What REALLY Led to the Creation of Written Language and more | Boring History

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Hey, my sleepy crew, pull up 
that blanket and adjust your 

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pillow because I'm about to tell
you the most wonderfully. 

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Improbable story of how humans 
figured out, how to trap 

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thoughts on surfaces and set 
them free again, thousands of 

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years later, This is a tale that
spans continents and Millennia 

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filled with brilliant 
Innovations. 

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Happy accidents. 
And the persistent, human desire

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to say I was here and this 
mattered So, before we begin, if

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you don't mind, please take a 
moment to like the video and let

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me know where you're tuning in 
from and what time it is for 

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you. 
Now, as always turn those pesky 

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lights off and let's ease in 
nice and slow together. 

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Now if you will imagine that 
your great great great great 

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times are 1000 grandmother is 
sitting around a fire some 

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40,000 years ago and she has 
just created the most 

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groundbreaking technology of her
era know. 

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It won't be the wheel for 
another 35,000 years. 

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She has discovered a way to 
leave meaningful marks on Cave. 

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Walls prior to this point, human
knowledge was like water 

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attempting to survive, in a 
sieve entire libraries of 

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knowledge, just vanished into 
the Smoky. 

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Prehistoric are whenever an 
elder passed away. 

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Imagine having no other way to 
transmit that knowledge than 

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through the delicate telephone 
game of human memory. 

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Imagine being the one who knew, 
exactly which berries wooden 

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kill you, which animal tracks 
meant dinner vs, which meant you

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were about to become dinner or 
how to track, Mammoth migration 

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patterns across Seasons. 
Remember, your forefathers were 

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sluggish, their brains were 
identical to ours in every way 

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including their ability to think
abstractly and solve challenging

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problems. 
They simply did not. 

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Have the convenience of filing 
systems, Post-it notes or even 

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the most basic written reminder.
They created extremely complex, 

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oral Traditions, transforming 
vital survival, knowledge into 

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stories Songz and rituals that 
could be remembered for weeks on

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end much like particularly 
memorable. 

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Commercial Jingles. 
These oral Traditions were 

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amazing examples of human. 
Creativity epic poetry that mask

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created as Heroes Journeys and 
included intricate Geographic 

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details. there were songs that 
communicated water source 

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locations over great distances 
children were taught which 

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plants to stay away from through
stories that incorporated the 

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knowledge into enduring Tales of
Fantastical animals, and 

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perilous Adventures Each person 
carried a wealth of knowledge, 

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essential to the survival of 
their Community transforming the

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human mind into a living 
Library. 

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However, even the most talented 
Storyteller couldn't be 

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everywhere at once and memories 
bless them, have a way of adding

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their own artistic flourishes 
over time. 

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To understand the difficulty our
ancestors faced in preserving 

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precise information across 
Generations. 

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Try playing telephone at dinner 
party. 

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Over time. 
The recipe for a life-saving 

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medication could evolve into a 
tale of magical medicinal herbs.

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That could only be grown during 
a full moon, the first 

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breakthrough occurred when 
someone understood that a hand 

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print on a cave, wall, could 
mean more than just una was 

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here. 
It could mean a herself, even 

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when she wasn't there, let's 
call her owner because history, 

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forgot to record her name which 
is deliciously. 

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Ironic when you think about it, 
the ability to make the absent 

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present in part permanent to the
transient and build a bridge 

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across time. 
So that one moment could speak 

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to another was the Pinnacle of 
magic, consider, the mental leap

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that this signified una needed 
to realize that a static Mark 

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could represent a moving person 
that a flat image could 

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represent a three-dimensional 
person and that a permanent 

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symbol could represent a 
transient human presence. 

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Without any prior examples to 
guide her, she was effectively 

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creating the idea of symbolic 
representation from the ground 

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up cave walls. 
Quickly, evolved into the first 

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social media sites ever used by 
humans images of horses bison, 

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and the occasional self-portrait
of a cave artists who was quite 

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proud of their hunting skills 
were interspersed with hand 

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stencils. 
But these weren't just old 

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Instagram posts. 
They were the first attempts by 

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Humanity to say this happened, 
we were here, this matters. 

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Remember us not only with the 
caves at lesko Chauvet and 

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Altamira galleries but they also
represented the first attempts 

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by humans to communicate 
permanently. 

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The painters their realized 
something profound pictures 

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could have deeper meanings than 
just their visual impact. 

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Information about hunting 
methods, seasonal, migration 

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patterns, or the religious 
beliefs that governed. 

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The relationship between humans 
and animals, may be included in 

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a painting, depicting a bison 
hunt. 

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This is where things start to 
get intriguing though. 

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Simple representation wasn't 
enough for those early artists. 

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They started to symbolize and 
Abstract, zigzag line could 

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stand for lightning water or a 
River's course, the Sun, the 

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moon or the idea of completeness
could all be represented by a 

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circle. 
Dots could stand for seeds stars

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or the concept of plurality. 
Before you knew it, people are 

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discovered the groundbreaking 
notion that symbols could stand 

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for Concepts ideas, and Abstract
relationships. 

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In addition, to tangible 
objects, it's similar to when 

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your dog discovers that the word
walk can actually call forth, 

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leashes excitement and the 
prospect of Adventure in 

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addition, to describing the 
activity of moving on four legs.

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However, our ancestors received 
the foundation of civilization, 

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in stead of tail, wagging. 
These early symbol systems were 

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not writing as we know it today 
because they could not capture 

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the full complexity of spoken 
language. 

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However, this realization by 
humans was the pivotal First 

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Step demonstrating, that 
meaning, could be permanently 

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encoded and decoded by other 
Minds, even though, separated by

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great time and space in ancient 
Mesopotamia around 3,200 BCE the

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Sumerians attacking a problem 
that would make any contemporary

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accountant. 
Cry with recognition, how to 

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keep track of, who owes what to 
whom when your economy is twice 

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as dramatic, and more 
complicated than A soap opera 

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family, tree agriculture, may 
seem straightforward but it's 

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actually a highly intricate 
system of resource management, 

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seasonal planning and economic 
coordination. 

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That the Sumerians had 
perfected. 

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The temples collected offerings 
from worshipers provided daily 

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rations to priests and workers 
organized labor, gangs for 

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large-scale construction 
projects and oversaw 

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cross-continental trade networks
that brought silver from 

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Anatolia, lapis lazuli, from 
Afghanistan and cedar wood from 

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Lebanon. 
Try using just your memory and a

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few knots and string to keep 
track of all that. 

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Something had to give because 
the Sumerian economy, had 

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expanded Beyond human memories 
ability to control. 

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They would have to discover a 
method to expand, human memory 

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beyond the confines of the 
individual mind. 

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Well, they would have to reduce 
their society to the level of a 

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small village. 
The protagonist of our tail is 

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an anonymous. 
Sumerian bureaucrat, who was 

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most likely the archetypal 
counterpart of the person in 

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your workplace remember's. 
Everyone's birthdays organizes 

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the Supply Closet without being 
asked, and actually reads the 

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terms and conditions. 
This administrative whiz thought

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there has to be a better way. 
After observing the disarray of 

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record, keeping the initial 
attempts were exquisitely, basic

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tiny tokens made of clay each 
signifying. 

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A certain amount of a particular
good. 

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A sheep is worth one token. 
A bushel of barley as worth 

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another and an oil jar is worth 
a third. 

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To represent real transactions. 
These tokens could be 

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transferred, counted. 
And stored you could give 

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someone 10 sheep tokens. 
If you owed them 10 sheep and 

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the debt was noted in a way that
was more flexible than engraving

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marks on Stone but more 
permanent than memory tokens, 

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however had their own issues. 
They were tiny challenging to 

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store securely and prone to 
being misplaced. 

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The discovery was made that it 
was possible to permanently 

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record. 
The meaning of the tokens by 

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pressing them into clay tablets 
rather than storing them loose. 

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The tangible tokens turned into 
Clay impressions and writing 

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appeared out of nowhere. 
They developed cuneiform which 

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is a system of wedge-shaped 
marks that a pressed into clay 

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tablets using a reed stylus. 
The literal meaning of cuneiform

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is wedge-shaped which Reveals 
All About Sumerian priorities. 

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They were pragmatic individuals 
who named their writing system 

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after the marks shape rather 
than after Cosmic principles or 

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Gods, the Sumerian soon realized
they were onto something more 

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significant than livestock 
inventories even though it began

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beautifully simple, one sheep 
equals one Mark 10, sheep equals

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10 marks and 50, sheep equals a 
different Mark that meant many 

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sheep. 
In the future. 

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The system could represent the 
sounds of words that refer to 

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things in addition to quantities
of things. 

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Imagine the moment when a scribe
likely working through the night

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with flickering Lamplight, 
discovered that the symbol for 

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Bali could also stand for the 
sound. 

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She because that was how Bali 
was pronounced in Sumerian. 

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It was like learning that Lego 
blocks could create not just 

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spaceships and castles but whole
worlds of emotion, abstract, 

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thought and Imagination. 
All of a sudden you could write 

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abstract Concepts like Shepherd 
by fusing the symbol for Bali 

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for the sound. 
She with the symbol for man. 

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After this phonetic Discovery 
cuneiform of evolved from a 

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basic accounting system to a 
complete writing system that 

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could represent any spoken idea.
The ramifications were 

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astounding, you could write not 
just 10 sheep, but the shepherd 

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who tends ten sheep is my 
brother. 

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And he lives beyond the hill 
where the barley grows tall in 

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the spring rains for the first 
time in human history. 

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At First Look, the clay tablets.
That emerged from this discovery

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are delightfully ordinary. 
These old spreadsheets conceal, 

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the seeds of literature, law and
human expression. 

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But the majority of them read, 
like the most dull email, inbox 

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in the world received three, 
bushels of Bali from Menlo 

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Barney due to Sheep by the new 
moon witnessed by. 

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Unammo one of the most 
prestigious occupations in human

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history, was that of the scribes
who produced these tablets. 

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acquiring knowledge of cuneiform
was akin to mastering an ancient

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language, accounting software 
and artistic technique all at 

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once they were intricate 
grammatical rules to learn 

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hundreds of symbols to commit to
memory and Professional 

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Standards to uphold These 
individuals knew they were 

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engaging in Magic because they 
were the first to actually 

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solidify thoughts and turn 
spoken words into permanent 

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objects. 
Is it understandable that they 

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developed a sense of 
Professional Pride that bordered

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on overconfidence? 
They were the Defenders of 

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civilization itself contracts 
laws, literature and history 

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would all be impossible without 
scribes. 

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They served as a tangible link 
between their societies memory. 

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And Eternity, young men spent 
years copying classical, texts 

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honing their handwriting and 
acquiring the sophisticated 

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legal and mathematical 
knowledge. 

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Necessary for professional 
administration at Sumerian 

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scribes schools which resembled 
medieval monasteries. 

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They preserve this tale of 
friendship mortality, and the 

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pursuit of meaning for future 
Generations. 

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By copying the Epic of 
Gilgamesh. 

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Humanity's first, Monumental 
literary Masterpiece, thousands 

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of times the ancient Egyptians 
were creating their own method 

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of permanent communication while
the Sumerians were busy 

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refining, their wedge-shaped 
filing system, And because they 

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were Egyptians, they decided to 
make it utterly beautiful. 

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Why settle for something that 
works? 

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When you can make something that
will Amaze for 5,000 years. 

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Around the same time as 
cuneiform hieroglyphics 

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appeared, however, Egyptian 
hieroglyphs, resembled the most 

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intricate picture book in the 
world where a Sumerian writing 

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appeared as though someone had 
been piercing clay with a very 

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methodical Fork. 
Every symbol was a miniature 

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artwork eyes that followed you 
with age-old wisdom, birds that 

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appeared ready to take flight 
and human figures that posed 

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with such dignity that even 
grocery lists appeared to be 

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statements of cosmic 
significance. 

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The definition of hieroglyph, 
which literally translates to 

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Sacred. 
Carving provides all the 

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information you require about 
the Egyptians perspective on 

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their writing system. 
This was more than just useful 

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communication. 
It was a gift from God, a 

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conduit between the world of the
Gods and the mortal world, a 

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means of engaging with the 
Eternal through writing, 

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00:12:06,300 --> 00:12:09,600
according to Egyptian creation 
myths, the Ibis headed god of 

233
00:12:09,600 --> 00:12:13,600
wisdom Thoth Created hieroglyphs
after noticing the footprints. 

234
00:12:13,600 --> 00:12:15,500
That birds made in the mud along
the Nile. 

235
00:12:16,400 --> 00:12:19,100
The idea that writing started 
because someone noticed that 

236
00:12:19,100 --> 00:12:21,700
movement could leave permanent 
traces and that life could 

237
00:12:21,700 --> 00:12:23,300
inscribe itself on the 
landscape. 

238
00:12:23,300 --> 00:12:25,500
Is a lovely one. 
Regardless of whether you 

239
00:12:25,500 --> 00:12:29,000
believe, in divine inspiration, 
thought who is said to have 

240
00:12:29,000 --> 00:12:32,400
invented writing and functioned 
as the Scribe of the Gods was so

241
00:12:32,400 --> 00:12:35,700
revered by Egyptian scribes that
they had their own Patron deity.

242
00:12:36,500 --> 00:12:39,400
Imagine working in a profession.
So, esteemed that it was 

243
00:12:39,408 --> 00:12:43,100
believed the gods themselves 
practiced it The instruction of 

244
00:12:43,100 --> 00:12:46,200
dwarf from ancient Egypt to 
certs that scribes are the best 

245
00:12:46,200 --> 00:12:48,900
at what they do. 
There is no trade without a 

246
00:12:48,900 --> 00:12:50,700
director except that Of The 
Scribe. 

247
00:12:51,300 --> 00:12:54,100
He is the director. 
However, the intricacy of 

248
00:12:54,100 --> 00:12:56,000
hieroglyphs would make 
contemporary computer, 

249
00:12:56,000 --> 00:12:59,600
programmers cry. 
Depending on the situation, the 

250
00:12:59,600 --> 00:13:02,800
same symbol May stand for a word
sound or concept. 

251
00:13:03,700 --> 00:13:08,200
A picture of a house could stand
for house the sound PR or 

252
00:13:08,200 --> 00:13:10,200
something related to domestic 
life in general. 

253
00:13:11,600 --> 00:13:15,000
In addition to literacy reading 
hieroglyphs required, a sort of 

254
00:13:15,008 --> 00:13:18,400
visual puzzle solving that 
required years of practice and a

255
00:13:18,400 --> 00:13:21,400
mine that could suspense several
possible meanings until the 

256
00:13:21,400 --> 00:13:25,000
context clarified, the intended.
Meaning with typical Egyptian 

257
00:13:25,000 --> 00:13:27,200
Flair. 
The Egyptians came up with three

258
00:13:27,200 --> 00:13:31,000
distinct writing systems each 
tailored to a particular set of 

259
00:13:31,000 --> 00:13:35,000
Social contexts and purposes. 
In order to impress the gods and

260
00:13:35,000 --> 00:13:38,600
future Generations, Egyptians 
used hieroglyphs for important 

261
00:13:38,600 --> 00:13:42,800
religious or Monumental texts. 
The common religious and 

262
00:13:42,800 --> 00:13:45,100
administrative documents 
hierarchic. 

263
00:13:45,100 --> 00:13:48,200
Which means Priestly refers to 
hire a glyphs written in 

264
00:13:48,208 --> 00:13:51,200
cursive, which a quicker to 
write while still retaining the 

265
00:13:51,200 --> 00:13:53,000
dignity required for official 
business. 

266
00:13:54,100 --> 00:13:58,100
Later Egyptian writing adopted 
demotic, which means of the 

267
00:13:58,100 --> 00:14:00,900
people for both personal and 
professional correspondence, 

268
00:14:00,900 --> 00:14:04,300
it's similar to using different 
writing systems for grocery 

269
00:14:04,300 --> 00:14:08,500
lists office memos and wedding 
invitations realistic maybe not 

270
00:14:08,500 --> 00:14:10,700
in terms of Effectiveness 
classy. 

271
00:14:10,700 --> 00:14:14,300
Of course the Egyptians realized
that different forms of 

272
00:14:14,300 --> 00:14:16,700
communication required. 
Varying degrees of aesthetic 

273
00:14:16,700 --> 00:14:19,600
appeal that the medium was an 
integral part of the message and

274
00:14:19,600 --> 00:14:22,200
that writing was about honoring 
information rather than merely 

275
00:14:22,200 --> 00:14:25,700
preserving it in ancient Egypt, 
becoming a scribe was akin to 

276
00:14:25,708 --> 00:14:28,400
joining a sacred order. 
In addition to learning how to 

277
00:14:28,400 --> 00:14:31,100
write young boys. 
And sometimes girls, though, 

278
00:14:31,100 --> 00:14:34,000
this was uncommon would spend 
years in scribble schools, 

279
00:14:34,000 --> 00:14:37,400
learning how to mix inks, 
prepare Papyrus and make the 

280
00:14:37,400 --> 00:14:40,200
Exquisite Reed pens that enabled
hieroglyphic writing. 

281
00:14:41,100 --> 00:14:44,200
They practiced by learning 
grammar and Mathematics copying 

282
00:14:44,200 --> 00:14:47,700
classical texts and honing, the 
exact hand eye, coordination 

283
00:14:47,700 --> 00:14:51,200
needed to produce beautiful and 
readable symbols, in addition to

284
00:14:51,200 --> 00:14:55,300
writing, Egyptian scribes served
as the pharaoh's conference and 

285
00:14:55,300 --> 00:14:58,500
Ministers of the Empire Lauren 
forces and historians. 

286
00:14:58,500 --> 00:15:02,000
They oversaw the intricate 
irrigation systems that enabled,

287
00:15:02,000 --> 00:15:05,700
Egyptian, agriculture plan the 
enormous building projects that 

288
00:15:05,700 --> 00:15:08,200
produced the temples and 
pyramids and kept up the 

289
00:15:08,200 --> 00:15:11,200
Diplomatic correspondence that 
allowed Egypt to remain in touch

290
00:15:11,200 --> 00:15:14,900
with the outside world Egyptian 
writing was as beautiful as its 

291
00:15:14,900 --> 00:15:18,200
instruments. 
Papyrus was a smooth flexible 

292
00:15:18,200 --> 00:15:21,100
writing surface that could be 
rolled into Scrolls for 

293
00:15:21,100 --> 00:15:23,000
convenient storage and 
transportation. 

294
00:15:23,700 --> 00:15:27,000
It was made from the pith of 
Papyrus plants which grew along 

295
00:15:27,000 --> 00:15:30,000
the Nile, the delicate curves 
and fine lines. 

296
00:15:30,000 --> 00:15:33,100
That characterized hieroglyphic 
writing were made possible by 

297
00:15:33,100 --> 00:15:37,100
Reed pens which were carved from
Marsh plants and precisely 

298
00:15:37,100 --> 00:15:40,400
shaped to hold ink. 
Rich blacks and Vivid. 

299
00:15:40,400 --> 00:15:43,400
Reds could be produced with ink 
made from soot and plant gums, 

300
00:15:43,400 --> 00:15:45,300
which would stay readable and 
clear. 

301
00:15:45,300 --> 00:15:48,200
For Millennia, most 
significantly, though Egyptian 

302
00:15:48,200 --> 00:15:49,900
writing was intended to be 
permanent. 

303
00:15:50,600 --> 00:15:53,800
Egyptian hieroglyphs were carved
into stone temples and tombs 

304
00:15:53,800 --> 00:15:56,300
with the express purpose of 
remaining forever. 

305
00:15:56,300 --> 00:15:59,900
Whereas Sumerian cuneiform 
tablets were prone to Breaking 

306
00:15:59,900 --> 00:16:02,600
or crumbling and many other 
ancient writing systems have 

307
00:16:02,600 --> 00:16:06,000
completely vanished. 
The Egyptians held that writing 

308
00:16:06,000 --> 00:16:08,800
could granted mortality. 
And that a part of oneself 

309
00:16:08,800 --> 00:16:11,200
persisted in the world. 
As long as one's name could be 

310
00:16:11,200 --> 00:16:13,800
read Austrian. 
Now, takes a turn, that would be

311
00:16:13,800 --> 00:16:16,200
proudly featured in any Underdog
Sports film. 

312
00:16:16,200 --> 00:16:19,300
A small group of people in the 
Eastern Mediterranean, were on 

313
00:16:19,300 --> 00:16:21,800
the verge of unintentionally 
revolutionizing human 

314
00:16:21,800 --> 00:16:24,500
communication forever. 
While the Egyptians were 

315
00:16:24,500 --> 00:16:27,900
perfecting, their beautiful 
complexity and the Mesopotamians

316
00:16:27,900 --> 00:16:29,800
were growing their empire based 
on wedges. 

317
00:16:29,800 --> 00:16:32,900
The Phoenicians were academics. 
They were Traders. 

318
00:16:32,900 --> 00:16:36,200
They were the equivalent of that
friend who always knows where to

319
00:16:36,200 --> 00:16:38,000
get the best bargains in the 
ancient world. 

320
00:16:38,800 --> 00:16:42,000
Except instead of selling cheap 
electronics, they dealt in 

321
00:16:42,000 --> 00:16:44,800
purple dye that was worth more 
than gold cedar wood. 

322
00:16:44,800 --> 00:16:47,800
So fine that it was used in 
Kings temples and silver. 

323
00:16:47,800 --> 00:16:50,700
So pure that it became the 
Benchmark for Value throughout 

324
00:16:50,700 --> 00:16:54,300
the Mediterranean. 
They required a portable easily 

325
00:16:54,300 --> 00:16:56,100
learned and effective writing 
system. 

326
00:16:56,100 --> 00:16:59,000
Cuneiform required too much. 
Specialized equipment 

327
00:16:59,000 --> 00:17:02,300
hieroglyphs were too complicated
for Fast, Business records. 

328
00:17:02,300 --> 00:17:05,599
And to be honest, they had no 
time for either. 

329
00:17:05,599 --> 00:17:08,800
When there were fortunes to be 
made in every port from Spain to

330
00:17:08,800 --> 00:17:11,099
the Black Sea living in a 
practical era. 

331
00:17:11,099 --> 00:17:15,400
The Phoenicians were pragmatic 
individuals their cities Tyre 

332
00:17:15,400 --> 00:17:19,300
sidon and byblos were erected on
Slender coastal plains, with 

333
00:17:19,300 --> 00:17:22,400
their faces toward the sea and 
their backs to the mountains. 

334
00:17:23,300 --> 00:17:25,700
They had to trade in order to 
survive because they couldn't 

335
00:17:25,700 --> 00:17:27,800
produce enough food to sustain 
large populations. 

336
00:17:27,800 --> 00:17:30,800
Additionally, contracts 
correspondence and 

337
00:17:30,800 --> 00:17:33,500
record-keeping that were 
comprehensible despite 

338
00:17:33,500 --> 00:17:36,900
linguistic and cultural barriers
were necessary for successful 

339
00:17:36,900 --> 00:17:39,200
trade. 
Therefore, the most elegant Act 

340
00:17:39,200 --> 00:17:41,900
of simplification in human 
history was carried out by a 

341
00:17:41,900 --> 00:17:45,900
brilliant Phoenician, Merchants 
around 1200 BCE, let's imagine 

342
00:17:45,900 --> 00:17:49,100
him as the ancient equivalent of
someone who unintentionally 

343
00:17:49,100 --> 00:17:52,500
revolutionizes storage 
technology and finds a better 

344
00:17:52,508 --> 00:17:56,100
way to organize their garage, 
the Phoenicians produced only 22

345
00:17:56,100 --> 00:17:58,900
symbols Each of which 
represented a single continent 

346
00:17:58,900 --> 00:18:03,600
sound as opposed to symbols that
represented words sounds and 

347
00:18:03,600 --> 00:18:07,100
Concepts. 
That's all No, images of birds 

348
00:18:07,100 --> 00:18:10,800
that depending on the context 
could mean bird fly or freedom. 

349
00:18:11,400 --> 00:18:14,300
There are no abstract ideas that
take years of study to grasp. 

350
00:18:14,300 --> 00:18:17,400
There was no Divine symbolism, 
that linked writing to Cosmic 

351
00:18:17,400 --> 00:18:20,400
laws any word in their language 
could be represented by 

352
00:18:20,400 --> 00:18:24,300
combining just 22 basic marks. 
It was incredibly useful. 

353
00:18:25,200 --> 00:18:28,400
Instead of the years needed to 
learn Kenai form or hieroglyphs 

354
00:18:28,400 --> 00:18:31,700
a Merchants child, could learn 
the entire system in months. 

355
00:18:32,300 --> 00:18:35,000
The symbols were easy enough to 
paint onto wooden boards, 

356
00:18:35,000 --> 00:18:38,400
scratch into Pottery, or swiftly
carve into stone. 

357
00:18:39,100 --> 00:18:42,100
The most revolutionary aspect of
the system was its adaptability 

358
00:18:42,100 --> 00:18:45,500
and logic, which allowed it to 
be, used to write entirely 

359
00:18:45,500 --> 00:18:48,000
different languages. 
The Phoenician alphabet was 

360
00:18:48,000 --> 00:18:50,900
straightforward effective and 
highly adaptable. 

361
00:18:50,900 --> 00:18:54,000
Making it comparable to the 
Swiss army knife of writing 

362
00:18:54,000 --> 00:18:56,800
systems. 
Once you mastered, the 22 

363
00:18:56,800 --> 00:18:58,900
letters. 
You could write any word you 

364
00:18:58,900 --> 00:19:01,600
could pronounce because each 
letter stood for a distinct 

365
00:19:01,600 --> 00:19:03,900
sound. 
There was no need for costly 

366
00:19:03,900 --> 00:19:05,600
materials or specialized 
training. 

367
00:19:05,600 --> 00:19:07,500
No. 
Need to memorize hundreds of 

368
00:19:07,500 --> 00:19:10,400
symbols and no need for 
complicated grammar rules. 

369
00:19:10,400 --> 00:19:14,000
Encoded in the writing system 
itself, it's likely that the 

370
00:19:14,000 --> 00:19:16,600
Phoenicians were unaware that 
they had just given Humanity, 

371
00:19:16,600 --> 00:19:18,300
the secret to widespread 
literacy. 

372
00:19:18,300 --> 00:19:21,300
There are only goals were to 
improve business records, 

373
00:19:21,300 --> 00:19:25,200
expedite correspondence, and 
shorten the time needed to train

374
00:19:25,200 --> 00:19:28,200
new scribes. 
However, Phoenician Traders 

375
00:19:28,200 --> 00:19:30,700
brought their alphabet to every 
port where they conducted 

376
00:19:30,700 --> 00:19:32,800
business. 
And it quickly spread like the 

377
00:19:32,800 --> 00:19:35,200
most popular viral video in the 
ancient world. 

378
00:19:35,200 --> 00:19:39,000
The Phoenicians system, only 
marked consonant sounds leaving 

379
00:19:39,000 --> 00:19:41,100
readers to infer the vowels from
Context. 

380
00:19:41,100 --> 00:19:45,700
It would be like, reading BTD, 
cheese s and knowing it means by

381
00:19:45,700 --> 00:19:48,600
the house. 
This worked well in submitted 

382
00:19:48,600 --> 00:19:51,400
languages like Phoenicians and 
Hebrew, where the consonants 

383
00:19:51,400 --> 00:19:53,500
carry, the majority of the 
meaning but it was problematic 

384
00:19:53,500 --> 00:19:57,000
for Greek Where vowels sounds 
were essential for 

385
00:19:57,000 --> 00:19:59,600
comprehension. 
Greek Traders commented. 

386
00:19:59,600 --> 00:20:03,200
This is brilliant, but it could 
use some improvements, thus the 

387
00:20:03,200 --> 00:20:06,100
Greeks added vowels to The 
Phoenician alphabet, which may 

388
00:20:06,100 --> 00:20:08,100
be the most significant change 
in writing history. 

389
00:20:09,200 --> 00:20:12,000
The Greeks used those letters to
stand in for vowel, sounds 

390
00:20:12,000 --> 00:20:14,700
because some Phoenician 
consonants were not present in 

391
00:20:14,700 --> 00:20:17,300
Greek, the Greek Alpha and our 
letter. 

392
00:20:17,300 --> 00:20:20,700
A was derived from The 
Phoenician alif, the Greek beta 

393
00:20:20,700 --> 00:20:24,300
and a letter, b, and so forth. 
Vowels were added to the 

394
00:20:24,300 --> 00:20:27,700
alphabet, making it much more 
accurate and simpler to learn. 

395
00:20:28,300 --> 00:20:31,900
readers could see the precise 
pronunciation of words, rather 

396
00:20:31,900 --> 00:20:35,800
than having to guess the missing
vowel sounds Because of its 

397
00:20:35,800 --> 00:20:38,400
accuracy. 
The Greek alphabet was ideal for

398
00:20:38,400 --> 00:20:41,400
recording, not only business 
transactions, but also intricate

399
00:20:41,400 --> 00:20:43,200
literary works like poetry and 
philosophy. 

400
00:20:43,200 --> 00:20:46,300
Where precise wording was 
crucial through their 

401
00:20:46,300 --> 00:20:48,800
interactions with Greek colonies
in southern Italy. 

402
00:20:48,800 --> 00:20:52,200
The Romans came into contact 
with the Greek, alphabet, and 

403
00:20:52,200 --> 00:20:55,900
recognized its potential for use
in law and administration right 

404
00:20:55,900 --> 00:20:58,500
away. 
By standardizing the alphabet 

405
00:20:58,500 --> 00:21:00,800
throughout their empire and 
using it to produce the 

406
00:21:00,800 --> 00:21:03,000
administrative and legal 
documents that bound their 

407
00:21:03,000 --> 00:21:06,300
enormous territories together. 
Roman efficiency, transformed 

408
00:21:06,300 --> 00:21:10,200
the alphabet in to an instrument
of Empire and that Latin script 

409
00:21:10,200 --> 00:21:13,000
perfected and refined by Roman 
scribes. 

410
00:21:13,000 --> 00:21:16,000
And bureaucrats it is currently 
being read by you. 

411
00:21:17,000 --> 00:21:20,200
The 26 letters that you see on 
your keyboard, a direct 

412
00:21:20,200 --> 00:21:23,500
descendants of those 22, 
Phoenician consonants, they were

413
00:21:23,500 --> 00:21:27,000
altered by Greek creativity, and
Roman pragmatism and were passed

414
00:21:27,000 --> 00:21:29,600
down through centuries and 
continents to reach the page or 

415
00:21:29,600 --> 00:21:32,500
screen in front of you. 
The success of the alphabet was 

416
00:21:32,500 --> 00:21:36,100
neither inevitable, nor 
instantaneous, Co-existed with 

417
00:21:36,100 --> 00:21:39,200
various writing systems for 
centuries, each with unique 

418
00:21:39,200 --> 00:21:41,800
benefits. 
For more than a millennium 

419
00:21:41,800 --> 00:21:45,200
following, the invention of the 
alphabet cane form continued to 

420
00:21:45,200 --> 00:21:47,900
be the language of scholarship 
and diplomacy and Mesopotamia. 

421
00:21:48,500 --> 00:21:51,800
Up until the Roman era 
hieroglyphs were still utilized 

422
00:21:51,800 --> 00:21:54,000
in the Egypt for religious and 
ceremonial purposes. 

423
00:21:54,800 --> 00:21:57,800
The fact that Chinese characters
evolved on their own and are 

424
00:21:57,800 --> 00:21:59,400
still in use today. 
Shows that there are other 

425
00:21:59,400 --> 00:22:01,000
options for solving the writing 
problem. 

426
00:22:01,000 --> 00:22:03,600
Besides the alphabet one 
significant benefit of the 

427
00:22:03,600 --> 00:22:06,600
alphabet however, was that it 
significantly reduced the 

428
00:22:06,608 --> 00:22:09,500
barrier to literacy. 
A person could become 

429
00:22:09,500 --> 00:22:12,900
functionally literate in months 
as a supposed to years of 

430
00:22:12,900 --> 00:22:14,800
learning, hundreds, or thousands
of symbols. 

431
00:22:16,000 --> 00:22:19,200
As a result writing was no 
longer the sole domain of 

432
00:22:19,200 --> 00:22:22,500
affluent Elites and 
professional, scribes soldiers, 

433
00:22:22,500 --> 00:22:25,300
Artisans merchants and 
eventually common. 

434
00:22:25,300 --> 00:22:28,400
People could all learn to read 
and write writing Remain the 

435
00:22:28,400 --> 00:22:30,700
domain of specialist for 
approximately a millennium, 

436
00:22:30,700 --> 00:22:32,400
following the adoption of the 
alphabet. 

437
00:22:32,400 --> 00:22:35,800
But these Specialists were far 
more numerous than in the past. 

438
00:22:36,700 --> 00:22:39,400
Books were rare expensive and 
handwritten. 

439
00:22:39,400 --> 00:22:42,900
They were like owning an 
original Picasso except that the

440
00:22:42,900 --> 00:22:46,300
Picasso was a copy of 
Aristotle's, ethical ideas and 

441
00:22:46,300 --> 00:22:49,300
it took a monk, three years to 
make while surviving in a Cold 

442
00:22:49,308 --> 00:22:51,400
Stone Monastery on bread and 
weak ale. 

443
00:22:51,400 --> 00:22:55,400
Based on the Latin words Manus, 
which means hand and scriptus. 

444
00:22:55,400 --> 00:22:57,800
Which means written. 
This was the era of the 

445
00:22:57,800 --> 00:23:01,100
manuscript. 
Letter by letter word by word 

446
00:23:01,100 --> 00:23:04,300
Page by Page each book was 
literally written by hand. 

447
00:23:05,100 --> 00:23:08,000
A single book was worth months 
or years of human labor, due to 

448
00:23:08,008 --> 00:23:11,400
the labor-intensive nature of 
the process, making each volume 

449
00:23:11,400 --> 00:23:14,800
extremely valuable the 
improbable stewards of human 

450
00:23:14,800 --> 00:23:17,000
knowledge turned out to be 
medieval monasteries. 

451
00:23:17,900 --> 00:23:20,700
Imagine brother Benedict bent 
over his writing desk in a 

452
00:23:20,700 --> 00:23:23,900
scriptorium, a special room used
for copying manuscripts 

453
00:23:23,900 --> 00:23:27,800
carefully, copying the writings 
of ancient philosophers as his 

454
00:23:27,800 --> 00:23:31,300
back ached from hours of 
painstaking exacting work and 

455
00:23:31,300 --> 00:23:33,600
his fingers gradually turned 
blue from the cold. 

456
00:23:34,700 --> 00:23:36,400
In their meticulously copied 
books. 

457
00:23:36,400 --> 00:23:40,500
These monks preserved everything
from agricultural methods to 

458
00:23:40,500 --> 00:23:43,600
mathematical theorems to 
theological arguments making 

459
00:23:43,600 --> 00:23:47,000
them more than just scribes. 
They were the first backup hard 

460
00:23:47,000 --> 00:23:50,000
drives of human civilization. 
It was almost Supernatural. 

461
00:23:50,000 --> 00:23:53,700
How much work it took to create 
a medieval manuscript. initially

462
00:23:53,700 --> 00:23:56,700
you needed parchment or Vellum, 
which required weeks of 

463
00:23:56,700 --> 00:23:59,700
meticulous, preparation, using 
the skins of dozens of animals 

464
00:23:59,700 --> 00:24:05,500
such as goats, sheep or cars, To
produce a smooth, long-lasting 

465
00:24:05,500 --> 00:24:09,100
writing surface, the Skins 
needed to be soaked scraped 

466
00:24:09,100 --> 00:24:13,900
stretched and lime treated. 300 
sheep skins could be needed for 

467
00:24:13,900 --> 00:24:16,400
one Bible. 
The creation of inks followed 

468
00:24:16,400 --> 00:24:19,300
some of which called for 
substances more unusual than 

469
00:24:19,300 --> 00:24:21,500
anything found in a contemporary
chemistry set. 

470
00:24:22,300 --> 00:24:26,300
Gum arabic, iron, sulfate, and 
Oak Galls growth produced by 

471
00:24:26,300 --> 00:24:28,900
wasp larvae were used to make 
black ink. 

472
00:24:29,500 --> 00:24:32,100
Cinnabar or red Oaker were used 
to make the red ink that was 

473
00:24:32,100 --> 00:24:34,500
used for chapter headings and 
significant passages. 

474
00:24:34,500 --> 00:24:38,900
Real gold leaf was ground with 
gum and honey to create gold ink

475
00:24:38,900 --> 00:24:42,400
which was saved for the most 
valuable writing the writing 

476
00:24:42,400 --> 00:24:46,000
itself, necessitated specific 
instruments and methods to 

477
00:24:46,000 --> 00:24:50,000
holding Inc, and create accurate
marks, which were fashioned from

478
00:24:50,000 --> 00:24:53,400
the flight feathers of geese or 
swans had to be precisely cut 

479
00:24:53,400 --> 00:24:56,500
and shaped. 
Sand was used to block excess 

480
00:24:56,500 --> 00:24:59,900
ink and speed drying and the 
scribes desk was angled to 

481
00:24:59,900 --> 00:25:03,200
avoiding pooling. 
However, the illumination the 

482
00:25:03,200 --> 00:25:06,200
addition of ornamental elements 
that transformed every page into

483
00:25:06,200 --> 00:25:09,100
a work of art was where the true
Artistry was found. 

484
00:25:10,000 --> 00:25:12,900
Detailed initial letters, that 
could include whole Mitchell 

485
00:25:12,900 --> 00:25:16,600
Landscapes marginal decorations 
that told visual stories and 

486
00:25:16,600 --> 00:25:19,900
full page illustrations, that 
Infuse text with Rich details. 

487
00:25:19,900 --> 00:25:23,200
And vibrant colors were all 
characteristics of illuminated 

488
00:25:23,200 --> 00:25:26,500
manuscripts among the most 
Exquisite items ever made by 

489
00:25:26,508 --> 00:25:28,300
human hands. 
Are the most well, known 

490
00:25:28,300 --> 00:25:32,300
illuminated manuscripts such as 
the Book of Kells or the cherish

491
00:25:32,300 --> 00:25:36,700
Urdu to bury hundreds of hours 
of Labor by talented artists 

492
00:25:36,700 --> 00:25:39,600
employing methods that took 
decades to perfect a represented

493
00:25:39,600 --> 00:25:41,800
on each page. 
The pigments were made from 

494
00:25:41,800 --> 00:25:43,100
Vellum. 
So fine, it was almost 

495
00:25:43,100 --> 00:25:46,000
translucent. 
Gold Leaf applied with brushes 

496
00:25:46,000 --> 00:25:49,100
made from single hairs and Lapis
Lazuli imported from 

497
00:25:49,100 --> 00:25:51,700
Afghanistan. 
It sounds romantic to say that 

498
00:25:51,700 --> 00:25:54,700
each book was unique, but it 
also means that each one cost 

499
00:25:54,700 --> 00:25:56,100
enough to wipe out a small 
Kingdom. 

500
00:25:57,000 --> 00:25:59,600
A complete collection of 
Aristotle's writings could cost 

501
00:25:59,600 --> 00:26:02,700
more than a small farm. 
A single Bible could cost as 

502
00:26:02,700 --> 00:26:05,900
much as a house and even basic 
prayer books were luxury items. 

503
00:26:05,900 --> 00:26:08,900
Only the wealthy could afford 
because of this scarcity. 

504
00:26:08,900 --> 00:26:12,700
The majority of people continued
to rely on memory oral tradition

505
00:26:12,700 --> 00:26:16,000
and the occasional helpful 
neighbor who could read while 

506
00:26:16,000 --> 00:26:18,600
the wealthy in the clergy can 
continue to enjoy the privilege 

507
00:26:18,600 --> 00:26:22,500
of literacy. however, something 
significant was taking place, 

508
00:26:22,500 --> 00:26:26,300
even in this, secluded realm of 
handwritten books, In a way. 

509
00:26:26,308 --> 00:26:30,100
Never seen before, knowledge was
becoming portable from Monastery

510
00:26:30,100 --> 00:26:33,300
to Monastery, a manuscript could
spread Concepts across centuries

511
00:26:33,300 --> 00:26:36,200
and continents. 
These meticulously reproduced 

512
00:26:36,200 --> 00:26:39,300
books brought the writings of 
Greek philosophers who had been 

513
00:26:39,308 --> 00:26:42,400
preserved by Islamic scholars 
during the Dark Ages in Europe, 

514
00:26:42,400 --> 00:26:46,300
back to Christian Europe. 
through Thomas aquinas's work, 

515
00:26:46,300 --> 00:26:50,400
Aristotle's physics, which was 
translated from Greek to Arabic,

516
00:26:50,400 --> 00:26:53,700
to Latin, had an impact on 
Christian theology, during the 

517
00:26:53,700 --> 00:26:57,800
Middle Ages, Ptolemy's geography
which has been reproduced and 

518
00:26:57,800 --> 00:27:00,500
were copied for centuries. 
Served as a guide for the 

519
00:27:00,500 --> 00:27:03,200
exploration Expeditions that 
brought Europeans to the new 

520
00:27:03,200 --> 00:27:05,200
world. 
The scribes and monks who 

521
00:27:05,200 --> 00:27:07,400
produced these manuscripts 
established a culture of 

522
00:27:07,408 --> 00:27:08,900
knowledge preservation of their 
own. 

523
00:27:08,900 --> 00:27:12,300
Each book became a dialogue 
across time as a result of the 

524
00:27:12,300 --> 00:27:15,500
marginalia comments and 
observations in the margins that

525
00:27:15,500 --> 00:27:18,000
they added. 
Reading a medieval manuscript 

526
00:27:18,000 --> 00:27:20,600
today is similar to listening to
a group of academics who are 

527
00:27:20,600 --> 00:27:23,700
centuries apart debate the same 
text adding their own 

528
00:27:23,700 --> 00:27:26,300
interpretations and insights 
while also agreeing and 

529
00:27:26,300 --> 00:27:28,700
disagreeing. 
While some of these side remarks

530
00:27:28,700 --> 00:27:31,400
are academic and somber. 
Others are surprisingly, 

531
00:27:31,400 --> 00:27:35,000
relatable and human. 
The whether it's raining heavily

532
00:27:35,000 --> 00:27:37,500
outside. 
The scriptorium complaints about

533
00:27:37,500 --> 00:27:41,100
the cold, my hand is numb from 
writing and even drawing of 

534
00:27:41,100 --> 00:27:44,700
cats, which it seems medieval 
monks found just as adorable as 

535
00:27:44,700 --> 00:27:47,100
we do today. 
Can all be found in medieval 

536
00:27:47,100 --> 00:27:50,500
manuscripts new types of books 
with distinct functions also 

537
00:27:50,500 --> 00:27:52,200
emerge during the manuscript 
era. 

538
00:27:52,900 --> 00:27:55,600
Both clergy and lay people 
adopted the psalter as their 

539
00:27:55,600 --> 00:27:59,400
go-to prayer book because it 
contained the 150 biblical 

540
00:27:59,400 --> 00:28:01,600
sarms. 
Among the most popular 

541
00:28:01,600 --> 00:28:04,500
manuscripts for affluent, people
were books of hours which 

542
00:28:04,500 --> 00:28:06,800
contained prayers for various 
times of the day. 

543
00:28:08,000 --> 00:28:10,600
Through their descriptions of 
mythical and real animals. 

544
00:28:10,600 --> 00:28:14,400
Best juries Blended natural 
history with moral teaching in 

545
00:28:14,400 --> 00:28:18,900
ways that were both entertaining
and instructive when universe is

546
00:28:18,908 --> 00:28:20,500
first appeared in the 12th 
century. 

547
00:28:20,500 --> 00:28:23,000
They brought with them, new 
production, technique and 

548
00:28:23,000 --> 00:28:26,300
demands for books. 
Multiple copies of the same text

549
00:28:26,300 --> 00:28:30,300
could be produced more quickly. 
Thanks to the PCS system, which 

550
00:28:30,300 --> 00:28:33,300
divided text into sections. 
That could be copied by multiple

551
00:28:33,300 --> 00:28:36,300
scribes at once. 
All though it still took months 

552
00:28:36,300 --> 00:28:39,600
to produce a single book, this 
was the Medieval equivalent of 

553
00:28:39,600 --> 00:28:42,100
mass production. 
China had been subtly 

554
00:28:42,100 --> 00:28:45,700
transforming, the very medium of
writing while Europe continued 

555
00:28:45,700 --> 00:28:48,300
to treat books as Priceless 
artifacts that needed the 

556
00:28:48,300 --> 00:28:50,100
sacrifice of whole herds of 
sheep. 

557
00:28:51,200 --> 00:28:53,800
Making paper from plant. 
Fibers was a technique that 

558
00:28:53,800 --> 00:28:55,000
would eventually change the 
world. 

559
00:28:55,000 --> 00:28:59,800
And it was perfected by a court 
official named kylan around, 105

560
00:28:59,800 --> 00:29:02,800
CE during the hand Dynasty, when
you take into account the 

561
00:29:02,800 --> 00:29:05,700
Alternatives that dominated 
writing services for centuries. 

562
00:29:05,700 --> 00:29:08,500
This invention may not seem like
a game changer. 

563
00:29:08,500 --> 00:29:12,600
Imagine attempting to transport 
a library of clay tablets on a 

564
00:29:12,600 --> 00:29:15,800
journey, they were both heavy 
and brittle, although Stone was 

565
00:29:15,800 --> 00:29:17,400
permanent. 
It was not practical for 

566
00:29:17,400 --> 00:29:19,700
inscriptions, other than the 
most significant ones. 

567
00:29:19,700 --> 00:29:23,700
Papyrus was costly to make and 
transport and it required 

568
00:29:23,700 --> 00:29:26,800
particular plants that only 
thrived in particular climates. 

569
00:29:27,400 --> 00:29:30,400
Parchment was extremely costly 
and required animal skins. 

570
00:29:30,400 --> 00:29:34,600
A single book could require 
hundreds of animal skins Rags 

571
00:29:34,600 --> 00:29:37,300
bark, bamboo mulberry, trees, 
and pretty much. 

572
00:29:37,300 --> 00:29:39,700
Any other plant fiber could be 
used to make paper. 

573
00:29:40,600 --> 00:29:43,400
This made it possible to produce
writing materials in large 

574
00:29:43,400 --> 00:29:46,100
quantities locally and at a low 
cost. 

575
00:29:47,100 --> 00:29:49,300
The cost of the information 
written on the writing. 

576
00:29:49,300 --> 00:29:52,700
Surface became insignificant for
the first time in human history.

577
00:29:52,700 --> 00:29:56,800
Plant fibers were soaked beaten 
into pulp combined with water 

578
00:29:56,800 --> 00:29:59,800
and then lifted out on screens 
to form, thin sheets that 

579
00:29:59,800 --> 00:30:04,000
eventually dried into paper. 
Kyle's method was elegantly, 

580
00:30:04,000 --> 00:30:07,300
straightforward, the method 
became so widespread in China. 

581
00:30:07,300 --> 00:30:09,300
That paper was used for more 
than just writing. 

582
00:30:09,300 --> 00:30:12,600
It was also used for packaging 
decoration and even clothing 

583
00:30:12,600 --> 00:30:16,200
paper served as a medium for art
decoration and even money for 

584
00:30:16,200 --> 00:30:18,900
the Chinese who used it for more
than just writing. 

585
00:30:19,700 --> 00:30:22,200
Centuries before the rest of the
world realized that you could 

586
00:30:22,200 --> 00:30:25,000
use something other than pieces 
of metal to represent value, 

587
00:30:25,000 --> 00:30:28,500
they created paper money. 
Chinese Traders were using 

588
00:30:28,500 --> 00:30:32,100
exquisitely designed paper notes
backed by Imperial authority to 

589
00:30:32,100 --> 00:30:35,500
pay for goods while European 
Merchants continue to carry bags

590
00:30:35,500 --> 00:30:38,800
of gold and silver coins. 
Additionally, new forms of 

591
00:30:38,800 --> 00:30:41,000
artistic expression were made 
possible by Chinese. 

592
00:30:41,000 --> 00:30:45,200
Papermaking Writing itself was 
regarded as a visual art form 

593
00:30:45,200 --> 00:30:48,800
when calligraphy the art of 
beautiful writing advance to new

594
00:30:48,800 --> 00:30:51,600
heights. 
Chinese poets produced versus 

595
00:30:51,600 --> 00:30:54,700
that were as Exquisite to look 
at, as they were to read with 

596
00:30:54,700 --> 00:30:58,300
the ink flow and brushwork 
adding to the poems meaning This

597
00:30:58,300 --> 00:31:00,300
type of creative. 
Experimentation was made 

598
00:31:00,300 --> 00:31:03,700
feasible and affordable by paper
along trade routes the 

599
00:31:03,700 --> 00:31:07,600
technology gradually spread. 
Thanks to Traders diplomats and 

600
00:31:07,600 --> 00:31:13,600
tourists who saw its potential 
Around 750 CE it made its way to

601
00:31:13,600 --> 00:31:18,000
the Islamic world most likely 
via Chinese poets taken during 

602
00:31:18,008 --> 00:31:21,300
the battle of talas. 
With the same fervor as those 

603
00:31:21,300 --> 00:31:23,900
who had been attempting to 
preserve libraries on pricey, 

604
00:31:23,900 --> 00:31:27,300
animal hides, Islamic scholars 
and administrators embraced. 

605
00:31:27,300 --> 00:31:30,000
Paper paper books. 
Flooded The Great Library of 

606
00:31:30,000 --> 00:31:33,700
Baghdad, Cairo and Cordova, 
establishing educational hubs 

607
00:31:33,700 --> 00:31:35,700
that preserved, an advanced 
ancient knowledge. 

608
00:31:36,400 --> 00:31:40,300
Greek Persian Sanskrit and other
works were translated into 

609
00:31:40,300 --> 00:31:43,400
Arabic and printed as paper 
books at the house of wisdom in 

610
00:31:43,400 --> 00:31:47,400
Baghdad, which developed into a 
translation hub. cheap paper 

611
00:31:47,400 --> 00:31:50,600
made this enormous translation 
project possible saving 

612
00:31:50,600 --> 00:31:53,300
classical education that might 
have been lost forever otherwise

613
00:31:53,300 --> 00:31:57,300
Islamic papermakers improved 
upon Chinese processes and 

614
00:31:57,300 --> 00:32:00,100
created new ones that were 
appropriate for various climates

615
00:32:00,100 --> 00:32:04,200
and the materials at hand From 
Spain to Central Asia, they set 

616
00:32:04,200 --> 00:32:07,400
up paper mills across their 
lands establishing a production 

617
00:32:07,400 --> 00:32:09,900
Network that made books more 
widely available and more 

618
00:32:09,900 --> 00:32:12,900
reasonably priced than ever. 
Before in the 12th century 

619
00:32:12,900 --> 00:32:14,800
paper. 
Finally made its way to Europe 

620
00:32:14,800 --> 00:32:17,800
where it encountered, the kind 
of opposition usually reserved 

621
00:32:17,800 --> 00:32:21,200
for National Security threats. 
A safeguard their business. 

622
00:32:21,200 --> 00:32:24,600
Parchment manufacturers 
organized, strong guilds, and 

623
00:32:24,600 --> 00:32:26,800
pushed policy makers to limit 
the use of paper. 

624
00:32:27,500 --> 00:32:30,200
Despite the fact that many paper
manuscripts have fared better 

625
00:32:30,200 --> 00:32:33,200
than parchment ones. 
In terms of survival religious, 

626
00:32:33,200 --> 00:32:35,900
authorities were concerned. 
That paper books might not be 

627
00:32:35,900 --> 00:32:39,800
robust enough to preserve sacred
texts and certain locations. 

628
00:32:39,800 --> 00:32:42,000
Using paper for official 
documents is outright 

629
00:32:42,000 --> 00:32:44,400
prohibited, the Holy Roman 
Emperor. 

630
00:32:44,400 --> 00:32:47,100
Frederick the second insisted 
that only parchment was 

631
00:32:47,100 --> 00:32:49,200
appropriate for significant 
legal records. 

632
00:32:49,200 --> 00:32:52,700
Declaring in 1231. 
The official documents written 

633
00:32:52,700 --> 00:32:54,300
on paper would be deemed 
invalid. 

634
00:32:55,100 --> 00:32:58,300
This opposition to paper was 
partially cultural reflecting 

635
00:32:58,300 --> 00:33:00,800
long held ideas about the 
appropriate materials for 

636
00:33:00,800 --> 00:33:04,100
significant writing and 
partially economic as the 

637
00:33:04,100 --> 00:33:06,600
production of parchment was a 
significant industry. 

638
00:33:06,600 --> 00:33:10,000
That employed, thousands of 
people, however paper had a 

639
00:33:10,008 --> 00:33:12,200
compelling Advantage, it was 
inexpensive. 

640
00:33:12,200 --> 00:33:15,700
Parchment was unable to keep up 
with the growing number of 

641
00:33:15,700 --> 00:33:18,700
universities in Europe and the 
resulting demand for books. 

642
00:33:19,600 --> 00:33:22,200
Throughout their studies. 
The University student may 

643
00:33:22,200 --> 00:33:24,400
require access to dozens of 
different texts. 

644
00:33:25,100 --> 00:33:28,100
More animals were needed for 
even a small Library than most 

645
00:33:28,100 --> 00:33:31,100
areas could provide in the 13th 
of 14th century. 

646
00:33:31,100 --> 00:33:33,800
Paper mill, started to appear 
all over Europe. 

647
00:33:33,800 --> 00:33:36,800
They were frequently constructed
next to rivers, that could 

648
00:33:36,800 --> 00:33:39,600
Supply electricity for the 
equipment that was used to 

649
00:33:39,600 --> 00:33:43,700
grind, plant fibers into pulp. 
These Mills evolved into hubs of

650
00:33:43,700 --> 00:33:46,600
technological advancement 
creating novel methods for 

651
00:33:46,600 --> 00:33:49,100
creating various kinds of paper 
with various uses. 

652
00:33:49,100 --> 00:33:52,500
It would take centuries to fully
comprehend how the economics of 

653
00:33:52,508 --> 00:33:55,400
knowledge changed as a result of
the cheap papers availability. 

654
00:33:56,300 --> 00:33:59,300
For the first time writing 
supplies were reasonably priced 

655
00:33:59,300 --> 00:34:03,500
allowing people to try out novel
written Expressions because 

656
00:34:03,500 --> 00:34:05,100
paper made writing more 
affordable. 

657
00:34:05,100 --> 00:34:08,600
Personal letters increased in 
frequency business, records 

658
00:34:08,600 --> 00:34:10,900
became more detailed and 
governments became more 

659
00:34:10,900 --> 00:34:14,100
bureaucratic Johannes. 
Gutenberg was arguably the most 

660
00:34:14,100 --> 00:34:17,600
irritated metal work in mints, 
Germany and perhaps all of 

661
00:34:17,600 --> 00:34:21,400
Europe by the 1440s. 
He had invested years and a lot 

662
00:34:21,408 --> 00:34:25,100
of money into creating a system 
of movable type, which consisted

663
00:34:25,100 --> 00:34:27,699
of separate metal letters that 
could be rearranged to print 

664
00:34:27,699 --> 00:34:31,000
various texts. 
However, each prototype, he 

665
00:34:31,000 --> 00:34:33,699
created brought with it. 
New problems that seemed to 

666
00:34:33,708 --> 00:34:35,600
arise more quickly than he could
resolve them. 

667
00:34:35,600 --> 00:34:39,300
The intricacy of the technical 
issues was astounding, the 

668
00:34:39,300 --> 00:34:42,199
printing would be uneven with 
some letters, pressing harder 

669
00:34:42,199 --> 00:34:44,500
into the paper than others. 
If the letters went all 

670
00:34:44,500 --> 00:34:48,100
precisely the same height to 
account for the inherent 

671
00:34:48,100 --> 00:34:51,300
proportions of various letters, 
the needed to have slightly 

672
00:34:51,300 --> 00:34:56,000
different widths For example, I 
should be narrower than a w, but

673
00:34:56,000 --> 00:34:58,500
both had to line up precisely 
with every other letter. 

674
00:34:58,500 --> 00:35:01,100
In the alphabet, the type 
required, a carefully, 

675
00:35:01,100 --> 00:35:04,400
formulated metal alloy. 
If it were too soft pressure 

676
00:35:04,400 --> 00:35:07,300
would cause the letters to 
distort, they would chip or 

677
00:35:07,300 --> 00:35:10,500
shatter, if they were too hard. 
The alloy needed to be able to 

678
00:35:10,500 --> 00:35:14,000
capture fine details, be robust 
enough to print thousands of 

679
00:35:14,000 --> 00:35:17,000
copies and be affordable enough 
to make the system as a whole 

680
00:35:17,000 --> 00:35:20,500
profitable to transfer from 
metal to paper without smearing 

681
00:35:20,500 --> 00:35:23,500
or fading, the ink needed to be 
precisely the correct 

682
00:35:23,500 --> 00:35:26,600
consistency. 
Metal type on paper, just didn't

683
00:35:26,600 --> 00:35:29,900
work with traditional manuscript
ink which was made for quill 

684
00:35:29,900 --> 00:35:33,200
pens on parchment in order to 
stick to metal and transfer 

685
00:35:33,200 --> 00:35:36,800
smoothly to paper Gutenberg had 
to create a completely new kind 

686
00:35:36,800 --> 00:35:38,700
of ink. 
That was oil-based, rather than 

687
00:35:38,700 --> 00:35:41,200
water. 
Based a Pages whole surface 

688
00:35:41,200 --> 00:35:43,600
required precisely the correct 
amount of pressure from the 

689
00:35:43,600 --> 00:35:46,400
Press itself. 
Some letters would print lightly

690
00:35:46,400 --> 00:35:48,400
or not at all if there was 
insufficient pressure. 

691
00:35:49,400 --> 00:35:53,000
Could cause the paper to tear 
all the type to be pushed. 

692
00:35:53,000 --> 00:35:55,100
So deeply into the paper that 
holds would form. 

693
00:35:55,100 --> 00:35:58,700
However, the economic issue was 
arguably the most difficult. 

694
00:36:00,000 --> 00:36:02,800
with no Assurance of return, 
starting a printing business 

695
00:36:02,800 --> 00:36:06,000
required, a significant upfront 
investment in supplies, 

696
00:36:06,000 --> 00:36:11,300
machinery and trained labor, A 
single misaligned letter, a 

697
00:36:11,300 --> 00:36:14,700
batch of 40 ink or a paper issue
could destroy hundreds of copies

698
00:36:14,700 --> 00:36:16,400
and cause the business to go 
bankrupt. 

699
00:36:16,400 --> 00:36:19,900
Gutenberg's Brilliance lay not 
only in his individual solutions

700
00:36:19,900 --> 00:36:22,400
to these issues. 
But also in his realization, 

701
00:36:22,400 --> 00:36:25,300
that printing was an entirely 
new method of book production. 

702
00:36:25,300 --> 00:36:29,700
Manuscripts were copied one at a
time by medieval scribes who 

703
00:36:29,700 --> 00:36:33,300
worked for months on each copy. 
After the initial setup was 

704
00:36:33,300 --> 00:36:35,700
finished printing. 
Produced a template that could 

705
00:36:35,700 --> 00:36:37,500
create hundreds of identical 
copies. 

706
00:36:37,500 --> 00:36:40,600
There were significant 
ramifications of this transition

707
00:36:40,600 --> 00:36:44,100
from artisanal to industrial 
production that went well beyond

708
00:36:44,100 --> 00:36:47,300
the printing shop. 
Printed books were identical 

709
00:36:47,300 --> 00:36:50,500
rather than distinct each with 
its own unique qualities and 

710
00:36:50,500 --> 00:36:53,700
possible mistakes because 
everyone else reading the same 

711
00:36:53,700 --> 00:36:56,800
book would find the same text in
the same place scholars in 

712
00:36:56,808 --> 00:36:58,700
different cities. 
Could now, refer to particular 

713
00:36:58,700 --> 00:37:02,200
page and lines naturally, the 
Bible was the first book that 

714
00:37:02,200 --> 00:37:05,900
good and decided to print. 
However this was a wise business

715
00:37:05,900 --> 00:37:07,500
move, as well as a religious 
one. 

716
00:37:07,500 --> 00:37:10,300
The one book that was sure to 
have a sizeable and steady 

717
00:37:10,300 --> 00:37:13,600
Market was the Bible. 
Every Church required copies 

718
00:37:13,600 --> 00:37:17,400
affluent, people desired their 
own copies and the text was 

719
00:37:17,400 --> 00:37:19,900
sufficiently uniform to 
eliminate any doubts regarding 

720
00:37:19,900 --> 00:37:23,300
its veracity or correctness. 
The Gutenberg Bible, which was 

721
00:37:23,300 --> 00:37:26,400
finished around 1455 and is 
still regarded as one of the 

722
00:37:26,400 --> 00:37:28,500
most Exquisite books ever 
created. 

723
00:37:28,500 --> 00:37:31,800
Demonstrated that hand. 
Alumination, could compete with 

724
00:37:31,800 --> 00:37:36,200
mechanical reproduction in terms
of artistic quality Gutenberg 

725
00:37:36,200 --> 00:37:38,700
created books that fuse the 
Elegance of traditional 

726
00:37:38,700 --> 00:37:42,000
manuscript art with the accuracy
of printing by hiring. 

727
00:37:42,000 --> 00:37:44,700
Talented artists to add 
decorative elements to each copy

728
00:37:44,700 --> 00:37:48,200
more significantly though. 
The good Bible, proved that 

729
00:37:48,200 --> 00:37:51,200
books could be produced in large
quantities, without compromising

730
00:37:51,200 --> 00:37:54,400
their quality. 
With hand added decorations, 

731
00:37:54,400 --> 00:37:59,000
each of the 180 copies was 
unique, despite having the same 

732
00:37:59,000 --> 00:38:02,700
text and layout resulting in a 
hybrid form that connected 

733
00:38:02,700 --> 00:38:05,700
medieval craftsmanship and 
contemporary industry with the 

734
00:38:05,700 --> 00:38:07,800
rapidity of a particularly 
potent plague. 

735
00:38:07,800 --> 00:38:11,400
But with far greater advantages,
the printing press spread 

736
00:38:11,400 --> 00:38:17,000
throughout Europe by 1500 more 
than 2005 cities ranging from 

737
00:38:17,000 --> 00:38:20,800
Stockholm to Naples and Lisbon 
to Moscow had printing presses. 

738
00:38:21,700 --> 00:38:24,300
Millions of books were being 
produced by these presses every 

739
00:38:24,300 --> 00:38:27,600
year changing, Europe from a 
place where books were rare and 

740
00:38:27,600 --> 00:38:30,800
valuable to one, where printed 
materials were becoming widely 

741
00:38:30,800 --> 00:38:33,400
available. 
The ramifications for society, 

742
00:38:33,400 --> 00:38:37,200
were profound, the simultaneous 
existence of identical copies of

743
00:38:37,208 --> 00:38:40,400
the same text in several 
locations was unprecedented in 

744
00:38:40,400 --> 00:38:43,200
human history. 
With the assurance that their 

745
00:38:43,200 --> 00:38:46,400
peers would be reading the same 
words academics. 

746
00:38:46,400 --> 00:38:48,300
Could now participate in 
authentic, intellectual 

747
00:38:48,300 --> 00:38:51,200
discourse by citing particular 
passages and page numbers. 

748
00:38:52,100 --> 00:38:55,400
Scholarly discourse became more 
cumulative, more collaborative 

749
00:38:55,400 --> 00:38:59,000
and more precise after being 
nailed to a Wittenberg Church 

750
00:38:59,000 --> 00:39:03,000
door in 1517. 
Martin, Luther's 95 Theses were 

751
00:39:03,000 --> 00:39:05,200
reprinted and disseminated 
throughout Germany. 

752
00:39:05,200 --> 00:39:08,800
In a matter of weeks translated 
into several languages in a 

753
00:39:08,800 --> 00:39:11,600
matter of months, and then 
dispersed throughout Europe in a

754
00:39:11,600 --> 00:39:14,000
year. 
Luther's accusations of church. 

755
00:39:14,000 --> 00:39:17,100
Corruption might have remained a
local theological dispute in the

756
00:39:17,100 --> 00:39:19,800
absence of printing. 
Their invention of printing 

757
00:39:19,800 --> 00:39:22,900
served as the Catalyst for the 
Protestant Reformation, which 

758
00:39:22,900 --> 00:39:24,900
fundamentally altered 
Christianity in Europe. 

759
00:39:24,900 --> 00:39:27,900
Researchers on different 
continents could now instantly 

760
00:39:27,900 --> 00:39:31,400
share, significant discoveries, 
Within months of its 

761
00:39:31,400 --> 00:39:34,200
publication, in the revolution 
e-bus in 1543. 

762
00:39:34,200 --> 00:39:38,100
Copernicus is groundbreaking 
theory that the Earth revolved 

763
00:39:38,100 --> 00:39:41,100
around the Sun was known to 
astronomers all over Europe. 

764
00:39:42,000 --> 00:39:45,100
Published in the humani corporis
Fabrica that same year. 

765
00:39:45,100 --> 00:39:47,600
The salius is precise 
anatomical. 

766
00:39:47,600 --> 00:39:51,300
Illustrations provided medical 
students worldwide with access 

767
00:39:51,300 --> 00:39:54,200
to intricate illustrations that 
were previously limited to a 

768
00:39:54,200 --> 00:39:57,300
small number of hand-drawn 
manuscripts in both subtle and 

769
00:39:57,308 --> 00:40:00,100
Revolutionary Ways, the printing
press democratized knowledge 

770
00:40:00,100 --> 00:40:03,500
with less expensive bindings, a 
farmer's son. 

771
00:40:03,500 --> 00:40:07,000
Could now own the same books as 
a nobleman instead of competing 

772
00:40:07,000 --> 00:40:10,100
based on the wealth of their 
Patron ideas could do so on 

773
00:40:10,100 --> 00:40:13,000
their own Merit. 
Simply being able to reproduce 

774
00:40:13,000 --> 00:40:16,700
text at low cost and disseminate
it, widely enabled, the 

775
00:40:16,700 --> 00:40:19,900
Protestant Reformation, the 
Scientific Revolution and the 

776
00:40:19,900 --> 00:40:23,800
enlightenment, however, printing
also gave rise to new kinds of 

777
00:40:23,800 --> 00:40:26,900
control and inequality, even 
though the cost of books 

778
00:40:26,900 --> 00:40:31,100
decreased their production still
required a large investment. by 

779
00:40:31,100 --> 00:40:34,000
determining which text Will 
worthy of being printed and 

780
00:40:34,000 --> 00:40:37,900
which Concepts merited wide 
dissemination Publishers took on

781
00:40:37,900 --> 00:40:41,200
the role of new information, 
Gatekeepers Governments 

782
00:40:41,200 --> 00:40:44,000
implemented, license in 
programs, censorship and 

783
00:40:44,000 --> 00:40:46,900
printing, press control. 
After realizing the power of 

784
00:40:46,900 --> 00:40:49,400
printing, the spread of 
protestant texts through 

785
00:40:49,400 --> 00:40:52,000
printing prompted, the Catholic 
Church to create the index 

786
00:40:52,000 --> 00:40:55,500
Libera and prohibitorum a list 
of books that Catholics were 

787
00:40:55,500 --> 00:40:59,000
prohibited from reading 
Realizing that controlling the 

788
00:40:59,008 --> 00:41:01,900
presses meant, controlling the 
information flow governments 

789
00:41:01,900 --> 00:41:04,700
across Europe, set up official, 
printers and mandated, licenses 

790
00:41:04,700 --> 00:41:07,300
for printing businesses. 
It was impossible to fully 

791
00:41:07,300 --> 00:41:10,000
regulate printing in spite of 
these control attempts, 

792
00:41:10,700 --> 00:41:13,500
Smugglers transported, banned 
text across borders, 

793
00:41:13,500 --> 00:41:16,900
underground, presses produced 
books that were prohibited and 

794
00:41:16,900 --> 00:41:18,500
the sheer volume of printed 
material. 

795
00:41:18,500 --> 00:41:20,500
Made complete censorship in 
practical. 

796
00:41:21,400 --> 00:41:24,300
Since mass communication had 
escaped, it would never be able 

797
00:41:24,300 --> 00:41:26,900
to be reigned in in the 17th and
18th. 

798
00:41:26,900 --> 00:41:30,200
Centuries, something 
extraordinary occurred, common 

799
00:41:30,200 --> 00:41:33,400
people started reading for 
enjoyment, not for Religious 

800
00:41:33,400 --> 00:41:37,000
Education, not for work-related 
reasons, but just because 

801
00:41:37,000 --> 00:41:40,700
reading was now a fun 
inexpensive and socially 

802
00:41:40,700 --> 00:41:43,300
acceptable Pastime. 
In addition to reflecting 

803
00:41:43,300 --> 00:41:45,100
broader shifts in European 
Society. 

804
00:41:45,100 --> 00:41:48,100
This change was partially 
brought about by the printing 

805
00:41:48,100 --> 00:41:51,800
press, which made books more 
affordable and accessible more 

806
00:41:51,800 --> 00:41:55,000
people had free time and 
disposable income as a result of

807
00:41:55,000 --> 00:41:58,600
growing prosperity. 
A cities, grew more populated, 

808
00:41:58,600 --> 00:42:01,600
bookshops lending, libraries and
literary discussions became 

809
00:42:01,600 --> 00:42:05,200
commonplace. 
As literacy rates increased more

810
00:42:05,200 --> 00:42:08,100
people were able to read the 
increasingly accessible books. 

811
00:42:08,100 --> 00:42:11,200
Most significantly, though 
author started producing content

812
00:42:11,200 --> 00:42:12,900
specially for this new 
readership. 

813
00:42:13,800 --> 00:42:16,700
Published in 1719, Daniel 
defoe's Robinson. 

814
00:42:16,700 --> 00:42:21,000
Crusoe was Adventure fiction for
merchants shopkeepers Artisans 

815
00:42:21,000 --> 00:42:25,700
and anybody else with a few free
hours and the cost of a book It 

816
00:42:25,700 --> 00:42:29,200
was not written for academics or
Aristocrats written in simple 

817
00:42:29,200 --> 00:42:30,600
terms that anyone could 
understand. 

818
00:42:30,600 --> 00:42:34,100
And appreciate the book told the
tale of an average man, dealing 

819
00:42:34,100 --> 00:42:36,600
with extraordinary 
circumstances, the 18th 

820
00:42:36,600 --> 00:42:38,300
centuries. 
Social media platforms were 

821
00:42:38,300 --> 00:42:42,000
coffee shops, more than 3,000 
coffee shops in London, 

822
00:42:42,000 --> 00:42:45,000
functioned as Gathering spots, 
where people congregated to read

823
00:42:45,000 --> 00:42:48,600
newspapers, talk about pamphlets
and debate, the concepts that 

824
00:42:48,600 --> 00:42:51,700
were being discussed in print, 
these were places where common 

825
00:42:51,700 --> 00:42:54,200
people could engage in the 
intellectual life of their hero.

826
00:42:55,000 --> 00:42:58,100
Debating politics science, 
literature and philosophy, over 

827
00:42:58,100 --> 00:43:00,100
coffee cups, and Clay tobacco 
pipes. 

828
00:43:00,100 --> 00:43:03,500
They were not official 
educational institutions, every 

829
00:43:03,500 --> 00:43:05,300
coffee shop. 
Had its own personality and 

830
00:43:05,300 --> 00:43:09,100
customer base after becoming the
epicenter of Maritime Insurance.

831
00:43:09,100 --> 00:43:12,400
Lloyds Coffee House changed, its
name to Lloyds of London. 

832
00:43:13,400 --> 00:43:15,900
Publishers and booksellers came 
to the chapter Coffee House. 

833
00:43:16,800 --> 00:43:19,500
Jonathan's Coffee House 
developed into a hub for stock 

834
00:43:19,500 --> 00:43:21,500
trading. 
While Wills was well known for 

835
00:43:21,500 --> 00:43:24,800
its literary discussions. 
The coffee shop served as a hub 

836
00:43:24,800 --> 00:43:28,400
for social networks business 
transactions, and the formation 

837
00:43:28,400 --> 00:43:31,500
of public opinion, a literary 
genre that was ideal for this. 

838
00:43:31,500 --> 00:43:34,900
New reading culture, was the 
novel novels told stories about 

839
00:43:34,900 --> 00:43:37,700
people like the readers 
themselves in contrast to 

840
00:43:37,700 --> 00:43:41,100
philosophical treaties or epic 
poems, which required 

841
00:43:41,100 --> 00:43:44,000
specialized knowledge or 
classical education to fully 

842
00:43:44,000 --> 00:43:47,500
appreciate They looked at the 
moral dilemmas of daily life, 

843
00:43:47,500 --> 00:43:51,300
the social dynamics of modern 
society and the inner lives of 

844
00:43:51,308 --> 00:43:55,400
Regular People, the popularity 
of Samuel Richardson, 1740 

845
00:43:55,400 --> 00:43:58,700
novel, Pamela was so great that 
readers wrote fans, letters to 

846
00:43:58,700 --> 00:44:02,000
the fictional heroine sent the 
author ideas for new plot points

847
00:44:02,000 --> 00:44:05,000
and convening groups to debate 
the moral decisions and 

848
00:44:05,000 --> 00:44:08,100
motivations of the characters. 
Individuals were developing 

849
00:44:08,100 --> 00:44:11,100
emotional bonds with fictional 
characters in ways that any 

850
00:44:11,100 --> 00:44:14,200
contemporary fiction. 
Reader would recognize Pamela 

851
00:44:14,200 --> 00:44:16,500
became a literary phenomenon as 
a result of its success. 

852
00:44:18,100 --> 00:44:21,200
The 18th century equivalent of 
appointment, television was 

853
00:44:21,200 --> 00:44:25,100
created by Richardson subsequent
publication of Clarissa and even

854
00:44:25,100 --> 00:44:27,900
longer novel that was released 
in installments over a year. 

855
00:44:28,700 --> 00:44:30,600
As each new book, came out 
readers. 

856
00:44:30,600 --> 00:44:33,700
Scheduled their months in 
advance congregating, in coffee 

857
00:44:33,700 --> 00:44:36,400
shops and private residences to 
talk about the most recent 

858
00:44:36,400 --> 00:44:39,000
events, in Clarissa's 
heartbreaking, Tale in 

859
00:44:39,000 --> 00:44:42,600
previously, unheard of numbers, 
women began to produce and 

860
00:44:42,600 --> 00:44:43,900
consume this new literary 
culture. 

861
00:44:45,100 --> 00:44:48,400
Because the novel was regarded. 
As a new literary form, devoid 

862
00:44:48,400 --> 00:44:51,700
of long-standing masculine 
traditions and because women 

863
00:44:51,700 --> 00:44:54,000
were acknowledged for their 
unique understanding of the 

864
00:44:54,008 --> 00:44:56,500
emotional and domestic themes 
that novels addressed. 

865
00:44:56,500 --> 00:45:00,100
It was one of the few literary 
genres in which female authors 

866
00:45:00,100 --> 00:45:02,900
could compete on an equal 
footing with men in the late. 

867
00:45:02,900 --> 00:45:06,500
17th century afraid, often 
regarded as the first 

868
00:45:06,500 --> 00:45:09,500
professional English woman 
writer proved that women could 

869
00:45:09,500 --> 00:45:11,100
produce fiction that was 
profitable. 

870
00:45:11,100 --> 00:45:16,600
Eliza Haywood Fanny, Bernie and 
Radcliffe and Jane Austen who 

871
00:45:16,600 --> 00:45:19,800
mastered the craft of social 
comedy and produced some of the 

872
00:45:19,800 --> 00:45:21,300
most enduring characters in 
English. 

873
00:45:21,300 --> 00:45:24,900
Literature were among the many 
female novelists who flourished 

874
00:45:24,900 --> 00:45:27,900
in the 18th century. 
These female writers acknowledge

875
00:45:27,900 --> 00:45:31,500
the Social Challenges, emotional
complexity, and intelligence of 

876
00:45:31,500 --> 00:45:33,200
women while writing for female 
readers. 

877
00:45:34,000 --> 00:45:36,300
Their novels directly addressed.
The issues of their female 

878
00:45:36,300 --> 00:45:39,900
readership by examining 
marriage, finance's, family, 

879
00:45:39,900 --> 00:45:42,200
Dynamics and social 
expectations. 

880
00:45:43,200 --> 00:45:46,900
Instead of being passive objects
of male attention, they crafted 

881
00:45:46,900 --> 00:45:50,200
heroines who were active agents 
in their own stories, knowledge 

882
00:45:50,200 --> 00:45:52,800
and entertainment spread more 
quickly, as a result of feedback

883
00:45:52,800 --> 00:45:55,600
loops produced by the growth of 
literacy and reading culture. 

884
00:45:56,600 --> 00:45:59,000
Larger, bookmarks. 
Resulted from an increase in 

885
00:45:59,008 --> 00:46:01,100
readers. 
There were more specialized 

886
00:46:01,100 --> 00:46:04,600
Publications in larger markets 
more specialized Publications, 

887
00:46:04,600 --> 00:46:06,800
allowed for more accurate 
targeting of particular, 

888
00:46:06,800 --> 00:46:10,600
communities and interests 
magazines started to appear with

889
00:46:10,600 --> 00:46:13,100
the purpose of providing 
specific audiences, with 

890
00:46:13,100 --> 00:46:16,800
frequent doses, of opinion, 
information and entertainment. 

891
00:46:17,900 --> 00:46:20,300
One of the first popular 
general, interest magazines. 

892
00:46:20,300 --> 00:46:25,200
The gentleman's magazine was 
established in 1731 and combined

893
00:46:25,200 --> 00:46:28,700
news literature science and 
commentary and a monthly format.

894
00:46:29,500 --> 00:46:33,000
Soon after came Magazine's for 
women kids and people with 

895
00:46:33,000 --> 00:46:36,100
particular interests or 
occupations, reading became even

896
00:46:36,100 --> 00:46:38,400
more accessible and communal 
with the circulation of 

897
00:46:38,400 --> 00:46:41,000
libraries readers. 
Could check out books from the 

898
00:46:41,000 --> 00:46:44,200
library return them when they 
were done and choose new ones 

899
00:46:44,200 --> 00:46:47,800
from the collection for a 
subscription fee, Through the 

900
00:46:47,800 --> 00:46:51,100
creation of reader communities, 
that exchange recommendations 

901
00:46:51,100 --> 00:46:52,600
and discussed what they had 
read. 

902
00:46:52,600 --> 00:46:56,400
This system made pricey novels 
accessible to those who couldn't

903
00:46:56,400 --> 00:46:59,000
afford to buy them, Reading had 
become so wide. 

904
00:46:59,000 --> 00:47:02,200
Spread by the end of the 18th 
century that social critics 

905
00:47:02,200 --> 00:47:05,100
began to worry that it might 
jeopardize moral order and 

906
00:47:05,100 --> 00:47:08,300
social stability. 
Young people were accused of 

907
00:47:08,300 --> 00:47:11,000
reading too much fiction and 
ignoring their practical 

908
00:47:11,000 --> 00:47:13,100
obligations especially young 
women. 

909
00:47:13,900 --> 00:47:16,800
Novels were accused of fostering
dangerous, Notions of social 

910
00:47:16,800 --> 00:47:21,100
equality fostering, female 
Independence, and generating a 

911
00:47:21,100 --> 00:47:24,100
rational expectations about 
romance later, panics about 

912
00:47:24,100 --> 00:47:28,000
radio television video games and
social media, or striking 

913
00:47:28,000 --> 00:47:30,600
similarities to these fears 
about the consequences of 

914
00:47:30,600 --> 00:47:34,000
reading fiction. 
Every new Mass entertainment 

915
00:47:34,000 --> 00:47:36,700
medium has been charged with 
destroying Traditional Values. 

916
00:47:36,700 --> 00:47:39,800
Corrupting young people and 
eroding social ties. 

917
00:47:41,000 --> 00:47:43,700
The first instance of moral 
panic over mass media was the 

918
00:47:43,700 --> 00:47:47,000
reading of the 18th century, 
which established trends that 

919
00:47:47,000 --> 00:47:49,900
would be replicated with every 
new communication technology 

920
00:47:49,900 --> 00:47:53,500
writing and reading became 
industrial processes in the 19th

921
00:47:53,500 --> 00:47:56,000
century. 
An information once a limited 

922
00:47:56,000 --> 00:47:59,500
resource accessible, only to the
elite became a mass produced 

923
00:47:59,500 --> 00:48:02,300
good that was accessible to all 
societal levels. 

924
00:48:03,800 --> 00:48:06,600
The same steam engines and 
mechanical advancements, that 

925
00:48:06,600 --> 00:48:10,400
were transforming Transportation
manufacturing and every other 

926
00:48:10,400 --> 00:48:13,700
facet of economic life. 
Also drove, this change books 

927
00:48:13,700 --> 00:48:16,500
and newspapers could be produced
more quickly than anyone had 

928
00:48:16,500 --> 00:48:18,200
thought possible. 
Thanks to steam powered 

929
00:48:18,200 --> 00:48:21,800
printing, presses with skilled 
operators putting in long hours,

930
00:48:21,800 --> 00:48:25,300
the old-fashioned hand operated 
printing press which had hardly 

931
00:48:25,300 --> 00:48:29,200
changed since gutenberg's day, 
could possibly produce 300 pages

932
00:48:29,200 --> 00:48:31,700
every day. 
With little assistance, from 

933
00:48:31,700 --> 00:48:35,500
humans steam, powered presses 
could generate 3,000 pages per 

934
00:48:35,500 --> 00:48:37,800
hour. 
The same need for an expensive 

935
00:48:37,800 --> 00:48:39,400
materials that was 
revolutionizing. 

936
00:48:39,400 --> 00:48:43,300
Textile production also drove 
the mechanization and efficiency

937
00:48:43,300 --> 00:48:47,300
of paper making The handmade 
sheets that had restricted paper

938
00:48:47,300 --> 00:48:50,400
production for centuries. 
Could be replaced by continuous 

939
00:48:50,400 --> 00:48:53,700
roles of paper of consistent, 
quality and thickness, thanks to

940
00:48:53,700 --> 00:48:57,200
the foreign air machine, which 
was created in the early 1800s. 

941
00:48:58,200 --> 00:49:01,100
Rag started to give away to Wood
pulp as the main raw material 

942
00:49:01,100 --> 00:49:04,000
for paper, which increased its 
affordability and availability 

943
00:49:04,000 --> 00:49:06,300
for the first time in human 
history. 

944
00:49:06,300 --> 00:49:09,600
The dissemination of knowledge 
was not hampered by the physical

945
00:49:09,600 --> 00:49:13,100
creation of reading materials. 
At prices, lower enough for 

946
00:49:13,100 --> 00:49:15,600
working class families, to 
afford, books, and newspapers 

947
00:49:15,600 --> 00:49:18,800
Publishers could print as many 
copies as the market would 

948
00:49:18,800 --> 00:49:21,000
demand. 
The first real mass media was 

949
00:49:21,000 --> 00:49:24,400
thus produced. 
Newspapers evolved from pricey 

950
00:49:24,400 --> 00:49:27,100
weekly indulgences that were 
mostly read by professionals and

951
00:49:27,100 --> 00:49:30,200
Merchants to inexpensive 
everyday essentials that were 

952
00:49:30,208 --> 00:49:32,000
accessible to all societal 
classes. 

953
00:49:33,400 --> 00:49:36,500
By the 1830s. 
America's Penny press was 

954
00:49:36,500 --> 00:49:39,800
printing, one cent newspapers 
that were jam-packed with local 

955
00:49:39,800 --> 00:49:43,100
news, since Sensational, 
stories, and advertisements, 

956
00:49:43,100 --> 00:49:45,900
meant to reach as many people as
possible, compared to the 

957
00:49:45,900 --> 00:49:48,000
commercial and political 
newspapers of the previous 

958
00:49:48,000 --> 00:49:50,000
Century. 
The content of these Penny 

959
00:49:50,000 --> 00:49:54,000
papers was very different The 
penny press reported on crime, 

960
00:49:54,000 --> 00:49:57,600
accidents, human interest, 
stories, and entertainment, 

961
00:49:57,600 --> 00:50:01,100
rather than politics 
international trade, and topics 

962
00:50:01,100 --> 00:50:04,700
of interest to affluent readers.
They were the forerunners of 

963
00:50:04,700 --> 00:50:07,700
contemporary tabloid journalism 
which was created to be 

964
00:50:07,700 --> 00:50:10,800
interesting readable and 
accessible to those with little 

965
00:50:10,800 --> 00:50:13,600
free time or education. 
When ships arrived with the 

966
00:50:13,608 --> 00:50:16,500
newest edition of the old 
curiosity shop or Great 

967
00:50:16,500 --> 00:50:20,100
Expectations readers on both 
sides of the Atlantic lined up 

968
00:50:20,108 --> 00:50:23,200
at docks, making Charles 
Dickens, possibly, the first 

969
00:50:23,200 --> 00:50:26,500
True Media celebrity. 
His novels were serialized in 

970
00:50:26,500 --> 00:50:29,500
magazines which created the 19th
century equivalent of 

971
00:50:29,500 --> 00:50:32,400
appointment television. 
People devoted their entire 

972
00:50:32,400 --> 00:50:34,900
month to learning the fate of 
their favorite fictional 

973
00:50:34,900 --> 00:50:36,900
characters. 
And Dickens earnings from 

974
00:50:36,900 --> 00:50:40,000
writing allowed him to live like
a King novels published in 

975
00:50:40,000 --> 00:50:43,300
serial form, gave rise to new 
kinds of authorial response and 

976
00:50:43,300 --> 00:50:46,500
reader interaction. 
Dickens is renowned for 

977
00:50:46,500 --> 00:50:49,000
altering, plot points in 
response to read a responses to 

978
00:50:49,000 --> 00:50:52,600
previous chapters. 
Dickens changed his plans for 

979
00:50:52,600 --> 00:50:55,700
other characters in the old 
curiosity, shop after readers, 

980
00:50:55,700 --> 00:50:58,300
expressed dissatisfaction with 
little nails fate. 

981
00:50:59,300 --> 00:51:02,400
A more responsive and Democratic
form of literature was produced 

982
00:51:02,400 --> 00:51:05,900
by this direct feedback, loop 
between writers and readers as 

983
00:51:05,900 --> 00:51:08,700
education. 
Grew basic literacy ceased to be

984
00:51:08,708 --> 00:51:14,200
an elite. 
Workers who could follow written

985
00:51:14,200 --> 00:51:17,700
instructions, read, simple 
instructions and comprehend, 

986
00:51:17,700 --> 00:51:20,700
basic contracts and legal 
documents were needed during the

987
00:51:20,700 --> 00:51:24,500
Industrial Revolution. 
Commercial activities, railroad 

988
00:51:24,500 --> 00:51:28,300
operations and factory work all 
required literacy skills that 

989
00:51:28,300 --> 00:51:31,600
were previously optional for the
majority of people the majority 

990
00:51:31,600 --> 00:51:34,300
of industrialized nations 
implemented, public education 

991
00:51:34,300 --> 00:51:37,300
systems in the 19th century, 
with the goal of creating 

992
00:51:37,300 --> 00:51:40,500
literate workers who could 
navigate an increasingly complex

993
00:51:40,500 --> 00:51:44,100
economy, Using standardized 
techniques that could be used on

994
00:51:44,100 --> 00:51:46,800
a large scale, children learn to
read, and write quickly. 

995
00:51:46,800 --> 00:51:49,400
And effectively, most 
significantly, though writing 

996
00:51:49,400 --> 00:51:52,100
started to accelerate in ways 
that radically altered, the 

997
00:51:52,100 --> 00:51:55,700
nature of communication, Written
messages could be sent across 

998
00:51:55,700 --> 00:51:58,300
continents in a matter of 
minutes, thanks to the telegraph

999
00:51:58,300 --> 00:52:02,500
which was created in the 1840s 
informational was able to spread

1000
00:52:02,500 --> 00:52:04,600
more quickly than its creators 
for the first time. 

1001
00:52:04,600 --> 00:52:08,400
Since humans invented writing 
government journalism and 

1002
00:52:08,400 --> 00:52:11,600
business, were all significantly
impacted by this acceleration. 

1003
00:52:12,500 --> 00:52:14,100
Markets thousands of miles 
apart. 

1004
00:52:14,100 --> 00:52:17,500
Could coordinate this stock 
prices, nearly instantaneous 

1005
00:52:17,500 --> 00:52:20,100
news reporting was possible from
remote locations. 

1006
00:52:20,100 --> 00:52:24,000
In real time military leaders 
could coordinate operations over

1007
00:52:24,000 --> 00:52:27,300
large areas. 
By uniting previously, disparate

1008
00:52:27,300 --> 00:52:29,600
areas into a cohesive 
Communication System. 

1009
00:52:29,600 --> 00:52:33,300
The telegraph produced the first
genuinely worldwide Information.

1010
00:52:33,300 --> 00:52:37,000
Network new writing styles that 
were geared toward economy and 

1011
00:52:37,000 --> 00:52:39,300
speed were necessary for 
telegraph communication. 

1012
00:52:39,300 --> 00:52:43,100
Messages had to be clear and 
succinct because every word cost

1013
00:52:43,100 --> 00:52:45,100
money. 
Other writing styles were 

1014
00:52:45,100 --> 00:52:48,300
impacted by the telegram style 
which pushed for directness and 

1015
00:52:48,300 --> 00:52:51,700
efficiency The headlines of 
newspapers became more witty 

1016
00:52:51,700 --> 00:52:55,100
business letters, became more 
targeted, the clipped 

1017
00:52:55,100 --> 00:52:57,800
cost-effective style, originally
created for telegraph, 

1018
00:52:57,800 --> 00:53:00,800
communication started to be 
adopted, even in private 

1019
00:53:00,800 --> 00:53:03,500
correspondence. 
The act of writing itself was 

1020
00:53:03,500 --> 00:53:06,900
mechanized with the invention of
the typewriter in the 1870s. 

1021
00:53:07,700 --> 00:53:09,300
Expert. 
Typist could create more 

1022
00:53:09,300 --> 00:53:13,800
readable text used, less space 
and produce clean, identical 

1023
00:53:13,800 --> 00:53:16,600
copies of documents more quickly
than any handwriter. 

1024
00:53:17,300 --> 00:53:20,200
The typewriter gave women. 
Their first wide-spread office 

1025
00:53:20,200 --> 00:53:23,500
job opportunity and the sound of
typing became the background 

1026
00:53:23,500 --> 00:53:25,000
music of contemporary office 
work. 

1027
00:53:25,000 --> 00:53:28,300
Additionally, typewriting 
standardized written documents 

1028
00:53:28,300 --> 00:53:32,500
appearance in ways that had 
unanticipated repercussions, the

1029
00:53:32,500 --> 00:53:35,200
handwriting on handwritten 
documents provided insight into 

1030
00:53:35,200 --> 00:53:37,300
the author's. 
Social class, educational 

1031
00:53:37,300 --> 00:53:40,400
attainment, emotional state, and
personal traits. 

1032
00:53:41,800 --> 00:53:44,800
Due to the anonymity and 
consistency of type documents. 

1033
00:53:44,800 --> 00:53:48,700
Written communication became 
more democratic, an ideas could 

1034
00:53:48,700 --> 00:53:51,300
be evaluated without regard to 
the personal traits of their 

1035
00:53:51,300 --> 00:53:55,300
authors writing, was not only 
altered by the 20th century, but

1036
00:53:55,300 --> 00:53:58,400
it was also multiplied, 
exponentially resulting, in an 

1037
00:53:58,400 --> 00:54:01,000
information environment. 
So complex and Rich that it 

1038
00:54:01,008 --> 00:54:03,100
would have been overwhelming to 
earlier, centuries. 

1039
00:54:03,900 --> 00:54:07,000
However, each new technology 
seemed to increase the desire 

1040
00:54:07,000 --> 00:54:09,500
for more written content, rather
than replace written 

1041
00:54:09,500 --> 00:54:12,300
communication despite their 
apparent threats to written 

1042
00:54:12,300 --> 00:54:15,600
communication radio and 
television, actually increased 

1043
00:54:15,600 --> 00:54:16,900
the demand for written 
materials. 

1044
00:54:16,900 --> 00:54:20,500
People wanted to read more in 
depth articles in newspapers and

1045
00:54:20,500 --> 00:54:23,200
magazines after hearing, 
fascinating news on the radio. 

1046
00:54:24,200 --> 00:54:27,000
Watches of Television looked for
books written by authors they 

1047
00:54:27,000 --> 00:54:30,200
had heard on talk shows. 
Instead of taking the place of 

1048
00:54:30,200 --> 00:54:34,000
the others, each new medium seem
to enhance them the development 

1049
00:54:34,000 --> 00:54:37,500
of offset printing in the early 
1900s greatly reduced, the cost,

1050
00:54:37,500 --> 00:54:40,000
and increase the versatility of 
high-quality reproduction. 

1051
00:54:41,100 --> 00:54:43,600
Any image or text that could be 
photographed, could be 

1052
00:54:43,600 --> 00:54:46,700
reproduced using offset printing
as opposed to traditional 

1053
00:54:46,700 --> 00:54:49,600
Letterpress printing which 
required the manual setting of 

1054
00:54:49,600 --> 00:54:53,400
individual pieces of metal type.
This allowed Publishers to 

1055
00:54:53,400 --> 00:54:57,000
experiment with new layouts and 
visual designs magazines to 

1056
00:54:57,000 --> 00:55:00,300
include photographs, alongside 
texts and books to include 

1057
00:55:00,300 --> 00:55:03,700
diagrams and illustrations. 
With magazines, catering to 

1058
00:55:03,700 --> 00:55:07,100
every imaginable interest and 
demographic, their variety and 

1059
00:55:07,100 --> 00:55:10,900
circulation skyrocketed. 
Through breathtaking photography

1060
00:55:10,900 --> 00:55:13,900
and readable Pros, about far-off
locales and fascinating 

1061
00:55:13,900 --> 00:55:17,600
cultures, National Geographic 
brought the world into American 

1062
00:55:17,600 --> 00:55:20,400
homes. 
Photojournalism was invented by 

1063
00:55:20,400 --> 00:55:23,400
Life Magazine which used 
pictures and thoughtfully chosen

1064
00:55:23,400 --> 00:55:26,500
text to tell stories. 
While Ladies Home Journal 

1065
00:55:26,500 --> 00:55:29,800
sparked a national dialogue, 
among women about fashion social

1066
00:55:29,800 --> 00:55:33,100
issues and domestic life, 
Popular Science helped, make 

1067
00:55:33,100 --> 00:55:35,300
technical advancements 
understandable to a wide 

1068
00:55:35,300 --> 00:55:38,000
audience, Publishers like 
penguin in Britain and 

1069
00:55:38,000 --> 00:55:40,400
pocketbooks in America. 
Led the paperback Revolution, 

1070
00:55:40,400 --> 00:55:44,000
which made books more accessible
and portable than ever before. 

1071
00:55:44,000 --> 00:55:47,800
Complete novels collections of 
poetry, or non-fiction could be 

1072
00:55:47,800 --> 00:55:50,800
published in paperback books, 
that cost, no more than a 

1073
00:55:50,800 --> 00:55:53,200
magazine. 
All of a sudden, serious 

1074
00:55:53,200 --> 00:55:56,400
literature was as disposable as 
magazines and as easily 

1075
00:55:56,400 --> 00:55:59,800
accessible as newspapers, new 
literary communities and reading

1076
00:55:59,800 --> 00:56:03,200
habits were spawned by this 
accessibility in individuals, 

1077
00:56:03,200 --> 00:56:06,000
could afford to gamble on on 
proven writers or Uncharted 

1078
00:56:06,000 --> 00:56:08,800
Territory. 
Book stopped being significant 

1079
00:56:08,800 --> 00:56:11,900
Investments and instead became 
impulsive purchases. 

1080
00:56:12,700 --> 00:56:15,100
Millions of people were exposed 
to authors and genres. 

1081
00:56:15,100 --> 00:56:17,500
They might not have otherwise 
come across in traditional 

1082
00:56:17,500 --> 00:56:20,100
bookstores. 
Thanks to the paperback Rack in 

1083
00:56:20,100 --> 00:56:23,000
pharmacies and airports over the
course of the industrialized 

1084
00:56:23,000 --> 00:56:25,800
World typewriters went from 
being a luxury piece of office 

1085
00:56:25,800 --> 00:56:29,000
equipment to become everyday 
household objects, that were 

1086
00:56:29,000 --> 00:56:31,500
used in homes schools and small 
businesses. 

1087
00:56:32,600 --> 00:56:35,100
Ordinary people were able to 
create documents that looked 

1088
00:56:35,100 --> 00:56:38,200
professional in their homes. 
For the first time in ways that 

1089
00:56:38,200 --> 00:56:40,000
would have astounded medieval 
scribes. 

1090
00:56:40,000 --> 00:56:43,300
Who spent years honing, their 
handwriting, the typewriter 

1091
00:56:43,300 --> 00:56:47,400
democratized neat readable 
writing the nature of private 

1092
00:56:47,400 --> 00:56:49,200
correspondence. 
Was also altered by the 

1093
00:56:49,200 --> 00:56:52,500
wide-spread of availability of 
typewriters for Speed and 

1094
00:56:52,500 --> 00:56:54,700
Clarity. 
Letters could be typed while 

1095
00:56:54,700 --> 00:56:57,200
retaining the unique writing 
style of each individual. 

1096
00:56:58,100 --> 00:57:00,600
Standardized format and 
appearance for business letters,

1097
00:57:00,600 --> 00:57:03,600
led to the development of 
templates and conventions, that 

1098
00:57:03,600 --> 00:57:06,000
continue to shape formal 
correspondence to today. 

1099
00:57:06,000 --> 00:57:09,000
The speed and reach of written 
communication, however, were 

1100
00:57:09,000 --> 00:57:12,700
undergoing a true Revolution. 
With the Advent of the airmail 

1101
00:57:12,700 --> 00:57:16,300
service in the 1920s and 1930s 
letters letters could now be 

1102
00:57:16,300 --> 00:57:19,600
sent across Ocean's in a matter 
of days as a post to weeks. 

1103
00:57:20,500 --> 00:57:23,000
International trade and 
cooperation were made possible 

1104
00:57:23,000 --> 00:57:25,800
at a speed that would have seen 
miraculous to earlier 

1105
00:57:25,800 --> 00:57:28,400
Generations. 
A business letter sent from New 

1106
00:57:28,400 --> 00:57:31,700
York on Monday could arrive in 
London, by Thursday newspapers 

1107
00:57:31,700 --> 00:57:34,400
were able to instantly share 
stories across continents. 

1108
00:57:34,400 --> 00:57:38,900
Thanks to telepreneur services. 
A more integrated Global 

1109
00:57:38,900 --> 00:57:41,200
awareness of current events 
could result from the 

1110
00:57:41,200 --> 00:57:44,800
simultaneous, publication of the
same news story in newspapers 

1111
00:57:44,800 --> 00:57:48,200
from Tokyo to New York. 
Reports from the front lines, 

1112
00:57:48,200 --> 00:57:50,400
can be filed by War 
correspondence and published the

1113
00:57:50,408 --> 00:57:53,000
following day. 
In local newspapers, due to the 

1114
00:57:53,000 --> 00:57:55,500
extraordinary demand for 
communication and information 

1115
00:57:55,500 --> 00:57:58,600
brought about by World War Two, 
many of these Trends were 

1116
00:57:58,600 --> 00:58:01,800
accelerated improvements. 
In information processing, 

1117
00:58:01,800 --> 00:58:05,100
Printing and Telecommunications 
were driven by military 

1118
00:58:05,100 --> 00:58:07,800
requirements. 
Markets for new kinds of 

1119
00:58:07,800 --> 00:58:10,500
Publications and Reporting 
techniques were opened by the 

1120
00:58:10,500 --> 00:58:13,700
demand for news. 
Millions of people were exposed 

1121
00:58:13,700 --> 00:58:16,400
to writers and Concepts that 
they might not have otherwise 

1122
00:58:16,400 --> 00:58:18,700
come across. 
Thanks to the pocket sized books

1123
00:58:18,700 --> 00:58:22,000
that soldiers carried perhaps no
single publishing initiative in 

1124
00:58:22,000 --> 00:58:24,700
history has contributed more to 
the democratization of 

1125
00:58:24,700 --> 00:58:28,100
literature than the answer of 
his editions which were small 

1126
00:58:28,100 --> 00:58:30,400
paperback books, sent to 
American soldiers during World 

1127
00:58:30,400 --> 00:58:32,800
War 2. 
These books were printed on 

1128
00:58:32,800 --> 00:58:37,100
inexpensive paper made to fit in
uniform pockets, and given away 

1129
00:58:37,100 --> 00:58:39,400
for free to all active military 
personnel. 

1130
00:58:40,000 --> 00:58:43,200
They created a reading program 
that transcended all social and 

1131
00:58:43,200 --> 00:58:45,800
educational boundaries by 
including everything from 

1132
00:58:45,800 --> 00:58:48,800
technical manuals to popular 
novels to classical literature 

1133
00:58:48,800 --> 00:58:51,200
expanded. 
Expectations and tastes in 

1134
00:58:51,208 --> 00:58:54,300
literature were brought back by 
veterans from the war. the 

1135
00:58:54,308 --> 00:58:57,200
greatest expansion of higher 
education in American history 

1136
00:58:57,200 --> 00:59:00,800
was made possible by the g bill 
which offered educational 

1137
00:59:00,800 --> 00:59:04,300
benefits to returning veterans, 
The explosion of collagen 

1138
00:59:04,300 --> 00:59:05,700
enrollment opened up in 
enormous. 

1139
00:59:05,700 --> 00:59:08,400
New markets for serious 
non-fiction academic, 

1140
00:59:08,400 --> 00:59:12,000
Publications and textbooks, the 
first truly Mass literate 

1141
00:59:12,000 --> 00:59:15,200
Society in human history was 
brought about by the post-war 

1142
00:59:15,200 --> 00:59:18,100
economic boom. 
Instead of being exceptional, 

1143
00:59:18,100 --> 00:59:22,000
college education, became the 
norm, everyone could now afford 

1144
00:59:22,000 --> 00:59:23,700
literature. 
Thanks to paperback books 

1145
00:59:23,700 --> 00:59:25,700
public. 
Libraries developed in to 

1146
00:59:25,700 --> 00:59:28,600
community hubs where anyone 
seeking information from any 

1147
00:59:28,600 --> 00:59:31,900
social or economic background, 
could obtain it for free new 

1148
00:59:31,900 --> 00:59:34,500
reading and writing habits were 
brought about by Suburban 

1149
00:59:34,500 --> 00:59:36,800
development. 
On their daily commute. 

1150
00:59:36,800 --> 00:59:40,600
Commuters used busses and trains
as makeshift reading rooms where

1151
00:59:40,600 --> 00:59:43,000
they read paperback novels, 
periodicals and newspapers. 

1152
00:59:44,300 --> 00:59:47,600
Because most suburban homes had 
a den or family room with built 

1153
00:59:47,600 --> 00:59:50,600
in bookcases middle class. 
People were accustomed to owning

1154
00:59:50,600 --> 00:59:53,700
and displaying books, social 
critics started to worry about 

1155
00:59:53,700 --> 00:59:56,600
information overload by the 
1960s because written 

1156
00:59:56,600 --> 01:00:00,600
communication had become so 
commonplace books, magazines and

1157
01:00:00,600 --> 01:00:03,400
newspapers were all over the 
place with all the written 

1158
01:00:03,400 --> 01:00:07,200
material being produced daily, 
how could anyone keep up in his 

1159
01:00:07,200 --> 01:00:11,200
1970 book, Future Shock? 
Alvin Toffler made the case that

1160
01:00:11,200 --> 01:00:14,200
the amount of information and 
the rate of change were becoming

1161
01:00:14,200 --> 01:00:17,300
too much for the average person 
to handle psychologically, the 

1162
01:00:17,300 --> 01:00:20,600
explosion of information in the 
1960s was a gentle Prelude to 

1163
01:00:20,600 --> 01:00:22,900
what was to come. 
But no one could have predicted 

1164
01:00:22,900 --> 01:00:24,700
that. 
It was only the beginning in the

1165
01:00:24,700 --> 01:00:29,100
1940s and 1950s computers looked
like in enormous calculators 

1166
01:00:29,100 --> 01:00:30,800
with text processing as an 
afterthought. 

1167
01:00:31,900 --> 01:00:35,600
These compact devices which were
packed with Magnetic drums and 

1168
01:00:35,600 --> 01:00:39,300
vacuum tubes were made mainly 
for mathematical computations 

1169
01:00:39,300 --> 01:00:42,800
used in large-scale data 
processing military applications

1170
01:00:42,800 --> 01:00:45,900
and scientific research. 
The notion that they could 

1171
01:00:45,900 --> 01:00:49,500
transform human communication 
seemed as unrealistic as the 

1172
01:00:49,508 --> 01:00:52,200
notion that locomotives might 
one day be employed for space 

1173
01:00:52,200 --> 01:00:54,400
travel. 
Punched cards were fed into 

1174
01:00:54,400 --> 01:00:57,800
these devices by early computer 
operators who then had to wait 

1175
01:00:57,800 --> 01:01:00,200
hours or even days for the 
results to print. 

1176
01:01:00,900 --> 01:01:04,700
Compared to typewriters writing 
on computers was slower and more

1177
01:01:04,700 --> 01:01:07,900
difficult and it took months to 
acquire the specialized 

1178
01:01:07,900 --> 01:01:10,300
knowledge of operating systems 
and programming languages 

1179
01:01:10,300 --> 01:01:13,100
needed. 
Text processing, was viewed as a

1180
01:01:13,108 --> 01:01:15,900
trivial use of computing, power 
by the few individuals who 

1181
01:01:15,900 --> 01:01:18,900
worked with computers, who are 
highly skilled technicians and 

1182
01:01:18,900 --> 01:01:22,300
scientists, however, computers 
had a huge advantage over all 

1183
01:01:22,300 --> 01:01:25,500
earlier writing Technologies. 
They could transmit edit and 

1184
01:01:25,500 --> 01:01:27,900
copy text without any physical 
restrictions. 

1185
01:01:28,800 --> 01:01:31,900
A computer-generated document 
was made up of electrical or 

1186
01:01:31,900 --> 01:01:34,500
magnetic signal patterns. 
That could be precisely 

1187
01:01:34,500 --> 01:01:37,000
duplicated as many times as 
necessary without losing 

1188
01:01:37,000 --> 01:01:40,100
quality. 
It was possible to make changes 

1189
01:01:40,100 --> 01:01:41,900
without having to retype whole 
pages. 

1190
01:01:42,700 --> 01:01:46,500
Electronically, stored searched 
and retrieved text could be done

1191
01:01:46,500 --> 01:01:49,000
with speed and accuracy, that 
physical documents could not 

1192
01:01:49,000 --> 01:01:51,900
match the Revolutionary. 
Potential of computerized 

1193
01:01:51,900 --> 01:01:56,300
writing became apparent in the 
1960s and 1970s the development 

1194
01:01:56,300 --> 01:02:00,600
of word processing software. 
With previously unheard of ease 

1195
01:02:00,600 --> 01:02:04,800
and efficiency, authors could 
alter text on screen rearranging

1196
01:02:04,800 --> 01:02:08,800
paragraphs, fixing mistakes, and
updating content with out having

1197
01:02:08,800 --> 01:02:13,600
to retype entire documents. 
By doing away with the tiresome 

1198
01:02:13,600 --> 01:02:17,100
mechanical parts of writing, 
such as retyping rearranging and

1199
01:02:17,100 --> 01:02:20,500
proofreading, several drafts. 
Authors were free to concentrate

1200
01:02:20,500 --> 01:02:24,000
on ideas and content rather than
the actual Act of writing this 

1201
01:02:24,000 --> 01:02:26,700
power was brought to Common 
desks in homes and offices 

1202
01:02:26,700 --> 01:02:30,000
across the developed world in 
the 1980s with the Advent of 

1203
01:02:30,000 --> 01:02:33,400
personal computers, in addition 
to being sufficiently powerful, 

1204
01:02:33,400 --> 01:02:36,700
to manage complex, word 
processing data management, and 

1205
01:02:36,700 --> 01:02:40,400
communication tasks computers, 
such as the Apple 2, Commodore 

1206
01:02:40,400 --> 01:02:44,400
64, and IBM PC were reasonably 
priced for individual homes and 

1207
01:02:44,400 --> 01:02:46,400
small. 
Enterprises in addition to 

1208
01:02:46,400 --> 01:02:49,900
making editing as simple as 
typing word processing programs.

1209
01:02:49,900 --> 01:02:53,800
Like wordstar wordperfect and 
eventually Microsoft Word added 

1210
01:02:53,800 --> 01:02:56,500
capabilities that were 
previously unattainable with 

1211
01:02:56,500 --> 01:03:00,300
mechanical writing instruments. 
Spell checking automatically 

1212
01:03:00,300 --> 01:03:03,600
detected typos. 
Find and replace features could 

1213
01:03:03,600 --> 01:03:06,100
instantly make Global changes to
lengthy documents. 

1214
01:03:06,800 --> 01:03:10,300
With the help of numerous fonts 
and formatting choices, authors 

1215
01:03:10,300 --> 01:03:12,900
were able to manipulate the text
appearance in ways that were 

1216
01:03:12,900 --> 01:03:15,000
previously exclusive to 
professional Publishers, 

1217
01:03:15,000 --> 01:03:17,800
professional quality. 
Documents could now be produced 

1218
01:03:17,800 --> 01:03:19,500
at home. 
Thanks to personal printers. 

1219
01:03:19,500 --> 01:03:23,100
Anyone with a computer could now
create documents that looked as 

1220
01:03:23,100 --> 01:03:25,300
professional as those from 
specialized print shops. 

1221
01:03:25,300 --> 01:03:29,100
Thanks to Doc Matrix printers, 
which were followed by inkjet 

1222
01:03:29,100 --> 01:03:32,200
and Laser Printers. 
As revolutionary as the original

1223
01:03:32,200 --> 01:03:35,100
printing invention, the 
democratization of document 

1224
01:03:35,100 --> 01:03:37,600
production made publishing 
accessible to anyone with a 

1225
01:03:37,608 --> 01:03:41,800
computer however, networking 
which linked individual PCS into

1226
01:03:41,800 --> 01:03:44,700
Global Communication networks 
was the true Revolution. 

1227
01:03:45,900 --> 01:03:48,800
Originally restricted to users 
of the same computer system. 

1228
01:03:48,800 --> 01:03:52,500
Electronic mail developed into a
Global Communication tool that 

1229
01:03:52,500 --> 01:03:55,100
could link anyone with computer 
access to anybody else. 

1230
01:03:55,100 --> 01:03:58,100
Anywhere in the world, written 
communication became 

1231
01:03:58,100 --> 01:04:02,000
instantaneous and interactive 
with email instead of days or 

1232
01:04:02,000 --> 01:04:05,400
weeks, you could compose a 
message, send it to someone on 

1233
01:04:05,400 --> 01:04:08,200
the other side of the globe and 
get a response in a matter of 

1234
01:04:08,200 --> 01:04:11,300
minutes or hours. 
While maintaining the accuracy 

1235
01:04:11,300 --> 01:04:14,500
and permanent that set writing 
apart from speed, written 

1236
01:04:14,500 --> 01:04:18,200
communication, started to catch 
up to conversational speed, more

1237
01:04:18,200 --> 01:04:20,500
sophisticated forms of 
computer-mediated communication,

1238
01:04:20,500 --> 01:04:23,700
were made possible by the 
protocols and standards that 

1239
01:04:23,700 --> 01:04:27,100
made e-mail possible. 
Anyone with systimax could read 

1240
01:04:27,100 --> 01:04:30,600
the messages, that users posted 
on bulletin board systems BBS, 

1241
01:04:30,600 --> 01:04:33,100
Global discussion forum 
centered. 

1242
01:04:33,100 --> 01:04:35,200
On particular, topics of 
Interest were established by 

1243
01:04:35,200 --> 01:04:38,400
using Net News groups. 
These early online communities 

1244
01:04:38,400 --> 01:04:41,700
showed that new kinds of social 
interaction that relied solely 

1245
01:04:41,700 --> 01:04:44,600
on written communication could 
be supported by computer 

1246
01:04:44,600 --> 01:04:47,000
networks. 
The largest library in human 

1247
01:04:47,000 --> 01:04:49,200
history was created almost 
instantly. 

1248
01:04:49,800 --> 01:04:52,400
After the World Wide Web was 
made available to the general 

1249
01:04:52,400 --> 01:04:56,000
public in the early 1990s. 
You could access millions of 

1250
01:04:56,000 --> 01:04:59,100
documents from any computer with
an internet connection. 

1251
01:04:59,100 --> 01:05:02,300
Eliminating, the need to 
physically visit places to find 

1252
01:05:02,300 --> 01:05:05,500
information. 
Most of the obstacles that had 

1253
01:05:05,500 --> 01:05:08,800
previously restricted access to 
information and publication were

1254
01:05:08,800 --> 01:05:11,900
removed by the internet, which 
turned every computer into a 

1255
01:05:11,900 --> 01:05:13,900
printing press. 
And every person into a 

1256
01:05:13,908 --> 01:05:16,900
potential publisher, the markup 
language used to create web 

1257
01:05:16,900 --> 01:05:21,400
pages HTML, was flexible enough 
to support complex multimedia, 

1258
01:05:21,400 --> 01:05:24,400
presentations, while still being
easier enough for anyone to 

1259
01:05:24,400 --> 01:05:27,700
learn and publish online. 
Since the majority of early 

1260
01:05:27,700 --> 01:05:31,100
websites were text-based, the 
internet was essentially a huge 

1261
01:05:31,100 --> 01:05:34,600
collection of links documents 
that could be read searched and 

1262
01:05:34,600 --> 01:05:36,900
linked to one another in ways 
that were not possible with 

1263
01:05:36,900 --> 01:05:40,100
traditional books and papers. 
No one completely foresaw the 

1264
01:05:40,100 --> 01:05:42,500
consequences of this 
democratization of publishing 

1265
01:05:42,500 --> 01:05:47,300
Publishers editors Librarians, 
journalists and other 

1266
01:05:47,300 --> 01:05:49,500
traditional information, 
Gatekeepers, suddenly found 

1267
01:05:49,500 --> 01:05:52,500
themselves in competition with 
anyone with an internet 

1268
01:05:52,500 --> 01:05:56,500
connection and something to say.
Informational grew exponentially

1269
01:05:56,500 --> 01:05:59,600
and quantity, and accessibility 
but it's quality. 

1270
01:05:59,600 --> 01:06:01,900
And dependability became 
increasingly erratic. 

1271
01:06:01,900 --> 01:06:05,000
The challenge of locating 
information in the enormous 

1272
01:06:05,000 --> 01:06:08,700
Digital Library, was resolved by
search engines, web specific 

1273
01:06:08,700 --> 01:06:12,100
search engines, like, Ultra 
Vista, and Yahoo replaced early 

1274
01:06:12,100 --> 01:06:16,400
search tools, like art and 
gopher, and finally, Google The 

1275
01:06:16,400 --> 01:06:18,100
entire Corpus of human written 
knowledge. 

1276
01:06:18,100 --> 01:06:21,100
Could be searched in a matter of
seconds from any location in the

1277
01:06:21,108 --> 01:06:23,200
world. 
Thanks to Google's page rank 

1278
01:06:23,200 --> 01:06:26,600
algorithm, which could sift 
through billions of web pages to

1279
01:06:26,600 --> 01:06:29,700
find the most pertinent results 
for any query Universal. 

1280
01:06:29,700 --> 01:06:33,600
Search ability had significant 
ramifications researchers, could

1281
01:06:33,600 --> 01:06:36,800
locate pertinent information, 
nearly instantly rather than 

1282
01:06:36,800 --> 01:06:39,600
spending hours in libraries 
searching through card catalogs 

1283
01:06:39,600 --> 01:06:42,700
and indexes. 
Writers had access to more 

1284
01:06:42,700 --> 01:06:45,000
sources than the greatest 
Scholars of earlier centuries 

1285
01:06:45,000 --> 01:06:47,800
could have hoped for rather than
depending on their own 

1286
01:06:47,800 --> 01:06:49,900
collections or institutional 
Holdings. 

1287
01:06:49,900 --> 01:06:53,400
Any writing projects, research 
phase was shortened from weeks 

1288
01:06:53,400 --> 01:06:55,200
or months to a few hours or 
days. 

1289
01:06:55,200 --> 01:06:58,500
Additionally, digital text 
opened up new avenues for 

1290
01:06:58,500 --> 01:07:00,400
multimedia and interactive 
writing. 

1291
01:07:01,200 --> 01:07:03,900
Authors were able to produce 
non-linear documents, with 

1292
01:07:03,900 --> 01:07:06,500
hypertext links that readers 
could navigate based on their 

1293
01:07:06,500 --> 01:07:10,300
own needs and interests. 
Compared to traditional print 

1294
01:07:10,300 --> 01:07:13,500
media website could create 
richer and more captivating 

1295
01:07:13,500 --> 01:07:17,600
reading experiences by fusing 
text with images audio and video

1296
01:07:17,600 --> 01:07:21,300
website, email and forums. 
That mirrored traditional 

1297
01:07:21,300 --> 01:07:23,400
publishing models were 
transplanted to digital 

1298
01:07:23,400 --> 01:07:25,500
platforms. 
And the early internet was 

1299
01:07:25,500 --> 01:07:28,400
largely used for publishing and 
consuming relatively formal 

1300
01:07:28,400 --> 01:07:31,300
written content. 
However, the emergence of a new 

1301
01:07:31,308 --> 01:07:34,200
generation of online platforms, 
at the turn of the 21st century,

1302
01:07:34,200 --> 01:07:36,600
drastically altered. 
The nature of digital 

1303
01:07:36,600 --> 01:07:40,400
communication unexpectedly, 
social media sites, like French 

1304
01:07:40,400 --> 01:07:43,400
star, Myspace, and eventually 
Facebook restored. 

1305
01:07:43,400 --> 01:07:45,000
Writing as a means of 
communication. 

1306
01:07:45,800 --> 01:07:48,600
People started writing, quick 
concise answers to each other's 

1307
01:07:48,600 --> 01:07:52,700
posts comments and updates in 
place of formal, documents or 

1308
01:07:52,700 --> 01:07:54,800
well. 
Written letters, instead of 

1309
01:07:54,800 --> 01:07:57,800
publishing information, these 
platforms were made to promote 

1310
01:07:57,800 --> 01:08:01,000
social interaction and they were
successful in developing new 

1311
01:08:01,000 --> 01:08:04,100
written communication formats 
that resembled speech more than 

1312
01:08:04,100 --> 01:08:06,600
conventional writing. 
People's use of written 

1313
01:08:06,600 --> 01:08:09,300
language, was significantly 
impacted by this return to 

1314
01:08:09,300 --> 01:08:13,000
conversational writing. 
Emotional connection, an 

1315
01:08:13,000 --> 01:08:16,000
instantaneous expression, took 
precedence over formal grammar. 

1316
01:08:16,600 --> 01:08:20,500
In ways that traditional texts 
could not emoticons and acronyms

1317
01:08:20,500 --> 01:08:23,000
evolved into a new type of 
written shorthand that could 

1318
01:08:23,000 --> 01:08:26,399
express emotion and tone. 
As people started writing as 

1319
01:08:26,399 --> 01:08:31,000
they spoke using slang informal 
constructions, an interruption 

1320
01:08:31,000 --> 01:08:33,200
that would not have been 
appropriate in more formal 

1321
01:08:33,200 --> 01:08:35,700
written setting, the line 
between spoken and written 

1322
01:08:35,700 --> 01:08:39,100
language started to blur. 
When Facebook's timeline feature

1323
01:08:39,100 --> 01:08:42,700
was launched in 2011, it gave 
rise to a new genre of 

1324
01:08:42,700 --> 01:08:46,300
autobiographical writing in 
which uses shared brief posts 

1325
01:08:46,300 --> 01:08:47,899
with photos of their everyday 
activities. 

1326
01:08:49,100 --> 01:08:51,300
This was a more immediate and 
impromptu form of 

1327
01:08:51,300 --> 01:08:54,500
self-documentation that captured
every day moments and cash. 

1328
01:08:54,500 --> 01:08:57,399
Casual thoughts in ways that 
earlier Generations would have 

1329
01:08:57,408 --> 01:09:00,700
deemed to insignificant for 
written record, rather than the 

1330
01:09:00,700 --> 01:09:03,500
meticulously planned 
self-presentation of traditional

1331
01:09:03,500 --> 01:09:08,300
autobiography by restricting 
post to 140 characters later 

1332
01:09:08,300 --> 01:09:12,700
increased to 280 Twitter, which 
was launched in 2006 took 

1333
01:09:12,700 --> 01:09:14,500
conversational writing to the 
next level. 

1334
01:09:15,500 --> 01:09:19,000
Stream concision was required by
this restriction, which prompted

1335
01:09:19,000 --> 01:09:22,300
the creation of new brevity 
optimized, forms of writing. 

1336
01:09:23,000 --> 01:09:26,300
Twitter users developed a poetic
form that prioritized wit 

1337
01:09:26,300 --> 01:09:30,100
insight and emotional impact 
over conventional literary 

1338
01:09:30,100 --> 01:09:33,100
elaboration by learning to 
convey the most meaning in the 

1339
01:09:33,100 --> 01:09:35,800
least amount of space. 
Additionally, the character 

1340
01:09:35,800 --> 01:09:38,200
limit altered the Cadence of 
written correspondence. 

1341
01:09:38,800 --> 01:09:41,300
Twitter users posted short 
updates throughout the day 

1342
01:09:41,300 --> 01:09:43,500
rather than writing long 
messages that were sent 

1343
01:09:43,500 --> 01:09:47,100
occasionally resulting, in a 
constant flow of written content

1344
01:09:47,100 --> 01:09:49,899
that was more akin to ongoing 
conversation than traditional 

1345
01:09:49,899 --> 01:09:53,000
correspondence. 
Millions of users were able to 

1346
01:09:53,008 --> 01:09:55,400
engage in simultaneous 
conversations about current 

1347
01:09:55,400 --> 01:09:59,300
affairs, individual experiences 
and cultural phenomenon on the 

1348
01:09:59,300 --> 01:10:01,800
platform which evolved in to a 
global chat room. 

1349
01:10:01,800 --> 01:10:04,400
Beginning as a straightforward 
method of sending quick 

1350
01:10:04,400 --> 01:10:08,200
messages, between mobile phones 
in the 1990s, text messaging, 

1351
01:10:08,200 --> 01:10:10,800
Rose to prominence as a written 
communication method in the 

1352
01:10:10,808 --> 01:10:14,700
early 2000s. 
Similar to Twitter SMS. Messages

1353
01:10:14,700 --> 01:10:18,000
were restricted to 160 
characters and emphasized, 

1354
01:10:18,000 --> 01:10:20,300
private communication over 
public broadcasting. 

1355
01:10:20,300 --> 01:10:23,800
There are linguistic conventions
and abbreviations and cultural 

1356
01:10:23,800 --> 01:10:29,300
norms specific to texting. 
The terms, LOL laugh allowed BRB

1357
01:10:29,300 --> 01:10:32,800
be right back and TTYL talk to 
you later. 

1358
01:10:32,800 --> 01:10:36,400
Became widely used. 
The way people formed written 

1359
01:10:36,400 --> 01:10:39,400
thoughts was altered by 
predictive text and autocorrect 

1360
01:10:39,400 --> 01:10:42,100
features which occasionally 
resulted in misunderstandings 

1361
01:10:42,100 --> 01:10:45,300
but also made composition 
faster, mobile technology. 

1362
01:10:45,300 --> 01:10:48,600
Also changed the physical act of
writing texting could be done 

1363
01:10:48,600 --> 01:10:51,800
with thumbs on small screens 
while walking taking public 

1364
01:10:51,800 --> 01:10:54,700
transit or doing other 
activities, whereas traditional 

1365
01:10:54,700 --> 01:10:57,200
writing had been done with pens 
on paper, or fingers on 

1366
01:10:57,200 --> 01:11:01,300
keyboards writing, was genuinely
portable and incorporated into 

1367
01:11:01,300 --> 01:11:05,200
everyday life in previously, 
Unthinkable ways with the 2007 

1368
01:11:05,200 --> 01:11:08,200
release of the iPhone 
smartphones further expanded the

1369
01:11:08,200 --> 01:11:10,700
accessibility and versatility of
mobile writing. 

1370
01:11:11,500 --> 01:11:14,000
Every phone became a portable 
writing and Publishing tool. 

1371
01:11:14,000 --> 01:11:18,100
Thanks to touchscreen, keyboards
voice to text capabilities and 

1372
01:11:18,100 --> 01:11:21,900
constant internet connectivity. 
The amount and speed of written 

1373
01:11:21,900 --> 01:11:24,900
communication increased 
dramatically, as a result of 

1374
01:11:24,900 --> 01:11:27,800
people being able to create and 
share written content at any 

1375
01:11:27,800 --> 01:11:29,900
time. 
And from any location in 

1376
01:11:29,900 --> 01:11:33,400
Instagram, which debuted in 
2010, created new storytelling 

1377
01:11:33,400 --> 01:11:36,300
formats by fusing textual and 
visual communication. 

1378
01:11:37,000 --> 01:11:40,100
Users posted pictures with 
captions that vary from brief 

1379
01:11:40,100 --> 01:11:43,600
summaries to in-depth stories. 
People's writing about their 

1380
01:11:43,600 --> 01:11:46,900
experiences was impacted by a 
new, kind of categorization and 

1381
01:11:46,900 --> 01:11:50,300
search ability brought about by 
the platform's hashtag system. 

1382
01:11:50,300 --> 01:11:53,800
Perhaps most significantly. 
However, social media brought 

1383
01:11:53,800 --> 01:11:56,700
writing back into the mainstream
in ways not scenes since 

1384
01:11:56,700 --> 01:11:58,900
prehistoric, cultures, oral 
traditions. 

1385
01:12:00,000 --> 01:12:02,500
Writing had been a solitary act 
for the majority of human 

1386
01:12:02,500 --> 01:12:05,500
history producing a document 
that would later be read by 

1387
01:12:05,500 --> 01:12:09,600
others, writing became 
instantaneous interactive and 

1388
01:12:09,600 --> 01:12:13,200
collaborative with social media.
Responding to each other's posts

1389
01:12:13,200 --> 01:12:15,300
within minutes or seconds of 
their publication. 

1390
01:12:15,300 --> 01:12:18,500
People could collaborate in real
time, fostering conversations 

1391
01:12:18,500 --> 01:12:20,800
across various platforms and 
times zones. 

1392
01:12:20,800 --> 01:12:24,000
New kinds of grouping making 
were spawned by the comments 

1393
01:12:24,000 --> 01:12:26,900
sections that sprang up beneath 
news articles, blog entries and 

1394
01:12:26,900 --> 01:12:30,400
social media posts. 
Hundreds of responses to a 

1395
01:12:30,400 --> 01:12:33,500
single post, could challenge 
expand or totally 

1396
01:12:33,500 --> 01:12:36,700
recontextualize. 
The original message as readers 

1397
01:12:36,700 --> 01:12:39,100
began to co-create, meaning 
through their responses and 

1398
01:12:39,100 --> 01:12:41,400
interactions. 
The line between author and 

1399
01:12:41,408 --> 01:12:44,100
reader became less. 
Clear, new types of collective 

1400
01:12:44,100 --> 01:12:46,400
authorship were also spawned by 
the collaborative nature of 

1401
01:12:46,400 --> 01:12:49,300
digital writing. 
When Wikipedia was first 

1402
01:12:49,300 --> 01:12:53,200
launched in 2001, it showed that
volunteer contributors could 

1403
01:12:53,200 --> 01:12:56,600
collaborate online to create and
maintain extensive reference 

1404
01:12:56,600 --> 01:12:59,000
works. 
Through a collaborative writing 

1405
01:12:59,000 --> 01:13:01,800
and editing process, that would 
not have been feasible without 

1406
01:13:01,800 --> 01:13:05,500
digital technology. 
The encyclopedia expanded to 

1407
01:13:05,500 --> 01:13:08,200
include millions of articles in 
hundreds of languages, 

1408
01:13:08,200 --> 01:13:11,600
traditional beliefs regarding 
authorship Authority and quality

1409
01:13:11,600 --> 01:13:14,100
control in written work were 
called into question by 

1410
01:13:14,100 --> 01:13:18,000
Wikipedia's success. 
Wikipedia used peer review and 

1411
01:13:18,000 --> 01:13:20,900
crowdsourcing to produce content
that was frequently more up to 

1412
01:13:20,900 --> 01:13:23,400
date and thorough than 
traditional reference works. 

1413
01:13:23,400 --> 01:13:26,300
Despite occasionally, being less
trustworthy than professional 

1414
01:13:26,300 --> 01:13:29,600
editors and expert, authors, 
social media and digital 

1415
01:13:29,600 --> 01:13:32,400
communication have produced an 
unprecedented amount of writing.

1416
01:13:33,200 --> 01:13:35,700
Humans were creating more 
written material every day by 

1417
01:13:35,700 --> 01:13:38,600
the 2010s, that had been 
contained in all of the ancient 

1418
01:13:38,600 --> 01:13:42,100
world's libraries put together. 
Although, the majority of this 

1419
01:13:42,100 --> 01:13:44,700
writing was conversational 
transient and informal. 

1420
01:13:45,400 --> 01:13:49,900
Status update, comments text 
messages, tweets, it marked a 

1421
01:13:49,900 --> 01:13:52,000
significant change. 
In the way people use written 

1422
01:13:52,000 --> 01:13:55,100
language, you are living through
the most significant change in 

1423
01:13:55,100 --> 01:13:57,000
writing since the creation of 
the alphabet. 

1424
01:13:57,000 --> 01:14:00,800
So, keep this in mind as you 
curl up with your blankets and 

1425
01:14:00,800 --> 01:14:02,200
feel your eyelids getting 
heavier. 

1426
01:14:03,400 --> 01:14:06,400
What is taking place in your 
immediate surroundings is as 

1427
01:14:06,400 --> 01:14:08,700
revolutionary as anything that 
took place in gutenberg's 

1428
01:14:08,700 --> 01:14:12,000
printing shop, medieval 
monasteries or ancient Phoenicia

1429
01:14:12,000 --> 01:14:15,000
these days, artificial 
intelligence can produce text 

1430
01:14:15,000 --> 01:14:18,000
that looks human and is 
frequently identical to content 

1431
01:14:18,000 --> 01:14:22,000
written by humans, poetry 
business letters, technical 

1432
01:14:22,000 --> 01:14:24,900
documentation. 
And even intricate conversations

1433
01:14:24,900 --> 01:14:27,900
are all possible with large 
language models like GPT and its

1434
01:14:27,900 --> 01:14:30,900
Offspring, which show an 
awareness of context subtlety 

1435
01:14:30,900 --> 01:14:34,500
and emotional nuances, The 
distinction between machine and 

1436
01:14:34,500 --> 01:14:36,800
human writing is becoming more 
and more hazy. 

1437
01:14:36,800 --> 01:14:38,800
People can now write by 
speaking. 

1438
01:14:38,800 --> 01:14:41,400
Instead of typing thanks to 
advancements in voice, 

1439
01:14:41,400 --> 01:14:44,900
recognition, software, that can 
now convert speech to text with 

1440
01:14:44,900 --> 01:14:48,800
astounding accuracy. 
While walking driving or doing 

1441
01:14:48,800 --> 01:14:52,800
other tasks writers can compose 
text at the speed of speech with

1442
01:14:52,800 --> 01:14:56,200
Dragon NaturallySpeaking series 
dictation and Google Voice 

1443
01:14:56,200 --> 01:14:59,200
typing. 
Writing which involves moving a 

1444
01:14:59,200 --> 01:15:02,200
pan of cross paper or fingers 
across a keyboard is becoming a 

1445
01:15:02,200 --> 01:15:05,100
less necessary. 
Activity text can be instantly 

1446
01:15:05,100 --> 01:15:08,100
translated between languages 
using real-time translation. 

1447
01:15:08,100 --> 01:15:11,200
Algorithms, removing the 
barriers that have divided human

1448
01:15:11,200 --> 01:15:15,000
communities for millennia One 
can write in their native tongue

1449
01:15:15,000 --> 01:15:17,900
and have it instantly understood
by readers anywhere in the 

1450
01:15:17,900 --> 01:15:19,500
world. 
Thanks to Google Translate and 

1451
01:15:19,500 --> 01:15:22,600
similar Services which can 
handle dozens of languages with 

1452
01:15:22,600 --> 01:15:26,000
increasing sophistication new 
types of spatial writing in 

1453
01:15:26,000 --> 01:15:27,500
which text is embedded in 
three-dimensional. 

1454
01:15:27,500 --> 01:15:31,100
Environments are starting to be 
made possible by augmented 

1455
01:15:31,100 --> 01:15:33,800
reality and virtual reality 
Technologies. 

1456
01:15:35,200 --> 01:15:38,500
Future authors May create text 
that floats in space, reacts to 

1457
01:15:38,508 --> 01:15:41,100
movement and changes. 
Depending on the reader's 

1458
01:15:41,100 --> 01:15:43,900
perspective and interaction as 
an alternative to writing on 

1459
01:15:43,908 --> 01:15:47,400
flat surfaces although they are 
still in the experimental stage 

1460
01:15:47,400 --> 01:15:50,700
grain computer interfaces, raise
the prospect of direct neural 

1461
01:15:50,700 --> 01:15:54,300
control over text composition. 
people may have eventually be 

1462
01:15:54,300 --> 01:15:57,000
able to think words that are 
automatically translated into 

1463
01:15:57,000 --> 01:16:00,500
written communication rather 
than speaking typing or writing 

1464
01:16:00,500 --> 01:16:03,800
by hand, the permanents and 
accuracy of writing could be 

1465
01:16:03,800 --> 01:16:06,700
paired with the quickness and 
closeness of thought, despite 

1466
01:16:06,700 --> 01:16:10,100
all of these technological 
advancements, writing's primary 

1467
01:16:10,100 --> 01:16:12,900
function hasn't changed since 
the first cave paintings were 

1468
01:16:12,900 --> 01:16:17,600
created 40,000 years ago, We 
continue to use writing to leave

1469
01:16:17,600 --> 01:16:20,700
behind traces of our existence 
while outlive our actual 

1470
01:16:20,700 --> 01:16:24,600
physical presence in the world. 
Preserve thoughts, exchange 

1471
01:16:24,600 --> 01:16:27,900
ideas and connect with other 
Minds across time and space. 

1472
01:16:28,800 --> 01:16:31,800
The essential human activity of 
making the absent present, 

1473
01:16:31,800 --> 01:16:35,300
giving thoughts, permanence and 
connecting with other people 

1474
01:16:35,300 --> 01:16:37,200
through symbols. 
And meaning, as shared by the 

1475
01:16:37,208 --> 01:16:40,900
cave painter, who left a 
handprint in Chauvet, cave and 

1476
01:16:40,900 --> 01:16:44,500
the social media user, who posts
a status update today in 

1477
01:16:44,500 --> 01:16:46,500
reality. 
The story of writing is the 

1478
01:16:46,500 --> 01:16:50,400
story of human connection and 
the tenacious will to transcend 

1479
01:16:50,400 --> 01:16:51,800
the boundaries of personal 
awareness. 

1480
01:16:52,800 --> 01:16:56,500
From Sumerian cuneiform to 
contemporary digital text, every

1481
01:16:56,500 --> 01:16:59,800
writing system aims to address 
the same fundamental issue. 

1482
01:16:59,800 --> 01:17:02,600
How can we communicate our 
thoughts to, those who aren't 

1483
01:17:02,600 --> 01:17:05,300
there in person? 
How can we ensure that our 

1484
01:17:05,300 --> 01:17:06,900
thoughts endure beyond our own 
death? 

1485
01:17:06,900 --> 01:17:10,100
From those initial symbolic 
inscriptions on Cave walls? 

1486
01:17:10,100 --> 01:17:13,300
We have come along way. 
The greatest Scholars of 

1487
01:17:13,300 --> 01:17:15,900
antiquity could not have 
predicted, the amount of written

1488
01:17:15,900 --> 01:17:18,200
knowledge of available to a 
child learning to read today. 

1489
01:17:19,000 --> 01:17:21,500
Professional scribes in 
medieval, monasteries are not as

1490
01:17:21,500 --> 01:17:24,900
quick at writing as the teen 
texting friends compared to the 

1491
01:17:24,900 --> 01:17:26,900
most powerful rulers of previous
centuries. 

1492
01:17:26,900 --> 01:17:29,800
The office worker writing an 
email has greater access to 

1493
01:17:29,800 --> 01:17:31,400
information and communication 
tools. 

1494
01:17:31,400 --> 01:17:35,800
However, the magic is 
essentially unchanged, Same 

1495
01:17:35,800 --> 01:17:39,000
miracle that astounded our 
ancestors and still astounds us 

1496
01:17:39,000 --> 01:17:42,200
when we pause to consider. 
It is happening to you as you 

1497
01:17:42,200 --> 01:17:45,600
read these words right now, 
ideas generated in one mind 

1498
01:17:45,600 --> 01:17:49,800
being replicated in another mind
across time and space using only

1499
01:17:49,800 --> 01:17:53,600
marks on a Surface, be at a 
printed page, the digital screen

1500
01:17:53,600 --> 01:17:57,200
of Papyrus scroll, a cave wall 
or a clay tablet. 

1501
01:17:57,200 --> 01:18:00,100
The Wonder endures despite 
changes in technology. 

1502
01:18:00,800 --> 01:18:04,200
Although the particular tools 
change over time the basic human

1503
01:18:04,200 --> 01:18:07,900
desire to connect communicate 
and share Consciousness, never 

1504
01:18:07,900 --> 01:18:11,200
changes. 
From ancient pictographs to 

1505
01:18:11,200 --> 01:18:14,600
contemporary Emoji writing in 
all its forms symbolizes 

1506
01:18:14,600 --> 01:18:17,700
Humanity's, continuous effort to
go beyond the confines of 

1507
01:18:17,700 --> 01:18:20,700
personal experience and 
establish a common meaning 

1508
01:18:20,700 --> 01:18:24,100
across the enormous gaps that 
divide different Minds every 

1509
01:18:24,100 --> 01:18:27,200
text message, email and comment 
you send contributes to the 

1510
01:18:27,200 --> 01:18:29,700
extensive dialogue. 
That people have been having via

1511
01:18:29,700 --> 01:18:31,400
writing for more than 5,000 
years. 

1512
01:18:32,400 --> 01:18:35,500
Not only are you utilizing 
technology but you are also 

1513
01:18:35,500 --> 01:18:38,400
engaging in one of the oldest 
and most fundamental human 

1514
01:18:38,400 --> 01:18:41,700
Endeavors which has been updated
with contemporary instruments 

1515
01:18:41,700 --> 01:18:43,700
while maintaining its Timeless 
objectives. 

1516
01:18:43,700 --> 01:18:46,800
Today's kids will grow up in a 
world where voice recognition 

1517
01:18:46,800 --> 01:18:49,800
replaces typing. 
Artificial intelligence helps 

1518
01:18:49,800 --> 01:18:52,900
with writing real-time 
translation eliminates language 

1519
01:18:52,900 --> 01:18:56,000
barriers and new technologies 
that we can hardly fathom will 

1520
01:18:56,000 --> 01:18:58,700
continue to revolutionize the 
way people write and 

1521
01:18:58,700 --> 01:19:02,200
communicate, however, they will 
continue to use writing for the 

1522
01:19:02,200 --> 01:19:04,400
same purposes. 
That humans have always used it 

1523
01:19:04,400 --> 01:19:08,900
for Memory preservation, 
knowledge exchange, creative, 

1524
01:19:08,900 --> 01:19:12,200
expression, relationship, 
building and Bridging, the Gap 

1525
01:19:12,200 --> 01:19:15,100
between two, different 
consciousnesses one, word at a 

1526
01:19:15,100 --> 01:19:17,300
time. 
Billions of people worldwide are

1527
01:19:17,300 --> 01:19:18,600
writing the future of writing 
today. 

1528
01:19:19,300 --> 01:19:22,100
The great human endeavor of 
making thoughts permanent and 

1529
01:19:22,100 --> 01:19:25,300
shareable involves, everyone 
scientist recording, new 

1530
01:19:25,300 --> 01:19:29,100
discoveries students taking 
notes and class poets, writing 

1531
01:19:29,100 --> 01:19:31,800
verses journalist covering 
current affairs. 

1532
01:19:31,800 --> 01:19:35,200
Friends communicating over 
great, distances lovers, 

1533
01:19:35,200 --> 01:19:38,100
expressing their feelings, 
children learning their first 

1534
01:19:38,100 --> 01:19:40,900
letters and the elderly 
preserving family stories. 

1535
01:19:40,900 --> 01:19:43,200
Remember that you are a part of 
this amazing. 

1536
01:19:43,200 --> 01:19:46,500
Continuous story as you close 
your eyes to night, and allow 

1537
01:19:46,500 --> 01:19:49,900
these thoughts to find a home in
the Cozy space's between waking 

1538
01:19:49,900 --> 01:19:53,300
and sleeping. 
You're connected to every human 

1539
01:19:53,300 --> 01:19:57,100
being who has ever struggled to 
share an idea preserve a thought

1540
01:19:57,100 --> 01:20:00,400
or reach across time to touch 
another Mind through the book, 

1541
01:20:00,400 --> 01:20:03,500
you are reading the device 
you're using and the act of 

1542
01:20:03,508 --> 01:20:07,100
absorbing these ideas through 
written symbols, the same, or 

1543
01:20:07,100 --> 01:20:09,300
that has enthralled people. 
Since we first realized that 

1544
01:20:09,300 --> 01:20:12,500
marks could have meaning is 
being felt by a child learning 

1545
01:20:12,500 --> 01:20:14,900
to recognize their first letters
somewhere tonight. 

1546
01:20:16,000 --> 01:20:18,200
When they learn that, the 
squiggles on the page can tell 

1547
01:20:18,200 --> 01:20:20,900
them stories about far away, 
places and made up friends. 

1548
01:20:20,900 --> 01:20:24,300
Their eyes enlarged from 
medieval apprentices learning to

1549
01:20:24,300 --> 01:20:27,000
form letters with quill pens to 
children in one room, School 

1550
01:20:27,000 --> 01:20:29,400
houses, the Borussia copying 
letters. 

1551
01:20:29,400 --> 01:20:32,500
On slate boards, they are 
continuing a tradition that 

1552
01:20:32,500 --> 01:20:34,600
dates back to ancient. 
Samaritan school children 

1553
01:20:34,600 --> 01:20:36,600
practicing their cuneiform on 
clay tablets. 

1554
01:20:36,600 --> 01:20:40,000
A writer is working on a story 
that could be read for centuries

1555
01:20:40,000 --> 01:20:43,300
to come somewhere tonight. 
Picking every word with the same

1556
01:20:43,300 --> 01:20:46,300
care that unites all 
storytellers who have ever 

1557
01:20:46,300 --> 01:20:48,700
attempted to permanently depict 
Human Experience. 

1558
01:20:49,400 --> 01:20:52,300
Even though they are writing on 
a computer, they are performing 

1559
01:20:52,300 --> 01:20:55,400
the same, fundamental tasks, as 
the unnamed author of Gilgamesh.

1560
01:20:55,400 --> 01:20:58,900
The scribes who documented King,
Arthur stories, all the 

1561
01:20:58,900 --> 01:21:02,300
innumerable bars who turned oral
Traditions into written works 

1562
01:21:02,300 --> 01:21:04,700
tonight. 
Assign a scientist is adding 

1563
01:21:04,700 --> 01:21:06,900
their observations to the 
extensive body of human 

1564
01:21:06,900 --> 01:21:08,800
knowledge that started with 
Mesopotamian. 

1565
01:21:08,800 --> 01:21:11,800
Astronomers recording the 
Motions of planets and stars 

1566
01:21:11,800 --> 01:21:14,100
documenting. 
A discovery that has the 

1567
01:21:14,100 --> 01:21:17,100
potential to fundamentally alter
our understanding of the world. 

1568
01:21:18,000 --> 01:21:21,600
The lab notebook or digital file
will become part of the Legacy 

1569
01:21:21,600 --> 01:21:24,000
that includes the research notes
of Marie Curie. 

1570
01:21:24,000 --> 01:21:27,200
The sketches of Leonardo da 
Vinci and the Journal of 

1571
01:21:27,200 --> 01:21:30,200
Charles, Darwin from the beagle,
in a tradition that includes. 

1572
01:21:30,200 --> 01:21:33,500
Victorian love letters. 
Sent across continents, medieval

1573
01:21:33,500 --> 01:21:36,400
courtly letters and wartime 
correspondents that kept 

1574
01:21:36,400 --> 01:21:39,600
relationships, strong over years
of separation lovers who are 

1575
01:21:39,600 --> 01:21:42,800
separated by distance, ascending
each other messages, that 

1576
01:21:42,800 --> 01:21:45,000
bridge, the gap between their 
hearts somewhere tonight. 

1577
01:21:46,200 --> 01:21:49,500
Whether the medium is video 
calls or text messages, the 

1578
01:21:49,500 --> 01:21:51,400
impulse is the same for all 
people. 

1579
01:21:51,400 --> 01:21:54,100
Who have ever attempted to stay 
in touch via a written 

1580
01:21:54,100 --> 01:21:56,700
communication. 
In the same spirit that inspired

1581
01:21:56,700 --> 01:21:59,400
ancient Chronicles to document, 
the exploits of kings and 

1582
01:21:59,400 --> 01:22:01,600
heroes. 
A grandparent is somewhere 

1583
01:22:01,600 --> 01:22:04,500
tonight recording family. 
Tales for grandchildren who have

1584
01:22:04,500 --> 01:22:09,200
not yet been born conserving, 
memories and wisdom The 

1585
01:22:09,200 --> 01:22:11,900
fundamental purpose of these 
family histories is the same as 

1586
01:22:11,900 --> 01:22:16,000
that of the great historical 
works of Gibbon Herodotus or any

1587
01:22:16,000 --> 01:22:17,800
other Chronicle of Human 
Experience. 

1588
01:22:17,800 --> 01:22:20,600
Even though they may never be 
published or read widely 

1589
01:22:20,600 --> 01:22:24,600
somewhere tonight, a student is 
engaged in the same process of 

1590
01:22:24,600 --> 01:22:26,100
acquiring and preserving 
knowledge. 

1591
01:22:26,100 --> 01:22:28,900
That has propelled, human 
learning since the founding of 

1592
01:22:28,900 --> 01:22:32,200
the first schools in ancient 
Mesopotamia, taking notes that 

1593
01:22:32,200 --> 01:22:34,300
will Aid them in developing 
their understanding of the 

1594
01:22:34,300 --> 01:22:36,400
world. 
Their computer files and 

1595
01:22:36,408 --> 01:22:39,200
notebooks represent the most 
recent development in Humanities

1596
01:22:39,200 --> 01:22:43,000
continuous Endeavor to transmit 
Knowledge from one generation to

1597
01:22:43,000 --> 01:22:45,200
the next. 
Someone is writing in a diary 

1598
01:22:45,200 --> 01:22:48,100
somewhere tonight, documenting, 
the minutiae of everyday 

1599
01:22:48,100 --> 01:22:50,600
existence that will eventually 
give historians a better 

1600
01:22:50,600 --> 01:22:54,100
understanding of how we lived 
what we valued and what we were 

1601
01:22:54,100 --> 01:22:56,800
concerned about. 
They are carrying on the 

1602
01:22:56,800 --> 01:23:00,300
tradition of Samuel peeps, who 
chronicled life in London in the

1603
01:23:00,300 --> 01:23:04,300
17th century and Frank, who 
chronicled her experiences 

1604
01:23:04,300 --> 01:23:07,600
during World War 2 and in 
numerable others, who recognize 

1605
01:23:07,600 --> 01:23:10,500
that ordinary life. 
When Faithfully documented 

1606
01:23:10,500 --> 01:23:14,200
gradually transforms into the 
extraordinary somewhere tonight,

1607
01:23:14,200 --> 01:23:18,400
a poet is carrying on Humanity's
oldest literary tradition by 

1608
01:23:18,400 --> 01:23:21,700
trying to find the perfect words
to convey an emotion or 

1609
01:23:21,700 --> 01:23:24,400
experience that has never been 
sufficiently conveyed before. 

1610
01:23:25,500 --> 01:23:29,200
They're part of the same 
tradition as Homer sappho Lie by

1611
01:23:29,200 --> 01:23:33,000
Rumi Shakespeare and all other 
poets who have attempted to use 

1612
01:23:33,008 --> 01:23:35,500
language to create Beauty. 
And meaning, even though they 

1613
01:23:35,500 --> 01:23:38,800
may share their work on social 
media, instead of performing it 

1614
01:23:38,800 --> 01:23:42,200
in Royal courts, all of these 
individuals along with Millions 

1615
01:23:42,200 --> 01:23:45,700
more are contributing their 
words to the extensive dialogue 

1616
01:23:45,700 --> 01:23:47,800
that started. 
When the first human decided 

1617
01:23:47,800 --> 01:23:51,600
that thoughts were too valuable 
to rely solely on memory. 

1618
01:23:52,700 --> 01:23:55,600
This means that the story of 
writing is not yet complete 

1619
01:23:55,600 --> 01:23:59,100
every research paper, Love 
Letter grocery list. 

1620
01:23:59,100 --> 01:24:02,700
And status update adds to The 
Continuous, human endeavor of 

1621
01:24:02,700 --> 01:24:05,600
making the transient permanent 
and the invisible visible. 

1622
01:24:05,600 --> 01:24:08,900
Not only you reading this story,
dear reader that you are also 

1623
01:24:08,900 --> 01:24:12,200
contributing to its creation. 
Each time you send a message, 

1624
01:24:12,200 --> 01:24:15,700
write in email writing, note or 
Express an idea in writing 

1625
01:24:15,700 --> 01:24:19,000
you're taking part in one of the
greatest Cooperative Endeavors 

1626
01:24:19,000 --> 01:24:22,100
in human history. 
You are contributing your voice 

1627
01:24:22,100 --> 01:24:24,700
to a dialogue that has been 
going on for thousands of years 

1628
01:24:24,700 --> 01:24:28,400
and will continue for thousands 
more just as we can hardly 

1629
01:24:28,400 --> 01:24:30,200
imagine what writing 
Technologies are. 

1630
01:24:30,208 --> 01:24:33,600
Great grandchildren will take 
for granted the lascaux cave 

1631
01:24:33,600 --> 01:24:36,200
painters, could never have 
imagined smartphones and so 

1632
01:24:36,200 --> 01:24:38,900
social media. 
However, despite all 

1633
01:24:38,900 --> 01:24:42,700
technological advancements, the 
basic human urges that drive 

1634
01:24:42,700 --> 01:24:46,200
writing the need to remember. 
Communicate, share preserve and 

1635
01:24:46,200 --> 01:24:49,900
create remain constant. 
Allow yourself to feel a part of

1636
01:24:49,900 --> 01:24:53,300
this enormous human endeavor as 
you go to sleep tonight, you 

1637
01:24:53,300 --> 01:24:56,000
might dream of future 
Technologies and ancient scribes

1638
01:24:56,000 --> 01:24:59,300
of writers are glowing screens 
and storytellers around 

1639
01:24:59,300 --> 01:25:02,600
campfires of children, learning 
their letters and Elders, 

1640
01:25:02,600 --> 01:25:05,700
keeping their memories alive. 
They are a part of your story 

1641
01:25:05,700 --> 01:25:08,200
and you are part of theirs. 
Rest. 

1642
01:25:08,200 --> 01:25:10,300
Well, and dream of all the 
stories that have not. 

1643
01:25:10,300 --> 01:25:12,900
Yet been told all the 
discoveries that have not yet 

1644
01:25:12,900 --> 01:25:15,700
been documented, all the 
connections that have not yet 

1645
01:25:15,700 --> 01:25:19,100
been made and all the ideas that
have not yet been able to move 

1646
01:25:19,100 --> 01:25:23,800
from page to page in your mind. 
You dear reader, dear writer, 

1647
01:25:23,800 --> 01:25:27,100
dear participant in this ancient
and continuing Human Adventure 

1648
01:25:27,100 --> 01:25:30,400
will contribute to the writing 
of the greatest chapters of the 

1649
01:25:30,400 --> 01:25:32,100
writing story. 
Good night. 

1650
01:25:32,100 --> 01:25:33,600
And I hope your words are heard 
tomorrow. 

1651
01:25:38,300 --> 01:25:40,900
Eleanor roseville's name, of 
Oaks, images of a dignified. 

1652
01:25:40,900 --> 01:25:44,500
First lady championing human 
rights and redefining the role 

1653
01:25:44,500 --> 01:25:47,700
of women in politics. 
Yet her Story begins in an era 

1654
01:25:47,700 --> 01:25:50,300
marked by hush to assumptions 
about what women could and 

1655
01:25:50,300 --> 01:25:52,700
should do. 
And her journey from shy orphan.

1656
01:25:52,700 --> 01:25:54,900
To Global influencer was no 
predictable progression. 

1657
01:25:55,900 --> 01:25:59,700
Born Anna Eleanor Roosevelt on 
October 11th 1884. 

1658
01:25:59,700 --> 01:26:03,200
She entered a family steeped in 
Prestige but also riddled with 

1659
01:26:03,200 --> 01:26:06,200
private. 
Heartbreak her mother, Anna 

1660
01:26:06,200 --> 01:26:07,900
Hall. 
Roosevelt was renowned for 

1661
01:26:07,900 --> 01:26:11,200
beauty and social graces while 
her father Elliott, Roosevelt 

1662
01:26:11,200 --> 01:26:13,700
was the charismatic. 
But troubled younger brother, 

1663
01:26:13,700 --> 01:26:15,900
the future president, Theodore 
Roosevelt. 

1664
01:26:16,800 --> 01:26:20,300
Some narratives cast her parents
in Stark contrasts her mother's 

1665
01:26:20,300 --> 01:26:23,400
aloof Manor, her father's 
erratic Behavior. 

1666
01:26:23,400 --> 01:26:26,700
Yet Eleanor recalled them. 
Both with a child's longing, 

1667
01:26:26,700 --> 01:26:31,200
craving acceptance, her mother's
criticisms of her looks haunted 

1668
01:26:31,200 --> 01:26:35,100
her and her father struggles 
with alcohol often overshadowed 

1669
01:26:35,100 --> 01:26:38,700
his tender devotion, these 
paradoxes shape Ellen as early 

1670
01:26:38,700 --> 01:26:42,600
as perceptions of self-worth. 
By age 10, she had lost both 

1671
01:26:42,600 --> 01:26:47,000
parents, her mother died of 
diphtheria and her father, long 

1672
01:26:47,000 --> 01:26:49,100
embroiled in personal turmoil 
passed away. 

1673
01:26:49,100 --> 01:26:52,100
Two years later, left with the 
protective presence. 

1674
01:26:52,100 --> 01:26:55,400
Eleanor moved in with relatives,
who maintained the typical 

1675
01:26:55,400 --> 01:26:57,000
decorum of New York, High 
Society. 

1676
01:26:57,000 --> 01:27:00,300
She was a timid Child 
overshadowed by cousins, who 

1677
01:27:00,300 --> 01:27:03,200
found her seriousness 
perplexing, she found some 

1678
01:27:03,200 --> 01:27:06,600
solace in reading stories of 
Daring, heroine's, and moral 

1679
01:27:06,600 --> 01:27:10,300
dilemmas her maternal, 
grandmother Mary Ludlow Hall 

1680
01:27:10,300 --> 01:27:13,700
insisted on conventional. 
Decorum, with the hope that 

1681
01:27:13,700 --> 01:27:15,800
Eleanor would Bloom into a 
proper debutant. 

1682
01:27:16,600 --> 01:27:20,000
Instead the girl quietly 
internalized, a sense of Duty 

1683
01:27:20,000 --> 01:27:22,900
and self-consciousness, she 
learned how to host tease and 

1684
01:27:22,908 --> 01:27:26,400
navigate social niceties, but 
she also developed an inner 

1685
01:27:26,400 --> 01:27:28,600
resolve. 
The gulf between The Confident 

1686
01:27:28,600 --> 01:27:31,300
girls around her and her 
insecurities never fully 

1687
01:27:31,300 --> 01:27:33,800
disappeared. 
But she forged a methodical 

1688
01:27:33,800 --> 01:27:38,200
approach to self-improvement At 
age, 15, she was shipped to 

1689
01:27:38,200 --> 01:27:41,100
Alan's would Academy. 
A boarding school outside London

1690
01:27:41,100 --> 01:27:43,800
there? 
Under the guidance of Marie 

1691
01:27:43,800 --> 01:27:47,100
souvestre and educator known for
fostering independent thought, 

1692
01:27:47,100 --> 01:27:50,400
Elinor found a nurturing 
environment for the first time 

1693
01:27:50,400 --> 01:27:53,700
since her parents deaths, 
Sylvester saw potential in her 

1694
01:27:53,700 --> 01:27:55,800
seriousness and urged her to 
speak her mind. 

1695
01:27:56,600 --> 01:27:59,100
Gone with the constraints of 
superficial Society. 

1696
01:27:59,100 --> 01:28:02,700
Gatherings, instead classes 
focused on world affairs, 

1697
01:28:02,700 --> 01:28:07,000
literature and critical thinking
Eleanor traveled across Europe 

1698
01:28:07,000 --> 01:28:10,900
absorbing cultural differences, 
forging friendships, and 

1699
01:28:10,900 --> 01:28:12,100
learning to question 
assumptions. 

1700
01:28:13,200 --> 01:28:16,100
The timid girl from New York 
high society was Awakening to 

1701
01:28:16,100 --> 01:28:20,100
the world's complexity returning
to the United States at age 18. 

1702
01:28:20,100 --> 01:28:23,400
She struggled to react to make 
to the rigid expectation of 

1703
01:28:23,400 --> 01:28:27,600
debutant life Gowns balls and 
polite, suitors. 

1704
01:28:27,600 --> 01:28:30,600
Filled her schedule yet. 
She yearned for deeper 

1705
01:28:30,600 --> 01:28:33,200
substance. 
Family members urged, her to 

1706
01:28:33,208 --> 01:28:37,700
embrace tradition, Mary Wells, 
produce heirs and carry on the 

1707
01:28:37,700 --> 01:28:40,900
rows of alternate with 
appropriate, decorum internally.

1708
01:28:40,900 --> 01:28:42,800
She felt her conviction 
hardening. 

1709
01:28:42,800 --> 01:28:46,600
There was a broader realm where 
she might be of use She began 

1710
01:28:46,600 --> 01:28:49,700
volunteering and settlement 
houses, encountering immigrants 

1711
01:28:49,700 --> 01:28:51,400
grappling with poverty and 
discrimination. 

1712
01:28:52,500 --> 01:28:55,100
It was her first intimate brush 
with social injustice. 

1713
01:28:55,900 --> 01:28:58,500
Around this time, she 
reconnected with her distant 

1714
01:28:58,500 --> 01:29:00,100
cousin Franklin, Delano 
Roosevelt. 

1715
01:29:00,800 --> 01:29:04,300
A Dashing Young Man set on a 
political career their shared 

1716
01:29:04,300 --> 01:29:07,400
family name and ties to Theodore
Roosevelt, added a certain 

1717
01:29:07,400 --> 01:29:09,800
inevitability to their courtship
yet. 

1718
01:29:09,800 --> 01:29:12,200
Their bond was more complex than
a convenient match. 

1719
01:29:12,200 --> 01:29:15,100
Franklin admired her seriousness
and warmth. 

1720
01:29:15,100 --> 01:29:18,000
She found in him a lively 
optimism that promised 

1721
01:29:18,000 --> 01:29:20,500
Adventure. 
Despite concerns from his 

1722
01:29:20,500 --> 01:29:23,900
domineering mother. 
Sara Delano Roosevelt, they 

1723
01:29:23,900 --> 01:29:28,600
married in 1905, Theodore 
Roosevelt, then president gave 

1724
01:29:28,600 --> 01:29:31,000
away the bride. 
An event that overshadowed the 

1725
01:29:31,000 --> 01:29:34,400
couples day with national 
headlines early married life 

1726
01:29:34,400 --> 01:29:37,700
plunged into the complexities of
the extended Roosevelt Clan 

1727
01:29:37,700 --> 01:29:41,600
dominated by a Sara strict ideas
about household and social 

1728
01:29:41,600 --> 01:29:45,800
status She bought children 
eventually, six one dying in 

1729
01:29:45,800 --> 01:29:48,500
infancy, Eleanor struggled to 
maintain her identity. 

1730
01:29:49,300 --> 01:29:52,000
She discovered that her new role
often felt like a performance, 

1731
01:29:52,000 --> 01:29:56,400
the shy orphan recast as the 
society Hostess and dutiful 

1732
01:29:56,400 --> 01:29:59,200
political wife. 
Yet beneath the formalities. 

1733
01:29:59,200 --> 01:30:03,600
She was observing learning and 
quietly resolving to find her 

1734
01:30:03,600 --> 01:30:06,100
voice. 
Her childhood taught her to 

1735
01:30:06,100 --> 01:30:08,800
survive loss. 
In isolation marriage would 

1736
01:30:08,800 --> 01:30:11,300
teach her to navigate Duty and 
compromised. 

1737
01:30:11,300 --> 01:30:15,600
By her mid-twenties Eleanor 
Roosevelt stood at a Crossroads 

1738
01:30:15,600 --> 01:30:18,600
respectable wife in a prominent 
family yet. 

1739
01:30:18,600 --> 01:30:21,700
Privately aware of how little 
she truly belonged to herself. 

1740
01:30:22,500 --> 01:30:25,100
She endured tragedy and 
internalized criticism. 

1741
01:30:25,100 --> 01:30:28,100
And now balanced motherhood with
a sense that she was meant for 

1742
01:30:28,100 --> 01:30:30,800
more as her. 
Husband's political Ambitions 

1743
01:30:30,800 --> 01:30:33,800
gathered momentum. 
She would face new tests of 

1744
01:30:33,800 --> 01:30:36,200
resilience and discovered just 
how profound her influence could

1745
01:30:36,208 --> 01:30:39,100
become. 
In her first years of married 

1746
01:30:39,100 --> 01:30:42,900
life, Ellen, Rosevelt found her 
space and autonomy overshadowed 

1747
01:30:42,900 --> 01:30:44,700
by the imposing figure of her 
mother in law. 

1748
01:30:45,400 --> 01:30:48,200
Sara Delano Roosevelt Sara 
manage. 

1749
01:30:48,200 --> 01:30:51,000
The household Finance is an even
designed to joining living 

1750
01:30:51,000 --> 01:30:52,900
quarters. 
So she could oversee Ellen's 

1751
01:30:52,900 --> 01:30:56,500
management of the children. 
This Arrangement stifled 

1752
01:30:56,500 --> 01:30:59,600
Eleanor's Independence leaving 
her feeling perpetually 

1753
01:30:59,600 --> 01:31:02,500
monitored Franklin seemed 
comfortable with his mother's 

1754
01:31:02,500 --> 01:31:05,100
involvement and this tastic 
acceptance. 

1755
01:31:05,100 --> 01:31:08,600
Further isolated Eleanor, 
nevertheless, she made the best 

1756
01:31:08,600 --> 01:31:11,800
of her circumstances. 
She immersed herself in child. 

1757
01:31:11,800 --> 01:31:15,100
Rearing determined that her 
children would experience a 

1758
01:31:15,100 --> 01:31:16,600
warmth. 
She had too often lacked 

1759
01:31:16,600 --> 01:31:19,400
simultaneously. 
She sought outlets for her 

1760
01:31:19,400 --> 01:31:22,700
curiosity, about social issues 
volunteering for the Junior 

1761
01:31:22,700 --> 01:31:24,800
League. 
She assisted in settlement work 

1762
01:31:24,800 --> 01:31:28,100
on Manhattan's Lower East Side. 
Coming face to face with poverty

1763
01:31:28,100 --> 01:31:31,100
and labor and justices. 
Observing the hardships of 

1764
01:31:31,100 --> 01:31:34,000
immigrant families. 
Eleanor recognized, the start 

1765
01:31:34,000 --> 01:31:37,300
gap between her privilege 
Circle, and those struggling at 

1766
01:31:37,300 --> 01:31:41,800
America's margins around 1910 
Franklins political career began

1767
01:31:41,800 --> 01:31:44,000
elected to the New York State 
Senate. 

1768
01:31:44,000 --> 01:31:47,700
He moved the family to Albany, 
though, still reluctant to step 

1769
01:31:47,700 --> 01:31:50,800
into the public Spotlight, 
Eleanor gleaned, insights into 

1770
01:31:50,800 --> 01:31:52,600
legislative processes and 
networking. 

1771
01:31:53,500 --> 01:31:55,600
She watched as lawmakers engaged
in the negotiations. 

1772
01:31:55,600 --> 01:31:59,000
Formed alliances and face 
seemingly insurmountable 

1773
01:31:59,000 --> 01:32:01,200
challenges that social 
Gatherings. 

1774
01:32:01,200 --> 01:32:04,200
She was the dutiful wife 
exchanging pleasantries. 

1775
01:32:04,200 --> 01:32:06,300
While quietly absorbing the 
undercurrents of power 

1776
01:32:06,300 --> 01:32:09,200
advantage. 
Point revealed a system in dire 

1777
01:32:09,200 --> 01:32:12,000
need of empathetic leadership 
tragedy soon. 

1778
01:32:12,000 --> 01:32:16,700
Intervened in 1912 was rocked 
when her eldest daughter. 

1779
01:32:16,700 --> 01:32:20,600
Anna nearly died of illness 
shortly thereafter. 

1780
01:32:20,600 --> 01:32:23,300
She endured her health scares 
and a complicated birth. 

1781
01:32:24,000 --> 01:32:26,800
The precariousness of life 
combined with the Relentless 

1782
01:32:26,800 --> 01:32:29,500
swirl of political obligations 
frayed her nerves. 

1783
01:32:30,200 --> 01:32:32,600
Sarah's hovering presents 
exacerbated tensions. 

1784
01:32:32,600 --> 01:32:36,500
Yet adversity stirred in Eleanor
a growing resolve. 

1785
01:32:36,500 --> 01:32:40,400
She ventured Beyond polite Tea 
Room talk forging, links with 

1786
01:32:40,400 --> 01:32:43,100
Progressive women, seeking to 
address, glaring, social 

1787
01:32:43,100 --> 01:32:46,600
inequities, She admired 
activists who battled for child 

1788
01:32:46,600 --> 01:32:51,100
labor laws and workplace, safety
reforms by 1913 Franklin was 

1789
01:32:51,100 --> 01:32:53,900
appointed assistant Secretary of
the Navy by President Woodrow 

1790
01:32:53,900 --> 01:32:56,100
Wilson. 
Prompting a move to Washington 

1791
01:32:56,100 --> 01:33:00,500
DC. 
The capitals Elite Social Scene,

1792
01:33:00,500 --> 01:33:02,700
revolved around formal 
receptions and ranking. 

1793
01:33:02,700 --> 01:33:05,600
Protocols neither of which 
thrilled in her. 

1794
01:33:06,300 --> 01:33:08,700
Still she recognized the city as
a crucible of national 

1795
01:33:08,700 --> 01:33:11,500
decision-making. 
She developed friendships with 

1796
01:33:11,500 --> 01:33:14,900
Progressive minded, officials 
and activists exchanging ideas 

1797
01:33:14,900 --> 01:33:18,000
about wages education and 
women's suffrage. 

1798
01:33:19,400 --> 01:33:24,200
World War 1 broke out in 1914, 
drawing America, in by 1917, 

1799
01:33:24,200 --> 01:33:28,700
Washington became a hive of 
wartime mobilization hospitals, 

1800
01:33:28,700 --> 01:33:32,100
overflowed and soldiers returned
with devastating injuries 

1801
01:33:32,100 --> 01:33:35,300
Eleanor volunteered at the Red 
Cross counties, and Naval 

1802
01:33:35,300 --> 01:33:37,500
hospitals. 
An experience that brought her 

1803
01:33:37,500 --> 01:33:39,900
face to face with Wars human 
Tolle. 

1804
01:33:40,600 --> 01:33:43,400
She found it impossible to 
return to trivial chatter at 

1805
01:33:43,400 --> 01:33:46,700
lavish parties after seeing 
wounded veterans struggle to 

1806
01:33:46,708 --> 01:33:49,900
rebuild their lives, even as she
navigated demands for 

1807
01:33:49,900 --> 01:33:53,000
appearances by Franklin side, 
she yearned to channel her 

1808
01:33:53,000 --> 01:33:54,800
growing empathy into concrete 
action. 

1809
01:33:55,600 --> 01:34:00,400
Meanwhile, her personal life. 
Took a shocking, turn in 1918, 

1810
01:34:00,400 --> 01:34:02,800
she discovered Franklin's 
romantic letters to Lucy, 

1811
01:34:02,800 --> 01:34:06,400
Mercer, her social secretary 
betrayal, Rockdale and has 

1812
01:34:06,408 --> 01:34:08,800
foundations. 
She confronted her husband and 

1813
01:34:08,800 --> 01:34:11,900
while divorce was considered 
Sara Roosevelt threatened to cut

1814
01:34:11,900 --> 01:34:15,400
off financial support. 
The Scandal never fully reached 

1815
01:34:15,400 --> 01:34:18,700
the public ear but it jolted 
Eleanor into rethinking her 

1816
01:34:18,700 --> 01:34:20,800
marriage. 
Although she remained married 

1817
01:34:20,800 --> 01:34:23,300
the emotional bond between them 
changed. 

1818
01:34:24,200 --> 01:34:26,300
Began cultivating, her identity 
separate from him. 

1819
01:34:26,300 --> 01:34:29,300
Forging Alliance is and 
friendships that didn't revolve 

1820
01:34:29,300 --> 01:34:31,100
solely around Franklins 
ambitions. 

1821
01:34:32,000 --> 01:34:34,900
As the war ended, Washington 
shifted back to peace, time 

1822
01:34:34,900 --> 01:34:38,200
routines, the rows of belts 
returned to New York where 

1823
01:34:38,200 --> 01:34:39,900
franklyn resumed his political 
climb. 

1824
01:34:39,900 --> 01:34:44,400
However Ellen has worldview had 
expanded no longer content to 

1825
01:34:44,400 --> 01:34:46,800
linger in the background. 
She immersed herself in 

1826
01:34:46,800 --> 01:34:50,200
political clubs, particularly 
the League of Women Voters and 

1827
01:34:50,200 --> 01:34:51,800
the new women's Trade Union 
League. 

1828
01:34:52,500 --> 01:34:55,900
She devoured reports on social 
conditions labor rights and 

1829
01:34:55,900 --> 01:34:58,800
civil liberties. 
She overcame her shyness when 

1830
01:34:58,800 --> 01:35:01,600
speaking in public fueled by the
conviction that she had 

1831
01:35:01,600 --> 01:35:05,000
something to contribute. 
This Evolution coincided with 

1832
01:35:05,000 --> 01:35:08,600
the ratification of the 19th. 
Amendment in 1920, granting 

1833
01:35:08,600 --> 01:35:12,400
women, the right to vote. 
Energized by this Milestone, 

1834
01:35:12,400 --> 01:35:15,700
Eleanor campaigned for Franklin 
when he ran as the Democratic 

1835
01:35:15,700 --> 01:35:18,500
vice presidential candidate. 
That same year, though, they 

1836
01:35:18,508 --> 01:35:21,400
lost the experience broadened. 
Her political Network. 

1837
01:35:22,300 --> 01:35:25,700
She saw how campaigns were 
orchestrated, how messages were 

1838
01:35:25,700 --> 01:35:29,800
spun and most importantly, how 
public opinion could be swayed 

1839
01:35:29,800 --> 01:35:33,200
toward Progressive ideals. 
If approached with authenticity,

1840
01:35:34,100 --> 01:35:37,300
By the early 1920s Eleanor 
Roosevelt had traversed, 

1841
01:35:37,300 --> 01:35:40,500
heartbreak War, volunteerism and
political initiation. 

1842
01:35:40,500 --> 01:35:44,700
She had begun forging her path 
shaped by the directing counters

1843
01:35:44,700 --> 01:35:48,000
with suffering and by her 
growing circle of reformed peers

1844
01:35:48,000 --> 01:35:52,300
her marriage once the access of 
her existence now became just 

1845
01:35:52,300 --> 01:35:56,700
one facet of a broader calling 
As she discovered adversity 

1846
01:35:56,700 --> 01:35:58,400
often planted the seeds of 
purpose. 

1847
01:35:58,400 --> 01:36:02,400
The once quiet shy girl. 
Now determined to stand on her 

1848
01:36:02,400 --> 01:36:06,600
own terms Guided by a conscience
that refused to stay silent was 

1849
01:36:06,600 --> 01:36:10,000
emerging. 
The 1920s brought both hardship 

1850
01:36:10,000 --> 01:36:12,800
and opportunity to Eleanor 
Roosevelt Franklin's political 

1851
01:36:12,800 --> 01:36:16,400
career stalled when he lost the 
vice presidential race in 1920 

1852
01:36:16,400 --> 01:36:20,800
but his future seemed boundless 
until polio struck him in 1921 

1853
01:36:20,800 --> 01:36:24,900
that summer during a vacation in
Campobello he suddenly found 

1854
01:36:24,900 --> 01:36:26,600
himself paralyzed from the waist
down. 

1855
01:36:27,300 --> 01:36:29,500
Doctors, offered little hope for
complete recovery. 

1856
01:36:30,500 --> 01:36:33,100
The family, rallied yet the 
crisis triggered. 

1857
01:36:33,100 --> 01:36:35,600
Another shift in Ellen's life 
overnight. 

1858
01:36:35,600 --> 01:36:40,000
She transformed into Franklin's 
indispensable Ally, juggling 

1859
01:36:40,000 --> 01:36:43,600
therapy, regimens household 
Logistics, and public relations.

1860
01:36:44,700 --> 01:36:47,000
Many within the Roosevelt. 
Clan believed Franklins, 

1861
01:36:47,000 --> 01:36:50,000
political days were over. 
Sara Delano Roosevelt. 

1862
01:36:50,000 --> 01:36:53,400
Pressed him to retire, quietly. 
That Eleanor discern. 

1863
01:36:53,400 --> 01:36:55,800
That relinquishing his Ambitions
would crush his spirit. 

1864
01:36:56,700 --> 01:37:00,100
She supported his determination 
to regain Mobility, helping him 

1865
01:37:00,100 --> 01:37:03,600
navigate new routine. 
She also shouldered tasks 

1866
01:37:03,600 --> 01:37:06,300
frankly in previously. 
Handled from correspondents to 

1867
01:37:06,300 --> 01:37:09,700
scheduling Suddenly, she was 
more than a supportive spouse. 

1868
01:37:09,700 --> 01:37:12,800
She was a gatekeeper, an 
intermediary, and an architect 

1869
01:37:12,800 --> 01:37:16,100
of her husband's comeback. 
Her own organizational skills. 

1870
01:37:16,100 --> 01:37:18,800
Flourished, she managed 
Franklin's Affairs, and 

1871
01:37:18,800 --> 01:37:22,000
dedicated time to committees 
that advanced her interests, she

1872
01:37:22,000 --> 01:37:24,300
joined the women's division of 
the New York state democratic 

1873
01:37:24,300 --> 01:37:27,800
committee, recruiting Women, 
Voters and championing issues 

1874
01:37:27,800 --> 01:37:29,600
that aligned with social 
reforms. 

1875
01:37:29,600 --> 01:37:33,300
This dual Role Family caretaker 
and political operator, 

1876
01:37:33,300 --> 01:37:35,300
displayed an emerging 
confidence. 

1877
01:37:35,300 --> 01:37:39,400
She shared the last vestiges of 
social committee, speaking at 

1878
01:37:39,400 --> 01:37:41,600
rallies and forging alliances 
with Party leaders. 

1879
01:37:41,600 --> 01:37:45,000
While some ridiculed her for 
lacking classic oratory Flair 

1880
01:37:45,000 --> 01:37:48,900
others appreciated, her 
sincerity in 1924. 

1881
01:37:48,900 --> 01:37:52,000
Franklin, ventured back into 
politics by supporting Al Smith 

1882
01:37:52,000 --> 01:37:54,700
for the position. 
Of governor of New York behind 

1883
01:37:54,700 --> 01:37:58,300
the scenes Eleanor, arranged 
events wrote letters and 

1884
01:37:58,300 --> 01:38:01,300
networked on his behalf. 
She began to see how her 

1885
01:38:01,300 --> 01:38:03,900
initiatives merged with broader 
political Machinery. 

1886
01:38:03,900 --> 01:38:07,400
The women City Club and the 
League of Women Voters offered 

1887
01:38:07,400 --> 01:38:10,200
her platforms to discuss labor 
issues and child welfare. 

1888
01:38:11,100 --> 01:38:13,800
Her voice carried an 
authenticity rooted in hands on 

1889
01:38:13,800 --> 01:38:16,700
experience. 
And she found an audience eager 

1890
01:38:16,700 --> 01:38:19,700
for that perspective. 
Yet her personal Journey, wasn't

1891
01:38:19,700 --> 01:38:22,500
all smooth. 
Living under the same roof as 

1892
01:38:22,500 --> 01:38:24,800
Sarah. 
She faced constant friction 

1893
01:38:24,800 --> 01:38:26,400
about how to manage franklyn's 
care. 

1894
01:38:26,400 --> 01:38:30,000
Moreover, Echoes of the Lucy 
Mercer, Fair lingard, 

1895
01:38:30,000 --> 01:38:34,200
complicating, the emotional bond
with her husband their marriage.

1896
01:38:34,200 --> 01:38:37,900
Those stable in outward 
appearance evolved into more of 

1897
01:38:37,900 --> 01:38:39,900
a partnership than a traditional
Romance. 

1898
01:38:40,700 --> 01:38:43,000
Trusted friends, such as 
journalists Lorena. 

1899
01:38:43,000 --> 01:38:45,700
Hickok, entered her life, 
providing emotional support. 

1900
01:38:46,600 --> 01:38:49,500
Speculation about the nature of 
these friendships arose later. 

1901
01:38:49,500 --> 01:38:53,700
But at the time they served as 
lifelines anchoring Eleanor's 

1902
01:38:53,700 --> 01:38:57,000
sense of self-worth. 
As Franklin's Mobility, improved

1903
01:38:57,000 --> 01:39:00,500
incrementally, supported by 
crutches, braces, and daily 

1904
01:39:00,500 --> 01:39:02,500
exercises. 
His political, aspirations 

1905
01:39:02,500 --> 01:39:06,800
reignited, he ran for governor 
of New York in 1928 and won. 

1906
01:39:07,400 --> 01:39:10,600
Suddenly Eleanor had to navigate
her new role as the governor's 

1907
01:39:10,600 --> 01:39:13,000
wife. 
She disliked the ceremonials of 

1908
01:39:13,000 --> 01:39:16,500
the executive mansion in Albany 
but she saw an Avenue to shake 

1909
01:39:16,500 --> 01:39:19,400
policy from within. 
She was no longer content with 

1910
01:39:19,400 --> 01:39:22,200
simply greeting dignitaries at 
reception instead. 

1911
01:39:22,200 --> 01:39:24,700
She turned the governor's 
residence into a meeting point 

1912
01:39:24,700 --> 01:39:28,900
for activists and policy makers.
Under her watch Progressive 

1913
01:39:28,900 --> 01:39:32,200
agendas on labor laws and social
welfare found an informal forum.

1914
01:39:33,200 --> 01:39:36,200
Meanwhile, she continued 
building her own reputation, she

1915
01:39:36,200 --> 01:39:39,200
wrote articles, for women's 
magazines pushing readers to 

1916
01:39:39,200 --> 01:39:42,400
engage in Civic matters in one 
piece and she insisted that the 

1917
01:39:42,400 --> 01:39:44,200
success of democracy depended 
on. 

1918
01:39:44,200 --> 01:39:48,500
Informed Citizen's, specially 
newly enfranchised women, a 

1919
01:39:48,500 --> 01:39:51,700
writing style was direct and 
personal resonating with readers

1920
01:39:51,700 --> 01:39:54,100
tired of lofty rhetoric 
critically. 

1921
01:39:54,100 --> 01:39:57,900
She believed that compassion and
practical Solutions, not empty, 

1922
01:39:57,900 --> 01:40:01,600
slogans made politics 
meaningful, By the close of the 

1923
01:40:01,600 --> 01:40:04,500
1920s, the Roosevelts have 
become a formidable team. 

1924
01:40:05,200 --> 01:40:08,800
Franklin's charismatic optimism,
Drew public admiration, while 

1925
01:40:08,800 --> 01:40:12,200
Ellen has growing expertise on 
social issues, injected 

1926
01:40:12,200 --> 01:40:16,200
substance into his political 
image, the 1929 stock market 

1927
01:40:16,200 --> 01:40:20,100
crash sent the nation reeling. 
Intensifying scrutiny of 

1928
01:40:20,108 --> 01:40:23,700
Leader's efforts to alleviate 
economic despair as Governor 

1929
01:40:23,700 --> 01:40:25,400
Franklin. 
Grappled with the relief 

1930
01:40:25,400 --> 01:40:27,700
measures for the unemployed 
Eleanor. 

1931
01:40:27,700 --> 01:40:31,000
For her part traveled, the state
for visiting factories, 

1932
01:40:31,000 --> 01:40:34,200
tenements and Rural communities 
to assess problems first-hand. 

1933
01:40:35,100 --> 01:40:38,700
Her dispatchers back to Albany 
shaped policy debates ensuring 

1934
01:40:38,700 --> 01:40:41,300
that the voice of ordinary 
citizens, didn't get lost in the

1935
01:40:41,300 --> 01:40:44,200
shuffle of bureaucracy. 
It was during this period that 

1936
01:40:44,200 --> 01:40:47,100
illness solidified her belief in
the potential of government to 

1937
01:40:47,100 --> 01:40:50,400
uplift the vulnerable. 
While critics accused her of 

1938
01:40:50,400 --> 01:40:53,700
meddling in Affairs, Beyond a 
spouse's domain, she brushed off

1939
01:40:53,700 --> 01:40:56,700
the barbs. 
If democracy was to thrive, she 

1940
01:40:56,700 --> 01:41:00,300
reasoned it needed more than 
figureheads it needed. 

1941
01:41:00,300 --> 01:41:03,500
Informed Advocates willing to 
engage directly with citizens 

1942
01:41:03,500 --> 01:41:06,700
struggles. 
As the 1932 presidential 

1943
01:41:06,700 --> 01:41:09,800
election approached, franklyn 
emerged as the Democratic 

1944
01:41:09,800 --> 01:41:12,100
front-runner. 
With the Great Depression. 

1945
01:41:12,100 --> 01:41:15,500
Tightening its grip Americans 
craved leadership that promised 

1946
01:41:15,500 --> 01:41:18,800
hope and decisive action. 
Eleanor stealed the stealed 

1947
01:41:18,800 --> 01:41:21,800
herself for the next stage. 
Little did she know the White 

1948
01:41:21,800 --> 01:41:24,200
House would offer an even 
broader platform yet? 

1949
01:41:24,200 --> 01:41:26,900
Also test her capacity to 
balance public influence with 

1950
01:41:26,900 --> 01:41:30,300
private conviction. 
When Franklin D Roosevelt won, 

1951
01:41:30,300 --> 01:41:34,100
the 1932 presidential election, 
America was in the throes of the

1952
01:41:34,100 --> 01:41:37,500
Great Depression lines for bread
and soup stretched across city. 

1953
01:41:37,500 --> 01:41:40,800
Blocks Farms were foreclosed and
unemployment soared. 

1954
01:41:40,800 --> 01:41:43,900
Millions looked to the incoming 
president for salvation. 

1955
01:41:45,000 --> 01:41:48,100
Amid the frenzied national 
attention, Eleanor Roosevelt, 

1956
01:41:48,100 --> 01:41:50,500
stepped into the role of first 
lady with an approach that 

1957
01:41:50,500 --> 01:41:53,500
defied convention. 
Rather than focusing on high 

1958
01:41:53,500 --> 01:41:55,500
society. 
Receptions, she resolved to 

1959
01:41:55,508 --> 01:41:57,600
become the eyes and ears of the 
administration. 

1960
01:41:58,400 --> 01:42:02,000
Traveling extensively to gauge 
people's realities from the 

1961
01:42:02,000 --> 01:42:04,400
onset. 
She carved out, an unprecedented

1962
01:42:04,400 --> 01:42:06,800
public profile. 
She held weekly press 

1963
01:42:06,800 --> 01:42:09,500
conferences, for female 
reporters insurance that women 

1964
01:42:09,500 --> 01:42:12,200
in journalism retained access to
the political heart of the 

1965
01:42:12,200 --> 01:42:14,900
nation. 
This move sparked controversy 

1966
01:42:14,900 --> 01:42:17,100
know first lady had ever done 
something. 

1967
01:42:17,100 --> 01:42:21,600
So openly proactive critics 
labeled her a meddler but Ellen 

1968
01:42:21,600 --> 01:42:24,700
persisted explaining that 
women's voices deserved 

1969
01:42:24,700 --> 01:42:28,000
inclusion in National discourse.
She believed that an 

1970
01:42:28,000 --> 01:42:30,400
Administration ignoring half the
population's perspective was 

1971
01:42:30,400 --> 01:42:33,700
doomed to fail. 
She also launched a syndicated 

1972
01:42:33,700 --> 01:42:37,000
newspaper column my day. 
In it. 

1973
01:42:37,000 --> 01:42:40,600
She chronicled her observations 
on policy, social conditions, 

1974
01:42:40,600 --> 01:42:44,300
and even personal Reflections, 
while some columns, offer daily 

1975
01:42:44,300 --> 01:42:47,500
glimpses into her travels, or 
family life, others pushed 

1976
01:42:47,500 --> 01:42:50,800
readers to consider labor 
issues, civil rights, and youth 

1977
01:42:50,800 --> 01:42:53,500
programs. 
The column garnered a massive 

1978
01:42:53,500 --> 01:42:57,300
following Americans. 
Especially women found an 

1979
01:42:57,300 --> 01:43:00,200
advocate in the White House who 
spoke plainly about societal 

1980
01:43:00,200 --> 01:43:03,700
Injustice detractors held about 
an overstepping spouse. 

1981
01:43:04,600 --> 01:43:06,500
But she refused to see the 
platform. 

1982
01:43:07,300 --> 01:43:09,400
Her pain became a conduit for 
the unheard. 

1983
01:43:10,200 --> 01:43:12,800
Meanwhile the Roosevelt 
administration rolled out the 

1984
01:43:12,800 --> 01:43:16,500
New Deal and array of programs 
aimed at relief recovery and 

1985
01:43:16,500 --> 01:43:19,100
reform. 
While franklyn handled the 

1986
01:43:19,100 --> 01:43:21,900
sweeping political Maneuvers, 
Ellen of visited, factories 

1987
01:43:21,900 --> 01:43:25,900
slums, and Rural Backwater 
reporting her findings back to 

1988
01:43:25,900 --> 01:43:27,700
him. 
And other officials her input 

1989
01:43:27,700 --> 01:43:29,900
influenced initiatives like the 
National Youth Administration 

1990
01:43:29,900 --> 01:43:32,200
which provided jobs and 
education. 

1991
01:43:32,200 --> 01:43:35,300
For young people ellenor 
believed that social wellfare 

1992
01:43:35,300 --> 01:43:38,200
wasn't about handouts but about 
giving people the tools to 

1993
01:43:38,200 --> 01:43:41,400
regain dignity. 
She pressed agencies to ensure 

1994
01:43:41,400 --> 01:43:45,300
these programs reached women 
minorities and rural families 

1995
01:43:45,300 --> 01:43:47,700
often sidelined in bureaucratic 
distribution. 

1996
01:43:48,500 --> 01:43:51,600
Activism caught attention 
outside Washington, Labor 

1997
01:43:51,600 --> 01:43:54,400
leaders, praised her empathy 
while some conservatives accused

1998
01:43:54,400 --> 01:43:57,700
soon heater of championing. 
Socialism unions. 

1999
01:43:57,700 --> 01:43:59,900
Specially the newly. 
Formed Congress of industrial 

2000
01:43:59,900 --> 01:44:03,800
organizations CIO. 
Saw her as an ally willing to 

2001
01:44:03,800 --> 01:44:06,000
bring work as grievances to her 
husband's ear. 

2002
01:44:06,700 --> 01:44:09,300
Civil rights groups led by 
African-American leaders like 

2003
01:44:09,300 --> 01:44:12,400
Mary McLeod. 
Bethune founded in Eleanor a 

2004
01:44:12,400 --> 01:44:14,300
rare White House. 
Allah who had openly address 

2005
01:44:14,300 --> 01:44:17,800
racial Injustice. 
Famously defied segregation 

2006
01:44:17,800 --> 01:44:21,900
Norms in 1938 by sitting in the 
middle aisle between black and 

2007
01:44:21,900 --> 01:44:25,300
white delegates at a Southern 
Conference critics deemed at a 

2008
01:44:25,300 --> 01:44:28,700
publicity stunt, but for many 
African-Americans it was a 

2009
01:44:28,708 --> 01:44:32,200
symbolic stand by someone in 
power in private though she 

2010
01:44:32,200 --> 01:44:35,200
battled frustration and 
loneliness Franklins polio 

2011
01:44:35,200 --> 01:44:38,200
limited his mobility and the 
Relentless demands of the 

2012
01:44:38,200 --> 01:44:40,800
president sea deepen. 
The emotional Gulf between them 

2013
01:44:41,500 --> 01:44:45,000
the White House brimmed with 
staff and visitors leaving 

2014
01:44:45,000 --> 01:44:48,700
little time for introspection. 
She relied on friendships with 

2015
01:44:48,700 --> 01:44:51,900
women like Lorena, Hickok, Who 
provided an emotional Outlet. 

2016
01:44:51,900 --> 01:44:55,700
She rarely found in her marriage
historians later scrutinized 

2017
01:44:55,700 --> 01:44:58,200
these relationships. 
But at the time, they served as 

2018
01:44:58,208 --> 01:45:01,300
islands of understanding and 
affection in a sea of political 

2019
01:45:01,300 --> 01:45:05,400
chaos, Despite the strain, 
Eleanor recognized her unique 

2020
01:45:05,400 --> 01:45:08,600
influence, she championed the 
Arts through projects under the 

2021
01:45:08,600 --> 01:45:12,500
works progress administration. 
Believing creativity spurred. 

2022
01:45:12,500 --> 01:45:16,000
Hope she publicly supported 
Progressive, women in office, 

2023
01:45:16,000 --> 01:45:20,300
including Secretary of Labor, 
Frances Perkins, the first woman

2024
01:45:20,300 --> 01:45:24,500
to hold a US cabinet position, 
In doing so she Advanced the 

2025
01:45:24,500 --> 01:45:26,500
notion that women could excel in
governance. 

2026
01:45:27,500 --> 01:45:29,600
Septic sneered at the idea of 
female leadership. 

2027
01:45:29,600 --> 01:45:33,000
But Ellen has Karma Assurance 
backed by real accomplishments. 

2028
01:45:33,000 --> 01:45:35,900
Counted their doubts. 
She also found herself in 

2029
01:45:35,900 --> 01:45:39,100
Tangled in controversies around,
housing, reforms, Rural 

2030
01:45:39,100 --> 01:45:41,300
electrification, and migrant 
labor camps. 

2031
01:45:41,300 --> 01:45:45,200
In each case her approach was 
consistent travel to the site's,

2032
01:45:45,200 --> 01:45:48,700
talk to affected families and 
push her husband's advisors to 

2033
01:45:48,700 --> 01:45:51,400
craft Solutions. 
If she couldn't persuade through

2034
01:45:51,400 --> 01:45:54,600
formal channels, she sometimes 
appealed directly to the public 

2035
01:45:54,600 --> 01:45:58,400
through her collar, more radio 
addresses, Skillfully balance 

2036
01:45:58,400 --> 01:46:00,800
between being a supportive first
lady and being an independent 

2037
01:46:00,800 --> 01:46:03,700
political actor by the late 
1930s. 

2038
01:46:03,700 --> 01:46:06,800
The Roosevelt administration, 
confronted new challenges 

2039
01:46:06,800 --> 01:46:10,600
fascism rising in Europe and are
still wobbly economy at home 

2040
01:46:10,600 --> 01:46:13,600
through it. 
All Eleanor's, schedule remained

2041
01:46:13,600 --> 01:46:17,700
Relentless, she believed in 
direct engagement convinced that

2042
01:46:17,700 --> 01:46:20,700
a leader unaware of suffering. 
Had no moral right to shape 

2043
01:46:20,700 --> 01:46:23,200
policy though. 
She never held official office, 

2044
01:46:23,200 --> 01:46:26,800
Her counsel influence, decisions
that altered millions of lives 

2045
01:46:26,800 --> 01:46:29,100
with war clouds gathering 
overseas. 

2046
01:46:29,100 --> 01:46:32,400
She would soon discover that her
role required, not just empathy,

2047
01:46:32,400 --> 01:46:36,600
but a Steely resolve to face a 
global crisis poised to test as 

2048
01:46:36,600 --> 01:46:40,600
ideals as the 1930s ended and 
World War Two loomed. 

2049
01:46:40,600 --> 01:46:43,700
Eleanor, Roosevelt sensed a 
shifting Global landscape. 

2050
01:46:43,700 --> 01:46:47,400
She saw fascism trampling human 
rights in Europe and Asia. 

2051
01:46:47,400 --> 01:46:49,900
While America debated isolation 
versus intervention. 

2052
01:46:51,000 --> 01:46:53,700
Though, frankly initially 
focused on domestic recovery by 

2053
01:46:53,700 --> 01:46:56,100
1940, it was clear. 
The nation. 

2054
01:46:56,100 --> 01:46:59,000
Could not ignore International 
Terminal, Eleanor. 

2055
01:46:59,000 --> 01:47:02,500
Never shy about voice and her 
stance, argued, that America's 

2056
01:47:02,500 --> 01:47:05,100
moral responsibility extended 
Beyond its borders. 

2057
01:47:05,900 --> 01:47:08,900
She wrote passionately in my 
day, warning readers, that 

2058
01:47:08,900 --> 01:47:11,900
Democratic Values needed to 
defending lest they perish in 

2059
01:47:11,900 --> 01:47:15,100
the onslaught of tyranny. 
When Franklin won an 

2060
01:47:15,100 --> 01:47:18,800
unprecedented, third term, in 
1940, the Roosevelt steal 

2061
01:47:18,800 --> 01:47:20,300
themselves for a tumultuous 
period. 

2062
01:47:21,000 --> 01:47:23,900
Eleanor accelerated her advocacy
for civil rights and women's 

2063
01:47:23,900 --> 01:47:26,800
involvement in war preparedness 
with men, joining the military. 

2064
01:47:26,800 --> 01:47:30,700
She championed female workers to
fill industrial, roles touring 

2065
01:47:30,700 --> 01:47:33,800
factories, she highlighted the 
contributions of Rosie, the 

2066
01:47:33,800 --> 01:47:37,700
Riveter types, urging Americans 
to shed old prejudices about A 

2067
01:47:37,700 --> 01:47:41,300
Woman's Place. 
Her stance was pragmatic the 

2068
01:47:41,300 --> 01:47:45,100
nation required every capable 
hand to be looming threats yet. 

2069
01:47:45,100 --> 01:47:48,300
Pearl Harbor's bombing in 
December 1941, brought War to 

2070
01:47:48,300 --> 01:47:51,100
us, soil, igniting, frantic 
mobilization. 

2071
01:47:52,000 --> 01:47:55,300
Eleanor plunged into morale. 
Building efforts visiting troops

2072
01:47:55,300 --> 01:47:58,200
meeting with families of 
servicemen and pushing for 

2073
01:47:58,200 --> 01:48:00,000
improved conditions in military 
camps. 

2074
01:48:00,700 --> 01:48:03,700
Eleanor believed that even small
actions, like providing decent 

2075
01:48:03,700 --> 01:48:07,800
food, Medical Care and pay could
demonstrate the country's 

2076
01:48:07,800 --> 01:48:11,300
commitment to those who served. 
Despite the war department have 

2077
01:48:11,300 --> 01:48:13,900
its structures. 
Her personal visits frequently 

2078
01:48:13,900 --> 01:48:17,600
revealed areas of concern, such 
as segregated facilities, 

2079
01:48:17,600 --> 01:48:21,600
limited Mental, Health Services 
or insufficient resources in 

2080
01:48:21,600 --> 01:48:24,700
remote training sites. 
She penned Frank memos to 

2081
01:48:24,700 --> 01:48:28,100
generals and even her husband 
demanding improvements on the 

2082
01:48:28,100 --> 01:48:32,400
homefront war fever, sometimes 
fueled racism Japanese-Americans

2083
01:48:32,400 --> 01:48:33,800
were forced into internment 
camps. 

2084
01:48:33,800 --> 01:48:37,100
A policy elider struggled to 
reconcile with her belief in 

2085
01:48:37,100 --> 01:48:40,200
Democratic principles, she 
quietly lobbied behind the 

2086
01:48:40,200 --> 01:48:43,400
scenes, but her opposition to 
the policy never gained enough 

2087
01:48:43,400 --> 01:48:46,400
traction to reverse. 
It critics later labeled her 

2088
01:48:46,400 --> 01:48:49,500
substance on internment as one 
of her greatest moral failures. 

2089
01:48:49,500 --> 01:48:52,800
Still she strove to mitigate 
conditions by visiting camps and

2090
01:48:52,800 --> 01:48:55,200
advocating for educational 
programs inside them. 

2091
01:48:55,200 --> 01:48:59,000
Mindful that these efforts fell 
short of outright Justice. 

2092
01:48:59,000 --> 01:49:02,900
Meanwhile, civil rights leaders 
urged, the administration to 

2093
01:49:02,900 --> 01:49:04,400
address discrimination in 
defense. 

2094
01:49:04,400 --> 01:49:07,600
Industries, Eleanor became their
conduit in the White House. 

2095
01:49:07,600 --> 01:49:12,700
Franklyn issued executive order 
8802, racial, discrimination, in

2096
01:49:12,700 --> 01:49:15,800
defense contracts partly due to 
her persistent urging. 

2097
01:49:16,400 --> 01:49:19,000
Though enforcement was patchy it
set a precedent. 

2098
01:49:19,000 --> 01:49:23,000
She continued, her bold stands 
like publicly supporting the 

2099
01:49:23,000 --> 01:49:25,700
Tuskegee Airmen, and ensuring 
African American. 

2100
01:49:25,700 --> 01:49:28,100
Nurses were integrated into the 
Army Nurse Corps. 

2101
01:49:28,100 --> 01:49:31,100
Each symbolic action fan 
controversy among 

2102
01:49:31,100 --> 01:49:35,100
segregationists, but to her the 
quality was non-negotiable 

2103
01:49:35,100 --> 01:49:38,400
especially in a warp. 
Reportedly fought for freedom. 

2104
01:49:39,400 --> 01:49:43,600
Abroad Eleanor's, reach extended
through her Goodwill tours, she 

2105
01:49:43,600 --> 01:49:46,200
traveled to Britain, and the 
South Pacific meeting soldiers 

2106
01:49:46,200 --> 01:49:48,800
and Allied Leaders, her 
presence, was more than 

2107
01:49:48,800 --> 01:49:51,000
ceremonial. 
She asked probing questions 

2108
01:49:51,000 --> 01:49:55,500
about troop morale, supply lines
and local tensions often she 

2109
01:49:55,500 --> 01:49:56,800
cabled. 
Back suggestions for 

2110
01:49:56,800 --> 01:49:59,500
improvements, British prime 
minister Winston, Churchill 

2111
01:49:59,500 --> 01:50:02,600
praised her empathy, even if 
some in his Entourage found her 

2112
01:50:02,600 --> 01:50:05,300
activism unorthodox for a first 
lady. 

2113
01:50:06,100 --> 01:50:08,600
She reassured War weary 
civilians that American Aid, 

2114
01:50:08,600 --> 01:50:11,300
wasn't just strategic. 
It was driven by genuine 

2115
01:50:11,300 --> 01:50:13,800
commitment to Liberty. 
At home. 

2116
01:50:13,800 --> 01:50:17,500
She confronted a personal 
heartbreak, her brother, Paul 

2117
01:50:17,500 --> 01:50:20,100
Rose of elt struggled with 
alcoholism echoing. 

2118
01:50:20,100 --> 01:50:23,700
The family's tragic Legacy. 
She tried to arrange support and

2119
01:50:23,700 --> 01:50:26,500
discreet care, balancing private
loyalties with public 

2120
01:50:26,500 --> 01:50:29,800
responsibilities, a circle of 
intimate friends, provided 

2121
01:50:29,800 --> 01:50:32,900
emotional ballast. 
Lorena Hickok, remained a 

2122
01:50:32,900 --> 01:50:35,500
confidant, the war Logistics 
limited their time together 

2123
01:50:35,500 --> 01:50:37,900
through letters, Eleanor 
confided. 

2124
01:50:37,900 --> 01:50:41,500
Her exhaustion admitting that 
the Public's expectations, often

2125
01:50:41,500 --> 01:50:45,800
felt insurmountable As the 
conflict raged on Franklin's 

2126
01:50:45,800 --> 01:50:48,800
Health, Wayne his blood 
pressure, Rose and stress 

2127
01:50:48,800 --> 01:50:51,200
weighed heavily. 
Helena stepped in more 

2128
01:50:51,200 --> 01:50:53,600
assertively bridging gaps in his
schedule. 

2129
01:50:54,400 --> 01:50:57,900
She delivered radio addresses, 
championing, war, bonds visited 

2130
01:50:57,900 --> 01:51:00,700
hospitals, treating wounded, 
veterans, and comforted, 

2131
01:51:00,700 --> 01:51:04,000
grieving families. 
Some cynics dismissed her as 

2132
01:51:04,000 --> 01:51:07,300
Madame do good but many others 
found solace in a leader 

2133
01:51:07,308 --> 01:51:09,200
unafraid to see suffering 
firsthand. 

2134
01:51:10,300 --> 01:51:14,500
By 1944, the Allied Forces were 
making significant progress yet.

2135
01:51:14,500 --> 01:51:16,300
Victory. 
Seemed a complicated Prospect, 

2136
01:51:16,300 --> 01:51:18,700
the wars. 
Devastation would require not 

2137
01:51:18,700 --> 01:51:22,000
just triumph over Axis Powers 
but a blueprint for peace. 

2138
01:51:23,000 --> 01:51:26,800
Ellen as mined with questions 
about refugees post-war 

2139
01:51:26,800 --> 01:51:29,500
reconstruction, and a 
re-imagined global framework 

2140
01:51:29,500 --> 01:51:33,000
that might prevent future 
catastrophes She saw glimpses of

2141
01:51:33,000 --> 01:51:34,800
a potential role for the United 
States. 

2142
01:51:34,800 --> 01:51:37,900
As a moral leader though. 
She worried domestic politics 

2143
01:51:37,900 --> 01:51:40,900
might hamper that vision. 
In the final year of the war, 

2144
01:51:40,900 --> 01:51:44,000
she began hinting that the world
needed a robust International 

2145
01:51:44,000 --> 01:51:47,800
body to maintain peace. 
Shadowing her eventual pivotal 

2146
01:51:47,800 --> 01:51:51,400
role in the United Nations. 
Franklin D, Roosevelt died, in 

2147
01:51:51,400 --> 01:51:56,000
April, 1945 mere weeks before 
Germany's surrender the nation 

2148
01:51:56,000 --> 01:51:58,600
mourned a four-term president, 
whose New Deal and wartime 

2149
01:51:58,600 --> 01:52:02,200
leadership had reshaped America 
for Eleanor Roosevelt. 

2150
01:52:02,200 --> 01:52:05,500
The loss was both intimate and 
public while she and Franklin 

2151
01:52:05,508 --> 01:52:08,300
had forged a practical 
partnership over the years, she 

2152
01:52:08,300 --> 01:52:10,900
grieved the passing of a 
companion who had despite all 

2153
01:52:10,900 --> 01:52:13,700
their marital complexities had 
walked beside her through 

2154
01:52:13,700 --> 01:52:17,100
Monumental Transformations when 
Harry Truman succeeded to the 

2155
01:52:17,100 --> 01:52:19,700
presidency. 
He recognized Ellen as unique 

2156
01:52:19,700 --> 01:52:22,700
standing at first. 
Many assumed she would Retreat 

2157
01:52:22,700 --> 01:52:25,800
from public life. 
Instead, she showed no sign of 

2158
01:52:25,800 --> 01:52:29,200
Disappearing into widowhood She 
considered her husband's death, 

2159
01:52:29,200 --> 01:52:33,100
a passing of the Baton, a moment
demanding continued engagement, 

2160
01:52:33,100 --> 01:52:37,100
the war with Japan, still raged 
and global politics were in 

2161
01:52:37,108 --> 01:52:39,700
flux. 
She quietly rebuffed suggestions

2162
01:52:39,700 --> 01:52:43,900
to retire stating famously. 
The story is over but not the 

2163
01:52:43,900 --> 01:52:49,100
journey. 
In May 1945 v-day victory in 

2164
01:52:49,100 --> 01:52:51,900
Europe. 
Arrived overshadowed by the 

2165
01:52:51,900 --> 01:52:53,700
looming. 
Final battles against Japan. 

2166
01:52:53,700 --> 01:52:57,800
Eleanor immersed herself in 
relief, efforts focusing on 

2167
01:52:57,800 --> 01:52:59,400
wounded. 
Veterans returning from both 

2168
01:52:59,400 --> 01:53:02,900
theater's she visited, 
hospitals, consoled, families, 

2169
01:53:02,900 --> 01:53:06,900
and championed bills aimed at 
their rehabilitation While 

2170
01:53:06,900 --> 01:53:09,600
Truman's Administration tackle 
the complexities of forming a 

2171
01:53:09,600 --> 01:53:12,000
post-war order. 
She used her platform to 

2172
01:53:12,000 --> 01:53:14,400
advocate for a strong 
Cooperative, International 

2173
01:53:14,400 --> 01:53:17,400
Community. 
One of Truman's defining acts 

2174
01:53:17,400 --> 01:53:20,100
was to appoint Eleanor to the 
first American delegation to the

2175
01:53:20,108 --> 01:53:24,300
United Nations in 1945. 
Many in Washington questioned. 

2176
01:53:24,300 --> 01:53:27,600
The choice could a former first 
lady or be at well-traveled 

2177
01:53:27,600 --> 01:53:32,200
effectively navigate high stakes
diplomacy Truman saw something, 

2178
01:53:32,200 --> 01:53:36,600
others overlooked her blend of 
empathy and pragmatism the 

2179
01:53:36,600 --> 01:53:38,300
appointment. 
Signaled, a fresh chapter for 

2180
01:53:38,300 --> 01:53:40,800
both the UN. 
And Eleanor she approached the 

2181
01:53:40,800 --> 01:53:44,000
role with disciplined, study 
brushing up, on parliamentary 

2182
01:53:44,000 --> 01:53:47,300
rules, international law, and 
economic recovery. 

2183
01:53:47,300 --> 01:53:50,700
Proposals attending the un's 
early session in London. 

2184
01:53:50,700 --> 01:53:53,000
And then at Lake Success, New 
York. 

2185
01:53:53,000 --> 01:53:55,800
She immersed herself in the 
complexities of post-war 

2186
01:53:55,800 --> 01:53:59,600
negotiations nation's wrestled 
with forming stable, governments

2187
01:53:59,600 --> 01:54:01,700
in war. 
Ravaged Region's setting up 

2188
01:54:01,708 --> 01:54:03,700
structures to prevent future 
conflicts. 

2189
01:54:03,700 --> 01:54:07,100
While seasoned diplomats haggled
over boundaries and reparations,

2190
01:54:07,100 --> 01:54:09,500
Ellen centered, her efforts on 
human rights. 

2191
01:54:09,500 --> 01:54:12,900
She found common cause with 
delegate is from smaller 

2192
01:54:12,900 --> 01:54:15,100
Nations. 
Forging, Alliance is that 

2193
01:54:15,100 --> 01:54:17,800
transcended cold war lines just 
beginning to emerge. 

2194
01:54:18,800 --> 01:54:21,800
In 1946. 
She chaired the newly formed un 

2195
01:54:21,800 --> 01:54:25,300
Commission on human rights. 
Initially, some delegates saw 

2196
01:54:25,300 --> 01:54:28,700
her as an American figurehead 
polite, but lacking intellectual

2197
01:54:28,700 --> 01:54:32,900
heft a swiftly learned otherwise
she steered discussions with 

2198
01:54:32,900 --> 01:54:36,600
firmness, ensuring smaller 
Nations had their say, She 

2199
01:54:36,608 --> 01:54:39,700
insisted the commission, draft, 
not just broad statements but 

2200
01:54:39,700 --> 01:54:43,300
actionable principles this 
laborious process required 

2201
01:54:43,300 --> 01:54:47,200
reconciling different cultural 
values, economic realities, and 

2202
01:54:47,200 --> 01:54:51,000
political ideologies. 
Hours of debate tested. 

2203
01:54:51,000 --> 01:54:53,400
Her resolve. 
She found an ally in French 

2204
01:54:53,400 --> 01:54:57,300
philosopher, Rene Castle among 
others, who appreciated, her 

2205
01:54:57,300 --> 01:54:59,400
unwavering focus on practical 
outcomes. 

2206
01:55:00,300 --> 01:55:02,800
The commission's, most famous 
product, the universal 

2207
01:55:02,800 --> 01:55:06,200
Declaration of Human Rights, 
emerged as a collaborative 

2208
01:55:06,200 --> 01:55:08,400
Masterpiece though it bore 
Ellen, has imprint. 

2209
01:55:09,200 --> 01:55:12,100
She reminded delegates that 
lofty words meant little and 

2210
01:55:12,100 --> 01:55:14,000
less every day. 
People could understand them. 

2211
01:55:14,700 --> 01:55:17,900
She pushed for language, that 
was clear Universal and free 

2212
01:55:17,900 --> 01:55:21,300
from legalistic clutter. 
Late night session ended with 

2213
01:55:21,300 --> 01:55:24,200
her scribbling revisions by 
Lamplight fueled by an 

2214
01:55:24,200 --> 01:55:27,300
unshakeable belief that each 
article mattered to someone's 

2215
01:55:27,300 --> 01:55:31,000
dignity her experience among the
poor and marginalized during the

2216
01:55:31,000 --> 01:55:34,000
Depression shape, her commitment
to ensuring each Clause 

2217
01:55:34,000 --> 01:55:38,600
addressed Thunder, mental human 
needs, Throughout these intense 

2218
01:55:38,600 --> 01:55:41,200
negotiations, she maintained a 
public speaking schedule 

2219
01:55:41,200 --> 01:55:44,200
traveling to universities and 
women's clubs to explain the 

2220
01:55:44,200 --> 01:55:47,000
un's mission. 
To tractors at home accused of 

2221
01:55:47,000 --> 01:55:49,500
naivete. 
Suggesting the Soviet Union's, 

2222
01:55:49,500 --> 01:55:52,300
looming, power rendered human 
rights talk meaningless. 

2223
01:55:53,100 --> 01:55:55,300
She counted that precisely 
because of geopolitical 

2224
01:55:55,300 --> 01:55:57,500
tensions. 
A moral framework was 

2225
01:55:57,500 --> 01:56:00,300
indispensable. 
She refused to let cynicism 

2226
01:56:00,300 --> 01:56:02,100
overshadow. 
The potential of collective 

2227
01:56:02,100 --> 01:56:05,200
action. 
By 1948, the commission 

2228
01:56:05,200 --> 01:56:07,600
finalized, the universal 
Declaration of Human Rights. 

2229
01:56:08,500 --> 01:56:10,400
The UN General Assembly is 
adoption of it. 

2230
01:56:10,400 --> 01:56:14,100
Marked a significant Milestone 
though, not legally binding, its

2231
01:56:14,100 --> 01:56:17,400
set a moral standard, Eleanor 
delivered speeches, describing 

2232
01:56:17,400 --> 01:56:20,700
it as a Magna, carter, For All 
Mankind in the public, 

2233
01:56:20,700 --> 01:56:23,200
understood it as a tool to 
uplift the disenfranchise. 

2234
01:56:24,400 --> 01:56:27,400
International media, credited, 
her leadership, albeit, 

2235
01:56:27,400 --> 01:56:30,600
sometimes grudgingly as she had 
shattered prior assumptions, 

2236
01:56:30,600 --> 01:56:34,000
about a first lady capabilities.
In the aftermath she found 

2237
01:56:34,000 --> 01:56:36,800
little time for rest. 
The world was shifting into the 

2238
01:56:36,808 --> 01:56:39,700
Cold War era. 
Economic reconstruction 

2239
01:56:39,700 --> 01:56:43,000
decolonization and ideological 
battles. 

2240
01:56:43,000 --> 01:56:46,800
Now, defined Global relations. 
Even as she stepped away from 

2241
01:56:46,800 --> 01:56:49,700
the commission, she continued to
serve as a roving ambassador of 

2242
01:56:49,708 --> 01:56:52,800
sorts championing human rights 
across continents. 

2243
01:56:54,200 --> 01:56:57,300
Elinor saw her late husband's 
passing as an opportunity to 

2244
01:56:57,300 --> 01:57:00,600
forge her own unique Legacy, 
rooted not in being a 

2245
01:57:00,608 --> 01:57:04,800
president's wife, but in shaping
International Norms at a pivotal

2246
01:57:04,800 --> 01:57:07,900
moment in history, In the final 
decade of her life. 

2247
01:57:07,900 --> 01:57:11,200
Eleanor Roosevelt, continued as 
an indefatigable voice for 

2248
01:57:11,200 --> 01:57:14,700
social justice, human rights and
democratic ideals. 

2249
01:57:14,700 --> 01:57:18,800
The universal Declaration of 
Human Rights, adopted in 1948 

2250
01:57:18,800 --> 01:57:20,900
remained her crowning 
achievement. 

2251
01:57:20,900 --> 01:57:24,900
However, she refused to rest on 
her past achievements with the 

2252
01:57:24,908 --> 01:57:28,000
onset of the Cold War critics, 
claimed the un's ideals would 

2253
01:57:28,000 --> 01:57:31,200
crumble under superpower 
rivalry, Eleanor believed, 

2254
01:57:31,200 --> 01:57:34,300
otherwise maintaining that 
shared principles could mitigate

2255
01:57:34,300 --> 01:57:38,700
conflict even if progress 
unfolded slowly, She returned to

2256
01:57:38,700 --> 01:57:42,700
private citizenship in 1953, but
State active in public 

2257
01:57:42,700 --> 01:57:45,900
discourse. 
Writing, lecturing and 

2258
01:57:45,900 --> 01:57:48,200
advocating. 
She championed civil rights at 

2259
01:57:48,200 --> 01:57:50,700
home. 
When African-American students, 

2260
01:57:50,700 --> 01:57:53,700
integrated previously, all white
schools under court orders. 

2261
01:57:54,400 --> 01:57:57,500
She lent moral support, 
reminding Americans that 

2262
01:57:57,500 --> 01:57:59,300
equality was part of their 
National fabric. 

2263
01:58:00,200 --> 01:58:03,700
The Columns remained, 
unflinching calling out racism 

2264
01:58:03,700 --> 01:58:07,200
poverty and the complacency of 
those who benefited from the 

2265
01:58:07,200 --> 01:58:09,900
status quo. 
Some saw her as anachronistic 

2266
01:58:09,900 --> 01:58:13,100
others discovered in her words. 
A beacon for an America 

2267
01:58:13,100 --> 01:58:15,900
struggling to reconcile its 
ideals with its realities. 

2268
01:58:15,900 --> 01:58:19,400
Her personal network, still 
included political, heavyweights

2269
01:58:19,400 --> 01:58:22,300
enabling her to press for a 
forms behind the scenes. 

2270
01:58:22,300 --> 01:58:25,200
She served under President John 
F Kennedy as chair of the 

2271
01:58:25,200 --> 01:58:28,300
presidential commission on the 
status of women established in 

2272
01:58:28,300 --> 01:58:33,600
1961 at an age, when many retire
Elena dissected legal codes 

2273
01:58:33,600 --> 01:58:37,100
Employment Practices and 
educational, barriers hindering 

2274
01:58:37,100 --> 01:58:39,900
women. 
She demanded data case studies 

2275
01:58:39,900 --> 01:58:43,400
and policy recommendations 
aiming to transform rhetoric 

2276
01:58:43,400 --> 01:58:46,700
into tangible steps that the 
commission's final report 

2277
01:58:46,700 --> 01:58:50,200
spurred legislative changes 
underscore her ability to 

2278
01:58:50,200 --> 01:58:52,700
channel moral Vision in to Legal
Frameworks. 

2279
01:58:53,400 --> 01:58:55,300
Throughout the 1950s and early 
1960s. 

2280
01:58:55,300 --> 01:58:59,100
She traveled the globe. 
Invitations poured in, from 

2281
01:58:59,100 --> 01:59:01,400
countries, wanting to meet the 
woman, behind the Declaration of

2282
01:59:01,400 --> 01:59:04,300
Human Rights in India. 
She walked through Villages, 

2283
01:59:04,300 --> 01:59:08,700
discussing rural development in 
Israel, she Marvel's communities

2284
01:59:08,700 --> 01:59:12,600
in Africa, she observed newly 
independent nations grappling 

2285
01:59:12,600 --> 01:59:15,700
with post-colonial 
reconstruction Where American 

2286
01:59:15,700 --> 01:59:19,000
ambassadors might exude, 
formality Elena embraced 

2287
01:59:19,000 --> 01:59:22,700
dialogues with everyday people. 
She returned from each Journey, 

2288
01:59:22,700 --> 01:59:26,300
energized writing extensive 
notes for policymakers, 

2289
01:59:26,300 --> 01:59:29,400
cautioning, against 
condescending attitudes toward 

2290
01:59:29,400 --> 01:59:32,400
emerging Nations. 
Her willingness to learn from 

2291
01:59:32,400 --> 01:59:36,300
other cultures became a Hallmark
of her diplomacy time. 

2292
01:59:36,300 --> 01:59:39,100
And again, she confronted 
critics who branded her a 

2293
01:59:39,100 --> 01:59:41,900
busybody She was neither a 
scholar or a government 

2294
01:59:41,900 --> 01:59:44,100
official. 
Why should she meddle in foreign

2295
01:59:44,100 --> 01:59:47,300
or domestic affairs? 
She answered that democracy was 

2296
01:59:47,300 --> 01:59:50,800
every Citizen's business and 
moral responsibility didn't 

2297
01:59:50,800 --> 01:59:52,700
vanish with the end of a fish 
official appointments. 

2298
01:59:52,700 --> 01:59:56,400
Observers noted, that her brand 
of activism hinged, on practical

2299
01:59:56,400 --> 02:00:00,600
empathy nurtured from her 
earliest, volunteer days where 

2300
02:00:00,600 --> 02:00:02,800
the lecturing at a university or
chatting with the rural 

2301
02:00:02,800 --> 02:00:05,700
cooperative. 
She asked questions and listened

2302
02:00:05,700 --> 02:00:09,800
her convictions were firm yet. 
She respected the complexity of 

2303
02:00:09,800 --> 02:00:12,500
local struggles. 
She also mentored Rising 

2304
02:00:12,500 --> 02:00:16,000
figures, both men and women 
urging them to wield compassion 

2305
02:00:16,000 --> 02:00:20,300
as a strength, not a weakness. 
From civil rights activists in 

2306
02:00:20,300 --> 02:00:22,600
the American South to Young 
diplomats in the US. 

2307
02:00:22,600 --> 02:00:26,000
She encouraged them to merge 
policy with Humanity. 

2308
02:00:26,800 --> 02:00:30,100
People she mentored often 
recalled her direct manner, no 

2309
02:00:30,100 --> 02:00:32,800
Idol flattery just pointed 
questions that forced them to 

2310
02:00:32,800 --> 02:00:37,300
clarify their own beliefs rarely
did she scold in public but in 

2311
02:00:37,300 --> 02:00:40,100
private she offered candid, 
criticisms designed to sharpen 

2312
02:00:40,100 --> 02:00:44,600
strategies. as her health began 
to decline in the early 1960s, 

2313
02:00:45,500 --> 02:00:47,800
She scaled back her demanding 
itinerary though. 

2314
02:00:47,800 --> 02:00:51,200
Not her convictions. 
President Kennedy valued her 

2315
02:00:51,200 --> 02:00:53,600
Council on international 
relations and domestic policy. 

2316
02:00:54,400 --> 02:00:57,700
She remained a fixture in press 
interviews, her voice steady 

2317
02:00:57,700 --> 02:00:59,500
even if her physical stamina 
waned. 

2318
02:01:00,100 --> 02:01:02,100
She firmly believed in 
transferring the responsibility 

2319
02:01:02,100 --> 02:01:06,400
to the Next Generation in. 
One of her final interviews, she

2320
02:01:06,400 --> 02:01:08,900
expressed hope that the seeds 
planted by the universal 

2321
02:01:08,900 --> 02:01:12,200
declaration would bear fruit, 
even if it took centuries for 

2322
02:01:12,200 --> 02:01:16,400
Humanity to fully embrace the 
ideals of Justice, Liberty and 

2323
02:01:16,400 --> 02:01:23,400
equality Eleanor Roosevelt died 
on November 7th 1962, tributes 

2324
02:01:23,400 --> 02:01:26,300
poured in from heads of state 
and ordinary citizens alike, 

2325
02:01:26,300 --> 02:01:29,000
many lorded. 
Her as the first lady of the 

2326
02:01:29,000 --> 02:01:32,200
world, a title first coined in 
recognition of her Global 

2327
02:01:32,200 --> 02:01:35,800
humanitarian work over the 
coming years, her Legacy would 

2328
02:01:35,800 --> 02:01:39,600
be Revisited by historians 
feminists diplomats and human 

2329
02:01:39,600 --> 02:01:42,700
rights advocates. 
Unlike fleeting political 

2330
02:01:42,700 --> 02:01:45,500
personalities, she left a 
lasting moral imprint that 

2331
02:01:45,500 --> 02:01:49,300
transcended partisanship and 
geography today, her words still

2332
02:01:49,300 --> 02:01:51,900
resonate. 
Where after all do Universal 

2333
02:01:51,900 --> 02:01:55,100
human rights begin in small 
places close to home. 

2334
02:01:56,100 --> 02:01:59,200
Her famous advocacy statement, 
encapsulates, the essence of her

2335
02:01:59,200 --> 02:02:01,400
life. 
She believed real change took 

2336
02:02:01,408 --> 02:02:05,400
root in neighborhoods, schools 
and local governments only, then

2337
02:02:05,400 --> 02:02:07,500
scaling up to National and 
international levels. 

2338
02:02:08,300 --> 02:02:10,400
Born into privilege. 
She grew into a figure who 

2339
02:02:10,400 --> 02:02:13,200
championed the powerless 
overcoming shyness and 

2340
02:02:13,200 --> 02:02:15,200
heartbreak. 
She constructed a role for 

2341
02:02:15,200 --> 02:02:16,800
herself that few imagined 
possible. 

2342
02:02:16,800 --> 02:02:20,400
And in that process, she altered
the global Dialogue on rights 

2343
02:02:20,400 --> 02:02:29,100
dignity and what it means to 
serve Humanity, The 16th century

2344
02:02:29,100 --> 02:02:32,900
dawned Italy stood as one of the
most vibrant and culturally Rich

2345
02:02:32,900 --> 02:02:35,300
regions in Europe. 
It was the heart of the 

2346
02:02:35,300 --> 02:02:39,200
Renaissance its cities alive 
with art science and 

2347
02:02:39,200 --> 02:02:42,300
intellectual thought. 
Yet beneath This brilliant 

2348
02:02:42,300 --> 02:02:45,100
Slayer, fragmented, political 
landscape, that would spark 

2349
02:02:45,100 --> 02:02:48,500
Decades of turmoil. 
Unlike the unified kingdoms of 

2350
02:02:48,508 --> 02:02:51,100
France and Spain. 
Italy was a collection of 

2351
02:02:51,100 --> 02:02:54,300
fiercely, independent 
city-states and kingdoms each 

2352
02:02:54,300 --> 02:02:57,500
vying for dominance. 
From the maritime might have 

2353
02:02:57,500 --> 02:03:00,800
Venice to the artistic Hub of 
Florence from the Papal States 

2354
02:03:00,800 --> 02:03:03,800
wielding, both spiritual and 
temporal authority to the 

2355
02:03:03,800 --> 02:03:07,400
militarized duchy of Milan. 
The Italian Peninsula was a 

2356
02:03:07,400 --> 02:03:08,900
patchwork of ambition and 
rivalry. 

2357
02:03:09,600 --> 02:03:12,800
This division made Italy, 
uniquely vulnerable, the 

2358
02:03:12,800 --> 02:03:15,800
city-states frequently clashed 
over territory and trade routes 

2359
02:03:15,800 --> 02:03:20,200
expending resources and forming 
unstable alliances, instead of 

2360
02:03:20,208 --> 02:03:22,300
uniting against external 
threats. 

2361
02:03:22,300 --> 02:03:25,500
They often sought outside Powers
as allies in their internal 

2362
02:03:25,500 --> 02:03:28,700
disputes. 
France, Spain, and the Holy 

2363
02:03:28,700 --> 02:03:31,700
Roman Empire each with their 
eyes on Italy's, wealth, and 

2364
02:03:31,708 --> 02:03:35,900
strategic importance were quick 
to exploit these divisions to 

2365
02:03:35,900 --> 02:03:38,000
them. 
Italy was not just a cultural 

2366
02:03:38,000 --> 02:03:40,600
Treasure Trove. 
It was a gateway to Greater 

2367
02:03:40,600 --> 02:03:42,300
influence in Europe, and the 
Mediterranean. 

2368
02:03:43,100 --> 02:03:46,200
Adding to this complex web of 
politics, was the immense power 

2369
02:03:46,200 --> 02:03:48,900
of the papacy. 
Popes of this era were not 

2370
02:03:48,900 --> 02:03:51,800
merely religious leaders but 
political figures deeply 

2371
02:03:51,800 --> 02:03:55,100
involved in Italy's Affairs. 
They negotiated a alliances 

2372
02:03:55,100 --> 02:03:59,000
raised armies and often pursued 
personal and familial Ambitions 

2373
02:03:59,000 --> 02:04:02,700
under the guise of Defending 
Kristen The churches wealth and 

2374
02:04:02,700 --> 02:04:06,000
land Holdings made it to 
significant player in the power 

2375
02:04:06,000 --> 02:04:09,600
struggles that shape the region.
Hopes like Alexander the sixth 

2376
02:04:09,600 --> 02:04:12,300
and Julius. 
The second used their positions 

2377
02:04:12,300 --> 02:04:14,700
to influence the balance of 
power turning. 

2378
02:04:14,700 --> 02:04:17,500
Rome into both a Battleground 
and a prize. 

2379
02:04:18,600 --> 02:04:21,400
The Renaissance further 
heightened, the stakes Italian 

2380
02:04:21,400 --> 02:04:24,700
cities were not only politically
an economically important, they 

2381
02:04:24,700 --> 02:04:28,300
were also cultural beacons. 
The competition among states to 

2382
02:04:28,300 --> 02:04:31,400
sponsor the greatest artists. 
Thinkers and Architects added 

2383
02:04:31,400 --> 02:04:35,200
another layer of rivalry. 
Florence became synonymous with 

2384
02:04:35,200 --> 02:04:39,300
Innovation, Venice, dominated 
trade and Milan built its 

2385
02:04:39,300 --> 02:04:43,000
reputation on military strength 
and strategic alliances the 

2386
02:04:43,000 --> 02:04:46,800
states despite their brilliant's
often overestimated, their 

2387
02:04:46,800 --> 02:04:49,900
ability to control the forces 
they Unleashed when inviting 

2388
02:04:49,900 --> 02:04:51,900
foreign powers to intervene in 
their disputes. 

2389
02:04:52,900 --> 02:04:56,500
The spark that ignited. 
The Italian Wars came in 1494 

2390
02:04:56,500 --> 02:05:00,100
when Charles the 8th of France, 
claiming a dynastic right to the

2391
02:05:00,100 --> 02:05:04,000
kingdom of Naples, marched, his 
army across the Alps His 

2392
02:05:04,000 --> 02:05:06,900
invasion was the result of years
of political maneuvering and 

2393
02:05:06,900 --> 02:05:11,000
Alliance is gone awry. 
Florence Naples and Milan had 

2394
02:05:11,000 --> 02:05:13,800
all played roles in drawing. 
France, into Italian Affairs, 

2395
02:05:13,800 --> 02:05:16,600
hoping to use Charles's 
Ambitions to their advantage. 

2396
02:05:16,600 --> 02:05:20,200
Instead, they Unleashed a force 
far greater than the 

2397
02:05:20,200 --> 02:05:23,000
anticipated. 
The French army with its modern 

2398
02:05:23,000 --> 02:05:24,600
artillery and disciplined 
soldiers. 

2399
02:05:24,600 --> 02:05:28,400
Overwhelmed local defenses, 
setting off a chain reaction 

2400
02:05:28,400 --> 02:05:32,500
that Drew in Spain, the Holy 
Roman Empire and eventually even

2401
02:05:32,500 --> 02:05:36,500
the Ottoman Empire The Italian 
wars were not a single conflict 

2402
02:05:36,500 --> 02:05:39,900
but a series of battles and 
campaigns lasting over six 

2403
02:05:39,900 --> 02:05:43,500
decades. they were fought not 
just for, territorial control, 

2404
02:05:43,500 --> 02:05:47,500
but for dominance over Europe 
itself, Italy became the 

2405
02:05:47,500 --> 02:05:51,400
Battleground where the Ambitions
of France, Spain and the Holy 

2406
02:05:51,400 --> 02:05:54,900
Roman Empire clashed with 
Italian city-states caught in 

2407
02:05:54,900 --> 02:05:57,500
the middle. 
Fragmented nature of the Italian

2408
02:05:57,500 --> 02:06:01,000
Peninsula, once a source of 
cultural diversity and wealth. 

2409
02:06:01,000 --> 02:06:03,300
Now, became its greatest 
vulnerability. 

2410
02:06:04,700 --> 02:06:07,400
As you reflect on this intricate
political landscape. 

2411
02:06:07,400 --> 02:06:11,400
Imagine the bustling cities of 
Renaissance Italy filled with 

2412
02:06:11,408 --> 02:06:15,400
life and Brilliant shadowed by 
uncertainty picture. 

2413
02:06:15,400 --> 02:06:19,300
The delicate balance of power, 
like a fine thread stretched to 

2414
02:06:19,300 --> 02:06:23,300
tightly waiting to unravel. 
Let The Rhythm of this story 

2415
02:06:23,300 --> 02:06:27,100
settle over you its complexity 
and Beauty, easing your mind as 

2416
02:06:27,100 --> 02:06:29,200
you relax further into a state 
of calm. 

2417
02:06:30,200 --> 02:06:33,600
The First Act of the Italian 
Wars began in 1494 when Charles 

2418
02:06:33,600 --> 02:06:37,000
the 8th of France, launched his 
invasion of Italy claiming his 

2419
02:06:37,000 --> 02:06:38,900
dynastic right to the kingdom of
Naples. 

2420
02:06:39,700 --> 02:06:42,700
This campaign marked the first 
time a major European power 

2421
02:06:42,700 --> 02:06:45,200
would openly stake. 
Its claim to Italian lands 

2422
02:06:45,200 --> 02:06:48,700
setting off a chain reaction 
that would embroil the continent

2423
02:06:48,700 --> 02:06:52,300
and Conflict for over 60 years. 
The decision to invade was 

2424
02:06:52,300 --> 02:06:55,900
driven by a combination of 
ambition opportunity and the 

2425
02:06:55,900 --> 02:06:58,300
fractured political state of 
Italy itself. 

2426
02:06:59,200 --> 02:07:02,100
Charles the 8th saw Italy as a 
land of immense wealth and 

2427
02:07:02,100 --> 02:07:05,600
Prestige, its city-states filled
with treasures that could 

2428
02:07:05,600 --> 02:07:08,400
bolster his power and finance, 
his Ambitions in Europe. 

2429
02:07:08,400 --> 02:07:11,900
It is Naples was not entirely 
self-driven. 

2430
02:07:11,900 --> 02:07:15,700
He had been encouraged by 
ludovicus Forte, the Duke of 

2431
02:07:15,700 --> 02:07:19,100
Milan, who sought to use French 
support to consolidate, his own 

2432
02:07:19,100 --> 02:07:22,200
power and counter his rivals in 
Florence and Venice. 

2433
02:07:23,100 --> 02:07:26,200
This invitation would prove a 
double-edged sword for while 

2434
02:07:26,200 --> 02:07:28,500
Charles's Army, marched with 
Incredible strength. 

2435
02:07:28,500 --> 02:07:32,000
It also disrupted the delicate 
balance of power that had kept 

2436
02:07:32,000 --> 02:07:36,100
Italy, relatively stable. 
French army was unlike anything 

2437
02:07:36,100 --> 02:07:39,700
Italy had faced before equipped 
with Advanced artillery and 

2438
02:07:39,700 --> 02:07:42,700
professional soldiers. 
It swept through Northern Italy 

2439
02:07:42,700 --> 02:07:46,700
with alarming speed. 
The city-states unprepared for 

2440
02:07:46,700 --> 02:07:50,200
such a modern Force quickly, 
capitulated or offered Little 

2441
02:07:50,200 --> 02:07:53,200
Resistance. 
Florence long, a hub of 

2442
02:07:53,200 --> 02:07:56,000
Renaissance Brilliance was 
forced to submit to Charles's 

2443
02:07:56,000 --> 02:07:59,300
demands, its leader Pierre de 
Medici attempting to placate the

2444
02:07:59,300 --> 02:08:02,300
French with territorial 
concessions, this sparked, 

2445
02:08:02,300 --> 02:08:05,600
outrage, among the Florentine 
people leading to the ousting of

2446
02:08:05,600 --> 02:08:07,900
the Medici family and a period 
of tumult in the city. 

2447
02:08:09,000 --> 02:08:12,800
As Charles press Southward, his 
campaign continued to unsettle 

2448
02:08:12,800 --> 02:08:17,200
Italy, the Papal States under 
Pope Alexander the sixth faced 

2449
02:08:17,200 --> 02:08:20,300
immense pressure to negotiate 
with the French King who posed a

2450
02:08:20,300 --> 02:08:24,100
direct threat to Rome itself. 
Ultimately, Alexander chose 

2451
02:08:24,100 --> 02:08:27,200
diplomacy over confrontation 
allowing Charles to pass 

2452
02:08:27,200 --> 02:08:30,300
unimpeded. 
The French army reached Naples 

2453
02:08:30,300 --> 02:08:33,800
in 1495. 
Capturing the city with relative

2454
02:08:33,800 --> 02:08:36,600
ease yet the ease of their 
victories belied. 

2455
02:08:36,600 --> 02:08:40,000
The challenges that lay ahead. 
The rapid success of the French 

2456
02:08:40,000 --> 02:08:41,800
invasion. 
Alarmed the rest of Europe. 

2457
02:08:42,600 --> 02:08:46,100
Ferdinand the second of arrogant
who Spanish Crown had to Naples 

2458
02:08:46,100 --> 02:08:49,200
so all the French presence as a 
direct threat to his interests. 

2459
02:08:50,000 --> 02:08:53,800
He joined forces with the Holy 
Roman Empire Venice and Milan in

2460
02:08:53,800 --> 02:08:55,400
the formation of the league of 
Venice. 

2461
02:08:55,400 --> 02:08:58,900
The Coalition designed to expel 
the French and restore balance 

2462
02:08:58,900 --> 02:09:01,700
to Italy. 
This Alliance Mark the beginning

2463
02:09:01,700 --> 02:09:04,300
of a prolonged and complex 
series of conflicts, that would 

2464
02:09:04,300 --> 02:09:08,300
characterize the Italian Wars. 
Charles the 8th return, journey 

2465
02:09:08,300 --> 02:09:10,200
to France was fraught with 
difficulty. 

2466
02:09:10,900 --> 02:09:14,100
At the Battle of fornovo in 
1495, the league of Venice 

2467
02:09:14,100 --> 02:09:16,200
confronted. 
The French forces in a fierce 

2468
02:09:16,200 --> 02:09:18,300
engagement. 
Though, Charles managed to 

2469
02:09:18,308 --> 02:09:21,300
escape with most of his army 
intact, his dream of holding 

2470
02:09:21,300 --> 02:09:24,400
Naples, dissolved as Spanish 
forces, moved to reclaim the 

2471
02:09:24,400 --> 02:09:26,300
city. 
This marked a turning point. 

2472
02:09:26,300 --> 02:09:28,800
While the French had 
demonstrated their military, 

2473
02:09:28,800 --> 02:09:32,900
might their inability to sustain
control, over Italy, revealed, 

2474
02:09:32,900 --> 02:09:36,900
the limits of their power. 
First Invasion set the tone for 

2475
02:09:36,900 --> 02:09:40,300
the Italian Wars, the conflict 
defined by shifting alliances, 

2476
02:09:40,300 --> 02:09:44,200
brutal battles, and the constant
interference of foreign powers 

2477
02:09:44,200 --> 02:09:48,700
in Italian affairs. 
For the Italian city-states, the

2478
02:09:48,700 --> 02:09:50,400
war underscore their 
vulnerability. 

2479
02:09:50,400 --> 02:09:54,400
Their Reliance on external 
allies, often backfired leaving 

2480
02:09:54,400 --> 02:09:57,500
them at the mercy of larger 
Powers, whose interests rarely 

2481
02:09:57,500 --> 02:10:00,400
aligned with their own. 
As you reflect on this, chapter 

2482
02:10:00,400 --> 02:10:04,100
of the story picture, the vast 
French armies marching through 

2483
02:10:04,100 --> 02:10:07,600
the Italian Countryside, their 
movements, echoing the Ambitions

2484
02:10:07,600 --> 02:10:09,500
of Kings, and the fragility of 
states. 

2485
02:10:10,200 --> 02:10:13,900
Imagine the Renaissance cities, 
so full of life and Beauty now 

2486
02:10:13,900 --> 02:10:17,100
shadowed by the weight of War. 
Let The Rhythm of these 

2487
02:10:17,100 --> 02:10:20,500
thoughts, guide you into deeper 
relaxation, the flow of History 

2488
02:10:20,500 --> 02:10:22,500
calming, your mind, and easing, 
your spirit. 

2489
02:10:23,500 --> 02:10:26,800
As the Italian Wars progressed, 
Spain emerged as a dominant 

2490
02:10:26,800 --> 02:10:30,100
Force reshaping the balance of 
power across Europe and the 

2491
02:10:30,108 --> 02:10:33,500
Italian peninsula. 
Following Charles the 8th's 

2492
02:10:33,500 --> 02:10:36,100
Retreat, Ferdinand, the second 
of arrogance, sought to 

2493
02:10:36,100 --> 02:10:39,500
strengthen Spain's influence 
focusing on reclaiming Naples. 

2494
02:10:40,100 --> 02:10:42,400
A key prize in the struggle for 
Italian Supremacy. 

2495
02:10:43,300 --> 02:10:46,000
Spain's military under the 
leadership of Gonzalez, 

2496
02:10:46,000 --> 02:10:50,100
Fernandez de Cordoba revered as 
the Great Captain introduced 

2497
02:10:50,100 --> 02:10:52,000
Innovative Battlefield 
strategies. 

2498
02:10:52,900 --> 02:10:56,200
Spanish tercios disciplined, 
formations combining Pikeman and

2499
02:10:56,200 --> 02:11:00,400
archibus proved revolutionary. 
Their effectiveness surpassed 

2500
02:11:00,400 --> 02:11:03,000
that of the traditional heavy. 
Cavalry favored by France. 

2501
02:11:03,900 --> 02:11:07,500
In a series of decisive battles,
including cherry and Gary. 

2502
02:11:07,500 --> 02:11:11,100
Leonardo in 1503, Spanish forces
secured Naples. 

2503
02:11:11,100 --> 02:11:14,100
Their Victory is demonstrated 
Superior Tactics and 

2504
02:11:14,100 --> 02:11:16,900
organization. 
With Naples under Spanish 

2505
02:11:16,900 --> 02:11:20,100
control, third and established 
Spain as a key power in southern

2506
02:11:20,100 --> 02:11:23,500
Italy solidifying its influence 
and preparing for further, 

2507
02:11:23,500 --> 02:11:27,000
engagements with France. 
Yet the French were far from 

2508
02:11:27,000 --> 02:11:30,600
deterred. 
In 1515, France, the first 

2509
02:11:30,600 --> 02:11:33,800
ascended to the French throne 
and reignited his nation's 

2510
02:11:33,800 --> 02:11:37,200
Ambitions, his Force's a major 
victory at the Battle of 

2511
02:11:37,208 --> 02:11:41,100
marinara reclaiming Milan and 
briefly restoring French 

2512
02:11:41,100 --> 02:11:45,000
dominance in Northern Italy. 
This Resurgence set the stage 

2513
02:11:45,000 --> 02:11:47,500
for an intense rivalry between 
Francis Thurman and Charles 

2514
02:11:47,500 --> 02:11:51,700
fifth of the Habsburg Dynasty. 
Charles inheriting a vast 

2515
02:11:51,700 --> 02:11:54,200
Empire. 
That included Spain, the Holy 

2516
02:11:54,200 --> 02:11:58,100
Roman Empire and territories in 
the Americas wielded, immense 

2517
02:11:58,100 --> 02:12:01,000
resources. 
His Ambitions extended far 

2518
02:12:01,000 --> 02:12:03,700
beyond Italy. 
That the peninsula became a 

2519
02:12:03,700 --> 02:12:07,000
crucial theater of war. 
The pivotal Battle of Pavia in 

2520
02:12:07,000 --> 02:12:11,300
1525 marked a turning point. 
Spanish forces, decisively 

2521
02:12:11,300 --> 02:12:13,700
defeated, the French army, 
capturing France. 

2522
02:12:13,700 --> 02:12:17,400
The first in the process. 
This Victory shattered, French 

2523
02:12:17,400 --> 02:12:20,500
momentum and solidified Spanish 
Habsburg dominance in Italy. 

2524
02:12:20,500 --> 02:12:24,400
Milan fell under Habsburg 
influence and Spain's position 

2525
02:12:24,400 --> 02:12:27,500
became unassailable. 
Despite these triumphs the 

2526
02:12:27,500 --> 02:12:30,200
Italian wars were far from 
settled France. 

2527
02:12:30,200 --> 02:12:33,800
Continued its efforts to reclaim
lost ground however Spain's 

2528
02:12:33,800 --> 02:12:35,200
wealth from its burgeoning 
Empire. 

2529
02:12:35,200 --> 02:12:38,100
In the Americas provided the 
resources needed to sustain 

2530
02:12:38,100 --> 02:12:41,300
prolonged campaigns. 
This economic Advantage, 

2531
02:12:41,300 --> 02:12:45,100
combined with strategic Alliance
and Military Innovation ensured 

2532
02:12:45,100 --> 02:12:48,500
Spain's Supremacy. 
Italian city states such as 

2533
02:12:48,500 --> 02:12:52,700
Venice Florence and the Papal 
States became entangled in this 

2534
02:12:52,700 --> 02:12:55,900
larger conflict. 
Their independence increasingly 

2535
02:12:55,900 --> 02:12:59,000
compromised as foreign powers 
dictated the Region's fate. 

2536
02:12:59,700 --> 02:13:03,200
The conflict reshaped Italy 
turning it into the epicenter of

2537
02:13:03,208 --> 02:13:05,700
European. 
Power struggles is vibrant 

2538
02:13:05,700 --> 02:13:09,100
cities and cultural landmarks 
endured cycles of war and 

2539
02:13:09,100 --> 02:13:11,200
occupation. 
Yet through it all the 

2540
02:13:11,200 --> 02:13:14,600
resilience of its people shown, 
they continued to create art, 

2541
02:13:14,600 --> 02:13:18,100
Foster Innovation and maintain 
their identity even amid 

2542
02:13:18,100 --> 02:13:22,100
turmoil, while you drift further
in sleep, Picture the Rolling 

2543
02:13:22,100 --> 02:13:24,600
Hills of Italy and the bustling 
cities of the Renaissance. 

2544
02:13:24,600 --> 02:13:27,800
Their beauty and complexity 
under diminished despite the 

2545
02:13:27,800 --> 02:13:31,000
shadow of War. 
Imagine the measured rhythm of 

2546
02:13:31,008 --> 02:13:34,100
History, the ebb and flow of 
ambition and resilience. 

2547
02:13:34,900 --> 02:13:36,500
And let the Cadence of these 
thoughts. 

2548
02:13:36,500 --> 02:13:40,100
Guide you toward peace. 
Each detail of the story, 

2549
02:13:40,100 --> 02:13:43,600
invites you to unwind to let go 
of the days tension as the calm 

2550
02:13:43,600 --> 02:13:47,800
of the past, eases your mind. 
By the early 1520, the Italian 

2551
02:13:47,800 --> 02:13:51,400
Wars reached a brutal and 
transformative juncture a moment

2552
02:13:51,400 --> 02:13:54,100
that underscored the devastating
consequences of prolonged 

2553
02:13:54,100 --> 02:13:58,600
conflict. 
The sack of Rome in 1527 carried

2554
02:13:58,600 --> 02:14:00,300
out by the forces of Charles the
5th. 

2555
02:14:00,300 --> 02:14:03,800
Holy Roman Emperor marked, one 
of the darkest chapter of the 

2556
02:14:03,808 --> 02:14:06,800
era it exposed, the 
vulnerability of, even the most 

2557
02:14:06,800 --> 02:14:11,000
powerful institutions including 
the papacy to the chaos of War. 

2558
02:14:12,100 --> 02:14:15,900
This catastrophic event was not 
entirely planned, it was the 

2559
02:14:15,900 --> 02:14:19,300
result of unpaid and unruly 
soldiers primarily Spanish and 

2560
02:14:19,300 --> 02:14:22,500
German mercenaries who had grown
discontented with their leaders.

2561
02:14:23,300 --> 02:14:26,600
These troops driven by 
desperation and greed, turned 

2562
02:14:26,600 --> 02:14:28,600
their frustrations toward the 
city of Rome. 

2563
02:14:30,100 --> 02:14:33,800
On May 6th 1527 they breached 
the city's walls. 

2564
02:14:33,800 --> 02:14:37,700
There are assault was Swift and 
merciless reducing the Eternal 

2565
02:14:37,700 --> 02:14:41,200
City to a scene of Horror. 
Thousands of civilians were 

2566
02:14:41,200 --> 02:14:44,800
slaughtered churches and homes 
were looted and Priceless. 

2567
02:14:44,800 --> 02:14:46,700
Works of art were destroyed or 
stolen. 

2568
02:14:48,000 --> 02:14:50,900
The pope himself Clement. 
The seventh was forced to seek 

2569
02:14:50,900 --> 02:14:54,400
refuge in the castle santangelo 
where he remained under siege 

2570
02:14:54,400 --> 02:14:57,300
for months. 
Sack of Rome sent shockwaves 

2571
02:14:57,300 --> 02:15:00,500
throughout Europe, it 
demonstrated that no City, no 

2572
02:15:00,500 --> 02:15:03,200
matter how revered or powerful 
was immune to the ravages of 

2573
02:15:03,200 --> 02:15:06,000
War. 
This act of violence shattered, 

2574
02:15:06,000 --> 02:15:08,200
the image of the Holy Roman 
Empire as a protector of 

2575
02:15:08,208 --> 02:15:10,900
Christendom. 
Instead, it revealed the 

2576
02:15:10,900 --> 02:15:13,900
unpredictable nature of power 
struggles when greed and Chaos 

2577
02:15:13,900 --> 02:15:18,300
overtook strategic planning, the
symbolic heart of Catholicism 

2578
02:15:18,300 --> 02:15:22,100
had been desecrated leaving a 
lasting scar on the Italian Wars

2579
02:15:22,100 --> 02:15:24,500
and a sobering reminder of the 
stakes involved. 

2580
02:15:25,700 --> 02:15:28,900
The Fallout from this event led 
to a re-evaluation of alliances 

2581
02:15:28,900 --> 02:15:32,000
and power dynamics. 
A pope who had previously 

2582
02:15:32,000 --> 02:15:35,800
aligned with France and other 
anti-h factions was forced to 

2583
02:15:35,800 --> 02:15:39,800
reconcile with Charles V. 
This uneasy Alliance reshaped 

2584
02:15:39,800 --> 02:15:41,300
the political landscape of 
Italy. 

2585
02:15:41,300 --> 02:15:44,200
Placing the papacy firmly under 
Habsburg influence. 

2586
02:15:45,200 --> 02:15:48,200
For the French, the sac 
represented, another setback in 

2587
02:15:48,200 --> 02:15:49,800
their Ambitions to dominate 
Italy. 

2588
02:15:49,800 --> 02:15:53,600
The devastation of Rome weakened
their potential ally leaving 

2589
02:15:53,600 --> 02:15:55,700
them increasingly isolated in 
the conflict. 

2590
02:15:57,000 --> 02:16:00,300
As the dust settled, the sack of
Rome came to symbolize the 

2591
02:16:00,308 --> 02:16:02,100
broader toll of the Italian 
Wars. 

2592
02:16:02,100 --> 02:16:06,000
The conflicted begun as a battle
for territorial control, but it 

2593
02:16:06,008 --> 02:16:08,700
evolved in to a far-reaching 
struggle that disrupted, the 

2594
02:16:08,700 --> 02:16:11,800
cultural economic and political 
fabric of Italy. 

2595
02:16:12,800 --> 02:16:16,400
The Renaissance ideals of beauty
Innovation and humanism were 

2596
02:16:16,400 --> 02:16:19,000
overshadowed by the Relentless, 
March of armies, and the 

2597
02:16:19,008 --> 02:16:23,100
Ambitions of rulers, even amid 
this Devastation Italy's 

2598
02:16:23,100 --> 02:16:26,800
resilience persisted, the people
of Rome began to rebuild their 

2599
02:16:26,800 --> 02:16:30,200
City, reclaiming their identity 
and striving to restore its 

2600
02:16:30,200 --> 02:16:33,299
former glory. 
Artists writers and thinkers 

2601
02:16:33,299 --> 02:16:35,299
carried for the flame of the 
Renaissance. 

2602
02:16:35,299 --> 02:16:39,299
Their works are Testament to the
enduring Spirit of a land Court 

2603
02:16:39,299 --> 02:16:43,200
in the crossfire of History. 
As you look back on this pivotal

2604
02:16:43,200 --> 02:16:46,799
moment, Imagine The Quiet 
streets of Rome After the Storm,

2605
02:16:46,799 --> 02:16:50,299
the strength of its people, as 
they turned chaos into renewal. 

2606
02:16:51,299 --> 02:16:53,000
Let these thoughts ease your 
mind. 

2607
02:16:53,900 --> 02:16:57,299
A flow of History, soothe your 
spirit as you drift into deeper 

2608
02:16:57,299 --> 02:17:00,500
relaxation, the story of the 
sack of Rome reminds us that 

2609
02:17:00,500 --> 02:17:03,100
even in the darkest times 
recovery and renewal are 

2610
02:17:03,100 --> 02:17:05,200
possible. 
The Italian Wars though. 

2611
02:17:05,200 --> 02:17:07,799
Technically concluded with 
various treaties and shifting, 

2612
02:17:07,799 --> 02:17:11,200
allegiances left Italy, deeply 
fragmented, and politically 

2613
02:17:11,200 --> 02:17:14,500
unstable. 
By the late 16th century, the 

2614
02:17:14,500 --> 02:17:17,600
city states that once flourished
during the Renaissance had been 

2615
02:17:17,600 --> 02:17:20,600
absorbed by the larger European 
powers or reduced to minor 

2616
02:17:20,600 --> 02:17:22,000
players in the geopolitical 
theater. 

2617
02:17:23,100 --> 02:17:26,400
The outcome of the wars had 
profound consequences, not only 

2618
02:17:26,400 --> 02:17:29,299
for Italy, but for the balance 
of power across Europe. 

2619
02:17:30,200 --> 02:17:34,200
After the sack of Rome in 1527 
the political situation in 

2620
02:17:34,200 --> 02:17:37,900
Italy, grew more complicated. 
The papacy weakened and 

2621
02:17:37,907 --> 02:17:41,200
diminished in Prestige was now 
firmly under Habsburg influence,

2622
02:17:41,200 --> 02:17:45,900
Pope Clements is seventh despite
his early resistance was forced 

2623
02:17:45,900 --> 02:17:49,200
to sign a peace treaty with 
Emperor, Charles the 5th marking

2624
02:17:49,200 --> 02:17:51,900
the start of a period of 
Habsburg dominance in Italy. 

2625
02:17:53,000 --> 02:17:56,000
The French now dealing with 
internal turmoil and an Empire. 

2626
02:17:56,000 --> 02:17:59,700
Stretch thin were no longer able
to exert as much influence over 

2627
02:17:59,700 --> 02:18:03,000
Italian Affairs. 
Milan wants a powerful 

2628
02:18:03,000 --> 02:18:06,200
independent dutchie had fallen 
under Habsburg, control 

2629
02:18:06,200 --> 02:18:09,500
following the French defeat at 
Pavia and the subsequent Treaty 

2630
02:18:09,500 --> 02:18:12,299
of Madrid. 
Similarly, Naples and other 

2631
02:18:12,299 --> 02:18:14,799
Southern Italian regions were 
now under Spanish rule. 

2632
02:18:15,500 --> 02:18:18,000
Venice, those still a powerful 
Republic found itself, 

2633
02:18:18,000 --> 02:18:21,799
increasingly isolated unable to 
maintain, its former influence 

2634
02:18:21,799 --> 02:18:23,900
in the face of Habsburg and 
French competition. 

2635
02:18:24,700 --> 02:18:27,600
Florets, once the heart of the 
Renaissance experience to 

2636
02:18:27,600 --> 02:18:32,000
dramatic shift in power. 
The Medici family exiled, during

2637
02:18:32,000 --> 02:18:35,400
the wars were restored to power 
with the help of the papacy and 

2638
02:18:35,407 --> 02:18:40,200
the habsburgs under their rule 
Florence, became a duchy ending 

2639
02:18:40,200 --> 02:18:42,799
its Republican era, and 
cementing meditation control. 

2640
02:18:43,700 --> 02:18:46,600
This marked the end of an era 
for the city which had once been

2641
02:18:46,600 --> 02:18:49,000
a beacon of artistic and 
political Independence. 

2642
02:18:49,900 --> 02:18:53,600
A fragmentation of Italy was not
only political, but cultural the

2643
02:18:53,600 --> 02:18:56,799
wars had disrupted, the flow of 
ideas, and artistic movements 

2644
02:18:56,799 --> 02:18:58,600
that had flourished during the 
Renaissance. 

2645
02:18:59,500 --> 02:19:03,299
Many of Italy's greatest artists
including Leonardo da Vinci and 

2646
02:19:03,308 --> 02:19:06,600
Raphael had already passed. 
And those who remained found 

2647
02:19:06,600 --> 02:19:09,500
themselves working under foreign
rulers, who had little interest 

2648
02:19:09,500 --> 02:19:12,600
in, maintaining the cultural 
vibrancy that had once defined 

2649
02:19:12,600 --> 02:19:16,200
the peninsula. 
The walls also set the stage for

2650
02:19:16,200 --> 02:19:19,299
future conflicts. 
The power vacuum left in Italy, 

2651
02:19:19,299 --> 02:19:22,299
coupled with the continuing 
rivalry between France and 

2652
02:19:22,299 --> 02:19:24,600
Spain. 
Ensured that Italy would remain 

2653
02:19:24,600 --> 02:19:27,700
a Battleground for European 
Ambitions well into the 17th 

2654
02:19:27,700 --> 02:19:30,900
century. 
The Italian states, once 

2655
02:19:30,900 --> 02:19:34,299
autonomous and rich in their 
diversity, had been transformed 

2656
02:19:34,299 --> 02:19:36,900
into Pawns in a larger game of 
European politics. 

2657
02:19:37,799 --> 02:19:40,400
Yet even in the aftermath of 
Destruction and division, 

2658
02:19:40,400 --> 02:19:43,100
Italy's identity remained 
intact. 

2659
02:19:43,799 --> 02:19:47,100
The Renaissance had planted 
seeds of intellectual artistic 

2660
02:19:47,100 --> 02:19:50,500
and scientific achievement. 
That would continue to influence

2661
02:19:50,500 --> 02:19:52,400
the world long after the wars 
had ended. 

2662
02:19:53,200 --> 02:19:56,600
Italy cities, the scarred by 
years of warfare would have 

2663
02:19:56,600 --> 02:20:00,000
eventually Rise Again fuel by 
the legacy of those who had once

2664
02:20:00,000 --> 02:20:03,000
shaped the course of history. 
As you reflect on this Final 

2665
02:20:03,000 --> 02:20:06,700
Phase of the Italian Wars 
picture Italy, its cities 

2666
02:20:06,700 --> 02:20:10,500
Landscapes and people rebuilding
in the wake of centuries of 

2667
02:20:10,500 --> 02:20:13,200
conflict. 
Let these thoughts, soothe your 

2668
02:20:13,200 --> 02:20:17,100
mind, the quiet endurance of a 
Nation marked, by the passage of

2669
02:20:17,100 --> 02:20:19,600
time, feel the ebb and flow of 
History. 

2670
02:20:19,600 --> 02:20:22,800
Calm, your spirit as the 
struggles of the past slowly 

2671
02:20:22,800 --> 02:20:25,300
Fade Into the background leaving
only piece. 

2672
02:20:26,100 --> 02:20:28,500
As we bring this story to a 
close, it's important to 

2673
02:20:28,500 --> 02:20:31,400
summarize the Deep Legacy left 
behind by the Italian Wars. 

2674
02:20:32,100 --> 02:20:34,700
Though the wars themselves were 
marked by conflict power 

2675
02:20:34,700 --> 02:20:37,900
struggles, and shifting, 
allegiances Italy's, resilience 

2676
02:20:37,900 --> 02:20:41,500
and cultural Spirit, endured 
beyond the violence. the wars 

2677
02:20:41,500 --> 02:20:44,100
may have fragmented the 
peninsula politically, however, 

2678
02:20:44,100 --> 02:20:47,300
the intellectual artistic and 
cultural achievements, that 

2679
02:20:47,300 --> 02:20:49,500
flourished during the 
Renaissance would continue to 

2680
02:20:49,500 --> 02:20:54,400
shape the world for generations 
to come the devastating toll of 

2681
02:20:54,400 --> 02:20:57,500
the wars, is the sack of Rome 
and the subsequent, political 

2682
02:20:57,500 --> 02:21:00,700
upheavals left visible scars, on
Italy's landscape. 

2683
02:21:01,500 --> 02:21:05,000
But even in the midst of 
Destruction, Italy cities its 

2684
02:21:05,000 --> 02:21:08,500
people and its Rich cultural 
heritage would rise again. 

2685
02:21:09,400 --> 02:21:13,400
Florence Venice. 
Rome and Milan though, under 

2686
02:21:13,400 --> 02:21:17,400
foreign rule maintained the 
essence of their identity always

2687
02:21:17,400 --> 02:21:20,700
connected to their storied past 
and each continuing to 

2688
02:21:20,700 --> 02:21:24,000
contribute to the broader 
European narrative as you lied 

2689
02:21:24,000 --> 02:21:26,400
back and reflect on this 
powerful chapter in history. 

2690
02:21:26,400 --> 02:21:30,200
Allow yourself to feel the 
weight of time, the rise and 

2691
02:21:30,200 --> 02:21:34,200
fall of Empires, the rebuilding 
of cities and the ever-present 

2692
02:21:34,200 --> 02:21:38,500
determination of the people. 
imagine the sun setting gently 

2693
02:21:38,500 --> 02:21:42,700
over the Italian Hills, the soft
Whisper Of The Wind as it sweeps

2694
02:21:42,700 --> 02:21:46,100
over the ancient streets, a 
reminder of both struggle and 

2695
02:21:46,100 --> 02:21:49,400
renewal It's easy to be caught 
in the frenzy of the world 

2696
02:21:49,400 --> 02:21:52,000
around us. 
But history has a way of slowing

2697
02:21:52,000 --> 02:21:55,500
us down letting us reflect on 
the cyclical nature of Life, 

2698
02:21:55,500 --> 02:22:00,200
conflict, and peace. 
Let the story of the Italian 

2699
02:22:00,200 --> 02:22:03,700
Wars be a reminder of resilience
of the strength, it takes to 

2700
02:22:03,700 --> 02:22:06,800
overcome adversity, and of the 
beauty that Rises From the 

2701
02:22:06,800 --> 02:22:10,000
Ashes. 
Now, as we transition to the 

2702
02:22:10,000 --> 02:22:13,500
peaceful sounds of rain and 
soft, Melodies let your mind 

2703
02:22:13,500 --> 02:22:15,200
settle into the rhythm of 
nature. 

2704
02:22:15,200 --> 02:22:19,500
Allowing the soothing sounds to 
wash over, you easing, you into 

2705
02:22:19,500 --> 02:22:28,700
a deep and restful sleep. 
During the summer of 1962 when 

2706
02:22:28,700 --> 02:22:31,100
Kennedy was the president and 
the Beatles were still unknown 

2707
02:22:31,100 --> 02:22:33,000
young men in Liverpool, three 
men. 

2708
02:22:33,000 --> 02:22:36,300
Each nursing dreams as vast as 
the Pacific that surrounded, 

2709
02:22:36,300 --> 02:22:39,200
their concrete cage, sat in the 
heart of America's most 

2710
02:22:39,200 --> 02:22:44,000
notorious prison Alcatraz 
Federal Penitentiary The Rock to

2711
02:22:44,000 --> 02:22:46,700
those who knew her intimately 
perched, like a medieval 

2712
02:22:46,700 --> 02:22:50,200
fortress on her Island. 
Throne, 22 Acres of hubris 

2713
02:22:50,200 --> 02:22:51,900
wrapped in fog and federal 
Authority. 

2714
02:22:53,100 --> 02:22:57,800
Frank Morris, inmate as 1441 
possessed, the kind of mind, 

2715
02:22:57,800 --> 02:23:01,300
that could unravel a Rubik's 
cube blindfolded, if such 

2716
02:23:01,300 --> 02:23:06,600
puzzles had existed. 
Then his IQ of 133, made him the

2717
02:23:06,600 --> 02:23:10,200
prisons unofficial genius, 
though, his criminal resume 

2718
02:23:10,200 --> 02:23:12,400
suggested, he'd been applying 
his considerable. 

2719
02:23:12,400 --> 02:23:15,500
Intellect all the wrong 
equations, Frank had collected 

2720
02:23:15,500 --> 02:23:19,300
felony such as bank robbery, car
theft and armed robbery, similar

2721
02:23:19,300 --> 02:23:21,700
to how other men collect 
baseball cards, and he did. 

2722
02:23:21,700 --> 02:23:25,100
So with about as much long-term 
planning, In the cell. 

2723
02:23:25,100 --> 02:23:27,700
Next to Frank's Metropolitan 
headquarters, sat John Anglin, 

2724
02:23:27,700 --> 02:23:32,600
as 1476 a man whose Southern 
drawl could charm honey from a 

2725
02:23:32,600 --> 02:23:35,800
hive, but whose Sticky Fingers 
had landed him in more trouble 

2726
02:23:35,800 --> 02:23:39,200
than a cat in a yarn Factory. 
John and his brother Clarence 

2727
02:23:39,200 --> 02:23:41,400
had been robbing banks. 
Since they were old enough to 

2728
02:23:41,400 --> 02:23:43,900
reach the telur Windows though 
their methods lack, the 

2729
02:23:43,900 --> 02:23:46,400
sophisticated planning that 
Frank brought to his Endeavors. 

2730
02:23:46,400 --> 02:23:49,200
They were the kind of criminals 
who robbed a bank and then 

2731
02:23:49,200 --> 02:23:50,500
stopped for ice cream on the way
home. 

2732
02:23:50,500 --> 02:23:53,300
Not realizing that mint 
chocolate chip doesn't provide 

2733
02:23:53,300 --> 02:23:58,000
much of an alibi. 
Clarence Anglin as 1485 

2734
02:23:58,000 --> 02:24:00,500
completed, this Unholy Trio of 
criminals. 

2735
02:24:01,300 --> 02:24:04,300
If John was the charmer and 
Frank was the brain, Clarence 

2736
02:24:04,300 --> 02:24:07,000
was the Steady Hand, the man who
could keep his cool. 

2737
02:24:07,000 --> 02:24:10,100
When the heat was on the lore 
was closing in Together. 

2738
02:24:10,100 --> 02:24:13,800
The three had accumulated enough
time Behind Bars to spend 

2739
02:24:13,800 --> 02:24:17,300
several geological, epochs their
sentences stretching into a 

2740
02:24:17,300 --> 02:24:19,900
future where flying cars and 
moon colonies, seemed more 

2741
02:24:19,908 --> 02:24:22,900
plausible than parole. 
The Rock had earned her 

2742
02:24:22,900 --> 02:24:25,300
reputation through careful 
cultivation of despair. 

2743
02:24:26,100 --> 02:24:28,500
Alcatraz surrounded by Waters so
cold. 

2744
02:24:28,500 --> 02:24:30,500
They could freeze a man's Soul 
before his body. 

2745
02:24:30,500 --> 02:24:34,200
Hit the bay was designed by men 
who understood that sometimes 

2746
02:24:34,200 --> 02:24:36,800
the most effective prison bars 
are made of saltwater and 

2747
02:24:36,800 --> 02:24:39,600
hyperthermia. 
The Swift and unforgiving, 

2748
02:24:39,600 --> 02:24:42,000
currents around the island. 
Carried the dreams of Woodbury 

2749
02:24:42,000 --> 02:24:43,800
escapes towards the Golden Gate 
Bridge. 

2750
02:24:43,800 --> 02:24:47,000
And towards the sea Warden Olin 
Blackwell, ran the prison with 

2751
02:24:47,000 --> 02:24:48,500
the Precision of a Swiss time, 
peace. 

2752
02:24:48,500 --> 02:24:51,500
And the warmth of a January 
morning and Siberia, he didn't 

2753
02:24:51,500 --> 02:24:53,900
herited Alcatraz from his 
predecessor, like a family 

2754
02:24:53,900 --> 02:24:55,900
curse. 
This description includes the 

2755
02:24:55,900 --> 02:24:59,200
mythology of impregnat and lists
of America's most creative 

2756
02:24:59,200 --> 02:25:04,400
criminals Under his watch 23 men
had attempted to escape in 14. 

2757
02:25:04,400 --> 02:25:10,400
Separate trees, all had been 
recaptured shot or drowned, a 

2758
02:25:10,400 --> 02:25:12,200
track record that would make any
Warden proud. 

2759
02:25:12,200 --> 02:25:15,400
And any inmates thoughtful, the 
daily routine at Alcatraz 

2760
02:25:15,400 --> 02:25:17,600
followed a rhythm as predictable
as a metronome. 

2761
02:25:18,400 --> 02:25:21,600
Like, at 6:30 to the sound of a 
bell that had been imported from

2762
02:25:21,600 --> 02:25:25,900
a defunct Monastery to add a 
touch of ironic spirituality to 

2763
02:25:25,900 --> 02:25:28,500
the proceedings. 
The kitchen staff prepared, 

2764
02:25:28,500 --> 02:25:32,600
breakfast leaving no room for 
weapons tools or hope the meals 

2765
02:25:32,600 --> 02:25:34,700
were nutritionally adequate and 
gastronomically. 

2766
02:25:34,700 --> 02:25:37,900
Devastating a combination that 
seemed designed to break the 

2767
02:25:37,900 --> 02:25:40,300
spirit while preserving the body
for future punishment. 

2768
02:25:41,100 --> 02:25:44,100
Work assignments, varied from 
the mundane to the mind-numbing.

2769
02:25:44,800 --> 02:25:47,600
some inmates worked in the 
prison laundry where they could 

2770
02:25:47,600 --> 02:25:49,800
contemplate the cleanliness, 
they were providing to the 

2771
02:25:49,800 --> 02:25:52,600
outside world while wearing 
uniforms that made them look 

2772
02:25:52,600 --> 02:25:56,200
like extras in a particularly 
Grim musical others worked in 

2773
02:25:56,208 --> 02:25:58,900
the kitchen, where they learned 
to create meals, that would make

2774
02:25:58,900 --> 02:26:02,700
a medieval peasant grateful for 
gruel The most fortunate were 

2775
02:26:02,700 --> 02:26:05,200
employed in the prison Library 
where they could immerse 

2776
02:26:05,200 --> 02:26:07,500
themselves in Tales of 
locations, where the walls 

2777
02:26:07,500 --> 02:26:10,300
remained free of content, and 
the Sea did not talk them with 

2778
02:26:10,300 --> 02:26:13,200
its close proximity. 
But it was in the industrial 

2779
02:26:13,200 --> 02:26:16,100
Workshop that are three 
protagonists found themselves a 

2780
02:26:16,100 --> 02:26:18,600
signed surrounded. 
By tools, that were counted more

2781
02:26:18,600 --> 02:26:20,600
carefully than votes in a 
contested election. 

2782
02:26:21,700 --> 02:26:24,400
Amid the center of machine oil 
and the rhythm of industrial 

2783
02:26:24,400 --> 02:26:26,700
equipment. 
Frank Morris began to notice 

2784
02:26:26,700 --> 02:26:30,700
details Frank Morris observed, 
the gradual settling of the 

2785
02:26:30,700 --> 02:26:32,300
concrete walls, over the 
decades. 

2786
02:26:33,300 --> 02:26:36,300
Patterns of condensation, 
suggested different densities in

2787
02:26:36,300 --> 02:26:39,000
the construction. 
Materials, The sound traveled 

2788
02:26:39,000 --> 02:26:41,400
through the ventilation system 
like whispered secrets. 

2789
02:26:42,300 --> 02:26:44,900
Every evening as the sun 
painted, the bay and shades of 

2790
02:26:44,908 --> 02:26:47,800
Freedom, the three men would 
return to their cells. 

2791
02:26:47,800 --> 02:26:51,400
Six feet by nine feet of 
government-issued Solitude. 

2792
02:26:52,300 --> 02:26:55,200
But while their bodies were 
confined, their minds began to 

2793
02:26:55,200 --> 02:26:58,300
wander down path that would have
made Houdini himself nod with 

2794
02:26:58,300 --> 02:27:01,000
approval. 
They started to see Alcatraz, 

2795
02:27:01,000 --> 02:27:04,800
not as an impregnable Fortress, 
but as a very, elaborate puzzle 

2796
02:27:04,800 --> 02:27:09,000
waiting to be sold, As the 
darkness in their cells grew and

2797
02:27:09,000 --> 02:27:11,300
the fog rolled in from the 
Pacific like a protective 

2798
02:27:11,300 --> 02:27:13,700
blanket. 
Three men began to dream of a 

2799
02:27:13,700 --> 02:27:16,900
morning when they would awaken 
in a different place Ventura 

2800
02:27:16,900 --> 02:27:20,400
arrived at Alcatraz like an 
unwelcome relative settling in 

2801
02:27:20,400 --> 02:27:23,200
for a long stay and making 
everyone miserable with its 

2802
02:27:23,200 --> 02:27:26,400
presents. 
The fog grew thicker, the winds 

2803
02:27:26,400 --> 02:27:29,400
intensified and the concrete 
walls appeared to radiate 

2804
02:27:29,400 --> 02:27:31,400
despair. 
It was during these great 

2805
02:27:31,400 --> 02:27:33,300
months. 
That Frank Morris began to study

2806
02:27:33,300 --> 02:27:35,700
the prison with the dedication 
of a doctoral candidate whose 

2807
02:27:35,700 --> 02:27:39,100
thesis was titled, creative 
applications of Structural 

2808
02:27:39,100 --> 02:27:42,500
Engineering. 
The beauty of Frank's mind, lay 

2809
02:27:42,500 --> 02:27:44,800
not in its criminal applications
though, those had been 

2810
02:27:44,808 --> 02:27:47,900
impressive in their own 
misguided way but in its ability

2811
02:27:47,900 --> 02:27:50,400
to see patterns where others saw
only chaos. 

2812
02:27:51,100 --> 02:27:53,800
While his fellow inmates, 
counted days until release dates

2813
02:27:53,800 --> 02:27:57,200
that existed only in their most 
optimistic, fantasies Frank, 

2814
02:27:57,200 --> 02:28:00,900
counted rivets, measured shadows
and calculated the thermal 

2815
02:28:00,900 --> 02:28:04,300
expansion of Aging concrete. 
The Revelation came to him 

2816
02:28:04,300 --> 02:28:07,500
during a, particularly tedious 
afternoon in the workshop while 

2817
02:28:07,500 --> 02:28:09,800
he was a signed to repair, a 
ventilation great that had been 

2818
02:28:09,808 --> 02:28:11,800
damaged by the previous winter 
storms. 

2819
02:28:11,800 --> 02:28:15,200
As he worked, Frank noticed that
the concrete around the vent 

2820
02:28:15,200 --> 02:28:19,000
developed small cracks hairline,
fractures that spoke of a 

2821
02:28:19,000 --> 02:28:22,300
building settling into middle 
age, the Salt Air had been 

2822
02:28:22,308 --> 02:28:25,500
working at slope chemistry on 
the structure for decades and 

2823
02:28:25,500 --> 02:28:28,100
even the mighty Alcatraz was not
immune to the patient 

2824
02:28:28,100 --> 02:28:31,300
Persistence of time. 
That evening as the lights 

2825
02:28:31,300 --> 02:28:34,400
dimmed and the prison settled 
into its nightly routine of 

2826
02:28:34,400 --> 02:28:38,000
enforced contemplation. 
Frank shared his office of the 

2827
02:28:38,000 --> 02:28:40,900
Anglin Brothers, their cell 
Block, B Block had been 

2828
02:28:40,908 --> 02:28:44,700
constructed in the 1910s when 
concrete was more an art than a 

2829
02:28:44,700 --> 02:28:47,500
science and building codes was 
suggestions, rather than 

2830
02:28:47,500 --> 02:28:50,500
Commandments the walls, that 
held them with thick enough to 

2831
02:28:50,500 --> 02:28:53,900
contain their bodies, but Frank 
suspected, not necessarily their

2832
02:28:53,900 --> 02:28:57,700
Ingenuity, John Anglin, despite 
his reputation for impulsive 

2833
02:28:57,700 --> 02:29:00,800
decision-making possessed, a 
crossman's, understanding of 

2834
02:29:00,800 --> 02:29:04,600
tools and materials years of 
breaking into places, had taught

2835
02:29:04,600 --> 02:29:07,800
him to read the language of 
locks hinges and structural weak

2836
02:29:07,800 --> 02:29:09,900
points. 
When Frank described the 

2837
02:29:09,908 --> 02:29:13,400
condition of the concrete around
the ventilation systems, John's 

2838
02:29:13,400 --> 02:29:15,400
eyes lit up with the kind of 
enthusiasm. 

2839
02:29:15,400 --> 02:29:18,900
Usually reserved for surprise 
inheritances or unexpected 

2840
02:29:18,900 --> 02:29:22,300
pardons Clarence. 
Brought a different skill set to

2841
02:29:22,300 --> 02:29:25,000
their growing conspiracy. 
His years of incarceration. 

2842
02:29:25,000 --> 02:29:26,900
Had taught him The rhythms of 
prison life. 

2843
02:29:26,900 --> 02:29:30,600
When guards changed shifts which
routes the security, patrols, 

2844
02:29:30,600 --> 02:29:33,100
followed, and how to move 
through the institutional 

2845
02:29:33,100 --> 02:29:34,900
routine without attracting 
attention. 

2846
02:29:35,900 --> 02:29:38,500
If Frank acted as the architect 
and John as the engineer 

2847
02:29:38,500 --> 02:29:41,100
Clarence took on the role of the
choreographer. 

2848
02:29:41,100 --> 02:29:43,500
In their Evermore, intricate 
Dance With Disaster. 

2849
02:29:44,300 --> 02:29:46,400
The plan began to take shape 
during their evening 

2850
02:29:46,400 --> 02:29:49,500
conversations whispered through 
the ventilation system that 

2851
02:29:49,500 --> 02:29:52,000
connected their cells Like A 
Primitive telephone Network. 

2852
02:29:53,100 --> 02:29:55,600
They would begin by widening. 
The ventilation greats in their 

2853
02:29:55,600 --> 02:29:59,400
individual cells, not enough to 
escape immediately, but enough 

2854
02:29:59,400 --> 02:30:01,600
to create passage to the utility
Corridor. 

2855
02:30:01,600 --> 02:30:04,900
That ran by the cell block. 
From there, they could access 

2856
02:30:04,900 --> 02:30:07,900
the roof and theoretically find 
a way to reach the water. 

2857
02:30:09,000 --> 02:30:11,600
The word theoretically held 
significant weight in their 

2858
02:30:11,600 --> 02:30:15,200
discussion, the distance from 
Alcatraz to Angel Island was 

2859
02:30:15,200 --> 02:30:18,200
about two miles of water, that 
had more experienced swimmers 

2860
02:30:18,200 --> 02:30:20,600
than any of them. 
The currents were unpredictable,

2861
02:30:20,600 --> 02:30:24,400
the water temperature, rarely 
Rose above 55 degrees and the 

2862
02:30:24,408 --> 02:30:26,800
Coast Guard maintained regular 
patrols specifically to 

2863
02:30:26,800 --> 02:30:28,700
discourage the kind of Maritime 
Adventure. 

2864
02:30:28,700 --> 02:30:31,900
They were contemplating But 
Frank had been studying the 

2865
02:30:31,900 --> 02:30:34,200
tides and currents with the 
dedication of a marine 

2866
02:30:34,200 --> 02:30:37,000
biologist. 
He'd noticed that during certain

2867
02:30:37,000 --> 02:30:40,400
tidal conditions debris from the
prison would wash up on Angel. 

2868
02:30:41,600 --> 02:30:42,900
They set out to reach the 
island. 

2869
02:30:42,900 --> 02:30:45,100
Determine not to let the sea 
sweep them away. 

2870
02:30:45,108 --> 02:30:48,700
If they could time their escape 
properly, the same current. 

2871
02:30:48,700 --> 02:30:51,200
That doomed previous attempts. 
Might actually carry them to 

2872
02:30:51,200 --> 02:30:53,200
safety. 
Frank had been modifying and 

2873
02:30:53,200 --> 02:30:55,500
hiding tools in the prison 
Workshop that could be used to 

2874
02:30:55,500 --> 02:30:59,000
chip away at the concrete, Frank
meticulously sharpened and 

2875
02:30:59,000 --> 02:31:02,100
hardened, the spoon handle Frank
had broken off a piece of the 

2876
02:31:02,108 --> 02:31:04,400
saw blade and concealed it in 
the soul of his shoe. 

2877
02:31:05,200 --> 02:31:08,300
Small tools that would do small 
work over a long time, the kind 

2878
02:31:08,300 --> 02:31:10,600
of patient progress that builds 
pyramids and topples 

2879
02:31:10,600 --> 02:31:12,700
governments. 
But tools alone wouldn't be 

2880
02:31:12,700 --> 02:31:14,600
enough. 
They would need to conceal their

2881
02:31:14,600 --> 02:31:17,700
work from the daily sell 
inspections which meant creating

2882
02:31:17,700 --> 02:31:19,600
dummy walls. 
That would hide the growing 

2883
02:31:19,600 --> 02:31:22,300
holes while appearing completely
normal to Casual observation. 

2884
02:31:23,300 --> 02:31:25,600
This required materials, that 
weren't exactly available 

2885
02:31:25,600 --> 02:31:28,700
through the prison commissary. 
Paint that matched, the cell 

2886
02:31:28,700 --> 02:31:31,700
walls cardboard that could be 
shaped and colored to look like 

2887
02:31:31,700 --> 02:31:34,400
concrete and some way to hold it
all in place. 

2888
02:31:35,200 --> 02:31:38,700
John anglin's, artistic talents,
previously, applied only to 

2889
02:31:38,700 --> 02:31:40,500
forging signatures and 
identification. 

2890
02:31:40,500 --> 02:31:43,200
Documents would be put to more 
constructive use. 

2891
02:31:43,200 --> 02:31:46,600
He began experimenting with 
soap, paint chips, and hair 

2892
02:31:46,600 --> 02:31:49,200
clippings to create a mixture. 
That could be molded into shapes

2893
02:31:49,200 --> 02:31:50,600
and painted to match the cell 
walls. 

2894
02:31:50,600 --> 02:31:54,000
The results wouldn't fool a 
detailed inspection but they 

2895
02:31:54,000 --> 02:31:55,600
might survive. 
The cursory glances that were 

2896
02:31:55,608 --> 02:31:59,100
part of the daily routine. 
Meanwhile Clarence had been 

2897
02:31:59,108 --> 02:32:01,800
mapping the guard schedules with
the Precision of a railroad 

2898
02:32:01,800 --> 02:32:04,600
timetable. 
In which guards were thorough, 

2899
02:32:04,600 --> 02:32:07,600
which were lazy and which were 
easily distracted by 

2900
02:32:07,600 --> 02:32:11,200
conversation about sports or 
whether more importantly, he'd 

2901
02:32:11,200 --> 02:32:14,500
identified the 15-minute window 
each evening when the cell block

2902
02:32:14,500 --> 02:32:17,000
was essentially unguarded while 
the guards changed shifts and 

2903
02:32:17,000 --> 02:32:20,000
counted heads. 
As winter deepened into spring 

2904
02:32:20,000 --> 02:32:23,200
their plan of old from wishful, 
thinking to genuine possibility,

2905
02:32:23,200 --> 02:32:26,900
they would work at night when 
the prison settling sounds would

2906
02:32:26,900 --> 02:32:29,900
cover the scraping. 
They would take turns keeping 

2907
02:32:29,900 --> 02:32:32,700
watch communicating through 
their improvised, telephone 

2908
02:32:32,700 --> 02:32:36,100
system, and carefully disposing 
of the concrete dust and debris.

2909
02:32:37,300 --> 02:32:40,300
The timeline was ambitious. 
They hoped to complete their 

2910
02:32:40,300 --> 02:32:43,300
excavation by early summer and 
the water temperatures would be 

2911
02:32:43,300 --> 02:32:46,100
at their warmest and the weather
most favorable for their aquatic

2912
02:32:46,100 --> 02:32:48,700
Adventure. 
But even as they refine their 

2913
02:32:48,700 --> 02:32:51,800
plans and gather their 
materials, each man understood 

2914
02:32:51,800 --> 02:32:54,400
that they were essentially 
planning an elaborate form of 

2915
02:32:54,408 --> 02:32:56,800
suicide with a slim chance of 
success. 

2916
02:32:57,600 --> 02:33:00,600
Yet somehow the impossibility of
their scheme, made it more 

2917
02:33:00,600 --> 02:33:04,300
appealing rather than less after
years of being told what to do 

2918
02:33:04,300 --> 02:33:07,600
when to wake up and what to eat 
planning, anything felt like a 

2919
02:33:07,600 --> 02:33:10,600
rebellion against the cosmic 
forces that had deposited them 

2920
02:33:10,600 --> 02:33:14,000
on this rock in the middle of 
the Bay Spring of 1962 brought 

2921
02:33:14,000 --> 02:33:16,400
New Hope to Alcatraz in the form
of fresh paint and 

2922
02:33:16,400 --> 02:33:19,600
administrative optimism. 
The Bureau of Prisons had 

2923
02:33:19,600 --> 02:33:21,900
decided that a little color 
might improve morale. 

2924
02:33:21,900 --> 02:33:25,200
Apparently operating under the 
theory that sage green Walls 

2925
02:33:25,200 --> 02:33:27,600
would somehow make Federal 
incarceration more palatable 

2926
02:33:28,600 --> 02:33:31,300
While painters applied their 
cheerful coats of institutional 

2927
02:33:31,300 --> 02:33:34,400
Improvement three inmates had 
begun their renovation project 

2928
02:33:34,400 --> 02:33:37,000
working with tools that wouldn't
have impressed the most 

2929
02:33:37,000 --> 02:33:39,000
desperate Home Improvement in 
enthusiast. 

2930
02:33:39,800 --> 02:33:43,600
Frank Morris had perfected the 
art of productive insomnia each 

2931
02:33:43,600 --> 02:33:48,300
night after the 9:30 lights out.
He would wait exactly 40 minutes

2932
02:33:48,300 --> 02:33:50,900
for the sound of the prison to 
settle in to their nocturnal 

2933
02:33:50,900 --> 02:33:53,600
Rhythm. 
Then with the dedication of a 

2934
02:33:53,600 --> 02:33:56,500
medieval monk, Illuminating 
manuscripts, he would begin his 

2935
02:33:56,500 --> 02:33:58,500
careful destruction of federal 
property. 

2936
02:33:59,200 --> 02:34:02,100
The concrete around his sells 
ventilation, great had revealed 

2937
02:34:02,100 --> 02:34:05,200
itself to be surprisingly, 
Cooperative crumbling away in 

2938
02:34:05,200 --> 02:34:08,300
small satisfying chunks under 
the persistent attention of his 

2939
02:34:08,300 --> 02:34:11,500
modified spoon handle. 
The work required, a level of 

2940
02:34:11,508 --> 02:34:13,800
patience, that would have 
challenged a Buddhist monk. 

2941
02:34:13,800 --> 02:34:17,300
Each scrape of the improvised 
chisel, had to be gentled enough

2942
02:34:17,300 --> 02:34:19,600
to avoid detection, but 
persistent enough to make 

2943
02:34:19,600 --> 02:34:22,400
progress, too aggressive. 
And the sound would carry 

2944
02:34:22,400 --> 02:34:23,900
through the cell block like a 
dinner bell. 

2945
02:34:24,600 --> 02:34:26,800
If you was too tentative, he 
would still be chipping away 

2946
02:34:26,800 --> 02:34:30,400
when the next ice age arrived. 
Frank developed, a rhythm, three

2947
02:34:30,400 --> 02:34:34,200
gentle scrapes, Paul's to listen
three more scrapes pause to 

2948
02:34:34,200 --> 02:34:37,600
dispose of debris. 
It was meditation through 

2949
02:34:37,600 --> 02:34:40,300
demolition as Zen approached to 
jailbreaking. 

2950
02:34:41,400 --> 02:34:44,500
John Anglin had discovered an 
unexpected talent for forgery 

2951
02:34:44,500 --> 02:34:47,500
that extended Beyond signatures 
and identification cards. 

2952
02:34:47,500 --> 02:34:51,300
His dummy ventilation great 
crafted from cardboard and 

2953
02:34:51,300 --> 02:34:54,500
painted with a mixture that 
included soap, shavings paint 

2954
02:34:54,500 --> 02:34:56,500
chips. 
And what he optimistically 

2955
02:34:56,500 --> 02:34:59,100
called? 
Artistic license was becoming a 

2956
02:34:59,100 --> 02:35:01,000
masterpiece of deceptive 
craftsmanship. 

2957
02:35:01,800 --> 02:35:04,500
The challenge wasn't just making
it look like concrete and metal.

2958
02:35:04,500 --> 02:35:07,800
It had to look like old concrete
and metal complete with the 

2959
02:35:07,808 --> 02:35:11,900
stains scratches and accumulated
Grime of Decades of neglect. 

2960
02:35:11,900 --> 02:35:16,300
The paint mixture had required 
considerable experimentation too

2961
02:35:16,300 --> 02:35:18,200
much soap. 
And it looked like what it was 

2962
02:35:18,200 --> 02:35:22,300
soap too little and it wouldn't 
hold together long enough to be 

2963
02:35:22,300 --> 02:35:25,100
useful. 
John had finally achieved the 

2964
02:35:25,100 --> 02:35:27,200
right consistency by adding hair
clippings. 

2965
02:35:27,200 --> 02:35:30,600
His own collected from monthly 
haircuts and Tiny fragments of 

2966
02:35:30,600 --> 02:35:32,400
concrete dust from Frank's 
excavation. 

2967
02:35:33,200 --> 02:35:36,500
The result was a substance that 
could be molded painted and 

2968
02:35:36,500 --> 02:35:39,100
positioned to fool. 
Anyone who wasn't looking too 

2969
02:35:39,100 --> 02:35:42,000
carefully, Clarence Anglin had 
appointed himself, the 

2970
02:35:42,000 --> 02:35:45,000
expedition's, intelligence 
officer maintaining surveillance

2971
02:35:45,000 --> 02:35:46,500
schedules. 
That would have impressed the 

2972
02:35:46,500 --> 02:35:49,400
CIA. 
He'd identified God Patterson as

2973
02:35:49,400 --> 02:35:52,700
their most dangerous threat, a 
man who approached sell 

2974
02:35:52,700 --> 02:35:54,900
inspections with the 
thoroughness of a tax auditor 

2975
02:35:54,900 --> 02:35:56,700
and the suspicion of a jealous 
husband. 

2976
02:35:58,000 --> 02:36:02,500
Counted rivets, checked shadows 
and once discovered a Contraband

2977
02:36:02,500 --> 02:36:04,600
cigarette hidden, inside a 
hollowed out, bar of soap. 

2978
02:36:04,600 --> 02:36:07,900
If they're deception was going 
to fail, Patterson would be the 

2979
02:36:07,900 --> 02:36:10,700
one to expose it. 
But even Paterson had 

2980
02:36:10,700 --> 02:36:14,300
weaknesses, he was diabetic and 
his blood sugar crashes, made 

2981
02:36:14,300 --> 02:36:17,900
him irritable and hurried during
evening inspections, he was also

2982
02:36:17,900 --> 02:36:20,700
a creature of habit following 
the same route through the cell 

2983
02:36:20,700 --> 02:36:24,700
block every night spending. 
Exactly 45 seconds in each cell 

2984
02:36:24,700 --> 02:36:27,300
before. 
Moving on, if they could predict

2985
02:36:27,300 --> 02:36:29,800
his timing and mood, they could 
ensure their dummy. 

2986
02:36:29,800 --> 02:36:32,700
Walls were in place when he 
looked and removed when they 

2987
02:36:32,700 --> 02:36:36,300
needed to work the disposal of 
excavated concrete presented, 

2988
02:36:36,300 --> 02:36:40,000
its challenges simply dumping, 
it would create suspicious piles

2989
02:36:40,000 --> 02:36:42,900
of debris that even the most 
inattentive guard would notice 

2990
02:36:43,700 --> 02:36:46,300
Instead they developed a 
distribution system, that would 

2991
02:36:46,300 --> 02:36:51,000
have impressed a drug cartel. 
They mix small amounts of 

2992
02:36:51,000 --> 02:36:53,900
concrete dust with soap and 
washed it down the drains during

2993
02:36:53,900 --> 02:36:57,300
their evening washing routine. 
They concealed larger chunks in 

2994
02:36:57,308 --> 02:36:59,900
the seams of their mattresses 
Distributing them. 

2995
02:36:59,900 --> 02:37:03,000
So gradually that the changes in
weight and texture undetectable 

2996
02:37:03,800 --> 02:37:06,300
They scattered some in the 
workshop, allowing it to blend 

2997
02:37:06,300 --> 02:37:08,900
with the dust and debris of 
daily industrial activity. 

2998
02:37:09,700 --> 02:37:13,000
They had recruited Alan West, 
another inmate who sells 

2999
02:37:13,000 --> 02:37:16,500
adjacent to their operation, as 
both the lookout and a 

3000
02:37:16,500 --> 02:37:18,900
participant. 
West sell required the same 

3001
02:37:18,900 --> 02:37:21,900
treatment as the others and his 
Escape would help provide cover 

3002
02:37:21,900 --> 02:37:24,900
for the main operation. 
However, West brought a level of

3003
02:37:24,900 --> 02:37:28,600
enthusiasm, that sometimes 
exceeded his competence while 

3004
02:37:28,600 --> 02:37:31,500
Frank approached the work with 
surgical precision and the 

3005
02:37:31,500 --> 02:37:34,100
Anglin Brothers, contributed 
their specialized skills. 

3006
02:37:34,100 --> 02:37:37,200
West attacked, his concrete with
the subtlety of a demolition 

3007
02:37:37,200 --> 02:37:39,900
crew. 
West scraping was audible from 

3008
02:37:39,900 --> 02:37:42,800
three cells away and his Moc 
wall resembled. 

3009
02:37:42,800 --> 02:37:45,100
Something a child might 
construct during a particularly 

3010
02:37:45,100 --> 02:37:48,700
unsuccessful art project. the 
work progressed through spring 

3011
02:37:48,700 --> 02:37:53,100
with the slow but steady pace of
erosion, carving Canyon's By Mae

3012
02:37:53,100 --> 02:37:56,100
Frank had created an opening 
large enough to squeeze through 

3013
02:37:56,100 --> 02:37:59,500
though, he tested it only with 
careful measurements rather than

3014
02:37:59,500 --> 02:38:02,500
actual human trials. 
The Anglin Brothers had 

3015
02:38:02,500 --> 02:38:04,300
achieved. 
Similar progress though. 

3016
02:38:04,300 --> 02:38:06,100
John's perfectionist Tendencies 
meant? 

3017
02:38:06,100 --> 02:38:08,700
He spent almost as much time. 
Improving his dummy wall. 

3018
02:38:08,700 --> 02:38:12,900
As he did enlarging his opening.
The psychological toll of the 

3019
02:38:12,900 --> 02:38:16,400
work was as challenging as the 
physical demands each night, 

3020
02:38:16,400 --> 02:38:18,900
brought the possibility of 
Discovery and each morning, 

3021
02:38:18,900 --> 02:38:21,000
required them to resume their 
roles as model. 

3022
02:38:21,000 --> 02:38:24,600
Prisoners, while concealing 
their growing excess, excitement

3023
02:38:24,600 --> 02:38:27,100
and anxiety. 
They had to maintain their 

3024
02:38:27,100 --> 02:38:30,700
routines participate in work. 
Assignments and interact with 

3025
02:38:30,700 --> 02:38:34,100
guards and fellow inmates as if 
there are only concerns with a 

3026
02:38:34,100 --> 02:38:37,400
quality of the evening meal and 
the possibility of male call. 

3027
02:38:38,400 --> 02:38:41,800
Frank found himself studying the
guards with new intensity, not 

3028
02:38:41,800 --> 02:38:45,200
just for security purposes but 
to understand how normal people 

3029
02:38:45,200 --> 02:38:48,000
behaved when they were not 
planning impossible escapes. 

3030
02:38:48,800 --> 02:38:51,200
Guard Morrison had a habit of 
humming as he made his rounds 

3031
02:38:51,200 --> 02:38:53,900
guard Peterson. 
Had a habit of pausing at 

3032
02:38:53,900 --> 02:38:56,500
specific cells to engaging 
conversation with the inmates. 

3033
02:38:56,500 --> 02:38:59,000
He held a particular dislike for
guard. 

3034
02:38:59,000 --> 02:39:02,300
Colins developed a nervous habit
of jingling his keys whenever he

3035
02:39:02,300 --> 02:39:05,500
felt anxious about something. 
These details would be crucial 

3036
02:39:05,500 --> 02:39:08,000
when the time came to move 
through the prison undetected. 

3037
02:39:09,000 --> 02:39:11,000
The weather had begun to 
cooperate with their plans. 

3038
02:39:11,800 --> 02:39:14,500
The fog that rolled in each 
evening provided natural cover 

3039
02:39:14,500 --> 02:39:17,300
and the spring tides were 
creating current patterns that 

3040
02:39:17,300 --> 02:39:20,200
might actually help rather than 
hinder, their water Escape. 

3041
02:39:21,400 --> 02:39:24,300
Frank had been studying the 
movements of debris and seaweed 

3042
02:39:24,300 --> 02:39:27,700
noting, which pieces ended up on
Angel Island and which 

3043
02:39:27,700 --> 02:39:31,100
disappeared into the Pacific. 
Their window of opportunity was 

3044
02:39:31,100 --> 02:39:33,500
approaching. 
But so was the increase risk 

3045
02:39:33,500 --> 02:39:36,000
that came with each passing day 
of their secret construction 

3046
02:39:36,000 --> 02:39:39,000
project. 
As May progress toward June 

3047
02:39:39,000 --> 02:39:42,400
three men continued their 
nightly routine of carefully 

3048
02:39:42,400 --> 02:39:45,700
destroying their prison cells, 
while maintaining the facade of 

3049
02:39:45,708 --> 02:39:48,800
resigned acceptance. 
They had committed themselves to

3050
02:39:48,800 --> 02:39:52,800
a plan that required perfect 
timing, Flawless execution, and 

3051
02:39:52,800 --> 02:39:56,600
a considerable amount of luck. 
The alternative spending the 

3052
02:39:56,600 --> 02:39:59,600
remainder of their lives in six 
by nine foot concrete boxes 

3053
02:39:59,600 --> 02:40:02,700
provided all the motivation, 
they needed to continue their 

3054
02:40:02,700 --> 02:40:06,200
invisible demolition project, 
June arrived at Alcatraz with 

3055
02:40:06,200 --> 02:40:10,100
unusual warmth as if the Pacific
had decided to offer a brief 

3056
02:40:10,100 --> 02:40:13,000
respite from its customary, 
indifference to human comfort. 

3057
02:40:13,900 --> 02:40:16,600
The unseasonably Pleasant 
weather felt like a cosmic wink 

3058
02:40:16,600 --> 02:40:18,700
to three men who had been 
planning their departure for 

3059
02:40:18,700 --> 02:40:20,800
months though. 
They maintained the prison's 

3060
02:40:20,800 --> 02:40:23,400
routine with the dedication of 
method actors preparing for the 

3061
02:40:23,400 --> 02:40:26,700
performance of their lives. 
Frank Morris had discovered that

3062
02:40:26,700 --> 02:40:30,300
escaping from Alcatraz required 
skills, not typically taught in 

3063
02:40:30,300 --> 02:40:33,300
criminal Enterprises. 
Take navigation as an example. 

3064
02:40:34,200 --> 02:40:36,600
The waters around the island 
moved with currents that 

3065
02:40:36,600 --> 02:40:40,300
followed patterns more complex 
than Advanced calculus a 

3066
02:40:40,300 --> 02:40:42,700
miscalculating. 
Their timing could result in a 

3067
02:40:42,700 --> 02:40:46,000
one-way trip to the Farallon 
Islands or more likely the 

3068
02:40:46,000 --> 02:40:49,100
bottom of the Bay. 
Frank had been studying the 

3069
02:40:49,100 --> 02:40:52,000
movement of everything from 
seagull formations to sandwich 

3070
02:40:52,000 --> 02:40:55,400
wrappers thrown overboard by the
weekly supply boat building a 

3071
02:40:55,400 --> 02:40:58,900
mental map of how the water 
moved and when The Breakthrough 

3072
02:40:58,900 --> 02:41:01,700
came when he noticed that prison
garbage thrown into the bay 

3073
02:41:01,700 --> 02:41:04,600
during certain tidal, conditions
would wash up on Angel Island 

3074
02:41:04,600 --> 02:41:07,400
within hours. 
If they could time their escape 

3075
02:41:07,400 --> 02:41:10,100
to coincide with those same 
conditions, the treacherous 

3076
02:41:10,100 --> 02:41:12,400
currents that are doomed. 
Previous attempts might actually

3077
02:41:12,400 --> 02:41:15,100
carry them to safety. 
It was a theory that sounded 

3078
02:41:15,100 --> 02:41:18,400
plausible in whispered sailboat 
conversations but would require 

3079
02:41:18,400 --> 02:41:20,400
testing their hypothesis with 
their lives. 

3080
02:41:21,300 --> 02:41:23,100
John Anglin had been perfecting 
what he called. 

3081
02:41:23,100 --> 02:41:26,600
The Great deception. 
A collection of dummy heads that

3082
02:41:26,600 --> 02:41:29,200
would occupy their beds during 
The crucial hours when guards 

3083
02:41:29,200 --> 02:41:32,500
conducted Knight counts. 
Using a mixture of soap, toilet 

3084
02:41:32,500 --> 02:41:35,200
paper, paint and hair collected 
from the prison. 

3085
02:41:35,200 --> 02:41:38,100
Barber Shop floor. 
John had created sculptures that

3086
02:41:38,100 --> 02:41:40,400
Bora reasonable resembled to 
sleeping inmates. 

3087
02:41:40,400 --> 02:41:44,000
Assuming the guards, didn't look
too closely and the lighting 

3088
02:41:44,000 --> 02:41:47,900
remained appropriately dim. 
The heads were works of inspired

3089
02:41:47,900 --> 02:41:51,200
improvisation. 
John used real hair, which he 

3090
02:41:51,200 --> 02:41:54,000
carefully arranged to match the 
individual hairstyles of the 

3091
02:41:54,000 --> 02:41:56,500
sculptures. 
The features were molded from 

3092
02:41:56,500 --> 02:42:00,100
soap painted with pigments, 
extracted from magazine pages 

3093
02:42:00,100 --> 02:42:03,600
and mixed with substances that 
John preferred not to identify 

3094
02:42:03,600 --> 02:42:06,100
two. 
Specifically, the ears were 

3095
02:42:06,100 --> 02:42:09,000
particularly challenging 
apparently creating believably 

3096
02:42:09,000 --> 02:42:11,700
is from soap, required, and 
artistic, sensibility, that John

3097
02:42:11,700 --> 02:42:14,600
had never previously applied to 
anything more ambitious than 

3098
02:42:14,600 --> 02:42:17,900
forging signatures. 
Clarence Anglin had graduated 

3099
02:42:17,900 --> 02:42:20,200
from intelligence gathering to 
operational planning. 

3100
02:42:21,000 --> 02:42:24,000
He'd identified, the exact route
they would take from their cells

3101
02:42:24,000 --> 02:42:26,400
to the roof through the utility 
Corridor. 

3102
02:42:26,400 --> 02:42:29,100
Behind the cell block up of 
ventilation shaft that led to 

3103
02:42:29,100 --> 02:42:31,300
the roof. 
And then across the prison roof,

3104
02:42:31,300 --> 02:42:33,600
top to a point where they could 
descent to the water without 

3105
02:42:33,600 --> 02:42:35,000
being seen from the guard 
towers. 

3106
02:42:35,000 --> 02:42:38,500
The journey would require them 
to navigating complete darkness 

3107
02:42:38,500 --> 02:42:40,500
through spaces that were barely 
large enough. 

3108
02:42:40,500 --> 02:42:43,800
For human passage carrying 
equipment that couldn't be left 

3109
02:42:43,800 --> 02:42:47,000
behind, Alan West had become 
their weakling in ways that were

3110
02:42:47,000 --> 02:42:48,400
both predictable and 
frustrating. 

3111
02:42:48,400 --> 02:42:51,400
While the other three had been 
methodically preparing for every

3112
02:42:51,400 --> 02:42:54,100
aspect of their escape West had 
been treating the project like 

3113
02:42:54,100 --> 02:42:56,600
an extended hobby rather than a 
life or death endeavor. 

3114
02:42:57,200 --> 02:43:00,600
His concrete removal had been 
inconsistent, his dummy wall was

3115
02:43:00,600 --> 02:43:03,700
unconvincing and his security 
awareness was approximately 

3116
02:43:03,700 --> 02:43:06,300
equivalent to that of a tourist 
taking photos at a military 

3117
02:43:06,300 --> 02:43:09,100
installation. 
The tools and materials for 

3118
02:43:09,100 --> 02:43:11,300
their water Escape had been 
accumulated through a 

3119
02:43:11,300 --> 02:43:15,500
combination of theft creativity 
and what Frank called adaptive 

3120
02:43:15,500 --> 02:43:19,400
resource acquisition. 
Prison raincoats had been sewn 

3121
02:43:19,400 --> 02:43:21,200
together to create a makeshift 
raft and life. 

3122
02:43:21,200 --> 02:43:23,400
Preservers it. 
Sowed the raft together. 

3123
02:43:23,400 --> 02:43:24,900
Using thread from prison 
clothing. 

3124
02:43:24,900 --> 02:43:27,800
And needles, fashioned from a 
metal scraps found in the 

3125
02:43:27,800 --> 02:43:30,200
workshop. 
The result looked like something

3126
02:43:30,200 --> 02:43:33,100
that might have been rejected by
particularly undermining Coast 

3127
02:43:33,100 --> 02:43:35,300
Guard inspection. 
But it would hopefully provide 

3128
02:43:35,300 --> 02:43:37,900
enough buoyancy to keep them 
alive until they reached land. 

3129
02:43:38,900 --> 02:43:41,300
Paddles had been carved from 
wooden pieces, found in the 

3130
02:43:41,300 --> 02:43:44,100
workshop, shape and smooth 
during lunch breaks and stole 

3131
02:43:44,100 --> 02:43:46,700
and moments. 
When guards were distracted, The

3132
02:43:46,700 --> 02:43:49,100
paddles were crude but 
functional assuming they didn't 

3133
02:43:49,100 --> 02:43:51,400
encounter wave's larger than 
those found in an average 

3134
02:43:51,400 --> 02:43:54,500
bathtub. 
Frank had calculated that they 

3135
02:43:54,500 --> 02:43:56,600
would need to cover 
approximately two miles of Open 

3136
02:43:56,600 --> 02:43:59,800
Water, probably in fog, while 
being sought by every law 

3137
02:43:59,800 --> 02:44:03,100
enforcement agency in Northern 
California, the Escape timeline 

3138
02:44:03,100 --> 02:44:05,000
had been planned with the 
Precision of a military 

3139
02:44:05,000 --> 02:44:07,700
operation though, with 
significantly less reliable 

3140
02:44:07,700 --> 02:44:10,200
equipment. 
They would begin their departure

3141
02:44:10,200 --> 02:44:14,600
at 9:45 p.m. 15 minutes after 
lights out when the cell block 

3142
02:44:14,600 --> 02:44:16,200
settled into its evening 
routine. 

3143
02:44:17,000 --> 02:44:19,500
The dummy heads would be 
positioned in their beds, the 

3144
02:44:19,500 --> 02:44:22,200
fake walls would be put in place
behind their ventilation grates,

3145
02:44:22,200 --> 02:44:25,000
and they would begin their 
Journey Through the utility 

3146
02:44:25,000 --> 02:44:27,800
corridor. 
The climb to the roof would be 

3147
02:44:27,800 --> 02:44:30,100
the most dangerous part of their
internal navigation. 

3148
02:44:30,900 --> 02:44:34,000
The ventilation shaft was barely
wide enough for human passage 

3149
02:44:34,000 --> 02:44:36,900
and any noise during the ascent 
could alert guards to their 

3150
02:44:36,900 --> 02:44:39,000
escape attempt. 
They would have to climb 

3151
02:44:39,000 --> 02:44:41,300
approximately 30 feet in 
complete darkness. 

3152
02:44:41,300 --> 02:44:44,500
Carrying their makeshift 
equipment while remaining 

3153
02:44:44,500 --> 02:44:48,500
absolutely silent. 
Frank had rehearsed the climb in

3154
02:44:48,508 --> 02:44:50,800
previous reconnaissance 
mission's, but the actual 

3155
02:44:50,800 --> 02:44:52,900
performance was a completely 
different matter. 

3156
02:44:52,900 --> 02:44:56,100
Once on the roof, they would 
have to cross approximately 60 

3157
02:44:56,100 --> 02:44:58,100
yards of open space to reach 
their descent Point. 

3158
02:44:58,100 --> 02:45:01,200
Moving carefully to avoid being 
seen by guards in the towers. 

3159
02:45:02,100 --> 02:45:03,900
The guard towers had searched 
lights that. 

3160
02:45:03,900 --> 02:45:07,100
Swept the prison grounds on 
irregular, schedules and being 

3161
02:45:07,100 --> 02:45:08,700
caught in. 
One of those beams would end 

3162
02:45:08,700 --> 02:45:11,200
their escape attempt in a hail 
of gunfire and official 

3163
02:45:11,200 --> 02:45:14,000
disappointment. 
The Descent the water would 

3164
02:45:14,000 --> 02:45:16,600
require them to climb down the 
outside of the prison building 

3165
02:45:16,600 --> 02:45:19,600
using makeshift ropes created 
from sheets and towels, stolen 

3166
02:45:19,600 --> 02:45:22,900
from the laundry, the drop was 
approximately 50 feet and the 

3167
02:45:22,900 --> 02:45:25,200
improvised climbing equipment 
would have to support their 

3168
02:45:25,200 --> 02:45:27,200
weight, plus the weight of their
escape materials. 

3169
02:45:28,000 --> 02:45:30,100
Franka tested, the Rope strength
using methods. 

3170
02:45:30,100 --> 02:45:33,200
He preferred not to describe in 
detail but the results had been 

3171
02:45:33,200 --> 02:45:36,300
marginally encouraging Has June 
progressed? 

3172
02:45:36,300 --> 02:45:38,700
Their preparations entered, the 
Final Phase. 

3173
02:45:38,700 --> 02:45:42,500
The concrete removal was 
essentially complete But West 

3174
02:45:42,500 --> 02:45:44,600
continued to struggle with 
opening his act. 

3175
02:45:45,500 --> 02:45:47,900
The dummy heads were ready for 
their theatrical debut. 

3176
02:45:47,900 --> 02:45:50,800
The Escape equipment was as 
prepared as prison resources 

3177
02:45:50,800 --> 02:45:54,000
would allow where the conditions
were favorable with fog, 

3178
02:45:54,000 --> 02:45:56,400
predicted for the evening. 
They chose for their departure. 

3179
02:45:57,200 --> 02:46:00,300
But perhaps most importantly, 
three men had committed 

3180
02:46:00,300 --> 02:46:03,200
themselves psychologically to an
undertaking that required them 

3181
02:46:03,200 --> 02:46:06,200
to bet their lives on the 
accuracy of their planning and 

3182
02:46:06,200 --> 02:46:08,100
the reliability of their 
improvised equipment. 

3183
02:46:09,100 --> 02:46:11,100
They had reached the point where
backing down was no longer 

3184
02:46:11,108 --> 02:46:14,300
possible, not because of 
external pressure, but because 

3185
02:46:14,300 --> 02:46:17,200
they had convinced themselves 
that freedom was worth the 

3186
02:46:17,200 --> 02:46:20,500
considerable risk of death. 
The date was set. 

3187
02:46:20,500 --> 02:46:24,900
June 11th 1962 in less than 48 
hours. 

3188
02:46:24,900 --> 02:46:27,100
They would discover whether 
months of planning and 

3189
02:46:27,100 --> 02:46:31,000
preparation had created a viable
escape plan or an elaborate form

3190
02:46:31,000 --> 02:46:33,900
of suicide. 
The Pacific Ocean would render 

3191
02:46:33,900 --> 02:46:37,400
its verdict with the finality 
that only nature can provide the

3192
02:46:37,400 --> 02:46:40,400
morning, sun painted, San 
Francisco Bay in shade of gold 

3193
02:46:40,400 --> 02:46:43,300
and promise. 
While inside Alcatraz three men 

3194
02:46:43,300 --> 02:46:46,100
move through their daily 
routines with the focused calm 

3195
02:46:46,100 --> 02:46:47,800
of actors preparing for opening 
night. 

3196
02:46:48,600 --> 02:46:52,200
Each Monday night activity 
breakfast work detail afternoon 

3197
02:46:52,200 --> 02:46:55,000
Recreation carried the weight of
finality. 

3198
02:46:55,000 --> 02:46:58,800
As if they were participating in
a farewell tour of institutional

3199
02:46:58,800 --> 02:47:01,100
life. 
Frank Morris spent the morning 

3200
02:47:01,100 --> 02:47:04,100
in the workshop with unusual 
attention to his assigned, tasks

3201
02:47:04,100 --> 02:47:07,800
repairing, ventilation equipment
with the ironic dedication of a 

3202
02:47:07,800 --> 02:47:10,100
man who had spent months 
systematically dismantling 

3203
02:47:10,100 --> 02:47:13,600
similar fixtures. 
His hands worked automatically, 

3204
02:47:13,600 --> 02:47:17,000
while his mind ran through, the 
evening's timeline like a 

3205
02:47:17,000 --> 02:47:18,800
conductor, rehearsing a complex 
Symphony. 

3206
02:47:19,500 --> 02:47:22,700
Every movement had been 
choreographed every contingency 

3207
02:47:22,700 --> 02:47:26,300
considered yet the fundamental 
uncertainty remained. 

3208
02:47:27,000 --> 02:47:29,100
With their months of 
preparation, prove, sufficient, 

3209
02:47:29,100 --> 02:47:32,400
or would they join the ranks of 
alcatrazz failed Escape 

3210
02:47:32,400 --> 02:47:35,500
attempts, the Anglin Brothers, 
maintained, their customary 

3211
02:47:35,500 --> 02:47:38,000
routine, with studying normalcy 
though. 

3212
02:47:38,000 --> 02:47:40,700
John found himself paying 
unusual attention to details. 

3213
02:47:40,700 --> 02:47:44,200
He might never see again. 
The afternoon, like dance 

3214
02:47:44,200 --> 02:47:47,600
Through the Windows of the cell 
block, the sound of fog horns. 

3215
02:47:47,600 --> 02:47:51,000
Beginning, their evening chorus 
years of daily interaction had 

3216
02:47:51,000 --> 02:47:53,500
made the guards familiar faces 
as predictable as sunrise. 

3217
02:47:54,400 --> 02:47:57,300
These observations didn't stem 
from sentiment as they couldn't 

3218
02:47:57,300 --> 02:47:59,800
afford it. 
But rather from the sharp aware 

3219
02:47:59,800 --> 02:48:03,900
that often accompany 
irreversible decision, Alan West

3220
02:48:03,900 --> 02:48:06,000
had been struggling with his 
concrete removal for weeks 

3221
02:48:06,000 --> 02:48:09,000
working with the Frantic energy 
of a student cramming for final 

3222
02:48:09,000 --> 02:48:11,100
exams. 
Although his opening was still 

3223
02:48:11,100 --> 02:48:13,700
slightly too small for 
comfortable, passage his 

3224
02:48:13,700 --> 02:48:15,800
perfectionist Tendencies had run
out of time. 

3225
02:48:16,600 --> 02:48:18,300
The tides would be favorable to 
night. 

3226
02:48:18,300 --> 02:48:21,200
The guards schedules were 
optimal and weather forecasts 

3227
02:48:21,200 --> 02:48:23,900
predicted the fog cover they 
needed Westwood. 

3228
02:48:23,900 --> 02:48:26,300
Have to make his existing 
opening work or risk 

3229
02:48:26,300 --> 02:48:27,900
compromising the entire 
operation. 

3230
02:48:28,900 --> 02:48:32,000
As evening approached, the 
prison settled into its familiar

3231
02:48:32,000 --> 02:48:35,600
rhythm of enforced routine. 
Dino was consumed with the usual

3232
02:48:35,600 --> 02:48:38,500
institutional, efficiency food 
that was nutritionally. 

3233
02:48:38,500 --> 02:48:41,900
Adequate and gastronomically. 
Forgettable served by kitchen 

3234
02:48:41,900 --> 02:48:43,100
staff. 
Who had perfected? 

3235
02:48:43,100 --> 02:48:44,500
The art of culinary. 
Indifference. 

3236
02:48:45,600 --> 02:48:48,400
Conversation, followed the 
approved patents complaints 

3237
02:48:48,400 --> 02:48:51,700
about food quality speculation 
about guard, Personnel changes 

3238
02:48:51,700 --> 02:48:55,000
and discussions of shit scores 
from newspapers that arrived 

3239
02:48:55,000 --> 02:48:58,500
days late and already obsolete. 
But beneath this surface 

3240
02:48:58,500 --> 02:49:01,700
normalcy three, men were 
conducting final equipment 

3241
02:49:01,700 --> 02:49:04,500
checks with the thoroughness of 
astronauts preparing for launch.

3242
02:49:05,200 --> 02:49:07,100
The dummy heads were positioned 
and ready. 

3243
02:49:07,100 --> 02:49:10,500
The makeshift flotation devices 
were concealed and accessible. 

3244
02:49:11,300 --> 02:49:14,500
We tested the improvised ropes, 
one final time, employing 

3245
02:49:14,500 --> 02:49:17,600
methods, that would not draw the
attention of casual observers. 

3246
02:49:17,600 --> 02:49:21,800
Everything was ready as months 
of prison-based, preparation 

3247
02:49:21,800 --> 02:49:26,300
could make it At 9:30 p.m. the 
lights went out on schedule and 

3248
02:49:26,300 --> 02:49:28,500
Alcatraz began. 
Its transition to nighttime 

3249
02:49:28,500 --> 02:49:30,500
security. 
Protocols the three 

3250
02:49:30,500 --> 02:49:33,100
conspirators, waited in their 
cells, with the patience of 

3251
02:49:33,108 --> 02:49:35,600
experienced criminals, who 
understood that timing was 

3252
02:49:35,600 --> 02:49:38,000
everything. 
If they arrived to early the 

3253
02:49:38,000 --> 02:49:40,400
guards, would still be 
conducting their initial counts.

3254
02:49:41,200 --> 02:49:44,300
Too late and they would miss the
title conditions that could mean

3255
02:49:44,300 --> 02:49:47,400
the difference between reaching 
Angel Island and disappearing 

3256
02:49:47,400 --> 02:49:52,300
into the Pacific. 945 p.m. 
arrived with astronomical 

3257
02:49:52,300 --> 02:49:55,700
precision. 
Frank Morris began the delicate 

3258
02:49:55,700 --> 02:49:58,100
process of removing his dummy 
ventilation, great. 

3259
02:49:58,100 --> 02:50:01,800
And positioning, his soap 
sculpture head in his bed, the 

3260
02:50:01,800 --> 02:50:03,900
head looked reasonably 
convincing in the dim light. 

3261
02:50:03,900 --> 02:50:06,400
Certainly, convincing enough to 
fool a guard. 

3262
02:50:06,400 --> 02:50:09,000
Conducting a routine count from 
the cell block corridor. 

3263
02:50:09,800 --> 02:50:12,300
The real test would come at 
midnight when guards would 

3264
02:50:12,300 --> 02:50:13,900
conduct their more thorough 
inspection. 

3265
02:50:13,900 --> 02:50:18,200
But by then, the Escape artists 
would either be safely away or 

3266
02:50:18,200 --> 02:50:21,600
Beyond caring about Garden 
spectrums, utility Corridor 

3267
02:50:21,600 --> 02:50:22,900
behind the cell block was 
everything. 

3268
02:50:22,900 --> 02:50:24,900
Frank had expected and several 
things. 

3269
02:50:24,900 --> 02:50:28,700
He hadn't the space was cramped 
filled with pipes and electrical

3270
02:50:28,700 --> 02:50:30,400
conduits. 
That seemed determined to catch 

3271
02:50:30,400 --> 02:50:33,700
on clothing and equipment. 
The air was thick with Decades 

3272
02:50:33,700 --> 02:50:36,100
of accumulated dust and the 
metallic smell of Aging 

3273
02:50:36,100 --> 02:50:38,800
infrastructure. 
Moving through the corridor 

3274
02:50:38,800 --> 02:50:41,300
required, a combination of 
athletic ability and 

3275
02:50:41,300 --> 02:50:44,600
contortionist skills Complicated
by the need to remain absolutely

3276
02:50:44,600 --> 02:50:47,100
silent while carrying an 
equipment that seem designed to 

3277
02:50:47,100 --> 02:50:50,500
make noise at the worst possible
moments with the grace of a man 

3278
02:50:50,500 --> 02:50:52,800
who had spent considerable time 
practicing the movement. 

3279
02:50:53,600 --> 02:50:56,100
John Anglin emerged from his 
cell into the corridor. 

3280
02:50:56,100 --> 02:51:00,200
His dummy head was positioned 
his fake wall, was in place and 

3281
02:51:00,200 --> 02:51:02,500
his portion of the Escape 
equipment was secured and ready 

3282
02:51:02,500 --> 02:51:05,400
for transport. 
The months of preparation had 

3283
02:51:05,400 --> 02:51:08,000
honed a level of coordination 
that would have impressed 

3284
02:51:08,000 --> 02:51:11,000
professional dancers, despite 
the significant risk of missing 

3285
02:51:11,000 --> 02:51:12,800
a cue compared to audience 
disapproval. 

3286
02:51:14,000 --> 02:51:16,400
Clarence followed with the 
steady competence that had made 

3287
02:51:16,400 --> 02:51:17,700
him. 
The Operations Logistics 

3288
02:51:17,700 --> 02:51:20,300
coordinator. 
Everything that could be played 

3289
02:51:20,300 --> 02:51:23,600
had been planned and everything 
else would have to be improvised

3290
02:51:23,600 --> 02:51:26,400
on principles of creative 
problem, solving and desperate 

3291
02:51:26,400 --> 02:51:29,500
innovation. 
The utility Corridor of Oak, the

3292
02:51:29,500 --> 02:51:32,700
actress fear of a theater's 
backstage area where the 

3293
02:51:32,708 --> 02:51:35,200
performance held Paramount 
importance and the audience 

3294
02:51:35,200 --> 02:51:37,400
consisted solely of armed 
critics. 

3295
02:51:38,200 --> 02:51:40,600
Alan West in countered. 
His first major crisis at 

3296
02:51:40,600 --> 02:51:45,400
exactly 9:52 p.m. 
His ventilation opening some way

3297
02:51:45,400 --> 02:51:48,900
despite weeks of enlargement 
efforts remained slightly too 

3298
02:51:48,900 --> 02:51:52,100
small for comfortable Passage. 
What it seemed like a minor 

3299
02:51:52,100 --> 02:51:54,000
issue during planning. 
Now revealed itself as a 

3300
02:51:54,008 --> 02:51:57,700
potentially catastrophic 
problem, West struggled with his

3301
02:51:57,700 --> 02:52:00,600
opening while his Partners 
waited in the corridor precious 

3302
02:52:00,600 --> 02:52:02,800
minutes ticking away like a 
countdown to a launch that 

3303
02:52:02,800 --> 02:52:05,800
couldn't be postponed. 
The decision was made with the 

3304
02:52:05,808 --> 02:52:09,900
brutal efficiency that emergency
situations demand Westward, 

3305
02:52:09,900 --> 02:52:12,100
continue working on his opening 
and follow when he could. 

3306
02:52:13,000 --> 02:52:15,500
The others would proceed with 
the Escape rather than risk the 

3307
02:52:15,500 --> 02:52:18,200
entire operation for one 
person's preparation problems. 

3308
02:52:18,200 --> 02:52:21,900
It was a calculated decision, 
but prison had taught all of 

3309
02:52:21,900 --> 02:52:24,100
them that survival. 
Sometimes necessitated 

3310
02:52:24,100 --> 02:52:26,800
abandoning those who couldn't 
keep up the climb to the roof 

3311
02:52:26,800 --> 02:52:30,200
began at 10:03 p.m. 13 minutes 
behind schedule. 

3312
02:52:30,200 --> 02:52:32,100
But still within acceptable 
parameters. 

3313
02:52:33,100 --> 02:52:35,600
The ventilation shaft was as 
challenging as reconnaissance 

3314
02:52:35,600 --> 02:52:38,900
had suggested narrow dark and 
filled with obstacles that 

3315
02:52:38,900 --> 02:52:41,500
seemed designed by someone with 
a sadistic sense of humor. 

3316
02:52:42,400 --> 02:52:45,700
Frank led the climb followed by 
John and Clarence each man 

3317
02:52:45,700 --> 02:52:48,400
carrying equipment that made the
ascent more difficult than 

3318
02:52:48,400 --> 02:52:50,800
climbing a ladder while juggling
flaming torches. 

3319
02:52:51,600 --> 02:52:54,100
The roof of Alcatraz stretched 
before the like a concrete. 

3320
02:52:54,100 --> 02:52:57,400
Ocean bathed in fog that 
provided both concealment and 

3321
02:52:57,400 --> 02:53:00,000
navigation. 
Challenges the guard towers were

3322
02:53:00,000 --> 02:53:02,700
visible as points of light in 
the Mist, their searchlights 

3323
02:53:02,700 --> 02:53:05,400
creating moving patterns that 
had to be avoided with the 

3324
02:53:05,400 --> 02:53:07,800
Precision of Dance AS performing
a deadly choreography. 

3325
02:53:09,000 --> 02:53:12,500
The three men moved across the 
roof with careful steps, where 

3326
02:53:12,500 --> 02:53:14,800
there's a single misstep, could 
result in noise that would bring

3327
02:53:14,800 --> 02:53:18,500
guards running from all 
directions 1047 PM, they reach 

3328
02:53:18,500 --> 02:53:20,900
their descent point and began 
the rappelled to the water's 

3329
02:53:20,900 --> 02:53:23,500
edge, the improvised ropes, 
supported the men's weight. 

3330
02:53:23,500 --> 02:53:26,100
But they creaked and stretched 
in a way that made each man 

3331
02:53:26,100 --> 02:53:27,800
questioned whether he would 
successfully complete The 

3332
02:53:27,808 --> 02:53:30,700
Descent or become an unwilling 
test of gravity's reliability. 

3333
02:53:31,900 --> 02:53:35,500
The water below was dark cold 
and moving with current that 

3334
02:53:35,500 --> 02:53:37,800
would determine whether their 
months of planning would result 

3335
02:53:37,800 --> 02:53:40,700
in Freedom or tragedy. 
As they prepared to enter the 

3336
02:53:40,700 --> 02:53:43,700
bay three men stood at the edge 
of the Pacific Ocean with the 

3337
02:53:43,700 --> 02:53:46,000
equipment that looked like, it 
had been designed by optimistic 

3338
02:53:46,000 --> 02:53:49,300
children and faith that had been
tested by months of impossible. 

3339
02:53:49,300 --> 02:53:52,100
Preparation. 
Behind them late, Alcatraz 

3340
02:53:52,100 --> 02:53:55,500
ahead, lay the unknown and all 
around the water that had 

3341
02:53:55,500 --> 02:53:58,300
previous Escape attempts with 
the indifference of natural 

3342
02:53:58,300 --> 02:54:00,900
forces operating. 
According to laws, that didn't 

3343
02:54:00,900 --> 02:54:04,500
recognize human ambition. 
The moment of commitment had 

3344
02:54:04,500 --> 02:54:06,700
arrived. 
There would be no more planning,

3345
02:54:06,700 --> 02:54:08,400
no more preparation. 
No more rehearsals. 

3346
02:54:08,400 --> 02:54:11,500
Will, they had, was the water, 
the darkness and the hope that 

3347
02:54:11,500 --> 02:54:13,200
their months of diligent labor 
had yielded. 

3348
02:54:13,200 --> 02:54:17,200
Something capable of guiding 
them towards Liberation at 11:23

3349
02:54:17,200 --> 02:54:22,100
p.m. on June 11th, 1962 three 
men slipped into San Francisco 

3350
02:54:22,100 --> 02:54:25,600
Bay with the quiet desperation 
of souls entering Purgatory. 

3351
02:54:25,600 --> 02:54:29,100
The waters coldness was the 
liquid embodiment of all their 

3352
02:54:29,100 --> 02:54:30,500
doubts, after months of 
planning. 

3353
02:54:31,300 --> 02:54:33,800
Frank Morris The Mastermind 
whose IQ had crafted. 

3354
02:54:33,800 --> 02:54:37,000
Their escape found himself 
wondering if intelligence was 

3355
02:54:37,000 --> 02:54:40,700
any match for the Primal forces 
of tide and current that now 

3356
02:54:40,700 --> 02:54:44,400
controlled their destiny. 
The makeshift raft, cobbled 

3357
02:54:44,400 --> 02:54:47,000
together from prison raincoats 
and sustained by faith rather 

3358
02:54:47,000 --> 02:54:50,600
than engineering principles. 
Settled into the water with all 

3359
02:54:50,600 --> 02:54:52,900
the buoyancy of a concrete life 
preserver. 

3360
02:54:53,700 --> 02:54:56,200
What had appeared relatively 
seaworthy during their cell 

3361
02:54:56,200 --> 02:54:58,600
block planning sessions now, 
stood as a testament, to the 

3362
02:54:58,608 --> 02:55:01,300
victory of Hope, over Hydro 
Dynamics. 

3363
02:55:02,100 --> 02:55:05,600
The improvised paddles carved 
from Workshop scraps in felt 

3364
02:55:05,600 --> 02:55:08,600
about as effective as using 
spoons to navigate the Atlantic.

3365
02:55:09,200 --> 02:55:11,700
John Anglin whose artistic 
talents had created their 

3366
02:55:11,700 --> 02:55:14,600
deceptive dummy. 
Heads discovered that artistic 

3367
02:55:14,600 --> 02:55:16,600
Vision, didn't translate to 
Maritime navigation. 

3368
02:55:17,600 --> 02:55:20,000
The fog that had seemed like 
providential cover from the 

3369
02:55:20,000 --> 02:55:21,800
shore. 
Now surrounded like a living 

3370
02:55:21,800 --> 02:55:25,200
entity reducing visibility to 
approximately the length of 

3371
02:55:25,200 --> 02:55:27,800
their inadequate. 
Roth every direction looked 

3372
02:55:27,800 --> 02:55:32,000
identical, Dark Water Fading 
Into Dark Mist with no landmarks

3373
02:55:32,000 --> 02:55:34,100
visible. 
And no clear indication of which

3374
02:55:34,100 --> 02:55:36,400
way LED to Angel Island versus 
Witch Way. 

3375
02:55:36,400 --> 02:55:38,700
Led to the Farallon islands and 
certain death. 

3376
02:55:39,600 --> 02:55:42,400
Clarence Anglin, the Steady Hand
who had mapped guards, 

3377
02:55:42,400 --> 02:55:45,400
schedule's with military, 
Precision, found himself trying 

3378
02:55:45,400 --> 02:55:48,100
to apply that same methodical 
approach to reading water, 

3379
02:55:48,100 --> 02:55:51,800
currents and complete darkness. 
The bay moved around them with 

3380
02:55:51,800 --> 02:55:56,100
liquid complexity streams within
streams, Eddie's and flows. 

3381
02:55:56,100 --> 02:55:58,500
That seem to follow patterns 
that were compensable only to 

3382
02:55:58,500 --> 02:56:01,500
marine biologists in the sword 
spirits of drowned sailors. 

3383
02:56:02,500 --> 02:56:05,700
Every paddle stroke was a 
calculated guess and every 

3384
02:56:05,700 --> 02:56:08,300
navigational decision, carried a
risk of hyperthermia and 

3385
02:56:08,300 --> 02:56:11,300
drowning. 
The sound of their escape had 

3386
02:56:11,300 --> 02:56:14,100
been swallowed by fog and 
distance but somewhere behind 

3387
02:56:14,100 --> 02:56:17,600
them Alcatraz continued. 
Its nightly routine unaware that

3388
02:56:17,600 --> 02:56:20,400
three of its most reluctant 
residents had departed without 

3389
02:56:20,400 --> 02:56:24,200
filing, the proper paperwork. 
Alan West remained in his cell. 

3390
02:56:24,200 --> 02:56:27,000
Still struggling with his 
ventilation, opening his escape 

3391
02:56:27,000 --> 02:56:29,500
attempt to Bandon in favor of 
not alerting guards to the 

3392
02:56:29,508 --> 02:56:32,700
absence of his cellmates. 
His failure to join them was 

3393
02:56:32,700 --> 02:56:35,100
both a personal tragedy and a 
tactical Advantage. 

3394
02:56:35,100 --> 02:56:38,100
One fewer person to crowd their 
inadequate Raft. 

3395
02:56:38,100 --> 02:56:41,600
One More dummy, head in place to
maintain the illusion of normal 

3396
02:56:41,600 --> 02:56:44,400
occupancy. 
The Pacific Ocean began its 

3397
02:56:44,400 --> 02:56:47,200
examination of their escape plan
with the thoroughness of a 

3398
02:56:47,200 --> 02:56:49,000
federal prosecutor reviewing 
evidence. 

3399
02:56:50,100 --> 02:56:52,800
Every weak weakness in their 
preparation was tested by waves,

3400
02:56:52,800 --> 02:56:55,800
that seemed larger than physics.
Should have allowed currents 

3401
02:56:55,800 --> 02:56:59,100
that pulled the inductions, they
could identify and water 

3402
02:56:59,100 --> 02:57:01,800
temperatures that made their 
improvised life, preservers feel

3403
02:57:01,800 --> 02:57:05,800
like Ice Cube's, with straps the
raft designed by hope and 

3404
02:57:05,800 --> 02:57:08,400
constructed. 
By necessity began to show signs

3405
02:57:08,400 --> 02:57:11,200
of structural anxiety as 
saltwater found every seam and 

3406
02:57:11,200 --> 02:57:14,900
tested every improvised repair. 
Frank had calculated that they 

3407
02:57:14,900 --> 02:57:17,600
needed to cover approximately 
two miles to reach Angel Island,

3408
02:57:17,600 --> 02:57:20,400
the calculations assume, 
knowledge of the starting point 

3409
02:57:20,400 --> 02:57:23,900
destination and Direction, all 
of which had become theoretical 

3410
02:57:23,900 --> 02:57:27,900
Concepts in the fog, wraps 
Darkness The lights of San 

3411
02:57:27,900 --> 02:57:31,100
Francisco were obscured by The 
Mists an Angel Island felt as 

3412
02:57:31,108 --> 02:57:34,200
distant as another continent. 
Their navigation equipment, 

3413
02:57:34,200 --> 02:57:38,100
relied on Instinct desperation 
and three waterlogged paddles 

3414
02:57:38,100 --> 02:57:40,500
that were starting to show their
own structural issues. 

3415
02:57:40,500 --> 02:57:43,800
The cold was becoming a factor 
that no amount of planning had 

3416
02:57:43,800 --> 02:57:47,100
adequately addressed Prison 
uniforms were designed for 

3417
02:57:47,100 --> 02:57:50,100
aquatic adventures and the 
improvised flotation devices 

3418
02:57:50,100 --> 02:57:53,800
provided buoyancy, but no 
insulation, each man could feel 

3419
02:57:53,800 --> 02:57:56,100
his body at temperature, 
dropping with the systematic 

3420
02:57:56,100 --> 02:57:58,900
efficiency of a thermometer in a
freezer and their paddling 

3421
02:57:58,900 --> 02:58:01,400
became less about navigation and
more about generating enough 

3422
02:58:01,400 --> 02:58:02,800
movement to maintain 
circulation. 

3423
02:58:04,100 --> 02:58:06,300
But the most dangerous enemy 
wasn't cold or current. 

3424
02:58:06,300 --> 02:58:10,000
It was doubt every minute in the
water brought new evidence. 

3425
02:58:10,000 --> 02:58:12,000
That their plan had been created
by optimism. 

3426
02:58:12,000 --> 02:58:15,300
Rather than reality. 
The raft was too small, the 

3427
02:58:15,300 --> 02:58:17,900
equipment to improvised the 
distance too far and the 

3428
02:58:17,908 --> 02:58:21,300
conditions too hostile. 
Each wave that washed over their

3429
02:58:21,300 --> 02:58:24,200
makeshift vessel, carried the 
whispered suggestion that they 

3430
02:58:24,200 --> 02:58:27,300
should have stayed in their 
cells, accepted their sentences 

3431
02:58:27,300 --> 02:58:30,400
and grown old Behind Bars, 
rather than young beneath the 

3432
02:58:30,400 --> 02:58:31,700
bay. 
Yet, something kept them 

3433
02:58:31,700 --> 02:58:34,800
paddling, perhaps it was the 
months of investment they had 

3434
02:58:34,800 --> 02:58:37,400
made in the Escape Plan, perhaps
it was the knowledge that 

3435
02:58:37,400 --> 02:58:39,800
returned to Alcatraz would mean 
solitary confinement. 

3436
02:58:39,800 --> 02:58:42,100
And the kind of official 
attention that makes prison life

3437
02:58:42,100 --> 02:58:45,600
considerably more unpleasant or 
perhaps it was the simple human 

3438
02:58:45,600 --> 02:58:48,900
refusal to surrender. 
When surrender means death, even

3439
02:58:48,900 --> 02:58:50,800
when the alternative seems 
equally terminal. 

3440
02:58:51,900 --> 02:58:55,500
The fog began to thin around 
130, mm, revealing patches of 

3441
02:58:55,508 --> 02:58:58,500
Starlit sky that provided their 
first reliable navigational 

3442
02:58:58,500 --> 02:59:01,600
reference in hours. 
Frank oriented himself using 

3443
02:59:01,600 --> 02:59:04,200
constellation's, he remembered 
from childhood camping trips. 

3444
02:59:04,200 --> 02:59:07,200
The for his life had taken the 
series of Wrong Turns that led 

3445
02:59:07,200 --> 02:59:10,600
to Federal and castration. 
The North Star steady and 

3446
02:59:10,600 --> 02:59:12,400
reliable. 
Helped to establish Direction 

3447
02:59:12,400 --> 02:59:14,600
though, establishing their 
location remained. 

3448
02:59:14,600 --> 02:59:17,000
A matter of educated, guesswork 
and Maritime prayer. 

3449
02:59:17,900 --> 02:59:20,900
As a visibility improved, they 
could make out the darker mass 

3450
02:59:20,900 --> 02:59:24,000
of land ahead where the Angel 
Island Alcatraz, or some 

3451
02:59:24,000 --> 02:59:26,400
previously undiscovered piece of
real estate remain to be 

3452
02:59:26,400 --> 02:59:29,700
determined, their paddling had 
become automatic their arms. 

3453
02:59:29,708 --> 02:59:32,300
Moving with the mechanical 
Persistence of men who had 

3454
02:59:32,300 --> 02:59:34,200
discovered that stopping mint 
sinking. 

3455
02:59:34,800 --> 02:59:37,600
The raft, structural Integrity 
had degraded into the point 

3456
02:59:37,600 --> 02:59:40,200
where it was more of a flotation
suggestion than an actual 

3457
02:59:40,208 --> 02:59:43,400
watercraft held together by 
determination and rapidly 

3458
02:59:43,400 --> 02:59:46,000
failing adhesive. 
The current had been carrying 

3459
02:59:46,000 --> 02:59:48,700
them steadily, but it remained 
unclear whether they were 

3460
02:59:48,700 --> 02:59:51,200
heading towards salvation or 
destruction, until they felt 

3461
02:59:51,200 --> 02:59:53,200
their improvised paddles, 
scraping against something 

3462
02:59:53,200 --> 02:59:55,400
solid. 
Sand rock. 

3463
02:59:56,400 --> 02:59:59,300
The Blessed resistance of land 
meeting water was evident. 

3464
03:00:00,000 --> 03:00:02,700
They had reached Shore though 
whether they had traveled two 

3465
03:00:02,700 --> 03:00:05,800
miles to ancient island or 200 
yards in a circle back to 

3466
03:00:05,800 --> 03:00:08,200
Alcatraz would be determined 
when they could see their 

3467
03:00:08,200 --> 03:00:11,400
surroundings in daylight. 
Tracking themselves onto the 

3468
03:00:11,400 --> 03:00:12,800
beach with the grace of 
exhausted. 

3469
03:00:12,800 --> 03:00:15,300
Seals three, men collapsed onto 
Solid Ground. 

3470
03:00:15,300 --> 03:00:18,200
For the first time in hours, 
there are Escape equipment. 

3471
03:00:18,200 --> 03:00:20,800
What remained of it was 
abandoned to the tide? 

3472
03:00:21,600 --> 03:00:24,800
Their prison uniforms were 
soaked, torn and decorated with 

3473
03:00:24,800 --> 03:00:27,400
seaweed in ways that wouldn't 
have impressed any fashion 

3474
03:00:27,400 --> 03:00:31,600
critics, but they were alive on 
land and no longer inmates of 

3475
03:00:31,600 --> 03:00:34,700
Alcatraz federal. 
Penitentiary Dawn would reveal 

3476
03:00:34,700 --> 03:00:38,500
their location and determine 
their next moves until then they

3477
03:00:38,500 --> 03:00:41,800
lay on an unknown Beach watching
the fog roll back across the 

3478
03:00:41,800 --> 03:00:44,900
bay, listening to the sound of 
waves that had carried them 

3479
03:00:44,900 --> 03:00:47,000
either to Freedom or to a 
different kind of captivity. 

3480
03:00:47,800 --> 03:00:50,900
The Pacific had rendered its 
verdict but the final judgment 

3481
03:00:50,900 --> 03:00:54,200
remained to be written by 
daylight luck and the ability of

3482
03:00:54,200 --> 03:00:57,000
three exhausted fugitives to 
continue their improvised 

3483
03:00:57,000 --> 03:00:59,400
journey to wherever escaped 
convicts. 

3484
03:00:59,400 --> 03:01:00,600
Go. 
When the impossible becomes 

3485
03:01:00,600 --> 03:01:05,700
merely improbable Dawn arrived 
on June 12th 1962 with the cruel

3486
03:01:05,700 --> 03:01:08,300
Clarity that daylight brings to 
midnight decisions. 

3487
03:01:08,300 --> 03:01:11,000
Three men who had spent the 
night discovering where the 

3488
03:01:11,000 --> 03:01:12,400
desperation could overcome 
physics. 

3489
03:01:12,400 --> 03:01:15,000
Now face, the morning's harsh 
accounting of their aquatic 

3490
03:01:15,000 --> 03:01:17,500
Adventure The beach beneath them
was real. 

3491
03:01:17,500 --> 03:01:21,000
The water behind them was real 
but their location remained a 

3492
03:01:21,000 --> 03:01:23,800
mystery that would be sold by 
geography rather than hope. 

3493
03:01:24,900 --> 03:01:27,800
Frank Morris opened his eyes to 
find himself staring at a 

3494
03:01:27,800 --> 03:01:30,600
landscape that looked 
suspiciously like the California

3495
03:01:30,600 --> 03:01:32,200
coast. 
The weather. 

3496
03:01:32,200 --> 03:01:35,800
They had reached Angel Island 
returned to Alcatraz or washed 

3497
03:01:35,800 --> 03:01:38,600
up on some entirely different 
piece of real estate remained to

3498
03:01:38,600 --> 03:01:41,500
be determined. 
His body ached with the specific

3499
03:01:41,500 --> 03:01:44,100
pain that comes from spending 
hours and cold water, while 

3500
03:01:44,100 --> 03:01:46,900
wearing closed designed for 
indoor prison use rather than 

3501
03:01:46,900 --> 03:01:51,300
Maritime Adventures. 
The brilliant escape plan so 

3502
03:01:51,300 --> 03:01:55,000
carefully crafted during months 
of cell block conspiracies, had 

3503
03:01:55,000 --> 03:01:57,500
deposited them on an unknown 
Shore with no equipment. 

3504
03:01:57,500 --> 03:02:00,900
No identification. 
And no clear idea of what to do 

3505
03:02:00,908 --> 03:02:03,200
next. 
The Anglin Brothers moved 

3506
03:02:03,200 --> 03:02:06,100
cautiously like men testing 
which parts of their bodies 

3507
03:02:06,100 --> 03:02:08,700
still functioned after spending 
a night in the ocean. 

3508
03:02:09,600 --> 03:02:12,800
John's artistic talents. 
So useful for creating dummy, 

3509
03:02:12,800 --> 03:02:15,400
heads and fake walls. 
Seemed less applicable to their 

3510
03:02:15,400 --> 03:02:18,300
current situation which called 
for skills, more, commonly 

3511
03:02:18,300 --> 03:02:21,200
associated with survival 
training than creative forgery. 

3512
03:02:22,100 --> 03:02:24,500
Circumstances that are 
transcended the predictable 

3513
03:02:24,500 --> 03:02:27,100
routines of prison life. 
Similarly challenged clarences 

3514
03:02:27,100 --> 03:02:30,900
systematic approach to planing 
their first priority was to 

3515
03:02:30,900 --> 03:02:34,300
pinpoint their location. 
A task that necessitated a level

3516
03:02:34,300 --> 03:02:36,800
of urgency in their economists 
compared to their early 

3517
03:02:36,800 --> 03:02:40,000
intelligence gathering. 
If they had somehow managed to 

3518
03:02:40,000 --> 03:02:42,800
Circle back to Alcatraz, there 
are escaped attempt, would 

3519
03:02:42,800 --> 03:02:45,000
become a very short story with 
an unhappy ending. 

3520
03:02:46,000 --> 03:02:48,400
If they had reached Angel 
Island, they would need to find 

3521
03:02:48,400 --> 03:02:51,100
a way off the island before Park
Rangers or Coast Guard. 

3522
03:02:51,100 --> 03:02:52,600
Patrols discovered their 
presence. 

3523
03:02:52,600 --> 03:02:55,400
If they had been taken 
elsewhere, they would have to 

3524
03:02:55,400 --> 03:02:57,700
find their bearings and continue
their journey to Freedom. 

3525
03:02:58,500 --> 03:03:01,800
The coastline revealed itself as
they explored, and the News was 

3526
03:03:01,800 --> 03:03:05,100
both good and problematic, they 
had indeed reached Angel Island,

3527
03:03:05,100 --> 03:03:08,600
their intended destination, 
which meant their navigation had

3528
03:03:08,600 --> 03:03:10,700
been more accurate than the 
conditions had suggested. 

3529
03:03:11,400 --> 03:03:14,200
However, Angel Island was not 
exactly a launching pad to 

3530
03:03:14,200 --> 03:03:16,500
Freedom. 
It was a state park regularly, 

3531
03:03:16,500 --> 03:03:19,200
patrolled and connected to the 
mainland only by ferry service. 

3532
03:03:19,200 --> 03:03:22,500
That required tickets 
identification and the kind of 

3533
03:03:22,500 --> 03:03:24,900
paperwork. 
They were unlikely to possess 

3534
03:03:25,600 --> 03:03:28,800
But they were no longer inmates 
of Alcatraz which represented 

3535
03:03:28,800 --> 03:03:33,100
progress of a sort. 
Their legal status, had evolved 

3536
03:03:33,100 --> 03:03:36,900
from incarcerated to escaped 
fugitives, which was arguably an

3537
03:03:36,900 --> 03:03:40,000
improvement in terms of personal
autonomy, though it came with 

3538
03:03:40,000 --> 03:03:43,100
its set of challenges. 
The FBI would shortly be 

3539
03:03:43,100 --> 03:03:45,400
genuinely interested in their 
whereabouts. 

3540
03:03:45,400 --> 03:03:48,600
The US Marshals would be 
updating their wanted posters 

3541
03:03:48,600 --> 03:03:52,100
and every law enforcement agency
in Northern California would be 

3542
03:03:52,100 --> 03:03:54,900
looking for three men, whose 
descriptions would be circulated

3543
03:03:54,900 --> 03:03:56,500
with the efficiency of a chain 
letter. 

3544
03:03:57,600 --> 03:03:59,900
The immediate challenge was 
getting off Angel Island before 

3545
03:03:59,900 --> 03:04:03,000
their presence was discovered 
ferry service was out of the 

3546
03:04:03,000 --> 03:04:05,200
question. 
Swimming was no longer appealing

3547
03:04:05,200 --> 03:04:08,500
after their previous aquatic 
experience and commandeering a 

3548
03:04:08,500 --> 03:04:11,100
boat would add Maritime theft to
their growing list of federal 

3549
03:04:11,100 --> 03:04:13,900
charges, they needed 
transportation, that was both 

3550
03:04:13,900 --> 03:04:17,300
available and inconspicuous 
which narrowed their options to 

3551
03:04:17,300 --> 03:04:20,300
Creative Solutions, that would 
have tested the Ingenuity of a 

3552
03:04:20,300 --> 03:04:24,000
professional escape artist The 
prison uniforms had to be 

3553
03:04:24,000 --> 03:04:26,100
addressed before, they could 
move in public without 

3554
03:04:26,100 --> 03:04:29,500
attracting attention. 
The sight of three men in 

3555
03:04:29,500 --> 03:04:30,800
drenched federal prison 
clothing. 

3556
03:04:30,800 --> 03:04:34,700
Was likely to spark curiosity, 
leading to calls to authorities 

3557
03:04:34,700 --> 03:04:37,200
in a swift end to their fleeting
moment of Freedom. 

3558
03:04:37,200 --> 03:04:40,600
They needed civilian clothes, 
which meant finding them through

3559
03:04:40,600 --> 03:04:43,400
methods that were available to 
escaped convicts with no money, 

3560
03:04:43,400 --> 03:04:46,900
no connections, and no 
legitimate means of acquisition.

3561
03:04:48,000 --> 03:04:50,700
The morning progressed with the 
methodical problem solving that 

3562
03:04:50,700 --> 03:04:52,200
had characterized their escape 
planning. 

3563
03:04:53,200 --> 03:04:56,700
Franks intelligence, John's 
creative resourcefulness and 

3564
03:04:56,700 --> 03:04:59,700
Clarence is systematic approach.
Were applied to challenges that 

3565
03:04:59,700 --> 03:05:04,600
were immediate and practical. 
Food clothing, transportation 

3566
03:05:04,600 --> 03:05:07,700
and avoiding recapture long 
enough to establish some kind of

3567
03:05:07,700 --> 03:05:11,000
sustainable existence outside 
Federal custody, but even as 

3568
03:05:11,000 --> 03:05:14,000
they plan their next moves, each
Manor, understood that their 

3569
03:05:14,000 --> 03:05:16,800
escape from Alcatraz was only 
the beginning of a much longer 

3570
03:05:16,800 --> 03:05:18,800
Journey. 
They had proved that the 

3571
03:05:18,800 --> 03:05:20,800
inescapable prison could be 
escaped. 

3572
03:05:21,400 --> 03:05:24,100
But they had also committed 
themselves to lives as permanent

3573
03:05:24,100 --> 03:05:26,900
fugitives in a country where 
their faces would be known to 

3574
03:05:26,900 --> 03:05:29,300
every law enforcement officer 
from coast to coast. 

3575
03:05:30,300 --> 03:05:33,100
The morning sun illuminated, the
Paradox of their success 

3576
03:05:33,100 --> 03:05:35,700
warming. 
Their salt stiffened clothes and

3577
03:05:35,700 --> 03:05:38,200
revealing the California 
Landscaping shop detail. 

3578
03:05:39,100 --> 03:05:42,900
They had the impossible. 
Escaping from Alcatraz Federal 

3579
03:05:42,900 --> 03:05:47,500
Penitentiary using improvised 
tools, handmade equipment and 

3580
03:05:47,500 --> 03:05:50,300
planning that had been conducted
entirely within the most secure 

3581
03:05:50,300 --> 03:05:53,300
prison in America. 
Yet their Triumph had delivered 

3582
03:05:53,300 --> 03:05:56,200
them, not to freedom, but to a 
different kind of captivity. 

3583
03:05:56,200 --> 03:05:59,600
The hunted existence of men who 
could never again live under 

3584
03:05:59,600 --> 03:06:02,300
their names, or return to the 
places they had known. 

3585
03:06:03,100 --> 03:06:05,800
As they prepared to leave Angel 
Island and begin the next 

3586
03:06:05,808 --> 03:06:08,000
chapter of their story. 
Three men stood at the 

3587
03:06:08,000 --> 03:06:11,300
intersection of Legend and 
reality they had become part of 

3588
03:06:11,300 --> 03:06:14,800
Alcatraz mythology, their escape
joining the annals of impossible

3589
03:06:14,800 --> 03:06:17,500
achievements that Inspire others
to attempt the improbable. 

3590
03:06:18,200 --> 03:06:21,100
But they had also learned that 
escaping from prison is only the

3591
03:06:21,100 --> 03:06:24,100
first step in a journey that 
continues for the rest of their 

3592
03:06:24,100 --> 03:06:26,600
lives. 
However, long those lives might 

3593
03:06:26,600 --> 03:06:30,900
prove to be The Pacific Ocean 
which are tested their resolve 

3594
03:06:30,900 --> 03:06:34,100
and nearly claimed their lives 
stretched behind them like, a 

3595
03:06:34,100 --> 03:06:37,800
liquid barrier between their 
past and their future ahead, lay

3596
03:06:37,800 --> 03:06:41,100
the mainland, with its 
opportunities, and dangers, its 

3597
03:06:41,100 --> 03:06:44,400
promise of freedom, and its 
guarantee of Perpetual Pursuit. 

3598
03:06:45,500 --> 03:06:48,000
Three men who had started. 
As inmates had become fugitives 

3599
03:06:48,000 --> 03:06:51,200
and the story was no longer 
about escaping from Alcatraz. 

3600
03:06:51,200 --> 03:06:54,000
It was about learning to live 
with the consequences of having 

3601
03:06:54,000 --> 03:06:57,400
done the impossible. whether 
Frank Morris and the Anglin 

3602
03:06:57,400 --> 03:07:00,800
Brothers survived their escape 
established new identities and 

3603
03:07:00,800 --> 03:07:03,500
lived out, their days in an 
anonymous Freedom, or whether 

3604
03:07:03,500 --> 03:07:06,800
they perished in the bay that 
night remains, one of America's 

3605
03:07:06,800 --> 03:07:13,100
most enduring Mysteries, On June
of 11th 1962 three men showed 

3606
03:07:13,100 --> 03:07:15,800
that even the most secure prison
is only as strong as the 

3607
03:07:15,800 --> 03:07:18,900
imagination of those. 
It seeks to contain, they 

3608
03:07:18,900 --> 03:07:22,200
transformed themselves from 
criminals into legends from 

3609
03:07:22,200 --> 03:07:25,800
prisoners into symbols of the 
Eternal human desire to be free.

3610
03:07:26,700 --> 03:07:28,600
And somewhere in the Morning, 
Mist rolling off. 

3611
03:07:28,600 --> 03:07:32,700
San Francisco Bay their story 
continues, not as history, but 

3612
03:07:32,700 --> 03:07:36,200
as possibility, not as fact but 
as the kind of truth that grows 

3613
03:07:36,200 --> 03:07:39,400
stronger with each telling 
reminding us that sometimes the 

3614
03:07:39,400 --> 03:07:42,000
most impossible Dreams of the 
ones most worth pursuing. 

3615
03:07:46,000 --> 03:07:50,300
In the year, 1325 a 21 year old 
legal scholar from Tangier 

3616
03:07:50,300 --> 03:07:54,300
named, IBN battuta mounted, his 
horse to embark on the Hedge 

3617
03:07:54,300 --> 03:07:56,600
pilgrimage to Mecca. 
What distinguished, this 

3618
03:07:56,600 --> 03:08:00,100
particular Journey was not its 
beginning but its end or rather 

3619
03:08:00,100 --> 03:08:03,600
the absence of one. 
When IBM tutor finally returned 

3620
03:08:03,600 --> 03:08:06,100
home, nearly three decades 
later, he had traversed 

3621
03:08:06,108 --> 03:08:10,300
approximately 75,000 miles 
visiting territories equivalent 

3622
03:08:10,300 --> 03:08:13,800
to roughly 44, modern countries.
Yet, Perhaps, the most 

3623
03:08:13,800 --> 03:08:17,300
remarkable aspect of his story. 
Is that traveling was never his 

3624
03:08:17,300 --> 03:08:21,100
passion or intention. 
Unlike Marco Polo whose 

3625
03:08:21,100 --> 03:08:24,200
Mercantile family had prepared 
him for Journeys abroad or Jang 

3626
03:08:24,200 --> 03:08:26,200
Hye who commanded massive 
Chinese. 

3627
03:08:26,200 --> 03:08:30,400
Treasure fleets with Imperial 
backing IBN battuta stumbled 

3628
03:08:30,400 --> 03:08:32,200
into exploration. 
Almost accidentally. 

3629
03:08:32,200 --> 03:08:35,300
His contemporaries would have 
considered him bookish and 

3630
03:08:35,300 --> 03:08:39,200
conventional a devoted here in 
the Malachi School of Islamic 

3631
03:08:39,200 --> 03:08:42,300
jurisprudence, who had 
memorized, the Quran and studied

3632
03:08:42,300 --> 03:08:46,200
legal precedence, his earliest 
writings reveal a young man more

3633
03:08:46,200 --> 03:08:48,700
concerned with proper prayer 
techniques than with adventures 

3634
03:08:48,700 --> 03:08:52,300
and distant lands. 
I set out a loan have neither 

3635
03:08:52,300 --> 03:08:54,100
fellow traveler in his 
companionship. 

3636
03:08:54,100 --> 03:08:56,400
I might find cheer or Caravan 
whose party. 

3637
03:08:56,400 --> 03:08:58,300
I might join he wrote of his 
departure. 

3638
03:08:59,100 --> 03:09:01,900
His statement was not the 
romanticized Declaration of an 

3639
03:09:01,900 --> 03:09:04,500
Intrepid Explorer but the lament
of a sum. 

3640
03:09:04,500 --> 03:09:05,500
What? 
Anxious young man. 

3641
03:09:06,400 --> 03:09:09,600
The Solitude was not by choice, 
he had missed the pilgrim. 

3642
03:09:09,600 --> 03:09:11,700
Caravan, while attending his 
sister's funeral. 

3643
03:09:12,800 --> 03:09:15,600
IBN battuta's first 
transformative experience, came 

3644
03:09:15,600 --> 03:09:18,700
not from natural wonders or 
architectural Marvels, but 

3645
03:09:18,700 --> 03:09:21,800
through an unexpected fever that
struck him outside the town of 

3646
03:09:21,808 --> 03:09:25,800
Tunis Delirious and alone. 
He fell from his horse and was 

3647
03:09:25,808 --> 03:09:28,200
discovered by passing traveler, 
who nursed him back to health. 

3648
03:09:28,200 --> 03:09:31,800
This stranger a Tunisian poet 
returning from Al andalus, 

3649
03:09:31,800 --> 03:09:35,200
shared stories of Courts. 
He had visited while even batuta

3650
03:09:35,200 --> 03:09:38,500
recuperated the Young jurists 
World expanded through these 

3651
03:09:38,500 --> 03:09:41,200
second-hand, Tales before he had
even left North Africa. 

3652
03:09:42,000 --> 03:09:45,000
Upon reaching Alexandria IBN 
patuto encountered another 

3653
03:09:45,000 --> 03:09:48,700
pivotal figure. 
A Mystic named bahane Aldean who

3654
03:09:48,700 --> 03:09:50,600
lived in isolation in the city's
lighthouse. 

3655
03:09:51,700 --> 03:09:54,400
During their meeting the holy 
man made an astonishing 

3656
03:09:54,400 --> 03:09:57,200
prediction. 
Your visit my brother for Reid 

3657
03:09:57,200 --> 03:10:01,500
in India, my brother recalled in
sin and my brother burhan in 

3658
03:10:01,500 --> 03:10:03,500
China, convey, my greetings to 
them. 

3659
03:10:04,400 --> 03:10:07,000
Hidden batuta would later claim 
this prophecy. 

3660
03:10:07,000 --> 03:10:09,600
Guided his extended travels 
though. 

3661
03:10:09,600 --> 03:10:12,100
Historians note, these 
destinations weren't uncommon 

3662
03:10:12,100 --> 03:10:16,000
for medieval Muslim Travelers. 
His early Journey revealed a 

3663
03:10:16,000 --> 03:10:19,300
complex tension in his character
while he craved The Prestige of 

3664
03:10:19,308 --> 03:10:21,900
scholarly appointments. 
He repeatedly abandoned and 

3665
03:10:21,900 --> 03:10:26,100
secure positions after brief 10 
years in Damascus, he secured a 

3666
03:10:26,100 --> 03:10:29,700
respectable judge ship but 
departed after just days the 

3667
03:10:29,700 --> 03:10:31,600
same pattern like in Delhi years
later. 

3668
03:10:31,600 --> 03:10:35,400
This behavioral inconsistency, 
puzzled his contemporaries and 

3669
03:10:35,400 --> 03:10:38,800
continues to challenge, modern 
biographer's, the geographic 

3670
03:10:38,800 --> 03:10:42,400
scope of edinburgh's travels 
exceeded, even the expansive 

3671
03:10:42,400 --> 03:10:46,100
Muslim world of his time, yet he
maintained a peculiar form of 

3672
03:10:46,108 --> 03:10:50,000
provincialism throughout often 
rejecting local Customs despite 

3673
03:10:50,000 --> 03:10:53,100
his exposure to them. 
Traveled through societies with 

3674
03:10:53,100 --> 03:10:56,400
dramatically different Norms but
remained committed to judging 

3675
03:10:56,400 --> 03:10:58,700
them by the standards of his 
maghrebi upbringing. 

3676
03:10:58,700 --> 03:11:01,900
Unlike many Travelers whose 
Horizons broadened through 

3677
03:11:01,908 --> 03:11:05,900
exposure to different cultures, 
IBN battuta frequently hardened,

3678
03:11:05,900 --> 03:11:07,800
his positions. 
When confronted with alternative

3679
03:11:07,800 --> 03:11:11,200
perspectives, what truly 
distinguished him was not his 

3680
03:11:11,200 --> 03:11:14,500
openness to new experiences, but
his remarkable adaptability 

3681
03:11:14,500 --> 03:11:17,800
within his own rigid framework. 
He could navigate foreign 

3682
03:11:17,800 --> 03:11:20,700
courts, established temporary 
households and distant cities, 

3683
03:11:20,700 --> 03:11:23,300
an integrated himself into 
trading networks, without 

3684
03:11:23,300 --> 03:11:25,100
fundamentally changing his 
worldview. 

3685
03:11:25,100 --> 03:11:29,200
This paradoxical quality being 
simultaneously adaptable and 

3686
03:11:29,200 --> 03:11:32,700
inflexible to find both his 
travels and his written account.

3687
03:11:33,800 --> 03:11:37,400
By the time it number two, 
completed his first had in 1326,

3688
03:11:37,400 --> 03:11:40,900
something had fundamentally 
shifted in his approach to life.

3689
03:11:41,700 --> 03:11:44,700
Though he had fulfilled his 
religious obligation, he chose 

3690
03:11:44,700 --> 03:11:48,400
not to return home but instead 
headed North toward Iraq his 

3691
03:11:48,400 --> 03:11:49,900
explanation was 
characteristically 

3692
03:11:49,900 --> 03:11:53,200
straightforward. 
I set out not knowing to what 

3693
03:11:53,200 --> 03:11:54,600
land. 
My journey would lead me. 

3694
03:11:55,700 --> 03:11:57,600
The Reluctant traveler had 
discovered something, 

3695
03:11:57,600 --> 03:12:01,500
unexpected, not a passion for 
exploration, but a curious 

3696
03:12:01,500 --> 03:12:04,500
restlessness that would Propel 
him across continents for the 

3697
03:12:04,500 --> 03:12:07,800
next 24 years, the greatest 
misconception about Edinburgh 

3698
03:12:07,800 --> 03:12:10,500
tutors, travels concerns, the 
economics that supported, his 

3699
03:12:10,500 --> 03:12:13,200
Decades of movement across 
continents unlike 

3700
03:12:13,200 --> 03:12:15,600
state-sponsored explorers or 
wealthy merchants. 

3701
03:12:15,600 --> 03:12:19,200
He funded his extraordinary, 
Odyssey, through a patchwork of 

3702
03:12:19,208 --> 03:12:22,400
what we might Now, call gig 
work, leveraging his credentials

3703
03:12:22,400 --> 03:12:24,000
and a system that modern 
Travelers. 

3704
03:12:24,000 --> 03:12:27,700
Would barely recognize the 
medieval Islamic World operated 

3705
03:12:27,700 --> 03:12:31,300
on a sophisticated network of 
patronage that rewarded learned 

3706
03:12:31,300 --> 03:12:35,200
men, who crossed borders this 
system known as the ab culture 

3707
03:12:35,200 --> 03:12:38,100
valued the cross-pollination of 
ideas through traveling 

3708
03:12:38,100 --> 03:12:41,000
Scholars. 
Edinburgh to exploited the 

3709
03:12:41,000 --> 03:12:45,100
economy with remarkable skill. 
Transforming his Maliki legal 

3710
03:12:45,100 --> 03:12:48,900
training into a portable career 
that functioned across cultural 

3711
03:12:48,900 --> 03:12:51,800
boundaries in Cairo. 
He served briefly as an 

3712
03:12:51,800 --> 03:12:55,600
assistant cardi judge, hearing 
minor cases relating to 

3713
03:12:55,600 --> 03:12:59,800
commercial disputes in Damascus.
He leveraged recommendations 

3714
03:12:59,800 --> 03:13:03,000
from previous hosts to secure. 
Temporary teaching appointments,

3715
03:13:03,000 --> 03:13:06,600
these positions, rarely lasted, 
more than a few months, but they

3716
03:13:06,600 --> 03:13:09,800
provided critical financial 
resources and enhanced his 

3717
03:13:09,800 --> 03:13:11,500
credentials for the next 
destination. 

3718
03:13:12,300 --> 03:13:15,900
When I arrived in any City, he 
noted particularly candid 

3719
03:13:15,900 --> 03:13:18,100
passage. 
The first place is I visited 

3720
03:13:18,100 --> 03:13:21,300
with a mosque and madrasas 
seeking out the renowned 

3721
03:13:21,300 --> 03:13:24,200
Scholars of each town. 
These meetings were not merely 

3722
03:13:24,200 --> 03:13:27,000
scholarly exchanges, but 
calculated networking 

3723
03:13:27,000 --> 03:13:29,800
opportunities. 
A favorable impression might 

3724
03:13:29,800 --> 03:13:33,000
result in an invitation to 
dinner, temporary, lodging or 

3725
03:13:33,000 --> 03:13:36,100
most valuable of all Etter of 
introduction to influential 

3726
03:13:36,100 --> 03:13:37,900
figures in the next city on his 
route. 

3727
03:13:38,600 --> 03:13:41,300
His most lucrative opportunities
came through the system of 

3728
03:13:41,300 --> 03:13:45,500
diplomatic gift exchange, when 
rulers dispatched, envoys to 

3729
03:13:45,500 --> 03:13:47,900
foreign courts. 
They often included scholars in 

3730
03:13:47,900 --> 03:13:51,800
their delegation, Eden batuta 
secured, these appointments 

3731
03:13:51,800 --> 03:13:54,700
multiple times. 
Most lucrative, when Sultan 

3732
03:13:54,700 --> 03:13:57,900
Muhammad been took, look of 
Delhi designated him as an 

3733
03:13:57,900 --> 03:14:00,900
invite to the UN dynasty in 
China though, the Diplomatic 

3734
03:14:00,900 --> 03:14:03,400
Mission ultimately faild. 
The appointment came with 

3735
03:14:03,400 --> 03:14:07,000
substantial compensation. 
Including 13 bags of gold coins 

3736
03:14:07,000 --> 03:14:09,000
that Finance. 
His subsequent travels through 

3737
03:14:09,000 --> 03:14:11,900
South East Asia. 
Given to his financial 

3738
03:14:11,900 --> 03:14:15,600
strategies occasionally bordered
on exploitation, he became a 

3739
03:14:15,600 --> 03:14:17,800
depth of what historians of 
termed credential inflation. 

3740
03:14:17,800 --> 03:14:21,400
Gradually elevating, his claimed
expertise and Authority as he 

3741
03:14:21,400 --> 03:14:24,700
moved farther from North Africa.
Where is actual qualifications 

3742
03:14:24,700 --> 03:14:28,100
might be verified By the time he
reached the Maldives he 

3743
03:14:28,108 --> 03:14:30,900
presented himself as a chief 
legal Authority despite having 

3744
03:14:30,900 --> 03:14:32,400
only modest training in his 
youth. 

3745
03:14:33,000 --> 03:14:36,200
His pattern of accumulating and 
abandoning wives reveals another

3746
03:14:36,200 --> 03:14:39,800
dimension of his economic 
approach to travel throughout 

3747
03:14:39,800 --> 03:14:42,000
his journeys. 
He married at least 10 women 

3748
03:14:42,000 --> 03:14:45,000
across various regions though. 
Some Scholars suggest the actual

3749
03:14:45,000 --> 03:14:48,100
number exceeded 15 These 
marriages offered him 

3750
03:14:48,100 --> 03:14:51,600
integration into local 
communities household management

3751
03:14:51,600 --> 03:14:56,200
during Extended Stays and 
crucially access to dowries and 

3752
03:14:56,200 --> 03:14:58,700
matrimonial gifts when departing
a region. 

3753
03:14:58,700 --> 03:15:01,700
He typically divorced, these 
women sometimes leaving behind 

3754
03:15:01,700 --> 03:15:04,700
children as well. 
The material reality of 

3755
03:15:04,700 --> 03:15:06,700
long-distance travel in the 14th
century. 

3756
03:15:06,700 --> 03:15:10,100
Imposed constraints that shape 
in batutas itinerary. 

3757
03:15:10,900 --> 03:15:13,600
He deliberately followed trade 
routes, where caravan's rise, 

3758
03:15:13,600 --> 03:15:17,100
offered secure logging avoided 
territories without established 

3759
03:15:17,100 --> 03:15:20,600
Muslim communities, and timed 
his journeys to coincide with 

3760
03:15:20,600 --> 03:15:23,600
Merchant, Caravans that provided
safety in numbers. 

3761
03:15:24,500 --> 03:15:27,000
His account downplays the 
pragmatic consideration that 

3762
03:15:27,000 --> 03:15:30,500
determined his path, instead 
emphasizing religious 

3763
03:15:30,500 --> 03:15:35,600
motivations or pure wonderlust. 
Perhaps most remarkably IBN 

3764
03:15:35,600 --> 03:15:37,900
battuta operated within an 
economic system. 

3765
03:15:37,900 --> 03:15:42,100
That valued his very foreignness
as courts throughout the Islamic

3766
03:15:42,100 --> 03:15:45,400
World sought to demonstrate 
their cosmopolitanism hosting 

3767
03:15:45,400 --> 03:15:48,200
travelers from distant regions, 
became a form of cultural 

3768
03:15:48,200 --> 03:15:50,600
capital. 
The Moroccan scholar. 

3769
03:15:50,600 --> 03:15:53,400
Could leverage his exotic 
background increasingly 

3770
03:15:53,400 --> 03:15:56,500
embellished as he traveled into 
opportunities, that local 

3771
03:15:56,500 --> 03:15:59,700
Scholars couldn't access. 
This created a self-reinforcing 

3772
03:15:59,700 --> 03:16:03,900
cycle, the father, he traveled, 
the more valuable, his presence 

3773
03:16:03,900 --> 03:16:07,700
became to subsequent hosts. 
When resources fail, as they 

3774
03:16:07,700 --> 03:16:11,000
occasionally, did Eden batuta 
resorted to more desperate 

3775
03:16:11,000 --> 03:16:14,400
measures in the steps? 
North of the Black Sea, he was 

3776
03:16:14,400 --> 03:16:17,100
robbed of nearly all possession 
and survived by attaching 

3777
03:16:17,100 --> 03:16:21,400
himself to a passing Caravan as 
an informal religious advisor in

3778
03:16:21,400 --> 03:16:24,100
the mountains of turkey. 
He worked briefly as a copyist 

3779
03:16:24,100 --> 03:16:28,000
producing manuscripts for a 
local madrasa. these episodes of

3780
03:16:28,000 --> 03:16:31,000
vulnerability rarely appear in 
his polish narrative, but 

3781
03:16:31,000 --> 03:16:33,800
emerged through inconsistencies,
in his timeline and oblique 

3782
03:16:33,800 --> 03:16:37,900
references By the time, even 
batuta returned to Morocco in 

3783
03:16:37,900 --> 03:16:40,400
1349. 
He had mastered, the economic 

3784
03:16:40,400 --> 03:16:43,800
architecture of medieval travel 
transforming, his modest, legal 

3785
03:16:43,800 --> 03:16:46,500
credentials into a career, that 
spanned continents and cultures,

3786
03:16:46,500 --> 03:16:50,000
the conventional Narrative of 
IBN battuta, portrays him. 

3787
03:16:50,000 --> 03:16:53,000
As a solitary, male traveler 
moving through a world dominated

3788
03:16:53,000 --> 03:16:55,900
by men. 
It is own account when read 

3789
03:16:55,900 --> 03:16:58,500
against the grain, reveals 
dozens of women who profoundly 

3790
03:16:58,500 --> 03:17:02,300
influenced his experiences 
provided critical assistance and

3791
03:17:02,300 --> 03:17:06,100
occasionally redirected his 
journey entirely their stories. 

3792
03:17:06,100 --> 03:17:10,200
Often reduced a brief mentions 
in his text illuminate, aspects 

3793
03:17:10,200 --> 03:17:13,300
of medieval Islamic Society, 
typically obscured in historical

3794
03:17:13,300 --> 03:17:18,100
accounts in Damascus. 
Eben battuta encountered zaynab 

3795
03:17:18,100 --> 03:17:22,000
bint Hamad a scholar who held 
the prize ijazah teaching 

3796
03:17:22,000 --> 03:17:25,500
license for the collected works 
of Hadith scholar, album Carrie,

3797
03:17:26,200 --> 03:17:30,100
Despite his only legal training 
IBM to lacked this, prestigious 

3798
03:17:30,100 --> 03:17:32,900
credential. 
He studied under her for several

3799
03:17:32,900 --> 03:17:35,900
months joining classes that 
included both male and female 

3800
03:17:35,900 --> 03:17:38,400
students before, receiving his 
only jaza. 

3801
03:17:39,300 --> 03:17:42,300
That a male scholar from Morocco
would seek instruction from a 

3802
03:17:42,300 --> 03:17:45,800
woman challenges, simplified 
narrative about gender in 

3803
03:17:45,800 --> 03:17:50,100
medieval Islamic education. 
The most remarkable woman I met 

3804
03:17:50,100 --> 03:17:53,300
hidden battuta wrote 
unexpectedly was the Turkish 

3805
03:17:53,300 --> 03:17:57,400
princess by a loon. 
This daughter of the Byzantine, 

3806
03:17:57,400 --> 03:18:01,000
emperor had married, the Mongol 
Khan as beg, but maintained her 

3807
03:18:01,000 --> 03:18:03,900
Christian faith. 
When the Khan dispatched her to 

3808
03:18:03,900 --> 03:18:07,300
visit her father, in 
Constantinople IBN battuta 

3809
03:18:07,300 --> 03:18:09,100
secured permission to join her 
Entourage. 

3810
03:18:09,100 --> 03:18:12,800
Providing him rare access to 
Byzantine territories typically 

3811
03:18:12,800 --> 03:18:16,800
closed and Muslim Travelers. 
Throughout this journey by Alune

3812
03:18:16,800 --> 03:18:19,900
effectively served as his 
protector and guide, determining

3813
03:18:19,900 --> 03:18:23,500
the itinerary and managing 
diplomatic interactions in the 

3814
03:18:23,500 --> 03:18:26,900
Maldives, where I even batuta 
served briefly as chief judge, 

3815
03:18:26,900 --> 03:18:31,100
he described as a society with 
striking features of materiality

3816
03:18:31,100 --> 03:18:34,700
her husband's moved into the 
households of their wives and 

3817
03:18:34,700 --> 03:18:38,300
women maintained control over 
their resisted even after 

3818
03:18:38,300 --> 03:18:41,100
divorce. 
He noted with evident 

3819
03:18:41,100 --> 03:18:44,000
discomfort. 
No, man would eat food except 

3820
03:18:44,000 --> 03:18:46,200
what has been prepared in his 
wife's house. 

3821
03:18:47,000 --> 03:18:50,100
And to eat in one's own house, 
would bring great shame. 

3822
03:18:51,200 --> 03:18:54,000
His attempts to impose stricter 
gender segregation during his 

3823
03:18:54,000 --> 03:18:56,900
judge ship generated significant
resistance from local women, 

3824
03:18:56,900 --> 03:19:00,300
ultimately contributing to his 
departure from the islands. 

3825
03:19:01,200 --> 03:19:04,200
His most consequential romance 
occurred in Bukhara with a 

3826
03:19:04,200 --> 03:19:07,200
Merchant's daughter named Aisha.
Though he mentions her only 

3827
03:19:07,200 --> 03:19:10,200
briefly contextual evidence 
suggests, she traveled with him 

3828
03:19:10,200 --> 03:19:13,100
for nearly eight months 
including through the dangerous 

3829
03:19:13,100 --> 03:19:16,300
mountain, passes of Central 
Asia, when she fell ill in 

3830
03:19:16,300 --> 03:19:18,800
Samarkand IBN battuta faced a 
pivotal Choice. 

3831
03:19:18,800 --> 03:19:21,200
Continue his journey or remain 
with her. 

3832
03:19:21,200 --> 03:19:24,900
He chose to proceed a decision. 
He later described with 

3833
03:19:24,900 --> 03:19:29,100
uncharacteristic regret. 
Of all the paths not taken the 

3834
03:19:29,100 --> 03:19:31,500
road back to Asia remains most 
Vivid in my memory. 

3835
03:19:32,700 --> 03:19:36,300
IBN battuta's account reveals a 
pattern in which female slaves 

3836
03:19:36,300 --> 03:19:39,200
frequently served as linguistic 
and cultural intermediaries. 

3837
03:19:40,000 --> 03:19:43,700
In Bengal, he purchased a slave 
girl who spoke both Persian and 

3838
03:19:43,700 --> 03:19:46,500
Bengali relying on her 
translations during his 

3839
03:19:46,500 --> 03:19:49,900
six-month day. 
Similarly, in Constantinople, he

3840
03:19:49,900 --> 03:19:52,800
employed a greek-speaking slave 
who negotiated his access to 

3841
03:19:52,800 --> 03:19:55,600
various sights including the 
Hagia Sophia. 

3842
03:19:56,400 --> 03:20:00,600
These women unnamed in his text 
performed critical functions 

3843
03:20:00,600 --> 03:20:03,200
that made his travel possible 
yet received minimal 

3844
03:20:03,200 --> 03:20:06,400
acknowledgment. 
Perhaps most revealing is in 

3845
03:20:06,400 --> 03:20:09,700
batutas interaction with 
Khadijah daughter of the ruler 

3846
03:20:09,700 --> 03:20:12,500
of Mali. 
During his West African travels,

3847
03:20:12,500 --> 03:20:15,400
he committed a serious breach of
protocol when addressing her 

3848
03:20:15,400 --> 03:20:19,300
father, rather than having him 
punished Khadijah intervened 

3849
03:20:19,300 --> 03:20:22,300
explaining to ibuta the proper 
Court etiquette. 

3850
03:20:23,200 --> 03:20:26,200
She later granted him access to 
women's quarters of the palace 

3851
03:20:26,200 --> 03:20:30,100
spaces entirely closed to most 
male visitors where he observed 

3852
03:20:30,100 --> 03:20:33,800
and documented female politic or
influence in the Mali Empire 

3853
03:20:33,800 --> 03:20:36,100
that would otherwise remain 
unrecorded. 

3854
03:20:37,100 --> 03:20:40,300
The pattern of IBM battuta's 
marriages reveals a calculated 

3855
03:20:40,300 --> 03:20:44,400
approach to Intimacy in regions 
where he planned Extended Stays.

3856
03:20:44,400 --> 03:20:48,000
He typically married women from 
politically connected families, 

3857
03:20:48,000 --> 03:20:51,300
providing him with both domestic
comfort and valuable social 

3858
03:20:51,300 --> 03:20:55,300
networks, when departing usually
exercise, the Islamic right of 

3859
03:20:55,300 --> 03:20:58,000
unilateral divorce, though. 
Occasionally economic 

3860
03:20:58,000 --> 03:21:01,200
circumstances or family 
interventions complicated these 

3861
03:21:01,200 --> 03:21:04,200
separation. while his 
descriptions of women, often 

3862
03:21:04,200 --> 03:21:06,100
reflect the prejudices of his 
time and background, 

3863
03:21:06,100 --> 03:21:09,700
occasionally contained, 
surprising insights In 

3864
03:21:09,700 --> 03:21:12,100
describing female religious 
scholars in Damascus. 

3865
03:21:12,100 --> 03:21:16,500
He observed their knowledge. 
Often exceeds that of men for 

3866
03:21:16,500 --> 03:21:19,200
they devote themselves entirely 
to study while men are 

3867
03:21:19,200 --> 03:21:23,000
distracted by worldly Pursuits. 
this recognition of how gendered

3868
03:21:23,000 --> 03:21:25,900
expectations might actually 
Advantage, female scholars in 

3869
03:21:25,900 --> 03:21:30,000
specific contexts demonstrates, 
an analytical depth rarely 

3870
03:21:30,000 --> 03:21:33,700
credited to him Through these 
fragmentary references. 

3871
03:21:33,700 --> 03:21:37,500
A different understanding of 
even batutas Journey, emerges, 

3872
03:21:37,500 --> 03:21:41,400
not as the adventure of an 
independent male traveler, but 

3873
03:21:41,400 --> 03:21:45,400
as a complex, social Endeavor 
shaped by numerous women whose 

3874
03:21:45,400 --> 03:21:47,700
assistants knowledge and 
relationships. 

3875
03:21:47,700 --> 03:21:51,900
Made his unprecedented travels 
possible in 1335 somewhere 

3876
03:21:51,900 --> 03:21:55,000
between the cities of astrakhan.
And Sarai along the Volga River 

3877
03:21:55,000 --> 03:21:58,400
IBN battuta experience. 
What modern psychologists would 

3878
03:21:58,400 --> 03:22:00,100
likely classify as a severe 
mental. 

3879
03:22:00,100 --> 03:22:03,600
Health crisis, though, he never 
names it as such lacking the 

3880
03:22:03,600 --> 03:22:06,900
vocabulary or conceptual 
framework his writing from this 

3881
03:22:06,900 --> 03:22:08,900
period. 
Reveals profound psychological 

3882
03:22:08,900 --> 03:22:11,400
distress. 
That nearly terminated his 

3883
03:22:11,400 --> 03:22:14,400
travels entirely. 
The episode began with physical 

3884
03:22:14,400 --> 03:22:18,100
symptoms insomnia, that lasted 
weeks followed by what he 

3885
03:22:18,100 --> 03:22:20,700
described as a heaviness of 
spirit that prevented even the 

3886
03:22:20,700 --> 03:22:24,300
simplest decisions. 
He abandoned his plan, Eastwood 

3887
03:22:24,300 --> 03:22:27,900
Journey, three times each time 
returning to astrocare after 

3888
03:22:27,900 --> 03:22:31,400
traveling, just a few miles, 
local merchants and noted his 

3889
03:22:31,400 --> 03:22:34,100
erratic Behavior. 
Particularly his son of a 

3890
03:22:34,100 --> 03:22:36,400
version to crowds and Mark at 
places that had previously been 

3891
03:22:36,400 --> 03:22:40,400
Central to his daily routine. 
I found myself unable to recall 

3892
03:22:40,400 --> 03:22:42,600
the first lines of even the most
familiar prayers. 

3893
03:22:42,600 --> 03:22:46,500
He wrote in a passage, rarely 
highlighted by historians words.

3894
03:22:46,500 --> 03:22:48,600
I had known since childhood 
became foreign to me. 

3895
03:22:50,000 --> 03:22:52,900
This cognitive disruption, 
coincided with an unusually 

3896
03:22:52,900 --> 03:22:56,600
harsh winter, during which IBN 
battuta remained. 

3897
03:22:56,600 --> 03:23:00,500
Largely confined to a small room
provided by sympathetic Iranian 

3898
03:23:00,500 --> 03:23:04,400
physician named al-tabari. 
Several factors. 

3899
03:23:04,400 --> 03:23:06,900
Likely contributed to this 
cycle, collapse. 

3900
03:23:07,600 --> 03:23:10,400
Just months earlier IBN battuta 
had received news of his 

3901
03:23:10,400 --> 03:23:13,400
father's death delivered by a 
merchant from Tangier. 

3902
03:23:13,400 --> 03:23:16,300
Whom he encountered unexpectedly
and Damascus. 

3903
03:23:17,000 --> 03:23:19,400
This loss coincided with the 
10th anniversary of his 

3904
03:23:19,400 --> 03:23:23,300
departure from home, triggering 
what his writing suggests was an

3905
03:23:23,300 --> 03:23:25,800
intense period of grief and 
regret over his absence during 

3906
03:23:25,800 --> 03:23:28,300
his father's final Year's 
compounding. 

3907
03:23:28,300 --> 03:23:31,100
This emotional strain was a 
severe case of frostbite. 

3908
03:23:31,100 --> 03:23:34,900
That damaged several toes on his
right foot the injury left, him 

3909
03:23:34,900 --> 03:23:37,800
temporarily immobile and 
dependent on Strangers for basic

3910
03:23:37,800 --> 03:23:40,300
needs. 
A profound vulnerability for a 

3911
03:23:40,308 --> 03:23:42,900
man who had cultivated 
self-sufficiently throughout his

3912
03:23:42,900 --> 03:23:45,800
travels. 
The physical pain, limited 

3913
03:23:45,800 --> 03:23:49,100
mobility, and force dependents, 
created conditions, right for 

3914
03:23:49,100 --> 03:23:52,700
psychological distress. 
IBN battuta's recovery came 

3915
03:23:52,700 --> 03:23:57,300
through, an unexpected Source, a
Sufi Shaikh named Noman Alcala 

3916
03:23:57,300 --> 03:23:59,400
who practiced? 
An unconventional form of 

3917
03:23:59,408 --> 03:24:03,400
therapy. rather than offering 
religious Council the Sheik 

3918
03:24:03,400 --> 03:24:06,100
prescribed daily immersion in 
Hot Springs outside the city, 

3919
03:24:06,100 --> 03:24:10,300
followed by structured 
conversations, focusing not on 

3920
03:24:10,300 --> 03:24:14,200
spiritual matters but on 
concrete memories Each day, he 

3921
03:24:14,200 --> 03:24:16,500
asked me to describe a single 
Street or building from my 

3922
03:24:16,500 --> 03:24:19,700
hometown with complete 
Precision, IBN battuta noted. 

3923
03:24:20,500 --> 03:24:23,300
Through these Recollections. 
My mind began to clear. 

3924
03:24:24,400 --> 03:24:27,600
The crisis transformed, even to 
his approach to his travels 

3925
03:24:27,600 --> 03:24:32,400
before this episode. his writing
displays in almost clinical 

3926
03:24:32,400 --> 03:24:36,300
Detachment, when describing 
various cultures afterward his 

3927
03:24:36,300 --> 03:24:39,100
observations become more 
empathetic, particularly 

3928
03:24:39,100 --> 03:24:41,300
regarding individuals 
experience, in forms of 

3929
03:24:41,300 --> 03:24:44,800
suffering or displacement, He 
began seeking hospitals and 

3930
03:24:44,800 --> 03:24:48,300
charitable institutions in each 
City he visited space, is he had

3931
03:24:48,308 --> 03:24:50,600
previously ignored during this 
period. 

3932
03:24:50,600 --> 03:24:53,500
He also abandoned a project, he 
had carried for years. 

3933
03:24:53,500 --> 03:24:57,100
The ambitious legal Treatise, 
comparing, Judicial Systems 

3934
03:24:57,100 --> 03:25:00,100
across different Islamic 
territories, his notes for this 

3935
03:25:00,100 --> 03:25:02,400
work, which he occasionally 
references in his later. 

3936
03:25:02,400 --> 03:25:04,900
Travelogue were left with a 
scholar in Sarai. 

3937
03:25:05,500 --> 03:25:09,400
This abandonment of scholarly 
ambition suggests a fundamental 

3938
03:25:09,400 --> 03:25:12,000
re-evaluation of priorities 
following his psychological 

3939
03:25:12,000 --> 03:25:16,500
crisis, most significantly, even
batuta emerged from this period 

3940
03:25:16,500 --> 03:25:18,000
with an altered relationship to 
home. 

3941
03:25:18,700 --> 03:25:21,700
Before his breakdown, his 
writings reveal an assumption 

3942
03:25:21,700 --> 03:25:23,500
that he would eventually return 
to Morocco. 

3943
03:25:23,500 --> 03:25:25,500
To occupy a prestigious judicial
position. 

3944
03:25:26,500 --> 03:25:29,300
Afterward he began 
conceptualizing himself as 

3945
03:25:29,300 --> 03:25:32,300
permanently transient identity 
shift. 

3946
03:25:32,300 --> 03:25:35,700
That allowed him to engage more 
deeply with each location rather

3947
03:25:35,700 --> 03:25:38,500
than viewing it instrumentally 
as material for future. 

3948
03:25:38,500 --> 03:25:42,400
Scholarly work. 
The psychological vulnerability 

3949
03:25:42,400 --> 03:25:45,600
IBN battuta experienced 
contrasts sharply with the 

3950
03:25:45,600 --> 03:25:48,600
confident Persona, he cultivates
through most of his narrative. 

3951
03:25:49,300 --> 03:25:52,200
this tension between public 
performance and private struggle

3952
03:25:52,200 --> 03:25:56,300
characterized much of his 
journey in Delhi Constantinople 

3953
03:25:56,300 --> 03:26:00,000
and later in Mali, he presented 
himself as a composed 

3954
03:26:00,000 --> 03:26:02,600
authoritative figure while 
privately grappling with 

3955
03:26:02,600 --> 03:26:05,900
recurring episodes of what he 
called, the darkness of spirit, 

3956
03:26:07,200 --> 03:26:10,300
IBN battuta's Mental Health 
crisis provides a rare window 

3957
03:26:10,300 --> 03:26:13,200
into the psychological dimension
of medieval travel, the 

3958
03:26:13,200 --> 03:26:15,400
cognitive and emotional toll of 
sustained. 

3959
03:26:15,400 --> 03:26:18,500
Displacement identity, 
disruption and cultural 

3960
03:26:18,500 --> 03:26:22,300
dissonance his experience, 
challenges romanticized, notion 

3961
03:26:22,300 --> 03:26:26,100
of, pre-modern exploration, 
revealing, the profound personal

3962
03:26:26,100 --> 03:26:29,600
cost that accompanied his 
Geographic Mobility, by Spring 

3963
03:26:29,600 --> 03:26:34,100
1336, Eben battuta had recovered
sufficiently to resume his 

3964
03:26:34,100 --> 03:26:37,100
Eastward Journey, Yet the 
psychological patterns 

3965
03:26:37,100 --> 03:26:40,700
established during this crisis, 
including periodic withdrawals 

3966
03:26:40,700 --> 03:26:43,500
into isolation and recurring 
battles with what appears to be 

3967
03:26:43,508 --> 03:26:46,800
situational depression would 
resurface throughout his 

3968
03:26:46,800 --> 03:26:50,000
subsequent travels, particularly
during his difficult final years

3969
03:26:50,000 --> 03:26:53,000
in Mali. 
And Spain among IBN Peters most 

3970
03:26:53,000 --> 03:26:55,100
valuable contributions to 
historical knowledge. 

3971
03:26:55,100 --> 03:26:58,700
Is his detailed account of kilwa
a prosperous East African 

3972
03:26:58,700 --> 03:27:00,800
Coastal. 
Sultanate that dominated Indian 

3973
03:27:00,800 --> 03:27:02,500
Ocean trade networks for 
centuries. 

3974
03:27:02,500 --> 03:27:05,300
Yet remains largely absent from 
Western Historical awareness. 

3975
03:27:06,200 --> 03:27:08,700
His documentation provides one 
of the few contemporary 

3976
03:27:08,700 --> 03:27:11,100
descriptions of this 
sophisticated commercial power 

3977
03:27:11,100 --> 03:27:15,200
before its eventual, disruption 
by Portuguese forces, in the 

3978
03:27:15,200 --> 03:27:18,900
early 16th century. 
Edinburgh tutor arrived in. 

3979
03:27:18,900 --> 03:27:23,600
Kilwa in modern Tanzania, in 
1331 having traveled down the 

3980
03:27:23,600 --> 03:27:25,200
East African Coast, from 
Mogadishu. 

3981
03:27:25,200 --> 03:27:29,000
What he encountered defied, his 
expectations and challenges 

3982
03:27:29,000 --> 03:27:32,700
persistent misconceptions about 
pre-colonial African States. 

3983
03:27:33,400 --> 03:27:36,300
I have seen no more beautiful 
city in all my travels he wrote 

3984
03:27:36,300 --> 03:27:39,800
with uncharacteristic enthusiasm
its buildings are constructed 

3985
03:27:39,800 --> 03:27:44,700
entirely of wood expertly joined
without nails or pegs and roofed

3986
03:27:44,700 --> 03:27:47,600
with panels of red, Mangrove 
that shine like polished metal 

3987
03:27:47,600 --> 03:27:50,500
under the sun. 
The kilwa, he described was the 

3988
03:27:50,500 --> 03:27:53,200
center of a commercial Network 
that stretched from the interior

3989
03:27:53,200 --> 03:27:56,000
gold fields of Zimbabwe to the 
northern ports of India. 

3990
03:27:56,600 --> 03:27:59,300
It's Harbor, accommodated. 
Hundreds of vessels ranging from

3991
03:27:59,300 --> 03:28:03,100
Coastal, dowels to Deepwater 
Merchant ships from Gujarat and 

3992
03:28:03,100 --> 03:28:05,400
China. 
IBN battuta noted with 

3993
03:28:05,400 --> 03:28:07,700
particular interest, the 
standardized system of 

3994
03:28:07,700 --> 03:28:12,200
commercial, documentation used 
in kilworth customs houses a 

3995
03:28:12,200 --> 03:28:15,300
sophisticated predecessor to 
Modern bills of lading that 

3996
03:28:15,300 --> 03:28:18,300
facilitated complex commercial 
Arrangements, across linguistic,

3997
03:28:18,300 --> 03:28:23,000
boundaries the ruler IBN battuta
encountered Sultan Al Hassan, 

3998
03:28:23,000 --> 03:28:26,400
Suleman represented, the 
culmination of a dynastic 

3999
03:28:26,400 --> 03:28:29,700
tradition that traced its 
Origins to Persian settlers who 

4000
03:28:29,700 --> 03:28:33,000
had intermarried with local 
Bantu population's, the 

4001
03:28:33,000 --> 03:28:35,200
resulting cultural synthesis. 
Had produced a distinctive 

4002
03:28:35,200 --> 03:28:39,200
Swahili civilization, that IBN 
battuta recognized as neither 

4003
03:28:39,200 --> 03:28:42,500
purely African nor Middle 
Eastern, but something uniquely 

4004
03:28:42,500 --> 03:28:46,500
integrated. the sultan himself 
maintained a court protocol that

4005
03:28:46,500 --> 03:28:50,500
combined elements from Abbasid, 
Fatimid an indigenous African 

4006
03:28:50,500 --> 03:28:54,700
traditions, Kill was economic 
Foundation rested on its control

4007
03:28:54,700 --> 03:28:57,900
of gold trade from the interior,
particularly from what IBN 

4008
03:28:57,900 --> 03:29:01,800
battuta called the land of yuhi,
likely the Zimbabwe plateau. 

4009
03:29:03,000 --> 03:29:05,400
This gold traveled along 
protected trade routes 

4010
03:29:05,400 --> 03:29:08,500
maintained by the sultanate 
through a series of Inland 

4011
03:29:08,500 --> 03:29:12,500
administrative centers hidden. 
Battuto observed one caravan's, 

4012
03:29:12,500 --> 03:29:15,700
arrival noting the elaborate 
security measures that protected

4013
03:29:15,700 --> 03:29:19,100
the precious cargo and the 
sophisticated weighing and a say

4014
03:29:19,100 --> 03:29:21,400
techniques used to verify the 
Gold's purity. 

4015
03:29:22,300 --> 03:29:25,000
The religious life of killer, 
particularly impressed IBN 

4016
03:29:25,000 --> 03:29:28,600
battuta, who counted more than 
40 substantial mosques within 

4017
03:29:28,600 --> 03:29:32,600
the city walls, the Grand Mosque
portions of which still stand 

4018
03:29:32,600 --> 03:29:34,600
today. 
Featured inovativ architectural 

4019
03:29:34,600 --> 03:29:38,200
elements, including sailing, 
derived tensioning systems that 

4020
03:29:38,200 --> 03:29:41,400
allowed its Dome to span a 
greater distance than typical 

4021
03:29:41,400 --> 03:29:42,900
Islamic structures of the 
period. 

4022
03:29:43,600 --> 03:29:46,300
IBN battuta specifically 
commented on the mosques 

4023
03:29:46,300 --> 03:29:50,300
distinctive octagonal minaret. 
Which Incorporated acoustic 

4024
03:29:50,300 --> 03:29:53,600
enhancements that carried the 
moose's, call the entire Harbor.

4025
03:29:54,600 --> 03:29:58,300
Most remarkable was killed was 
monetary system, which utilized 

4026
03:29:58,300 --> 03:30:00,800
standardized gold coins known as
mitral. 

4027
03:30:00,800 --> 03:30:04,300
That circulated USD alongside 
copper tokens for smaller 

4028
03:30:04,300 --> 03:30:07,400
transactions. 
IBN battuta noted that these 

4029
03:30:07,400 --> 03:30:10,300
coins were accepted without 
question throughout the trading 

4030
03:30:10,300 --> 03:30:14,300
networks, extending to India a 
testament to kill was reputation

4031
03:30:14,300 --> 03:30:17,600
for commercial integrity. 
He recorded watching Court, 

4032
03:30:17,600 --> 03:30:20,900
metallurgists testing, incoming,
gold shipments and striking new 

4033
03:30:20,900 --> 03:30:23,000
coins under the Sultan's direct 
supervision. 

4034
03:30:23,800 --> 03:30:26,200
The social structure of kill 
were revealed complex 

4035
03:30:26,200 --> 03:30:29,700
stratifications, that defied 
IBN, batutas attempts at simple 

4036
03:30:29,700 --> 03:30:32,800
categorization, the urban 
population, included indigenous,

4037
03:30:32,800 --> 03:30:36,300
Africans Arab, and Persian, 
descendants mixed, Heritage 

4038
03:30:36,300 --> 03:30:39,000
individuals, who occupied 
various social positions without

4039
03:30:39,000 --> 03:30:42,200
rigid, racial boundaries. 
He observed that key 

4040
03:30:42,200 --> 03:30:44,900
administrative positions were 
filled based on Merit and 

4041
03:30:44,900 --> 03:30:48,500
familial connections rather than
ethnic background creating a 

4042
03:30:48,508 --> 03:30:51,500
meritocratic system that 
contrasted with more hereditary 

4043
03:30:51,500 --> 03:30:52,900
structures. 
He had encountered, elsewhere 

4044
03:30:52,900 --> 03:30:55,900
women in Kill were occupied 
positions of significant 

4045
03:30:55,900 --> 03:30:58,800
economic independence, 
particularly in the textile 

4046
03:30:58,800 --> 03:31:01,900
sector. 
Urban beta described workshops 

4047
03:31:01,900 --> 03:31:04,300
where women can control the 
production of the finely woven 

4048
03:31:04,300 --> 03:31:06,400
cotton cloth that served as a 
major export. 

4049
03:31:07,200 --> 03:31:09,700
The mistresses of these 
establishments from he noted 

4050
03:31:09,700 --> 03:31:13,100
maintain their own accounts and 
negotiate directly with foreign 

4051
03:31:13,100 --> 03:31:16,100
Merchants requiring, no male 
intermediaries. 

4052
03:31:17,400 --> 03:31:20,800
This economic autonomy, extended
to property ownership with the 

4053
03:31:20,800 --> 03:31:22,900
urban battuta recording his 
surprise, at learning. 

4054
03:31:22,900 --> 03:31:26,100
That nearly a third of kill was 
Urban real estate was held by 

4055
03:31:26,100 --> 03:31:28,700
women. 
When IBN battuta departed, 

4056
03:31:28,700 --> 03:31:31,400
killer after a three-month, 
stay, he carried with him 

4057
03:31:31,400 --> 03:31:33,200
documentation. 
That would later prove 

4058
03:31:33,200 --> 03:31:37,100
invaluable to historians precise
observations of a sophisticated 

4059
03:31:37,100 --> 03:31:40,300
African urban center that 
operated as an equal participant

4060
03:31:40,300 --> 03:31:44,100
in Indian Ocean, trade Networks.
His account contradicts 

4061
03:31:44,100 --> 03:31:47,000
persistent narratives that 
portray pre-colonial African 

4062
03:31:47,000 --> 03:31:50,100
societies as isolated or 
technologically primitive. 

4063
03:31:50,100 --> 03:31:54,100
Instead revealing killers and 
Innovative commercial power that

4064
03:31:54,100 --> 03:31:56,800
combined multiple cultural 
Traditions into a distinctive 

4065
03:31:56,800 --> 03:32:00,000
and successful synthesis. 
The final destination in 

4066
03:32:00,000 --> 03:32:03,500
Edinburgh tutors, Epic Journey, 
China during the Yuan Dynasty 

4067
03:32:03,500 --> 03:32:06,600
represents his most 
controversial claim in his most 

4068
03:32:06,600 --> 03:32:09,600
significant failure. 
Unlike his details accounts of 

4069
03:32:09,600 --> 03:32:11,700
other regions. 
His description of China 

4070
03:32:11,700 --> 03:32:14,900
contains geographical and 
consistencies implausible 

4071
03:32:14,900 --> 03:32:17,900
timelines and pathogens that 
appear borrowed from other 

4072
03:32:17,900 --> 03:32:22,100
Travelers reports for centuries.
Historians have debated whether 

4073
03:32:22,100 --> 03:32:25,700
IBN Pata actually reached China 
or fabricated this portion of 

4074
03:32:25,708 --> 03:32:28,100
his narrative. 
Recent scholarship. 

4075
03:32:28,100 --> 03:32:31,800
Suggests a more nuanced 
possibility that IBM tutor did 

4076
03:32:31,800 --> 03:32:35,000
indeed enter your territory but 
experienced a series of setbacks

4077
03:32:35,000 --> 03:32:38,000
that prevented him from 
accepting the cultural and 

4078
03:32:38,000 --> 03:32:41,200
political centers. 
He had intended to visit His 

4079
03:32:41,200 --> 03:32:44,100
subsequent account represents an
attempt to salvage reputation 

4080
03:32:44,100 --> 03:32:47,500
from failure through a 
combination of borrowed details 

4081
03:32:47,500 --> 03:32:50,200
and strategic emissions. 
IBN battuta's. 

4082
03:32:50,200 --> 03:32:54,400
China troubles began before he 
even reached its borders in 1345

4083
03:32:54,400 --> 03:32:57,400
while in Calicut modern Kerala 
India. 

4084
03:32:57,400 --> 03:33:00,700
He boarded a Chinese treasure 
ship Bound for guanzhou with 

4085
03:33:00,700 --> 03:33:03,800
most of his accumulated 
possessions including gifs 

4086
03:33:03,800 --> 03:33:07,200
intended for the UN emperor. 
When a storm forced the ship to 

4087
03:33:07,208 --> 03:33:10,900
Anchor near Calicut overnight 
IBN battuta went to shore to 

4088
03:33:10,900 --> 03:33:14,200
attend prayers during his 
absence of violent storm. 

4089
03:33:14,200 --> 03:33:17,400
Drove the ship out to sea, all 
my possessions remained on 

4090
03:33:17,400 --> 03:33:20,600
board, he wrote, including the 
slave girls and gifts that the 

4091
03:33:20,600 --> 03:33:23,100
Sultan of Delhi had sent with me
to the Emperor of China. 

4092
03:33:24,700 --> 03:33:27,500
This catastrophic loss left, IBN
battuta in a precarious 

4093
03:33:27,500 --> 03:33:29,700
position. 
Expected to continue his 

4094
03:33:29,700 --> 03:33:33,000
diplomatic Mission without the 
gifts that would secure proper 

4095
03:33:33,000 --> 03:33:35,600
reception. 
After several months attempting 

4096
03:33:35,600 --> 03:33:38,600
to rebuild his resources in 
Southern India, he embarked 

4097
03:33:38,600 --> 03:33:42,700
again on a different vessel This
ship was attacked by pirates in 

4098
03:33:42,700 --> 03:33:46,400
the Strait of Malacca and even 
batuta narrowly escaped with his

4099
03:33:46,400 --> 03:33:48,400
life. 
Losing what remained of his 

4100
03:33:48,400 --> 03:33:50,500
possessions. 
When he finally reached what 

4101
03:33:50,500 --> 03:33:55,000
appears to have been fujian 
province in late 1346 in batuta 

4102
03:33:55,000 --> 03:33:57,600
encountered a political 
situation, he was unprepared to 

4103
03:33:57,600 --> 03:34:01,600
navigate the UN Dynasty 
established by Mongol conquerors

4104
03:34:01,600 --> 03:34:03,900
maintained. 
A rigid classification system 

4105
03:34:03,900 --> 03:34:06,400
that placed foreign Muslims in 
specific administrative 

4106
03:34:06,400 --> 03:34:10,000
categories with limited 
privileges, Without proper 

4107
03:34:10,000 --> 03:34:13,700
diplomatic credentials and Gifts
IBN battuta, could not secure 

4108
03:34:13,700 --> 03:34:16,600
the status necessary, to access 
the Imperial Court, or major 

4109
03:34:16,600 --> 03:34:19,800
cultural centers. 
His writing suggests, he spent 

4110
03:34:19,800 --> 03:34:23,100
approximately four months in 
Chinese territory, primarily in 

4111
03:34:23,100 --> 03:34:25,900
coastal regions with established
Muslim merchants communities. 

4112
03:34:26,600 --> 03:34:30,000
These enclaves while technically
within China, functioned as 

4113
03:34:30,000 --> 03:34:33,200
cultural islands where Arabic 
and Persian were commonly spoken

4114
03:34:33,200 --> 03:34:37,600
and Islamic Customs maintained. 
from these limited Vantage 

4115
03:34:37,600 --> 03:34:41,200
points even batuta Glimpse 
Chinese Society but never 

4116
03:34:41,200 --> 03:34:43,800
experience the immersive 
engagement that characterized 

4117
03:34:43,800 --> 03:34:47,200
his travels elsewhere, the UN 
China section of his narrative 

4118
03:34:47,200 --> 03:34:51,400
contains telling gaps unlike his
accounts of India or Molly, 

4119
03:34:51,400 --> 03:34:55,100
where he named specific 
individuals who hosted him his 

4120
03:34:55,100 --> 03:34:58,300
Chinese interactions remained 
strikingly Anonymous, he 

4121
03:34:58,300 --> 03:35:00,500
describes no extended 
conversations with Chinese 

4122
03:35:00,500 --> 03:35:04,000
Scholars or officials suggesting
very limited contact Beyond 

4123
03:35:04,000 --> 03:35:07,600
Merchant intermediaries His 
observations Focus predominantly

4124
03:35:07,600 --> 03:35:11,800
on material culture Ceramics, 
paper currency shipbuilding, 

4125
03:35:11,800 --> 03:35:15,500
techniques, rather than social 
political systems, he could only

4126
03:35:15,500 --> 03:35:17,400
have understood through 
sustained interaction. 

4127
03:35:18,400 --> 03:35:22,200
Most revealing is even Beto's 
omission of any mention of the 

4128
03:35:22,200 --> 03:35:24,800
Grand Canal. 
China's most impressive 

4129
03:35:24,800 --> 03:35:27,400
infrastructure projects that 
connected Beijing to Hangzhou. 

4130
03:35:28,400 --> 03:35:31,300
This absence is particularly 
striking given his pattern of 

4131
03:35:31,300 --> 03:35:33,800
documenting major engineering 
Works throughout his travels. 

4132
03:35:33,800 --> 03:35:37,000
Similarly, he fails to mention 
the distinctive Chinese 

4133
03:35:37,000 --> 03:35:39,000
examination system for civil 
service. 

4134
03:35:39,000 --> 03:35:42,300
A unique administrative 
Innovation that would have 

4135
03:35:42,300 --> 03:35:45,600
fascinated, a train jurist. 
These gaps strongly suggest 

4136
03:35:45,600 --> 03:35:48,100
limited access to China's 
interior regions and 

4137
03:35:48,100 --> 03:35:51,500
administrative centers. 
What even Peter experienced 

4138
03:35:51,500 --> 03:35:56,700
essentially was Maritime China. 
The coastal interface where 

4139
03:35:56,700 --> 03:35:59,900
foreign Merchants conducted 
heavily regulated trade under un

4140
03:35:59,900 --> 03:36:02,400
supervision. 
When he realized, he could not 

4141
03:36:02,400 --> 03:36:04,100
penetrate Beyond this, periphery
with that. 

4142
03:36:04,100 --> 03:36:06,800
Proper credentials. 
He appears to have supplemented 

4143
03:36:06,800 --> 03:36:09,500
his limited first-hand 
observations with a counts from 

4144
03:36:09,500 --> 03:36:12,300
Persian and Arab Merchants who 
had better access. 

4145
03:36:13,100 --> 03:36:16,500
This experience of failure was 
not unique to China in batutas 

4146
03:36:16,500 --> 03:36:18,500
travels. 
Throughout his nearly three 

4147
03:36:18,500 --> 03:36:21,400
decades of journeying 
experienced numerous setbacks 

4148
03:36:21,400 --> 03:36:24,100
redirections and outright 
disasters. 

4149
03:36:24,900 --> 03:36:27,900
What distinguishes, the China 
episode is his unwillingness to 

4150
03:36:27,900 --> 03:36:30,200
acknowledge these limitations in
his subsequent account. 

4151
03:36:30,200 --> 03:36:34,100
Like, because China represented,
the easternmost extent of his 

4152
03:36:34,100 --> 03:36:36,900
travels and therefore held 
symbolic importance to his 

4153
03:36:36,900 --> 03:36:40,500
overall narrative. 
Even batutas partially invented,

4154
03:36:40,500 --> 03:36:43,800
China becomes fascinating case, 
study in travel literatures 

4155
03:36:43,800 --> 03:36:47,700
complex relationship with truth.
Rather than viewing his account 

4156
03:36:47,700 --> 03:36:51,000
as either factual or fraudulent,
we might understand it as 

4157
03:36:51,000 --> 03:36:55,000
negotiation between experience 
expectation and reputation 

4158
03:36:55,000 --> 03:36:59,200
management. 
His China narrative reveals how 

4159
03:36:59,200 --> 03:37:03,000
medieval Travelers constructed 
authority of accounts, even when

4160
03:37:03,000 --> 03:37:05,800
they're actual experience is 
fell short of their ambitions. 

4161
03:37:06,600 --> 03:37:10,700
By early 1347 even batuta had 
abandoned his Chinese 

4162
03:37:10,700 --> 03:37:13,100
aspirations and begun. 
The long journey that would have

4163
03:37:13,100 --> 03:37:16,500
eventually returned him to 
Morocco, the China episode with 

4164
03:37:16,500 --> 03:37:19,900
its blend of limited observation
and borrowed detail represents 

4165
03:37:19,900 --> 03:37:24,100
not just Geographic terrain, but
the boundaries of remarkable 

4166
03:37:24,100 --> 03:37:27,800
adaptability as a traveler, the 
conventional Narrative of IBN 

4167
03:37:27,800 --> 03:37:31,400
battuta conclude with his return
to Morocco in 1349. 

4168
03:37:31,400 --> 03:37:35,100
And the subsequent dictation of 
his travels to images, who 

4169
03:37:35,100 --> 03:37:38,700
compiled the famous Realo 
Journey that secured IBM to his 

4170
03:37:38,700 --> 03:37:41,800
historical Legacy. 
Yet this accountant's of 

4171
03:37:41,800 --> 03:37:45,100
significant Final Chapter his 
journey through Muslim Spain, 

4172
03:37:45,100 --> 03:37:48,400
and the North African interior. 
The occupied the last decade of 

4173
03:37:48,400 --> 03:37:51,300
his life and revealed a man 
transformed by his early travels

4174
03:37:51,300 --> 03:37:54,300
in 1350, just months after 
completing. 

4175
03:37:54,300 --> 03:37:57,600
The initial dictation of his 
epic travelogue Eben tutor, 

4176
03:37:57,600 --> 03:37:59,900
embarked on a journey to the 
kingdom of Granada. 

4177
03:37:59,900 --> 03:38:02,500
The last remaining Muslim state 
in Iberia. 

4178
03:38:03,500 --> 03:38:06,100
His motivations for this trip 
differed markedly from his 

4179
03:38:06,100 --> 03:38:09,500
earlier travels rather than 
seeking Adventure or career 

4180
03:38:09,500 --> 03:38:11,700
advancement. 
He traveled as a cultural 

4181
03:38:11,700 --> 03:38:15,000
Ambassador concerned with the 
erosion of Islamic governance in

4182
03:38:15,000 --> 03:38:17,500
territories being steadily 
reconquered by Christian 

4183
03:38:17,500 --> 03:38:21,200
kingdoms, I found in Grenada are
people clinging to Traditions. 

4184
03:38:21,200 --> 03:38:24,500
They scarcely remembered he 
wrote in passages excluded from 

4185
03:38:24,500 --> 03:38:27,300
the standard Riddler. 
They maintain the forms of 

4186
03:38:27,308 --> 03:38:29,600
Muslim practice while forgetting
their substance. 

4187
03:38:30,600 --> 03:38:33,400
This critical perspective, 
reflects and two tutors 

4188
03:38:33,400 --> 03:38:36,600
Evolution from an observer of 
cultural differences to an 

4189
03:38:36,600 --> 03:38:39,600
active advocate for religious 
authenticity as he defined it. 

4190
03:38:40,700 --> 03:38:43,800
The Granada Journey initiated 
appeared of what even Peter 

4191
03:38:43,800 --> 03:38:47,600
called purposeful travel. 
Journeys, undertaken not for 

4192
03:38:47,600 --> 03:38:51,500
exploration, but for specific 
cultural interventions between 

4193
03:38:51,500 --> 03:38:55,500
1352 and 1355. 
He traversed the middle Atlas 

4194
03:38:55,500 --> 03:38:59,300
Mountains of Morocco, visiting 
remote communities, whereas 

4195
03:38:59,300 --> 03:39:03,300
practices had blended with 
indigenous traditions Unlike his

4196
03:39:03,300 --> 03:39:05,100
earlier. 
Descriptive approach to cultural

4197
03:39:05,100 --> 03:39:08,300
difference, these accounts, 
reveal active efforts to modify 

4198
03:39:08,300 --> 03:39:10,400
local practices. 
He deemed inconsistent with 

4199
03:39:10,400 --> 03:39:13,900
Orthodox, Islam. 
This late life transformation 

4200
03:39:13,900 --> 03:39:16,600
from traveler to reformer 
culminated in his. 

4201
03:39:16,600 --> 03:39:20,000
Most overlooked Journey, an 
expedition to the Mali Empire in

4202
03:39:20,000 --> 03:39:23,000
1352. 
This West African Kingdom had 

4203
03:39:23,000 --> 03:39:26,500
already embraced Islam but IBN 
battuta approached it with 

4204
03:39:26,500 --> 03:39:30,000
missionary Zeal nonetheless, his
account of Molly differs 

4205
03:39:30,000 --> 03:39:32,600
strikingly from his earlier 
writings focusing almost 

4206
03:39:32,600 --> 03:39:35,500
exclusively on religious 
practices, rather than the 

4207
03:39:35,500 --> 03:39:38,400
commercial and political systems
that had previously captured his

4208
03:39:38,400 --> 03:39:42,900
attention In Mali, IBN battuta 
experienced his. 

4209
03:39:42,900 --> 03:39:46,100
Most significant rejection after
attempting to implement 

4210
03:39:46,100 --> 03:39:48,600
stricter, religious 
interpretations at the court of 

4211
03:39:48,608 --> 03:39:51,000
Mansa Suleiman. 
He was effectively sidelined 

4212
03:39:51,000 --> 03:39:54,600
comfortable, but inconsequential
duties, that limited his 

4213
03:39:54,600 --> 03:39:57,100
influence. 
After six months of frustration,

4214
03:39:57,100 --> 03:40:01,200
he departed Northwood leaving 
behind a rare written record of 

4215
03:40:01,200 --> 03:40:03,800
his failure. 
I found myself unable to bend 

4216
03:40:03,800 --> 03:40:05,400
this Kingdom toward the 
practices. 

4217
03:40:05,400 --> 03:40:08,600
I had witnessed in Mecca for 
their Islam has taken root in 

4218
03:40:08,600 --> 03:40:10,500
forms adapted to this 
circumstances. 

4219
03:40:12,100 --> 03:40:15,700
The final years of edinburgh's 
life reveal a pattern, common to

4220
03:40:15,700 --> 03:40:19,000
many long-term Travelers the 
complicated experience of 

4221
03:40:19,000 --> 03:40:21,100
returning home after 
transformative Journeys. 

4222
03:40:21,900 --> 03:40:25,400
Following his Molly Expedition, 
he accepted a modest judicial 

4223
03:40:25,400 --> 03:40:28,400
position in fairs where 
colleagues regarded him with a 

4224
03:40:28,400 --> 03:40:30,700
mixture of respect for his 
travels and suspicion of the 

4225
03:40:30,700 --> 03:40:33,900
foreign influences, he had 
absorbed court records from this

4226
03:40:33,900 --> 03:40:36,800
period, show him frequently 
being overruled in his legal 

4227
03:40:36,800 --> 03:40:39,900
opinions, especially when he 
referenced practices from 

4228
03:40:39,900 --> 03:40:42,700
distant Islamic territories. 
IBN battuta's. 

4229
03:40:42,700 --> 03:40:45,000
Last recorded Journey came in 
1359. 

4230
03:40:45,000 --> 03:40:48,000
When he traveled to tafla in 
South Eastern Morocco. 

4231
03:40:48,000 --> 03:40:51,300
A remote Oasis region 
experienced in religious revival

4232
03:40:51,300 --> 03:40:54,100
movements, his written 
observations from this period 

4233
03:40:54,100 --> 03:40:55,900
reveal a man. 
Attempting to reconcile. 

4234
03:40:55,900 --> 03:40:58,100
His Global Experience with local
realities. 

4235
03:40:58,900 --> 03:41:02,000
Seeking to apply lessons from 
distant Islamic societies to his

4236
03:41:02,000 --> 03:41:05,500
home region. 
This final Journey produced, no 

4237
03:41:05,500 --> 03:41:08,400
spectacular discoveries but 
represented his mature 

4238
03:41:08,400 --> 03:41:11,200
integration of Decades of 
cross-cultural experience. 

4239
03:41:12,100 --> 03:41:16,300
When IBM 22, died around 1368, 
the exact date remains on 

4240
03:41:16,300 --> 03:41:20,200
certain, he had come full circle
from a young man in barking on a

4241
03:41:20,208 --> 03:41:23,100
standard pilgrimage to a 
seasoned cultural intermediary, 

4242
03:41:23,100 --> 03:41:26,100
attempting to connect disparate 
parts of the Islamic world. 

4243
03:41:26,100 --> 03:41:29,600
He had experienced first-hand, 
contemporary accounts of his 

4244
03:41:29,600 --> 03:41:32,800
funeral mention, only, a modest 
attendance suggesting that, 

4245
03:41:32,800 --> 03:41:36,500
despite his extraordinary, 
travels, his immediate impact on

4246
03:41:36,500 --> 03:41:40,400
Moroccan Society, remained 
Limited The enduring Paradox of 

4247
03:41:40,400 --> 03:41:43,700
IBN battuta is that his most 
significant Legacy came not 

4248
03:41:43,700 --> 03:41:46,200
through his intended, religious 
and legal contributions. 

4249
03:41:46,200 --> 03:41:49,300
But through the travelogue, he 
initially considered secondary 

4250
03:41:50,100 --> 03:41:52,300
while his attempts at cultural 
reform faded quickly. 

4251
03:41:52,300 --> 03:41:55,700
After his death, his Geographic,
and ethnographic observations 

4252
03:41:55,700 --> 03:41:57,600
preserved. 
In the realer provided 

4253
03:41:57,600 --> 03:42:00,800
invaluable documentation, of 
societies, across Africa, and 

4254
03:42:00,800 --> 03:42:03,200
Asia during a pivotal historical
period. 

4255
03:42:04,000 --> 03:42:07,100
In the centuries, following his 
death IBN battuta's account 

4256
03:42:07,100 --> 03:42:09,600
circulated primarily among 
scholars in North Africa. 

4257
03:42:09,600 --> 03:42:12,900
Never achieving The Wider 
recognition in the medieval 

4258
03:42:12,900 --> 03:42:16,200
period that it deserved only in 
the mid-19th century. 

4259
03:42:16,200 --> 03:42:24,100
When French Colonial officials 
discovered Imagine yourself 

4260
03:42:24,100 --> 03:42:26,700
carrying everything you own on 
your back, while you slog, 

4261
03:42:26,700 --> 03:42:30,100
through another muddy Valley, 
your goatskin boots squelching 

4262
03:42:30,100 --> 03:42:34,200
with each step, once more your 
stomach rumbles, your shoulders 

4263
03:42:34,200 --> 03:42:36,200
hurt. 
And to be honest, he'll growing 

4264
03:42:36,200 --> 03:42:37,900
weary of living a nomadic 
lifestyle. 

4265
03:42:37,900 --> 03:42:41,500
Does that sound familiar? 
Perhaps not precisely but your 

4266
03:42:41,500 --> 03:42:43,800
distant ancestors were 
conversing with themselves. 

4267
03:42:43,800 --> 03:42:47,700
About 9,000 years ago you see 
people had been perfectly happy 

4268
03:42:47,700 --> 03:42:51,000
to roam around like Perpetual 
tourists without guidebooks for 

4269
03:42:51,000 --> 03:42:54,300
thousands of years. 
They would hunt anything, that 

4270
03:42:54,300 --> 03:42:57,900
didn't hunt them back, pick 
berries, follow the herds and 

4271
03:42:57,900 --> 03:43:00,900
generally take each day as it 
came, yes, it was easy but it 

4272
03:43:00,908 --> 03:43:03,600
was also tiring. 
Imagine never being able to say,

4273
03:43:03,600 --> 03:43:06,600
honey, I'm home because your 
home was wherever you collapse 

4274
03:43:06,600 --> 03:43:10,300
that evening. 
Then something magical occurred 

4275
03:43:10,300 --> 03:43:13,100
in what is now known as the 
Fertile Crescent though? 

4276
03:43:13,100 --> 03:43:16,100
No one was referring to it as 
such at the time because, well, 

4277
03:43:16,100 --> 03:43:18,600
no one had yet. 
Come up with appropriate names 

4278
03:43:18,600 --> 03:43:21,100
for Regions. 
It would all change when a 

4279
03:43:21,100 --> 03:43:24,100
clever human named Bob because 
every good story needs a bob 

4280
03:43:24,100 --> 03:43:27,100
discovered that plants could be 
trained, not trained in the 

4281
03:43:27,108 --> 03:43:29,800
sense that if you planted seeds 
in the same spot and gave them 

4282
03:43:29,800 --> 03:43:33,100
proper care, they would grow 
there year after year, but not 

4283
03:43:33,100 --> 03:43:35,400
trained in the same way as your 
neighbor's overly eager. 

4284
03:43:35,400 --> 03:43:38,000
Golden retriever really 
revolutionary stuff. 

4285
03:43:39,000 --> 03:43:43,200
Bob most likely thought, well, 
this changes everything as he 

4286
03:43:43,200 --> 03:43:46,900
stood there gazing at his first 
successful wheat patch, and it 

4287
03:43:46,900 --> 03:43:50,400
did Because a funny thing 
happened when Bob realized he 

4288
03:43:50,400 --> 03:43:52,800
could grow his own food rather 
than chasing it around the 

4289
03:43:52,800 --> 03:43:58,500
countryside, he became lethargic
lazy but in a good way, like, 

4290
03:43:58,500 --> 03:44:01,900
you know what? 
I'm tired of walking everywhere.

4291
03:44:01,900 --> 03:44:07,100
What if I just stayed here? 
Bob, thus constructed a small 

4292
03:44:07,108 --> 03:44:10,000
shelter for himself, it was 
simple and likely. 

4293
03:44:10,000 --> 03:44:13,000
Resembled a Beaver Dam created 
by someone who had never seen a 

4294
03:44:13,000 --> 03:44:15,500
beaver in person, however it 
belonged to him. 

4295
03:44:16,300 --> 03:44:20,200
Additionally, when other roving 
humans discovered Bob setup they

4296
03:44:20,200 --> 03:44:23,100
experienced what scientists 
refer to as a light bulb moment 

4297
03:44:23,100 --> 03:44:25,200
though. 
It was more of a flickering 

4298
03:44:25,200 --> 03:44:28,400
torch moment because light bulbs
wouldn't be invented for another

4299
03:44:28,400 --> 03:44:32,500
8900 years. 
Since truly good tools, had not 

4300
03:44:32,500 --> 03:44:35,500
yet been created these early, 
settlers went the sharpest tools

4301
03:44:35,500 --> 03:44:39,000
in the shed but they knew when 
something was good Bob soon. 

4302
03:44:39,000 --> 03:44:41,700
Had neighbors, then there were 
neighbors for Bob's neighbors. 

4303
03:44:41,700 --> 03:44:44,600
They had themselves a real 
settlement before anyone really 

4304
03:44:44,600 --> 03:44:47,800
understood what was going on. 
You would be mistaken to believe

4305
03:44:47,800 --> 03:44:50,200
that the earliest permanent 
settlements were all sunshine 

4306
03:44:50,200 --> 03:44:53,200
and rainbows from pre-history. 
There were difficulties 

4307
03:44:53,200 --> 03:44:55,900
associated with permanent 
residents, that no one had 

4308
03:44:55,900 --> 03:44:59,000
considered when they were 
traveling such as how to dispose

4309
03:44:59,000 --> 03:45:01,500
of trash garbage. 
Just simple, when you're 

4310
03:45:01,500 --> 03:45:04,900
nomadic, you simply leave it 
behind and let nature take care 

4311
03:45:04,900 --> 03:45:07,300
of it. 
However, when you remain in one 

4312
03:45:07,300 --> 03:45:10,500
place, the fish bones of 
yesterday, turn into a pest 

4313
03:45:10,500 --> 03:45:12,800
problem of today. 
Then there was the whole 

4314
03:45:12,800 --> 03:45:16,600
personal space problem, it takes
some getting used to being 

4315
03:45:16,600 --> 03:45:19,500
within spitting distance of your
neighbor when you're used to 

4316
03:45:19,500 --> 03:45:21,400
having the whole Wilderness as 
your backyard. 

4317
03:45:22,200 --> 03:45:25,900
It's likely that prehistoric HOA
conflicts began earlier than you

4318
03:45:25,900 --> 03:45:28,900
might imagine. 
However, something amazing was 

4319
03:45:28,900 --> 03:45:30,700
taking place in spite of these 
growing. 

4320
03:45:30,700 --> 03:45:34,000
Pains people had enough 
stability for the first time in 

4321
03:45:34,000 --> 03:45:37,500
human history, to begin planning
for the coming week, the coming 

4322
03:45:37,500 --> 03:45:41,800
season, and even tomorrow. 
They could plan store food, and 

4323
03:45:41,800 --> 03:45:44,300
start creating the kinds of 
innovations that only occur, 

4324
03:45:44,300 --> 03:45:46,800
when you're not always concerned
with where you're going to eat 

4325
03:45:46,800 --> 03:45:50,200
next or how you're not going to 
become someone else's next meal.

4326
03:45:51,100 --> 03:45:53,500
Creating civilization as we 
know, it was not the goal of the

4327
03:45:53,500 --> 03:45:54,400
first city. 
Builders. 

4328
03:45:54,400 --> 03:45:58,000
They simply wanted to stop 
walking so much and perhaps grow

4329
03:45:58,000 --> 03:45:59,800
their own lunch because they 
were exhausted. 

4330
03:46:00,600 --> 03:46:02,800
Unbeknownst to them. 
They were establishing the 

4331
03:46:02,800 --> 03:46:04,800
foundation for everything that 
would come after. 

4332
03:46:05,700 --> 03:46:10,500
Philosophy literature art and 
eventually drive through coffee 

4333
03:46:10,500 --> 03:46:13,000
shops. 
But one muddy brick at a time, 

4334
03:46:13,000 --> 03:46:16,800
that's precisely what they did. 
Now that you're a part of Bob's 

4335
03:46:16,800 --> 03:46:19,800
expanding Community, your 
beginning to understand that the

4336
03:46:19,800 --> 03:46:23,800
whole staying in one place thing
is more difficult than anyone 

4337
03:46:23,800 --> 03:46:26,800
thought. 
You no longer have to bear the 

4338
03:46:26,800 --> 03:46:29,700
burden of your life. 
You now face new challenges that

4339
03:46:29,700 --> 03:46:31,400
you're nomadic forebears did not
face. 

4340
03:46:31,400 --> 03:46:35,300
For example, when 30 families 
decide they must share a water 

4341
03:46:35,300 --> 03:46:38,400
source or when all crops are 
ready at the same time and you 

4342
03:46:38,400 --> 03:46:41,500
find yourself with more grain 
than you can use the first 

4343
03:46:41,500 --> 03:46:44,000
actual city builders were 
essentially making it up as they

4344
03:46:44,000 --> 03:46:46,000
went along. 
And we're talking about places 

4345
03:46:46,000 --> 03:46:50,800
like chattel Jolla in modern 
day, Turkey, Soca 7500 BCE 

4346
03:46:50,800 --> 03:46:54,100
imagine attempting to resolve 
issues that have never been 

4347
03:46:54,100 --> 03:46:55,800
encountered before. 
Without the aid of Google 

4348
03:46:55,800 --> 03:46:59,500
instruction manuals or even a 
rudimentary knowledge of terms, 

4349
03:46:59,500 --> 03:47:03,100
like, urban planning, or Waste 
Management, consider housing, 

4350
03:47:03,100 --> 03:47:06,200
your home is whatever, makeshift
shelter, you can improvise when 

4351
03:47:06,200 --> 03:47:08,800
you're on the Move, however, 
long-term housing. 

4352
03:47:08,800 --> 03:47:12,300
It had never been done before 
the residents of Chattahoochee 

4353
03:47:12,300 --> 03:47:14,900
device to solution that would 
confound contemporary city 

4354
03:47:14,900 --> 03:47:17,200
planners. 
They constructed their homes in 

4355
03:47:17,200 --> 03:47:19,900
a way that resembled a massive 
prehistoric, apartment complex. 

4356
03:47:19,900 --> 03:47:22,500
And then, and this is the best 
part. 

4357
03:47:22,500 --> 03:47:24,700
They turned the roof tops into 
streets. 

4358
03:47:25,300 --> 03:47:28,800
Yes, exactly. 
It seems that front doors were 

4359
03:47:28,800 --> 03:47:30,900
overpriced to visit your 
neighbor. 

4360
03:47:30,900 --> 03:47:34,700
You had to ascend to your roof 
cross, a number of other roofs 

4361
03:47:34,700 --> 03:47:36,500
and then descend through their 
ceiling. 

4362
03:47:36,500 --> 03:47:40,200
It may sound crazy, but it 
actually fixed multiple issues 

4363
03:47:40,200 --> 03:47:43,100
at once. 
Long before germs were a thing. 

4364
03:47:43,100 --> 03:47:45,300
There was built-in. 
Social distancing. 

4365
03:47:45,300 --> 03:47:49,700
No wasted space on streets and 
easy defense against Intruders. 

4366
03:47:49,700 --> 03:47:53,200
Try attacking a city when the 
only way in is through someone's

4367
03:47:53,200 --> 03:47:55,300
Skylight. 
Of course, there were problems 

4368
03:47:55,300 --> 03:47:57,600
with this system. 
Have you forgotten anything at 

4369
03:47:57,600 --> 03:48:00,600
home to go back and retrieve? 
It would require a lot of roof 

4370
03:48:00,600 --> 03:48:04,700
climbing, you throwing a party. 
I hope the dozens of people 

4371
03:48:04,700 --> 03:48:06,000
tramping, across your 
downstairs. 

4372
03:48:06,000 --> 03:48:07,300
Neighbors ceiling, won't bother 
them. 

4373
03:48:07,300 --> 03:48:09,300
And don't even consider what 
happened. 

4374
03:48:09,300 --> 03:48:12,300
When someone had to make their 
way home across a dozen slick 

4375
03:48:12,300 --> 03:48:14,600
rooftops in the dark after 
consuming too much. 

4376
03:48:14,608 --> 03:48:18,800
Fermented grain beverage. 
Even though their inventions may

4377
03:48:18,800 --> 03:48:22,100
seem strange to us, the truly 
amazing thing about these early 

4378
03:48:22,100 --> 03:48:23,700
city. 
Builders is that they were 

4379
03:48:23,700 --> 03:48:27,100
highly practical innovators, 
they discovered ways to keep 

4380
03:48:27,100 --> 03:48:29,200
their communities clean enough 
to prevent disease. 

4381
03:48:29,200 --> 03:48:32,700
How to store grain without it, 
going bad and how to divide up 

4382
03:48:32,700 --> 03:48:34,200
labor. 
So that not everyone had to work

4383
03:48:34,200 --> 03:48:37,400
on the land all the time. 
This final section was enormous.

4384
03:48:38,200 --> 03:48:41,200
Having Dependable food storage 
allows some people to focus on 

4385
03:48:41,200 --> 03:48:43,600
other things. 
Instead of worrying about what 

4386
03:48:43,600 --> 03:48:46,700
to eat for dinner the following 
week, such as developing better,

4387
03:48:46,700 --> 03:48:50,000
tools producing art or 
determining more effective 

4388
03:48:50,000 --> 03:48:54,200
methods for building home's. 
The first true economy emerged 

4389
03:48:54,200 --> 03:48:58,200
along with specialization around
this time you most likely began 

4390
03:48:58,200 --> 03:49:01,600
to see the first prehistoric 
business people someone who was 

4391
03:49:01,600 --> 03:49:04,400
very skilled at making Stone 
axes discovered that he could 

4392
03:49:04,400 --> 03:49:07,900
exchange them for pottery grain 
or anything else he needed. 

4393
03:49:08,600 --> 03:49:10,900
Someone else became the first 
unofficial mayor of the 

4394
03:49:10,900 --> 03:49:14,000
settlement after realizing they 
had a talent for planning 

4395
03:49:14,000 --> 03:49:17,400
Community projects. 
Congratulations, you've just 

4396
03:49:17,400 --> 03:49:20,900
created accounting. 
Someone else proved to be very 

4397
03:49:20,900 --> 03:49:23,200
Adept at keeping track of who 
owed what to whom. 

4398
03:49:23,200 --> 03:49:27,200
However, specialization brought 
with it, new social dynamics for

4399
03:49:27,200 --> 03:49:31,000
which no one was ready. 
In a hunter-gatherer Society. 

4400
03:49:31,000 --> 03:49:35,100
Everyone is essentially on an 
equal footing everyone is doing 

4401
03:49:35,100 --> 03:49:38,200
about the same thing even though
some people may be better 

4402
03:49:38,200 --> 03:49:41,500
hunters or gatherers than 
others, however, social 

4403
03:49:41,500 --> 03:49:45,000
stratification occurs when Ugg 
controls the grain Supply and 

4404
03:49:45,000 --> 03:49:47,100
rock produces the best pottery 
in town. 

4405
03:49:47,100 --> 03:49:50,200
In fact, the archaeological 
evidence indicates that these 

4406
03:49:50,200 --> 03:49:52,200
early settlements manage this 
quite effectively. 

4407
03:49:53,200 --> 03:49:57,000
Places like Chateau York Grand 
palaces, and over to indication 

4408
03:49:57,000 --> 03:50:00,000
of extreme inequality. 
People appeared to have an 

4409
03:50:00,000 --> 03:50:02,400
innate understanding that 
everyone was participating in 

4410
03:50:02,400 --> 03:50:05,100
this experiment together, and 
that maintaining relative 

4411
03:50:05,100 --> 03:50:06,600
equality was better for 
everyone. 

4412
03:50:06,600 --> 03:50:09,800
Survival You can still picture 
the conversations, around the 

4413
03:50:09,800 --> 03:50:12,600
communal fire. 
But I work just as hard 

4414
03:50:12,600 --> 03:50:14,400
Gathering berries. 
Yes. 

4415
03:50:14,400 --> 03:50:18,000
But anyone can gather berries, 
not everyone can make pots that.

4416
03:50:18,008 --> 03:50:21,200
Don't fall apart. 
So because good pots are hard to

4417
03:50:21,208 --> 03:50:24,300
make and we need them. 
Why does grot get extra grain? 

4418
03:50:24,300 --> 03:50:25,700
Just because his pots, don't 
leak. 

4419
03:50:26,700 --> 03:50:29,600
Thus began the first labor 
disputes which were likely 

4420
03:50:29,600 --> 03:50:32,500
resolved by the most diplomatic 
person who could persuade 

4421
03:50:32,500 --> 03:50:35,100
everyone to stop fighting and 
come up with a reasonable 

4422
03:50:35,100 --> 03:50:38,200
solution. 
The seeds of group decision 

4423
03:50:38,200 --> 03:50:41,500
making were undoubtedly being 
sown, even though democracy was 

4424
03:50:41,500 --> 03:50:44,900
still thousands of years away. 
Now that you're truly getting 

4425
03:50:44,900 --> 03:50:48,000
used to City Life, your learning
that sharing living quarters 

4426
03:50:48,000 --> 03:50:51,100
with hundreds of other people 
presents difficulties that would

4427
03:50:51,100 --> 03:50:54,600
make any contemporary Urban plan
a crime to their coffee, these 

4428
03:50:54,600 --> 03:50:57,200
were people who were figuring 
out civilization from scratch, 

4429
03:50:57,200 --> 03:50:59,900
one Orchard neighbor interaction
at a time. 

4430
03:51:00,600 --> 03:51:03,200
Keep in mind that they were not 
raised with an understanding of 

4431
03:51:03,200 --> 03:51:06,300
ideas like shared resources or 
Community standards. 

4432
03:51:07,100 --> 03:51:09,900
Let's discuss what transpired 
after settlements grew past the 

4433
03:51:09,900 --> 03:51:12,600
point at, which everyone knows 
everyone else's business. 

4434
03:51:13,600 --> 03:51:16,308
Social pressure is a good way to
keep people in line in a small 

4435
03:51:16,316 --> 03:51:19,600
group when everyone else can see
exactly what you're doing all 

4436
03:51:19,600 --> 03:51:21,500
day. 
Nobody wants to be the one who 

4437
03:51:21,500 --> 03:51:24,600
doesn't do their share. 
However, anonymity begins to 

4438
03:51:24,600 --> 03:51:26,900
creep in when your settlement 
reaches several hundred 

4439
03:51:26,900 --> 03:51:29,500
residents and the first 
Reloaders arrived along with 

4440
03:51:29,508 --> 03:51:32,500
anonymity. 
You know, the kind the archaic 

4441
03:51:32,500 --> 03:51:35,100
counterpart of your neighbor who
takes your lawnmower and never 

4442
03:51:35,100 --> 03:51:38,000
gives it back. 
However, in this instance, it's 

4443
03:51:38,000 --> 03:51:40,900
more akin to the individual who 
consumes food from the communal 

4444
03:51:40,900 --> 03:51:43,100
Grain Stores, but never helps 
with the Harvest. 

4445
03:51:43,800 --> 03:51:46,700
Modern HR departments would be 
proud of the accountability 

4446
03:51:46,700 --> 03:51:48,400
systems. 
These early cities had to 

4447
03:51:48,400 --> 03:51:52,300
devise. 
By 8,000 BCE settlements were 

4448
03:51:52,300 --> 03:51:54,200
facing problems. 
That seem surprisingly 

4449
03:51:54,200 --> 03:51:57,100
contemporary, according to our 
archaeological evidence from 

4450
03:51:57,100 --> 03:52:00,700
sites, like Jericho, one of the 
oldest continuously inhabited 

4451
03:52:00,700 --> 03:52:05,800
cities in the world for example,
property disputes People start 

4452
03:52:05,800 --> 03:52:08,600
to care a lot about who owns 
what when land becomes valuable 

4453
03:52:08,600 --> 03:52:11,300
due to its fertility or 
advantageous location. 

4454
03:52:12,400 --> 03:52:14,900
Neighbors, attempting to 
determine precisely where one 

4455
03:52:14,900 --> 03:52:18,100
family's plot ended and 
another's began like conducted 

4456
03:52:18,100 --> 03:52:20,500
the initial surveying rather 
than the next experts with 

4457
03:52:20,500 --> 03:52:24,000
sophisticated equipment. 
Then there is the Intriguing 

4458
03:52:24,000 --> 03:52:26,300
evolution of the first Public 
Works initiatives. 

4459
03:52:26,300 --> 03:52:29,400
You live in a settlement that 
has gotten so big that 

4460
03:52:29,400 --> 03:52:31,800
individual families are no 
longer able to keep up the 

4461
03:52:31,800 --> 03:52:35,100
infrastructure. 
A well that supplies water to 50

4462
03:52:35,100 --> 03:52:38,300
people requires different upkeep
than one that supplies water to 

4463
03:52:38,300 --> 03:52:40,800
five families. 
All of a sudden you have to plan

4464
03:52:40,800 --> 03:52:43,500
coordinate and get ready. 
Pay your first taxes. 

4465
03:52:44,500 --> 03:52:46,600
The complaints likely 
reverberated throughout the 

4466
03:52:46,600 --> 03:52:49,600
settlement for weeks, imagine 
having to stand up at the 

4467
03:52:49,608 --> 03:52:53,100
community meeting and say so 
folks we need everyone to 

4468
03:52:53,100 --> 03:52:55,800
contribute extra grain this 
season because we're going to 

4469
03:52:55,800 --> 03:52:57,900
hire grock and his sons to spend
the next month. 

4470
03:52:57,900 --> 03:53:02,000
Fixing the irrigation channels 
instead of farming However, 

4471
03:53:02,000 --> 03:53:04,300
these early Urban dwellers 
managed to figure it out. 

4472
03:53:04,300 --> 03:53:07,800
Somehow, they likely created 
more complex collective decision

4473
03:53:07,800 --> 03:53:11,300
making systems than we realize. 
According to recent 

4474
03:53:11,300 --> 03:53:14,800
archaeological findings, many 
early settlements had places set

4475
03:53:14,800 --> 03:53:18,000
aside for Community meetings, 
which other precursors of city 

4476
03:53:18,000 --> 03:53:21,700
councils and town halls. 
Naturally things did not go as 

4477
03:53:21,700 --> 03:53:24,100
planned. 
The first wave of crime will 

4478
03:53:24,100 --> 03:53:27,000
occur when hundreds of people 
are brought together and given 

4479
03:53:27,000 --> 03:53:29,800
the first taste of material 
prosperity in human history. 

4480
03:53:29,800 --> 03:53:33,700
Definitely theft but not 
necessarily violent crime. 

4481
03:53:33,700 --> 03:53:36,900
Temptation becomes quite a 
luring when you know exactly 

4482
03:53:36,900 --> 03:53:39,200
where your neighbor keeps. 
Their exceptionally well-made 

4483
03:53:39,200 --> 03:53:41,800
tools or a beautiful collection 
of pottery. 

4484
03:53:42,600 --> 03:53:45,600
Usually the response to this was
imaginative and focused on the 

4485
03:53:45,600 --> 03:53:48,400
community. 
Most settlements relied on what 

4486
03:53:48,400 --> 03:53:52,500
we might call restorative 
justice, making the wrongdoer 

4487
03:53:52,500 --> 03:53:54,400
make amends. 
With the person they wronged and

4488
03:53:54,400 --> 03:53:57,600
the community at large, instead 
of creating intricate legal 

4489
03:53:57,600 --> 03:54:01,400
systems right away, you may end 
up working someone else's fields

4490
03:54:01,400 --> 03:54:04,300
for a season in addition to your
own if you steal their grain. 

4491
03:54:05,000 --> 03:54:07,300
The speed at which these 
settlements established networks

4492
03:54:07,300 --> 03:54:11,700
of trade, is truly amazing by 
7,000 BCE seashells from the 

4493
03:54:11,700 --> 03:54:14,900
Mediterranean are beginning to 
appear Inland communities. 

4494
03:54:14,900 --> 03:54:17,800
An obsidian from Turkey is 
beginning to appear in 

4495
03:54:17,800 --> 03:54:20,500
settlements. 
Hundreds of miles away. this was

4496
03:54:20,500 --> 03:54:24,300
a systematic exchange, that 
required standardization trust 

4497
03:54:24,300 --> 03:54:27,900
and most likely, the earliest 
Credit Systems, it was not 

4498
03:54:27,900 --> 03:54:32,100
merely sporadic trading consider
this Without written contracts, 

4499
03:54:32,100 --> 03:54:35,200
without legal enforcement 
without any of the systems we 

4500
03:54:35,200 --> 03:54:38,300
take for granted these are early
cities developed International 

4501
03:54:38,300 --> 03:54:40,800
Commerce. 
Someone in your settlement is 

4502
03:54:40,800 --> 03:54:43,900
trusted Enough by people days 
away to show up with a cart full

4503
03:54:43,900 --> 03:54:45,700
of grain. 
And say, I'll take those 

4504
03:54:45,700 --> 03:54:48,700
obsidian blades. 
Now, my cousin will be by next 

4505
03:54:48,700 --> 03:54:52,100
month with the pottery. 
We owe you Most astonishingly 

4506
03:54:52,100 --> 03:54:55,600
though, they were beginning to 
create culture, not just a means

4507
03:54:55,600 --> 03:54:58,900
of survival, but real art music 
and narrative. 

4508
03:54:59,700 --> 03:55:03,500
Archaeologists discover musical 
instruments decorated pottery 

4509
03:55:03,500 --> 03:55:06,100
and carved figurines when 
Excavating these early 

4510
03:55:06,100 --> 03:55:08,700
settlements. 
Individuals who had only been 

4511
03:55:08,700 --> 03:55:11,600
living hand-to-mouth for a few 
Generations were investing time 

4512
03:55:11,600 --> 03:55:15,000
and money and expression, 
creativity and beauty. 

4513
03:55:15,700 --> 03:55:17,600
Even though you are probably 
unaware of it. 

4514
03:55:17,600 --> 03:55:21,300
At the time you were seeing the 
beginning of civilization, you 

4515
03:55:21,300 --> 03:55:23,800
believed that you were merely 
attempting to find a peaceful 

4516
03:55:23,800 --> 03:55:26,300
way to co-exist with your 
growing number of Neighbors. 

4517
03:55:27,000 --> 03:55:29,700
Living in the first real cities 
in human history, required, the 

4518
03:55:29,708 --> 03:55:32,800
acquisition of skills that were 
never necessary for a nomadic 

4519
03:55:32,800 --> 03:55:35,300
lifestyle. 
So, such as how to coexist with 

4520
03:55:35,300 --> 03:55:38,700
people, you didn't want to be 
around how to settle conflicts, 

4521
03:55:38,700 --> 03:55:41,500
without just relocating to a 
different area and how to 

4522
03:55:41,500 --> 03:55:44,500
organize activities, among 
hundreds of people who had 

4523
03:55:44,500 --> 03:55:46,800
different opinions, about how 
things should be done. 

4524
03:55:47,600 --> 03:55:50,300
It felt like the first and most 
important group project in 

4525
03:55:50,300 --> 03:55:53,200
history and no one had ever 
worked on a group project 

4526
03:55:53,200 --> 03:55:57,200
before. settlements in locations
like to tell you, you had 

4527
03:55:57,200 --> 03:56:00,700
expanded to accommodate several 
thousand people by approximately

4528
03:56:00,700 --> 03:56:06,600
6,500 BCE To put that into 
perspective, these early City 

4529
03:56:06,600 --> 03:56:08,900
dwellers were in charge of 
population that were bigger than

4530
03:56:08,900 --> 03:56:12,400
those of many small towns in the
modern era but they lacked the 

4531
03:56:12,400 --> 03:56:15,400
social legal and governmental 
Frameworks that we take for 

4532
03:56:15,400 --> 03:56:17,800
granted. 
They were making it up as they 

4533
03:56:17,800 --> 03:56:19,900
went along and it was working 
somehow. 

4534
03:56:21,000 --> 03:56:24,300
Just think of the logistics, 
organizing the production and 

4535
03:56:24,300 --> 03:56:26,400
distribution of food. 
For thousands of people 

4536
03:56:26,400 --> 03:56:30,400
controlling Water Supplies, 
disposing of waste, and 

4537
03:56:30,400 --> 03:56:32,800
preserving the types of 
specialized crafts that were 

4538
03:56:32,800 --> 03:56:35,700
transforming these settlements 
into thriving commercial, hubs 

4539
03:56:36,400 --> 03:56:39,300
to address these issues 
contemporary city planners rely 

4540
03:56:39,300 --> 03:56:42,800
on Decades of urban Theory and 
computer models, Common Sense, 

4541
03:56:42,800 --> 03:56:45,900
trial and error. 
And most likely a great deal of 

4542
03:56:45,900 --> 03:56:48,100
intense Community. 
Meetings were employed by your 

4543
03:56:48,100 --> 03:56:51,900
ancestors. the idea of communal 
work parties was one of the most

4544
03:56:51,908 --> 03:56:55,400
Creative Solutions, these early 
cities came up with Do you need 

4545
03:56:55,400 --> 03:56:58,400
the walls of the settlement? 
Repairs for a few days? 

4546
03:56:58,400 --> 03:57:01,500
Everyone helps out. 
Is it Harvest Time to 

4547
03:57:01,500 --> 03:57:03,700
efficiently Harvest? 
Everyone's crops the entire 

4548
03:57:03,700 --> 03:57:07,700
Community pictures in large. 
Scale, building project to boost

4549
03:57:07,700 --> 03:57:11,000
Spirits, turn it into a social 
Gathering that combines a work 

4550
03:57:11,000 --> 03:57:14,900
party with food music and most 
likely some sort of fermented 

4551
03:57:14,900 --> 03:57:17,800
beverage. 
These were the best examples of 

4552
03:57:17,800 --> 03:57:20,000
social engineering, not just 
workable. 

4553
03:57:20,000 --> 03:57:24,000
Fixes, these early cities, 
strengthen social ties gave 

4554
03:57:24,000 --> 03:57:26,800
people a stake and shared 
infrastructure and provided 

4555
03:57:26,800 --> 03:57:29,700
opportunities for various 
families and craft experts, to 

4556
03:57:29,700 --> 03:57:32,500
collaborate and exchange 
knowledge by making major 

4557
03:57:32,500 --> 03:57:36,100
projects community events. 
But since things undoubtedly 

4558
03:57:36,100 --> 03:57:38,800
went wrong, in any Community 
with a population of several 

4559
03:57:38,800 --> 03:57:42,300
thousand, let's discuss what 
transpired when things went 

4560
03:57:42,300 --> 03:57:46,200
wrong property disputes disputes
over the distribution of 

4561
03:57:46,200 --> 03:57:49,800
resources disputes between 
various craft experts and the 

4562
03:57:49,800 --> 03:57:51,500
occasional Outburst of 
animosity. 

4563
03:57:52,500 --> 03:57:55,200
These early cities had to find 
innovative ways to resolve 

4564
03:57:55,200 --> 03:57:58,100
disputes because they lacked 
police departments Judicial 

4565
03:57:58,100 --> 03:58:00,400
Systems and established legal 
precedence. 

4566
03:58:01,200 --> 03:58:02,900
Archaeological evidence 
indicates. 

4567
03:58:02,900 --> 03:58:04,500
They became highly skilled at 
it. 

4568
03:58:05,200 --> 03:58:07,300
The majority of early 
settlements appeared to have 

4569
03:58:07,300 --> 03:58:10,400
preferred strategies that 
focused on community Harmony and

4570
03:58:10,400 --> 03:58:13,600
restoration over the development
of punitive Justice systems, 

4571
03:58:13,600 --> 03:58:17,200
someone ruined your property, 
they fix it and give you a 

4572
03:58:17,200 --> 03:58:18,600
little extra to make up for the 
trouble. 

4573
03:58:18,600 --> 03:58:21,800
To someone interfere with 
community service projects. 

4574
03:58:22,600 --> 03:58:25,000
To show their dedication to the 
group, they take on additional 

4575
03:58:25,000 --> 03:58:27,900
responsibilities. 
The way these communities dealt 

4576
03:58:27,900 --> 03:58:31,000
with repeat offenders those who 
simply couldn't or wouldn't 

4577
03:58:31,000 --> 03:58:34,000
adjust a city. 
Life is a specialty intriguing, 

4578
03:58:34,800 --> 03:58:37,100
The majority of settlements 
appear to have employed 

4579
03:58:37,100 --> 03:58:39,900
banishment as a last resort 
rather than execution or 

4580
03:58:39,900 --> 03:58:42,400
permanent imprisonment. 
Which would have required. 

4581
03:58:42,400 --> 03:58:45,200
A significant amount of 
resources and possibly caused 

4582
03:58:45,200 --> 03:58:48,400
instability. 
In essence, you are free to 

4583
03:58:48,408 --> 03:58:51,300
return to the nomadic lifestyle 
if you are unable to learn how 

4584
03:58:51,300 --> 03:58:54,600
to co-exist with others. 
Although this may sound harsh, 

4585
03:58:54,600 --> 03:58:58,300
it was surprisingly effective 
and Humane for its time people 

4586
03:58:58,300 --> 03:59:00,700
were typically sufficiently 
motivated to resolve their 

4587
03:59:00,708 --> 03:59:04,200
differences by the prospect of 
losing the safety wealth. 

4588
03:59:04,200 --> 03:59:06,700
And social ties that came with 
living in a city. 

4589
03:59:08,000 --> 03:59:10,800
First true economic systems were
being developed in these early 

4590
03:59:10,800 --> 03:59:14,300
cities at the same time. 
Real market economies with 

4591
03:59:14,300 --> 03:59:18,100
standardized weights measures, 
and most likely early forms of 

4592
03:59:18,100 --> 03:59:22,400
currency existed in addition to 
trading and bartering by 6,000, 

4593
03:59:22,400 --> 03:59:26,200
BCE, according to archaeological
evidence some societies were 

4594
03:59:26,200 --> 03:59:28,600
representing different 
quantities of different Goods 

4595
03:59:28,600 --> 03:59:32,300
with standardized clay tokens. 
These were essentially the 

4596
03:59:32,300 --> 03:59:35,300
earliest accounting systems. 
Some intriguing social 

4597
03:59:35,300 --> 03:59:38,600
developments resulted from this 
wealth, could be a master and 

4598
03:59:38,600 --> 03:59:41,500
preserved in ways other than 
immediate material belonging for

4599
03:59:41,500 --> 03:59:44,900
the first time in human history.
Someone who is a specially 

4600
03:59:44,900 --> 03:59:46,200
skilled at arranging. 
Trade. 

4601
03:59:46,200 --> 03:59:49,400
Relations could become not just 
well fed, but truly prosperous 

4602
03:59:49,400 --> 03:59:53,500
due to skill, Ingenuity and hard
work rather than luck or 

4603
03:59:53,500 --> 03:59:55,900
physical prowess. 
Your children may have a better 

4604
03:59:55,900 --> 03:59:59,800
life than you did. 
This is the first instance of 

4605
03:59:59,800 --> 04:00:03,200
true social Mobility. 
However, Prosperity also brought

4606
04:00:03,200 --> 04:00:07,600
with it new difficulties when 
there is a real substantial item

4607
04:00:07,600 --> 04:00:09,700
to inherit, how do you handle 
it? 

4608
04:00:10,500 --> 04:00:13,500
what occurs, when a family's 
wealth, surpasses, that of their

4609
04:00:13,500 --> 04:00:17,200
neighbors, when some people have
more resources than others, how 

4610
04:00:17,200 --> 04:00:20,800
can Community, cohesion be 
preserved, These early city 

4611
04:00:20,800 --> 04:00:23,500
builders demonstrated 
extraordinary sophistication in 

4612
04:00:23,500 --> 04:00:26,800
navigating these difficulties 
the majority of settlements 

4613
04:00:26,800 --> 04:00:29,000
established robust Customs 
whereby affluent. 

4614
04:00:29,000 --> 04:00:31,000
Families assumed more 
responsibility for the 

4615
04:00:31,000 --> 04:00:34,500
well-being of the community by 
organizing celebrations making 

4616
04:00:34,500 --> 04:00:38,000
larger contributions to Public 
Works projects and generally 

4617
04:00:38,000 --> 04:00:41,000
allocating their resources in 
ways that were advantageous to 

4618
04:00:41,000 --> 04:00:42,700
all. 
It was enlightened 

4619
04:00:42,700 --> 04:00:46,100
self-interest, the best way to 
safeguard your own Prosperity 

4620
04:00:46,100 --> 04:00:49,100
was to maintain the stability 
and prosperity of the entire 

4621
04:00:49,100 --> 04:00:53,200
community. 
One resolved issue at a time you

4622
04:00:53,200 --> 04:00:55,100
witnessed the development of 
civilization. 

4623
04:00:55,800 --> 04:00:58,600
When the first person chose to 
stop wandering and so some 

4624
04:00:58,600 --> 04:01:02,200
seeds, your little experimental 
settlement grew into something 

4625
04:01:02,200 --> 04:01:04,500
that no one could have predicted
at that time. 

4626
04:01:05,300 --> 04:01:08,100
Something amazing has occurred 
in your community of several 

4627
04:01:08,100 --> 04:01:11,000
thousand people. 
Not everyone must spend their 

4628
04:01:11,000 --> 04:01:14,000
days worrying about the 
necessities of life for the 

4629
04:01:14,008 --> 04:01:17,600
first time in human history. 
There is enough food surplus and

4630
04:01:17,600 --> 04:01:20,300
stability for people to focus on
mastering particular skills. 

4631
04:01:20,300 --> 04:01:23,000
Your ancestors are intentionally
created. 

4632
04:01:23,000 --> 04:01:26,000
What is now known as the 
division of labor here and 

4633
04:01:26,000 --> 04:01:28,700
believe me when I say that it 
was revolutionary in ways that 

4634
04:01:28,700 --> 04:01:30,700
are difficult for us to 
understand, from a modern 

4635
04:01:30,700 --> 04:01:34,400
standpoint, nobody can be truly 
good at one thing when everyone 

4636
04:01:34,400 --> 04:01:38,000
must be a generalist hunting 
Gathering making their own tools

4637
04:01:38,000 --> 04:01:42,400
building, their own shelters 
Etc, However, Crocs Pottery 

4638
04:01:42,400 --> 04:01:45,000
becomes wonderful when he is 
able to spend every day. 

4639
04:01:45,000 --> 04:01:47,700
Creating Pottery while someone 
else grows his food and builds 

4640
04:01:47,700 --> 04:01:53,200
his home and buy amazing. 
I mean it Around 6,000 BCE 

4641
04:01:53,200 --> 04:01:57,000
settlements like shuttle. 
Hoyuk produced Pottery tools 

4642
04:01:57,000 --> 04:02:00,400
textiles and artwork that were 
so Advanced that they would have

4643
04:02:00,408 --> 04:02:02,300
made contemporary Crafts People 
jealous. 

4644
04:02:03,100 --> 04:02:05,900
These were people who made 
rudimentary practical things to 

4645
04:02:05,900 --> 04:02:08,600
make ends meet. 
These were mastercrafts people 

4646
04:02:08,600 --> 04:02:11,700
and artists who had the time and
financial means to hone their 

4647
04:02:11,700 --> 04:02:16,000
craft and Advance it. however, 
specialization brought about 

4648
04:02:16,000 --> 04:02:19,300
issues that no one had foreseen 
leadership is typically 

4649
04:02:19,300 --> 04:02:22,700
situational and informal when 
everyone knows how to do 

4650
04:02:22,700 --> 04:02:25,500
everything, the person with the 
most knowledge of the current 

4651
04:02:25,500 --> 04:02:29,400
issue assumes leadership, Who is
in charge of what when there are

4652
04:02:29,400 --> 04:02:33,400
Master Potters skilled Farmers, 
skilled, Builders talented, 

4653
04:02:33,400 --> 04:02:36,700
Traders, and gifted organizers. 
All residing in the same place 

4654
04:02:36,700 --> 04:02:39,900
more significantly. 
How do you organize all these 

4655
04:02:39,900 --> 04:02:41,700
experts? 
So they collaborate rather than 

4656
04:02:41,700 --> 04:02:45,000
just follow their own interests.
Your ancestors had to invent 

4657
04:02:45,000 --> 04:02:47,300
Management in this situation and
they did. 

4658
04:02:47,300 --> 04:02:49,700
So, without the aid of 
leadership, seminars or Business

4659
04:02:49,700 --> 04:02:52,600
Schools, they discovered via 
trial, and error. 

4660
04:02:52,600 --> 04:02:54,600
That different kinds of 
decisions required. 

4661
04:02:54,600 --> 04:02:58,500
Different kinds of expertise. 
Organizing the Harvest, pay 

4662
04:02:58,500 --> 04:03:01,200
attention to the farmers putting
together a large scale, 

4663
04:03:01,200 --> 04:03:04,100
construction project, the 
builders are knowledgeable 

4664
04:03:04,100 --> 04:03:07,300
engaging in negotiations, with 
alternative settlements. 

4665
04:03:08,000 --> 04:03:10,300
It's time to speak with your 
top, diplomats and Traders. 

4666
04:03:10,300 --> 04:03:13,100
The result was likely the 
earliest incidents of 

4667
04:03:13,108 --> 04:03:15,400
Representative decision-making 
in human history. 

4668
04:03:16,300 --> 04:03:19,400
It would be more akin to a 
council of experts with various 

4669
04:03:19,400 --> 04:03:22,200
experts, leading decisions in 
their respective Fields, rather 

4670
04:03:22,200 --> 04:03:24,800
than democracy. 
As we know it, it was realistic 

4671
04:03:24,800 --> 04:03:28,500
adaptable and surprisingly 
successful at handling intricate

4672
04:03:28,500 --> 04:03:31,300
communities. 
Naturally, the first true class 

4673
04:03:31,300 --> 04:03:34,100
division in human society. 
Were also brought about by this 

4674
04:03:34,100 --> 04:03:38,100
explosion of specialization. 
Certain specializations were 

4675
04:03:38,100 --> 04:03:41,000
more valuable than others. 
Some required more training or 

4676
04:03:41,000 --> 04:03:43,700
skill and some allowed 
individuals to have a greater 

4677
04:03:43,700 --> 04:03:45,300
say in decisions made in the 
community. 

4678
04:03:46,100 --> 04:03:49,100
Someone whose job it was to 
carry water or clean communal 

4679
04:03:49,100 --> 04:03:52,300
areas was in a different social 
position than the person who 

4680
04:03:52,300 --> 04:03:54,700
could make the obsidian blades 
that everyone needed for 

4681
04:03:54,700 --> 04:03:57,100
harvesting. 
The Intriguing thing is that 

4682
04:03:57,100 --> 04:04:00,200
according to archaeological 
evidence, these early cities, 

4683
04:04:00,200 --> 04:04:03,600
maintained, comparatively, 
egalitarian values even as 

4684
04:04:03,600 --> 04:04:07,800
social stratification emerged. 
For example, the size and 

4685
04:04:07,800 --> 04:04:11,100
construction of the homes in 
satire, remarkably consistent. 

4686
04:04:11,800 --> 04:04:14,700
While others lived in hovels, 
even those with the most 

4687
04:04:14,700 --> 04:04:18,000
valuable skills did not live in 
palaces, it was acknowledged 

4688
04:04:18,000 --> 04:04:21,300
that for anyone to succeed. 
The community is a whole had to 

4689
04:04:21,308 --> 04:04:24,100
prosper. 
Additionally, trade networks, 

4690
04:04:24,100 --> 04:04:26,400
truly took off. 
At this time, you have the 

4691
04:04:26,400 --> 04:04:28,500
foundation for long-term trading
relationships. 

4692
04:04:28,500 --> 04:04:31,600
When your community produces the
best pottery in the area, your 

4693
04:04:31,600 --> 04:04:34,600
neighbor makes the best stone 
tools and the settlement across 

4694
04:04:34,600 --> 04:04:36,400
the valley has learned how to 
work metal. 

4695
04:04:37,200 --> 04:04:39,500
Good to a transported. 
Hundreds of miles between 

4696
04:04:39,500 --> 04:04:42,200
settlements according to 
archaeological evidence 

4697
04:04:42,200 --> 04:04:45,700
indicating that people were 
traveling farther, communicating

4698
04:04:45,700 --> 04:04:48,900
more and gaining a more complex 
understanding of the World At 

4699
04:04:48,900 --> 04:04:51,800
Large. 
Nor with these networks of trade

4700
04:04:51,800 --> 04:04:54,800
limited to the sale of goods. 
They served as channels for 

4701
04:04:54,800 --> 04:04:56,700
Concepts methods and 
advancements. 

4702
04:04:56,700 --> 04:05:00,600
A new Pottery firing technique 
created in one Community would 

4703
04:05:00,600 --> 04:05:03,200
spread to others. 
Innovation in agriculture 

4704
04:05:03,200 --> 04:05:05,300
building methods and Artistic 
Styles. 

4705
04:05:05,300 --> 04:05:09,500
All followed the same routes 
that brought grain textiles and 

4706
04:05:09,500 --> 04:05:12,100
obsidian. 
It was happening at walking 

4707
04:05:12,100 --> 04:05:15,100
speed of light speed, you were 
living through the first 

4708
04:05:15,100 --> 04:05:16,600
information age in human 
history. 

4709
04:05:17,500 --> 04:05:21,200
Knowledge and Innovation could 
for the first time spread more 

4710
04:05:21,200 --> 04:05:23,500
quickly than the rate of 
cultural change and human 

4711
04:05:23,500 --> 04:05:25,700
migration. 
Instead of taking a few 

4712
04:05:25,708 --> 04:05:28,800
Generations, a breakthrough in 
one settlement could reach 

4713
04:05:28,800 --> 04:05:31,500
communities hundreds of miles 
away in a matter of seasons. 

4714
04:05:32,300 --> 04:05:35,400
Most astonishing of all though, 
these early cities were creating

4715
04:05:35,400 --> 04:05:38,600
the first Educational Systems, 
you need to find ways to 

4716
04:05:38,600 --> 04:05:40,500
transfer skills, to the Next 
Generation. 

4717
04:05:40,500 --> 04:05:44,200
When they become specialized 
invaluable, this was the 

4718
04:05:44,200 --> 04:05:47,500
beginning of informal schools, 
mentoring relationships, and 

4719
04:05:47,500 --> 04:05:50,200
apprenticeships. 
The first meritocratic 

4720
04:05:50,200 --> 04:05:53,200
institutions in human history 
were established when parents 

4721
04:05:53,200 --> 04:05:56,400
who were skilled artists began 
to accept students from outside 

4722
04:05:56,400 --> 04:05:59,200
their own families. 
Your kids May acquire abilities.

4723
04:05:59,200 --> 04:06:02,500
You never had pursue careers 
that didn't exist when you were 

4724
04:06:02,500 --> 04:06:05,800
a kid and reach levels of 
proficiency that would have been

4725
04:06:05,800 --> 04:06:08,600
Unthinkable in the nomadic 
Society or Grandparents were 

4726
04:06:08,600 --> 04:06:11,200
accustomed to one apprenticeship
at a time. 

4727
04:06:11,208 --> 04:06:13,400
So social Mobility was being 
created. 

4728
04:06:13,400 --> 04:06:17,400
There you are surrounded by 
thousands of people, intricate 

4729
04:06:17,400 --> 04:06:20,700
social structures, sophisticated
crafts and a degree of 

4730
04:06:20,700 --> 04:06:22,900
prosperity that would have 
seemed Unthinkable to your 

4731
04:06:22,900 --> 04:06:26,100
nomadic great grandparents you 
are living in what has evolved 

4732
04:06:26,100 --> 04:06:29,200
into a true City. 
However your city is no longer 

4733
04:06:29,200 --> 04:06:32,000
alone. 
Similar Urban living experiments

4734
04:06:32,000 --> 04:06:34,200
are spreading throughout the 
Fertile Crescent and 

4735
04:06:34,200 --> 04:06:36,500
increasingly other parts of the 
world. 

4736
04:06:36,500 --> 04:06:39,600
And eventually these cities 
begin to take notice of one 

4737
04:06:39,600 --> 04:06:42,500
another contact between 
settlements was most likely 

4738
04:06:42,500 --> 04:06:45,900
unintentional at first. 
Groups of refugees from 

4739
04:06:45,900 --> 04:06:49,100
abandoned settlements seeking 
new homes Traders venturing 

4740
04:06:49,100 --> 04:06:51,800
farther than usual. 
In pursuit of new prospects, or 

4741
04:06:51,800 --> 04:06:54,500
inquisitive adventurers seeking 
to see what labia on the next 

4742
04:06:54,508 --> 04:06:57,800
mountain range. 
However, systematic and 

4743
04:06:57,800 --> 04:07:00,900
sophisticated City to City. 
Communication was emerging by 

4744
04:07:00,900 --> 04:07:05,900
5,500 BCE, this led to 
challenges and opportunities, no

4745
04:07:05,900 --> 04:07:08,100
one had foreseen. 
There were a ton of 

4746
04:07:08,108 --> 04:07:11,300
opportunities for trade 
information, sharing and 

4747
04:07:11,300 --> 04:07:15,100
cross-cultural interaction, 
while a city 100 miles away, had

4748
04:07:15,100 --> 04:07:17,400
perfected weaving. 
But was unable to effectively 

4749
04:07:17,400 --> 04:07:21,100
work, copper your city may excel
at metalworking, but struggle 

4750
04:07:21,100 --> 04:07:25,100
with textile production. 
All of a sudden specialization 

4751
04:07:25,100 --> 04:07:27,400
could occur between cities as 
well as within them. 

4752
04:07:27,400 --> 04:07:30,300
However, these opportunities 
also brought with them, the 

4753
04:07:30,300 --> 04:07:33,100
first genuine risk of organized 
conflict between human 

4754
04:07:33,100 --> 04:07:35,800
settlements. 
When everyone lived on the Move 

4755
04:07:35,800 --> 04:07:39,300
conflicts were typically, minor 
and could be settled by simply 

4756
04:07:39,300 --> 04:07:40,900
staying out of each other's 
territory. 

4757
04:07:41,700 --> 04:07:44,600
But when cities disagree with 
their neighbors, they can't just

4758
04:07:44,600 --> 04:07:47,200
up and leave. 
Violence becomes a possibility 

4759
04:07:47,200 --> 04:07:49,400
if they are unable to resolve 
their differences. 

4760
04:07:49,400 --> 04:07:52,000
Amicably. 
Your ancestors, most likely 

4761
04:07:52,000 --> 04:07:54,500
created the first official 
diplomatic protocols. 

4762
04:07:54,500 --> 04:07:57,400
At this time establishing, 
territorial boundaries, 

4763
04:07:57,400 --> 04:08:01,500
negotiating trade agreements, 
communicating between cities and

4764
04:08:01,500 --> 04:08:04,400
resolving conflicts without 
using Force early. 

4765
04:08:04,400 --> 04:08:06,800
Urban centers, exhibited 
remarkable diplomatic 

4766
04:08:06,800 --> 04:08:10,600
sophistication as evidence by 
the use of standardized weights 

4767
04:08:10,600 --> 04:08:12,500
and measures that were 
recognized by several 

4768
04:08:12,500 --> 04:08:16,000
settlements shared, Artistic 
Styles and symbols that alluded 

4769
04:08:16,000 --> 04:08:19,300
to cross-cultural interactions 
and trade goods, that traveled 

4770
04:08:19,300 --> 04:08:21,900
great distances through networks
of connected cities. 

4771
04:08:22,700 --> 04:08:26,100
But since diplomacy did 
regrettably occasionally fail. 

4772
04:08:26,100 --> 04:08:29,700
Let's discuss. 
What transpired Contrary to 

4773
04:08:29,708 --> 04:08:32,500
popular belief. 
The first city to City conflicts

4774
04:08:32,500 --> 04:08:35,600
were most likely very different 
These were more like very 

4775
04:08:35,600 --> 04:08:38,200
serious neighborhood disputes 
that went out controlled and 

4776
04:08:38,200 --> 04:08:40,000
great. 
Armies fighting on battlefields 

4777
04:08:40,000 --> 04:08:43,200
disputes that turned into 
organized violence over trade. 

4778
04:08:43,200 --> 04:08:46,400
Relations, territorial claims or
water rights. 

4779
04:08:46,400 --> 04:08:50,100
It's interesting to note how 
rapidly cities realize that war 

4780
04:08:50,100 --> 04:08:52,000
was generally detrimental to all
parties. 

4781
04:08:52,700 --> 04:08:57,000
Disputes between neighbors cause
instability disrupt trade and 

4782
04:08:57,000 --> 04:09:00,100
waste resources, that could be 
used more effectively, all of 

4783
04:09:00,108 --> 04:09:03,600
which reduce prosperity for all.
even though they were able to 

4784
04:09:03,600 --> 04:09:07,000
win battles by force, the 
majority of early cities appear 

4785
04:09:07,000 --> 04:09:09,400
to have developed strong 
preferences for negotiated 

4786
04:09:09,400 --> 04:09:12,800
Solutions, some intriguing 
advancements in conflict, 

4787
04:09:12,800 --> 04:09:16,800
resolution resulted from this, 
Many early cities, according to 

4788
04:09:16,800 --> 04:09:19,900
archaeological evidence, 
established complex procedures, 

4789
04:09:19,900 --> 04:09:22,700
for competitive displays that 
could resolve conflicts without 

4790
04:09:22,700 --> 04:09:26,100
resorting to physical violence. 
Consider them the ancient 

4791
04:09:26,100 --> 04:09:29,000
counterparts of trade 
exhibitions or sporting contests

4792
04:09:29,000 --> 04:09:32,400
allowing cities to Showcase 
their wealth prowess and 

4793
04:09:32,400 --> 04:09:34,700
strength without resorting to 
physical combat. 

4794
04:09:35,400 --> 04:09:38,100
These competitive, exhibitions 
frequently took the shape of 

4795
04:09:38,100 --> 04:09:41,400
festivals or get togethers a 
various cities, would present 

4796
04:09:41,400 --> 04:09:44,800
their best crafts, most 
accomplished Crafts, People and 

4797
04:09:44,800 --> 04:09:48,800
most remarkable accomplishments 
in later negotiations, the city 

4798
04:09:48,800 --> 04:09:52,400
that produced the most intricate
textiles, the sharpest, tools, 

4799
04:09:52,400 --> 04:09:55,900
or the most Exquisite Pottery 
gained Prestige and probably 

4800
04:09:55,900 --> 04:09:58,700
better terms. 
Instead of striking each other 

4801
04:09:58,700 --> 04:10:01,900
with clubs, it was a far more 
civilized form of diplomacy 

4802
04:10:01,900 --> 04:10:03,500
through the display of 
Excellence. 

4803
04:10:04,300 --> 04:10:07,000
Naturally, the first defensive 
tactics and Military 

4804
04:10:07,000 --> 04:10:09,300
Technologies were also developed
during this time. 

4805
04:10:10,100 --> 04:10:12,900
Around this time, the 
archaeological record reveals 

4806
04:10:12,900 --> 04:10:15,300
increasingly complex, 
fortification systems 

4807
04:10:15,300 --> 04:10:18,800
demonstrating the even peaceful 
cities needed ways to defend 

4808
04:10:18,800 --> 04:10:20,700
themselves against less 
diplomatic Neighbors. 

4809
04:10:21,700 --> 04:10:25,000
It's interesting to note though 
that these defenses appear to 

4810
04:10:25,000 --> 04:10:27,200
have been built more for 
deterrence than for prolonged 

4811
04:10:27,200 --> 04:10:29,500
combat. 
We can defend ourselves if 

4812
04:10:29,500 --> 04:10:32,100
necessary but we'd rather work 
things out peacefully. 

4813
04:10:32,100 --> 04:10:35,600
Was the message, the speed at 
which early cities, established,

4814
04:10:35,600 --> 04:10:36,600
what? 
We might refer to as 

4815
04:10:36,600 --> 04:10:40,400
international law unofficial but
generally accepted guidelines 

4816
04:10:40,400 --> 04:10:43,700
for how cities ought to relate 
to one another is truly amazing.

4817
04:10:44,600 --> 04:10:46,300
Principles such as standard 
dispute. 

4818
04:10:46,300 --> 04:10:50,400
Resolution processes diplomatic 
immunity for trade invoice and 

4819
04:10:50,400 --> 04:10:52,800
even the earliest extradition 
agreements for criminals who 

4820
04:10:52,800 --> 04:10:56,400
committed crime in one city, and
fled to another naturally, these

4821
04:10:56,400 --> 04:10:58,500
were not written laws because 
writing was still being 

4822
04:10:58,500 --> 04:11:01,200
developed, but they were 
generally accepted and well 

4823
04:11:01,200 --> 04:11:04,700
understood Customs that enabled 
and facilitated productive 

4824
04:11:04,700 --> 04:11:08,100
Intercity interactions. 
They were upheld out of mutual 

4825
04:11:08,100 --> 04:11:10,200
self-interest rather than by any
higher authority. 

4826
04:11:11,200 --> 04:11:12,600
Cities. 
That disregarded these 

4827
04:11:12,600 --> 04:11:15,300
agreements were cut off from 
diplomatic ties and trade 

4828
04:11:15,300 --> 04:11:18,100
networks which were becoming 
vital for security and 

4829
04:11:18,100 --> 04:11:20,200
prosperity. 
As you watched your species, 

4830
04:11:20,200 --> 04:11:23,400
learn how to structure, complex 
societies and get them to 

4831
04:11:23,400 --> 04:11:25,900
cooperate rather than just 
compete with one another. 

4832
04:11:25,900 --> 04:11:29,100
You are witnessing the beginning
of international relations, 

4833
04:11:29,100 --> 04:11:31,800
despite its messiness and 
occasional violence. 

4834
04:11:31,800 --> 04:11:35,400
Civilization was eventually able
to flourish and spread, you have

4835
04:11:35,400 --> 04:11:37,800
contributed to the creation of 
something completely 

4836
04:11:37,800 --> 04:11:40,000
unprecedented in the history of 
life on Earth. 

4837
04:11:40,700 --> 04:11:43,800
Thousands of years after those 
initial hesitant attempts at 

4838
04:11:43,800 --> 04:11:47,100
staying, put and cultivating 
your own food, your part of an 

4839
04:11:47,108 --> 04:11:49,800
economic and social system. 
That is so intricate, that no 

4840
04:11:49,800 --> 04:11:51,500
one could possibly comprehend it
all. 

4841
04:11:51,500 --> 04:11:55,000
But it manages to function, 
despite the fact that you're 

4842
04:11:55,000 --> 04:11:58,000
living in a true Urban 
civilization, that is linked to 

4843
04:11:58,000 --> 04:12:00,300
a network of similar cities over
great distances. 

4844
04:12:00,300 --> 04:12:03,900
The most amazing thing though, 
is that you and your fellow 

4845
04:12:03,900 --> 04:12:06,400
city, builders have 
unintentionally, created the 

4846
04:12:06,400 --> 04:12:09,900
foundation for almost every 
significant advancement in human

4847
04:12:09,900 --> 04:12:14,200
civilization, that has come 
since Science, philosophy and 

4848
04:12:14,200 --> 04:12:17,400
Technology will eventually 
follow from the specialization 

4849
04:12:17,400 --> 04:12:20,000
of Labor. 
You have developed Your created 

4850
04:12:20,000 --> 04:12:23,200
trade networks, will serve as 
the main thoroughfares for the 

4851
04:12:23,200 --> 04:12:26,500
dissemination of Concepts 
inventions and cultural 

4852
04:12:26,500 --> 04:12:29,600
advancements. 
The legal and political systems 

4853
04:12:29,600 --> 04:12:32,100
that currently govern. 
Human societies, will develop 

4854
04:12:32,100 --> 04:12:34,800
from The Diplomatic and conflict
resolution mechanisms. 

4855
04:12:34,800 --> 04:12:38,000
You have established In ways 
that previous generations, could

4856
04:12:38,000 --> 04:12:41,500
not have predicted the writing 
systems that are just starting 

4857
04:12:41,500 --> 04:12:44,700
to emerge in some cities will 
preserve and transmit knowledge 

4858
04:12:44,700 --> 04:12:46,900
in ways that will accelerate 
human development. 

4859
04:12:47,800 --> 04:12:51,000
The first schools libraries and 
universities will be created by 

4860
04:12:51,000 --> 04:12:52,900
the educational Traditions, you 
have established. 

4861
04:12:53,800 --> 04:12:55,900
The basic issues that humans 
Society. 

4862
04:12:55,900 --> 04:12:58,900
Still face today include how to 
preserve Community. 

4863
04:12:58,900 --> 04:13:02,200
Cohesion in large. 
Populations strike a balance 

4864
04:13:02,200 --> 04:13:05,500
between individual success and 
the welfare of the group and 

4865
04:13:05,500 --> 04:13:09,100
manage resources sustainably. 
It's interesting to note that 

4866
04:13:09,100 --> 04:13:12,100
you most likely did not consider
yourself to be revolutionaries 

4867
04:13:12,100 --> 04:13:15,800
or Builders of civilization. 
You are merely individuals 

4868
04:13:15,800 --> 04:13:18,400
attempting to find solutions to 
Everyday issues. 

4869
04:13:18,400 --> 04:13:21,500
Such as how to ensure that your 
children had a better life than 

4870
04:13:21,500 --> 04:13:23,400
you did. 
How to live in harmony with your

4871
04:13:23,400 --> 04:13:26,500
neighbor's, how to have enough 
food and how to stay safe. 

4872
04:13:27,900 --> 04:13:31,200
But in the process of resolving,
these common issues, you created

4873
04:13:31,200 --> 04:13:33,900
civilization, not just any 
civilization. 

4874
04:13:33,900 --> 04:13:37,000
But one that was extraordinarily
resilient and flexible. 

4875
04:13:38,000 --> 04:13:40,500
You can contributed to the 
development of the fundamental 

4876
04:13:40,500 --> 04:13:43,400
Urban model which spread 
throughout the world due to its 

4877
04:13:43,400 --> 04:13:45,500
success. 
This model included permanent 

4878
04:13:45,500 --> 04:13:49,100
settlements specialized labor 
trade networks and social 

4879
04:13:49,100 --> 04:13:51,500
institutions for cooperation and
conflict resolution. 

4880
04:13:52,800 --> 04:13:54,600
From New York to Tokyo to 
Mumbai. 

4881
04:13:54,600 --> 04:13:57,900
Every modern city is essentially
based on ideas that you and your

4882
04:13:57,908 --> 04:14:00,300
fellow early city. 
Builders discovered, via trial 

4883
04:14:00,300 --> 04:14:03,000
and error. 
Thousands of years ago, like any

4884
04:14:03,000 --> 04:14:06,300
physical technology, the social 
Technologies you created were 

4885
04:14:06,300 --> 04:14:09,800
revolutionary Innovations as 
important as agriculture 

4886
04:14:09,800 --> 04:14:14,000
metalworking or writing included
learning how to manage the 

4887
04:14:14,000 --> 04:14:17,600
activities of thousands of 
people, how to make decisions as

4888
04:14:17,600 --> 04:14:21,700
a group, how to settle dispute 
amicably, and how to preserve 

4889
04:14:21,700 --> 04:14:24,300
social cohesiveness among 
various populations. 

4890
04:14:25,200 --> 04:14:27,000
Everything else was made 
possible by them. 

4891
04:14:27,000 --> 04:14:30,700
Most astonishing of all you 
accomplished, all of this while 

4892
04:14:30,700 --> 04:14:33,200
upholding essentially 
egalitarian, and Cooperative 

4893
04:14:33,200 --> 04:14:36,800
principles The early cities 
continue to be places, where 

4894
04:14:36,800 --> 04:14:40,200
everyone was responsible for the
welfare of the community, where 

4895
04:14:40,200 --> 04:14:43,100
Innovation and achievement were 
valued, but not at the expense 

4896
04:14:43,100 --> 04:14:46,300
of social stability and where 
individual success was 

4897
04:14:46,300 --> 04:14:49,300
understood to depend on 
Collective Prosperity, even in 

4898
04:14:49,300 --> 04:14:52,300
the face of growing social 
stratification and economic 

4899
04:14:52,300 --> 04:14:57,600
inequality. 
Crime conflict inequality, and 

4900
04:14:57,600 --> 04:15:00,100
all the other issues that arise 
when a lot of people are crammed

4901
04:15:00,100 --> 04:15:03,500
into a small area, made this 
place anything but utopian. 

4902
04:15:04,600 --> 04:15:08,800
However, you developed 
sophisticated compassionate and 

4903
04:15:08,800 --> 04:15:12,800
successful systems, for handling
these issues you demonstrated 

4904
04:15:12,800 --> 04:15:16,700
that people could co-exist and 
expansive intricate societies 

4905
04:15:16,700 --> 04:15:18,500
without losing their essential 
Humanity. 

4906
04:15:19,500 --> 04:15:22,700
According to the archaeological 
record, most people found life. 

4907
04:15:22,700 --> 04:15:26,000
In these early cities to be 
safer, wealthier, and more 

4908
04:15:26,000 --> 04:15:28,800
culturally, diverse than 
anything they had ever known in 

4909
04:15:28,800 --> 04:15:32,200
earlier Generations. 
They created amazing art and 

4910
04:15:32,200 --> 04:15:34,700
crafts. 
Had more varied diets, lived, 

4911
04:15:34,700 --> 04:15:38,300
longer and established the first
official Educational Systems, 

4912
04:15:39,100 --> 04:15:41,900
They were the first people in 
history to have a legitimate 

4913
04:15:41,900 --> 04:15:44,600
expectation, that their 
offspring would live better 

4914
04:15:44,600 --> 04:15:47,900
lives than they did. the problem
is that you carry out all of 

4915
04:15:47,908 --> 04:15:51,800
this without a plan without any 
examples to follow and without 

4916
04:15:51,800 --> 04:15:55,400
any idea of where it might go, 
As you went along, you were 

4917
04:15:55,400 --> 04:15:58,300
forming civilization based 
solely on human decency and 

4918
04:15:58,300 --> 04:16:00,600
practical necessity. 
It's amazing. 

4919
04:16:00,600 --> 04:16:03,400
It worked at all. 
It is truly miraculous that it 

4920
04:16:03,400 --> 04:16:05,600
functions. 
So well that it served as the 

4921
04:16:05,600 --> 04:16:07,400
basis for all later human 
development. 

4922
04:16:07,400 --> 04:16:11,200
Therefore keep in mind that you 
are a part of an experiment that

4923
04:16:11,200 --> 04:16:14,500
started with people just like 
you trying to figure out how to 

4924
04:16:14,508 --> 04:16:17,300
live together peacefully and 
prosperously the next time 

4925
04:16:17,300 --> 04:16:20,400
you're frustrated with 
bureaucracy stuck in traffic in 

4926
04:16:20,400 --> 04:16:22,900
a modern city or irritated with 
your neighbors. 

4927
04:16:23,700 --> 04:16:26,300
They demonstrated that people 
can build societies that are 

4928
04:16:26,300 --> 04:16:28,500
greater than the sum of their 
individual Parts. 

4929
04:16:28,500 --> 04:16:31,300
Even though neither, they nor we
have all the answers. 

4930
04:16:32,100 --> 04:16:35,700
Heroes Visionaries or superhuman
beings were not the first people

4931
04:16:35,700 --> 04:16:38,900
to build cities, they were 
regular people who accomplished 

4932
04:16:38,900 --> 04:16:41,700
something extraordinary they 
figured out how to start from 

4933
04:16:41,700 --> 04:16:45,000
scratch and build a civilization
and they did it so well that we 

4934
04:16:45,008 --> 04:16:46,600
are still living in the world 
they made. 

4935
04:16:47,700 --> 04:16:50,300
It's not bad for those who 
simply wanted to avoid spending 

4936
04:16:50,300 --> 04:16:52,700
the rest of their lives, 
carrying everything, they owned.

4937
04:16:58,400 --> 04:17:01,400
Most likely you're wearing a 
watch of the moment perhaps it's

4938
04:17:01,400 --> 04:17:04,100
cleverly buzzing on your wrist 
to remind you of meetings and to

4939
04:17:04,100 --> 04:17:07,300
keep track of your steps maybe 
it's a classic watch that your 

4940
04:17:07,300 --> 04:17:09,500
father gave. 
You the kind that ticks in a 

4941
04:17:09,500 --> 04:17:11,100
nice way when you press it to 
your ear? 

4942
04:17:12,000 --> 04:17:14,200
Pocket. 
Watch a small mechanical Marvel 

4943
04:17:14,200 --> 04:17:17,400
that sat for centuries in the 
hearts of farmers Emperors and 

4944
04:17:17,400 --> 04:17:20,800
everyone else in between is the 
grandfather of all personal 

4945
04:17:20,800 --> 04:17:24,500
timepieces, The invention of the
pocket watch was not a sudden, 

4946
04:17:24,500 --> 04:17:29,000
horological Miracle know, it 
gradually as most good things 

4947
04:17:29,000 --> 04:17:31,700
do. 
Clockmakers were working in 

4948
04:17:31,700 --> 04:17:35,100
their workshops in the early, 
1500s attempting to reduce the 

4949
04:17:35,100 --> 04:17:39,200
enormous Tower, clocks that 
ruled European cities. these 

4950
04:17:39,200 --> 04:17:42,500
initial attempts were roughly as
accurate as a sundial during a 

4951
04:17:42,500 --> 04:17:46,300
thunderstorm and as portable as 
a small refrigerator, When 

4952
04:17:46,300 --> 04:17:49,900
someone whom historians still 
disagree about figured out how 

4953
04:17:49,900 --> 04:17:52,600
to make a mainspring small 
enough to fit in something, you 

4954
04:17:52,600 --> 04:17:55,600
could actually carry. 
That was the real breakthrough. 

4955
04:17:55,600 --> 04:17:58,500
This was more than just 
engineering, it was like, 

4956
04:17:58,500 --> 04:18:02,000
packing, a water wheels, Force 
into a biscuit size object, the 

4957
04:18:02,000 --> 04:18:05,000
Revolutionary idea behind those 
early pocket watches was that 

4958
04:18:05,000 --> 04:18:06,900
time was no longer bound by 
location. 

4959
04:18:06,900 --> 04:18:10,100
They were cumbersome. 
Heavy devices that hung from 

4960
04:18:10,100 --> 04:18:13,700
chains like portable anvils, 
it's critical to comprehend what

4961
04:18:13,700 --> 04:18:17,400
this meant prior to the 
invention of pocket watches time

4962
04:18:17,400 --> 04:18:20,600
was determined by the sound of 
church bells, the Town Square 

4963
04:18:20,600 --> 04:18:22,700
and the cycle of sunrise and 
sunset. 

4964
04:18:23,600 --> 04:18:26,700
All of a sudden time itself 
could be owned by Regular 

4965
04:18:26,700 --> 04:18:29,100
People. 
They were able to plan meetings 

4966
04:18:29,100 --> 04:18:32,400
schedule, appointments divide 
their days into manageable 

4967
04:18:32,400 --> 04:18:36,500
chunks and perhaps most 
importantly, arrived subtly 

4968
04:18:36,500 --> 04:18:39,000
late. 
The first pocket watches, were 

4969
04:18:39,000 --> 04:18:41,900
expensive luxury items that most
people couldn't afford in a 

4970
04:18:41,900 --> 04:18:43,900
year. 
They were mechanical wanders, 

4971
04:18:43,900 --> 04:18:47,000
conversation starters, and 
Status, symbols, that gave their

4972
04:18:47,000 --> 04:18:48,600
owners. 
The impression that they were 

4973
04:18:48,600 --> 04:18:51,700
carrying a piece of the future, 
Rich Merchants wore them as 

4974
04:18:51,708 --> 04:18:54,700
symbols of their success and 
King's gathered them like 

4975
04:18:54,700 --> 04:18:57,600
precious gems. 
This is where the story starts 

4976
04:18:57,600 --> 04:19:00,500
to get interesting, though. 
The pocket watch was not 

4977
04:19:00,500 --> 04:19:03,000
exclusive for very long. 
As is the case with most 

4978
04:19:03,000 --> 04:19:05,800
high-end products. 
Craftsman, discovered ways to 

4979
04:19:05,800 --> 04:19:09,100
improve lower the cost, and 
increase their dependability. 

4980
04:19:10,100 --> 04:19:13,600
By the 1600s, middle-class 
professionals will simple 

4981
04:19:13,600 --> 04:19:18,100
timepieces and by the 1700s even
farmers were using their watches

4982
04:19:18,100 --> 04:19:20,500
to determine when it was time 
for their afternoon naps. 

4983
04:19:20,500 --> 04:19:23,000
The initial designs were 
endearingly flawed. 

4984
04:19:23,000 --> 04:19:26,000
Some clocks were so bad at 
keeping time that their owners 

4985
04:19:26,000 --> 04:19:28,800
had to wind them several times a
day but they still showed up 

4986
04:19:28,800 --> 04:19:31,400
everywhere either fashionably 
late or embarrassingly early. 

4987
04:19:32,100 --> 04:19:34,600
The faces were frequently, 
artistic Creations. 

4988
04:19:34,600 --> 04:19:37,800
Such as intricate enamel, 
paintings of mythological 

4989
04:19:37,800 --> 04:19:42,600
characters, pastoral Landscapes 
or loved ones, portraits Having 

4990
04:19:42,600 --> 04:19:44,800
one was similar to having a 
small Gallery in your best 

4991
04:19:44,800 --> 04:19:47,000
pocket. 
The way these early pocket 

4992
04:19:47,000 --> 04:19:49,800
watches altered people's 
perspective on their days is 

4993
04:19:49,800 --> 04:19:52,500
what most intrigues me about 
them in the past. 

4994
04:19:52,500 --> 04:19:55,400
You might have said, I'll meet 
you in the sun is halfway down 

4995
04:19:55,400 --> 04:19:58,000
the sky today. 
You could say, I'll meet you at 

4996
04:19:58,000 --> 04:20:01,400
3:50 this accuracy, 
revolutionized social life 

4997
04:20:01,400 --> 04:20:03,100
travel and Commerce. 
In ways. 

4998
04:20:03,100 --> 04:20:06,600
Their creators could never have 
predicted Tower clocks were 

4999
04:20:06,600 --> 04:20:09,500
never able to achieve the same 
level of personalization as the 

5000
04:20:09,500 --> 04:20:13,400
pocket watch like feeding a pet.
You wind the device each morning

5001
04:20:13,400 --> 04:20:16,200
you dozed off while listening to
its steady tick. 

5002
04:20:16,900 --> 04:20:19,900
Not only did you lose track of 
time when it broke but you also 

5003
04:20:19,900 --> 04:20:23,200
lost a friend. 
A symbols of love husbands, gave

5004
04:20:23,200 --> 04:20:26,000
them to wives. 
Fathers handed them down to sons

5005
04:20:26,000 --> 04:20:30,300
and lovers traded them. 
By the late, 1600s anyone who 

5006
04:20:30,300 --> 04:20:32,600
wanted to be respected, had to 
have a pocket watch. 

5007
04:20:33,300 --> 04:20:35,800
Keeping up with a world that was
starting to move at a more 

5008
04:20:35,800 --> 04:20:38,700
mechanical Pace was more 
important than simply keeping 

5009
04:20:38,700 --> 04:20:41,700
time. 
When the 1700s arrived pocket 

5010
04:20:41,700 --> 04:20:43,900
watches entered, what could be 
described as their awkward. 

5011
04:20:43,900 --> 04:20:47,700
Adolescence, they were becoming 
increasingly sophisticated but 

5012
04:20:47,700 --> 04:20:51,800
they still needed to mature. 
Fundamental idea was sound, but 

5013
04:20:51,800 --> 04:20:53,600
the way it was carried out, 
needed Improvement. 

5014
04:20:53,600 --> 04:20:57,400
It takes a lot of work. 
Accuracy was the primary issue, 

5015
04:20:57,400 --> 04:21:00,500
the accuracy of early pocket 
watches was comparable to that 

5016
04:21:00,500 --> 04:21:03,700
of weather forecasts. 
That is they were accurate 

5017
04:21:03,700 --> 04:21:06,300
enough to maintain interest, but
inaccurate enough to create 

5018
04:21:06,300 --> 04:21:09,900
serious issues, it's possible 
for a merchant who gets to the 

5019
04:21:09,900 --> 04:21:13,100
market in our early to find out 
that his watch has been running 

5020
04:21:13,100 --> 04:21:16,300
fast for the past three days or 
Worse. 

5021
04:21:16,300 --> 04:21:20,300
His watch might decide to take 
an unplanned break, causing him 

5022
04:21:20,300 --> 04:21:23,800
to miss a crucial meeting. 
The story becomes wonderfully 

5023
04:21:23,800 --> 04:21:26,100
obsessive. 
At this point clockmakers 

5024
04:21:26,100 --> 04:21:28,100
throughout Europe were 
enthralled with the task of 

5025
04:21:28,100 --> 04:21:32,400
Designing the perfect pocket 
watch Like musical virtuosos, 

5026
04:21:32,400 --> 04:21:35,900
they were creating time itself 
one ticket at a time rather than

5027
04:21:35,900 --> 04:21:39,700
Symphonies, the balance wheel, a
tiny rotating component that 

5028
04:21:39,700 --> 04:21:41,900
became the beating heart of any 
high quality pocket. 

5029
04:21:41,900 --> 04:21:45,400
Watch was the Breakthrough. 
Consider it the more portable 

5030
04:21:45,400 --> 04:21:48,600
smaller cousin of the pendulum 
time could be divided into 

5031
04:21:48,600 --> 04:21:51,800
remarkably accurate segments by 
this tiny device which 

5032
04:21:51,800 --> 04:21:53,800
oscillating back and forth with 
such regularity. 

5033
04:21:55,300 --> 04:21:59,000
Delicate precisely balanced and 
calibrated, with the accuracy of

5034
04:21:59,008 --> 04:22:02,700
a Master, Chef measuring spices,
the best balance Wheels with 

5035
04:22:02,700 --> 04:22:03,800
themselves. 
Works of art. 

5036
04:22:04,500 --> 04:22:06,100
The Undisputed masters of 
pocket. 

5037
04:22:06,100 --> 04:22:08,000
Watch accuracy were English 
clockmakers. 

5038
04:22:08,000 --> 04:22:11,900
Specially those based in London 
They created methods for 

5039
04:22:11,900 --> 04:22:13,700
creating gears that were so 
smooth. 

5040
04:22:13,700 --> 04:22:17,600
They didn't seem to tick. 
But rather whispered a produced 

5041
04:22:17,600 --> 04:22:20,700
such Exquisite cases that have 
fluent clients purchased them 

5042
04:22:20,700 --> 04:22:24,200
for their visual appeal as much 
as their ability to tell time. 

5043
04:22:24,200 --> 04:22:27,300
But in surprise in ways the 
Swiss transformed the sector 

5044
04:22:27,300 --> 04:22:31,200
Swiss Artisans started thinking 
about mass production while the 

5045
04:22:31,200 --> 04:22:34,600
English concentrated on making 
the most Exquisite and accurate 

5046
04:22:34,600 --> 04:22:37,500
timepieces for the affluent. 
They created methods for 

5047
04:22:37,500 --> 04:22:40,200
producing Dependable, pocket 
watches that the average working

5048
04:22:40,200 --> 04:22:43,700
person could afford. 
There was significant societal 

5049
04:22:43,700 --> 04:22:46,200
repercussions from this 
democratization of timekeeping. 

5050
04:22:47,000 --> 04:22:49,800
The factory worker could now 
only the same kind of Precision 

5051
04:22:49,800 --> 04:22:53,000
Watches his boss for the first 
time in human history. 

5052
04:22:53,900 --> 04:22:56,700
Both could arrive at exactly the
same time and know they were on 

5053
04:22:56,700 --> 04:22:59,900
time, but this didn't exactly 
level the playing field because 

5054
04:22:59,900 --> 04:23:02,900
the worker had a plain steel 
watch and the boss still had a 

5055
04:23:02,908 --> 04:23:04,300
gold one. 
That was encrusted with 

5056
04:23:04,300 --> 04:23:06,900
diamonds. 
Additionally, the pocket watch 

5057
04:23:06,900 --> 04:23:09,600
emerged as a key component of 
the professional culture. 

5058
04:23:09,600 --> 04:23:13,500
Teachers, use them to organize 
their lessons, doctors use them 

5059
04:23:13,500 --> 04:23:16,900
to time patients, pulses and 
lawyers use them to build by the

5060
04:23:16,900 --> 04:23:19,900
hour. 
Time is money was no longer 

5061
04:23:19,900 --> 04:23:23,000
merely a catchphrase. 
It was a quantifiable fact that 

5062
04:23:23,000 --> 04:23:26,600
you could grasp in your hand. 
The most endearing thing about 

5063
04:23:26,600 --> 04:23:29,900
pocket watches from the 18th 
century is how their designers 

5064
04:23:29,900 --> 04:23:32,900
couldn't help, but add tiny 
details that made them fun to 

5065
04:23:32,900 --> 04:23:35,400
own even though they had no 
functional use. 

5066
04:23:36,600 --> 04:23:39,500
On the hour, some performed, 
little Melodies others. 

5067
04:23:39,500 --> 04:23:41,500
Had miniature astronomical 
displays that. 

5068
04:23:41,500 --> 04:23:43,900
Displayed the planets positions 
or the moon's phases. 

5069
04:23:44,800 --> 04:23:47,600
A handful of aspirational 
artists, produced timepieces 

5070
04:23:47,600 --> 04:23:50,900
with numerous complications, 
mechanical elements, that could 

5071
04:23:50,900 --> 04:23:54,400
record the day of the week, the 
date, and even leap years. 

5072
04:23:54,400 --> 04:23:57,400
These were portable 
Entertainment Systems rather 

5073
04:23:57,400 --> 04:24:00,500
than merely watches. 
You could syrup Isley, check, 

5074
04:24:00,500 --> 04:24:03,400
not only the time, but also 
where the Saturn was in the 

5075
04:24:03,408 --> 04:24:06,400
right Celestial alignment for 
making crucial business 

5076
04:24:06,400 --> 04:24:08,600
decisions. 
During lengthy carriage rides or

5077
04:24:08,600 --> 04:24:11,900
dull social gatherings. 
The cases themselves were 

5078
04:24:11,900 --> 04:24:13,900
transformed into artistic 
canvases. 

5079
04:24:13,900 --> 04:24:17,500
They were adorned with elaborate
designs family, crests and 

5080
04:24:17,500 --> 04:24:20,200
significant inscriptions by 
talented engravers. 

5081
04:24:21,200 --> 04:24:24,600
Touching personal messages like 
to my beloved Son on his wedding

5082
04:24:24,600 --> 04:24:27,800
day. 
In memory of faithful service or

5083
04:24:27,800 --> 04:24:31,700
occasionally just time flies, 
but memories remain a found on a

5084
04:24:31,700 --> 04:24:33,100
lot of pocket watches from this 
era. 

5085
04:24:34,000 --> 04:24:37,400
The railroad, which was invented
in the early 1800s would 

5086
04:24:37,400 --> 04:24:41,300
fundamentally alter how people 
perceive time, all of a sudden, 

5087
04:24:41,300 --> 04:24:44,900
taking a few minutes off, was 
not only inconvenient, but also 

5088
04:24:44,900 --> 04:24:48,200
potentially fatal. 
You see, approximate timing was 

5089
04:24:48,200 --> 04:24:50,800
perfectly acceptable. 
When long distance, traveled was

5090
04:24:50,800 --> 04:24:54,400
primarily accomplished by horse 
and carriage Passengers, just 

5091
04:24:54,400 --> 04:24:56,600
waited if the afternoon stage 
was running late. 

5092
04:24:57,300 --> 04:25:00,000
You catch the next one tomorrow 
or the day after, if you missed 

5093
04:25:00,000 --> 04:25:04,000
the previous one time was still 
plyable and forgiving trained. 

5094
04:25:04,000 --> 04:25:07,100
However, altered all of that, 
they followed time tables that 

5095
04:25:07,100 --> 04:25:10,300
were measured in minutes rather 
than ours more significantly. 

5096
04:25:10,300 --> 04:25:13,600
They were on the same tracks 
which meant that two trains that

5097
04:25:13,600 --> 04:25:15,000
were even slightly behind 
schedule. 

5098
04:25:15,000 --> 04:25:17,400
Could end up sharing a section 
of railroad at the same time, 

5099
04:25:17,400 --> 04:25:20,500
which would never totally lead 
to disastrous outcomes. 

5100
04:25:21,600 --> 04:25:23,900
The pocket, watch industry. 
Grew to meet the unprecedented. 

5101
04:25:23,900 --> 04:25:26,400
Demand for accurate. 
Timekeeping that resulted from 

5102
04:25:26,400 --> 04:25:30,100
this? 
Conductors engineers and station

5103
04:25:30,100 --> 04:25:33,100
Masters, were required by 
railroad companies to wear 

5104
04:25:33,100 --> 04:25:35,800
watches that adhere to stringent
accuracy requirements. 

5105
04:25:36,500 --> 04:25:39,500
These were precise devices that 
needed to maintain time within 

5106
04:25:39,500 --> 04:25:42,900
seconds not minutes. 
So they weren't just any pocket 

5107
04:25:42,900 --> 04:25:47,100
watches The railroad pocket 
watch evolved into a symbol of 

5108
04:25:47,100 --> 04:25:51,000
expertise, large sturdy and 
built to continue operating 

5109
04:25:51,000 --> 04:25:53,900
precisely and spite of the 
frequent jarring and vibration 

5110
04:25:53,900 --> 04:25:56,400
of train travel. 
These timepieces were the norm 

5111
04:25:57,200 --> 04:25:59,900
because a conductor had a 
rapidly check the time even in 

5112
04:25:59,900 --> 04:26:01,700
low light or while traveling at 
a high speed. 

5113
04:26:01,700 --> 04:26:04,200
They had faces that were bold 
and easy to read. 

5114
04:26:05,000 --> 04:26:08,100
Railroad companies set up 
complex synchronization systems 

5115
04:26:08,100 --> 04:26:11,400
because they took accuracy and 
timekeeping very seriously. 

5116
04:26:12,200 --> 04:26:14,900
Railroad workers would be able 
to adjust their watches to match

5117
04:26:14,900 --> 04:26:18,200
the Master Clock, by using the 
telegraph, to transmit, official

5118
04:26:18,200 --> 04:26:21,200
time. 
Signals at Major stations. as a 

5119
04:26:21,200 --> 04:26:24,700
result, a truly standardized 
time system that covered great 

5120
04:26:24,700 --> 04:26:28,500
distance is established for the 
first time in human history, it 

5121
04:26:28,500 --> 04:26:32,100
had a huge social impact prior 
to the invention of railroads, 

5122
04:26:32,100 --> 04:26:36,100
each Town, maintained its own 
local time which was typically 

5123
04:26:36,100 --> 04:26:39,700
determined by the time the sun 
rose this implied, that it might

5124
04:26:39,700 --> 04:26:44,500
be 11:47 in Philadelphia and 
1213 in Boston at noon in New 

5125
04:26:44,508 --> 04:26:47,700
York, This had little bearing on
day-to-day existence. 

5126
04:26:47,700 --> 04:26:51,700
It was chaos for railroad. 
Scheduling pocket watches, 

5127
04:26:51,700 --> 04:26:54,700
became the tools that enabled 
the standardized time zones that

5128
04:26:54,700 --> 04:26:58,200
were imposed by the railroads, 
all of a sudden millions of 

5129
04:26:58,208 --> 04:27:01,000
people were adjusting their 
daily routines to the mechanical

5130
04:27:01,000 --> 04:27:03,600
accuracy of their own 
timepieces, rather than the sun 

5131
04:27:03,600 --> 04:27:06,600
or church bells. 
Significant advancements in the 

5132
04:27:06,600 --> 04:27:09,300
production of pocket watches 
also occur during this time. 

5133
04:27:10,100 --> 04:27:12,600
In order to simplify repairs and
increase manufacturing 

5134
04:27:12,600 --> 04:27:16,100
efficiency, American companies, 
such as Wolfram and Elgin 

5135
04:27:16,100 --> 04:27:19,000
started manufacturing watches 
with interchangeable parts. 

5136
04:27:19,700 --> 04:27:22,700
Each watch was no longer, a one 
of a kind handcrafted object 

5137
04:27:22,700 --> 04:27:26,500
rather, they were Precision 
engineered products that was 

5138
04:27:26,500 --> 04:27:29,000
simple to maintain and could be 
assembled rapidly. 

5139
04:27:29,800 --> 04:27:32,400
The railroad standard pocket 
watch Rose to prominence as a 

5140
04:27:32,408 --> 04:27:34,400
symbol of industrial accuracy in
America. 

5141
04:27:35,300 --> 04:27:37,900
These watches were constructed 
to endure, the harsh conditions 

5142
04:27:37,900 --> 04:27:41,800
of railroad, work passed, 
stringent testing and received 

5143
04:27:41,800 --> 04:27:44,900
accuracy certification. 
They were all so beautiful 

5144
04:27:44,900 --> 04:27:47,700
items, even the most practical 
railroad watch. 

5145
04:27:47,700 --> 04:27:51,800
Had tasteful hands, well-crafted
numerals and cases that were 

5146
04:27:51,800 --> 04:27:55,600
both practical and beautiful. 
However, the way that pocket 

5147
04:27:55,600 --> 04:27:58,400
watches became ingrained in, 
professional identity was 

5148
04:27:58,400 --> 04:28:00,900
perhaps the most intriguing 
development of this era. 

5149
04:28:02,000 --> 04:28:04,800
A railroad man's watch 
represented, his dependability, 

5150
04:28:04,800 --> 04:28:07,700
accuracy and dedication to 
safety. 

5151
04:28:08,500 --> 04:28:11,600
It was more than just a tool 
since being able to tell the 

5152
04:28:11,600 --> 04:28:14,000
exact time was essential to 
their professional reputation. 

5153
04:28:14,000 --> 04:28:17,000
These men would spend their own 
money on the best watches. 

5154
04:28:17,000 --> 04:28:20,600
They could afford. 
The practice of inspecting and 

5155
04:28:20,608 --> 04:28:23,300
certifying watches was also 
started during the railroad 

5156
04:28:23,300 --> 04:28:24,500
pocket. 
Watch era. 

5157
04:28:25,100 --> 04:28:27,900
Professional watch, inspectors, 
were hired by railroad companies

5158
04:28:27,900 --> 04:28:31,000
to regularly, check timepieces 
to make sure they adhere to the 

5159
04:28:31,000 --> 04:28:33,400
stringent requirements needed 
for safe operation. 

5160
04:28:34,200 --> 04:28:36,600
As a result, a culture of 
superior horology, was 

5161
04:28:36,600 --> 04:28:39,600
established, which impacted 
watchmaking for many years to 

5162
04:28:39,600 --> 04:28:42,200
come. 
One could refer to the late 19th

5163
04:28:42,200 --> 04:28:45,000
and early 20th centuries as the 
Golden Age of the pocket. 

5164
04:28:45,000 --> 04:28:48,000
Watch At this time, the 
technical and cultural 

5165
04:28:48,000 --> 04:28:50,000
significance of these mechanical
wanders. 

5166
04:28:50,000 --> 04:28:53,200
Peaked Pocket watches were more 
than just timepieces. 

5167
04:28:53,200 --> 04:28:56,500
During this time, they were 
technological Marvels family, 

5168
04:28:56,500 --> 04:28:59,800
heirlooms, and statements all 
combined into one sophisticated 

5169
04:28:59,800 --> 04:29:03,200
package. 
The diversity was astounding for

5170
04:29:03,200 --> 04:29:05,000
a few dollars. 
You could purchase a 

5171
04:29:05,000 --> 04:29:08,100
straightforward Dependable, 
watch or you could commission a 

5172
04:29:08,100 --> 04:29:11,500
work of art that took years to 
complete and cost more than a 

5173
04:29:11,500 --> 04:29:14,100
house. 
This error is luxury timepieces 

5174
04:29:14,100 --> 04:29:18,100
were true remarkable even today,
the intricate timepieces made by

5175
04:29:18,108 --> 04:29:22,100
Master Craftsmen seem almost 
magical in addition to telling 

5176
04:29:22,100 --> 04:29:25,300
you the time some watches can 
also tell you the date the day 

5177
04:29:25,308 --> 04:29:29,000
of the week, the month, the 
year, and the moon phase, others

5178
04:29:29,000 --> 04:29:32,200
had Manute repeaters which were 
devices that when a button was 

5179
04:29:32,200 --> 04:29:35,400
pressed, chime out the time so 
that you could determine the 

5180
04:29:35,400 --> 04:29:36,300
hour. 
Even in. 

5181
04:29:36,300 --> 04:29:39,400
Total darkness Perpetual 
calendars that automatically 

5182
04:29:39,400 --> 04:29:42,100
corrected for leap years and 
would stay accurate for 

5183
04:29:42,100 --> 04:29:44,900
centuries without human 
correction were among the most 

5184
04:29:44,900 --> 04:29:48,100
ambitious pieces. 
These were merely timepieces. 

5185
04:29:48,100 --> 04:29:51,300
They were tiny mechanical 
computers that were designed to 

5186
04:29:51,300 --> 04:29:53,700
track the intricate details of 
our calendar system. 

5187
04:29:53,700 --> 04:29:57,400
With amazing accuracy. 
However, not only the affluent 

5188
04:29:57,400 --> 04:29:59,500
adopted pocket watches during 
the Heyday. 

5189
04:30:00,100 --> 04:30:03,100
Working Class, People could now.
Afford Dependable timepieces. 

5190
04:30:03,100 --> 04:30:04,400
Thanks to mass production 
techniques. 

5191
04:30:04,400 --> 04:30:07,700
And owning a watch, came to be 
seen as a sign of respectability

5192
04:30:07,700 --> 04:30:11,000
and responsibility. 
When a young man got his first 

5193
04:30:11,000 --> 04:30:14,500
pocket watch, he was taking part
in a milestone as important as 

5194
04:30:14,500 --> 04:30:18,200
getting his first job or suit. 
The pocket watch was an integral

5195
04:30:18,200 --> 04:30:20,900
part of Every Day, Life. 
Winding your watch. 

5196
04:30:20,900 --> 04:30:23,500
Each morning was a meditative 
way to connect with your own 

5197
04:30:23,500 --> 04:30:25,800
timepiece. 
You would check the time 

5198
04:30:25,800 --> 04:30:28,800
throughout the day by using a 
familiar motion to reach into 

5199
04:30:28,800 --> 04:30:31,600
your vest pocket and pull out 
the watch by its chain. 

5200
04:30:32,300 --> 04:30:35,500
This wasn't merely practical. 
It was a little act that showed 

5201
04:30:35,500 --> 04:30:38,700
the world that you were a person
who appreciated accuracy and 

5202
04:30:38,700 --> 04:30:41,000
timeliness. 
The chains themselves turned 

5203
04:30:41,000 --> 04:30:44,000
into fashion accessories. 
Some were straightforward and 

5204
04:30:44,000 --> 04:30:46,900
practical While others were 
ornate pieces of jewelry with 

5205
04:30:46,900 --> 04:30:51,800
meaningful, charms decorative, 
fobs, and intricate links, The 

5206
04:30:51,800 --> 04:30:54,600
socially conservative men, a 
Watch chain was frequently. 

5207
04:30:54,600 --> 04:30:57,100
One of the few pieces of jewelry
they could wear without looking 

5208
04:30:57,100 --> 04:30:58,900
garish. 
Interesting. 

5209
04:30:58,900 --> 04:31:01,600
Tales about the owners of these 
pocket watches can be found in 

5210
04:31:01,600 --> 04:31:05,500
their cases, numerous ones had 
initials family crests or 

5211
04:31:05,500 --> 04:31:08,200
private messages engraved on the
Summoned. 

5212
04:31:08,200 --> 04:31:10,800
Hinged backs that opened to 
reveal pictures of loved ones, 

5213
04:31:10,800 --> 04:31:14,800
making them portable private 
shrine's the way that pocket 

5214
04:31:14,800 --> 04:31:18,100
watches from this era became 
stores of meaning and memory is 

5215
04:31:18,100 --> 04:31:22,000
what makes them so poignant A 
father would pass his watch to 

5216
04:31:22,000 --> 04:31:24,800
his son and tell him about its 
past exploits. 

5217
04:31:24,800 --> 04:31:28,100
It is possible for a wife to 
have a romantic inscription, 

5218
04:31:28,100 --> 04:31:31,700
engraved on her husband's watch 
immigrants, brought timepieces 

5219
04:31:31,700 --> 04:31:34,500
that, link them to the nation's,
they had left behind and 

5220
04:31:34,500 --> 04:31:36,800
soldiers carried watches, that 
brought them back to their 

5221
04:31:36,800 --> 04:31:39,700
Homeland. 
During this Heyday, the quality 

5222
04:31:39,700 --> 04:31:42,700
of manufacturing was exceptional
American firms. 

5223
04:31:42,700 --> 04:31:45,800
Like Hamilton Waltham and 
Illinois as well as Swiss 

5224
04:31:45,800 --> 04:31:47,900
producers, protect Philip and 
Vashon. 

5225
04:31:47,900 --> 04:31:52,000
Tours were creating watches that
were not only precise but also 

5226
04:31:52,000 --> 04:31:54,900
long lasting. 
More than a century later. 

5227
04:31:54,900 --> 04:31:58,000
Many pocket watches from this 
era are still functional, which 

5228
04:31:58,000 --> 04:32:00,800
speaks volumes about the 
craftsmanship of their creators 

5229
04:32:00,800 --> 04:32:03,200
and the resilience of mechanical
engineering. 

5230
04:32:04,000 --> 04:32:07,100
In ways that are difficult to 
imagine today, the pocket watch 

5231
04:32:07,100 --> 04:32:09,300
also became essential to 
professional life. 

5232
04:32:09,300 --> 04:32:12,700
They were used by doctors to 
track treatment outcomes and 

5233
04:32:12,700 --> 04:32:16,000
time patients, pulses. 
Attorneys charge their clients. 

5234
04:32:16,000 --> 04:32:19,600
According to the exact timing of
their consultations Factory 

5235
04:32:19,600 --> 04:32:23,800
managers use stopwatch accuracy 
to coordinate, shift changes, A 

5236
04:32:23,800 --> 04:32:25,600
pocket. 
Watch a necessary tool that 

5237
04:32:25,600 --> 04:32:29,200
structured and organized daily. 
Life was the smartphone of its 

5238
04:32:29,200 --> 04:32:31,200
time. 
Some of the most fascinating 

5239
04:32:31,200 --> 04:32:34,400
Tales From The Golden Age 
feature, unsung heroes, who 

5240
04:32:34,400 --> 04:32:37,100
depended on pocket watches in 
ways, their creators, never 

5241
04:32:37,100 --> 04:32:39,300
imagined. 
Despite the fact that we 

5242
04:32:39,308 --> 04:32:42,300
frequently associate them with 
affluent gentleman, wearing top,

5243
04:32:42,300 --> 04:32:46,800
hats consider nurses, Nurses 
found that pocket watches were 

5244
04:32:46,800 --> 04:32:50,000
crucial instruments for patient 
monitoring during a time when 

5245
04:32:50,000 --> 04:32:52,200
the medical field was becoming 
more scientific. 

5246
04:32:53,100 --> 04:32:56,800
They used to call Nate patient 
care track pulse rates and time 

5247
04:32:56,800 --> 04:32:58,200
medication intervals, by 
pinning. 

5248
04:32:58,200 --> 04:33:02,000
Tiny sophisticated watches, the 
forerunners of contemporary 

5249
04:33:02,000 --> 04:33:03,700
nursing watches to their 
uniforms. 

5250
04:33:04,599 --> 04:33:07,300
Since precise timing could mean 
the difference between life and 

5251
04:33:07,308 --> 04:33:10,099
death. 
These women, many of whom were 

5252
04:33:10,099 --> 04:33:13,300
from low-income families 
invested their own funds in high

5253
04:33:13,300 --> 04:33:16,300
quality timepieces. 
The relationship between rural 

5254
04:33:16,300 --> 04:33:19,000
mail carriers and pocket watches
became almost mystical. 

5255
04:33:19,000 --> 04:33:22,200
These postal workers used a 
combination of landmarks 

5256
04:33:22,200 --> 04:33:26,400
Instinct and exact timing to 
navigate before GPS or even 

5257
04:33:26,400 --> 04:33:28,099
trustworthy roadmaps were 
available. 

5258
04:33:29,099 --> 04:33:31,800
Carrier might be aware that the 
walk from the Johnson Farm to 

5259
04:33:31,800 --> 04:33:35,599
the creek took precisely 17 
minutes and that it took an 

5260
04:33:35,599 --> 04:33:38,099
additional 12 minutes to get to 
the Miller residence. 

5261
04:33:38,099 --> 04:33:41,700
They use their pocket watches as
navigational aids to keep track 

5262
04:33:41,700 --> 04:33:44,300
of their schedules while 
traveling miles on country roads

5263
04:33:44,300 --> 04:33:45,700
in a variety of weather 
conditions. 

5264
04:33:46,700 --> 04:33:49,900
Most astonishingly blind people 
found that their pocket watches 

5265
04:33:49,900 --> 04:33:52,500
could be used as highly Advanced
assistive technology. 

5266
04:33:53,400 --> 04:33:55,400
In order to directly feel the 
hands position. 

5267
04:33:55,400 --> 04:33:59,000
Many pocket watches from the era
had cases that could be opened 

5268
04:33:59,000 --> 04:34:02,500
with one hand. 
The first tactile timepieces in 

5269
04:34:02,500 --> 04:34:05,500
history were made possible by 
certain watches that were 

5270
04:34:05,500 --> 04:34:09,900
specially made with the Rays and
numerals A pocket watch became a

5271
04:34:09,900 --> 04:34:12,599
means of preserving Independence
and navigating social situations

5272
04:34:12,599 --> 04:34:15,200
with the Assurance. 
For those who are unable to rely

5273
04:34:15,200 --> 04:34:18,300
on visual cues. 
Pocket watches and the mining 

5274
04:34:18,300 --> 04:34:19,900
industry developed a unique 
relationship. 

5275
04:34:20,900 --> 04:34:23,099
Miners depended on sturdy 
timepieces. 

5276
04:34:23,099 --> 04:34:25,800
That could endure harsh 
conditions because they worked 

5277
04:34:25,800 --> 04:34:29,099
deep underground where natural 
light never reached and shift 

5278
04:34:29,099 --> 04:34:30,599
schedules were essential for 
safety. 

5279
04:34:31,599 --> 04:34:33,599
Because they knew that 
synchronized timing could 

5280
04:34:33,599 --> 04:34:36,700
prevent accidents, and 
coordinate rescue operations, 

5281
04:34:36,700 --> 04:34:39,900
mining companies frequently 
included watches as part of 

5282
04:34:39,900 --> 04:34:43,000
their safety equipment. 
To maintain the exact timing 

5283
04:34:43,000 --> 04:34:44,700
needed for their Beacon 
operations. 

5284
04:34:44,700 --> 04:34:47,900
Like housekeepers those loan 
Protectors of coastal. 

5285
04:34:47,900 --> 04:34:51,900
Safety used pocket watches every
Lighthouse had a distinct 

5286
04:34:51,900 --> 04:34:55,400
pattern of Lights, a particular 
series of flashes that made it 

5287
04:34:55,400 --> 04:34:58,500
easier for ships to locate them.
Lighthouse Keepers became 

5288
04:34:58,500 --> 04:35:01,500
proficient at using their pocket
watches to maintain these 

5289
04:35:01,500 --> 04:35:04,400
life-saving rhythms because 
maintaining these patterns 

5290
04:35:04,400 --> 04:35:07,900
required Split Second timing. 
These professional applications 

5291
04:35:07,900 --> 04:35:10,500
are intriguing because they 
drove innovation in watchmaking 

5292
04:35:10,500 --> 04:35:13,900
in unanticipated ways. 
Watches that were easy to 

5293
04:35:13,900 --> 04:35:17,300
sterilize were necessary for 
nurses timepieces that could 

5294
04:35:17,300 --> 04:35:20,200
withstand explosions and 
cave-ins were necessary for 

5295
04:35:20,200 --> 04:35:23,500
minors. watches that could 
remain accurate and severe 

5296
04:35:23,500 --> 04:35:25,099
weather conditions were 
essential for light 

5297
04:35:25,099 --> 04:35:29,500
housekeepers, In response 
manufacturers created customized

5298
04:35:29,500 --> 04:35:32,200
designs. 
To guard against Industrial 

5299
04:35:32,200 --> 04:35:36,400
Equipment, some watches had 
anti-magnetic Shields others, 

5300
04:35:36,400 --> 04:35:39,200
had reinforced cases that were 
resilient to severe physical 

5301
04:35:39,200 --> 04:35:42,200
harm. 
Using radiant based paint that 

5302
04:35:42,200 --> 04:35:45,800
glowed in total darkness. 
A few companies produced pocket 

5303
04:35:45,800 --> 04:35:49,200
watches with glowing hands and 
numerals but they were unaware 

5304
04:35:49,200 --> 04:35:52,099
of the potential health hazards 
associated with this invention. 

5305
04:35:53,300 --> 04:35:56,500
Innovation was still fueled by 
the railroad sector, but in more

5306
04:35:56,500 --> 04:36:00,099
complex ways, Some of the most 
sophisticated mechanical 

5307
04:36:00,099 --> 04:36:02,900
engineering of this era was 
found in the railroad pocket 

5308
04:36:02,900 --> 04:36:06,200
watches, despite the physical 
demands of railroad work. 

5309
04:36:06,200 --> 04:36:08,900
Temperature, fluctuations and 
continuous vibration. 

5310
04:36:08,900 --> 04:36:11,400
They had to maintain precise 
time. 

5311
04:36:11,400 --> 04:36:14,800
Railroad approved timepieces had
to remain accurate within 

5312
04:36:14,800 --> 04:36:18,000
seconds over weeks or months, 
which was a very demanding 

5313
04:36:18,000 --> 04:36:21,000
testing process. 
However, the most heartwarming 

5314
04:36:21,000 --> 04:36:24,200
Tales are probably those of 
regular people who discovered 

5315
04:36:24,200 --> 04:36:26,700
extraordinary significance in 
their pocket watches. 

5316
04:36:27,599 --> 04:36:30,200
According to some stories 
immigrants, sold almost 

5317
04:36:30,200 --> 04:36:32,900
everything, they owned, but 
retain their family watches as 

5318
04:36:32,900 --> 04:36:35,900
reminders of their former homes.
Veterans. 

5319
04:36:35,900 --> 04:36:38,500
Who maintained routines that 
aided in their reintegration 

5320
04:36:38,500 --> 04:36:42,000
into society by using their 
military issued pocket watches 

5321
04:36:42,800 --> 04:36:45,500
Farmers, who use Swiss Clockwork
Precision to time everything 

5322
04:36:45,500 --> 04:36:48,099
from livestock feeding, 
schedules to crop plantings 

5323
04:36:48,099 --> 04:36:50,700
challenges. 
In the early 20th century would 

5324
04:36:50,700 --> 04:36:53,400
drastically alter how people 
interacted with their watches. 

5325
04:36:53,400 --> 04:36:57,200
The world had never before seen 
such demands for precise timing 

5326
04:36:57,200 --> 04:37:01,200
as it did during the Great War. 
As it was, then known an 

5327
04:37:01,200 --> 04:37:03,500
unprecedented level of 
coordination was needed for 

5328
04:37:03,500 --> 04:37:06,300
military operations. 
Barrages of artillery. 

5329
04:37:06,300 --> 04:37:09,800
Had to be timed to the second 
cross miles of Battlefield 

5330
04:37:09,800 --> 04:37:12,599
infantry. 
Advances had to be coordinated. 

5331
04:37:12,599 --> 04:37:16,099
Everyone had to follow the same 
exact schedule in order for 

5332
04:37:16,099 --> 04:37:17,599
units to communicate with one 
another. 

5333
04:37:18,500 --> 04:37:20,700
Military leaders initially 
believed that conventional 

5334
04:37:20,700 --> 04:37:22,800
pocket watches would satisfy 
these requirements. 

5335
04:37:23,800 --> 04:37:27,400
After all for decades railroad 
companies and other Industries 

5336
04:37:27,400 --> 04:37:29,500
had benefitted greatly from 
these timepieces. 

5337
04:37:29,500 --> 04:37:33,400
However, the limitations of 
pocket base time, keeping were 

5338
04:37:33,400 --> 04:37:35,900
soon exposed by the realities of
trench warfare. 

5339
04:37:36,800 --> 04:37:40,400
When carrying equipment crawling
through mud or operating heavy 

5340
04:37:40,400 --> 04:37:43,700
machinery, soldiers found that 
it was frequently impossible to 

5341
04:37:43,700 --> 04:37:45,400
reach into a pocket to check the
time. 

5342
04:37:46,200 --> 04:37:49,400
Even worse removing a pocket 
watch, could reveal a soldiers 

5343
04:37:49,400 --> 04:37:53,200
location to enemy Observers. 
Military personnel needed a 

5344
04:37:53,200 --> 04:37:57,300
discrete and Speedy way to check
the time unexpectedly women's 

5345
04:37:57,300 --> 04:38:00,400
watches provided, the answer 
watchmakers have been making 

5346
04:38:00,400 --> 04:38:04,200
tiny wrist watches for decades 
mostly As jewelry for affluent 

5347
04:38:04,200 --> 04:38:06,000
women. 
Serious men. 

5348
04:38:06,000 --> 04:38:09,400
Tended to dismiss these bracelet
watches as frivolous decorations

5349
04:38:09,400 --> 04:38:11,200
and viewed them as feminine 
accessories. 

5350
04:38:11,200 --> 04:38:15,700
However, social convention was 
overruled by military necessity.

5351
04:38:15,700 --> 04:38:20,000
At first soldiers, used 
makeshift leather bands or even 

5352
04:38:20,000 --> 04:38:23,000
bits of wire to strap, tiny 
watches to their wrists. 

5353
04:38:23,700 --> 04:38:27,099
They found that in addition to 
being more practical wrist, 

5354
04:38:27,099 --> 04:38:30,099
Warren timepieces were also more
accurate than pocket watches and

5355
04:38:30,099 --> 04:38:34,300
combat situations, the change 
took time throughout the war, 

5356
04:38:34,300 --> 04:38:36,700
many Military Officers, 
preferred conventional pocket 

5357
04:38:36,700 --> 04:38:39,200
watches over wrist watches 
because they were seen as 

5358
04:38:39,200 --> 04:38:42,000
unmanly. 
However, in listed men, rapidly 

5359
04:38:42,000 --> 04:38:45,000
embraced wrist warned timepieces
as necessary gear after 

5360
04:38:45,000 --> 04:38:47,200
encountering the Practical 
realities of contemporary 

5361
04:38:47,200 --> 04:38:51,099
Warfare, This change reflected a
wider shift in how people lived 

5362
04:38:51,099 --> 04:38:53,500
and worked, not just to change 
in fashion. 

5363
04:38:54,599 --> 04:38:57,300
Compared to the leisurely, 
Victorian era that gave rise to 

5364
04:38:57,300 --> 04:38:59,700
pocket. 
Watch culture, the postwar world

5365
04:38:59,700 --> 04:39:03,900
was quicker more mobile and more
demanding, Wristwatches were 

5366
04:39:03,900 --> 04:39:06,900
more appropriate for the more 
active lifestyles of women who 

5367
04:39:06,900 --> 04:39:09,400
had joined the workforce in 
previously unheard of numbers 

5368
04:39:09,400 --> 04:39:12,300
during the war. 
Workers in factories, found that

5369
04:39:12,300 --> 04:39:15,099
timepieces worn on the wrist 
were less likely to snag on 

5370
04:39:15,099 --> 04:39:18,599
equipment, outdoor enthusiasts, 
and athletes discovered that 

5371
04:39:18,599 --> 04:39:21,099
wristwatches were more useful 
for keeping track of physical 

5372
04:39:21,099 --> 04:39:23,800
activities. 
At first, the watch industry, 

5373
04:39:23,800 --> 04:39:27,200
opposed this shift manufacturers
were reluctant to give up their 

5374
04:39:27,200 --> 04:39:29,700
Decades of experience in 
developing pocket. 

5375
04:39:29,700 --> 04:39:32,800
Watch technology. 
However, adaptation was 

5376
04:39:32,800 --> 04:39:35,000
ultimately compelled by consumer
demand. 

5377
04:39:35,000 --> 04:39:38,200
Businesses started producing 
wrist watches with the same 

5378
04:39:38,200 --> 04:39:40,900
accuracy and dependability that 
had made pocket, watches 

5379
04:39:40,900 --> 04:39:43,100
popular. 
But the change didn't happen. 

5380
04:39:43,100 --> 04:39:46,300
All at once pocket, watches 
continue to be popular among 

5381
04:39:46,300 --> 04:39:49,200
specific age groups and 
professions throughout the 1920s

5382
04:39:49,200 --> 04:39:52,500
and 1930s. 
Because railroad rules, had not 

5383
04:39:52,500 --> 04:39:54,200
yet been changed to allow 
wristwatches. 

5384
04:39:54,200 --> 04:39:56,300
Railroad employees. 
Still preferred them. 

5385
04:39:57,000 --> 04:40:00,100
Compared to their wrist-worn 
counterparts, older gentleman 

5386
04:40:00,100 --> 04:40:02,600
regarded pocket watches as more 
formal and dignified. 

5387
04:40:04,200 --> 04:40:06,900
An intriguing generational, 
divide resulted from this. 

5388
04:40:07,700 --> 04:40:10,300
While their Elders saw pocket 
watches as symbols of tradition 

5389
04:40:10,300 --> 04:40:12,700
and sophistication. 
Young people embraced 

5390
04:40:12,700 --> 04:40:15,200
wristwatches as symbols of 
modernity and progress. 

5391
04:40:16,300 --> 04:40:19,400
Choosing between a wristwatch 
and pocket watch as evolved into

5392
04:40:19,400 --> 04:40:22,300
a subtle, expressed statement 
about your values and position 

5393
04:40:22,300 --> 04:40:24,700
in a world that is changing 
quickly. 

5394
04:40:25,800 --> 04:40:28,800
This transition became even more
complicated as a result of the 

5395
04:40:28,800 --> 04:40:31,800
Great Depression long after 
wristwatches, had gained 

5396
04:40:31,800 --> 04:40:34,900
popularity, many families 
continued to use inherited 

5397
04:40:34,900 --> 04:40:38,000
pocket watches because they 
could not afford new timepieces,

5398
04:40:38,000 --> 04:40:40,800
as a result pocket watches 
started to be linked to both 

5399
04:40:40,800 --> 04:40:44,400
tradition and improvisation. 
Ironically some of the most 

5400
04:40:44,400 --> 04:40:47,000
inventive pocket watch, designed
ever, produced were also 

5401
04:40:47,000 --> 04:40:48,600
influenced by this economic 
pressure. 

5402
04:40:49,200 --> 04:40:52,400
Desperate to keep their market 
share manufacturers started 

5403
04:40:52,400 --> 04:40:54,800
creating watches. 
That could be worn as a wrist 

5404
04:40:54,800 --> 04:40:57,600
and pocket watches. 
These adaptable Styles included 

5405
04:40:57,600 --> 04:41:00,500
detachable cases that can be 
strapped to the wrist or worn on

5406
04:41:00,508 --> 04:41:04,700
chains as needed by the 1940s. 
It was clear that pocket watches

5407
04:41:04,700 --> 04:41:07,700
would become commonplace 
timepieces, The post-war 

5408
04:41:07,700 --> 04:41:10,600
economic boom made new 
wrist-worn timepieces affordable

5409
04:41:10,600 --> 04:41:13,900
for nearly everyone and World 
War 2 accelerated, the adoption 

5410
04:41:13,900 --> 04:41:17,400
of wristwatches for evidently 
practical reasons, but rather 

5411
04:41:17,400 --> 04:41:21,400
than just Vanishing something 
intriguing occurred, unexpected 

5412
04:41:21,400 --> 04:41:24,400
places gave pocket watches new 
life and they took on 

5413
04:41:24,400 --> 04:41:27,400
significance that their original
designers, never intended. 

5414
04:41:28,200 --> 04:41:31,300
They evolved into wedding tokens
retirement, gifts and graduation

5415
04:41:31,300 --> 04:41:35,300
presents item selected for their
symbolic value rather than their

5416
04:41:35,300 --> 04:41:38,100
usefulness. 
In addition to passing on a 

5417
04:41:38,100 --> 04:41:41,300
timepiece, a grandfather who 
gave his grandson his pocket 

5418
04:41:41,300 --> 04:41:43,300
watch was also in parting, a 
link to an alternative 

5419
04:41:43,300 --> 04:41:46,500
perspective on time. 
Those early proponents of 

5420
04:41:46,500 --> 04:41:50,100
pocket, watch accuracy, railroad
companies, gradually loosen 

5421
04:41:50,100 --> 04:41:52,500
their standards for allowing 
certified wristwatches. 

5422
04:41:52,500 --> 04:41:57,300
However, out of habit, pride in 
their jobs and sincere, love for

5423
04:41:57,300 --> 04:42:00,000
these mechanical companions, 
they had depended on for decades

5424
04:42:00,000 --> 04:42:03,500
many veteran railroad workers, 
kept carrying pocket, watches 

5425
04:42:04,700 --> 04:42:08,200
During the period of transition,
the medical field developed a 

5426
04:42:08,200 --> 04:42:10,300
complex relationship with pocket
watches of its own. 

5427
04:42:11,100 --> 04:42:14,000
Many older doctors still carried
pocket watches as a sign of 

5428
04:42:14,000 --> 04:42:16,400
their professional Authority and
ties to Medical tradition. 

5429
04:42:16,400 --> 04:42:20,200
While nurses had mostly shifted 
to wrist warn timepieces and pin

5430
04:42:20,200 --> 04:42:22,900
on watches. 
The situation for watchmakers 

5431
04:42:22,900 --> 04:42:25,200
was intriguing. 
Although there was still a 

5432
04:42:25,200 --> 04:42:28,500
significant need for repair and 
maintenance services, the market

5433
04:42:28,500 --> 04:42:31,900
for new pocket watches had all 
but vanished This led to the 

5434
04:42:31,908 --> 04:42:34,400
development of a specialized 
craft, that was more concerned 

5435
04:42:34,400 --> 04:42:37,300
with maintaining already 
existing timepieces then with 

5436
04:42:37,300 --> 04:42:40,600
making new ones. 
Master horologist took on the 

5437
04:42:40,600 --> 04:42:44,000
role of vintage auto mechanics, 
repairing devices that were too 

5438
04:42:44,000 --> 04:42:46,500
valuable and significant to be 
abandoned but were no longer 

5439
04:42:46,500 --> 04:42:50,200
being produced unexpectedly, 
pocket watches started to show 

5440
04:42:50,200 --> 04:42:54,800
up in countercultural movements 
in the 1960s and 1970s Adopting 

5441
04:42:54,800 --> 04:42:57,800
pocket watches as symbols of 
individualism and a link to 

5442
04:42:57,800 --> 04:43:00,700
pre-industrial values. 
Young people rejected the 

5443
04:43:00,700 --> 04:43:02,800
Conformity of conventional 
wristwatches. 

5444
04:43:03,600 --> 04:43:06,500
This wasn't about Nostalgia 
rather, it was about 

5445
04:43:06,500 --> 04:43:10,100
demonstrating that you worked on
your own time, independent of 

5446
04:43:10,100 --> 04:43:12,500
the fast-paced nature of 
contemporary business, life. 

5447
04:43:13,200 --> 04:43:15,600
Collectors started to 
acknowledge pocket watches as 

5448
04:43:15,600 --> 04:43:19,500
authentic works of art and 
historical relics museums began 

5449
04:43:19,500 --> 04:43:22,300
collecting important examples. 
For their permanent collections 

5450
04:43:22,300 --> 04:43:24,900
not auction. 
House is began holding specialty

5451
04:43:24,900 --> 04:43:27,700
sales with timepieces from well 
known manufacturers. 

5452
04:43:28,500 --> 04:43:30,500
Once commonplace items became 
cultural. 

5453
04:43:30,500 --> 04:43:32,900
Treasures, deserving of 
preservation and study 

5454
04:43:33,600 --> 04:43:36,500
Mechanical timepieces appeared 
even more outdated with the 

5455
04:43:36,500 --> 04:43:40,200
quartz revolution of the 1970s 
and the digital watch, boom of 

5456
04:43:40,208 --> 04:43:43,600
the 1980s. 
However, this advancement in 

5457
04:43:43,600 --> 04:43:45,500
technology also brought 
attention to the unique 

5458
04:43:45,500 --> 04:43:49,100
qualities of conventional 
mechanical watches, a well-kept 

5459
04:43:49,100 --> 04:43:50,700
pocket. 
Watch symbolized durability 

5460
04:43:50,700 --> 04:43:53,700
Artistry, and the joy of 
possessing, something that was 

5461
04:43:53,700 --> 04:43:56,200
made to last for Generations in 
a world of throwaway, 

5462
04:43:56,200 --> 04:43:58,100
Electronics, pocket. 
Watch is now. 

5463
04:43:58,100 --> 04:44:00,800
Hold a special place in how we 
relate to time and Technology. 

5464
04:44:00,800 --> 04:44:04,900
They are both outdated and 
Timeless, deeply significant and

5465
04:44:04,900 --> 04:44:07,800
impractical. 
Some artists continue to create 

5466
04:44:07,800 --> 04:44:10,100
new ones. 
Typically as collectors, 

5467
04:44:10,100 --> 04:44:14,600
Specialties or luxury goods, we 
still purchase, sell restore and

5468
04:44:14,600 --> 04:44:18,300
cherish vintage examples. 
The most amazing aspect of the 

5469
04:44:18,300 --> 04:44:21,000
pocket watch narrative is how 
these mechanical Contraptions 

5470
04:44:21,000 --> 04:44:24,000
influence and produced are 
contemporary conception of 

5471
04:44:24,000 --> 04:44:27,600
personal time. 
Prior to pocket, watches time 

5472
04:44:27,600 --> 04:44:30,100
was governed by local clocks 
church, bells and organic 

5473
04:44:30,100 --> 04:44:32,300
rhythms. 
Time became precise 

5474
04:44:32,300 --> 04:44:35,600
individualized and portable 
after pocket, watches your 

5475
04:44:35,600 --> 04:44:37,900
continuing a tradition. 
That started, when early 

5476
04:44:37,900 --> 04:44:41,200
clockmakers, tried to fit the 
power of a tower clock into a 

5477
04:44:41,208 --> 04:44:43,600
pocket sized device. 
Every time you look at your 

5478
04:44:43,600 --> 04:44:46,000
Smartwatch or check the time on 
your phone. 

5479
04:44:47,500 --> 04:44:51,000
The basic human need to carry 
time with us, personalize it, 

5480
04:44:51,008 --> 04:44:53,900
and use it to plan our lives, 
with the people and activities. 

5481
04:44:53,900 --> 04:44:57,400
We care about has not changed 
despite the significant 

5482
04:44:57,400 --> 04:45:01,000
advancements in technology. 
We learned from the pocket. 

5483
04:45:01,000 --> 04:45:03,100
Watch that mechanical accuracy 
could be beautiful. 

5484
04:45:03,100 --> 04:45:06,700
That time could be owned and 
that being on time could be a 

5485
04:45:06,700 --> 04:45:08,800
virtue. 
We're still learning how those 

5486
04:45:08,800 --> 04:45:10,400
lessons influence the modern 
world. 

5487
04:45:10,400 --> 04:45:13,500
It's not bad for a tiny metal 
disc that fits neatly in your 

5488
04:45:13,508 --> 04:45:20,500
pocket. 
Benjamin Franklin's, life began,

5489
04:45:20,500 --> 04:45:23,300
not in luxury, but in the 
bustling precincts of colonial 

5490
04:45:23,300 --> 04:45:27,700
Boston A port city shaped by 
rigorous piety and Hardy trade. 

5491
04:45:27,700 --> 04:45:32,900
He was born on January 17th, 
1706 the 15th child and a family

5492
04:45:32,900 --> 04:45:35,500
that struggled with limited 
means his father. 

5493
04:45:35,500 --> 04:45:39,600
Josiah Chandler had emigrated 
from England hoping to build a 

5494
04:45:39,600 --> 04:45:42,700
modest livelihood, young 
Benjamin's earliest memories, 

5495
04:45:42,700 --> 04:45:45,900
likely featured the pungent 
smell of rendered fat in candle 

5496
04:45:45,900 --> 04:45:48,100
making Vats and the tension of a
crowded household. 

5497
04:45:48,100 --> 04:45:51,400
But beneath those humble 
beginnings, stirred, arrest list

5498
04:45:51,400 --> 04:45:53,000
mine, that refused to be 
confined. 

5499
04:45:53,000 --> 04:45:57,000
In many standard biographies, 
franklyn pops up as an 

5500
04:45:57,000 --> 04:45:59,500
unflappable genius. 
Who soared easily from a cramped

5501
04:45:59,500 --> 04:46:01,200
apprenticeship to transatlantic 
Fame. 

5502
04:46:01,200 --> 04:46:05,200
Yet the real story is a tangle 
of near failures calculated 

5503
04:46:05,200 --> 04:46:07,900
risk-taking and heated disputes 
with family. 

5504
04:46:08,800 --> 04:46:12,300
That age. 12 Benjamin began an 
apprenticeship under his older, 

5505
04:46:12,300 --> 04:46:14,400
brother. 
James, a printer whose temper 

5506
04:46:14,400 --> 04:46:16,500
matched his drive for 
high-profile pamphlets. 

5507
04:46:16,500 --> 04:46:20,200
Initially enthusiastic Benjamin 
soon chafed at James's 

5508
04:46:20,200 --> 04:46:23,400
authoritarian Style. 
Printing presses, demanded 

5509
04:46:23,400 --> 04:46:26,400
skilled hands and an eye for 
detail, but also a willingness 

5510
04:46:26,400 --> 04:46:30,100
to handle punishing hours. 
Moreover James often undercut 

5511
04:46:30,100 --> 04:46:34,000
Benjamin's ideas about editorial
Direction, Tension built behind 

5512
04:46:34,000 --> 04:46:37,000
shop doors and Benjamin 
clandestinely penned letters to 

5513
04:46:37,000 --> 04:46:41,800
the local newspaper under the 
pseudonym silence do-good. those

5514
04:46:41,800 --> 04:46:45,000
witty essays garnered attention 
all while James remained 

5515
04:46:45,000 --> 04:46:49,100
ignorant of the true author, 
That Escapade half mischief and 

5516
04:46:49,100 --> 04:46:52,300
half aspiration sparked 
Franklins, lifelong Devotion to 

5517
04:46:52,300 --> 04:46:55,800
shape in public opinion. 
The Columns criticize Colonial 

5518
04:46:55,800 --> 04:46:57,700
authorities and championed free 
expression. 

5519
04:46:57,700 --> 04:47:00,800
Forging a path that later would 
turn him into a master 

5520
04:47:00,800 --> 04:47:04,200
communicator. 
However, James is discovery of 

5521
04:47:04,200 --> 04:47:08,100
Benjamin's secret authorship 
precipitated ugly, corals In 

5522
04:47:08,100 --> 04:47:12,100
1723 weary of conflicts and the 
constraints of apprenticeship 

5523
04:47:12,100 --> 04:47:15,400
Benjamin, fled Boston for 
Philadelphia that covert 

5524
04:47:15,400 --> 04:47:18,700
departure on a leaky Sloop. 
The signal, the first of his 

5525
04:47:18,700 --> 04:47:21,900
many reinventions Philadelphia 
at the time, offered a more 

5526
04:47:21,900 --> 04:47:25,500
Cosmopolitan atmosphere than 
Boston Quaker, Merchants German 

5527
04:47:25,500 --> 04:47:28,600
artists and bustling Wars gave 
the city a distinctly commercial

5528
04:47:28,600 --> 04:47:32,200
but tolerant flavor. 
Franklin trudged through its 

5529
04:47:32,200 --> 04:47:36,000
streets jobless and nearly broke
searching for any printer who 

5530
04:47:36,000 --> 04:47:39,200
might hire him. 
A few local contacts pointed him

5531
04:47:39,200 --> 04:47:42,700
to Samuel, kymer, who ran a 
small disorganized print shop, 

5532
04:47:42,700 --> 04:47:47,200
recognizing Benjamin's Talent, 
chimer agreed to take him on for

5533
04:47:47,200 --> 04:47:48,700
Franklin. 
It was a step towards 

5534
04:47:48,700 --> 04:47:51,400
self-sufficiency. 
He found lodging in a humble 

5535
04:47:51,400 --> 04:47:55,000
room, subsisted on bread rolls, 
and saved every spare coin for 

5536
04:47:55,000 --> 04:47:57,400
books. 
Those books, typically, borrowed

5537
04:47:57,400 --> 04:48:01,100
or second-hand opened vistas of 
scientific philosophical, and 

5538
04:48:01,100 --> 04:48:03,500
political thought. 
Well, other young men in 

5539
04:48:03,500 --> 04:48:05,600
colonial, American might idle it
happens after work. 

5540
04:48:05,600 --> 04:48:08,300
Franklin poured, over essays on 
natural philosophy. 

5541
04:48:08,300 --> 04:48:11,600
He also taught himself 
rudimentary French and Italian 

5542
04:48:11,600 --> 04:48:14,800
believing that knowledge of 
languages could catapult him to 

5543
04:48:14,800 --> 04:48:16,100
a broader understanding of the 
world. 

5544
04:48:17,000 --> 04:48:18,600
Eager to refine his social 
skills. 

5545
04:48:19,500 --> 04:48:21,900
He adopted a system of 
self-improvement based on 

5546
04:48:21,900 --> 04:48:23,800
virtues. 
He listed in a little notebook. 

5547
04:48:24,800 --> 04:48:28,100
This daily practice strikingly, 
systematic for the era. 

5548
04:48:28,100 --> 04:48:31,400
Kept him alert to personal 
discipline though. 

5549
04:48:31,400 --> 04:48:33,800
Not always successful in 
defeating Temptations. 

5550
04:48:33,800 --> 04:48:36,500
Still. 
Frankly was an ambitious 

5551
04:48:36,500 --> 04:48:40,000
Tradesman at this juncture, not 
the seasons statement or 

5552
04:48:40,000 --> 04:48:43,300
scientists we envisioned today, 
but he planted the seeds of a 

5553
04:48:43,300 --> 04:48:47,000
strong passion for reading a 
fixation on bettering oneself 

5554
04:48:47,000 --> 04:48:49,400
and a Readiness to go against 
the grain. 

5555
04:48:50,200 --> 04:48:54,100
He joined local clubs, most 
notably the hunter a form of 

5556
04:48:54,108 --> 04:48:57,400
curious individuals, who debated
Civic improvements and swap 

5557
04:48:57,400 --> 04:49:00,100
knowledge Franklin thrived in 
that environment. 

5558
04:49:00,100 --> 04:49:04,200
Forging friendships with Rising 
Merchants teachers and Artisans 

5559
04:49:04,200 --> 04:49:07,200
the Hunter's premise that every 
day citizens could shape 

5560
04:49:07,200 --> 04:49:09,500
Community policies. 
Resonated deeply with him. 

5561
04:49:09,500 --> 04:49:12,600
He began drafting proposals for 
better Street lighting 

5562
04:49:12,600 --> 04:49:16,400
suggesting the establishment of 
a lending library and even 

5563
04:49:16,400 --> 04:49:19,700
championing Volunteer Fire 
brigades, The small-scale 

5564
04:49:19,700 --> 04:49:22,600
Innovation signaled, the mindset
that would later produce loftier

5565
04:49:22,600 --> 04:49:24,800
Feats. 
Thus, by his mid-twenties 

5566
04:49:24,800 --> 04:49:28,300
Franklin was already a figure to
watch in Philadelphia, a young 

5567
04:49:28,300 --> 04:49:31,900
prince with an, entrepreneurial 
Street, a pamphleteer on afraid 

5568
04:49:31,900 --> 04:49:34,800
of challenging norms, and a 
network skilled at binding 

5569
04:49:34,800 --> 04:49:38,700
like-minded Souls together. 
However, Financial Security was 

5570
04:49:38,700 --> 04:49:42,700
still a Lucifer His personal 
life was complicated and his 

5571
04:49:42,700 --> 04:49:45,800
religious skepticism set him 
apart in an era of strict 

5572
04:49:45,800 --> 04:49:48,300
Orthodoxy. 
The next year's would see him 

5573
04:49:48,300 --> 04:49:51,300
expand these early experiments 
slowly weaving. 

5574
04:49:51,300 --> 04:49:53,800
The Persona, that would one day 
grace, the global stage. 

5575
04:49:54,900 --> 04:49:58,300
Early in the 17th century. 
Franklin's Printing Shop, gained

5576
04:49:58,300 --> 04:50:00,900
stability, due to its growing 
reputation for punctual 

5577
04:50:00,900 --> 04:50:04,000
deliveries and sharp content. 
His production range from 

5578
04:50:04,000 --> 04:50:06,400
political leaflets to visiting 
cards yet. 

5579
04:50:06,400 --> 04:50:10,900
Almanacs proved to be his most 
profitable Venture in 1732 he 

5580
04:50:10,900 --> 04:50:15,300
introduced Poor Richard's 
Almanac a cheeky insightful 

5581
04:50:15,300 --> 04:50:18,100
publication under the pseudonym 
of Richard Saunders. 

5582
04:50:18,100 --> 04:50:21,800
Unlike stayed almanacs that 
listed only lunar cycles and 

5583
04:50:21,800 --> 04:50:24,100
harvest tips. 
Franklin's version featured, 

5584
04:50:24,100 --> 04:50:27,500
witty maxims satirical 
commentary and personal Jabs 

5585
04:50:27,500 --> 04:50:30,100
that made each Edition an 
equally awaited Staple in 

5586
04:50:30,108 --> 04:50:33,800
households across the colonies. 
Yet while poor Richard minted, 

5587
04:50:33,800 --> 04:50:36,400
his reputation. 
Franklins day-to-day life was 

5588
04:50:36,400 --> 04:50:39,100
more complex, he navigated a 
personal relationship with 

5589
04:50:39,100 --> 04:50:42,300
Deborah Reid, who would want to 
be enables daughter, their 

5590
04:50:42,300 --> 04:50:45,400
common law marriage, not 
formally solemnized for various 

5591
04:50:45,400 --> 04:50:48,100
reasons, gave franklyn 
assemblance of domestic 

5592
04:50:48,100 --> 04:50:50,700
stability, though, the 
arrangement lack, the official 

5593
04:50:50,700 --> 04:50:54,600
Aura of conventional unions, 
they raise children together but

5594
04:50:54,600 --> 04:50:57,000
the Demands of his printing. 
Press and swirl of Civic 

5595
04:50:57,000 --> 04:50:58,500
projects. 
Often kept him away from 

5596
04:50:58,500 --> 04:51:02,400
extended familial devotion. 
Franklins thirst for civic 

5597
04:51:02,400 --> 04:51:05,400
improvements seemed boundless in
1731. 

5598
04:51:05,400 --> 04:51:07,400
He formed the library company of
Philadelphia. 

5599
04:51:07,400 --> 04:51:11,600
An idea born from the hunters 
discussion, subscribing members,

5600
04:51:11,600 --> 04:51:13,800
pulled funds to buy books 
establishing. 

5601
04:51:13,800 --> 04:51:16,800
One of America's first lending 
library's this approach, 

5602
04:51:16,800 --> 04:51:20,800
crystallized Franklin's method 
Harness Collective contributions

5603
04:51:20,800 --> 04:51:23,500
to uplift public life. 
Where others saw Financial 

5604
04:51:23,500 --> 04:51:26,100
hurdles, Franklin, leveraged 
group effort. 

5605
04:51:26,800 --> 04:51:30,000
The concept proved so successful
that it sparked similar Ventures

5606
04:51:30,000 --> 04:51:33,700
elsewhere, bolstering literacy 
in an era and many colonists had

5607
04:51:33,700 --> 04:51:36,400
limited access to texts. 
As a publisher. 

5608
04:51:36,400 --> 04:51:39,000
He also became a de facto 
influencer in shaping public 

5609
04:51:39,000 --> 04:51:41,400
sentiment. 
He printed current currency for 

5610
04:51:41,400 --> 04:51:45,500
Pennsylvania bolstering. 
Trust in local finances, he took

5611
04:51:45,500 --> 04:51:48,600
up the cause of paper money 
arguing, that a stable local 

5612
04:51:48,600 --> 04:51:50,300
currency could invigorate 
commas. 

5613
04:51:51,100 --> 04:51:54,300
Through editorials under assumed
names he debated with political 

5614
04:51:54,300 --> 04:51:56,600
Rivals. 
Championing a pragmatic Outlook,

5615
04:51:56,600 --> 04:52:00,100
if a policy boosted trade and 
enriched Community Resources. 

5616
04:52:00,100 --> 04:52:03,900
It merited consideration. 
Irrespective of dogmatic 

5617
04:52:03,900 --> 04:52:06,200
leanings. 
This flexibility would later 

5618
04:52:06,200 --> 04:52:09,100
mark his diplomatic engagements 
yet it sometimes. 

5619
04:52:09,100 --> 04:52:12,900
Riled stunts. 
Beyond the printing realm. 

5620
04:52:12,900 --> 04:52:16,200
Franklyn dabbled in volunteer 
projects like establishing 

5621
04:52:16,200 --> 04:52:20,800
Philadelphia's Union Fire 
Company in 1736 5th has played 

5622
04:52:20,800 --> 04:52:24,600
the city wiping out blocks of 
wooden structures Franklins 

5623
04:52:24,600 --> 04:52:28,500
Brigade staffed by volunteers 
offered assemblance of organized

5624
04:52:28,500 --> 04:52:30,400
response. 
Where previously, chaos reigned 

5625
04:52:30,400 --> 04:52:34,500
this Forward Thinking approach, 
spread, birthing additional fire

5626
04:52:34,500 --> 04:52:38,200
companies that cooperated 
instead of competing Ever the 

5627
04:52:38,200 --> 04:52:40,700
organizer. 
Franklin helped shape guidelines

5628
04:52:40,700 --> 04:52:42,500
for equipment sharing and mutual
Aid. 

5629
04:52:42,500 --> 04:52:45,100
Forging a model admired in other
colonies. 

5630
04:52:45,800 --> 04:52:49,200
Yet success is alone, didn't 
insulate him from adversity, the

5631
04:52:49,200 --> 04:52:51,500
colonial landscape could be 
unforgiving to those who 

5632
04:52:51,500 --> 04:52:55,000
ventured unpopular opinions. 
Franklin, sometimes rankled 

5633
04:52:55,000 --> 04:52:58,700
conservative church leaders by 
printing texts that veered too 

5634
04:52:58,700 --> 04:53:00,400
secular or criticized certain 
dogmas. 

5635
04:53:00,400 --> 04:53:04,300
He also faced tension with other
printers who resented his rapid 

5636
04:53:04,300 --> 04:53:06,200
Ascension, and willingness to 
mock Rivals. 

5637
04:53:06,200 --> 04:53:08,600
Still his knack for bridging 
differences. 

5638
04:53:08,600 --> 04:53:11,600
Often prevailed. 
When Rumours of a severe 

5639
04:53:11,600 --> 04:53:15,200
smallpox outbreak loomed he used
his press to advocate for 

5640
04:53:15,200 --> 04:53:18,000
inoculation though. 
He personally endured heartbreak

5641
04:53:18,000 --> 04:53:19,700
when one of his sons died of the
disease. 

5642
04:53:20,700 --> 04:53:23,000
The tragedy, deepened Franklin's
resolved to promote 

5643
04:53:23,000 --> 04:53:25,600
evidence-based Solutions over 
Superstition or fear. 

5644
04:53:26,600 --> 04:53:29,500
Simultaneously. 
Franklyn scientific curiosity 

5645
04:53:29,500 --> 04:53:31,900
blossomed. 
He embarked on rudimentary 

5646
04:53:31,900 --> 04:53:33,500
experiments. 
Observing local weather 

5647
04:53:33,500 --> 04:53:36,300
patterns. 
Speculating that storms and 

5648
04:53:36,300 --> 04:53:39,500
winds might follow distinct 
rejects of the colonies. 

5649
04:53:40,200 --> 04:53:42,700
A dinner. 
Gathering's, he speculated about

5650
04:53:42,700 --> 04:53:45,100
electricity and obscure 
phenomenon. 

5651
04:53:45,100 --> 04:53:48,100
Rarely studied in depth outside 
Europe's learned societies. 

5652
04:53:48,100 --> 04:53:51,100
While his main energy is still 
lay in publishing and Civic 

5653
04:53:51,100 --> 04:53:54,500
activism that spark of Interest 
hinted at Future breakthroughs. 

5654
04:53:55,400 --> 04:53:57,500
He collected, glass tubes and 
rods from ships. 

5655
04:53:57,500 --> 04:54:00,900
Arriving from England. 
Quietly testing ways to generate

5656
04:54:00,900 --> 04:54:03,800
static charges. 
It was Uncharted Territory in 

5657
04:54:03,800 --> 04:54:06,700
the North American context. 
Through these Endeavors 

5658
04:54:06,700 --> 04:54:10,400
Franklin, cultivated an image as
a problem, solver and afraid of 

5659
04:54:10,408 --> 04:54:14,700
multiple hats, publisher, social
entrepreneur, Proto scientist, 

5660
04:54:14,700 --> 04:54:17,800
his approach remained anchored 
in practicality. 

5661
04:54:17,800 --> 04:54:20,700
He believed knowledge mattered, 
chiefly when applied to real 

5662
04:54:20,700 --> 04:54:23,500
life challenges, whether 
refining printing techniques or 

5663
04:54:23,500 --> 04:54:25,400
organizing communities to fight 
fires. 

5664
04:54:25,400 --> 04:54:29,300
Meanwhile, Poor Richard's 
Almanac soared in popularity, 

5665
04:54:29,300 --> 04:54:31,700
its aphorisms turning into every
day. 

5666
04:54:31,700 --> 04:54:35,600
Proverbs phrases, like early to 
bed and early to rise, makes a 

5667
04:54:35,600 --> 04:54:38,500
man healthy wealthy. 
And wise laced, casual speech 

5668
04:54:38,500 --> 04:54:40,500
shaping the moral tenor of the 
day. 

5669
04:54:40,500 --> 04:54:44,900
Many readers had no idea that 
franklyn behind the comedic mask

5670
04:54:44,900 --> 04:54:48,400
of Richardson's orchestrated 
each aphorism with a shrewd 

5671
04:54:48,400 --> 04:54:50,000
sense of what the public would 
embrace. 

5672
04:54:50,900 --> 04:54:54,200
By the mid-seventies. 
He was no longer just a scrappy 

5673
04:54:54,200 --> 04:54:56,400
printer. 
He was emerging as a Civic 

5674
04:54:56,400 --> 04:54:59,100
figure recognized for Bridging 
the Divide of a fractious, 

5675
04:54:59,100 --> 04:55:02,300
colonial society. 
His illusions of grandeur was 

5676
04:55:02,300 --> 04:55:05,600
subjected though. 
He remained humble enough to 

5677
04:55:05,600 --> 04:55:08,200
realize that the bigger the 
stage, the steeper, the 

5678
04:55:08,200 --> 04:55:10,800
criticisms. 
Nevertheless, the path ahead 

5679
04:55:10,800 --> 04:55:13,100
behind him. 
To new Realms, both scientific, 

5680
04:55:13,100 --> 04:55:15,500
and political that would 
redefine his standing in the 

5681
04:55:15,500 --> 04:55:19,800
colonies and Beyond. 
As the 1740s unfolded Franklin 

5682
04:55:19,800 --> 04:55:22,900
expanded, his repertoire of 
Ventures, moving beyond the 

5683
04:55:22,900 --> 04:55:25,100
realm of printing, presses, and 
local libraries. 

5684
04:55:25,800 --> 04:55:27,600
He began a foray into public 
office. 

5685
04:55:28,500 --> 04:55:32,000
First as caca, the Pennsylvania 
assembly, then as a Justice of 

5686
04:55:32,000 --> 04:55:35,700
the Peace though, these roles 
brought little direct power, the

5687
04:55:35,700 --> 04:55:38,400
introduced him to the mechanics 
of governance and legislative 

5688
04:55:38,400 --> 04:55:41,200
procedures. 
Franklin quickly grasped that 

5689
04:55:41,200 --> 04:55:44,400
influence often arose, not from 
formal titles, but from 

5690
04:55:44,400 --> 04:55:47,900
credibility and discourse. 
Where the drafting petitions or 

5691
04:55:47,900 --> 04:55:49,500
speaking? 
Softly by the scenes. 

5692
04:55:49,500 --> 04:55:53,000
He proved a depth at galvanizing
votes around pragmatic 

5693
04:55:53,000 --> 04:55:55,600
Solutions, his philanthropic 
instincts. 

5694
04:55:55,600 --> 04:55:58,400
Also guided him to found what he
called an academy. 

5695
04:56:00,000 --> 04:56:02,900
Conceived in the 
mid-seventeenth, forties this 

5696
04:56:02,900 --> 04:56:05,300
initiative eventually evolved 
into the University of 

5697
04:56:05,300 --> 04:56:08,700
Pennsylvania dissatisfied with 
narrow classical curricula 

5698
04:56:08,700 --> 04:56:11,500
franklyn yearned for an 
institution that melted 

5699
04:56:11,500 --> 04:56:13,700
theoretical knowledge with 
practical Arts. 

5700
04:56:13,700 --> 04:56:18,300
He envisioned horses in modern 
languages Commerce and applied 

5701
04:56:18,300 --> 04:56:21,500
science is strikingly 
Progressive when many were still

5702
04:56:21,500 --> 04:56:23,700
clung to Latin and Greek. 
As the backbone of learning, 

5703
04:56:24,500 --> 04:56:27,100
Gathering donations from 
merchants and Mild support from 

5704
04:56:27,100 --> 04:56:30,500
local leaders. 
He opened the academy in 1751 

5705
04:56:30,500 --> 04:56:34,300
students arrive from various 
Colonial towns forging, a new 

5706
04:56:34,308 --> 04:56:37,600
generation steeped in the Sin of
classical ideals and real world 

5707
04:56:37,600 --> 04:56:40,900
problem solving. 
Meanwhile, Franklin's 

5708
04:56:40,900 --> 04:56:44,500
fascination with electricity, 
escalated news, reached him of a

5709
04:56:44,500 --> 04:56:47,500
European experiments generating 
Sparks from friction machines. 

5710
04:56:47,500 --> 04:56:51,500
Intrigued he improvised his 
apparatus, he discovered that 

5711
04:56:51,500 --> 04:56:55,300
after rubbing a glass tube bits 
of cork or paper jump toward it,

5712
04:56:55,300 --> 04:57:00,000
revealing hidden charges he took
copious notes meticulously 

5713
04:57:00,000 --> 04:57:04,100
describing how certain materials
attracted or repelled Over time,

5714
04:57:04,100 --> 04:57:06,200
he concluded that electricity 
involved. 

5715
04:57:06,200 --> 04:57:09,100
A single fluid that could move 
from one object to another 

5716
04:57:09,100 --> 04:57:11,100
revolutionary concept for the 
era. 

5717
04:57:11,100 --> 04:57:15,300
He even coined terms like 
battery, positive and negative 

5718
04:57:15,300 --> 04:57:19,800
charges these insights published
in pamphlets reached, the Royal 

5719
04:57:19,800 --> 04:57:22,500
Society. 
In London, catapulting, frankly 

5720
04:57:22,500 --> 04:57:24,000
in into the realm of serious 
science. 

5721
04:57:25,000 --> 04:57:28,200
His legendary kite experiment, 
while dramatized in modern 

5722
04:57:28,200 --> 04:57:32,800
retellings, indeed occurred 
around 1752 concerned that 

5723
04:57:32,808 --> 04:57:35,900
Europe's official experimenters 
might beat him to proof that 

5724
04:57:35,900 --> 04:57:39,200
lightning was Electric. 
Franklin prepared, a kite made 

5725
04:57:39,200 --> 04:57:42,900
from silk and a conductive metal
wire planning to fly it during a

5726
04:57:42,900 --> 04:57:46,700
thunderstorm. 
Observers often imagine dramatic

5727
04:57:46,700 --> 04:57:50,700
flashes. but frankly took 
precautions, he stood under 

5728
04:57:50,700 --> 04:57:54,000
shelter holding the kite string,
only through a key, attached 

5729
04:57:54,000 --> 04:57:58,100
near the bottom, The moment the 
kite soared into stormy clouds, 

5730
04:57:58,100 --> 04:58:02,000
the strands of the string group 
bristly signaling that electric 

5731
04:58:02,000 --> 04:58:05,900
charge was traveling downward. 
Small spark from the key to his 

5732
04:58:05,900 --> 04:58:07,500
knuckle affirmed. 
His hypothesis. 

5733
04:58:07,500 --> 04:58:10,000
This demonstration led him to 
propose. 

5734
04:58:10,000 --> 04:58:13,900
The lightning rod, an iron Rod 
placed atop buildings to direct 

5735
04:58:13,900 --> 04:58:17,200
Lightning's destructive force 
safely into the ground His 

5736
04:58:17,200 --> 04:58:19,700
success in explaining Lightnings
nature elevated. 

5737
04:58:19,700 --> 04:58:23,900
His reputation overseas. 
Soon, letters from eminent 

5738
04:58:23,900 --> 04:58:27,300
European servants poured in 
praising the ingenious Mr. 

5739
04:58:27,300 --> 04:58:29,100
Frank, the Franklin of 
Philadelphia. 

5740
04:58:30,700 --> 04:58:33,900
Yet at home, his daily 
responsibilities continued 

5741
04:58:33,900 --> 04:58:36,500
unabated, running a busy print 
shop. 

5742
04:58:36,500 --> 04:58:39,800
Publishing a newspaper and 
encouraging local improvements. 

5743
04:58:40,700 --> 04:58:43,400
He scarcely had time to Revel in
his scientific achievements. 

5744
04:58:43,400 --> 04:58:46,300
Indeed. 
Franklin, expressed surprise 

5745
04:58:46,300 --> 04:58:48,100
that his experiments won him so 
much. 

5746
04:58:48,100 --> 04:58:51,300
Acclaim abroad, while many 
neighbors remained unimpressed 

5747
04:58:51,300 --> 04:58:54,000
or simply confused by his 
lightning games. 

5748
04:58:55,000 --> 04:58:57,900
As if science and commerce 
weren't enough Franklin became, 

5749
04:58:57,900 --> 04:58:59,900
increasingly involved in 
Frontier politics. 

5750
04:59:00,800 --> 04:59:02,800
Tension's flared between 
Pennsylvania's Quaker. 

5751
04:59:02,800 --> 04:59:05,800
Dominated assembly in the pain 
for Molly Proprietors of the 

5752
04:59:05,808 --> 04:59:08,400
colony. 
Franklin believed in Fair, 

5753
04:59:08,400 --> 04:59:11,100
taxation, including taxes on the
Proprietors vast. 

5754
04:59:11,100 --> 04:59:14,700
Estates a view that have put him
at odds with the privileged few,

5755
04:59:14,700 --> 04:59:18,300
additionally British French 
competition in North America was

5756
04:59:18,300 --> 04:59:20,900
heating up, culminating in the 
French and Indian War. 

5757
04:59:20,900 --> 04:59:24,300
Franklyn convinced that defense 
required Unity among colonies 

5758
04:59:24,300 --> 04:59:27,600
proposed his famous Join or Die 
cartoon. 

5759
04:59:27,600 --> 04:59:31,600
A segmented, snake representing 
the separate colonies, though. 

5760
04:59:31,600 --> 04:59:34,500
It spurred. 
Dialogue into Colonial, Unity 

5761
04:59:34,500 --> 04:59:38,300
remained elusive This interplay 
of local squabbles and looming 

5762
04:59:38,300 --> 04:59:42,300
War tested franklyn's, political
adaptability amid. 

5763
04:59:42,300 --> 04:59:45,300
These swirling commitments, 
Franklins, personal Circle 

5764
04:59:45,300 --> 04:59:47,700
change. 
Its partnership with Deborah 

5765
04:59:47,700 --> 04:59:49,900
Reid. 
Persisted though they'd never 

5766
04:59:49,900 --> 04:59:51,400
married in a conventional 
ceremony. 

5767
04:59:51,400 --> 04:59:55,200
He founded children including 
William, franklyn, who would 

5768
04:59:55,200 --> 04:59:58,000
later become a royal governor? 
A Twist that would strain their 

5769
04:59:58,000 --> 04:59:59,700
bond as the revolution of 
approached. 

5770
05:00:00,300 --> 05:00:03,500
Franklyn for all his rational 
thinking faced heartbreak and 

5771
05:00:03,500 --> 05:00:08,100
family tension in joyed comedic 
relief hosting Gatherings where 

5772
05:00:08,100 --> 05:00:11,300
Brandy lace conversation, turned
to improbable ideas like 

5773
05:00:11,300 --> 05:00:14,900
controlling storms or forging 
alliances with Iroquois 

5774
05:00:14,900 --> 05:00:17,600
confederacies. 
Those evening's captured the 

5775
05:00:17,600 --> 05:00:20,100
spirit of a man at once. 
Playful and profoundly serious, 

5776
05:00:20,100 --> 05:00:24,600
about shaping a better Society 
by 1755, Franklin's name 

5777
05:00:24,600 --> 05:00:26,600
carried. 
Weight across multiple spheres 

5778
05:00:26,600 --> 05:00:31,100
inventor publisher, Civic 
organizer and budding political 

5779
05:00:31,100 --> 05:00:34,300
presence. 
The complexities of colonial 

5780
05:00:34,300 --> 05:00:38,500
life demanded more from him, 
especially as War clouds loomed 

5781
05:00:38,500 --> 05:00:41,800
on the horizon. 
He read these Omens, suspecting 

5782
05:00:41,800 --> 05:00:44,700
that events in Europe would soon
Ripple through the colonies and 

5783
05:00:44,700 --> 05:00:47,100
forceful ways. 
His intellectual curiosity, 

5784
05:00:47,100 --> 05:00:50,900
sharpened by successes in 
science prepared him to tackle 

5785
05:00:50,900 --> 05:00:54,200
these challenges yet even 
frankly couldn't foresee how 

5786
05:00:54,200 --> 05:00:56,600
drastically the next decade 
would alter his path. 

5787
05:00:57,400 --> 05:01:00,800
The mid 1750s ushered in the 
French and Indian War pitting. 

5788
05:01:00,800 --> 05:01:03,400
British colonists, and their 
native allies against French 

5789
05:01:03,400 --> 05:01:05,800
forces for control of North 
American Frontiers. 

5790
05:01:06,500 --> 05:01:09,600
Suddenly Franklin's calls for 
coordinated defense, took on new

5791
05:01:09,600 --> 05:01:12,000
urgency. 
Pennsylvania traditionally, 

5792
05:01:12,000 --> 05:01:15,600
pacifist under Quaker, influence
hesitated to fund a militia 

5793
05:01:15,600 --> 05:01:18,100
Franklin. 
Intervened by rallying the 

5794
05:01:18,100 --> 05:01:20,900
public to support the 
fortification of the colonies 

5795
05:01:20,900 --> 05:01:24,000
Western borders, even Trek to 
the Lehigh Valley. 

5796
05:01:24,700 --> 05:01:27,100
Supervising, the construction of
simple, stockades, and 

5797
05:01:27,100 --> 05:01:29,300
negotiating Provisions with 
Frontier settlers. 

5798
05:01:30,100 --> 05:01:33,200
This experience deepened, his 
conviction that decentralized 

5799
05:01:33,200 --> 05:01:36,100
Colonial governance invited 
Peril in times of crisis. 

5800
05:01:36,900 --> 05:01:39,500
During this tumult, the 
Pennsylvania, assembly 

5801
05:01:39,500 --> 05:01:43,200
dispatched Franklin to London as
a colonial agent hoping he could

5802
05:01:43,200 --> 05:01:45,400
Lobby, British officials for 
favorable policies. 

5803
05:01:45,400 --> 05:01:50,000
Arriving in 1757, he was struck 
by London's vastness. 

5804
05:01:50,700 --> 05:01:54,200
Teaming Commerce, ornate 
architecture and a lively 

5805
05:01:54,200 --> 05:01:58,200
intellectual scene. 
No mere tourist Franklin got 

5806
05:01:58,200 --> 05:02:01,300
into the city's Coffee, House 
culture mingling with writers 

5807
05:02:01,300 --> 05:02:03,600
scientists and members of 
parliament. 

5808
05:02:04,300 --> 05:02:06,900
He soon realized that British 
politicians often held the 

5809
05:02:06,900 --> 05:02:10,700
colonies in low regard, seeing 
them as sources of revenue or 

5810
05:02:10,700 --> 05:02:12,400
strategic buffers rather than 
partners. 

5811
05:02:13,100 --> 05:02:16,700
Nevertheless Franklin's wit and 
scientific reputation eased his 

5812
05:02:16,700 --> 05:02:20,500
entry into Elite circles. he 
garnered invitations to lecture 

5813
05:02:20,500 --> 05:02:24,700
on electricity demonstration in 
hand, wowing Aristocrats, who 

5814
05:02:24,700 --> 05:02:27,500
marveled at the American 
electrician, some found his 

5815
05:02:27,500 --> 05:02:30,400
plane, Quaker, like dress 
refreshing in a world of 

5816
05:02:30,400 --> 05:02:35,100
powdered wigs and ruffled cuffs 
Shrewdly Franklin, leveraged the

5817
05:02:35,100 --> 05:02:37,500
social encounters to address 
Colonial concerns. 

5818
05:02:38,300 --> 05:02:40,300
Lobbied for fairer, trade 
regulations. 

5819
05:02:40,300 --> 05:02:42,900
And tried to persuade the Penn 
family to shoulder their share 

5820
05:02:42,900 --> 05:02:46,100
of taxes in Pennsylvania. 
Though the mission advanced in 

5821
05:02:46,100 --> 05:02:49,300
small increments, Franklin, 
chafed at the slow pace of 

5822
05:02:49,300 --> 05:02:53,000
British bureaucracy over time he
witnessed the seeds of 

5823
05:02:53,000 --> 05:02:55,400
paternalistic attitudes. 
That would later spark, 

5824
05:02:55,400 --> 05:02:58,900
full-blown Colonial resentment, 
He wrote letters back to 

5825
05:02:58,900 --> 05:03:01,600
Philadelphia, warning that 
British officials seemed 

5826
05:03:01,600 --> 05:03:03,400
oblivious to Colonial 
capacities. 

5827
05:03:03,400 --> 05:03:06,800
He also recognized that 
entrenched Aristocrats in 

5828
05:03:06,800 --> 05:03:09,400
Parliament viewed. 
Colonial assembly as subservient

5829
05:03:09,400 --> 05:03:12,700
in subtle ways. 
These experience is eroded 

5830
05:03:12,700 --> 05:03:15,100
Franklin's loyalty to the 
Empire's status quo. 

5831
05:03:15,900 --> 05:03:19,700
Franklin spent five years, in 
London, returning home in 1762 

5832
05:03:19,700 --> 05:03:22,100
reunited with Deborah and his 
family. 

5833
05:03:22,100 --> 05:03:25,400
He found that Philadelphia had 
grown in population and ambition

5834
05:03:25,400 --> 05:03:30,100
despite success in resolving. 
Some Pennsylvania disputes, new 

5835
05:03:30,100 --> 05:03:33,300
controversies loomed. 
The British government having 

5836
05:03:33,300 --> 05:03:37,300
incurred massive debts from the 
war considered imposing taxes on

5837
05:03:37,300 --> 05:03:40,600
the colonies to recoup costs. 
Franklin saw the probable 

5838
05:03:40,600 --> 05:03:43,400
friction. 
That would result Before he 

5839
05:03:43,400 --> 05:03:46,100
could settle in. 
However, the assembly again, 

5840
05:03:46,100 --> 05:03:49,000
taped him for diplomatic tasks. 
Sure enough. 

5841
05:03:49,000 --> 05:03:53,800
In 1764 with the Stamp Act on 
the horizon franklim was sent 

5842
05:03:53,800 --> 05:03:56,300
back to London to represent 
Pennsylvania's opposition to 

5843
05:03:56,300 --> 05:03:58,400
direct taxation without Colonial
input. 

5844
05:03:59,200 --> 05:04:01,900
Stamp Act crisis erupted in 
1765. 

5845
05:04:01,900 --> 05:04:06,200
Igniting unrest, across the 
colonies Critics on both sides 

5846
05:04:06,200 --> 05:04:08,400
hammered plant Franklin from his
vantage. 

5847
05:04:08,400 --> 05:04:11,000
Point in Britain. 
Colonists suspected. 

5848
05:04:11,000 --> 05:04:14,700
He'd been complacent about the 
acts drafting londoners accused 

5849
05:04:14,700 --> 05:04:16,500
him of stirring rebellious 
sentiments. 

5850
05:04:16,500 --> 05:04:21,200
He testified before the House of
Commons, in 1766, offering a 

5851
05:04:21,200 --> 05:04:23,800
measured but firm explanation of
why the colonies believed. 

5852
05:04:23,800 --> 05:04:26,400
They should not be taxed by a 
parliament where they had no 

5853
05:04:26,400 --> 05:04:30,100
elected representatives. 
His argument phrased in calm, 

5854
05:04:30,100 --> 05:04:32,300
logical terms. 
Suede summer opinion, 

5855
05:04:32,300 --> 05:04:35,500
contributing to the Stamp Acts 
of ventral appeal. 

5856
05:04:35,500 --> 05:04:39,300
Yet tensions didn't subside, 
fully the declaratory act 

5857
05:04:39,300 --> 05:04:42,000
followed asserting Britain's, 
right to legislate for the 

5858
05:04:42,000 --> 05:04:43,200
colonies in all cases, 
whatsoever. 

5859
05:04:44,500 --> 05:04:47,200
Franklin, lingard, in Britain, 
dividing his time between 

5860
05:04:47,200 --> 05:04:50,200
official negotiations and 
private scientific Pursuits. 

5861
05:04:50,200 --> 05:04:53,700
He joined the Royal Society. 
Forging friendships with 

5862
05:04:53,700 --> 05:04:55,300
luminaries like Joseph 
Priestley. 

5863
05:04:56,000 --> 05:04:59,300
They debated the nature of gases
the possibility of manned flight

5864
05:04:59,300 --> 05:05:03,300
and new Mechanical Devices. 
Franklin's add at mind roved 

5865
05:05:03,300 --> 05:05:06,000
freely, in these circles 
producing incremental 

5866
05:05:06,000 --> 05:05:08,600
contributions to Fields like 
meteorology and oceanography. 

5867
05:05:09,800 --> 05:05:12,200
Map, The Gulfstream after 
hearing whaling captains 

5868
05:05:12,200 --> 05:05:15,700
discuss, warm Atlantic currents.
Guiding ships to exploit faster 

5869
05:05:15,700 --> 05:05:19,200
routes across the ocean Yet 
personal heartbreaks truck. 

5870
05:05:19,200 --> 05:05:23,900
Deborah passed away in 1774. 
Franklyn, who'd been abroad for 

5871
05:05:23,900 --> 05:05:27,200
years, felt deep regret at not 
seeing her in her final days. 

5872
05:05:27,200 --> 05:05:32,600
Meanwhile, political storms at 
home intensified, The Boston Tea

5873
05:05:32,600 --> 05:05:35,400
Party erupted, prompting harsh, 
British retaliation. 

5874
05:05:36,400 --> 05:05:39,900
Franklyn found himself once more
the target of criticism even 

5875
05:05:39,900 --> 05:05:42,900
singled out by the British privy
Council for public Century in 

5876
05:05:42,900 --> 05:05:46,600
1774 over leaked letters, 
slanted and humiliated and 

5877
05:05:46,600 --> 05:05:50,400
humiliating here in he sent that
reconciliation might be doomed 

5878
05:05:50,400 --> 05:05:54,000
in that humiliating moment, the 
cracks in his hope for a 

5879
05:05:54,000 --> 05:05:57,000
peaceful resolution to the 
Imperial crisis, widened into a 

5880
05:05:57,000 --> 05:06:02,400
chasm. when he finally sailed 
back to America in 1775 War, 

5881
05:06:02,400 --> 05:06:05,700
seemed likely Franklin had left 
the colonies as a patient 

5882
05:06:05,700 --> 05:06:09,200
mediator seeking compromise. 
He returned an embittered 

5883
05:06:09,200 --> 05:06:12,000
observer convinced that 
Britain's Ministry, would never 

5884
05:06:12,000 --> 05:06:15,400
treat the colonies fairly this 
pivot, would chart the next 

5885
05:06:15,400 --> 05:06:18,000
phase of his life. 
Transforming him from loyal, 

5886
05:06:18,000 --> 05:06:21,300
Colonial agent into a champion 
of Independence a role that 

5887
05:06:21,300 --> 05:06:24,100
ironically few might have 
predicted a decade earlier. 

5888
05:06:24,900 --> 05:06:28,100
Franklyn landed in Philadelphia 
into May 1775. 

5889
05:06:28,100 --> 05:06:32,300
Greeted by an unfolding 
Revolution Lexington and Concord

5890
05:06:32,300 --> 05:06:36,000
battles had already erupted. 
Mobilizing militias across the 

5891
05:06:36,000 --> 05:06:38,500
colonies the Second Continental 
Congress. 

5892
05:06:38,500 --> 05:06:41,300
Convened. 
Grappling with whether to seek 

5893
05:06:41,300 --> 05:06:45,400
reconciliation or assert 
Independence, Franklins arrive 

5894
05:06:45,400 --> 05:06:47,200
injected, a seasoned 
perspective. 

5895
05:06:47,200 --> 05:06:50,000
He'd been at the heart of 
negotiations with Britain and 

5896
05:06:50,008 --> 05:06:53,400
felt the monies in transgen. 
For first hand, he saw little 

5897
05:06:53,400 --> 05:06:56,600
choice but to prepare for armed 
conflict, Nonetheless. 

5898
05:06:56,600 --> 05:06:58,700
He did not rush to declare 
separation. 

5899
05:06:59,400 --> 05:07:02,600
Like many delegates Franklin 
believed that a unified approach

5900
05:07:02,600 --> 05:07:05,900
was imperative the Congress 
formed, the Continental Army, 

5901
05:07:05,900 --> 05:07:09,500
naming George Washington as 
Commander in Chief, meanwhile 

5902
05:07:09,500 --> 05:07:11,900
Franklin chaired committees on 
Postal Service. 

5903
05:07:11,900 --> 05:07:14,500
Leading end him becoming 
America's first Postmaster 

5904
05:07:14,500 --> 05:07:18,200
General and on forging alliances
with Native groups, his 

5905
05:07:18,200 --> 05:07:20,800
pragmatic style. 
Listening intently forging 

5906
05:07:20,800 --> 05:07:23,000
consensus helped nudge the 
Congress forward. 

5907
05:07:23,000 --> 05:07:26,500
He also made time to communicate
with friends in Britain, who 

5908
05:07:26,500 --> 05:07:29,400
supported Colonial rights 
regretting, the delay in 

5909
05:07:29,400 --> 05:07:33,500
reaching a consensus Crucially, 
franklyn joined a committee 

5910
05:07:33,500 --> 05:07:36,300
tasked with drafting a 
declaration of independence in 

5911
05:07:36,300 --> 05:07:41,000
mid 1776 that small group 
included, Thomas Jefferson John 

5912
05:07:41,000 --> 05:07:42,100
Adams. 
Roger Sherman. 

5913
05:07:42,100 --> 05:07:45,900
And Robert Livingston Jefferson 
known for his eloquent pain, 

5914
05:07:45,900 --> 05:07:50,000
took the primary writing role 
yet, Franklins, edits shape the 

5915
05:07:50,000 --> 05:07:53,600
final text He proposed changes 
to some of Jefferson's more 

5916
05:07:53,600 --> 05:07:56,000
florid passages seeking crisp 
directness. 

5917
05:07:56,900 --> 05:08:00,200
When the Declaration was 
ratified on July 4th 1776 

5918
05:08:00,200 --> 05:08:04,400
Franklins signature joined 
others at the bottom marking him

5919
05:08:04,400 --> 05:08:07,300
as one of the founding signers 
equipped afterward. 

5920
05:08:07,300 --> 05:08:10,100
We must all hang together or 
most assuredly. 

5921
05:08:10,100 --> 05:08:13,300
We shall all hang separately. 
Capturing the precarious Unity 

5922
05:08:13,300 --> 05:08:15,800
of the moment. 
The next challenge was 

5923
05:08:15,800 --> 05:08:19,500
international support. 
Diplomatic ties, specially with 

5924
05:08:19,500 --> 05:08:23,800
France, were critical for the 
rebel cause having spent ample 

5925
05:08:23,800 --> 05:08:26,300
time in Europe and possessing a 
flair for interpersonal charm. 

5926
05:08:26,300 --> 05:08:31,000
Franklin was the natural Envoy 
in late. 1776, he crossed the 

5927
05:08:31,000 --> 05:08:33,500
Atlantic again. 
Braving winter Seas to reach 

5928
05:08:33,500 --> 05:08:35,700
Paris. 
There he took up residence in 

5929
05:08:35,700 --> 05:08:39,400
passing near the city's 
outskirts, clad in her cap. 

5930
05:08:39,400 --> 05:08:42,800
Instead of a wig Franklin 
arresting figure at French 

5931
05:08:42,800 --> 05:08:46,900
salons, Aristocrats found him 
both amusing and wise and thrall

5932
05:08:46,900 --> 05:08:49,700
by the notion of a, plain spoken
philosopher from the new world, 

5933
05:08:49,700 --> 05:08:53,600
Franklins Mission transcended, 
mere socializing, he needed 

5934
05:08:53,600 --> 05:08:57,200
French backing money arms, 
possibly direct military 

5935
05:08:57,200 --> 05:08:59,700
intervention. 
Yet the French Court while 

5936
05:08:59,700 --> 05:09:02,500
sympathetic to humiliating 
Britain moved cautiously 

5937
05:09:03,500 --> 05:09:05,500
Franklyn leveraged, his 
scientific renowned, 

5938
05:09:05,500 --> 05:09:08,000
intellectual banter, and a 
subtle sense of theater. 

5939
05:09:08,000 --> 05:09:11,200
You Regale guests with 
experiments on static 

5940
05:09:11,200 --> 05:09:15,400
electricity offered Whitty 
aphorisms and prized French art 

5941
05:09:15,400 --> 05:09:22,600
over dinners. 
He described the Quest for 

5942
05:09:22,600 --> 05:09:25,300
Liberty. 
Painting it as a, global 

5943
05:09:25,300 --> 05:09:27,700
struggle, pitting or talky 
against enlightenment. 

5944
05:09:29,100 --> 05:09:32,600
Over time Franklin became a 
sensation in prison circles. 

5945
05:09:33,300 --> 05:09:37,000
Political alliances blossomed 
behind the scenes culminating in

5946
05:09:37,000 --> 05:09:40,000
the 1778 franco-american Treaty 
of Alliance. 

5947
05:09:40,000 --> 05:09:43,700
This partnership significant, 
the Triumph for the nascent 

5948
05:09:43,700 --> 05:09:46,500
United States, fundamentally 
altered the course of events. 

5949
05:09:47,500 --> 05:09:49,800
French naval and Military 
Support hammered British 

5950
05:09:49,800 --> 05:09:53,500
positions, Franklin continued to
refine the arrangement pressing 

5951
05:09:53,500 --> 05:09:56,600
for loans and supplies letters 
from American generals. 

5952
05:09:56,600 --> 05:09:59,200
Describing dire needs arrived 
weekly. 

5953
05:10:00,000 --> 05:10:02,700
Franklyn juggled these pleased 
with the inch trekkies of French

5954
05:10:02,700 --> 05:10:05,600
Court politics, while some 
younger French officers, like 

5955
05:10:05,600 --> 05:10:08,800
Lafayette romanticized, the 
revolution, King, Louis, the 

5956
05:10:08,800 --> 05:10:11,000
16th weighed the risk of 
bankrupting his Treasury. 

5957
05:10:11,800 --> 05:10:15,000
Franklyn navigated these cross 
currents with a plum offering 

5958
05:10:15,000 --> 05:10:16,800
gracious. 
Thanks for every concession 

5959
05:10:16,800 --> 05:10:20,900
while quietly pressing for more.
Amid these negotiations, 

5960
05:10:20,900 --> 05:10:23,600
franklyn also displayed his 
renowned sense of humor. 

5961
05:10:24,300 --> 05:10:27,400
One anecdote recounted dinner at
which a French Noble expressed 

5962
05:10:27,400 --> 05:10:29,400
out that a new Republic could 
succeed. 

5963
05:10:30,300 --> 05:10:33,100
Franklyn allegedly responded 
with a Whimsical and analogy 

5964
05:10:33,100 --> 05:10:34,800
about a rising balloon that 
might wobble. 

5965
05:10:34,800 --> 05:10:38,600
But ultimately float leaving 
doubters behind, he understood 

5966
05:10:38,600 --> 05:10:41,200
that small symbolic gestures 
combined. 

5967
05:10:41,200 --> 05:10:44,500
With rational argument often 
wielded outside influence in 

5968
05:10:44,508 --> 05:10:48,400
diplomatic circles, the Synergy 
of warmth intelligence and 

5969
05:10:48,400 --> 05:10:52,500
subtle persuasion proved 
invaluable By 1781 the 

5970
05:10:52,500 --> 05:10:54,900
franco-american alliance had 
turned the wars. 

5971
05:10:54,900 --> 05:10:59,100
Momentum Victory at Yorktown. 
Aided by French forces ended 

5972
05:10:59,100 --> 05:11:02,300
major hostilities yet? 
Formal piece, took time, 

5973
05:11:02,300 --> 05:11:05,500
Franklin joined the American 
Peace Commission with John Adams

5974
05:11:05,500 --> 05:11:08,800
and John Jay forging, the 1783 
Treaty of Paris. 

5975
05:11:09,800 --> 05:11:12,900
The negotiations tested 
Franklin's patients as British 

5976
05:11:12,900 --> 05:11:16,700
officials jockeyed for favorable
terms, in the end, the treaty 

5977
05:11:16,700 --> 05:11:19,400
recognized us, independence, and
set boundaries, that shape. 

5978
05:11:19,400 --> 05:11:23,100
The young Nations prospects. 
Franklin found satisfaction in 

5979
05:11:23,100 --> 05:11:26,100
receiving British diplomats at 
the same city where the monarchy

5980
05:11:26,100 --> 05:11:28,900
at once scorned him. 
Yet, he did not gloat. 

5981
05:11:28,900 --> 05:11:31,300
The end of War. 
Demanded reconciliation. 

5982
05:11:32,100 --> 05:11:34,500
He believed that forging stable 
commerce between Britain and 

5983
05:11:34,500 --> 05:11:37,600
America would benefit both. 
Having secured Independence, 

5984
05:11:37,600 --> 05:11:41,200
franklyn lingard in France as an
unofficial cultural Ambassador 

5985
05:11:41,200 --> 05:11:43,700
relishing. 
The city's intellectual ferment.

5986
05:11:44,600 --> 05:11:46,900
To final years in Europe were 
busy with banquet's. 

5987
05:11:46,900 --> 05:11:50,900
Scientific forums and visits 
from luminaries yet Philadelphia

5988
05:11:50,900 --> 05:11:54,400
Beckham and He would soon return
home to a new set of challenges 

5989
05:11:54,400 --> 05:11:57,400
shaping, the Constitution and 
the future of a republic. 

5990
05:11:57,400 --> 05:12:02,400
He had helped birth In 1785, 
Franklin, last returned to the 

5991
05:12:02,400 --> 05:12:06,000
United States docking and 
Philadelphia to warm receptions,

5992
05:12:06,000 --> 05:12:09,700
local citizens, lionized him as 
the architect of a triumphant 

5993
05:12:09,700 --> 05:12:12,700
Alliance. 
The wise Elder Statesman, who 

5994
05:12:12,700 --> 05:12:14,500
Charmed Paris into aiding the 
revolution. 

5995
05:12:15,400 --> 05:12:19,000
Yet Franklin. 
Then in his late 70s, knew the 

5996
05:12:19,000 --> 05:12:22,100
war's end and settle how these 
United Colonies would operate as

5997
05:12:22,100 --> 05:12:25,400
a cohesive Nation. 
A shaky Confederation still 

5998
05:12:25,400 --> 05:12:28,700
governed lacking the power to 
regulate commerce or unify 

5999
05:12:28,700 --> 05:12:31,600
States. 
Disputes Royal over boundaries 

6000
05:12:31,600 --> 05:12:36,300
tariffs and War debts. 
Despite his age Franklin 

6001
05:12:36,300 --> 05:12:39,200
accepted election as president, 
governor of Pennsylvania. 

6002
05:12:40,200 --> 05:12:42,600
Stepping into a largely 
ceremonial, but symbolically 

6003
05:12:42,600 --> 05:12:45,500
important post. 
He wielded the role to Champion 

6004
05:12:45,500 --> 05:12:49,700
policies for civic Improvement, 
roads, firefighting expansions 

6005
05:12:49,700 --> 05:12:53,100
and education. 
However an even more pressing 

6006
05:12:53,100 --> 05:12:57,300
matter, loomed forging a 
stronger Federal framework in 

6007
05:12:57,300 --> 05:13:02,500
1785 1787 delegates convened in 
Philadelphia for what became the

6008
05:13:02,500 --> 05:13:06,500
Constitutional Convention. 
Franklin, physically, frail 

6009
05:13:06,500 --> 05:13:09,800
arrived each day in a sedan 
checked by prisoners from the 

6010
05:13:09,800 --> 05:13:12,100
local jail. 
They were assigned to him as a 

6011
05:13:12,108 --> 05:13:15,300
courtesy nevertheless his 
presence galvanized. 

6012
05:13:15,300 --> 05:13:18,400
Participants although James 
Madison and others led the 

6013
05:13:18,400 --> 05:13:22,300
drafting Franklin's influence 
often smoothed bitter disputes 

6014
05:13:22,300 --> 05:13:26,500
during the sweltering debates, 
tempers flared, small states. 

6015
05:13:26,500 --> 05:13:29,800
Feared dominance by large 
states, While others demanded 

6016
05:13:29,800 --> 05:13:33,300
checks on federal Authority, 
Franklin rarely took the floor 

6017
05:13:33,300 --> 05:13:35,800
for extended speeches. 
His hearing was poor and he 

6018
05:13:35,800 --> 05:13:39,700
tired easily, but when he did 
speak used Rye anecdotes to 

6019
05:13:39,700 --> 05:13:43,300
defuse tension. 
Urged compromise cautioning that

6020
05:13:43,300 --> 05:13:46,000
no perfect Constitution could be
formed by flawed. 

6021
05:13:46,000 --> 05:13:49,200
Humans won Fame. 
Instant saw him proposed daily 

6022
05:13:49,200 --> 05:13:53,000
prayers, not out of strict 
religiosity but to remind 

6023
05:13:53,000 --> 05:13:57,300
delegates of shared humility. 
His mediation plus behind the 

6024
05:13:57,300 --> 05:14:00,000
scenes, coaxing helped shape the
final product. 

6025
05:14:01,000 --> 05:14:03,800
A constitution granting enough 
central power, to unify the 

6026
05:14:03,800 --> 05:14:05,900
state's without trampling local 
progressives. 

6027
05:14:06,800 --> 05:14:09,100
The convention's close a bystand
asked. 

6028
05:14:09,100 --> 05:14:11,100
Franklyn what form of government
had emerged? 

6029
05:14:11,100 --> 05:14:15,400
He famously replied a republic. 
You can keep it. 

6030
05:14:16,600 --> 05:14:19,700
That quips, summarized his 
Outlook, the new structure, 

6031
05:14:19,700 --> 05:14:22,700
demanded vigilance moral 
leadership, and an informed 

6032
05:14:22,700 --> 05:14:25,400
citizenry. 
A lesser known note from that 

6033
05:14:25,400 --> 05:14:27,300
day. 
Is that Franklin also commented 

6034
05:14:27,300 --> 05:14:31,300
on an emblem, carved into George
Washington's chair, a son 

6035
05:14:31,300 --> 05:14:34,300
perched on the horizon. 
Franklin said, he had long 

6036
05:14:34,300 --> 05:14:36,600
wondered whether that sun was 
rising or setting. 

6037
05:14:36,600 --> 05:14:41,600
Now he can concluded, it was a 
Rising Sun, a symbol of renewed 

6038
05:14:41,600 --> 05:14:43,800
hope. 
Once the Constitution was 

6039
05:14:43,800 --> 05:14:46,700
ratified Franklin's Health. 
Deteriorated further. 

6040
05:14:46,700 --> 05:14:51,300
Gout plagued him confining him 
to bed for stretches yet. 

6041
05:14:51,300 --> 05:14:54,900
He remained cognitively sharp 
continuing to correspond with 

6042
05:14:54,900 --> 05:14:58,500
Scientists abroad. 
Exploring everything from ocean 

6043
05:14:58,500 --> 05:15:00,300
currents, to Refrigeration 
theories. 

6044
05:15:01,000 --> 05:15:05,000
He also engaged in philanthropic
efforts donating funds to local 

6045
05:15:05,000 --> 05:15:08,200
charities and urging the city to
create better public sanitation 

6046
05:15:08,200 --> 05:15:10,300
slavery, weighed on his 
conscience. 

6047
05:15:11,300 --> 05:15:13,700
Having once owned a couple of 
household slaves in early a 

6048
05:15:13,700 --> 05:15:16,100
decades, a practice. 
He eventually came to deploy 

6049
05:15:16,100 --> 05:15:19,300
franklyn in his final years 
served as president of the 

6050
05:15:19,300 --> 05:15:21,800
Pennsylvania Society for 
promoting the abolition of 

6051
05:15:21,800 --> 05:15:24,500
slavery. 
He petitioned the first Congress

6052
05:15:24,500 --> 05:15:28,100
under the Constitution to Halt. 
The trade a bold stance that 

6053
05:15:28,100 --> 05:15:32,000
provoked, Anger from Southern 
Representatives But frankly was 

6054
05:15:32,000 --> 05:15:35,200
Resolute believing that moral 
consistency, required. 

6055
05:15:35,200 --> 05:15:39,700
Confronting America's hypocrisy 
on Liberty, In 1789, the 

6056
05:15:39,700 --> 05:15:42,500
Constitution took effect. 
Franklin witnessed the 

6057
05:15:42,500 --> 05:15:44,500
inauguration of George 
Washington as the first 

6058
05:15:44,500 --> 05:15:45,800
president under the new 
government. 

6059
05:15:45,800 --> 05:15:49,600
Reaffirming that the experiment,
he helped launch would be led by

6060
05:15:49,600 --> 05:15:50,700
a figure. 
He respected. 

6061
05:15:51,600 --> 05:15:54,800
That same year, the elderly 
Statesman penned a famous letter

6062
05:15:54,800 --> 05:15:56,400
to a friend about life 
certainties. 

6063
05:15:57,400 --> 05:16:00,700
Concluding that in this world, 
nothing can be said to be 

6064
05:16:00,700 --> 05:16:06,400
certain except death and taxes. 
The phrase typically repeated in

6065
05:16:06,400 --> 05:16:11,600
Jets captured franklyn's blend 
of realism and wit. like April, 

6066
05:16:11,600 --> 05:16:16,200
1790 Franklins, Health had 
reached a terminal stage on his 

6067
05:16:16,200 --> 05:16:18,300
deathbed. 
He asked visitors about the new 

6068
05:16:18,300 --> 05:16:21,100
Congress, expressed hope that 
reason might eventually 

6069
05:16:21,100 --> 05:16:23,800
enslaver. 
And in a final flourish of 

6070
05:16:23,800 --> 05:16:27,100
humor, reportedly teased that 
living longer might upset 

6071
05:16:27,100 --> 05:16:32,300
immortalities ground plan, he 
died on April, 7th 1790 at age, 

6072
05:16:32,300 --> 05:16:36,900
84 mourners flocked his funeral 
filming Philadelphia streets. 

6073
05:16:36,900 --> 05:16:40,300
Eulogies came from Paris where 
he was still adored. 

6074
05:16:40,300 --> 05:16:43,600
And from London acknowledging, 
the loss of a man who though 

6075
05:16:43,600 --> 05:16:46,900
pivotal in severing British rule
at also sought Peaceable 

6076
05:16:46,900 --> 05:16:51,100
relations His will reflected a 
strategic mind, even in death 

6077
05:16:51,100 --> 05:16:55,100
besides bequests to family and 
Charities, Franklin left money, 

6078
05:16:55,100 --> 05:16:58,000
and Trust for Boston and 
Philadelphia to be invested over

6079
05:16:58,000 --> 05:17:00,000
centuries. 
Funds. 

6080
05:17:00,000 --> 05:17:02,900
Supported public works such as 
scholarships and building 

6081
05:17:02,900 --> 05:17:05,700
improvements. 
That final philanthropic. 

6082
05:17:05,700 --> 05:17:08,800
Gesture mirrored. 
His life's ethos sow seeds. 

6083
05:17:08,800 --> 05:17:10,400
That future Generations might 
Harvest. 

6084
05:17:10,400 --> 05:17:13,400
He left behind a blueprint for 
how curiosity practical 

6085
05:17:13,400 --> 05:17:15,700
invention. 
Civic collaboration and 

6086
05:17:15,700 --> 05:17:18,500
diplomacy confused into a single
expansive life. 

6087
05:17:19,200 --> 05:17:22,500
Benjamin Franklin's Legacy has 
often been condensed into tidy. 

6088
05:17:22,500 --> 05:17:25,900
Vignettes the perspective 
founder with a kite in a storm. 

6089
05:17:25,900 --> 05:17:30,100
The slide diplomatic Versailles.
The venerable signature of key 

6090
05:17:30,100 --> 05:17:32,900
documents. 
However, these brief betrayals 

6091
05:17:32,900 --> 05:17:36,200
run the risk of reducing the 
complexity of a man who embodied

6092
05:17:36,200 --> 05:17:38,600
contradiction and 
experimentation, in every aspect

6093
05:17:38,600 --> 05:17:41,100
of his life. 
In the centuries since his 

6094
05:17:41,100 --> 05:17:43,500
passing. 
Scholars and admirers of 

6095
05:17:43,500 --> 05:17:46,900
uncovered layers of nuance a 
contradictory figure balancing 

6096
05:17:46,900 --> 05:17:51,400
skepticism with moral ambition, 
vanity with genuine altruism and

6097
05:17:51,400 --> 05:17:53,200
personal failings with public 
Triumph. 

6098
05:17:54,000 --> 05:17:57,300
In some respects, franklyn was a
champion of the enlightenment's 

6099
05:17:57,300 --> 05:17:59,800
ideals. 
Believing that human progress. 

6100
05:17:59,800 --> 05:18:03,500
Hinged on reason science and 
ethical collaboration. 

6101
05:18:03,500 --> 05:18:07,200
The organized scientific 
societies, teased out, electric 

6102
05:18:07,200 --> 05:18:10,100
laws and improved everyday items
like stove's. 

6103
05:18:10,700 --> 05:18:12,500
He could also indulge in 
self-promotion. 

6104
05:18:13,300 --> 05:18:16,000
Spinning anecdotes to burnish 
his folksy persona. 

6105
05:18:16,600 --> 05:18:19,300
He was cunning in political 
maneuvering, employing 

6106
05:18:19,300 --> 05:18:21,200
pseudonyms to nudge public 
debates. 

6107
05:18:22,000 --> 05:18:24,900
Critics sometimes paint him as a
manipulator who rarely disclosed

6108
05:18:24,900 --> 05:18:28,100
raw emotions. 
Despite that Detachment, he 

6109
05:18:28,100 --> 05:18:31,400
rallied communities toward 
philanthropic causes Advanced 

6110
05:18:31,400 --> 05:18:34,400
Civic infrastructure and 
invented practical solutions 

6111
05:18:34,400 --> 05:18:38,600
that ease daily toil. 
The Synergy of personal drive, 

6112
05:18:38,600 --> 05:18:40,900
and social Vision remains a 
Hallmark of his story. 

6113
05:18:41,800 --> 05:18:44,900
Educational institutions across 
the United States and Beyond 

6114
05:18:44,900 --> 05:18:48,100
lionized franklyn as a 
Renaissance figure, an 

6115
05:18:48,100 --> 05:18:51,900
inspiration for self-starters, 
the Franklin myth, however, 

6116
05:18:51,900 --> 05:18:56,400
glosses over the hardships. 
He faced familial A stranger's, 

6117
05:18:56,400 --> 05:19:00,700
heartbreak at losing children, 
the compromise laiden reality of

6118
05:19:00,700 --> 05:19:04,100
forging alliances. 
He also wrestled with ethical 

6119
05:19:04,100 --> 05:19:08,000
dilemmas notably regarding 
slavery early in life. 

6120
05:19:08,000 --> 05:19:11,100
He accepts towns. 
Did it only in late Year's. 

6121
05:19:11,100 --> 05:19:12,800
Did he vocally oppose the 
institution? 

6122
05:19:13,700 --> 05:19:16,800
That Evolution typifies 
Franklin's Journey, he rarely 

6123
05:19:16,800 --> 05:19:19,800
arrived at moral stances 
instantly, but Advanced through 

6124
05:19:19,800 --> 05:19:22,700
observation dialogue and 
reflection. 

6125
05:19:24,200 --> 05:19:27,700
Moreover, Franklin's personal 
brand of diplomacy, a blend of 

6126
05:19:27,708 --> 05:19:31,600
charm, data-driven argument, and
comedic Flair laid down a 

6127
05:19:31,600 --> 05:19:34,600
blueprint for modern foreign 
relations in France. 

6128
05:19:34,600 --> 05:19:37,500
He recognized that wooing, 
allies transcended, formal 

6129
05:19:37,500 --> 05:19:41,400
treaties it, demanded cultural 
Rapport, he cultivated that 

6130
05:19:41,400 --> 05:19:44,500
Rapport through witty 
conversation, heartfelt flattery

6131
05:19:44,500 --> 05:19:46,800
and honest respect for French 
intellect. 

6132
05:19:47,600 --> 05:19:51,000
Diplomatic historians often cite
him as a Pioneer who recognized 

6133
05:19:51,000 --> 05:19:54,200
that forging friendships and 
salons could be as potent as 

6134
05:19:54,200 --> 05:19:56,100
drafting paragraphs in official 
documents. 

6135
05:19:56,100 --> 05:20:00,200
The result was a transformative 
Alliance, the arguably secured 

6136
05:20:00,200 --> 05:20:04,100
American independence. 
Another rarely highlighted facet

6137
05:20:04,100 --> 05:20:06,600
is Franklin's continuing 
influence on philanthropic 

6138
05:20:06,600 --> 05:20:10,600
models, his approach forming 
subscription library's Volunteer

6139
05:20:10,600 --> 05:20:14,300
Fire brigades and Improvement 
societies, prefigured modern on 

6140
05:20:14,300 --> 05:20:17,700
profits, by tapping small. 
Regular contributions. 

6141
05:20:17,700 --> 05:20:21,400
From many participants Franklin 
mobilized resources, far beyond 

6142
05:20:21,400 --> 05:20:22,900
what a loan benefactor could 
Supply. 

6143
05:20:23,900 --> 05:20:27,500
He wrote extensively on how Club
structures could unify 

6144
05:20:27,500 --> 05:20:30,900
communities around shared needs.
These principles echo in 

6145
05:20:30,908 --> 05:20:32,500
contemporary crowdfunding and 
Civic. 

6146
05:20:32,500 --> 05:20:36,700
Volunteer programs in science, 
Franklins, practice of thorough 

6147
05:20:36,700 --> 05:20:39,400
note taking Pierre 
correspondence and willingness 

6148
05:20:39,400 --> 05:20:42,400
to correct earlier assumptions, 
exemplify the iterative nature 

6149
05:20:42,400 --> 05:20:45,400
of research. 
Championed open sharing of 

6150
05:20:45,400 --> 05:20:48,100
findings rather than hoarding 
them for profit. 

6151
05:20:48,100 --> 05:20:51,500
His letters, bristle with calls 
for transatlantic knowledge, 

6152
05:20:51,500 --> 05:20:55,200
exchange indeed his postmaster 
appointment Advanced, the speed 

6153
05:20:55,200 --> 05:20:58,500
of male facilitating. 
Scientific networks, in that 

6154
05:20:58,500 --> 05:21:01,800
sense, Franklin's acted as a 
conduit for bridging old world 

6155
05:21:01,800 --> 05:21:05,100
academies, a new world 
experimenters, accelerating the 

6156
05:21:05,100 --> 05:21:09,000
enlightenment's global momentum.
Today's visitors to Philadelphia

6157
05:21:09,000 --> 05:21:12,300
can trace Franklin's Footprints 
sites like independent hall. 

6158
05:21:12,300 --> 05:21:16,000
The Franklin Court Museum. 
Well, the Christ Church, burial 

6159
05:21:16,000 --> 05:21:20,400
ground They might see intangible
marks to the ethos of Civic 

6160
05:21:20,400 --> 05:21:23,200
collaboration and 
entrepreneurial Zeal remains 

6161
05:21:23,200 --> 05:21:26,400
strong in the city's culture. 
Historians debate where the 

6162
05:21:26,408 --> 05:21:30,000
Franklin's Legacy looms, too 
large overshadowing lesson known

6163
05:21:30,000 --> 05:21:32,800
but equally vital contributors 
to early American Life. 

6164
05:21:33,700 --> 05:21:36,900
Yet few deny that his capacity 
pivot from printing to invention

6165
05:21:36,900 --> 05:21:40,400
from local activism to Grand. 
Diplomacy stands as an 

6166
05:21:40,400 --> 05:21:43,000
extraordinary demonstration of 
adaptive genius. 

6167
05:21:43,800 --> 05:21:46,200
Franklin's example, resonates 
with the possibility of 

6168
05:21:46,200 --> 05:21:50,300
reinvention at any stage, he 
pivoted, careers Champions 

6169
05:21:50,300 --> 05:21:53,500
social improvements and tackled 
New Frontiers of science. 

6170
05:21:53,500 --> 05:21:57,500
Well, into his senior years, his
failures like the Fiasco at the 

6171
05:21:57,508 --> 05:22:00,100
British privy Council or 
personal regrets about absent, 

6172
05:22:00,100 --> 05:22:01,800
fatherhood did not halt his 
momentum. 

6173
05:22:02,600 --> 05:22:06,000
Instead they spurred reflection 
and course correction that 

6174
05:22:06,000 --> 05:22:08,300
Dynamic interplay of aspiration 
and humility. 

6175
05:22:08,300 --> 05:22:11,600
Undergirds is adult life, 
providing a refreshing contrast 

6176
05:22:11,600 --> 05:22:15,400
of Jude or dogmatic leadership 
styles in summary. 

6177
05:22:15,400 --> 05:22:19,000
It is difficult to neatly 
categorize Benjamin Franklin's 

6178
05:22:19,000 --> 05:22:21,000
story. 
He was a printer who saw words 

6179
05:22:21,000 --> 05:22:24,500
as the foundation of public 
life, a scientist who harnessed 

6180
05:22:24,500 --> 05:22:28,100
the power of lightning a 
Statesman whose wit won the 

6181
05:22:28,100 --> 05:22:31,500
favor of a monarchy and a moral 
innovator, who in his later 

6182
05:22:31,500 --> 05:22:34,600
years, struggled to balance the 
ideals of the new Republic with 

6183
05:22:34,600 --> 05:22:39,500
its realities. his life in his 
encourages us to keep exploring 

6184
05:22:39,500 --> 05:22:43,400
keep experimenting and keep 
forging a lion says, by 

6185
05:22:43,400 --> 05:22:46,600
harnessing curiosity and 
civic-mindedness franklyn 

6186
05:22:46,600 --> 05:22:50,000
believed Society could inch 
closer to Enlightenment that 

6187
05:22:50,000 --> 05:22:53,200
belief still pulses in the tail 
of a pragmatic dreamer, whose 

6188
05:22:53,200 --> 05:22:56,800
Footprints crossed Ocean's 
Courtyards, the imagination of 

6189
05:22:56,800 --> 05:23:04,900
generations to come long before 
Emperors wore purple or Legions 

6190
05:23:04,900 --> 05:23:08,400
marched in formation. 
The land that would become Rome 

6191
05:23:08,400 --> 05:23:11,300
was a collection of mosquito 
infested, marshes and Limestone 

6192
05:23:11,300 --> 05:23:14,700
Hills, where Farmers argued over
water rights and cattle, thieves

6193
05:23:14,700 --> 05:23:18,100
operated with impunity. 
The year was approximately 800 

6194
05:23:18,100 --> 05:23:21,900
BC and the Italian Peninsula was
a patchwork of tribes who shared

6195
05:23:21,900 --> 05:23:24,200
little beyond their Mutual 
suspicion of strangers. 

6196
05:23:24,200 --> 05:23:27,500
The Tiber River carved, its lazy
path through Central. 

6197
05:23:27,500 --> 05:23:30,700
Italy, creating natural Ford 
points that became magnets for 

6198
05:23:30,700 --> 05:23:34,600
travelers, Traders and trouble. 
One particular Crossing roughly 

6199
05:23:34,600 --> 05:23:37,500
15 miles Inland, from the 
Mediterranean offered something 

6200
05:23:37,500 --> 05:23:41,300
rare, reliable passage even 
during the Spring floods, but 

6201
05:23:41,300 --> 05:23:43,400
what made this location 
extraordinary wasn't just 

6202
05:23:43,400 --> 05:23:45,100
geography. 
It was salt. 

6203
05:23:46,000 --> 05:23:48,800
In the Ancient World Salt held a
significant value in monetary 

6204
05:23:48,800 --> 05:23:52,200
terms, the vslr area. 
The salt Road would later become

6205
05:23:52,200 --> 05:23:54,000
one of Rome's most crucial 
arteries. 

6206
05:23:54,000 --> 05:23:57,100
But in these early days, it was 
simply A Worn Path that 

6207
05:23:57,100 --> 05:23:59,500
connected, the salt pans near 
the river's mouth to the 

6208
05:23:59,500 --> 05:24:03,000
mounting Community inland 
control of this route meant 

6209
05:24:03,000 --> 05:24:06,000
control of wealth and the 
various Hill tribes understood 

6210
05:24:06,000 --> 05:24:11,000
this fundamental truth. 
The Palatine Hill Rose about 150

6211
05:24:11,000 --> 05:24:14,200
feet of the marshy River Valley 
offering commanding views of the

6212
05:24:14,200 --> 05:24:17,700
surrounding Countryside. 
Archaeological evidence suggests

6213
05:24:17,700 --> 05:24:21,200
continuous habitation here. 
From at least the 9th century BC

6214
05:24:21,200 --> 05:24:24,900
with post holes and pottery 
fragments telling the story of a

6215
05:24:24,908 --> 05:24:27,200
community that valued both 
security and commerce. 

6216
05:24:28,300 --> 05:24:30,500
These weren't primitive cave 
dwellers, they were 

6217
05:24:30,500 --> 05:24:32,900
sophisticated farmers and 
herders who understood 

6218
05:24:32,900 --> 05:24:36,800
Metallurgy pottery and the 
intricate politics of trade 

6219
05:24:36,800 --> 05:24:39,400
relationships but the Palatine 
wasn't alone. 

6220
05:24:39,400 --> 05:24:42,700
Six other Hills dotted the 
landscape, the Aventine 

6221
05:24:42,700 --> 05:24:47,300
capitoline Kalyan, esquiline 
Quinnell, and vimmy shell. 

6222
05:24:47,300 --> 05:24:50,500
Each supported its Community, 
its customs and its 

6223
05:24:50,500 --> 05:24:52,400
interpretation of the Divine 
will. 

6224
05:24:53,300 --> 05:24:55,400
The residents of these 
settlements, spoke various 

6225
05:24:55,400 --> 05:24:57,200
dialects of what we now. 
Call Latin. 

6226
05:24:57,200 --> 05:24:59,700
But they're differences were 
more profound than language. 

6227
05:25:00,700 --> 05:25:03,700
They worshiped different gods, 
followed different leaders and 

6228
05:25:03,700 --> 05:25:05,400
maintained different 
relationships with their 

6229
05:25:05,400 --> 05:25:08,000
neighbors. 
The capital line Hills smaller 

6230
05:25:08,000 --> 05:25:11,100
but strategically positioned as 
an actual Citadel. 

6231
05:25:11,800 --> 05:25:14,500
Here Springs of fresh water 
bubbled up from underground 

6232
05:25:14,500 --> 05:25:18,100
sauces, creating an oasis, the 
attracted, not just humans, but 

6233
05:25:18,100 --> 05:25:22,000
the wildlife they hunted while 
bored deer and various birds 

6234
05:25:22,000 --> 05:25:23,400
made the wooded slopes their 
home. 

6235
05:25:23,400 --> 05:25:26,300
While the wetlands below teamed 
with fish and waterfowl. 

6236
05:25:26,300 --> 05:25:28,900
This abundant did not occur by 
chance. 

6237
05:25:28,900 --> 05:25:32,000
It resulted from the careful 
stewardship of the individuals 

6238
05:25:32,000 --> 05:25:33,700
who had an intimate 
understanding of their 

6239
05:25:33,700 --> 05:25:36,600
environment. 
Trade relationships, extended 

6240
05:25:36,600 --> 05:25:40,100
far beyond the immediate region 
Amber from the Baltic Copper 

6241
05:25:40,100 --> 05:25:42,600
from Cyprus and exotic. 
Pottery from Greek colonies. 

6242
05:25:42,600 --> 05:25:44,800
All found their way to these 
Hilltop communities. 

6243
05:25:45,600 --> 05:25:48,200
In return the inhabitants 
offered agricultural products 

6244
05:25:48,200 --> 05:25:52,200
livestock and their services as 
middlemen in the complex web of 

6245
05:25:52,200 --> 05:25:54,900
Mediterranean Commerce. 
They weren't isolated 

6246
05:25:54,900 --> 05:25:57,500
barbarians. 
They were active participants in

6247
05:25:57,500 --> 05:26:01,100
an international economy. 
The social structure of these 

6248
05:26:01,100 --> 05:26:03,400
early communities, was more 
complex than traditional 

6249
05:26:03,400 --> 05:26:07,200
narrative suggests. 
Women held significant property 

6250
05:26:07,200 --> 05:26:10,800
rights and religious Authority 
as evidence by elaborate burial 

6251
05:26:10,800 --> 05:26:14,500
goods and votive offerings. 
Children were valued members of 

6252
05:26:14,500 --> 05:26:18,500
society, not merely economic 
assets and elderly, individuals 

6253
05:26:18,500 --> 05:26:20,700
were respected for their 
knowledge and experience. 

6254
05:26:21,500 --> 05:26:24,900
This wasn't a society built on 
military conquest, who was on 

6255
05:26:24,900 --> 05:26:28,500
consensus negotiation and mutual
benefit. 

6256
05:26:29,700 --> 05:26:32,600
Religious practices centers 
around natural, phenomena and 

6257
05:26:32,600 --> 05:26:36,700
ancestral Spirits, sacred Groves
dotted, the hillsides, where 

6258
05:26:36,700 --> 05:26:39,800
community members made offering 
to ensure prosperous harvests 

6259
05:26:39,800 --> 05:26:42,800
successful hunts and protection 
from disease. 

6260
05:26:43,700 --> 05:26:46,000
These were not primitive 
superstitions, they were 

6261
05:26:46,000 --> 05:26:49,100
sophisticated theological 
systems that provided meaning 

6262
05:26:49,100 --> 05:26:53,000
structure and social cohesion. 
The concept of divine favor 

6263
05:26:53,000 --> 05:26:55,700
earned through proper behavior 
would later become Central to 

6264
05:26:55,700 --> 05:26:58,400
Roman identity. 
The climate was slightly 

6265
05:26:58,400 --> 05:27:00,800
different, then with more 
rainfall and denser forests. 

6266
05:27:00,800 --> 05:27:04,600
The Tiber ran cleaner and deeper
supporting a thriving, ecosystem

6267
05:27:04,600 --> 05:27:06,900
that provided both sustenance 
and transportation. 

6268
05:27:07,800 --> 05:27:09,800
Seasonal flooding was 
predictable and manageable 

6269
05:27:09,800 --> 05:27:12,900
creating fertile, soil, for 
agriculture, while also serving 

6270
05:27:12,900 --> 05:27:14,700
as a natural defense against 
potential Invaders. 

6271
05:27:16,200 --> 05:27:19,800
By 750 BC, these Seven Hills 
supported a combined population 

6272
05:27:19,800 --> 05:27:23,500
of perhaps 3000 people enough to
create a Vibrant Community, but 

6273
05:27:23,500 --> 05:27:26,600
small enough that most residents
knew each other by name and 

6274
05:27:26,600 --> 05:27:30,100
reputation leadership was fluid 
by an achievement wisdom and the

6275
05:27:30,100 --> 05:27:33,100
ability to build consensus 
rather than hereditary privilege

6276
05:27:33,100 --> 05:27:36,000
or military prowess. 
While popular imagination, 

6277
05:27:36,000 --> 05:27:39,100
focuses on the Romans 
themselves, the true architects 

6278
05:27:39,100 --> 05:27:41,200
of early. 
Roman civilization may have been

6279
05:27:41,200 --> 05:27:44,400
their enigmatic neighbor's to 
the north the Etruscans. 

6280
05:27:45,300 --> 05:27:48,100
These sophisticated people whose
language remains partially 

6281
05:27:48,100 --> 05:27:52,000
undeciphered, despite centuries 
of scholarly effort, controlled 

6282
05:27:52,000 --> 05:27:54,700
much of central, Italy, and 
possessed, technological, and 

6283
05:27:54,700 --> 05:27:58,200
cultural advantages that would 
profoundly shape the emerging 

6284
05:27:58,200 --> 05:28:01,200
Roman identity. 
The Etruscans weren't simply 

6285
05:28:01,200 --> 05:28:04,000
another Italian tribe. 
They were urban planners 

6286
05:28:04,000 --> 05:28:07,600
engineers and artists whose 
influence extended across the 

6287
05:28:07,600 --> 05:28:09,900
Mediterranean. 
The cities featured 

6288
05:28:09,900 --> 05:28:13,700
sophisticated Drainage Systems, 
multi-story, buildings and 

6289
05:28:13,700 --> 05:28:16,800
public spaces, that demonstrated
in thus an advanced 

6290
05:28:16,800 --> 05:28:19,100
understanding of civil 
organization. 

6291
05:28:20,200 --> 05:28:23,000
Most importantly, for the Roman 
stray, the Etruscans understood 

6292
05:28:23,000 --> 05:28:25,100
that the concept of 
Confederation refers to 

6293
05:28:25,100 --> 05:28:28,500
Independent city-states United 
by common interests while still 

6294
05:28:28,500 --> 05:28:30,000
maintaining their local 
autonomy. 

6295
05:28:31,100 --> 05:28:34,000
Truskin Merchants regularly. 
Traveled the salt roads bringing

6296
05:28:34,000 --> 05:28:37,500
with them, not just Goods, but 
ideas, they introduced improved 

6297
05:28:37,500 --> 05:28:40,900
Metallurgy, technique Advanced 
Pottery, methods and 

6298
05:28:40,900 --> 05:28:43,700
Architectural innovations that 
transformed, the Primitive Hill 

6299
05:28:43,700 --> 05:28:46,700
settlements into something 
approaching true towns. 

6300
05:28:47,500 --> 05:28:50,000
The distinctive red tile, roofs,
that would become synonymous 

6301
05:28:50,000 --> 05:28:53,000
with Roman architecture were 
actually a trust in Innovations.

6302
05:28:53,000 --> 05:28:55,700
As with the sewage systems that 
made dense, Urban living 

6303
05:28:55,700 --> 05:28:58,200
possible. 
But the Etruscan influence went 

6304
05:28:58,200 --> 05:29:01,600
deeper than technology, their 
religious practices based on 

6305
05:29:01,608 --> 05:29:04,400
inputting Divine, will through 
natural Omens and ritual. 

6306
05:29:04,400 --> 05:29:07,800
Sacrifice provided a framework 
that the Romans would adapt and 

6307
05:29:07,800 --> 05:29:11,100
expand. 
The concept of the premiere, the

6308
05:29:11,100 --> 05:29:15,100
sacred boundary of a city came 
from a truscan tradition as did 

6309
05:29:15,100 --> 05:29:17,500
the practice of Consulting 
August before making important 

6310
05:29:17,500 --> 05:29:19,800
decisions. 
These were primitive 

6311
05:29:19,800 --> 05:29:22,100
superstitions. 
But sophisticated systems for 

6312
05:29:22,100 --> 05:29:25,800
building social consensus and 
legitimizing political 

6313
05:29:25,800 --> 05:29:29,300
Authority. 
The Etruscans also understood 

6314
05:29:29,300 --> 05:29:32,500
something that would become 
Central to Roman success, the 

6315
05:29:32,500 --> 05:29:35,000
integration of conquered 
peoples, rather than their 

6316
05:29:35,000 --> 05:29:38,100
simple subjugation. 
Etruscan cities, welcome 

6317
05:29:38,100 --> 05:29:41,600
talented foreigners into married
with neighboring, tribes and 

6318
05:29:41,600 --> 05:29:44,000
adopted useful Customs from 
their trading partners. 

6319
05:29:45,000 --> 05:29:47,500
This flexible approach to 
Identity, and citizenship would 

6320
05:29:47,500 --> 05:29:49,400
later become Rome's greatest 
strength. 

6321
05:29:50,000 --> 05:29:53,700
Archaeological evidence from the
8th Century BC shows, increased 

6322
05:29:53,700 --> 05:29:55,500
at truskin influence on the 
Seven Hills. 

6323
05:29:56,400 --> 05:29:59,600
Pottery Style's, change burial, 
practices evolved and 

6324
05:29:59,608 --> 05:30:02,800
Architectural technique, become 
more sophisticated but the 

6325
05:30:02,800 --> 05:30:06,300
result was not simple cultural 
colonization that was selective.

6326
05:30:06,300 --> 05:30:10,000
Adoption of useful Innovation by
communities that maintain their 

6327
05:30:10,000 --> 05:30:13,400
essential character and 
independents the political 

6328
05:30:13,400 --> 05:30:16,200
structure of a truscan cities 
provided, a model for Roman 

6329
05:30:16,200 --> 05:30:19,200
development, rather than 
autocratic King ship, the 

6330
05:30:19,200 --> 05:30:22,500
Etruscans practiced, a form of 
limited monarchy where rulers 

6331
05:30:22,500 --> 05:30:25,400
were chosen by counts of Elders 
and held accountable for their 

6332
05:30:25,400 --> 05:30:27,600
decisions. 
King's were expected to 

6333
05:30:27,600 --> 05:30:30,900
consulted visors, respect 
traditional customs and justify 

6334
05:30:30,900 --> 05:30:32,600
their actions through religious 
ritual. 

6335
05:30:33,300 --> 05:30:36,000
This balance between Authority 
and accountability would become 

6336
05:30:36,000 --> 05:30:37,800
fundamental to Roman political 
Theory. 

6337
05:30:38,600 --> 05:30:41,100
The truskin, women enjoyed 
remarkable, freedom and 

6338
05:30:41,100 --> 05:30:43,300
influence participating in 
public. 

6339
05:30:43,300 --> 05:30:46,300
Banquets attending religious 
ceremonies and maintaining their

6340
05:30:46,300 --> 05:30:47,900
names and property after 
marriage. 

6341
05:30:48,600 --> 05:30:52,000
These behaviors can trusted 
sharply with Greek practices and

6342
05:30:52,000 --> 05:30:55,100
may explain why Roman women 
despite later restrictions 

6343
05:30:55,100 --> 05:30:58,400
retained more legal rights and 
social influence than their 

6344
05:30:58,400 --> 05:31:00,200
counterparts in other ancient 
civilizations? 

6345
05:31:01,600 --> 05:31:04,500
The Etruscan economy was 
sophisticated and diversified, 

6346
05:31:04,500 --> 05:31:08,100
they controlled iron mines 
operated international trading 

6347
05:31:08,100 --> 05:31:11,400
networks and developed Advanced 
agricultural techniques that 

6348
05:31:11,400 --> 05:31:13,400
increased both productivity and 
sustainability. 

6349
05:31:14,700 --> 05:31:16,100
Their influence on Roman 
farming. 

6350
05:31:16,100 --> 05:31:19,700
Methods was profound. 
It introduced crop rotation 

6351
05:31:19,700 --> 05:31:23,000
improved plowing techniques and 
the systematic use of 

6352
05:31:23,008 --> 05:31:26,400
fertilizers the Roman villa 
system, which would later 

6353
05:31:26,400 --> 05:31:28,600
dominated. 
Italian, agriculture had its 

6354
05:31:28,600 --> 05:31:31,900
roots in a truscan Estate 
Management, military technology 

6355
05:31:31,900 --> 05:31:33,800
and tactics. 
Also flowed Southward from 

6356
05:31:33,800 --> 05:31:37,300
Atria, the Etruscans had 
adapted, Greek hoplite Warfare 

6357
05:31:37,300 --> 05:31:40,900
to Italian conditions, creating 
flexible formation that could 

6358
05:31:40,900 --> 05:31:43,100
operate effectively in the 
peninsula's varied Terrain. 

6359
05:31:44,200 --> 05:31:46,100
They understood the importance 
of Engineering. 

6360
05:31:46,100 --> 05:31:49,800
In Warfare building roads that 
facilitated troop movement and 

6361
05:31:49,800 --> 05:31:52,400
developing Siege techniques that
made fortified positions 

6362
05:31:52,400 --> 05:31:54,700
vulnerable. 
These Innovations would later 

6363
05:31:54,700 --> 05:31:57,300
become Hallmarks of Roman 
military superiority. 

6364
05:31:58,100 --> 05:32:00,700
By 700 BC. 
The Seven Hills had become a 

6365
05:32:00,708 --> 05:32:04,200
regional center that attracted 
attention from Etruscan 

6366
05:32:04,200 --> 05:32:06,200
city-states looking to expand 
their influence. 

6367
05:32:07,000 --> 05:32:10,700
Rather than direct Conquest. 
However, the Etruscans seem to 

6368
05:32:10,700 --> 05:32:14,200
prefer more subtle approach into
marriage with local Elite 

6369
05:32:14,200 --> 05:32:16,100
families. 
The establishment of trading 

6370
05:32:16,100 --> 05:32:19,600
Partnerships, the gradual 
introduction of Etruscan customs

6371
05:32:19,600 --> 05:32:22,700
and Technologies. 
This process created a unique 

6372
05:32:22,700 --> 05:32:26,500
hybrid culture that was neither 
purely Latin nor solely a 

6373
05:32:26,500 --> 05:32:28,400
truscan but something entirely 
new. 

6374
05:32:28,400 --> 05:32:31,700
The inhabitants of the Seven 
Hills began to see themselves as

6375
05:32:31,700 --> 05:32:34,400
distinct from their neighbors. 
Not because of their different 

6376
05:32:34,400 --> 05:32:37,100
cities but because of their 
abilities are successfully 

6377
05:32:37,100 --> 05:32:39,000
integrate. 
The best elements from multiple 

6378
05:32:39,000 --> 05:32:42,500
sources, this adaptability would
become Rome's, defining 

6379
05:32:42,500 --> 05:32:46,000
characteristic, The religious 
implications of this cultural 

6380
05:32:46,000 --> 05:32:49,400
mixing were profound. 
The truskin Divination practices

6381
05:32:49,400 --> 05:32:52,300
merged with local Traditions to 
create new forms of religious 

6382
05:32:52,300 --> 05:32:55,700
expression and the emphasized, 
both personal piety, and public 

6383
05:32:55,700 --> 05:32:58,300
responsibility. 
The concept that the gods 

6384
05:32:58,300 --> 05:33:00,200
demanded. 
Not just worship at ethical 

6385
05:33:00,200 --> 05:33:02,700
Behavior, became some neutral to
Roman religious thought 

6386
05:33:02,700 --> 05:33:05,600
distinguishing it from the more 
transactional, religious 

6387
05:33:05,600 --> 05:33:08,400
practices, common elsewhere in 
the ancient world. 

6388
05:33:08,400 --> 05:33:11,700
The conventional story of the 
Sabine women's abduction makes 

6389
05:33:11,700 --> 05:33:15,600
for dramatic storytelling, But 
archaeological evidence suggests

6390
05:33:15,600 --> 05:33:17,900
a far more complex and 
intriguing reality. 

6391
05:33:17,900 --> 05:33:21,000
This sabines, a hill people who 
controlled much of the 

6392
05:33:21,000 --> 05:33:22,800
mountainous region. 
Northeast of the Seven Hills 

6393
05:33:22,800 --> 05:33:25,400
weren't victims of Roman 
aggression. 

6394
05:33:25,400 --> 05:33:28,400
They were Partners in a 
remarkable experiment and 

6395
05:33:28,400 --> 05:33:29,600
political, and social 
integration. 

6396
05:33:30,500 --> 05:33:33,200
The sabine's possessed something
the emerging, Roman Community 

6397
05:33:33,200 --> 05:33:36,700
desperately needed, agricultural
expertise, and population. 

6398
05:33:37,500 --> 05:33:40,000
The Limestone hills around Rome 
were challenging to farm 

6399
05:33:40,000 --> 05:33:42,600
effectively. 
But the sabines had developed 

6400
05:33:42,600 --> 05:33:46,200
techniques for terracing, 
irrigation and soil management 

6401
05:33:46,200 --> 05:33:49,200
that could transform marginal 
land into productive fields. 

6402
05:33:50,000 --> 05:33:52,700
More importantly, they had a 
social system that complemented 

6403
05:33:52,700 --> 05:33:56,500
rather than competed with Roman 
Customs, extended, family 

6404
05:33:56,500 --> 05:33:58,700
groups, which controlled 
specific territories and 

6405
05:33:58,700 --> 05:34:01,100
resources organized Sabine 
Society. 

6406
05:34:01,900 --> 05:34:05,000
Leadership was Jerome to cratic 
with decisions made by councils 

6407
05:34:05,000 --> 05:34:07,400
of elderly, males, who had 
proven their wisdom through 

6408
05:34:07,400 --> 05:34:09,500
successful management of family 
fortunes. 

6409
05:34:10,200 --> 05:34:13,800
This system, provided stability 
and continuity that sometimes 

6410
05:34:13,800 --> 05:34:16,300
lack the flexibility needed to 
respond to changing 

6411
05:34:16,300 --> 05:34:19,900
circumstances. the Romans with 
their more merit-based 

6412
05:34:19,900 --> 05:34:22,200
leadership, selection and 
willingness to experiment with 

6413
05:34:22,200 --> 05:34:26,200
new approaches offered something
the Suburbans value, innovation 

6414
05:34:26,200 --> 05:34:29,400
balance, by respect for 
traditional, The integration 

6415
05:34:29,400 --> 05:34:32,500
process wasn't sudden or 
violent, but gradual and 

6416
05:34:32,500 --> 05:34:35,100
voluntary. 
Intermarriage between Roman and 

6417
05:34:35,100 --> 05:34:38,200
Sabine families, created kinship
networks, that crossed ethnic 

6418
05:34:38,200 --> 05:34:40,300
boundaries. 
Whilst shared religious 

6419
05:34:40,300 --> 05:34:43,100
observances and Joint trading 
Ventures built economic 

6420
05:34:43,100 --> 05:34:45,900
interdependence. 
The famous assault of the 

6421
05:34:45,900 --> 05:34:47,700
Sabine. 
Women may have been a ritualized

6422
05:34:47,700 --> 05:34:50,300
ceremony that formalized 
pre-existing marriage agreements

6423
05:34:50,300 --> 05:34:52,100
rather than an act of violent 
kidnapping. 

6424
05:34:53,000 --> 05:34:57,000
Archaeological evidence supports
this interpretation Pottery 

6425
05:34:57,000 --> 05:35:00,000
Styles, burial practices and 
Architectural techniques, showed

6426
05:35:00,000 --> 05:35:02,600
up gradual blending, rather than
sudden replacement. 

6427
05:35:03,500 --> 05:35:06,600
Sabine religious practices were 
incorporated into Roman ritual, 

6428
05:35:06,600 --> 05:35:09,300
while Roman political 
Innovations were adapted to 

6429
05:35:09,300 --> 05:35:13,000
Sabine social structures. 
The result was a hybrid culture 

6430
05:35:13,000 --> 05:35:15,500
that was stronger and more 
sophisticated than either parent

6431
05:35:15,500 --> 05:35:18,100
tradition. 
The sabines brought with the 

6432
05:35:18,100 --> 05:35:21,000
knowledge of animal husbandry 
that transformed Roman 

6433
05:35:21,000 --> 05:35:24,500
agriculture, they understood 
selective breeding pasture 

6434
05:35:24,500 --> 05:35:27,200
Management in the integrated 
farming techniques that made 

6435
05:35:27,200 --> 05:35:29,400
Mediterranean agriculture 
sustainable. 

6436
05:35:30,200 --> 05:35:33,000
The Roman emphasis on cattle as 
a measure of wealth preserved in

6437
05:35:33,000 --> 05:35:37,600
words like pecuniary wall. 
From pikas, meaning cattle, 

6438
05:35:37,600 --> 05:35:41,700
reflects Sabine influence, on 
Roman economic thinking, perhaps

6439
05:35:41,700 --> 05:35:44,800
most importantly, the sabines 
introduced, the concept of 

6440
05:35:44,800 --> 05:35:47,400
tribal organization that would 
become Central to Roman 

6441
05:35:47,400 --> 05:35:50,600
political structure. 
So being Society was organized 

6442
05:35:50,600 --> 05:35:54,100
into the tribes based on kinship
and territory with each tribe 

6443
05:35:54,100 --> 05:35:56,300
responsible for specific duties 
and privileges. 

6444
05:35:57,300 --> 05:35:59,900
This system provided a framework
for incorporating new 

6445
05:35:59,900 --> 05:36:01,700
populations. 
While maintaining social 

6446
05:36:01,700 --> 05:36:05,100
cohesion and political 
stability, the fusion of Roman 

6447
05:36:05,100 --> 05:36:08,400
and Sabine cultures created, new
forms of religious expression 

6448
05:36:08,400 --> 05:36:11,400
that emphasize Community 
responsibility and mutual 

6449
05:36:11,400 --> 05:36:15,300
obligation Sabine, agricultural 
festivals merged with Roman 

6450
05:36:15,300 --> 05:36:17,900
trade celebrations, to create 
seasonal observances that 

6451
05:36:17,900 --> 05:36:21,100
reinforced social bonds, while 
ensuring economic cooperation, 

6452
05:36:22,000 --> 05:36:25,100
The Roman Calendar with its 
emphasis on agricultural cycles 

6453
05:36:25,100 --> 05:36:28,600
and Community celebrations, 
reflect this synthesis of urban 

6454
05:36:28,600 --> 05:36:31,700
and rural values. 
Military organizational 

6455
05:36:31,700 --> 05:36:34,000
benefited from Sage, Sabine 
integration. 

6456
05:36:34,900 --> 05:36:37,500
While the Romans understood the 
importance of discipline and 

6457
05:36:37,500 --> 05:36:40,000
training, the sabines, 
contributed knowledge of 

6458
05:36:40,008 --> 05:36:42,400
mountain Warfare and defensive 
strategies that proved 

6459
05:36:42,400 --> 05:36:44,800
invaluable in the difficult, 
terrain of central, Italy. 

6460
05:36:45,800 --> 05:36:49,000
The Roman Legions flexibility 
and adaptability owed much to 

6461
05:36:49,000 --> 05:36:52,600
Sabine tactical Innovation, the 
political implications of this 

6462
05:36:52,600 --> 05:36:56,300
cultural merger were profound. 
The Sabine emphasis on consensus

6463
05:36:56,300 --> 05:36:59,400
building and respect for age 
balanced Roman Tendencies toward

6464
05:36:59,400 --> 05:37:02,900
competition and innovation The 
result was a political system 

6465
05:37:02,900 --> 05:37:07,100
that could make decisive choices
when necessary while maintaining

6466
05:37:07,100 --> 05:37:08,900
broad support for communal 
decisions. 

6467
05:37:08,900 --> 05:37:12,400
This balance between efficiency 
and legitimacy would become a 

6468
05:37:12,400 --> 05:37:15,600
Hallmark of Roman governance by 
650 BC. 

6469
05:37:15,600 --> 05:37:18,800
The distinction between Romans 
and sabines had become largely 

6470
05:37:18,800 --> 05:37:21,400
meaningless. 
Families, claimed ancestry from 

6471
05:37:21,400 --> 05:37:24,900
both groups, religious practices
Drew, from both traditions and 

6472
05:37:24,900 --> 05:37:27,800
political leadership, reflected 
the merge communities values. 

6473
05:37:27,800 --> 05:37:31,800
Rather than ethnic origins, The 
Seven Hills had become home to a

6474
05:37:31,800 --> 05:37:34,800
truly integrated society. 
That was neither Roman or 

6475
05:37:34,800 --> 05:37:36,900
Sabine, but something entirely 
new. 

6476
05:37:36,900 --> 05:37:40,000
This successful integration 
established a pattern that would

6477
05:37:40,000 --> 05:37:42,100
define Roman expansion for 
centuries. 

6478
05:37:42,100 --> 05:37:46,100
Rather than simple conquest. 
And subjugation Rome developed a

6479
05:37:46,108 --> 05:37:49,400
model of incorporation that 
preserved, local customs and 

6480
05:37:49,400 --> 05:37:52,000
Leadership while creating 
loyalty to the larger community.

6481
05:37:52,800 --> 05:37:55,500
The Sabine synthesis. 
Provided both the blueprint and 

6482
05:37:55,500 --> 05:37:58,500
confidence for this approach. 
The economic benefits of 

6483
05:37:58,500 --> 05:38:02,100
integration were immediately 
apparent combined Roman and 

6484
05:38:02,100 --> 05:38:05,300
Sabine territories controlled 
important trade routes, provided

6485
05:38:05,300 --> 05:38:08,300
diverse agricultural products, 
and offered the population 

6486
05:38:08,300 --> 05:38:12,400
density, necessary for major 
construction projects, The first

6487
05:38:12,400 --> 05:38:15,600
permanent Bridges across the 
Tiber, the earliest, paved 

6488
05:38:15,600 --> 05:38:19,100
roads, and the beginnings of the
sewer system all date from this 

6489
05:38:19,100 --> 05:38:22,700
period of cultural Fusion. 
Women's roles in this merge 

6490
05:38:22,700 --> 05:38:25,900
Society reflected, both 
Traditions values while creating

6491
05:38:25,900 --> 05:38:29,200
new possibilities. 
Sabine women's traditional 

6492
05:38:29,200 --> 05:38:31,900
Authority and Family Matters, 
combined with Roman women's 

6493
05:38:31,900 --> 05:38:35,200
economic independence, to create
a social position that was 

6494
05:38:35,200 --> 05:38:36,900
remarkably Advanced for its 
time. 

6495
05:38:36,900 --> 05:38:40,100
This synthesis would influence 
Roman law and custom for 

6496
05:38:40,100 --> 05:38:43,600
centuries, the traditional 
Narrative of Roman King ship 

6497
05:38:43,600 --> 05:38:47,800
focuses on legendary figures 
like Romulus Numa pompilius but 

6498
05:38:47,800 --> 05:38:50,500
the archaeological record 
suggests a more complex and 

6499
05:38:50,500 --> 05:38:52,900
intriguing story. 
Early, Roman political 

6500
05:38:52,900 --> 05:38:54,900
development. 
Reflected not autocratic rule, 

6501
05:38:54,900 --> 05:38:58,200
but experimental governance that
balance competing interests 

6502
05:38:58,200 --> 05:39:00,000
while maintaining Community, 
cohesion. 

6503
05:39:00,800 --> 05:39:03,800
The kings were absolute 
monarchs, but Chief Executives, 

6504
05:39:03,800 --> 05:39:06,800
whose authority derived from 
their ability to build consensus

6505
05:39:06,800 --> 05:39:10,900
and deliver results. 
The institution of Roman King 

6506
05:39:10,900 --> 05:39:14,000
ship evolved from practical 
necessity, rather than Divine 

6507
05:39:14,000 --> 05:39:16,800
mandate. 
As the population of the Seven 

6508
05:39:16,800 --> 05:39:19,300
Hills grew and their economic 
relationships became more 

6509
05:39:19,300 --> 05:39:21,300
complex. 
The informal leadership 

6510
05:39:21,300 --> 05:39:24,000
structures that had served 
smaller communities became an 

6511
05:39:24,000 --> 05:39:26,300
adequate. 
Someone needed to coordinate 

6512
05:39:26,300 --> 05:39:30,200
Public Works mediate disputes 
and represent the community in 

6513
05:39:30,200 --> 05:39:33,400
dealing with Outsiders. 
The solution was a form of 

6514
05:39:33,408 --> 05:39:36,300
limited, monarchy that borrowed 
elements from both Roman and 

6515
05:39:36,308 --> 05:39:39,900
Sabine Traditions while creating
something uniquely effective. 

6516
05:39:41,100 --> 05:39:43,800
A council representing the 
various tribal and family groups

6517
05:39:43,800 --> 05:39:47,300
that made up the community chose
Roman kings rather than 

6518
05:39:47,300 --> 05:39:50,700
hereditary ones. 
This selection process called 

6519
05:39:50,700 --> 05:39:53,700
the interregnum involved. 
Careful, negotiation and 

6520
05:39:53,700 --> 05:39:57,200
extensive consultation to ensure
that the chosen candidate 

6521
05:39:57,200 --> 05:40:00,200
commanded broad support. 
King's were expected to 

6522
05:40:00,200 --> 05:40:03,500
consulted visors, respect 
traditional customs and submit 

6523
05:40:03,500 --> 05:40:05,300
major decisions to popular 
approval. 

6524
05:40:06,200 --> 05:40:08,900
This wasn't democracy as we 
understand it, but it was 

6525
05:40:08,900 --> 05:40:10,900
remarkably participatory for its
time. 

6526
05:40:12,500 --> 05:40:15,000
The powers of early, Roman kings
were carefully circumscribed, 

6527
05:40:15,000 --> 05:40:18,400
they commanded the military 
during water time and oversaw 

6528
05:40:18,400 --> 05:40:21,300
public works during peace but 
they couldn't impose new taxes. 

6529
05:40:21,300 --> 05:40:25,000
Change fundamental laws or make 
major policy decisions without 

6530
05:40:25,000 --> 05:40:28,100
consent from the tribal 
councils, There are Authority 

6531
05:40:28,100 --> 05:40:31,100
was religious as well as 
political, they served as Chief 

6532
05:40:31,100 --> 05:40:33,300
priests and were responsible 
for, maintaining proper 

6533
05:40:33,300 --> 05:40:35,900
relationships with the gods. 
But even this religious 

6534
05:40:35,900 --> 05:40:38,800
Authority, was shared with 
specialized colleges of priests 

6535
05:40:38,800 --> 05:40:42,400
and Augusta logical evidence 
indicates that the design of 

6536
05:40:42,400 --> 05:40:44,600
early Roman public buildings for
silicate. 

6537
05:40:44,600 --> 05:40:47,800
These Treat governance. 
The Forum. 

6538
05:40:47,800 --> 05:40:50,600
The Central Public space was 
arranged to accommodate, large 

6539
05:40:50,600 --> 05:40:52,400
Gatherings. 
Where citizens could hear 

6540
05:40:52,400 --> 05:40:55,900
speeches, participate in debates
and vote on important issues. 

6541
05:40:56,800 --> 05:40:59,200
The architecture emphasized, 
accessibility and transparency, 

6542
05:40:59,200 --> 05:41:02,500
rather than Royal Grandeur 
reflecting the communities 

6543
05:41:02,500 --> 05:41:04,200
commitment to inclusive 
decision-making. 

6544
05:41:05,400 --> 05:41:08,000
The economic role of early Kings
was particularly important. 

6545
05:41:08,000 --> 05:41:11,700
They oversaw the construction of
infrastructure projects that 

6546
05:41:11,700 --> 05:41:16,200
required coordinated effort. 
Roads Bridges drainage systems 

6547
05:41:16,200 --> 05:41:19,600
and public buildings. 
But they also regulated markets,

6548
05:41:19,600 --> 05:41:23,700
mediated commercial disputes and
negotiated trading agreements 

6549
05:41:23,700 --> 05:41:27,400
with neighboring communities. 
The King's house was both a 

6550
05:41:27,400 --> 05:41:30,400
residence and a business center 
where Merchants farmers and 

6551
05:41:30,400 --> 05:41:33,100
Craftsmen could seek redress for
Grievances and negotiate 

6552
05:41:33,100 --> 05:41:36,700
contracts military leadership 
was perhaps the most crucial 

6553
05:41:36,700 --> 05:41:40,300
Royal responsibility. 
The early, Roman army, wasn't a 

6554
05:41:40,300 --> 05:41:42,800
professional Force, but a 
citizen militia organized by 

6555
05:41:42,808 --> 05:41:45,600
tribal affiliation and led by 
elected officers. 

6556
05:41:46,400 --> 05:41:48,800
The king's role was to 
coordinate these diverse units, 

6557
05:41:48,800 --> 05:41:53,200
plan campaigns and negotiate 
treaties success in Warfare 

6558
05:41:53,200 --> 05:41:55,000
enhance to King's, Prestige and 
Authority. 

6559
05:41:56,000 --> 05:41:58,200
For military failures. 
Could lead to removal from 

6560
05:41:58,200 --> 05:42:01,100
office. 
This accountability to results 

6561
05:42:01,100 --> 05:42:03,700
rather than Birthright 
distinguished Roman kingship 

6562
05:42:03,700 --> 05:42:07,000
from more autocratic systems. 
The religious dimensions of 

6563
05:42:07,008 --> 05:42:10,300
kingship were equally complex 
Roman King served as 

6564
05:42:10,300 --> 05:42:12,800
intermediaries between the human
and divine communities 

6565
05:42:12,800 --> 05:42:15,900
responsible for ensuring that 
proper rituals were performed 

6566
05:42:15,900 --> 05:42:18,200
and that the gods will was 
correctly interpreted. 

6567
05:42:19,200 --> 05:42:22,200
But this religious Authority was
bounced by colleges of priests 

6568
05:42:22,200 --> 05:42:25,200
who possessed, specialized 
knowledge and could challenge 

6569
05:42:25,200 --> 05:42:27,200
Royal interpretations of divine 
intent. 

6570
05:42:27,900 --> 05:42:30,900
As a result a system of checks 
and balances was established to 

6571
05:42:30,900 --> 05:42:33,600
prevent any individual from 
claiming absolute Authority. 

6572
05:42:34,500 --> 05:42:37,500
Women played important roles in 
early Roman political life, 

6573
05:42:37,500 --> 05:42:39,700
though, their influence was 
often exercised. 

6574
05:42:39,700 --> 05:42:43,100
In directly, Royal wives were 
expected to participate in 

6575
05:42:43,100 --> 05:42:46,200
religious ceremonies and often 
served as advisors on matters, 

6576
05:42:46,200 --> 05:42:48,300
affecting family, life, and 
social customs. 

6577
05:42:49,100 --> 05:42:51,900
Elite women from powerful 
families, could influence the 

6578
05:42:51,900 --> 05:42:54,300
selection of Kings through their
kinship networks and their 

6579
05:42:54,300 --> 05:42:57,500
control of economic resources. 
This female influence would 

6580
05:42:57,500 --> 05:42:59,200
persist throughout Roman 
history. 

6581
05:42:59,200 --> 05:43:02,200
Even as formal political 
participation became more 

6582
05:43:02,200 --> 05:43:05,000
restricted, the transition 
between Kings was carefully 

6583
05:43:05,000 --> 05:43:08,800
managed to prevent civil 
conflict When a king died or was

6584
05:43:08,800 --> 05:43:12,300
removed from office power 
reverted to the tribal councils 

6585
05:43:12,300 --> 05:43:14,000
until a new candidate could be 
selected. 

6586
05:43:14,000 --> 05:43:17,800
This interregnum period 
emphasized that Royal Authority 

6587
05:43:17,800 --> 05:43:21,000
came from the community rather 
than from Divine appointment or 

6588
05:43:21,000 --> 05:43:24,100
hereditary, right? 
The new king received his power 

6589
05:43:24,100 --> 05:43:27,000
through formal installation 
ceremonies that required popular

6590
05:43:27,000 --> 05:43:31,900
approval and religious sanction.
By 600 E this system of limited 

6591
05:43:31,900 --> 05:43:34,900
monarchy had created a stable 
and prosperous community that 

6592
05:43:34,900 --> 05:43:37,300
controlled a significant portion
of central Italy. 

6593
05:43:38,000 --> 05:43:41,500
The population had grown to 
perhaps 10,000 people living in 

6594
05:43:41,500 --> 05:43:44,100
increasingly sophisticated 
settlements, that featured 

6595
05:43:44,100 --> 05:43:47,200
permanent buildings, pave 
streets, and public amenities. 

6596
05:43:48,100 --> 05:43:50,300
trade relationships, extended 
throughout the Mediterranean, 

6597
05:43:50,300 --> 05:43:54,100
while agricultural, productivity
supported both population growth

6598
05:43:54,100 --> 05:43:57,600
and Urban Development, The 
success of early, Roman 

6599
05:43:57,600 --> 05:44:00,700
political Innovation, attracted 
attention from neighboring 

6600
05:44:00,700 --> 05:44:03,200
communities. 
Some of, which adopted similar 

6601
05:44:03,200 --> 05:44:07,100
systems of consensual monarchy, 
what took place was not cultural

6602
05:44:07,100 --> 05:44:10,400
imperialism, but voluntary 
imitation of effective 

6603
05:44:10,400 --> 05:44:14,200
governance techniques The Roman 
model demonstrated that 

6604
05:44:14,200 --> 05:44:16,200
Authority could be both 
effective and accountable. 

6605
05:44:17,100 --> 05:44:21,100
Powerful and legitimate and 
concentrated and responsive to 

6606
05:44:21,100 --> 05:44:23,800
popular will. 
The legal system that developed 

6607
05:44:23,800 --> 05:44:26,300
during this period reflected, 
the same balance between 

6608
05:44:26,300 --> 05:44:29,900
Authority and participation. 
Kings could issue edicts and 

6609
05:44:29,900 --> 05:44:33,000
make judicial decisions but 
these were expected to conform 

6610
05:44:33,000 --> 05:44:36,100
to traditional customs and could
be appealed to tribal councils. 

6611
05:44:36,100 --> 05:44:39,400
The emphasis was on practical 
problem-solving, rather than 

6612
05:44:39,400 --> 05:44:42,700
abstract, legal Theory, creating
a flexible system that could 

6613
05:44:42,700 --> 05:44:45,800
adapt to changing circumstances 
while maintaining fundamental 

6614
05:44:45,800 --> 05:44:49,500
principles of fairness and 
reciprocity, the period from 600

6615
05:44:49,500 --> 05:44:51,900
to 500 BC. 
Marked a dramatic transformation

6616
05:44:51,900 --> 05:44:55,700
in the character and ambition of
the Seven Hills. under Kings, 

6617
05:44:55,700 --> 05:44:58,300
who were either a trust by 
birthed or heavily influenced by

6618
05:44:58,308 --> 05:45:01,100
trust and culture, the loose 
Confederation of Hill 

6619
05:45:01,100 --> 05:45:03,500
communities became a true city 
with the infrastructure 

6620
05:45:03,500 --> 05:45:07,400
institutions and Imperial 
Ambitions that would define Rome

6621
05:45:07,400 --> 05:45:11,400
for centuries to come the 
arrival of a truscan influenced 

6622
05:45:11,400 --> 05:45:14,300
leadership wasn't a foreign 
Conquest, but the logical result

6623
05:45:14,300 --> 05:45:17,000
of increasing integration 
between Roman and a trust and 

6624
05:45:17,000 --> 05:45:19,300
Elites. 
Intermarriage business 

6625
05:45:19,300 --> 05:45:21,900
Partnerships and cultural 
exchange had created a 

6626
05:45:21,900 --> 05:45:25,700
Cosmopolitan aristocracy that 
moved freely between Roman and 

6627
05:45:25,700 --> 05:45:28,600
otus and cities. 
When these individuals assumed 

6628
05:45:28,600 --> 05:45:31,300
leadership in Rome they brought 
with the urban planning, 

6629
05:45:31,300 --> 05:45:34,200
expertise architectural 
knowledge, and political 

6630
05:45:34,200 --> 05:45:37,100
sophistication, that transformed
a collection of Hilltop villages

6631
05:45:37,100 --> 05:45:38,700
in to a Mediterranean 
Metropolis. 

6632
05:45:39,600 --> 05:45:42,200
The most Visible Changes were 
architectural and Engineering 

6633
05:45:42,200 --> 05:45:45,600
the cloaca. 
Maxima, roams enormous sewer 

6634
05:45:45,600 --> 05:45:48,200
system was begun. 
During this period, massive 

6635
05:45:48,200 --> 05:45:50,900
undertaking, that required 
sophisticated understanding of 

6636
05:45:50,900 --> 05:45:53,400
hydraulics, engineering and 
project management. 

6637
05:45:54,300 --> 05:45:57,300
This development wasn't just a 
practical Improvement, but a 

6638
05:45:57,300 --> 05:46:00,700
statement of ambition, Roman 
tended, to support a population 

6639
05:46:00,700 --> 05:46:03,100
density, that would make it 
competitive with the great 

6640
05:46:03,100 --> 05:46:04,700
cities of the Mediterranean 
world. 

6641
05:46:05,800 --> 05:46:09,200
Forum was completely redesigned 
during this period transforming 

6642
05:46:09,200 --> 05:46:12,400
from an informal Gathering Place
in to a Monumental Civic Center.

6643
05:46:13,300 --> 05:46:15,700
The new Forum featured permanent
buildings for government 

6644
05:46:15,700 --> 05:46:19,200
functions, covered markets for 
Commerce and ceremonial spaces 

6645
05:46:19,200 --> 05:46:22,800
for religious observances. 
The architecture was distinctly 

6646
05:46:22,800 --> 05:46:26,100
at truskin in style the adapted 
to Roman social Customs, 

6647
05:46:26,100 --> 05:46:28,700
creating public spaces that 
facilitated. 

6648
05:46:28,700 --> 05:46:31,400
The participatory governance 
that remained Central to Roman 

6649
05:46:31,400 --> 05:46:34,800
identity Temple construction, 
during this period reveals, both

6650
05:46:34,800 --> 05:46:37,400
the wealth and the religious 
sophistication of the 

6651
05:46:37,400 --> 05:46:41,300
transformed community. 
The Temple of Jupiter, Optimus 

6652
05:46:41,300 --> 05:46:45,600
Maximus on the Capitol in Hill. 
The gun around 580 BC was one of

6653
05:46:45,608 --> 05:46:48,100
the largest religious buildings 
in the Mediterranean world. 

6654
05:46:49,000 --> 05:46:51,800
Its construction required, the 
importation of materials and 

6655
05:46:51,800 --> 05:46:54,900
Craftsmen from across the 
region, demonstrating Rome's, 

6656
05:46:54,900 --> 05:46:57,100
growing commercial reach and 
economic strength. 

6657
05:46:57,900 --> 05:47:00,900
But the most significant 
transformation was demographic. 

6658
05:47:01,800 --> 05:47:05,300
The population of Rome Grew From
perhaps 10,000 to over 50,000 

6659
05:47:05,300 --> 05:47:08,200
during the century, making it 
one of the largest cities in 

6660
05:47:08,200 --> 05:47:10,500
Italy. 
This growth came not just from 

6661
05:47:10,500 --> 05:47:13,900
natural increase, but from 
immigration as Rome attracted 

6662
05:47:13,900 --> 05:47:16,800
Merchants Craftsmen and Farmers 
from across central Italy. 

6663
05:47:17,400 --> 05:47:20,000
The city's reputation for 
tolerance opportunity and 

6664
05:47:20,000 --> 05:47:22,100
effective. 
Governance made it a magnet for 

6665
05:47:22,100 --> 05:47:24,000
ambitious individuals from 
throughout the region. 

6666
05:47:25,000 --> 05:47:28,000
The social implications of this 
rapid growth were profound 

6667
05:47:28,000 --> 05:47:31,300
traditional, kinship based 
organization became inadequate 

6668
05:47:31,300 --> 05:47:33,700
for managing such a large and 
diverse population. 

6669
05:47:34,900 --> 05:47:37,200
The solution was the development
of more sophisticated 

6670
05:47:37,200 --> 05:47:39,800
administrative systems that 
combined Territorial and 

6671
05:47:39,800 --> 05:47:43,300
functional organization. 
Citizens were registered by both

6672
05:47:43,300 --> 05:47:46,200
tribal affiliation and 
residential district, creating 

6673
05:47:46,200 --> 05:47:49,500
multiple forms of identity and 
belonging the helped, maintain 

6674
05:47:49,500 --> 05:47:52,000
social cohesion, despite 
increasing diversity. 

6675
05:47:52,900 --> 05:47:55,700
Military organization of valve 
dramatically during this period.

6676
05:47:56,900 --> 05:47:59,700
The citizen militia of earlier 
times was supplemented by more. 

6677
05:47:59,700 --> 05:48:02,000
Professional units. 
That could campaign for extended

6678
05:48:02,000 --> 05:48:05,100
periods. 
The famous Roman manipula system

6679
05:48:05,100 --> 05:48:08,300
with its emphasis on flexibility
in eunuch hegemony. 

6680
05:48:08,800 --> 05:48:11,900
Was developed during this period
as a response to the complex 

6681
05:48:11,900 --> 05:48:14,800
military challenges facing and 
expanding city-state. 

6682
05:48:15,800 --> 05:48:17,800
Rome was no longer just 
defending its immediate 

6683
05:48:17,800 --> 05:48:20,700
territory but pursuing active 
expansion throughout Central. 

6684
05:48:20,700 --> 05:48:22,900
Italy. 
Economic structures became 

6685
05:48:22,900 --> 05:48:25,800
increasingly. 
Sophisticated Rome developed the

6686
05:48:25,808 --> 05:48:29,500
first true banking system in 
Italy, with institutions that 

6687
05:48:29,500 --> 05:48:31,500
could Finance large-scale 
construction projects, 

6688
05:48:31,500 --> 05:48:35,000
International Trade, Ventures 
and Military campaigns. 

6689
05:48:36,300 --> 05:48:39,600
The city's strategic location at
the intersection of major trade 

6690
05:48:39,600 --> 05:48:41,400
routes made it a natural 
Commercial Center. 

6691
05:48:42,100 --> 05:48:45,000
While it's growing population, 
provided both the market and a 

6692
05:48:45,000 --> 05:48:47,700
labor force for increasingly 
complex economic activities. 

6693
05:48:47,700 --> 05:48:51,000
The legal system was formalized 
during this period with the 

6694
05:48:51,000 --> 05:48:53,900
first written laws, replacing 
the informal Customs that had 

6695
05:48:53,900 --> 05:48:57,300
previously governed community 
life, These laws reflected the 

6696
05:48:57,300 --> 05:48:59,600
Cosmopolitan character of the 
transformed City. 

6697
05:48:59,600 --> 05:49:03,600
Incorporating elements from 
Roman Sabine and a truscan legal

6698
05:49:03,600 --> 05:49:06,500
Traditions, while creating new 
approaches to problems that 

6699
05:49:06,500 --> 05:49:10,800
arose from Urban density and 
cultural diversity, the 12 

6700
05:49:10,800 --> 05:49:14,400
tables, which were likely 
compiled a bit later, reflected 

6701
05:49:14,400 --> 05:49:16,700
the legal thinking that evolved 
during this transformative 

6702
05:49:16,700 --> 05:49:19,500
century. 
Religious life became more 

6703
05:49:19,500 --> 05:49:23,400
organized and institutionalized,
the informal folk practices, 

6704
05:49:23,400 --> 05:49:26,200
that had served smaller 
communities were supplemented by

6705
05:49:26,200 --> 05:49:30,000
more formal priesthoods, 
elaborate ritual calendars and 

6706
05:49:30,000 --> 05:49:32,700
Monumental architecture that 
demonstrated the communities 

6707
05:49:32,700 --> 05:49:36,200
Devotion to the gods, but Roman 
religion retained its practical 

6708
05:49:36,200 --> 05:49:39,100
character, emphasizing the 
maintenance of proper 

6709
05:49:39,100 --> 05:49:42,500
relationships between human and 
divine communities, rather than 

6710
05:49:42,500 --> 05:49:44,200
abstract, theological 
speculation. 

6711
05:49:45,100 --> 05:49:48,000
The role of women in this 
transformed Society was complex 

6712
05:49:48,000 --> 05:49:50,400
and changing. 
While formal political 

6713
05:49:50,400 --> 05:49:52,000
participation became more 
restricted. 

6714
05:49:52,000 --> 05:49:55,200
As the city grew larger and more
militarized Elite, women 

6715
05:49:55,200 --> 05:49:58,100
retained significant influence 
through their control of 

6716
05:49:58,100 --> 05:50:00,300
property. 
Their roles in religious 

6717
05:50:00,300 --> 05:50:03,900
ceremonies and their positions 
in family networks that remained

6718
05:50:03,900 --> 05:50:06,000
crucial to political and 
economic success. 

6719
05:50:07,000 --> 05:50:10,000
The tension between traditional 
female Authority and evolving. 

6720
05:50:10,000 --> 05:50:13,100
Urban Customs would remain a 
characteristic feature of Roman 

6721
05:50:13,100 --> 05:50:16,500
society. 
International relations became a

6722
05:50:16,500 --> 05:50:17,800
major concern during this 
period. 

6723
05:50:17,800 --> 05:50:21,000
Roman established formal 
diplomatic relationships with 

6724
05:50:21,000 --> 05:50:24,600
Greek cities in southern Italy, 
carthaginian traders in North 

6725
05:50:24,600 --> 05:50:28,600
Africa and various garlic tribes
to the north These relationships

6726
05:50:28,600 --> 05:50:31,600
were commercial and cultural as 
well as political creating 

6727
05:50:31,600 --> 05:50:34,900
networks of exchange that 
brought new ideas Technologies 

6728
05:50:34,900 --> 05:50:36,600
and opportunities to the growing
City. 

6729
05:50:37,500 --> 05:50:40,300
By 500 BC. 
Rome had become the dominant 

6730
05:50:40,300 --> 05:50:43,100
power in central Italy, 
controlling a territory that 

6731
05:50:43,100 --> 05:50:45,200
extended. 
Well, beyond the original Seven 

6732
05:50:45,200 --> 05:50:49,500
Hills, The City's population was
ethnically diverse economically,

6733
05:50:49,500 --> 05:50:52,500
sophisticated, and politically 
complex. 

6734
05:50:54,100 --> 05:50:56,700
The institutions developed 
during this period of rapid 

6735
05:50:56,700 --> 05:51:00,300
growth and cultural synthesis 
would provide the foundation for

6736
05:51:00,308 --> 05:51:03,500
Rome's later, Imperial expansion
and administrative achievements.

6737
05:51:04,300 --> 05:51:07,100
The success of this change 
created ways of doing things 

6738
05:51:07,100 --> 05:51:09,400
that would shape Roman expansion
for many years. 

6739
05:51:09,400 --> 05:51:12,700
Bringing together, different 
groups of people using helpful 

6740
05:51:12,700 --> 05:51:15,800
ideas from conquered, Nations 
balancing local independence, 

6741
05:51:15,800 --> 05:51:18,900
with central control, and 
keeping Traditional Values, even

6742
05:51:18,900 --> 05:51:22,100
as things became much larger and
more complicated, the legal 

6743
05:51:22,100 --> 05:51:24,500
system was formalized. 
During this period, with the 

6744
05:51:24,500 --> 05:51:27,300
first written laws, replacing 
the informal Customs that had 

6745
05:51:27,300 --> 05:51:30,800
previously governed community 
life, These laws reflected the 

6746
05:51:30,800 --> 05:51:33,100
Cosmopolitan character of the 
transformed City. 

6747
05:51:33,100 --> 05:51:37,100
Incorporating elements from 
Roman Sabine and a truscan legal

6748
05:51:37,100 --> 05:51:40,000
Traditions, while creating new 
approaches to problems that 

6749
05:51:40,000 --> 05:51:44,300
arose from Urban density and 
cultural diversity, the 12 

6750
05:51:44,300 --> 05:51:48,000
tables, which were likely 
compiled a bit later, reflected 

6751
05:51:48,000 --> 05:51:50,200
the legal thinking that evolved 
during this transformative 

6752
05:51:50,200 --> 05:51:53,000
century. 
Religious life became more 

6753
05:51:53,000 --> 05:51:57,000
organized and institutionalized,
the informal folk practices, 

6754
05:51:57,000 --> 05:51:59,800
that had served smaller 
communities were supplemented by

6755
05:51:59,800 --> 05:52:03,500
more formal priesthoods, 
elaborate ritual calendars and 

6756
05:52:03,500 --> 05:52:06,200
Monumental architecture that 
demonstrated the communities 

6757
05:52:06,200 --> 05:52:09,800
Devotion to the gods, but Roman 
religion retained its practical 

6758
05:52:09,800 --> 05:52:12,600
character, emphasizing the 
maintenance of proper 

6759
05:52:12,600 --> 05:52:16,000
relationships between human and 
divine communities, rather than 

6760
05:52:16,000 --> 05:52:17,700
abstract, theological 
speculation. 

6761
05:52:18,600 --> 05:52:21,600
The role of women in this 
transformed Society was complex 

6762
05:52:21,600 --> 05:52:23,900
and changing. 
While formal political 

6763
05:52:23,900 --> 05:52:25,600
participation became more 
restricted. 

6764
05:52:25,600 --> 05:52:28,800
As the city grew larger and more
militarized Elite, women 

6765
05:52:28,800 --> 05:52:31,600
retained significant influence 
through their control of 

6766
05:52:31,608 --> 05:52:33,900
property. 
Their roles in religious 

6767
05:52:33,900 --> 05:52:37,500
ceremonies and their positions 
in family networks that remained

6768
05:52:37,500 --> 05:52:39,600
crucial to political and 
economic success. 

6769
05:52:40,500 --> 05:52:43,500
The tension between traditional 
female Authority and evolving. 

6770
05:52:43,500 --> 05:52:46,700
Urban Customs would remain a 
characteristic feature of Roman 

6771
05:52:46,700 --> 05:52:49,700
society. 
International relations, became 

6772
05:52:49,700 --> 05:52:52,800
a major concern during this 
period Romans established 

6773
05:52:52,800 --> 05:52:54,600
formal. 
Diplomatic relationships with 

6774
05:52:54,600 --> 05:52:58,200
Greek cities in southern Italy, 
carthaginian traders in North 

6775
05:52:58,200 --> 05:53:02,200
Africa and various gallic tribes
to the north These relationships

6776
05:53:02,200 --> 05:53:05,100
were commercial and cultural as 
well as political creating 

6777
05:53:05,100 --> 05:53:08,400
networks of exchange that 
brought new ideas Technologies 

6778
05:53:08,400 --> 05:53:10,200
and opportunities to the growing
City. 

6779
05:53:11,100 --> 05:53:13,900
By 500 BC. 
Rome had become the dominant 

6780
05:53:13,900 --> 05:53:16,700
power in central Italy, 
controlling a territory that 

6781
05:53:16,700 --> 05:53:18,700
extended. 
Well, beyond the original Seven 

6782
05:53:18,700 --> 05:53:23,000
Hills, The City's population was
ethnically diverse economically,

6783
05:53:23,000 --> 05:53:26,100
sophisticated, and politically 
complex. 

6784
05:53:27,600 --> 05:53:30,200
The institutions developed 
during this period of rapid 

6785
05:53:30,200 --> 05:53:33,900
growth and cultural synthesis 
would provide the foundation for

6786
05:53:33,900 --> 05:53:37,100
Rome's later, Imperial expansion
and administrative achievements.

6787
05:53:37,900 --> 05:53:40,600
The success of this change 
created ways of doing things 

6788
05:53:40,600 --> 05:53:42,900
that would shape Roman expansion
for many years. 

6789
05:53:42,900 --> 05:53:46,200
Bringing together, different 
groups of people using helpful 

6790
05:53:46,200 --> 05:53:49,400
ideas from conquered, Nations 
balancing local independence, 

6791
05:53:49,400 --> 05:53:52,500
with central control, and 
keeping Traditional Values, even

6792
05:53:52,500 --> 05:53:55,700
as things became much larger. 
And more complicated religious 

6793
05:53:55,700 --> 05:53:58,800
institutions were reorganized to
serve the new political system. 

6794
05:53:58,800 --> 05:54:03,300
The Rex Acra king of sacrifices 
maintained, the religious 

6795
05:54:03,300 --> 05:54:05,400
functions that had previously 
belonged to the king. 

6796
05:54:05,400 --> 05:54:09,500
But without political Authority,
Various Priestly colleges over 

6797
05:54:09,500 --> 05:54:11,100
Source. 
Specific aspects of religious 

6798
05:54:11,100 --> 05:54:14,000
life insurance proper 
relationships with the gods 

6799
05:54:14,000 --> 05:54:17,300
while preventing any individual 
from claiming Divine Authority 

6800
05:54:17,300 --> 05:54:20,600
for political purposes. 
Religion remained Central to 

6801
05:54:20,600 --> 05:54:23,700
Roman identity but it was 
subordinated to constitutional 

6802
05:54:23,700 --> 05:54:26,700
government. 
The Early Republic faced serious

6803
05:54:26,700 --> 05:54:30,300
challenges that tested, its 
institutional Innovations, the 

6804
05:54:30,300 --> 05:54:34,000
conflict between patricians, the
traditional aristocracy and 

6805
05:54:34,000 --> 05:54:37,600
plebeians the common people 
created, social tensions that 

6806
05:54:37,600 --> 05:54:41,500
threatened political stability. 
The solution was the creation of

6807
05:54:41,500 --> 05:54:44,400
new institutions that gave 
plebeians their representatives 

6808
05:54:44,400 --> 05:54:46,500
and protection against 
aristocratic abuse. 

6809
05:54:46,500 --> 05:54:51,000
The Tribune of the plebs 
established around 494, BC 

6810
05:54:51,000 --> 05:54:54,600
provided by the voice for 
popular Grievances and a 

6811
05:54:54,600 --> 05:54:57,000
mechanism for resolving social 
conflicts without violence. 

6812
05:54:58,000 --> 05:55:00,900
Military organization reflected 
Republican values. 

6813
05:55:00,900 --> 05:55:03,800
While maintaining the 
effectiveness that had made Rome

6814
05:55:03,800 --> 05:55:07,200
dominant in central. 
Italy citizens were expected to 

6815
05:55:07,200 --> 05:55:09,700
serve in the Army as both a 
privilege and a duty, but 

6816
05:55:09,700 --> 05:55:12,300
military service was balanced 
with civilian Authority. 

6817
05:55:13,100 --> 05:55:16,000
Generals were elected officials 
with limited terms, not 

6818
05:55:16,000 --> 05:55:18,500
professional Soldiers, with 
independent power bases. 

6819
05:55:19,300 --> 05:55:22,700
The Citizen Soldier ideal became
Central to Republican ideology. 

6820
05:55:22,700 --> 05:55:26,600
Distinguishing Rome from sights 
that relied on mercenary armies 

6821
05:55:26,600 --> 05:55:29,900
or professional military cars. 
Economic policies. 

6822
05:55:29,900 --> 05:55:32,300
During the Early Republic 
balanced the need for Revenue 

6823
05:55:32,300 --> 05:55:34,900
with respect for property rights
and commercial Freedom. 

6824
05:55:35,800 --> 05:55:38,100
State-owned significant 
territory acquired through 

6825
05:55:38,100 --> 05:55:41,000
Conquest, which was least a 
farmers and graziers for rental 

6826
05:55:41,000 --> 05:55:43,000
income. 
Public contracts for 

6827
05:55:43,000 --> 05:55:46,000
construction projects and tax 
collection created opportunities

6828
05:55:46,000 --> 05:55:48,400
for private profit. 
While accomplishing public 

6829
05:55:48,400 --> 05:55:52,400
purposes, this mixed economy. 
Combining State Resources with 

6830
05:55:52,400 --> 05:55:56,400
private initiative, provided 
both stability and growth. the 

6831
05:55:56,400 --> 05:55:58,900
integration of conquered peoples
continued, the patterns 

6832
05:55:58,900 --> 05:56:02,400
established during the monarchy,
but became more systematic and 

6833
05:56:02,400 --> 05:56:06,200
extensive Italian communities, 
that submitted to Rome were 

6834
05:56:06,200 --> 05:56:09,100
incorporated as allies with 
specific rights and obligations,

6835
05:56:09,100 --> 05:56:10,800
rather than being treated as 
subjects. 

6836
05:56:11,800 --> 05:56:14,200
This policy created a 
confederation of loyal 

6837
05:56:14,200 --> 05:56:17,700
communities that provided by 
both military strength and 

6838
05:56:17,700 --> 05:56:20,900
Economic Opportunity, while 
maintaining local autonomy in 

6839
05:56:20,908 --> 05:56:24,200
Internal Affairs. 
Women's roles in Republican 

6840
05:56:24,200 --> 05:56:27,100
Society, reflected both 
traditional values and evolving 

6841
05:56:27,100 --> 05:56:30,700
circumstances while formal 
political participation remained

6842
05:56:30,700 --> 05:56:33,500
Limited. 
Elite women exercise, 

6843
05:56:33,500 --> 05:56:36,600
significant influence through 
their family connections and 

6844
05:56:36,600 --> 05:56:39,800
Property Holdings. 
The Roman matron became an 

6845
05:56:39,800 --> 05:56:42,600
idealized figure who combined 
domestic virtue with public 

6846
05:56:42,600 --> 05:56:46,100
responsibility, embodying. 
The values that Romans believed 

6847
05:56:46,100 --> 05:56:49,100
distinguished their society from
both autocratic, monarchies and 

6848
05:56:49,100 --> 05:56:54,700
chaotic democracies By 450 BC, 
the Roman Republic had created, 

6849
05:56:54,700 --> 05:56:58,800
a constitutional system that was
both Innovative and stable the 

6850
05:56:58,800 --> 05:57:00,400
balance of competing 
institutions. 

6851
05:57:00,400 --> 05:57:02,800
Prevented tyranny, while 
maintaining governmental 

6852
05:57:02,800 --> 05:57:05,300
effectiveness. 
The integration of diverse 

6853
05:57:05,300 --> 05:57:08,200
social groups created loyalty to
the state while preserving 

6854
05:57:08,200 --> 05:57:11,600
valuable traditions. 
The combination of military 

6855
05:57:11,600 --> 05:57:13,900
strength and diplomatic 
flexibility made Rome the 

6856
05:57:13,900 --> 05:57:17,300
dominant power in Italy while 
establishing the foundation for 

6857
05:57:17,300 --> 05:57:20,900
Mediterranean expansion. 
This constitutional achievement 

6858
05:57:20,900 --> 05:57:24,700
wasn't the result of abstract, 
political Theory, but practical 

6859
05:57:24,700 --> 05:57:27,900
responses to specific 
challenges, the Romans didn't 

6860
05:57:27,900 --> 05:57:29,600
set out to create a perfect 
government. 

6861
05:57:29,600 --> 05:57:32,400
But to solve the problems of 
governing a large diverse and 

6862
05:57:32,400 --> 05:57:35,300
ambitious community. 
The success of their 

6863
05:57:35,300 --> 05:57:38,000
institutional Innovations would 
influence, political thinking 

6864
05:57:38,000 --> 05:57:40,900
for over two Millennia by 400 
BC. 

6865
05:57:40,900 --> 05:57:43,200
Rome had evolved from a 
collection of Hilltop villages 

6866
05:57:43,200 --> 05:57:45,200
in to the dominant power in 
central Italy. 

6867
05:57:45,200 --> 05:57:48,700
But the most remarkable phase of
its development was yet to come 

6868
05:57:49,900 --> 05:57:52,600
The institutions values and 
strategies that had emerged 

6869
05:57:52,600 --> 05:57:56,100
during three centuries of growth
and adaptation would, now be 

6870
05:57:56,100 --> 05:57:59,100
tested on a Mediterranean stage 
against opponents who possessed 

6871
05:57:59,100 --> 05:58:01,700
wealth sophistication and 
military power. 

6872
05:58:01,700 --> 05:58:04,400
That dwarfed, anything Rome had 
previously encountered. 

6873
05:58:05,500 --> 05:58:09,600
The gallic invasion of 390 BC, 
which resulted in the sack of 

6874
05:58:09,600 --> 05:58:13,600
Rome was both a catastrophe and 
a catalyst. the traditional 

6875
05:58:13,600 --> 05:58:16,900
narrative emphasizes Roman 
humiliation, and the heroic 

6876
05:58:16,900 --> 05:58:20,200
resistance of Defenders, on the 
capitoline hill, but the 

6877
05:58:20,200 --> 05:58:23,200
invasions aftermath reveals more
about Roman character than the 

6878
05:58:23,208 --> 05:58:26,300
event itself. 
Rather than retreating into 

6879
05:58:26,300 --> 05:58:30,100
defensive isolationism, Rome 
responded with a massive program

6880
05:58:30,100 --> 05:58:31,800
of military political and 
infrastructural. 

6881
05:58:31,800 --> 05:58:35,900
Innovation that transformed the 
city into a power capable of 

6882
05:58:35,900 --> 05:58:38,400
challenging, the mighty empires 
of the Mediterranean world. 

6883
05:58:39,500 --> 05:58:43,400
The Reconstruction of Rome after
390, BC reflected both practical

6884
05:58:43,400 --> 05:58:47,300
necessity and Imperial ambition.
The Serbian wall. 

6885
05:58:48,000 --> 05:58:50,200
Built during the period 
enclosed. 

6886
05:58:50,200 --> 05:58:53,300
Not just the traditional Seven 
Hills, but a much larger area 

6887
05:58:53,300 --> 05:58:55,500
that could accommodate future 
population growth. 

6888
05:58:55,500 --> 05:58:59,500
This structure wasn't just 
defensive architecture, but a 

6889
05:58:59,500 --> 05:59:03,000
statement of intent, Rome plan 
to become much larger and more 

6890
05:59:03,000 --> 05:59:06,900
powerful than it had ever been 
the wall, sophisticated design, 

6891
05:59:06,900 --> 05:59:10,000
incorporating Greek, engineering
techniques with Roman 

6892
05:59:10,000 --> 05:59:13,200
organizational, efficiency, 
demonstrated, the city's 

6893
05:59:13,200 --> 05:59:15,200
growing, technical 
sophistication. 

6894
05:59:16,500 --> 05:59:20,100
Military reforms during the 
fourth Century BC created a 

6895
05:59:20,100 --> 05:59:22,600
legionary system that would 
dominate Mediterranean Warfare 

6896
05:59:22,600 --> 05:59:25,500
for centuries. 
The manipula legion with its 

6897
05:59:25,500 --> 05:59:27,700
flexible organization and 
Professional Training 

6898
05:59:27,700 --> 05:59:30,800
represented a fundamental 
innovation in military 

6899
05:59:30,800 --> 05:59:33,700
technology. 
Roman soldiers were citizen 

6900
05:59:33,700 --> 05:59:37,100
farmers who served from 
patriotic duty but they were all

6901
05:59:37,100 --> 05:59:40,000
so professional Warriors who 
trained regularly and campaigned

6902
05:59:40,000 --> 05:59:42,900
for extended periods. 
This combination of Civic 

6903
05:59:42,900 --> 05:59:45,500
motivation and Military 
expertise, proved Superior to 

6904
05:59:45,500 --> 05:59:48,000
both Citizen, militias and 
mercenary armies. 

6905
05:59:48,700 --> 05:59:50,900
The Roman approached to 
expansion was equally 

6906
05:59:50,900 --> 05:59:53,600
innovative. 
Rather than simple conquest and 

6907
05:59:53,600 --> 05:59:57,100
exploitation Roman developed a 
system of alliances and 

6908
05:59:57,100 --> 06:00:00,300
incorporation that transformed 
enemies into allies while 

6909
06:00:00,300 --> 06:00:02,800
extending Roman power throughout
the Italian peninsula. 

6910
06:00:03,800 --> 06:00:06,800
Community is that surrendered 
were treated as partners rather 

6911
06:00:06,800 --> 06:00:09,500
than subjects receiving 
protection and Commercial 

6912
06:00:09,500 --> 06:00:12,200
privileges in exchange for 
military, service, and political

6913
06:00:12,200 --> 06:00:15,300
loyalty. 
This policy created a 

6914
06:00:15,300 --> 06:00:19,100
confederation of over 150 Allied
communities that provided with 

6915
06:00:19,100 --> 06:00:22,600
the resources and Manpower that 
no single city state could 

6916
06:00:22,600 --> 06:00:25,100
match. 
The social war of the early 

6917
06:00:25,100 --> 06:00:28,900
third Century BC when several 
Italian allies rebelled against 

6918
06:00:28,900 --> 06:00:32,300
Roman domination, Tested this 
system of Incorporation. 

6919
06:00:33,200 --> 06:00:36,400
The resolution of this conflict 
extending Roman citizenship, to 

6920
06:00:36,400 --> 06:00:39,800
all Italian allies created a 
unified Italian state that was 

6921
06:00:39,800 --> 06:00:42,900
unprecedented in both sides and 
social integration. 

6922
06:00:44,000 --> 06:00:48,100
Rome became not just a city but 
a nation with citizen spread 

6923
06:00:48,100 --> 06:00:50,800
throughout the Peninsula Who 
shared commonly legal rights 

6924
06:00:50,800 --> 06:00:54,400
military, obligations and 
political loyalties economic 

6925
06:00:54,400 --> 06:00:56,300
development. 
During this period provided the 

6926
06:00:56,308 --> 06:01:00,300
material foundation for Imperial
expansion Roman control of 

6927
06:01:00,308 --> 06:01:03,800
Italian agriculture combined 
with dominance of Mediterranean 

6928
06:01:03,800 --> 06:01:06,400
trade routes, created wealth, 
that could Finance, massive 

6929
06:01:06,400 --> 06:01:08,400
military campaigns and Public 
Works projects. 

6930
06:01:09,200 --> 06:01:12,000
The Roman currency system based 
on standardized weights and 

6931
06:01:12,000 --> 06:01:14,800
silver content became the 
preferred medium of exchange 

6932
06:01:14,800 --> 06:01:16,000
throughout the Western 
Mediterranean. 

6933
06:01:17,000 --> 06:01:20,000
Roman Merchants protected by 
military strength and supported 

6934
06:01:20,000 --> 06:01:23,000
by diplomatic agreements 
established trading networks 

6935
06:01:23,000 --> 06:01:25,100
that extended from Spain to the 
Black Sea. 

6936
06:01:26,200 --> 06:01:29,800
The Punic Wars against Carthage 
beginning in two 64, BC 

6937
06:01:29,800 --> 06:01:33,300
represented, Rome's emergence, 
as a true Mediterranean power. 

6938
06:01:33,300 --> 06:01:36,300
These conflicts weren't just 
military campaigns, but 

6939
06:01:36,300 --> 06:01:40,500
comprehensive tests of Roman 
institutional capacity, The 

6940
06:01:40,500 --> 06:01:43,800
ability to finance Decades of 
warfare maintain, political 

6941
06:01:43,800 --> 06:01:47,200
stability during military crises
and integrate conquered 

6942
06:01:47,200 --> 06:01:50,100
territories into the Roman 
system demonstrated that the 

6943
06:01:50,100 --> 06:01:53,100
city-state had evolved into 
something entirely new and 

6944
06:01:53,100 --> 06:01:56,400
Imperial Republic capable of 
governing diverse people's 

6945
06:01:56,400 --> 06:02:00,000
across vast distances between 
264 and 146. 

6946
06:02:00,000 --> 06:02:02,400
BC. 
The Mediterranean world was 

6947
06:02:02,400 --> 06:02:05,800
conquered marking, The Logical, 
culmination of developments that

6948
06:02:05,800 --> 06:02:08,600
had started centuries earlier on
the Seven Hills. 

6949
06:02:09,400 --> 06:02:11,900
Roman military superiority 
wasn't just a matter of 

6950
06:02:11,908 --> 06:02:15,600
technology or tactics but 
reflected deeper institutional 

6951
06:02:15,600 --> 06:02:19,200
advantages, the ability to 
maintain citizen loyalty through

6952
06:02:19,200 --> 06:02:22,900
participation and governance the
capacity to integrate Concord 

6953
06:02:22,900 --> 06:02:25,800
people's through. 
Generous terms of surrender and 

6954
06:02:25,800 --> 06:02:28,400
the flexibility to adapt 
strategies and policies to 

6955
06:02:28,400 --> 06:02:32,000
changing circumstances. 
Cultural and intellectual life 

6956
06:02:32,000 --> 06:02:33,900
flourished during this period of
expansion. 

6957
06:02:34,800 --> 06:02:38,100
Roman contact with Greek 
philosophy, art and literature. 

6958
06:02:38,100 --> 06:02:41,800
Created a Cosmopolitan culture 
that combined practical Roman 

6959
06:02:41,800 --> 06:02:44,900
values with sophisticated Greek,
theoretical knowledge. 

6960
06:02:45,900 --> 06:02:48,400
The emergence of Latin 
literature beginning with 

6961
06:02:48,400 --> 06:02:51,700
writers like any and plautus 
demonstrated that Romans 

6962
06:02:51,700 --> 06:02:54,500
civilization had developed its 
own distinctive voice. 

6963
06:02:54,500 --> 06:02:58,300
While remaining open to foreign 
influences, the governments of 

6964
06:02:58,308 --> 06:03:01,100
conquered territories required, 
institutional innovations that 

6965
06:03:01,100 --> 06:03:05,200
extended Republican principles 
to Imperial Administration, The 

6966
06:03:05,200 --> 06:03:07,600
provincial system with its 
appointed Governors and 

6967
06:03:07,600 --> 06:03:10,700
standardized legal procedures 
provided Effective Government 

6968
06:03:10,700 --> 06:03:13,600
for diverse populations while 
maintaining central control. 

6969
06:03:14,800 --> 06:03:18,200
Roman law originally designed 
for a single city state was 

6970
06:03:18,200 --> 06:03:21,100
expanded to accommodate the 
needs of a multicultural Empire 

6971
06:03:21,100 --> 06:03:24,600
while preserving its essential 
characteristics of practicality 

6972
06:03:24,600 --> 06:03:27,200
and fairness religious and 
cultural policies. 

6973
06:03:27,200 --> 06:03:29,700
Reflected the same balance 
between unity and diversity. 

6974
06:03:29,700 --> 06:03:32,200
That characterized Roman 
political Administration, 

6975
06:03:32,200 --> 06:03:35,200
Concord people's were allowed to
maintain their traditional 

6976
06:03:35,200 --> 06:03:37,500
customs and beliefs. 
While being gradually 

6977
06:03:37,500 --> 06:03:39,500
incorporated into Roman cultural
patterns. 

6978
06:03:40,300 --> 06:03:44,000
The Roman Pantheon absorbed 
foreign deities, Roman festivals

6979
06:03:44,000 --> 06:03:47,500
Incorporated, local traditions, 
and Roman architecture adapted 

6980
06:03:47,500 --> 06:03:50,700
to Regional preferences while 
maintaining distinctive Roman 

6981
06:03:50,700 --> 06:03:55,800
characteristics by one 46. 
BC, when Carthage was destroyed 

6982
06:03:55,800 --> 06:03:57,900
and Greece was incorporated into
the Roman Empire. 

6983
06:03:57,900 --> 06:04:01,000
The transformations of the gun 
on the Seven, Hills was 

6984
06:04:01,000 --> 06:04:03,300
complete. 
Rome had evolved from a 

6985
06:04:03,300 --> 06:04:05,400
collection of primitive 
settlements in to the dominant 

6986
06:04:05,400 --> 06:04:08,100
power of the ancient world, 
controling territories that 

6987
06:04:08,100 --> 06:04:11,200
stretched from Spain to Syria. 
And from Britain to North 

6988
06:04:11,200 --> 06:04:14,900
Africa, This achievement wasn't 
the result of exceptional 

6989
06:04:14,900 --> 06:04:17,700
individual leadership or 
accidental historical 

6990
06:04:17,700 --> 06:04:20,900
circumstances, but the logical 
development of Institutions 

6991
06:04:20,900 --> 06:04:25,200
values and strategies that had 
emerged during centuries of 

6992
06:04:25,208 --> 06:04:29,600
gradual adaptation and growth. 
The story of Rome's Beginnings, 

6993
06:04:29,600 --> 06:04:32,200
demonstrates that lasting 
civilizations aren't created 

6994
06:04:32,200 --> 06:04:35,600
suddenly, but developed through 
the accumulation of countless, 

6995
06:04:35,600 --> 06:04:37,000
small Innovations and 
adaptations. 

6996
06:04:38,300 --> 06:04:40,900
The farmers and herders who 
first settled, the Seven Hills 

6997
06:04:40,900 --> 06:04:43,900
couldn't have imagined that 
their descendants would govern 

6998
06:04:43,900 --> 06:04:48,200
an Empire that included over 50 
million people but the values 

6999
06:04:48,200 --> 06:04:51,400
and institutions they created 
practical problem-solving 

7000
06:04:51,400 --> 06:04:53,900
inclusive governance, military 
Effectiveness and cultural 

7001
06:04:53,900 --> 06:04:56,900
adaptability provided the 
foundation for achievements. 

7002
06:04:56,900 --> 06:04:59,500
That would influence human 
civilization for over two 

7003
06:04:59,500 --> 06:04:59,700
millennia.