstrate his ability to 
put strategic necessity ahead of

4608
04:19:42,708 --> 04:19:45,700
personal preferences, his 
relationships with women, or 

4609
04:19:45,700 --> 04:19:49,300
reflected his complexity. 
In an era, when such views were 

4610
04:19:49,300 --> 04:19:52,500
rare Caesars to have truly 
respected, intelligent women, 

4611
04:19:52,500 --> 04:19:55,600
even Beyond his well-known 
liaison's with clear Patra and 

4612
04:19:55,608 --> 04:19:57,800
others. 
According to his correspondence,

4613
04:19:57,800 --> 04:20:00,800
he regarded, women, as 
intellectual allies, rather than

4614
04:20:00,800 --> 04:20:03,600
merely, as romantic conquests or
political instruments. 

4615
04:20:04,700 --> 04:20:07,200
In a culture that typically 
treated women as property. 

4616
04:20:07,200 --> 04:20:10,900
This was Radical thinking Caesar
was either psychologically 

4617
04:20:10,900 --> 04:20:13,400
incapable of accepting 
limitations or extremely 

4618
04:20:13,400 --> 04:20:16,400
confident in his abilities as 
evidence by his gambling 

4619
04:20:16,400 --> 04:20:18,600
addiction. 
It is important to note that his

4620
04:20:18,600 --> 04:20:21,400
willingness to stake everything 
on a single political or 

4621
04:20:21,400 --> 04:20:23,700
military move was essentially 
high stakes gambling. 

4622
04:20:23,700 --> 04:20:26,400
Most likely both throughout his 
career. 

4623
04:20:26,400 --> 04:20:29,100
He took a number of calculated 
risks that would have destroyed 

4624
04:20:29,100 --> 04:20:32,200
someone with less skill, but 
they continue to pay off for him

4625
04:20:32,208 --> 04:20:34,400
until they didn't historical 
sources. 

4626
04:20:34,400 --> 04:20:37,200
Paint a picture of a person who 
Blended intellectual 

4627
04:20:37,200 --> 04:20:41,200
sophistication with real world 
application genuine, brilliant 

4628
04:20:41,200 --> 04:20:44,300
with great ambition and personal
charm with occasional 

4629
04:20:44,300 --> 04:20:46,900
ruthlessness. 
He was the type of person who 

4630
04:20:46,900 --> 04:20:50,000
had planned military campaigns 
in the afternoon and engage in 

4631
04:20:50,008 --> 04:20:52,600
philosophical discussion with 
academics in the morning. 

4632
04:20:52,600 --> 04:20:55,300
Then stay up. 
Late writing poetry about both 

4633
04:20:55,300 --> 04:20:58,900
experiences, Caesar appears to 
have fascinated and frustrated 

4634
04:20:58,900 --> 04:21:01,300
his contemporaries. 
At the same time, even his 

4635
04:21:01,300 --> 04:21:04,100
adversaries lamented, his 
aspirations, while recognizing 

4636
04:21:04,100 --> 04:21:08,500
his AB Caesar Cicero 
acknowledged that seesaw, was 

4637
04:21:08,508 --> 04:21:12,200
likely the most talented orator 
of their time, even as he sought

4638
04:21:12,200 --> 04:21:16,100
to ruin season's career Cato who
saw sees her as a danger to 

4639
04:21:16,100 --> 04:21:19,400
Republican rule respected. 
His intelligence, most 

4640
04:21:19,400 --> 04:21:22,000
astonishing of all Caesar 
appears to have kept his sense 

4641
04:21:22,000 --> 04:21:25,500
of humor throughout his assent 
power Examples of his wit 

4642
04:21:25,500 --> 04:21:28,800
practical jokes and capacity for
self-loathing abound in Roman 

4643
04:21:28,800 --> 04:21:31,600
sources. 
Roman custom dictated that a 

4644
04:21:31,600 --> 04:21:34,200
slave whisper reminders of 
mortality in the Victor's ear 

4645
04:21:34,200 --> 04:21:37,600
during his Triumph celebrations.
Caesar is said to have joked 

4646
04:21:37,600 --> 04:21:40,100
that he didn't really need the 
reminder because he had plenty 

4647
04:21:40,100 --> 04:21:44,000
from his political Rivals, 
Brilliance and ambition, charm 

4648
04:21:44,000 --> 04:21:47,700
ruthlessness intellectual 
curiosity, and humor were all 

4649
04:21:47,700 --> 04:21:50,600
combined to create a person who 
was uniquely suited to deal with

4650
04:21:50,600 --> 04:21:52,400
the challenges of late 
Republican Rome. 

4651
04:21:52,400 --> 04:21:56,100
However, it also produced a 
person who was ultimately too 

4652
04:21:56,100 --> 04:21:59,300
big for any system, including 
the one, he attempted to design 

4653
04:21:59,300 --> 04:22:02,500
for himself as our time, with 
Julius, Caesar comes to an end, 

4654
04:22:02,500 --> 04:22:05,700
it's important to consider what 
we can learn from his remarkable

4655
04:22:05,700 --> 04:22:09,000
life of about ambition 
leadership, and the delicate 

4656
04:22:09,000 --> 04:22:12,300
balance that every society must 
maintain between change and 

4657
04:22:12,300 --> 04:22:14,500
stability. 
Season's life provides a 

4658
04:22:14,500 --> 04:22:17,400
brilliant example of how a 
single person's ability and 

4659
04:22:17,400 --> 04:22:19,400
drive can transform entire 
Society. 

4660
04:22:19,400 --> 04:22:22,900
He demonstrated that even 
institutions that were supposed 

4661
04:22:22,900 --> 04:22:26,700
to be permanent like the Roman 
Republic which had endured for 

4662
04:22:26,700 --> 04:22:29,800
centuries could be changed by 
someone who knew their flaws 

4663
04:22:29,800 --> 04:22:31,300
better than their supporters 
did. 

4664
04:22:31,300 --> 04:22:33,600
This is sobering as well as 
inspiring. 

4665
04:22:33,600 --> 04:22:36,300
It is sobering because it 
demonstrates how easily. 

4666
04:22:36,400 --> 04:22:39,300
Treasured Customs can vanish. 
When they become disconnected 

4667
04:22:39,300 --> 04:22:42,600
from the realities of the modern
world and inspiring because it 

4668
04:22:42,600 --> 04:22:45,300
implies that human societies can
change and grow. 

4669
04:22:45,300 --> 04:22:48,100
There were real issues with the 
Roman Republic that Caesar 

4670
04:22:48,100 --> 04:22:50,400
overthrew. 
It was a system of governance 

4671
04:22:50,400 --> 04:22:53,700
created for a tiny city-state 
attempting to run an empire. 

4672
04:22:53,700 --> 04:22:56,900
In the Mediterranean effective 
governance was hampered by its 

4673
04:22:56,900 --> 04:22:59,700
institutions, growing inability 
to make critical decisions. 

4674
04:22:59,700 --> 04:23:03,000
Its politicians preference for 
self-interest over public 

4675
04:23:03,000 --> 04:23:06,900
service and its traditional 
checks and balances Caesar 

4676
04:23:06,900 --> 04:23:08,400
dealt. 
The last blow to a dying system 

4677
04:23:08,400 --> 04:23:12,000
rather than destroying a robust 
one, Caesar's solution, however,

4678
04:23:12,000 --> 04:23:15,800
which concentrated power in the 
hands of a single extremely 

4679
04:23:15,800 --> 04:23:19,400
competent person, brought about 
new issues, what occurs? 

4680
04:23:19,400 --> 04:23:22,200
If the competent person passes 
away, what occurs if 

4681
04:23:22,200 --> 04:23:25,800
concentrated power is inherited 
by a less competent person, even

4682
04:23:25,800 --> 04:23:28,800
though personal rule may be 
effective at first, it can lead 

4683
04:23:28,800 --> 04:23:32,100
to instability that lasts for 
Generations as the Civil Wars 

4684
04:23:32,100 --> 04:23:34,000
that followed Caesar's 
assassination showed. 

4685
04:23:34,800 --> 04:23:38,200
Throughout history, this pattern
has recurred, charismatic 

4686
04:23:38,200 --> 04:23:41,100
leaders who promised to overcome
bureaucratic inefficiencies and 

4687
04:23:41,100 --> 04:23:43,300
accomplish goals are frequently 
sought. 

4688
04:23:43,300 --> 04:23:46,600
After by societies, with 
dysfunctional institutions, as 

4689
04:23:46,600 --> 04:23:49,600
Caesar did with his changes to 
Roman law government and 

4690
04:23:49,600 --> 04:23:52,600
citizenship these leaders can 
occasionally actually make 

4691
04:23:52,600 --> 04:23:55,000
things better. 
However, the concentration of 

4692
04:23:55,008 --> 04:23:56,800
power that enables these 
advancements. 

4693
04:23:56,800 --> 04:23:58,900
Also, makes power abuse 
inevitable. 

4694
04:23:58,900 --> 04:24:02,700
Either by the original leader, 
or by their successes Caesars 

4695
04:24:02,700 --> 04:24:04,300
relationship. 
With his soldiers provides 

4696
04:24:04,300 --> 04:24:06,500
Leadership Lessons that are 
still applicable to today. 

4697
04:24:06,500 --> 04:24:09,400
He was successful because he 
shared the struggles of his 

4698
04:24:09,400 --> 04:24:12,600
followers, genuinely cared about
their well-being and 

4699
04:24:12,600 --> 04:24:15,000
continuously. 
Valued hard work, over political

4700
04:24:15,000 --> 04:24:19,000
Connections, In addition to his 
success is Legions followed him 

4701
04:24:19,000 --> 04:24:21,100
because they believed he would 
protect their interests. 

4702
04:24:21,900 --> 04:24:24,500
Caesar showed that service is 
the ultimate goal of leadership.

4703
04:24:24,500 --> 04:24:28,500
Even if that service, furthers 
your personal goals Seasons 

4704
04:24:28,500 --> 04:24:31,400
rapid transformation from Roman 
Patriot to destroyer of the 

4705
04:24:31,400 --> 04:24:34,800
Republic raises significant 
questions about the failure of 

4706
04:24:34,808 --> 04:24:37,800
political systems, in addition 
to becoming an effectual 

4707
04:24:37,800 --> 04:24:40,900
institutions that are unable to 
adjust to changing conditions 

4708
04:24:40,900 --> 04:24:44,300
Foster and environment that 
rewards people who are prepared 

4709
04:24:44,300 --> 04:24:47,700
to work against or outside of 
them sees a first attempted to 

4710
04:24:47,700 --> 04:24:50,400
operate within the Republic's 
structures rather than trying to

4711
04:24:50,400 --> 04:24:53,000
overthrow it. 
He only made the decision to 

4712
04:24:53,000 --> 04:24:56,900
complete the systems when they 
continuously prevented him from 

4713
04:24:56,900 --> 04:24:59,600
making the necessary 
adjustments, this affects 

4714
04:24:59,600 --> 04:25:02,600
contemporary democracies, those 
who are willing to employ. 

4715
04:25:02,600 --> 04:25:05,600
Illegal means have more 
opportunities when legitimate 

4716
04:25:05,600 --> 04:25:08,200
institutions become. 
So clogged up, that they are 

4717
04:25:08,200 --> 04:25:11,700
unable to solve actual issues, 
making sure that Democratic 

4718
04:25:11,700 --> 04:25:14,400
institutions can continue to 
develop and reform, is the 

4719
04:25:14,400 --> 04:25:18,500
answer not accepting deadlock as
unavoidable Caesars clemency 

4720
04:25:18,500 --> 04:25:20,300
policy. 
His practice of pardoning 

4721
04:25:20,300 --> 04:25:23,700
defeated enemies rather than 
executing them represented. 

4722
04:25:23,700 --> 04:25:26,700
A revolutionary approach to 
political conflict, Caesar 

4723
04:25:26,700 --> 04:25:29,300
approached Politics as a process
in which to today's adversaries 

4724
04:25:29,300 --> 04:25:32,900
could turn into tomorrow's 
allies rather than as a zero sum

4725
04:25:32,900 --> 04:25:36,400
game in which Rivals must be 
destroyed this strategy, which 

4726
04:25:36,400 --> 04:25:40,100
proved remarkably successful. 
During his lifetime implies that

4727
04:25:40,100 --> 04:25:43,100
political reconciliation 
frequently yields greater 

4728
04:25:43,100 --> 04:25:44,700
results than political 
retaliation. 

4729
04:25:45,800 --> 04:25:48,700
Caesar's murder serves as a 
reminder that clemency has its 

4730
04:25:48,700 --> 04:25:50,500
bounds though. 
Some opponents? 

4731
04:25:50,500 --> 04:25:52,600
Consider your powers very 
existence to be. 

4732
04:25:52,600 --> 04:25:55,400
Illegitimate making it 
impossible to make amends 

4733
04:25:55,400 --> 04:25:57,500
Seasons. 
Killers would driven by 

4734
04:25:57,500 --> 04:26:00,400
constitutional ideals rather 
than personal grievances. 

4735
04:26:00,400 --> 04:26:03,400
They killed him because they 
thought his continued existence 

4736
04:26:03,400 --> 04:26:06,200
threatened, Roman Liberty. 
Not because he had hurt them. 

4737
04:26:06,200 --> 04:26:09,500
This implies that despite its 
desire, political 

4738
04:26:09,500 --> 04:26:12,400
reconciliation, occasionally, 
necessitate, concession, that 

4739
04:26:12,400 --> 04:26:13,800
core values. 
Cannot support. 

4740
04:26:13,800 --> 04:26:16,700
An important Point regarding 
political succession is 

4741
04:26:16,700 --> 04:26:19,700
illustrated by octavius's 
transition from teenager to 

4742
04:26:19,700 --> 04:26:22,200
Augustus. 
Although people can change 

4743
04:26:22,200 --> 04:26:24,700
institutions in ways that 
Outlast their own lives, 

4744
04:26:24,700 --> 04:26:28,900
institutions are more important 
than individuals, Caesar created

4745
04:26:28,900 --> 04:26:32,100
the conditions for Imperial rule
but Augustus created the 

4746
04:26:32,100 --> 04:26:34,700
imperial system that would 
govern Rome for centuries, 

4747
04:26:34,700 --> 04:26:38,200
institutional structure without 
Vision, rarely inspires enduring

4748
04:26:38,200 --> 04:26:41,500
loyalty and vision without 
institutional structure, rarely 

4749
04:26:41,500 --> 04:26:44,800
survives its creator, Caesar's 
interest in everything from 

4750
04:26:44,800 --> 04:26:46,900
grammatical Theory to military 
engineering. 

4751
04:26:46,900 --> 04:26:50,600
Demonstrates his intellectual 
curiosity and implies that 

4752
04:26:50,600 --> 04:26:53,400
effective leadership, calls for 
a wide range of knowledge. 

4753
04:26:53,400 --> 04:26:55,500
Rather than specialized 
knowledge. 

4754
04:26:55,500 --> 04:26:58,300
Every society faces 
interconnected problems. 

4755
04:26:58,300 --> 04:27:01,000
And solving one often 
necessitates knowledge of 

4756
04:27:01,008 --> 04:27:04,500
seemingly unrelated Fields, 
Caesar was successful in part 

4757
04:27:04,500 --> 04:27:07,800
because he took a multifaceted 
approach to issues fusing 

4758
04:27:07,800 --> 04:27:11,200
political, social military and 
economic viewpoints in ways that

4759
04:27:11,200 --> 04:27:13,300
more specialized Specialists 
might Overlook. 

4760
04:27:13,300 --> 04:27:17,200
Lastly, Caesars tail serves as a
reminder, that the interplay 

4761
04:27:17,200 --> 04:27:20,200
between structural forces and 
personal decision-making Drive 

4762
04:27:20,200 --> 04:27:21,500
historical. 
Change. 

4763
04:27:21,500 --> 04:27:24,500
Although season did not cause 
the issues that led the fall of 

4764
04:27:24,500 --> 04:27:27,200
the Roman Republic, his 
solutions, to those issues 

4765
04:27:27,200 --> 04:27:29,300
influenced, the course of the 
Empire's transition. 

4766
04:27:29,300 --> 04:27:32,000
Perhaps a more violent 
transition in stead of the 

4767
04:27:32,000 --> 04:27:36,000
comparatively peaceful one that 
will gustus oversaw or perhaps a

4768
04:27:36,000 --> 04:27:38,300
reformed Republic. 
In stead of a new Empire could 

4769
04:27:38,300 --> 04:27:39,900
have resulted from different 
decisions. 

4770
04:27:39,900 --> 04:27:42,900
We can better navigate our own 
historical moment if we 

4771
04:27:42,900 --> 04:27:45,900
comprehend this into play 
between circumstance and choice.

4772
04:27:46,900 --> 04:27:49,900
Although the structural forces 
forming our world beyond our 

4773
04:27:49,900 --> 04:27:53,000
control, we do have some control
over how we react to them, 

4774
04:27:53,000 --> 04:27:56,500
Caesar's life demonstrates, how 
one person's actions, even when 

4775
04:27:56,500 --> 04:28:00,100
limited by external factors have
the capacity to influence the 

4776
04:28:00,100 --> 04:28:03,100
course of history in ways that 
lasts for centuries, as you 

4777
04:28:03,100 --> 04:28:05,400
finish your tea and get ready 
for bed, think about this 

4778
04:28:05,400 --> 04:28:08,800
Caesar's commentaries on the 
gallic wars, which contain 

4779
04:28:08,800 --> 04:28:11,700
leadership and strategy lessons 
that are just as applicable 

4780
04:28:11,700 --> 04:28:15,500
today, as they were 2000 years 
ago and being read by someone 

4781
04:28:15,500 --> 04:28:18,800
somewhere tonight somewhere. 
A student is learning the 

4782
04:28:18,800 --> 04:28:22,000
funeral oration of Antony from 
Shakespeare's play by heart. 

4783
04:28:22,000 --> 04:28:24,800
They are absorbing concepts 
related to political 

4784
04:28:24,800 --> 04:28:28,400
manipulation and rhetoric that 
will shape their future thoughts

4785
04:28:28,400 --> 04:28:31,200
on public speaking. 
He sees his tail in dues because

4786
04:28:31,200 --> 04:28:33,600
it is timeless rather than 
because it is ancient. 

4787
04:28:34,400 --> 04:28:37,200
The same basic issues that the 
Roman's face in the first 

4788
04:28:37,200 --> 04:28:39,100
century the year faced, by all 
generations. 

4789
04:28:40,200 --> 04:28:42,900
How can one strike a balance 
between freedom and security? 

4790
04:28:42,900 --> 04:28:46,700
How can outmoded institutions be
changed without jeopardizing 

4791
04:28:46,700 --> 04:28:49,100
social order? 
How can you tell the difference 

4792
04:28:49,100 --> 04:28:51,200
between leaders? 
Who truly work for the public 

4793
04:28:51,200 --> 04:28:52,700
good? 
And those who are just 

4794
04:28:52,700 --> 04:28:55,900
interested in themselves, the 
inability of the Roman Republic 

4795
04:28:55,900 --> 04:28:58,300
to adequately address these 
issues led to its downfall. 

4796
04:28:59,300 --> 04:29:01,800
Caesar Rose to power because he 
could offer Solutions. 

4797
04:29:01,800 --> 04:29:05,500
Even if those Solutions turned 
out to be untenable, his life 

4798
04:29:05,500 --> 04:29:08,200
serves as a reminder, that 
political structures are human 

4799
04:29:08,200 --> 04:29:12,200
inventions that need ongoing 
care, attention, and adaptation 

4800
04:29:12,200 --> 04:29:14,700
in order to thrive, even in the 
face of seemingly, 

4801
04:29:14,700 --> 04:29:18,000
insurmountable structural 
forces, individual people can 

4802
04:29:18,000 --> 04:29:21,000
still have an impact on the path
of History, which is perhaps the

4803
04:29:21,000 --> 04:29:23,600
most significant lesson to be 
learned from season's life. 

4804
04:29:24,200 --> 04:29:27,400
The fall of the Roman Republic 
Caesar and the ensuing Empire 

4805
04:29:27,400 --> 04:29:30,500
was not inevitable. 
Numerous individual decisions 

4806
04:29:30,500 --> 04:29:33,900
made by people who like us 
today, had to deal with fear 

4807
04:29:33,900 --> 04:29:37,600
uncertainty and challenging, 
trade-offs of shape history. 

4808
04:29:37,600 --> 04:29:40,800
Caesar had the option to choose,
not to cross the Rubicon. 

4809
04:29:40,800 --> 04:29:44,100
Although, they had other 
options, his adversaries decided

4810
04:29:44,100 --> 04:29:46,800
to kill him. 
Other outcomes were possible, 

4811
04:29:46,800 --> 04:29:49,900
but Augustus decided to 
establish a stable imperial 

4812
04:29:49,900 --> 04:29:52,100
system. 
The world, we inherited was 

4813
04:29:52,100 --> 04:29:55,300
shaped by the decisions made by 
imperfect people in unfeasible 

4814
04:29:55,300 --> 04:29:57,800
situations. 
This implies that our decisions 

4815
04:29:57,800 --> 04:30:01,000
are all so important, though, we
cannot foresee their long-term 

4816
04:30:01,000 --> 04:30:03,400
effects season. 
For example, could not have 

4817
04:30:03,400 --> 04:30:05,800
predicted that, his invasion of 
Gaul would ultimately result in 

4818
04:30:05,808 --> 04:30:09,000
the fall of the Roman Republic. 
We can make them carefully, 

4819
04:30:09,000 --> 04:30:11,900
taking into account, both their 
possible effects. 

4820
04:30:11,900 --> 04:30:15,400
And their, moral implications, 
you may dream about senators in 

4821
04:30:15,400 --> 04:30:17,100
togas, discussing the future of 
their Republic. 

4822
04:30:17,100 --> 04:30:21,400
Roman Legions marching through 
gallic forests or an ambitious 

4823
04:30:21,400 --> 04:30:24,800
young man standing at the banks 
of a small River contemplating 

4824
04:30:24,800 --> 04:30:28,400
whether or not to alter the 
course of history, you are drawn

4825
04:30:28,400 --> 04:30:31,400
into an ongoing human narrative 
through these dreams, one that 

4826
04:30:31,400 --> 04:30:33,700
started long before Caesar and 
goes on long. 

4827
04:30:33,700 --> 04:30:36,400
After remember that you're 
taking part in that same 

4828
04:30:36,400 --> 04:30:39,000
Continuing Story, when you wake 
up tomorrow and look at your 

4829
04:30:39,000 --> 04:30:42,800
calendar, Sees his Callender to 
make plans for the day. 

4830
04:30:42,800 --> 04:30:45,800
Future Generations, world is 
shape by the decisions. 

4831
04:30:45,800 --> 04:30:49,400
You make the organization's you 
uphold or oppose and the way you

4832
04:30:49,400 --> 04:30:52,600
treat both allies and 
adversaries, although Julius 

4833
04:30:52,600 --> 04:30:55,700
Caesar live two Millennia ago, 
his tail ultimately speaks to 

4834
04:30:55,700 --> 04:30:59,600
Universal, human emotions 
aspiration, and accomplishment, 

4835
04:30:59,600 --> 04:31:01,900
love and loss, success and 
failure. 

4836
04:31:01,900 --> 04:31:04,900
And the nuanced interplay 
between personal preference and 

4837
04:31:04,900 --> 04:31:07,900
historical context. 
These encounters allow us to 

4838
04:31:07,900 --> 04:31:10,400
connect with individuals who 
face essentially similar 

4839
04:31:10,400 --> 04:31:13,700
difficulties, despite living in 
very different worlds, over the 

4840
04:31:13,700 --> 04:31:17,100
ages, rest easy, knowing that 
you are a part of a human story 

4841
04:31:17,100 --> 04:31:20,000
that is still being written. 
And that your chapter, no matter

4842
04:31:20,000 --> 04:31:23,800
how small adds to a story, that 
will be told long after we all 

4843
04:31:23,800 --> 04:31:26,900
just names in history books, we 
can affect what we leave behind 

4844
04:31:26,900 --> 04:31:29,700
but like, Caesar. 
We have no control over, how we 

4845
04:31:29,700 --> 04:31:32,000
will be remembered and maybe 
that's sufficient. 

4846
04:31:32,000 --> 04:31:42,100
That might be all. 
Imagine This. 2 a.m. and you're 

4847
04:31:42,100 --> 04:31:44,500
in bed staring at the ceiling. 
Like it, owes you money. 

4848
04:31:44,500 --> 04:31:46,800
Your brain is helpfully playing 
back. 

4849
04:31:46,800 --> 04:31:50,600
That awful thing. 
You said in 2003, 30,000 years 

4850
04:31:50,600 --> 04:31:54,100
ago, nevertheless, your ancestor
grok was cutting logs. 

4851
04:31:54,100 --> 04:31:57,700
So quietly that surrounding 
mastodons employed him as a 

4852
04:31:57,700 --> 04:31:59,800
white noise machine. 
What is going on? 

4853
04:31:59,800 --> 04:32:03,900
How did we go from sleeping like
newborns enveloped in enormous 

4854
04:32:03,900 --> 04:32:06,700
fur to tossing and turning like 
squirrels on coffee? 

4855
04:32:07,800 --> 04:32:11,200
The answer, my friend who is 
always exhausted is buried 

4856
04:32:11,200 --> 04:32:14,400
deeper than your phone charger. 
Under the couch, cushions are 

4857
04:32:14,400 --> 04:32:16,500
predecessors. 
Who lived in caves didn't just 

4858
04:32:16,500 --> 04:32:17,500
fall asleep. 
Perfectly. 

4859
04:32:17,500 --> 04:32:21,000
They had a full technique that 
would make currently experts cry

4860
04:32:21,000 --> 04:32:23,200
with jealousy in their 
perspective. 

4861
04:32:23,200 --> 04:32:26,800
Darkness meant Darkness not, let
me check Instagram one more 

4862
04:32:26,800 --> 04:32:29,400
time. 
Darkness, their body's processed

4863
04:32:29,400 --> 04:32:32,100
the message more quickly than a 
teenager who just been grounded 

4864
04:32:32,100 --> 04:32:35,100
at dusk This is where it gets 
fascinating. 

4865
04:32:35,100 --> 04:32:37,800
These work just individuals who 
lived in caves. 

4866
04:32:37,800 --> 04:32:40,800
They were the consequence of 
millions of years of evolution. 

4867
04:32:40,800 --> 04:32:44,700
Making the perfect slumber 
machine every Instinct every 

4868
04:32:44,700 --> 04:32:47,400
biological mechanism. 
And every little thing they did 

4869
04:32:47,400 --> 04:32:50,100
every day was set up to help 
them obtain the kind of sleep, 

4870
04:32:50,100 --> 04:32:53,500
that would make a spa jealous. 
Think about what you usually do 

4871
04:32:53,500 --> 04:32:55,500
at night. 
You might be reading news, that 

4872
04:32:55,500 --> 04:32:58,700
makes you mistrust mankind, 
eating dinner, beneath strong, 

4873
04:32:58,700 --> 04:33:01,700
fluorescent lights, that might 
land a plane, and then wondering

4874
04:33:01,700 --> 04:33:04,099
why your brain won't stop. 
When you finally go to bed. 

4875
04:33:04,099 --> 04:33:06,400
On the other hand, your 
Neanderthal. 

4876
04:33:06,400 --> 04:33:09,200
Ancestor was winding down as 
naturally As Leaves dropping 

4877
04:33:09,200 --> 04:33:11,900
from a tree in the fall as 
actual Darkness. 

4878
04:33:11,900 --> 04:33:15,099
The type that engulfed. 
Everything whole spread over 

4879
04:33:15,099 --> 04:33:18,800
their world, their bodies began 
to release melatonin which is 

4880
04:33:18,800 --> 04:33:20,700
like a perfectly timed sleeping 
pill. 

4881
04:33:20,700 --> 04:33:23,800
They had no blue light to 
disrupt their internal clock. 

4882
04:33:23,800 --> 04:33:27,700
No emails to spike their 
cortisol levels at night and no 

4883
04:33:27,700 --> 04:33:29,700
neighbors leaf blower at dawn to
wake them up. 

4884
04:33:30,800 --> 04:33:33,900
The reality is that we've been 
recklessly attempting to sleep 

4885
04:33:33,900 --> 04:33:35,500
and the results have been 
disastrous. 

4886
04:33:36,500 --> 04:33:38,900
But before you go looking for a 
cave on Zillow, let's take a 

4887
04:33:38,900 --> 04:33:41,000
closer look at what made these 
Stone Age sleepers. 

4888
04:33:41,000 --> 04:33:43,599
So successful. 
There are secrets hidden in 

4889
04:33:43,599 --> 04:33:46,000
their modest way of living, that
could turn your restless 

4890
04:33:46,000 --> 04:33:49,300
evening's, into the calm sleep. 
You've always wanted there 

4891
04:33:49,300 --> 04:33:50,900
wasn't just one item that they 
were hiding. 

4892
04:33:50,900 --> 04:33:55,200
It was everything, everything 
about their lives, was ideally 

4893
04:33:55,200 --> 04:33:59,599
set up for deep restful, Slumber
from how they ate to how they 

4894
04:33:59,608 --> 04:34:02,200
walked. 
And from the are they inhaled to

4895
04:34:02,200 --> 04:34:05,300
the sound they heard. 
They lived in unison with 

4896
04:34:05,300 --> 04:34:06,700
rhythms that we have long since 
forgotten. 

4897
04:34:07,700 --> 04:34:11,900
So take a seat unwind and 
journey back to a time when 

4898
04:34:11,900 --> 04:34:15,500
falling asleep was as effortless
as breathing, you might find 

4899
04:34:15,500 --> 04:34:17,099
that the answer to your sleep, 
troubles in. 

4900
04:34:17,099 --> 04:34:18,599
The present has been there all 
along. 

4901
04:34:18,599 --> 04:34:21,900
It's not your fault that your 
internal clock is suffering and 

4902
04:34:21,900 --> 04:34:25,000
identity crisis. 
Not completely, though, you have

4903
04:34:25,000 --> 04:34:28,400
a small group of cells located 
deep in your brain, which we can

4904
04:34:28,400 --> 04:34:30,300
refer to. 
As your internal timekeeper, 

4905
04:34:30,300 --> 04:34:33,400
this group has been having the 
biological equivalent of a 

4906
04:34:33,400 --> 04:34:36,400
tantrum for decades. 
Over millions of years. 

4907
04:34:36,400 --> 04:34:39,700
This small-time keeper learned 
to respond to one basic signal 

4908
04:34:39,700 --> 04:34:45,300
light and dark This technique 
worked like a Swiss watch built 

4909
04:34:45,300 --> 04:34:47,500
of Starlight and Common Sense 
for your Neanderthal. 

4910
04:34:47,500 --> 04:34:51,000
Ancestors, their internal alarm 
clock softly, woke them up. 

4911
04:34:51,000 --> 04:34:53,900
When the sun came up, when it 
got dark, the evening show 

4912
04:34:53,900 --> 04:34:56,800
started and it made them less 
alert like a theater. 

4913
04:34:56,800 --> 04:35:00,099
Gently lowering the house 
lights, This is when things get 

4914
04:35:00,099 --> 04:35:04,200
deliciously ironic, we are. 
So excellent at manipulating our

4915
04:35:04,200 --> 04:35:07,099
surroundings that we have 
unintentionally, waged war on 

4916
04:35:07,099 --> 04:35:10,099
our own nature. 
Your ancestor glanced up at the 

4917
04:35:10,108 --> 04:35:12,200
stars and felt their body 
getting ready to sleep. 

4918
04:35:13,000 --> 04:35:15,099
You can't answer up at the 
ceiling of your bedroom, which 

4919
04:35:15,099 --> 04:35:18,700
is lit up by 17 different 
electrical devices, and you 

4920
04:35:18,700 --> 04:35:21,000
wonder why you feel like a 
vampire in a tanning bed. 

4921
04:35:21,800 --> 04:35:25,099
The plot goes further than you 
might realize that led street 

4922
04:35:25,099 --> 04:35:29,300
light outside your window that 
looks harmless at 11 p.m. it's 

4923
04:35:29,300 --> 04:35:31,400
sending out blue light at 
wavelengths that your brain 

4924
04:35:31,400 --> 04:35:35,200
reads as wake up. 
The sun is rising your phone 

4925
04:35:35,200 --> 04:35:39,099
tablet, laptop, and even your 
microwave's, digital clock are 

4926
04:35:39,099 --> 04:35:40,700
all part of this scheme to keep 
you awake. 

4927
04:35:41,800 --> 04:35:44,900
Scientists today, call the 
natural light dark cycle. 

4928
04:35:44,900 --> 04:35:48,400
What cave dwellers lived by, but
they didn't need a fancy name 

4929
04:35:48,400 --> 04:35:50,099
for it. 
They just called it Tuesday. 

4930
04:35:51,400 --> 04:35:54,200
The warm steady light of 
Daybreak marked, the start of 

4931
04:35:54,207 --> 04:35:58,200
their days, the dazzling 
complete spectrum of midday Sun 

4932
04:35:58,200 --> 04:36:01,500
marked the peak while the Deep 
orange and Crimson Hughes of 

4933
04:36:01,500 --> 04:36:04,400
sunset Mark. 
The End Their brains were 

4934
04:36:04,400 --> 04:36:07,300
already three steps ahead. 
By the time real darkness came 

4935
04:36:07,300 --> 04:36:10,200
sending Sleepytime hormones into
their bodies. 

4936
04:36:11,099 --> 04:36:14,200
You wake up to fake light, spend
eight hours at work under 

4937
04:36:14,200 --> 04:36:16,599
fluorescent lights. 
That would make a vampire squint

4938
04:36:16,599 --> 04:36:20,200
drive home in traffic while 
looking at LED headlights and 

4939
04:36:20,200 --> 04:36:22,200
then spend the evening in front 
of a screen before bed. 

4940
04:36:22,200 --> 04:36:25,500
It's like giving your internal 
clock a continuous diet of junk 

4941
04:36:25,500 --> 04:36:28,800
food and then being surprised 
when it's confused, but the real

4942
04:36:28,808 --> 04:36:32,500
kicker Is Not only was your 
predecessors sleep deeper, but 

4943
04:36:32,500 --> 04:36:35,700
it was also more flexible. 
Researchers turn what they did 

4944
04:36:35,700 --> 04:36:39,400
segmented sleep, they would wake
up in the middle of the night 

4945
04:36:39,400 --> 04:36:42,300
for an hour or two of Calm 
wakefulness before going back to

4946
04:36:42,300 --> 04:36:44,599
sleep. 
This wasn't sleeplessness. 

4947
04:36:44,599 --> 04:36:47,300
It was how people slept for 
thousands of years. 

4948
04:36:48,300 --> 04:36:51,000
These nocturnal breaks. 
They might tend to the fire 

4949
04:36:51,000 --> 04:36:53,599
talk, quietly or just lie, still
in the dark. 

4950
04:36:54,900 --> 04:36:57,400
They didn't have to worry about 
getting back to sleep. 

4951
04:36:57,400 --> 04:37:01,099
Check the time or wonder if they
would be tired the next day. 

4952
04:37:02,000 --> 04:37:05,300
They had entire faith in their 
body, just like you do in 

4953
04:37:05,300 --> 04:37:08,099
gravity. 
Your brain still wants to follow

4954
04:37:08,099 --> 04:37:11,200
these old patterns, but Modern 
Life continues, getting in the 

4955
04:37:11,200 --> 04:37:13,599
way of the dialogue between your
biology and the natural 

4956
04:37:13,599 --> 04:37:16,599
environment. 
Every artificial light every 

4957
04:37:16,599 --> 04:37:20,800
late night notification and 
every just one more episode is 

4958
04:37:20,800 --> 04:37:23,599
like static on the radio 
frequency that your forefathers 

4959
04:37:23,599 --> 04:37:27,300
used to sleep like Champions 
your caveman ancestor would be 

4960
04:37:27,300 --> 04:37:29,200
shocked to learn that. 
You worry about things that 

4961
04:37:29,200 --> 04:37:32,599
haven't happened yet might not 
happen and perhaps aren't even 

4962
04:37:32,599 --> 04:37:35,500
feasible. 
Rocks Stress Management approach

4963
04:37:35,500 --> 04:37:38,400
was also basic when the saber 
tooth tiger was gone. 

4964
04:37:38,400 --> 04:37:42,200
So was the stress your ancestors
nervous system worked like a 

4965
04:37:42,207 --> 04:37:43,700
smoke detector that was 
correctly. 

4966
04:37:43,700 --> 04:37:45,800
Set up? 
Is there a real danger? 

4967
04:37:45,800 --> 04:37:49,200
All systems are go? 
And adrenaline is pumping like a

4968
04:37:49,200 --> 04:37:53,500
fire hose, is the danger over 
the system is reset back to 

4969
04:37:53,500 --> 04:37:55,800
normal and ready for a lovely 
snooze by the fire. 

4970
04:37:56,599 --> 04:37:59,400
Your neurological system. 
However, perceives your morning,

4971
04:37:59,400 --> 04:38:02,700
commute job deadline. 
And the strange noise from your 

4972
04:38:02,700 --> 04:38:05,300
automobile is equally 
significant as a charging 

4973
04:38:05,300 --> 04:38:07,700
rhinoceros. 
You didn't do anything wrong. 

4974
04:38:07,700 --> 04:38:10,700
It's just the price we pay for 
having Minds that can think 

4975
04:38:10,707 --> 04:38:12,599
about problems that might happen
in the future. 

4976
04:38:12,599 --> 04:38:16,599
But here's what's keeping you up
at night your stress response. 

4977
04:38:16,599 --> 04:38:19,200
System doesn't know that most of
the threats you face. 

4978
04:38:19,200 --> 04:38:22,400
Every day aren't genuinely life 
or death circumstances. 

4979
04:38:24,000 --> 04:38:25,500
Stress. 
Hormones are released by your 

4980
04:38:25,500 --> 04:38:28,099
body for everything. 
From giving a presentation, at 

4981
04:38:28,099 --> 04:38:32,200
work to being late for dinner. 
These molecules are the enemies 

4982
04:38:32,200 --> 04:38:34,200
of calm sleep. 
Cortisol. 

4983
04:38:34,200 --> 04:38:37,300
Your main stress hormone was 
meant to wake you up and keep 

4984
04:38:37,300 --> 04:38:40,300
you attentive in real crises. 
Don't sleep. 

4985
04:38:40,300 --> 04:38:44,700
Now a tiger is nearby was what a
surge in cortisol signaled, in 

4986
04:38:44,700 --> 04:38:48,400
prehistoric times these days 
cortisol levels, go up. 

4987
04:38:48,400 --> 04:38:51,400
When you're Internet is slow 
your employer, sends you a 

4988
04:38:51,400 --> 04:38:53,900
strange email or you remember 
that you forgot to defrost 

4989
04:38:53,900 --> 04:38:56,300
dinner? 
Your body can't detect the 

4990
04:38:56,300 --> 04:38:59,000
difference between a real threat
and the annoying sound of your 

4991
04:38:59,000 --> 04:39:02,700
neighbor's wind chimes at 6:00 
a.m. but this is where life is a

4992
04:39:02,700 --> 04:39:04,800
caveman gets extremely 
desirable. 

4993
04:39:04,800 --> 04:39:08,900
Their stress was largely 
physical happened right away and

4994
04:39:08,900 --> 04:39:12,700
didn't last long Get rid of the 
Predator, get food and go away 

4995
04:39:12,700 --> 04:39:14,599
from the storm problem. 
Solved. 

4996
04:39:14,599 --> 04:39:18,099
Stress gone time to sleep. 
Your stress is mental and 

4997
04:39:18,108 --> 04:39:20,700
continual and there is no 
apparent way to fix it. 

4998
04:39:21,400 --> 04:39:23,900
How do you beat global warming 
or job insecurity? 

4999
04:39:23,900 --> 04:39:28,200
You can't really fight your 
mortgage payment and win your 

5000
04:39:28,200 --> 04:39:30,500
forebears possess something. 
We don't have anymore, the 

5001
04:39:30,500 --> 04:39:33,000
ability to relieve tension by 
being very tired. 

5002
04:39:33,000 --> 04:39:36,599
They were really ready to rest 
after a day of hunting Gathering

5003
04:39:36,599 --> 04:39:39,600
building and staying alive. 
They didn't need to wind down 

5004
04:39:39,600 --> 04:39:42,300
because they were already there 
in contrast. 

5005
04:39:42,300 --> 04:39:45,400
You spend much of your day in 
meetings staring at screens and 

5006
04:39:45,400 --> 04:39:47,300
utilizing your mind more than 
your body. 

5007
04:39:48,000 --> 04:39:50,800
Your mind is freed by the 
evening but your body hasn't 

5008
04:39:50,800 --> 04:39:53,800
really done anything. 
Researchers who study sleep, 

5009
04:39:53,800 --> 04:39:57,600
call this the tired, but wired 
phenomenon, your brain is tired 

5010
04:39:57,600 --> 04:40:00,700
from taking in information, 
making choices and dealing with 

5011
04:40:00,700 --> 04:40:03,700
stress, but your body hasn't had
the physical release that makes 

5012
04:40:03,700 --> 04:40:06,300
you sleepy. 
It's like revving, the engine of

5013
04:40:06,300 --> 04:40:10,100
a car while it's still in park, 
lots of energy, but no place to 

5014
04:40:10,108 --> 04:40:12,900
go. 
People who lived in caves also 

5015
04:40:12,900 --> 04:40:16,000
lived in small close-knit groups
where they could express their 

5016
04:40:16,000 --> 04:40:17,400
worries and get help all the 
time. 

5017
04:40:17,400 --> 04:40:21,300
Everyone in the clan knew about 
rocks, disastrous, Mammoth hunt 

5018
04:40:21,300 --> 04:40:25,900
offered to Aid and then went on.
You can spend hours going over a

5019
04:40:25,900 --> 04:40:28,400
day at work. 
In your thoughts, letting your 

5020
04:40:28,400 --> 04:40:32,500
stress build up like a mental 
pot roast, Funny thing is that 

5021
04:40:32,500 --> 04:40:35,700
the stress response system of 
our ancestors is still in charge

5022
04:40:35,700 --> 04:40:38,500
of your body today. 
But the challenges it is trying 

5023
04:40:38,500 --> 04:40:41,800
to solve a very different, your 
fight or flight response is 

5024
04:40:41,808 --> 04:40:44,100
great for coping with immediate 
physical dangers. 

5025
04:40:44,100 --> 04:40:47,200
But not for the Slow Burn 
anxiety of Modern Life that 

5026
04:40:47,200 --> 04:40:50,600
follows you to bed and Whispers 
delicious nightmares in your 

5027
04:40:50,600 --> 04:40:52,400
ear. 
The way you feel about eating 

5028
04:40:52,400 --> 04:40:55,000
influences, your sleep in ways 
that would make a caveman 

5029
04:40:55,000 --> 04:40:58,300
scratch his head and confusion. 
While you enjoy a bowl of 

5030
04:40:58,300 --> 04:41:01,100
sugary, cereal later at night 
and Ponder while you remain Wide

5031
04:41:01,100 --> 04:41:04,600
Awake, your ancestor was likely 
three hours into REM sleep. 

5032
04:41:04,600 --> 04:41:08,800
They knew something we've 
forgotten what when, and how 

5033
04:41:08,800 --> 04:41:11,000
much you eat directly affects 
how well you sleep. 

5034
04:41:11,700 --> 04:41:14,400
Cave dwellers didn't eat snacks 
later at night since they didn't

5035
04:41:14,400 --> 04:41:15,500
stay up late. 
Like we do. 

5036
04:41:16,400 --> 04:41:19,100
Their eating habits were in line
with natural rhythms, that help 

5037
04:41:19,100 --> 04:41:21,100
them sleep. 
Well, they eat their biggest 

5038
04:41:21,100 --> 04:41:23,900
meal during the day when their 
digestive fires were at their 

5039
04:41:23,900 --> 04:41:27,200
hottest and then naturally 
fasted from Sunset to Sunrise, 

5040
04:41:27,200 --> 04:41:31,100
not because some health Guru 
instructed them to, but because 

5041
04:41:31,100 --> 04:41:33,800
that was when food was available
and their systems could handle 

5042
04:41:33,800 --> 04:41:37,000
it best. 
This natural meal plan fit their

5043
04:41:37,000 --> 04:41:40,100
circadian clocks wonderfully 
when they needed digestive 

5044
04:41:40,100 --> 04:41:43,800
enzymes, their bodies made them 
when it came time to sleep and 

5045
04:41:43,800 --> 04:41:45,800
repair their system stopped 
digesting food. 

5046
04:41:45,800 --> 04:41:48,600
It was like a perfectly 
choreographed, dance between 

5047
04:41:48,600 --> 04:41:51,900
their gut and their head with 
each partner knowing when to 

5048
04:41:51,900 --> 04:41:54,000
lead. 
And when to follow now, let's 

5049
04:41:54,000 --> 04:41:56,400
talk about what they ate and 
what you probably have in your 

5050
04:41:56,408 --> 04:41:59,100
kitchen right now. 
They didn't eat any processed 

5051
04:41:59,100 --> 04:42:02,700
meals, refined sugars or 
unnatural ingredients, that can 

5052
04:42:02,700 --> 04:42:05,800
mess with how your brain works. 
No late night, ice cream. 

5053
04:42:05,800 --> 04:42:08,500
That makes your blood sugar. 
Go up and down, just as your 

5054
04:42:08,500 --> 04:42:10,500
attempting to fall asleep. 
No. 

5055
04:42:10,500 --> 04:42:12,200
Energy drinks. 
That make you crash from 

5056
04:42:12,200 --> 04:42:15,000
caffeine at night? 
No snacks that have been 

5057
04:42:15,000 --> 04:42:17,300
processed and are full of 
chemicals that your 

5058
04:42:17,300 --> 04:42:19,200
great-great-grandmother wouldn't
know a food. 

5059
04:42:19,200 --> 04:42:22,000
Instead, they ate items that 
help them. 

5060
04:42:22,000 --> 04:42:25,800
Sleep like nuts, high in 
magnesium, fish, high in omega-3

5061
04:42:25,800 --> 04:42:29,700
fatty acids and seasonal fruits,
that included, natural sugars, 

5062
04:42:29,700 --> 04:42:32,200
and fiber to keep their blood 
sugar levels stable. 

5063
04:42:32,200 --> 04:42:35,500
They didn't require melatonin 
pills because the food they ate 

5064
04:42:35,500 --> 04:42:37,500
naturally had components that 
helped them sleep. 

5065
04:42:37,500 --> 04:42:40,600
They didn't require magnesium 
supplements because they got 

5066
04:42:40,600 --> 04:42:43,400
enough minerals from their food 
that helped their muscles, relax

5067
04:42:43,400 --> 04:42:47,100
and their nerves calm down. 
But here's the truly interesting

5068
04:42:47,100 --> 04:42:51,600
part, they did what we now call 
Chrono nutrition without even 

5069
04:42:51,600 --> 04:42:54,400
knowing it had a name. 
Their bodies were organically 

5070
04:42:54,400 --> 04:42:56,600
adapted to each foods. 
That gave them the energy, they 

5071
04:42:56,600 --> 04:42:59,500
needed each day. 
Morning Foods, woke them up. 

5072
04:42:59,508 --> 04:43:03,400
After noon Foods kept the 
energized and evening Foods when

5073
04:43:03,400 --> 04:43:06,600
available help them sleep. 
Your current eating routine. 

5074
04:43:06,600 --> 04:43:09,800
On the other hand is like a jazz
band that can't agree on what 

5075
04:43:09,800 --> 04:43:12,600
music to play. 
You might miss breakfast, drink 

5076
04:43:12,600 --> 04:43:15,100
a sugary coffee, drink in the 
middle of the morning, have 

5077
04:43:15,100 --> 04:43:17,200
lunch at your desk. 
While worrying about deadlines 

5078
04:43:17,200 --> 04:43:20,500
mindlessly nibble, all after 
noon, and then eat your biggest 

5079
04:43:20,500 --> 04:43:23,400
meal right before bed. 
While watching Netflix, your 

5080
04:43:23,400 --> 04:43:26,000
digestive system doesn't know if
it should be speeding up or 

5081
04:43:26,000 --> 04:43:28,000
slowing down eating late at 
night. 

5082
04:43:28,000 --> 04:43:30,700
Is a specialty detrimental for 
the quality of your sleep. 

5083
04:43:31,500 --> 04:43:34,600
When you eat close to bed, your 
body has to decide whether to 

5084
04:43:34,600 --> 04:43:38,700
digest the food or get ready for
bed, digestion, normally wins 

5085
04:43:38,700 --> 04:43:41,600
your core body, temperature, 
stays High, when it should be 

5086
04:43:41,600 --> 04:43:44,300
low, your blood sugar goes up 
and down when it should be 

5087
04:43:44,308 --> 04:43:47,400
steady and your digestive organs
are working too hard when they 

5088
04:43:47,408 --> 04:43:50,500
should be resting. 
People who lived in caves or so,

5089
04:43:50,500 --> 04:43:53,500
didn't have to cope with how 
alcohol coffee or highly 

5090
04:43:53,500 --> 04:43:55,200
processed foods messed up their 
sleep. 

5091
04:43:55,900 --> 04:43:58,400
They received their evening 
relaxation from the natural 

5092
04:43:58,400 --> 04:44:02,300
exhaustion that comes from being
active and in the sun rather 

5093
04:44:02,300 --> 04:44:05,400
than from a glass of wine that 
initially makes them drowsy but 

5094
04:44:05,400 --> 04:44:09,300
later disrupts their sleep. from
an emotional perspective, their 

5095
04:44:09,300 --> 04:44:12,500
relationship with food was also 
very different They didn't eat 

5096
04:44:12,500 --> 04:44:16,400
because they were bored stressed
celebrating or trying to make 

5097
04:44:16,400 --> 04:44:19,500
themselves feel better. 
They ate when they were hungry 

5098
04:44:19,500 --> 04:44:23,000
and stopped when they were full.
This simple method, stopped the 

5099
04:44:23,000 --> 04:44:25,200
blood sugar swings and 
intestinal discomfort. 

5100
04:44:25,200 --> 04:44:28,700
That may keep individuals up all
night, your bedroom thermostat 

5101
04:44:28,700 --> 04:44:32,200
could be messing up your sleep 
and your Neanderthal ancestor 

5102
04:44:32,200 --> 04:44:33,500
would know right away. 
What was wrong. 

5103
04:44:33,500 --> 04:44:36,700
They had to learn how to control
their body temperatures to stay 

5104
04:44:36,700 --> 04:44:39,000
alive. 
But by doing so, they 

5105
04:44:39,000 --> 04:44:41,500
accidentally found out. 
One of the most crucial secrets 

5106
04:44:41,500 --> 04:44:44,600
to getting a good night's sleep.
Your body temperature needs to 

5107
04:44:44,600 --> 04:44:48,100
drop to trigger deep sleep, and 
modern living makes this tougher

5108
04:44:48,100 --> 04:44:51,800
than it should be. 
As the sun went down over the 

5109
04:44:51,800 --> 04:44:55,300
ancient Countryside, the are 
naturally began to cool your 

5110
04:44:55,300 --> 04:44:57,500
ancestors. 
Body started to cool down in the

5111
04:44:57,500 --> 04:45:00,500
evening after absorbing heat 
from the days activities and the

5112
04:45:00,500 --> 04:45:02,900
Sun. 
Not only was this cooling 

5113
04:45:02,900 --> 04:45:06,600
process comforting, but it also 
sent a biochemical signal to 

5114
04:45:06,600 --> 04:45:08,400
their brain that it was time to 
get ready for bed. 

5115
04:45:09,100 --> 04:45:11,500
Their body temperature would 
drop by one to two degrees, 

5116
04:45:11,500 --> 04:45:14,500
which would start a chain 
reaction of drowsy hormones, 

5117
04:45:14,500 --> 04:45:17,500
that current Sleep Clinic strive
to copy with costly treatments. 

5118
04:45:17,500 --> 04:45:20,800
This natural cooling happened at
the same time as the rest of the

5119
04:45:20,800 --> 04:45:23,700
environment. 
The cave kept the heat in the 

5120
04:45:23,700 --> 04:45:25,800
fire gave forth, heat, that 
could be controlled. 

5121
04:45:25,800 --> 04:45:28,600
And the animal fur bedding made 
a microclimate that could be 

5122
04:45:28,608 --> 04:45:30,800
changed by adding or taking away
layers. 

5123
04:45:30,800 --> 04:45:33,900
They didn't need a programmable 
thermostat because the 

5124
04:45:33,900 --> 04:45:36,500
temperature in their bedroom 
changed naturally with the 

5125
04:45:36,500 --> 04:45:38,200
rhythms that help them sleep 
best. 

5126
04:45:39,300 --> 04:45:42,100
In your modern bedroom, you face
a temperature control. 

5127
04:45:42,100 --> 04:45:45,500
Nightmare that appears easy to 
use your house is shut up, 

5128
04:45:45,500 --> 04:45:47,500
tight. 
Your bedroom keeps the same 

5129
04:45:47,500 --> 04:45:50,500
temperature all night and your 
mattress can be composed of 

5130
04:45:50,500 --> 04:45:52,900
materials. 
That retain heat like a sleeping

5131
04:45:52,900 --> 04:45:55,300
bag made by someone who has 
never slept before. 

5132
04:45:56,200 --> 04:45:58,700
Every time you try to sleep in a
place where you can't control 

5133
04:45:58,700 --> 04:46:01,800
the temperature naturally, 
you're going against millions of

5134
04:46:01,800 --> 04:46:04,300
years of nature. 
But here's where it becomes 

5135
04:46:04,300 --> 04:46:08,000
really interesting, your hands 
and feet to your body's natural 

5136
04:46:08,000 --> 04:46:11,000
way of cooling. 
Down people who lived in caves 

5137
04:46:11,000 --> 04:46:14,000
slept with their arms and legs 
exposed to cooler air, which 

5138
04:46:14,000 --> 04:46:15,300
helped their body's release 
heat. 

5139
04:46:15,300 --> 04:46:19,000
It is possible to be so heavily 
bundled that your body is unable

5140
04:46:19,000 --> 04:46:22,500
to cool down naturally leading 
your brain to perceive that it 

5141
04:46:22,500 --> 04:46:26,700
is not yet time for sleep. 
Your forebears new something? 

5142
04:46:26,700 --> 04:46:29,300
We don't how powerful contrast 
can be. 

5143
04:46:30,200 --> 04:46:31,900
They had been in different 
temperatures all day. 

5144
04:46:31,900 --> 04:46:36,200
Warm in the sun cold in the 
shade hot from moving around and

5145
04:46:36,200 --> 04:46:39,600
chili from the evening breezes. 
So their bodies were ready for 

5146
04:46:39,600 --> 04:46:42,100
the decrease in temperature. 
That meant it was time to go to 

5147
04:46:42,100 --> 04:46:44,500
bed. 
Your primarily climate 

5148
04:46:44,500 --> 04:46:46,500
controlled day lacks. 
These natural temperature 

5149
04:46:46,500 --> 04:46:48,600
changes that regulate your 
circadian rhythms. 

5150
04:46:48,600 --> 04:46:52,900
The things they slept on were 
also very important animal, Furs

5151
04:46:52,900 --> 04:46:55,700
and woven plant fibers 
naturally, let air through which

5152
04:46:55,700 --> 04:46:58,300
kept them warm and dry by 
wicking moisture away from their

5153
04:46:58,300 --> 04:47:00,200
bodies. 
They didn't wake up in the 

5154
04:47:00,200 --> 04:47:02,600
middle of the night because 
their fake mattress are turned 

5155
04:47:02,600 --> 04:47:05,800
into a sauna Or because their 
polyester pajamas had made a 

5156
04:47:05,800 --> 04:47:08,100
microclimate that would make a 
greenhouse jealous. 

5157
04:47:09,000 --> 04:47:11,100
Researchers now called 
temperature and train mint. 

5158
04:47:11,100 --> 04:47:14,800
What cave inhabitants also 
profited from their body's 

5159
04:47:14,800 --> 04:47:17,100
learned to expect the natural 
cooling that occurred with 

5160
04:47:17,108 --> 04:47:20,000
Nightfall, getting ready for 
sleep even before they were 

5161
04:47:20,000 --> 04:47:22,500
exhausted. 
Because their body's were 

5162
04:47:22,500 --> 04:47:24,300
perfectly in sync with their 
surroundings. 

5163
04:47:24,300 --> 04:47:27,000
They fell asleep. 
Fast faster and stayed asleep 

5164
04:47:27,000 --> 04:47:29,800
longer. 
Researchers today have proven 

5165
04:47:29,800 --> 04:47:31,400
what cave dwellers you all 
along? 

5166
04:47:32,200 --> 04:47:34,400
Best temperature for sleeping is
cooler than most. 

5167
04:47:34,400 --> 04:47:37,900
People imagine between 60 and 67
degrees Fahrenheit. 

5168
04:47:38,800 --> 04:47:41,000
But temperature isn't only about
the air around you. 

5169
04:47:41,000 --> 04:47:44,300
It's also about how well your 
body can release heat while you 

5170
04:47:44,300 --> 04:47:47,200
sleep. 
This is why wearing socks to bed

5171
04:47:47,200 --> 04:47:50,200
can sometimes be helpful as they
allow heat to escape through 

5172
04:47:50,200 --> 04:47:52,400
your feet. 
And while taking a hot bath 

5173
04:47:52,400 --> 04:47:55,400
before, bed can be beneficial 
since the rapid cooling 

5174
04:47:55,400 --> 04:47:57,600
afterward mimics. 
How your body naturally cools 

5175
04:47:57,600 --> 04:48:00,000
down. 
Your forefathers didn't require 

5176
04:48:00,000 --> 04:48:02,900
weighted blankets or cooling 
mattress pads because their 

5177
04:48:02,900 --> 04:48:04,500
whole Sleeping area was made to 
keep the temperature. 

5178
04:48:04,500 --> 04:48:07,500
Stable, they align their 
sleeping conditions with their 

5179
04:48:07,500 --> 04:48:10,500
biology, which helped their 
bodies understand how to achieve

5180
04:48:10,500 --> 04:48:12,800
the best sleep. 
The Sounds in your Neanderthal. 

5181
04:48:12,800 --> 04:48:16,000
Ancestors, bedroom would make a 
modern sleep, sound machine cry 

5182
04:48:16,000 --> 04:48:19,800
because it wasn't good enough. 
While you're lying in bed, 

5183
04:48:19,800 --> 04:48:22,900
listening to a symphony of air 
conditioners traffic, your 

5184
04:48:22,900 --> 04:48:25,800
neighbor's music and strange 
noises from the home settling. 

5185
04:48:25,800 --> 04:48:28,800
Your prehistoric relative was 
falling asleep to Nature's, 

5186
04:48:28,800 --> 04:48:31,900
original White Noise, mix. 
Which was made to help you sleep

5187
04:48:31,900 --> 04:48:36,000
deeply and restore your energy. 
As they got ready for bed, they 

5188
04:48:36,000 --> 04:48:39,400
could hear the distant crackling
of the fading fire, the delicate

5189
04:48:39,400 --> 04:48:41,000
rustling of leaves in the 
breeze. 

5190
04:48:41,000 --> 04:48:44,200
The rhythmic chirping of 
crickets and maybe even the 

5191
04:48:44,200 --> 04:48:46,200
faint breathing of their tribe 
mates nearby. 

5192
04:48:47,200 --> 04:48:50,100
These were just background 
sounds, their brains are 

5193
04:48:50,100 --> 04:48:52,300
developed to read them as safe 
time to sleep now. 

5194
04:48:53,200 --> 04:48:55,000
There was a reason for every 
sound they heard. 

5195
04:48:55,900 --> 04:48:58,300
The crackling fire meant that it
was warm and safe. 

5196
04:48:58,900 --> 04:49:01,400
The natural sounds signified. 
That there were no Predators 

5197
04:49:01,400 --> 04:49:04,600
nearby since the Forest Falls 
quiet, when hazardous animals 

5198
04:49:04,600 --> 04:49:07,100
are closed. 
The sound of family members 

5199
04:49:07,100 --> 04:49:09,900
breathing nearby made her feel 
comfortable because there were 

5200
04:49:09,900 --> 04:49:12,500
so many of them. 
Their brains could entirely 

5201
04:49:12,500 --> 04:49:14,700
relaxed since their ears were 
always telling them that 

5202
04:49:14,700 --> 04:49:17,900
everything was fine. 
In contrast, your modern sound 

5203
04:49:17,900 --> 04:49:20,400
environment. 
Has the buzz of electronics, the

5204
04:49:20,400 --> 04:49:22,100
distant whoosh of highway 
traffic. 

5205
04:49:22,100 --> 04:49:25,500
The neighbor's dog. 
Have an existential crisis at 3 

5206
04:49:25,500 --> 04:49:29,000
a.m. and the strange banging in 
your walls, that you've decided 

5207
04:49:29,000 --> 04:49:33,200
is either settling or ghosts. 
Your brain, which still runs the

5208
04:49:33,200 --> 04:49:34,800
same old software as your 
Neanderthal. 

5209
04:49:34,800 --> 04:49:37,800
Ancestor doesn't know how to put
these noises in order. 

5210
04:49:38,700 --> 04:49:40,800
Do they pose a threat are they 
okay. 

5211
04:49:40,800 --> 04:49:43,000
Should you be on guard or at 
ease? 

5212
04:49:43,700 --> 04:49:46,300
Part of your brain is on guard 
duty all night because you don't

5213
04:49:46,300 --> 04:49:48,400
know what's going to happen. 
You're nervous. 

5214
04:49:48,400 --> 04:49:51,400
System is still analyzing the 
sound, even if you don't know 

5215
04:49:51,400 --> 04:49:53,400
it. 
It's a tempting to figure out, 

5216
04:49:53,400 --> 04:49:56,500
if they pose a threat sleep, 
researchers call these micro 

5217
04:49:56,500 --> 04:49:59,300
arousals, which are brief 
moments when your brain wakes up

5218
04:49:59,300 --> 04:50:02,200
briefly to monitor things, 
breaking up your sleep without 

5219
04:50:02,200 --> 04:50:05,800
you even knowing it. 
Your ancestors likewise profited

5220
04:50:05,800 --> 04:50:08,000
from what we now. 
Call sound masking without 

5221
04:50:08,000 --> 04:50:10,900
knowing it. 
The soft steady sounds of their 

5222
04:50:10,900 --> 04:50:13,300
natural surroundings. 
Covered up other minor noises 

5223
04:50:13,300 --> 04:50:16,500
that could have been annoying. 
The steady sound of the wind 

5224
04:50:16,500 --> 04:50:20,100
blowing through the trees, the 
stream flowing, nearby, and the 

5225
04:50:20,100 --> 04:50:23,500
chorus of insects at night made 
a natural sound blanket that 

5226
04:50:23,500 --> 04:50:25,100
kept me, sleeping soundly all 
night. 

5227
04:50:25,100 --> 04:50:27,100
But here's what is truly 
interesting. 

5228
04:50:27,100 --> 04:50:30,500
The sounds that cave dwellers 
heard were predictable and made 

5229
04:50:30,500 --> 04:50:32,700
sense. 
Their brains learned to connect 

5230
04:50:32,700 --> 04:50:35,000
certain sounds with being safe 
and sleepy. 

5231
04:50:35,900 --> 04:50:38,900
The fire crackled signaling. 
The end of the day's work. 

5232
04:50:39,600 --> 04:50:42,300
The sounds of animals settling 
down at night, suggested it was 

5233
04:50:42,300 --> 04:50:45,200
time to sleep. 
The Sounds helped them fall 

5234
04:50:45,200 --> 04:50:47,900
asleep in ways, that modern 
White Noise devices can only 

5235
04:50:47,900 --> 04:50:51,200
come close to The noise 
pollution in our modern lives. 

5236
04:50:51,200 --> 04:50:52,700
Would have driven off four 
Bears, crazy. 

5237
04:50:53,600 --> 04:50:57,000
The random beats and buzzers of 
electronics, the unpredictable 

5238
04:50:57,000 --> 04:51:00,300
timing of traffic and Cyrus and 
the jarring changes between 

5239
04:51:00,300 --> 04:51:03,800
distinct mechanical noises. 
Don't fit the patterns that are 

5240
04:51:03,800 --> 04:51:05,500
brains evolved to perceive as 
pleasant. 

5241
04:51:06,600 --> 04:51:09,900
Some Modern folks sleep in utter
silence which is much worse. 

5242
04:51:09,900 --> 04:51:13,700
Quiet might be calming, but 
complete silence can be alarming

5243
04:51:13,700 --> 04:51:17,100
to a brain that has evolved to 
expect the soft sounds of a safe

5244
04:51:17,100 --> 04:51:20,100
natural environment. 
Your subconscious might think 

5245
04:51:20,100 --> 04:51:22,200
something is amiss if there is 
complete quiet. 

5246
04:51:22,900 --> 04:51:24,800
Where are all the regular 
signals of life. 

5247
04:51:25,600 --> 04:51:28,300
The electromagnetic fields from 
all of our contemporary. 

5248
04:51:28,300 --> 04:51:32,100
Technology didn't bother your 
forefathers when they slept. we 

5249
04:51:32,100 --> 04:51:35,200
don't know for sure how much 
this impacts sleep, but some 

5250
04:51:35,200 --> 04:51:37,900
studies indicate that the 
electromagnetic soup we live, in

5251
04:51:37,900 --> 04:51:41,100
might be gradually messing with 
our regular sleep cycles in 

5252
04:51:41,100 --> 04:51:45,700
ways, we don't fully understand 
yet, Cave dwellers didn't want 

5253
04:51:45,700 --> 04:51:48,400
perfect silence. 
They wanted sounds that were 

5254
04:51:48,400 --> 04:51:51,200
meaningful predictable, and 
comforting, and that meant 

5255
04:51:51,200 --> 04:51:54,500
safety, and deep sleep. 
They lived in the original 

5256
04:51:54,500 --> 04:51:57,700
sleep, sound track of nature, 
which had been fine-tuned over 

5257
04:51:57,700 --> 04:52:00,200
millions of years to help them, 
get the kind of restorative 

5258
04:52:00,200 --> 04:52:03,200
sleep that made them healthier 
happier and stronger than most 

5259
04:52:03,200 --> 04:52:05,800
of his can conceive. 
You're a modern person with an 

5260
04:52:05,808 --> 04:52:08,300
old brain, trying to sleep in a 
world that would have seemed 

5261
04:52:08,300 --> 04:52:10,800
like science fiction to your 
cave, dwelling, for fathers. 

5262
04:52:11,600 --> 04:52:14,300
But before you go hunting for a 
time, machine or cave rentals, 

5263
04:52:14,300 --> 04:52:17,400
let's talk about how you may 
respect the wisdom of your inner

5264
04:52:17,400 --> 04:52:19,400
caveman while still living in 
the 21st century. 

5265
04:52:20,300 --> 04:52:23,000
The lovely fact is that your 
body still has the blueprint for

5266
04:52:23,000 --> 04:52:25,700
perfect sleep. 
It's simply been buried under 

5267
04:52:25,700 --> 04:52:28,100
layers of Modern Life, like an 
archaeological. 

5268
04:52:28,100 --> 04:52:29,800
Treasure waiting to be found 
again. 

5269
04:52:29,800 --> 04:52:33,200
Your body circadian rhythms 
still desire to follow the sun, 

5270
04:52:33,200 --> 04:52:36,100
your stress response. 
Still knows how to reset when it

5271
04:52:36,100 --> 04:52:38,700
gets to the chance and your 
temperature control system, 

5272
04:52:38,700 --> 04:52:41,600
still works the same way. 
It did for thousands of years to

5273
04:52:41,600 --> 04:52:45,000
keep your ancestors sleeping. 
Well, The key is not to give up 

5274
04:52:45,000 --> 04:52:48,100
on Modern Life totally but to 
find ways to bring ancient 

5275
04:52:48,100 --> 04:52:49,800
knowledge into your modern 
existence. 

5276
04:52:50,500 --> 04:52:53,000
You could say that your 
constructing Bridges between 

5277
04:52:53,000 --> 04:52:57,100
your caveman biology and your 
Modern Life, you can't control 

5278
04:52:57,100 --> 04:52:59,800
everything around you but you 
can work with your body's 

5279
04:52:59,800 --> 04:53:01,700
natural rhythms instead of 
against them. 

5280
04:53:02,900 --> 04:53:06,800
To begin consider, like the 
strong drug that it is your 

5281
04:53:06,800 --> 04:53:09,000
forebears didn't require 
blackout curtains since there 

5282
04:53:09,000 --> 04:53:10,700
weren't any street lights. 
You do? 

5283
04:53:10,700 --> 04:53:13,700
They didn't require glasses that
blocked blue light because they 

5284
04:53:13,700 --> 04:53:17,400
didn't have screens you could 
though To honor your old light 

5285
04:53:17,400 --> 04:53:20,000
dark cycle, turn down the lights
in the evening. 

5286
04:53:20,000 --> 04:53:23,600
Stay away from screens before 
bed and get some bright light in

5287
04:53:23,600 --> 04:53:25,900
the morning. 
Keep in mind that your stress 

5288
04:53:25,900 --> 04:53:29,100
response system is still using 
caveman software in the modern 

5289
04:53:29,100 --> 04:53:31,500
world. 
If your lying awake worry about 

5290
04:53:31,500 --> 04:53:34,500
tomorrow's meeting or next 
month's bills, ask yourself? 

5291
04:53:34,500 --> 04:53:38,800
Is this a saber tooth tiger or 
is my mind making up problems to

5292
04:53:38,800 --> 04:53:41,100
solve? 
Learn how to tell the difference

5293
04:53:41,100 --> 04:53:43,900
between genuine current risks 
and the habit of worrying about 

5294
04:53:43,900 --> 04:53:45,300
things that might happen in the 
future? 

5295
04:53:46,500 --> 04:53:49,200
Your relationship with food can 
also show, respect for old 

5296
04:53:49,200 --> 04:53:51,700
knowledge. 
When your digestive fire is at 

5297
04:53:51,700 --> 04:53:54,200
its highest try, eating your 
biggest meal early in the day. 

5298
04:53:54,200 --> 04:53:56,800
Stop eating at least. 
Three hours before you go to 

5299
04:53:56,800 --> 04:53:58,500
bed. 
So your body has time to switch 

5300
04:53:58,500 --> 04:54:02,700
from digesting food to sleeping.
Pick meals that your 

5301
04:54:02,700 --> 04:54:05,400
great-great-grandmother would 
know and see how much better you

5302
04:54:05,400 --> 04:54:08,100
sleep when you don't ask your 
body to deal with substances. 

5303
04:54:08,100 --> 04:54:11,500
It doesn't know how to handle 
Make your bedroom a temperature 

5304
04:54:11,500 --> 04:54:14,600
Refuge by keeping it chilly, and
letting your body naturally 

5305
04:54:14,600 --> 04:54:18,200
control its heat your hands and 
feet can assist in cooling you 

5306
04:54:18,200 --> 04:54:20,300
down. 
So we're clothes that let air 

5307
04:54:20,300 --> 04:54:22,800
flow through them. 
Additionally, keep in mind that 

5308
04:54:22,800 --> 04:54:25,800
your body needs to cool down in 
order to relax and fall asleep. 

5309
04:54:26,700 --> 04:54:29,200
Make your sound environment. 
Feel like a cave dweller would 

5310
04:54:29,200 --> 04:54:31,500
feel at home. 
This could entail using a white 

5311
04:54:31,500 --> 04:54:34,200
noise machine. 
That sounds like nature earplugs

5312
04:54:34,200 --> 04:54:37,500
to block out random noises or 
just realizing that some steady 

5313
04:54:37,500 --> 04:54:40,100
background noise is more calming
than complete silents. 

5314
04:54:40,100 --> 04:54:44,300
Most crucial keep in mind that 
your forefathers had complete 

5315
04:54:44,300 --> 04:54:46,600
faith in their bodies. 
They didn't lie, awake 

5316
04:54:46,600 --> 04:54:49,000
contemplating. 
Their sleep wondering about 

5317
04:54:49,000 --> 04:54:51,400
whether they were getting 
enough, sleep, or figuring out 

5318
04:54:51,400 --> 04:54:53,200
how many hours they had left 
before morning. 

5319
04:54:53,200 --> 04:54:55,400
They were fatigued, so they went
to sleep. 

5320
04:54:55,400 --> 04:54:58,000
When they woke up, they knew 
their body's would tell them 

5321
04:54:58,000 --> 04:55:00,600
what to do. 
Your inner caveman is still 

5322
04:55:00,600 --> 04:55:03,600
there, waiting for you to 
ReDiscover how to sleep like the

5323
04:55:03,600 --> 04:55:06,000
champion. 
You were born to be every time 

5324
04:55:06,000 --> 04:55:07,900
you listen to your body's 
natural rhythms. 

5325
04:55:07,900 --> 04:55:11,500
Choose biology over convenience 
or make settings that support 

5326
04:55:11,500 --> 04:55:14,800
your ancient sleep knowledge, 
your moving closer to the kind 

5327
04:55:14,800 --> 04:55:17,800
of restorative rest that has 
kept humans alive for thousands 

5328
04:55:17,800 --> 04:55:20,500
of years. 
To get better sleep, you don't 

5329
04:55:20,500 --> 04:55:22,800
need to proceed with more 
intricate Solutions. 

5330
04:55:22,800 --> 04:55:25,900
You need to go back to the 
simple knowledge that your body 

5331
04:55:25,900 --> 04:55:28,900
has always held. 
Your ancestors didn't require 

5332
04:55:28,900 --> 04:55:32,700
sleep research supplements or 
special equipment because they 

5333
04:55:32,700 --> 04:55:35,200
lived in harmony with the 
natural forces that control, 

5334
04:55:35,200 --> 04:55:37,600
rest and Recovery. 
You can do it too. 

5335
04:55:37,600 --> 04:55:41,400
One small change at a time until
sleeping properly feels As 

5336
04:55:41,400 --> 04:55:44,700
Natural as breathing. 
Modern cave dweller have a good 

5337
04:55:44,700 --> 04:55:46,800
night. 
Your forefathers are cheering 

5338
04:55:46,800 --> 04:55:50,000
you on from the Fantastic sleep 
lab in the sky, they think you 

5339
04:55:50,000 --> 04:55:52,200
can find the Tranquil sleep. 
That is your inheritance. 

5340
04:55:52,200 --> 04:55:55,400
Close your eyes now and trust 
your body's innate wisdom. 

5341
04:55:56,200 --> 04:55:58,900
Let Yourself Go back to appeared
when sleeping was the easiest 

5342
04:55:58,900 --> 04:56:08,300
thing in the world. 
Imagine yourself standing on a 

5343
04:56:08,300 --> 04:56:11,400
hillside somewhere in what we 
now call Ireland, Scotland, 

5344
04:56:11,400 --> 04:56:16,400
Wales or Brittany around. 500 
BCE the landscape before. 

5345
04:56:16,400 --> 04:56:19,500
You looks like someone took 
every romantic painting of the 

5346
04:56:19,500 --> 04:56:22,400
British Countryside. 
You've ever seen and dialed up 

5347
04:56:22,400 --> 04:56:26,500
the wildness by several notches.
Rolling Hills stretched toward 

5348
04:56:26,500 --> 04:56:28,700
Horizons that seemed impossibly 
distant. 

5349
04:56:29,500 --> 04:56:32,600
Covered in grasses, that shift 
from Emerald to Jade, depending 

5350
04:56:32,600 --> 04:56:35,900
on how the wind touches them. 
The forests here aren't the Tidy

5351
04:56:35,900 --> 04:56:37,800
managed Woodlands. 
You might encounter on a modern 

5352
04:56:37,808 --> 04:56:41,100
nature trail. 
These are deep ancient Groves 

5353
04:56:41,100 --> 04:56:42,600
where oak trees have been 
growing. 

5354
04:56:42,600 --> 04:56:45,200
Since before your 
great-great-great-grandparents 

5355
04:56:45,200 --> 04:56:48,100
great-great-great-grandparents 
were born. 

5356
04:56:48,900 --> 04:56:52,300
The canopy overhead creates a 
living Cathedral filtering 

5357
04:56:52,300 --> 04:56:55,200
sunlight into green gold. 
Beams that make you feel like 

5358
04:56:55,200 --> 04:56:57,700
you've stepped into a place 
where the ordinary rules. 

5359
04:56:57,700 --> 04:57:00,400
The world. 
Don't quite apply, the Celtic 

5360
04:57:00,400 --> 04:57:03,600
people's and yes, we pronounce 
it Celtic when talking about 

5361
04:57:03,600 --> 04:57:08,000
these historical folks, not the 
busking pronunciation occupied, 

5362
04:57:08,000 --> 04:57:11,800
a vastu of Europe stretching 
from modern day Turkey to the 

5363
04:57:11,800 --> 04:57:15,100
Atlantic Ocean. 
They were not a single unified 

5364
04:57:15,100 --> 04:57:18,200
Nation like we think of 
countries today but rather a 

5365
04:57:18,200 --> 04:57:21,300
collection of tribes who shared 
similar languages Artistic 

5366
04:57:21,300 --> 04:57:24,100
Styles and ways of understanding
the world. 

5367
04:57:25,400 --> 04:57:28,900
Think of them less like a 
political entity and more like a

5368
04:57:28,900 --> 04:57:31,600
cultural family. 
With lots of interesting cousins

5369
04:57:31,600 --> 04:57:33,300
who didn't always get along at 
Reunion. 

5370
04:57:33,300 --> 04:57:36,400
These people lived in a world 
where the boundary between the 

5371
04:57:36,400 --> 04:57:39,400
Practical and the spiritual was 
about as distinct as morning 

5372
04:57:39,400 --> 04:57:42,800
missed. 
To them, everything had presence

5373
04:57:42,800 --> 04:57:46,300
and meaning Rivers weren't just 
water flowing downhill, but 

5374
04:57:46,300 --> 04:57:48,400
living entities with 
personalities. 

5375
04:57:49,300 --> 04:57:52,800
Trees weren't merely plants, but
being worthy of respect and 

5376
04:57:52,800 --> 04:57:56,700
sometimes consultation. 
The land itself breathed with 

5377
04:57:56,708 --> 04:57:58,600
them and they arrange their 
lives. 

5378
04:57:58,600 --> 04:58:01,700
According to its rhythms, rather
than trying to impose their will

5379
04:58:01,700 --> 04:58:05,000
upon it, Climate in Celtic 
territories, varied considerably

5380
04:58:05,000 --> 04:58:08,400
depending on location, but much 
of its shared certain 

5381
04:58:08,400 --> 04:58:11,100
characteristics that would 
become important for our story 

5382
04:58:11,100 --> 04:58:14,700
about sleeping Outdoors. 
The British Isles and northern 

5383
04:58:14,700 --> 04:58:17,700
France experienced. 
What meteorologists politely 

5384
04:58:17,700 --> 04:58:22,200
call Maritime temperate 
conditions, which is a fancy way

5385
04:58:22,200 --> 04:58:26,100
of saying it was often cool 
frequently damp and occasionally

5386
04:58:26,100 --> 04:58:30,100
downright inhospitable. 
Summers could be pleasant with 

5387
04:58:30,100 --> 04:58:32,000
long. 
Twilights that stretched almost 

5388
04:58:32,000 --> 04:58:35,100
to midnight. 
But Winter's brought short days 

5389
04:58:35,100 --> 04:58:39,400
long nights and the kind of cold
that settles into your bones 

5390
04:58:39,400 --> 04:58:42,300
like an unwelcome house guest. 
Who won't take the hint to leave

5391
04:58:42,300 --> 04:58:44,700
yet within this Challenge and 
environment. 

5392
04:58:44,700 --> 04:58:50,500
The Celtic people thrived, they 
raised cattle and sheep grew 

5393
04:58:50,500 --> 04:58:55,100
crops, crafted objects of 
stunning Beauty and developed a 

5394
04:58:55,100 --> 04:58:58,400
sophisticated understanding of 
their world that allowed them to

5395
04:58:58,400 --> 04:59:01,300
live comfortably and conditions 
that would send most modern 

5396
04:59:01,300 --> 04:59:03,500
people running for the nearest 
term estat. 

5397
04:59:04,200 --> 04:59:07,500
The relationship with sleep 
night and the outdoors, 

5398
04:59:07,500 --> 04:59:10,400
reflected this deep connection 
to their environment. 

5399
04:59:10,400 --> 04:59:14,200
The Celtic year revolved around 
seasonal festivals that marked 

5400
04:59:14,200 --> 04:59:18,400
important transitions Som Hein 
in late, October heralded, the 

5401
04:59:18,400 --> 04:59:21,800
beginning of winter, and the 
dark half of the year, when 

5402
04:59:21,800 --> 04:59:25,900
Knights grew long and the veil 
Between Worlds grew thin In 

5403
04:59:25,900 --> 04:59:28,600
bulk, in early February, 
celebrated the first stirrings 

5404
04:59:28,600 --> 04:59:30,400
of spring in the lengthening of 
days. 

5405
04:59:31,100 --> 04:59:34,300
Beltane in May welcomed Summers 
arrival with bonfires and 

5406
04:59:34,300 --> 04:59:37,300
celebrations of fertility and 
growth lugan. 

5407
04:59:37,300 --> 04:59:39,700
Assad in August marked, the 
beginning of harvest season. 

5408
04:59:39,700 --> 04:59:42,800
These were just parties or 
religious observances. 

5409
04:59:42,800 --> 04:59:45,700
They were practical 
acknowledgments of the changing 

5410
04:59:45,700 --> 04:59:48,400
relationship between people and 
their environment. 

5411
04:59:49,300 --> 04:59:52,200
Each season brought different 
challenges and opportunities. 

5412
04:59:52,200 --> 04:59:55,400
For sleeping Arrangements, 
different considerations for 

5413
04:59:55,400 --> 04:59:59,100
staying warm, and dry, and 
different relationships with the

5414
04:59:59,100 --> 05:00:01,900
night sky. 
And the Darkness that fell like 

5415
05:00:01,900 --> 05:00:05,900
a heavy cloak across the land. 
The Celtic Cosmos was structured

5416
05:00:05,900 --> 05:00:07,900
differently. 
From how we typically think of 

5417
05:00:07,900 --> 05:00:12,000
the universe today There wasn't 
a clear separation between Earth

5418
05:00:12,000 --> 05:00:17,500
and Sky day at night, waking and
sleeping, or living and dead. 

5419
05:00:18,400 --> 05:00:21,900
Everything existed on a 
Continuum with permeable 

5420
05:00:21,900 --> 05:00:24,100
boundaries, that could be 
crossed under the right 

5421
05:00:24,100 --> 05:00:27,900
circumstances. 
Knight wasn't simply the absence

5422
05:00:27,900 --> 05:00:30,000
of day, but a different state of
being. 

5423
05:00:30,800 --> 05:00:33,800
When different rules applied and
different possibilities emerged.

5424
05:00:33,800 --> 05:00:37,000
This worldview, shaped 
everything about how Celtic 

5425
05:00:37,000 --> 05:00:39,800
people approached the act of 
sleeping, especially when 

5426
05:00:39,800 --> 05:00:42,800
sleeping Outdoors. 
They didn't see nighttime 

5427
05:00:42,800 --> 05:00:45,900
exposure to the elements as 
something to be merely endured 

5428
05:00:45,900 --> 05:00:48,400
or as a sign of poverty or 
hardship. 

5429
05:00:48,400 --> 05:00:52,500
Instead, sleeping beneath the 
stars could be a choice. 

5430
05:00:52,500 --> 05:00:56,100
A practice. 
Or even a sacred act that 

5431
05:00:56,100 --> 05:00:59,900
connected the more deeply to The
rhythms of the natural world and

5432
05:00:59,900 --> 05:01:03,400
the movements of the cosmos 
above as you settle deeper into 

5433
05:01:03,400 --> 05:01:06,100
your modern bed, with his memory
foam and climate control. 

5434
05:01:07,000 --> 05:01:09,700
Consider how different your 
relationship with sleep might be

5435
05:01:09,700 --> 05:01:13,600
if you understood and night not 
as an interruption of productive

5436
05:01:13,600 --> 05:01:18,700
daylight hours, but as its own 
valuable rail with its own gifts

5437
05:01:18,700 --> 05:01:21,700
to offer those Brave, or skilled
enough to embrace it. 

5438
05:01:21,700 --> 05:01:25,600
Fully before we can understand 
how Celtic people slept Outdoors

5439
05:01:25,600 --> 05:01:28,900
without freezing, we need to 
appreciate the warm secure 

5440
05:01:28,900 --> 05:01:30,900
bases. 
They created for themselves when

5441
05:01:30,900 --> 05:01:34,700
sleeping indoors The Celtic, 
roundhouse wasn't, just a 

5442
05:01:34,700 --> 05:01:36,500
dwelling. 
It was a masterpiece of 

5443
05:01:36,500 --> 05:01:40,200
practical engineering disguised 
as a simple structure, picture 

5444
05:01:40,200 --> 05:01:43,900
of building shaped like a large 
basket turned upside, down with 

5445
05:01:43,900 --> 05:01:47,800
walls, made of wattle and daub. 
Essentially woven branches 

5446
05:01:47,800 --> 05:01:51,200
covered with a mixture of mud, 
clay straw. 

5447
05:01:51,200 --> 05:01:55,400
And sometimes animal dung, 
Before you wrinkle your nose at 

5448
05:01:55,400 --> 05:01:58,100
that last ingredient. 
Understand that it was an 

5449
05:01:58,100 --> 05:02:01,700
excellent binding agent and when
dried didn't smell like you 

5450
05:02:01,700 --> 05:02:05,200
might imagine. 
The walls Rose to about the 

5451
05:02:05,200 --> 05:02:07,100
height of a modern single story 
house. 

5452
05:02:07,100 --> 05:02:11,200
Then curved inward to meet a 
peaked roof thatched with reads,

5453
05:02:11,200 --> 05:02:14,800
Heather or straw. 
The most distinctive feature of 

5454
05:02:14,800 --> 05:02:18,600
these homes was their circular 
shape, which wasn't merely an 

5455
05:02:18,600 --> 05:02:21,000
aesthetic choice, but a 
brilliant, practical decision. 

5456
05:02:21,800 --> 05:02:25,500
Around structure has no corners 
where cold air can pull and no 

5457
05:02:25,500 --> 05:02:27,600
walls that bear more win stress 
than others. 

5458
05:02:29,000 --> 05:02:32,400
The design distributed weight 
and wind resistance evenly 

5459
05:02:32,400 --> 05:02:35,900
making these homes. 
Remarkably sturdy against the 

5460
05:02:35,900 --> 05:02:39,500
storms that regularly swept 
across the landscape, had the 

5461
05:02:39,500 --> 05:02:42,200
center of each roundhouse 
burned, the heart of Celtic 

5462
05:02:42,200 --> 05:02:46,300
Homelife the half fire This 
wasn't a decorative fireplace 

5463
05:02:46,300 --> 05:02:49,500
like you might have in a modern 
living room but a working fire 

5464
05:02:49,500 --> 05:02:54,000
that provided heat light and 
cooking capability and served as

5465
05:02:54,000 --> 05:02:56,800
the social and spiritual center 
of domestic life. 

5466
05:02:57,700 --> 05:03:01,600
The fire burned, continuously 
tended throughout the day and 

5467
05:03:01,600 --> 05:03:04,300
banked carefully at night to 
preserve coals for easy. 

5468
05:03:04,300 --> 05:03:07,700
Rekindling in the morning, the 
smoke from the central fire, 

5469
05:03:07,700 --> 05:03:11,500
Rose upward through the thatched
roof, which acted as a natural 

5470
05:03:11,500 --> 05:03:15,600
filtering system, The thatch 
would absorb some of the smoke 

5471
05:03:15,600 --> 05:03:17,700
while allowing the rest to 
escape gradually. 

5472
05:03:18,400 --> 05:03:21,900
Creating a natural ventilation 
system that kept the interior 

5473
05:03:21,900 --> 05:03:25,400
from becoming unbearably Smoky 
while still retaining warmth. 

5474
05:03:26,500 --> 05:03:29,000
The smoke also had the 
beneficial side effect of 

5475
05:03:29,000 --> 05:03:32,500
helping to preserve meat hung in
the rafters and deterring 

5476
05:03:32,500 --> 05:03:34,500
insects. 
That might otherwise infest the 

5477
05:03:34,500 --> 05:03:38,300
thatch around the perimeter of 
the roundhouse raised platforms 

5478
05:03:38,300 --> 05:03:40,300
or simple. 
Wooden frames covered with 

5479
05:03:40,300 --> 05:03:43,200
animal skins and furs created 
sleeping areas. 

5480
05:03:44,200 --> 05:03:47,100
These were beds in the modern 
sense, but rather designated 

5481
05:03:47,100 --> 05:03:51,800
zones, where people would pile 
Furs, Woolen, blankets, and 

5482
05:03:51,800 --> 05:03:53,900
their own cloaks to create nests
of warmth. 

5483
05:03:55,400 --> 05:03:57,800
Families. 
Often slept together with 

5484
05:03:57,800 --> 05:04:01,500
children nestled between parents
and grandparents using shared 

5485
05:04:01,500 --> 05:04:03,800
body heat as another layer of 
insulation. 

5486
05:04:03,800 --> 05:04:07,000
Against the knights cold the 
flooring, varied by region and 

5487
05:04:07,000 --> 05:04:09,800
status, but often consisted of 
packed Earth. 

5488
05:04:09,800 --> 05:04:12,400
Sometimes covered with Russia's 
or straw. 

5489
05:04:12,400 --> 05:04:15,300
That could be swept out and 
replaced when it became too 

5490
05:04:15,300 --> 05:04:18,600
soiled. 
Wealthier households might have 

5491
05:04:18,600 --> 05:04:22,000
wooden flooring, which provided 
better insulation from the cold 

5492
05:04:22,000 --> 05:04:25,300
ground below. 
The Earth floor itself, provided

5493
05:04:25,300 --> 05:04:28,900
some thermal Mass, it would 
absorb heat from the fire during

5494
05:04:28,900 --> 05:04:31,800
the day and release. 
Its slowly throughout the night,

5495
05:04:31,800 --> 05:04:34,900
creating a more stable interior 
temperature than you might 

5496
05:04:34,900 --> 05:04:38,200
expect Celtic homes were 
typically arranged in small 

5497
05:04:38,200 --> 05:04:41,800
clusters or Villages positioned 
to take advantage of natural 

5498
05:04:41,800 --> 05:04:44,300
features that provided 
protection from weather and 

5499
05:04:44,300 --> 05:04:47,000
enemies. 
A settlement might nestled into 

5500
05:04:47,000 --> 05:04:50,300
the lease side of a hill to 
shelter from prevailing winds or

5501
05:04:50,300 --> 05:04:53,200
occupied defensible position 
near water sources. 

5502
05:04:54,200 --> 05:04:57,300
The home's faced various 
directions, but often the 

5503
05:04:57,300 --> 05:05:00,900
entrance was positioned to avoid
the worst of winter storms while

5504
05:05:00,900 --> 05:05:03,800
allowing the morning sun to 
provide natural warmth and 

5505
05:05:03,800 --> 05:05:07,300
light, the size of a roundhouse 
varied, depending on the world 

5506
05:05:07,300 --> 05:05:11,100
and status of its inhabitants, 
ranging from Modest, single 

5507
05:05:11,100 --> 05:05:15,400
family dwellings about 20 feet 
in diameter to large communal 

5508
05:05:15,400 --> 05:05:17,400
structures. 
That could accommodate extended 

5509
05:05:17,400 --> 05:05:19,800
families or service meeting 
Halls. 

5510
05:05:20,800 --> 05:05:24,900
Typical family home might be 30 
feet across providing ample 

5511
05:05:24,900 --> 05:05:28,300
space for living sleeping 
cooking and storing essential 

5512
05:05:28,300 --> 05:05:30,900
supplies inside. 
These homes, the temperature 

5513
05:05:30,900 --> 05:05:33,500
could remain surprisingly 
comfortable even in winter. 

5514
05:05:34,300 --> 05:05:37,600
The combination of the central 
fire good insulation from thick 

5515
05:05:37,600 --> 05:05:40,700
walls and thatch the heat 
retaining properties of the 

5516
05:05:40,700 --> 05:05:43,900
earth floor and the shared 
warmth of multiple bodies 

5517
05:05:43,900 --> 05:05:46,900
created an environment, that was
certainly cooler than modern 

5518
05:05:46,900 --> 05:05:49,900
heated homes. 
But far warmer than the outdoor 

5519
05:05:49,900 --> 05:05:52,800
conditions. 
On a winter night, when 

5520
05:05:52,800 --> 05:05:56,000
temperatures outside might drop 
to freezing, or below the 

5521
05:05:56,000 --> 05:05:59,000
interior of a well-maintained. 
Roundhouse could stay in the 

5522
05:05:59,000 --> 05:06:01,000
range that we'd consider 
comfortably cool. 

5523
05:06:01,000 --> 05:06:04,600
Perhaps the temperature of a 
modern before you've quite 

5524
05:06:04,600 --> 05:06:06,400
convinced yourself to turn on 
the heating. 

5525
05:06:06,400 --> 05:06:09,600
Here's what's important for our 
story about sleeping Outdoors. 

5526
05:06:10,600 --> 05:06:12,900
The comfort of these homes was 
not taken for granted. 

5527
05:06:13,800 --> 05:06:16,200
Celtic people, understood 
viscerally what it meant to be 

5528
05:06:16,208 --> 05:06:20,800
cold, wet and exposed to the 
elements because they experience

5529
05:06:20,800 --> 05:06:25,000
these conditions, regularly When
they chose to sleep Outdoors, 

5530
05:06:25,000 --> 05:06:29,500
where the by necessity during 
travels or Warfare or by choice 

5531
05:06:29,500 --> 05:06:33,000
during seasonal activities or 
spiritual practices, they 

5532
05:06:33,000 --> 05:06:35,500
brought with them knowledge 
gained from their relationship 

5533
05:06:35,500 --> 05:06:40,700
with both comfort and discomfort
warmth and cold The Roundhouse 

5534
05:06:40,700 --> 05:06:42,700
represented More Than Physical 
shelter. 

5535
05:06:43,500 --> 05:06:46,200
It embodied the Celtic 
understanding that survival in 

5536
05:06:46,200 --> 05:06:49,000
their environment. 
Required working with natural 

5537
05:06:49,000 --> 05:06:52,600
materials, and natural 
principles, rather than trying 

5538
05:06:52,600 --> 05:06:55,500
to dominate or completely 
separate themselves from the 

5539
05:06:55,500 --> 05:06:59,000
world outside their walls. 
This philosophy would prove 

5540
05:06:59,000 --> 05:07:02,300
essential when circumstances 
required them to sleep beneath 

5541
05:07:02,300 --> 05:07:05,900
the stars without the protection
of those sturdy walls and that 

5542
05:07:05,900 --> 05:07:09,000
warming Central fire. 
Now, we arrive at the Practical 

5543
05:07:09,000 --> 05:07:12,200
heart of our story. 
How did the Celtic people 

5544
05:07:12,200 --> 05:07:16,200
actually prepare for night spent
Outdoors without succumbing to 

5545
05:07:16,200 --> 05:07:19,600
hypothermia or simply being too 
miserable to function the next 

5546
05:07:19,600 --> 05:07:22,400
day? 
The answer involves a 

5547
05:07:22,400 --> 05:07:25,100
combination of materials 
techniques and knowledge that 

5548
05:07:25,100 --> 05:07:27,200
would impress Modern Survival 
experts. 

5549
05:07:27,200 --> 05:07:31,500
First, let's talk about clothing
because the Celtic wardrobe was 

5550
05:07:31,500 --> 05:07:33,400
essentially their portable 
shelter system. 

5551
05:07:34,700 --> 05:07:37,900
The foundation of their outdoor 
survival strategy started with 

5552
05:07:37,900 --> 05:07:41,600
wool that Miracle fiber that 
keeps you warm even when wet 

5553
05:07:41,600 --> 05:07:44,900
which was a rather important 
feature in The Damp Celtic 

5554
05:07:44,900 --> 05:07:47,800
climate. 
She had been domesticated in 

5555
05:07:47,800 --> 05:07:50,600
Europe for thousands of years by
the Celtic period. 

5556
05:07:50,600 --> 05:07:54,800
And these people had become 
masters of processing wool into 

5557
05:07:54,800 --> 05:07:57,800
various forms of protection 
against the elements Celtic 

5558
05:07:57,800 --> 05:08:01,100
people, wore multiple layers of 
Woolen clothing against the 

5559
05:08:01,100 --> 05:08:05,200
skin, a warlord, tunic provided.
The base layer over this, 

5560
05:08:05,200 --> 05:08:09,800
another longitudinal dress, then
potentially a heavy Woolen 

5561
05:08:09,800 --> 05:08:11,600
cloak, that could serve multiple
purposes. 

5562
05:08:12,500 --> 05:08:17,300
This cloak called a brat in the 
Irish Celtic language was the 

5563
05:08:17,300 --> 05:08:20,000
Swiss army knife of Celtic 
Outdoor Equipment. 

5564
05:08:20,900 --> 05:08:24,900
It could be worn as a garment 
wrapped, as a blanket used as a 

5565
05:08:24,900 --> 05:08:28,300
ground sheet or even rigged as a
simple tent shell shelter with 

5566
05:08:28,300 --> 05:08:30,900
some cordage and Stakes. 
The weaving of these. 

5567
05:08:30,900 --> 05:08:33,300
Woolen textiles was remarkably 
sophisticated. 

5568
05:08:34,500 --> 05:08:37,400
Celtic Weavers, created Fabrics 
with different weights and 

5569
05:08:37,400 --> 05:08:41,500
textures for different purposes.
Some wool was woven Loosely to 

5570
05:08:41,500 --> 05:08:44,400
trap more air for better 
insulation, while other cloth 

5571
05:08:44,400 --> 05:08:48,200
was woven tightly to resist 
water and wind the natural land 

5572
05:08:48,200 --> 05:08:50,400
in Wool provided some water 
resistance. 

5573
05:08:50,400 --> 05:08:53,900
Wealthier individuals might have
cloaks that were partially 

5574
05:08:53,900 --> 05:08:57,700
waterproof through treatment 
with additional facts or Oils 

5575
05:08:57,700 --> 05:09:00,800
color played a role too though, 
perhaps not the way you might 

5576
05:09:00,800 --> 05:09:03,900
expect. 
While we often imagine a ancient

5577
05:09:03,900 --> 05:09:07,700
people wearing drab Browns and 
Greys Celtic people's actually 

5578
05:09:07,700 --> 05:09:12,000
produced vibrant died Fabrics, 
using plants and minerals. 

5579
05:09:13,000 --> 05:09:16,600
However, for outdoor, survival 
darker colors had practical 

5580
05:09:16,600 --> 05:09:20,200
advantages, they absorbed more 
heat from whatever sunlight was 

5581
05:09:20,200 --> 05:09:23,900
available and they showed less 
dirt and where during extended 

5582
05:09:23,900 --> 05:09:26,900
periods, without washing 
Footwear deserves special 

5583
05:09:26,900 --> 05:09:29,600
mention, because anyone who has 
tried sleeping with cold feet 

5584
05:09:29,600 --> 05:09:32,900
knows that temperature Extremes 
in, your extremities can make 

5585
05:09:32,900 --> 05:09:37,300
restful sleep nearly impossible,
Celtic shoes, range from simple,

5586
05:09:37,300 --> 05:09:40,200
leather moccasins to more 
elaborate boots that wrap around

5587
05:09:40,200 --> 05:09:43,700
the foot and lower leg. 
The leather was often lined with

5588
05:09:43,708 --> 05:09:46,500
fur or stuffed with dried grass 
for insulation. 

5589
05:09:47,500 --> 05:09:51,200
Some people wore multiple pairs 
of socks made from wool or wrap 

5590
05:09:51,200 --> 05:09:53,800
their feet in Woolen cloth 
before putting on their shoes. 

5591
05:09:53,800 --> 05:09:57,600
When preparing for a night 
outdoors a Celtic person's 

5592
05:09:57,600 --> 05:10:00,500
checklist would have included 
items that modern campers would 

5593
05:10:00,500 --> 05:10:03,000
recognize alongside some that 
might seem unusual. 

5594
05:10:03,800 --> 05:10:06,700
A leather bag or woven basket 
would carry supplies. 

5595
05:10:06,700 --> 05:10:10,200
Dried meat or cheese. 
Perhaps smoke cakes or other 

5596
05:10:10,200 --> 05:10:13,500
portable food? 
Fire starting kit, which might 

5597
05:10:13,500 --> 05:10:17,800
include iron and Flint for 
striking Sparks, char cloth for 

5598
05:10:17,800 --> 05:10:21,800
catching those Sparks and dry 
Tinder carefully preserved in a 

5599
05:10:21,800 --> 05:10:23,400
waterproof. 
Container made from animal 

5600
05:10:23,400 --> 05:10:27,400
bladder or tightly woven fabric 
coated, with beeswax, water 

5601
05:10:27,400 --> 05:10:31,200
presented interesting challenges
leather bottles, or ceramic 

5602
05:10:31,200 --> 05:10:34,200
vessels could carry water but 
they added weight and could 

5603
05:10:34,200 --> 05:10:37,800
freeze in Winter experienced, 
Travelers near the landscape. 

5604
05:10:37,800 --> 05:10:41,500
Well, enough to plan routes that
pass near Springs streams or 

5605
05:10:41,500 --> 05:10:44,700
other water sources. 
They understood which water was 

5606
05:10:44,700 --> 05:10:47,100
safe to drink directly in which 
needed boiling. 

5607
05:10:47,900 --> 05:10:50,400
A fisticated knowledge of 
hydrology, gained through 

5608
05:10:50,400 --> 05:10:53,900
generations, of careful, 
observation for sleeping itself.

5609
05:10:53,900 --> 05:10:56,900
Celtic people employed several 
strategies depending on 

5610
05:10:56,900 --> 05:11:00,800
circumstances and available 
resources The simplest method 

5611
05:11:00,800 --> 05:11:04,600
involved finding natural shelter
and overhanging rock formation. 

5612
05:11:04,600 --> 05:11:07,900
The hollow in a hillside, the 
Lee side of a large Boulder, 

5613
05:11:07,900 --> 05:11:11,500
anything that would break the 
wind and potentially provide 

5614
05:11:11,500 --> 05:11:15,400
some protection from rain. 
These natural features were well

5615
05:11:15,400 --> 05:11:18,400
known and remembered becoming 
part of the mental map. 

5616
05:11:18,400 --> 05:11:22,100
That every traveler carried. 
Once a sleeping spot was, chosen

5617
05:11:22,100 --> 05:11:25,300
preparation began with the 
dressing, the ground itself. 

5618
05:11:26,400 --> 05:11:30,500
Sleeping directly on bare Earth,
especially cold or damp ground. 

5619
05:11:30,500 --> 05:11:33,600
There's an excellent way to lose
body heat through conduction. 

5620
05:11:34,800 --> 05:11:38,300
The solution was simple but 
effective, creating insulation 

5621
05:11:38,300 --> 05:11:42,500
between your body and the Earth.
Dried Bracken ferns gathered and

5622
05:11:42,508 --> 05:11:45,800
piled thick made an excellent 
insulating layer. 

5623
05:11:45,800 --> 05:11:49,100
Heather deadly, leaves dried 
grass. 

5624
05:11:49,100 --> 05:11:53,200
Pine needles any dry plant 
material, could serve this 

5625
05:11:53,200 --> 05:11:56,900
purpose, creating a buffer that 
trapped air and prevented the 

5626
05:11:56,900 --> 05:11:59,500
ground from sucking warmth 
directly from your body. 

5627
05:11:59,500 --> 05:12:03,300
On top of this insulating layer.
You'd spread your cloak or an 

5628
05:12:03,308 --> 05:12:05,900
animal hide. 
If you had one, then you'd 

5629
05:12:05,900 --> 05:12:08,700
essentially breeder yourself in 
your remaining Woolen garments 

5630
05:12:08,700 --> 05:12:13,200
and any additional cloaks or 
blankets you'd carry it. he was 

5631
05:12:13,200 --> 05:12:16,800
creating dead airspace around 
your body layers that trapped 

5632
05:12:16,800 --> 05:12:20,000
your own body heat rather than 
allowing it to radiate away into

5633
05:12:20,000 --> 05:12:23,600
the night fire, when possible 
transformed an outdoor sleeping 

5634
05:12:23,600 --> 05:12:25,800
arrangement from merely 
survivable to actually 

5635
05:12:25,800 --> 05:12:29,800
comfortable Celtic people 
understood fire in ways that 

5636
05:12:29,800 --> 05:12:32,900
went beyond simply piling wood 
together and striking a light. 

5637
05:12:33,500 --> 05:12:36,100
They knew how to build 
long-lasting fires that would 

5638
05:12:36,100 --> 05:12:39,800
burn steadily through the night 
with minimal attention, using 

5639
05:12:39,800 --> 05:12:43,500
large logs, laid, parallel or 
rocks heated in the Flames. 

5640
05:12:43,500 --> 05:12:46,500
Then positioned around the 
sleeping area to radiate, warmth

5641
05:12:46,500 --> 05:12:49,600
for hours. 
After the fire died down, one 

5642
05:12:49,600 --> 05:12:51,800
particularly clever technique 
involved heating. 

5643
05:12:51,800 --> 05:12:54,500
Stones in the fire, then 
carefully wrapping them in 

5644
05:12:54,500 --> 05:12:58,100
leather or thick cloth and 
placing them at the feet or core

5645
05:12:58,100 --> 05:13:00,900
of the body. 
Ancient hot water bottles, that 

5646
05:13:00,900 --> 05:13:02,500
could keep you warm for several 
hours. 

5647
05:13:03,700 --> 05:13:05,500
The trick was getting the 
temperature, right? 

5648
05:13:05,500 --> 05:13:08,000
Two hot. 
And you burn yourself, or 

5649
05:13:08,000 --> 05:13:11,700
Scorch, your wrappings to cool 
and they'd lose heat to quickly 

5650
05:13:11,700 --> 05:13:14,500
to be useful but not every night
allowed for fire. 

5651
05:13:14,500 --> 05:13:18,400
Rain could make it impossible or
circumstances might require 

5652
05:13:18,400 --> 05:13:21,400
avoiding the attention that 
flame and smoke would attract. 

5653
05:13:22,400 --> 05:13:25,500
For these situations Celtic 
people relied on their layering 

5654
05:13:25,500 --> 05:13:28,400
systems and their understanding 
of how borders lose heat. 

5655
05:13:29,200 --> 05:13:32,600
They knew to cover their heads, 
you can lose significant body 

5656
05:13:32,600 --> 05:13:36,300
heat through your skull. 
They knew to keep moving if they

5657
05:13:36,300 --> 05:13:39,700
started to feel too cold to 
generate warmth through activity

5658
05:13:39,700 --> 05:13:43,400
before settling down to sleep. 
They understood that sleeping in

5659
05:13:43,400 --> 05:13:47,400
groups sharing warmth could mean
the difference between dangerous

5660
05:13:47,400 --> 05:13:50,800
cold and tolerable discomfort. 
There's something almost 

5661
05:13:50,800 --> 05:13:53,700
humorous about imagining group 
of Celtic warriors, or 

5662
05:13:53,700 --> 05:13:55,500
Travelers. 
Essentially, cuddling together 

5663
05:13:55,500 --> 05:13:59,600
for warmth like a litter of 
puppies, but survival often 

5664
05:13:59,600 --> 05:14:03,600
requires setting, aside concepts
of personal space in their 

5665
05:14:03,600 --> 05:14:06,100
worldview. 
There was no shame in doing, 

5666
05:14:06,100 --> 05:14:08,600
what was necessary to live 
through the night and wake ready

5667
05:14:08,600 --> 05:14:11,500
for the next day's challenges 
with all these preparation in 

5668
05:14:11,500 --> 05:14:13,300
mind. 
Let's explore the actual 

5669
05:14:13,300 --> 05:14:16,000
experience of sleeping outdoors 
in the Celtic world. 

5670
05:14:16,800 --> 05:14:20,600
What it felt like what it meant 
and why people might choose this

5671
05:14:20,600 --> 05:14:22,700
experience. 
Even when they had the option of

5672
05:14:22,700 --> 05:14:26,300
a warm roundhouse first 
understand that sleeping 

5673
05:14:26,300 --> 05:14:29,400
Outdoors wasn't always a matter 
of hardship or necessity. 

5674
05:14:30,300 --> 05:14:34,500
While Travelers, Traders 
Warriors and Shepherds certainly

5675
05:14:34,500 --> 05:14:37,300
spent nights under the stars 
because their work, demanded it.

5676
05:14:37,300 --> 05:14:40,800
There were also cultural and 
spiritual reasons, why someone 

5677
05:14:40,800 --> 05:14:42,900
like deliberately choose to 
sleep outside. 

5678
05:14:42,900 --> 05:14:46,600
Even when a comfortable indoor 
option was available, the Celtic

5679
05:14:46,600 --> 05:14:49,600
relationship with the lights sky
was fundamentally different from

5680
05:14:49,600 --> 05:14:52,800
ours. 
Without electric lights, the 

5681
05:14:52,800 --> 05:14:55,900
darkness after Sunset was 
profound in a way that most 

5682
05:14:55,900 --> 05:15:00,400
modern people never experience. 
When the sun set on a clear 

5683
05:15:00,400 --> 05:15:04,100
night away from half fires, the 
darkness, wasn't just an absence

5684
05:15:04,100 --> 05:15:06,300
of light, but almost tangible 
presence. 

5685
05:15:07,200 --> 05:15:10,500
Your eyes would adjust gradually
and what first appeared as 

5686
05:15:10,500 --> 05:15:15,200
absolute Blackness, would reveal
itself as a canvas painted and 

5687
05:15:15,200 --> 05:15:18,600
countless shades of Shadow. 
Then after this adjustment, the 

5688
05:15:18,600 --> 05:15:21,300
Stars would emerge with a 
brilliant that modern light 

5689
05:15:21,300 --> 05:15:23,100
pollution has stolen from most 
of us. 

5690
05:15:24,300 --> 05:15:26,800
On a clear night away from 
settlements. 

5691
05:15:26,800 --> 05:15:30,400
The Milky Way, would stretch 
across the sky like a river of 

5692
05:15:30,400 --> 05:15:34,200
light, so bright and detailed 
that you could almost believe 

5693
05:15:34,200 --> 05:15:37,400
you might fall upward into its 
depths if you stared too long. 

5694
05:15:38,200 --> 05:15:41,900
The ancient Celtic people's saw 
not just points of light but 

5695
05:15:41,900 --> 05:15:47,700
also stories patterns guide for 
navigation and indicators of 

5696
05:15:47,700 --> 05:15:50,600
seasonal change. 
Imagine settling into your 

5697
05:15:50,600 --> 05:15:52,400
prepared, sleeping spot on such 
a night. 

5698
05:15:52,400 --> 05:15:55,700
The ground Beneath You cushioned
by your carefully, gathered 

5699
05:15:55,700 --> 05:15:59,100
Bracken and ferns provides more 
support than modern. 

5700
05:15:59,100 --> 05:16:03,500
People might expect not soft 
like a mattress, but firm and 

5701
05:16:03,500 --> 05:16:05,600
surprisingly comfortable. 
Once you find the right 

5702
05:16:05,600 --> 05:16:08,300
positioned and your body adapts 
to the surface. 

5703
05:16:09,100 --> 05:16:13,000
Your Woolen layers envelope, you
like a cocoon, the fabric, still

5704
05:16:13,000 --> 05:16:15,600
holding some warmth from your 
body heat during the day's 

5705
05:16:15,600 --> 05:16:18,100
activities. 
The sounds of the night surround

5706
05:16:18,100 --> 05:16:20,600
you. 
Quite different from indoor 

5707
05:16:20,600 --> 05:16:24,000
sleeping where thick walls, 
muffle external noise. 

5708
05:16:24,000 --> 05:16:27,800
There's The Whisper Of Wind 
Through grass or the more 

5709
05:16:27,808 --> 05:16:30,800
substantial rustle of wind 
through tree branches, if you're

5710
05:16:30,800 --> 05:16:34,300
camped near a forest, The 
occasional crack of a twig. 

5711
05:16:34,300 --> 05:16:36,700
As some nocturnal animal goes 
about its business. 

5712
05:16:37,500 --> 05:16:39,000
Which might make your heart 
rating. 

5713
05:16:39,000 --> 05:16:43,500
Increase momentarily, until you 
identify it as a deer or rabbit 

5714
05:16:43,500 --> 05:16:46,000
rather than something more 
threatening. 

5715
05:16:46,900 --> 05:16:50,500
If you're near water perhaps the
gentle murmur of a stream or the

5716
05:16:50,500 --> 05:16:54,700
intermittent croaking of frogs 
the sense too differently from 

5717
05:16:54,700 --> 05:16:57,800
indoor sleeping. 
Instead of smoked tinged 

5718
05:16:57,800 --> 05:17:02,100
interior air, you breathe, the 
fresh complex smell of the 

5719
05:17:02,100 --> 05:17:07,100
outdoors Earth. 
Grass, the faintly spicy Center 

5720
05:17:07,100 --> 05:17:10,700
of crushed and the mineral smell
of nearby rocks. 

5721
05:17:10,700 --> 05:17:14,600
The sweet decay of Autumn Leaves
if the season is right. 

5722
05:17:15,700 --> 05:17:19,100
In Spring the night air might 
carry the perfume of blooming 

5723
05:17:19,100 --> 05:17:23,700
flowers in summer, the rich 
green smell of growing things. 

5724
05:17:23,700 --> 05:17:27,300
In Autumn. 
The sharp Clean Center of 

5725
05:17:27,308 --> 05:17:30,300
approaching cold temperature 
management during the night, 

5726
05:17:30,300 --> 05:17:33,700
required constant minor 
adjustments, As the Knight 

5727
05:17:33,708 --> 05:17:36,500
deepened and temperatures 
dropped, you might pull your 

5728
05:17:36,500 --> 05:17:39,900
cloak tighter around yourself or
curl into a more compact 

5729
05:17:39,900 --> 05:17:44,000
position to minimize heat loss. 
If you are sleeping near a fire,

5730
05:17:44,000 --> 05:17:47,400
you might wake periodically to 
add more fuel or adjust your 

5731
05:17:47,400 --> 05:17:50,800
position relative to the warmth.
This wasn't the Deep 

5732
05:17:50,800 --> 05:17:54,700
uninterrupted, sleep, that 
modern people, often expect, but

5733
05:17:54,700 --> 05:17:57,900
rather a more rhythmic pattern 
of sleeping and partial waking 

5734
05:17:57,900 --> 05:18:00,500
that actually corresponded 
better to natural. 

5735
05:18:00,500 --> 05:18:03,600
Human sleep cycles. 
That are modern 8 Hour blocks 

5736
05:18:03,600 --> 05:18:07,400
the Celtic people recognized 
different qualities of sleep and

5737
05:18:07,400 --> 05:18:10,600
different kinds of rest. 
They understood that the sleep. 

5738
05:18:10,600 --> 05:18:14,000
You got Outdoors though, perhaps
lighter and more interrupted 

5739
05:18:14,000 --> 05:18:16,000
than in indoor sleep, had its 
own value. 

5740
05:18:16,900 --> 05:18:19,500
There was rest that came from 
Deep unconsciousness. 

5741
05:18:20,500 --> 05:18:23,500
But there was also rest that 
came from quietness of your 

5742
05:18:23,500 --> 05:18:26,900
surroundings, from feeling the 
Earth beneath you and the sky of

5743
05:18:26,900 --> 05:18:29,100
you. 
And from knowing yourself to be 

5744
05:18:29,108 --> 05:18:32,700
part of the larger patterns of 
the natural world rather than 

5745
05:18:32,700 --> 05:18:35,100
separated from the walls and 
roofs. 

5746
05:18:35,100 --> 05:18:38,100
Whether of course could 
transform outdoor sleeping from 

5747
05:18:38,100 --> 05:18:40,100
peaceful to challenging rather 
quickly. 

5748
05:18:40,900 --> 05:18:44,200
The approach of rain on the Wind
would waking experience outdoor,

5749
05:18:44,200 --> 05:18:47,900
sleeper, sending them scrambling
to adjust their shelter or move 

5750
05:18:47,900 --> 05:18:50,300
to better protection before the 
Deluge arrived. 

5751
05:18:51,000 --> 05:18:52,900
Heavy Rain could make sleeping 
Outdoors. 

5752
05:18:52,900 --> 05:18:56,400
Genuinely difficult, though, not
impossible with proper 

5753
05:18:56,400 --> 05:18:59,500
preparation. 
The sound of rain on leaves or 

5754
05:18:59,500 --> 05:19:03,400
grass creates a particular kind 
of white noise that can actually

5755
05:19:03,400 --> 05:19:06,500
deepen sleep. 
And if your adequately protected

5756
05:19:06,500 --> 05:19:10,400
from the water itself, rainfall 
can make for a surprisingly 

5757
05:19:10,400 --> 05:19:13,600
restful night snow presented, 
different challenges and 

5758
05:19:13,600 --> 05:19:16,500
opportunities. 
A fresh snowfall actually 

5759
05:19:16,500 --> 05:19:18,400
provided. 
Excellent insulation. 

5760
05:19:19,100 --> 05:19:22,300
And experience to Celtic. 
People knew that a snow-covered 

5761
05:19:22,300 --> 05:19:26,900
shelter could be warmer than one
exposed to wind. the technique 

5762
05:19:26,900 --> 05:19:29,800
of a letting snow accumulate 
over your sleeping spot, 

5763
05:19:29,800 --> 05:19:34,100
essentially creating a primitive
snow cave was understood and 

5764
05:19:34,100 --> 05:19:38,000
used when conditions permitted 
The danger, of course, was 

5765
05:19:38,000 --> 05:19:41,400
getting wet during the snowfall 
or before settling in for the 

5766
05:19:41,400 --> 05:19:45,700
night as wet clothing and cold 
conditions was genuinely life. 

5767
05:19:45,700 --> 05:19:49,000
Threatening wind was perhaps the
most difficult weather condition

5768
05:19:49,000 --> 05:19:51,800
for outdoor sleeping because 
it's Stripped Away Your 

5769
05:19:51,800 --> 05:19:55,600
carefully created layers of warm
air, no matter how well you'd 

5770
05:19:55,600 --> 05:19:58,900
prepared. 
Strong wind could make even a 

5771
05:19:58,900 --> 05:20:00,500
mild temperature, feel bitterly 
cold. 

5772
05:20:00,500 --> 05:20:04,700
The constant buffeting made 
restful sleep nearly impossible.

5773
05:20:05,600 --> 05:20:09,600
This is why Finding windbreaks 
natural formations or even 

5774
05:20:09,600 --> 05:20:12,800
self-constructed barriers of 
branches and packed Earth. 

5775
05:20:13,300 --> 05:20:16,800
Was such an important part of 
site selection for those who 

5776
05:20:16,800 --> 05:20:20,300
spent multiple nights 
consecutively Outdoors Shepherds

5777
05:20:20,300 --> 05:20:22,600
following their flocks to 
seasonal grazing areas. 

5778
05:20:22,600 --> 05:20:26,200
For instance, the experience 
took on a different quality. 

5779
05:20:27,200 --> 05:20:29,500
First night might feel 
challenging and uncomfortable 

5780
05:20:29,500 --> 05:20:32,800
your body and mind still attuned
to Indoor Comfort. 

5781
05:20:33,900 --> 05:20:37,200
By the third or fourth night, 
though, something shifted. 

5782
05:20:38,100 --> 05:20:42,000
Your body adapted to the 
rhythms, your senses grew Keener

5783
05:20:42,000 --> 05:20:45,300
and your ability to read weather
signs and adjust accordingly 

5784
05:20:45,300 --> 05:20:49,200
became more intuitive. 
You became temporarily a 

5785
05:20:49,200 --> 05:20:51,700
creature that belonged to the 
Outdoor World rather than a 

5786
05:20:51,700 --> 05:20:55,100
human visitor camping in it. 
This state of adaptation was 

5787
05:20:55,100 --> 05:20:58,700
valued in Celtic culture seen as
a way of maintaining connection 

5788
05:20:58,700 --> 05:21:01,800
to the fundamental nature of 
existence that could be 

5789
05:21:01,800 --> 05:21:04,500
forgotten in the relative 
comfort and isolation of 

5790
05:21:04,500 --> 05:21:07,800
permanent dwellings. 
The person who could sleep 

5791
05:21:07,800 --> 05:21:11,100
soundly beneath the stars, wake 
refreshed and function, 

5792
05:21:11,100 --> 05:21:13,500
effectively the next day, 
demonstrated a kind of 

5793
05:21:13,508 --> 05:21:17,300
competence that commanded 
respect the spiritual dimension 

5794
05:21:17,300 --> 05:21:19,800
of Celtic. 
Nighttime practice is adds 

5795
05:21:19,800 --> 05:21:22,900
another layer to understanding 
how and why these people slept 

5796
05:21:22,900 --> 05:21:26,800
Outdoors. 
The Druids, the Leonard class 

5797
05:21:26,800 --> 05:21:30,700
that served as priests judges 
teachers and advisors and Celtic

5798
05:21:30,700 --> 05:21:33,500
Society. 
Had particular relationships 

5799
05:21:33,500 --> 05:21:37,800
with night darkness and the 
practices surrounding sleep, 

5800
05:21:37,800 --> 05:21:40,900
that elevated outdoor, sleeping 
Beyond mere practical. 

5801
05:21:40,900 --> 05:21:44,600
Necessity Druids underwent years
of training, that included, 

5802
05:21:44,600 --> 05:21:48,900
memorizing vast amounts of 
traditional knowledge poetry law

5803
05:21:48,900 --> 05:21:52,800
and spiritual teachings. 
Part of this training involved, 

5804
05:21:52,800 --> 05:21:55,700
developing intimate familiarity 
with the natural world through 

5805
05:21:55,700 --> 05:21:59,300
direct experience, which 
necessarily included spending 

5806
05:21:59,300 --> 05:22:02,300
extensive time Outdoors at all 
hours and in all seasons. 

5807
05:22:03,400 --> 05:22:06,800
A druid who couldn't comfortably
sleep beneath the stars, and who

5808
05:22:06,800 --> 05:22:10,300
didn't understand the patterns 
of nocturnal animals and night, 

5809
05:22:10,300 --> 05:22:13,000
blooming plants would be 
considered in completely 

5810
05:22:13,000 --> 05:22:15,700
trained. 
The Celtic spiritual worldview 

5811
05:22:15,700 --> 05:22:18,500
held, that darkness and night. 
Weren't simply the absence of 

5812
05:22:18,500 --> 05:22:21,700
lightning day but rather their 
own positive states with 

5813
05:22:21,700 --> 05:22:23,700
distinct qualities and 
possibilities. 

5814
05:22:24,600 --> 05:22:27,100
Night was when the boundary 
between the Ordinary World and 

5815
05:22:27,100 --> 05:22:30,300
the other world Gretna in 
communication, with spirits and 

5816
05:22:30,300 --> 05:22:33,900
deities, became easier when 
dreams and Visions carried 

5817
05:22:33,900 --> 05:22:36,700
prophetic weight and when 
certain kinds of knowledge 

5818
05:22:36,700 --> 05:22:40,800
became accessible that remained 
hidden during daylight hours for

5819
05:22:40,800 --> 05:22:43,000
Druids and those pursuing 
Spiritual Development. 

5820
05:22:43,000 --> 05:22:47,300
Sleeping Outdoors could be a 
deliberate practice rather than 

5821
05:22:47,300 --> 05:22:49,800
a necessity imposed by travel or
work. 

5822
05:22:50,500 --> 05:22:55,500
Spending the night at a sacred 
site, a special Grove, a spring 

5823
05:22:55,500 --> 05:22:58,400
believed to have healing 
properties or a Hilltop with 

5824
05:22:58,400 --> 05:23:01,500
particular. 
Spiritual significance allowed 

5825
05:23:01,500 --> 05:23:04,500
for dreams and experiences. 
That would be impossible in the 

5826
05:23:04,500 --> 05:23:08,000
ordinary domestic environment. 
These won't casual overnight 

5827
05:23:08,000 --> 05:23:10,600
camping trips, but serious. 
Spiritual undertakings that 

5828
05:23:10,608 --> 05:23:13,000
required preparation, both 
physical and mental. 

5829
05:23:14,000 --> 05:23:17,600
A person seeking a prophetic 
dream or Divine guidance might 

5830
05:23:17,600 --> 05:23:21,700
spend days in preparation. 
Fasting or eating only certain 

5831
05:23:21,700 --> 05:23:25,600
foods, performing ritual 
purifications and memorizing 

5832
05:23:25,600 --> 05:23:27,600
appropriate prayers, or 
invocations. 

5833
05:23:28,400 --> 05:23:31,400
Then they would Journey to the 
sacred site and sleep there. 

5834
05:23:31,400 --> 05:23:35,800
Open to what, ever the night 
might bring the dreams that came

5835
05:23:35,800 --> 05:23:39,100
during the sacred outdoor sleeps
were considered qualitatively 

5836
05:23:39,100 --> 05:23:42,700
different from ordinary dreams. 
They were messages from the gods

5837
05:23:42,700 --> 05:23:47,200
Communications from ancestors, 
glimpses of possible, futures, 

5838
05:23:47,200 --> 05:23:50,300
or teaching about the 
fundamental nature of reality. 

5839
05:23:51,400 --> 05:23:53,100
Upon waking the dreamer. 
Would carefully? 

5840
05:23:53,100 --> 05:23:56,000
Remember an interpret these 
experiences often? 

5841
05:23:56,000 --> 05:23:59,600
With the guidance of experienced
Druids, who understood the 

5842
05:23:59,600 --> 05:24:04,000
language of sacred dreams Stars?
Held particular significance in 

5843
05:24:04,000 --> 05:24:07,800
this spiritual framework. 
The Celtic people's recognized 

5844
05:24:07,800 --> 05:24:11,400
constellations and track the 
movements of celestial bodies 

5845
05:24:11,400 --> 05:24:15,100
with sophisticated precision. 
They understood the relationship

5846
05:24:15,100 --> 05:24:19,300
between Stellar positions and 
seasonal changes using the night

5847
05:24:19,300 --> 05:24:21,600
skies, a calendar, and clock 
more reliable than any 

5848
05:24:21,600 --> 05:24:25,600
human-made timekeeping device. 
The Sleep beneath the stars was 

5849
05:24:25,600 --> 05:24:28,000
to place yourself directly under
this Celestial. 

5850
05:24:28,000 --> 05:24:31,700
Calendar to align yourself with 
Cosmic rhythms that governed 

5851
05:24:31,700 --> 05:24:33,900
everything from planting 
schedules to spiritual 

5852
05:24:33,900 --> 05:24:36,400
practices. 
The moon, of course, commanded 

5853
05:24:36,400 --> 05:24:40,000
special attention, its phases. 
Mark the passage of time and 

5854
05:24:40,000 --> 05:24:44,500
influence decisions about when 
to plant when to harvest when to

5855
05:24:44,500 --> 05:24:48,400
perform certain rituals when to 
go to war and when to make peace

5856
05:24:49,500 --> 05:24:52,900
sleeping Outdoors meant having 
direct unfiltered exposure to 

5857
05:24:52,908 --> 05:24:56,400
Moonlight, which was believed to
carry its own form of power. 

5858
05:24:56,400 --> 05:24:59,800
That could affect dreams health 
and spiritual State. 

5859
05:24:59,800 --> 05:25:02,900
There were specific nights 
considered particularly or 

5860
05:25:02,900 --> 05:25:05,100
suspicious, or powerful for 
outdoor sleeping. 

5861
05:25:06,100 --> 05:25:09,500
The night of the full moon, in 
certain months, the longest 

5862
05:25:09,500 --> 05:25:11,300
night of the year at the winter,
solstice. 

5863
05:25:12,300 --> 05:25:16,900
Yet notes is when day and 
knighted and the quarter days 

5864
05:25:16,900 --> 05:25:20,400
between Solstice and equinoxes, 
that marked major seasonal 

5865
05:25:20,400 --> 05:25:23,800
festivals. 
On these nights Druids and 

5866
05:25:23,800 --> 05:25:25,700
spiritually. 
Inclined individuals might 

5867
05:25:25,700 --> 05:25:29,000
deliberately sleep Outdoors to 
maximize their exposure to the 

5868
05:25:29,000 --> 05:25:31,500
special energies and 
possibilities these times. 

5869
05:25:31,500 --> 05:25:35,300
Offered interestingly, the 
Celtic concept of day actually 

5870
05:25:35,300 --> 05:25:39,600
began at Sunset rather than 
sunrise A new day started when 

5871
05:25:39,600 --> 05:25:43,100
darkness fell, which meant that.
The first activity of any new 

5872
05:25:43,100 --> 05:25:46,100
day was sleeping. 
This reversed our modern 

5873
05:25:46,100 --> 05:25:49,700
understanding where sleep 
concludes one day and waking 

5874
05:25:49,700 --> 05:25:52,600
begins. 
Another In the Celtic framework,

5875
05:25:52,600 --> 05:25:56,100
sleep was the foundation of the 
day, the opening act rather than

5876
05:25:56,100 --> 05:25:59,808
the closing one which elevated 
its important and imbued it with

5877
05:25:59,816 --> 05:26:01,800
significance. 
We rarely attribute to sleep 

5878
05:26:01,800 --> 05:26:04,200
today. 
This spiritual Dimension didn't 

5879
05:26:04,200 --> 05:26:06,700
make outdoor sleeping any 
physically warm or more 

5880
05:26:06,700 --> 05:26:09,600
comfortable. 
But it provided a framework of 

5881
05:26:09,600 --> 05:26:13,100
meaning that could transform 
discomfort from something to be.

5882
05:26:13,108 --> 05:26:16,900
Merely endured into something to
be valued as part of a larger 

5883
05:26:16,900 --> 05:26:21,400
purpose. 
The cold the hard ground, the 

5884
05:26:21,400 --> 05:26:24,300
vulnerability of sleeping 
exposed to the elements. 

5885
05:26:24,300 --> 05:26:28,800
These became not hardships, but 
essential elements of the 

5886
05:26:28,800 --> 05:26:33,200
experience, tests and teachers 
that shape both body and spirit,

5887
05:26:33,200 --> 05:26:36,500
The Druids understood something,
that modern sleep science is 

5888
05:26:36,500 --> 05:26:40,000
only recently, confirming that 
are sleeping environment, 

5889
05:26:40,000 --> 05:26:43,400
profoundly affects not just 
whether we sleep, but the 

5890
05:26:43,400 --> 05:26:47,200
quality and nature of that 
sleep, including our dreams, and

5891
05:26:47,200 --> 05:26:51,200
the psychological processing 
that occurs during rest, By 

5892
05:26:51,200 --> 05:26:54,300
deliberately choosing to sleep 
in sacred outdoor locations. 

5893
05:26:54,300 --> 05:26:58,000
They were essentially creating 
specific conditions for specific

5894
05:26:58,000 --> 05:27:01,500
kinds of Consciousness to emerge
winter in the Celtic. 

5895
05:27:01,500 --> 05:27:05,000
Territories could be genuinely 
dangerous transforming the 

5896
05:27:05,000 --> 05:27:08,600
landscape from a challenging but
manageable environment into 

5897
05:27:08,600 --> 05:27:11,200
something that could kill the 
unprepared with cheerful 

5898
05:27:11,200 --> 05:27:14,600
efficiency. 
Understanding how the Celtic 

5899
05:27:14,600 --> 05:27:17,400
people slept Outdoors during 
winter months represents the 

5900
05:27:17,400 --> 05:27:19,700
Pinnacle of their cold weather 
survival knowledge. 

5901
05:27:19,700 --> 05:27:24,100
First, it's important to note 
that truly voluntarily sleeping 

5902
05:27:24,100 --> 05:27:25,700
outdoors in the depths of 
winter. 

5903
05:27:25,700 --> 05:27:30,200
When temperatures plunged and 
storms, raged was rare even in 

5904
05:27:30,200 --> 05:27:33,700
Celtic culture. 
These people were foolish and 

5905
05:27:33,700 --> 05:27:36,300
they understood the difference 
between manageable Challenge and

5906
05:27:36,300 --> 05:27:40,100
unnecessary risk. 
Most winter nights were spent in

5907
05:27:40,100 --> 05:27:43,200
the warmth and security of 
roundhouses clustered with 

5908
05:27:43,200 --> 05:27:47,100
family around the central half 
while storms battered, the Stout

5909
05:27:47,100 --> 05:27:49,400
walls and wind howled through 
the thatch. 

5910
05:27:49,400 --> 05:27:52,200
But circumstances didn't always 
offer choices. 

5911
05:27:52,200 --> 05:27:56,800
Warriors on campaign Messengers,
carrying urgent Communications 

5912
05:27:56,800 --> 05:28:01,200
herders whose animals had 
strayed Hunters, caught far from

5913
05:28:01,200 --> 05:28:05,900
home by an unexpected storm. 
Travelers who miscalculated 

5914
05:28:05,900 --> 05:28:09,000
distance, or whether all these 
people might find themselves. 

5915
05:28:09,000 --> 05:28:12,100
Facing a winter night outdoors, 
without adequate shelter. 

5916
05:28:12,100 --> 05:28:15,500
The key to surviving such 
situations was a combination of 

5917
05:28:15,508 --> 05:28:19,400
knowledge, preparation, and 
above all, avoiding panic. 

5918
05:28:20,000 --> 05:28:23,900
Panic, wastes energy, clouds 
judgment and leads to poor 

5919
05:28:23,900 --> 05:28:26,900
decisions that compound rather 
than solve problems. 

5920
05:28:27,700 --> 05:28:31,400
Celtic people train their 
children from Young ages to stay

5921
05:28:31,400 --> 05:28:34,900
calm in dangerous situations to 
think clearly about available 

5922
05:28:34,900 --> 05:28:38,600
options and to remember and 
apply traditional survival 

5923
05:28:38,600 --> 05:28:41,300
knowledge, even when frightened 
or uncomfortable. 

5924
05:28:41,300 --> 05:28:44,300
Winter survival. 
Began with understanding that 

5925
05:28:44,300 --> 05:28:46,800
you are fighting a battle 
against multiple enemies, 

5926
05:28:46,800 --> 05:28:53,000
simultaneously, cold, wind, wet,
and exhaustion each of. 

5927
05:28:53,000 --> 05:28:55,200
These could kill you 
independently, but they often 

5928
05:28:55,200 --> 05:28:59,200
worked together with wet clothes
making you colder, cold making, 

5929
05:28:59,200 --> 05:29:01,700
you exhausted, and exhaustion 
making. 

5930
05:29:01,700 --> 05:29:04,300
You make poor decisions about 
staying dry and warm. 

5931
05:29:05,300 --> 05:29:07,600
Success required addressing all 
these threats. 

5932
05:29:07,600 --> 05:29:10,800
Systematically, the first 
priority was always finding or 

5933
05:29:10,800 --> 05:29:14,200
creating shelter from wind 
Windshield could make a 

5934
05:29:14,200 --> 05:29:17,500
tolerable temperature, lethal, 
stripping away your body's heat 

5935
05:29:17,500 --> 05:29:21,800
faster than you could generate. 
It natural windbreaks, dense, 

5936
05:29:21,800 --> 05:29:25,600
Grove of evergreen trees rock, 
formations and hillsides. 

5937
05:29:26,300 --> 05:29:30,200
Provided the foundation for 
winter sleeping spots. if nature

5938
05:29:30,200 --> 05:29:33,600
hadn't provided adequate wind 
protection, you created it, 

5939
05:29:33,600 --> 05:29:37,100
using whatever materials were 
available to construct, barriers

5940
05:29:37,100 --> 05:29:41,000
between yourself and the moving 
air snow counterintuitively 

5941
05:29:41,000 --> 05:29:43,500
became an ally, if you 
understood how to work with it, 

5942
05:29:44,400 --> 05:29:47,400
Fresh snow is mostly trapped are
making it an excellent 

5943
05:29:47,400 --> 05:29:50,300
insulator. 
The technique of building snow 

5944
05:29:50,300 --> 05:29:54,100
shelters ranging from simple 
snow walls to more elaborate 

5945
05:29:54,100 --> 05:29:57,400
snow. 
Caves was well, understood A 

5946
05:29:57,400 --> 05:30:00,000
properly constructed snow 
shelter, could maintain an 

5947
05:30:00,000 --> 05:30:02,200
interior temperatures 
significantly warmer than 

5948
05:30:02,200 --> 05:30:06,800
outside even without a fire. 
Simply because the snow blocked 

5949
05:30:06,800 --> 05:30:10,300
wind and the small and closed 
space trapped body heat the 

5950
05:30:10,300 --> 05:30:13,200
construction process itself 
generated warmth through 

5951
05:30:13,200 --> 05:30:16,500
physical activity. 
He had to be careful not to work

5952
05:30:16,500 --> 05:30:19,700
so hard that you sweat it 
accessibly as wet clothing. 

5953
05:30:19,700 --> 05:30:22,000
In Winter conditions was 
extremely dangerous. 

5954
05:30:23,700 --> 05:30:26,800
Spears to Celtic people new to 
work steadily but not 

5955
05:30:26,800 --> 05:30:30,600
frantically, removing layers of 
clothing, if necessary to avoid 

5956
05:30:30,600 --> 05:30:33,800
overheating, then adding them 
back once the shelter was 

5957
05:30:33,800 --> 05:30:38,400
complete and physical activity, 
decreased fire, became evil more

5958
05:30:38,400 --> 05:30:41,500
critical in winter, but also 
more challenging to achieve 

5959
05:30:42,600 --> 05:30:46,100
Would might be wet from snow or 
rain, making it difficult to 

5960
05:30:46,100 --> 05:30:49,200
ignite. 
The solution was careful, fire 

5961
05:30:49,200 --> 05:30:53,500
management, carrying dry Tinder.
In waterproof containers knowing

5962
05:30:53,500 --> 05:30:56,900
where to find dry wood. 
Even in wet conditions, the 

5963
05:30:56,900 --> 05:31:00,200
underside of Fallen logs and the
dead lower branches of evergreen

5964
05:31:00,200 --> 05:31:01,800
trees. 
That remained protected from 

5965
05:31:01,800 --> 05:31:04,100
precipitation by the living, 
canopy above. 

5966
05:31:04,800 --> 05:31:06,800
And understanding how to create 
platforms. 

5967
05:31:06,800 --> 05:31:09,200
That lifted your fire above wet 
ground. 

5968
05:31:09,200 --> 05:31:13,300
A winterfire wasn't just for 
warmth but for drying, wet 

5969
05:31:13,300 --> 05:31:15,700
clothing, wet Footwear, and wet 
gloves. 

5970
05:31:15,700 --> 05:31:19,500
These were deadly in cold 
conditions and a fire allowed 

5971
05:31:19,500 --> 05:31:22,400
you to carefully dry essential 
items without scorching them, 

5972
05:31:23,300 --> 05:31:27,000
The process required patience 
and attention rotating items 

5973
05:31:27,000 --> 05:31:30,500
near the Heat and monitoring 
constantly to prevent damage 

5974
05:31:30,500 --> 05:31:34,000
while ensuring thorough drying 
body position during winter, 

5975
05:31:34,000 --> 05:31:37,400
sleeping matted more than in 
milder Seasons, you need to 

5976
05:31:37,400 --> 05:31:41,300
minimize exposure surface area 
while maintaining enough Comfort

5977
05:31:41,300 --> 05:31:45,500
to actually rest. 
Fetal position, curled tightly, 

5978
05:31:45,500 --> 05:31:49,600
with knees drawn up, head tucked
down, and arms wrapped around 

5979
05:31:49,600 --> 05:31:53,400
your core was the standard 
winter sleeping posture because 

5980
05:31:53,400 --> 05:31:56,700
it presented the minimum surface
area to the cold while 

5981
05:31:56,700 --> 05:31:59,400
protecting. 
Your vital, organs and warming 

5982
05:31:59,400 --> 05:32:01,100
your extremities with your own 
breath. 

5983
05:32:01,100 --> 05:32:04,400
Breathing, technique played an 
unexpected role in Winter 

5984
05:32:04,400 --> 05:32:07,700
survival, Breathing through your
nose, rather than your mouth 

5985
05:32:07,700 --> 05:32:11,300
warmed and humidified incoming 
air before it reached your 

5986
05:32:11,308 --> 05:32:14,100
lungs. 
Making it easier for your body 

5987
05:32:14,100 --> 05:32:17,700
to maintain core temperature. 
Drawing your cloak or blanket 

5988
05:32:17,700 --> 05:32:21,100
over your face created a small 
breathing pocket where your 

5989
05:32:21,100 --> 05:32:24,100
exhaled air would warm in 
Cumming breath though. 

5990
05:32:24,100 --> 05:32:27,100
You had to be careful not to 
create so much humidity that the

5991
05:32:27,100 --> 05:32:29,600
fabric became damp with frozen 
condensation. 

5992
05:32:29,600 --> 05:32:33,100
The placement of insulating 
materials beneath and around 

5993
05:32:33,100 --> 05:32:35,500
your body became even more 
critical in winter. 

5994
05:32:36,400 --> 05:32:39,300
Direct contact with frozen 
ground could pull heat from your

5995
05:32:39,300 --> 05:32:43,600
body with frightening speed. 
Multiple layers of insulation, 

5996
05:32:43,600 --> 05:32:48,400
thick piles of any available 
plant material, multiple animal 

5997
05:32:48,400 --> 05:32:50,900
skins. 
If you had them even layers, of 

5998
05:32:50,900 --> 05:32:55,100
clothing you weren't wearing 
Created barriers between your 

5999
05:32:55,100 --> 05:32:59,000
body and the heat stealing Earth
groups had distinctive 

6000
05:32:59,000 --> 05:33:02,600
advantages in Winter survival. 
Multiple people could pull 

6001
05:33:02,600 --> 05:33:05,900
resources. 
Share body heat, take turns 

6002
05:33:05,900 --> 05:33:09,900
maintaining fires and provide 
cycle support that counted the 

6003
05:33:09,900 --> 05:33:12,300
despair that cold and exhaustion
could produce. 

6004
05:33:13,600 --> 05:33:16,500
There's archaeological and 
textual evidence suggesting that

6005
05:33:16,500 --> 05:33:20,400
Celtic Warrior's and travelers 
and winter often moved in groups

6006
05:33:20,400 --> 05:33:22,000
partly for this survival 
benefit. 

6007
05:33:23,000 --> 05:33:26,500
Knowing that Collective warmth 
and shared labor increased, 

6008
05:33:26,500 --> 05:33:30,100
everyone's chances of surviving 
difficult nights the morning. 

6009
05:33:30,100 --> 05:33:33,200
After a harsh winter night 
outdoors, presented its own 

6010
05:33:33,200 --> 05:33:37,400
challenges, your body would be 
stiff and cold your muscles 

6011
05:33:37,400 --> 05:33:41,300
reluctant to move and your 
joints protesting any activity. 

6012
05:33:42,200 --> 05:33:46,900
But movement was essential to 
restore circulation, to generate

6013
05:33:46,900 --> 05:33:50,600
warmth, and to assess your 
condition, and that of your 

6014
05:33:50,600 --> 05:33:53,300
companions. 
If you had any The Celtic 

6015
05:33:53,300 --> 05:33:56,700
practice was to rise before full
Dawn, if possible moving 

6016
05:33:56,700 --> 05:34:00,300
carefully at first, but with 
increasing Vigor, ideally toward

6017
05:34:00,300 --> 05:34:02,100
a destination where proper 
warmth. 

6018
05:34:02,700 --> 05:34:06,700
Dry clothing and hot food could 
be found remarkably. 

6019
05:34:06,700 --> 05:34:10,000
We have evidence that Celtic 
people not only survive these 

6020
05:34:10,000 --> 05:34:13,700
harsh conditions but often 
thrived afterward, there's a 

6021
05:34:13,708 --> 05:34:16,800
particular kind of satisfaction 
that comes from successfully. 

6022
05:34:16,800 --> 05:34:20,100
Navigating difficult, 
circumstances from pitting your 

6023
05:34:20,100 --> 05:34:23,100
knowledge and will against 
Nature's challenges and emerging

6024
05:34:23,100 --> 05:34:25,900
Victorious. 
Those who had weathered hard 

6025
05:34:25,900 --> 05:34:28,800
winter nights outdoors, and 
lived to tell the tale gained 

6026
05:34:28,800 --> 05:34:31,900
status and confidence that 
carried into other aspects of 

6027
05:34:31,900 --> 05:34:34,500
their lives. 
As you nestled, deeper into your

6028
05:34:34,500 --> 05:34:38,100
modern bed, perhaps now feeling,
especially grateful for your 

6029
05:34:38,100 --> 05:34:40,200
central heating and insulated 
walls. 

6030
05:34:40,200 --> 05:34:43,900
Let's explore how the Celtic 
understanding of sleeping in 

6031
05:34:43,900 --> 05:34:47,300
harmony with nature, has 
influenced our world and what 

6032
05:34:47,300 --> 05:34:49,900
wisdom we might still extract 
from their practices. 

6033
05:34:49,900 --> 05:34:53,400
The Celtic approach to outdoor 
sleeping, wasn't primitive 

6034
05:34:53,400 --> 05:34:55,600
ignorance making the best of bad
situations. 

6035
05:34:55,600 --> 05:35:01,000
It was sophisticated knowledge 
accumulated over generations and

6036
05:35:01,000 --> 05:35:04,000
refined through careful 
observation and experience. 

6037
05:35:05,500 --> 05:35:08,600
Modern Survival training, still 
teaches many of the same 

6038
05:35:08,600 --> 05:35:12,400
principles that Celtic people, 
understood instinctively, the 

6039
05:35:12,400 --> 05:35:15,500
importance of insulation from 
the ground, the value of 

6040
05:35:15,500 --> 05:35:18,100
layering. 
The critical need for staying 

6041
05:35:18,100 --> 05:35:21,600
dry and the life-saving 
potential of windbreaks and 

6042
05:35:21,600 --> 05:35:24,700
simple shelters when modern 
outdoor Educators. 

6043
05:35:24,700 --> 05:35:28,600
Talk about leaving no Trace 
Backing out what you pack in and

6044
05:35:28,600 --> 05:35:30,900
minimizing your impact on 
natural spaces. 

6045
05:35:30,900 --> 05:35:34,400
There are articulating, an ethic
that the Celtic people lived as 

6046
05:35:34,408 --> 05:35:37,900
a matter of course, Their 
approach to outdoor sleeping was

6047
05:35:37,900 --> 05:35:41,700
inherently sustainable. 
They used natural materials that

6048
05:35:41,700 --> 05:35:43,500
returned harmlessly to the 
environment. 

6049
05:35:43,500 --> 05:35:47,000
They didn't require 
manufacturing or Transportation 

6050
05:35:47,000 --> 05:35:50,900
chains, and they worked within 
Nature's limits, rather than 

6051
05:35:50,900 --> 05:35:53,000
trying to overcome them through 
technology. 

6052
05:35:53,000 --> 05:35:56,400
The Celtic understanding that 
humans are part of nature rather

6053
05:35:56,400 --> 05:35:59,900
than separate from it that we 
can adapt to outdoor sleeping 

6054
05:35:59,900 --> 05:36:01,700
rather than requiring 
completely. 

6055
05:36:01,700 --> 05:36:04,700
Artificial environments. 
Challenges are modern 

6056
05:36:04,700 --> 05:36:07,500
assumption, that Comfort 
requires isolation from the 

6057
05:36:07,500 --> 05:36:10,600
natural world. 
Contemporary Research into sleep

6058
05:36:10,600 --> 05:36:13,700
health is actually rediscovering
many principles that Celtic 

6059
05:36:13,700 --> 05:36:15,700
people knew through lived 
experience. 

6060
05:36:15,700 --> 05:36:19,000
For instance, modern sleep. 
Scientists have found that 

6061
05:36:19,008 --> 05:36:22,400
sleeping in completely dark 
environments with temperatures 

6062
05:36:22,400 --> 05:36:24,400
cooler than most people keep 
their homes. 

6063
05:36:24,400 --> 05:36:28,400
Often produces deeper and more 
restorative sleep and sleeping 

6064
05:36:28,400 --> 05:36:33,600
in warm artificially lit rooms. 
The Celtic experience of 

6065
05:36:33,600 --> 05:36:37,400
sleeping Outdoors where Darkness
was absolute and temperatures 

6066
05:36:37,400 --> 05:36:40,100
naturally. 
Cool aligned more closely with 

6067
05:36:40,100 --> 05:36:42,900
these optimal conditions than 
many modern sleeping 

6068
05:36:42,900 --> 05:36:45,600
Arrangements. 
The Celtic practice of breaking 

6069
05:36:45,600 --> 05:36:48,600
sleep into multiple Cycles 
rather than expecting one 

6070
05:36:48,600 --> 05:36:52,500
uninterrupted block also aligns 
with Recent research into human 

6071
05:36:52,500 --> 05:36:56,400
sleep patterns. 
Before artificial lighting, many

6072
05:36:56,400 --> 05:36:57,700
cultures practiced. 
What? 

6073
05:36:57,700 --> 05:37:01,100
Historians call First, sleep and
second sleep. 

6074
05:37:01,800 --> 05:37:05,900
A period of rest then waking for
an hour or two of quiet activity

6075
05:37:05,900 --> 05:37:08,500
then returning to sleep until 
dawn. 

6076
05:37:09,300 --> 05:37:12,300
This pattern which Celtic people
would have followed naturally. 

6077
05:37:12,300 --> 05:37:15,500
When sleeping outdoors and 
tending fires may actually be 

6078
05:37:15,500 --> 05:37:18,800
more natural to human biology 
than our modern 8 Hour block. 

6079
05:37:18,800 --> 05:37:23,300
The materials Celtic people used
for warmth and comfort wool 

6080
05:37:23,300 --> 05:37:27,200
animal hides, and plant fibers 
have properties. 

6081
05:37:27,200 --> 05:37:30,200
That modern synthetic materials.
Still struggle to match. 

6082
05:37:31,100 --> 05:37:35,100
Wolves ability to insulate when 
wet its natural temperature 

6083
05:37:35,100 --> 05:37:37,300
regulation and its 
breathability. 

6084
05:37:37,300 --> 05:37:40,900
These features May made it ideal
for outdoor sleeping in 

6085
05:37:40,900 --> 05:37:44,400
unpredictable weather. 
The Resurgence of interest in 

6086
05:37:44,400 --> 05:37:48,100
natural fibers for outdoor gear,
and bedding suggest that we're 

6087
05:37:48,100 --> 05:37:51,500
recognizing the wisdom embedded 
in these traditional materials, 

6088
05:37:51,500 --> 05:37:54,400
their own house design, 
principles of influence, 

6089
05:37:54,400 --> 05:37:56,400
sustainable architecture 
movements. 

6090
05:37:57,200 --> 05:38:01,000
The circular structure, the use 
of local materials, the passive 

6091
05:38:01,000 --> 05:38:04,400
solar heating and natural 
ventilation and the integration 

6092
05:38:04,400 --> 05:38:07,300
with rather the domination of 
the surrounding landscape. 

6093
05:38:07,300 --> 05:38:11,000
All these Concepts appear in 
modern, eco-friendly building 

6094
05:38:11,000 --> 05:38:14,900
design Architects looking for 
alternatives to energy 

6095
05:38:14,900 --> 05:38:18,200
intensive, conventional 
construction, often find 

6096
05:38:18,200 --> 05:38:21,400
inspiration in structures that 
people like the Celtic, peoples 

6097
05:38:21,400 --> 05:38:25,400
perfected, thousands of years 
ago years, the Celtic spiritual 

6098
05:38:25,400 --> 05:38:28,000
understanding of sleep is a 
valuable State of Consciousness,

6099
05:38:28,000 --> 05:38:33,000
rather than merely a biological 
necessity offers wisdom that our

6100
05:38:33,000 --> 05:38:37,500
productivity obsessed culture 
needs We tend to view sleep as 

6101
05:38:37,500 --> 05:38:41,900
dead time unconsciousness to be 
minimized so we can maximize 

6102
05:38:41,900 --> 05:38:45,800
waking activities. 
The Celtic view that sleep was 

6103
05:38:45,800 --> 05:38:48,700
the foundation of the day and 
that dreams and night 

6104
05:38:48,700 --> 05:38:50,400
Consciousness had their own 
value. 

6105
05:38:50,400 --> 05:38:53,600
Suggests, a healthier 
relationship with this essential

6106
05:38:53,600 --> 05:38:57,200
human need, modern Forest, 
bathing practices, Wilderness 

6107
05:38:57,200 --> 05:39:00,600
therapy and outdoor recreation 
movements are essentially 

6108
05:39:00,600 --> 05:39:02,900
rediscovering. 
What Celtic people knew. 

6109
05:39:03,400 --> 05:39:06,800
That spending time in natural 
setting, including sleeping 

6110
05:39:06,800 --> 05:39:10,400
Outdoors has profound benefits 
for physical and mental health. 

6111
05:39:11,300 --> 05:39:14,600
The reduction in stress 
hormones, the improved immune 

6112
05:39:14,600 --> 05:39:17,400
function and the psychological 
restoration that comes from 

6113
05:39:17,400 --> 05:39:19,900
disconnecting from artificial 
environments. 

6114
05:39:19,900 --> 05:39:24,000
And reconnecting with natural 
ones. these aren't New Age 

6115
05:39:24,000 --> 05:39:27,000
inventions but rather ancient 
wisdom being validated by 

6116
05:39:27,000 --> 05:39:30,800
contemporary research the Celtic
approach to preparation and 

6117
05:39:30,800 --> 05:39:33,800
planning for outdoor sleeping 
provides a model for thinking 

6118
05:39:33,800 --> 05:39:37,900
about resilience and adaptation 
more broadly They didn't try to 

6119
05:39:37,900 --> 05:39:41,300
make the outdoors identical to 
their indoor environment, or to 

6120
05:39:41,300 --> 05:39:43,400
completely eliminate discomfort 
and risk. 

6121
05:39:43,400 --> 05:39:47,600
Instead they developed Knowledge
and Skills, that allowed them to

6122
05:39:47,600 --> 05:39:51,100
thrive across a wide range of 
conditions adapting their 

6123
05:39:51,100 --> 05:39:54,000
practices to circumstances 
rather than requiring 

6124
05:39:54,000 --> 05:39:58,100
circumstances to adapt to them. 
This adaptive flexibility has 

6125
05:39:58,100 --> 05:40:02,600
relevance far beyond sleeping 
Arrangements. in our current ERA

6126
05:40:02,600 --> 05:40:05,200
of climate change and 
environmental on certainly 

6127
05:40:06,000 --> 05:40:09,100
Celtic model of working with 
natural systems, rather than 

6128
05:40:09,100 --> 05:40:12,100
trying to dominate them offers, 
valuable guidance. 

6129
05:40:13,100 --> 05:40:15,700
Their success came not from 
conquering nature, but from 

6130
05:40:15,700 --> 05:40:19,400
understanding it, so deeply that
they could align their practices

6131
05:40:19,400 --> 05:40:22,900
with its patterns, the community
aspects of Celtic life, 

6132
05:40:22,900 --> 05:40:25,200
including their approach to 
outdoor sleeping. 

6133
05:40:25,200 --> 05:40:28,800
Remind us, that humans are 
fundamentally social creatures 

6134
05:40:28,800 --> 05:40:32,400
who benefit from cooperation, 
and shared knowledge. 

6135
05:40:33,300 --> 05:40:35,800
The way they taught outdoor 
survival skills, to younger 

6136
05:40:35,800 --> 05:40:38,300
Generations, the way they 
traveled and camped in groups 

6137
05:40:38,300 --> 05:40:41,500
from ritual support. 
And the way they shared stories 

6138
05:40:41,500 --> 05:40:44,400
and techniques. 
These practices built social 

6139
05:40:44,400 --> 05:40:47,400
bonds while transmitting 
practical knowledge in our 

6140
05:40:47,400 --> 05:40:50,400
individualistic modern culture, 
where we often approach 

6141
05:40:50,400 --> 05:40:53,500
challenges alone and measure 
success by Personal Achievement,

6142
05:40:53,500 --> 05:40:57,800
the Celtic emphasis on community
resilience offers an alternative

6143
05:40:57,800 --> 05:41:00,000
model. 
There are understanding that 

6144
05:41:00,000 --> 05:41:01,800
groups. 
Survival often depends on 

6145
05:41:01,800 --> 05:41:06,400
ensuring no one, freezes goes, 
hungry or faces dangers alone. 

6146
05:41:06,400 --> 05:41:09,200
Suggests an ethic of mutual 
care, that's worth recovering. 

6147
05:41:09,200 --> 05:41:13,500
The linguistic Legacy of the 
Celtic people's the languages 

6148
05:41:13,500 --> 05:41:17,200
that evolved into Modern, Irish 
Scottish Gaelic Welsh and Breton

6149
05:41:18,000 --> 05:41:21,000
Carries embedded within it 
concept and distinctions that 

6150
05:41:21,000 --> 05:41:24,600
reflect their relationship with 
night sleep and the natural 

6151
05:41:24,600 --> 05:41:27,500
world. 
These languages have specific 

6152
05:41:27,500 --> 05:41:30,800
words for States Of 
Consciousness types of darkness 

6153
05:41:30,800 --> 05:41:34,100
and qualities of rest that don't
translate neatly into English 

6154
05:41:34,100 --> 05:41:37,200
preserving perspectives on sleep
and night. 

6155
05:41:37,200 --> 05:41:40,400
That might otherwise be lost 
place names throughout the 

6156
05:41:40,400 --> 05:41:43,400
former Celtic territories. 
Often referenced sleeping places

6157
05:41:43,400 --> 05:41:47,400
camping spots or locations 
associated with rest and 

6158
05:41:47,400 --> 05:41:49,900
shelter. 
Everdance that the knowledge of 

6159
05:41:49,900 --> 05:41:53,400
where one could safely sleep 
Outdoors, was important enough 

6160
05:41:53,400 --> 05:41:55,300
to be encoded in the landscape 
itself. 

6161
05:41:56,400 --> 05:41:58,900
These names still guide. 
Hikers and Travelers today, 

6162
05:41:58,900 --> 05:42:02,100
though often without their 
knowing the ancient survival 

6163
05:42:02,100 --> 05:42:05,500
wisdom, embedded in the 
geography, the storytelling 

6164
05:42:05,500 --> 05:42:08,800
Traditions that emerge from 
Celtic culture, including the 

6165
05:42:08,800 --> 05:42:13,200
vast body of myths, Legends and 
folktales that were passed down 

6166
05:42:13,200 --> 05:42:16,400
orally for Generations. 
Often featured nighttime 

6167
05:42:16,400 --> 05:42:20,200
settings dreams, and the wisdom 
that came from sleeping in 

6168
05:42:20,200 --> 05:42:23,100
sacred places. 
These stories were just 

6169
05:42:23,100 --> 05:42:26,800
entertainment but ways of 
transmitting cultural values and

6170
05:42:26,800 --> 05:42:30,100
practical knowledge teaching 
listeners about the relationship

6171
05:42:30,100 --> 05:42:33,800
between humans and the natural 
world modern festivals and 

6172
05:42:33,800 --> 05:42:36,400
celebrations. 
That descend from ancient Celtic

6173
05:42:36,400 --> 05:42:39,900
Traditions including various 
Halloween costumes that Trace 

6174
05:42:39,900 --> 05:42:43,500
back to Sam High. 
Maintain Echoes of the Celtic 

6175
05:42:43,500 --> 05:42:47,300
understanding that darkness and 
night have their own power and 

6176
05:42:47,300 --> 05:42:50,300
significance. 
The commercialized and 

6177
05:42:50,300 --> 05:42:53,400
transformed the celebrations. 
Preserve something of the 

6178
05:42:53,400 --> 05:42:56,800
ancient acknowledgment that 
night is not merely the absence 

6179
05:42:56,800 --> 05:42:59,600
of day, but its own meaningful 
reality. 

6180
05:42:59,600 --> 05:43:04,400
The archaeological evidence left
by Celtic people's the hilltops,

6181
05:43:04,400 --> 05:43:07,700
their sacred sites, their 
settlements, positioned with 

6182
05:43:07,700 --> 05:43:11,200
careful attention to natural 
features, demonstrates a 

6183
05:43:11,200 --> 05:43:15,100
sophisticated understanding of 
landscape and environment that 

6184
05:43:15,100 --> 05:43:18,100
supported their ability to live 
successfully and challenging 

6185
05:43:18,100 --> 05:43:21,200
conditions. 
Modern archaeologists studying 

6186
05:43:21,200 --> 05:43:24,400
these sites. 
Continually impressed by the 

6187
05:43:24,400 --> 05:43:28,700
knowledge of geography where the
patterns water sources and 

6188
05:43:28,700 --> 05:43:32,000
ecological relationships, that 
the placement of Celtic 

6189
05:43:32,000 --> 05:43:35,300
structures reveals. 
Perhaps most importantly, the 

6190
05:43:35,300 --> 05:43:38,400
Celtic Legacy reminds us that 
human beings are remarkably 

6191
05:43:38,400 --> 05:43:42,500
adaptable creatures capable of 
thriving in a wide range of 

6192
05:43:42,500 --> 05:43:44,500
conditions. 
When we develop appropriate, 

6193
05:43:44,500 --> 05:43:48,400
Knowledge and Skills We've 
become so dependent on climate 

6194
05:43:48,400 --> 05:43:52,400
control, artificial lighting and
technological comfort that we 

6195
05:43:52,400 --> 05:43:56,600
sometimes forget our species 
successfully inhabited, diverse 

6196
05:43:56,600 --> 05:43:59,800
environments for thousands of 
years before these convenience 

6197
05:43:59,800 --> 05:44:02,100
is existed. 
This doesn't mean we should 

6198
05:44:02,100 --> 05:44:05,100
abandon modern Comforts or 
pretend that sleeping outdoors 

6199
05:44:05,100 --> 05:44:08,800
in winter is superior to 
sleeping in a heated home, But 

6200
05:44:08,800 --> 05:44:11,900
remembering that our ancestors 
could and did sleep soundly 

6201
05:44:11,900 --> 05:44:15,300
beneath the stars without 
freezing, expands our sense of 

6202
05:44:15,308 --> 05:44:18,800
human possibility. 
It suggests that we're more 

6203
05:44:18,800 --> 05:44:23,000
resilient more capable and more 
connected to the natural world 

6204
05:44:23,000 --> 05:44:26,600
than our current lifestyle might
lead us to believe the Celtic 

6205
05:44:26,600 --> 05:44:29,700
peoples, aren't a remote 
primitive culture, whose 

6206
05:44:29,700 --> 05:44:32,100
practices are merely historical 
Curiosities. 

6207
05:44:32,100 --> 05:44:36,500
There are ancestors, literally 
for those with European Heritage

6208
05:44:36,500 --> 05:44:39,500
and culturally, for all of us 
who are part of the human family

6209
05:44:39,500 --> 05:44:41,300
that has always had to 
negotiate. 

6210
05:44:41,300 --> 05:44:44,900
The challenge of sleeping 
comfortably and safely in a 

6211
05:44:44,900 --> 05:44:48,400
world that doesn't automatically
cater to our needs their 

6212
05:44:48,400 --> 05:44:51,000
solutions to the problem of 
sleeping Outdoors without 

6213
05:44:51,000 --> 05:44:55,100
freezing understanding materials
in their properties reading 

6214
05:44:55,100 --> 05:44:59,600
whether and Landscape preparing 
carefully, adapting flexibly 

6215
05:44:59,600 --> 05:45:03,600
maintaining knowledge across 
generations and supporting each 

6216
05:45:03,600 --> 05:45:05,100
other through difficult 
conditions. 

6217
05:45:05,100 --> 05:45:09,300
These are human solutions to 
human problems as relevant in 

6218
05:45:09,300 --> 05:45:13,500
printable today as they were 
2000 years ago, as our journey 

6219
05:45:13,500 --> 05:45:16,100
through Celtic. 
Sleeping practices draws to a 

6220
05:45:16,100 --> 05:45:18,600
close. 
Let's Return to where we began 

6221
05:45:18,600 --> 05:45:23,600
that warm roundhouse with its 
Central half its curving walls 

6222
05:45:23,600 --> 05:45:26,800
and its thatched. 
Roof filtering smoke into the 

6223
05:45:26,800 --> 05:45:30,300
night sky. because 
understanding, how Celtic people

6224
05:45:30,300 --> 05:45:33,900
could sleep Outdoors without 
freezing requires understanding 

6225
05:45:33,900 --> 05:45:37,500
that they always have this warm 
base to return to this 

6226
05:45:37,500 --> 05:45:40,400
Foundation of comfort and 
security that made temporary 

6227
05:45:40,400 --> 05:45:43,500
discomfort manageable. 
Imagine a Celtic person 

6228
05:45:43,500 --> 05:45:47,100
returning home after several 
nights, spent Outdoors, perhaps 

6229
05:45:47,100 --> 05:45:50,300
a Shepherd who had been with the
flocks in high pastures or a 

6230
05:45:50,300 --> 05:45:53,100
warrior returning, from a 
campaign, or a Trader who 

6231
05:45:53,100 --> 05:45:54,800
carried Goods to a distant 
settlement. 

6232
05:45:55,900 --> 05:45:58,100
Site of home would have carried 
emotional weight. 

6233
05:45:58,100 --> 05:46:01,600
We can scarcely imagine in our 
world of constant indoor climate

6234
05:46:01,600 --> 05:46:03,400
control. 
As they approached their 

6235
05:46:03,400 --> 05:46:06,700
settlement, they would see the 
smoke from half fires Rising 

6236
05:46:06,700 --> 05:46:10,600
into the evening sky. 
Smudging, the sunset with gray 

6237
05:46:10,600 --> 05:46:16,100
whistles that signaled warmth. 
Food, safety and rest. 

6238
05:46:17,400 --> 05:46:19,800
The dogs of the village would 
announce their arrival with 

6239
05:46:19,800 --> 05:46:23,100
barking and children might run 
out to greet them, full of 

6240
05:46:23,108 --> 05:46:25,600
questions about where they'd 
been, and what they'd seen 

6241
05:46:25,600 --> 05:46:29,000
entering the roundhouse after 
time spent Outdoors would be 

6242
05:46:29,000 --> 05:46:32,500
like entering another world. 
The temperature difference would

6243
05:46:32,500 --> 05:46:36,200
hit immediately, the wave of 
warm air carrying the center of 

6244
05:46:36,208 --> 05:46:41,400
the fire cooking food and the 
distinctive smell of Home eyes 

6245
05:46:41,400 --> 05:46:44,200
would need to adjust from the 
bright Outdoors to the dimmer 

6246
05:46:44,200 --> 05:46:47,700
interior where firelight danced 
across walls and faces. 

6247
05:46:47,700 --> 05:46:51,300
Creating a cave-like atmosphere 
that felt protective and 

6248
05:46:51,300 --> 05:46:53,600
nurturing. 
The returning traveler would 

6249
05:46:53,600 --> 05:46:55,700
shed their outdoor gear layer by
layer. 

6250
05:46:55,700 --> 05:46:58,900
Appreciating each piece that had
kept them alive and comfortable 

6251
05:46:58,900 --> 05:47:03,100
during their Journey. 
The heavy will cloaks damp from 

6252
05:47:03,100 --> 05:47:07,200
rain or stiff with frost would 
be spread near the fire to dry. 

6253
05:47:07,200 --> 05:47:10,800
Muddy shoes would be removed and
set aside for cleaning. 

6254
05:47:11,700 --> 05:47:14,800
Additional layers would come off
until they wore only light in 

6255
05:47:14,800 --> 05:47:16,900
door clothing, feeling their 
body. 

6256
05:47:16,900 --> 05:47:20,400
Relax as the need for constant 
thermal regulation decreased 

6257
05:47:20,400 --> 05:47:24,400
family members would press food 
and drink into their hands warm 

6258
05:47:24,400 --> 05:47:27,500
broth fresh bread perhaps Mead 
or rail? 

6259
05:47:28,400 --> 05:47:30,100
The simple Act of eating hot 
food. 

6260
05:47:30,100 --> 05:47:34,200
After days of cold rashes, would
be intensely pleasurable, the 

6261
05:47:34,200 --> 05:47:36,500
warmth spreading through their 
body from the inside. 

6262
05:47:37,300 --> 05:47:40,500
Conversation would flow as they 
shared stories of their Journey.

6263
05:47:40,500 --> 05:47:44,300
Describing the places they'd 
slept the whether they'd 

6264
05:47:44,300 --> 05:47:48,600
encountered the food and the 
people, they'd met later when it

6265
05:47:48,608 --> 05:47:51,000
was time for sleep, they would 
make their way to their sleeping

6266
05:47:51,000 --> 05:47:55,000
spot along the roundhouse wall, 
settling into Furs and blankets 

6267
05:47:55,000 --> 05:47:57,400
that felt impossibly soft and 
warm. 

6268
05:47:57,400 --> 05:48:00,800
After nights of sleeping on 
Bracken and cold ground. 

6269
05:48:01,700 --> 05:48:04,300
The sounds of family sleeping 
nearby. 

6270
05:48:05,200 --> 05:48:10,300
The crackle of the banked fire, 
the knowledge of solid walls and

6271
05:48:10,300 --> 05:48:12,200
a good roof between them and the
elements. 

6272
05:48:13,000 --> 05:48:16,700
All of this would create a sense
of security and comfort that 

6273
05:48:16,700 --> 05:48:20,100
made falling into deep sleep, 
easy and natural. 

6274
05:48:20,100 --> 05:48:24,800
This contrast between outdoor 
sleeping and Indoor Comfort was 

6275
05:48:24,800 --> 05:48:27,200
essential to the Celtic 
experience of both. 

6276
05:48:28,200 --> 05:48:31,200
They didn't take indoor warmth 
for granted precisely because 

6277
05:48:31,200 --> 05:48:33,100
they knew what it was to sleep 
cold. 

6278
05:48:33,100 --> 05:48:37,000
They didn't ignore the value of 
wild places precisely because 

6279
05:48:37,000 --> 05:48:40,800
they knew the security of Home 
each experience gave meaning and

6280
05:48:40,800 --> 05:48:44,300
context to the other the skills 
and knowledge required for 

6281
05:48:44,300 --> 05:48:46,500
outdoor sleeping. 
Once separate from domestic 

6282
05:48:46,500 --> 05:48:49,900
life, but integrated into it. 
Children learned about 

6283
05:48:49,900 --> 05:48:53,700
insulating materials by helping 
gather Bracken for bedding by 

6284
05:48:53,700 --> 05:48:55,900
watching, their parents Bank, 
the fire for the night. 

6285
05:48:55,900 --> 05:49:00,000
And by listening to stories of 
Journeys and Adventures, The 

6286
05:49:00,000 --> 05:49:02,600
same wool that made their indoor
blankets made their outdoor 

6287
05:49:02,600 --> 05:49:05,300
cloaks. 
The same understanding of fire 

6288
05:49:05,300 --> 05:49:07,200
that kept the Hearth burning 
kept Travelers. 

6289
05:49:07,200 --> 05:49:09,100
Warm on cold nights away from 
home. 

6290
05:49:09,100 --> 05:49:13,200
The Celtic calendar of festivals
with its acknowledgment of 

6291
05:49:13,200 --> 05:49:16,100
seasonal, changes, and the 
passage from light to dark and 

6292
05:49:16,100 --> 05:49:18,900
Back Again. 
Reflected this integration of 

6293
05:49:18,900 --> 05:49:23,400
outdoor and indoor wild and 
domestic challenging and 

6294
05:49:23,400 --> 05:49:26,600
comfortable. 
Stables themselves. 

6295
05:49:26,600 --> 05:49:28,200
Often involved. 
Both aspects. 

6296
05:49:29,100 --> 05:49:32,100
Feasting and warmth indoors 
alternating with outdoor, 

6297
05:49:32,100 --> 05:49:35,800
rituals and ceremonies that 
reconnected people to the land 

6298
05:49:35,800 --> 05:49:39,200
and sky as the winter solstice, 
approached and nights grew 

6299
05:49:39,200 --> 05:49:42,100
longest, The Hearth became the 
center of the life. 

6300
05:49:42,800 --> 05:49:45,600
An outdoor sleeping became 
something to be avoided except 

6301
05:49:45,600 --> 05:49:49,200
when absolutely necessary. 
But as the wheel of the Year 

6302
05:49:49,200 --> 05:49:52,600
turned and spring arrived, the 
balance shifted. 

6303
05:49:53,500 --> 05:49:56,500
Longer days and warmer Nights 
made outdoor sleeping Pleasant 

6304
05:49:56,500 --> 05:49:59,300
again, and people would 
naturally spend more time in 

6305
05:49:59,300 --> 05:50:02,900
Wild places, reconnecting with 
aspects of the world, that 

6306
05:50:02,900 --> 05:50:05,700
Winter's harshness had 
temporarily made less accessible

6307
05:50:05,700 --> 05:50:09,600
this cyclical understanding that
there are times for Indoor 

6308
05:50:09,600 --> 05:50:13,000
Comfort and times throughout or 
challenge that both have their 

6309
05:50:13,000 --> 05:50:17,300
place and their value reflects a
wisdom about human life. 

6310
05:50:17,300 --> 05:50:19,500
That goes beyond, sleeping 
Arrangements. 

6311
05:50:20,400 --> 05:50:24,600
We need both security and 
Adventure, both routine and 

6312
05:50:24,600 --> 05:50:27,600
Novelty. 
Both the warmth of the half. 

6313
05:50:28,400 --> 05:50:33,400
And the call of wild places 
beneath open Starz the Celtic 

6314
05:50:33,400 --> 05:50:36,200
people's live. 
This balance instinctively move 

6315
05:50:36,200 --> 05:50:39,700
in between domestic space and 
wild space with a fluidity that 

6316
05:50:39,700 --> 05:50:42,400
are more rigidly structured 
modern lives often lack. 

6317
05:50:43,200 --> 05:50:46,900
They didn't see these as 
opposing States civilization vs 

6318
05:50:46,900 --> 05:50:49,600
Wilderness Comfort versus 
hardship. 

6319
05:50:49,600 --> 05:50:54,100
But as complementary aspects of 
a full human life there around 

6320
05:50:54,100 --> 05:50:57,200
houses positioned thoughtfully 
within the landscape rather than

6321
05:50:57,200 --> 05:50:59,900
dominating it symbolized. 
This relationship. 

6322
05:51:01,200 --> 05:51:03,300
The home's provided shelter and 
comfort. 

6323
05:51:03,300 --> 05:51:05,700
But remained connected to the 
environment through their 

6324
05:51:05,700 --> 05:51:10,300
materials, their design, and 
their orientation to seasonal 

6325
05:51:10,300 --> 05:51:13,000
changes. 
You will never so far from 

6326
05:51:13,008 --> 05:51:15,900
nature that you forgot its 
power, but you had enough 

6327
05:51:15,900 --> 05:51:20,300
protection that you could rest 
raised children and build a life

6328
05:51:20,300 --> 05:51:22,300
that extended Beyond mere 
survival. 

6329
05:51:22,300 --> 05:51:25,300
This integrated approach allowed
them to develop the 

6330
05:51:25,300 --> 05:51:27,900
sophisticated knowledge of 
outdoor sleeping that we've been

6331
05:51:27,900 --> 05:51:30,800
exploring. 
Because they maintained regular 

6332
05:51:30,800 --> 05:51:34,500
contact with wild places because
sleeping Outdoors was a normal 

6333
05:51:34,508 --> 05:51:37,300
part of life. 
Rather than an exotic Adventure.

6334
05:51:37,300 --> 05:51:40,600
They accumulated practical, 
wisdom, that was tested and 

6335
05:51:40,600 --> 05:51:42,400
refined across countless 
Generations. 

6336
05:51:42,400 --> 05:51:46,000
As you settle into your final 
comfortable position for the 

6337
05:51:46,000 --> 05:51:49,000
night wrapped in your modern 
blankets, and your climate 

6338
05:51:49,000 --> 05:51:51,800
control room. 
Take a moment to look beyond 

6339
05:51:51,800 --> 05:51:55,500
your immediate surroundings and 
imagine the vast span of human 

6340
05:51:55,500 --> 05:51:58,500
experience that your simple Act 
of going to sleep. 

6341
05:51:58,500 --> 05:52:01,800
Connects you to thousands of 
years ago, your distant 

6342
05:52:01,800 --> 05:52:06,000
ancestors, whether literally or 
genetic forebears or the broader

6343
05:52:06,000 --> 05:52:10,100
Human family, to which we all 
belong, Face the same basic need

6344
05:52:10,100 --> 05:52:13,100
that you're addressing. 
Now, the need for rest and 

6345
05:52:13,100 --> 05:52:16,900
restoration that sleep provides 
But they face it without the 

6346
05:52:16,900 --> 05:52:20,400
technological cushion that we 
take for granted without central

6347
05:52:20,400 --> 05:52:24,700
heating or electric lights or 
insulated buildings. the Celtic 

6348
05:52:24,700 --> 05:52:27,400
people's, we've been exploring 
tonight, manage this challenge 

6349
05:52:27,400 --> 05:52:31,600
with Grace skill and a depth of 
knowledge about materials 

6350
05:52:31,600 --> 05:52:36,400
whether landscape and human 
physiology that allowed them not

6351
05:52:36,400 --> 05:52:40,500
just to survive but to thrive, 
They slept beneath the stars 

6352
05:52:40,500 --> 05:52:43,500
without freezing because they 
understood wool and wind fire 

6353
05:52:43,500 --> 05:52:46,900
and shelter and preparation and 
adaptation. 

6354
05:52:46,900 --> 05:52:51,000
But beyond the Practical details
the layers of clothing the 

6355
05:52:51,000 --> 05:52:54,600
insulating Bracken the careful 
selection of sleeping spots. 

6356
05:52:54,600 --> 05:52:57,500
They brought something else to 
the challenge of sleeping 

6357
05:52:57,500 --> 05:53:00,600
Outdoors. 
A worldview that saw themselves 

6358
05:53:00,600 --> 05:53:03,200
as part of nature rather than 
separate from it. 

6359
05:53:03,200 --> 05:53:07,500
That valued Knight as much as 
day and that understood rest as 

6360
05:53:07,500 --> 05:53:11,000
a sacred act rather than merely 
a biological necessity. 

6361
05:53:11,000 --> 05:53:14,600
This worldview allowed them to 
find meaning and even Beauty and

6362
05:53:14,600 --> 05:53:17,300
experience is that we might view
as purely hardship. 

6363
05:53:18,100 --> 05:53:20,600
The night sky. 
They slept beneath wasn't just a

6364
05:53:20,600 --> 05:53:24,800
cold void to be injured, but a 
display of celestial Wonder to 

6365
05:53:24,800 --> 05:53:27,900
be appreciated. 
The ground, they slept on wasn't

6366
05:53:27,900 --> 05:53:31,400
really hard and uncomfortable 
but the Living Earth that 

6367
05:53:31,400 --> 05:53:35,200
sustained them The darkness, 
they rested in wasn't something 

6368
05:53:35,200 --> 05:53:38,900
to be Banished with artificial 
light, but a different state of 

6369
05:53:38,900 --> 05:53:41,400
being with its own gifts and 
possibilities. 

6370
05:53:41,400 --> 05:53:44,100
We've lost some of this wisdom 
in our journey toward 

6371
05:53:44,100 --> 05:53:47,800
technological comfort. 
We've gained climate control and

6372
05:53:47,800 --> 05:53:50,600
soft mattresses and electric 
lights that push back the 

6373
05:53:50,600 --> 05:53:53,400
darkness. 
But we've also lost the intimate

6374
05:53:53,400 --> 05:53:55,300
knowledge of how to be 
comfortable in the natural 

6375
05:53:55,300 --> 05:53:59,200
world, how to read weather and 
landscape and how to find rest 

6376
05:53:59,200 --> 05:54:02,800
in conditions that would now 
send most of us fleeing for the 

6377
05:54:02,800 --> 05:54:05,200
nearest hotel. 
Yet this knowledge isn't 

6378
05:54:05,200 --> 05:54:09,400
completely lost it lives on in 
the genetic memory of our 

6379
05:54:09,400 --> 05:54:12,800
adaptable, human bodies in the 
archaeological and linguistic 

6380
05:54:12,800 --> 05:54:17,200
traces left by Celtic culture in
the Practical survival skills, 

6381
05:54:17,200 --> 05:54:21,100
that outdoor Educators teach, 
and in the spiritual practice is

6382
05:54:21,100 --> 05:54:25,200
that still recognize night and 
darkness as valuable rather than

6383
05:54:25,200 --> 05:54:28,800
merely frightening, more 
importantly, the fundamental 

6384
05:54:28,800 --> 05:54:31,700
truth that the Celtic people's 
embodied remains valid. 

6385
05:54:31,700 --> 05:54:35,700
Human beings are remarkably 
capable of adaptation and 

6386
05:54:35,700 --> 05:54:39,000
resilience when we develop 
appropriate knowledge and 

6387
05:54:39,000 --> 05:54:43,500
maintain it across Generations. 
We can sleep soundly beneath the

6388
05:54:43,500 --> 05:54:47,900
stars without freezing. 
We can find rest in Wild places,

6389
05:54:47,900 --> 05:54:51,700
we can align ourselves with 
natural rhythms rather than 

6390
05:54:51,700 --> 05:54:54,300
fighting against them. 
This doesn't mean we should 

6391
05:54:54,300 --> 05:54:57,200
abandon our modern Comforts or 
pretend that sleeping on the 

6392
05:54:57,200 --> 05:54:59,500
ground is superior to sleeping 
in a proper bed. 

6393
05:55:00,700 --> 05:55:04,500
Comfort is not a sin and there's
no virtue in unnecessary 

6394
05:55:04,500 --> 05:55:07,400
hardship. 
But remembering that we possess 

6395
05:55:07,400 --> 05:55:11,300
this capability, that our 
species developed these skills, 

6396
05:55:11,300 --> 05:55:15,500
and that they remain latent 
within us, expands our sense of 

6397
05:55:15,508 --> 05:55:18,300
what's possible. 
It reminds us that we're not as 

6398
05:55:18,300 --> 05:55:21,600
fragile, or as dependent on 
technology as we sometimes feel.

6399
05:55:22,500 --> 05:55:25,200
it suggests that when 
circumstances require it, 

6400
05:55:25,200 --> 05:55:29,600
whether camping trips for fun or
serious emergencies that forces 

6401
05:55:29,600 --> 05:55:32,900
Outdoors, we can draw on 
reserves of knowledge and 

6402
05:55:32,900 --> 05:55:36,400
capability that we didn't know 
we possessed the Celtic 

6403
05:55:36,400 --> 05:55:38,300
people's, have been gone for 
centuries. 

6404
05:55:38,300 --> 05:55:42,200
Their language of old into new 
forms, the territories 

6405
05:55:42,200 --> 05:55:46,200
transformed by subsequent waves 
of history and their specific 

6406
05:55:46,200 --> 05:55:49,400
practices adapted and changed 
beyond recognition. 

6407
05:55:50,900 --> 05:55:53,300
But the fundamental 
relationship, they maintained 

6408
05:55:53,300 --> 05:55:56,400
with the natural world, their 
understanding of how to sleep 

6409
05:55:56,400 --> 05:55:59,600
comfortably and challenging 
conditions, their integration of

6410
05:55:59,608 --> 05:56:01,700
practical skill with spiritual 
meaning. 

6411
05:56:02,500 --> 05:56:05,800
These gifts remain available to 
us if we choose to reclaim them 

6412
05:56:05,800 --> 05:56:09,300
to night as you drift off to 
sleep in your comfortable, 

6413
05:56:09,300 --> 05:56:12,300
modern bed. 
You're connected to an unbroken 

6414
05:56:12,300 --> 05:56:15,400
chain of human sleepers. 
Stretching back through the 

6415
05:56:15,400 --> 05:56:21,300
Celtic peoples, to the very 
origins of our species. every 

6416
05:56:21,300 --> 05:56:25,300
single one of your ancestors 
going back, tens of thousands of

6417
05:56:25,300 --> 05:56:29,400
years successfully navigated, 
the challenge of sleeping safely

6418
05:56:29,400 --> 05:56:32,600
and restfully enough that they 
survived to reproduce and 

6419
05:56:32,600 --> 05:56:36,800
eventually create you this chain
of successful sleepers, this 

6420
05:56:36,800 --> 05:56:41,100
Heritage of rest and resilience 
is yours to claim The wool that 

6421
05:56:41,100 --> 05:56:44,700
kept Celtic Travelers. 
Warm still keeps us warm the 

6422
05:56:44,700 --> 05:56:47,400
Stars, they navigated by still 
wheel overhead. 

6423
05:56:47,400 --> 05:56:51,800
The human need for rest that 
they honored, we still feel the 

6424
05:56:51,808 --> 05:56:54,500
basic relationship between our 
bodies and the natural world 

6425
05:56:54,500 --> 05:56:57,900
hasn't fundamentally changed, 
even if our immediate 

6426
05:56:57,900 --> 05:57:01,400
circumstances have. 
So a sleep takes you, perhaps 

6427
05:57:01,400 --> 05:57:04,900
your dreams will carry you back 
to that ancient landscape to 

6428
05:57:04,900 --> 05:57:09,400
Greenhills and deep forests to 
round houses with glowing hearts

6429
05:57:09,400 --> 05:57:13,700
and Starfield skies above. 
Perhaps your walk for a moment 

6430
05:57:13,708 --> 05:57:17,200
in the experience of people who 
knew how to be truly at home, in

6431
05:57:17,200 --> 05:57:20,900
the world who could find rest 
anywhere from the softest first 

6432
05:57:20,900 --> 05:57:24,400
to the hardest ground and who 
understood that sleeping beneath

6433
05:57:24,400 --> 05:57:28,800
the stars without freezing, 
wasn't a feat of endurance but 

6434
05:57:28,800 --> 05:57:32,000
simply a skill to be learned and
a gift to be appreciated. 

6435
05:57:32,000 --> 05:57:35,200
And when you wake tomorrow in 
your comfortable modern world, 

6436
05:57:35,200 --> 05:57:37,900
you'll carry with you. 
The knowledge that somewhere in 

6437
05:57:37,900 --> 05:57:41,000
your human Heritage lies the 
capability to rest peacefully, 

6438
05:57:41,000 --> 05:57:46,900
beneath the Open Sky rapt in 
wool and wisdom connected to the

6439
05:57:46,900 --> 05:57:51,400
Earth and stars, safe and warm. 
Despite the cold sleeping 

6440
05:57:51,400 --> 05:57:55,600
soundly in the Embrace of the 
natural world sweet dreams and 

6441
05:57:55,600 --> 05:57:57,400
may the Stars. 
Watch over you as they watched 

6442
05:57:57,400 --> 05:57:59,300
over. 
Countless Generations before us