Plant Tissue Systems Lecture

<v Speaker 1>Okay, so today we're doing another lecture series, and I
<v Speaker 1>wish I had a better background. I do. You could see,
<v Speaker 1>you know, I don't even have anything hung on the wall.
<v Speaker 1>Back there. I hung a mirror because nobody photos. But
<v Speaker 1>you know, it's really fucking depopera. It's just the white room.
<v Speaker 1>It's bleak, it's fucking you know, it's not the decor
<v Speaker 1>I would have chosen. If you could see what I got.
<v Speaker 1>And you know, I got some nice stuff up there,
<v Speaker 1>but not here. And then I'm wearing this this cat
<v Speaker 1>shirt that a friend I think he stole it from
<v Speaker 1>a truck stop for me years ago. You know, it's
<v Speaker 1>kind of a gag because he knows I hate feral cats.
<v Speaker 1>He knows I've got a fucking undying hatred for feral cats.
<v Speaker 1>No offense to them, you know, I think they're better
<v Speaker 1>off as fertilizer. You know, they kill a ton of wildlife.
<v Speaker 1>You know, people, people pity the feral cats. They don't
<v Speaker 1>pity the wild life that they fucking murk. Can't blame people,
<v Speaker 1>I guess they don't. You know, everyone's so disconnected. They
<v Speaker 1>don't think like that. They just see a cute animal.
<v Speaker 1>But uh, you know whatever, it's a it's a you know.
<v Speaker 1>I swear this will be the last cat I will
<v Speaker 1>ever bring home. I swear this will be the last
<v Speaker 1>cat I ever put in the ground, you know, to
<v Speaker 1>fertilize my native plants. I'm just kidding, ah kind of. Anyway,
<v Speaker 1>So today we're gonna talk about I love indoor cats.
<v Speaker 1>Think they're great. You keep your cat indoors are fucking great.
<v Speaker 1>You don't give it treats, built fucking ramps for it,
<v Speaker 1>you know, ladders and shit. Make sure it's cozy as hell.
<v Speaker 1>Take good care of it and empty its litterbox. That's good.
<v Speaker 1>You let that thing outside, it becomes a scourge in
<v Speaker 1>the environment, and especially if you if it newted it,
<v Speaker 1>then you start, you know, a burgeoning feral cat problem.
<v Speaker 1>I digress. Let's share the screen now, and we're gonna
<v Speaker 1>If this doesn't work, I'm using I'm using a different
<v Speaker 1>app for recording because the YouTube has just fucked me
<v Speaker 1>so bad anytime I do these line live streams. Okay,
<v Speaker 1>and I'm also recording this for the podcast too, because
<v Speaker 1>I figure some of you on long drives, you know,
<v Speaker 1>you want to learn about tissues, You want to learn
<v Speaker 1>about parent Kima and all this stuff. Uh so this
<v Speaker 1>will be your opportunity. Hopefully this is. Let me make
<v Speaker 1>sure this is working. There we go look at that.
<v Speaker 1>It's screen sharing. Nice all right, but I got a
<v Speaker 1>backup too in case it's not. YouTube has just fucking
<v Speaker 1>me so many times. I gotta drive. I'm driving to
<v Speaker 1>Mona Hans, Texas later tonight. Gonna gonna go say hi
<v Speaker 1>to the Mona Hans County Sheriff for fucking cop whatever. Yeah, hi, police,
<v Speaker 1>I just want to let you know. My name's Joey Santur.
<v Speaker 1>I'm gonna be in town for tonight. I've got a
<v Speaker 1>history as a petty criminal, used to do graffiti as
<v Speaker 1>a as a teenager. Anyway, Okay, never mind, I don't
<v Speaker 1>know what I'm talking abou let's just cut to the
<v Speaker 1>fucking chaser here. Going to the Oklahoma City Fungus Fair.
<v Speaker 1>I'll be talking there Saturday, doing a presentation on lawn
<v Speaker 1>and killing h you know, selling some merched t shirts, books,
<v Speaker 1>that kind of stuff. Anyway, so let's talk about plant
<v Speaker 1>tissues because this gets really confusing. I was hearing these
<v Speaker 1>words Paring Kaima, Colin Kai, all this stuff on and
<v Speaker 1>off for so long and not really knowing what the
<v Speaker 1>fuck it is. So plant tissues. Got three tissue systems. Okay,
<v Speaker 1>then some of these have Each one of these tissue
<v Speaker 1>systems has different subclassifications, subunits. Okay. The three tissue systems
<v Speaker 1>are surface tissue, dermal tissue. I don't like the word surface.
<v Speaker 1>Let's forget about the word surface. Okay, dermal epidermis okay,
<v Speaker 1>guard cells for stomata, tricombs okay, hairs cuticle. You know
<v Speaker 1>of the weed bros always say try combs. They just
<v Speaker 1>think weed. Maybe not so much anymore. Maybe people are
<v Speaker 1>a little more versed in botany these days. I remember
<v Speaker 1>when I first was doing videos and I mentioned tricombs,
<v Speaker 1>people just immediately thought of weed, not realizing that many
<v Speaker 1>plants have tri combs, even some mosses. Okay, three tissue systems,
<v Speaker 1>epidermal tissue, vascular tissue, and ground tissue. And you got
<v Speaker 1>these nice little these nice little graphs right now, graphs
<v Speaker 1>diagrams that I stole from my friend Matt Ritter, who
<v Speaker 1>teaches boutany of California Polytechnic over there. Wonderful man. Okay,
<v Speaker 1>you got a vascular bundle which is comprised of both
<v Speaker 1>xyleum and flowam, which occur together. Xylem takes water up,
<v Speaker 1>flow them takes sugars down, up, down, and all around. Okay,
<v Speaker 1>distributes the sugar's made and photosynthesis to the rest of
<v Speaker 1>the plant. Okay. Ground tissue, What the ship is ground tissue?
<v Speaker 1>You got Parenchyma, Colin Kima, Sclaring Kima. Okay, what the
<v Speaker 1>hell are those? You could say parankam I, you could
<v Speaker 1>say Colin Kami, you could say Sclaring commite. It doesn't matter.
<v Speaker 1>Anyone who's gonna correct your pronunciation is probably going to
<v Speaker 1>be a knob just to ignore them. What matters that
<v Speaker 1>you understand what the fuck these tissues do? Okay, So
<v Speaker 1>we have, uh, these three tissues, parent Chima, Colin Kima,
<v Speaker 1>Sclaring Chima, which are considered ground tissue. We have epidermal tissue,
<v Speaker 1>and we have vascular tissue. Three tissue systems. Okay, the
<v Speaker 1>tissue types right. Simple tissues are made of only one
<v Speaker 1>cell type. Complex tissues are made of multiple cell types. Okay.
<v Speaker 1>Vascular tissue and dermal tissue are complex tissue. They're composed
<v Speaker 1>of many different cell types. Ground tissues, simple tissue. Okay,
<v Speaker 1>excuse to me, I'm really sorry about that. Okay. They
<v Speaker 1>someone get mad at me they heard me talking that voice,
<v Speaker 1>like what are you making fun of gay people? He
<v Speaker 1>was like, fuck, no, I don't know. None of my
<v Speaker 1>gay friends actually talk like that. None of my my
<v Speaker 1>gay friends don't. I don't know what gay friends you have,
<v Speaker 1>but they're not. You know, that's my like white woman
<v Speaker 1>calling the police voice. You know, that's like my North
<v Speaker 1>Berkeley lady calling the police or yelling at you because
<v Speaker 1>your dog's off leash voice. Okay, that's like a bullshoes.
<v Speaker 1>It's more of a bourgeois thing, all right. Anyway, Okay,
<v Speaker 1>so tissue types, simple tissues, complex tissues, don't worry about
<v Speaker 1>that so much. We're not going to get into it.
<v Speaker 1>You got this nice little cross section, vascular tissue system,
<v Speaker 1>the tubes going through the leaf. You got the dermal
<v Speaker 1>tissue system, cross section of the stem dermal at dermis.
<v Speaker 1>It makes sense ground tissue that the green corky stuff
<v Speaker 1>right in the center, quirky and well, cork's not the
<v Speaker 1>well cork is a ground okay. And vascular system and
<v Speaker 1>vascular tissue the plumbing all right, same thing going on
<v Speaker 1>in the root, dermal ground vascular all right, apical marasimes.
<v Speaker 1>Back to the apical marasims are the points on a
<v Speaker 1>plant that undergo new growth, found at the tips of
<v Speaker 1>all roots and stems. An initial cell undergoes mitosis mitosis,
<v Speaker 1>excuse me. Contrast that with myosis, which only goes on
<v Speaker 1>on the gonades. Myosis is making haploid cells from diploid cells. Okay,
<v Speaker 1>initial cell undergoes mitosis and one of the daughter cells
<v Speaker 1>stays an initial cell. Contrast that with derivative initials and
<v Speaker 1>derivative while the second cell develops a wall which more
<v Speaker 1>or less stops it from dividing anymore. Apical marasimes can
<v Speaker 1>be thought of as the perpetually young part of the plant.
<v Speaker 1>I think I talked about this and shoots and roots
<v Speaker 1>in the last one of these podcast classes I did.
<v Speaker 1>So you got initial cells and derivative cell, derivative cells.
<v Speaker 1>Initials the cells that maintain the meristem. Okay. As a
<v Speaker 1>continuing source of new cells, member maristimes can turn into
<v Speaker 1>one of three different there's there's stem cells. Basically, it's
<v Speaker 1>it's undifferentiated tissue. Okay. Initials are the cells that maintain
<v Speaker 1>the marastem. Is a continuing source of new cells. Initials
<v Speaker 1>are the actively dividing plants sell in a meristem, and
<v Speaker 1>each division, one daughter cell remains in the mirrorstem is
<v Speaker 1>a new initial and the other is added to the
<v Speaker 1>growing plant body. All right. Initials are thought of as
<v Speaker 1>the perpetually young cells. Derivatives are cells that will eventually
<v Speaker 1>differentiate differentiate keyword into specialized cell types. Okay, now right here,
<v Speaker 1>we got a nice graph. We got appical mirrorstem. But
<v Speaker 1>there are three types of primary mirrorstems. Protoderm which turns
<v Speaker 1>into epidermis, protoderm EpiDerm miss all right, dermal tissue system.
<v Speaker 1>I mean, these turn into one of the three tissue
<v Speaker 1>systems ground meristem. Okay, So, protoderm, ground marasteme, pro cam.
<v Speaker 1>Ground maristem turns into ground tissues parent chyma colin chima,
<v Speaker 1>clarin chyma or parent comma colon kima whatever the ground
<v Speaker 1>tissue system, and the pro cambium turns into the primary
<v Speaker 1>asylum and the primary flowing the vascular tissue system. So
<v Speaker 1>the three primary marastims, protoderm, ground marisdem, pro cambium, these
<v Speaker 1>are all located in the appical maristime. When that shit
<v Speaker 1>is dividing when you're getting a burst of new growth. Okay,
<v Speaker 1>a burst of new growth, which we say in are
<v Speaker 1>that's at of like a mirtha steward voice. That's the
<v Speaker 1>the North Berkeley woman who's calling the police sending for
<v Speaker 1>having your dog off leash. Not not just you know,
<v Speaker 1>not just a gay man. Okay, it's not a game man,
<v Speaker 1>right the fuck someone took that? And Jesus Christ always
<v Speaker 1>I just a shit that people just want to get
<v Speaker 1>upset about. Fucking drives me nuts. Okay, So okay, so
<v Speaker 1>this this page is extremely important. You're gonna need to
<v Speaker 1>reference it again. Primary you get the three primary tissue
<v Speaker 1>types epidermis, ground tissues and vascular tissue, and primary marisims protoderm,
<v Speaker 1>ground maristem, and pro cambium. Okay, all right, nice little
<v Speaker 1>chart of the appicle marastem, got leaf, primordia, active new
<v Speaker 1>cell growth. You can see get the protoderm, the pro
<v Speaker 1>cambium in there. The ground maris them axillary bud systems,
<v Speaker 1>which will themselves turn into new apical marras stems when
<v Speaker 1>they get going. You also have apical marras stems on
<v Speaker 1>the root the root appical maris stem you get that
<v Speaker 1>root cap which acts like a little helmet, all right,
<v Speaker 1>and it can lose cells. The cells just get a
<v Speaker 1>braided off. Is that's that roots That root elongates through
<v Speaker 1>the soil, and then you've got appicle maris them pro cambium, protoderm,
<v Speaker 1>ground marast and then you get the root hairs in
<v Speaker 1>the vasket developing vascular cambium and cork cambium. If it's
<v Speaker 1>not a monocap, remember cork cambium and the lateral marason.
<v Speaker 1>The vascular cambium. If it's not a monocons don't don't
<v Speaker 1>have that. Monocots do not have secondary growth. They don't.
<v Speaker 1>They just grow up and down. They don't grow laterally.
<v Speaker 1>Some monocots, some of the aloes Xanthoria in Australia, the
<v Speaker 1>grass trees, maybe some yuccas, they have anomaloust secondary growth.
<v Speaker 1>But it's not true secondary growth, all right. A palm
<v Speaker 1>tree grows up and doesn't get much wider. It's just
<v Speaker 1>that's why they stay skinny and tall. The most monocots
<v Speaker 1>do not have uh, lateral marastimes. They have what is
<v Speaker 1>it interclorie marastimes. I forget what it's called. It's a
<v Speaker 1>special specialized type of maristhem and monocots. It's the way
<v Speaker 1>you can mow. That's the way you can mow the lawn.
<v Speaker 1>Do you like to do that? If that kind of sick,
<v Speaker 1>twisted shit is your is what you're what you're into.
<v Speaker 1>Let's see, do you get how about an interclorie mirror?
<v Speaker 1>Is that? Yeah, interclorie maras stems. But we're not going
<v Speaker 1>to get into that. We'll get into another interclorie maherstems
<v Speaker 1>are plant tissues that promote grow in alongation and plants,
<v Speaker 1>especially grasses in the monocots. Right there, you go, Okay,
<v Speaker 1>so move on along. You know what, The most of
<v Speaker 1>the root that's actually doing the absorbing is the new tissues. Okay,
<v Speaker 1>the stuff that's further back in the root, the older
<v Speaker 1>tissue is just doing. And there's a there's a part
<v Speaker 1>in Raven Biology of Plants, which is a PDF you
<v Speaker 1>can download from lib gen or from the Google drive folder.
<v Speaker 1>I might have shared. There's this is section twenty three
<v Speaker 1>that's dealing with this. I should have mentioned that in
<v Speaker 1>the first part. But there's a section. There's a section
<v Speaker 1>in Raven when he's talking about or the book is
<v Speaker 1>talking about because it's two authors, it's what is it
<v Speaker 1>Ikorn and Susan Everett, and they're talking about roots and
<v Speaker 1>the older tissue on roots, like the thicker roots are
<v Speaker 1>just involved in transport. It's the lateral the tips of
<v Speaker 1>the lateral roots and the tapper or whatever. The new
<v Speaker 1>growth basically with all the root hairs is what is
<v Speaker 1>doing most of the absorption of water and nutrients. And
<v Speaker 1>then the root hairs de is that thing keeps growing.
<v Speaker 1>So when you dig up a plant out of the ground,
<v Speaker 1>you're mostly breaking the new shit, the new tissue. That's
<v Speaker 1>why it's it's so easy to mess up if you're
<v Speaker 1>not getting a big chunk of root all because you're
<v Speaker 1>you know, you might think that, oh I keep I
<v Speaker 1>have the big roots. It's good, but you've severed all
<v Speaker 1>those are just doing transport. The new stuff, the new growth,
<v Speaker 1>the finer roots are what are doing most of the
<v Speaker 1>absorption of water and nutrients. Good to keep in mind. Okay,
<v Speaker 1>so there are three primary marisims, protoderm grimeris them in
<v Speaker 1>pro cambing. We already talked about this the primary tissues.
<v Speaker 1>Let's move on to the dermis, the epidermis. Okay, epidermis
<v Speaker 1>the outermost layer of cells more than one cell type,
<v Speaker 1>so they're complex. They're not simple tissues covered with a
<v Speaker 1>waxy cuticle layer to prevent water loss. Cuticle which is
<v Speaker 1>exuded by the epidermis. Okay, and it's that also, you
<v Speaker 1>can have a farina on there, you can x, you
<v Speaker 1>can have extra cuticular wax. The shit gets deep, all right,
<v Speaker 1>especially when you go with arid land plants. Zero fights
<v Speaker 1>where they got to have a thicker cuticle. Okay, that
<v Speaker 1>thicker wax or waxy layer, that hydrophobic layer. All right,
<v Speaker 1>you got the guard cells form stomata. Hopefully everybody listening
<v Speaker 1>to this podcast knows what stomata are. It's how plants
<v Speaker 1>take in CO two and let out water, vapor and oxygen,
<v Speaker 1>as well as some of the wonderful smells that they
<v Speaker 1>plants exude. On a warm summer night, say you know,
<v Speaker 1>by a railroad diamond in Chicago. Some of have some
<v Speaker 1>fucking wonderful smells I remember coming off of like the
<v Speaker 1>golden rods out of the leaves, not the flowers coming
<v Speaker 1>out of the leaves, and warm summer nights in Chicago
<v Speaker 1>as a little kid, just say, God, that smell. It's
<v Speaker 1>just thought, so it's what my front yard smells like,
<v Speaker 1>all right, because it's all just thick thornbrush, all right, Right,
<v Speaker 1>the tree crickets start up when the sun goes down.
<v Speaker 1>It sounds awesome and fucking smells great anyway. And tricomb's
<v Speaker 1>slash hairs part of the epidermal system. Epidermal system, there
<v Speaker 1>you go. Okay, tricombs can be living or dead. So
<v Speaker 1>you got you get a nice cross section of the
<v Speaker 1>epidermal system. You got the tricomb cuticle, stomata, guard cells,
<v Speaker 1>gases going in, going out, okay. Leaf is mostly composed
<v Speaker 1>of epidermis okay, which is dermal tissue, parentama, which is
<v Speaker 1>a ground tissue which we're gonna get to, and klinkama
<v Speaker 1>colin kamma is mostly like the harder parts of the leaf,
<v Speaker 1>like the veins, a little bit more structure than just
<v Speaker 1>the puffy parentcomma in the middle, right, the low density parentomma.
<v Speaker 1>So moving right along, nice beautiful picture of Aeriocarpus phisseratus flowering.
<v Speaker 1>All right. I use this because that's a good that's
<v Speaker 1>a good good plant to use as an example of
<v Speaker 1>the dermal tissue system. Look at the fucking epidermis on
<v Speaker 1>this thing. Thick cuticle, thick epidermis as well, Got a
<v Speaker 1>little bit of farina on there, got plenty of tricombs.
<v Speaker 1>All right, great, great specimen plant to use for a
<v Speaker 1>presentation about the epidermal system of plants. Okay. The cuticle
<v Speaker 1>is made up of a polymer called kutin, consisting of
<v Speaker 1>fatty acids, glycrol, and wax. It seals the inside of
<v Speaker 1>insides of plants oft from the atmosphere and protects against
<v Speaker 1>drying out. All plants had to evolve a cuticle when
<v Speaker 1>they evolved out of the green algae roughly four hundred
<v Speaker 1>and fifty million to five hundred million years ago. You
<v Speaker 1>should all have that fucking landmark on your geologic timeline.
<v Speaker 1>Degenerates along with the evolution of life three point eight
<v Speaker 1>billion years ago, a great oxygenation event two point two
<v Speaker 1>billion years ago, et cetera. The fuck you doing? Huh?
<v Speaker 1>If you don't know your geological landmarks, geologic time scale landmarks,
<v Speaker 1>you caryotic life when you caryotic life evolve one point
<v Speaker 1>seven million years ago, something like that? Look at that nice,
<v Speaker 1>nice money shot of this bee, would bee? Was that
<v Speaker 1>I forget one of the solitary bees. One of the
<v Speaker 1>beautiful desert solitary bees pollinating Aerocarpus phizzeratus, which are going
<v Speaker 1>off right now in the West Texas Desert. Okay, Acarpus
<v Speaker 1>pizzeratus has some of the thick cuticle of any plant,
<v Speaker 1>up to two hundred and fifty micrometers stick. Most plants
<v Speaker 1>have leaves with cuticle that is nine micrometer stick. There
<v Speaker 1>you go, tubercle of Aerocarpus piseratus showing waxy, wordy textured
<v Speaker 1>excuse me, cuticle and epidermis. Look at that nice drawing
<v Speaker 1>of it on the side too. That is fucking insane.
<v Speaker 1>That wardy, just that weird texture to that living rock cactus. Okay,
<v Speaker 1>this is cuticle on a gave. Have alreadyana during a
<v Speaker 1>salvage event. Some rich moron was killing a bunch of
<v Speaker 1>plants in his yard because he wants to just dump gravel.
<v Speaker 1>I don't know what he's doing. He's out of his mind,
<v Speaker 1>but anyway, and moving some of this atgave, I've alreadyana.
<v Speaker 1>I accidentally damaged it. That is probably not just cuticle.
<v Speaker 1>It might be, but actually talked to Jim Mossuth about this,
<v Speaker 1>who taught at U T Austin for a while, and
<v Speaker 1>that is probably a little bit epidermal tissue too, all right,
<v Speaker 1>but it's like a thick, plastic y translucent film. And
<v Speaker 1>then you can see the photosynthetic tissue of the agaya
<v Speaker 1>leaf blade below that, and all those fibers, whose wonderful fibers. Right.
<v Speaker 1>Peoti also has a thick cuticle but also has epicuticular
<v Speaker 1>waxtone as farina. I mean, all the other plants I
<v Speaker 1>showed you just now did too, but that's what gives
<v Speaker 1>them that kind of blue glaucous color as well. Right,
<v Speaker 1>that glaucous blue glaucus basically means chalky blue color reflecting UV.
<v Speaker 1>All right, onion peel epidermis, this is Ritter's slide that
<v Speaker 1>I stole. I got it close up with that the
<v Speaker 1>stomate right there with the guard cells, all right, number
<v Speaker 1>an onion bulb is just a stem and the onion
<v Speaker 1>peel are just leaves, all right. Okay, So stomata singular stoma,
<v Speaker 1>you got guard cells, and you gotta pores. Those guard
<v Speaker 1>cells inflate with water, become more turgid. The cells squish out,
<v Speaker 1>they buckle out because they got nowhere to go, thus
<v Speaker 1>allowing for the exchange of gases with the inside of
<v Speaker 1>the cell. Well water vapor out CO two in. All right.
<v Speaker 1>We should also mention a lot of aquatic plants don't
<v Speaker 1>have stomata or cuticle because they don't need it, all right,
<v Speaker 1>they secondarily lost it. Okay, So anyway, guard cells swollen,
<v Speaker 1>stoma opening, all right. There's also a lot of other
<v Speaker 1>shit going on here with potassium ions, and it's in
<v Speaker 1>ebsysic acid too. It's not as simple as just water in,
<v Speaker 1>water out, but blah blah blah, alright, it's there's a
<v Speaker 1>little bit more going on, but generally speaking, that that
<v Speaker 1>was guard cells filled with water, giving them more turgidity,
<v Speaker 1>and that's how they open. When they close, it's a
<v Speaker 1>little bit different, involves maybe some hormones, but anyway, all right,
<v Speaker 1>so cell wall vacuuole in there. We'll cover that next.
<v Speaker 1>The next class and cells chloroplasts, of which any plant
<v Speaker 1>cell can have twenty two one hundred chloroplasts. Chloroplas are
<v Speaker 1>one of three main types of plastid and then nucleus ocase. Anyway,
<v Speaker 1>so stomata opened, turgid, stomata closed, flacid. It's like Mitch
<v Speaker 1>McConnell's neck stomata in lofa for a cactus Payota, you
<v Speaker 1>can see little stomach, so it's a beautiful looking at
<v Speaker 1>it up close. Carbon dioxide goes in water, vapor and
<v Speaker 1>oxygen come out Payoti, like all cacti do cam photosynthesis,
<v Speaker 1>crass lece and acid metabolism, whereby they take in carbon
<v Speaker 1>dioxide at night so that they're opening their stomata at
<v Speaker 1>night when it's not hot as balls out, and then
<v Speaker 1>they close their stomata during the day and they take
<v Speaker 1>that carbon dioxide in when they're taking it at night.
<v Speaker 1>They store it in the form of malleate or malic
<v Speaker 1>acid and then can use and store that and then
<v Speaker 1>use it during the day for photosynthesis. All right, plenty
<v Speaker 1>of plants do crass lace and acid metablism. Fuck, there
<v Speaker 1>was a really cool cladogram that showed all the goddamn
<v Speaker 1>plants that do crastoles and acid metabolism. I wish I
<v Speaker 1>would have included in the It was in a paper.
<v Speaker 1>It was circular cladogram to a really nice one, you know,
<v Speaker 1>and showed all the plant families orchids, bromeliads, there's a
<v Speaker 1>couple of ferns. Really cool stuff and then carry offight lalies.
<v Speaker 1>The order has some of the most cam photosynthesis, you know,
<v Speaker 1>the ones that engage into camp photosynthesis. Right anyway, Stillmata
<v Speaker 1>and Christmas cactus aka Shlamburgera trancata. All right. Tricombs another
<v Speaker 1>part of the epidermal tissue system leaf hairs. You can
<v Speaker 1>see you got two different kinds of tricombs right here.
<v Speaker 1>One a glandular tricomb, a tricomb with a gland on it.
<v Speaker 1>The gland exudes a secondary metabolite of some sort. Okay.
<v Speaker 1>Carnivorous plants do this, they have glandular tricombs. Cannabis does this,
<v Speaker 1>has glandular tricombs, living tricombs. Okay, because remember tricombs can
<v Speaker 1>be dead or alive. And then you've got these other
<v Speaker 1>hairs too, Okay, So what a hairs do they do?
<v Speaker 1>A shit done? All right? They can be many uses.
<v Speaker 1>They can act like a frost cloth. Okay. During that
<v Speaker 1>Texas freeze, I had heliu at this Argophylus, the silver
<v Speaker 1>leaf sunflower outside. Though the temperatures got down to twenty
<v Speaker 1>eight degrees, it pulled through fine. Why because its leaves
<v Speaker 1>are densely coated in tricombs not for frost. It evolved
<v Speaker 1>on the hot and dry South Texas sandsheet. But you know,
<v Speaker 1>it initially evolved those to reduce the avapple transporation of
<v Speaker 1>water from its stomata by those hot, drying winds, and
<v Speaker 1>also reflects from sunlight. But it had the added benefit
<v Speaker 1>of acting like a frost cloth too, same thing like
<v Speaker 1>citrus farmers in Florida do when they're gonna get a freeze, right,
<v Speaker 1>it'll buy you that frost cloth, or the hairs will
<v Speaker 1>buy you four or five degrees fahrenheit of protection. It
<v Speaker 1>gets down to twenty you're fucked. But we're only getting
<v Speaker 1>out of twenty eight for a few hours in the
<v Speaker 1>morning that those hairs will protect you. Okay, But hairs
<v Speaker 1>also reflect uv light. Like we said, they act like
<v Speaker 1>a wind break and a little farmhouse on a prairie,
<v Speaker 1>right like you you know, you get the those flat landers, right,
<v Speaker 1>the winds just come ripping across the fucking flat lands.
<v Speaker 1>You got a little farmhouse out there, They just beat
<v Speaker 1>the shit out of your house. Whatever, what do you do?
<v Speaker 1>You build? You put up like a wind break. Okay,
<v Speaker 1>that's exactly what the tricombes are doing. On a leaf.
<v Speaker 1>They call it boundary layer humidity reduces the boundary layer
<v Speaker 1>or it increases the boundary layer of humidity, okay, which
<v Speaker 1>is confusing as fuck, But basically what it's doing is
<v Speaker 1>it's reducing airflow across the leaf, because airflow is anyone
<v Speaker 1>who's ever put a hot you know, put a fan
<v Speaker 1>on a clothesline in a garage, like you if I
<v Speaker 1>am trying to dry a fucking blanket because you know,
<v Speaker 1>my dog pissed on it or you know, or puked
<v Speaker 1>on it because she's been eating grass, you know. Uh,
<v Speaker 1>And I wash it and then I don't want to
<v Speaker 1>put in the dryer because it's going to take it
<v Speaker 1>makes the lumping sounds of painting ass. I'll go hang
<v Speaker 1>it in my hot ass garage in South Texas because
<v Speaker 1>I don't want to get beat by the v But
<v Speaker 1>I'll put in my hot ass garage, put a fan
<v Speaker 1>on it. Thing drives in like fucking ten minutes, right
<v Speaker 1>because airflow. If I don't turn the fan on, it'll
<v Speaker 1>take five times as long. It'll still dry, but it'll
<v Speaker 1>take five times as long. Okay, You put a fan
<v Speaker 1>on things, even if it's not that hot out, it'll
<v Speaker 1>that airflow will help that moisture evaporate. And that's exactly
<v Speaker 1>what's going on on a lot of leaves. So what
<v Speaker 1>is what do the hares do, especially in like windy, hot,
<v Speaker 1>dried desert. It's like the mojave where it could the
<v Speaker 1>winds can just be crazy that you know. Some of
<v Speaker 1>the hairriest plants come from the Mohave desert. Those hairs
<v Speaker 1>break up that airflow. They break up that airflow from
<v Speaker 1>hitting the leaf and prevent it from pulling moisture out
<v Speaker 1>of those stomata. Okay, okay, so anyway, glandular tricombes one
<v Speaker 1>of those types of tri combs. Some dows have glandular
<v Speaker 1>tricombes that act this fly paper all right. There you
<v Speaker 1>can see got a little drocera. All right, there's drascera
<v Speaker 1>traci from Florida. Wonderful illustration. You can see you've got tinier,
<v Speaker 1>much tinier tricombe on this unfurling leaf, and then you've
<v Speaker 1>got really long ones with the little gland on top. Right.
<v Speaker 1>Both are tricombs. All right, That was a fucking cool plant,
<v Speaker 1>all right, really long sticky leaves. Okay, These glandular tricombs
<v Speaker 1>are dermal tissues and part of the dermal tissue system,
<v Speaker 1>of which there are two other systems. Remember ground tissues
<v Speaker 1>and vasco tissues. Just give you a little reminder there.
<v Speaker 1>This is real rigula, then Tata the flypaper plant, this
<v Speaker 1>shit eater from South Africa. Okay, I'm not being mean.
<v Speaker 1>It literally eats shit. Okay, It's got this bug which
<v Speaker 1>co evolved with it. What is it palm Palmeridia marlothii
<v Speaker 1>or rorigulae. There's two species of Origula, both in South Africa.
<v Speaker 1>They grow in different much different environments. One grows on
<v Speaker 1>very dry soil, one grows in boggy typical carnivorous plant substrate.
<v Speaker 1>They both each has their own species of this bug
<v Speaker 1>that can walk on the leaves without getting stuck, eat
<v Speaker 1>the bugs that do get stuck. Takes a dump and
<v Speaker 1>then the plant uses that as it's nitrogen source. So
<v Speaker 1>the plant is not actually secreting enzymes to break down
<v Speaker 1>the bugs like many carnivorous plants through it's eating the shits.
<v Speaker 1>The gg on plant. Okay, this is where Originla gorgonas
<v Speaker 1>right here with a different species of that insect. But
<v Speaker 1>look at those really glandular tricombes. Look at that. This
<v Speaker 1>was such a cool spot. Goddamn, there were so many
<v Speaker 1>cool plants there. You can see all this land's been
<v Speaker 1>converted to agriculture. It's not okay, now we're moving out
<v Speaker 1>of ground tssues my favorite parent chyma, colon chyma, and
<v Speaker 1>sclaring kaima. What the fuck does this mean? The kimas? Okay,
<v Speaker 1>they're present in most organs of the plant. These ground tissues,
<v Speaker 1>of which there are three that I just mentioned, present
<v Speaker 1>and most organs of the plant. This packing and supportive
<v Speaker 1>tissue accounts for much of the bulk of the young plant.
<v Speaker 1>It also functions in food manufacture, photosynthesis, and storage such
<v Speaker 1>as starch. Okay, this is a nice reminder. It's showing you.
<v Speaker 1>This yellow stuff is the ground tissue. Vascular bundle. Flow
<v Speaker 1>them on the outside, Okay, towards the towards the dermal
<v Speaker 1>tissue side xylum, towards the inside of the plant. All right,
<v Speaker 1>all right, parent chyma. These cells have thin cell walls, Okay,
<v Speaker 1>thin cell walls, and only have a primary wall too,
<v Speaker 1>which we'll get into cells later. Sorry. Most plant cells
<v Speaker 1>can have a primary cell wall and a secondary cell wall.
<v Speaker 1>Animals don't have cell walls. Right. That's one of the
<v Speaker 1>big differences between animals and plants, which there are many,
<v Speaker 1>not to mention chloroplasts all right, but animals don't have
<v Speaker 1>cell walls. They've got membranes, cell membranes, right. Plants have
<v Speaker 1>cell membranes, they also have cell walls. Fungi have cell
<v Speaker 1>walls as well. They make them out of kiten. Plants
<v Speaker 1>make their cell walls out of cellulose. Radiolaria and diatoms
<v Speaker 1>make their cell walls out of silica out of glass.
<v Speaker 1>That's how you get biogenic hirt. Limestone is made from
<v Speaker 1>the trillions of dead bodies of single celled cocoa, lithophores
<v Speaker 1>and forumnifro, which make their cell walls out of helse
<v Speaker 1>seemed carbonate bacteria make their cell walls out of peptidoglycan
<v Speaker 1>et cetera. So anyway, parent chyma, these cells have thin
<v Speaker 1>walls and are primarily responsible for functions like photosynthesis and
<v Speaker 1>food stories. Right, so most remember most of the mass
<v Speaker 1>of I think most of the mass of a plant
<v Speaker 1>is going to be parent chyma. Okay, like in a
<v Speaker 1>big saguaro cactus, a saguaro ass cactus, or a cardon
<v Speaker 1>or whatever, most of that tissue, all right, The low
<v Speaker 1>density tissue is going to be parent chyma a right,
<v Speaker 1>primary cell wall, no secondary cell wall, Okay, same with
<v Speaker 1>klon kima, primary cell well, no secondary cell well. Sclarin
<v Speaker 1>chyma has a secondary cell wall, right, And so going
<v Speaker 1>from top to bottom, par chyma, colon kyma, sclerin kyma, parenchyma, parenchyma,
<v Speaker 1>you want to call it that, And again, it doesn't
<v Speaker 1>matter how you pronounce it, really don't give a fuck.
<v Speaker 1>This matters how you understand it. That you do understand it.
<v Speaker 1>Parent chyma is the softest if you want to think
<v Speaker 1>of it like this. Colon Kyma is intermediate density in
<v Speaker 1>sclarin chyma is hard. Okay. So cactus spines are a
<v Speaker 1>good example of sclerin chyma, right, and sclarin kyma possesses
<v Speaker 1>you know it says right here, possessing highly dignified cell walls.
<v Speaker 1>These cells provide strong support to mature plant structures once
<v Speaker 1>growth has ceased. Sclarin kima is dead at maturity, all right.
<v Speaker 1>So that and any of the hard shit that gives
<v Speaker 1>you a good example, a good idea of what like
<v Speaker 1>an acorn cap probably mostly sclarin kinma. The shell of
<v Speaker 1>an acorns mostly sclaring kmma. Cactus spines mostly almost entirely
<v Speaker 1>sclarin kima okay. Colon chyma with thickened cell walls at
<v Speaker 1>corners okay. And this is a trademark of them is
<v Speaker 1>if you look at their cells, they've got looks like
<v Speaker 1>structural reinforcements on the corners of the cell walls. These
<v Speaker 1>cells provide support the growing plants like young stems and leaves.
<v Speaker 1>But it's not debt to maturity. So parent chyma alive
<v Speaker 1>at maturity, klon kyma alive maturity, Sclarin chima debt of maturity,
<v Speaker 1>all right, and sclarin kima has a secondary cell wall
<v Speaker 1>all right. Ground tissue is the tissue that fills the
<v Speaker 1>space in between the epidermal tissue and the vascular tissue. Okay,
<v Speaker 1>so you can get those three tissue systems epidermal ground
<v Speaker 1>of vascular. Ground tissue consists of parentemma, sclerin comma, and
<v Speaker 1>coloncama parent committas tissue is made of living cells and
<v Speaker 1>thin walls of cellulose. Parent comma cells are unspecialized and
<v Speaker 1>can differentiate into other cell types. Sometimes they're just used
<v Speaker 1>for storage, okay. Sometimes they're used for photosynthesis. They are
<v Speaker 1>found in the soft parts of plants like leaves and
<v Speaker 1>fruits and are involved in storage, secretion, and photosynthesis. Colon
<v Speaker 1>Chyma This tissue is made up of living cells with thickened,
<v Speaker 1>non lignified no lignan primary walls, no secondary walls. Colon
<v Speaker 1>Comma cells are found in leaves, petioles, young stems, and
<v Speaker 1>provides support interbaceous plants. Sclerin Chyma just tissue is made
<v Speaker 1>up of dead cells with thick lignified cell walls secondary
<v Speaker 1>cell walls. Scleric Comma cells are fun and mature parts
<v Speaker 1>of plants like wood, fibers and water conducting cells like
<v Speaker 1>zyme and provide support, protection, and transportation. Xylum, which transports water,
<v Speaker 1>is dead at maturity all right. Prankamat tissues living at maturity,
<v Speaker 1>thin primary cell walls just reiterated. Just running through this
<v Speaker 1>shit hammer and large central vacuole can take in many shapes,
<v Speaker 1>function in photosynthesis, storage, and transport of food and water. Look,
<v Speaker 1>you got a picture of a potato there, all right,
<v Speaker 1>excellent example of parankama. Potato is most entirely paranama. It's
<v Speaker 1>all parentkama. Right, But look at these Look at this
<v Speaker 1>close up right here. It's thin primary cell walls, okay
<v Speaker 1>on these drawings, and large intercellular spaces in between the cells.
<v Speaker 1>Remember that's why it said load density. It is the
<v Speaker 1>soft shit, all right, just like the inside of a cactus,
<v Speaker 1>the potato, et cetera. All right. The parentkama real nice
<v Speaker 1>perankama cells are the most numerous cells in the plant body.
<v Speaker 1>Chlorophyll is mostly found in parentkama tissue. The majority of
<v Speaker 1>photosynthesis occurs in parankamat tissue specifically and especialized kind of
<v Speaker 1>tissue called chlorinkama. I don't think that's even used that
<v Speaker 1>much anymore, all right. Chloricma is just prankama cells with chloroplasts.
<v Speaker 1>Chlorinicommie is a specialized type of plant tissue, specifically a
<v Speaker 1>prankama cell that contains chlorophyll, the green pigment responsible for
<v Speaker 1>photosynthesis of shit, and it's primarily found in the leaves
<v Speaker 1>of plants, enabling them to capture light and produce food
<v Speaker 1>through photosynthesis. Essentially, it's the quote green tissue of a
<v Speaker 1>plant that actively participates in photosynthesis. Key points about chlorinicimma. Fuck,
<v Speaker 1>i'd see I fucked up this this slide anyway, all right, Yes,
<v Speaker 1>that's correct. The majority of photosynthesis in plants takes place
<v Speaker 1>within the prankama tissue, specifically in the palisade prankamas cells
<v Speaker 1>located in the leaf mesophyl. And then this other part
<v Speaker 1>got cut off, so whatever, and then this is ritter slide.
<v Speaker 1>Look he's look, he's got the potatoes in here, and
<v Speaker 1>nice got these relatively low density cells, large intercellular spaces
<v Speaker 1>all right, palis mesophyl, spongy mesophyl, both are parankama, right,
<v Speaker 1>upper rapid dermis, different tissue system. That's the epidermal tissue,
<v Speaker 1>wax secutical. You got the air spaces in between the
<v Speaker 1>cells right there, lower epidermous waxecutical guard cell. Yes, the
<v Speaker 1>potatoes primarily composed of prank of with tissue. The majority
<v Speaker 1>of the edible part of potato is made of a
<v Speaker 1>prankama cells, which your responsible for storing starch to main
<v Speaker 1>carbohydrate found of potatoes. Then you go fry it and
<v Speaker 1>a bunch of fucking greasy oil, add a bunch of salt.
<v Speaker 1>Then you get diabetes in ten years. Key points about
<v Speaker 1>potatoes and perankama prankama cells and potatoes and primal leaves
<v Speaker 1>for food storages. Filled with starch grands. Remember, storage and
<v Speaker 1>photosynthesis are the main the main jammers of parankama tissue.
<v Speaker 1>All right, Sedum, Like there's a little sedum, some sort
<v Speaker 1>of crass relations, bastard. Okay, The majority of that succulents
<v Speaker 1>in that plant is parentma all right. Yes, the succulent
<v Speaker 1>part of a cactus is primarily composed of pranka my cells,
<v Speaker 1>which are specialized to store water and food. Make it
<v Speaker 1>tissuy responsible for the cactus ability to restore moisture in
<v Speaker 1>a fleshy stem. Okay, highly vacuolated. The parent cooma cells
<v Speaker 1>in a cactus have large vacuoles, all right. The inner
<v Speaker 1>cellular space, all right, that's a whole different. Uh, we'll
<v Speaker 1>get into that when we get into cells. They can
<v Speaker 1>expand to store water when available and contract during drought periods.
<v Speaker 1>I like to think of vacuoles one of their roles,
<v Speaker 1>aside from containing pigments. I right, they're the part of
<v Speaker 1>a plant cell, which I shouldn't even talk about because
<v Speaker 1>I don't want to fuck you guys up. But this
<v Speaker 1>is part of a this is for the this should
<v Speaker 1>be for the cell. Actually, the vacuole is like you know,
<v Speaker 1>if you got a mail like I got this fucking
<v Speaker 1>lamp on Scamazon. Shit broke within a week, as you
<v Speaker 1>would expect something you buy on Scamazon. Uh. And so
<v Speaker 1>I got to send it back and I got to
<v Speaker 1>find some shit to put in this box so that
<v Speaker 1>it's not rattling around. I mean, I don't give a shit.
<v Speaker 1>Maybe the thing should just break, you know, Maybe they
<v Speaker 1>should put some dried dog shit in there too. I
<v Speaker 1>don't know. I'm a little bitter about this thing. But
<v Speaker 1>this little you know, it was a little touch lamps.
<v Speaker 1>It's a small one. It was like fifteen bucks. But still,
<v Speaker 1>come on, you know. So I got to figure out
<v Speaker 1>some packing materials to put in there. That packing material
<v Speaker 1>would be analogous to the vacuole of a cell. Okay,
<v Speaker 1>and parenchyma cells are highly vacuolated. I didn't know there
<v Speaker 1>was a word, but apparently it is. Thin cell walls,
<v Speaker 1>no secondary cell walls, highly vacuolated, large ento cellular spaces
<v Speaker 1>used for storage and photosynthesis. See, there you go, There
<v Speaker 1>you go, thin walls, thin cell walls, large spaces spaces. Erenkima,
<v Speaker 1>a specialized type of parent chyma with a very large airspace,
<v Speaker 1>is often found the aquadic plants or points. You don't
<v Speaker 1>worry about that, but remember that low density stuff. Okay,
<v Speaker 1>So now we're moving on to the next tissue type,
<v Speaker 1>colin Chyma, composed of living cells with thick primary cell walls,
<v Speaker 1>flexible support for organs such as leaves and herbaceous stems.
<v Speaker 1>Colin Kyma, the example they always give in bodany classes
<v Speaker 1>are those stringy parts of a cellar rece. I don't
<v Speaker 1>know why they couldn't come up with a better example
<v Speaker 1>than that, but that's what they use. Okay. But it's
<v Speaker 1>intermediate and density I like to think of. It's not
<v Speaker 1>soft and fluffy and light like prankama. But it's not
<v Speaker 1>dead at maturity either. It's still alive maturity, and it
<v Speaker 1>still doesn't have secondary cell walls. Okay, see close up
<v Speaker 1>on next image. There you go, there you go. See
<v Speaker 1>you the fucking celery. Last time I had a piece
<v Speaker 1>of celery like that was a long time ago. It's
<v Speaker 1>always limp and soft, and you know, I live in
<v Speaker 1>a small town of West Texas. We get ship produce
<v Speaker 1>out here. A prominent example of kanakama tissue is this quote.
<v Speaker 1>Strings found in celery stocks, which provide flexible support to
<v Speaker 1>the plant. Other examples include the young stems of herbaceous plants,
<v Speaker 1>petioles of leaves, and the veins within leaves, where kalon
<v Speaker 1>kama cells are often located just beneath the epidermis, providing
<v Speaker 1>structural support while allowing excuse me for bending without breaking
<v Speaker 1>key points about kala kama function provides flexible support mechanical strength,
<v Speaker 1>particularly in young growing plant parts. Sell Jesus Christ, it's
<v Speaker 1>a fucking topo Chico cell structure, elongated cells with uneven
<v Speaker 1>lea thick and primary cell walls made of cellulose and pectin,
<v Speaker 1>and location typically found just below the epidermis in stems
<v Speaker 1>and leaves, all right. Other examples of plants with noticeable colon, well,
<v Speaker 1>you know what, Maybe that other leaf tissue I mentioned
<v Speaker 1>was not priankam, it was kla kama. I don't know anyway.
<v Speaker 1>Other examples of plants with noticeable colacama potato stems, tomato stems,
<v Speaker 1>sunflower stems, begonia leaves, and deadly unite shape stems. So
<v Speaker 1>you could see a lot of stem tissue on herbaceous
<v Speaker 1>plants holding things rigid while still being alive, not being
<v Speaker 1>dead like wood or cork is all right, tissues that
<v Speaker 1>can be dead at maturity. Right, But the big giveaway
<v Speaker 1>right here is look at the corners of those cell walls.
<v Speaker 1>They're reinforced with those thickened corners, those structurally reinforced thickened corners, right,
<v Speaker 1>cell wall thickening, all right. The characteristic feature of Klonkama
<v Speaker 1>cells is uneven thickening of their primary cell walls, particularly
<v Speaker 1>at the cell corners, which reduces the size of the
<v Speaker 1>lumin and it's space inside. Unlike Sclerincama, colon kama is
<v Speaker 1>a living tissue, meaning it cells contain a nucleus and
<v Speaker 1>cytoplasm within the lumin lumin don't really hear that word
<v Speaker 1>too much, but anyway, colonkama. The hypodermis of any cactus
<v Speaker 1>with a tough, hard skin consists of several layers of calankima.
<v Speaker 1>Hypodermis is just below the epidermis. The hypodermis is the
<v Speaker 1>specialized layer of cells directly beneath the epidermis of a plant.
<v Speaker 1>Cacti with really soft skin have a hypodermis of parancamma. Instead,
<v Speaker 1>we got a nice tubercle transverse section of Leuketenbergia precipis
<v Speaker 1>principis with beta cyanins, which are a type of betaal
<v Speaker 1>aine pigment which members of kophylelies have instead of anthocyanid pigment.
<v Speaker 1>The red. The red pigment still accumulate mostly in the
<v Speaker 1>hypoderma cells and in lesser amounts on some chlorincama cells,
<v Speaker 1>which is parent comma with chlorophyllin it. Okay, moving right along,
<v Speaker 1>Why do I conclude a center, oh, for where the
<v Speaker 1>hypodermis is. Yes, see epidermis hypodermis chlorin kyima, all right,
<v Speaker 1>just parent comma with with chlorophyll in it. And then
<v Speaker 1>you got the vascular bundle down there, all right, the
<v Speaker 1>flow them, the flow them, and the metasyland, protosylan, et cetera,
<v Speaker 1>ground tissue surrounding all of it. All right, diecot stem,
<v Speaker 1>monocot stem, diecot stem. All right. That's look look at
<v Speaker 1>how different the monocot stem looks in terms of its
<v Speaker 1>plumbing layout in the dicot stem. Right, Dicot's got a ring,
<v Speaker 1>all right. Epidermis hypodermis cortex colin koma, chlorincomma, parent coomma, etcetera.
<v Speaker 1>Cortex is mostly parancamma, right, endodermis et cetera endo dermis,
<v Speaker 1>primary meadullary ray pith I. Don't worry about it, all right,
<v Speaker 1>clerkomma tissues deata maturity, thick and rigid secondary cell walls
<v Speaker 1>function in support and protection. And then two types two
<v Speaker 1>subunits of classification for scerankmma, scleroids and fibers. The principal
<v Speaker 1>characteristics of scrankama cells is they're thick, often dignified secondary
<v Speaker 1>cell Well, so we were harder now right, We're ad
<v Speaker 1>a harder tissue from parankama, which is soft, colon kama,
<v Speaker 1>which is intermedia in sclerin kima, which is thick, thick,
<v Speaker 1>debtit maturity. The fact that it's debt at maturity and
<v Speaker 1>it's got a secondary cell wall is what makes it
<v Speaker 1>so hard. Cactus cells sclerin chima, the things that give
<v Speaker 1>a sunflower leaf that sandpaper like feeling. Okay, the leaf
<v Speaker 1>itself is parankama and a little bit of konkoma, but
<v Speaker 1>those bits of grit that give it that sandpaper feelings sclerincimma. Okay,
<v Speaker 1>those are stone cells. Sclareids all right. In secondary cell
<v Speaker 1>wall too, not to be confused with secondary growth in
<v Speaker 1>the lateral maristem's aka vascular cambium. Two different things right there,
<v Speaker 1>all right, He said to throw them in their cactus spines.
<v Speaker 1>Consists of sclerankmma and a sclarified epidermis, mostly sclerankimma. There
<v Speaker 1>you go, stenoserriou squashta kana right there, pack is serious.
<v Speaker 1>Webre right there. Just want to any chance I can
<v Speaker 1>get to throw those photos of those in there. Fibers, Okay,
<v Speaker 1>those are a type of sclerancima, all right. Fibers for
<v Speaker 1>structural reinforcement. Not the same as plumbing. Okay, fibers are
<v Speaker 1>not the same as plumbing. They can be. Fibers can
<v Speaker 1>be in xylum tissue, but it's not the same, all right.
<v Speaker 1>Fibers are elongated sclercicma cells that provide structural rigidity and
<v Speaker 1>stiffening to leaves, stems, and roots. Okay, structural rigidity, all right.
<v Speaker 1>Sclareds stone cells from the hard tissues of nuts, seed, coats,
<v Speaker 1>et cetera. Sclereids from pair the tissue of a pair,
<v Speaker 1>same thing, depending on what type of pair you're eating,
<v Speaker 1>all right, can have some of that same like sandpapery
<v Speaker 1>gritty feel as a sunflower leaf. Right, Those are stone cells, right,
<v Speaker 1>They may also be present together with thin walled parankama cells.
<v Speaker 1>The three basic types of plant tissue. I don't like
<v Speaker 1>the parentamas in the middle right here, it should be
<v Speaker 1>the left, and it should be colon kamma, sclerin comma.
<v Speaker 1>That I ripped this off from online. What are you
<v Speaker 1>gonna do? Right, prankama, colin kamma, and sclerankama. Prankama has
<v Speaker 1>intracellular spaces, low density uh colacma tissue. Those cell walls
<v Speaker 1>reinforced corners of the cell. Remember, prankama and colacama both
<v Speaker 1>only have primary cell walls and their secondary Scrankama tissue
<v Speaker 1>has cell walls with lignan, secondary cell walls with lignin
<v Speaker 1>debt of maturity. All right, and you can have stone cells,
<v Speaker 1>the scleroids or the fibers, all right, sclernkama simple pit pair.
<v Speaker 1>The pit pair is what that's the what the plasma
<v Speaker 1>does mota go through. That's how one cell communicates with
<v Speaker 1>another in a plant. All right. Pit pairs contain plasma desmata,
<v Speaker 1>which are just strands of cytoplasma. But don't worry about that.
<v Speaker 1>We'll cover that in cells next class. Narrow lumin lignified
<v Speaker 1>thick wall. The fuck is this? Lumin ravens by alogie
<v Speaker 1>of plants doesn't use the word of lumine, all right,
<v Speaker 1>primary cell wall in middle lamella, secondary cell wall impregnant
<v Speaker 1>with lignid pick canal, et cetera. Right. Examples of scrinkma
<v Speaker 1>include the husk of a coconut, the stone cells and
<v Speaker 1>fruits like pears, the fibers and a plant's them, the
<v Speaker 1>shells of nuts, and a hard outer layer of seeds
<v Speaker 1>sunflower seeds, great example, all right, The inside is what
<v Speaker 1>it would that be parentama okay, and the outside the
<v Speaker 1>black part is sclerincimma. Scrin Coma tissue is primarily responsible
<v Speaker 1>for providing structural support the plants due to its thick
<v Speaker 1>lignified cell walls. Calancmma tissue can provide structural support as well,
<v Speaker 1>but mostly interbaceous plants. Right, and it's not as strong
<v Speaker 1>as s clerincimma. Okay. Key points about sclen comma. Cell
<v Speaker 1>types consists of two main cell types fibers fibers excuse me,
<v Speaker 1>long narrow cells and sclereds short irregular cells aka the
<v Speaker 1>stone cells aka the cells on a sunflower leaf or
<v Speaker 1>the skin of a pair. Function provides rigidity and macarenical
<v Speaker 1>strength to the plant. Cell wall composition, thick cell walls
<v Speaker 1>heavily lignified with cellulose and hemi cellulose and lignin lignan
<v Speaker 1>as well. Why the fuck is it not? That's weird.
<v Speaker 1>I don't know why I didn't mention lignin maturity stage
<v Speaker 1>clearrn commas cells are usually dead at maturity. Okay, there
<v Speaker 1>we go, and there we go, another nice drawing of
<v Speaker 1>the cells. All right, right. Vascular tissue, all right, continuous
<v Speaker 1>tissue throughout the plant. So now we're moving from ground
<v Speaker 1>tissue to vascular tissue. Continuous tissue throughout the plant, in
<v Speaker 1>which substances are transported. Complex tissues made of numerous cell types,
<v Speaker 1>all right, not simple complex xylemin floam okay, the dark
<v Speaker 1>green and the light green, all right. Xyleum function transports
<v Speaker 1>water and mineral salts via capillary action being transpired out
<v Speaker 1>of stomata and pulled up through the roots. Right. Composed
<v Speaker 1>of different types of cells, including vessel elements and traekeas.
<v Speaker 1>Remember tracheads found in conifers. Conifers don't have vessel elements.
<v Speaker 1>Vessel elements are are more h what's the fucking word?
<v Speaker 1>I always I always forget this word. What is the word?
<v Speaker 1>They're they're more efficient? Why I forget it? Confused with significant?
<v Speaker 1>Vessel elements are more efficient. They're what angiosperms evolved. Conifers
<v Speaker 1>and gyminal sperms don't have vessel elements, they have tracheads.
<v Speaker 1>But angiosperms have tracheads too. As you could see from
<v Speaker 1>this microscope pot you got trachids right there and or
<v Speaker 1>the scanning electron microscope photo and vest elements. Vessel elements
<v Speaker 1>are bigger, all right. And the way that water moves
<v Speaker 1>through a vessel element, it can just go right up right,
<v Speaker 1>and it's got these perforation plates on the end boom boom,
<v Speaker 1>like a conveyor belt of water, whereas on tracheads it's
<v Speaker 1>got it. It's gotta you know. They're just these these long,
<v Speaker 1>narrower cylindrical cells that taper at the ends, and they
<v Speaker 1>don't line directly up. They you know, they just kind
<v Speaker 1>of make a wedge shape one end of one cell
<v Speaker 1>against the end of another cell, and then the water
<v Speaker 1>has to kind of you know, turn, make a turn.
<v Speaker 1>Its slight turns going up it turns a little bit
<v Speaker 1>forty five grangle and continues up through the rest. Okay,
<v Speaker 1>so best elements are much more efficient, right tracheads, well,
<v Speaker 1>they both have their pros and cons. I guess tracheads
<v Speaker 1>tapered at the ends but do not have holes at
<v Speaker 1>the ends. Water passes from trachy to trachied through thin
<v Speaker 1>areas in the cell wall called pits. Vessel elements long
<v Speaker 1>tubular cells, much bigger, generally speaking, can hold much more
<v Speaker 1>water open at both ends arranged end to end, forming
<v Speaker 1>vessels that function like water pipes. Okay, like the pipes.
<v Speaker 1>The tubes. You know, this is just the tubes. You know,
<v Speaker 1>the coffee machine broke. It's just the tubes aren't working
<v Speaker 1>no more. I don't know why what am I going
<v Speaker 1>to do with the tubes broke? It's broken with the
<v Speaker 1>tubes filthy, dirty, fucking Oh god. You know we had
<v Speaker 1>this nice coffee machine. But you know I haven't cleaned
<v Speaker 1>the tubes in a way. I think. I think out
<v Speaker 1>the hard water, you know, from the pipes and stuff
<v Speaker 1>clogged that up all right? Anyway, Uh, flow them, flow them.
<v Speaker 1>Function transports sugars and other substances xylum only transports water up.
<v Speaker 1>Flow them can transports water can transport excuse me, sugar
<v Speaker 1>and other organic substances dissolved in water. Uh, down up
<v Speaker 1>all around all right, okay. And flow consists of a
<v Speaker 1>sieve tube member, a sieve plate, and a companion cell.
<v Speaker 1>Because that flow them cell is empty and it's so
<v Speaker 1>it's performing such a critical task and it's moving and
<v Speaker 1>it doesn't you know, it's moving moving the juices, the
<v Speaker 1>products of carbo the products of photosynthesis, uh, to the
<v Speaker 1>rest of the plant, right, the carbohydrates and minerals, et cetera,
<v Speaker 1>and nutrients Okay, because that that space is empty, well,
<v Speaker 1>not empty, but doesn't it doesn't have a lot of
<v Speaker 1>room for this other components. So it's got this backup cell,
<v Speaker 1>the companion cell. All flow them cells have a a
<v Speaker 1>companion and cell, right, which is where the nucleus is.
<v Speaker 1>And it's it's kind of running. It's run running the
<v Speaker 1>given the machinery for the flowm cell. Right, Okay, it's
<v Speaker 1>kind of running the bait. It's like the shed where
<v Speaker 1>the generator is right. Composed of different types of cells, okay,
<v Speaker 1>seve tube elements, long tubular cells with sieve plates and
<v Speaker 1>the end walls arranged end to end the live but
<v Speaker 1>lacking a nucleus. Companion cells help seeve tube members function
<v Speaker 1>flowing fibers, flowing pran comma. Okay, so there you go,
<v Speaker 1>seeve plate, seeve tube member. Look, they got a nice
<v Speaker 1>drawing on the right to simplify this abstract bullshit on
<v Speaker 1>the left, which looks like a fucking you know, a
<v Speaker 1>nine inch nails cover from you know, the late nineties. Right.
<v Speaker 1>I don't know what that's, you know there is. That's
<v Speaker 1>why always like the drawings better. They're much clearer than
<v Speaker 1>the microscope slide photos right, Seve plate, seeve tube member,
<v Speaker 1>companion cell, flowing prankama. Anytime you hear seve plates, seve
<v Speaker 1>tube member, companion cell, you know they're talking about flow them.
<v Speaker 1>You know they're talking about moving sugar and carbohydrates. You know,
<v Speaker 1>they're talking about the part of the God damn it,
<v Speaker 1>why can any think of the word anyway, They're talking
<v Speaker 1>about the part of the basket lushure, not the not
<v Speaker 1>the xylum, which is moving water. They're talking about moving sugar, right,
<v Speaker 1>moving stuff to the rest of the plant. Okay, Interestingly,
<v Speaker 1>when you tap a maple tree, did I talk about
<v Speaker 1>the guess I can't remember if I did. When you
<v Speaker 1>tap a maple tree, you think you're tapping the flow
<v Speaker 1>them for the sugar, but you're not. You're actually tapping
<v Speaker 1>into the xylum. And you're doing it at that time
<v Speaker 1>of year, right in early spring, when the days are
<v Speaker 1>not freezing, but nights are still freezing. And so since
<v Speaker 1>the days aren't freezing anymore, it's starting the the all
<v Speaker 1>that sugar that's stored in the bottom of the plant,
<v Speaker 1>that's starting to push that back up towards the leaves,
<v Speaker 1>towards the rest of the plant getting ready for spring.
<v Speaker 1>And so you're you're hitting it when it's, yeah, when
<v Speaker 1>free the knights are freezing in the daytime is is
<v Speaker 1>is not freezing, and so it's starting to move again,
<v Speaker 1>and so you're it's all that sugar that's been stored
<v Speaker 1>at the base of that maple tree over winter is
<v Speaker 1>starting to get pumped up. It's super concentrated. It's going
<v Speaker 1>to the rest of the plant. That's when you're tapping
<v Speaker 1>the maple tree. And she's tapping the xylum, not the floam.
<v Speaker 1>But you wouldn't think because the flow is what transports
<v Speaker 1>the sugar. But you know, maple syrup is super rich
<v Speaker 1>compared to the stuff that's being you know, produced by
<v Speaker 1>compared to the stuff that's moving through through the floam
<v Speaker 1>in summer, right, and it's just sugar is being transported down.
<v Speaker 1>It's that stuff. The summer flowam material is probably very
<v Speaker 1>dilute compared to what you're getting coming up from the
<v Speaker 1>xylum from being stored in those dormant roots over winter, right,
<v Speaker 1>which is super concentrated case. The tissues review appical maras
<v Speaker 1>them and lateral maras stems all right, three main tissues
<v Speaker 1>epidermal for example, somata tricom's ground prankama, colon kama, sclerankama
<v Speaker 1>which scurrincum is divide up into fibers and scleroids. Vascular system,
<v Speaker 1>vascular tissue, xyleum, tracheods, invest elements. You hear the words
<v Speaker 1>tracheads in vest elements, you know they're talking about moving
<v Speaker 1>water and they're talking about the xyleum flow. The doesn't
<v Speaker 1>have tracheods in vessel elements and flow them sieve tube
<v Speaker 1>members and companion cells. Sieve tube members, sieve plates and
<v Speaker 1>companion cells automatically means flowam okay, and automatically means, you know,
<v Speaker 1>moving sugar and nutrients, right, not just water and uh
<v Speaker 1>and minerals up from the ground from the roots, which
<v Speaker 1>is what xylem does. Okay, there are three primary marastims, protoderm,
<v Speaker 1>ground marastem, and pro cambium. Okay, there are three primary
<v Speaker 1>mirystims because there are three primary tissues. Protoderm turns into epidermis,
<v Speaker 1>ground marastem turns into ground tissues, perkama colon comma and
<v Speaker 1>sclaring comma, and procmbium turns into primary xylum and primary
<v Speaker 1>flowing there you go, all right, and is that it
<v Speaker 1>that said? Okay, so congratulations, we just finished the tissues system.
<v Speaker 1>You should be able to look at any part of
<v Speaker 1>a plant tissue and give a rough guess based on
<v Speaker 1>its density, how hard it is, et cetera. What kind
<v Speaker 1>of tissue you're looking at right, whether it's prankama, colin
<v Speaker 1>kama or sclaring kima, the ground tissues, or whether it's
<v Speaker 1>epidermal tissue, or whether it is a vascular tissue. And
<v Speaker 1>next week we'll cover cells. Look at it. The shit
<v Speaker 1>eater plant. Real rigular datata here, let's hear it for
<v Speaker 1>the shit eater plant. Everybody Origula dantata in real Rigula Gorgonias.
<v Speaker 1>I was really stoked to put that in this book
<v Speaker 1>that was gonna come out and fucking spring of twenty
<v Speaker 1>twenty five. But the publisher can't get their shit together.
<v Speaker 1>And the lady who I'm working with, who I'm it's
<v Speaker 1>actually a friend of mine, you know. She sounds like
<v Speaker 1>she's at her fucking wits end. Uh there too, But
<v Speaker 1>it is coming out so and it's got the Ken
<v Speaker 1>Davis just did the cover for it. God damn, I
<v Speaker 1>really fucked my haircut up that much. Maybe I don't know.
<v Speaker 1>I gotta do. I gotta do a new haircut. I'm
<v Speaker 1>gonna go sleep in many hints to night in the
<v Speaker 1>back of the truck with the dogs like a lonely bastard,
<v Speaker 1>and I'm gonna be thinking about all this kind of stuff,
<v Speaker 1>you know, reading more of Ravens Biology of Plants again,
<v Speaker 1>that was from chapter twenty three. I just book Ravens
<v Speaker 1>Biology of Plants. Buy a fucking hard copy, your reference
<v Speaker 1>it for the next ten years is not gonna hurt you.
<v Speaker 1>They get some nice photos in there too, and get
<v Speaker 1>Plants Systematics as well. You can also get those all
<v Speaker 1>on libgen dot is or the Google pdf drive that
<v Speaker 1>at one point was attached to this. I don't know
<v Speaker 1>if it's still attached, but I gotta take this fucking
<v Speaker 1>shirt off. Man. This is just I was working. I
<v Speaker 1>was out crawling, putting irrigation tubing under the desk, under
<v Speaker 1>the deck because I just planted some fucking Quirkus rugosa
<v Speaker 1>and Qurcus grissia. You know, you want those hairy oaks,
<v Speaker 1>the oaks with the hairy leaves for for the dry
<v Speaker 1>the dry climates, they get so fucking windy. It's not
<v Speaker 1>just the heat, it's the wind. And that's something about
<v Speaker 1>West Texas. I was talking to some guy who's growing
<v Speaker 1>paoti and Belgium where it's legal. It's like it's legal
<v Speaker 1>in Canada. He's growing peyote, is growing fucking turbinic carpas,
<v Speaker 1>all these cool cac diye and he's he's not just
<v Speaker 1>some collector nerder while fitting in the collection. He's doing
<v Speaker 1>these habitat recreations or recreations with all the native plants.
<v Speaker 1>And he was he's always amped whenever I post pictures
<v Speaker 1>of companion plants for any of these cac die like
<v Speaker 1>for astrophytum or aerocarpus, et cetera. I posted a picture
<v Speaker 1>of manda Villa Macrosciphon out here in West Texas, the
<v Speaker 1>right of the big old Paoti next to it, and
<v Speaker 1>Mandavilla Macrosciphi has a beautiful fucking moth pineated plant. Some
<v Speaker 1>of the grasses that you find growing out here, just
<v Speaker 1>the companion plants, you know, noting those ecological relationships. And
<v Speaker 1>he got so he got so stoked about it, and
<v Speaker 1>I was, I was telling him, you know, I'm like,
<v Speaker 1>the habitats between South and West Texas are so different.
<v Speaker 1>South Texas is exponentially hotter. It's got more humidity, so
<v Speaker 1>the knights don't cool off, right. That humidity really fucks
<v Speaker 1>with the day and night temperature fluctuations. And then West
<v Speaker 1>Texas is like much more pleasant to walk through much
<v Speaker 1>of the year. It's not hot, You're not gonna be
<v Speaker 1>bathed in sweat like you're you know, sitting there in
<v Speaker 1>a bickram yogurt studio, you know, huffing someone else's farts
<v Speaker 1>while you're doing downward dog. It's not like that. It's
<v Speaker 1>much more pleasant, but it's much windier and it's much drier.
<v Speaker 1>The West Texas wind is nothing to fuck around with.
<v Speaker 1>I've seen dust storms here really fuck up people's windshields,
<v Speaker 1>like they got sand blasted, not cracked, but just so
<v Speaker 1>ubraided with sand particles from these harsh winds that it
<v Speaker 1>looks like someone literally sand blasted their wind shield. The
<v Speaker 1>whole thing's fucked. It just looks it's blurry because the
<v Speaker 1>wind is just moving so fast. So that wind is
<v Speaker 1>so drying, and it just sucks moisture right out of plants.
<v Speaker 1>So what do you want? You want hairs on leaves.
<v Speaker 1>It's why as you start moving west to the North
<v Speaker 1>American content, more of the plants that you encounter have
<v Speaker 1>hairy leaves because that hair does fucking wonders for acting
<v Speaker 1>as a wind break against the leafs, sir, and preventing
<v Speaker 1>those winds from sucking moisture out of those dolmata. So
<v Speaker 1>that's what I did for the oaks, right, So that's
<v Speaker 1>what I you know, that's why the fucking you know,
<v Speaker 1>this old couple that used to live where I lived,
<v Speaker 1>that wanted really nice people, but they were they built
<v Speaker 1>the cages for all their plants, you know, and I
<v Speaker 1>was like, what the fuck, Like the deer don't bother
<v Speaker 1>too many of my things. The deer got my madron,
<v Speaker 1>but you know, for which I'll beat them with a
<v Speaker 1>stick if I catch them, but it'll rep it's re sprouting.
<v Speaker 1>But you know they said that, they cause I talked
<v Speaker 1>to the guy when they left that when I got
<v Speaker 1>this house, and they were like, yeah, you know, the
<v Speaker 1>deer would just destroy our plants. But then I realized, well,
<v Speaker 1>they're mostly growing. They were bringing the shit in from
<v Speaker 1>like the Home Depot garden section that didn't evolve here.
<v Speaker 1>They were just bringing in like a salad buffet, just
<v Speaker 1>like the deer were going to loubies, just bringing in
<v Speaker 1>a salad buffet of non native horticultural atrocities, which the
<v Speaker 1>deer loved. And they don't mess with the native plants.
<v Speaker 1>White Well, the native plants evolved here and involved with them,
<v Speaker 1>and they've also probably taste bad. They've got hairs on
<v Speaker 1>the leaves, they got spines, et cetera. So another reason
<v Speaker 1>to plant native. This is why I don't get it.
<v Speaker 1>You know, this is we fucking As much as I
<v Speaker 1>hate to say it, I would love to see Home
<v Speaker 1>Depot sell native plants. I hate Home Depot whatever, But
<v Speaker 1>I love this. I'd love it if this shit was available.
<v Speaker 1>You know, quit trying to pretend were you're not all right.
<v Speaker 1>That's all I got. Have aggressive day, go fuck this up.
<v Speaker 1>By There we go. Ground tissues, everybody, ground tissues, epidermal
<v Speaker 1>ground tissues, and vascular system. That's all I gotta go.
<v Speaker 1>Fux it by