Secrets of Everyday Life in the Edwardian Era | Boring History For Sleep

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My tired, potatoes. 
Welcome back. 

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Tonight, we're slipping quietly 
into the Edwardian era, a world 

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that looked polished and elegant
on the surface. 

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But underneath was filled with 
routines expectations and small 

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everyday habits. 
Most people today would never, 

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think about The teabing poured, 
the careful social rules. 

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The sounds of busy streets, 
outside glowing windows, at 

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dusk. 
All of it moved to a rhythm very

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different from our own. 
For the next little while, we're

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going to wander through those 
quieter corners of daily, life 

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together, not focusing on Kings,
or major of events. 

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But on the ordinary people 
trying to keep up with a rapidly

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changing world. 
So if these slow human stories 

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from the past, help you unwind 
feel free to follow along. 

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Leave a like. 
And let me know where you're 

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listening from and what time it 
is. 

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I always enjoy seeing where 
these stories drift to at night.

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Now, dim the light's get 
comfortable and let the rest of 

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the day slowly Fade Into the 
background. 

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Tonight, we are stepping into a 
world of polished. 

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Brass coal, smoke and starched 
collars. 

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The Edwardian era ran from 1901 
when Queen Victoria finally 

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released her grip on the 
century. 

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She had more or less owned by 
1914 and the war arrived and 

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changed the shape of everything 
that followed. 

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In those 13 years Britain 
occupied a particular kind of 

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suspended moment perched between
the heavy certainty of the 

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Victorian age and a modern 
world. 

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That was rattling loudly at the 
front door. 

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Let yourself settle close your 
eyes if you like. 

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The year is somewhere around 
1908 the house is large. 

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The ceilings are tall and 
somebody downstairs is already 

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stoking a fire. 
You're not the first person 

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awake in this house. 
That distinction belongs to a 

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girl of about 15 plain named in 
the way girls of her station 

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often were in this era. 
Something solid and dependable 

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Alice, perhaps or Edith? 
He's been scholarly made here 

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for eight months and her room is
a narrow slot near the attic. 

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Just wide enough for an iron bed
and narrow chest of drawers with

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the slightly crooked handle. 
And her opinions about The Cook 

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which she keeps to herself with 
considerable discipline. 

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She was awake at half past five 
this morning, possibly early. 

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The kitchen range in a house. 
Like this does not light itself 

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and it cannot be persuaded to 
skip a day. 

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The range is the Iron Heart of 
everything. 

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That happens below stairs. 
It is a massive Ridge, just so 

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dark and creature, that occupies
most of one kitchen wall and it 

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demands attention the way. 
A newborn demands attention, 

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which is to say continuously, 
and without apology. 

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Alice came down in the dark this
morning with a stub of candle 

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and raked out the ash from the 
previous days. 

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Fire. 
First, bagging the cinder's 

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carefully because nothing in a 
well-run, Edwardian household 

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goes to waste. 
If there is any conceivable 

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alternative then she laid, fresh
coal on crumpled paper, coax to 

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Flame with patient persuasion 
and waited. 

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While the fire builds itself up,
you're still asleep upstairs. 

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Your room is considerably warmer
than hers. 

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A housemaid One Step Above Alice
in the domestic hierarchy came 

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through some time before 7:00 
and set a fire in your bedroom. 

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Great. 
She carried the coal scuttle up 

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two flights of stairs without 
making more sound than a shadow.

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She's trained to be invisible in
the mornings. 

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The art of Performing physically
demanding work in Total silent 

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while being absolutely present 
in the room is in this era, 

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regarded as a professional skill
of real value. 

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By the time, the great catchers 
and the warmth begins spreading 

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toward the middle of the room, 
you're drifting upward toward 

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waking on your own. 
The bed is substantial as 

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Edwardian, beds tend to be. 
Yours has a horsehair mattress 

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beneath a thick feather overlay 
and the linen sheets smell of 

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lavender water from the laundry.
The pillowcases are ironed flat.

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Two, extra blankets. 
Wait folded at the foot of the 

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bed and the curtains at the 
window, are heavy enough to turn

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9:00 into a convincing 
approximation of midnight? 

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This is partly why you're only 
waking now. 

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You can hear the house arriving 
at its day around you. 

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There is the distant sound of 
something metallic in the 

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kitchen. 
Far below the floorboards, 

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there's the sound of careful 
footsteps on the back stairs. 

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The narrow uncarpeted ones 
tucked behind an unobtrusive 

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door in the corridor wall. 
Those stairs, connect every 

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floor of the house without 
involving the main staircase and

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the sound moving up, them now is
purposeful and quiet. 

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The sound of someone who has 
somewhere to be In 1908, the 

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average middle class household 
in London employed, somewhere 

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between three and six domestic 
servants. 

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This was not considered 
excessive it was considered how 

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a house of this size and 
standing was expected to 

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function. 
The Cook, The Parlor made the 

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housemaid, the scullery maid, 
possibly a lady made. 

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If the Mistress of the house 
required one, which in a 

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household of this kind, she 
generally did. 

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In larger establishments, there 
would also be a butler, a 

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footman and a Coachmen the 
hierarchy, among all of them was

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carefully. 
Observed and taken with a degree

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of seriousness, that would feel 
unusual. 

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Now, you stretch under the 
sheets, the room smells of coal 

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smoke from the great, still new 
enough to smell like something 

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happening rather than something 
already established. 

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There's also a faint smell of 
beeswax, which is the smell that

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underlies. 
Everything else in this house. 

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Every surface that can be 
polished is polished on a 

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regular schedule. 
And Beeswax polish is simply 

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what a well-kept Edwardian room 
smells like in the morning. 

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The way certain places have 
their own settled particular, 

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smell that you stop noticing 
after a few days but immediately

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recognize when you return, from 
somewhere else on your bedside 

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table sits, a plain ceramic 
water, jug and a glass. 

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The Jug was filled last night by
the housemaid before she left 

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for her own room. 
This is routine. 

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Nobody in this household, Paul's
water from a tap if they can 

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possibly avoid doing so not 
because the Taps do not exist 

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but because having things done 
for you is part of the point of 

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having people to do them, 
Washing and getting dressed is 

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not a quick, or casual business 
in this era. 

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The housemaid has already 
brought up a copper can of hot 

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water and ported it into the 
basement in your dressing room, 

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that base and sits in a marble 
topped, washstand and arrange 

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beside it on a low tray, or a 
bar of soap, a nail brush. 

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A hand towel of clean white 
linen and a larger town for your

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face. 
The soap is likely pairs, which 

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has been manufactured in the 
essentially its current form. 

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Since 1889 or possibly something
from Yardley with a scent, that 

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is faintly floral or lightly 
medicinal. 

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Depending on the household's 
preference, edwardians 

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Associated, a clean distinctive 
soap, smell with proper hygiene 

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in a very deliberate way. 
Here's probably know bathroom on

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sweet to your room. 
Edwardian houses of this type 

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typically had one bathroom on a 
given floor shared between two 

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or three. 
Bedrooms the bathroom contained 

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a deep clawfoot tub with brass 
fittings, a geyser water heater 

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on the wall, that ran on gas and
if the house was recently, 

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enough built a flush lavatory 
behind a separate door. 

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Running hot water at the turn of
a tap, existed in the newest, 

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and most expensively fitted 
homes. 

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But it was still remarkable 
enough to mention when 

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describing a property. 
The idea that every person would

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have their own private bathroom 
with instantaneous hot water 

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available on demand at any hour.
Was the kind of thing. 

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The most forward-looking 
architectural writers were 

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beginning to suggest might 
become normal. 

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They were correct, but it would 
take another two or three 

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decades, your clothes, for the 
day of being laid out. 

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This is one of those details of 
Edwardian life that is easy to 

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read past, but takes a moment to
actually absorb your clothes 

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were selected and arranged by 
someone else in the order in 

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which you will put them on. 
If you are a woman, your corset,

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your petticoats, your blouse and
skirt or your day dress are 

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positioned on the chair or a 
cross. 

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The foot of the bed and 
sequence. 

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If you are a man, your shirt has
been pressed to a stiffness that

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makes it feel like a legal 
document, Your Collar studs have

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been located and set out and 
your shoes from yesterday of 

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already been cleaned to a 
finished. 

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That erases any evidence you 
wore them outside. 

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The corset deserves a particular
moment of attention. 

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Edwardian, women's courses were 
designed to create the specific.

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Silhouette that defined 
fashionable dress in this 

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period. 
The Finnish shape featured a 

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narrowed waste, an exaggerated 
forward tilt of the hips and a 

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generous shelf of chest, the 
style was called the S Pen, 

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silhouette by fashion, 
historians named for the curve. 

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It created. 
When viewed from the side 

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getting into a properly fitted, 
corset required, someone 

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standing behind you pulling on 
the laces and applying a steady 

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knowledgeable pressure, that no 
amount of personal flexibility 

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could quite replicate alone. 
Is made was trained for this 

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among her other duties. 
The relationship between a woman

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and her ladies. 
Maid was consequently. 

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One of the closer working 
relationships in the household 

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marked by a physical intimacy, 
that feels surprising to 

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consider. 
Now built out of daily 

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necessity, rather than any 
particular sentiment. 

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By the time you're fully dressed
in your hair is properly 

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arranged at least one other 
person has contributed 

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meaningful to the result 
possibly 2. 

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The clock on the mantle piece 
shows, 10 minutes to 8 

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downstairs. 
The dining room is being set for

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breakfast and the smell of bacon
has made its way up through the 

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back of the house, like a slow 
friendly announcement. 

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Come down now, not through the 
main staircase with its polished

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Bannister, and the framed 
watercolors on the landing wall.

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But the other way, the back 
stairs, the stairs are 

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uncarpeted, they are steeper 
narrower than the main staircase

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lit, by a single narrow window 
on the half Landing that admits 

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enough light to work by and not 
quite enough to lift the mood. 

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The paint on the walls is pale 
institutional green, the color 

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of places where function is the 
only brief These stairs are used

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constantly all day from before 6
in the morning to pass ten at 

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night. 
And the center of each step has 

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been warned slightly concave by 
years of purposeful feet. 

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Through the door at the bottom, 
is the kitchen. 

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The kitchen in an Edwardian 
townhouse of this standing as a 

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world entirely, its own. 
It occupies, the basement level 

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half underground with windows 
that sit at street level, and 

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look upward through iron railing
to the pavement outside. 

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From the right position in the 
kitchen. 

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You can watch the boots of 
passes by moving past at eye 

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level. 
Polished boots, workman's Boots,

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the occasional wheel of a 
delivery cart. 

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It is a perspective that belongs
entirely to this room and the 

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cook and her staff in habitat 
for most of their working hours.

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The cook occupies a position of 
considerable Authority. 

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In a well-run household, she's 
addressed as Mrs. Regardless of 

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her actual marital situation. 
This is a professional courtesy,

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a formal title acknowledging. 
The seniority of her role and 

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the weight of her 
responsibility, she reports to 

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the Mistress of the house, who 
may visit once each morning to 

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discuss menus and sign off on 
orders within the kitchen 

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itself. 
However, the Kooks word is the 

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nearest thing to lure that 
exists in this room and her 

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preferences about how things are
done. 

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Carry the authority of long 
professional experience. 

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Her day begins early and 
compresses a remarkable amount 

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of physical work into its hours.
Breakfast must be on the dining 

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room table at 8:00, not 
approximately 8, not whenever 

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things are ready to clock. 
The Edwardian breakfast was an 

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ambitious Affair by any standard
and by the standards of most 

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countries. 
In most areas, it was close to 

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extraordinary. 
A typical middle class spread 

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included porridge in a covered 
silver bowl. 

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Two or three cook dishes. 
Kept warm under metal Lids on a 

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heated sideboard, toasting Iraq.
Butter on a flat dish. 

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Surrounded by crushed ice, 
marmalade. 

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And a cut glass jar, possibly 
kedgeree on certain mornings. 

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If the household preferred it 
Bacon eggs cooked in at least 

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two ways and a large pot of 
strong tea accompanied by a 

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smaller pot, of hot water for 
those who prefer it less strong.

230
00:11:47,200 --> 00:11:50,000
This was considered a reasonable
and unremarkable way to begin 

231
00:11:50,000 --> 00:11:52,200
the day. 
The cook has been in motion 

232
00:11:52,200 --> 00:11:55,800
since well before 6, the 
porridge is on the bacon is 

233
00:11:55,808 --> 00:11:58,500
started. 
The bread arrived at 7:30 

234
00:11:58,500 --> 00:12:00,800
brought by a boy, from The 
Baker, to streets away. 

235
00:12:00,800 --> 00:12:03,100
He Rings the back doorbell, and 
hands the loaves, whoever 

236
00:12:03,100 --> 00:12:07,000
answers, without any ceremony, 
The marmalade is already spooned

237
00:12:07,000 --> 00:12:10,200
into its serving dish, the eggs,
wait in a bowl near the range 

238
00:12:10,200 --> 00:12:12,100
ready to be cooked to individual
preference. 

239
00:12:12,100 --> 00:12:15,900
Once the family comes down, a 
breakfast of this scale is not 

240
00:12:15,900 --> 00:12:18,500
thrown together. 
It is organized with the care of

241
00:12:18,500 --> 00:12:21,100
someone who understands that the
mornings mood and the rooms 

242
00:12:21,100 --> 00:12:23,900
above depends significantly on 
how well, this part goes. 

243
00:12:25,100 --> 00:12:28,600
Parallel to the Kooks domain but
kept carefully separate from it 

244
00:12:28,600 --> 00:12:33,000
is the butler's pantry. 
The butler operates in a 

245
00:12:33,000 --> 00:12:35,800
different register from the cook
and entirely where the cook 

246
00:12:35,800 --> 00:12:39,100
commands through heat and steam.
And the compressed authority of 

247
00:12:39,100 --> 00:12:42,400
feeding people reliably, the 
butler Works in a key of 

248
00:12:42,400 --> 00:12:45,400
composed formality. 
He is responsible for the 

249
00:12:45,400 --> 00:12:48,700
household silver, The Wine 
Cellar, the corrector rangement 

250
00:12:48,700 --> 00:12:51,900
of the formal table and the 
general standard of The house's 

251
00:12:51,900 --> 00:12:55,500
front of house presentation. 
He also supervises the footman. 

252
00:12:55,500 --> 00:12:58,600
If the household employees won 
and he is in the households 

253
00:12:58,600 --> 00:13:00,800
outward-facing moment, it's 
public face. 

254
00:13:00,800 --> 00:13:04,200
He is polishing the silver this 
morning, which he does every 

255
00:13:04,200 --> 00:13:07,300
Tuesday without variation. 
The silver polish has a faint 

256
00:13:07,300 --> 00:13:09,200
chalky. 
Slightly metallic smell that 

257
00:13:09,200 --> 00:13:10,600
catches in the back of the 
throat. 

258
00:13:10,600 --> 00:13:13,800
If you stand too close, He works
through each piece with a 

259
00:13:13,808 --> 00:13:16,400
methodical patients, that 
suggests a man who has found 

260
00:13:16,400 --> 00:13:19,600
something satisfying and 
precision itself rather than in 

261
00:13:19,600 --> 00:13:21,500
the individual result of anyone 
polishing. 

262
00:13:22,400 --> 00:13:26,700
Cutlery goes piece by piece. 
The candlesticks the sugar tongs

263
00:13:26,700 --> 00:13:31,200
the cream, jug the toast rack. 
Everything is examined against 

264
00:13:31,200 --> 00:13:34,500
the light from the pantry. 
Window return to its felt line 

265
00:13:34,500 --> 00:13:37,600
draw in exactly the right 
position and crossed off a 

266
00:13:37,600 --> 00:13:39,800
mental list that exists only in 
his head. 

267
00:13:41,200 --> 00:13:43,200
The house made and the Parlor 
maid occupy. 

268
00:13:43,200 --> 00:13:45,800
The middle range of the 
household, higher Archie, and 

269
00:13:45,800 --> 00:13:48,400
their duties are divided with 
the specificity that leaves 

270
00:13:48,400 --> 00:13:52,000
little room for improvisation. 
The Parlor, maid managers, the 

271
00:13:52,000 --> 00:13:54,600
rooms the family actually uses 
the drawing room. 

272
00:13:54,600 --> 00:13:57,600
The dining room, the morning 
room and the front hall. 

273
00:13:57,600 --> 00:14:01,100
She sets the table clears. 
The dishes after meals answers, 

274
00:14:01,100 --> 00:14:04,500
the front door and carries the 
tea tree up when required The 

275
00:14:04,500 --> 00:14:06,900
housemaid deals with the 
bedrooms, the fires, the chamber

276
00:14:06,900 --> 00:14:09,500
pots, and the general cleaning 
of the upstairs rooms. 

277
00:14:09,500 --> 00:14:13,400
The distinction between them is 
maintained carefully because the

278
00:14:13,400 --> 00:14:16,500
alternative is argument. 
And this household runs on the 

279
00:14:16,500 --> 00:14:19,400
principal that argument is a 
waste of everyone's Time. 

280
00:14:19,400 --> 00:14:23,200
Chamber pots deserve a mention 
here, not because they are the 

281
00:14:23,200 --> 00:14:26,200
most glamorous element of 
Edwardian domestic life, but 

282
00:14:26,200 --> 00:14:29,700
because they are an honest one, 
Even in comfortable households 

283
00:14:29,700 --> 00:14:32,300
with a proper bathroom on the 
first floor chamber pots, 

284
00:14:32,300 --> 00:14:34,400
remained in. 
Use in bedrooms for nighttime, 

285
00:14:34,400 --> 00:14:38,100
convenience, emptying, cleaning,
and replacing them was among the

286
00:14:38,100 --> 00:14:40,800
housemaids mourning duties 
performed before the family 

287
00:14:40,800 --> 00:14:43,900
woke, if possible because the 
invisibility of this particular 

288
00:14:43,900 --> 00:14:46,500
task was considered important by
everyone involved. 

289
00:14:46,500 --> 00:14:50,200
The bathroom itself with its 
claw foot tub and wall mounted 

290
00:14:50,200 --> 00:14:53,800
geyser represented a genuine 
improvement over what previous 

291
00:14:53,800 --> 00:14:57,500
generations had managed. 
The geyser, a gas-powered water 

292
00:14:57,500 --> 00:15:00,500
heating device, produced, hot 
water on Demand with an 

293
00:15:00,500 --> 00:15:04,800
impressive Roar and a thin blue 
flame, and required a match in a

294
00:15:04,800 --> 00:15:06,500
specific lighting. 
Sequence that guests were 

295
00:15:06,508 --> 00:15:09,100
occasionally worned about if 
they were unfamiliar with the 

296
00:15:09,100 --> 00:15:12,300
technology. 
Below the house made below the 

297
00:15:12,300 --> 00:15:15,800
Parlor maid below. 
Almost everyone is Alice the 

298
00:15:15,800 --> 00:15:19,700
scholarly, made she washes pots,
she scrubs the kitchen floor on 

299
00:15:19,700 --> 00:15:21,700
her knees with a stiff, brush 
and cold water. 

300
00:15:21,700 --> 00:15:25,400
She peels vegetables in the 
scholarly which is a low damp 

301
00:15:25,400 --> 00:15:28,600
work room attached to the back 
of the kitchen where the Messiah

302
00:15:28,600 --> 00:15:31,400
and wetter aspects of food. 
Preparation happen, out of sight

303
00:15:31,400 --> 00:15:34,400
of the main cooking. 
She carries coal scuttles and 

304
00:15:34,400 --> 00:15:37,300
empties Ash buckets. 
She works with her hands in cold

305
00:15:37,300 --> 00:15:40,700
water for a significant portion 
of each day and a hands show it.

306
00:15:40,700 --> 00:15:43,700
They are red and rough and have 
fine cracks along the knuckles 

307
00:15:43,700 --> 00:15:45,900
that sting when she plunges them
into the washing up. 

308
00:15:45,900 --> 00:15:49,500
She is in the current moment, 
hoping for a promotion to 

309
00:15:49,500 --> 00:15:53,100
KitchenAid within the next year.
She is mentioned this once to 

310
00:15:53,100 --> 00:15:55,700
the Cook who acknowledged it 
without committing to anything, 

311
00:15:55,700 --> 00:15:58,700
which Alice has decided to 
interpret his encouragement. 

312
00:15:59,800 --> 00:16:02,400
The rules governing, the lives 
of domestic servants in this 

313
00:16:02,400 --> 00:16:05,700
period varied from household to 
household but followed a 

314
00:16:05,700 --> 00:16:09,100
recognizable General shape, most
servants lived in meaning this 

315
00:16:09,100 --> 00:16:12,600
house was also their home, they 
had one afternoon off each week,

316
00:16:12,600 --> 00:16:15,100
usually Thursday and one Sunday 
per month. 

317
00:16:15,900 --> 00:16:18,900
They were expected to return by 
a specified time on their days 

318
00:16:18,900 --> 00:16:21,100
out. 
They could not receive visitors 

319
00:16:21,100 --> 00:16:23,400
below stairs without the 
knowledge and permission of the 

320
00:16:23,400 --> 00:16:26,100
household. 
Followers meaning romantic 

321
00:16:26,100 --> 00:16:29,200
attachments were formerly 
prohibited, though. 

322
00:16:29,200 --> 00:16:31,900
The degree to, which this rule 
was enforced, depended very much

323
00:16:31,900 --> 00:16:34,800
on the particular employer. 
What they did have was steady 

324
00:16:34,800 --> 00:16:39,300
employment a roof regular meals.
And in some households a degree 

325
00:16:39,300 --> 00:16:42,800
of informal domestic warmth that
made the work more bearable than

326
00:16:42,800 --> 00:16:46,900
its conditions might suggest. 
The cook and the butler who are 

327
00:16:46,908 --> 00:16:49,600
of similar age and have each 
been in service for close to 20 

328
00:16:49,600 --> 00:16:51,800
years. 
Do not particularly, like, each 

329
00:16:51,800 --> 00:16:54,000
other. 
They have been played about this

330
00:16:54,000 --> 00:16:57,100
for six years and show every 
sign of continuing indefinitely.

331
00:16:58,400 --> 00:17:01,000
Come back up stairs. 
Now, the dining room is ready, 

332
00:17:01,000 --> 00:17:03,200
the tablecloth is white 
Damascus. 

333
00:17:03,200 --> 00:17:06,599
Ironed to a smoothness that has 
required a specific amount of 

334
00:17:06,599 --> 00:17:10,900
effort and a very hot iron. 
It is pulled taut at the corners

335
00:17:10,900 --> 00:17:13,099
and Falls to a precise point on 
each side. 

336
00:17:14,300 --> 00:17:16,900
The play settings, follow a 
geometry that leaves no room for

337
00:17:16,900 --> 00:17:21,200
casual interpretation Forks, to 
the left knives, and spoons, to 

338
00:17:21,200 --> 00:17:24,400
the right in the order in which 
they will be used working from 

339
00:17:24,400 --> 00:17:28,099
the outside toward the plate, 
the water glasses, stand at a 

340
00:17:28,099 --> 00:17:29,300
particular angle behind the 
knife. 

341
00:17:29,300 --> 00:17:32,700
The napkins made of proper linen
and not to be reused without 

342
00:17:32,700 --> 00:17:35,100
laundry. 
A folded into a form that has 

343
00:17:35,100 --> 00:17:37,700
more ambition than the available
material always supports. 

344
00:17:38,500 --> 00:17:40,900
On the sideboard the covered 
serving dishes. 

345
00:17:40,900 --> 00:17:43,800
Sit over low Spirit lamps whose 
job is to keep them warm. 

346
00:17:44,500 --> 00:17:47,600
Lifting the lid on the first 
releases, a curl of steam and 

347
00:17:47,600 --> 00:17:50,300
the smell of creamed, mushrooms,
thick, and savory. 

348
00:17:51,100 --> 00:17:54,900
The second holds bacon and what 
the cook calls deviled kidneys, 

349
00:17:54,900 --> 00:17:57,500
which involves mustard and 
Worcestershire sauce in a 

350
00:17:57,500 --> 00:18:00,300
quantity that is considerably 
more assertive at 8 in the 

351
00:18:00,300 --> 00:18:03,900
morning than its plight name. 
Suggests The toast track stands 

352
00:18:03,900 --> 00:18:06,500
at the end of the sideboard. 
The toast already beginning to 

353
00:18:06,500 --> 00:18:09,500
cool in the way toast always 
does fast faster than seems 

354
00:18:09,500 --> 00:18:12,700
physically reasonable. 
The porridge bowl is covered the

355
00:18:12,700 --> 00:18:15,900
marmalade is in its glass dish. 
The butter sits in its own 

356
00:18:15,900 --> 00:18:17,800
lidded. 
Container surrounded by crushed 

357
00:18:17,800 --> 00:18:21,100
ice because butter that has gone
soft at the breakfast table as a

358
00:18:21,100 --> 00:18:22,900
quiet. 
Failure that carries an outside 

359
00:18:22,900 --> 00:18:26,800
social weight, Breakfast in the 
Edwardian household is eaten by 

360
00:18:26,800 --> 00:18:29,000
the family. 
And not the servants, who take 

361
00:18:29,000 --> 00:18:31,400
their own meals, in the kitchen 
and servants Hall at different 

362
00:18:31,400 --> 00:18:34,500
times, maintaining the careful 
separation between the two. 

363
00:18:34,500 --> 00:18:37,700
Populations of the house. 
The family comes down in their 

364
00:18:37,700 --> 00:18:40,200
daytime clothes and serves 
themselves from the sideboard. 

365
00:18:41,000 --> 00:18:44,100
This degree of self-service is 
considered the informal mode of 

366
00:18:44,100 --> 00:18:47,300
this particular meal. 
You chose your own bacon, you 

367
00:18:47,300 --> 00:18:49,300
pulled your own. 
Marmalade you were for 

368
00:18:49,300 --> 00:18:52,600
approximately 30 minutes, 
moderately independent the 

369
00:18:52,600 --> 00:18:56,100
morning newspapers are on the 
table in 1908, a household of 

370
00:18:56,100 --> 00:18:58,400
this standing would have taken 
at least two newspapers. 

371
00:18:58,400 --> 00:19:01,800
The times was the paper of 
record for a particular class of

372
00:19:01,800 --> 00:19:05,600
English household red with 
deliberate, seriousness, and 

373
00:19:05,600 --> 00:19:08,200
held at a vertical distance. 
That suggested the readers. 

374
00:19:08,200 --> 00:19:11,200
Primary relationship was with 
the idea of being well informed,

375
00:19:11,208 --> 00:19:16,100
The Daily Mail launched in 1896 
and regarded with mild 

376
00:19:16,100 --> 00:19:18,500
condensation by older readers as
something breathless. 

377
00:19:18,500 --> 00:19:21,600
And populist was nonetheless 
present in many of the same 

378
00:19:21,600 --> 00:19:25,500
households and red with its own 
kind of Engagement the morning, 

379
00:19:25,500 --> 00:19:30,000
post the Daily Telegraph The 
choice of newspaper said 

380
00:19:30,000 --> 00:19:32,900
something about who you were and
people in this era understood 

381
00:19:32,900 --> 00:19:35,800
what it said. 
The news on a typical morning. 

382
00:19:35,800 --> 00:19:38,300
Might include reports from the 
House of Commons on the Irish 

383
00:19:38,300 --> 00:19:41,400
home rule question, which had 
been agitating parliament in the

384
00:19:41,408 --> 00:19:44,100
country for decades. 
There were reports on the 

385
00:19:44,100 --> 00:19:47,400
activities of the suffragettes 
who buy 1908 had moved. 

386
00:19:47,400 --> 00:19:50,500
Well, past polite petitioning 
and were generating the kind of 

387
00:19:50,500 --> 00:19:53,500
headlines that made some readers
reach for their tea with an 

388
00:19:53,500 --> 00:19:56,500
extra firmness. 
There were updates on the German

389
00:19:56,500 --> 00:19:59,300
Naval building program which 
certain politicians were 

390
00:19:59,300 --> 00:20:01,900
tracking with a concern that had
not yet reached the public at 

391
00:20:01,900 --> 00:20:05,800
full volume. there were the 
society Pages which tracked who 

392
00:20:05,800 --> 00:20:08,800
had attended, which function and
what they had worn and the 

393
00:20:08,800 --> 00:20:12,000
advertisement columns and the 
cricket results and The Shipping

394
00:20:12,000 --> 00:20:15,700
News After breakfast, the 
household divided, along its 

395
00:20:15,700 --> 00:20:20,000
habitual lines. the gentleman of
the house left for the city if 

396
00:20:20,000 --> 00:20:22,500
he was in one of the 
profession's law medicine, or 

397
00:20:22,500 --> 00:20:25,500
Finance, or one of the newer 
commercial calling, he was out 

398
00:20:25,500 --> 00:20:29,400
by nine o'clock at the latest 
The Parlor made him in the front

399
00:20:29,400 --> 00:20:32,100
hall, with his hat is gloves and
his Cane from The Stand by the 

400
00:20:32,108 --> 00:20:34,300
door. 
He stepped out into the street 

401
00:20:34,300 --> 00:20:37,000
and joined the stream of 
similarly hatted men making 

402
00:20:37,000 --> 00:20:40,500
their way toward the bus, stops 
the underground stations or the 

403
00:20:40,500 --> 00:20:42,700
cabs. 
The Mistress of the house 

404
00:20:42,700 --> 00:20:45,200
remained and her morning had its
own architecture. 

405
00:20:46,200 --> 00:20:49,900
First fixed point, was the daily
meeting with the cook, which 

406
00:20:49,900 --> 00:20:52,000
happened, not in the kitchen, 
but in the morning room, 

407
00:20:52,000 --> 00:20:54,900
observing the conventional 
separation between the two 

408
00:20:54,900 --> 00:20:56,400
domestic territories of the 
house. 

409
00:20:56,400 --> 00:21:00,100
The mistress would review. 
What was in the Larder, approve,

410
00:21:00,100 --> 00:21:03,200
or redirect, The Kooks proposed 
menus for lunch and dinner, and 

411
00:21:03,200 --> 00:21:04,800
go through the tradesmen's 
orders. 

412
00:21:05,700 --> 00:21:08,500
The Tradesmen in 1908 came to 
the house. 

413
00:21:08,500 --> 00:21:12,500
This is worth pausing on because
the domestic Logistics of this 

414
00:21:12,500 --> 00:21:15,300
era were built on a system of 
delivery and personal Supply, 

415
00:21:15,300 --> 00:21:17,400
that required, no trips to any 
shop at all. 

416
00:21:17,400 --> 00:21:20,500
If you did not want to make them
the butcher, the fishmonger, the

417
00:21:20,500 --> 00:21:23,400
grocer, the green grosser, the 
dairy, the baker, the wine 

418
00:21:23,400 --> 00:21:26,800
merchant, and the coal Merchant 
all had delivery rounds that 

419
00:21:26,800 --> 00:21:29,200
served particular streets and 
particular households. 

420
00:21:29,200 --> 00:21:32,900
You did not select your own lamb
chops from a refrigerated case 

421
00:21:32,900 --> 00:21:36,000
under florescent light. 
You entered your requirements 

422
00:21:36,000 --> 00:21:38,600
and the householder book or you 
gave them verbally to the 

423
00:21:38,600 --> 00:21:41,400
tradesmen's delivery boy, who 
appeared at the back door at a 

424
00:21:41,400 --> 00:21:44,400
regular hour and the goods 
arrived that same day, or the 

425
00:21:44,400 --> 00:21:47,000
next morning. 
This system required a long and 

426
00:21:47,000 --> 00:21:50,400
stable relationship between a 
household and its suppliers, and

427
00:21:50,400 --> 00:21:52,000
it meant the cook knew the fish 
monger. 

428
00:21:52,000 --> 00:21:54,900
Well, enough to complaint 
specifically when the turbo was 

429
00:21:54,900 --> 00:21:58,000
below standard and the 
fishmonger knew her well enough 

430
00:21:58,000 --> 00:21:59,300
to take the complaints 
seriously. 

431
00:22:00,300 --> 00:22:03,400
After the household management, 
the morning room, belonged to 

432
00:22:03,408 --> 00:22:07,000
the mistress for correspondence.
Letter writing in the Edwardian 

433
00:22:07,000 --> 00:22:10,800
era, was not a task completed in
30 seconds between other tasks. 

434
00:22:10,800 --> 00:22:14,400
It was a social obligation, a 
skill and in some households 

435
00:22:14,400 --> 00:22:18,300
almost an art form. 
A morning might produce for five

436
00:22:18,300 --> 00:22:21,400
or six letters responding to 
invitations thanking someone for

437
00:22:21,400 --> 00:22:25,000
their Hospitality, extending 
condolences, arranging the 

438
00:22:25,000 --> 00:22:28,000
details of a future. 
Visit Declining, something with 

439
00:22:28,000 --> 00:22:31,500
sufficient warmth to leave the 
social Fabric undamaged, or 

440
00:22:31,500 --> 00:22:34,300
simply maintaining the web of 
Correspondence that kept a 

441
00:22:34,300 --> 00:22:35,900
person connected to their Wider 
Circle. 

442
00:22:37,100 --> 00:22:39,500
The pen used for. 
This was a proper nib pen dipped

443
00:22:39,500 --> 00:22:41,900
in an Inkwell, and the 
handwriting was considered a 

444
00:22:41,900 --> 00:22:45,100
reflection of character. 
Cramped hurried writing said 

445
00:22:45,100 --> 00:22:47,800
something. 
A clear well-formed hand said 

446
00:22:47,800 --> 00:22:50,700
something better. 
The Edwardian Postal Service in 

447
00:22:50,700 --> 00:22:53,000
London was remarkable by any 
latest standard. 

448
00:22:53,700 --> 00:22:56,600
There were multiple deliveries 
per day in the city, beginning 

449
00:22:56,600 --> 00:22:58,500
early in the morning and 
continuing through the 

450
00:22:58,500 --> 00:23:01,300
afternoon. 
A letter posted before noon 

451
00:23:01,300 --> 00:23:04,500
could be answered and the reply 
back in Your Hands by the same 

452
00:23:04,500 --> 00:23:07,800
evening, a letter sent on Monday
morning about a matter of 

453
00:23:07,800 --> 00:23:10,800
requiring, an urgent decision. 
Could in theory, have that 

454
00:23:10,800 --> 00:23:13,000
decision. 
Communicated back to you before 

455
00:23:13,000 --> 00:23:15,800
Monday dealer. 
This was the real-time 

456
00:23:15,800 --> 00:23:19,200
communication system of the era 
and people used it with the same

457
00:23:19,200 --> 00:23:21,200
fluency and expectation of 
speed. 

458
00:23:21,200 --> 00:23:23,800
That later generations, applied 
to electronic messages. 

459
00:23:24,800 --> 00:23:27,800
After correspondence, there 
might be callers a morning 

460
00:23:27,800 --> 00:23:30,700
caller, a friend or relation, 
who appeared with relatively 

461
00:23:30,700 --> 00:23:32,800
little ceremony and presented 
herself. 

462
00:23:32,800 --> 00:23:35,300
At the front door, was a welcome
variation in the rhythm of the 

463
00:23:35,308 --> 00:23:39,200
day, T would be sent for The 
morning room would comfortably 

464
00:23:39,200 --> 00:23:41,800
seat, two or three people in the
chairs arranged near the window,

465
00:23:41,800 --> 00:23:44,400
a conversation would develop 
that moved. 

466
00:23:44,400 --> 00:23:46,800
Depending on the people involved
between domestic news 

467
00:23:46,800 --> 00:23:50,000
observations on people, they 
both need discussion of 

468
00:23:50,000 --> 00:23:51,900
something. 
They had recently read and 

469
00:23:51,900 --> 00:23:54,400
whatever question was currently 
pressing enough to have entered 

470
00:23:54,400 --> 00:23:57,300
casual conversation. 
The question of women's suffrage

471
00:23:57,300 --> 00:24:00,900
was frequently pressing enough. 
Emeline Pankhurst had founded 

472
00:24:00,900 --> 00:24:04,100
the women's social and political
union, in Manchester in 1903. 

473
00:24:04,100 --> 00:24:07,400
And by the late years of the 
decade, it had become impossible

474
00:24:07,400 --> 00:24:10,600
to ignore. 
The windows smashing, the 

475
00:24:10,600 --> 00:24:13,300
disrupted political meetings, 
the arrests, the prison 

476
00:24:13,300 --> 00:24:16,400
sentences, the hunger strikes, 
and the force feeding that 

477
00:24:16,400 --> 00:24:18,900
followed them were all being 
reported in the newspapers 

478
00:24:18,900 --> 00:24:20,400
sitting on the dining room 
sideboard. 

479
00:24:21,400 --> 00:24:24,400
Women in morning rooms across, 
London over tea and the ordinary

480
00:24:24,400 --> 00:24:27,000
language of friendship before 
forming opinions on these 

481
00:24:27,000 --> 00:24:30,000
events. 
Some were horrified, some were 

482
00:24:30,000 --> 00:24:33,600
sympathetic in ways they 
expressed cautiously Some when 

483
00:24:33,600 --> 00:24:36,600
the caller had gone and the room
was quiet, again, sat for a 

484
00:24:36,600 --> 00:24:39,100
moment with something that was 
closer to conviction than they 

485
00:24:39,100 --> 00:24:41,800
had allowed themselves to 
acknowledge while anyone else 

486
00:24:41,800 --> 00:24:44,600
was in the room. 
You're going out this afternoon,

487
00:24:44,600 --> 00:24:48,800
put on your hat first in the 
Edwardian, era leaving the 

488
00:24:48,800 --> 00:24:50,200
house. 
Without a hat, is not something 

489
00:24:50,200 --> 00:24:52,700
a person of any respectability 
does voluntarily. 

490
00:24:53,500 --> 00:24:55,700
The hatless figure in the street
attracts notice. 

491
00:24:55,700 --> 00:24:59,500
And the notice is not favorable 
a hat, announces participation, 

492
00:24:59,500 --> 00:25:02,600
in the social World. 
It says, in its quiet material 

493
00:25:02,600 --> 00:25:05,300
way that, you understand the 
conventions of the time and 

494
00:25:05,300 --> 00:25:08,500
place you inhabit. 
Hats in this era are not modest 

495
00:25:08,500 --> 00:25:10,400
accessories. 
They are statements. 

496
00:25:11,200 --> 00:25:15,400
The fashionable hat for women in
1908 is wide considerably wide. 

497
00:25:15,400 --> 00:25:18,800
It sits a top and elaborate 
arrangement of hair and pins, 

498
00:25:18,800 --> 00:25:21,700
and his decorated with an 
ambition, that treats the top of

499
00:25:21,700 --> 00:25:25,900
the head as an opportunity. 
Ostrich feathers are the primary

500
00:25:25,900 --> 00:25:30,000
embellishment long and soft and 
curving died in colors? 

501
00:25:30,000 --> 00:25:31,800
That the bird itself would not 
recognize. 

502
00:25:31,800 --> 00:25:37,300
Egret plumes are all so popular.
In more extreme examples, entire

503
00:25:37,300 --> 00:25:40,000
small, Taxidermy birds have been
incorporated into the 

504
00:25:40,000 --> 00:25:44,200
construction Wing spread posed 
in attitudes of surprise flight.

505
00:25:44,200 --> 00:25:47,900
The millenary trades appetite 
for feathers was by 1908 

506
00:25:47,900 --> 00:25:51,300
beginning to attract criticism 
from people who had noticed what

507
00:25:51,300 --> 00:25:55,900
it was doing to certain species 
of wild bird. plumage league and

508
00:25:55,900 --> 00:25:59,100
the society for the protection 
of birds, the latter of which 

509
00:25:59,100 --> 00:26:02,600
had been founded by Emily 
Williamson in 1889 partly in 

510
00:26:02,600 --> 00:26:05,300
response to precisely this 
fashion were making the argument

511
00:26:05,300 --> 00:26:08,900
in print They were not yet 
winning it outright but the 

512
00:26:08,908 --> 00:26:11,800
argument was being made and it 
would eventually contribute to 

513
00:26:11,800 --> 00:26:14,400
regulations that changed the 
trade significantly in the 

514
00:26:14,408 --> 00:26:17,400
following decade. 
For men, the Hat choices 

515
00:26:17,400 --> 00:26:21,100
calibrated to the occasion with 
a Precision, that requires some 

516
00:26:21,100 --> 00:26:24,500
familiarity to navigate. 
Silk, top hat is correct for 

517
00:26:24,500 --> 00:26:27,900
formal morning business, a black
bowler, suits a less formal 

518
00:26:27,900 --> 00:26:30,100
outing in commercial or 
professional company. 

519
00:26:30,100 --> 00:26:33,800
A strawberry is the appropriate 
choice for leisure for garden 

520
00:26:33,800 --> 00:26:37,800
parties for the races for a 
boat, on the river, or for any 

521
00:26:37,808 --> 00:26:40,700
sunny afternoon that presents 
itself as a social opportunity. 

522
00:26:41,800 --> 00:26:45,400
The peaked cap in Tweed or cloth
is for the country and the 

523
00:26:45,400 --> 00:26:48,900
Working Man and wearing one in 
the wrong context and a signal 

524
00:26:48,900 --> 00:26:54,300
you may not intend step outside.
The street is alive in ways that

525
00:26:54,300 --> 00:26:57,300
do not translate cleanly into 
any photograph of the period 

526
00:26:57,300 --> 00:27:00,500
because photographs of the 
Edwardian era, do not transmit. 

527
00:27:00,500 --> 00:27:04,500
Smell and smell is a major 
component of the experience, the

528
00:27:04,500 --> 00:27:07,200
Streets of London, in 1908 smell
of Horus. 

529
00:27:08,000 --> 00:27:10,400
Not offensively. 
At least not always but 

530
00:27:10,400 --> 00:27:13,600
persistently and completely 
there were at the turn of the 

531
00:27:13,600 --> 00:27:17,000
century, somewhere in the region
of 300,000 horses, working in 

532
00:27:17,000 --> 00:27:19,100
London. 
They pulled handsome, calves, 

533
00:27:19,100 --> 00:27:22,700
four-wheeled Growlers, 
omnibuses, delivery carts, coal 

534
00:27:22,700 --> 00:27:26,100
wagons Brewers drays, milk 
floats, and the Vans of every 

535
00:27:26,100 --> 00:27:28,900
Tradesmen who serve us to 
household the road surface was 

536
00:27:28,900 --> 00:27:32,400
composed of compacted Earth and 
gravel and stone sets covered 

537
00:27:32,400 --> 00:27:35,600
with a layer of packed straw. 
And what was politely described 

538
00:27:35,600 --> 00:27:38,600
as Road deposit. 
And in wet weather, the smell of

539
00:27:38,600 --> 00:27:41,400
the whole Arrangement rows with 
the rain in a way that was 

540
00:27:41,400 --> 00:27:44,700
simply the smell of the city 
understood and accepted by 

541
00:27:44,700 --> 00:27:48,600
everyone who lived there. 
Alongside the horses and 

542
00:27:48,600 --> 00:27:51,000
multiplying rapidly with the 
motor vehicles. 

543
00:27:51,900 --> 00:27:55,300
London's first motor on the 
buses began operating in 1902, 

544
00:27:55,300 --> 00:27:57,700
and by 1908 they were 
displacing. 

545
00:27:57,700 --> 00:28:00,300
The horse drawn buses on the 
main route with enough speed to 

546
00:28:00,300 --> 00:28:03,400
be noticeable. 
The Vanguard the general and 

547
00:28:03,400 --> 00:28:06,000
other operators were running 
motor buses through the center 

548
00:28:06,000 --> 00:28:09,100
of the city, and the site of a 
horse bus and a motor bus 

549
00:28:09,100 --> 00:28:12,500
occupying, the same stretch of 
road simultaneously, was a daily

550
00:28:12,500 --> 00:28:15,200
reminder that two eras were 
sharing the same street while 

551
00:28:15,200 --> 00:28:19,200
one of them prepared to retire. 
The underground Railway offered 

552
00:28:19,200 --> 00:28:21,200
an alternative to the chaos of 
the surface. 

553
00:28:21,200 --> 00:28:24,800
The Metropolitan Railway had 
been running since 1863 

554
00:28:24,800 --> 00:28:28,000
initially powered by steam 
engines that made the tunnels 

555
00:28:28,000 --> 00:28:31,100
genuinely impressive places to 
spend time in ways, the modern 

556
00:28:31,100 --> 00:28:35,500
definition of impressive does 
not cover By the early 1900s. 

557
00:28:35,500 --> 00:28:38,300
The inner lines have been 
electrified and the experience 

558
00:28:38,300 --> 00:28:40,100
of the underground had improved 
considerably. 

559
00:28:40,900 --> 00:28:44,500
The smell was now of warm 
electricity Rubber and 

560
00:28:44,500 --> 00:28:47,400
compressed human presence rather
than coal smoke. 

561
00:28:48,100 --> 00:28:50,700
Travel times across the city 
were reliable in a way that 

562
00:28:50,700 --> 00:28:52,400
surface travel could not always 
match. 

563
00:28:53,200 --> 00:28:55,800
The underground was regarded by 
some londoners as a modern 

564
00:28:55,800 --> 00:28:58,900
Marvel and by others, as a 
slightly undignified, way to 

565
00:28:58,900 --> 00:29:02,300
travel and both opinions were 
held simultaneously by many of 

566
00:29:02,300 --> 00:29:05,100
the same people. 
The motor taxi had arrived in 

567
00:29:05,108 --> 00:29:09,000
1903, the meter that calculated 
the fair was called a taxi 

568
00:29:09,000 --> 00:29:11,100
meter. 
And so, the vehicle became a 

569
00:29:11,100 --> 00:29:14,600
taxi cab and the word has not 
required revision since hailing 

570
00:29:14,600 --> 00:29:16,200
a motor. 
Taxi in the street was a new 

571
00:29:16,200 --> 00:29:20,900
experience that felt in 1908 
like the beginning of a habit 

572
00:29:20,900 --> 00:29:24,400
rather than an established one. 
Some people still prefer the 

573
00:29:24,400 --> 00:29:27,100
handsome cab, for short 
Journeys, on the grounds that 

574
00:29:27,100 --> 00:29:31,000
the horse-drawn cab was quieter 
less likely to break down and 

575
00:29:31,000 --> 00:29:34,300
driven by men who knew the city 
better than the early motor taxi

576
00:29:34,300 --> 00:29:37,500
drivers who are working from a 
combination of experience and 

577
00:29:37,500 --> 00:29:41,700
confidence that did not always 
produce accurate navigation, a 

578
00:29:41,700 --> 00:29:44,000
major road Junctions, police 
Constable stood directing 

579
00:29:44,000 --> 00:29:46,500
traffic with their arms. 
There were no signals. 

580
00:29:46,500 --> 00:29:48,600
There were no painted lines on 
the road. 

581
00:29:49,200 --> 00:29:52,000
There was a constable in a dark 
uniform and a tall helmet 

582
00:29:52,000 --> 00:29:54,700
standing in the middle of the 
intersection applying the 

583
00:29:54,700 --> 00:29:58,100
authority of his position to the
problem of several horses to 

584
00:29:58,100 --> 00:30:01,500
motor buses, a delivery cart and
a taxi arriving from different 

585
00:30:01,500 --> 00:30:04,600
directions simultaneously, the 
system functioned because 

586
00:30:04,600 --> 00:30:08,300
everyone involved horse driver 
pedestrian and cyclist. 

587
00:30:08,300 --> 00:30:11,400
Understood the constables, 
Authority and responded to his 

588
00:30:11,400 --> 00:30:13,800
signals. 
It was not a perfect system. 

589
00:30:13,800 --> 00:30:17,800
It was the system of available. 
The department store was 

590
00:30:17,800 --> 00:30:20,300
reshaping the way the middle 
classes understood shopping. 

591
00:30:21,100 --> 00:30:23,600
Harrods in Knightsbridge, had 
been building toward its current

592
00:30:23,600 --> 00:30:27,900
form since the 1840s and by 1908
the building was substantially. 

593
00:30:27,900 --> 00:30:31,200
The one that stands in the same 
spot today, though, the interior

594
00:30:31,200 --> 00:30:35,100
was continuing to evolve 
Selfridges on Oxford Street had 

595
00:30:35,100 --> 00:30:38,700
not yet opened, which would 
happen on the 15th of March 1909

596
00:30:38,700 --> 00:30:42,300
when Gordon Selfridge, an 
American who had studied what 

597
00:30:42,300 --> 00:30:44,900
retail could be in his years? 
Working from Marshall Field. 

598
00:30:44,900 --> 00:30:48,100
In Chicago, launched his store 
with an advertising campaign of 

599
00:30:48,100 --> 00:30:50,800
a scale London, had not 
previously seen in the service 

600
00:30:50,800 --> 00:30:52,800
of a shop. 
He believed shopping should be 

601
00:30:52,808 --> 00:30:56,700
pleasurable in itself, not 
merely purposeful, and he built 

602
00:30:56,700 --> 00:31:00,600
a store with a library, a 
restaurant, a roof garden and an

603
00:31:00,600 --> 00:31:03,000
information Bureau that would 
tell you what ever you needed to

604
00:31:03,008 --> 00:31:06,200
know about the city, whether or 
not any of it led to a purchase.

605
00:31:06,900 --> 00:31:10,800
Liberty on Regent Street, 
Fortune Mason on Picadilly, the 

606
00:31:10,800 --> 00:31:12,500
Army and Navy stores near 
Victoria. 

607
00:31:13,600 --> 00:31:16,100
These establishments were 
understood as destinations 

608
00:31:16,100 --> 00:31:18,600
rather than outlooks. 
And after noon shopping 

609
00:31:18,600 --> 00:31:21,900
expedition, for a woman of means
and volt clothes conversation, 

610
00:31:21,900 --> 00:31:24,500
observation and the 
consideration of things, not 

611
00:31:24,500 --> 00:31:27,000
purchased the occasional 
encounter with someone. 

612
00:31:27,000 --> 00:31:31,100
She knew T, if the our suggested
it and the possibility of 

613
00:31:31,100 --> 00:31:33,900
finding something unexpected in 
a department, she had not plan 

614
00:31:33,900 --> 00:31:37,200
to visit. 
The parks were in use throughout

615
00:31:37,200 --> 00:31:41,100
the day and in most kinds of 
weather in Hyde Park, Regent 

616
00:31:41,100 --> 00:31:45,200
Park, and Saint James's Park, 
the paths were occupied by nurse

617
00:31:45,200 --> 00:31:48,500
Maids, pushing enormous 
parameters, that the focused 

618
00:31:48,500 --> 00:31:51,500
concentration of people 
navigating complex machinery. 

619
00:31:52,500 --> 00:31:55,500
Old Gentleman, sat on benches 
with the patient authority of 

620
00:31:55,508 --> 00:31:57,100
people who had earned the right 
to sit. 

621
00:31:57,800 --> 00:32:01,300
Young men rode on the serpentine
or attempted to with varying 

622
00:32:01,300 --> 00:32:04,600
technical success. 
Women walked in groups of two or

623
00:32:04,600 --> 00:32:08,000
three, their hats extraordinary.
Their conversations carried out 

624
00:32:08,008 --> 00:32:10,400
at a volume suited to being 
heard, only by each other. 

625
00:32:11,200 --> 00:32:13,900
The technology of the city was 
changing fast, enough to feel 

626
00:32:13,900 --> 00:32:17,700
exciting and slowly enough that 
it had not yet produced real 

627
00:32:17,700 --> 00:32:20,100
alarm. 
Electric street lighting was 

628
00:32:20,100 --> 00:32:23,100
gradually, replacing gas lamps 
across the central districts. 

629
00:32:23,800 --> 00:32:26,900
The process was slow 
neighborhood by neighborhood and

630
00:32:26,900 --> 00:32:29,600
in many streets both types 
coexisted for some years. 

631
00:32:29,600 --> 00:32:33,000
The lamplighters who had walked 
the same route each evening with

632
00:32:33,000 --> 00:32:35,900
a long pole and a small flame 
was slowly becoming a 

633
00:32:35,900 --> 00:32:39,000
diminishing trade. 
Their skill inherited from a 

634
00:32:39,000 --> 00:32:40,900
time. 
When darkness was a genuine, 

635
00:32:40,900 --> 00:32:44,400
nightly problem, requiring 
deliberate management the 

636
00:32:44,400 --> 00:32:47,600
telephone was spreading from 
Commerce into domestic life, but

637
00:32:47,800 --> 00:32:50,500
Slowly. 
Telephone exchanges had existed 

638
00:32:50,500 --> 00:32:54,400
in London since the 1880s and by
1908 a growing number of 

639
00:32:54,408 --> 00:32:56,000
households had installed a 
telephone. 

640
00:32:56,800 --> 00:33:00,200
It sat in the Hall of the study 
on its own low table and was 

641
00:33:00,200 --> 00:33:03,800
used primarily for matters of 
some urgency rather than for the

642
00:33:03,800 --> 00:33:06,000
casual conversation. 
That later generations would 

643
00:33:06,000 --> 00:33:09,600
conduct over it. 
The concept of telephoning. 

644
00:33:09,600 --> 00:33:13,100
Someone for no specific reason 
simply to talk had not yet 

645
00:33:13,100 --> 00:33:16,400
established itself as natural. 
The first rough map of the 

646
00:33:16,408 --> 00:33:19,500
underground Railway Network 
attempting to show all the lines

647
00:33:19,500 --> 00:33:23,300
and stations was available to 
passengers in this period though

648
00:33:23,300 --> 00:33:27,300
the map tried to follow actual 
geographical coordinates and was

649
00:33:27,300 --> 00:33:30,500
as a result considerably more 
confusing than useful. 

650
00:33:31,300 --> 00:33:34,200
The elegant simplified diagram 
that transformed the underground

651
00:33:34,200 --> 00:33:37,500
map into an object of clarity, 
and even Beauty would not be 

652
00:33:37,500 --> 00:33:41,600
produced until 1931 when Harry 
Beck, an engineering draftsman, 

653
00:33:41,600 --> 00:33:44,200
submitted it to the London 
Underground on his own 

654
00:33:44,200 --> 00:33:47,600
initiative, after developing the
idea in his spare time at home. 

655
00:33:48,500 --> 00:33:51,500
By half past three in the 
afternoon, the question of tea 

656
00:33:51,500 --> 00:33:54,100
has become pressing. 
This is not an exaggeration. 

657
00:33:55,300 --> 00:33:59,500
In 1908 after noon, household of
this kind was not a pleasant 

658
00:33:59,500 --> 00:34:03,300
optional custom that happened. 
When circumstances aligned it 

659
00:34:03,300 --> 00:34:06,400
was a social institution with 
its own rules, rituals timing 

660
00:34:06,400 --> 00:34:09,699
and attendant expectations, and 
the household organized, the 

661
00:34:09,699 --> 00:34:12,699
middle of the day around it, 
with the same seriousness, it 

662
00:34:12,699 --> 00:34:15,199
applied to dinner. 
The Parlor maid has been 

663
00:34:15,199 --> 00:34:18,800
instructed to bring tea to the 
drawing room at 4:00 the drawing

664
00:34:18,800 --> 00:34:21,100
room, which may have been 
glimpsed in passing this morning

665
00:34:21,100 --> 00:34:24,400
is the most formerly maintained 
room in the house and the one 

666
00:34:24,400 --> 00:34:26,900
most likely to be seen by people
outside the family. 

667
00:34:28,300 --> 00:34:30,000
The ceiling is higher than 
elsewhere. 

668
00:34:30,699 --> 00:34:33,600
The furniture is larger. 
More carefully Chosen and 

669
00:34:33,600 --> 00:34:36,699
arranged with reference to the 
fireplace as the rooms focal 

670
00:34:36,699 --> 00:34:39,100
point. 
The sofa with carved legs, 

671
00:34:39,100 --> 00:34:42,800
occupies the center position, 
two matching chairs face it 

672
00:34:42,800 --> 00:34:45,100
across a low table. 
The glass fronted corner, 

673
00:34:45,100 --> 00:34:48,100
cabinet contains the better 
China, which is brought out when

674
00:34:48,100 --> 00:34:51,100
the occasion, justifies it and 
today it does. 

675
00:34:51,900 --> 00:34:54,300
The fire in the drawing room. 
Great has been lit since 

676
00:34:54,300 --> 00:34:58,000
mid-afternoon, by 4:00, it is 
settled into the kind of fire 

677
00:34:58,000 --> 00:35:00,300
that provides warm steady heat 
without drama. 

678
00:35:01,100 --> 00:35:03,700
The kind of fire that is doing 
its job properly and knows it. 

679
00:35:04,600 --> 00:35:07,500
The tea tree arrives with the 
deliberate care appropriate to 

680
00:35:07,500 --> 00:35:11,000
something that is also in its 
way a performance. 

681
00:35:11,800 --> 00:35:14,800
It is silver plated and it has 
been polished recently enough 

682
00:35:14,800 --> 00:35:17,200
that it still reflects the 
Lamplight with some ambition. 

683
00:35:18,400 --> 00:35:20,200
The teapot on it was warmed 
before. 

684
00:35:20,200 --> 00:35:22,500
The tea went in, which is not a 
preference. 

685
00:35:22,500 --> 00:35:26,200
But a requirement, a cold pot, 
produces tea of a different, and

686
00:35:26,200 --> 00:35:29,500
inferior character and producing
of a different and inferior 

687
00:35:29,500 --> 00:35:32,400
character in a household where 
these things are under stood, is

688
00:35:32,400 --> 00:35:35,100
a failure that carries weight 
disproportionate to its scale 

689
00:35:35,900 --> 00:35:38,700
The water poured over the tea 
was boiling not merely hot 

690
00:35:38,700 --> 00:35:41,800
because the temperature at which
water meets teed terms, the 

691
00:35:41,800 --> 00:35:44,900
quality of what happens in the 
pot and this is something the 

692
00:35:44,900 --> 00:35:48,300
Edwardian household had opinions
about the T and the pot in a 

693
00:35:48,308 --> 00:35:51,600
household of this Stanley is 
likely a blend sourced from 

694
00:35:51,600 --> 00:35:54,800
fortnum & Mason or a similarly 
established supplier. 

695
00:35:56,000 --> 00:35:58,800
The Edwardian preference was 
strongly toward Indian teas 

696
00:35:58,800 --> 00:36:02,600
primarily from the Assam and 
dodging regions which had 

697
00:36:02,600 --> 00:36:05,300
gradually displaced Chinese, 
teas, in popular favor, through 

698
00:36:05,300 --> 00:36:08,400
the latter half of the previous 
Century, the British East India 

699
00:36:08,400 --> 00:36:11,000
Company had introduced 
commercial tea cultivation to 

700
00:36:11,000 --> 00:36:14,900
India in the 1830s and 40s 
partly in response to the 

701
00:36:14,900 --> 00:36:18,100
political instability of the 
Chinese tea trade and partly 

702
00:36:18,100 --> 00:36:20,600
from an understanding that 
controlling the supply chain 

703
00:36:20,600 --> 00:36:23,600
from the garden to the cup was 
commercially preferable to 

704
00:36:23,600 --> 00:36:27,300
depending on foreign producers, 
by 1908 the Indian team 

705
00:36:27,300 --> 00:36:29,900
industry, was one of the great 
agricultural Enterprises of the 

706
00:36:29,900 --> 00:36:32,200
Empire. 
And the tea in the pot in front 

707
00:36:32,200 --> 00:36:35,300
of, you has probably traveled 
from an Assam estate through the

708
00:36:35,300 --> 00:36:38,100
docks at mining Lane in the 
city, where the tea auctions 

709
00:36:38,100 --> 00:36:41,700
were held to a blend as 
Warehouse to the shop to this 

710
00:36:41,700 --> 00:36:46,100
house milk in the cup before the
tea, or after it, this question 

711
00:36:46,100 --> 00:36:48,500
was already a mild. 
But recurring controversy in 

712
00:36:48,500 --> 00:36:51,800
1908 and the two camps held 
their positions with the 

713
00:36:51,800 --> 00:36:54,000
cheerful. 
Certainty of people who do not 

714
00:36:54,008 --> 00:36:57,100
think of themselves as having 
particular, strong convictions, 

715
00:36:57,100 --> 00:37:00,000
but somehow always do on this 
one point. 

716
00:37:01,600 --> 00:37:04,400
The argument for milk first was 
originally practical. 

717
00:37:04,400 --> 00:37:08,000
Adding a small amount of cool. 
Milk to a fine porcelain cup 

718
00:37:08,000 --> 00:37:11,600
before pouring boiling tea in to
it reduced thermal shock that 

719
00:37:11,600 --> 00:37:15,700
could crack thin China. 
The argument for milk second was

720
00:37:15,700 --> 00:37:18,400
one of precision. 
You could watch the tea change 

721
00:37:18,400 --> 00:37:20,400
color, and stopped. 
When it reached the shade, you 

722
00:37:20,408 --> 00:37:23,600
wanted both arguments were sound
within their own terms. 

723
00:37:23,600 --> 00:37:26,100
Neither side was prepared to 
concede the match. 

724
00:37:26,900 --> 00:37:29,400
The sandwiches on the lower, 
tier of the cake stand were made

725
00:37:29,400 --> 00:37:32,400
with the crust removed this 
detail, which reads. 

726
00:37:32,400 --> 00:37:35,500
Now, as a mild affectation had a
practical origin. 

727
00:37:36,300 --> 00:37:38,700
Bread crust toughening in the 
air more quickly than the crumb 

728
00:37:38,700 --> 00:37:41,900
does and a sandwich that sits 
for any length of time on a 

729
00:37:41,900 --> 00:37:43,500
tray. 
Becomes significantly Less 

730
00:37:43,500 --> 00:37:45,500
Pleasant to eat at the crust 
than at the center. 

731
00:37:46,700 --> 00:37:49,500
Removing them standardized, the 
texture, across the whole sand 

732
00:37:49,500 --> 00:37:52,300
and allowed it to be cut into 
fingers or triangles that were 

733
00:37:52,300 --> 00:37:55,000
genuinely uniform. 
The fillings were deliberately, 

734
00:37:55,000 --> 00:37:59,700
gentle cucumber sliced, thin and
lightly salted egg mayonnaise 

735
00:37:59,700 --> 00:38:02,700
made with the new commercial, 
mayonnaise that had become 

736
00:38:02,700 --> 00:38:05,400
available in jars or made 
properly from scratch. 

737
00:38:05,400 --> 00:38:08,900
If the cooked the occasion 
required, it potted shrimp from 

738
00:38:08,900 --> 00:38:12,100
a pot, delivered by the 
fishmonger Smoked salmon for a 

739
00:38:12,108 --> 00:38:14,500
more elaborate team Watercrest 
with a thin. 

740
00:38:14,500 --> 00:38:17,100
Scraping of butter, the 
smallness of the Sam. 

741
00:38:17,100 --> 00:38:19,500
Wedges was intentional. 
They were not a meal. 

742
00:38:19,508 --> 00:38:22,300
They were an opening. 
The thing, your hands were 

743
00:38:22,308 --> 00:38:26,100
occupied with during the first 
part of the conversation, after 

744
00:38:26,100 --> 00:38:30,200
the sandwiches came, the scones 
Edwardian scones were somewhat 

745
00:38:30,200 --> 00:38:32,400
plainer than the versions 
associated with cream cheese. 

746
00:38:32,400 --> 00:38:35,900
Now often made with very little 
sugar because the sweetness was 

747
00:38:35,900 --> 00:38:37,700
provided by what went on top of 
them. 

748
00:38:38,600 --> 00:38:42,800
The debate over what went on top
of the was and remains a matter 

749
00:38:42,808 --> 00:38:47,000
of genuine Regional feeling. 
In Devon tradition held that 

750
00:38:47,000 --> 00:38:51,200
Cream came first spread thick 
and white and jam sat on top of 

751
00:38:51,200 --> 00:38:53,700
it. 
In Cornwall, the jam went 

752
00:38:53,700 --> 00:38:56,900
directly onto the scone and the 
cream, which informal was 

753
00:38:56,900 --> 00:38:58,900
clotted. 
Rather than whipped went over 

754
00:38:58,900 --> 00:39:02,200
the jam in London and the home 
counties and most of the 

755
00:39:02,200 --> 00:39:04,900
Territory between people 
applied, what ever ordered 

756
00:39:04,900 --> 00:39:08,200
natural and treated the question
as an enjoyable topic for 

757
00:39:08,200 --> 00:39:10,700
conversation. 
Rather than a matter requiring 

758
00:39:10,700 --> 00:39:14,500
resolution which was either 
admirably relaxed or entirely on

759
00:39:14,500 --> 00:39:16,200
principled, depending on where 
you were from. 

760
00:39:17,300 --> 00:39:19,900
The social ritual of calling was
embedded in the tea. 

761
00:39:19,900 --> 00:39:23,400
Our If you were visiting someone
else's home for afternoon tea, 

762
00:39:23,400 --> 00:39:27,500
you brought your calling card. 
This was a small neatly printed 

763
00:39:27,500 --> 00:39:30,300
card, carrying your name in a 
good typeface and sometimes your

764
00:39:30,300 --> 00:39:33,300
address, it was left in the 
silver tray in the front hall 

765
00:39:33,300 --> 00:39:35,800
and its presence there. 
Served as a record of your 

766
00:39:35,800 --> 00:39:38,900
visit, if the Mistress of the 
house was not available to 

767
00:39:38,900 --> 00:39:41,600
receive visitors that afternoon.
Whether because she was 

768
00:39:41,600 --> 00:39:44,400
genuinely out or because the 
morning had been difficult and 

769
00:39:44,400 --> 00:39:47,000
she had instructed The Parlor, 
maid to say she was not at home,

770
00:39:47,000 --> 00:39:52,100
you left your car and departed. 
Beautiful the social obligation,

771
00:39:52,100 --> 00:39:55,000
the call had been made the card.
Proved it. 

772
00:39:55,000 --> 00:39:58,100
The rules surrounding formal, 
calling visits were specific 

773
00:39:58,100 --> 00:40:01,500
enough to reward study. 
There were appropriate days for 

774
00:40:01,500 --> 00:40:03,400
calling on certain kinds of 
acquaintances. 

775
00:40:03,400 --> 00:40:06,900
There was an expected duration 
of approximately 15 to 20 

776
00:40:06,900 --> 00:40:10,200
minutes for a formal call. 
Though, the boundary between a 

777
00:40:10,200 --> 00:40:13,000
formal call, and an easy visit 
between friends, was a social 

778
00:40:13,008 --> 00:40:15,200
sense that required some 
calibration. 

779
00:40:16,800 --> 00:40:19,600
Skilled Hostess who wish to end 
a visit, had a range of signals 

780
00:40:19,600 --> 00:40:23,100
available to her. 
She might stand, she might shift

781
00:40:23,100 --> 00:40:25,700
her attention in a way that 
suggested the conversation had 

782
00:40:25,700 --> 00:40:30,000
reached a natural Landing point.
The visitor, understood and Rose

783
00:40:30,000 --> 00:40:33,300
and The Parlor maid was called 
to see them to the door, the 

784
00:40:33,300 --> 00:40:36,200
whole mechanism allowed, a great
deal of human contact, to take 

785
00:40:36,208 --> 00:40:40,000
place without overwhelming. 
Anyone He was also in practice 

786
00:40:40,000 --> 00:40:42,600
where certain conversations 
happened that would have been 

787
00:40:42,600 --> 00:40:44,400
harder to have in more formal 
settings. 

788
00:40:44,400 --> 00:40:49,000
The suffragette Movement by 1908
had moved well, past the point 

789
00:40:49,000 --> 00:40:51,400
where it could be discussed as 
an abstract principle about the 

790
00:40:51,400 --> 00:40:55,600
future. the women's social and 
political union, founded by 

791
00:40:55,600 --> 00:40:58,800
Emeline, Pankhurst 5 years, 
earlier had made it concrete and

792
00:40:58,800 --> 00:41:02,400
present an impossible to be 
neutral about The newspapers 

793
00:41:02,400 --> 00:41:05,400
were full of women being 
arrested of meetings disrupted 

794
00:41:05,400 --> 00:41:09,000
of the specific and striking 
tactic of chaining oneself to 

795
00:41:09,008 --> 00:41:10,900
railings outside government 
buildings. 

796
00:41:10,900 --> 00:41:14,100
Women sitting and drawing rooms 
over Indian tea and cucumber 

797
00:41:14,100 --> 00:41:16,800
sandwiches were talking about 
these events with complicated 

798
00:41:16,800 --> 00:41:19,000
feelings. 
Some were appalled by the 

799
00:41:19,000 --> 00:41:21,000
disruption. 
Some were convinced. 

800
00:41:21,000 --> 00:41:24,300
Someone navigating privately 
between a position, they felt 

801
00:41:24,300 --> 00:41:27,100
expected to hold and a position 
that made more sense to them 

802
00:41:27,100 --> 00:41:29,300
each time. 
They thought it through the 

803
00:41:29,300 --> 00:41:32,300
conversation around T was rarely
as the occasion appeared to 

804
00:41:32,300 --> 00:41:35,100
require. 
Dinner at 7:30 meant the two 

805
00:41:35,100 --> 00:41:36,900
hours before it was spent 
preparing for it. 

806
00:41:36,900 --> 00:41:40,500
Getting dressed for dinner in an
Edwardian household, was not a 

807
00:41:40,500 --> 00:41:43,300
minor operation. 
For a formal dinner party. 

808
00:41:43,300 --> 00:41:46,800
The correct dress for men was 
white tie, meaning a Blacktail 

809
00:41:46,800 --> 00:41:51,200
coat, white waist, coat, white, 
bow tie, and a stiff Frontage 

810
00:41:51,200 --> 00:41:54,400
shirt who surface had been 
pressed to a rigidity that made 

811
00:41:54,400 --> 00:41:58,200
it feel less like cloth and more
like a decorated architectural 

812
00:41:58,200 --> 00:42:01,000
panel. 
For smaller less ceremonious 

813
00:42:01,000 --> 00:42:04,000
dinners among friends. 
Black Tie was increasingly 

814
00:42:04,000 --> 00:42:07,000
acceptable. 
For women, evening dress meant 

815
00:42:07,000 --> 00:42:10,600
low necklines long trains on the
skirt that required management. 

816
00:42:10,600 --> 00:42:13,800
While walking long, white 
gloves, reaching about the elbow

817
00:42:13,800 --> 00:42:16,900
and whatever jewelry the 
occasion and the household safe 

818
00:42:16,900 --> 00:42:19,800
could Supply. 
The ladies maid was involved 

819
00:42:19,800 --> 00:42:23,100
again for the third time. 
In the day, the hair came down 

820
00:42:23,100 --> 00:42:25,600
and was rebuilt for the evening 
in a style different from the 

821
00:42:25,600 --> 00:42:28,900
days, Arrangement higher and 
more elaborate constructed with 

822
00:42:28,908 --> 00:42:31,400
pins and pads and the particular
skill. 

823
00:42:31,400 --> 00:42:34,700
That produced a result that 
looked when complete as though 

824
00:42:34,700 --> 00:42:38,600
it had simply grown that way, 
The jewelry was brought out and 

825
00:42:38,600 --> 00:42:41,900
fastened, the dress was helped 
into which for a gown with a 

826
00:42:41,900 --> 00:42:45,100
fitted bodice and a long train 
was a process that benefited 

827
00:42:45,100 --> 00:42:48,200
from two pairs of hands and a 
mirror positioned at the right 

828
00:42:48,200 --> 00:42:50,800
angle. 
The final inspection in the full

829
00:42:50,800 --> 00:42:53,100
length. 
Glass was a practical step and 

830
00:42:53,100 --> 00:42:56,500
also a moment with its own quiet
weight, the last private 

831
00:42:56,500 --> 00:43:00,500
assessment before the evening's 
public performance began, Dinner

832
00:43:00,500 --> 00:43:03,000
itself was served in a style 
that had been fashionable in 

833
00:43:03,000 --> 00:43:06,600
Britain for several decades, the
system called service, a la 

834
00:43:06,608 --> 00:43:09,400
Russe which had arrived from 
Russia via frowns and had been 

835
00:43:09,408 --> 00:43:12,800
adopted by Progressive 
households from the 1860s onward

836
00:43:12,800 --> 00:43:16,400
involved serving each course in 
sequence from the kitchen rather

837
00:43:16,400 --> 00:43:19,200
than placing all the dishes on 
the table, simultaneously in the

838
00:43:19,200 --> 00:43:21,900
older English fashion. 
This meant the dining table 

839
00:43:21,900 --> 00:43:24,400
itself could be decorated 
generously with flowers, 

840
00:43:24,400 --> 00:43:28,000
candelabra's and decorative 
objects without being cluttered 

841
00:43:28,000 --> 00:43:31,300
by serving dishes. 
The food came to you brought by 

842
00:43:31,300 --> 00:43:33,100
The Parlor, maid or the footman 
of the household. 

843
00:43:33,100 --> 00:43:36,900
Employed one in a sequence that 
might run to 8 or 10 items on a 

844
00:43:36,900 --> 00:43:39,900
formal occasion. 
Soup served in wide shallow 

845
00:43:39,900 --> 00:43:43,700
bowls, from a terrine. 
A fish course, an entree of some

846
00:43:43,700 --> 00:43:47,600
lighter preparation, the main 
joint or roast a Savory course 

847
00:43:47,600 --> 00:43:50,100
toward the end, often something 
sharp or salty. 

848
00:43:50,100 --> 00:43:53,200
The neat preparation of 
anchovies or cheese, then 

849
00:43:53,200 --> 00:43:56,400
dessert which in this era meant 
pudding and fruit and perhaps a 

850
00:43:56,400 --> 00:44:00,100
sweet biscuit, not the single 
plated item that later usurped 

851
00:44:00,100 --> 00:44:03,900
the name the wine changed with 
each course, selected and 

852
00:44:03,900 --> 00:44:07,000
decanted by the butler who had 
spent time in the cellar earlier

853
00:44:07,000 --> 00:44:09,700
in the day, making his choices 
with reference to what the cook 

854
00:44:09,700 --> 00:44:13,200
had told him about the menu. 
Conversation at dinner operated 

855
00:44:13,200 --> 00:44:16,500
by convention that was widely 
understood for the earlier 

856
00:44:16,500 --> 00:44:18,300
courses. 
You directed your attention to 

857
00:44:18,300 --> 00:44:22,000
the person Seated on your left. 
At a certain point in the meal, 

858
00:44:22,000 --> 00:44:24,800
following a signal from the 
hostess the conversation 

859
00:44:24,800 --> 00:44:26,900
shifted. 
And you turned to the person on 

860
00:44:26,900 --> 00:44:28,300
your right for the later 
courses. 

861
00:44:28,300 --> 00:44:32,100
This system, which sounds 
mechanical when described had 

862
00:44:32,100 --> 00:44:35,600
the Practical advantage of an 
every guest spoke to both their 

863
00:44:35,600 --> 00:44:37,100
neighbors. 
During the course of the evening

864
00:44:37,100 --> 00:44:41,400
rather than becoming stranded in
an exclusive conversation with 

865
00:44:41,400 --> 00:44:44,500
one while ignoring the other 
entirely, it required some 

866
00:44:44,500 --> 00:44:47,600
social flexibility, it 
occasionally produced awkward 

867
00:44:47,600 --> 00:44:49,700
transitions. 
It was better than the 

868
00:44:49,700 --> 00:44:53,000
alternative, which was the 
unmediated chaos of a table. 

869
00:44:53,000 --> 00:44:56,000
A conversational drift 
determined, who talked to whom, 

870
00:44:56,000 --> 00:45:00,800
and some people were left out 
entirely Topics appropriate to 

871
00:45:00,800 --> 00:45:03,600
dinner table conversation, were 
understood by the participants. 

872
00:45:03,600 --> 00:45:07,100
At least the experienced ones. 
Music was always safe. 

873
00:45:07,100 --> 00:45:11,200
Travel was excellent books. 
If handled with enough lightness

874
00:45:11,200 --> 00:45:13,200
to leave room for different 
opinions worked. 

875
00:45:13,200 --> 00:45:16,400
Well, The theater offered 
neutral territory and the 

876
00:45:16,400 --> 00:45:19,900
advantage of having specific 
Productions to discuss rather 

877
00:45:19,900 --> 00:45:23,700
than abstract principles. 
General events of the day could 

878
00:45:23,700 --> 00:45:26,600
be touched lightly steered away 
from the political and toward 

879
00:45:26,600 --> 00:45:29,400
the cultural What dinner, table 
conversation? 

880
00:45:29,400 --> 00:45:32,200
Actively avoided at least 
implied company at a formal 

881
00:45:32,200 --> 00:45:35,800
dinner, was sustained argument 
on any subject that divided the 

882
00:45:35,800 --> 00:45:39,400
table into genuine opposing 
camps not because argument was 

883
00:45:39,400 --> 00:45:42,600
undesirable in principle, but 
because dinner was not a debate 

884
00:45:42,608 --> 00:45:45,400
in the experience of setting 
through a dinner where two 

885
00:45:45,400 --> 00:45:48,500
people were genuinely at odds 
was for everyone else at the 

886
00:45:48,500 --> 00:45:53,100
table, not the evening they had 
expected After dinner the 

887
00:45:53,100 --> 00:45:56,100
household, divided by gender, 
the women with Drew to the 

888
00:45:56,108 --> 00:45:58,200
drawing room, while the men 
remained at the table with 

889
00:45:58,200 --> 00:46:01,900
Portland cigars this Arrangement
which looks most foreign to 

890
00:46:01,900 --> 00:46:05,100
modernize among all the customs 
of this era was in practice 

891
00:46:05,100 --> 00:46:06,900
shorter than its reputation 
suggests. 

892
00:46:07,800 --> 00:46:09,900
The separation lasted, perhaps 
30 minutes. 

893
00:46:09,900 --> 00:46:14,000
Sometimes less The conversation 
that happened on each side of it

894
00:46:14,000 --> 00:46:15,800
was reportedly different in 
character. 

895
00:46:15,800 --> 00:46:19,200
The men's side more willing to 
address things directly, the 

896
00:46:19,200 --> 00:46:22,000
women's side more interested in 
what had actually been happening

897
00:46:22,000 --> 00:46:24,500
to people. 
They knew both descriptions are 

898
00:46:24,500 --> 00:46:27,800
probably partial at some point. 
The men joined the women in the 

899
00:46:27,800 --> 00:46:30,700
drawing room and the company 
reunited around the fire for 

900
00:46:30,700 --> 00:46:32,500
coffee. 
If there was a piano in the 

901
00:46:32,508 --> 00:46:34,700
drawing room, it would probably 
be played. 

902
00:46:34,700 --> 00:46:38,700
This house has a piano, it is an
upright piano with a walnut 

903
00:46:38,700 --> 00:46:42,000
veneer case and an elaborate 
candle sconce on either side, 

904
00:46:42,000 --> 00:46:44,800
though, the candles have been 
replaced with small electric 

905
00:46:44,800 --> 00:46:47,500
fittings. 
The piano was purchased 12 years

906
00:46:47,500 --> 00:46:50,000
ago, when the oldest daughter 
was seven and beginning lessons.

907
00:46:50,000 --> 00:46:54,000
The oldest daughter is now 19 
and plays with the genuine 

908
00:46:54,000 --> 00:46:56,400
facility that goes somewhat 
beyond what was strictly 

909
00:46:56,400 --> 00:46:59,400
required by the conventional 
accomplishment curriculum, she 

910
00:46:59,400 --> 00:47:02,300
has opinions about Chopin that 
she has not been asked for and 

911
00:47:02,300 --> 00:47:05,800
will offer them if the evening 
develops toward music, the piano

912
00:47:05,800 --> 00:47:08,100
was the central. 
Domestic musical instrument of 

913
00:47:08,100 --> 00:47:11,700
the 19th century and remained. 
So well into the 20th long after

914
00:47:11,700 --> 00:47:14,800
the Gramophone could technically
reproduce orchestral music in 

915
00:47:14,800 --> 00:47:16,800
the home. 
There was a quality to live, 

916
00:47:16,800 --> 00:47:20,700
playing the response of the 
sound to the room, the visible 

917
00:47:20,700 --> 00:47:23,900
effort of the performer, the 
possibility of requests. 

918
00:47:23,900 --> 00:47:27,400
That mechanical reproduction 
could not substitute for at 

919
00:47:27,400 --> 00:47:31,100
least not yet. 
The music hole was the dominant 

920
00:47:31,100 --> 00:47:34,500
popular, entertainment of the 
era and it drew audiences from a

921
00:47:34,500 --> 00:47:37,000
much wider social range than the
legitimate theater. 

922
00:47:37,800 --> 00:47:40,100
Music Halls had developed 
through the second half of the 

923
00:47:40,100 --> 00:47:43,200
previous Century from the 
concert rooms attached to public

924
00:47:43,200 --> 00:47:45,700
houses into purpose-built, 
theaters, seating several 

925
00:47:45,700 --> 00:47:48,900
hundred or several thousand 
people running programs are 

926
00:47:48,900 --> 00:47:53,400
varied acts over a long evening.
The formula was variety a 

927
00:47:53,400 --> 00:47:56,300
comedian whose material depended
on topical references, that the 

928
00:47:56,300 --> 00:47:59,400
audience already, understood? 
The singer, whose songs the 

929
00:47:59,400 --> 00:48:01,900
audience already knew and were 
join in with if the performer 

930
00:48:01,900 --> 00:48:03,300
turned toward them at the right 
moment. 

931
00:48:04,400 --> 00:48:07,700
And acrobatic act that asked the
audience to hold its breath and 

932
00:48:07,700 --> 00:48:11,100
rewarded them by, not making 
anyone actually fall and Novelty

933
00:48:11,100 --> 00:48:14,900
turn involving skills or animals
or both. the great performers of

934
00:48:14,908 --> 00:48:17,800
the musical circuit had a Fame, 
that was immediate and personal 

935
00:48:17,800 --> 00:48:20,900
in ways that later celebrity 
would become more mediated, 

936
00:48:22,000 --> 00:48:26,000
Marie Lloyd, whose performance 
is combined warmth and a kind of

937
00:48:26,000 --> 00:48:28,600
knowing wit that landed 
differently depending on what 

938
00:48:28,600 --> 00:48:31,900
you brought to it. 
Alberta Valley who performed 

939
00:48:31,900 --> 00:48:35,400
character song about London, 
working class life with an 

940
00:48:35,400 --> 00:48:38,500
affection that his largely 
working class audiences received

941
00:48:38,500 --> 00:48:40,600
as recognition rather than 
condescension. 

942
00:48:41,600 --> 00:48:44,900
Dan Leno, the Dame comedian, 
whose physical comedy was 

943
00:48:44,900 --> 00:48:46,800
precise enough. 
That later writers would reach 

944
00:48:46,800 --> 00:48:50,100
for the word genius, and mean 
it, these were names, that meant

945
00:48:50,100 --> 00:48:53,600
something specific and beloved A
night at the Music. 

946
00:48:53,600 --> 00:48:56,600
Hall, was not a refined 
occasion, you could eat, you 

947
00:48:56,600 --> 00:48:59,300
could drink, you could talk to 
the person next to you without 

948
00:48:59,300 --> 00:49:02,200
causing a fence. 
The relationship between 

949
00:49:02,200 --> 00:49:05,000
performer and audience, was 
closer and more Mutual than the 

950
00:49:05,000 --> 00:49:08,000
formal theater permitted. 
The legitimate theater had its 

951
00:49:08,000 --> 00:49:09,600
own audience and its own 
Ambitions. 

952
00:49:09,600 --> 00:49:12,900
The West End was running dozens 
of Productions On Any Given 

953
00:49:12,900 --> 00:49:14,900
evening. 
Ranging from Shakespeare's 

954
00:49:14,900 --> 00:49:18,500
stage, with the full resources 
of major houses to new plays by 

955
00:49:18,500 --> 00:49:21,300
writers who were using the 
theater to address questions 

956
00:49:21,300 --> 00:49:23,700
that drawing rooms were still 
learning to formulate. 

957
00:49:24,400 --> 00:49:26,500
George Bernard. 
Shaw was the most prominent of 

958
00:49:26,500 --> 00:49:30,000
these with a body of work that 
managed to make social criticism

959
00:49:30,000 --> 00:49:33,200
entertaining enough, that 
audiences came back for it. 

960
00:49:33,900 --> 00:49:37,200
His plays about class about the 
gap between what people said 

961
00:49:37,200 --> 00:49:40,000
they believed and what their 
behavior revealed about. 

962
00:49:40,000 --> 00:49:43,400
The mechanics of respectability 
were being discussed in terms 

963
00:49:43,400 --> 00:49:45,900
that suggested the form itself 
was changing. 

964
00:49:45,900 --> 00:49:49,400
The newest entertainment 
regarded with some condescension

965
00:49:49,400 --> 00:49:52,200
by people who went to the 
theater and with considerable, 

966
00:49:52,200 --> 00:49:55,400
enthusiasm by people, who did 
not was the moving picture. 

967
00:49:55,400 --> 00:49:58,600
Public submission should have 
been running in Britain since 

968
00:49:58,600 --> 00:50:02,700
1895, when The Lumiere Brothers 
cinematograph was shown in 

969
00:50:02,700 --> 00:50:06,500
London. 
By 1908 moving pictures were 

970
00:50:06,500 --> 00:50:09,500
being screened in purpose-built,
Nickelodeon's, in converted 

971
00:50:09,500 --> 00:50:11,500
halls. 
And in any space, that could 

972
00:50:11,500 --> 00:50:14,700
accommodate a projector a screen
and enough chairs to make the 

973
00:50:14,700 --> 00:50:18,000
evening financially worthwhile. 
The films was silent. 

974
00:50:18,700 --> 00:50:21,100
A piano player, sat at the side 
of the screen and improvised 

975
00:50:21,100 --> 00:50:23,400
music to match the mood of what 
was happening in the images, 

976
00:50:23,400 --> 00:50:26,900
which required a particular kind
of concentrated attentiveness, 

977
00:50:26,900 --> 00:50:29,900
and a large repertoire of pieces
that could be started. 

978
00:50:29,900 --> 00:50:32,500
Stopped, or altered at a 
moment's notice. 

979
00:50:33,800 --> 00:50:37,900
Films themselves were short, 
often 10 or 15 minutes and the 

980
00:50:37,900 --> 00:50:41,100
programs combined, several of 
the evening's worth of content 

981
00:50:41,100 --> 00:50:44,200
watching a moving image of a 
size larger than your own body 

982
00:50:44,200 --> 00:50:46,200
on a screen. 
In a dark room, was an 

983
00:50:46,200 --> 00:50:48,700
experience, sufficiently unlike 
anything that had preceded. 

984
00:50:48,700 --> 00:50:51,800
It that people who had seen 
hundreds of films, still found 

985
00:50:51,800 --> 00:50:52,900
the medium. 
Surprising. 

986
00:50:53,800 --> 00:50:56,100
The gramophone was bringing 
music into the home in a 

987
00:50:56,100 --> 00:50:58,400
different way. 
The flat disc gramophone record 

988
00:50:58,400 --> 00:51:00,800
had improved steadily through 
the first decade of the new 

989
00:51:00,800 --> 00:51:03,600
century. 
And by 1908 household, 

990
00:51:03,600 --> 00:51:07,100
gramophone could reproduce music
with enough Clarity to identify 

991
00:51:07,100 --> 00:51:09,800
the tune and the singer. 
Even if the reproduction was 

992
00:51:09,800 --> 00:51:12,700
thin and added a consistent 
crackling presence to 

993
00:51:12,700 --> 00:51:15,600
everything, it played like 
listening to music through a 

994
00:51:15,600 --> 00:51:19,500
window. 
Enrico Caruso the Italian tenor 

995
00:51:19,500 --> 00:51:22,300
had made recordings that were 
considered remarkable in their 

996
00:51:22,300 --> 00:51:25,500
Fidelity and his discs were 
among the most purchased of the 

997
00:51:25,500 --> 00:51:28,300
period. 
The gramophone was wound with a 

998
00:51:28,300 --> 00:51:31,800
handle on the side ran for about
three minutes per record and 

999
00:51:31,800 --> 00:51:35,900
needed to be rewound between 
sides, putting on music in 1908 

1000
00:51:35,900 --> 00:51:38,700
required. 
Some active participation after 

1001
00:51:38,700 --> 00:51:41,500
the music cards were played, 
whist was still the most 

1002
00:51:41,508 --> 00:51:44,700
familiar card game, in this kind
of household, played in pairs 

1003
00:51:44,700 --> 00:51:47,800
across a table with a focused 
attention that the English found

1004
00:51:47,800 --> 00:51:50,400
socially comfortable because it 
gave everyone something to do 

1005
00:51:50,400 --> 00:51:53,400
with their hands and their eyes 
while their mouths were between 

1006
00:51:53,400 --> 00:51:56,300
sentences. 
Bridge was establishing itself. 

1007
00:51:56,300 --> 00:51:59,000
Among people who preferred a 
game with more, cognitive 

1008
00:51:59,000 --> 00:52:01,600
demand, more variables, more to 
talk about afterward. 

1009
00:52:02,600 --> 00:52:05,800
The cards moved around the 
table. someone played a car that

1010
00:52:05,800 --> 00:52:08,600
surprised everyone else and 
received a reaction that was 

1011
00:52:08,608 --> 00:52:12,000
disproportionate to the actual 
Stakes which suited the our 

1012
00:52:12,000 --> 00:52:15,300
perfectly The clocks in this 
house, do not quite agree with 

1013
00:52:15,300 --> 00:52:17,500
each other. 
The one in the front hall is 

1014
00:52:17,500 --> 00:52:20,500
almost certainly correct. 
Because the butler wins it on a 

1015
00:52:20,508 --> 00:52:23,000
precise schedule and treat 
accurate timekeeping. 

1016
00:52:23,000 --> 00:52:25,700
As a professional 
responsibility, the one on the 

1017
00:52:25,700 --> 00:52:27,500
drawing room. 
Mantle piece runs about four 

1018
00:52:27,500 --> 00:52:31,000
minutes fast attendance. 
He had for as long as anyone can

1019
00:52:31,000 --> 00:52:34,800
recall and no one has adjusted 
it because a clock that runs 

1020
00:52:34,800 --> 00:52:38,200
fast is considered marginally 
preferable to one that runs 

1021
00:52:38,200 --> 00:52:40,800
slow. 
Which is a moral position as 

1022
00:52:40,800 --> 00:52:43,100
much. 
As a practical one, the one in 

1023
00:52:43,100 --> 00:52:45,400
your bedroom gains a few minutes
each week and is corrected on 

1024
00:52:45,400 --> 00:52:48,800
Sundays to somewhere between 
10:00 and a half past. 

1025
00:52:49,500 --> 00:52:51,700
The house is settling into its 
quieter Rhythm. 

1026
00:52:51,700 --> 00:52:55,500
The servants are withdrawing to 
their own quarters, the kitchen 

1027
00:52:55,500 --> 00:52:58,400
has been cleaned to the Cook 
standard, which is exacting. 

1028
00:52:59,100 --> 00:53:00,800
The range has been banked for 
the night. 

1029
00:53:00,800 --> 00:53:04,100
Meaning, the fire has been 
reduced to a slow sustainable 

1030
00:53:04,100 --> 00:53:06,900
burn, that will hold the heat 
through the darkness and be 

1031
00:53:06,900 --> 00:53:10,000
ready to be, brought back up in 
the morning by Alice, who will 

1032
00:53:10,000 --> 00:53:12,300
be down the back stairs again, 
before most of the city is 

1033
00:53:12,300 --> 00:53:14,300
thinking about waking The 
Parlor. 

1034
00:53:14,300 --> 00:53:17,100
Maid has drawn the curtains in 
the main rooms turned down the 

1035
00:53:17,100 --> 00:53:20,300
lamps and carried. 
A final covered up stairs with 

1036
00:53:20,300 --> 00:53:22,300
whatever the household favors at
the end of the day. 

1037
00:53:23,200 --> 00:53:25,500
Hot milk, perhaps. 
Barley water. 

1038
00:53:26,400 --> 00:53:29,600
Short glass of port for the 
gentleman of the house, which he

1039
00:53:29,600 --> 00:53:32,900
considers medicinal, and which 
probably is in the way that 

1040
00:53:32,900 --> 00:53:35,000
Pleasures take in quietly before
sleep off. 

1041
00:53:35,000 --> 00:53:37,300
Nah. 
Getting ready for bed. 

1042
00:53:37,300 --> 00:53:40,400
Is another sequence of brief 
ceremony is performed with the 

1043
00:53:40,408 --> 00:53:43,000
same attentiveness that attended
the beginning of the day. 

1044
00:53:44,000 --> 00:53:46,400
The bedroom fire has been 
tendered again and his warm. 

1045
00:53:46,400 --> 00:53:50,300
The nightclubs are laid out. 
These are by any later standard 

1046
00:53:50,300 --> 00:53:53,900
practical rather than decorative
cotton in warmer months. 

1047
00:53:53,900 --> 00:53:58,500
Flannel in the winter. 
High necked full-length designed

1048
00:53:58,500 --> 00:54:00,900
to retain heat through a night 
in a room that will cool 

1049
00:54:00,900 --> 00:54:04,500
significantly. 
Once the fire drops The 

1050
00:54:04,500 --> 00:54:07,800
Edwardian bedroom in January, 
even in a comfortable house with

1051
00:54:07,800 --> 00:54:10,200
good fireplaces. 
Was cold in ways that required 

1052
00:54:10,200 --> 00:54:13,500
practical management. 
The ladies maid comes up one 

1053
00:54:13,500 --> 00:54:15,600
final time. 
The process of undressing 

1054
00:54:15,600 --> 00:54:18,600
reverses, the morning sequence. 
The Gown is helped off. 

1055
00:54:18,600 --> 00:54:22,200
The jewelry is removed cataloged
and returned to its case. 

1056
00:54:22,200 --> 00:54:25,300
The hair comes down. 
Shaken out of its pins with a 

1057
00:54:25,308 --> 00:54:27,900
relief that has been building 
since approximately 9:00. 

1058
00:54:27,900 --> 00:54:32,300
It is then brushed a process 
that was performed to a specific

1059
00:54:32,300 --> 00:54:35,400
count in most households. 
And which the ladies maid could 

1060
00:54:35,400 --> 00:54:37,600
do with the uniform pressure and
Rhythm that. 

1061
00:54:37,600 --> 00:54:40,500
The woman herself rarely managed
to replicate on her own. 

1062
00:54:41,400 --> 00:54:44,500
A nightcap of soft cotton or 
silk may be put on if the night 

1063
00:54:44,500 --> 00:54:48,200
is cold which in an Edwardian 
winter at frequently is pulled 

1064
00:54:48,200 --> 00:54:50,600
over the hair to keep the heat 
in through the hours of sleep. 

1065
00:54:51,600 --> 00:54:54,500
Skincare in 1908 was present, 
but not complicated. 

1066
00:54:54,500 --> 00:54:58,000
Cold Cream was the main 
preparation of the face before 

1067
00:54:58,000 --> 00:54:59,900
sleep. 
It had been a staple since 

1068
00:54:59,900 --> 00:55:02,000
ancient times in one formulation
or another. 

1069
00:55:02,000 --> 00:55:05,500
And the Edwardian version was a 
thick pale mixture of oils and 

1070
00:55:05,500 --> 00:55:08,800
waxes and Rose Water, that 
remove the days, powder and 

1071
00:55:08,800 --> 00:55:12,100
tinted preparations and left the
skin feeling clean and slightly 

1072
00:55:12,100 --> 00:55:14,900
cool. 
Here soap serve the same purpose

1073
00:55:14,900 --> 00:55:17,500
that did serve since Joshua 
reformulated. 

1074
00:55:17,500 --> 00:55:21,800
It as a transparent bar in the 
1820s which was to provide a 

1075
00:55:21,800 --> 00:55:24,400
cleaning agent that felt light 
and smelled of something 

1076
00:55:24,400 --> 00:55:28,000
pleasant and not to aggressive. 
The elaborate multi-step 

1077
00:55:28,000 --> 00:55:30,800
skincare system with its 
numbered products and layered 

1078
00:55:30,800 --> 00:55:34,100
applications and specific 
morning vs evening. 

1079
00:55:34,100 --> 00:55:37,400
Formulations were still decades 
away from being commercially 

1080
00:55:37,400 --> 00:55:40,800
invented. 
Outside the window, the city is 

1081
00:55:40,800 --> 00:55:44,200
quieter but nowhere near silent.
There are still horses in the 

1082
00:55:44,200 --> 00:55:47,400
streets at this hour. 
The last delivery, is the night.

1083
00:55:47,400 --> 00:55:50,400
Cabs the occasional Dre from one
of the breweries moving through 

1084
00:55:50,400 --> 00:55:54,100
the city, while the roads are 
less obstructed, the sound of a 

1085
00:55:54,100 --> 00:55:56,900
tram on a main road several 
streets distant its overhead 

1086
00:55:56,900 --> 00:55:59,500
wires humming at a frequency 
that carries through the air, 

1087
00:55:59,500 --> 00:56:02,900
even at this distance. 
Fog has been settling over the 

1088
00:56:02,900 --> 00:56:05,700
10 since early evening and in 
the streets near the river. 

1089
00:56:05,700 --> 00:56:08,900
The sounds are muffled and 
slightly strange and arriving 

1090
00:56:08,900 --> 00:56:11,600
with less definition than the 
same sound would have an hour 

1091
00:56:11,600 --> 00:56:15,000
earlier. the gas lamps on the 
pavement, cast their light 

1092
00:56:15,000 --> 00:56:18,700
upward toward the curtains, the 
faintest Amber trace of it, 

1093
00:56:18,700 --> 00:56:21,900
coming through where the fabric 
does not meet perfectly. 

1094
00:56:23,300 --> 00:56:26,500
In the rooms that have been 
fitted with electric lights, the

1095
00:56:26,500 --> 00:56:28,900
switches have been turned off 
one by one. 

1096
00:56:28,900 --> 00:56:32,100
Each room going dark as the 
evening moves through the house 

1097
00:56:32,100 --> 00:56:35,000
towards its close. 
There is something about turning

1098
00:56:35,000 --> 00:56:37,900
off an electric light that is 
cleaner than extinguishing a 

1099
00:56:37,900 --> 00:56:41,300
flame more complete and it 
changes the character of The 

1100
00:56:41,300 --> 00:56:44,200
Darkness slightly. 
The room does not smell of the 

1101
00:56:44,208 --> 00:56:47,000
extinguished candle. 
It simply goes dark. 

1102
00:56:47,000 --> 00:56:51,300
The bedroom is quiet. 
Now in 1908 standing in this 

1103
00:56:51,300 --> 00:56:54,200
room on this particular evening 
in the long, peculiar lull 

1104
00:56:54,200 --> 00:56:56,400
between the Victorian century 
and whatever comes next. 

1105
00:56:56,400 --> 00:56:59,900
The world outside seems to be 
operating on two simultaneous 

1106
00:56:59,900 --> 00:57:02,700
clocks. 
On one of them, things are 

1107
00:57:02,700 --> 00:57:05,800
stable the house functions. 
The Tradesmen deliver the silver

1108
00:57:05,800 --> 00:57:08,800
is polished, the newspapers, 
arrived with the reliability of 

1109
00:57:08,800 --> 00:57:11,100
good habits. 
The letters are answered in the 

1110
00:57:11,100 --> 00:57:14,900
same day, they received, The 
morning tea is made correctly, 

1111
00:57:14,900 --> 00:57:17,500
which is a modest but genuine 
satisfaction. 

1112
00:57:18,400 --> 00:57:20,000
On the other clock, everything 
is moving. 

1113
00:57:20,000 --> 00:57:23,500
The motor car is altering. 
The sound and smell and pace of 

1114
00:57:23,500 --> 00:57:26,800
the City faster than anyone who 
thought about it five years ago 

1115
00:57:26,800 --> 00:57:29,700
would have predicted. 
The telephone is beginning to 

1116
00:57:29,700 --> 00:57:32,600
change, what a letter is for and
who is expected to have one. 

1117
00:57:33,300 --> 00:57:35,900
The gramophone is moving music 
into rooms, where it was not 

1118
00:57:35,900 --> 00:57:39,200
available before creating a new 
relationship between private 

1119
00:57:39,200 --> 00:57:42,000
life and public art. 
The suffragettes are making the 

1120
00:57:42,000 --> 00:57:45,100
question of who is permitted to 
participate in Civic life in to 

1121
00:57:45,100 --> 00:57:47,200
something that cannot be 
deferred into the Next 

1122
00:57:47,200 --> 00:57:48,700
Generation and the one after 
that. 

1123
00:57:49,600 --> 00:57:52,700
The moving picture still young 
and technically limited is 

1124
00:57:52,700 --> 00:57:55,900
building a vocabulary of image 
and narrative that has no clear 

1125
00:57:55,900 --> 00:57:58,800
precedent. 
And there are on the horizon of 

1126
00:57:58,800 --> 00:58:02,200
things that people in this room,
cannot quite see, yet changes of

1127
00:58:02,200 --> 00:58:04,800
a different and larger order 
that will arrive in six years 

1128
00:58:04,800 --> 00:58:08,200
and reorganize everything. 
Most of the people in this 

1129
00:58:08,200 --> 00:58:11,900
house, do not know this. 
They cannot The war that is 

1130
00:58:11,900 --> 00:58:13,700
coming, does not feel inevitable
from here. 

1131
00:58:13,700 --> 00:58:16,300
The way it feels inevitable, 
Looking Backward from the other 

1132
00:58:16,300 --> 00:58:19,100
side of it. 
The Edwardian era is remembered 

1133
00:58:19,100 --> 00:58:22,300
now with a quality of golden 
Melancholy, partly genuine and 

1134
00:58:22,300 --> 00:58:25,700
partly constructed by the people
who survived what came after and

1135
00:58:25,700 --> 00:58:27,800
needed to believe that something
had been lost. 

1136
00:58:27,800 --> 00:58:31,500
Whether the era was actually 
golden for everyone who lived in

1137
00:58:31,500 --> 00:58:33,400
it. 
For Alice scrubbing, the kitchen

1138
00:58:33,400 --> 00:58:36,800
floor Before Dawn for the 
suffragette in prison for the 

1139
00:58:36,800 --> 00:58:39,400
Music Hall performer, catching 
the last bus back across the 

1140
00:58:39,400 --> 00:58:42,000
city is a longer. 
And more honest, conversation 

1141
00:58:42,000 --> 00:58:45,100
what is certain is that tonight 
in this room? 

1142
00:58:45,100 --> 00:58:49,100
The day has ran, its full and 
ordinary course, The coal was 

1143
00:58:49,100 --> 00:58:51,200
brought up from the seller 
before 6 in the morning. 

1144
00:58:51,200 --> 00:58:55,100
The range was coaxed to life. 
The breakfast was made and 

1145
00:58:55,100 --> 00:58:58,400
served and cleared, the morning 
letters were written in a clear 

1146
00:58:58,400 --> 00:59:01,000
careful hand. 
The Hat was selected and worn 

1147
00:59:01,000 --> 00:59:03,800
correctly. 
He was made with the pot warmed 

1148
00:59:03,800 --> 00:59:06,400
first. 
The sandwiches had their crust 

1149
00:59:06,400 --> 00:59:08,800
removed. 
The dinner ran from soup to 

1150
00:59:08,800 --> 00:59:11,500
Savory to Sweet and the wine was
decanted at the right 

1151
00:59:11,500 --> 00:59:14,500
temperature and the conversation
followed the table to the right 

1152
00:59:14,500 --> 00:59:17,900
at the appropriate moment. 
The piano was played the card 

1153
00:59:17,900 --> 00:59:20,900
game concluded. 
The file was brought down, you 

1154
00:59:20,900 --> 00:59:23,300
have spent a few hours inside a 
world that moved a different 

1155
00:59:23,300 --> 00:59:26,400
pace and organized itself around
different assumptions. 

1156
00:59:26,400 --> 00:59:29,800
A world where the invisible 
labor of several people made the

1157
00:59:29,800 --> 00:59:32,700
visible comfort of a few people 
possible and where almost 

1158
00:59:32,700 --> 00:59:34,800
everyone involved understood 
this rangement. 

1159
00:59:34,800 --> 00:59:38,100
Without it being named a world 
where a letter sent in the 

1160
00:59:38,100 --> 00:59:39,600
morning, could be answered by 
evening. 

1161
00:59:39,600 --> 00:59:42,900
A world where not wearing. 
A hat was a statement about your

1162
00:59:42,900 --> 00:59:46,000
relationship to society. 
A world where the question of 

1163
00:59:46,000 --> 00:59:49,700
milk before or after tea, could 
generate a, genuine opinion in 

1164
00:59:49,700 --> 00:59:53,100
an otherwise reasonable person. 
Let all of it. 

1165
00:59:53,100 --> 00:59:55,100
Sit for a moment. 
The bed is ready. 

1166
00:59:56,200 --> 00:59:58,700
The pillow on the cooler side 
has been warmed by the warming 

1167
00:59:58,700 --> 01:00:00,000
pan. 
That was run through the sheets 

1168
01:00:00,000 --> 01:00:02,900
of a few minutes ago. 
A long-handled copper pan filled

1169
01:00:02,900 --> 01:00:05,600
with hot Embers drawn slowly 
across the bed under the 

1170
01:00:05,600 --> 01:00:08,400
blankets to take the cold out of
the linen before you get in. 

1171
01:00:09,500 --> 01:00:12,700
Sheets are smooth and pressed 
flat, the blankets of the right 

1172
01:00:12,700 --> 01:00:15,400
weight for the Seas. 
And the fire in the great is low

1173
01:00:15,400 --> 01:00:19,300
and steady giving off its heat 
without noise or drama doing the

1174
01:00:19,300 --> 01:00:22,200
last of its work before it drops
entirely in the small hours. 

1175
01:00:23,400 --> 01:00:25,900
Outside. 
London is settling into its own 

1176
01:00:25,900 --> 01:00:29,500
long foggy night. 
The boots of stopped moving past

1177
01:00:29,500 --> 01:00:32,300
the basement window. 
The trams have made their last 

1178
01:00:32,300 --> 01:00:35,200
runs on the main roads. 
The butler has locked the front 

1179
01:00:35,200 --> 01:00:38,300
door and checked it twice 
because checking it twice is 

1180
01:00:38,300 --> 01:00:40,800
what he does and will do and has
done. 

1181
01:00:40,800 --> 01:00:44,300
And the fact of it is one of the
quiet Dependable certainties of 

1182
01:00:44,300 --> 01:00:46,400
this household's Knights. 
Sleep. 

1183
01:00:46,400 --> 01:00:50,500
Well, my tired potatoes, the 
house is warm, the letters are 

1184
01:00:50,500 --> 01:00:53,500
sent and the morning with all 
its particular requirements. 

1185
01:00:53,500 --> 01:00:56,900
And it's reliable smell of cold 
smoke, and Beeswax and strong. 

1186
01:00:56,900 --> 01:00:58,900
Dark tea is still a long way 
off. 

1187
01:01:06,000 --> 01:01:11,100
Imagine the Mediterranean Sea in
two 18 BCE as a vast blue stage,

1188
01:01:11,100 --> 01:01:13,800
where two great Powers circled 
each other like cautious 

1189
01:01:13,800 --> 01:01:18,400
dancers. 
On one side, Rome still young 

1190
01:01:18,400 --> 01:01:21,900
still hungry expanding, from its
Seven, Hills with the 

1191
01:01:21,908 --> 01:01:24,400
methodical, determination of 
someone organizing a 

1192
01:01:24,408 --> 01:01:26,300
particularly complex filing 
system. 

1193
01:01:27,100 --> 01:01:31,400
On the other Carthage. 
Ancient, sophisticated wealthy 

1194
01:01:31,400 --> 01:01:35,200
beyond measure, its Merchant 
ships threading, through every 

1195
01:01:35,200 --> 01:01:38,900
port like silver needles, 
stitching together, the fabric 

1196
01:01:38,900 --> 01:01:41,600
of ancient Commerce. 
You need to understand that 

1197
01:01:41,600 --> 01:01:45,000
these two civilizations were as 
different as wine and olive oil.

1198
01:01:45,000 --> 01:01:49,300
Both valuable both essential to 
Mediterranean life, but 

1199
01:01:49,300 --> 01:01:52,100
fundamentally incompatible, when
forced to occupy the same 

1200
01:01:52,108 --> 01:01:55,300
vessel. 
Rome built its strength on 

1201
01:01:55,300 --> 01:01:58,600
citizens soldiers, who farmed in
peace time and fought when 

1202
01:01:58,600 --> 01:02:01,200
called men who viewed military 
service. 

1203
01:02:01,200 --> 01:02:04,000
As a civic duty roughly 
equivalent to paying taxes, 

1204
01:02:04,000 --> 01:02:08,200
except with significantly more 
marching and considerably less 

1205
01:02:08,200 --> 01:02:11,300
paperwork Carthage. 
Meanwhile had turned Commerce in

1206
01:02:11,300 --> 01:02:14,500
to an art form, so refined that 
Roman Merchants looked like 

1207
01:02:14,500 --> 01:02:16,600
children playing store by 
comparison. 

1208
01:02:17,700 --> 01:02:20,400
While Romans were still figuring
out Maritime trade. 

1209
01:02:20,400 --> 01:02:23,600
Carthaginian Sailors, had been 
navigating by stars their 

1210
01:02:23,600 --> 01:02:26,400
ancestors at named Following 
currents. 

1211
01:02:26,400 --> 01:02:29,800
Their grandfathers grandfathers,
had mapped and moving goods 

1212
01:02:29,800 --> 01:02:32,800
between continents with the 
Casual efficiency of someone 

1213
01:02:32,800 --> 01:02:35,200
who's done the same route. 
So many times, they could do it 

1214
01:02:35,200 --> 01:02:38,600
blindfolded. 
The city of Carthage itself sat 

1215
01:02:38,600 --> 01:02:41,900
on the North African Coast, like
a jewel in a setting of lesser 

1216
01:02:41,900 --> 01:02:46,100
Stones, its Harbors engineered 
with such Precision that Roman 

1217
01:02:46,100 --> 01:02:48,200
Engineers would later study 
their ruins. 

1218
01:02:48,200 --> 01:02:52,000
The way you might study a master
Craftsman techniques, the famous

1219
01:02:52,000 --> 01:02:56,000
circular military Harbor could 
shelter over 200 warships each 

1220
01:02:56,000 --> 01:02:59,400
in its own covered birth 
protected from both weather and 

1221
01:02:59,400 --> 01:03:03,300
prying eyes. 
Imagine ancient Naval Base 

1222
01:03:03,300 --> 01:03:06,000
designed with the kind of 
security and efficiency that 

1223
01:03:06,000 --> 01:03:08,600
would make modern military plan 
as Week With Envy. 

1224
01:03:08,600 --> 01:03:12,300
But what made Carthage, truly 
remarkable wasn't just its 

1225
01:03:12,300 --> 01:03:15,600
wealth or its ships. 
It was the vast trading Network 

1226
01:03:15,600 --> 01:03:19,000
that stretched from the pillars 
of Hercules, in the west, to the

1227
01:03:19,000 --> 01:03:22,600
Eastern reaches of the 
Mediterranean and even Beyond to

1228
01:03:22,600 --> 01:03:25,800
mysterious lands that Romans 
only heard about and sailors 

1229
01:03:25,800 --> 01:03:30,700
Tales Carthaginian Merchants 
traded in tin from distant. 

1230
01:03:30,700 --> 01:03:33,400
Britain Amber from northern 
forests. 

1231
01:03:34,100 --> 01:03:38,200
Frankincense from Arabia and 
exotic animals from deep within 

1232
01:03:38,200 --> 01:03:41,700
Africa. 
They were the Amazon Prime of 

1233
01:03:41,700 --> 01:03:45,000
the ancient world except 
delivery took months instead of 

1234
01:03:45,000 --> 01:03:48,800
days and occasionally involved. 
Elephants, Roman Carthage had 

1235
01:03:48,800 --> 01:03:52,500
already fought one, major war. 
The first Punic War, which 

1236
01:03:52,500 --> 01:03:57,100
lasted 23 years and ended with 
Rome, acquiring Sicily and 

1237
01:03:57,100 --> 01:03:59,400
developing a Navy almost by 
accident. 

1238
01:04:00,400 --> 01:04:03,200
It was the kind of conflict 
where both sides started out 

1239
01:04:03,200 --> 01:04:06,500
thinking it would be quick, and 
decisive and found themselves. 

1240
01:04:06,500 --> 01:04:10,300
Still fighting two decades. 
Later having spent fortunes and 

1241
01:04:10,300 --> 01:04:13,900
lost entire Generations. 
All over an island that neither 

1242
01:04:13,900 --> 01:04:15,900
had particularly wanted in the 
first place. 

1243
01:04:15,900 --> 01:04:19,500
The peace that followed was the 
awkward kind where both parties 

1244
01:04:19,500 --> 01:04:22,900
smiling at each other while 
mentally cataloging Grievances 

1245
01:04:22,900 --> 01:04:26,900
and planning for round two. 
Carthage retreated to rebuild 

1246
01:04:26,900 --> 01:04:30,700
focusing on Spain where 
silvermines promised the wealth 

1247
01:04:30,700 --> 01:04:35,000
needed to pay war in Dennis's to
roam roam Consolidated, its 

1248
01:04:35,000 --> 01:04:38,000
gains and I'd carthage's Spanish
holding the way. 

1249
01:04:38,000 --> 01:04:41,400
You might I your neighbor's 
attractive lawn furniture into 

1250
01:04:41,400 --> 01:04:44,700
this delicate balance. 
Came Hannibal Barca, his very 

1251
01:04:44,700 --> 01:04:48,000
name would have eventually make 
Roman children behave and Roman 

1252
01:04:48,000 --> 01:04:51,200
Senators lose sleek. 
But we're getting ahead of 

1253
01:04:51,200 --> 01:04:54,200
ourselves. 
First, you need to understand 

1254
01:04:54,200 --> 01:04:57,100
the world. 
He inherited a Mediterranean 

1255
01:04:57,100 --> 01:05:01,300
Basin were established powers 
and Rising Ambitions created to 

1256
01:05:01,300 --> 01:05:05,100
situation as stabilizer table 
with one leg shorter than the 

1257
01:05:05,100 --> 01:05:08,400
others. 
Something was going to shift, 

1258
01:05:08,400 --> 01:05:11,100
eventually. 
It was just a matter of who 

1259
01:05:11,100 --> 01:05:13,900
would provide the push and which
direction the whole Arrangement 

1260
01:05:13,900 --> 01:05:17,400
would tumble the landscape 
itself seemed to reflect this 

1261
01:05:17,400 --> 01:05:20,500
precarious. 
Balance the mediterranean's, 

1262
01:05:20,500 --> 01:05:22,900
Northern Shores, rows into 
mountain ranges that had 

1263
01:05:22,900 --> 01:05:24,900
channeled and shaped human 
movement. 

1264
01:05:24,900 --> 01:05:28,000
Since people, first figured out 
that walking around obstacles, 

1265
01:05:28,000 --> 01:05:32,400
was easier than going over them.
The Alps stood like a natural 

1266
01:05:32,400 --> 01:05:34,300
wall between southern Europe and
the North. 

1267
01:05:35,000 --> 01:05:38,500
Their peaks catching clouds and 
creating weather patterns that 

1268
01:05:38,500 --> 01:05:41,100
determined where cities, grew 
and armies marched. 

1269
01:05:41,100 --> 01:05:44,600
Southern Spain were a story. 
Truly begins. 

1270
01:05:44,600 --> 01:05:50,100
Offered a different geography, 
hot mineral, rich and populated 

1271
01:05:50,100 --> 01:05:53,100
by tribes, who had been metal 
working since before Rome was 

1272
01:05:53,100 --> 01:05:56,400
even a village, The 
carthaginians had established 

1273
01:05:56,400 --> 01:05:58,200
themselves. 
They're not through Conquest, 

1274
01:05:58,200 --> 01:06:01,200
but through the more subtle art 
of making themselves 

1275
01:06:01,200 --> 01:06:04,400
commercially indispensable, 
which is like, winning a war 

1276
01:06:04,400 --> 01:06:06,400
without the expense of actually 
fighting one. 

1277
01:06:06,400 --> 01:06:12,300
This was the world in 218 BCE 
balanced prosperous in patches 

1278
01:06:12,300 --> 01:06:17,100
divided by mountains, and United
by sea waiting for someone to 

1279
01:06:17,100 --> 01:06:20,700
disturb its equilibrium in ways 
that would rip across centuries.

1280
01:06:21,900 --> 01:06:25,800
The stage was set, the actors 
were in position and somewhere 

1281
01:06:25,800 --> 01:06:28,700
in Spain. 
A young carthaginian General was

1282
01:06:28,700 --> 01:06:30,000
planning. 
Something that would make the 

1283
01:06:30,000 --> 01:06:32,700
Roman senate wish they'd paid 
more attention to geography, 

1284
01:06:32,700 --> 01:06:35,100
lessons. 
Let's talk about young Hannibal 

1285
01:06:35,100 --> 01:06:38,200
from a moment because 
understanding his dream requires

1286
01:06:38,200 --> 01:06:41,600
understanding the man and 
understanding the man requires 

1287
01:06:41,600 --> 01:06:45,500
going back to when he was just a
boy watching his father prepare 

1288
01:06:45,500 --> 01:06:49,000
for war, her milka Barker 
Hannibal's. 

1289
01:06:49,000 --> 01:06:52,300
Father was the kind of man who 
carried grudges the way other 

1290
01:06:52,300 --> 01:06:56,900
people carry family heirlooms 
carefully, protectively with 

1291
01:06:56,900 --> 01:06:59,800
every intention of passing them 
down to the Next Generation. 

1292
01:07:01,000 --> 01:07:04,300
Commanded carthaginian forces in
Sicily during the first. 

1293
01:07:04,300 --> 01:07:08,200
Punic War, watched his City 
forced to accept humiliating 

1294
01:07:08,200 --> 01:07:10,900
peace terms and spent the rest 
of his life. 

1295
01:07:10,900 --> 01:07:15,300
Rebuilding carthaginian power in
Spain with a single-minded focus

1296
01:07:15,300 --> 01:07:18,300
of someone planning, an 
extremely elaborate comeback. 

1297
01:07:18,300 --> 01:07:22,300
According to ancient sources and
you can decide how much to trust

1298
01:07:22,300 --> 01:07:24,500
stories that were written down 
by people who weren't actually 

1299
01:07:24,500 --> 01:07:27,300
there. 
Her milkar wants brought nine 

1300
01:07:27,300 --> 01:07:31,500
year old Hannibal to a sacrifice
and made him swear Eternal 

1301
01:07:31,500 --> 01:07:35,100
enmity to Rome. 
Whether this actually happened 

1302
01:07:35,100 --> 01:07:38,900
or was later, propaganda doesn't
particularly matter. what 

1303
01:07:38,900 --> 01:07:42,700
matters is that Hannibal grew up
in a household where Rome was 

1304
01:07:42,700 --> 01:07:47,000
not just an enemy, but the enemy
The obstacle between Carthage 

1305
01:07:47,000 --> 01:07:49,900
and its rightful place in the 
world Hannibal's. 

1306
01:07:49,900 --> 01:07:52,700
Educational was the ancient 
equivalent of an advanced degree

1307
01:07:52,700 --> 01:07:54,300
in how to make Rome 
uncomfortable. 

1308
01:07:55,200 --> 01:07:58,300
He studied Greek because that 
was what educated people did in 

1309
01:07:58,300 --> 01:08:02,000
the Mediterranean world, the 
same way modern professionals 

1310
01:08:02,000 --> 01:08:05,400
learning English regardless of 
where their from he learned 

1311
01:08:05,400 --> 01:08:08,400
Warfare from his father and 
later from his brother-in-law 

1312
01:08:08,400 --> 01:08:11,600
has Ruble watching how to manage
mercenary armies. 

1313
01:08:11,600 --> 01:08:17,100
Composed of iberians new midians
libyans and others who had no 

1314
01:08:17,100 --> 01:08:20,700
particular loyalty to Carthage 
Beyond regular pay and competent

1315
01:08:20,700 --> 01:08:23,200
leadership. 
But more than tactics or 

1316
01:08:23,200 --> 01:08:26,800
languages, Hannibal learn to 
think strategically in ways that

1317
01:08:26,800 --> 01:08:28,700
most of his contemporaries could
not match. 

1318
01:08:29,399 --> 01:08:33,200
While other generals planned 
campaigns Hannibal planned Wars.

1319
01:08:34,000 --> 01:08:36,800
While they thought about next 
season's fighting, he thought 

1320
01:08:36,800 --> 01:08:39,600
about how to reshape the entire 
strategic situation. 

1321
01:08:40,700 --> 01:08:44,399
His dream wasn't simply to 
defeat Roman battle that was 

1322
01:08:44,399 --> 01:08:46,500
just Tuesday for a competent. 
General. 

1323
01:08:47,100 --> 01:08:49,100
His dream was to break Rome's 
power. 

1324
01:08:49,100 --> 01:08:52,899
So completely that Carthage 
would never again, have to worry

1325
01:08:52,899 --> 01:08:55,500
about Roman interference. 
Here's where you need to 

1326
01:08:55,500 --> 01:08:58,600
understand the Roman power 
structure because Hannibal 

1327
01:08:58,600 --> 01:09:00,600
understood it better than most 
Romans did. 

1328
01:09:01,399 --> 01:09:05,000
Rome strength didn't come from 
its legion's impressive as they 

1329
01:09:05,000 --> 01:09:07,700
were, it came from, its Alliance
System. 

1330
01:09:07,700 --> 01:09:10,800
The complex web of treaties and 
relationships. 

1331
01:09:10,800 --> 01:09:14,899
That connected Rome, 200 of 
Italian communities these allies

1332
01:09:14,899 --> 01:09:20,000
provided soldiers, supplies and 
strategic depth that made Roman 

1333
01:09:20,000 --> 01:09:22,500
almost impossible to defeat 
through conventional Warfare 

1334
01:09:22,500 --> 01:09:25,600
Hannibal, looked at the system 
and saw its vulnerability 

1335
01:09:26,500 --> 01:09:28,300
Rome's, Italian allies were 
joining. 

1336
01:09:28,300 --> 01:09:32,100
Gladly, many had been forced 
into a line through Conquest. 

1337
01:09:32,100 --> 01:09:35,800
They provided troops. 
Not from the love of Rome from 

1338
01:09:35,800 --> 01:09:38,899
lack of Alternatives. 
If someone could demonstrate 

1339
01:09:38,899 --> 01:09:42,000
that Rome wasn't Invincible. 
If someone could March through 

1340
01:09:42,000 --> 01:09:45,200
Italy showing that Roman 
protection was worthless, then, 

1341
01:09:45,200 --> 01:09:48,899
perhaps these alliances would 
crumble like old bread, leaving 

1342
01:09:48,899 --> 01:09:53,000
Rome isolated and defeatable. 
This Insight was the foundation 

1343
01:09:53,000 --> 01:09:55,700
of Hannibal's dream. 
He would take the water. 

1344
01:09:55,700 --> 01:09:58,200
Italy itself, not through a 
naval Invasion. 

1345
01:09:58,200 --> 01:10:01,400
That carthage's weaken Fleet 
couldn't support, but through an

1346
01:10:01,400 --> 01:10:03,900
Overland route that everyone 
knew was impossible. 

1347
01:10:04,700 --> 01:10:08,400
He would March an army from 
Spain, through Gaul, over the 

1348
01:10:08,400 --> 01:10:12,100
Alps and into Northern Italy. 
Then he would defeat Roman 

1349
01:10:12,100 --> 01:10:14,500
armies in their own territory 
and offer their allies a better 

1350
01:10:14,508 --> 01:10:16,700
deal. 
It was the kind of plan that 

1351
01:10:16,700 --> 01:10:19,600
sounds absolutely insane. 
When you first hear it. 

1352
01:10:20,300 --> 01:10:23,000
Like someone today suggesting 
they'll walk from New York to 

1353
01:10:23,000 --> 01:10:27,000
Los Angeles just to prove. 
It can be done except with war 

1354
01:10:27,000 --> 01:10:30,500
elephants and hostile tribes and
mountain ranges that had never 

1355
01:10:30,500 --> 01:10:34,000
been crossed by an army. 
The Hannibal had Advantage is 

1356
01:10:34,000 --> 01:10:37,300
that made the impossible merely 
extremely difficult first. 

1357
01:10:37,300 --> 01:10:40,700
He had inherited his father 
Spanish base, complete with 

1358
01:10:40,700 --> 01:10:44,100
Silver Mines, that funded, his 
operations and Veteran soldiers.

1359
01:10:44,100 --> 01:10:46,700
We've been fighting together 
long enough to trust their 

1360
01:10:46,700 --> 01:10:50,000
Commanders. 
Second, he had diplomatic 

1361
01:10:50,000 --> 01:10:52,700
contacts throughout Gaul who 
could provide intelligent 

1362
01:10:52,700 --> 01:10:56,800
supplies and guides the ancient 
equivalent of having friends 

1363
01:10:56,800 --> 01:10:58,800
along the Route, who let you 
crash on their couch. 

1364
01:10:59,700 --> 01:11:03,500
Third, he had elephants which 
might seem like a logistical 

1365
01:11:03,500 --> 01:11:05,700
nightmare but were actually, 
brilliant. 

1366
01:11:05,700 --> 01:11:09,700
Psychological warfare tools. 
Nothing says, I mean, business 

1367
01:11:09,700 --> 01:11:11,600
quite like showing up with 
creatures that. 

1368
01:11:11,600 --> 01:11:14,900
Most people had only heard about
in Travelers Tales but beyond 

1369
01:11:14,900 --> 01:11:18,100
these practical advantages 
Hannibal had something more 

1370
01:11:18,100 --> 01:11:21,100
valuable. 
The ability to inspire people, 

1371
01:11:21,100 --> 01:11:23,500
to attempt things they would 
never consider on their own. 

1372
01:11:24,300 --> 01:11:27,300
His soldiers, followed him. 
Not because they were forced to,

1373
01:11:27,300 --> 01:11:31,200
but because they believed in his
vision or at least believe that 

1374
01:11:31,208 --> 01:11:34,900
following him would lead to 
plunder glory and stories. 

1375
01:11:34,900 --> 01:11:39,700
They could tell their 
grandchildren in 218, BCE a 29 

1376
01:11:39,700 --> 01:11:43,100
years old, Hannibal, stood, at 
the head of an Army in Spain and

1377
01:11:43,100 --> 01:11:47,000
looked North toward the Alps 
Most generals would have seen an

1378
01:11:47,000 --> 01:11:50,200
impossible barrier, Hannibal 
Surah, route to immortality. 

1379
01:11:51,100 --> 01:11:54,500
His dream wasn't modest, it 
involved rewriting the power 

1380
01:11:54,500 --> 01:11:57,000
structure of the entire 
Mediterranean world. 

1381
01:11:58,000 --> 01:12:00,300
But here's the thing about 
impossible during dreams. 

1382
01:12:00,300 --> 01:12:04,200
They remain impossible right up 
until someone accomplishes them,

1383
01:12:04,200 --> 01:12:07,100
at which point everyone claims 
their new, it could be done. 

1384
01:12:07,100 --> 01:12:10,500
All along the decision to March 
was made not in a moment of 

1385
01:12:10,508 --> 01:12:14,600
passion, but after careful 
calculation, Hannibal, spent 

1386
01:12:14,600 --> 01:12:17,800
months, preparing Gathering 
supplies, securing agreements 

1387
01:12:17,800 --> 01:12:19,900
with gallic, tribes and 
studying. 

1388
01:12:19,900 --> 01:12:22,700
What little information existed 
about Alpine passes. 

1389
01:12:23,500 --> 01:12:26,700
He sent Scouts ahead and made 
arrangements for Supply Depots. 

1390
01:12:26,700 --> 01:12:30,100
This wasn't impulsive 
adventurism it was methodical 

1391
01:12:30,100 --> 01:12:32,500
planning applied to an 
outrageous objective. 

1392
01:12:32,500 --> 01:12:35,400
A spring approached and the 
campaign season opened 

1393
01:12:35,400 --> 01:12:37,000
Hannibal's. 
Army began. 

1394
01:12:37,000 --> 01:12:39,600
Its March North from new 
Carthage and Spain. 

1395
01:12:40,400 --> 01:12:43,400
The dream was about to become a 
very cold, very difficult 

1396
01:12:43,400 --> 01:12:46,600
reality. 
But first, they would spend 

1397
01:12:46,600 --> 01:12:49,800
months Crossing relatively 
friendly territory, giving 

1398
01:12:49,800 --> 01:12:52,200
Hannibal time to train. 
His diverse forces into a 

1399
01:12:52,208 --> 01:12:54,900
cohesive unit. 
And giving a soldiers time to 

1400
01:12:54,900 --> 01:12:58,500
contemplate, exactly what they'd
signed up for picture yourself 

1401
01:12:58,500 --> 01:13:02,800
on a warm morning, in late 
spring, to 18, BCE standing on 

1402
01:13:02,800 --> 01:13:07,200
the outskirts of new Carthage. 
Modern Carter jaina watching an 

1403
01:13:07,200 --> 01:13:09,000
army. 
Assemble for what most observers

1404
01:13:09,000 --> 01:13:11,000
thought was just another Spanish
campaign. 

1405
01:13:12,200 --> 01:13:15,500
Smell of dust and horse, sweat 
mingles with the Salt Air from 

1406
01:13:15,500 --> 01:13:19,000
the Mediterranean and if you 
closed your eyes, you might 

1407
01:13:19,000 --> 01:13:21,400
think this was just another 
military deployment. 

1408
01:13:21,400 --> 01:13:25,000
The kind that happened regularly
throughout the ancient world, 

1409
01:13:25,000 --> 01:13:28,700
but open your eyes and really 
look at what's gathering. 

1410
01:13:28,700 --> 01:13:32,700
This isn't just an army. 
It's a Mobile Nation, a 

1411
01:13:32,700 --> 01:13:35,800
self-contained World preparing 
to walk from Spain to Italy. 

1412
01:13:36,900 --> 01:13:41,600
90,000 infantry from a dozen 
different tribes and Nations 

1413
01:13:41,600 --> 01:13:45,600
12,000. 
Cavalry and 37 elephants whose 

1414
01:13:45,600 --> 01:13:48,000
handlers treat them with the 
careful affection. 

1415
01:13:48,000 --> 01:13:51,900
You might show a particularly 
temperamental but beloved family

1416
01:13:51,900 --> 01:13:56,000
member the diverse dear 
staggering Libyan spearmen in 

1417
01:13:56,008 --> 01:13:59,300
their distinctive armor, 
Stanley, Iberian tribesmen, 

1418
01:13:59,300 --> 01:14:03,100
carrying the falcata that 
distinctively curved sword that 

1419
01:14:03,100 --> 01:14:06,500
could cut through Roman Shields 
like an aggressive letter 

1420
01:14:06,500 --> 01:14:10,400
opener, Numidian Cavalry from 
North Africa, sit on their 

1421
01:14:10,400 --> 01:14:14,700
horses, bareback, making Roman 
Cavalry who at least used 

1422
01:14:14,700 --> 01:14:17,400
Saddles feel like they're 
overdoing it with equipment. 

1423
01:14:18,400 --> 01:14:21,800
Balearic Slingers, whose 
accuracy with their simple 

1424
01:14:21,800 --> 01:14:25,600
leather slings Rivals, modern 
Target Shooters practice their 

1425
01:14:25,600 --> 01:14:28,800
craft with stones that hum 
through the air, like Angry bees

1426
01:14:28,800 --> 01:14:33,500
and the elephants We need to 
talk about the elephants because

1427
01:14:33,500 --> 01:14:35,700
they're both more and less 
important than you might 

1428
01:14:35,708 --> 01:14:38,500
imagine. 
These aren't the massive African

1429
01:14:38,500 --> 01:14:41,000
bush, elephants, you see in 
Nature Documentaries. 

1430
01:14:41,000 --> 01:14:44,900
These are North African Forest, 
elephants smaller. 

1431
01:14:44,900 --> 01:14:48,700
Now extinct the still impressive
enough to make an entrance. 

1432
01:14:49,500 --> 01:14:53,500
Each one requires about 300 
pounds of food daily drinks 

1433
01:14:53,500 --> 01:14:57,100
enough water to fill multiple 
bathtubs and has a Handler who 

1434
01:14:57,100 --> 01:15:00,600
knows its moods preferences and 
personality quirks. 

1435
01:15:00,600 --> 01:15:03,600
The way, you know, your closest 
friends, coffee order for 

1436
01:15:03,600 --> 01:15:06,600
elephant serve multiple purposes
beyond their obvious combat role

1437
01:15:06,600 --> 01:15:11,200
their mobile propaganda walking.
Advertisements for carthaginian 

1438
01:15:11,200 --> 01:15:14,800
power and exoticism. 
Their psychological weapons, 

1439
01:15:14,800 --> 01:15:17,800
that will terrify enemies who 
have never seen anything larger 

1440
01:15:17,800 --> 01:15:21,000
than a cow. 
And their symbols of Hannibal's 

1441
01:15:21,000 --> 01:15:23,200
confidence, only someone 
absolutely. 

1442
01:15:23,200 --> 01:15:26,300
Certain of success would burden 
themselves with such high 

1443
01:15:26,300 --> 01:15:29,400
maintenance companions on a 
journey through hostile 

1444
01:15:29,400 --> 01:15:31,100
territory and impossible 
mountains. 

1445
01:15:31,100 --> 01:15:33,600
The March begins with a 
deceptive ease. 

1446
01:15:33,600 --> 01:15:36,700
The Army moves North through 
Spain, following 

1447
01:15:36,700 --> 01:15:38,800
well-established routes through 
territory. 

1448
01:15:38,800 --> 01:15:43,200
That's partly under carthaginian
control and partly inhabited by 

1449
01:15:43,200 --> 01:15:46,700
tribes who have decided that not
interfering with this particular

1450
01:15:46,700 --> 01:15:48,900
Army is the better part of 
valor. 

1451
01:15:48,900 --> 01:15:54,100
The pace is deliberate, rather 
than rushed roughly 10 to 15 

1452
01:15:54,100 --> 01:15:57,600
miles per day because moving 
90,000 people with their 

1453
01:15:57,600 --> 01:16:00,500
equipment and supplies. 
Isn't something you can do 

1454
01:16:00,500 --> 01:16:03,800
quickly without creating the 
kind of logistics disaster that 

1455
01:16:03,800 --> 01:16:07,500
ends military careers each 
evening, the Army stops and 

1456
01:16:07,500 --> 01:16:09,700
transforms itself into a 
temporary City. 

1457
01:16:10,700 --> 01:16:14,300
Tents rise in organized, 
patterns fires, a lit for 

1458
01:16:14,300 --> 01:16:17,000
cooking. 
Centuries are posted and for a 

1459
01:16:17,000 --> 01:16:18,700
few hours. 
The world takes on a rhythm. 

1460
01:16:18,700 --> 01:16:22,200
That feels almost to Mystic. 
Soldiers, clean equipment, 

1461
01:16:22,200 --> 01:16:28,200
repair sandals worn by the days,
March and share food and stories

1462
01:16:28,200 --> 01:16:30,400
in languages that span the 
Mediterranean. 

1463
01:16:31,400 --> 01:16:35,000
The elephants are fed and 
watered their handlers checking 

1464
01:16:35,000 --> 01:16:37,800
them for injuries or illness 
with the thoroughness of nurses.

1465
01:16:37,800 --> 01:16:41,100
Hannibal moves through these 
evening camps with practiced, 

1466
01:16:41,100 --> 01:16:44,600
ease stopping to speak with 
different units asking about 

1467
01:16:44,600 --> 01:16:46,500
supplies and listening to 
concerns. 

1468
01:16:47,600 --> 01:16:50,300
Leadership at this level isn't 
about dramatic speeches. 

1469
01:16:50,300 --> 01:16:55,000
It's about being seen being 
accessible and demonstrating 

1470
01:16:55,000 --> 01:16:57,700
that you share the hardships. 
You're asking others to endure. 

1471
01:16:58,600 --> 01:17:01,600
When Hannibal elite soldiers 
rations and sleeps in a regular 

1472
01:17:01,600 --> 01:17:05,300
tent, it builds loyalty more 
effectively than any amount of 

1473
01:17:05,300 --> 01:17:09,300
inspiring rhetoric the Army 
crosses, the Ebro river, that 

1474
01:17:09,300 --> 01:17:12,500
traditional boundary between 
carthaginian and Roman Spears of

1475
01:17:12,500 --> 01:17:17,500
influence in Spain. this is the 
point of no return, the moment 

1476
01:17:17,500 --> 01:17:21,300
when the campaign becomes an 
official Act of War, but the 

1477
01:17:21,300 --> 01:17:25,200
crossing itself is 
anti-climactic. just a long day 

1478
01:17:25,200 --> 01:17:28,800
of fairing men and equipment to 
cross a river, that flows with 

1479
01:17:28,800 --> 01:17:33,700
the muddy, determination of all,
major waterways The elephant's 

1480
01:17:33,700 --> 01:17:38,000
Wade across enjoying the bath 
while their handlers curse and 

1481
01:17:38,000 --> 01:17:41,300
pray in roughly equal measure 
beyond the airbrau, the 

1482
01:17:41,300 --> 01:17:43,200
territory becomes progressively 
less friendly. 

1483
01:17:44,000 --> 01:17:46,400
Spanish tribes who are no 
loyalty to Carthage. 

1484
01:17:46,400 --> 01:17:50,700
I this massive army with 
understandable, nervousness Some

1485
01:17:50,700 --> 01:17:55,300
offer tokens of submission, 
food, guides and Promises not to

1486
01:17:55,300 --> 01:17:57,000
attack. 
If the Army just keeps moving 

1487
01:17:57,800 --> 01:18:01,600
Others, prepare for resistance 
Gathering Warriors, and sending 

1488
01:18:01,600 --> 01:18:04,500
messages to neighboring. 
Tribes about this unprecedented 

1489
01:18:04,500 --> 01:18:07,800
Invasion Force Hannibal handles 
each situation with a 

1490
01:18:07,808 --> 01:18:11,400
flexibility that keeps his army 
moving while minimizing delays 

1491
01:18:12,200 --> 01:18:15,900
When resistance seems serious, 
he offers overwhelming Force 

1492
01:18:15,900 --> 01:18:19,800
defeating tribal armies with 
such efficiency that other 

1493
01:18:19,800 --> 01:18:22,100
communities. 
Decide cooperation, looks more 

1494
01:18:22,100 --> 01:18:24,600
attractive. 
When tribes seem willing to 

1495
01:18:24,600 --> 01:18:26,900
negotiate. 
He's generous with promises and 

1496
01:18:26,900 --> 01:18:30,200
modest with demands 
understanding that the goal 

1497
01:18:30,200 --> 01:18:33,000
isn't to conquer Spain. 
It's to pass through it with 

1498
01:18:33,000 --> 01:18:36,800
minimal damage to his army. 
The weeks blur into a rhythm of 

1499
01:18:36,800 --> 01:18:40,300
March Camp occasional Skirmish 
and March again. 

1500
01:18:41,100 --> 01:18:44,300
The soldiers stopped asking 
where they going and focus on 

1501
01:18:44,300 --> 01:18:47,000
the immediate tasks of surviving
each Day's Journey. 

1502
01:18:47,800 --> 01:18:50,900
Equipment wears out and his 
repairs or replaced. 

1503
01:18:51,500 --> 01:18:54,500
The weakest soldiers fall out on
a left behind with wounds 

1504
01:18:54,500 --> 01:18:57,700
illness or simple inability to 
maintain the pace. 

1505
01:18:58,600 --> 01:19:02,600
The army that continues North is
smaller but Harder winnowed by 

1506
01:19:02,600 --> 01:19:05,300
the journey into something 
approaching fighting trim. 

1507
01:19:05,300 --> 01:19:08,900
By the time they reach the 
Pyrenees that mountain range, 

1508
01:19:08,900 --> 01:19:12,500
separating Spain from Gaul 
Hannibal, has already sent home 

1509
01:19:12,500 --> 01:19:16,100
about 10,000 soldiers, whose 
loyalty seemed questionable 

1510
01:19:16,100 --> 01:19:19,800
better, a smaller Army, that's 
committed than a large one, that

1511
01:19:19,800 --> 01:19:22,000
might desert or betray it. 
A crucial moment. 

1512
01:19:22,900 --> 01:19:25,700
It's the kind of ruthlessly 
practical decision, that 

1513
01:19:25,700 --> 01:19:28,000
characterizes Hannibal's entire 
campaign. 

1514
01:19:29,000 --> 01:19:31,800
Better to solve problems early 
than, watch them grow into 

1515
01:19:31,800 --> 01:19:34,000
disasters. 
Later, the crossing of the 

1516
01:19:34,000 --> 01:19:37,900
Pyrenees is a preview of Greater
challenges ahead, the mountains 

1517
01:19:37,900 --> 01:19:41,700
are steep, but not impossibly. 
So the passes well used by 

1518
01:19:41,700 --> 01:19:45,400
Traders and Shepherds. 
Still, it's the Army's first 

1519
01:19:45,400 --> 01:19:48,000
real taste of what? 
Moving through serious mountains

1520
01:19:48,000 --> 01:19:50,900
involves? 
Thin air that makes breathing 

1521
01:19:50,900 --> 01:19:55,600
harder the rocky terrain that 
tears at sandals and Hooves and 

1522
01:19:55,600 --> 01:19:59,600
the cold at higher elevations. 
Even in summer, when they emerge

1523
01:19:59,600 --> 01:20:02,400
on the Galaxy side of the 
Pyrenees, the Army has shrunk 

1524
01:20:02,400 --> 01:20:05,800
to, perhaps 50,000 infantry and 
9,000 cavalry. 

1525
01:20:06,700 --> 01:20:09,700
The elephant's remained though, 
the Mountain Crossing has left 

1526
01:20:09,700 --> 01:20:13,100
some showing signs of stress. 
But the survivors are now 

1527
01:20:13,108 --> 01:20:15,900
Veterans of a journey that has 
already exceeded what most 

1528
01:20:15,900 --> 01:20:19,400
armies, would consider a major 
campaign and they haven't even 

1529
01:20:19,400 --> 01:20:22,200
reached the Alps, yet Gaul 
sprawls before them. 

1530
01:20:22,200 --> 01:20:25,500
A vast Patchwork of tribal 
territories, where Celtic 

1531
01:20:25,500 --> 01:20:28,800
peoples live in a relationship 
with Rome that ranges from 

1532
01:20:28,800 --> 01:20:32,900
hostile to merely suspicious, 
Hannibal's diplomatic 

1533
01:20:32,900 --> 01:20:34,700
preparations. 
Pay dividends here. 

1534
01:20:35,400 --> 01:20:38,000
Tribal leaders who've been 
contacted months earlier, 

1535
01:20:38,000 --> 01:20:41,900
provide guides supplies and 
permission to pass through their

1536
01:20:41,900 --> 01:20:44,900
territories. 
Others hearing of this 

1537
01:20:44,900 --> 01:20:48,200
unprecedented armies approached 
decide that maintaining 

1538
01:20:48,200 --> 01:20:52,100
neutrality is the wisest course 
the March through Gaul takes on 

1539
01:20:52,100 --> 01:20:54,000
a different character than the 
Spanish portion. 

1540
01:20:54,900 --> 01:20:58,000
Here Hannibal isn't just passing
through potential enemy 

1541
01:20:58,000 --> 01:21:00,200
territory. 
He is building alliances. 

1542
01:21:00,200 --> 01:21:04,100
That might prove useful later. 
Celtic tribes, who resent, Roman

1543
01:21:04,100 --> 01:21:06,700
expansion. 
See Hannibal as a potential ally

1544
01:21:06,700 --> 01:21:09,500
against their Mutual enemy. 
They offer Warriors to 

1545
01:21:09,500 --> 01:21:12,900
supplement his forces. 
Provide intelligence about Roman

1546
01:21:12,900 --> 01:21:16,000
movements and share knowledge 
about the Alps that will prove 

1547
01:21:16,000 --> 01:21:19,100
invaluable in the weeks ahead. 
A summer Wayne's and Early 

1548
01:21:19,100 --> 01:21:22,900
Autumn approaches the Army. 
Reaches the Roanoke River that 

1549
01:21:22,900 --> 01:21:25,700
major waterway that flows from 
the Alps to the Mediterranean. 

1550
01:21:26,700 --> 01:21:29,600
The Crossing becomes another 
major logistical challenge. 

1551
01:21:30,400 --> 01:21:34,700
The river is wide Swift and 
contested by local tribes who 

1552
01:21:34,700 --> 01:21:36,800
aren't thrilled about an army 
Crossing through their 

1553
01:21:36,800 --> 01:21:39,600
territory. 
Hannibal solves this through a 

1554
01:21:39,600 --> 01:21:43,900
combination of negotiation and 
intimidation arranging for boat 

1555
01:21:43,900 --> 01:21:47,600
Builders to construct rafts 
while Cavalry demonstrates, what

1556
01:21:47,600 --> 01:21:51,200
happens to tribes that actively 
oppose the crossing, the 

1557
01:21:51,200 --> 01:21:54,500
elephants present, a special 
challenge summer coaxed, onto 

1558
01:21:54,500 --> 01:21:56,900
rafts disguised, to look like 
Solid Ground. 

1559
01:21:56,900 --> 01:22:00,300
The ancient equivalent of 
tricking a cat into a carrier, 

1560
01:22:00,300 --> 01:22:02,900
by making it look like a cozy 
hiding spot. 

1561
01:22:03,900 --> 01:22:06,900
Others have to be persuaded 
through more direct means their 

1562
01:22:06,900 --> 01:22:09,800
handlers using every trick 
learned through years of 

1563
01:22:09,800 --> 01:22:13,200
experience. 
One story claims an elephant was

1564
01:22:13,200 --> 01:22:17,300
led onto a raft by its mother. 
Only to jump off and swim the 

1565
01:22:17,300 --> 01:22:20,900
river when it realized the 
deception with its Handler, 

1566
01:22:20,900 --> 01:22:22,900
clinging to its ear the entire 
way. 

1567
01:22:24,000 --> 01:22:27,000
Whether true or embellished, it 
captures the mixed of comedy in 

1568
01:22:27,000 --> 01:22:28,600
danger. 
That defined, the entire 

1569
01:22:28,600 --> 01:22:32,800
Enterprise beyond the road, the 
Alps rise in the distance like a

1570
01:22:32,800 --> 01:22:35,400
promise and a threat, the Army 
can see them. 

1571
01:22:35,400 --> 01:22:39,400
Now on clear days snowcapped 
Peaks, that seem to touch the 

1572
01:22:39,400 --> 01:22:43,200
sky rangers that no Army as ever
crossed with supplies and 

1573
01:22:43,200 --> 01:22:45,900
equipment in tacked. 
Hannibal soldiers. 

1574
01:22:45,900 --> 01:22:49,100
Look at those mountains and 
begin to understand what their 

1575
01:22:49,100 --> 01:22:52,400
General is really asking of 
them, but they've come too far 

1576
01:22:52,400 --> 01:22:55,300
to turn back. 
Now, behind them lies territory.

1577
01:22:55,300 --> 01:22:58,200
They've already crossed where 
Roman armies are surely 

1578
01:22:58,200 --> 01:23:00,200
mobilizing to cut off any 
retreat. 

1579
01:23:00,800 --> 01:23:05,200
A head lies, the only path 
forward up and over mountains 

1580
01:23:05,200 --> 01:23:08,400
that everyone says are 
impossible toward Italy. 

1581
01:23:08,400 --> 01:23:10,900
And the war that will determine 
whether Hannibal is a Visionary 

1582
01:23:10,900 --> 01:23:14,600
or simply someone who led 50,000
men to die in the snow. 

1583
01:23:14,600 --> 01:23:18,300
The March toward the Alps 
continues each day, bringing 

1584
01:23:18,300 --> 01:23:22,200
those Peaks closer each evening 
Camp filled with quieter 

1585
01:23:22,200 --> 01:23:25,700
conversations, the soldiers 
contemplate, the impossible 

1586
01:23:25,700 --> 01:23:29,300
challenge ahead. 
Hannibal, walks among his troops

1587
01:23:29,300 --> 01:23:31,400
and tells them that the 
mountains are just another 

1588
01:23:31,400 --> 01:23:34,100
obstacle that together. 
They've already overcome 

1589
01:23:34,100 --> 01:23:36,000
challenges, others thought 
impossible. 

1590
01:23:36,000 --> 01:23:39,500
Whether they believe him or not,
they can continue marching 

1591
01:23:39,500 --> 01:23:43,600
because that's what armies do. 
They March, they Camp? 

1592
01:23:43,600 --> 01:23:47,300
They March again, carrying 
forward the dreams and Ambitions

1593
01:23:47,300 --> 01:23:50,300
of their commanders, until those
dreams become reality or turn 

1594
01:23:50,300 --> 01:23:54,100
into nightmares. 
And somewhere ahead in passes 

1595
01:23:54,100 --> 01:23:56,100
that have seen only Traders and 
Shepherds. 

1596
01:23:56,100 --> 01:23:59,200
The Alps, wait to test whether 
Hannibal's dream has any 

1597
01:23:59,200 --> 01:24:02,500
substance Beyond ambition and 
will let me tell you what it's 

1598
01:24:02,500 --> 01:24:05,900
like to stand at the base of the
Alps in late Autumn looking up 

1599
01:24:05,900 --> 01:24:08,600
at mountains that seem less like
geography and more like 

1600
01:24:08,600 --> 01:24:12,200
mythology made Solid. 
The air has a crystalline 

1601
01:24:12,200 --> 01:24:16,300
quality at this altitude. 
Sharp and clear and cold enough 

1602
01:24:16,300 --> 01:24:19,300
that each breath feels like 
drinking from a mountain stream.

1603
01:24:20,100 --> 01:24:23,800
Behind you the Rolling Hills of 
gold descend toward the Rhone 

1604
01:24:23,800 --> 01:24:26,900
Valley. 
For you rock and snow rise 

1605
01:24:26,900 --> 01:24:30,900
toward clouds that tangle in the
Peaks like wool caught on Thorns

1606
01:24:30,900 --> 01:24:34,200
Hannibal chooses route based on 
intelligence gathered from 

1607
01:24:34,200 --> 01:24:37,600
Gaelic guides who knew these 
mountains the way Sailors know 

1608
01:24:37,600 --> 01:24:40,000
familiar coastlines, the exact 
pass. 

1609
01:24:40,000 --> 01:24:42,000
He used remains debated by 
historians. 

1610
01:24:42,000 --> 01:24:44,900
Was it? 
The colder clapier, the colder 

1611
01:24:44,900 --> 01:24:47,400
months in he, or perhaps the 
Caldera set. 

1612
01:24:48,300 --> 01:24:51,000
Each has its Advocate and its 
Geographic logic. 

1613
01:24:52,000 --> 01:24:54,800
But for our purposes, what 
matters isn't the precise 

1614
01:24:54,800 --> 01:24:59,600
location but the experience 
itself, the reality of moving an

1615
01:24:59,600 --> 01:25:02,500
army through to rain that 
actively resists human passage. 

1616
01:25:02,500 --> 01:25:06,700
The initial Ascent is deceptive,
the lower slope offered decent 

1617
01:25:06,700 --> 01:25:10,000
footing and enough vegetation to
graze horses and pack animals. 

1618
01:25:10,000 --> 01:25:14,500
The Army moves in a long column 
that stretches for miles, each 

1619
01:25:14,500 --> 01:25:18,000
unit finding its own pace as the
trail Narrows and steepens. 

1620
01:25:18,900 --> 01:25:22,300
The elephants do surprise me 
well initially their sure, 

1621
01:25:22,300 --> 01:25:25,000
footing and strength, make them 
better at Mountain Travel than 

1622
01:25:25,000 --> 01:25:28,000
you might expect. 
Though, they're handlers remain 

1623
01:25:28,000 --> 01:25:30,400
in constant anxiety about what 
lies ahead. 

1624
01:25:30,400 --> 01:25:34,400
But as the Army climbs higher 
the mountains, begin to reveal 

1625
01:25:34,400 --> 01:25:38,100
their true nature trails that 
looked reasonable from a 

1626
01:25:38,100 --> 01:25:40,000
distance. 
Turn out to be barely wider than

1627
01:25:40,000 --> 01:25:44,000
a man's shoulders with drops on 
one side that make even veteran 

1628
01:25:44,000 --> 01:25:47,500
soldiers nervous. 
The air thins, making breathing,

1629
01:25:47,500 --> 01:25:50,400
labored and increasing fatigue 
beyond what the physical 

1630
01:25:50,400 --> 01:25:54,400
exertion alone would cause. 
Veterans who have marched across

1631
01:25:54,400 --> 01:25:57,300
Spain and Gaul find themselves 
stopping frequently to catch 

1632
01:25:57,300 --> 01:26:00,100
their breath. 
Puzzled by their own weakness, 

1633
01:26:00,100 --> 01:26:03,100
until someone explains, what 
altitude does to human bodies? 

1634
01:26:03,100 --> 01:26:06,700
The local Celtic tribes who 
inhabit these highlights at 

1635
01:26:06,700 --> 01:26:09,500
their own complications. 
These Arts are sophisticated 

1636
01:26:09,500 --> 01:26:12,400
City, dwellers, impressed by 
elephants and diplomatic 

1637
01:26:12,400 --> 01:26:14,700
overtures. 
These are mountain people. 

1638
01:26:14,700 --> 01:26:17,300
Whose wealth consists mainly of 
what they can take from 

1639
01:26:17,300 --> 01:26:21,100
Travelers and a slow-moving Army
laid with supplies represents 

1640
01:26:21,100 --> 01:26:22,700
opportunities that are hard to 
ignore. 

1641
01:26:23,600 --> 01:26:27,400
They know every Trail, every 
hiding spot and every place 

1642
01:26:27,400 --> 01:26:30,300
where a handful of Defenders can
make the path in possible, 

1643
01:26:30,300 --> 01:26:33,900
Hannibal faces ambushes at 
narrow points, were a superior 

1644
01:26:33,900 --> 01:26:36,600
numbers mean nothing because 
only a few men can fight at 

1645
01:26:36,600 --> 01:26:39,500
once. 
Boulders rolled down slopes 

1646
01:26:39,500 --> 01:26:42,200
triggered by Defenders, who 
understand, leverage, and 

1647
01:26:42,208 --> 01:26:45,000
gravity better than they 
understand formal Warfare. 

1648
01:26:45,700 --> 01:26:49,000
The Army's Advance slows to a 
crawl as each suspicious cliff 

1649
01:26:49,000 --> 01:26:52,300
and narrow passage must be 
scouted secured and passed with 

1650
01:26:52,300 --> 01:26:55,700
agonizing caution. 
Imagine being a soldier in this 

1651
01:26:55,708 --> 01:26:58,600
situation. 
You're exhausted from altitude 

1652
01:26:58,600 --> 01:27:01,800
and constant climbing. 
Your sandals designed for 

1653
01:27:01,800 --> 01:27:04,900
Mediterranean terrain, the 
falling apart on these Rocky 

1654
01:27:04,900 --> 01:27:07,300
paths. 
The weather shifts with 

1655
01:27:07,300 --> 01:27:11,500
unsettling repeatedly, warm in 
direct sunlight frigidly, cold. 

1656
01:27:11,500 --> 01:27:15,100
In Shadow, with winds, that seem
to come from every direction 

1657
01:27:15,100 --> 01:27:18,400
simultaneously. 
You watch men ahead of you 

1658
01:27:18,400 --> 01:27:22,100
dislodge rocks that tumbled 
down, the trail forcing everyone

1659
01:27:22,100 --> 01:27:26,300
behind to freeze until the 
danger, passes your cold, your 

1660
01:27:26,300 --> 01:27:29,300
tired and your starting to 
wonder if your commanding 

1661
01:27:29,300 --> 01:27:32,600
officers Vision. 
Might actually be fatal insanity

1662
01:27:32,600 --> 01:27:35,000
but you keep climbing because 
everyone around. 

1663
01:27:35,000 --> 01:27:37,800
You keeps climbing because 
stopping means dying. 

1664
01:27:37,800 --> 01:27:40,100
There's no where to go, but 
forward or back. 

1665
01:27:40,100 --> 01:27:43,400
And back means admitting defeat 
to comrades who have become 

1666
01:27:43,400 --> 01:27:47,000
family through shared hardship. 
Because your general is 

1667
01:27:47,000 --> 01:27:50,800
somewhere in this column sharing
the same cold in danger and 

1668
01:27:50,800 --> 01:27:53,300
exhaustion. 
And if that determined the 

1669
01:27:53,300 --> 01:27:55,700
genius can keep placing one foot
ahead of the other. 

1670
01:27:55,700 --> 01:28:00,400
So can you the elephants become 
a project that consumes enormous

1671
01:28:00,400 --> 01:28:03,200
effort? 
Handlers coax them over narrow 

1672
01:28:03,200 --> 01:28:05,700
paths. 
Sometimes building up edges with

1673
01:28:05,700 --> 01:28:08,600
stones to widen the trail enough
for their massive bodies. 

1674
01:28:09,600 --> 01:28:12,100
When an elephant bulks at a 
particularly difficult, section 

1675
01:28:12,100 --> 01:28:16,300
everything stops, while the 
animal is encouraged bribed with

1676
01:28:16,308 --> 01:28:20,100
food or sometimes simply given 
time to work up, its courage. 

1677
01:28:21,300 --> 01:28:23,300
Patience. 
These handlers demonstrate would

1678
01:28:23,300 --> 01:28:25,300
impress, any modern animal 
trainer? 

1679
01:28:25,300 --> 01:28:27,600
They understand that. 
Forcing an elephant in these 

1680
01:28:27,600 --> 01:28:29,500
conditions would be 
counterproductive and 

1681
01:28:29,500 --> 01:28:33,400
potentially fatal snow begins to
appear first impressions on 

1682
01:28:33,400 --> 01:28:37,100
shaded slopes then more 
persistently as the Army climbs 

1683
01:28:37,100 --> 01:28:41,300
higher The white powder is 
beautiful in an austere way 

1684
01:28:41,300 --> 01:28:44,700
catching sunlight and 
transforming the mountains into 

1685
01:28:44,700 --> 01:28:47,300
something, that might grace a 
landscape painting. 

1686
01:28:48,500 --> 01:28:52,300
But it's beauty is deceptive. 
Snow Heights, Trail edges, 

1687
01:28:52,300 --> 01:28:56,700
conceals hazards, and create 
surfaces where pack animals slip

1688
01:28:56,700 --> 01:29:00,800
and slide like drunks on Ice. 
The knights become genuinely 

1689
01:29:00,800 --> 01:29:03,300
dangerous. 
The Army Camps were ever at 

1690
01:29:03,300 --> 01:29:06,400
confined space. 
Often on slopes were, sleeping 

1691
01:29:06,400 --> 01:29:08,800
means preventing yourself from 
Rolling downhill. 

1692
01:29:09,800 --> 01:29:13,100
Fires a difficult to start in 
impossible to maintain properly.

1693
01:29:13,100 --> 01:29:15,200
There's little wood at this 
altitude. 

1694
01:29:15,200 --> 01:29:18,800
And what exists is often too? 
Damp or two, win batard to 

1695
01:29:18,800 --> 01:29:21,400
burnwell. 
Soldiers huddled together for 

1696
01:29:21,400 --> 01:29:25,700
warmth sharing cloaks and body 
heat, discovering that survival 

1697
01:29:25,700 --> 01:29:29,600
requires cooperation at the most
basic level frostbite claims 

1698
01:29:29,600 --> 01:29:33,200
fingers and toes altitude 
sickness leaves some soldiers 

1699
01:29:33,200 --> 01:29:36,000
dizzy and nauseous unable to 
keep down the food. 

1700
01:29:36,000 --> 01:29:39,700
They need for energy. 
Pack animals, never complaining,

1701
01:29:39,700 --> 01:29:42,500
but suffering nonetheless. 
Begin to fail from the 

1702
01:29:42,500 --> 01:29:46,400
combination of cold altitude and
insufficient fodder. 

1703
01:29:47,100 --> 01:29:49,500
When animals die, they're 
quickly butchered for meat. 

1704
01:29:49,500 --> 01:29:52,200
Wasting food in. 
These conditions isn't just 

1705
01:29:52,200 --> 01:29:55,500
foolish. 
It's suicidal, then the Army 

1706
01:29:55,500 --> 01:29:57,400
reaches the summit of their 
chosen pass. 

1707
01:29:57,400 --> 01:30:00,100
And for a moment, the suffering 
almost seems worthwhile. 

1708
01:30:01,000 --> 01:30:03,600
From this height, they can see 
back across the root. 

1709
01:30:03,600 --> 01:30:06,800
They've climbed a dizzying 
descent that makes clear. 

1710
01:30:06,800 --> 01:30:10,500
How far they've come. 
More importantly, they can see a

1711
01:30:10,500 --> 01:30:13,700
head to Italy. 
Poe Valley spread below them, 

1712
01:30:13,700 --> 01:30:17,600
like, a Promised Land, green and
warm and inviting in the Autumn 

1713
01:30:17,600 --> 01:30:20,500
sunlight. 
Hannibal gathers his troops at 

1714
01:30:20,508 --> 01:30:24,800
this High Point and according to
Legend tells them the worst is 

1715
01:30:24,800 --> 01:30:26,600
behind them. 
He's lying. 

1716
01:30:26,600 --> 01:30:28,400
Of course, but it's a useful 
lie. 

1717
01:30:28,400 --> 01:30:31,900
The Descent proves as difficult 
to the ascent just in different 

1718
01:30:31,900 --> 01:30:34,900
ways. 
Trails on the Northern slopes 

1719
01:30:34,900 --> 01:30:37,200
are steeper and often covered in
ice. 

1720
01:30:37,200 --> 01:30:40,900
That makes footing treacherous. 
gravity, which was an enemy on 

1721
01:30:40,900 --> 01:30:43,700
the way up becomes a dangerous 
Ally on the way down, 

1722
01:30:43,700 --> 01:30:47,500
threatening to send men and 
animals sliding uncontrollably 

1723
01:30:47,500 --> 01:30:52,900
down slopes The Army descends in
a controlled fall, each step and

1724
01:30:52,900 --> 01:30:54,900
negotiation between progress and
disaster. 

1725
01:30:54,900 --> 01:30:57,700
A story passed down through 
ancient sources. 

1726
01:30:57,700 --> 01:31:00,900
Describes a section where the 
trail has been destroyed by a 

1727
01:31:00,900 --> 01:31:04,400
landslide leaving the Army, 
stopped at an impassable cliff. 

1728
01:31:05,600 --> 01:31:08,700
Hannibal solution, demonstrates 
both practical engineering and 

1729
01:31:08,700 --> 01:31:12,600
psychological leadership. 
His soldiers spend days building

1730
01:31:12,600 --> 01:31:15,800
up the trail with rocks and 
Earth, creating a passage where 

1731
01:31:15,800 --> 01:31:19,800
none existed. 
They heat rock faces with fires,

1732
01:31:19,800 --> 01:31:24,200
from precious, Timba carried Up 
From Below, then douse them. 

1733
01:31:24,200 --> 01:31:27,700
With vinegar, the rapid 
temperature, change fractures 

1734
01:31:27,700 --> 01:31:30,200
the stone, making it easier to 
clear. 

1735
01:31:31,400 --> 01:31:34,700
Whether this specific detail is 
accurate or an embellishment, 

1736
01:31:34,700 --> 01:31:38,200
hardly matters. 
What matters is that the Army 

1737
01:31:38,200 --> 01:31:40,900
finds a way through obstacles? 
That should have stopped them 

1738
01:31:40,900 --> 01:31:43,300
completely the elephant's 
negotiate. 

1739
01:31:43,300 --> 01:31:46,300
These final obstacles with what 
can only be described as 

1740
01:31:46,300 --> 01:31:48,400
determination. 
Bordering on stubbornness 

1741
01:31:49,400 --> 01:31:53,100
Several are lost of Falls or 
simply to exhaustion their 

1742
01:31:53,100 --> 01:31:55,100
handlers mourning them with 
genuine grief. 

1743
01:31:56,000 --> 01:31:59,100
But most survive making The 
Descent, with the same 

1744
01:31:59,100 --> 01:32:01,700
surprising agility, that got 
them over the summit. 

1745
01:32:02,800 --> 01:32:06,000
By the time, the Army reaches 
lower elevations where the air 

1746
01:32:06,000 --> 01:32:07,600
is thick and breathing comes 
easier. 

1747
01:32:07,600 --> 01:32:10,500
Again the elephants that remain 
have earned their place in 

1748
01:32:10,508 --> 01:32:14,800
history through sheer endurance,
after 15 days in the mountains 

1749
01:32:14,800 --> 01:32:17,200
though some sources suggest it 
might have been longer. 

1750
01:32:17,900 --> 01:32:21,000
Hannibal's Army, descends into 
the po valley in Northern Italy.

1751
01:32:21,800 --> 01:32:24,800
They've lost about half their 
soldiers to combat desertion 

1752
01:32:24,800 --> 01:32:28,000
exposure and the simple 
attrition of an impossible 

1753
01:32:28,000 --> 01:32:30,700
Journey. 
The survivors are ragged 

1754
01:32:30,700 --> 01:32:34,600
frostbitten and near starvation.
There are equipment damaged and 

1755
01:32:34,600 --> 01:32:38,100
their morale hanging by threads 
of shared accomplishment, but 

1756
01:32:38,100 --> 01:32:40,700
they've done it. 
They've crossed the Alps with an

1757
01:32:40,700 --> 01:32:42,500
army with supplies with 
elephant's. 

1758
01:32:42,500 --> 01:32:46,200
They've accomplished something 
everyone said was impossible and

1759
01:32:46,200 --> 01:32:49,500
that accomplishment transforms 
them from soldiers into 

1760
01:32:49,500 --> 01:32:54,300
something more witnesses too. 
And participants in a legendary 

1761
01:32:54,300 --> 01:32:57,700
feet that will be discussed for 
thousands of years as they 

1762
01:32:57,700 --> 01:33:01,600
descended into Italy is relative
warmth and plenty Hannibal 

1763
01:33:01,600 --> 01:33:04,100
soldiers, probably don't think 
about their place in history. 

1764
01:33:04,100 --> 01:33:08,100
They think about food about 
warmth, about rest. 

1765
01:33:08,100 --> 01:33:11,300
They think about replacing worn 
out, equipment, and letting 

1766
01:33:11,300 --> 01:33:13,300
cross damage fingers and toes 
heal. 

1767
01:33:14,100 --> 01:33:16,600
If they think about the fact 
that they're alive, when so many

1768
01:33:16,608 --> 01:33:18,400
others aren't what they don't 
yet. 

1769
01:33:18,400 --> 01:33:21,300
Realize is that crossing? 
The Alps was the easy part. 

1770
01:33:22,000 --> 01:33:24,600
Now, they have to conquer Rome 
with an army that's been 

1771
01:33:24,600 --> 01:33:28,100
reduced, by half and is 
exhausted beyond anything. 

1772
01:33:28,100 --> 01:33:32,600
Normal military experience would
encompass The worst despite what

1773
01:33:32,600 --> 01:33:35,700
Hannibal told them at the Summit
is definitely not behind them 

1774
01:33:35,700 --> 01:33:38,500
but that's a problem for 
tomorrow tonight. 

1775
01:33:38,500 --> 01:33:41,200
They camp in the Foothills where
the air is warm and breathing 

1776
01:33:41,200 --> 01:33:43,900
doesn't hurt. 
Tonight, they tend their wounds 

1777
01:33:43,900 --> 01:33:46,600
and tell each other stories 
about the crossing that will 

1778
01:33:46,600 --> 01:33:48,700
grow with each retelling 
tonight. 

1779
01:33:48,700 --> 01:33:51,600
They are men who have walked 
over the roof of the world and 

1780
01:33:51,600 --> 01:33:54,900
survived and that's enough. 
The first thing Hannibal 

1781
01:33:54,900 --> 01:33:58,700
soldiers, probably noticed about
Northern Italy was how flat it 

1782
01:33:58,700 --> 01:34:02,800
seemed after the Alps. the Poe 
Valley stretched before them 

1783
01:34:02,800 --> 01:34:06,900
like a gift from geography 
itself, Fertile Plains where 

1784
01:34:06,900 --> 01:34:10,500
Rivers, meandered through? 
Farmland settlements dotted 

1785
01:34:10,500 --> 01:34:13,300
across a landscape that looked 
prosperous in the hazy 

1786
01:34:13,300 --> 01:34:16,400
afternoon. 
Light After weeks of mountains, 

1787
01:34:16,400 --> 01:34:19,300
even modest Hills probably 
looked imposing. 

1788
01:34:19,300 --> 01:34:22,600
The second thing they noticed 
was that they were in terrible 

1789
01:34:22,600 --> 01:34:25,100
shape. 
Crossing the Alps hadn't just 

1790
01:34:25,100 --> 01:34:27,800
reduced their numbers. 
It had a transformed healthy 

1791
01:34:27,800 --> 01:34:30,300
soldiers into something 
approaching medical emergencies.

1792
01:34:31,200 --> 01:34:35,000
Frostbite had claimed 
extremities exhaustion, had 

1793
01:34:35,000 --> 01:34:38,200
settled into bones deeper than 
any night's sleep could fix 

1794
01:34:38,200 --> 01:34:42,500
equipment was damaged or simply 
worn out the elephants. 

1795
01:34:42,500 --> 01:34:46,600
Those survivors who made the 
journey needed care and feeding 

1796
01:34:46,600 --> 01:34:50,000
that the barren mountains hadn't
provided Hannibal, understood 

1797
01:34:50,000 --> 01:34:51,600
that he couldn't fight in this 
condition. 

1798
01:34:51,600 --> 01:34:56,000
His dream of liberating Rome's. 
Italian allies required, first 

1799
01:34:56,000 --> 01:34:59,300
making his army, capable of 
fighting, which meant rest 

1800
01:34:59,300 --> 01:35:03,900
recovery and recruitment. 
The gallic tribes of the 

1801
01:35:03,900 --> 01:35:06,800
Northern Italy who were their 
own reasons for resenting. 

1802
01:35:06,800 --> 01:35:11,600
Roman expansion provided what 
Hannibal needed most time and 

1803
01:35:11,600 --> 01:35:15,300
space to rebuild the army 
established itself in territory 

1804
01:35:15,300 --> 01:35:26,300
controlled by the unsupervised. 
They offered food shelter and 

1805
01:35:26,300 --> 01:35:29,500
most valuable Warriors to 
replace Hannibal's losses. 

1806
01:35:30,900 --> 01:35:34,400
Young gallic men hearing tales 
of the legendary Crossing and 

1807
01:35:34,400 --> 01:35:37,400
the eager for Glory or plunder 
or simply Adventure. 

1808
01:35:37,400 --> 01:35:41,200
Join the carthaginian force in 
numbers that helped restore its 

1809
01:35:41,200 --> 01:35:43,300
strength during these weeks of 
recovery. 

1810
01:35:43,300 --> 01:35:46,400
Something remarkable happened 
within Hannibal's Army. 

1811
01:35:47,300 --> 01:35:50,200
The shared experience of the 
Alpine Crossing had created 

1812
01:35:50,200 --> 01:35:52,800
bonds that transcended. 
The usual mercenary 

1813
01:35:52,800 --> 01:35:57,100
relationships. 
Libyans iberians numidians and 

1814
01:35:57,100 --> 01:36:00,900
now Gauls men who spoke 
different languages and 

1815
01:36:00,900 --> 01:36:04,500
worshiped different gods. 
Had become something approaching

1816
01:36:04,500 --> 01:36:07,800
comrades through the simple Act 
of surviving together. 

1817
01:36:08,800 --> 01:36:11,800
The Alps had been a forge that 
transformed disparate people 

1818
01:36:11,800 --> 01:36:15,300
into a unified Force. 
Hannibal used this recovery. 

1819
01:36:15,300 --> 01:36:19,600
Time to train and integrate his 
new gallic recruits creating a 

1820
01:36:19,600 --> 01:36:22,400
fighting force that combined 
carthaginian tactical 

1821
01:36:22,400 --> 01:36:27,000
sophistication with Celtic 
enthusiasm and local knowledge. 

1822
01:36:28,100 --> 01:36:31,800
He also began his diplomatic 
offensive sending messages to 

1823
01:36:31,800 --> 01:36:34,300
Roman allies throughout Italy, 
offering them a simple 

1824
01:36:34,300 --> 01:36:37,400
proposition. 
Rome doesn't protect you and I'm

1825
01:36:37,408 --> 01:36:40,900
here to prove it. 
Join me or at least a neutral 

1826
01:36:40,900 --> 01:36:43,600
and together we can end Roman 
domination. 

1827
01:36:43,600 --> 01:36:47,100
It was during these Autumn 
months that Rome first began to 

1828
01:36:47,100 --> 01:36:48,800
grasp what Hannibal at 
accomplished. 

1829
01:36:49,900 --> 01:36:52,400
Author, Jimmy an Army in Italy 
shouldn't have been possible. 

1830
01:36:52,400 --> 01:36:56,200
They posted forces to stop any 
Invasion through Spain. 

1831
01:36:57,000 --> 01:37:00,400
Stationed fleets to prevent 
Naval Crossing's and generally 

1832
01:37:00,400 --> 01:37:03,400
assumed that the Alps would do 
their defensive work for them. 

1833
01:37:04,300 --> 01:37:06,700
Learning that Hannibal had 
simply walked around their 

1834
01:37:06,700 --> 01:37:09,500
defensive strategy. 
Must have been the ancient 

1835
01:37:09,500 --> 01:37:12,800
equivalent of realizing someone 
at burglarized your house by 

1836
01:37:12,800 --> 01:37:15,600
coming through a door. 
You didn't know existed, the 

1837
01:37:15,600 --> 01:37:19,300
Roman response was Swift but 
hampered by the simple fact that

1838
01:37:19,300 --> 01:37:22,500
they'd prepared for the wrong 
War Legions were marching 

1839
01:37:22,500 --> 01:37:24,700
towards Spain to confront 
Hannibal there. 

1840
01:37:25,400 --> 01:37:28,900
Fleets were positioned to 
intercept carthaginian ships and

1841
01:37:28,900 --> 01:37:32,200
nobody had thought to station 
significant forces in the Poe 

1842
01:37:32,200 --> 01:37:34,300
Valley because nobody expected 
to need them there. 

1843
01:37:35,100 --> 01:37:38,400
It's the kind of strategic 
surprise that military planners 

1844
01:37:38,400 --> 01:37:41,900
study as an example of why you 
should always expect your 

1845
01:37:41,900 --> 01:37:44,100
enemies to do the thing you 
think is impossible? 

1846
01:37:44,100 --> 01:37:48,300
The first confrontation came at 
the designer's river, a 

1847
01:37:48,300 --> 01:37:51,200
relatively small engagement 
where Hannibal's Cavalry proved 

1848
01:37:51,200 --> 01:37:53,600
decisively Superior to their 
Roman counterparts. 

1849
01:37:55,000 --> 01:37:58,300
It wasn't a major battle by 
ancient standards more like a 

1850
01:37:58,300 --> 01:38:00,700
large Skirmish. 
That happened to involve several

1851
01:38:00,700 --> 01:38:03,100
thousand men. 
But it sent an important 

1852
01:38:03,100 --> 01:38:07,200
message. despite the Alpine 
Crossing, despite the Army's 

1853
01:38:07,200 --> 01:38:10,500
reduced size, carthaginian 
forces could defeat Roman 

1854
01:38:10,500 --> 01:38:14,700
Legions in open combat, the 
cycle impact of designers, 

1855
01:38:14,700 --> 01:38:18,800
exceeded, ITS Tactical 
significant Hannibal had proven 

1856
01:38:18,800 --> 01:38:22,000
he could hurt Rome in its own 
territory and Roman allies 

1857
01:38:22,000 --> 01:38:23,900
throughout. 
Italy began reconsidering, their

1858
01:38:23,900 --> 01:38:27,000
commitments. 
If Rome couldn't protect itself,

1859
01:38:27,000 --> 01:38:31,300
could it protect them? 
If this carthaginian General was

1860
01:38:31,300 --> 01:38:35,300
as capable as rumor suggested 
might joining him be safer than 

1861
01:38:35,300 --> 01:38:38,100
opposing him. 
Winter approached bringing the 

1862
01:38:38,100 --> 01:38:40,000
traditional end to the campaign 
season. 

1863
01:38:40,900 --> 01:38:43,600
Ancient arm is generally didn't 
fight during winter months 

1864
01:38:43,600 --> 01:38:48,400
supplies, became scarce weather 
made movement difficult and 

1865
01:38:48,400 --> 01:38:51,400
everyone recognized that there 
were better uses of time than 

1866
01:38:51,400 --> 01:38:55,000
fighting and snow and mud 
Hannibal established, winter 

1867
01:38:55,000 --> 01:38:57,400
quarters. 
In thistle Pine Gaul allowing 

1868
01:38:57,400 --> 01:38:59,000
his army to recover while he 
plan. 

1869
01:38:59,000 --> 01:39:02,600
The following years campaign, 
this period of relative calm was

1870
01:39:02,600 --> 01:39:05,000
went Hannibal. 
Truly demonstrated his gift for 

1871
01:39:05,000 --> 01:39:08,000
leadership. 
Managing an Army in combat is 

1872
01:39:08,000 --> 01:39:10,800
one thing. 
Any competent General can order 

1873
01:39:10,800 --> 01:39:14,900
charges and Retreats managing an
army during months of inactivity

1874
01:39:14,900 --> 01:39:18,800
keeping soldiers, trained and 
motivated while preventing the 

1875
01:39:18,800 --> 01:39:22,400
kind of indiscipline that Idol. 
Armies develop requires 

1876
01:39:22,400 --> 01:39:25,900
different skills entirely 
Hannibal maintained his troops 

1877
01:39:25,900 --> 01:39:28,900
Edge through regular training 
and occasional raids that kept 

1878
01:39:28,900 --> 01:39:30,700
both his soldiers and their 
enemies alert. 

1879
01:39:31,500 --> 01:39:35,200
He rotated units, through 
different duties ensuring no one

1880
01:39:35,200 --> 01:39:37,800
felt their service was less 
important than others. 

1881
01:39:38,500 --> 01:39:42,800
He settled disputes, enforced, 
discipline and maintained. 

1882
01:39:42,800 --> 01:39:45,200
The careful balance between 
firmness and fairness. 

1883
01:39:45,200 --> 01:39:48,700
That marks effective military 
leadership, the elephants, 

1884
01:39:48,700 --> 01:39:51,700
required, special attention 
during these months, These 

1885
01:39:51,700 --> 01:39:54,900
weren't Hardy Mountain animals, 
adapted, to Italian Winters. 

1886
01:39:54,900 --> 01:39:57,100
They were creatures from North 
Africa. 

1887
01:39:57,100 --> 01:40:01,000
Suffering in climate conditions,
their biology wasn't designed to

1888
01:40:01,000 --> 01:40:05,100
handle Handles spent enormous 
effort, keeping them warm 

1889
01:40:05,100 --> 01:40:08,000
healthy, and mentally 
stimulated. 

1890
01:40:08,000 --> 01:40:11,700
Understanding that these animals
were valuable psychological 

1891
01:40:11,700 --> 01:40:15,500
weapons worth the investment of 
time and resources as winter 

1892
01:40:15,500 --> 01:40:18,500
progressed Hannibal received 
intelligence about Roman 

1893
01:40:18,500 --> 01:40:20,000
preparations for the following 
year. 

1894
01:40:21,100 --> 01:40:24,800
Rome was Raising new Legions, 
calling an allies and generally 

1895
01:40:24,800 --> 01:40:28,200
mobilizing for the kind of total
war effort that their military 

1896
01:40:28,200 --> 01:40:31,500
system enabled. 
The Roman senate wasn't 

1897
01:40:31,500 --> 01:40:34,200
panicking. 
Romans didn't Panic at. 

1898
01:40:34,200 --> 01:40:37,200
Least not publicly. 
But they were taking Hannibal, 

1899
01:40:37,200 --> 01:40:40,000
seriously and ways, they hadn't 
bothered to before his arrival, 

1900
01:40:40,000 --> 01:40:43,100
Hannibal used this time to 
refine his strategic 

1901
01:40:43,100 --> 01:40:46,900
understanding of Italy. 
He studied Maps drawn by local 

1902
01:40:46,900 --> 01:40:50,700
guides interviewed traders who 
knew the road networks and 

1903
01:40:50,700 --> 01:40:53,700
carefully considered, which 
Roman allies might be persuaded 

1904
01:40:53,700 --> 01:40:57,300
to switch sides. 
His goal wasn't to conquer Italy

1905
01:40:57,300 --> 01:41:00,900
City by city, that would take 
more resources than Carthage 

1906
01:41:00,900 --> 01:41:04,100
possessed. 
Instead, he aimed to break rooms

1907
01:41:04,100 --> 01:41:07,400
Alliance System leaving the 
city, isolated and vulnerable 

1908
01:41:07,400 --> 01:41:10,700
the quiet months. 
Also allowed Hannibal soldiers 

1909
01:41:10,700 --> 01:41:13,900
to fully recover from the 
Alpine, Crossing crossed by 

1910
01:41:13,908 --> 01:41:16,400
healed or scarred over into 
permanent reminders. 

1911
01:41:17,200 --> 01:41:21,000
Bodies, regained strength lost 
to starvation and exposure. 

1912
01:41:22,200 --> 01:41:25,200
Equipment was repaired or 
replaced and the army that 

1913
01:41:25,200 --> 01:41:28,500
emerged from Winter, quarters 
was fundamentally different from

1914
01:41:28,500 --> 01:41:31,500
the Ragged force that had 
stumbled out of the mountains 

1915
01:41:31,500 --> 01:41:34,000
months early. 
Spring brought renewed 

1916
01:41:34,000 --> 01:41:37,300
campaigning and the realization 
that Hannibal's arrived in 

1917
01:41:37,300 --> 01:41:39,400
Italy. 
Had transformed the Strategic 

1918
01:41:39,400 --> 01:41:43,400
situation in ways, Rome was 
still struggling to comprehend. 

1919
01:41:44,400 --> 01:41:47,500
The legion sent to intercept him
in Spain, were now uselessly 

1920
01:41:47,500 --> 01:41:50,200
positioned of miles from the 
actual War. 

1921
01:41:51,100 --> 01:41:53,900
The fleet's meant to prevent 
Invasion found themselves with 

1922
01:41:53,900 --> 01:41:57,600
nothing to intercept. 
Rome's careful defensive 

1923
01:41:57,600 --> 01:42:00,600
planning had been rendered 
irrelevant by one audacious 

1924
01:42:00,600 --> 01:42:04,200
March but more importantly 
Hannibal's mere presence. 

1925
01:42:04,200 --> 01:42:07,600
In Italy was forcing Rome to 
fight on his terms rather than 

1926
01:42:07,600 --> 01:42:10,700
their own. 
Instead of choosing when and 

1927
01:42:10,700 --> 01:42:13,700
where to campaign Rome had to 
respond to carthaginian 

1928
01:42:13,700 --> 01:42:17,000
movements. 
Instead of taking War to enemy 

1929
01:42:17,000 --> 01:42:19,500
territory, they had to defend 
their own Homeland. 

1930
01:42:20,600 --> 01:42:24,400
The psychological shift was 
profound Rome had always been 

1931
01:42:24,400 --> 01:42:28,800
the aggressor the expanding 
power. now they were reacting 

1932
01:42:28,800 --> 01:42:32,900
defending and uncertain, the po 
valley where Hannibal had 

1933
01:42:32,900 --> 01:42:36,600
established himself Became a 
stage where two, very different 

1934
01:42:36,600 --> 01:42:38,500
military philosophies would test
each other. 

1935
01:42:39,600 --> 01:42:43,300
Rome relied on citizens and 
soldiers organized into Legions 

1936
01:42:43,300 --> 01:42:46,900
fighting in tight, formations 
that emphasized Collective 

1937
01:42:46,900 --> 01:42:48,700
discipline over individual 
heroism. 

1938
01:42:49,500 --> 01:42:52,700
Hannibal commanded mercenary's 
from a dozen nation's each with 

1939
01:42:52,700 --> 01:42:56,500
their own fighting styles United
by their generals tactical 

1940
01:42:56,500 --> 01:43:00,400
Brilliance and the promise of 
plunder as the weather warmed 

1941
01:43:00,400 --> 01:43:03,800
and Roads, dried both sides 
prepared for the campaign that 

1942
01:43:03,800 --> 01:43:05,300
would determine whether 
Hannibal's. 

1943
01:43:05,300 --> 01:43:08,900
Incredible Journey would become 
a lasting strategic achievement 

1944
01:43:08,900 --> 01:43:11,700
or simply a spectacular suicide 
mission. 

1945
01:43:13,100 --> 01:43:16,800
The Alps have been crossed the 
Army had recovered and now the 

1946
01:43:16,800 --> 01:43:21,500
real test would begin not of 
endurance or determination, but 

1947
01:43:21,500 --> 01:43:24,000
of whether Hannibal could 
actually accomplish what he'd 

1948
01:43:24,000 --> 01:43:27,300
come to Italy to do. 
Let's pause here in the story as

1949
01:43:27,300 --> 01:43:30,600
winter turns to Spring in 
Northern Italy and talk about 

1950
01:43:30,600 --> 01:43:33,600
something that ancient 
historians often skip over in 

1951
01:43:33,600 --> 01:43:38,200
their excitement to describe 
battles and conquests Let's talk

1952
01:43:38,200 --> 01:43:42,500
about the waiting, the preparing
and the long stretches of time 

1953
01:43:42,500 --> 01:43:46,500
when armies existed, but didn't 
fight when soldiers were simply 

1954
01:43:46,500 --> 01:43:49,800
people trying to survive another
day in a foreign land far from 

1955
01:43:49,800 --> 01:43:52,700
home Hannibal's Camp. 
During those months between 

1956
01:43:52,700 --> 01:43:55,600
major engagements, would have 
felt less like a military 

1957
01:43:55,600 --> 01:43:58,500
installation and more like a 
Mobile City. 

1958
01:43:59,400 --> 01:44:02,300
Picture of tents arranged with 
military Precision. 

1959
01:44:02,300 --> 01:44:05,200
Yes. 
But also the organic chaos that 

1960
01:44:05,200 --> 01:44:09,100
develops wherever humans settled
temporarily Smith's work 

1961
01:44:09,100 --> 01:44:12,500
portable forges repairing 
equipment and occasionally 

1962
01:44:12,500 --> 01:44:14,700
creating new items when 
materials allow. 

1963
01:44:15,800 --> 01:44:19,300
Sutlers those civilian Merchant 
who follow armies like seabirds,

1964
01:44:19,300 --> 01:44:22,800
follow fishing boats, trade, 
luxuries, and Necessities with 

1965
01:44:22,800 --> 01:44:26,600
soldiers, who have coin or Goods
to exchange, the smell would be 

1966
01:44:26,600 --> 01:44:30,400
distinctive. 
Smoke from countless fires food,

1967
01:44:30,400 --> 01:44:33,200
cooking in various Styles, is 
different ethnic groups. 

1968
01:44:33,200 --> 01:44:36,200
Prepare meals, according to 
their Traditions, the 

1969
01:44:36,200 --> 01:44:39,900
ever-present odor of horses and 
elephants and the Tang of metal 

1970
01:44:39,900 --> 01:44:41,900
being worked and leather being 
treated. 

1971
01:44:41,900 --> 01:44:46,100
It's not unpleasant exactly. 
But it's dense with information.

1972
01:44:46,100 --> 01:44:50,200
If you know how to read it. 
Sudden increase in metalworking 

1973
01:44:50,200 --> 01:44:52,500
means the Army expects combat 
soon. 

1974
01:44:53,500 --> 01:44:56,500
More food being prepared than 
usual, suggests either a 

1975
01:44:56,500 --> 01:45:00,100
celebration or preparations for 
a March, the sounds create their

1976
01:45:00,100 --> 01:45:02,700
own rhythm. 
Soldiers training in the 

1977
01:45:02,700 --> 01:45:07,300
mornings, The Clash of wooden 
practice weapons, the counting 

1978
01:45:07,300 --> 01:45:11,200
Cadence used to coordinate 
movements occasional laughter, 

1979
01:45:11,200 --> 01:45:14,100
when someone makes a mistake, 
that's funny, rather than 

1980
01:45:14,100 --> 01:45:16,900
dangerous. 
Animals being tended. 

1981
01:45:17,700 --> 01:45:21,300
Horses, wickering for food 
elephants, making those low 

1982
01:45:21,300 --> 01:45:24,100
rumbling sounds that you feel in
your chest more than here with 

1983
01:45:24,100 --> 01:45:27,200
your ears. 
Multiple languages in 

1984
01:45:27,200 --> 01:45:30,700
conversation, the linguistic 
diverse of the Mediterranean 

1985
01:45:30,700 --> 01:45:34,300
World compressed in to a few 
Acres of Italian Countryside 

1986
01:45:34,300 --> 01:45:37,700
Hannibal move through these 
camps with a familiarity that 

1987
01:45:37,700 --> 01:45:40,000
suggested he was as comfortable 
here as anywhere. 

1988
01:45:41,000 --> 01:45:44,200
He'd spent most of his adult 
life with armies and understood 

1989
01:45:44,200 --> 01:45:48,400
their rhythms and needs when he 
inspected troops, he didn't just

1990
01:45:48,400 --> 01:45:50,700
check their equipment. 
He asked about their health 

1991
01:45:50,700 --> 01:45:54,000
their concerns and whether they 
were receiving adequate 

1992
01:45:54,000 --> 01:45:57,100
supplies. 
This wasn't merely calculated 

1993
01:45:57,100 --> 01:46:00,500
leadership it reflected a 
genuine understanding that 

1994
01:46:00,500 --> 01:46:03,400
soldiers fight better when they 
believe their command actually 

1995
01:46:03,400 --> 01:46:07,300
cares whether they live or die, 
the elephant's required constant

1996
01:46:07,300 --> 01:46:09,700
attention even when not 
preparing for combat. 

1997
01:46:10,700 --> 01:46:13,500
These animals could not simply 
be parked somewhere and ignored 

1998
01:46:13,500 --> 01:46:16,400
until needed. 
They were complex beings with 

1999
01:46:16,400 --> 01:46:19,600
physical and psychological 
requirements that their handlers

2000
01:46:19,600 --> 01:46:23,900
were to meet Each elephant had a
personality preferences and 

2001
01:46:23,900 --> 01:46:26,800
moods that varied as much as 
human moods vary. 

2002
01:46:27,700 --> 01:46:31,300
Some were naturally bold eager 
to advance when the signal 

2003
01:46:31,300 --> 01:46:35,300
others were more cautious, 
requiring encouragement and 

2004
01:46:35,300 --> 01:46:38,900
reassurance before confronting 
anything unusual training, 

2005
01:46:38,900 --> 01:46:42,400
elephant's for combat involved. 
Strange compromises between the 

2006
01:46:42,400 --> 01:46:44,500
animals and nature and Military 
necessities. 

2007
01:46:45,300 --> 01:46:48,400
You can't force an elephant to 
charge into danger at finds 

2008
01:46:48,400 --> 01:46:51,900
genuinely terrifying. 
The animal is too large and 

2009
01:46:51,900 --> 01:46:56,500
Powerful to compare instead 
handlers work to make combat 

2010
01:46:56,500 --> 01:46:58,400
situations. 
Seem safe enough that the 

2011
01:46:58,400 --> 01:47:02,000
elephant's trust in its Handler 
outweighed, its natural caution 

2012
01:47:03,600 --> 01:47:07,500
It was a relationship built over
years based on mutual respect. 

2013
01:47:07,500 --> 01:47:10,800
And the elephant's recognition 
that following its handlers 

2014
01:47:10,800 --> 01:47:13,900
directions had always led to 
safety and food in the past 

2015
01:47:13,900 --> 01:47:17,000
during these calm periods 
between major engagements. 

2016
01:47:17,000 --> 01:47:20,100
The Army, also dealt with the 
administrative realities that 

2017
01:47:20,100 --> 01:47:23,500
kept any military force 
functioning Supplies had to be 

2018
01:47:23,508 --> 01:47:27,000
inventory distributed and 
protected from theft or 

2019
01:47:27,000 --> 01:47:29,900
spoilage. 
Pay had to be calculated and 

2020
01:47:29,900 --> 01:47:33,700
distributed mercenaries fight 
for money and armies. 

2021
01:47:33,700 --> 01:47:36,700
That don't pay regularly tend to
dissolve through desertion or 

2022
01:47:36,700 --> 01:47:40,000
mutiny. 
Letters from home, carried by 

2023
01:47:40,000 --> 01:47:43,100
merchants, or traveling 
soldiers, brought news that 

2024
01:47:43,100 --> 01:47:44,600
connected. 
These Warriors to lives. 

2025
01:47:44,600 --> 01:47:48,000
They'd Left Behind months or 
years early medical care 

2026
01:47:48,000 --> 01:47:52,500
occupied significant attention. 
Ancient Warfare generated 

2027
01:47:52,500 --> 01:47:54,300
injuries. 
That didn't immediately kill, 

2028
01:47:54,300 --> 01:47:58,600
but required extended treatment,
Wounds that needed cleaning and 

2029
01:47:58,600 --> 01:48:01,800
monitoring to prevent infection 
broken bones. 

2030
01:48:01,800 --> 01:48:03,800
That needed setting and time to 
heal. 

2031
01:48:03,800 --> 01:48:07,300
Nils is that through camps with 
depressing regularity? 

2032
01:48:08,800 --> 01:48:11,600
The Army had Physicians, but 
they're knowledge was limited by

2033
01:48:11,600 --> 01:48:13,400
contemporary understanding of 
Medicine. 

2034
01:48:14,700 --> 01:48:18,700
Could set bones stitch wounds 
and had some effective herbal 

2035
01:48:18,700 --> 01:48:20,800
treatments but infection 
remained. 

2036
01:48:20,800 --> 01:48:24,600
A mysterious killer that struck 
seemingly at random the 

2037
01:48:24,600 --> 01:48:27,300
psychological toll of military 
life during these periods 

2038
01:48:27,300 --> 01:48:31,900
manifested in various ways Some 
soldiers became superstitious 

2039
01:48:31,900 --> 01:48:35,500
developing, elaborate rituals 
meant to ensure survival in the 

2040
01:48:35,500 --> 01:48:40,000
next battle. others became 
Reckless, affecting an attitude 

2041
01:48:40,000 --> 01:48:44,900
of careless bravado that mask, 
genuine fear, Many simply became

2042
01:48:44,900 --> 01:48:48,300
quiet conserving, emotional 
energy for the challenges. 

2043
01:48:48,300 --> 01:48:50,300
They knew were coming 
Hannibal's. 

2044
01:48:50,300 --> 01:48:52,800
Leadership during these calm 
periods was perhaps more 

2045
01:48:52,800 --> 01:48:55,300
important than his tactical 
Brilliance in combat. 

2046
01:48:56,500 --> 01:48:59,200
Keeping an army cohesive and 
effective during months of 

2047
01:48:59,200 --> 01:49:02,800
relative inactivity requires 
different skills than winning 

2048
01:49:02,800 --> 01:49:05,500
battles. 
He had to maintain discipline 

2049
01:49:05,500 --> 01:49:08,400
while preventing the kind of 
harsh enforcement that would 

2050
01:49:08,400 --> 01:49:12,000
breed resentment. 
He had to keep soldiers trained 

2051
01:49:12,000 --> 01:49:14,200
and ready. 
While not exhausting them 

2052
01:49:14,200 --> 01:49:17,800
through pointless drill. 
He had to balance competing 

2053
01:49:17,800 --> 01:49:20,900
demands from different ethnic 
groups within his Force. 

2054
01:49:21,800 --> 01:49:25,500
In no one felt consistently 
disadvantage or disrespected. 

2055
01:49:25,500 --> 01:49:28,600
The gallic Warriors who joined 
Hannibal's Army brought their 

2056
01:49:28,600 --> 01:49:30,900
own cultural expectations about 
Warfare. 

2057
01:49:30,900 --> 01:49:34,400
They were used to seasonal 
raiding, quick campaigns 

2058
01:49:34,400 --> 01:49:37,200
followed by returns home to 
handle agricultural work. 

2059
01:49:37,900 --> 01:49:42,100
The idea of multi-year campaigns
far from home fighting, not for 

2060
01:49:42,100 --> 01:49:44,100
plunder. 
But for strategic objectives, 

2061
01:49:44,100 --> 01:49:47,100
represented, a cultural 
adjustment that required 

2062
01:49:47,100 --> 01:49:50,100
patient, explanation and 
management, religious 

2063
01:49:50,100 --> 01:49:53,100
observances provided structure 
and meaning during these waiting

2064
01:49:53,100 --> 01:49:56,700
periods, Different groups within
the Army, worshiped different 

2065
01:49:56,700 --> 01:49:59,600
gods. 
Conducted different rituals and 

2066
01:49:59,600 --> 01:50:03,400
observe different festivals. 
Hannibal who had been raised in 

2067
01:50:03,400 --> 01:50:06,600
the religiously diverse world of
Carthage understood, that 

2068
01:50:06,600 --> 01:50:09,200
allowing these observances 
strengthened rather than 

2069
01:50:09,200 --> 01:50:13,100
weakened his army. soldiers, who
felt their gods were honored 

2070
01:50:13,100 --> 01:50:16,200
fort with more confidence than 
those Force to abandon their 

2071
01:50:16,200 --> 01:50:20,300
spiritual practices, the passage
of Seasons marked time in ways 

2072
01:50:20,300 --> 01:50:24,100
that the mere counting of days 
could not capture, Bring brought

2073
01:50:24,100 --> 01:50:26,500
warmer weather and the 
resumption of serious 

2074
01:50:26,500 --> 01:50:30,700
campaigning. 
Summer meant heat and dust Long.

2075
01:50:30,700 --> 01:50:33,900
March is under the Mediterranean
son, that turned armor into 

2076
01:50:33,900 --> 01:50:37,000
portable ovens Autumn brought 
Harvest, that could be 

2077
01:50:37,000 --> 01:50:40,200
appropriated to feed the Army 
and the knowledge that winter 

2078
01:50:40,200 --> 01:50:43,800
would soon limit Mobility. 
Again, each season had its 

2079
01:50:43,800 --> 01:50:47,900
Rhythm its challenges, and its 
opportunities news from The 

2080
01:50:47,900 --> 01:50:50,700
Wider World filtered into Camp 
through various channels, 

2081
01:50:50,700 --> 01:50:54,700
Merchants trading, with the 
Army, deserters from Roman 

2082
01:50:54,700 --> 01:50:59,000
forces, and diplomatic envoys 
from Italian cities, considering

2083
01:50:59,000 --> 01:51:02,500
their options. 
Through these sources Hannibal 

2084
01:51:02,500 --> 01:51:05,400
tract, Roman preparations 
learned, which allies were 

2085
01:51:05,400 --> 01:51:08,500
wavering in their loyalty and 
gathered the intelligence that 

2086
01:51:08,500 --> 01:51:12,500
informed his strategic decisions
letters from Carthage, arrived 

2087
01:51:12,500 --> 01:51:16,000
irregularly, bringing news from 
home and instructions from the 

2088
01:51:16,000 --> 01:51:20,000
government that theoretically 
controlled this campaign. but 

2089
01:51:20,000 --> 01:51:23,000
distance and the difficulty of 
communication meant Hannibal 

2090
01:51:23,000 --> 01:51:27,800
operated with enormous autonomy,
the carthaginian Senate might 

2091
01:51:27,800 --> 01:51:29,900
pass resolutions about what he 
should do. 

2092
01:51:30,700 --> 01:51:33,100
But by the time, those 
instructions reached Italy 

2093
01:51:33,100 --> 01:51:36,500
Circumstances, had usually 
changed enough that they were 

2094
01:51:36,500 --> 01:51:39,400
irrelevant. 
Hannibal fought his War 

2095
01:51:39,400 --> 01:51:42,100
according to his own judgment 
For Better or Worse. 

2096
01:51:42,100 --> 01:51:45,200
The relationship between 
Hannibal and his soldiers during

2097
01:51:45,200 --> 01:51:48,300
these calm periods created 
bonds, that would be tested in 

2098
01:51:48,300 --> 01:51:51,300
coming battles. 
When soldiers had watched their 

2099
01:51:51,300 --> 01:51:55,300
General, share their hardships 
for months or years had seen him

2100
01:51:55,300 --> 01:51:59,100
eat the same food and endure the
same whether and had observed 

2101
01:51:59,100 --> 01:52:02,100
him making decisions that 
prioritize their welfare when 

2102
01:52:02,100 --> 01:52:05,600
possible they developed loyalty 
that couldn't be purchased or 

2103
01:52:05,600 --> 01:52:09,000
commanded. 
This loyalty would prove crucial

2104
01:52:09,000 --> 01:52:12,500
when battles went badly and 
Retreat seemed more rational 

2105
01:52:12,500 --> 01:52:16,200
than continued fighting as each 
period of relative peace, ended 

2106
01:52:16,200 --> 01:52:18,100
and the Army prepared for the 
next campaign. 

2107
01:52:18,100 --> 01:52:21,100
Soldiers performed, the small 
rituals that Warriors have 

2108
01:52:21,100 --> 01:52:25,400
always performed before combat 
Equipment was checked one final 

2109
01:52:25,400 --> 01:52:28,400
time. 
Personal items were secured or 

2110
01:52:28,400 --> 01:52:30,800
given to comrades for 
safekeeping in case of death. 

2111
01:52:31,500 --> 01:52:33,800
some soldiers wrote letters to 
be sent home if they didn't 

2112
01:52:33,800 --> 01:52:38,400
survive others simply spent 
quiet time alone, contemplating 

2113
01:52:38,400 --> 01:52:41,500
mortality in whatever terms 
their religion or philosophy, 

2114
01:52:41,500 --> 01:52:46,300
provided the elephant sensed the
shifts and mood and routine, the

2115
01:52:46,300 --> 01:52:48,900
handlers could tell when the 
Army Was preparing for combat by

2116
01:52:48,900 --> 01:52:52,600
subtle changes in the animals 
Behavior, increased nervousness,

2117
01:52:52,600 --> 01:52:56,300
reluctance to eat and the way 
they grouped together, as if 

2118
01:52:56,300 --> 01:53:00,800
seeking Mutual reassure of 
managing these magnificent, but 

2119
01:53:00,800 --> 01:53:04,000
temperamental creatures required
understanding that they 

2120
01:53:04,000 --> 01:53:06,900
responded to human emotional 
states with surprising 

2121
01:53:06,900 --> 01:53:11,200
sensitivity and then the waiting
would end Scouts would report 

2122
01:53:11,200 --> 01:53:14,900
Roman movements or intelligence 
would arrive about a vulnerable 

2123
01:53:14,900 --> 01:53:19,000
Target while strategic necessity
would Demand Action regardless 

2124
01:53:19,000 --> 01:53:22,900
of whether anyone felt ready, 
the camp would transform from a 

2125
01:53:22,908 --> 01:53:26,500
temporary City back in to a 
military machine, all those 

2126
01:53:26,500 --> 01:53:29,800
months of waiting and 
preparation distilling into 

2127
01:53:29,800 --> 01:53:33,600
renewed purpose, but even as the
Army prepared to March toward 

2128
01:53:33,600 --> 01:53:37,400
whatever, awaited them memories 
of these calm periods remained 

2129
01:53:38,100 --> 01:53:40,600
Soldiers, carried with them. 
The knowledge that their 

2130
01:53:40,600 --> 01:53:42,900
comrades were. 
People not just weapons to be 

2131
01:53:42,900 --> 01:53:45,600
employed in combat. 
Commanders. 

2132
01:53:45,600 --> 01:53:49,400
Understood that their decisions 
affected, real lives families, 

2133
01:53:49,400 --> 01:53:52,700
back home, who depended on 
husbands and Fathers and Sons 

2134
01:53:52,700 --> 01:53:56,800
returning, from this foreign 
war, this human Dimension, the 

2135
01:53:56,800 --> 01:54:00,100
waiting, the wandering, The 
Quiet Moments between dramatic 

2136
01:54:00,100 --> 01:54:04,000
events is often lost in 
historical accounts that focus 

2137
01:54:04,000 --> 01:54:07,500
on battles and movements. but 
for the men who lived through 

2138
01:54:07,500 --> 01:54:11,400
Hannibal's Italian campaign, 
These calm periods were as much 

2139
01:54:11,400 --> 01:54:14,500
a part of their experience as 
any dramatic, confrontation. 

2140
01:54:15,700 --> 01:54:19,100
They were the times when 
friendships formed when fears 

2141
01:54:19,100 --> 01:54:22,500
were shared and when the reality
of being far from home with an 

2142
01:54:22,500 --> 01:54:25,900
uncertain future pressed, most 
heavily on Consciousness. 

2143
01:54:25,900 --> 01:54:29,300
Now let's fast forward through 
the years that followed not 

2144
01:54:29,300 --> 01:54:30,800
because the battles aren't 
important. 

2145
01:54:30,800 --> 01:54:34,300
But because tonight's story is 
about something deeper than 

2146
01:54:34,300 --> 01:54:36,900
tactical Victory and strategic 
maneuvering. 

2147
01:54:37,600 --> 01:54:41,000
It's about how one man's dream 
and one impossible March created

2148
01:54:41,000 --> 01:54:44,800
ripples that spread across 
centuries changing, how humans 

2149
01:54:44,800 --> 01:54:48,600
thought about possibility itself
Hannibal would spend 50 more 

2150
01:54:48,600 --> 01:54:51,200
years in Italy. 
After crossing the Alps winning 

2151
01:54:51,200 --> 01:54:53,700
battles, that should have 
destroyed Rome, but never quite 

2152
01:54:53,700 --> 01:54:57,100
achieving the decisive victory, 
that would break Rome's power. 

2153
01:54:57,900 --> 01:55:02,700
He won a trebia a Tres amini and
most famously at kanay where he 

2154
01:55:02,708 --> 01:55:05,700
destroyed a Roman army twice his
size through tactical. 

2155
01:55:05,700 --> 01:55:07,700
Brilliance that military 
strategists. 

2156
01:55:07,700 --> 01:55:11,200
Still study today. 
Yet, Rome refused to surrender, 

2157
01:55:11,200 --> 01:55:15,500
refused to negotiate. 
Simply raise new Legions and 

2158
01:55:15,500 --> 01:55:18,200
continued fighting with a 
stubbornness that eventually 

2159
01:55:18,200 --> 01:55:21,900
wore down even Hannibal's. 
Remarkable Army, the stories end

2160
01:55:21,900 --> 01:55:25,400
isn't happy by conventional 
measures Hannibal was eventually

2161
01:55:25,400 --> 01:55:28,300
recalled to Carthage to defend 
against Roman invasion. 

2162
01:55:29,100 --> 01:55:32,600
He lost his first battle at 
Zama, not because he'd forgotten

2163
01:55:32,600 --> 01:55:36,100
how to fight, but because Rome 
had finally learned from its 

2164
01:55:36,100 --> 01:55:41,200
defeats and produced a general 
Scipio Africanus who could match

2165
01:55:41,200 --> 01:55:45,600
Hannibal's brilliant's Carthage 
sued for peace on Rome's terms, 

2166
01:55:45,600 --> 01:55:49,000
accepting conditions that 
guaranteed they'd never again, 

2167
01:55:49,000 --> 01:55:52,900
threaten Roman power Hannibal 
lived on for years after the war

2168
01:55:52,900 --> 01:55:57,000
serving his city as a civil 
administrator trying to rebuild 

2169
01:55:57,000 --> 01:55:59,100
carthaginian Prosperity through 
Commerce. 

2170
01:55:59,100 --> 01:56:03,600
Since military competition was 
no longer possible Eventually 

2171
01:56:03,600 --> 01:56:07,600
pursued by Roman demands for a 
surrender, he took poison rather

2172
01:56:07,600 --> 01:56:11,500
than be captured dying in Exile.
Far from the Carthage had spent 

2173
01:56:11,500 --> 01:56:15,500
his life trying to protect It's 
the kind of ending that ancient 

2174
01:56:15,500 --> 01:56:19,800
tragedies were built around the 
brilliant hero undone, not by 

2175
01:56:19,800 --> 01:56:23,300
lack of skill, but by forces 
larger than any individual could

2176
01:56:23,300 --> 01:56:26,000
control. 
But here's what makes Hannibal's

2177
01:56:26,000 --> 01:56:29,300
story worth remembering two 
Millennia later, he permanently 

2178
01:56:29,300 --> 01:56:32,400
changed, what humans thought was
possible before. 

2179
01:56:32,400 --> 01:56:36,000
Hannibal armies didn't cross, 
the Alps with elephants, they 

2180
01:56:36,000 --> 01:56:39,200
didn't March from Spain to Italy
through territory that geography

2181
01:56:39,200 --> 01:56:42,400
said was impossible. 
They didn't win Battles Through 

2182
01:56:42,400 --> 01:56:46,400
tactical, creativity that turned
expected advantages into fatal 

2183
01:56:46,400 --> 01:56:49,700
vulnerabilities. 
The Mediterranean world had 

2184
01:56:49,700 --> 01:56:53,800
assumptions about Warfare about 
logistics, and about what was 

2185
01:56:53,800 --> 01:56:56,700
feasible and Hannibal. 
Casually demolished. 

2186
01:56:56,700 --> 01:56:59,700
Those assumptions through the 
simple, expedient of ignoring 

2187
01:56:59,700 --> 01:57:03,200
them, his crossing of, the Alps 
became the standard example, for

2188
01:57:03,200 --> 01:57:06,200
impossible, Journeys, when 
Napoleon crossed the Alps 

2189
01:57:06,200 --> 01:57:09,600
centuries, later, using proper 
roads, that hadn't existed in 

2190
01:57:09,600 --> 01:57:12,300
Hannibal's. 
Time, he explicitly compared 

2191
01:57:12,300 --> 01:57:15,100
himself to the carthaginian 
general because that's how 

2192
01:57:15,100 --> 01:57:17,900
deeply Hannibal's feet. 
Had embedded itself in Western 

2193
01:57:17,900 --> 01:57:20,600
consciousness. 
When military planners talk 

2194
01:57:20,600 --> 01:57:23,900
about bold strategic moves that 
ignore conventional thinking 

2195
01:57:23,900 --> 01:57:26,000
Hannibal's. 
Name comes up with the 

2196
01:57:26,000 --> 01:57:29,200
regularity of a metaphor that 
earned its place through sheer 

2197
01:57:29,200 --> 01:57:31,800
appropriateness. 
The Tactical Innovations 

2198
01:57:31,800 --> 01:57:35,100
Hannibal, demonstrated at 
battles like can a influenced 

2199
01:57:35,100 --> 01:57:39,100
military thinking for centuries.
The double envelopment he 

2200
01:57:39,100 --> 01:57:42,800
executed there, where his army 
surrounded and destroyed a 

2201
01:57:42,800 --> 01:57:46,100
larger, Roman Force. 
Became a template that generals 

2202
01:57:46,100 --> 01:57:49,500
dreamed of replicating. 
Modern military academies. 

2203
01:57:49,500 --> 01:57:52,700
Still Teach canny as an example 
of perfect tactical execution, 

2204
01:57:52,700 --> 01:57:57,500
which means 20 something Cadets.
Today study a battle fought by a

2205
01:57:57,500 --> 01:58:02,100
carthaginian general, 200200 
years ago but Hannibal's deeper 

2206
01:58:02,100 --> 01:58:05,000
Legacy isn't really about 
military tactics or strategic 

2207
01:58:05,000 --> 01:58:07,500
innovation. 
It's about what his story 

2208
01:58:07,500 --> 01:58:11,500
teaches about human capability 
determination and the 

2209
01:58:11,500 --> 01:58:13,700
relationship between dreams and 
reality. 

2210
01:58:13,700 --> 01:58:18,400
Consider what Hannibal actually 
accomplished He took a diverse 

2211
01:58:18,400 --> 01:58:21,300
Army of mercenaries, who had no 
particular loyalty to each 

2212
01:58:21,300 --> 01:58:24,300
other, LED them through a 
journey that everyone said would

2213
01:58:24,300 --> 01:58:28,200
kill them and forged them into a
force that repeatedly defeated 

2214
01:58:28,200 --> 01:58:31,000
the ancient world's most 
successful military power. 

2215
01:58:32,200 --> 01:58:34,800
He did this not through 
overwhelming resources or 

2216
01:58:34,800 --> 01:58:39,400
Supernatural intervention. 
Through leadership planning and 

2217
01:58:39,400 --> 01:58:42,600
the ability to inspire people to
attempt things, they didn't 

2218
01:58:42,600 --> 01:58:45,700
think they could have the 
soldiers, who crossed the Alps 

2219
01:58:45,700 --> 01:58:48,700
with Hannibal weren't Special 
Forces or Elite troops at the 

2220
01:58:48,700 --> 01:58:54,000
start of that Journey. they were
ordinary men Farmers Sons tribal

2221
01:58:54,000 --> 01:58:58,600
Warriors, poor young men seeking
Fortune who became extraordinary

2222
01:58:58,600 --> 01:59:02,000
through the simple Act of 
continuing when continuing 

2223
01:59:02,000 --> 01:59:05,600
seemed impossible That 
transformation suggests 

2224
01:59:05,600 --> 01:59:07,600
something important about human 
potential. 

2225
01:59:08,500 --> 01:59:10,900
Are limits are more flexible 
than we assumed. 

2226
01:59:10,900 --> 01:59:14,200
And sometimes the only thing 
preventing achievement is our 

2227
01:59:14,200 --> 01:59:16,100
certainty that achievement isn't
possible. 

2228
01:59:16,100 --> 01:59:19,100
Hannibal story, also 
demonstrates how individual 

2229
01:59:19,100 --> 01:59:21,700
Vision can overcome structural 
disadvantages. 

2230
01:59:22,700 --> 01:59:25,800
Carthage was weaker than Rome by
almost any objective measure. 

2231
01:59:26,500 --> 01:59:29,600
Smaller population. 
Less extensive Alliance Network,

2232
01:59:29,600 --> 01:59:33,700
fewer resources. 
A conventional strategic 

2233
01:59:33,700 --> 01:59:36,700
analysis would have concluded 
that Carthage couldn't win a 

2234
01:59:36,708 --> 01:59:40,000
direct conflict with Rome, which
was probably accurate. 

2235
01:59:40,900 --> 01:59:43,100
Hannibal didn't attempt 
conventional strategy. 

2236
01:59:43,900 --> 01:59:46,300
He invented a new approach found
a route. 

2237
01:59:46,308 --> 01:59:49,800
No one expected. 
A nearly defeated Rome, despite 

2238
01:59:49,800 --> 01:59:52,400
all structural advantages. 
Favoring his anime. 

2239
01:59:52,400 --> 01:59:55,900
This has implications Beyond 
Ancient Warfare in business 

2240
01:59:55,900 --> 01:59:59,800
politics, personal life. 
Anywhere, someone faces 

2241
01:59:59,800 --> 02:00:01,400
challenges that seem 
overwhelming. 

2242
02:00:02,100 --> 02:00:04,200
Hannibal's example. 
Suggests that creative 

2243
02:00:04,200 --> 02:00:06,000
approaches can sometimes 
overcome. 

2244
02:00:06,000 --> 02:00:08,800
Apparently insurmountable 
obstacles. 

2245
02:00:08,800 --> 02:00:13,400
Not always not reliably but 
often enough that attempting, 

2246
02:00:13,400 --> 02:00:16,100
the seemingly impossible isn't 
automatically foolish. 

2247
02:00:16,100 --> 02:00:19,400
The story also illustrates the 
limitations of individual 

2248
02:00:19,400 --> 02:00:23,200
Brilliance Hannibal was possibly
the most gifted military 

2249
02:00:23,200 --> 02:00:27,300
commander of ancient times yet 
he ultimately to achieve his 

2250
02:00:27,300 --> 02:00:31,400
strategic objectives. 
Rome's institutional strengths, 

2251
02:00:31,400 --> 02:00:35,600
its ability to absorb defeats 
and continue fighting its 

2252
02:00:35,600 --> 02:00:38,700
extensive Alliance system and 
its governmental stability, 

2253
02:00:38,700 --> 02:00:42,100
proved more durable than 
Hannibal's personal genius. 

2254
02:00:43,100 --> 02:00:46,900
Sometimes the structural reality
is really do win, no matter how 

2255
02:00:46,900 --> 02:00:50,100
capable the individuals 
challenging that this tension 

2256
02:00:50,100 --> 02:00:53,500
between individual agency and 
structural forces is part of why

2257
02:00:53,500 --> 02:00:57,300
Hannibal story remains 
compelling. he succeeded Beyond 

2258
02:00:57,300 --> 02:01:01,500
any reasonable expectation yet, 
ultimately failed to change the 

2259
02:01:01,500 --> 02:01:05,100
historical trajectory he 
challenged He was simultaneously

2260
02:01:05,100 --> 02:01:09,700
incredibly successful and 
fundamentally unsuccessful which

2261
02:01:09,700 --> 02:01:12,600
makes his story more interesting
than if he did the Concord roam 

2262
02:01:12,600 --> 02:01:16,400
or been immediately defeated the
human element of Hannibal's 

2263
02:01:16,400 --> 02:01:18,700
Legacy might be its most 
enduring aspect. 

2264
02:01:19,600 --> 02:01:22,000
Here was someone who cared 
enough about his soldiers to 

2265
02:01:22,000 --> 02:01:25,200
share their hardships, who 
developed relationships, with 

2266
02:01:25,200 --> 02:01:29,100
war elephants, that his handlers
respected, and who could Inspire

2267
02:01:29,100 --> 02:01:32,800
loyalty from people who at every
reason to Desert or betray him. 

2268
02:01:33,500 --> 02:01:36,500
In an era when military 
commanders often viewed soldiers

2269
02:01:36,500 --> 02:01:40,900
as Expendable resources Hannibal
treated them as humans, whose 

2270
02:01:40,900 --> 02:01:43,300
welfare matted beyond their 
utility in combat. 

2271
02:01:43,300 --> 02:01:47,200
This approach to leadership 
combining strategic Brilliance 

2272
02:01:47,200 --> 02:01:50,400
with genuine concern. 
For those being led has 

2273
02:01:50,400 --> 02:01:53,200
influenced thinking about 
management and command ever 

2274
02:01:53,200 --> 02:01:55,800
since Modern military 
leadership. 

2275
02:01:55,800 --> 02:01:59,500
Doctrine still emphasizes the 
importance of leaders who share 

2276
02:01:59,500 --> 02:02:03,100
their subordinates, hardships 
and business management Theory. 

2277
02:02:03,100 --> 02:02:07,500
Often discusses the value of 
leaders who prioritize employee 

2278
02:02:07,500 --> 02:02:10,600
welfare. 
These ideas Trace back through 

2279
02:02:10,600 --> 02:02:14,600
various sources but Hannibal's 
example is one of the earliest 

2280
02:02:14,600 --> 02:02:17,800
and clearest instances of this 
leadership philosophy in action,

2281
02:02:17,800 --> 02:02:21,900
the elephants themselves became 
legendary symbols of Hannibal's 

2282
02:02:21,900 --> 02:02:26,200
or dasetty and exoticism. 
A centuries after writers, who 

2283
02:02:26,200 --> 02:02:29,400
wanted to suggest something was 
impossibly difficult would 

2284
02:02:29,400 --> 02:02:31,600
compare it to taking elephants 
over the Alps. 

2285
02:02:32,500 --> 02:02:34,800
The fact that most of the 
elephants died during the 

2286
02:02:34,800 --> 02:02:38,500
Italian campaign from climate 
combat, and simple exhaustion. 

2287
02:02:39,300 --> 02:02:41,000
Somehow doesn't diminish the 
legend. 

2288
02:02:41,000 --> 02:02:45,500
If anything, it enhances it. 
Demonstrating that Hannibal 

2289
02:02:45,500 --> 02:02:48,000
attempted, his impossible 
Journey, despite knowing the 

2290
02:02:48,000 --> 02:02:50,400
cost would be. 
Enormous Rome itself was 

2291
02:02:50,400 --> 02:02:53,400
transformed by the Hannibal 
Wars, in ways that shape its 

2292
02:02:53,400 --> 02:02:56,800
future development. 
The near-death experience of 

2293
02:02:56,800 --> 02:03:00,200
facing Hannibal in Italy, 
convinced Romans that their 

2294
02:03:00,200 --> 02:03:03,200
survival required total 
dominance of the Mediterranean 

2295
02:03:03,200 --> 02:03:05,800
world. 
The Roman Empire that would 

2296
02:03:05,800 --> 02:03:09,600
later stretch from Britain to 
Mesopotamia was built partly on 

2297
02:03:09,600 --> 02:03:12,600
lessons learned during those 
desperate years when a 

2298
02:03:12,600 --> 02:03:15,600
carthaginian army wandered 
through, Italy, seemingly 

2299
02:03:15,600 --> 02:03:19,300
Unstoppable, carthage's 
eventual, destruction raised 

2300
02:03:19,300 --> 02:03:21,500
completely. 
In a later War, its territory 

2301
02:03:21,500 --> 02:03:24,000
stone with salt. 
In a gesture of absolute 

2302
02:03:24,000 --> 02:03:28,400
isolation was partly motivated 
by Roman Trauma from Hannibal's 

2303
02:03:28,400 --> 02:03:32,000
campaigns. 
Rome had been so frightened by 

2304
02:03:32,000 --> 02:03:34,700
what one carthaginian General 
had accomplished that they 

2305
02:03:34,700 --> 02:03:37,700
decided the only safe Carthage 
was no Carthage at all. 

2306
02:03:38,600 --> 02:03:41,400
It's a sobering reminder that 
sometimes success creates his 

2307
02:03:41,400 --> 02:03:44,200
own disasters. 
Hannibal's, brilliant helped 

2308
02:03:44,200 --> 02:03:47,600
ensure his civilization's 
destruction, the cultural memory

2309
02:03:47,600 --> 02:03:51,500
of Hannibal spread far beyond 
the Mediterranean world, His 

2310
02:03:51,500 --> 02:03:54,400
name appears in text from 
cultures, that had no direct 

2311
02:03:54,400 --> 02:03:57,900
contact with Carthage or Rome, 
passed along through trade 

2312
02:03:57,900 --> 02:04:00,900
routes and cultural exchange 
until even people in medieval 

2313
02:04:00,900 --> 02:04:03,300
Europe and Asia. 
News stories about the general 

2314
02:04:03,300 --> 02:04:05,200
who crossed the impossible 
mountains. 

2315
02:04:06,100 --> 02:04:08,700
This kind of cultural 
persistence suggests that his 

2316
02:04:08,700 --> 02:04:12,100
story touched something 
Universal about human ambition 

2317
02:04:12,100 --> 02:04:14,700
and achievement. 
Modern historians. 

2318
02:04:14,700 --> 02:04:18,300
Continue debating details of 
Hannibal's campaigns which pass 

2319
02:04:18,300 --> 02:04:22,400
he used exactly how many troops 
he had and whether specific 

2320
02:04:22,400 --> 02:04:24,100
accounts of battles are 
accurate. 

2321
02:04:25,000 --> 02:04:28,000
But these scholarly debates 
important as they are to 

2322
02:04:28,000 --> 02:04:32,600
Specialists Mr. Larger point. 
Hannibal's Legacy isn't really 

2323
02:04:32,600 --> 02:04:35,000
about the precise details of his
campaigns. 

2324
02:04:35,000 --> 02:04:38,500
It's about the story. 
Those campaigns tell regarding 

2325
02:04:38,500 --> 02:04:41,600
what humans can accomplish when 
they refuse to accept 

2326
02:04:41,600 --> 02:04:45,000
conventional limitations as you 
settled deeper into your 

2327
02:04:45,008 --> 02:04:47,900
blankets and feel sleeping to 
pull up your Consciousness. 

2328
02:04:47,900 --> 02:04:51,700
Let's bring this story to its 
quiet close with some final 

2329
02:04:51,700 --> 02:04:55,300
thoughts about Hannibal and his 
March through time and memory 

2330
02:04:55,300 --> 02:04:58,300
somewhere in Northern Italy. 
If you look carefully, you can 

2331
02:04:58,300 --> 02:05:01,100
still find traces of the roots 
Hannibal's Army followed. 

2332
02:05:01,800 --> 02:05:05,400
Not obvious, monuments or 
dramatic markers, but subtle 

2333
02:05:05,400 --> 02:05:08,000
signs visible to those who know 
what to look for. 

2334
02:05:08,600 --> 02:05:12,400
Old roads that follow paths, 
chosen for military logistics, 

2335
02:05:12,400 --> 02:05:14,200
rather than commercial 
convenience. 

2336
02:05:15,100 --> 02:05:17,900
Place names that echo in 
languages, descended from the 

2337
02:05:17,908 --> 02:05:19,900
tribes who witnessed that 
unprecedented. 

2338
02:05:19,900 --> 02:05:24,100
Armies passage, he helps 
themselves remain unchanged by 

2339
02:05:24,108 --> 02:05:26,300
the armies that have crossed 
them over millennia. 

2340
02:05:27,200 --> 02:05:30,100
The passes that seemed so 
impossibly difficult to Hannibal

2341
02:05:30,100 --> 02:05:34,100
soldiers are now threaded with 
highways and rail tunnels made 

2342
02:05:34,100 --> 02:05:36,700
manageable by engineering, that 
would seem like divine 

2343
02:05:36,700 --> 02:05:38,300
intervention to ancient 
Travellers. 

2344
02:05:39,300 --> 02:05:42,200
Yet for anyone whose walked in 
genuine Mountain Wilderness, 

2345
02:05:42,200 --> 02:05:46,700
whose fell altitude, steal their
breath and cold numb. 

2346
02:05:46,700 --> 02:05:50,100
Their fingers Hannibal's 
achievement remains impressive, 

2347
02:05:50,100 --> 02:05:52,700
regardless of modern 
technological advancement. 

2348
02:05:52,700 --> 02:05:56,300
Think about those soldiers who 
made the crossing the ones who 

2349
02:05:56,308 --> 02:05:58,000
survived to tell their 
grandchildren. 

2350
02:05:58,000 --> 02:06:00,400
About the time, they walked over
the roof of the world. 

2351
02:06:00,400 --> 02:06:04,000
Following a general, whose 
dreams seemed like Madness until

2352
02:06:04,000 --> 02:06:08,400
it succeeded They returned 
eventually to home's in Libya 

2353
02:06:08,400 --> 02:06:12,200
Iberia, a new media. 
Those who survived the Italian 

2354
02:06:12,200 --> 02:06:16,500
campaigns carrying memories of 
snow covered Peaks and desperate

2355
02:06:16,500 --> 02:06:20,600
Mountain passages. 
Some probably exaggerated their 

2356
02:06:20,600 --> 02:06:24,400
stories making the mountains 
higher and the dangers greater 

2357
02:06:24,400 --> 02:06:27,700
with each retelling. 
Others probably understated them

2358
02:06:27,700 --> 02:06:31,700
finding that the reality defied 
description and that listeners 

2359
02:06:31,700 --> 02:06:33,800
couldn't really understand what 
they had. 

2360
02:06:33,800 --> 02:06:37,000
Experienced the elephants that 
survived the crossing lived out 

2361
02:06:37,000 --> 02:06:40,800
their remaining years in Italy 
exotic creatures far from their 

2362
02:06:40,800 --> 02:06:44,800
African homes cared for by 
handlers who crossed impossible 

2363
02:06:44,800 --> 02:06:49,200
mountains in their company. 
When these elephants died from 

2364
02:06:49,200 --> 02:06:50,900
age? 
Combat or simple? 

2365
02:06:50,900 --> 02:06:54,400
Exhaustion their passing Mark 
the end of one of history's. 

2366
02:06:54,400 --> 02:06:59,400
Most unusual military logistics 
efforts No one would attempt 

2367
02:06:59,400 --> 02:07:02,900
where elephants in Alpine 
campaigns again, partly because 

2368
02:07:02,900 --> 02:07:05,700
Hannibal had demonstrated both 
that it was possible and that 

2369
02:07:05,700 --> 02:07:09,800
the cost probably exceeded the 
benefits Hannibal himself in his

2370
02:07:09,800 --> 02:07:12,800
late years of Exile. 
Sometimes spoke about the Alpine

2371
02:07:12,800 --> 02:07:14,400
Crossing to those who visited 
him. 

2372
02:07:15,200 --> 02:07:18,300
By then, it had been decades 
since that extraordinary March 

2373
02:07:18,300 --> 02:07:21,700
and the world had moved on to 
other conflicts and concerns. 

2374
02:07:21,700 --> 02:07:25,000
But for Hannibal the crossing 
remained, Central to his 

2375
02:07:25,008 --> 02:07:28,700
identity, the moment when he'd 
proven that will and planning 

2376
02:07:28,700 --> 02:07:31,000
could overcome barriers, 
everyone else considered 

2377
02:07:31,000 --> 02:07:35,400
absolute in his final moments 
taking poison rather than 

2378
02:07:35,400 --> 02:07:39,000
surrendering to Roman capture. 
Did Hannibal think about the 

2379
02:07:39,000 --> 02:07:41,200
Alps? 
What about the young men? 

2380
02:07:41,200 --> 02:07:43,700
Who'd followed him over 
impossible mountains because 

2381
02:07:43,700 --> 02:07:46,700
they believed in his vision, 
about the elephant struggling, 

2382
02:07:46,700 --> 02:07:49,900
through snowdrifts, and the 
scouts finding paths where no 

2383
02:07:49,900 --> 02:07:52,500
paths should exist. 
We can't know. 

2384
02:07:53,400 --> 02:07:56,300
But it's Pleasant to imagine 
that his last thoughts included 

2385
02:07:56,300 --> 02:07:59,500
some satisfaction about the 
possible achievement. 

2386
02:07:59,500 --> 02:08:02,600
That dream made real through 
determination. 

2387
02:08:02,600 --> 02:08:05,800
And Leadership the story of 
Hannibal's Crossing lives on 

2388
02:08:05,800 --> 02:08:08,600
because it speaks to something 
fundamental about human nature. 

2389
02:08:09,500 --> 02:08:13,600
We need stories about people who
refuse to accept limitations who

2390
02:08:13,600 --> 02:08:16,300
looked at impossible challenges 
and decided to attempt them 

2391
02:08:16,300 --> 02:08:18,500
anyway. 
Not because the stories 

2392
02:08:18,500 --> 02:08:22,000
guarantee success. 
Hannibal, ultimately fail in his

2393
02:08:22,000 --> 02:08:25,800
largest strategic objectives, 
but because they remind us that 

2394
02:08:25,800 --> 02:08:30,500
impossible is often just 
difficult in Disguise and that 

2395
02:08:30,500 --> 02:08:34,800
human capability exceeds what we
typically demand of ourselves as

2396
02:08:34,800 --> 02:08:37,400
you drift towards sleep. 
Imagine yourself on that 

2397
02:08:37,400 --> 02:08:39,900
mountain pass, looking back at 
the route, you've climbed and 

2398
02:08:39,900 --> 02:08:42,000
forward toward the descent into 
Italy. 

2399
02:08:42,800 --> 02:08:47,400
The Ariston and cold the path on
certain, but you've come too far

2400
02:08:47,400 --> 02:08:50,000
to turn back now. 
Around you. 

2401
02:08:50,000 --> 02:08:52,500
Thousands of others are making 
the same Journey. 

2402
02:08:52,500 --> 02:08:57,000
Sharing the same hardships bound
together by common purpose and 

2403
02:08:57,000 --> 02:09:00,600
shared impossibility achieved. 
This is what Hannibal gave to 

2404
02:09:00,600 --> 02:09:03,400
history. 
Not just Tactical Innovations or

2405
02:09:03,400 --> 02:09:07,800
strategic lessons but a story 
about what becomes possible when

2406
02:09:07,800 --> 02:09:12,100
people refuse to accept 
conventional limitations story 

2407
02:09:12,100 --> 02:09:15,800
about leadership that inspires 
rather than compels about 

2408
02:09:15,800 --> 02:09:18,900
soldiers who become Heroes 
through simple perseverance 

2409
02:09:18,900 --> 02:09:22,500
about elephants and snowdrifts 
and armies, achieving The 

2410
02:09:22,500 --> 02:09:25,600
Impossible through the 
accumulation of small possible 

2411
02:09:25,600 --> 02:09:29,000
steps sleep. 
Now comfortable in your warm 

2412
02:09:29,000 --> 02:09:33,400
bed, safe from cold and altitude
and the dangers that Hannibal 

2413
02:09:33,400 --> 02:09:36,700
soldiers face. 
Carry with you into dreams. 

2414
02:09:36,700 --> 02:09:38,500
The knowledge that 2000 years 
ago. 

2415
02:09:38,500 --> 02:09:43,000
People did impossible things 
because one man dreamed them 

2416
02:09:43,000 --> 02:09:46,300
possible and had the skill to 
make others share that dream. 

2417
02:09:46,300 --> 02:09:50,200
The Alps still stands snow 
covered in magnificent in 

2418
02:09:50,200 --> 02:09:52,000
different to the human who 
crossed them. 

2419
02:09:52,700 --> 02:09:56,000
But they remember in their 
patient Stoney way, the army 

2420
02:09:56,000 --> 02:09:59,400
that shouldn't have been able to
pass, but did leaving Footprints

2421
02:09:59,400 --> 02:10:03,600
in snow, that melted Millennia 
ago, but somehow still Mark the 

2422
02:10:03,600 --> 02:10:06,800
path between impossible and 
accomplished tomorrow, you'll 

2423
02:10:06,800 --> 02:10:10,000
wait to your own challenges, 
your own mountains to cross 

2424
02:10:10,000 --> 02:10:14,000
metaphorical certainly, but no 
less real, for being personal 

2425
02:10:14,000 --> 02:10:17,300
rather than Geographic. 
When You Face them. 

2426
02:10:17,300 --> 02:10:21,600
Remember Hannibal and his 
soldiers taking one step at a 

2427
02:10:21,600 --> 02:10:24,800
time through impossible to Reign
proving that sometimes the only 

2428
02:10:24,800 --> 02:10:27,600
way to cross an impossible 
barrier is to stop believing it 

2429
02:10:27,600 --> 02:10:30,100
is impossible and start walking 
rest. 

2430
02:10:30,100 --> 02:10:36,000
Well dream of elephants and snow
of generals who dared greatly of

2431
02:10:36,000 --> 02:10:39,300
soldiers who achieved The 
Impossible by refusing to accept

2432
02:10:39,300 --> 02:10:43,400
impossibility. and know that 
their story continues as long as

2433
02:10:43,400 --> 02:10:47,300
people remember, that human will
properly applied with skill and 

2434
02:10:47,300 --> 02:10:50,700
determination can reshape the 
world in ways that seem like 

2435
02:10:50,700 --> 02:10:54,200
Legend and until they become 
history, the calm Wars of Rome 

2436
02:10:54,200 --> 02:10:57,800
ended long ago, but their 
lessons remain carried forward, 

2437
02:10:57,800 --> 02:11:01,700
through centuries, by stories, 
told on nights, like this, when 

2438
02:11:01,700 --> 02:11:05,400
sleep approaches, and the past 
seems near enough to touch 

2439
02:11:06,900 --> 02:11:10,300
Hannibal crossed the Alps 2000 
years ago, but his journey 

2440
02:11:10,300 --> 02:11:13,000
continues every time. 
Someone faces an impossible 

2441
02:11:13,000 --> 02:11:16,900
challenge and decides to 
attempted anywhere sleep now. 

2442
02:11:17,800 --> 02:11:21,400
The mountains have been crossed.
The story has been told. 

2443
02:11:22,400 --> 02:11:24,700
And tomorrow awaits with its own
Adventures. 

2444
02:11:24,700 --> 02:11:28,000
Its own impossibility, is 
waiting to be transformed 

2445
02:11:28,000 --> 02:11:30,300
through determination into 
achievements. 

2446
02:11:30,300 --> 02:11:38,800
That future Generations, might 
remember with one day You've 

2447
02:11:38,800 --> 02:11:42,100
spent your whole life hearing 
about the Dark Ages that 

2448
02:11:42,100 --> 02:11:44,300
supposedly miserable stretch of 
human history. 

2449
02:11:44,300 --> 02:11:47,600
When everyone was filthy 
ignorant and constantly 

2450
02:11:47,600 --> 02:11:52,200
terrified of both, their Earthly
Lords and an Angry God, You've 

2451
02:11:52,200 --> 02:11:56,000
seen the movies where peasants 
grovel in mud, when Knights 

2452
02:11:56,000 --> 02:11:59,500
commit, casual brutality and 
where life is as Thomas. 

2453
02:11:59,500 --> 02:12:03,300
Hobbes would later put it nasty 
brutish and short. 

2454
02:12:04,300 --> 02:12:06,200
But here's what those dramatic 
retellings. 

2455
02:12:06,200 --> 02:12:09,500
Rarely mentioned. 
Medieval people weren't stupid 

2456
02:12:09,500 --> 02:12:12,400
and they certainly weren't 
interested in making their 

2457
02:12:12,400 --> 02:12:15,600
already challenging lives harder
than necessary tonight. 

2458
02:12:15,600 --> 02:12:17,900
As you settle into the warmth of
your bed. 

2459
02:12:17,900 --> 02:12:21,700
Let's wander together through a 
medieval Town, not the Hollywood

2460
02:12:21,700 --> 02:12:25,300
version with its overall drama, 
but the real thing where 

2461
02:12:25,300 --> 02:12:28,500
Ordinary People developed 
extraordinarily clever systems 

2462
02:12:28,500 --> 02:12:30,600
to manage the chaos of daily 
existence. 

2463
02:12:31,900 --> 02:12:35,400
These were the grand laws 
debated in Royal courts or the 

2464
02:12:35,408 --> 02:12:38,000
theological Proclamation issued 
by Bishops. 

2465
02:12:38,600 --> 02:12:41,900
These were the Practical street 
level rules that governed 

2466
02:12:41,900 --> 02:12:44,800
everything from when you could 
Hammer a horseshoe to how much 

2467
02:12:44,800 --> 02:12:48,500
your bridge should we And the 
Beautiful secret hiding in plain

2468
02:12:48,508 --> 02:12:51,000
sight. 
Most of these supposedly 

2469
02:12:51,000 --> 02:12:54,200
restrictive regulations were 
actually making everyone's life 

2470
02:12:54,200 --> 02:12:57,700
considerably easier, picture 
yourself walking through a 

2471
02:12:57,700 --> 02:13:01,000
medieval town on an Autumn 
evening just as the sun begins, 

2472
02:13:01,000 --> 02:13:04,000
its descent behind the thatched 
roofs and Timber framed 

2473
02:13:04,000 --> 02:13:06,600
buildings. 
The air carriers that particular

2474
02:13:06,600 --> 02:13:09,800
coolness that makes you pull 
your cloak a bit tighter mixed 

2475
02:13:09,800 --> 02:13:12,800
with the smoke from countless, 
half fires and the earthy smell 

2476
02:13:12,800 --> 02:13:16,300
of the unpaved streets. 
This isn't the romanticized 

2477
02:13:16,300 --> 02:13:18,500
Middle Ages of Troubadours and 
tournaments. 

2478
02:13:18,500 --> 02:13:21,800
Nor is it the nightmare version 
of plague and poverty. 

2479
02:13:22,500 --> 02:13:26,400
This is somewhere in between a 
functional community of people 

2480
02:13:26,400 --> 02:13:29,600
who figured out how to live 
together in surprisingly 

2481
02:13:29,600 --> 02:13:34,100
sophisticated ways, the Medieval
World operated on system so 

2482
02:13:34,100 --> 02:13:37,000
different from your own that 
they can seem almost alien. 

2483
02:13:37,000 --> 02:13:40,300
At first glance, there were no 
police officers patrolling the 

2484
02:13:40,300 --> 02:13:44,400
streets, no building inspectors 
checking construction work and 

2485
02:13:44,400 --> 02:13:46,900
no Health Department. 
Monitoring food safety. 

2486
02:13:47,800 --> 02:13:52,200
Yet somehow towns functioned 
Market operated. 

2487
02:13:53,100 --> 02:13:55,200
People generally got long 
without killing each other. 

2488
02:13:56,000 --> 02:13:59,500
The trick was in the rules, 
hundreds of small regulations, 

2489
02:13:59,500 --> 02:14:03,100
that sound bizarre to Modern 
ears, but made perfect sense in 

2490
02:14:03,100 --> 02:14:06,300
their context, take the simple 
matter of when you could make 

2491
02:14:06,300 --> 02:14:09,900
noise in your world, you can 
vacuum at 3 in the morning. 

2492
02:14:09,900 --> 02:14:12,800
If you're so inclined, though, 
your neighbor's might have words

2493
02:14:12,800 --> 02:14:15,600
with you about it. 
You can run power tools on 

2494
02:14:15,600 --> 02:14:17,900
Sunday morning or practice. 
The drums at midnight. 

2495
02:14:19,000 --> 02:14:22,300
Medieval people found this kind 
of Freedom, baffling and frankly

2496
02:14:22,300 --> 02:14:25,100
and considerate. 
They lived in close quarters 

2497
02:14:25,100 --> 02:14:28,800
with houses, practically leaning
against each other and thin 

2498
02:14:28,800 --> 02:14:30,700
walls that did little to muffle 
sound. 

2499
02:14:31,400 --> 02:14:34,300
More importantly, they lived by 
the sun schedule and needed 

2500
02:14:34,300 --> 02:14:36,800
their sleep, to survive, the 
physical demands of the next 

2501
02:14:36,800 --> 02:14:39,200
day. 
So they created rules about 

2502
02:14:39,200 --> 02:14:42,500
noise and these rules were 
surprisingly specific. 

2503
02:14:43,500 --> 02:14:46,500
In many towns, you couldn't 
operate your Workshop after the 

2504
02:14:46,500 --> 02:14:50,200
evening bell. 
Rang blacksmith Hammer Coopers 

2505
02:14:50,200 --> 02:14:53,800
couldn't pound Barrel Hoops, 
even arguments between neighbors

2506
02:14:53,800 --> 02:14:57,700
were supposed to quiet down. 
Once Darkness fell, At first 

2507
02:14:57,700 --> 02:15:00,400
this sounds like the kind of 
heavy-handed Regulation that 

2508
02:15:00,400 --> 02:15:03,500
would drive you crazy. 
Imagine someone telling you that

2509
02:15:03,500 --> 02:15:05,900
you couldn't finish your project
just because the sun went down. 

2510
02:15:06,800 --> 02:15:09,600
But here's the clever part, 
everyone lived by the same 

2511
02:15:09,600 --> 02:15:13,300
constraints which meant everyone
also benefited from the quiet, 

2512
02:15:13,300 --> 02:15:16,600
the blacksmith who had to stop 
his hammering at dusk knew that,

2513
02:15:16,600 --> 02:15:18,700
he also wouldn't be kept awake 
by his neighbor. 

2514
02:15:18,700 --> 02:15:23,300
The Cooper working late into the
night, the baker, who had to 

2515
02:15:23,300 --> 02:15:26,100
cease grinding grain after dark 
could sleep soundly without the 

2516
02:15:26,100 --> 02:15:27,800
noise of someone else's 
industry. 

2517
02:15:27,800 --> 02:15:30,300
Disturbing him. 
It was a kind of mutual 

2518
02:15:30,300 --> 02:15:34,000
agreement and coded in law and 
it worked because everyone was 

2519
02:15:34,000 --> 02:15:36,300
equally restricted and equally 
protected. 

2520
02:15:37,100 --> 02:15:40,400
You gave up your freedom to make
noise at night but you gained 

2521
02:15:40,400 --> 02:15:43,600
the guarantee of Peace. 
When you need to sleep not a bad

2522
02:15:43,608 --> 02:15:46,800
trade, really these quiet 
evening hours or so had an 

2523
02:15:46,808 --> 02:15:49,800
unintended benefit that the 
towns people probably didn't 

2524
02:15:49,800 --> 02:15:53,800
consciously plan but certainly 
came to appreciate they created 

2525
02:15:53,800 --> 02:15:58,100
a natural Rhythm to the day you 
worked when you could see what 

2526
02:15:58,100 --> 02:16:02,500
you were doing. you stopped when
darkness May detail work 

2527
02:16:02,500 --> 02:16:07,000
difficult, uh, your evening meal
by firelight told stories or 

2528
02:16:07,000 --> 02:16:11,100
sangs, tended, to the small 
domestic tasks, that didn't 

2529
02:16:11,100 --> 02:16:14,000
require much light, and then you
went to bed at a reasonable 

2530
02:16:14,000 --> 02:16:18,100
hour, There was no temptation to
work yourself in to exhaustion 

2531
02:16:18,100 --> 02:16:21,600
under artificial light because 
artificial light was expensive 

2532
02:16:21,600 --> 02:16:24,600
and dim. 
The rules around noise 

2533
02:16:24,600 --> 02:16:28,000
dovetailed with the Practical 
realities of pre-electric, life 

2534
02:16:28,000 --> 02:16:31,000
to create a schedule. 
That while certainly not 

2535
02:16:31,000 --> 02:16:33,700
leisurely, at least made sense 
for human biology. 

2536
02:16:33,700 --> 02:16:37,000
And how did everyone know when 
these quiet hours began? 

2537
02:16:38,100 --> 02:16:40,600
You can glance at your phone or 
check the clock on your wall. 

2538
02:16:40,600 --> 02:16:44,200
Medieval people had something 
both simpler and more communal. 

2539
02:16:44,200 --> 02:16:47,500
The curfew Bell. 
The word curfew itself comes 

2540
02:16:47,500 --> 02:16:52,400
from the old French Hoover. 
Meaning cover fire, when the 

2541
02:16:52,400 --> 02:16:55,500
bell rang from the church Tower 
or town hall, you were supposed 

2542
02:16:55,500 --> 02:16:58,600
to bank, your heart Fire, cover 
it with Ash to keep it 

2543
02:16:58,600 --> 02:17:02,700
smoldering safely through the 
night and settle in the Bell 

2544
02:17:02,700 --> 02:17:04,500
wasn't just about fire safety 
though. 

2545
02:17:04,500 --> 02:17:08,100
That was certainly part of it in
a world of wooden buildings 

2546
02:17:08,100 --> 02:17:11,900
packed together and unattended 
fire could consume an entire 

2547
02:17:11,900 --> 02:17:13,299
neighborhood in less than an 
hour. 

2548
02:17:13,299 --> 02:17:17,500
The curfew Bell served as the 
town's Collective alarm clock or

2549
02:17:17,500 --> 02:17:19,400
rather its Collective bedtime 
reminder. 

2550
02:17:20,400 --> 02:17:23,400
It rang, at the same time, every
evening and everyone heard it. 

2551
02:17:24,200 --> 02:17:27,500
There was no confusion about 
when quiet hours began, no 

2552
02:17:27,500 --> 02:17:29,600
arguments about whether it was 
dark enough yet. 

2553
02:17:31,000 --> 02:17:35,299
The bell rang and that was that.
You finished your current task 

2554
02:17:35,299 --> 02:17:38,000
cleaned up your workspace and 
joined your family for the 

2555
02:17:38,000 --> 02:17:40,200
evening. 
If you are out visiting 

2556
02:17:40,200 --> 02:17:43,600
neighbors or finishing business 
at the market, the Bell reminded

2557
02:17:43,600 --> 02:17:46,000
you to head home before the 
streets became too dark to 

2558
02:17:46,000 --> 02:17:49,500
navigate safely walking through.
Those medieval streets after 

2559
02:17:49,500 --> 02:17:52,500
curfew was an experienced 
markedly different from your 

2560
02:17:52,500 --> 02:17:54,400
nighttime strolls through a 
modern city. 

2561
02:17:55,400 --> 02:17:57,000
There were no street lights, 
obviously. 

2562
02:17:57,000 --> 02:18:01,600
No, illuminated shop windows, or
neon signs or the ambient glow 

2563
02:18:01,600 --> 02:18:03,400
of civilization that you take 
for granted. 

2564
02:18:04,200 --> 02:18:06,799
Once the sun went down and 
people shuttered, their Windows,

2565
02:18:06,799 --> 02:18:10,600
the darkness was profound. 
Kind of Darkness that feels 

2566
02:18:10,600 --> 02:18:13,600
almost solid that presses 
against your eyes. 

2567
02:18:14,500 --> 02:18:17,299
The only light came from the 
moon and stars if the sky was 

2568
02:18:17,299 --> 02:18:20,500
clear, and maybe the occasional 
flicker of a lantern, if someone

2569
02:18:20,508 --> 02:18:24,299
had urgent business Out of 
Doors, this Darkness was exactly

2570
02:18:24,299 --> 02:18:27,600
why the curfew made sense. 
Walking through pitch black 

2571
02:18:27,600 --> 02:18:31,000
streets, where the ground was 
uneven where you might trip over

2572
02:18:31,000 --> 02:18:33,500
a sleeping dog or step into 
something, unpleasant. 

2573
02:18:33,500 --> 02:18:36,000
Where criminals could operate 
unseen. 

2574
02:18:36,000 --> 02:18:40,200
It wasn't just inconvenient. 
It was genuinely dangerous. 

2575
02:18:41,500 --> 02:18:43,900
The curfew Bell encouraged 
people to be home before, 

2576
02:18:43,900 --> 02:18:47,500
navigating treacherous. 
It wasn't about controlling the 

2577
02:18:47,500 --> 02:18:49,900
population or restricting 
freedom for its own sake. 

2578
02:18:49,900 --> 02:18:53,900
It was about basic safety in a 
world without Street lighting. 

2579
02:18:53,900 --> 02:18:58,100
Of course, there were exceptions
night Watchmen, patrolled with 

2580
02:18:58,108 --> 02:19:01,100
lanterns, calling out the hours 
and looking for fires or 

2581
02:19:01,100 --> 02:19:03,600
trouble. 
Midwives could be summoned at 

2582
02:19:03,600 --> 02:19:06,200
any our babies. 
Don't wait for convenient times 

2583
02:19:06,200 --> 02:19:08,700
to be born. 
Doctors or priests might be 

2584
02:19:08,700 --> 02:19:12,400
called for emergencies. 
But for the average person, the 

2585
02:19:12,400 --> 02:19:15,100
evening Bell marked the boundary
between the active day and the 

2586
02:19:15,100 --> 02:19:18,100
quiet night. 
And most people appreciated this

2587
02:19:18,100 --> 02:19:21,100
boundary, because it applied to 
everyone, which meant the 

2588
02:19:21,100 --> 02:19:23,100
streets. 
Truly did fall silent after 

2589
02:19:23,100 --> 02:19:25,600
kerf, you making sleepy easier 
for all. 

2590
02:19:25,600 --> 02:19:28,700
Now, you might be thinking that 
all this regulation, sounds 

2591
02:19:28,700 --> 02:19:31,700
oppressive, but consider what 
you've traded for your modern 

2592
02:19:31,700 --> 02:19:34,500
freedom. 
You can make noise at any hour. 

2593
02:19:34,500 --> 02:19:37,299
But so, can your neighbor's? 
And there's not much you can do 

2594
02:19:37,299 --> 02:19:41,200
about it, except complain. 
You can work 24 hours a day if 

2595
02:19:41,200 --> 02:19:44,500
you choose, but the expectation 
that you'll always be available,

2596
02:19:44,500 --> 02:19:48,200
always productive can feel like 
a different kind of prison. 

2597
02:19:49,100 --> 02:19:52,000
Medieval people have less 
individual freedom in some ways,

2598
02:19:52,000 --> 02:19:54,200
but they also had more 
Collective piece. 

2599
02:19:55,200 --> 02:19:57,500
They couldn't do what ever they 
want wanted whenever they want 

2600
02:19:57,500 --> 02:20:01,100
it, but neither, could anyone 
else and that Mutual limitation,

2601
02:20:01,100 --> 02:20:03,000
created a kind of social 
harmony. 

2602
02:20:03,000 --> 02:20:05,800
That's hard to achieve. 
When everyone's acting 

2603
02:20:05,800 --> 02:20:09,300
independently, let's move from 
noise to another aspect of 

2604
02:20:09,300 --> 02:20:13,800
medieval life, that seems overly
regulated at first glance bread,

2605
02:20:14,700 --> 02:20:17,400
You buy your bread from a 
supermarket or bakery without 

2606
02:20:17,400 --> 02:20:20,700
giving it much thought. 
Maybe you check, if it's whole 

2607
02:20:20,700 --> 02:20:23,700
wheat or sourdough whether it 
fits your dietary preferences. 

2608
02:20:24,800 --> 02:20:27,100
But you don't worry about 
whether the loaf ways what it 

2609
02:20:27,108 --> 02:20:29,800
should or whether the baker is 
trying to cheat you. 

2610
02:20:31,200 --> 02:20:34,400
Medieval people worry about this
constantly because bread was 

2611
02:20:34,400 --> 02:20:37,300
serious business. 
Often the main source of 

2612
02:20:37,300 --> 02:20:40,800
calories for ordinary folks. 
If your Baker was shorting you 

2613
02:20:40,800 --> 02:20:44,000
on weight or adding too much, 
cheaper to the dough, you are 

2614
02:20:44,008 --> 02:20:45,800
being robbed of essential 
nutrition. 

2615
02:20:45,800 --> 02:20:49,000
So, towns developed a labret 
rules about bread. 

2616
02:20:49,700 --> 02:20:53,400
The size of bread introduced in 
England, in the 13th century was

2617
02:20:53,400 --> 02:20:56,900
typical of such regulations. 
It established that. 

2618
02:20:56,900 --> 02:20:59,700
The price of bread should be 
fixed relative to the price of 

2619
02:20:59,700 --> 02:21:03,400
grain and that loaves should 
meet specific weight standards. 

2620
02:21:03,400 --> 02:21:06,600
If we was cheap the baker to 
give you more bread for your 

2621
02:21:06,600 --> 02:21:09,400
penny. 
If we was expensive, you got a 

2622
02:21:09,400 --> 02:21:12,900
smaller loaf but at least you 
knew why The baker, couldn't 

2623
02:21:12,900 --> 02:21:15,900
simply charge whatever he felt 
like, or make whatever size 

2624
02:21:15,900 --> 02:21:18,100
loaf. 
Suited him inspectors would 

2625
02:21:18,100 --> 02:21:20,300
periodically test loaves by 
weighing them. 

2626
02:21:21,100 --> 02:21:24,300
Bakers who were found selling 
underweight bread, face serious,

2627
02:21:24,300 --> 02:21:27,700
penalties. 
In some places, a dishonest 

2628
02:21:27,700 --> 02:21:30,300
Baker might be dragged through 
the streets on a sledge with the

2629
02:21:30,300 --> 02:21:33,100
offending loaf. 
Hung around his neck, a 

2630
02:21:33,100 --> 02:21:36,200
humiliating punishment, designed
to shame him in front of his 

2631
02:21:36,208 --> 02:21:40,200
neighbors and customers. 
In other places, the baker might

2632
02:21:40,200 --> 02:21:42,500
be fined or even banned from his
trade. 

2633
02:21:43,300 --> 02:21:45,200
These weren't gentle slaps on 
the wrist. 

2634
02:21:45,200 --> 02:21:49,000
The authorities took breadth. 
Seriously, because everyone 

2635
02:21:49,000 --> 02:21:51,200
understood how important bread 
was to survive. 

2636
02:21:51,200 --> 02:21:53,600
Or here's what's clever about 
this system. 

2637
02:21:54,400 --> 02:21:57,800
It protected both the customer 
and the honest baker. 

2638
02:21:58,600 --> 02:22:01,600
Knew you were getting fair value
for your money because the 

2639
02:22:01,600 --> 02:22:03,800
weights were standardized and 
enforced. 

2640
02:22:04,600 --> 02:22:08,300
But the baker who played by the 
rules also benefited because his

2641
02:22:08,300 --> 02:22:11,100
dishonest competitors couldn't 
undercut him by selling 

2642
02:22:11,100 --> 02:22:14,800
substandard loaves. 
The regulations, created a Level

2643
02:22:14,800 --> 02:22:17,300
Playing Field where quality 
mattered more than Corner 

2644
02:22:17,300 --> 02:22:19,600
cutting. 
An honest baker could build a 

2645
02:22:19,600 --> 02:22:23,500
reputation for consistently good
bread knowing that the Cheetahs 

2646
02:22:23,500 --> 02:22:25,300
would eventually be caught and 
punished. 

2647
02:22:25,300 --> 02:22:27,500
The bread rules also did 
something else. 

2648
02:22:27,500 --> 02:22:30,100
They created trust in the 
marketplace. 

2649
02:22:30,100 --> 02:22:32,600
You didn't need to carry a scale
with you. 

2650
02:22:32,600 --> 02:22:36,000
When you went to buy bread, you 
didn't need to examine every 

2651
02:22:36,000 --> 02:22:38,800
loaf of suspiciously. 
Wandering of the baker was 

2652
02:22:38,808 --> 02:22:42,500
trying to trick you the system 
of weights and measures and 

2653
02:22:42,500 --> 02:22:44,800
regular inspections. 
Did that work for you? 

2654
02:22:45,500 --> 02:22:47,800
You could hand over your money 
and receive your bread with 

2655
02:22:47,800 --> 02:22:50,900
confidence knowing that the 
transaction was fair. 

2656
02:22:51,700 --> 02:22:54,800
This trust is something you 
probably take for granted in 

2657
02:22:54,800 --> 02:22:58,800
your modern regulated economy. 
But in a medieval marketplace, 

2658
02:22:58,800 --> 02:23:01,100
where you knew your Baker 
personally, and would see him 

2659
02:23:01,100 --> 02:23:03,800
every week for years, 
maintaining the trust was 

2660
02:23:03,800 --> 02:23:07,700
essential the bread regulations 
extended Beyond just weight. 

2661
02:23:08,500 --> 02:23:11,600
Some towns specified, what 
ingredients could be used. 

2662
02:23:11,600 --> 02:23:15,800
And in what proportions Bakers? 
Couldn't add excessive amounts 

2663
02:23:15,800 --> 02:23:18,400
of bean flour or pflour to wheat
bread. 

2664
02:23:18,400 --> 02:23:22,600
These cheaper ingredients could 
stretch the dough increasing 

2665
02:23:22,600 --> 02:23:26,400
profit margins but they also 
reduce nutritional value and 

2666
02:23:26,400 --> 02:23:29,700
change the texture. 
If you paid for wheat bread, you

2667
02:23:29,700 --> 02:23:32,400
got wheat bread. 
Not some mystery mixture that 

2668
02:23:32,400 --> 02:23:33,800
happened to be cheaper to 
produce. 

2669
02:23:34,700 --> 02:23:37,300
The regulations ensure that 
bread names meant something 

2670
02:23:37,300 --> 02:23:41,200
consistent, that white bread 
actually indicated refined 

2671
02:23:41,200 --> 02:23:45,600
wheat, flour and maslan Mentor 
specific wheat Rhine mixture, 

2672
02:23:45,600 --> 02:23:48,300
these standards mattered, more 
than you might think. 

2673
02:23:49,300 --> 02:23:52,300
In a world where most people 
couldn't read, where written 

2674
02:23:52,300 --> 02:23:55,800
contracts were rare for every 
day transactions and where you 

2675
02:23:55,800 --> 02:23:59,800
relied on spoken agreements and 
Community reputation having 

2676
02:23:59,800 --> 02:24:03,700
standardized products within 
Force definitions created a 

2677
02:24:03,700 --> 02:24:07,000
common language for Commerce. 
When you asked for a penny loaf 

2678
02:24:07,000 --> 02:24:10,900
of wheat bread, both you and the
baker knew exactly what that 

2679
02:24:10,900 --> 02:24:14,000
meant. 
The regulation eliminated 

2680
02:24:14,000 --> 02:24:16,900
ambiguity and the potential for 
disputes. 

2681
02:24:16,900 --> 02:24:20,300
Speaking of the marketplace, 
let's Wander over there now, 

2682
02:24:20,300 --> 02:24:25,000
it's morning a few hours after 
sunrise and the Market Square is

2683
02:24:25,000 --> 02:24:28,600
coming alive with activity. 
Farmers have brought in their 

2684
02:24:28,600 --> 02:24:30,500
produce from the surrounding 
Countryside. 

2685
02:24:31,300 --> 02:24:34,400
Crafts people have set up 
stalls, displaying their Wares. 

2686
02:24:34,400 --> 02:24:38,700
The Butchers hung up his cuts of
meat, the fishmongers laid out, 

2687
02:24:38,700 --> 02:24:42,400
his catch on beds of straw. 
The whole scene buzzes with 

2688
02:24:42,400 --> 02:24:45,700
Commerce and conversation. 
People haggling over prices 

2689
02:24:45,700 --> 02:24:48,300
examining goods and catching up 
on Neighborhood News. 

2690
02:24:48,300 --> 02:24:52,200
But notice something odd. 
Not everyone can sell their 

2691
02:24:52,200 --> 02:24:54,500
goods. 
At any time there are rules 

2692
02:24:54,500 --> 02:24:57,200
about when the Market opens and 
these rules are strictly 

2693
02:24:57,200 --> 02:24:59,500
enforced. 
In many towns. 

2694
02:24:59,500 --> 02:25:03,400
No one could begin trading until
after a bell rang or until the 

2695
02:25:03,400 --> 02:25:06,600
mayor or Market official had 
formerly opened the proceedings.

2696
02:25:07,500 --> 02:25:11,100
Everyone had to wait their goods
laid out but on touch of all 

2697
02:25:11,100 --> 02:25:15,000
until the signal came Why this 
elaborate ceremony? 

2698
02:25:15,000 --> 02:25:17,400
Why not just let people start 
selling? 

2699
02:25:17,400 --> 02:25:20,600
As soon as they arrived, the 
answer lies In fairness? 

2700
02:25:21,400 --> 02:25:24,500
Farmers from distant Villages, 
might need hours to reach Town. 

2701
02:25:24,500 --> 02:25:28,100
Arriving, just as local vendors 
were already set up and ready. 

2702
02:25:28,900 --> 02:25:32,000
If trading could begin 
immediately, those local sellers

2703
02:25:32,000 --> 02:25:35,200
would have already attracted 
customers and made sales before 

2704
02:25:35,200 --> 02:25:39,400
the rural Farmers even arrived. 
The delayed start gave everyone 

2705
02:25:39,400 --> 02:25:42,300
a chance to get their goods 
properly displayed and their 

2706
02:25:42,300 --> 02:25:46,000
stalls organized. 
When the opening bell, finally 

2707
02:25:46,000 --> 02:25:48,800
rang everyone began on equal 
footing. 

2708
02:25:49,600 --> 02:25:53,000
The farmer who'd walked five 
miles Before Dawn had the same 

2709
02:25:53,000 --> 02:25:57,000
opportunity to attract customers
as the baker who shot fronted on

2710
02:25:57,000 --> 02:26:00,100
the market square. 
These Market rules extended 

2711
02:26:00,100 --> 02:26:03,600
Beyond just the opening time. 
In many places, there were 

2712
02:26:03,600 --> 02:26:06,000
regulations about where 
different types of goods could 

2713
02:26:06,000 --> 02:26:08,600
be sold. 
All the butchers had to set up 

2714
02:26:08,600 --> 02:26:12,100
in one area, all the cloth, 
merchants in another and all the

2715
02:26:12,100 --> 02:26:15,800
vegetable sellers in a third. 
This sounds restrictive. 

2716
02:26:15,800 --> 02:26:19,400
Why shouldn't a merchant set up 
wherever he could find Space? 

2717
02:26:20,500 --> 02:26:23,000
But the system actually made 
shopping more efficient. 

2718
02:26:23,900 --> 02:26:27,400
He knew exactly where to go to 
compare prices on wheat or to 

2719
02:26:27,400 --> 02:26:30,900
examine different cuts of meat. 
You didn't have to wander around

2720
02:26:30,900 --> 02:26:33,600
the entire Market hoping to 
stumble across what you needed. 

2721
02:26:34,400 --> 02:26:37,300
The organization turned, what 
could have been chaos into a 

2722
02:26:37,300 --> 02:26:40,600
logical navigable system. 
There were also rules about who 

2723
02:26:40,600 --> 02:26:44,100
could sell in the Market at all.
Generally, you needed to pay for

2724
02:26:44,100 --> 02:26:46,400
a stall and follow. 
The town's trading regulations. 

2725
02:26:46,400 --> 02:26:49,400
This fee supported the market 
infrastructure. 

2726
02:26:49,400 --> 02:26:52,800
Someone had to maintain the 
square settle disputes and 

2727
02:26:52,800 --> 02:26:54,300
enforce the weights and 
measures. 

2728
02:26:55,100 --> 02:26:57,900
But it also meant that random 
Peddlers couldn't just show up 

2729
02:26:57,900 --> 02:27:00,100
and undercut, establish 
Merchants without any 

2730
02:27:00,100 --> 02:27:03,300
accountability. 
If you paid for your stall and 

2731
02:27:03,300 --> 02:27:05,900
followed the rules, you have the
right to trade. 

2732
02:27:06,900 --> 02:27:09,900
If you were caught selling 
fraudulent Goods or using false 

2733
02:27:09,900 --> 02:27:11,100
weights, you could lose that, 
right? 

2734
02:27:12,000 --> 02:27:14,400
The system created 
accountability in a world 

2735
02:27:14,408 --> 02:27:18,000
without modern business license 
or consumer protection agencies.

2736
02:27:18,000 --> 02:27:21,700
The market rules, even extended 
to the practice of forestalling 

2737
02:27:21,700 --> 02:27:25,400
buying goods before they reach 
the market and then reselling 

2738
02:27:25,400 --> 02:27:28,400
them at a markup. 
This was considered deeply 

2739
02:27:28,400 --> 02:27:32,400
unethical and was often illegal.
The idea was that Goods brought 

2740
02:27:32,400 --> 02:27:35,800
to Market should be available to
everyone at the same time and at

2741
02:27:35,800 --> 02:27:38,600
fair prices. 
If wealthy merchants could 

2742
02:27:38,600 --> 02:27:42,300
intercept Farmers on the road 
and buy up all their grain 

2743
02:27:42,300 --> 02:27:45,400
before it reached town, they 
could then create artificial 

2744
02:27:45,400 --> 02:27:47,600
scarcity and charge whatever 
they wanted. 

2745
02:27:48,500 --> 02:27:52,000
For stalling laws, prevented 
this manipulation, ensuring that

2746
02:27:52,008 --> 02:27:54,400
ordinary towns people could 
purchase food and other 

2747
02:27:54,400 --> 02:27:56,100
necessities at reasonable 
prices. 

2748
02:27:56,100 --> 02:28:00,100
Similarly, there were rules 
against regretting buying goods 

2749
02:28:00,100 --> 02:28:02,700
in the market and then 
immediately reselling them at a 

2750
02:28:02,700 --> 02:28:07,100
higher price in the same Market.
This practice added, no value. 

2751
02:28:07,100 --> 02:28:10,700
It just inserted a middleman who
profited from information 

2752
02:28:10,700 --> 02:28:13,500
asymmetry or aggressive 
purchasing. 

2753
02:28:14,600 --> 02:28:17,500
If you bought grain, you were 
supposed to use it yourself or 

2754
02:28:17,500 --> 02:28:20,600
take it elsewhere to sell. 
You couldn't simply stand in the

2755
02:28:20,600 --> 02:28:23,200
same Market by buying from one 
stall and selling from another 

2756
02:28:23,200 --> 02:28:25,900
taking advantage of customers, 
who hadn't yet. 

2757
02:28:25,900 --> 02:28:29,200
Found the best prices again. 
You can see the underlying 

2758
02:28:29,200 --> 02:28:32,400
wisdom in these regulations. 
They weren't about controlling 

2759
02:28:32,400 --> 02:28:34,500
every aspect of Commerce, for 
its own sake. 

2760
02:28:34,500 --> 02:28:38,200
They were about creating Fair 
conditions where everyone played

2761
02:28:38,200 --> 02:28:41,700
by the same rules where the rich
couldn't manipulate the system, 

2762
02:28:41,700 --> 02:28:45,200
to exploit the poor and where 
quality and honest dealing 

2763
02:28:45,200 --> 02:28:46,800
mattered more than clever 
tricks. 

2764
02:28:47,700 --> 02:28:51,300
The market was regulated. 
Yes, but those regulations made 

2765
02:28:51,300 --> 02:28:53,800
it function, better for everyone
except the Cheetahs. 

2766
02:28:53,800 --> 02:28:57,000
The marketplace also had rules 
about weights and measures that 

2767
02:28:57,000 --> 02:29:00,300
went beyond just bread. 
Every town maintained official 

2768
02:29:00,300 --> 02:29:03,000
standards. 
Marked measuring rods for cloth.

2769
02:29:03,000 --> 02:29:07,100
Certified weights for grain and 
meat and standard containers for

2770
02:29:07,100 --> 02:29:09,900
liquids. 
Merchants had to use the 

2771
02:29:09,900 --> 02:29:13,000
standardized tools and Market 
officials would check them 

2772
02:29:13,000 --> 02:29:17,300
periodically for accuracy. 
A merchant Court using false 

2773
02:29:17,300 --> 02:29:22,500
weights, faced severe penalties 
fines, confiscation of goods and

2774
02:29:22,500 --> 02:29:24,400
sometimes even banishment from 
the market. 

2775
02:29:25,300 --> 02:29:27,700
The severity of these 
punishments reflected how 

2776
02:29:27,700 --> 02:29:30,000
seriously communities took 
honest dealing. 

2777
02:29:30,000 --> 02:29:33,700
He standardized measures did 
more than just prevent fraud. 

2778
02:29:34,400 --> 02:29:36,500
They made trade possible between
strangers. 

2779
02:29:37,500 --> 02:29:40,300
If you were buying cloth from a 
merchant, you'd never met before

2780
02:29:40,300 --> 02:29:43,800
you needed confidence, that his 
yard was the same length as 

2781
02:29:43,800 --> 02:29:47,400
everyone else's yard. 
If you were purchasing grained, 

2782
02:29:47,400 --> 02:29:50,100
you needed to know that his 
bushel measure matched. 

2783
02:29:50,100 --> 02:29:52,700
The official standard the 
regulations. 

2784
02:29:52,700 --> 02:29:56,500
Created a common Foundation that
allowed Commerce to happen with 

2785
02:29:56,500 --> 02:30:00,400
a basic level of trust. 
Even between people who had no 

2786
02:30:00,400 --> 02:30:04,000
prior relationship, let's turn 
to something, that seems even 

2787
02:30:04,000 --> 02:30:05,800
more intrusive by modern 
standards. 

2788
02:30:06,800 --> 02:30:09,900
Clothing regulations. 
You wear whatever you want, 

2789
02:30:09,900 --> 02:30:12,300
within the bounds of weather and
social context. 

2790
02:30:12,300 --> 02:30:15,600
Of course, you might dress up 
for a wedding or down for yard 

2791
02:30:15,600 --> 02:30:18,300
work, but nobody's going to 
arrest you for wearing silk, 

2792
02:30:18,300 --> 02:30:21,600
when you're only a clerk or 
putting on colors reserved for 

2793
02:30:21,600 --> 02:30:25,200
nobility. 
Medieval people faced a 

2794
02:30:25,200 --> 02:30:28,700
Labyrinth of sumptuary laws that
dictated what Fabrics colors and

2795
02:30:28,700 --> 02:30:30,500
styles were appropriate for 
different. 

2796
02:30:30,500 --> 02:30:33,500
Social classes. 
A peasant couldn't legally wear 

2797
02:30:33,500 --> 02:30:37,400
silk or velvet a merchant, no 
matter how well, he could not 

2798
02:30:37,400 --> 02:30:40,300
dress like a noble. 
Even the length of your shoes 

2799
02:30:40,300 --> 02:30:43,200
pointed toe might be regulated 
based on your rank. 

2800
02:30:44,000 --> 02:30:46,900
These laws were passed and 
repast throughout the Middle 

2801
02:30:46,900 --> 02:30:50,900
Ages, which tells you something 
important people constantly 

2802
02:30:50,900 --> 02:30:54,000
ignored them. 
Merchants who'd grown rich in 

2803
02:30:54,000 --> 02:30:57,600
trade wanted to display their 
success and what better way than

2804
02:30:57,600 --> 02:31:01,100
by wearing the Fine Fabrics, 
they'd helped import Crafts 

2805
02:31:01,100 --> 02:31:04,200
People took pride in their work 
and wanted address well. 

2806
02:31:04,200 --> 02:31:08,200
The Authority's kept trying to 
enforce these distinctions and 

2807
02:31:08,200 --> 02:31:10,000
people kept finding ways around 
them. 

2808
02:31:10,000 --> 02:31:14,000
Why did these laws exist at all?
The official reason was 

2809
02:31:14,000 --> 02:31:17,500
maintaining social order. 
If anyone could dress like a 

2810
02:31:17,500 --> 02:31:20,100
noble, how would you know who 
deserved respect? 

2811
02:31:20,100 --> 02:31:24,300
How would Society function if 
you couldn't tell at a glance 

2812
02:31:24,300 --> 02:31:26,400
who was a knight? 
And who was a carpenter? 

2813
02:31:27,400 --> 02:31:30,300
But there was a more practical 
economic reason to controling 

2814
02:31:30,300 --> 02:31:34,200
luxury consumption. 
Fine Fabrics, red dies and 

2815
02:31:34,200 --> 02:31:37,900
intricate tailoring were 
expensive money spent on fancy 

2816
02:31:37,900 --> 02:31:41,000
clothes was money not spent on 
land or business Investments. 

2817
02:31:41,800 --> 02:31:44,100
Rulers worried that their 
subjects would bankrupt 

2818
02:31:44,100 --> 02:31:47,300
themselves, trying to dress 
above their station, but here's 

2819
02:31:47,300 --> 02:31:50,700
where these clothing laws had 
none intentional benefit, they 

2820
02:31:50,700 --> 02:31:53,400
created thriving Industries and 
clever substitution. 

2821
02:31:54,300 --> 02:31:57,700
If you couldn't wear silk 
enterprising Weavers developed, 

2822
02:31:57,700 --> 02:31:59,500
techniques to make linen look 
silky. 

2823
02:31:59,500 --> 02:32:03,700
If purple dye was restricted to 
royalty, other colors became 

2824
02:32:03,700 --> 02:32:05,400
fashionable among the merchant 
class. 

2825
02:32:06,400 --> 02:32:09,500
If you couldn't have a mine for 
trim, you found other ways to 

2826
02:32:09,500 --> 02:32:12,000
decorate your clothes that 
showed taste and wealth. 

2827
02:32:12,000 --> 02:32:15,500
Without breaking the law. 
The restrictions spurred 

2828
02:32:15,500 --> 02:32:18,700
Innovation as people sought ways
to look prosperous within the 

2829
02:32:18,700 --> 02:32:21,300
legal bounds, the clothing 
regulations. 

2830
02:32:21,300 --> 02:32:24,100
Created a kind of readable 
social landscape. 

2831
02:32:24,100 --> 02:32:27,000
You could walk through a 
medieval town and understand 

2832
02:32:27,000 --> 02:32:29,400
much about the people. 
You passed based on their dress.

2833
02:32:30,500 --> 02:32:33,200
That man in the rough. 
Woolen tunic was probably a 

2834
02:32:33,200 --> 02:32:36,600
laborer that woman in the neat 
linen dress with modest. 

2835
02:32:36,600 --> 02:32:38,500
Trim was perhaps a Merchant's 
wife. 

2836
02:32:39,500 --> 02:32:42,000
Those children in matching 
Livery belong to a noble 

2837
02:32:42,000 --> 02:32:45,400
household. 
This instant readability served 

2838
02:32:45,400 --> 02:32:48,600
practical purposes. 
If you needed to find someone 

2839
02:32:48,600 --> 02:32:51,400
with authority, you looked for 
good clothing. 

2840
02:32:52,200 --> 02:32:55,900
If you are seeking skilled craft
work, you might approach someone

2841
02:32:55,900 --> 02:32:58,300
who's dressed suggested to 
success in their trade. 

2842
02:32:59,700 --> 02:33:02,600
The visual hierarchy made the 
social World more navigable. 

2843
02:33:02,600 --> 02:33:06,400
Even if it limited personal 
expression yet, even with all 

2844
02:33:06,400 --> 02:33:10,500
these rules, people found ways 
to express individuality the cut

2845
02:33:10,508 --> 02:33:14,100
of a garment, the quality of the
stitching and the choice of 

2846
02:33:14,100 --> 02:33:16,800
accessories. 
All these could vary within 

2847
02:33:16,800 --> 02:33:20,700
legal bounds, Skilled tailor 
could make a legally acceptable 

2848
02:33:20,700 --> 02:33:22,900
outfit that still stood out for 
its Elegance. 

2849
02:33:23,800 --> 02:33:27,000
A woman might not be able to 
wear silk, but she could ensure 

2850
02:33:27,000 --> 02:33:29,400
her linen. 
Was impeccably white and 

2851
02:33:29,400 --> 02:33:33,600
beautifully embroidered. 
The regulation set boundaries 

2852
02:33:33,600 --> 02:33:36,700
but within those boundaries 
there was still room for 

2853
02:33:36,700 --> 02:33:40,200
personal style and pride in 
appearance, he enforcement of 

2854
02:33:40,200 --> 02:33:44,300
clothing laws was inconsistent. 
Probably saved them from 

2855
02:33:44,300 --> 02:33:48,300
becoming unbearable. 
In practice authorities tended 

2856
02:33:48,300 --> 02:33:51,700
to crack down on subtree 
violations when they needed 

2857
02:33:51,700 --> 02:33:55,300
revenue from fines or when they 
wanted to make an example of 

2858
02:33:55,300 --> 02:33:56,900
someone who had gotten too 
uppity. 

2859
02:33:57,700 --> 02:34:01,300
Most of the time if you dress 
slightly above your station but 

2860
02:34:01,300 --> 02:34:04,600
worked too blatant about it, you
could probably get away with it.

2861
02:34:05,500 --> 02:34:09,100
The laws existed as much as 
social pressure and aspiration 

2862
02:34:09,100 --> 02:34:13,400
as actual legal constraint, as 
evening approaches in our 

2863
02:34:13,400 --> 02:34:15,600
medieval Town, let's consider 
one of the more surprising 

2864
02:34:15,600 --> 02:34:20,000
regulations. 
Hospitality laws, In your world,

2865
02:34:20,000 --> 02:34:23,000
you're free to turn away, 
visitors, lock your door against

2866
02:34:23,000 --> 02:34:25,300
strangers and keep your home 
entirely. 

2867
02:34:25,300 --> 02:34:28,100
Private. 
If you choose medieval, people 

2868
02:34:28,100 --> 02:34:30,800
had a more complicated 
relationship with hospitality 

2869
02:34:30,800 --> 02:34:33,000
particularly when it came to 
Travelers. 

2870
02:34:33,000 --> 02:34:36,300
And those in need, many 
communities had rules requiring 

2871
02:34:36,300 --> 02:34:39,800
in Keepers to provide lodging to
Travelers who could pay or 

2872
02:34:39,800 --> 02:34:42,900
compelling householders to offer
shelter to Wayfair as during 

2873
02:34:42,900 --> 02:34:46,300
storms or emergencies. 
These were just nice 

2874
02:34:46,300 --> 02:34:49,300
suggestions, they were legal 
obligations. 

2875
02:34:49,300 --> 02:34:53,600
If you ran in, you could not 
turn away a decent stranger just

2876
02:34:53,600 --> 02:34:56,100
because you didn't like his 
looks or wanted to save the room

2877
02:34:56,100 --> 02:34:59,700
for a possibly better customer. 
If a traveler was caught in 

2878
02:34:59,700 --> 02:35:03,400
dangerous, whether you might be 
required to offer basic shelter 

2879
02:35:03,400 --> 02:35:07,700
even in your private home. 
This seems intrusive even 

2880
02:35:07,700 --> 02:35:09,700
alarming by your modern 
standards. 

2881
02:35:10,300 --> 02:35:13,300
The idea of being legally forced
to welcome strangers into your 

2882
02:35:13,308 --> 02:35:16,500
home or business, sounds like a 
violation of basic rights. 

2883
02:35:17,800 --> 02:35:21,300
But consider the world. 
These rules emerged from Travel 

2884
02:35:21,300 --> 02:35:25,300
was dangerous roads. 
Were poor often barely more than

2885
02:35:25,300 --> 02:35:28,700
muddy tracks. 
Through forests Bandits operated

2886
02:35:28,700 --> 02:35:33,000
with relative impunity between 
towns weather could turn deadly 

2887
02:35:33,000 --> 02:35:35,800
without warning. 
If you were caught miles from 

2888
02:35:35,800 --> 02:35:39,100
any settlement, when night fell 
or a storm arose, you could die.

2889
02:35:39,100 --> 02:35:43,500
Not metaphorically. 
You could actually freeze or be 

2890
02:35:43,500 --> 02:35:48,000
killed Hospitality laws, created
a safety, net for travelers and 

2891
02:35:48,000 --> 02:35:50,000
by extension for Commerce and 
communication. 

2892
02:35:51,100 --> 02:35:53,500
A merchant transporting goods 
needed to know. 

2893
02:35:53,500 --> 02:35:55,200
He could find shelter along his 
route. 

2894
02:35:56,100 --> 02:35:58,300
And a messenger carrying 
important letters needed, 

2895
02:35:58,300 --> 02:36:02,100
reliable stopping points. 
Even a pilgrim traveling to a 

2896
02:36:02,100 --> 02:36:05,000
holy site needed assurance. 
That he wouldn't be left to die 

2897
02:36:05,000 --> 02:36:07,600
in a ditch because no one felt 
like helping him. 

2898
02:36:08,800 --> 02:36:11,900
The laws made travel possible by
making shelter predictable. 

2899
02:36:11,900 --> 02:36:16,000
But here's the reciprocal, 
element, the same laws protected

2900
02:36:16,000 --> 02:36:20,300
in Keepers and hosts, If you are
required to provide lodging, you

2901
02:36:20,300 --> 02:36:22,500
were also protected in how you 
provided it. 

2902
02:36:23,200 --> 02:36:26,600
You didn't have to offer luxury 
accommodations basic shelter, 

2903
02:36:26,600 --> 02:36:30,500
simple food, and a place to 
sleep with sufficient, you could

2904
02:36:30,500 --> 02:36:33,800
charge reasonable rates as 
established by local custum. 

2905
02:36:33,800 --> 02:36:37,500
And if a guest calls trouble, 
you had legal recourse to remove

2906
02:36:37,500 --> 02:36:39,600
them and seek compensation for 
any damage. 

2907
02:36:40,400 --> 02:36:44,100
The regulations, cut both ways 
protecting both The Travelers, 

2908
02:36:44,100 --> 02:36:47,500
need for shelter and the host 
right to maintain order in his 

2909
02:36:47,508 --> 02:36:51,100
establishment loss fatality. 
Rules also created a kind of 

2910
02:36:51,100 --> 02:36:55,400
social insurance system Today, 
if you fell on hard times, while

2911
02:36:55,400 --> 02:36:58,700
traveling, you might end up 
sleeping in your car or at a 

2912
02:36:58,700 --> 02:37:02,100
shelter run by charities. 
Medieval people who couldn't 

2913
02:37:02,100 --> 02:37:04,700
afford, an inn might rely on 
religious houses or invoke 

2914
02:37:04,700 --> 02:37:07,100
Hospitality Customs to find a 
nice shelter. 

2915
02:37:07,700 --> 02:37:09,300
It wasn't charity. 
Exactly. 

2916
02:37:09,300 --> 02:37:14,800
It was obligation encoded in law
and custom and because it was an

2917
02:37:14,800 --> 02:37:17,900
obligation rather than charity, 
it came without quite the same. 

2918
02:37:17,900 --> 02:37:20,500
Stickman, you won't begging for 
kindness. 

2919
02:37:20,500 --> 02:37:24,100
You were claiming a right that 
any traveler possessed, there's 

2920
02:37:24,100 --> 02:37:26,000
something profound in this 
rangement. 

2921
02:37:26,800 --> 02:37:29,900
It acknowledged that anyone 
might someday be the Stranger in

2922
02:37:29,900 --> 02:37:32,800
need of help. 
The wealthy Merchant enforcing 

2923
02:37:32,800 --> 02:37:36,700
Hospitality laws are in like, 
someday, find himself stranded 

2924
02:37:36,700 --> 02:37:40,600
far from home grateful that 
someone was required to take him

2925
02:37:40,600 --> 02:37:43,500
in. 
The Peasant offering his barn to

2926
02:37:43,500 --> 02:37:46,800
a travel during a storm might 
someday be that traveler seeking

2927
02:37:46,800 --> 02:37:51,500
shelter in someone else's Barn. 
The laws created reciprocal 

2928
02:37:51,500 --> 02:37:55,300
obligations that over safety net
across the landscape religious 

2929
02:37:55,300 --> 02:37:59,000
houses, monasteries convents and
hospitals, operated under 

2930
02:37:59,000 --> 02:38:01,400
particularly strict Hospitality 
requirements. 

2931
02:38:01,400 --> 02:38:03,700
They were expected to welcome, 
Travelers. 

2932
02:38:03,700 --> 02:38:07,500
Feed the Hungary and care for 
the sick regardless of ability 

2933
02:38:07,500 --> 02:38:11,400
to pay This wasn't optional 
charity. 

2934
02:38:11,400 --> 02:38:14,200
It was Central to their 
religious mission. 

2935
02:38:15,200 --> 02:38:17,800
Traveler could arrive at a 
monastery gate with reasonable 

2936
02:38:17,800 --> 02:38:22,500
confidence that he had receive 
at least basic Hospitality a 

2937
02:38:22,500 --> 02:38:26,300
meal, a place to sleep, but 
medical attention if needed. 

2938
02:38:27,200 --> 02:38:30,800
This network of religious houses
created waypoints across the 

2939
02:38:30,800 --> 02:38:34,600
medieval landscape, making long 
distance travel feasible. 

2940
02:38:34,600 --> 02:38:38,300
Even for those of modest means, 
now let's Venture beyond the 

2941
02:38:38,300 --> 02:38:42,200
town walls into the forests and 
common lands spaces that were 

2942
02:38:42,200 --> 02:38:45,600
neither quite wild nor fully 
tamed, where some of the most 

2943
02:38:45,600 --> 02:38:48,200
practical medieval regulations 
operated. 

2944
02:38:49,000 --> 02:38:51,900
You might assume forests were 
free for all zones where anyone 

2945
02:38:51,900 --> 02:38:54,000
could hunt gather wood or 
pasture animals. 

2946
02:38:55,200 --> 02:38:57,100
The reality was far more 
controlled. 

2947
02:38:57,100 --> 02:39:00,200
And once again, these controls 
were more practical than you 

2948
02:39:00,200 --> 02:39:04,300
might expect Forest laws, could 
be severe particularly in Royal 

2949
02:39:04,300 --> 02:39:06,600
forests where the king hunting 
rights. 

2950
02:39:07,400 --> 02:39:09,500
Killing a deer. 
In the king's Forest might cost 

2951
02:39:09,500 --> 02:39:13,300
you your hands or eyes penalties
that sound barbaric to your 

2952
02:39:13,300 --> 02:39:16,500
modern sensibilities. 
But surrounding those harsh 

2953
02:39:16,500 --> 02:39:20,300
penalties for poaching game. 100
of smaller regulations about 

2954
02:39:20,300 --> 02:39:23,100
Forest use that actually 
protected, common people's 

2955
02:39:23,100 --> 02:39:25,300
rights while preserving the 
wrestler. 

2956
02:39:25,300 --> 02:39:28,700
He couldn't cut down trees 
wherever you wanted, but you did

2957
02:39:28,700 --> 02:39:31,300
have the right to gather fall 
and wood and dead branches. 

2958
02:39:31,300 --> 02:39:34,600
A right called Deadwood or 
windfall. 

2959
02:39:35,400 --> 02:39:38,900
This distinction was important. 
It meant that common people 

2960
02:39:38,900 --> 02:39:41,900
could collect fuel for heating 
and cooking without destroying 

2961
02:39:41,900 --> 02:39:45,800
the forest living trees. 
Forest remained intact for 

2962
02:39:45,800 --> 02:39:49,100
hunting and Timber while still 
providing resources for those 

2963
02:39:49,100 --> 02:39:52,400
who needed them. 
It was a sustainable use policy 

2964
02:39:52,400 --> 02:39:56,000
that protected both the powerful
Nobles interests and the poor 

2965
02:39:56,000 --> 02:39:59,300
Villages needs. 
Similarly, you might have rights

2966
02:39:59,300 --> 02:40:02,800
to pass through your pigs in the
forest During certain Seasons, a

2967
02:40:02,800 --> 02:40:06,400
practice called pannage. 
Pigs Would forage for acorns and

2968
02:40:06,400 --> 02:40:09,800
other masks fattening themselves
at no cost to you. 

2969
02:40:10,500 --> 02:40:14,300
But the practice was regulated 
by season and number to prevent 

2970
02:40:14,300 --> 02:40:18,100
overgrazing and Forest damage. 
He couldn't just turn loose 

2971
02:40:18,100 --> 02:40:21,700
unlimited pigs year round. 
There were rules about how many 

2972
02:40:21,700 --> 02:40:25,400
animals each household could run
when the page season opened and 

2973
02:40:25,400 --> 02:40:27,900
closed and what fees might be 
owed. 

2974
02:40:27,900 --> 02:40:32,000
These regulations sound 
restrictive and they were, but 

2975
02:40:32,000 --> 02:40:34,800
they prevented the tragedy of 
the commons that occurs when 

2976
02:40:34,800 --> 02:40:38,100
everyone takes as much as they 
can with no regard for 

2977
02:40:38,100 --> 02:40:41,400
sustainability. 
If every villager could cut all 

2978
02:40:41,400 --> 02:40:44,200
the wood they wanted the forest 
would soon be denuded. 

2979
02:40:45,000 --> 02:40:47,400
If everyone passed, she had 
unlimited animals, the 

2980
02:40:47,400 --> 02:40:50,200
undergrowth would be destroyed 
and young trees could grow. 

2981
02:40:51,000 --> 02:40:54,100
The regulations ensure that the 
forest remained productive 

2982
02:40:54,100 --> 02:40:58,400
generation after generation 
providing for everyone rather 

2983
02:40:58,400 --> 02:41:02,200
than being exhausted by the 
greediest users, common lands 

2984
02:41:02,200 --> 02:41:06,300
Meadows pastures, and wastelands
shared by a village operated 

2985
02:41:06,300 --> 02:41:09,500
under similar principles. 
You have the right to graze, 

2986
02:41:09,500 --> 02:41:12,500
your animals on the common but 
not unlimited animals. 

2987
02:41:12,500 --> 02:41:16,300
You could cut rushes for Floor 
Covering or reads for thatching 

2988
02:41:16,300 --> 02:41:20,000
but not more than your household
needed. these use rights were 

2989
02:41:20,000 --> 02:41:23,800
carefully defined and jealously 
guarded because they represented

2990
02:41:23,800 --> 02:41:27,300
real value to families who owned
little land of their own, the 

2991
02:41:27,300 --> 02:41:30,900
common land regulations, created
a functional sharing economy, 

2992
02:41:31,700 --> 02:41:33,900
Your single cow. 
Could graze alongside your 

2993
02:41:33,900 --> 02:41:37,400
neighbor's sheep and someone 
else's goats and there was 

2994
02:41:37,408 --> 02:41:39,600
enough grass for all. 
Because the total number of 

2995
02:41:39,600 --> 02:41:43,400
animals was controlled. 
If someone tried to run extra 

2996
02:41:43,400 --> 02:41:47,000
animals or take more than their 
share of resources, the other 

2997
02:41:47,000 --> 02:41:49,700
commoners would quickly object 
and enforce the rules. 

2998
02:41:50,600 --> 02:41:53,300
The system worked because 
everyone benefitted from 

2999
02:41:53,300 --> 02:41:56,900
sustainable use and everyone 
suffered if someone overused the

3000
02:41:56,900 --> 02:42:00,200
commons there's a lesson here 
about how regulations can 

3001
02:42:00,200 --> 02:42:02,300
protect Freedom rather than 
restricted. 

3002
02:42:03,200 --> 02:42:06,100
He had less individual Freedom, 
you couldn't exploit common 

3003
02:42:06,100 --> 02:42:09,600
resources without limit, but you
had more practical freedom 

3004
02:42:09,600 --> 02:42:12,500
because the shared resources 
remained available year after 

3005
02:42:12,500 --> 02:42:15,100
year. 
Your children and grandchildren 

3006
02:42:15,100 --> 02:42:18,300
would have access to the same 
common lands because the 

3007
02:42:18,300 --> 02:42:21,900
regulations prevented anyone 
generation from exhausting them 

3008
02:42:21,900 --> 02:42:24,300
forest and common land 
regulations. 

3009
02:42:24,300 --> 02:42:27,400
Also included detailed rules 
about when certain activities 

3010
02:42:27,400 --> 02:42:29,900
could take place. 
You might be allowed to graze 

3011
02:42:29,900 --> 02:42:33,000
animals on the common only after
the hay Harvest was complete 

3012
02:42:33,000 --> 02:42:35,600
giving everyone a chance to 
secure winter. 

3013
02:42:35,600 --> 02:42:38,200
Fodder. 
First You might be permitted to 

3014
02:42:38,200 --> 02:42:42,100
gather specific types of wood 
only during certain months when 

3015
02:42:42,100 --> 02:42:44,900
taking them wouldn't harm the 
forest reproductive cycle. 

3016
02:42:45,800 --> 02:42:48,400
These temporal regulations 
showed sophisticated 

3017
02:42:48,400 --> 02:42:51,400
understanding of ecological 
processes and Resource 

3018
02:42:51,400 --> 02:42:53,800
Management. 
The enforcement of these rules 

3019
02:42:53,800 --> 02:42:57,100
often fell to local officials 
elected or appointed from within

3020
02:42:57,100 --> 02:42:59,200
the community. 
A Haywood. 

3021
02:42:59,200 --> 02:43:02,700
Might oversee, common lands. 
Woodward might manage Forest 

3022
02:43:02,700 --> 02:43:06,300
resources and these officials 
were typically people who lived 

3023
02:43:06,300 --> 02:43:08,600
in the area of their whole lives
and understood both the 

3024
02:43:08,600 --> 02:43:10,500
resources and the needs of their
neighbors. 

3025
02:43:11,400 --> 02:43:13,500
They weren't distant bureaucrats
imposing. 

3026
02:43:13,500 --> 02:43:16,200
Arbitrary rules. 
They were community members, 

3027
02:43:16,200 --> 02:43:19,200
trying to balance competing 
interests and ensure long-term 

3028
02:43:19,200 --> 02:43:23,700
sustainability as we Circle back
toward the Town Center, let's 

3029
02:43:23,700 --> 02:43:27,700
consider how time itself was 
regulated and communal in ways 

3030
02:43:27,700 --> 02:43:31,200
that might surprise you You have
a clock on your wrist or phone 

3031
02:43:31,200 --> 02:43:34,700
synchronized to the second with 
atomic timepieces. 

3032
02:43:34,700 --> 02:43:38,300
You know, exactly what time it 
is anywhere in the world. 

3033
02:43:38,300 --> 02:43:42,300
Any moment of the day medieval 
people had a much looser 

3034
02:43:42,300 --> 02:43:46,100
relationship with clock time. 
Not because they were imprecise 

3035
02:43:46,100 --> 02:43:49,600
but because their needs were 
different churches, marked the 

3036
02:43:49,600 --> 02:43:53,000
hours with bells, ringing it 
intervals throughout the day and

3037
02:43:53,000 --> 02:43:56,900
night for prayers. 
These canonical hours, matins, 

3038
02:43:56,900 --> 02:44:02,400
Lords Prime tour, Sexton Vespers
and compline divided the day 

3039
02:44:02,400 --> 02:44:05,000
into segments but not equal 
segments. 

3040
02:44:05,900 --> 02:44:08,500
The hours are just did with the 
seasons since they were based on

3041
02:44:08,500 --> 02:44:11,200
daylight. 
A summer owl was longer than a 

3042
02:44:11,208 --> 02:44:13,900
winter, our this seems chaotic 
to you. 

3043
02:44:13,900 --> 02:44:17,100
But it made perfect sense. 
In a world where useful work was

3044
02:44:17,100 --> 02:44:20,600
limited by available light. 
The church bells served as the 

3045
02:44:20,600 --> 02:44:23,800
town's time keeping system and 
everyone lived by them. 

3046
02:44:24,600 --> 02:44:28,400
The morning, Bells told you when
to rise and start work, midday 

3047
02:44:28,400 --> 02:44:32,100
Bells reminded you to eat 
evening, Bells signaled, the end

3048
02:44:32,100 --> 02:44:35,400
of the work day, these shared 
time, signals synchronized. 

3049
02:44:35,400 --> 02:44:38,500
The community in ways that 
individual time keeping never 

3050
02:44:38,500 --> 02:44:41,300
could. 
Everyone heard the same bells 

3051
02:44:41,300 --> 02:44:43,400
and organized their day around 
the same markers. 

3052
02:44:43,400 --> 02:44:46,800
You didn't need to worry about 
your clock being 5 minutes fast,

3053
02:44:46,800 --> 02:44:50,400
or wonder if you'd misread the 
time the bell rang everyone 

3054
02:44:50,400 --> 02:44:53,600
heard it and everyone knew what 
time it was collectively. 

3055
02:44:53,600 --> 02:44:57,800
If not precisely this communal 
timekeeping also meant that time

3056
02:44:57,800 --> 02:45:00,300
was less of a burden. 
You couldn't be late for 

3057
02:45:00,300 --> 02:45:02,700
something if no one knew 
exactly, when it was supposed to

3058
02:45:02,708 --> 02:45:06,000
start. 
Meetings happened after the 

3059
02:45:06,000 --> 02:45:12,000
midday Bell or before Vespers or
when the Sun reaches mid sky. 

3060
02:45:12,800 --> 02:45:16,400
There was inherent flexibility 
in these Arrangements, he showed

3061
02:45:16,400 --> 02:45:19,400
up within a reasonable period 
around the appointed time, and 

3062
02:45:19,400 --> 02:45:22,200
that was sufficient. 
The anxiety of modern, 

3063
02:45:22,200 --> 02:45:26,600
punctuality of being exactly on 
time or being considered rude. 

3064
02:45:27,300 --> 02:45:30,200
Didn't exist in quite the same 
way yet. 

3065
02:45:30,200 --> 02:45:32,500
For all this flexibility. 
Medieval people could be 

3066
02:45:32,500 --> 02:45:35,000
remarkably precise when 
Precision mattered. 

3067
02:45:35,900 --> 02:45:38,700
Mechanical clocks began 
appearing in churches, and town 

3068
02:45:38,700 --> 02:45:41,800
halls in the late Middle Ages, 
and they use was carefully 

3069
02:45:41,800 --> 02:45:44,500
regulated. 
The town clock needed to be 

3070
02:45:44,500 --> 02:45:46,900
accurate because people made 
agreements based on it. 

3071
02:45:47,600 --> 02:45:51,800
Markets opened at specific 
hours, work shift at Mills or 

3072
02:45:51,800 --> 02:45:55,900
workshops needed coordination. 
Legal proceedings happened at 

3073
02:45:55,900 --> 02:45:59,600
designated times. 
So the community invested in 

3074
02:45:59,600 --> 02:46:02,900
maintaining a good clock and 
ensuring everyone had access to 

3075
02:46:02,900 --> 02:46:06,800
its information, the regulation 
of time, like so many medieval 

3076
02:46:06,800 --> 02:46:09,600
rules was about creating common 
reference points. 

3077
02:46:10,300 --> 02:46:12,700
Just as the weights and measures
for bread needed to be 

3078
02:46:12,700 --> 02:46:16,900
standardized and Market hours 
needed to be known to all time 

3079
02:46:16,900 --> 02:46:19,200
itself needed to be a shared 
resource. 

3080
02:46:19,900 --> 02:46:22,600
The bells and clocks weren't 
just tools for individuals. 

3081
02:46:22,600 --> 02:46:26,100
They were public infrastructure 
that enabled the whole Community

3082
02:46:26,100 --> 02:46:28,900
to function in synchronized 
ways. 

3083
02:46:28,900 --> 02:46:32,400
When synchronization mattered 
the division of time will 

3084
02:46:32,400 --> 02:46:35,400
reflected and reinforced the 
rhythm of medieval religious 

3085
02:46:35,400 --> 02:46:37,900
life. 
The canonical hours weren't just

3086
02:46:37,900 --> 02:46:41,200
arbitrary division's. 
They represented times of prayer

3087
02:46:41,200 --> 02:46:44,900
that structured the day for 
monks and nuns and by extension 

3088
02:46:44,900 --> 02:46:48,900
for the whole community. 
When the bells rang for Vespers,

3089
02:46:48,900 --> 02:46:52,500
even if you weren't particularly
devout, you were reminded that 

3090
02:46:52,500 --> 02:46:55,300
the day was winding down. 
And that it was time to think 

3091
02:46:55,300 --> 02:46:57,800
about evening, tasks, and 
preparation for night. 

3092
02:46:58,700 --> 02:47:01,500
The religious framework for 
time, gave it meaning Beyond 

3093
02:47:01,500 --> 02:47:03,800
mere measurement. 
Let's take a moment to think 

3094
02:47:03,800 --> 02:47:05,500
about, what? 
All these regulations about 

3095
02:47:05,500 --> 02:47:10,900
noise bread, markets clothing, 
Hospitality forests and time add

3096
02:47:10,900 --> 02:47:14,600
up to They created a world where
individual Freedom was 

3097
02:47:14,600 --> 02:47:18,000
constrained, certainly you 
couldn't do whatever you wanted 

3098
02:47:18,000 --> 02:47:21,100
whenever you wanted. 
You had to follow rules about 

3099
02:47:21,100 --> 02:47:23,300
the most mundane aspects of 
daily life. 

3100
02:47:24,300 --> 02:47:27,300
But in exchange for these 
constraints, you gained 

3101
02:47:27,300 --> 02:47:30,800
something valuable a functioning
Community with shared 

3102
02:47:30,800 --> 02:47:34,400
expectations and mutual 
obligations in your neighbor, 

3103
02:47:34,400 --> 02:47:36,700
couldn't keep your weight with 
his hammering because the noise 

3104
02:47:36,700 --> 02:47:39,900
rules protected you both. 
In your bread was fairly 

3105
02:47:39,900 --> 02:47:43,100
weighted because the regulations
protected honest Bakers and 

3106
02:47:43,100 --> 02:47:46,400
customers alike. 
You that if you travel and met 

3107
02:47:46,400 --> 02:47:50,100
with Misfortune Hospitality 
laws, might save your life. 

3108
02:47:50,900 --> 02:47:53,400
You the common lands would still
be there for your children 

3109
02:47:53,400 --> 02:47:55,900
because usage was controlled and
sustainable. 

3110
02:47:56,600 --> 02:47:58,900
You know, what time it was 
because everyone heard the same 

3111
02:47:58,900 --> 02:48:03,700
Bells, these regulations created
trust trust that others would 

3112
02:48:03,700 --> 02:48:05,400
follow the same rules, you 
followed. 

3113
02:48:06,200 --> 02:48:09,400
Trust that cheaters would be 
caught and punished. and trust 

3114
02:48:09,400 --> 02:48:12,700
that the systems enabling daily 
life would continue functioning 

3115
02:48:13,800 --> 02:48:16,500
this trust was the invisible 
Foundation, that allowed 

3116
02:48:16,500 --> 02:48:19,700
medieval communities to work 
despite all their Challengers 

3117
02:48:20,700 --> 02:48:23,900
Without police forces to enforce
every Rule and without 

3118
02:48:23,900 --> 02:48:28,100
surveillance technology to catch
every violation, the system 

3119
02:48:28,100 --> 02:48:32,200
depended on community pressure, 
shared understanding, and the 

3120
02:48:32,200 --> 02:48:34,900
knowledge that today's enforcer 
might be tomorrow's, 

3121
02:48:34,900 --> 02:48:37,300
rule-breaker needing the 
communities protection. 

3122
02:48:37,300 --> 02:48:41,000
There's something almost 
beautiful in how these practical

3123
02:48:41,000 --> 02:48:44,400
regulations emerged, not from 
Theory, but from necessity, 

3124
02:48:45,400 --> 02:48:48,400
Nobody sat down with a 
comprehensive plan for managing 

3125
02:48:48,400 --> 02:48:52,500
evil Town life. 
Instead communities developed 

3126
02:48:52,500 --> 02:48:56,500
solutions to specific problems. 
How to keep the peace at night, 

3127
02:48:56,500 --> 02:49:01,400
how to prevent bread crawled, 
how to make markets Fair, how to

3128
02:49:01,400 --> 02:49:04,900
ensure Travelers didn't die on 
the roads and how to preserve 

3129
02:49:04,900 --> 02:49:10,100
shared resources. each solution 
became a Custer and Customs, 

3130
02:49:10,100 --> 02:49:14,600
hardened into regulations and 
regulations accumulated into a 

3131
02:49:14,600 --> 02:49:17,300
comprehensive system that looks 
from your perspective 

3132
02:49:17,300 --> 02:49:20,700
simultaneously strange and 
remarkably sophisticated 

3133
02:49:20,700 --> 02:49:25,400
consider how interconnected 
these rules were The curfew Bell

3134
02:49:25,400 --> 02:49:28,100
that marked quiet hours. 
Also signaled, when to bank your

3135
02:49:28,100 --> 02:49:31,600
fire, which reduced the risk of 
conflagration that would destroy

3136
02:49:31,600 --> 02:49:33,700
the wooden buildings, where 
people lived and worked. 

3137
02:49:34,600 --> 02:49:37,400
The market regulations that 
prevented for stalling. 

3138
02:49:37,400 --> 02:49:41,000
And regretting helped ensure 
that bread prices remain 

3139
02:49:41,000 --> 02:49:44,800
affordable, which made the 
Breadwinners more meaningful. 

3140
02:49:46,000 --> 02:49:49,200
The hospitality laws that 
protected Travelers enable the 

3141
02:49:49,208 --> 02:49:51,900
Commerce that kept Market 
supplied with diverse Goods. 

3142
02:49:53,000 --> 02:49:55,700
The forest regulations that 
preserved Timber resources, and 

3143
02:49:55,700 --> 02:49:59,100
sure that they would be wood for
building, the homes and shops 

3144
02:49:59,100 --> 02:50:02,600
where people followed. 
The other regulations, each rule

3145
02:50:02,600 --> 02:50:06,500
supported and reinforced the 
others creating a system greater

3146
02:50:06,500 --> 02:50:09,300
than the son of its parts. 
The medieval approach to 

3147
02:50:09,300 --> 02:50:12,200
regulation, or reflected a 
fundamentally different 

3148
02:50:12,200 --> 02:50:15,600
understanding of community, then
what you might be accustomed to 

3149
02:50:15,600 --> 02:50:19,700
in your world, there's often a 
sharp distinction between public

3150
02:50:19,700 --> 02:50:23,300
and private life between what 
the community can regulate and 

3151
02:50:23,300 --> 02:50:27,000
what is purely personal. 
Medieval people drew that line 

3152
02:50:27,000 --> 02:50:29,100
differently. 
They believed that almost 

3153
02:50:29,100 --> 02:50:32,500
nothing was purely personal 
because almost everything you 

3154
02:50:32,500 --> 02:50:36,100
did affected your neighbor's, 
your noisy work Disturbed, their

3155
02:50:36,100 --> 02:50:40,800
sleep, your breath for cheated, 
your customers, your wasteful 

3156
02:50:40,800 --> 02:50:43,800
use of common resources. 
Diminished what was available to

3157
02:50:43,800 --> 02:50:46,400
others? 
Your choice to wear clothing 

3158
02:50:46,400 --> 02:50:49,600
above your station and disrupted
social hierarchy. 

3159
02:50:50,200 --> 02:50:53,600
Even your private Hearthfire, if
left unbanked could burn down 

3160
02:50:53,600 --> 02:50:56,800
the whole neighborhood, this 
perspective sounds intrusive to 

3161
02:50:56,808 --> 02:51:00,100
Modern ears, but it came from 
lived experience in densely 

3162
02:51:00,100 --> 02:51:03,000
packed communities, where 
privacy was rare and 

3163
02:51:03,000 --> 02:51:04,700
Independence was often 
impossible. 

3164
02:51:05,700 --> 02:51:09,100
You depended on your neighbor's 
for help with harvests the 

3165
02:51:09,100 --> 02:51:11,800
defense against threats. 
And for support during hard 

3166
02:51:11,800 --> 02:51:15,300
times, they depended on you in 
the same ways. 

3167
02:51:16,100 --> 02:51:19,200
This Mutual dependence meant 
that individual actions had 

3168
02:51:19,200 --> 02:51:22,900
communal consequences and 
therefore, the community had a 

3169
02:51:22,900 --> 02:51:25,400
legitimate interest in 
regulating those actions 

3170
02:51:25,400 --> 02:51:28,700
regulations word about control 
for its own sake. 

3171
02:51:28,700 --> 02:51:31,100
There were about managing the 
inevitable. 

3172
02:51:31,100 --> 02:51:35,000
Friction that comes from people 
living in close proximity has 

3173
02:51:35,000 --> 02:51:38,300
the medieval evening deepens 
around you, and the Darkness 

3174
02:51:38,300 --> 02:51:41,900
becomes complete Imagine one 
final time. 

3175
02:51:41,900 --> 02:51:45,200
What it was like to live within 
this web of rules and customs. 

3176
02:51:46,200 --> 02:51:50,500
Your day has followed a rhythm 
set by communal bells and shared

3177
02:51:50,500 --> 02:51:53,400
expectations. 
You've bought your bread, 

3178
02:51:53,400 --> 02:51:57,000
knowing it was fairly weighted. 
Sold your goods in a market 

3179
02:51:57,000 --> 02:52:01,000
where everyone competed on equal
terms dressed in clothing, that 

3180
02:52:01,000 --> 02:52:03,200
both identified and constrained 
you. 

3181
02:52:03,200 --> 02:52:06,400
And now you're settling in for 
the night, knowing that quiet 

3182
02:52:06,400 --> 02:52:09,500
hours will bring actual quiet 
because everyone is obligated to

3183
02:52:09,500 --> 02:52:11,800
respect them. 
The rules haven't made your 

3184
02:52:11,800 --> 02:52:14,000
life. 
Easy medieval life was never 

3185
02:52:14,000 --> 02:52:16,300
easy, but they've made it 
workable. 

3186
02:52:16,300 --> 02:52:20,000
They've created predictability 
in an unpredictable World. 

3187
02:52:20,000 --> 02:52:23,600
Fairness in a world that could 
be arbitrary and cruel and 

3188
02:52:23,600 --> 02:52:26,600
community in a world where 
isolation could mean death. 

3189
02:52:27,300 --> 02:52:30,300
You've traded some individuals 
freedom for collective security 

3190
02:52:30,300 --> 02:52:33,400
and most of the time that seems 
like a reasonable bargain. 

3191
02:52:33,400 --> 02:52:36,000
These regulations were never 
perfect. 

3192
02:52:36,800 --> 02:52:40,200
People evaded them broke them 
and chafed against them. 

3193
02:52:41,000 --> 02:52:43,700
The wealthy often found ways 
around rules that bound the 

3194
02:52:43,700 --> 02:52:46,000
poor. 
The powerful enforced, 

3195
02:52:46,000 --> 02:52:48,700
regulations selectively to their
advantage. 

3196
02:52:49,700 --> 02:52:53,100
Medieval Society was far from 
Equitable or just by your modern

3197
02:52:53,100 --> 02:52:56,000
standards. 
Yet within all its limitations 

3198
02:52:56,000 --> 02:52:59,700
and inequalities the regulation 
of daily life showed a practical

3199
02:52:59,700 --> 02:53:03,200
wisdom of about human nature and
Community needs people needed 

3200
02:53:03,200 --> 02:53:05,800
sleep. 
So noise was controlled people 

3201
02:53:05,800 --> 02:53:09,200
needed food security. 
So, bread was regulated people 

3202
02:53:09,200 --> 02:53:12,600
needed, Fair Commerce. 
So markets had rules, people 

3203
02:53:12,600 --> 02:53:16,800
needed to travel, so Hospitality
was mandated, people needed, 

3204
02:53:16,800 --> 02:53:19,000
shared resources, so Commons 
were managed. 

3205
02:53:19,700 --> 02:53:21,300
People needed temporal 
coordination. 

3206
02:53:21,300 --> 02:53:26,300
So time was communal, each rule 
addressed a genuine need and 

3207
02:53:26,300 --> 02:53:29,400
together they created a 
functioning social order, the 

3208
02:53:29,400 --> 02:53:32,600
genius of these regulations lay 
in their reciprocity. 

3209
02:53:33,300 --> 02:53:36,400
You gave up the freedom to make 
noise but you gain the guarantee

3210
02:53:36,400 --> 02:53:38,900
of quiet. 
You accepted limits on your 

3211
02:53:38,900 --> 02:53:41,800
bread pricing but you were 
protected from other Bakers 

3212
02:53:41,800 --> 02:53:45,500
fraud, you couldn't monopolize 
common resources, but neither 

3213
02:53:45,500 --> 02:53:49,600
could anyone else? 
You had to offer Hospitality but

3214
02:53:49,600 --> 02:53:53,000
you could also claim it when 
needed the restrictions flowed, 

3215
02:53:53,000 --> 02:53:57,000
both ways creating a balanced 
system where everyone was both 

3216
02:53:57,000 --> 02:54:01,000
constrained and protected by the
same rules as you drift towards 

3217
02:54:01,000 --> 02:54:02,700
sleep. 
Think about your own world's 

3218
02:54:02,700 --> 02:54:06,100
rules and regulations. 
You have far more individual 

3219
02:54:06,100 --> 02:54:09,700
freedom than any medieval person
and you probably wouldn't trade 

3220
02:54:09,700 --> 02:54:12,900
places even if you could. 
But you've also lost something 

3221
02:54:12,900 --> 02:54:16,800
they had that sense of being 
embedded in a community with 

3222
02:54:16,800 --> 02:54:20,200
shared rules and mutual 
obligations where restrictions 

3223
02:54:20,200 --> 02:54:22,300
on your freedom. 
Came with protections against 

3224
02:54:22,300 --> 02:54:25,800
others, freedoms and where 
giving up some autonomy meant 

3225
02:54:25,800 --> 02:54:29,600
gaining security and Trust 
medieval regulations were about 

3226
02:54:29,600 --> 02:54:33,100
control for its own sake. 
They were about making life work

3227
02:54:33,100 --> 02:54:36,500
in a world, where everything was
harder were cooperation was 

3228
02:54:36,500 --> 02:54:40,000
essential for survival and where
individual desires has to be 

3229
02:54:40,000 --> 02:54:44,200
balanced against communal needs.
The rule sound odd to your ears,

3230
02:54:44,200 --> 02:54:47,000
but they emerge from the same. 
Impulse that drives you to 

3231
02:54:47,000 --> 02:54:50,900
appreciate noise ordinances or 
truth in advertising laws or 

3232
02:54:50,900 --> 02:54:52,900
national parks with usage 
limits. 

3233
02:54:53,900 --> 02:54:56,900
They were attempts to create 
order, fairness and 

3234
02:54:56,900 --> 02:54:59,600
sustainability in a world that 
offered none of those things 

3235
02:54:59,600 --> 02:55:02,200
naturally. 
The legacy of these medieval 

3236
02:55:02,200 --> 02:55:05,400
rules lives on in ways, you 
might not realize your 

3237
02:55:05,400 --> 02:55:08,200
assumptions about Fair weights 
and measures in Commerce. 

3238
02:55:09,200 --> 02:55:12,300
Medieval bread regulations 
established that principle. 

3239
02:55:13,000 --> 02:55:15,800
Your expectation that markets 
should operate on a sleep. 

3240
02:55:16,400 --> 02:55:18,600
Medieval Market rules set that 
standard. 

3241
02:55:19,600 --> 02:55:22,200
Your sentence that excessive 
noise is a violation of 

3242
02:55:22,200 --> 02:55:26,000
community norms. 
Medieval quiet hours codified 

3243
02:55:26,000 --> 02:55:29,600
that understanding. 
Your belief that certain spaces 

3244
02:55:29,600 --> 02:55:31,100
should be preserved for common 
use. 

3245
02:55:32,000 --> 02:55:35,600
Evil forest and common land, 
regulations embedded that idea 

3246
02:55:35,600 --> 02:55:38,100
and law. 
Even your relationship with time

3247
02:55:38,100 --> 02:55:39,600
of something to Medieval 
practices. 

3248
02:55:40,600 --> 02:55:43,500
The idea that a whole Community 
should operate on synchronized 

3249
02:55:43,500 --> 02:55:47,400
schedules, that public clock 
should be available to all and 

3250
02:55:47,400 --> 02:55:50,800
that time keeping as a shared 
social function, rather than 

3251
02:55:50,800 --> 02:55:54,600
just an individual concern, 
these Concepts were hammered 

3252
02:55:54,600 --> 02:55:56,500
out, in medieval Town, squares, 
and church towers. 

3253
02:55:57,600 --> 02:56:00,000
When you check the time to 
coordinate meeting a friend, 

3254
02:56:00,000 --> 02:56:03,000
you're participating in a 
tradition of communal 

3255
02:56:03,000 --> 02:56:07,800
timekeeping that stretches back.
Centuries, the specific rules of

3256
02:56:07,800 --> 02:56:09,900
changed. 
Of course you don't live by 

3257
02:56:09,900 --> 02:56:13,200
church bells or curfew 
regulations, you can wear 

3258
02:56:13,200 --> 02:56:16,900
whatever you want and make noise
at any hour at least legally, if

3259
02:56:16,900 --> 02:56:20,600
not considerably. 
But the, underlying principle 

3260
02:56:20,600 --> 02:56:24,900
remains communities need shared 
rules to function and those 

3261
02:56:24,900 --> 02:56:27,800
rules work best when they 
protect Everyone by limiting, 

3262
02:56:27,800 --> 02:56:30,800
everyone, when they create trust
through predictability. 

3263
02:56:30,800 --> 02:56:33,600
And when they balanced 
individual, desires against 

3264
02:56:33,600 --> 02:56:36,900
Collective needs, medieval 
people understood something, 

3265
02:56:36,900 --> 02:56:40,800
that's easy to forget in your 
individualistic age, Freedom 

3266
02:56:40,800 --> 02:56:42,600
isn't just the absence of 
constraint. 

3267
02:56:43,400 --> 02:56:46,300
Some times, Freedom comes from 
knowing what the constraints are

3268
02:56:46,300 --> 02:56:50,100
knowing they apply to everyone 
and knowing their designed to 

3269
02:56:50,100 --> 02:56:52,300
make life, work better for the 
whole community. 

3270
02:56:53,400 --> 02:56:56,400
You gain freedom to sleep 
peacefully by giving up freedom 

3271
02:56:56,400 --> 02:57:00,000
to make noise at night. 
You gain freedom to buy food, 

3272
02:57:00,000 --> 02:57:03,700
confidently by accepting 
regulation of weights and price.

3273
02:57:03,700 --> 02:57:07,600
As you gain freedom to use 
common resources by limiting how

3274
02:57:07,600 --> 02:57:10,000
much any individual can take 
these? 

3275
02:57:10,000 --> 02:57:14,500
Oddly specific medieval rules 
about bells and bread markets 

3276
02:57:14,500 --> 02:57:16,900
and noise, hospitality and 
forests. 

3277
02:57:16,900 --> 02:57:19,800
They weren't signs of 
Oppression, though. 

3278
02:57:19,800 --> 02:57:22,200
They certainly could be 
oppressive, when enforced on 

3279
02:57:22,200 --> 02:57:24,900
justly. 
They were signs of communities 

3280
02:57:24,900 --> 02:57:27,600
figuring out how to live 
together, how to balance 

3281
02:57:27,600 --> 02:57:31,300
competing needs, and how to 
create systems that benefited. 

3282
02:57:31,300 --> 02:57:35,200
Most people most of the time, 
they were practical solutions to

3283
02:57:35,200 --> 02:57:38,200
practical problems. 
Tested and refined over 

3284
02:57:38,200 --> 02:57:41,400
Generations, until they became 
the invisible infrastructure 

3285
02:57:41,400 --> 02:57:43,200
that made medieval life 
possible. 

3286
02:57:43,200 --> 02:57:46,500
The medieval approach to 
community regulation, offers 

3287
02:57:46,500 --> 02:57:50,300
lessons, that remain relevant. 
In your interconnected world, 

3288
02:57:50,300 --> 02:57:53,200
where your actions affect people
across the globe through 

3289
02:57:53,200 --> 02:57:57,800
environmental impact, economic, 
ties, and digital connections. 

3290
02:57:57,800 --> 02:58:01,200
The question of how to balance 
individual Freedom with 

3291
02:58:01,200 --> 02:58:03,000
Collective welfare is more 
pressing than ever. 

3292
02:58:03,900 --> 02:58:06,500
Made evil, people had no choice 
but to Grapple with this balance

3293
02:58:06,500 --> 02:58:10,000
because their physical proximity
made the consequences of 

3294
02:58:10,000 --> 02:58:12,100
individual actions immediately 
visible. 

3295
02:58:12,100 --> 02:58:16,600
You faced similar challenges on 
a larger scale with consequences

3296
02:58:16,600 --> 02:58:19,200
that may be less visible, but no
less real. 

3297
02:58:19,200 --> 02:58:22,900
So a sleep finally claims you 
maybe these medieval rules, 

3298
02:58:22,900 --> 02:58:25,700
don't seem quite so what off 
after all Maybe they seem 

3299
02:58:25,700 --> 02:58:29,800
remarkably sensible different in
detail, but similar in spirit to

3300
02:58:29,800 --> 02:58:32,000
the countless rules that 
structure your own life. 

3301
02:58:33,000 --> 02:58:34,700
Maybe the Middle Ages were so 
dark. 

3302
02:58:34,700 --> 02:58:38,100
After all at least, not in the 
sense of being ignorant or 

3303
02:58:38,100 --> 02:58:41,500
chaotic. 
Medieval people were solving 

3304
02:58:41,500 --> 02:58:45,800
problems building community and 
trying to make their lives work 

3305
02:58:45,800 --> 02:58:49,000
with the tools and knowledge. 
They had available, they created

3306
02:58:49,000 --> 02:58:51,000
systems. 
That acknowledged, human nature.

3307
02:58:51,000 --> 02:58:55,700
The tendency to cheat to take 
more than your share to disturb 

3308
02:58:55,700 --> 02:58:59,300
others for your own convenience 
and built structures to channel 

3309
02:58:59,300 --> 02:59:01,400
those impulses toward more 
productive ends. 

3310
02:59:02,400 --> 02:59:05,100
They understood that left 
entirely to individual Choice, 

3311
02:59:05,100 --> 02:59:08,600
communities would fracture, and 
essential resources would be 

3312
02:59:08,600 --> 02:59:11,700
depleted. 
So they created rules that 

3313
02:59:11,700 --> 02:59:15,000
limited everyone equally and 
protected everyone equally 

3314
02:59:15,700 --> 02:59:18,200
Trading individual autonomy, for
collective security. 

3315
02:59:18,200 --> 02:59:21,900
And on that thought with the 
peaceful certainly that comes 

3316
02:59:21,900 --> 02:59:25,300
from understanding how even 
strange seeming rules can make 

3317
02:59:25,300 --> 02:59:28,900
sense in context. 
Let yourself sink into sleep 

3318
02:59:28,900 --> 02:59:31,600
grateful. 
For the continuity of human 

3319
02:59:31,600 --> 02:59:33,900
wisdom. 
Across the centuries, grateful 

3320
02:59:33,900 --> 02:59:36,300
for all the invisible 
regulations, that make your own 

3321
02:59:36,300 --> 02:59:40,000
life, work and grateful, most of
all for the quiet dark that 

3322
02:59:40,000 --> 02:59:43,000
medieval people fought so hard 
to preserve for everyone's 

3323
02:59:43,000 --> 02:59:44,700
benefit. 
Sleep. 

3324
02:59:44,700 --> 02:59:46,900
Well. 
Knowing that people of being 

3325
02:59:46,900 --> 02:59:50,700
solving similar problems for 
centuries, finding ways to live 

3326
02:59:50,700 --> 02:59:54,200
together, despite all the 
challenges and creating order 

3327
02:59:54,200 --> 02:59:57,800
from chaos through the simple, 
but profound tool of shared 

3328
02:59:57,800 --> 03:00:06,500
rules and mutual respect. 
You're stepping into the 

3329
03:00:06,500 --> 03:00:10,000
everyday world of late 16th 
century and early 17th century, 

3330
03:00:10,000 --> 03:00:13,600
England away from the theaters 
and printed folios. 

3331
03:00:14,300 --> 03:00:18,600
Here in the regular rhythms of 
streets lodgings and households.

3332
03:00:18,600 --> 03:00:22,500
William Shakespeare, lived a 
life shaped by work travel and 

3333
03:00:22,500 --> 03:00:25,600
quiet observation. 
This is the story of his 

3334
03:00:25,600 --> 03:00:28,500
ordinary days. 
You wake in a room where light 

3335
03:00:28,500 --> 03:00:33,100
filters through small Windows. 
The S smells of wood and wool. 

3336
03:00:34,100 --> 03:00:37,200
Whether you're in Stratford upon
Avon or in London mornings, 

3337
03:00:37,200 --> 03:00:40,800
begin with simple tasks. 
You pull on clothes that have 

3338
03:00:40,800 --> 03:00:42,600
been worn before and will be 
worn again. 

3339
03:00:43,400 --> 03:00:46,700
Shoes are practical. 
Floor is cool beneath your feet.

3340
03:00:47,700 --> 03:00:51,500
In Stratford the house on Henley
Street holds the familiar sounds

3341
03:00:51,500 --> 03:00:54,400
of family. 
Doors, open and close. 

3342
03:00:54,400 --> 03:00:59,500
Voices carry from room to room, 
your wife and manages the 

3343
03:00:59,500 --> 03:01:02,800
household, your children move 
through their own routines. 

3344
03:01:02,800 --> 03:01:06,400
You spend time here between 
stretches of work in London 

3345
03:01:06,400 --> 03:01:10,100
returning to a place where the 
streets are known and the faces 

3346
03:01:10,100 --> 03:01:13,000
are constant. 
The house itself is substantial 

3347
03:01:13,000 --> 03:01:16,500
Timber frames. 
Support the walls, the rooms are

3348
03:01:16,500 --> 03:01:19,400
divided by function. 
There is a halt for Gathering 

3349
03:01:19,400 --> 03:01:22,500
Chambers for sleeping and a 
kitchen for cooking the 

3350
03:01:22,500 --> 03:01:26,300
structure has stood for years. 
It will stand for years more, 

3351
03:01:26,300 --> 03:01:30,700
you know, every corner of it, 
your daughter's Suzanne and 

3352
03:01:30,700 --> 03:01:33,100
Judith have their own lives 
within the household. 

3353
03:01:34,000 --> 03:01:39,100
Suzanna is the elder serious and
capable due to his quieter and 

3354
03:01:39,100 --> 03:01:41,800
more reserved. 
You see them, when you return 

3355
03:01:41,800 --> 03:01:45,400
from London, the time between 
visits means you notice their 

3356
03:01:45,400 --> 03:01:48,400
growth in southern jumps, rather
than gradual changes. 

3357
03:01:48,400 --> 03:01:51,800
Han is practical. 
She manages the property 

3358
03:01:51,800 --> 03:01:55,300
overseas the servants and 
handles daily necessities. 

3359
03:01:56,100 --> 03:01:58,900
Your marriage is not passionate 
but it is functional. 

3360
03:01:58,900 --> 03:02:04,100
You respect each other, you 
fulfill your roles when your 

3361
03:02:04,100 --> 03:02:07,200
home, you share meals and 
discuss household matters, when 

3362
03:02:07,200 --> 03:02:09,300
you are away, she continues with
you. 

3363
03:02:09,300 --> 03:02:13,200
The town of Stratford is small 
enough that everyone knows 

3364
03:02:13,200 --> 03:02:16,200
everyone you walk through the 
streets and greet, Neighbors, 

3365
03:02:16,200 --> 03:02:19,900
The Baker, the Smith, the 
tailor, These are people you 

3366
03:02:19,900 --> 03:02:23,400
have known since childhood. 
They know your family, they know

3367
03:02:23,400 --> 03:02:26,000
your business. 
There is comfort in this 

3368
03:02:26,000 --> 03:02:29,200
familiarity. 
The river Avon runs through the 

3369
03:02:29,200 --> 03:02:32,600
town you walk along it, 
sometimes watching the water 

3370
03:02:32,600 --> 03:02:35,500
move. 
The sound is constant and 

3371
03:02:35,500 --> 03:02:39,500
soothing in summer. 
The banks are green in Winter. 

3372
03:02:39,500 --> 03:02:43,100
They are bare the river marks 
the seasons more clearly than 

3373
03:02:43,100 --> 03:02:45,400
the calendar. 
London is different. 

3374
03:02:45,400 --> 03:02:49,100
The city is larger, louder and 
more crowded. 

3375
03:02:49,100 --> 03:02:52,600
You log in rooms near the Thames
or in neighborhoods, where 

3376
03:02:52,600 --> 03:02:55,600
theater workers gather. 
The building's lean close 

3377
03:02:55,600 --> 03:02:58,200
together, smoke rises from 
chimneys. 

3378
03:02:58,200 --> 03:03:01,900
The river moves, steadily 
carrying boats and barges. 

3379
03:03:03,000 --> 03:03:05,600
You walk the same routes often 
enough that your feet know the 

3380
03:03:05,600 --> 03:03:09,000
turns your lodgings in London 
change over the years. 

3381
03:03:09,000 --> 03:03:13,300
You move from one set of rooms 
to another Sometimes you stay 

3382
03:03:13,300 --> 03:03:14,400
with other theater. 
People. 

3383
03:03:14,400 --> 03:03:17,100
Sometimes you rent a space above
a shop. 

3384
03:03:17,100 --> 03:03:19,000
The accommodations are 
temporary. 

3385
03:03:19,000 --> 03:03:21,400
You do not invest in making them
comfortable. 

3386
03:03:21,400 --> 03:03:23,900
There Are Places to sleep and 
work. 

3387
03:03:23,900 --> 03:03:27,400
Nothing more. 
The city streets are busy from 

3388
03:03:27,400 --> 03:03:29,000
the early morning until late 
evening. 

3389
03:03:29,800 --> 03:03:32,800
Carts Rumble over cobblestones 
vendors. 

3390
03:03:32,800 --> 03:03:35,100
Call out their Wares 
apprentices. 

3391
03:03:35,100 --> 03:03:38,800
Hurry to complete errands. 
You navigate through the crowd 

3392
03:03:38,800 --> 03:03:41,800
without much. 
Thought the motion is automatic.

3393
03:03:41,800 --> 03:03:44,800
You pass the same landmarks 
daily. 

3394
03:03:44,800 --> 03:03:49,500
Certain churches, certain 
Bridges certain Corners where 

3395
03:03:49,500 --> 03:03:52,700
streets meet. 
These markers help you Orient 

3396
03:03:52,700 --> 03:03:57,000
yourself even on foggy mornings 
or dark evenings, you know, 

3397
03:03:57,000 --> 03:03:59,700
where you are by the shape of 
building's and the sound around 

3398
03:03:59,700 --> 03:04:01,700
you. 
More Mornings in London. 

3399
03:04:01,700 --> 03:04:04,000
Begin with the sound of carts 
and voices. 

3400
03:04:04,000 --> 03:04:07,500
You leave your lodging and step 
into streets already busy with 

3401
03:04:07,500 --> 03:04:10,900
work. 
Bakers Brewers merchants and 

3402
03:04:10,900 --> 03:04:12,500
laborers, move through their 
own. 

3403
03:04:12,500 --> 03:04:14,900
Schedule's, he pass them without
much. 

3404
03:04:14,900 --> 03:04:18,700
Notice, the rhythm of the city 
is constant and you are part of 

3405
03:04:18,700 --> 03:04:22,600
it, the smell of the city is 
distinctive smoke from fires. 

3406
03:04:22,600 --> 03:04:26,900
The Tang of the river horse in 
the streets, cooking food 

3407
03:04:26,900 --> 03:04:30,700
unwashed bodies. 
He stopped noticing after a 

3408
03:04:30,700 --> 03:04:33,600
while it becomes background. 
Like the noise. 

3409
03:04:33,600 --> 03:04:37,600
You walk to the theater. 
The globe stands south of the 

3410
03:04:37,600 --> 03:04:40,500
river around. 
Wooden structure visible from a 

3411
03:04:40,500 --> 03:04:43,200
distance. 
He crossed the Thames by boat or

3412
03:04:43,200 --> 03:04:47,000
Bridge depending on the weather 
and the time, the water is cold 

3413
03:04:47,000 --> 03:04:50,700
in Winter and calm in summer 
boatmen, call out to passengers.

3414
03:04:50,700 --> 03:04:53,000
You pay your fare and step 
aboard. 

3415
03:04:53,000 --> 03:04:57,500
The boat ride is brief, you sit 
or stand among other passengers.

3416
03:04:57,500 --> 03:05:01,000
Some are going to the theater as
workers or patrons. 

3417
03:05:01,000 --> 03:05:04,900
Others have different 
destinations, the boat rocks. 

3418
03:05:04,900 --> 03:05:08,800
Gently The Boatman works, the 
oars with practiced efficiency. 

3419
03:05:08,800 --> 03:05:11,800
You watch the water or the far 
Bank. 

3420
03:05:12,800 --> 03:05:15,300
The walk from the bridge to the 
theater takes you through 

3421
03:05:15,300 --> 03:05:17,600
streets lined with workshops and
homes. 

3422
03:05:18,500 --> 03:05:22,600
You see the same buildings, the 
same signs and the same Corners.

3423
03:05:22,600 --> 03:05:27,300
The root becomes automatic, your
mind wanders, while your feet 

3424
03:05:27,300 --> 03:05:30,100
carry, you forward. 
You think about the work ahead 

3425
03:05:31,000 --> 03:05:34,200
Seen that needs revision. 
Align, that felt awkward in 

3426
03:05:34,200 --> 03:05:37,000
yesterday's rehearsal a 
conversation, you need to have 

3427
03:05:37,000 --> 03:05:40,300
with an actor. 
These thoughts occupy you as you

3428
03:05:40,300 --> 03:05:43,300
walk. 
Inside the theater, the days 

3429
03:05:43,300 --> 03:05:46,800
work Begins. 
The space is open to the sky in 

3430
03:05:46,800 --> 03:05:51,100
the center, wooden benches and 
galleries surround the stage the

3431
03:05:51,100 --> 03:05:53,300
smell of sawdust and costumes, 
fills the air. 

3432
03:05:54,700 --> 03:05:58,700
Actors arrive and prepare. 
You speak with them about the 

3433
03:05:58,700 --> 03:06:02,500
days performance or the next 
rehearsal the conversations are 

3434
03:06:02,500 --> 03:06:07,000
practical lines are reviewed. 
Blocking is adjusted, costumes 

3435
03:06:07,000 --> 03:06:09,900
are checked. 
The stage itself is a raised 

3436
03:06:09,900 --> 03:06:14,100
platform trap doors, allow 
actors to enter from below the 

3437
03:06:14,100 --> 03:06:18,100
balcony above serves as 
battlements bedrooms or upper 

3438
03:06:18,100 --> 03:06:22,100
Windows depending on the play. 
The architecture is simple but 

3439
03:06:22,100 --> 03:06:24,600
versatile. 
You write with these physical 

3440
03:06:24,600 --> 03:06:27,700
constraints. 
In mind, the backstage area is 

3441
03:06:27,700 --> 03:06:29,900
cramped costumes. 
Hang on. 

3442
03:06:29,900 --> 03:06:32,500
Pegs props are stacked in 
Corners. 

3443
03:06:32,500 --> 03:06:35,500
Actors change. 
Quickly pulling on robes or 

3444
03:06:35,500 --> 03:06:38,300
armor. 
The space is organized chaos. 

3445
03:06:38,300 --> 03:06:42,200
Everyone knows where things are 
supposed to be even if they are 

3446
03:06:42,200 --> 03:06:45,000
not always there. 
You write in the mornings or 

3447
03:06:45,008 --> 03:06:49,500
afternoons, depending on the 
schedule a table, a chair paper 

3448
03:06:49,500 --> 03:06:53,500
and ink. 
The tools are simple, you sit 

3449
03:06:53,500 --> 03:06:57,300
and work through scenes, 
revising lines, that felt rough.

3450
03:06:57,300 --> 03:07:01,600
The day before the process is 
slow, you cross out words 

3451
03:07:01,600 --> 03:07:05,100
rewrite phrases and test Rhythm 
allowed to yourself. 

3452
03:07:06,100 --> 03:07:09,000
Writing is not magical. 
It is work. 

3453
03:07:09,000 --> 03:07:11,000
That requires focus and 
repetition. 

3454
03:07:11,900 --> 03:07:13,800
The ink you use is black and 
thin. 

3455
03:07:14,600 --> 03:07:18,000
It flows from the quill easily 
when the quill is sharp. 

3456
03:07:18,000 --> 03:07:22,100
When the point dulls, the 
writing becomes scratchy, you 

3457
03:07:22,100 --> 03:07:24,000
sharpen the quill with a small 
knife. 

3458
03:07:24,000 --> 03:07:27,600
The motion is familiar. 
You've done it thousands of 

3459
03:07:27,600 --> 03:07:31,000
times paper is expensive but not
prohibitively. 

3460
03:07:31,000 --> 03:07:36,200
So you use it carefully margins 
are filled with notes Crossed 

3461
03:07:36,200 --> 03:07:40,100
Out Lines remain visible beneath
new ones each sheet represents 

3462
03:07:40,100 --> 03:07:42,600
money. 
So waste is minimized. 

3463
03:07:42,600 --> 03:07:44,900
You read what you've written 
allowed. 

3464
03:07:44,900 --> 03:07:47,900
Hearing the words reveals 
problems that reading silently 

3465
03:07:47,900 --> 03:07:51,200
does not. 
A rhythm that seemed on the page

3466
03:07:51,200 --> 03:07:55,000
sound awkward, when spoke and 
align that felt clever feels 

3467
03:07:55,000 --> 03:07:57,100
forced. 
You, adjust accordingly. 

3468
03:07:58,700 --> 03:08:00,400
Between rehearsals and 
performance. 

3469
03:08:00,400 --> 03:08:03,000
Is there are hours to fill you 
walk. 

3470
03:08:03,000 --> 03:08:07,000
You observe you listen to 
conversations in markets and 

3471
03:08:07,000 --> 03:08:10,700
taverns, people speak about 
their work, their families, and 

3472
03:08:10,700 --> 03:08:13,200
their complaints. 
You remember fragments of 

3473
03:08:13,200 --> 03:08:15,700
speech. 
Turns a phrase and the Way 

3474
03:08:15,700 --> 03:08:18,400
Angier sound in different 
voices. 

3475
03:08:19,300 --> 03:08:22,600
These pieces find their way into
your writing later, the 

3476
03:08:22,600 --> 03:08:26,600
marketplace is particularly rich
with material arguments over 

3477
03:08:26,600 --> 03:08:29,900
prices, flirtations between 
vendors and customers. 

3478
03:08:29,900 --> 03:08:33,700
Complaints about the weather or 
the quality of goods you watch 

3479
03:08:33,700 --> 03:08:37,200
and listen without seeming to 
people do not perform when they 

3480
03:08:37,200 --> 03:08:40,400
think they are unobserved, their
natural behavior is more 

3481
03:08:40,400 --> 03:08:41,900
interesting than any 
performance. 

3482
03:08:41,900 --> 03:08:46,900
You notice physical details, how
a merchant shift is when lying 

3483
03:08:46,900 --> 03:08:51,700
how a woman adjusts her shawl, 
when cold, how a child tugs at 

3484
03:08:51,700 --> 03:08:55,200
a, parent's sleep for attention,
These small gestures reveal 

3485
03:08:55,200 --> 03:09:00,500
character, you file them away. 
In Stratford, the pace is slow. 

3486
03:09:01,300 --> 03:09:03,100
You walk through the town and 
into the countryside. 

3487
03:09:04,400 --> 03:09:07,000
Feel stretch out in all 
directions. 

3488
03:09:07,000 --> 03:09:11,400
The air is quieter. 
You visit family, handle 

3489
03:09:11,400 --> 03:09:13,600
business matters and attend to 
property. 

3490
03:09:14,400 --> 03:09:18,500
There are documents to sign 
rents to collect and agreements 

3491
03:09:18,500 --> 03:09:22,800
to make these tasks are 
necessary and unremarkable, you 

3492
03:09:22,800 --> 03:09:26,100
own property in and around 
Stratford, some of it produces 

3493
03:09:26,100 --> 03:09:28,400
income. 
Some of it is for your families.

3494
03:09:28,400 --> 03:09:31,100
Use you check on these 
properties when you are home, 

3495
03:09:31,100 --> 03:09:34,800
you speak with tenants you, 
inspect buildings for needed 

3496
03:09:34,800 --> 03:09:37,700
repairs. 
The work is mundane but 

3497
03:09:37,700 --> 03:09:40,700
important. 
The countryside around Stratford

3498
03:09:40,700 --> 03:09:44,000
offers space and silence. 
You walk along paths, you have 

3499
03:09:44,008 --> 03:09:47,400
known since childhood the 
landscape changes with the 

3500
03:09:47,400 --> 03:09:50,800
seasons, but remains 
fundamentally the same Hills in 

3501
03:09:50,800 --> 03:09:54,600
the distance Fields divided by 
hedgerows sheep grazing. 

3502
03:09:54,600 --> 03:09:58,400
The occasional Farmhouse. 
You think while walking not 

3503
03:09:58,400 --> 03:10:02,100
focused thoughts, but a kind of 
mental wandering ideas for 

3504
03:10:02,100 --> 03:10:07,000
scenes memories, observations 
about people, you have seen the 

3505
03:10:07,000 --> 03:10:10,500
walking itself, helps the 
thinking movement and thought 

3506
03:10:10,500 --> 03:10:13,100
are connected. 
You eat midday meals, wherever 

3507
03:10:13,100 --> 03:10:16,500
you happen to be in London. 
This might mean a Tavern near 

3508
03:10:16,508 --> 03:10:20,800
the theater or stall selling 
bread and cheese in Stratford 

3509
03:10:20,800 --> 03:10:24,600
Mills are taken at home. 
The food is plain and filling 

3510
03:10:24,600 --> 03:10:30,600
bread meat vegetables and Ale 
eat without ceremony and return 

3511
03:10:30,600 --> 03:10:32,900
to your work. 
Taverns in London. 

3512
03:10:32,900 --> 03:10:36,300
Vary in quality. 
Some are clean and well kept 

3513
03:10:36,300 --> 03:10:38,700
others are dark and smell of old
beer. 

3514
03:10:39,500 --> 03:10:43,200
You choose based on location and
familiarity rather than quality.

3515
03:10:44,000 --> 03:10:47,600
As long as the food is edible 
and Ale is drinkable The Tavern 

3516
03:10:47,600 --> 03:10:51,000
serves its purpose. 
You sit at communal tables 

3517
03:10:51,000 --> 03:10:55,600
strangers, sit beside you 
sometimes conversations starts. 

3518
03:10:55,600 --> 03:10:59,500
Sometimes everyone eats in 
silence, your comfortable with 

3519
03:10:59,500 --> 03:11:03,600
both, you can be social when it 
serves you you can be invisible.

3520
03:11:03,600 --> 03:11:06,600
When you prefer the bread is 
coarse and dense. 

3521
03:11:06,600 --> 03:11:09,800
It fills your stomach. 
The meat is whatever is 

3522
03:11:09,800 --> 03:11:13,900
available that day, beef, 
mutton, pork and chicken. 

3523
03:11:13,900 --> 03:11:17,700
It is cooked simply roasted or 
boiled. 

3524
03:11:18,400 --> 03:11:22,600
Vegetables are mostly Roots, 
turnips, carrots and onions. 

3525
03:11:22,600 --> 03:11:26,700
They are soft from long cooking.
Afternoons, bring performance. 

3526
03:11:26,700 --> 03:11:30,000
Is more writing. 
If a play is being staged you 

3527
03:11:30,000 --> 03:11:32,600
watch from the side or assist 
with last minute changes. 

3528
03:11:33,500 --> 03:11:36,700
The actors perform the same line
you wrote but they add their own

3529
03:11:36,700 --> 03:11:39,600
interpretations. 
You notice what works and what 

3530
03:11:39,600 --> 03:11:42,800
does not you make mental notes 
for future revisions. 

3531
03:11:42,800 --> 03:11:47,200
The audience is varied grounding
stand in the yard, close to the 

3532
03:11:47,200 --> 03:11:53,600
stage, they allowed and active. 
They Heckle laugh and gas, their

3533
03:11:53,600 --> 03:11:57,200
reactions are immediate The 
wealthier patrons sit in the 

3534
03:11:57,208 --> 03:11:59,700
galleries. 
They are quieter, but no less 

3535
03:11:59,700 --> 03:12:02,000
engaged. 
You gauge the audience's 

3536
03:12:02,000 --> 03:12:04,400
response. 
When do they leaned forward? 

3537
03:12:04,400 --> 03:12:08,000
When do they shift restlessly? 
When did they laugh? 

3538
03:12:08,000 --> 03:12:11,100
When do they fall silent these 
reactions? 

3539
03:12:11,100 --> 03:12:14,300
Tell you, what is working? 
A joke that lands in rehearsal 

3540
03:12:14,300 --> 03:12:17,300
might fall flat in performance? 
A serious moment. 

3541
03:12:17,300 --> 03:12:21,200
Might get an unexpected laugh. 
You adjust future performance is

3542
03:12:21,200 --> 03:12:24,700
based on what you learn. 
If a scene drags, you tighten 

3543
03:12:24,700 --> 03:12:29,400
it, If a joke misses you replace
it, the plays are not fixed. 

3544
03:12:29,400 --> 03:12:32,400
They evolved with each 
performance when there is no 

3545
03:12:32,400 --> 03:12:34,500
performance, the afternoon is 
opened. 

3546
03:12:34,500 --> 03:12:37,800
You might read walk or visit 
someone. 

3547
03:12:38,500 --> 03:12:41,600
Time is not scarce but it is not
wasted. 

3548
03:12:41,600 --> 03:12:45,800
You move through the hours with 
purpose, even when the purpose 

3549
03:12:45,800 --> 03:12:49,200
is simply rest. 
Reading offers its own 

3550
03:12:49,200 --> 03:12:52,300
Pleasures. 
You read histories classical 

3551
03:12:52,300 --> 03:12:54,900
texts and poetry by other 
writers. 

3552
03:12:55,700 --> 03:12:58,100
The reading, informs your 
writing without direct 

3553
03:12:58,100 --> 03:13:02,300
imitation. 
You absorb Styles, ideas and 

3554
03:13:02,300 --> 03:13:05,900
structures later. 
They emerge, transformed in your

3555
03:13:05,900 --> 03:13:08,700
own work. 
You read in your lodging or in 

3556
03:13:08,700 --> 03:13:12,100
quiet corners of the theater. 
The light needs to be good. 

3557
03:13:12,900 --> 03:13:15,700
You cannot read by candlelight 
for long without your eyes 

3558
03:13:15,700 --> 03:13:19,700
tiring. 
Daylight is better, is position 

3559
03:13:19,700 --> 03:13:21,500
yourself near a window when 
possible. 

3560
03:13:21,500 --> 03:13:25,200
Some books are borrowed, some 
are purchased books are valuable

3561
03:13:25,200 --> 03:13:29,100
you treat them carefully, you do
not Mark the pages or bend the 

3562
03:13:29,100 --> 03:13:31,200
covers when you finish you 
return. 

3563
03:13:31,200 --> 03:13:35,700
Borrowed books promptly 
evening's approach gradually the

3564
03:13:35,700 --> 03:13:41,200
light changes Shadows length and
the city begins to settle In 

3565
03:13:41,200 --> 03:13:44,400
London, you return to your 
lodging or meet colleagues at a 

3566
03:13:44,400 --> 03:13:47,400
Tavern in Stratford. 
You remain at home. 

3567
03:13:48,100 --> 03:13:50,500
The transition from day to night
is gentle. 

3568
03:13:51,200 --> 03:13:53,900
The quality of light in late 
afternoon is soft. 

3569
03:13:54,600 --> 03:13:58,400
The harsh brightness of midday 
Fades colors. 

3570
03:13:58,400 --> 03:14:01,800
Become richer Shadows are longer
and more dramatic. 

3571
03:14:01,800 --> 03:14:05,700
You notice these changes their 
affect your mood without you 

3572
03:14:05,700 --> 03:14:08,700
thinking about it consciously In
summer. 

3573
03:14:08,700 --> 03:14:11,500
The days are long, evenings 
seems delayed. 

3574
03:14:11,500 --> 03:14:16,300
You work later because the light
permits it in winter, darkness 

3575
03:14:16,300 --> 03:14:18,900
comes early. 
You just your schedule 

3576
03:14:18,900 --> 03:14:23,500
accordingly, the seasons dictate
rhythms, you do not live a life 

3577
03:14:23,508 --> 03:14:27,400
of constant excitement, the days
are built from routine. 

3578
03:14:27,400 --> 03:14:31,700
You walk the same streets, see 
the same faces and perform the 

3579
03:14:31,700 --> 03:14:35,200
same tasks. 
This repetition is not Dull it 

3580
03:14:35,200 --> 03:14:38,300
provides structure. 
It allows you to notice small 

3581
03:14:38,300 --> 03:14:42,300
changes to refine your 
observations and to build a life

3582
03:14:42,300 --> 03:14:45,200
that supports your work. 
The routine is comforting. 

3583
03:14:45,200 --> 03:14:48,800
You know what, each day will 
bring there are variations but 

3584
03:14:48,800 --> 03:14:50,800
the overall pattern remains 
consistent. 

3585
03:14:51,600 --> 03:14:55,100
This predictability allows you 
to focus on the work rather than

3586
03:14:55,100 --> 03:14:58,700
on Logistics. 
You develop habits, you wake up 

3587
03:14:58,700 --> 03:15:02,300
the same time, you eat at the 
same time, you work during the 

3588
03:15:02,300 --> 03:15:05,200
same hours, these habits create 
efficiency. 

3589
03:15:05,200 --> 03:15:08,300
You do not waste energy deciding
what to do next. 

3590
03:15:08,300 --> 03:15:12,500
You simply follow the pattern, 
Your relationship with both 

3591
03:15:12,500 --> 03:15:16,900
cities is practical, London 
offers work, income and 

3592
03:15:16,900 --> 03:15:21,500
connection to the theater world.
Stratford offers family property

3593
03:15:21,500 --> 03:15:24,900
and a slower Pace. 
You move between them regularly 

3594
03:15:24,900 --> 03:15:26,800
adjusting to each place as 
needed. 

3595
03:15:27,700 --> 03:15:29,300
Neither feels more real than the
other. 

3596
03:15:29,300 --> 03:15:33,600
Both the part of your life, the 
journey between the cities takes

3597
03:15:33,600 --> 03:15:36,800
two or three days depending on 
conditions you travel on 

3598
03:15:36,800 --> 03:15:40,100
Horseback or by coach. 
The roads are rough in place is 

3599
03:15:40,100 --> 03:15:42,600
smooth in others. 
Rain makes them muddy. 

3600
03:15:42,600 --> 03:15:46,600
Dry weather makes them Dusty. 
You stop at the same ends along 

3601
03:15:46,600 --> 03:15:49,200
the way. 
The inkeepers recognize you. 

3602
03:15:49,200 --> 03:15:53,200
They know your preferences, a 
room that is quiet a meal. 

3603
03:15:53,200 --> 03:15:57,700
That simple ale that is fresh. 
These small familiarity is make 

3604
03:15:57,700 --> 03:16:00,400
travel easier. 
You carry very little with you 

3605
03:16:00,400 --> 03:16:04,300
when you travel. 
A few clothes papers and money. 

3606
03:16:05,300 --> 03:16:09,000
The journey between Stratford 
and London takes time but it is 

3607
03:16:09,000 --> 03:16:12,300
familiar. 
You know, the roads the Inns 

3608
03:16:12,300 --> 03:16:16,600
along the way and the rhythms of
travel you do not rush you 

3609
03:16:16,600 --> 03:16:20,900
arrive when you arrive the 
landscape changes as you travel.

3610
03:16:21,800 --> 03:16:25,700
Flat Fields, give way to Rolling
Hills Villages appear and 

3611
03:16:25,700 --> 03:16:28,400
disappear. 
You watch the scenery without 

3612
03:16:28,400 --> 03:16:31,600
much interest. 
It is pleasant, but not 

3613
03:16:31,600 --> 03:16:34,500
captivating. 
The real interest is in 

3614
03:16:34,500 --> 03:16:37,000
arriving, not in the journey 
itself. 

3615
03:16:37,000 --> 03:16:42,100
Other Travelers share the roads 
Merchants Messengers, and 

3616
03:16:42,100 --> 03:16:43,800
Farmers bringing Goods to 
Market. 

3617
03:16:43,800 --> 03:16:48,300
You exchanged, Greetings, or 
nots, Sometimes you ride 

3618
03:16:48,300 --> 03:16:52,700
alongside someone for a stretch.
Sometimes you travel alone at 

3619
03:16:52,700 --> 03:16:55,100
night. 
You settle into whichever space,

3620
03:16:55,100 --> 03:16:58,600
you occupy. 
The room is dark or lit by a 

3621
03:16:58,600 --> 03:17:01,500
single candle. 
You prepare for sleep by 

3622
03:17:01,500 --> 03:17:05,000
setting, aside the days 
concerned tomorrow will bring 

3623
03:17:05,000 --> 03:17:08,400
more of the same work. 
The same streets and the same 

3624
03:17:08,400 --> 03:17:10,900
routines. 
This predictability is 

3625
03:17:10,900 --> 03:17:13,100
comforting you know what to 
expect? 

3626
03:17:15,000 --> 03:17:18,900
Transition from waking to 
sleeping is gradual, you do not 

3627
03:17:18,900 --> 03:17:21,400
fight it, you let tiredness 
overtake. 

3628
03:17:21,400 --> 03:17:26,600
You the day ends, the night 
begins sleep, will restore you 

3629
03:17:26,600 --> 03:17:31,500
for whatever tomorrow brings you
earn your living by writing This

3630
03:17:31,500 --> 03:17:34,900
is not a romantic Pursuit. 
It is a job that requires 

3631
03:17:34,900 --> 03:17:37,900
discipline skill and attention 
to deadlines. 

3632
03:17:38,800 --> 03:17:42,800
The theater company depends on 
new material, audiences expect 

3633
03:17:42,800 --> 03:17:47,100
variety you provide both. 
Your writing process is 

3634
03:17:47,100 --> 03:17:49,900
methodical. 
You sit with paper and ink. 

3635
03:17:49,900 --> 03:17:53,100
You begin with an idea a 
character or a situation. 

3636
03:17:54,200 --> 03:17:57,900
The first draft is rough, words 
come quickly, but they are not 

3637
03:17:57,900 --> 03:18:01,000
always the right words. 
You write through scenes 

3638
03:18:01,000 --> 03:18:05,300
testing, dialogue, building 
conflicts and moving characters 

3639
03:18:05,300 --> 03:18:08,900
from one moment to the next. 
The initial inspiration for a 

3640
03:18:08,900 --> 03:18:13,300
play can come from anywhere. 
A story, you heard a historical 

3641
03:18:13,300 --> 03:18:15,700
event an old play you want to 
improve? 

3642
03:18:16,600 --> 03:18:18,300
A character type, you want to 
explore. 

3643
03:18:19,200 --> 03:18:21,800
The Source matters less than 
what you do with it. 

3644
03:18:22,600 --> 03:18:26,400
You often work from existing 
stories, history of English 

3645
03:18:26,400 --> 03:18:30,100
kings, Italian Tales Roman 
biographies. 

3646
03:18:30,100 --> 03:18:33,600
These provide Frameworks, you 
adapt them. 

3647
03:18:33,600 --> 03:18:37,200
Change them and reshape them to 
suit your purposes. 

3648
03:18:37,200 --> 03:18:39,900
The bones of the story. 
Come from elsewhere. 

3649
03:18:40,600 --> 03:18:44,400
The flesh is your own, revision 
is where the real work happens. 

3650
03:18:44,400 --> 03:18:49,100
You read what you cross out 
lines, that feel false, you 

3651
03:18:49,100 --> 03:18:52,600
rewrite speeches, that lack 
Rhythm, he tightens scenes that 

3652
03:18:52,600 --> 03:18:57,700
drag, The process is slow and 
repetitive, you might spend days

3653
03:18:57,700 --> 03:19:00,000
on a single acting until it 
feels right. 

3654
03:19:00,800 --> 03:19:04,400
You read passengers allowed to 
yourself, the sound matters. 

3655
03:19:04,400 --> 03:19:07,700
Align that looks good on paper, 
might not sound right when 

3656
03:19:07,700 --> 03:19:10,300
spoken. 
The Rhythm needs to match the 

3657
03:19:10,300 --> 03:19:11,800
meaning. 
Stressed. 

3658
03:19:11,800 --> 03:19:13,900
Syllables need to fall in the 
right places. 

3659
03:19:13,900 --> 03:19:18,400
You count beats. 5 beats per 
line for most beaches 10. 

3660
03:19:18,400 --> 03:19:21,200
Syllables. 
The pattern is flexible not 

3661
03:19:21,200 --> 03:19:22,900
rigid. 
You break it. 

3662
03:19:22,900 --> 03:19:26,700
When breaking it, serves the 
meaning. but the underlying 

3663
03:19:26,700 --> 03:19:30,500
Rhythm provides structure, you 
revised dialogue to sound like 

3664
03:19:30,500 --> 03:19:34,800
speech not like writing People 
interrupt each other, they leave

3665
03:19:34,800 --> 03:19:37,500
sentences unfinished. 
They repeat themselves. 

3666
03:19:37,500 --> 03:19:41,500
They use contractions your 
written dialogue needs to 

3667
03:19:41,500 --> 03:19:44,500
capture this naturalness while 
remaining clear enough for an 

3668
03:19:44,500 --> 03:19:47,200
audience to follow. 
The plays are written for 

3669
03:19:47,200 --> 03:19:49,100
performance. 
Not publication. 

3670
03:19:50,000 --> 03:19:53,900
You write with the voices of 
specific actors in mind, you 

3671
03:19:53,900 --> 03:19:57,500
know, their strengths, their 
ranges and the types of roles 

3672
03:19:57,500 --> 03:20:00,700
they perform best. 
This knowledge shapes your 

3673
03:20:00,708 --> 03:20:03,900
character's he gives certain 
actors the roles that suit them.

3674
03:20:03,900 --> 03:20:06,100
The writing is collaborative in 
this way. 

3675
03:20:06,100 --> 03:20:10,200
Even when you are alone at the 
table, Richard Burbage gets the 

3676
03:20:10,200 --> 03:20:14,300
leading tragic role, he has the 
voice and presence for them will

3677
03:20:14,300 --> 03:20:18,500
kempe and later Robert Armin, 
get the comic roles they can 

3678
03:20:18,500 --> 03:20:21,000
improvise and you write space 
for them to do so. 

3679
03:20:21,900 --> 03:20:25,500
The Boy actors play the women. 
You write female roles that 

3680
03:20:25,500 --> 03:20:27,100
suit, their voices and 
abilities. 

3681
03:20:27,100 --> 03:20:29,900
You know, who will be available 
for each production. 

3682
03:20:29,900 --> 03:20:35,600
If a key actor is ill or away, 
you adjust, you rewrite roles 

3683
03:20:35,600 --> 03:20:39,000
you redistribute lines, the play
must go on. 

3684
03:20:39,000 --> 03:20:41,700
So you make it work, you also 
write poetry. 

3685
03:20:42,600 --> 03:20:46,300
Sonnet a longer narrative poems.
These are different from plays. 

3686
03:20:46,300 --> 03:20:49,500
The structure is tighter, the 
language is dense. 

3687
03:20:49,500 --> 03:20:53,400
Sir, you write them for patrons 
for publication and for your own

3688
03:20:53,400 --> 03:20:56,600
satisfaction. 
The income from poetry is less 

3689
03:20:56,600 --> 03:21:00,300
predictable than the income from
plays, but it adds variety to 

3690
03:21:00,300 --> 03:21:05,700
your work. the sonics follow a 
strict Forum 14 lines, a 

3691
03:21:05,700 --> 03:21:09,400
particular rhyme scheme, 
specific meter The constraints 

3692
03:21:09,400 --> 03:21:12,600
are part of the appeal, you find
Freedom within the restrictions.

3693
03:21:13,400 --> 03:21:15,100
The form forces, you to be 
precise. 

3694
03:21:15,900 --> 03:21:20,000
You write narrative poems on 
commission, a patron, requests a

3695
03:21:20,000 --> 03:21:23,900
poem, on a particular subject, 
you research, plan, draft and 

3696
03:21:23,900 --> 03:21:26,800
revise. 
The work is similar to writing 

3697
03:21:26,800 --> 03:21:30,100
plays but with different 
technical demands, the language 

3698
03:21:30,100 --> 03:21:33,400
can be more elaborate, there is 
no need to consider how it will 

3699
03:21:33,400 --> 03:21:36,300
sound on stage. 
The theater business is not just

3700
03:21:36,300 --> 03:21:40,000
writing, you're part of a 
company, you attend meetings, 

3701
03:21:40,000 --> 03:21:44,300
you discuss which plays a stage 
which roles to cast and which 

3702
03:21:44,300 --> 03:21:48,400
costs to commission. 
You help manage finances, divide

3703
03:21:48,400 --> 03:21:52,800
profits and handle disputes. 
The work is Administrative and 

3704
03:21:52,800 --> 03:21:55,800
necessary. 
The company is organized, as a 

3705
03:21:55,800 --> 03:21:59,300
partnership several Members Own 
shares, you are one of them. 

3706
03:21:59,300 --> 03:22:02,400
This gives you a say in 
decisions and a share of the 

3707
03:22:02,400 --> 03:22:04,700
profits. 
It also means you share the 

3708
03:22:04,700 --> 03:22:07,400
risks. 
If a play fails, everyone loses 

3709
03:22:07,400 --> 03:22:10,500
money meetings, can be 
contentious different 

3710
03:22:10,500 --> 03:22:12,000
shareholders have different 
priorities. 

3711
03:22:12,000 --> 03:22:15,500
Someone wants to Stage a 
particular type of play. 

3712
03:22:15,500 --> 03:22:19,600
Someone else disagrees. 
You are argue you compromise. 

3713
03:22:20,400 --> 03:22:24,300
Eventually decisions are made 
financial matters are complex, 

3714
03:22:24,300 --> 03:22:29,200
tickets sales cost for costumes 
and props, rent for the theater 

3715
03:22:29,200 --> 03:22:31,800
space and payments to actors and
musicians. 

3716
03:22:33,000 --> 03:22:36,800
The accounts must be kept 
carefully, errors can lead to 

3717
03:22:36,800 --> 03:22:41,700
losses or dispute rehearsals 
film many hours, you sit with 

3718
03:22:41,700 --> 03:22:46,300
actors and read through scenes, 
you clarify intentions, you 

3719
03:22:46,300 --> 03:22:49,300
suggest line readings, you 
adjust blocking. 

3720
03:22:49,300 --> 03:22:52,400
When something feels off? 
The actors offer their own 

3721
03:22:52,400 --> 03:22:54,000
ideas. 
You listen. 

3722
03:22:54,900 --> 03:22:58,400
Sometimes they're suggestions 
improve the work, sometimes you 

3723
03:22:58,400 --> 03:23:00,600
hold firm to your original 
vision. 

3724
03:23:01,300 --> 03:23:04,800
Blocking is the physical 
movement on stage who enters 

3725
03:23:04,800 --> 03:23:08,800
from where, who stands where 
during a conversation, who moves

3726
03:23:08,800 --> 03:23:12,800
when These decisions affect how 
the audience, understands 

3727
03:23:12,800 --> 03:23:16,700
relationships and intentions. 
You work with the actors to find

3728
03:23:16,700 --> 03:23:20,200
natural movements and actor, 
might instinctively turn away 

3729
03:23:20,200 --> 03:23:23,600
during a particular line, This 
reveals something about the 

3730
03:23:23,600 --> 03:23:26,200
character, you notice and 
Incorporated. 

3731
03:23:27,100 --> 03:23:30,200
Some actors need more directions
than others experience. 

3732
03:23:30,200 --> 03:23:32,400
Stacked actors, bring their own 
interpretations. 

3733
03:23:32,400 --> 03:23:36,600
Young actors need guide and you 
adjust your approach based on 

3734
03:23:36,600 --> 03:23:40,300
who you are working with. 
Props and costumes are discussed

3735
03:23:40,300 --> 03:23:43,300
during rehearsals. 
Does this character need a 

3736
03:23:43,300 --> 03:23:45,800
sword? 
Should this character wear a 

3737
03:23:45,800 --> 03:23:49,000
cloak, these are practical 
questions with artistic 

3738
03:23:49,000 --> 03:23:51,800
implications. 
The visual elements support the 

3739
03:23:51,800 --> 03:23:55,600
story, the performance is of the
culmination of weeks or months 

3740
03:23:55,600 --> 03:23:59,000
of work, you watch from 
backstage or from the galleries,

3741
03:23:59,000 --> 03:24:01,500
the audience responds in real 
time. 

3742
03:24:01,500 --> 03:24:06,500
They laugh gas gross silent or 
lose interest. 

3743
03:24:07,500 --> 03:24:09,400
The reactions, tell you, what 
works? 

3744
03:24:10,100 --> 03:24:13,400
You take note? 
Future plays will reflect what 

3745
03:24:13,400 --> 03:24:16,000
you learn here. 
The Groundlings are the most 

3746
03:24:16,008 --> 03:24:19,400
vocal they shout comments, they 
boo villains. 

3747
03:24:19,400 --> 03:24:22,400
They cheer Heroes. 
Their energy affects the 

3748
03:24:22,408 --> 03:24:26,200
performance actors feed off it. 
The galleries are quieter, but 

3749
03:24:26,200 --> 03:24:27,800
you can still gauge their 
engagement. 

3750
03:24:28,700 --> 03:24:30,900
Do they Lean Forward during 
tense moments? 

3751
03:24:30,900 --> 03:24:34,100
Do they whisper to each other 
during boring stretches? 

3752
03:24:34,100 --> 03:24:38,300
You watch and learn. 
Some performance is go better 

3753
03:24:38,300 --> 03:24:40,900
than others. 
The actors might be particularly

3754
03:24:40,900 --> 03:24:43,000
sharp one day. 
The audience might be 

3755
03:24:43,008 --> 03:24:47,000
particularly receptive 
everything clicks other days. 

3756
03:24:47,000 --> 03:24:50,200
The performance is flat. 
The actors miscues. 

3757
03:24:50,200 --> 03:24:54,900
The audience is restless. 
You accept both the theater is a

3758
03:24:54,900 --> 03:24:58,200
commercial Enterprise. 
Success is measured in tickets. 

3759
03:24:58,200 --> 03:25:01,900
Sales and Repeat Performance is 
you write plays that, people 

3760
03:25:01,900 --> 03:25:05,700
want to see, This does not mean,
you write only for popularity 

3761
03:25:05,700 --> 03:25:08,600
but you are aware of audience 
preferences. 

3762
03:25:09,400 --> 03:25:13,100
You balance your own interests 
with, what will draw a crowd 

3763
03:25:13,100 --> 03:25:18,000
comedies, generally draw larger 
crowds and tragedies people want

3764
03:25:18,000 --> 03:25:19,700
to laugh. 
They want entertainment. 

3765
03:25:21,000 --> 03:25:22,700
The tragedies have their 
audience too. 

3766
03:25:22,700 --> 03:25:27,500
The key is variety you write 
different types of plays to 

3767
03:25:27,500 --> 03:25:30,900
appeal to different, moods 
historical plays, a popular 

3768
03:25:30,900 --> 03:25:34,200
English audiences, want to see 
stories about their own Kings 

3769
03:25:34,200 --> 03:25:36,700
and battles. 
You give them these stories 

3770
03:25:36,700 --> 03:25:39,500
shape to emphasize themes. 
You find interesting. 

3771
03:25:39,500 --> 03:25:44,400
You write quickly when needed a 
play can be completed in weeks. 

3772
03:25:44,400 --> 03:25:48,700
If the company requires it. 
Other times you take longer. 

3773
03:25:49,400 --> 03:25:53,200
You revise old plays for new 
productions, you adapt stories 

3774
03:25:53,200 --> 03:25:55,900
from history, from Italian 
sources, and from English 

3775
03:25:55,900 --> 03:25:58,500
Legends. 
The Source material is a 

3776
03:25:58,500 --> 03:26:01,400
starting point. 
Finished plays your own. 

3777
03:26:02,900 --> 03:26:05,200
Speed does not necessarily mean 
lower quality. 

3778
03:26:06,100 --> 03:26:08,000
Some of your best work comes 
quickly. 

3779
03:26:08,000 --> 03:26:12,900
The ideas are clear. 
The execution is smooth others, 

3780
03:26:12,900 --> 03:26:17,800
labor along, extensive revision.
You keep old drafts. 

3781
03:26:18,600 --> 03:26:21,600
Sometimes you return to a play, 
you wrote years ago and see ways

3782
03:26:21,600 --> 03:26:24,700
to improve it. 
You revise and the company 

3783
03:26:24,700 --> 03:26:29,500
stages, the new version, Players
renewed, your income comes from 

3784
03:26:29,500 --> 03:26:32,200
several streams. 
The theater company. 

3785
03:26:32,200 --> 03:26:35,300
Pays you for new plays. 
You receive a share of profits 

3786
03:26:35,300 --> 03:26:37,500
from performance. 
Is Patron's commission? 

3787
03:26:37,500 --> 03:26:42,400
Poems, you invest in property. 
The combination provides 

3788
03:26:42,400 --> 03:26:45,300
stability. 
You're not wealthy but you are 

3789
03:26:45,300 --> 03:26:49,100
secure the share of profits 
varies depending on how well the

3790
03:26:49,100 --> 03:26:52,300
play performs and how many 
performances are staged. 

3791
03:26:53,100 --> 03:26:55,400
A popular play brings in 
significant money. 

3792
03:26:56,200 --> 03:26:59,200
A play that closes after a few 
performances brings in little. 

3793
03:27:00,000 --> 03:27:03,700
Patronage is less reliable but 
potentially more lucrative. 

3794
03:27:04,500 --> 03:27:07,700
A wealthy Patron might pay 
handsomely for a poem, but 

3795
03:27:07,700 --> 03:27:10,300
patrons are unpredictable their 
favor. 

3796
03:27:10,300 --> 03:27:13,700
Can shift you do not depend on 
patronage alone. 

3797
03:27:13,700 --> 03:27:18,700
Property investment is your 
long-term security, you buy land

3798
03:27:18,700 --> 03:27:22,400
and buildings in Stratford. 
These provide rental income, 

3799
03:27:22,400 --> 03:27:25,600
they will support your family 
after you stop working. 

3800
03:27:26,400 --> 03:27:30,900
The Investments are practical, 
not speculative writing a 

3801
03:27:30,900 --> 03:27:33,800
solitary, but it exists within a
social structure. 

3802
03:27:34,600 --> 03:27:39,600
You rely on actors stage hands, 
musicians and managers they rely

3803
03:27:39,600 --> 03:27:42,200
on you? 
The work is interdependent. 

3804
03:27:42,200 --> 03:27:46,700
A play, is not complete until it
is performed, and it cannot be 

3805
03:27:46,700 --> 03:27:49,200
performed without all these 
parts working together. 

3806
03:27:50,000 --> 03:27:54,800
Musicians, provide interlude and
they play before the performance

3807
03:27:54,800 --> 03:27:59,000
during scene changes, and 
sometimes during scenes. 

3808
03:27:59,800 --> 03:28:03,200
The music sets the mood. 
You can salt with them about 

3809
03:28:03,200 --> 03:28:06,400
what is needed. 
Stage hands, manage the physical

3810
03:28:06,400 --> 03:28:09,600
elements, they move props. 
They operate. 

3811
03:28:09,600 --> 03:28:12,400
The trap doors, they handle the 
curtains. 

3812
03:28:12,400 --> 03:28:16,000
Their work is invisible to the 
audience but essential to the 

3813
03:28:16,000 --> 03:28:19,100
performance. 
The theater manager handles 

3814
03:28:19,100 --> 03:28:20,000
business. 
Matters. 

3815
03:28:20,000 --> 03:28:24,000
Scheduling ticket sales. 
Negotiations, with authorities, 

3816
03:28:24,000 --> 03:28:28,400
you work with him to ensure the 
company operates smoothly, you 

3817
03:28:28,400 --> 03:28:32,000
keep notebooks small 
observations fragments of 

3818
03:28:32,000 --> 03:28:35,900
dialogue and ideas. 
For scenes, you write things 

3819
03:28:35,900 --> 03:28:38,600
down. 
When they occur to you, later 

3820
03:28:38,600 --> 03:28:42,900
you return to these notes. 
Some become plays others remain 

3821
03:28:42,900 --> 03:28:45,300
notes. 
The process of collecting and 

3822
03:28:45,300 --> 03:28:48,900
refining is ongoing the 
notebooks are small enough to 

3823
03:28:48,900 --> 03:28:50,700
carry with you. 
You pull them out. 

3824
03:28:50,700 --> 03:28:53,800
When something strikes, you a 
phrase overheard in the market, 

3825
03:28:53,800 --> 03:28:57,600
an interesting face in the 
crowd, a situation that could 

3826
03:28:57,600 --> 03:29:00,200
become a scene. 
You do not organize the 

3827
03:29:00,200 --> 03:29:02,400
notebook. 
Systematically ideas are 

3828
03:29:02,400 --> 03:29:05,300
recorded as they come. 
When you need something, you 

3829
03:29:05,300 --> 03:29:08,900
page through until you find it. 
The disorder does not bother you

3830
03:29:08,900 --> 03:29:10,500
the notes. 
Are you alone? 

3831
03:29:10,500 --> 03:29:13,600
The work has its frustrations 
lines. 

3832
03:29:13,600 --> 03:29:16,800
You labored over for flat in 
performance actors? 

3833
03:29:16,800 --> 03:29:19,800
Forget. 
Audiences are distracted. 

3834
03:29:19,800 --> 03:29:23,800
Whether affects attendance, the 
roof, leaks, during rain. 

3835
03:29:23,800 --> 03:29:27,900
These are practical problems 
with practical Solutions, you 

3836
03:29:27,900 --> 03:29:30,500
adjust and continued Reign 
drives away. 

3837
03:29:30,500 --> 03:29:33,700
The Groundlings, they will not 
stand in the yard getting 

3838
03:29:33,700 --> 03:29:36,700
soaked. 
The galleries stay Fuller but 

3839
03:29:36,700 --> 03:29:39,400
the energy is different. 
You might cut the performance 

3840
03:29:39,400 --> 03:29:43,600
short or cancel entirely. 
Actors, forget lines. 

3841
03:29:43,600 --> 03:29:47,300
It happens, they improvised they
get back on track. 

3842
03:29:47,300 --> 03:29:51,700
If the problem is severe, you 
add extra rehearsals, you work 

3843
03:29:51,700 --> 03:29:53,600
with the actor individually you 
all. 

3844
03:29:53,600 --> 03:29:57,300
So experienced moments of 
satisfaction, A scene lands. 

3845
03:29:57,300 --> 03:29:58,700
Exactly. 
As you hope to? 

3846
03:29:59,300 --> 03:30:01,400
An actor delivers a line with 
perfect timing. 

3847
03:30:01,400 --> 03:30:05,500
The audience is silent during a 
tense moment, then erupts in 

3848
03:30:05,508 --> 03:30:08,700
laughter or Applause. 
These moments are gratifying, 

3849
03:30:08,700 --> 03:30:12,100
but they do not change. 
The nature of the work tomorrow.

3850
03:30:12,100 --> 03:30:14,300
You will return to the table and
write again. 

3851
03:30:15,000 --> 03:30:18,300
The satisfaction is brief, you 
enjoy it in the moment. 

3852
03:30:18,300 --> 03:30:21,400
Then move on, there is always 
more work to do. 

3853
03:30:21,400 --> 03:30:24,400
The next play is already forming
in your mind. 

3854
03:30:24,400 --> 03:30:28,700
You do not think of yourself as 
exceptional, you're a working 

3855
03:30:28,700 --> 03:30:32,600
playwright in a city full of 
working playwrights, some are 

3856
03:30:32,600 --> 03:30:36,000
more successful summer less, 
your somewhere in the middle 

3857
03:30:36,000 --> 03:30:39,100
producing work, that is reliable
and occasionally. 

3858
03:30:39,100 --> 03:30:41,200
Excellent. 
This is enough. 

3859
03:30:41,200 --> 03:30:44,600
Christopher, Marlowe was 
exceptional before his death. 

3860
03:30:45,300 --> 03:30:49,500
Ben Johnson is talented. 
And ambitious, Thomas Dekker 

3861
03:30:49,500 --> 03:30:52,100
writes prolifically. 
You are one among several. 

3862
03:30:52,100 --> 03:30:56,600
The competition is healthy. 
It pushes you to improve the 

3863
03:30:56,600 --> 03:30:59,800
rhythm of writing rehearsing and
Performing becomes second 

3864
03:30:59,800 --> 03:31:02,200
nature. 
You know how long it takes to 

3865
03:31:02,200 --> 03:31:05,600
complete a draft, you know, how 
much time actors need to learn 

3866
03:31:05,600 --> 03:31:08,700
their lines, you know, when to 
push for changes and when to 

3867
03:31:08,700 --> 03:31:12,400
accept what has been done 
Experience teaches you these 

3868
03:31:12,400 --> 03:31:15,000
things. 
You can estimate accurately now,

3869
03:31:15,000 --> 03:31:18,600
you know, a five-act play will 
take six to eight weeks to write

3870
03:31:18,600 --> 03:31:21,600
if you work steadily. 
You know, rehearsals will take 

3871
03:31:21,600 --> 03:31:24,700
two to three weeks. 
You know, a successful play will

3872
03:31:24,700 --> 03:31:28,400
run for a dozen performance as 
or more You write in different 

3873
03:31:28,400 --> 03:31:31,200
moods. 
Sometimes the work flows easily 

3874
03:31:31,200 --> 03:31:34,300
other times. 
It is slow and difficult. 

3875
03:31:34,300 --> 03:31:38,100
You do not, wait for 
inspiration, you sit down and 

3876
03:31:38,100 --> 03:31:39,700
write regardless of how you 
feel. 

3877
03:31:40,800 --> 03:31:44,600
Discipline is more important 
than mood on difficult days. 

3878
03:31:44,600 --> 03:31:47,600
You produce fewer Pages. 
The words do not come easily. 

3879
03:31:47,600 --> 03:31:51,100
You force them. 
Anyway, Forced work can be 

3880
03:31:51,108 --> 03:31:53,900
revised later. 
The important thing is to keep 

3881
03:31:53,900 --> 03:31:57,000
moving forward on. 
Good days, you write more than 

3882
03:31:57,000 --> 03:32:00,800
you expected. 
The ideas flow, the dialogue 

3883
03:32:00,800 --> 03:32:04,400
sounds right on the first try 
you ride the momentum as long as

3884
03:32:04,400 --> 03:32:06,200
it lasts. 
Your relationship. 

3885
03:32:06,200 --> 03:32:09,900
With your own work is practical.
You do not romanticize the 

3886
03:32:09,900 --> 03:32:14,200
process, you do not agonize over
every word you do, what is 

3887
03:32:14,200 --> 03:32:17,600
required and move forward. 
This approach allows you to 

3888
03:32:17,600 --> 03:32:21,400
produce a large body of work 
over many years, your proud of 

3889
03:32:21,400 --> 03:32:24,200
some plays more than others. 
Some represent your best 

3890
03:32:24,200 --> 03:32:25,700
thinking and your finest 
language. 

3891
03:32:25,700 --> 03:32:28,600
Others are competent, but not 
exceptional. 

3892
03:32:28,600 --> 03:32:33,100
You accept this range. 
Not everything can be your best 

3893
03:32:33,100 --> 03:32:35,100
work. 
At the end of the day. 

3894
03:32:35,100 --> 03:32:39,400
You set aside the papers, the 
ink Drive the words. 

3895
03:32:39,400 --> 03:32:42,900
Remain on the page tomorrow. 
You will return to. 

3896
03:32:42,900 --> 03:32:47,300
These is the pattern writing is 
not an event. 

3897
03:32:48,200 --> 03:32:53,800
It is a habit the papers Stack 
Up pages of dialogue notes and 

3898
03:32:53,800 --> 03:32:57,700
revisions, the physical 
accumulation represents hours of

3899
03:32:57,700 --> 03:33:00,300
work. 
You keep the drafts organized. 

3900
03:33:00,300 --> 03:33:03,500
Well enough to find what you 
need you waste paper when 

3901
03:33:03,500 --> 03:33:06,500
necessary. 
If page is so heavily revised 

3902
03:33:06,500 --> 03:33:08,100
that it is illegible. 
You copy it. 

3903
03:33:08,100 --> 03:33:12,700
Fresh the time spent copying is 
worth the clarity, the work 

3904
03:33:12,700 --> 03:33:16,200
continues, there is always 
another plate, to write another 

3905
03:33:16,200 --> 03:33:20,000
performance to attend and 
another revision to make the 

3906
03:33:20,000 --> 03:33:24,000
cycle repeats. 
This repetition is not tedious, 

3907
03:33:24,000 --> 03:33:25,900
it is the structure of your 
life. 

3908
03:33:25,900 --> 03:33:29,100
You spend time with other 
people, the theater world is 

3909
03:33:29,100 --> 03:33:34,000
small and the same faces appear 
regularly actors, playwrights 

3910
03:33:34,000 --> 03:33:38,400
managers, and musicians, you 
know, them by name, you know, 

3911
03:33:38,400 --> 03:33:40,900
their habits, their skills, 
their temperaments. 

3912
03:33:40,900 --> 03:33:45,300
Richard Burbage is serious about
his craft, he prepares 

3913
03:33:45,300 --> 03:33:48,800
thoroughly for roles. 
He thinks deeply about character

3914
03:33:48,800 --> 03:33:53,400
conversations with him a focused
on the work, he respect his 

3915
03:33:53,400 --> 03:33:56,900
dedication. 
Will Kempy is boisterous. 

3916
03:33:56,900 --> 03:34:00,900
He jokes constantly, his energy.
Fills a room. 

3917
03:34:00,900 --> 03:34:05,100
He can also be difficult, his 
improvisation, sometimes go too 

3918
03:34:05,100 --> 03:34:08,000
far. 
You have learned to write roles 

3919
03:34:08,000 --> 03:34:09,700
that channel. 
His energy productively. 

3920
03:34:10,700 --> 03:34:14,100
Robert Armin, who replaces 
campaign is more subtle, his 

3921
03:34:14,100 --> 03:34:16,100
humorous verbal rather than 
physical. 

3922
03:34:16,100 --> 03:34:19,800
You write different types of 
fools for him, the shift 

3923
03:34:19,800 --> 03:34:23,200
changes, the tone of your 
comedies taverns are common 

3924
03:34:23,200 --> 03:34:26,400
gathering places after a 
performance or rehearsal. 

3925
03:34:26,400 --> 03:34:30,300
The company goes to a nearby 
Tavern, you sit at a long table 

3926
03:34:30,300 --> 03:34:33,100
with others. 
Ail is poured bread and cheese 

3927
03:34:33,108 --> 03:34:35,400
are shared conversations 
overlap. 

3928
03:34:35,400 --> 03:34:39,600
Someone tells a story, someone 
else, argues a point, you 

3929
03:34:39,600 --> 03:34:42,700
listen, more than you speak but 
you can contribute when it feels

3930
03:34:42,700 --> 03:34:47,800
natural. 
These warm and noisy, the smell 

3931
03:34:47,800 --> 03:34:51,600
of Ale and bodies is strong. 
The space is crowded. 

3932
03:34:51,600 --> 03:34:54,300
You sit shoulder to shoulder 
with others. 

3933
03:34:55,200 --> 03:34:57,300
The proximity is comfortable 
after years of it. 

3934
03:34:58,100 --> 03:35:01,700
You have your preferred seat? 
Near the end of the table. 

3935
03:35:02,600 --> 03:35:04,600
Close enough to hear but not at 
the center. 

3936
03:35:04,600 --> 03:35:08,400
This position allows you to 
participate or withdraw as you 

3937
03:35:08,400 --> 03:35:11,900
choose. 
The talk is often about work, 

3938
03:35:11,900 --> 03:35:16,500
which plays a drawing crowds 
which actors are improving. 

3939
03:35:17,200 --> 03:35:18,800
What other companies are 
staging? 

3940
03:35:19,500 --> 03:35:22,000
The theater world is competitive
but not hostile. 

3941
03:35:22,000 --> 03:35:25,700
People share information, they 
offer advice, they complain 

3942
03:35:25,700 --> 03:35:28,700
about shared for frustrations. 
You learn about other companies 

3943
03:35:28,700 --> 03:35:32,400
through these conversations. 
The Admiral's men are staging a 

3944
03:35:32,400 --> 03:35:35,100
new play by Decker. 
The children of the chapel are 

3945
03:35:35,100 --> 03:35:37,600
performing at court. 
This information helps. 

3946
03:35:37,600 --> 03:35:41,400
You understand the landscape? 
It informs your own decisions. 

3947
03:35:41,400 --> 03:35:43,400
You also talk about other 
things. 

3948
03:35:44,300 --> 03:35:47,400
Politics gossip and Family 
Matters. 

3949
03:35:47,400 --> 03:35:51,800
The conversations are ordinary, 
you learn about someone sick, 

3950
03:35:51,800 --> 03:35:55,000
child, someone's new logging, 
and someone's dispute with a 

3951
03:35:55,000 --> 03:35:57,700
landlord. 
These details do not affect you 

3952
03:35:57,700 --> 03:36:01,200
directly, but they are part of 
the fabric of social life. 

3953
03:36:02,100 --> 03:36:04,000
Politics are discussed 
cautiously. 

3954
03:36:04,000 --> 03:36:08,200
The authorities, monitor public 
discourse saying the wrong thing

3955
03:36:08,200 --> 03:36:11,000
can lead to trouble. 
You, listen to political talk 

3956
03:36:11,000 --> 03:36:15,000
but contribute little, you are 
aware of the risks, gossip is 

3957
03:36:15,000 --> 03:36:18,900
safer and more entertaining. 
Who is feuding with whom? 

3958
03:36:18,900 --> 03:36:23,900
Who is courting, who was fallen 
out of favor with a patron, the 

3959
03:36:23,900 --> 03:36:25,700
stories are repeated and 
embellished. 

3960
03:36:26,300 --> 03:36:29,100
You take them with skepticism 
friendships form. 

3961
03:36:29,100 --> 03:36:31,500
Slowly. 
He work with the same people for

3962
03:36:31,500 --> 03:36:34,000
years. 
Trust bills through repeated 

3963
03:36:34,000 --> 03:36:36,900
interactions. 
You rely on certain actors to 

3964
03:36:36,900 --> 03:36:40,500
deliver difficult roles. 
They rely on you to write parts 

3965
03:36:40,500 --> 03:36:43,800
that suit them. 
This Mutual dependence creates a

3966
03:36:43,808 --> 03:36:45,700
bond that is professional and 
personal. 

3967
03:36:45,700 --> 03:36:49,000
You have friends. 
You do not work with often write

3968
03:36:49,000 --> 03:36:52,000
as you respect actors who have 
moved to other companies. 

3969
03:36:53,000 --> 03:36:56,100
The friendships persist, even 
when work does not connect you, 

3970
03:36:56,100 --> 03:36:59,900
you see each other in taverns on
the street and that Gatherings, 

3971
03:36:59,900 --> 03:37:03,900
you have friends outside the 
theater people, from Stratford 

3972
03:37:03,900 --> 03:37:06,900
Neighbors in London. 
Merchants you deal with 

3973
03:37:06,900 --> 03:37:09,500
regularly. 
These relationships are less 

3974
03:37:09,500 --> 03:37:13,600
intense, but still meaningful, 
you exchanged, greetings, you 

3975
03:37:13,600 --> 03:37:15,200
help each other with small 
tasks. 

3976
03:37:15,200 --> 03:37:17,800
You maintain a presence in each.
Other's lives. 

3977
03:37:17,800 --> 03:37:21,500
Without Constant Contact. 
Your family and Stratford is a 

3978
03:37:21,508 --> 03:37:24,000
separate world and manages the 
household. 

3979
03:37:24,000 --> 03:37:28,800
The your daughter's grow older, 
your son Hamlet is buried in 

3980
03:37:28,800 --> 03:37:31,600
Stratford. 
This loss is part of your life 

3981
03:37:31,600 --> 03:37:35,300
that you do not speak of it off.
Often grief is private, you 

3982
03:37:35,300 --> 03:37:40,900
carry it quietly. 
Hamlet died in 1596 he was 11. 

3983
03:37:40,900 --> 03:37:45,900
The loss was sudden and painful 
you were in London when it 

3984
03:37:45,900 --> 03:37:49,300
happened by the time you return 
to strap for, he was already 

3985
03:37:49,300 --> 03:37:52,200
buried. 
The grief did not diminish over 

3986
03:37:52,200 --> 03:37:55,000
time, it simply became part of 
you. 

3987
03:37:55,800 --> 03:37:59,600
You do not write about the grief
directly, but it seeps into your

3988
03:37:59,600 --> 03:38:02,500
work. 
Fathers losing Sons. 

3989
03:38:02,500 --> 03:38:07,400
Children dying Young. 
The themes appear in plays 

3990
03:38:07,400 --> 03:38:11,000
written after his death. 
The connection is unconscious, 

3991
03:38:11,000 --> 03:38:15,200
but real. when you are in 
Stratford you participate, in 

3992
03:38:15,200 --> 03:38:20,100
local life, you attend church, 
you visit neighbors, you handle 

3993
03:38:20,100 --> 03:38:23,700
business matters, People know 
you as a local man who works in 

3994
03:38:23,700 --> 03:38:27,100
London, your Fame as a 
playwright is secondary to your 

3995
03:38:27,100 --> 03:38:29,300
role. 
As a property owner and family 

3996
03:38:29,300 --> 03:38:31,900
man Church attendance is 
required. 

3997
03:38:31,900 --> 03:38:34,400
You go to Holy Trinity. 
Church. 

3998
03:38:34,400 --> 03:38:37,500
Most Sundays when you're in 
Stratford, the service is 

3999
03:38:37,500 --> 03:38:40,100
familiar. 
The same prayers, the same 

4000
03:38:40,100 --> 03:38:44,900
Psalms you sit with your family,
the ritual is comforting, you 

4001
03:38:44,900 --> 03:38:48,000
know, the vicar you contribute 
to church repairs and 

4002
03:38:48,000 --> 03:38:50,300
maintenance. 
These are expected 

4003
03:38:50,300 --> 03:38:52,700
responsibilities for someone of 
your standing. 

4004
03:38:52,700 --> 03:38:56,800
You fulfill them with without 
complaint In London, you are 

4005
03:38:56,800 --> 03:38:59,700
more of anonymous. 
The city is large enough that 

4006
03:38:59,700 --> 03:39:02,100
you can move through it without 
constant recognition. 

4007
03:39:03,100 --> 03:39:06,900
You are known within the theater
Community, but outside it, you 

4008
03:39:06,900 --> 03:39:08,300
are just another man on the 
street. 

4009
03:39:09,100 --> 03:39:12,600
This anonymity is useful. 
It allows you to observe without

4010
03:39:12,600 --> 03:39:15,400
being observed. 
You can sit in a Tavern and 

4011
03:39:15,408 --> 03:39:18,600
listen without people performing
for you, you can walk through 

4012
03:39:18,600 --> 03:39:21,000
markets and watch people 
interact naturally. 

4013
03:39:21,000 --> 03:39:24,000
This freedom to observe is 
valuable it. 

4014
03:39:24,000 --> 03:39:27,000
Feeds your work, you watch 
people, you notice how they 

4015
03:39:27,008 --> 03:39:31,500
walk, how they speak and how 
they react to each other markets

4016
03:39:31,500 --> 03:39:36,700
streets, taverns churches, every
space offers examples of human 

4017
03:39:36,700 --> 03:39:39,400
behavior. 
You collect these observations. 

4018
03:39:39,400 --> 03:39:42,500
They inform your writing without
you thinking about it. 

4019
03:39:42,500 --> 03:39:46,600
Consciously, a woman haggling 
over fish, the way she gestures 

4020
03:39:46,600 --> 03:39:50,100
the tone of her voice when she 
feels cheated, the expression on

4021
03:39:50,100 --> 03:39:54,100
the fishmongers face, you file 
these details away a child 

4022
03:39:54,108 --> 03:39:58,200
crying in the street. 
Parents response, impatient 

4023
03:39:58,200 --> 03:40:02,300
comforting angry. 
The interaction reveals the 

4024
03:40:02,300 --> 03:40:05,400
relationship. 
You remember it two men, arguing

4025
03:40:05,400 --> 03:40:10,000
their postures, their volume. 
The moment one backs down the 

4026
03:40:10,000 --> 03:40:13,300
dynamic of power and submission 
you noted all. 

4027
03:40:14,200 --> 03:40:17,900
Social Gatherings are informal. 
Someone invite to few people to 

4028
03:40:17,900 --> 03:40:23,100
their lodging, you sit and talk.
There is no formal agenda, the 

4029
03:40:23,100 --> 03:40:25,100
conversation drifts from topic 
to topic. 

4030
03:40:26,000 --> 03:40:29,800
You might discuss a recent play,
a piece of news or a shared 

4031
03:40:29,800 --> 03:40:32,600
acquaintance. 
The atmosphere is relaxed. 

4032
03:40:32,600 --> 03:40:34,700
The Gatherings happen 
spontaneously. 

4033
03:40:35,800 --> 03:40:39,200
Someone mentions an idea in 
passing others, express 

4034
03:40:39,200 --> 03:40:41,800
interest. 
By evening a group. 

4035
03:40:41,808 --> 03:40:47,000
As assembled, Al is shared 
stories are told laughter fills 

4036
03:40:47,000 --> 03:40:50,000
the room. 
You enjoy these moments the easy

4037
03:40:50,000 --> 03:40:54,100
companionship, the lack of 
pressure, no one is performing. 

4038
03:40:54,100 --> 03:40:57,800
No one is trying to impress, 
people are simply present with 

4039
03:40:57,800 --> 03:41:00,300
each other. 
You do not seek the company of 

4040
03:41:00,300 --> 03:41:03,300
the wealthy or powerful. 
Your patience are part of your 

4041
03:41:03,300 --> 03:41:05,800
professional life, but not your 
social life. 

4042
03:41:06,600 --> 03:41:09,300
You maintain a respectful 
distance, you fulfill 

4043
03:41:09,300 --> 03:41:11,500
commissions you Express 
gratitude. 

4044
03:41:11,500 --> 03:41:13,800
You do not pretend to be 
something. 

4045
03:41:13,800 --> 03:41:16,500
You are not. 
The Earl of Southampton was an 

4046
03:41:16,500 --> 03:41:19,100
early Patriot. 
He commissioned your narrative 

4047
03:41:19,100 --> 03:41:23,100
poems, you dedicated Venus and 
Adonis and the rape of Lucretia 

4048
03:41:23,100 --> 03:41:26,300
to him, the relationship was 
cordial, but four more. 

4049
03:41:26,300 --> 03:41:29,500
You understand the difference 
between Patron and Friends, 

4050
03:41:29,500 --> 03:41:33,200
Patron's, provide money, 
friends, provide companionship. 

4051
03:41:33,200 --> 03:41:37,100
The two are not the same. 
Your relationships are built on 

4052
03:41:37,100 --> 03:41:41,000
practical foundations. 
You help people, they help you. 

4053
03:41:41,000 --> 03:41:44,100
You share resources information 
and time. 

4054
03:41:44,100 --> 03:41:46,700
These exchanges are not 
calculated. 

4055
03:41:46,700 --> 03:41:51,700
They are simply how things work.
An actor needs a place to stay, 

4056
03:41:51,700 --> 03:41:55,800
you know, someone with a room, 
you make the introduction later 

4057
03:41:55,800 --> 03:41:57,700
that actor, Returns the favor in
some way. 

4058
03:41:57,708 --> 03:42:01,200
The reciprocity is natural, a 
playwright needs information 

4059
03:42:01,200 --> 03:42:05,200
about a historical event, you 
lend him your book, he lends you

4060
03:42:05,208 --> 03:42:07,900
something later the exchanges 
build Goodwill. 

4061
03:42:07,900 --> 03:42:11,600
You see the same people in the 
same place as the predictability

4062
03:42:11,600 --> 03:42:14,100
is comforting? 
You know where to find someone, 

4063
03:42:14,100 --> 03:42:16,800
if you need them, you know, who 
will be at the tavern after a 

4064
03:42:16,800 --> 03:42:20,100
performance, you know who to ask
for help with a particular task,

4065
03:42:20,100 --> 03:42:24,900
the theater Community has its 
regular spots, certain taverns 

4066
03:42:24,900 --> 03:42:29,300
certain streets certain shops. 
You move through these spaces 

4067
03:42:29,300 --> 03:42:33,600
and encounter familiar faces. 
The rhythm is steady conflicts. 

4068
03:42:33,600 --> 03:42:36,200
Arise occasionally? 
Someone feels slighted. 

4069
03:42:36,200 --> 03:42:38,500
Someone disagrees with the 
decision. 

4070
03:42:39,600 --> 03:42:43,300
These disputes are resolved 
through conversation compromise 

4071
03:42:43,300 --> 03:42:48,400
or simply letting time pass. 
You do not hold grudges, neither

4072
03:42:48,400 --> 03:42:51,900
do most of the people, you know,
the community is too small for 

4073
03:42:51,900 --> 03:42:55,500
long-term enmity, an actor feels
he was given a role beneath his 

4074
03:42:55,500 --> 03:42:58,700
abilities. 
He complains, you explain your 

4075
03:42:58,700 --> 03:43:01,600
reasoning, he accepts it, or he 
does not. 

4076
03:43:02,500 --> 03:43:06,300
Either way, the work continues, 
a disagreement about profit, 

4077
03:43:06,300 --> 03:43:10,200
sharing numbers are reviewed. 
The accounts are checked a 

4078
03:43:10,200 --> 03:43:13,500
resolution is reached the 
dispute is forgotten. 

4079
03:43:13,500 --> 03:43:17,800
You also spend time alone, 
between social engagements, you 

4080
03:43:17,800 --> 03:43:21,100
walk, or sit in your lodging, 
Solitude is necessary. 

4081
03:43:21,100 --> 03:43:24,100
It allows you to process what 
you've seen and heard. 

4082
03:43:24,100 --> 03:43:27,900
It gives you space to think. 
Without distraction you need 

4083
03:43:27,908 --> 03:43:31,600
Solitude to write conversation. 
Fills your mind with other 

4084
03:43:31,600 --> 03:43:35,200
people's words alone. 
You can hear your own thoughts. 

4085
03:43:35,200 --> 03:43:40,200
The characters can speak you 
need Solitude to rest social 

4086
03:43:40,200 --> 03:43:43,900
interaction, even Pleasant 
interaction requires energy. 

4087
03:43:44,700 --> 03:43:49,100
Alone, you can simply be. 
Your social life is neither 

4088
03:43:49,100 --> 03:43:53,100
vibrant nor dull. 
It is consistent, you see, 

4089
03:43:53,108 --> 03:43:57,400
people regularly, you maintain 
connections, you contribute to 

4090
03:43:57,400 --> 03:44:01,600
Shared activities, you receive 
support when needed this network

4091
03:44:01,600 --> 03:44:04,300
of relationships is part of the 
structure that supports your 

4092
03:44:04,300 --> 03:44:07,500
work and your life. 
The network is invisible, most 

4093
03:44:07,500 --> 03:44:11,200
of the time, you take it for 
granted, but when you need help 

4094
03:44:11,200 --> 03:44:15,000
it, is there someone knows 
someone who can solve a problem.

4095
03:44:15,000 --> 03:44:18,900
Information is passed along 
favors are exchanged. 

4096
03:44:19,600 --> 03:44:21,700
At the end of the evening, you 
part ways with friends and 

4097
03:44:21,700 --> 03:44:25,200
colleagues, you walk back to 
your logging, the streets are 

4098
03:44:25,200 --> 03:44:27,500
quieter at night, you move 
through them. 

4099
03:44:27,500 --> 03:44:30,700
Without hurry tomorrow. 
You will see many of the same 

4100
03:44:30,700 --> 03:44:32,800
people. 
Again, the continuity is 

4101
03:44:32,800 --> 03:44:35,300
reassuring. 
The familiar faces are 

4102
03:44:35,300 --> 03:44:37,600
comforting. 
You do not have to explain 

4103
03:44:37,600 --> 03:44:40,500
yourself, you do not have to 
establish your identity. 

4104
03:44:40,500 --> 03:44:43,700
You are no known your part of 
the community. 

4105
03:44:45,100 --> 03:44:49,000
This belonging is simple and 
deep rest is woven into your 

4106
03:44:49,000 --> 03:44:51,400
days. 
It is not separate from work. 

4107
03:44:51,400 --> 03:44:55,800
It is part of the pattern. 
You take breaks during writing 

4108
03:44:55,800 --> 03:44:57,700
after an hour or two at the 
table. 

4109
03:44:57,700 --> 03:45:01,400
You stand and stretch. 
He walked to the window. 

4110
03:45:01,400 --> 03:45:06,000
You look out at the street or 
the river, the movement helps it

4111
03:45:06,000 --> 03:45:08,700
clears your mind. 
When you sit back down the 

4112
03:45:08,700 --> 03:45:11,200
words, come a little easier. 
Your body grows. 

4113
03:45:11,200 --> 03:45:13,500
Stiff from sitting your back 
aches. 

4114
03:45:13,500 --> 03:45:17,500
Your shoulders, tighten. 
standing and moving releases, 

4115
03:45:17,500 --> 03:45:22,100
the tension you roll your neck, 
you flex your fingers, the 

4116
03:45:22,100 --> 03:45:25,200
relief is immediate, the view 
from your window changes, 

4117
03:45:25,200 --> 03:45:28,500
depending on where your lodging,
Sometimes you see the river? 

4118
03:45:29,300 --> 03:45:31,000
Sometimes you see a narrow 
Street. 

4119
03:45:31,000 --> 03:45:35,400
Sometimes you see a courtyard? 
The View does not matter much 

4120
03:45:35,400 --> 03:45:37,700
looking at something distant, 
rest. 

4121
03:45:37,700 --> 03:45:41,600
Your eyes are Toons. 
Often include pauses if there is

4122
03:45:41,608 --> 03:45:44,000
no performance scheduled, you 
might sit in the theater 

4123
03:45:44,000 --> 03:45:46,700
Courtyard. 
Other company members do the 

4124
03:45:46,700 --> 03:45:49,600
same, you talk quietly or simply
sit inside silent. 

4125
03:45:50,900 --> 03:45:52,900
The sun is warm, the breezes 
cool. 

4126
03:45:52,900 --> 03:45:56,400
These moments are unhurried. 
The courtyard is paved with 

4127
03:45:56,400 --> 03:45:59,900
stone benches line. 
The walls in summer. 

4128
03:45:59,900 --> 03:46:03,900
The space is Pleasant in Winter.
It is too cold for lingering. 

4129
03:46:04,600 --> 03:46:07,000
The seasonal Rhythm affect, how 
you rest? 

4130
03:46:07,700 --> 03:46:09,900
Your watch clouds move across 
the sky. 

4131
03:46:09,900 --> 03:46:13,400
You notice the angle of the sun?
You feel the warmth on your 

4132
03:46:13,400 --> 03:46:16,100
face? 
These Sensations are simple and 

4133
03:46:16,100 --> 03:46:19,900
restorative travel between 
Stratford and London includes 

4134
03:46:19,900 --> 03:46:22,200
rest. 
The journey takes time. 

4135
03:46:22,200 --> 03:46:25,700
You stop at Inns along the way 
you eat a meal. 

4136
03:46:25,700 --> 03:46:29,900
You sleep in an unfamiliar bed 
The next morning you can 

4137
03:46:29,900 --> 03:46:32,900
continue. 
The rhythm of travel has its own

4138
03:46:32,900 --> 03:46:35,800
slowness. 
The forced rest of travel is 

4139
03:46:35,800 --> 03:46:39,600
different from chosen, rest. 
You cannot work while traveling.

4140
03:46:40,500 --> 03:46:43,800
Cannot write effectively on 
Horseback or in a jolting coach.

4141
03:46:44,500 --> 03:46:46,400
You must simply be present in 
the journey. 

4142
03:46:46,400 --> 03:46:51,600
You watch the landscape, you 
think you sometimes drowse in 

4143
03:46:51,600 --> 03:46:54,000
the saddle? 
The horse knows the road, even 

4144
03:46:54,000 --> 03:46:58,700
when your attention wanders, In 
Stratford rest looks different. 

4145
03:47:00,200 --> 03:47:04,500
The town is quieter than London.
There are fewer demands on your 

4146
03:47:04,500 --> 03:47:07,800
time. 
You walk through Fields, you sit

4147
03:47:07,800 --> 03:47:11,300
in your garden, you spend time 
with family without the pressure

4148
03:47:11,300 --> 03:47:13,800
of performance, schedules or 
writing deadlines. 

4149
03:47:14,700 --> 03:47:18,600
The garden behind your house is 
modest, vegetables herbs. 

4150
03:47:18,600 --> 03:47:22,200
And a few flowers, you sit on a 
bench and watch things grow. 

4151
03:47:22,200 --> 03:47:25,800
The pace of plant growth is 
slower than any human activity 

4152
03:47:25,800 --> 03:47:29,200
watching. 
It is calming, you pull a few 

4153
03:47:29,200 --> 03:47:33,300
weeds, you Inspect the 
vegetables, these small tasks 

4154
03:47:33,300 --> 03:47:36,600
are restful because they are 
simple and tangible, the results

4155
03:47:36,600 --> 03:47:40,200
are immediate and visible. 
You do not think of rest as 

4156
03:47:40,200 --> 03:47:42,200
indulgences. 
It is necessary. 

4157
03:47:43,000 --> 03:47:46,300
Your mind needs time to recover 
from the focus of writing. 

4158
03:47:47,000 --> 03:47:50,000
Your body needs time to recover 
from the physical demands of 

4159
03:47:50,000 --> 03:47:54,400
travel and City Life. 
Rest is practical without rest, 

4160
03:47:54,400 --> 03:47:58,700
your thinking becomes muddy 
words, do not come ideas, feel 

4161
03:47:58,700 --> 03:48:02,800
forced, rest clears, the fog it 
restores clarity. 

4162
03:48:03,700 --> 03:48:08,000
Without rest your body protests 
headaches, stiff joints. 

4163
03:48:08,600 --> 03:48:12,500
Exhaustion that sleep alone. 
Cannot fix rest prevents these 

4164
03:48:12,500 --> 03:48:16,500
problems you nap occasionally. 
In the middle of the afternoon. 

4165
03:48:16,500 --> 03:48:18,400
You lie down and close your 
eyes. 

4166
03:48:18,400 --> 03:48:23,100
The nap is short not deep. 
When you wake, you feel 

4167
03:48:23,100 --> 03:48:26,200
refreshed enough to continue the
day's work, you do not undress 

4168
03:48:26,200 --> 03:48:30,600
for these naps, you simply lie 
on the bed or on a bench, you 

4169
03:48:30,600 --> 03:48:34,100
close your eyes, you drift for a
quarter hour or half an hour. 

4170
03:48:35,100 --> 03:48:36,900
The rest is light, but 
effective. 

4171
03:48:36,900 --> 03:48:39,500
The room is quiet during these 
naps. 

4172
03:48:39,500 --> 03:48:41,900
The city sounds Fade to the 
background. 

4173
03:48:41,900 --> 03:48:46,400
You're breathing slows, your 
thoughts scattered dissolve 

4174
03:48:46,400 --> 03:48:51,000
waiting is also a form of rest. 
You wait for actors to arrive at

4175
03:48:51,000 --> 03:48:54,300
rehearsal you wait for 
performances to begin you. 

4176
03:48:54,300 --> 03:48:55,800
Wait for the weather to clear 
before. 

4177
03:48:55,800 --> 03:49:00,300
Traveling, during these times 
you are still, you let your 

4178
03:49:00,300 --> 03:49:03,000
thoughts wander. 
You notice details around you, 

4179
03:49:03,000 --> 03:49:07,500
waiting used to frustrate you. 
Now, you accepted the time will 

4180
03:49:07,500 --> 03:49:10,600
pass whether you are impatient 
or not better to be calm. 

4181
03:49:10,600 --> 03:49:14,200
You observe while waiting the 
way light falls on a wall. 

4182
03:49:14,200 --> 03:49:16,000
The sound of someone's 
footsteps. 

4183
03:49:16,000 --> 03:49:18,300
The smell of bread baking 
nearby. 

4184
03:49:19,200 --> 03:49:22,600
Waiting becomes observation 
evening's, bring a natural 

4185
03:49:22,600 --> 03:49:26,200
slowering, the light Fades work.
Becomes harder. 

4186
03:49:27,000 --> 03:49:28,900
You accept this and shift your 
focus. 

4187
03:49:28,900 --> 03:49:32,800
You might read instead of right,
you might sit with others. 

4188
03:49:32,800 --> 03:49:35,600
Instead of sitting alone, the 
transition is gentle. 

4189
03:49:35,600 --> 03:49:38,000
The transition happens without 
decision. 

4190
03:49:38,700 --> 03:49:42,700
Your body knows when the working
day is ending, your mind begins 

4191
03:49:42,700 --> 03:49:45,300
to release its focus. 
You do not fight this. 

4192
03:49:45,300 --> 03:49:49,800
You allow the shift You rest 
your eyes by looking at distant 

4193
03:49:49,800 --> 03:49:52,400
things. 
After hours of reading or 

4194
03:49:52,400 --> 03:49:53,600
writing, you look out the 
window. 

4195
03:49:53,600 --> 03:49:55,600
You watch people move on the 
street. 

4196
03:49:55,600 --> 03:50:00,700
You watch clouds, or Birds, The 
shift in focus is soothing. 

4197
03:50:01,400 --> 03:50:06,200
Close work strains, the eyes, 
the small letters, blur your 

4198
03:50:06,200 --> 03:50:09,100
eyes water. 
Looking at distant objects, 

4199
03:50:09,100 --> 03:50:14,100
relaxes the muscles, the blur 
clears, physical rest matters. 

4200
03:50:14,800 --> 03:50:18,400
you walk regularly, which keeps 
your body active, but you also 

4201
03:50:18,400 --> 03:50:22,100
know when to sit or lie down You
do not push yourself to 

4202
03:50:22,100 --> 03:50:26,000
exhaustion, you recognize the 
signs of fatigue and respond to 

4203
03:50:26,000 --> 03:50:28,400
them. 
Exhaustion makes you stupid. 

4204
03:50:29,300 --> 03:50:32,700
Your judgment fails. 
Your patience thin's. 

4205
03:50:32,700 --> 03:50:35,300
Rest prevents this 
deterioration. 

4206
03:50:36,300 --> 03:50:39,300
You protect your capacity to 
think by protecting your energy.

4207
03:50:40,100 --> 03:50:43,600
Rest is not always silent. 
Sometimes you rest by talking 

4208
03:50:43,600 --> 03:50:45,900
with others, the conversation is
light. 

4209
03:50:45,900 --> 03:50:48,400
No one is performing or making 
arguments. 

4210
03:50:48,400 --> 03:50:52,600
You simply exchanged words. 
The social connection itself is 

4211
03:50:52,600 --> 03:50:54,800
restful, talk about nothing 
important. 

4212
03:50:54,800 --> 03:50:59,400
Whether a meal, someone enjoyed 
a minor inconvenience. 

4213
03:50:59,400 --> 03:51:03,100
The topic do not matter. 
The companionship is the point 

4214
03:51:03,100 --> 03:51:07,500
laughter, is restful a good 
joke, a funny story. 

4215
03:51:08,600 --> 03:51:10,700
The release of laughter eases 
tension. 

4216
03:51:11,400 --> 03:51:15,700
You feel lighter afterward, you 
rest in familiar places, your 

4217
03:51:15,700 --> 03:51:18,900
lodging, in London, your home in
Stratford the theater. 

4218
03:51:18,900 --> 03:51:21,400
When it is empty, these spaces 
are known. 

4219
03:51:21,400 --> 03:51:25,200
You do not have to navigate, or 
adjust, you can simply be 

4220
03:51:26,400 --> 03:51:29,500
Familiar spaces, require no. 
Thought, you know where 

4221
03:51:29,500 --> 03:51:31,800
everything is? 
You do not have to orient 

4222
03:51:31,800 --> 03:51:34,000
yourself. 
The mental ease is part of the 

4223
03:51:34,008 --> 03:51:38,400
rest, you have favorite spots. 
A particular chair, a certain 

4224
03:51:38,400 --> 03:51:40,900
bench in the garden, a corner of
the theater. 

4225
03:51:42,100 --> 03:51:44,400
These places hold associations 
with rest. 

4226
03:51:45,300 --> 03:51:46,700
Sitting in them triggers, 
relaxation. 

4227
03:51:46,700 --> 03:51:51,400
Sleep is the deepest rest, but 
it is preceded by smaller forms 

4228
03:51:51,400 --> 03:51:52,400
of arrests. 
Throughout the day. 

4229
03:51:52,400 --> 03:51:56,600
These pauses accumulate, they 
prevent the kind of exhaustion 

4230
03:51:56,600 --> 03:51:59,800
that makes work in possible. 
They sustain you over long 

4231
03:51:59,800 --> 03:52:02,400
periods, the small rests are 
invisible. 

4232
03:52:02,400 --> 03:52:04,500
You do not think of them as 
rest. 

4233
03:52:05,300 --> 03:52:08,300
But they add up. 
They maintain your capacity to 

4234
03:52:08,300 --> 03:52:10,800
work. 
You do not schedule, rest 

4235
03:52:10,800 --> 03:52:15,600
rigidly it happens naturally. 
When you are tired, you stop. 

4236
03:52:16,400 --> 03:52:19,700
When you are refreshed, you can 
continue the rhythm is 

4237
03:52:19,700 --> 03:52:22,900
intuitive. 
Your body tells you when to rest

4238
03:52:23,700 --> 03:52:26,900
Heaviness in the limbs 
difficulty, concentrating. 

4239
03:52:26,900 --> 03:52:32,000
These signals are reliable. 
You listen to them, sometimes, 

4240
03:52:32,000 --> 03:52:35,400
rest is interrupted an urgent 
matter, arises. 

4241
03:52:36,200 --> 03:52:40,200
A performance is scheduled 
unexpectedly. you adjust you 

4242
03:52:40,200 --> 03:52:44,500
rest when you can not always 
when you prefer Interruptions 

4243
03:52:44,500 --> 03:52:48,300
are part of life, you do not 
resent them, you handle what 

4244
03:52:48,300 --> 03:52:50,800
needs handling then return to 
rest when possible? 

4245
03:52:51,600 --> 03:52:55,400
The quality of rest varies. 
Some days, a short Breakers 

4246
03:52:55,400 --> 03:52:58,800
enough, other days, you need 
more, you listen to your body 

4247
03:52:58,800 --> 03:53:02,400
and mind your respond 
accordingly, deep fatigue 

4248
03:53:02,400 --> 03:53:05,900
requires deep rest. 
A full night's sleep a day 

4249
03:53:05,908 --> 03:53:08,700
without work. 
You recognize when you need this

4250
03:53:08,700 --> 03:53:13,300
and try to provide it like 
fatigue requires less a brief, 

4251
03:53:13,300 --> 03:53:16,000
pause a walk, a change of 
activity. 

4252
03:53:16,000 --> 03:53:18,800
You calibrate your response to 
your need. 

4253
03:53:19,600 --> 03:53:23,700
Rest is not dramatic, it is not 
an escape or a reward. 

4254
03:53:23,700 --> 03:53:26,500
It is simply part of living, you
work. 

4255
03:53:26,500 --> 03:53:30,400
You rest and you work again. 
The cycle is steady. 

4256
03:53:30,400 --> 03:53:33,900
The steadiness is reliable. 
You trust the Rhythm. 

4257
03:53:33,900 --> 03:53:38,200
You know, rest will come this. 
Trust allows you to work fully 

4258
03:53:38,200 --> 03:53:41,400
because you know, restoration is
built into the pattern. 

4259
03:53:42,200 --> 03:53:45,100
At the end of the day. 
Rest prepares you for sleep. 

4260
03:53:45,100 --> 03:53:49,000
You slow down. 
Gradually, you complete final 

4261
03:53:49,000 --> 03:53:51,500
tasks. 
You settle your thoughts. 

4262
03:53:51,500 --> 03:53:54,400
By the time you lie down. 
Your body is ready. 

4263
03:53:55,100 --> 03:53:57,300
The evening wind down is 
deliberate. 

4264
03:53:57,300 --> 03:54:01,200
You do not work until the moment
you collapse into bed, you 

4265
03:54:01,200 --> 03:54:03,400
create space between work and 
sleep. 

4266
03:54:04,300 --> 03:54:07,600
This space eases the transition 
you eat. 

4267
03:54:07,600 --> 03:54:12,100
Simple food bread is a constant.
It is fresh in the morning and 

4268
03:54:12,100 --> 03:54:14,700
harder by evening. 
You eat it with butter or 

4269
03:54:14,700 --> 03:54:17,800
cheese, sometimes you dip it in 
ail or broth. 

4270
03:54:18,500 --> 03:54:20,600
Bread is the foundation of every
meal. 

4271
03:54:20,600 --> 03:54:24,300
When bread is scared hunger, 
fills, more urgent. 

4272
03:54:24,300 --> 03:54:29,200
When bread is abundant even a 
plain meal, feels adequate the 

4273
03:54:29,200 --> 03:54:32,500
bread varies and quality. 
Sometimes it is light and well 

4274
03:54:32,500 --> 03:54:37,200
risen, sometimes it is dense and
coarse the grain used affects 

4275
03:54:37,200 --> 03:54:41,100
the taste and texture wheat. 
Bread is preferable, but Riley 

4276
03:54:41,100 --> 03:54:45,000
is more common. 
You develop preferences bread 

4277
03:54:45,000 --> 03:54:48,100
from a particular Baker, the 
right degree of doneness. 

4278
03:54:48,100 --> 03:54:51,500
You notice these things without 
being particular about them 

4279
03:54:51,500 --> 03:54:55,400
meals in London or often at you 
order. 

4280
03:54:55,400 --> 03:54:57,600
What is available? 
Meet pies. 

4281
03:54:57,600 --> 03:55:00,500
Roasted foul and vegetables, 
boiled or baked. 

4282
03:55:01,500 --> 03:55:04,900
Food is hot and filling you eat 
without ceremony. 

4283
03:55:04,900 --> 03:55:07,900
The plate is emptied. 
You return to work? 

4284
03:55:08,900 --> 03:55:10,700
Tavern. 
Food is reliable in its 

4285
03:55:10,700 --> 03:55:12,800
mediocrity. 
It is rarely! 

4286
03:55:12,800 --> 03:55:15,200
Excellent! 
It is rarely terrible. 

4287
03:55:15,200 --> 03:55:19,100
It serves its purpose which is 
to fuel your body for more work.

4288
03:55:20,000 --> 03:55:23,500
Meet pies are convenient. 
The crust holds the filling. 

4289
03:55:24,100 --> 03:55:25,700
You can eat while walking if 
needed. 

4290
03:55:26,600 --> 03:55:29,300
The Filling is usually mutton or
pork with some gravy. 

4291
03:55:29,900 --> 03:55:33,200
Roasted foul is chicken or kapon
sometimes duck. 

4292
03:55:34,000 --> 03:55:37,500
The meat is cooked and tender, 
the skin is crisp. 

4293
03:55:38,100 --> 03:55:41,100
You eat it with your fingers, 
tearing pieces from the carcass.

4294
03:55:41,800 --> 03:55:46,200
In Stratford meals are prepared 
at home and the household staff.

4295
03:55:46,200 --> 03:55:50,300
Cook, over the fire heated the 
table with family, the food is 

4296
03:55:50,300 --> 03:55:54,000
familiar mutton, pork root, 
vegetables and bread. 

4297
03:55:54,800 --> 03:55:58,500
Meals are served at regular 
times, you know what to expect? 

4298
03:55:59,400 --> 03:56:02,100
The predictability of home 
cooked meals as comforting. 

4299
03:56:02,800 --> 03:56:05,800
You know, the Kooks habits, you 
know, what will be served on 

4300
03:56:05,800 --> 03:56:08,900
particular days? 
The food is simple but carefully

4301
03:56:08,900 --> 03:56:11,500
prepared. 
And manages the household 

4302
03:56:11,500 --> 03:56:14,600
accounts and ensures nothing is 
wasted. 

4303
03:56:15,400 --> 03:56:18,000
Meals are planned around what is
available and affordable. 

4304
03:56:18,000 --> 03:56:21,700
You eat together when possible. 
The family gathers at the table 

4305
03:56:21,700 --> 03:56:26,200
you say grace. 
Food is passed conversation 

4306
03:56:26,200 --> 03:56:28,600
happens naturally. 
The meal is a point of 

4307
03:56:28,608 --> 03:56:32,600
connection ale is the common 
drink, water is less reliable. 

4308
03:56:32,600 --> 03:56:35,800
You drink ale with meals and 
between meals. 

4309
03:56:35,800 --> 03:56:39,700
It is mild not strong, it 
quenches thirst without 

4310
03:56:39,700 --> 03:56:42,900
affecting your ability to work, 
ale is brutal. 

4311
03:56:42,900 --> 03:56:46,700
Locally, the quality varies by 
Brewer, you know which Ale House

4312
03:56:46,708 --> 03:56:49,700
is serve better ale you prefer 
them when you have a choice. 

4313
03:56:49,700 --> 03:56:52,400
The Alice slightly sweet and 
slightly bitter. 

4314
03:56:52,400 --> 03:56:55,400
It has substance. 
It is more nourishing than 

4315
03:56:55,400 --> 03:56:58,200
water. 
You drink from wooden or pewter 

4316
03:56:58,200 --> 03:57:00,200
cups. 
The cups are refilled as needed,

4317
03:57:00,200 --> 03:57:02,500
drinking is continuous 
throughout the day. 

4318
03:57:02,500 --> 03:57:05,600
Why is a occasional? 
When you have extra money? 

4319
03:57:05,600 --> 03:57:08,000
Or when a patron offers it? 
You drink wine. 

4320
03:57:08,000 --> 03:57:12,100
It is richer than ale, you drink
it slowly, it accompanies 

4321
03:57:12,100 --> 03:57:14,200
special occasions. 
Not daily routines. 

4322
03:57:14,200 --> 03:57:19,100
Why is imported and expensive? 
Red wine from France, or Spain, 

4323
03:57:19,100 --> 03:57:22,900
white wine from the Rhine. 
The Taste is complex and 

4324
03:57:22,900 --> 03:57:26,200
unfamiliar to your Everyday 
palette, you appreciate wine 

4325
03:57:26,200 --> 03:57:29,900
when it is, offered you save it 
but you do not crave it. 

4326
03:57:30,600 --> 03:57:34,500
Ale suits, you fine, you eat 
fruit when it's in season 

4327
03:57:34,500 --> 03:57:39,200
apples, pears and berries. 
The fruit is fresh for a brief 

4328
03:57:39,208 --> 03:57:44,100
time, then gone, you enjoy it 
while it lasts in Winter. 

4329
03:57:44,100 --> 03:57:46,900
You eat dried fruit or none at 
all? 

4330
03:57:47,700 --> 03:57:51,400
Fresh fruit is a summer pleasure
berries picked from hedgerows 

4331
03:57:51,400 --> 03:57:55,500
apples from the orchard. 
The sweetness and juicer. 

4332
03:57:55,500 --> 03:57:59,000
Welcome after the heavier foods 
of winter dried fruit keeps 

4333
03:57:59,000 --> 03:58:02,800
through winter. 
Pulls and pears sliced thin and 

4334
03:58:02,800 --> 03:58:07,600
dried raisins and currants. 
They are sweet and chewy. 

4335
03:58:08,400 --> 03:58:11,300
Cheese and eggs are reliable. 
You eat them off. 

4336
03:58:11,300 --> 03:58:15,100
And cheese is packed for travel.
Eggs are cooked in. 

4337
03:58:15,100 --> 03:58:18,200
Various ways, both provide 
nourishment without much 

4338
03:58:18,200 --> 03:58:23,500
preparation, cheeses, hard and 
keeps well You cut slices from 

4339
03:58:23,500 --> 03:58:27,500
the wheel, you eat it with 
bread, the flavor is sharp and 

4340
03:58:27,500 --> 03:58:30,600
salty, eggs are boiled fried or 
scrambled. 

4341
03:58:30,600 --> 03:58:33,200
They are filling and quick to 
prepare. 

4342
03:58:34,000 --> 03:58:37,200
You eat them for breakfast. 
Often meals, with colleagues of 

4343
03:58:37,200 --> 03:58:40,500
social, you sit together at a 
long table, food is passed 

4344
03:58:40,500 --> 03:58:45,100
around people serve themselves. 
The conversation continues while

4345
03:58:45,100 --> 03:58:47,900
you eat. 
The meal is not the focus but it

4346
03:58:47,908 --> 03:58:50,500
creates a shared space eating 
together. 

4347
03:58:50,500 --> 03:58:53,200
Builds. 
Camaraderie the act of sharing 

4348
03:58:53,200 --> 03:58:57,600
food is bonding, you talk and 
eat simultaneously. 

4349
03:58:57,600 --> 03:59:02,300
The informality is Pleasant, you
learn about people over meals, 

4350
03:59:02,300 --> 03:59:06,600
their appetites Their Manners, 
their preferences these details.

4351
03:59:06,600 --> 03:59:10,100
Add to your understanding of 
them, you do not overeat 

4352
03:59:10,100 --> 03:59:13,600
portions are moderate, you eat 
enough to feel satisfied. 

4353
03:59:13,600 --> 03:59:18,600
Not stuffed excess is rare and 
unpleasant overeating makes you 

4354
03:59:18,600 --> 03:59:22,100
sluggish. 
Your mind dulls, your body feels

4355
03:59:22,100 --> 03:59:26,100
heavy, you avoid this. 
When possible you eat until the 

4356
03:59:26,100 --> 03:59:30,200
hunger is gone, then stop the 
discipline is automatic. 

4357
03:59:30,200 --> 03:59:32,300
You do not need to think about 
it. 

4358
03:59:33,200 --> 03:59:35,900
In these along the road between 
Stratford and London, offer 

4359
03:59:35,900 --> 03:59:38,900
predictable meals, you order the
stew or the roast. 

4360
03:59:38,900 --> 03:59:43,400
You drink ale, you eat bread, 
the quality varies but the 

4361
03:59:43,400 --> 03:59:46,600
format does not. 
You know what you are getting in

4362
03:59:46,600 --> 03:59:49,600
food, is utilitarian it fills 
the stomach? 

4363
03:59:49,600 --> 03:59:52,100
It provides energy for the next 
day's travel. 

4364
03:59:52,100 --> 03:59:54,400
You do not expect pleasure from 
it. 

4365
03:59:54,400 --> 03:59:56,300
Some innings are better than 
others. 

4366
03:59:56,300 --> 04:00:00,400
You remember, which ones you 
plan your stops accordingly when

4367
04:00:00,400 --> 04:00:03,600
possible Comfort comes from 
warmth and routine. 

4368
04:00:03,600 --> 04:00:07,700
A hot meal on a cold day, A 
Familiar dish after a long 

4369
04:00:07,708 --> 04:00:11,200
journey, the taste of bread 
baked the same way your family 

4370
04:00:11,200 --> 04:00:16,100
as always bake it. these small 
consistencies matter, hot food 

4371
04:00:16,100 --> 04:00:19,900
on a cold day, warms you from 
the inside the heat spreads 

4372
04:00:19,900 --> 04:00:23,100
through your body, you feel 
restored, Familiar food, 

4373
04:00:23,100 --> 04:00:26,000
connects you to home to 
Childhood to continuity. 

4374
04:00:26,800 --> 04:00:28,800
The Taste is memory made 
tangible. 

4375
04:00:28,800 --> 04:00:31,200
You do not spend much time 
thinking about food. 

4376
04:00:31,200 --> 04:00:36,400
It is fuel, it is Comfort. 
It is part of the day you eat 

4377
04:00:36,400 --> 04:00:38,800
when you are hungry, you stop 
when you are full. 

4378
04:00:39,700 --> 04:00:42,700
Food serves a function. 
It does not need to be more than

4379
04:00:42,700 --> 04:00:45,400
adequate when it is better than 
adequate. 

4380
04:00:45,400 --> 04:00:48,700
You notice and appreciate it but
you do not require it. 

4381
04:00:49,500 --> 04:00:51,400
Special occasions. 
Bring different food. 

4382
04:00:51,400 --> 04:00:55,200
A feast at a Patron's house. 
A celebration with the theater 

4383
04:00:55,200 --> 04:00:58,200
company. 
Food is richer and more varied. 

4384
04:00:58,200 --> 04:01:00,600
You enjoy it. 
But you do not crave it 

4385
04:01:00,600 --> 04:01:04,000
regularly. feasts include 
dishes, you never retail, the 

4386
04:01:04,000 --> 04:01:08,800
wise, elaborate roasts, Rich 
sources, imported Delicacies, 

4387
04:01:09,900 --> 04:01:12,700
The abundance is impressive and 
slightly overwhelming. 

4388
04:01:13,400 --> 04:01:17,500
You eat more feasts than usual. 
The social expectation is to 

4389
04:01:17,500 --> 04:01:20,900
partake generously. 
You do, so though it makes you 

4390
04:01:20,900 --> 04:01:23,800
uncomfortable, afterward your 
appreciate good cooking. 

4391
04:01:23,800 --> 04:01:27,600
When a meal is well prepared, 
you notice, you might comment on

4392
04:01:27,600 --> 04:01:29,500
it. 
You might ask how something was 

4393
04:01:29,500 --> 04:01:32,000
made, but you do not require. 
Excellent. 

4394
04:01:32,000 --> 04:01:35,700
Adequacy is enough, a 
well-cooked meal is a pleasure. 

4395
04:01:35,700 --> 04:01:38,900
The flavor is a balance. 
The textures are right. 

4396
04:01:38,900 --> 04:01:41,300
You notice the care that went 
into it. 

4397
04:01:42,000 --> 04:01:43,900
But most meals are not well 
cooked. 

4398
04:01:43,900 --> 04:01:47,400
They are adequately cooked. 
This is acceptable. 

4399
04:01:47,400 --> 04:01:51,500
You do not complain. 
Hunger is not constant. 

4400
04:01:51,500 --> 04:01:55,400
You eat regularly enough to 
avoid it but when hunger does 

4401
04:01:55,408 --> 04:01:59,100
come, it is simple. 
You find food you eat. 

4402
04:01:59,100 --> 04:02:02,900
The problem is solved. 
True hunger is rare. 

4403
04:02:02,900 --> 04:02:06,500
Your income is sufficient to 
keep you fed the hunger. 

4404
04:02:06,500 --> 04:02:09,700
You feel is usually just the 
body signal, that it is time to 

4405
04:02:09,700 --> 04:02:13,400
eat again. 
When you do feel hunger, it 

4406
04:02:13,400 --> 04:02:17,800
sharpens your focus on food, the
simplest meal tastes better. 

4407
04:02:17,800 --> 04:02:20,400
Your body's need makes the food 
more. 

4408
04:02:20,400 --> 04:02:24,800
Satisfying, some foods remind 
you of childhood certain breads,

4409
04:02:24,800 --> 04:02:28,200
certain stews, you eat them and 
remember other times. 

4410
04:02:29,300 --> 04:02:33,400
The memories are not sharp. 
They are soft and vague like the

4411
04:02:33,400 --> 04:02:36,900
Comfort, the food provides. 
The bread, your mother baked 

4412
04:02:36,900 --> 04:02:41,800
baked the stew from feast days. 
These taste carry sociation. 

4413
04:02:41,800 --> 04:02:45,300
They are Pleasant in a way that 
has nothing to do with the food 

4414
04:02:45,300 --> 04:02:49,000
itself. 
You eat alone, sometimes in your

4415
04:02:49,000 --> 04:02:53,400
logging with a plate and a cup. 
You choose slowly, you think 

4416
04:02:53,400 --> 04:02:58,400
about the day or about nothing? 
The Solitude is peaceful eating 

4417
04:02:58,400 --> 04:03:03,000
alone requires no performance, 
no conversation, no manners 

4418
04:03:03,000 --> 04:03:05,900
Beyond basic cleanliness, you 
can simply eat. 

4419
04:03:06,600 --> 04:03:10,400
The quiet is meditative. 
Chewing tasting swallowing. 

4420
04:03:11,200 --> 04:03:14,400
The actions are simple and 
grounding you eat with family 

4421
04:03:14,400 --> 04:03:18,200
and Stratford, the table is full
conversations happen around. 

4422
04:03:18,200 --> 04:03:23,100
You, you participate, or you. 
Listen the meal anchors the day 

4423
04:03:23,100 --> 04:03:27,200
it gathers, everyone in one 
place, family meals have their 

4424
04:03:27,200 --> 04:03:31,400
own Rhythm and serves the 
children talk you. 

4425
04:03:31,400 --> 04:03:34,900
Listen and occasionally 
contribute The structure is 

4426
04:03:34,908 --> 04:03:39,600
familiar and comforting meals, 
Mark Time Breakfast dinner 

4427
04:03:39,600 --> 04:03:42,700
supper. 
The day is punctuated by these 

4428
04:03:42,700 --> 04:03:45,100
gatherings. 
You do not waste food. 

4429
04:03:45,100 --> 04:03:50,000
What is left is saved bread? 
Becomes crumbs for thickening 

4430
04:03:50,000 --> 04:03:52,500
soup. 
Bones are boiled for broth. 

4431
04:03:52,500 --> 04:03:56,800
Nothing is thrown away lightly 
food costs, money and effort 

4432
04:03:56,800 --> 04:04:00,600
wasting it is careless. 
You erase to Value. 

4433
04:04:00,600 --> 04:04:03,700
What you have leftovers are used
creatively. 

4434
04:04:03,700 --> 04:04:08,000
Yesterday's, roast becomes 
today's pie, stale bread becomes

4435
04:04:08,000 --> 04:04:10,500
pudding, drink provides its own 
Comfort. 

4436
04:04:10,500 --> 04:04:14,400
A cup of Ale at the end of a 
long day a shared drink with a 

4437
04:04:14,400 --> 04:04:19,400
friend the warmth of it. 
The Taste the ritual of lifting,

4438
04:04:19,400 --> 04:04:22,300
the cup and drinking drinking is
social you toast. 

4439
04:04:22,300 --> 04:04:26,400
You clink cups, you drink 
together, the ACT creates 

4440
04:04:26,408 --> 04:04:29,000
connection. 
The drink at Days End signals 

4441
04:04:29,000 --> 04:04:33,400
transition work is done. 
Rest Begins the drink marks. 

4442
04:04:33,400 --> 04:04:36,000
The boundary, you do not drink 
to excess. 

4443
04:04:36,000 --> 04:04:38,200
You have seen what that does to 
people. 

4444
04:04:38,200 --> 04:04:41,600
You drink enough to relax not 
enough to lose control. 

4445
04:04:41,600 --> 04:04:47,100
Moderation is natural to you. 
Drunkenness is ugly slurred 

4446
04:04:47,100 --> 04:04:50,200
speech, poor judgment loss of 
dignity. 

4447
04:04:50,200 --> 04:04:54,800
You avoid this state two or 
three cups of Ale in enough you 

4448
04:04:54,800 --> 04:04:58,800
know your limits you recognize 
when you have had enough, you 

4449
04:04:58,800 --> 04:05:02,600
stop before you become impaired.
Food and drink a part of the 

4450
04:05:02,600 --> 04:05:06,000
Rhythm of Life. 
They Mark, Time Breakfast, 

4451
04:05:06,000 --> 04:05:09,600
midday meal, and evening, 
supper, they provide structure. 

4452
04:05:09,600 --> 04:05:12,500
They offer Comfort. 
They sustain you. 

4453
04:05:13,700 --> 04:05:17,000
The daily rhythm of eating is 
one of the reliable patterns. 

4454
04:05:17,000 --> 04:05:19,500
No matter what else happens, you
will eat. 

4455
04:05:20,200 --> 04:05:23,600
This regularity is reassuring 
food and drink a shared 

4456
04:05:23,600 --> 04:05:25,800
experience, is they connect you 
to others. 

4457
04:05:25,800 --> 04:05:28,700
They can connect you to place. 
They can connect you to your 

4458
04:05:28,700 --> 04:05:31,800
self evening's begin when the 
light Fades. 

4459
04:05:31,800 --> 04:05:36,000
If there has been a performance,
it is over the audience has 

4460
04:05:36,000 --> 04:05:38,500
left. 
The actors have changed out of 

4461
04:05:38,500 --> 04:05:41,200
their costumes. 
The theater is quiet. 

4462
04:05:41,200 --> 04:05:44,500
The theater after a performance 
has a particular quality. 

4463
04:05:44,500 --> 04:05:47,900
The energy is dissipated the 
space. 

4464
04:05:47,900 --> 04:05:52,700
Feels larger and emptier voices.
Echo differently, props and 

4465
04:05:52,700 --> 04:05:55,800
costumes are put away. 
The stage is swept. 

4466
04:05:56,700 --> 04:05:59,600
The work of preparation for 
tomorrow, begins quietly. 

4467
04:06:00,400 --> 04:06:04,400
You leave the theater and walk 
back to your lodging, the 

4468
04:06:04,400 --> 04:06:06,500
streets are less crowded than 
during the day. 

4469
04:06:06,500 --> 04:06:10,500
Shops are closing. 
People are heading home, You 

4470
04:06:10,500 --> 04:06:13,900
move with the flow of the crowd,
then break away to your own 

4471
04:06:13,900 --> 04:06:16,000
path. 
The evening streets. 

4472
04:06:16,000 --> 04:06:19,300
Have a different character. 
The urgency of the day is gone, 

4473
04:06:19,300 --> 04:06:24,000
people walk more slowly 
conversations are quieter. you 

4474
04:06:24,000 --> 04:06:26,500
know, the roots so well you 
could walk it in complete 

4475
04:06:26,500 --> 04:06:30,000
darkness Your feet find the 
familiar turns. 

4476
04:06:30,000 --> 04:06:34,700
Without thought your logging is 
modest a room with a bed, a 

4477
04:06:34,700 --> 04:06:38,100
table and a chair. 
Sometimes a small half. 

4478
04:06:38,100 --> 04:06:42,700
The space is functional, you do 
not need more, you like a 

4479
04:06:42,700 --> 04:06:45,400
candle, the room becomes visible
in the soft glow. 

4480
04:06:46,300 --> 04:06:48,100
The candle is Tallow, not 
beeswax. 

4481
04:06:48,100 --> 04:06:53,100
The smell is slightly unpleasant
the flame, flickers, and smokes.

4482
04:06:54,000 --> 04:06:56,200
That provides light, which is 
what matters. 

4483
04:06:57,000 --> 04:07:01,300
The room is cold in Winter. 
The walls are thin, you light, a

4484
04:07:01,300 --> 04:07:03,700
fire. 
If there is wood, if not, you 

4485
04:07:03,700 --> 04:07:06,500
wrap yourself in a blanket. 
In summer. 

4486
04:07:06,500 --> 04:07:11,100
The room is stuffy you open the 
window if there is one The air 

4487
04:07:11,100 --> 04:07:15,000
from outside is only slightly 
fresher than the air inside you 

4488
04:07:15,000 --> 04:07:19,000
sit at the table, you might read
books are not abundant but you 

4489
04:07:19,000 --> 04:07:22,800
have a few histories poetry and 
classical texts. 

4490
04:07:23,500 --> 04:07:27,700
You read slowly absorbing the 
words reading is different from 

4491
04:07:27,700 --> 04:07:30,300
writing. 
It is receptive rather than 

4492
04:07:30,300 --> 04:07:32,700
active. 
You own hole in sheds 

4493
04:07:32,700 --> 04:07:36,600
Chronicles, Pluto's lives and 
over its metamorphosis These 

4494
04:07:36,600 --> 04:07:39,300
books are resources for your 
work and all so Pleasures in the

4495
04:07:39,300 --> 04:07:43,600
cells, you read passages you 
have read before for familiarity

4496
04:07:43,600 --> 04:07:47,200
does not diminish the enjoyment.
You notice new things in 

4497
04:07:47,200 --> 04:07:50,600
familiar texts Reading by 
candlelight is difficult. 

4498
04:07:51,400 --> 04:07:55,000
The light is dim and flickering,
you hold the book, close your 

4499
04:07:55,000 --> 04:07:58,600
eyes tire quickly. 
Sometimes you do not read, you 

4500
04:07:58,600 --> 04:08:02,100
simply sit. 
Your mind is still active, but 

4501
04:08:02,100 --> 04:08:05,600
it is not focused on a task. 
Thoughts drift. 

4502
04:08:06,400 --> 04:08:08,100
You think about a senior 
writing? 

4503
04:08:08,100 --> 04:08:11,100
You think about a conversation 
from earlier, you think about 

4504
04:08:11,100 --> 04:08:15,200
nothing in particular. 
The drifting mind Finds Its Own 

4505
04:08:15,200 --> 04:08:18,500
paths ideas, connect with your 
direction. 

4506
04:08:18,500 --> 04:08:22,300
This mental wandering is 
productive in ways that focused 

4507
04:08:22,300 --> 04:08:25,200
thought is not. 
You might solve a problem that 

4508
04:08:25,200 --> 04:08:26,000
has been troubling. 
You? 

4509
04:08:26,800 --> 04:08:29,900
The solution arrives without 
effort emerging from the 

4510
04:08:29,900 --> 04:08:33,900
drifting thoughts. 
If you are in Stratford the 

4511
04:08:33,900 --> 04:08:37,200
evening is spent with family, 
you sit near the fire. 

4512
04:08:37,900 --> 04:08:41,800
And might so or manage household
accounts, your daughter's might 

4513
04:08:41,800 --> 04:08:44,200
be nearby. 
The presence of others is 

4514
04:08:44,200 --> 04:08:47,200
comforting, even when there is 
little conversation. 

4515
04:08:48,200 --> 04:08:53,800
Fire crackles, the light shifts 
and moves warmth radiates 

4516
04:08:53,800 --> 04:08:56,100
outward, you sit within range of
it. 

4517
04:08:56,900 --> 04:08:59,600
And works quietly. 
A needle moves steadily. 

4518
04:08:59,600 --> 04:09:03,600
She's comfortable with silence. 
You appreciate this about her. 

4519
04:09:05,000 --> 04:09:06,800
Suzanna reads if there's enough 
light. 

4520
04:09:07,500 --> 04:09:10,900
Judith might prepare something 
for the next day. everyone is 

4521
04:09:10,900 --> 04:09:13,800
occupied, but together In 
London. 

4522
04:09:13,800 --> 04:09:17,700
He sometimes visit a Tavon in 
the evening, not the same 

4523
04:09:17,700 --> 04:09:20,900
Tavern, as after a performance. 
A quieter one. 

4524
04:09:20,900 --> 04:09:24,400
You sit in a corner, you drink 
ale slowly. 

4525
04:09:24,400 --> 04:09:27,600
You listen to the murmur of 
other conversations without 

4526
04:09:27,600 --> 04:09:31,000
participating. 
The quietest taverns attract 

4527
04:09:31,000 --> 04:09:34,400
older patrons. 
The energy is subdued, people, 

4528
04:09:34,400 --> 04:09:37,200
drink and talk but without the 
rowdiness of the afternoon 

4529
04:09:37,200 --> 04:09:41,700
taverns you choose a spot away 
from the door away from the fire

4530
04:09:41,700 --> 04:09:44,300
somewhere. 
You can observe without being 

4531
04:09:44,300 --> 04:09:47,200
Central. 
The conversations around you are

4532
04:09:47,200 --> 04:09:50,700
fragments you hear pieces of 
stories, bits of arguments and 

4533
04:09:50,700 --> 04:09:53,600
laughter. 
Your present, but separate. 

4534
04:09:54,400 --> 04:09:57,300
Writing can happen in the 
evening but it is less common. 

4535
04:09:57,300 --> 04:10:02,200
Your mind is tired from the day.
The focus required for writing 

4536
04:10:02,200 --> 04:10:04,600
is harder to summon. 
If you do right? 

4537
04:10:04,600 --> 04:10:08,100
It is often revision, rather 
than new material Crossing out. 

4538
04:10:08,100 --> 04:10:11,200
A word, adding a phrase, small 
adjustments. 

4539
04:10:11,200 --> 04:10:15,100
Evening, writing is finicky 
work, correcting errors, 

4540
04:10:15,100 --> 04:10:18,500
smoothing rough lines. 
It does not require the Creative

4541
04:10:18,500 --> 04:10:22,000
Energy of drafting new material.
The light is poor for writing, 

4542
04:10:22,000 --> 04:10:26,600
you squint at the page, the 
letters blur you work slowly. 

4543
04:10:26,600 --> 04:10:30,000
You might copy a clean version 
of a heavily revised page. 

4544
04:10:30,800 --> 04:10:33,700
The copying requires a tension, 
but not creativity. 

4545
04:10:33,700 --> 04:10:39,200
It is meditative work, lamp 
light or Candlelight creates a 

4546
04:10:39,200 --> 04:10:40,600
different atmosphere than 
daylight. 

4547
04:10:40,600 --> 04:10:45,100
The Shadows are deeper, the 
room, feels smaller, more 

4548
04:10:45,100 --> 04:10:48,200
contained. 
The world outside, the circle of

4549
04:10:48,200 --> 04:10:51,400
light seems distant. 
This isolation is not 

4550
04:10:51,400 --> 04:10:54,300
uncomfortable. 
It is simply a fact of evening. 

4551
04:10:55,100 --> 04:10:57,500
The lit space becomes your 
entire world. 

4552
04:10:58,500 --> 04:11:00,700
What exists beyond the light is 
irrelevant. 

4553
04:11:00,700 --> 04:11:05,600
The intimacy is focusing. 
Shadows move as the flame moves,

4554
04:11:05,600 --> 04:11:08,900
the wall seem to breed. 
The effect is Hypnotic. 

4555
04:11:08,900 --> 04:11:13,000
You prepare for the next day you
set out clothes, you check that 

4556
04:11:13,000 --> 04:11:15,700
you have paper and ink for 
writing, you plan your route. 

4557
04:11:15,700 --> 04:11:18,800
If you need to go somewhere 
these small preparations, make 

4558
04:11:18,800 --> 04:11:22,000
mornings easier laying out 
clothes saves time in the 

4559
04:11:22,000 --> 04:11:24,100
morning. 
You do not have to search or 

4560
04:11:24,100 --> 04:11:27,900
decide the choice, is already 
made checking your supplies 

4561
04:11:27,900 --> 04:11:30,700
prevents frustration. 
Running out of ink. 

4562
04:11:30,700 --> 04:11:33,900
Mid-sentence is annoying, 
preventing it is simple. 

4563
04:11:33,900 --> 04:11:37,700
Mental, preparation is also part
of this you review. 

4564
04:11:37,700 --> 04:11:40,300
What tomorrow requires you set? 
Intentions. 

4565
04:11:40,300 --> 04:11:44,500
The planning is light, not bird.
And some you think about the 

4566
04:11:44,500 --> 04:11:48,800
work ahead not with anxiety. 
But with awareness, there is a 

4567
04:11:48,808 --> 04:11:51,800
play to finish. 
There is a rehearsal to attend. 

4568
04:11:51,800 --> 04:11:56,300
There are meetings to hold the 
tasks are clear, you do not need

4569
04:11:56,300 --> 04:11:59,000
to solve them now. 
You simply acknowledge them. 

4570
04:11:59,800 --> 04:12:02,600
Acknowledging tomorrow's work 
prevents it from intruding on 

4571
04:12:02,608 --> 04:12:04,400
rest. 
You have named it. 

4572
04:12:04,400 --> 04:12:08,400
You have noted. 
It now you can set it aside the 

4573
04:12:08,400 --> 04:12:12,200
tasks do not overwhelm you. 
They are simply what comes next.

4574
04:12:12,200 --> 04:12:16,700
You have done similar work. 
Many times before, evenings are 

4575
04:12:16,700 --> 04:12:18,200
all. 
So when you feel the separation 

4576
04:12:18,200 --> 04:12:23,300
between London and Stratford 
most acutely In London, you're 

4577
04:12:23,300 --> 04:12:27,600
alone or with colleagues. 
In Stratford you're with family,

4578
04:12:27,600 --> 04:12:32,100
neither is better. 
They are different, both are 

4579
04:12:32,100 --> 04:12:35,200
part of your life. 
The separation creates a kind of

4580
04:12:35,200 --> 04:12:38,000
doubling. 
You have two lives, two cells, 

4581
04:12:38,000 --> 04:12:41,900
the London self and the 
Stratford sell they overlap, but

4582
04:12:41,900 --> 04:12:44,300
are not identical. 
You miss your family. 

4583
04:12:44,300 --> 04:12:48,700
When in London you miss the work
when in Stratford the longing is

4584
04:12:48,700 --> 04:12:51,600
mild and manageable you stretch 
your body. 

4585
04:12:52,400 --> 04:12:56,700
Writing and sitting leave you 
stiff your back aches, your 

4586
04:12:56,700 --> 04:13:00,300
shoulders, tighten. 
Standing and moving releases, 

4587
04:13:00,300 --> 04:13:03,900
the tension you roll your 
shoulders, you flex your 

4588
04:13:03,900 --> 04:13:08,300
fingers, the movement is small 
but necessary, your body, 

4589
04:13:08,300 --> 04:13:13,300
protests the days Stillness. 
Joints Creak muscles are tight 

4590
04:13:13,300 --> 04:13:14,900
movement. 
Reminds them. 

4591
04:13:14,900 --> 04:13:18,700
They can still move, you walk 
around the room, you touch your 

4592
04:13:18,700 --> 04:13:23,400
toes, you reach overhead, the 
stretches are simple, the relief

4593
04:13:23,400 --> 04:13:27,900
is immediate your body, softens 
blood flows, the discomfort 

4594
04:13:27,900 --> 04:13:33,400
eases Sometimes you pray not 
long or formal prayers, just a 

4595
04:13:33,400 --> 04:13:37,000
moment of quiet reflection. 
You think about the day you 

4596
04:13:37,000 --> 04:13:40,900
Express gratitude for what went?
Well you asked for strength for 

4597
04:13:40,900 --> 04:13:43,800
what comes next? 
The practice is private and 

4598
04:13:43,800 --> 04:13:46,300
brief prayer, as a habit from 
childhood. 

4599
04:13:46,300 --> 04:13:49,500
The word's are familiar. 
They provide structure for 

4600
04:13:49,500 --> 04:13:52,100
reflection. 
You do not pray for specific 

4601
04:13:52,100 --> 04:13:56,600
outcomes, you pray for the 
ability to do your work well for

4602
04:13:56,600 --> 04:13:59,000
the health of your family for 
peace. 

4603
04:14:00,300 --> 04:14:02,100
The prayer is between you and 
God. 

4604
04:14:02,100 --> 04:14:06,200
No one else is involved. 
The intimacy is complete. 

4605
04:14:07,100 --> 04:14:10,900
You hear the sounds of the city 
or town settling fewer. 

4606
04:14:10,900 --> 04:14:14,400
Voice is the occasional call of 
a night Watchman, the Creak of a

4607
04:14:14,400 --> 04:14:18,000
building, he sounds a familiar, 
they Mark the transition to 

4608
04:14:18,000 --> 04:14:21,100
night. 
The nightwatchman calls the our 

4609
04:14:21,100 --> 04:14:23,900
his voice carries through the 
quiet streets. 

4610
04:14:23,900 --> 04:14:28,200
The sound is reassuring. 
Someone is watching building 

4611
04:14:28,200 --> 04:14:31,800
settle as temperatures. 
Drop would contracts joint 

4612
04:14:31,800 --> 04:14:34,200
shift. 
The sounds are gentle and 

4613
04:14:34,200 --> 04:14:37,300
constant if you're tired you 
feel it in the evening. 

4614
04:14:37,300 --> 04:14:41,400
Your eyes are heavy, your 
thoughts slow you accept this. 

4615
04:14:41,400 --> 04:14:45,500
There is no point in fighting 
fatigue, you prepare for sleep. 

4616
04:14:45,500 --> 04:14:51,200
Instead, tiredness is a signal, 
your body needs rest, you honor 

4617
04:14:51,200 --> 04:14:52,900
the signal rather than pushing 
through. 

4618
04:14:53,900 --> 04:14:56,100
Fighting fatigue only delays, 
the inevitable. 

4619
04:14:57,400 --> 04:14:59,000
To surrender to it and get the 
rest. 

4620
04:14:59,000 --> 04:15:03,500
You need, you might write a 
letter to a friend to family to 

4621
04:15:03,500 --> 04:15:07,400
a business associate. 
The letter is practical you 

4622
04:15:07,400 --> 04:15:11,400
share news asked questions and 
convey information you write 

4623
04:15:11,400 --> 04:15:16,000
clearly and simply when the 
letter is finished you see it it

4624
04:15:16,000 --> 04:15:19,300
will be sent to Morrow letters 
maintain connections across 

4625
04:15:19,300 --> 04:15:22,300
distance. 
You write to people in Stratford

4626
04:15:22,300 --> 04:15:25,900
when you're in London, you write
to London contacts when you're 

4627
04:15:25,900 --> 04:15:28,400
in Stratford. 
The letters are brief. 

4628
04:15:28,400 --> 04:15:30,900
You are not verbose and 
correspondence. 

4629
04:15:30,900 --> 04:15:34,300
You state. 
What needs dating and finish. 

4630
04:15:35,100 --> 04:15:37,300
Sealing the letter with wax 
makes it official. 

4631
04:15:37,300 --> 04:15:40,000
The seal is a small Mark of 
completion. 

4632
04:15:40,000 --> 04:15:44,800
You tidy the room before bed, 
you put away papers, you close 

4633
04:15:44,800 --> 04:15:48,200
books, you Bank the fire or 
extinguish the candle. 

4634
04:15:48,200 --> 04:15:52,000
The space is ready. 
For sleep order brings calm 

4635
04:15:52,000 --> 04:15:54,800
tidying. 
As a transition ritual, it 

4636
04:15:54,800 --> 04:15:56,600
signals the end of the day's 
activities. 

4637
04:15:56,600 --> 04:16:01,600
The room is reset for tomorrow. 
Finding things is easier when 

4638
04:16:01,600 --> 04:16:05,500
the room is orderly mourning, 
you will appreciate Evening News

4639
04:16:05,500 --> 04:16:08,700
organization. 
The act of tidying is calming in

4640
04:16:08,700 --> 04:16:11,200
itself. 
The simple motion is a 

4641
04:16:11,200 --> 04:16:14,800
meditative evening's are not 
eventful, they are the space 

4642
04:16:14,800 --> 04:16:17,900
between the work of the day and 
the rest of the night, they 

4643
04:16:17,900 --> 04:16:20,900
allow you to transition, they 
give you time to settle your 

4644
04:16:20,900 --> 04:16:24,000
mind and body. 
The transition is necessary. 

4645
04:16:24,000 --> 04:16:27,400
You cannot go directly from work
to sleep. 

4646
04:16:27,400 --> 04:16:31,800
The Gap allows decompression 
your mind, needs time to stop 

4647
04:16:31,800 --> 04:16:34,300
churning your body needs time to
relax. 

4648
04:16:35,200 --> 04:16:39,000
Evening provides this time you 
do not rush through the evening.

4649
04:16:39,000 --> 04:16:42,800
There is no deadline. 
You move at your own pace when 

4650
04:16:42,800 --> 04:16:46,900
you're ready, you go to bed 
until then you occupy the quiet 

4651
04:16:46,900 --> 04:16:49,800
hours without pressure. 
The lack of pressure is itself 

4652
04:16:49,800 --> 04:16:52,000
restful. 
No one expects anything. 

4653
04:16:52,000 --> 04:16:56,600
No one is waiting. 
You are free to Simply Be the 

4654
04:16:56,600 --> 04:16:59,200
evening is yours. 
It is not dictated by 

4655
04:16:59,200 --> 04:17:01,400
performance, schedules or 
writing deadlines. 

4656
04:17:01,400 --> 04:17:05,100
It is time that belongs to you 
alone or to you and your family 

4657
04:17:05,100 --> 04:17:10,500
or to you, and a quiet room. 
This time is valuable in its 

4658
04:17:10,500 --> 04:17:15,400
Simplicity owning your time is a
luxury most people's time 

4659
04:17:15,400 --> 04:17:17,400
belongs to others in the 
evening. 

4660
04:17:17,400 --> 04:17:20,800
Yours is your own. 
The Simplicity is the value. 

4661
04:17:20,800 --> 04:17:23,500
Nothing complex, nothing 
demanding. 

4662
04:17:23,500 --> 04:17:27,900
Just time passing gently You 
prepare for bed when the evening

4663
04:17:27,900 --> 04:17:30,500
wins down? 
You change into a nightshirt, 

4664
04:17:30,500 --> 04:17:34,700
the fabric is worn and soft. 
You set aside, the clothes you 

4665
04:17:34,700 --> 04:17:37,000
wore during the day they will be
there in the morning. 

4666
04:17:37,000 --> 04:17:41,000
The nightshirt is comfortable. 
It has been washed many times. 

4667
04:17:41,000 --> 04:17:45,700
The fabric is thin but warm 
enough changing clothes signals.

4668
04:17:45,700 --> 04:17:49,100
The final transition work 
clothes come off, sleep clothes,

4669
04:17:49,100 --> 04:17:53,300
go on the boundary is marked. 
You fold the day's clothes or 

4670
04:17:53,300 --> 04:17:55,700
hang them on a peg. 
This small Act of care. 

4671
04:17:55,700 --> 04:17:57,800
Maintains order. 
The bed is simple. 

4672
04:17:57,800 --> 04:18:01,400
A wooden frame, a mattress 
stuffed with straw feathers, 

4673
04:18:01,400 --> 04:18:06,200
Blanket's and a coverlet. 
In Winter, you add more blankets

4674
04:18:06,200 --> 04:18:08,500
in summer. 
You use viewer. 

4675
04:18:08,500 --> 04:18:12,300
The bed is not luxurious but it 
is adequate. 

4676
04:18:12,300 --> 04:18:17,200
The mattress in London lodgings 
is usually straw it rustles. 

4677
04:18:17,200 --> 04:18:20,800
When you move it flattens over 
time and needs resting. 

4678
04:18:21,500 --> 04:18:23,800
The mattress in Stratford is 
feathers. 

4679
04:18:23,800 --> 04:18:28,000
It is softer and quieter. 
It shapes to your body more 

4680
04:18:28,000 --> 04:18:30,000
comfortably. 
Blankets. 

4681
04:18:30,000 --> 04:18:32,300
A wool. 
They're heavy and warm. 

4682
04:18:32,300 --> 04:18:37,300
They smell slightly of lanolin. 
You lie down the mattress yields

4683
04:18:37,300 --> 04:18:40,100
beneath you, your body, relaxes 
into it. 

4684
04:18:41,000 --> 04:18:45,400
Days tensions, begin to release 
your muscles loose and your 

4685
04:18:45,400 --> 04:18:49,000
breathing slows. 
The horizontal position itself, 

4686
04:18:49,000 --> 04:18:52,800
is a relief, your spine, 
releases your muscles. 

4687
04:18:52,800 --> 04:18:56,900
Do not have to hold you upright,
you feel the weight of your body

4688
04:18:56,900 --> 04:19:00,400
against the mattress. 
Acura is grounding your 

4689
04:19:00,400 --> 04:19:03,200
supported your breathing. 
Naturally slows. 

4690
04:19:03,200 --> 04:19:07,100
The Rhythm becomes steady. 
The regularity is soothing. 

4691
04:19:07,100 --> 04:19:11,100
The room is dark. 
If there is a moon, faint light 

4692
04:19:11,100 --> 04:19:14,000
comes through the window. 
If not, the darkness is 

4693
04:19:14,000 --> 04:19:19,300
complete, you do not mind. 
Darkness is restful, complete 

4694
04:19:19,300 --> 04:19:22,800
darkness is rare in the city. 
There is always some ambient 

4695
04:19:22,800 --> 04:19:24,700
light. 
But it is dark enough. 

4696
04:19:24,700 --> 04:19:29,100
Moonlight creates shapes and 
shadows, you can see the outline

4697
04:19:29,100 --> 04:19:31,300
of furniture. 
The effect is soft. 

4698
04:19:31,300 --> 04:19:34,100
Darkness removes visual 
stimulation. 

4699
04:19:34,900 --> 04:19:38,500
Your eyes can finally rest. 
They do not have to focus. 

4700
04:19:38,500 --> 04:19:43,100
You hear the sounds of night. 
In London, there are distant 

4701
04:19:43,100 --> 04:19:45,300
voices footsteps and you 
occasional cart. 

4702
04:19:46,000 --> 04:19:50,100
In Stratford, there is wind 
animals and The Creeks of the 

4703
04:19:50,100 --> 04:19:52,900
house. 
These sounds do not disturb you.

4704
04:19:52,900 --> 04:19:57,400
They are part of the background.
London night, sounds a human. 

4705
04:19:58,100 --> 04:20:02,000
People moving through the 
streets doors closing voices 

4706
04:20:02,000 --> 04:20:04,600
calling. 
Stratford night sails and 

4707
04:20:04,600 --> 04:20:10,400
natural wind in trees and Howell
calling. a dog barking in the 

4708
04:20:10,400 --> 04:20:15,200
distance, The Sounds former kind
of music they rise and fall, 

4709
04:20:15,200 --> 04:20:20,700
they overlap and separate, they 
Mark time passing Your thoughts,

4710
04:20:20,700 --> 04:20:23,600
slow. 
The concerns of the day fade. 

4711
04:20:23,600 --> 04:20:26,700
You do not try to solve problems
or plan ahead. 

4712
04:20:27,400 --> 04:20:31,600
You simply let your mind drift 
images and fragments pass 

4713
04:20:31,600 --> 04:20:34,400
through your awareness. 
They do not form coherent. 

4714
04:20:34,400 --> 04:20:37,600
Narratives, they're just 
thoughts dissolving into rest. 

4715
04:20:37,600 --> 04:20:42,000
The Mind, empties gradually, 
thoughts, become less, frequent 

4716
04:20:42,000 --> 04:20:47,600
less insistent, images appear, 
and fade, a face from the day. 

4717
04:20:47,600 --> 04:20:51,300
A line from a play, a memory 
with no context. 

4718
04:20:51,300 --> 04:20:55,300
The dissolution is Pleasant 
conscious thought gives way to 

4719
04:20:55,300 --> 04:20:58,200
something quieter. 
Sleep comes gradually. 

4720
04:20:58,200 --> 04:21:03,300
You do not notice the exact 
moment, your breathing deepens, 

4721
04:21:03,300 --> 04:21:07,200
your Consciousness. 
Dims you slip from waking into 

4722
04:21:07,200 --> 04:21:10,900
sleep without effort? 
The boundary between waking and 

4723
04:21:10,900 --> 04:21:13,800
sleeping is invisible. 
You cross it without knowing 

4724
04:21:13,800 --> 04:21:15,900
your body knows before your 
mind? 

4725
04:21:17,400 --> 04:21:20,500
Muscles twitch. 
Breathing changes rhythm. 

4726
04:21:21,300 --> 04:21:25,400
The transitionist smooth, no 
Struggle No resistant. 

4727
04:21:25,400 --> 04:21:31,200
Just to Gentle Falling Away. 
The night passes, you sleep 

4728
04:21:31,200 --> 04:21:34,900
deeply at first then more 
lightly toward morning, you 

4729
04:21:34,900 --> 04:21:37,500
might wake once or twice you 
shift position. 

4730
04:21:37,500 --> 04:21:41,100
You adjust the blanket you fall 
back asleep quickly. 

4731
04:21:42,700 --> 04:21:46,100
Deep sleep is dreamless or 
dreams are not remembered. 

4732
04:21:46,900 --> 04:21:49,000
Your body does its restorative 
work. 

4733
04:21:49,800 --> 04:21:54,000
Light, sleep brings more 
awareness, you hear sounds, you 

4734
04:21:54,000 --> 04:21:57,400
notice temperature. 
But you remain mostly asleep. 

4735
04:21:58,200 --> 04:22:00,300
Waking briefly in the night is 
normal. 

4736
04:22:00,300 --> 04:22:02,800
You register it and return to 
sleep. 

4737
04:22:02,800 --> 04:22:05,600
It does not disturb the overall 
rest. 

4738
04:22:06,300 --> 04:22:09,100
Dreams occur, but you do not 
remember most of them. 

4739
04:22:10,000 --> 04:22:12,200
Occasionally a dream lingers 
after waking. 

4740
04:22:13,000 --> 04:22:16,900
It is strange or Vivid. 
You think about it briefly, then

4741
04:22:16,900 --> 04:22:19,300
Let It Go. 
Dreams are not significant. 

4742
04:22:19,300 --> 04:22:23,000
They are just the mind working 
through the days Impressions, 

4743
04:22:23,000 --> 04:22:26,100
dreams are ephemeral. 
They fade quickly. 

4744
04:22:26,100 --> 04:22:30,800
After waking details, slip away 
as you try to hold them a vivid.

4745
04:22:30,800 --> 04:22:34,100
Dream, might stay with you 
through the morning, you puzzle 

4746
04:22:34,100 --> 04:22:39,000
over it, then it loses its power
and you forget, you don't look 

4747
04:22:39,000 --> 04:22:42,600
for meaning in dreams. 
There are random firing of a 

4748
04:22:42,600 --> 04:22:46,300
sleeping mind in. 
Winter, the cold wakes, you, you

4749
04:22:46,300 --> 04:22:49,800
pull the blankets, tighter, he 
curl into a smaller shape to 

4750
04:22:49,800 --> 04:22:53,200
conserve warmth. 
The cold is uncomfortable, but 

4751
04:22:53,200 --> 04:22:55,800
not unbearable. 
You wait, for more morning, 

4752
04:22:55,800 --> 04:22:59,700
winter nights are long and dark 
the coldest invasive. 

4753
04:22:59,700 --> 04:23:02,800
It finds gaps in the blankets. 
You pile. 

4754
04:23:02,800 --> 04:23:06,600
Every available blanket on the 
bed, still your nose, and the 

4755
04:23:06,600 --> 04:23:10,300
tips of your ears are cold 
Sometimes you get up and add a 

4756
04:23:10,300 --> 04:23:13,000
layer of clothing under the 
night shirt, then you return to 

4757
04:23:13,000 --> 04:23:17,200
bed and sleep better in summer, 
warmth can be oppressive, you 

4758
04:23:17,200 --> 04:23:20,500
push the blankets aside, you lie
still trying to catch any 

4759
04:23:20,500 --> 04:23:23,800
Breeze, the discomfort passes, 
you sleep again. 

4760
04:23:24,500 --> 04:23:28,000
Summer nights are short the heat
persists even after dark. 

4761
04:23:28,000 --> 04:23:32,600
The air is still and heavy. 
You remove blankets until only a

4762
04:23:32,600 --> 04:23:35,000
sheet. 
Remains you kick that aside too,

4763
04:23:35,000 --> 04:23:38,500
if the heat demands it. 
Any movement generates warmth, 

4764
04:23:38,500 --> 04:23:42,900
you lie is still as possible 
eventually sleep comes despite 

4765
04:23:42,900 --> 04:23:47,800
the discomfort, your body rests 
muscle's repair your mind. 

4766
04:23:47,800 --> 04:23:52,200
Processes sleep is restorative. 
You do not think about this 

4767
04:23:52,200 --> 04:23:55,500
consciously, but you feel it. 
When you wait, the rest is done.

4768
04:23:55,500 --> 04:23:58,100
Its work. 
Your body heals itself during 

4769
04:23:58,100 --> 04:24:02,800
sleep, small injuries, men and 
strained, muscles, relax, your 

4770
04:24:02,800 --> 04:24:06,500
mind, sorts and stores. 
The days experience is what is 

4771
04:24:06,500 --> 04:24:10,400
important is kept. 
What is not is discarded. 

4772
04:24:11,200 --> 04:24:13,900
You wake feeling different than 
you felt when you went to bed 

4773
04:24:13,900 --> 04:24:18,600
the changes subtle. 
But real you're restored. 

4774
04:24:18,600 --> 04:24:22,800
You share a bed with an 
instructor, she sleeps on one 

4775
04:24:22,800 --> 04:24:26,800
side and you on the other. 
You are aware of her presence 

4776
04:24:26,800 --> 04:24:28,600
without it interrupting your 
rest. 

4777
04:24:29,600 --> 04:24:33,800
Shared warmth is comforting. 
Two bodies in a bed, generate 

4778
04:24:33,800 --> 04:24:36,000
more heat than one. 
In winter. 

4779
04:24:36,000 --> 04:24:39,000
This is welcome. 
You know the rhythm of her 

4780
04:24:39,000 --> 04:24:43,700
breathing The sound is familiar 
and comforting. sometimes she 

4781
04:24:43,700 --> 04:24:47,700
wakes, when you wake sometimes, 
she sleeps through the 

4782
04:24:47,700 --> 04:24:52,700
companionship exists, even in 
sleep, In London, you sleep 

4783
04:24:52,700 --> 04:24:57,800
alone, the bed is entirely yours
you spread out or curl up as you

4784
04:24:57,800 --> 04:25:02,000
choose there is freedom in this 
but also a kind of loneliness. 

4785
04:25:02,000 --> 04:25:05,800
You do not dwell on it. 
Sleeping alone, you can move 

4786
04:25:05,800 --> 04:25:08,400
without consideration. 
You can sprawl. 

4787
04:25:08,400 --> 04:25:12,900
You can take all the blankets 
The freedom is pleasant, but the

4788
04:25:12,900 --> 04:25:17,200
bed feels larger emptier. 
You must the companionship 

4789
04:25:17,200 --> 04:25:20,600
sometimes other times. 
You appreciate the Solitude. 

4790
04:25:20,600 --> 04:25:23,700
Both of valid. 
Quality of sleep. 

4791
04:25:23,700 --> 04:25:27,900
Varies some nights. 
You sleep soundly from dark to 

4792
04:25:27,900 --> 04:25:30,900
Dawn. 
Other nights, sleep is broken. 

4793
04:25:30,900 --> 04:25:34,100
You wake repeatedly. 
You lie. 

4794
04:25:34,100 --> 04:25:37,200
Awake for stretches. 
By morning, you are less rested.

4795
04:25:37,200 --> 04:25:41,300
You accept this. 
Not every night is perfect good.

4796
04:25:41,300 --> 04:25:44,300
Sleep is a gift. 
You wake feeling strong and 

4797
04:25:44,300 --> 04:25:47,000
clear. 
The day ahead seems manageable, 

4798
04:25:47,000 --> 04:25:49,900
poor sleep. 
Believes you fuzzy, your 

4799
04:25:49,900 --> 04:25:52,500
thoughts are slower. 
Your patience is thiner. 

4800
04:25:52,500 --> 04:25:54,300
You do. 
What needs doing anyway? 

4801
04:25:54,300 --> 04:25:57,100
You cannot control the quality 
of sleep. 

4802
04:25:57,100 --> 04:25:59,900
You can only create conditions 
that favor it. 

4803
04:25:59,900 --> 04:26:04,000
The rest is beyond your power 
morning comes with light. 

4804
04:26:04,000 --> 04:26:07,800
You wait slowly, you lie. 
Still for a moment. 

4805
04:26:07,800 --> 04:26:10,500
Orienting yourself. 
You remember where you are? 

4806
04:26:10,500 --> 04:26:13,600
You think about the day ahead. 
The new rise. 

4807
04:26:14,300 --> 04:26:17,800
The first light of dawn is gray 
and soft, it grows brighter 

4808
04:26:17,800 --> 04:26:21,500
gradually. 
You hear mourning sound Birds 

4809
04:26:21,500 --> 04:26:25,900
people beginning their work, the
city or town is waking you 

4810
04:26:25,900 --> 04:26:30,000
stretch in bed before Rising 
Your body protests the 

4811
04:26:30,000 --> 04:26:34,800
transition from horizontal to 
Vertical then it adjusts you 

4812
04:26:34,800 --> 04:26:38,100
dress. 
You step into the day, the night

4813
04:26:38,100 --> 04:26:40,400
is behind you. 
Sleep is done. 

4814
04:26:40,400 --> 04:26:42,900
What it can you're ready to 
begin again? 

4815
04:26:42,900 --> 04:26:45,500
Dressing is automatic the 
clothes. 

4816
04:26:45,500 --> 04:26:48,000
You laid out of there. 
You put them on without thought.

4817
04:26:49,400 --> 04:26:53,000
The day begins work. 
Weights people wait. 

4818
04:26:53,000 --> 04:26:56,800
The routine continues sleep is 
not dramatic. 

4819
04:26:56,800 --> 04:26:59,400
It is not an escape or an 
adventure. 

4820
04:26:59,400 --> 04:27:04,100
It is simply rest. 
Your body requires it, your mind

4821
04:27:04,100 --> 04:27:07,300
requires it. 
You give yourself over to it 

4822
04:27:07,300 --> 04:27:09,600
each night, trusting that it 
will restore you. 

4823
04:27:10,400 --> 04:27:14,200
Sleep is fundamental without it 
nothing else functions properly,

4824
04:27:14,200 --> 04:27:19,100
you trust leap you surrender to 
it it has never fail to restore 

4825
04:27:19,100 --> 04:27:21,400
you. 
The routine of sleep is steady. 

4826
04:27:21,400 --> 04:27:25,000
You go to bed around the same 
time, you wake around the same 

4827
04:27:25,000 --> 04:27:29,100
time, the consistency helps, 
your body knows what to expect 

4828
04:27:29,100 --> 04:27:33,600
regularity AIDS, sleep, your 
body develops a rhythm, the 

4829
04:27:33,600 --> 04:27:37,300
Rhythm supports rest. 
When travel or work disrupts, 

4830
04:27:37,300 --> 04:27:41,300
the Rhythm sleep is harder. 
You notice the difference, you 

4831
04:27:41,300 --> 04:27:44,700
do not fight sleep. 
When you're tired, you sleep, 

4832
04:27:44,700 --> 04:27:48,800
when you're arrested you, wait. 
The rhythm is natural. 

4833
04:27:48,800 --> 04:27:53,800
You follow it without resistance
resistance is futile, the body's

4834
04:27:53,800 --> 04:27:55,500
need for sleep is 
non-negotiable. 

4835
04:27:55,500 --> 04:27:59,500
You have learned to listen to 
your body signals when it says 

4836
04:27:59,500 --> 04:28:03,200
sleep, you sleep. 
When it says, wait you wait. 

4837
04:28:04,100 --> 04:28:07,800
Sleep, connects the days, it 
marks the end of one and the 

4838
04:28:07,800 --> 04:28:11,400
beginning of the next, it 
provides a pause a reset. 

4839
04:28:12,700 --> 04:28:14,500
When you wake you're the same 
person. 

4840
04:28:14,500 --> 04:28:18,900
But the day is new, sleep is the
boundary between yesterday and 

4841
04:28:18,900 --> 04:28:23,500
today it separates and connects 
them the new Day brings new 

4842
04:28:23,500 --> 04:28:26,600
possibilities. 
The problems of yesterday might 

4843
04:28:26,600 --> 04:28:30,600
look different. 
The work continues fresh, you're

4844
04:28:30,600 --> 04:28:33,400
continuous across days but sleep
renews you. 

4845
04:28:33,408 --> 04:28:38,300
Each morning is a small rebirth.
Your life is not shaped by Grand

4846
04:28:38,300 --> 04:28:40,900
events. 
It is shaped by repetition. 

4847
04:28:41,800 --> 04:28:46,300
Same streets walked again and 
again the same tasks performed 

4848
04:28:46,300 --> 04:28:48,800
day. 
After day, the same people are 

4849
04:28:48,800 --> 04:28:52,200
seen over and over, this 
continuity is the foundation of 

4850
04:28:52,200 --> 04:28:55,200
everything. 
The grand Narrative of your life

4851
04:28:55,200 --> 04:28:59,100
is actually composed of tiny. 
Repeated moments, walking to the

4852
04:28:59,100 --> 04:29:03,200
theater sitting to write eating 
bread sleeping. 

4853
04:29:04,200 --> 04:29:08,300
The repetition creates depth. 
Each time you walk a street, you

4854
04:29:08,300 --> 04:29:11,500
know, it better each time you 
write the processor smoother 

4855
04:29:11,500 --> 04:29:16,900
continuity is underrated, people
seek novelty and drama but life 

4856
04:29:16,900 --> 04:29:20,300
is built on the ordinary. 
You write many plays over many 

4857
04:29:20,300 --> 04:29:22,700
years. 
Each one is created through the 

4858
04:29:22,700 --> 04:29:26,300
same process sitting writing 
revising. 

4859
04:29:26,300 --> 04:29:30,900
Rehearsing performing. 
The process does not change the 

4860
04:29:30,900 --> 04:29:35,700
plays do, but the work remains 
constant by now you have 

4861
04:29:35,700 --> 04:29:39,200
written, dozens of plays, the 
number is less important than 

4862
04:29:39,200 --> 04:29:42,300
the accumulated practice. 
Each player is different 

4863
04:29:42,300 --> 04:29:46,000
different characters, different 
conflicts, different language. 

4864
04:29:46,000 --> 04:29:50,600
But the making of them is the 
same, the constancy of process 

4865
04:29:50,600 --> 04:29:54,600
allows variety of product. 
Because you know how to make a 

4866
04:29:54,600 --> 04:29:59,000
play, you can make many kinds of
plays You observe the world 

4867
04:29:59,000 --> 04:30:01,500
around you. 
You see how people speak? 

4868
04:30:01,500 --> 04:30:03,400
How they move and how they 
react. 

4869
04:30:04,300 --> 04:30:07,900
These observations accumulate, 
they become the material of your

4870
04:30:07,900 --> 04:30:10,000
writing. 
The process is slow and 

4871
04:30:10,000 --> 04:30:12,200
unconscious. 
You do not set out to collect 

4872
04:30:12,200 --> 04:30:14,500
material. 
It's simply happens as you live.

4873
04:30:14,500 --> 04:30:17,400
Every interaction is potential 
material. 

4874
04:30:17,400 --> 04:30:22,000
Every conversation, every 
gesture, every conflict, the 

4875
04:30:22,000 --> 04:30:24,500
accumulation is invisible and 
you need it. 

4876
04:30:24,500 --> 04:30:29,100
Then the material is there, 
stored with your No-No, Living 

4877
04:30:29,100 --> 04:30:33,000
and writing are not separate one
feeds, the other continuously. 

4878
04:30:33,900 --> 04:30:36,700
Your influence grows. 
But you do not notice it 

4879
04:30:36,700 --> 04:30:39,100
happening. 
People begin to quote, your 

4880
04:30:39,100 --> 04:30:41,500
lines. 
Your plays are performed more 

4881
04:30:41,500 --> 04:30:45,200
frequently. 
Your name becomes known, But to 

4882
04:30:45,200 --> 04:30:49,800
you, the work is the same. 
You write revised rehearse and 

4883
04:30:49,800 --> 04:30:53,000
perform. 
The external recognition does 

4884
04:30:53,000 --> 04:30:57,200
not change the internal routine.
Success, creeps up slowly. 

4885
04:30:58,100 --> 04:31:00,100
There is no single moment of 
arrival. 

4886
04:31:00,100 --> 04:31:04,000
You hear your lines quoted in 
taverns, you see other 

4887
04:31:04,000 --> 04:31:08,200
playwrights, imitating, your 
techniques, these are signs, but

4888
04:31:08,200 --> 04:31:11,200
you do not dwell on them, the 
work matters more than the 

4889
04:31:11,200 --> 04:31:13,700
recognition, you focus on the 
work. 

4890
04:31:13,700 --> 04:31:18,000
You maintain your commitments to
the theater company to your 

4891
04:31:18,000 --> 04:31:22,600
family, to your patrons. 
These commitments require steady

4892
04:31:22,600 --> 04:31:26,700
effort, you show up. 
You do the work, you fulfill 

4893
04:31:26,700 --> 04:31:29,900
your obligations. 
This reliability is what 

4894
04:31:29,900 --> 04:31:33,400
sustains, your career 
reliability is more valuable 

4895
04:31:33,400 --> 04:31:37,100
than brilliant people depend on 
you to deliver you meet 

4896
04:31:37,100 --> 04:31:41,400
deadlines your honor agreements.
You show up when expected this 

4897
04:31:41,400 --> 04:31:45,600
builds Trust. 
Trust compounds over time, your 

4898
04:31:45,600 --> 04:31:47,900
reputation is built on 
consistently. 

4899
04:31:47,900 --> 04:31:51,800
Your legacy is built in moments 
that are not recorded the 

4900
04:31:51,800 --> 04:31:54,000
conversation in that inspires a 
character. 

4901
04:31:54,000 --> 04:31:56,700
The walk through London, that 
shape a setting. 

4902
04:31:56,700 --> 04:32:00,300
The quiet hour of revision, that
turns a weak scene into a strong

4903
04:32:00,300 --> 04:32:02,600
one. 
These moments ordinary. 

4904
04:32:02,600 --> 04:32:06,400
They are so essential. 
The important moments, do not 

4905
04:32:06,400 --> 04:32:09,800
feel important when they happen,
they feel like ordinary moments.

4906
04:32:09,800 --> 04:32:13,700
The strangest phrase becomes 
Hamlet's line, a gesture. 

4907
04:32:13,700 --> 04:32:17,200
You noticed becomes lady 
Macbeth's movement, the legacy 

4908
04:32:17,200 --> 04:32:20,800
is built from invisible pieces. 
No one knows where the ideas 

4909
04:32:20,800 --> 04:32:25,300
came from only you know and even
you forget most of them, you 

4910
04:32:25,300 --> 04:32:28,900
grow older, the work continues, 
you do not slow down 

4911
04:32:28,900 --> 04:32:33,500
dramatically, you simply keep 
going the rhythm of writing and 

4912
04:32:33,500 --> 04:32:35,400
Performing does not stop because
you age. 

4913
04:32:35,400 --> 04:32:38,500
It continues. 
As long as you are able your 

4914
04:32:38,500 --> 04:32:43,700
body ages, your eyes weaken, 
your joints, ache, But your mind

4915
04:32:43,700 --> 04:32:47,700
remains sharp the work adapts to
your changing body. 

4916
04:32:48,500 --> 04:32:51,700
You write less when your hand 
tires, you rest more. 

4917
04:32:52,600 --> 04:32:55,400
But you do not stop age. 
Brings perspective. 

4918
04:32:55,400 --> 04:32:59,800
You see patterns, you could not 
see when younger the work 

4919
04:32:59,800 --> 04:33:03,300
benefits from this. 
You invest in property, you 

4920
04:33:03,300 --> 04:33:07,000
secure your family's Future. 
These decisions are practical. 

4921
04:33:07,000 --> 04:33:09,599
They are not about Glory or 
fame. 

4922
04:33:09,599 --> 04:33:12,800
There are about ensuring that 
your wife and children are cared

4923
04:33:12,800 --> 04:33:16,000
for the work is necessary and 
unglamorous. 

4924
04:33:16,000 --> 04:33:20,599
You buy new place, one of the 
largest houses in Stratford you 

4925
04:33:20,599 --> 04:33:22,800
buy land, you may make 
investments. 

4926
04:33:22,800 --> 04:33:27,800
These purchases are insurances. 
Theater fails, your family will 

4927
04:33:27,800 --> 04:33:31,099
still have income and shelter. 
The business of securing a 

4928
04:33:31,099 --> 04:33:35,500
future is tedious contracts, 
negotiations, legal documents, 

4929
04:33:35,500 --> 04:33:38,900
you do it anyway, you return to 
Stratford more often. 

4930
04:33:38,900 --> 04:33:42,599
As you age, the pull of Home, 
strengthens you spend more time 

4931
04:33:42,599 --> 04:33:45,500
with family. 
You manage your property, you 

4932
04:33:45,500 --> 04:33:49,200
participate in local Affairs. 
The transition from London to 

4933
04:33:49,200 --> 04:33:53,400
Stratford is gradual. 
It feels natural, London 

4934
04:33:53,400 --> 04:33:57,500
exhausts, you more than it used 
to the noise, the crowds the 

4935
04:33:57,500 --> 04:34:00,900
constant activity Stratford is 
quieter. 

4936
04:34:00,900 --> 04:34:03,800
The pace is slower. 
Your family is there. 

4937
04:34:04,700 --> 04:34:07,000
The police strong. 
You do not make a dramatic 

4938
04:34:07,000 --> 04:34:10,099
decision to retire. 
You simply spend more time at 

4939
04:34:10,099 --> 04:34:14,000
home and less time in London. 
The transition is organic the 

4940
04:34:14,000 --> 04:34:17,000
theater continues without you 
needing to be their constantly. 

4941
04:34:18,200 --> 04:34:22,400
Other playwrights, right? 
Other actors perform the company

4942
04:34:22,400 --> 04:34:26,400
adapts Your Role shifts from 
Central to supportive. 

4943
04:34:26,400 --> 04:34:29,700
You accept this, you have done 
your part. 

4944
04:34:29,700 --> 04:34:33,099
The company does not need you as
much as it once did. 

4945
04:34:33,099 --> 04:34:38,099
This is Success, not failure. 
Younger playwrights, bring new 

4946
04:34:38,099 --> 04:34:41,500
energy, you support them, you 
offer, guidance. 

4947
04:34:41,500 --> 04:34:44,200
When asked, Stepping back feels 
right? 

4948
04:34:44,200 --> 04:34:48,000
You have earned rest the company
will continue. 

4949
04:34:48,000 --> 04:34:53,400
You look back on the work with 
satisfaction not Pride, the 

4950
04:34:53,400 --> 04:34:57,099
plays exist. 
They are performed people enjoy 

4951
04:34:57,099 --> 04:34:58,700
them. 
That is enough. 

4952
04:34:59,400 --> 04:35:02,700
You do not need more than that. 
Pride would be an appropriate, 

4953
04:35:02,700 --> 04:35:06,000
you did your work, The Works 
exceeded. 

4954
04:35:06,000 --> 04:35:09,500
That is all. 
Satisfaction is quieter than 

4955
04:35:09,500 --> 04:35:12,500
Pride. 
It is contentment with effort 

4956
04:35:12,500 --> 04:35:15,900
made and tasks completed. 
The plays Will Outlast you. 

4957
04:35:15,900 --> 04:35:19,599
This is Pleasant to consider but
not essential you wrote them 

4958
04:35:19,599 --> 04:35:22,000
for. 
Now, what happens after is not 

4959
04:35:22,000 --> 04:35:26,300
your concern, your habits 
remain, you walk you, right? 

4960
04:35:26,300 --> 04:35:31,300
You read you, sit with others, 
you eat simple meals, you sleep,

4961
04:35:31,300 --> 04:35:34,900
when tired, these patterns do 
not change, they are who you 

4962
04:35:34,900 --> 04:35:36,900
are. 
The habits of carry you through 

4963
04:35:36,900 --> 04:35:41,000
decades, they will carry you to 
the end your comfortable in your

4964
04:35:41,000 --> 04:35:43,800
routine. 
They fit you like old clothes 

4965
04:35:43,800 --> 04:35:47,200
changes on necessary, a patterns
work. 

4966
04:35:47,200 --> 04:35:50,500
Why alter them? 
You think about the future? 

4967
04:35:50,500 --> 04:35:55,000
Rarely you focus on the present?
There is work to do today. 

4968
04:35:55,000 --> 04:36:00,000
There are people to see there 
are tasks to complete the future

4969
04:36:00,000 --> 04:36:03,599
will arrive when it arrives. 
You do not rush toward it. 

4970
04:36:03,599 --> 04:36:07,200
The future is abstract The 
present is real. 

4971
04:36:08,300 --> 04:36:10,800
Planning too much for the future
distracts from living. 

4972
04:36:10,800 --> 04:36:15,200
Now you handle what needs 
handling you trust the rest to 

4973
04:36:15,200 --> 04:36:18,099
work itself. 
Out your relationships endure 

4974
04:36:18,099 --> 04:36:21,200
the people you have known for 
years are still part of your 

4975
04:36:21,200 --> 04:36:23,900
life. 
Some of deed others have moved 

4976
04:36:23,900 --> 04:36:28,000
away but many remain The 
continuity of friendship is 

4977
04:36:28,000 --> 04:36:30,800
comforting. 
Richard, Burbage is still acting

4978
04:36:30,800 --> 04:36:35,200
your daughter's, a grown Aniston
managing the household, the 

4979
04:36:35,200 --> 04:36:38,599
faces change over time, but some
remain constant. 

4980
04:36:38,599 --> 04:36:42,900
These constants Anki, you long 
friendships are deep. 

4981
04:36:42,900 --> 04:36:47,400
They require no explanation. 
The shared history speaks for 

4982
04:36:47,400 --> 04:36:50,000
itself. 
You do not seek Legacy 

4983
04:36:50,000 --> 04:36:52,400
consciously. 
You do not write to be 

4984
04:36:52,400 --> 04:36:54,800
remembered. 
You write because it is your 

4985
04:36:54,800 --> 04:36:58,000
work. 
Plays a created for the present 

4986
04:36:58,000 --> 04:37:00,500
for the audience is who come to 
see them now. 

4987
04:37:01,300 --> 04:37:03,400
What happens after is not your 
concern. 

4988
04:37:03,400 --> 04:37:07,700
Legacy is what others make of 
your work after you're gone, you

4989
04:37:07,700 --> 04:37:10,900
have no control over it. 
You write for the audience in 

4990
04:37:10,900 --> 04:37:13,000
front of you for the actors, you
know. 

4991
04:37:13,800 --> 04:37:19,200
For now, if the plays last, that
is Pleasant, if they do not, you

4992
04:37:19,200 --> 04:37:22,500
will not know. 
Either way you have done your 

4993
04:37:22,500 --> 04:37:27,200
work, your life has been steady 
not without hardship, but 

4994
04:37:27,200 --> 04:37:31,500
without catastrophe, you have 
worked, you have rested, you 

4995
04:37:31,500 --> 04:37:34,200
have maintained connections, 
you're fulfilled 

4996
04:37:34,200 --> 04:37:37,099
responsibilities. 
Life is ordinary in many ways, 

4997
04:37:37,099 --> 04:37:40,900
but it is so full. 
Hamlet's death was hard 

4998
04:37:40,900 --> 04:37:43,900
financial worries, existed 
conflicts arose. 

4999
04:37:43,900 --> 04:37:47,900
But overall life has been stable
stability allowed, the work 

5000
04:37:47,900 --> 04:37:52,000
without it, you could not have 
produced so much, fullness does 

5001
04:37:52,000 --> 04:37:55,800
not require drama a life of 
steady work and care as full. 

5002
04:37:57,000 --> 04:38:01,000
The Quiet Moments matter. 
Walk through a field, the 

5003
04:38:01,000 --> 04:38:04,700
conversation with a friend, the 
hour was spent reading the night

5004
04:38:04,700 --> 04:38:07,200
was spent sleeping. 
These are not the moments that 

5005
04:38:07,200 --> 04:38:10,300
make history. 
The other moments that make a 

5006
04:38:10,300 --> 04:38:14,400
life history records. 
The extraordinary life is built 

5007
04:38:14,400 --> 04:38:18,200
from the ordinary the small 
moments accumulate together. 

5008
04:38:18,200 --> 04:38:21,500
They are everything. 
You will not be remembered for 

5009
04:38:21,500 --> 04:38:26,000
walking through a field, but the
walking shaped who you were it 

5010
04:38:26,000 --> 04:38:27,900
shaped? 
What you wrote, you have 

5011
04:38:27,900 --> 04:38:32,099
observed much, you have written 
much, you have lived, a life of 

5012
04:38:32,099 --> 04:38:35,599
attention and Care. 
Your work, reflects, this, the 

5013
04:38:35,599 --> 04:38:38,200
characters feel real because 
they are drawn from real 

5014
04:38:38,200 --> 04:38:41,300
observation. 
The language feels alive because

5015
04:38:41,300 --> 04:38:43,500
it comes from a mind that has 
listened carefully. 

5016
04:38:44,800 --> 04:38:46,900
Tension is the foundation of 
good writing. 

5017
04:38:46,900 --> 04:38:49,700
You have paid attention for 
decades. 

5018
04:38:49,700 --> 04:38:53,300
The care. 
You take shows in the work, the 

5019
04:38:53,300 --> 04:38:57,700
Precision, the Nuance, the 
humanity, the life and the work 

5020
04:38:57,700 --> 04:39:01,900
are inseparable, the work Grew 
From the life, the life was 

5021
04:39:01,900 --> 04:39:05,900
shaped by the work. 
You can continue day follows 

5022
04:39:05,900 --> 04:39:10,800
day, work, follows, rest 
Seasons, turn you remaining 

5023
04:39:10,800 --> 04:39:12,500
engaged with the world around 
you. 

5024
04:39:12,500 --> 04:39:18,800
You notice you remember you 
create the pattern continues, it

5025
04:39:18,800 --> 04:39:23,900
will continue until it cannot. 
Engagement is the key you remain

5026
04:39:23,900 --> 04:39:28,099
interested. 
Curious attentive as long as you

5027
04:39:28,099 --> 04:39:30,400
engage you are alive in the way 
that matters. 

5028
04:39:30,400 --> 04:39:34,800
Most life is not extraordinary. 
It is simply lived with 

5029
04:39:34,800 --> 04:39:37,900
consistency and purpose. 
This is enough. 

5030
04:39:37,900 --> 04:39:42,500
This is always been enough. 
Extraordinary lives are rare and

5031
04:39:42,500 --> 04:39:45,800
often tragic. 
Ordinary lives are common and 

5032
04:39:45,800 --> 04:39:49,300
often rich. 
You have lived consistently, you

5033
04:39:49,300 --> 04:39:51,700
have lived with purpose. 
These are achievements. 

5034
04:39:51,700 --> 04:39:55,100
And enough is enough, you do not
need to be more than you are. 

5035
04:39:55,100 --> 04:39:59,300
When the day ends, you prepare 
for sleep, you settle into bed, 

5036
04:39:59,300 --> 04:40:03,400
you let go of the day's concerns
tomorrow, will come, there will 

5037
04:40:03,408 --> 04:40:05,900
be more work, more walking, and 
more observations. 

5038
04:40:05,900 --> 04:40:10,600
But for now, you rest the day 
ends, the Night Comes sleep 

5039
04:40:10,600 --> 04:40:13,400
arrives. 
Tomorrow is another day, the 

5040
04:40:13,400 --> 04:40:17,000
pattern will repeat for. 
Now you rest, the work is done. 

5041
04:40:17,000 --> 04:40:21,400
The day is complete, the Rhythm 
continues, the life continues, 

5042
04:40:21,400 --> 04:40:24,400
the work continues. 
This is how it has always been. 

5043
04:40:24,400 --> 04:40:28,000
This is how it will. 
Remain, continuity is the 

5044
04:40:28,000 --> 04:40:31,500
deepest truth, Everything 
Changes slowly within an 

5045
04:40:31,500 --> 04:40:34,200
unchanging pattern the rhythm is
reliable. 

5046
04:40:34,200 --> 04:40:37,600
You trust it. 
It has carried you, this far. 

5047
04:40:37,600 --> 04:40:41,800
It will carry you to the end and
Beyond the The work will 

5048
04:40:41,800 --> 04:40:45,800
continue in other hands other 
voices other times. 

5049
04:40:45,800 --> 04:40:50,900
But that is not your concern. 
Your concern is now this day 

5050
04:40:50,900 --> 04:40:56,500
this moment this breath and so 
you rest and so the world 

5051
04:40:56,500 --> 04:41:08,300
continues and so The Story Goes 
On Your eyes open slowly. 

5052
04:41:08,300 --> 04:41:11,600
And the first thing you notice 
that is wrong, is the light. 

5053
04:41:12,500 --> 04:41:14,300
It's not the clean bright 
morning. 

5054
04:41:14,300 --> 04:41:18,800
You're used to instead a murky 
yellowish glow filter through a 

5055
04:41:18,800 --> 04:41:21,300
window that seems smaller than 
it should be. 

5056
04:41:22,200 --> 04:41:25,900
The glass is thick and slightly 
wavy and condensation as 

5057
04:41:25,900 --> 04:41:28,900
gathered in the corners like 
tiny pools waiting to spill. 

5058
04:41:29,800 --> 04:41:32,700
Your on something that feels 
like a mattress but isn't quite 

5059
04:41:32,700 --> 04:41:36,700
right, it's firmer than you 
expect and you can feel the 

5060
04:41:36,700 --> 04:41:40,400
individual ridges beneath the 
fabric horsehair stuffing 

5061
04:41:40,400 --> 04:41:42,000
though. 
You don't know that yet. 

5062
04:41:43,500 --> 04:41:46,500
The sheets are rough against 
your skin, not the smooth 

5063
04:41:46,500 --> 04:41:48,300
cotton. 
You remember going to sleep in? 

5064
04:41:48,900 --> 04:41:51,800
The linen and they've been 
washed so many times, they've 

5065
04:41:51,800 --> 04:41:55,000
achieved a text just somewhere 
between sandpaper and burlap 

5066
04:41:55,000 --> 04:41:57,800
though. 
Their surprise me warm the air, 

5067
04:41:57,800 --> 04:42:00,500
taste different That's the 
strangest part. 

5068
04:42:00,500 --> 04:42:04,600
Actually, you can taste the air.
It has a thickness to it like 

5069
04:42:04,600 --> 04:42:07,500
breathing in soup. 
There's cold smoke, obviously 

5070
04:42:07,500 --> 04:42:11,000
but also something organic and 
vaguely unpleasant that you'll 

5071
04:42:11,000 --> 04:42:13,000
later. 
Realize is the Thames at low 

5072
04:42:13,000 --> 04:42:15,900
tide mixed with a few hundred 
thousand coal fires, burning 

5073
04:42:15,900 --> 04:42:19,700
simultaneously. 
Victorian London, doesn't just 

5074
04:42:19,700 --> 04:42:23,200
smell it. 
Announces itself with every 

5075
04:42:23,200 --> 04:42:26,200
breath. 
As you sit up, your body feels 

5076
04:42:26,200 --> 04:42:28,600
the same but the room is 
entirely foreign. 

5077
04:42:29,300 --> 04:42:33,400
Ceiling is high much higher than
modern rooms, but the space 

5078
04:42:33,400 --> 04:42:38,400
somehow feels cramped anyway. 
Dark wallpaper with an intricate

5079
04:42:38,400 --> 04:42:42,100
pattern of flowers or Vines 
covers the walls and you 

5080
04:42:42,108 --> 04:42:44,700
realize, with a start that 
there's no light switch. 

5081
04:42:45,500 --> 04:42:48,400
In fact, there are no electrical
outlets at all. 

5082
04:42:49,400 --> 04:42:53,100
The room is lit by that strange 
window and by the remnant of 

5083
04:42:53,100 --> 04:42:56,200
whatever Coal fire burned in the
small fireplace last night. 

5084
04:42:56,200 --> 04:42:59,300
You're wearing a nightshirt. 
That feels like it's been cut 

5085
04:42:59,300 --> 04:43:02,800
from sale canvas. 
It's long reaching past your 

5086
04:43:02,800 --> 04:43:05,800
knees, and there's absolutely 
nothing underneath it. 

5087
04:43:06,800 --> 04:43:09,600
The victorians had very 
different ideas about sleepwear 

5088
04:43:09,600 --> 04:43:12,400
and comfort wasn't high on their
priority list. 

5089
04:43:13,200 --> 04:43:16,600
Modesty and practicality won 
that battle decisively. 

5090
04:43:17,500 --> 04:43:19,900
Standing up requires more effort
than you expect. 

5091
04:43:20,800 --> 04:43:24,900
The floor is cold, proper cold 
that seeps through your bare 

5092
04:43:24,900 --> 04:43:26,800
feet, like you're standing on a 
block of ice. 

5093
04:43:27,400 --> 04:43:31,000
The floorboards are bare wood 
and you can feel every Splinter 

5094
04:43:31,000 --> 04:43:34,100
and groove. 
There's a thin rug beside the 

5095
04:43:34,100 --> 04:43:36,600
bed but it does little to combat
the chill. 

5096
04:43:36,600 --> 04:43:39,500
That seems to radiate from the 
very foundation of the building 

5097
04:43:40,500 --> 04:43:44,400
fog outside isn't like fog, 
you've experienced before This 

5098
04:43:44,400 --> 04:43:49,200
is the famous London, pea Super 
a combination of natural missed 

5099
04:43:49,200 --> 04:43:52,700
and cold smoke that creates 
something almost Supernatural. 

5100
04:43:53,700 --> 04:43:56,900
Presses against the Windows like
something alive, turning the 

5101
04:43:56,900 --> 04:44:00,200
street below into a series of 
Shadows and suggestions, rather 

5102
04:44:00,200 --> 04:44:03,500
than actual shapes. 
You can hear the city though. 

5103
04:44:04,600 --> 04:44:07,700
Of horse, Hooves on 
cobblestones, the Cry of a 

5104
04:44:07,700 --> 04:44:10,400
street, vendor somewhere in the 
murk and the Perpetual 

5105
04:44:10,400 --> 04:44:13,400
background of a million people 
going about their morning 

5106
04:44:13,400 --> 04:44:16,300
routines. 
Your modern instincts kick in 

5107
04:44:16,300 --> 04:44:18,800
and you look for your phone. 
Of course. 

5108
04:44:18,800 --> 04:44:22,700
There isn't one. 
No phone, no, laptop, no, Tab 

5109
04:44:22,700 --> 04:44:24,500
tablet. 
No screen of any kind. 

5110
04:44:26,100 --> 04:44:29,200
The silence in the room is 
complete, except for the sounds 

5111
04:44:29,200 --> 04:44:31,600
drifting up from the street in 
the occasional Creek of the 

5112
04:44:31,600 --> 04:44:34,700
building settling. 
It's the kind of quiet that 

5113
04:44:34,700 --> 04:44:37,408
makes you realize how much 
ambient noise you're used to 

5114
04:44:37,416 --> 04:44:43,100
know refrigerator hum, no HVAC 
system, no electronics of any 

5115
04:44:43,100 --> 04:44:46,100
kind emitting their barely 
perceptible frequencies. 

5116
04:44:46,100 --> 04:44:49,400
There's a wash stand in the 
corner with a ceramic picture 

5117
04:44:49,400 --> 04:44:53,100
and Basin the water in the 
picture has a thin skin of ice 

5118
04:44:53,100 --> 04:44:55,200
on it. 
This is how you'll wash your 

5119
04:44:55,200 --> 04:44:58,300
face this morning by breaking 
ice with your fingers and 

5120
04:44:58,300 --> 04:45:03,000
splashing water on your skin. 
The victorians were apparently, 

5121
04:45:03,000 --> 04:45:06,500
made of Sterner stuff than 
modern humans or perhaps they 

5122
04:45:06,500 --> 04:45:08,000
just didn't have a choice in the
matter. 

5123
04:45:09,300 --> 04:45:11,400
A Looking Glass hangs above the 
washstand. 

5124
04:45:11,400 --> 04:45:14,700
And when you pair into it you 
see yourself but different. 

5125
04:45:14,700 --> 04:45:17,600
Your face is the same but 
there's something in your 

5126
04:45:17,600 --> 04:45:20,000
expression. 
Perhaps, it's the early morning 

5127
04:45:20,000 --> 04:45:23,600
confusion or maybe it's the 
dawning realization that you're 

5128
04:45:23,600 --> 04:45:26,400
about to spend an entire day. 
Without any of the convenience 

5129
04:45:26,400 --> 04:45:28,400
is you've taken for granted your
whole life. 

5130
04:45:29,400 --> 04:45:32,200
The room tells stories, if you 
know how to read them, there's a

5131
04:45:32,208 --> 04:45:35,500
chamber pot, tuck discreetly 
under the bed because bathrooms 

5132
04:45:35,500 --> 04:45:37,700
in the modern sense. 
Don't exist in most Victorian 

5133
04:45:37,700 --> 04:45:40,400
homes. 
There's a small coal scuttle by 

5134
04:45:40,408 --> 04:45:42,100
the fireplace with a few lumps 
of coal. 

5135
04:45:42,100 --> 04:45:44,600
Still in it. 
Your clothes for the day are 

5136
04:45:44,600 --> 04:45:47,700
laid out on a wooden chair that 
looks hand carved and probably 

5137
04:45:47,700 --> 04:45:49,300
older than some Modern 
countries. 

5138
04:45:50,000 --> 04:45:52,200
Getting dressed in. 
Victorian clothing is going to 

5139
04:45:52,208 --> 04:45:56,300
be an adventure unto itself. 
But first, you need to face that

5140
04:45:56,300 --> 04:45:59,900
icy water and prepare yourself 
for a day in a world where 

5141
04:45:59,900 --> 04:46:01,800
everything familiar has been 
replaced. 

5142
04:46:01,800 --> 04:46:06,300
With historical authenticity, 
the fog continues to press 

5143
04:46:06,300 --> 04:46:08,800
against the windows and 
somewhere in the distance. 

5144
04:46:08,800 --> 04:46:12,600
You hear a church bell, marking 
the hour, It's 7 in the morning 

5145
04:46:12,600 --> 04:46:16,500
and London is already awake. 
Stepping out onto a Victorian. 

5146
04:46:16,500 --> 04:46:19,900
London Street is like walking 
onto a stage where every person 

5147
04:46:19,900 --> 04:46:22,400
is an actor. 
And the set design is both 

5148
04:46:22,400 --> 04:46:24,600
magnificent and slightly 
horrifying. 

5149
04:46:26,200 --> 04:46:29,400
Fog Has Lifted some of what 
revealing a world that 

5150
04:46:29,400 --> 04:46:32,600
simultaneously more impressive 
and more disturbing than you 

5151
04:46:32,600 --> 04:46:35,200
imagined. 
The cobblestones beneath your 

5152
04:46:35,200 --> 04:46:40,500
feet are uneven warns smooth in 
some places in others, you're 

5153
04:46:40,500 --> 04:46:43,200
wearing boots. 
Now, proper Victorian boots that

5154
04:46:43,200 --> 04:46:46,000
button up the side and take 
approximately 10 minutes to put 

5155
04:46:46,000 --> 04:46:49,500
on correctly, Stiff, 
uncomfortable and will probably 

5156
04:46:49,500 --> 04:46:52,300
give you blisters by noon but 
they're better than the 

5157
04:46:52,300 --> 04:46:55,100
alternative. 
The streets here, collect 

5158
04:46:55,100 --> 04:46:56,500
things. 
You don't want touching your 

5159
04:46:56,500 --> 04:47:00,100
bare feet, The buildings Loom 
above you, in a way that modern 

5160
04:47:00,100 --> 04:47:03,700
architecture, rarely manages 
Victorian London was built 

5161
04:47:03,700 --> 04:47:07,200
upward out of necessity and the 
result is streets that feel like

5162
04:47:07,200 --> 04:47:11,200
Canyons with ornate facades. 
Every building is different, 

5163
04:47:11,200 --> 04:47:14,600
each one competing, to be more 
elaborate than its neighbors. 

5164
04:47:14,600 --> 04:47:18,800
There's carved stonework, 
decorative brickwork and 

5165
04:47:18,800 --> 04:47:22,100
Architectural flourishes that 
serve no practical purpose, 

5166
04:47:22,100 --> 04:47:25,400
except to demonstrate that. 
The owner had money to spend on 

5167
04:47:25,400 --> 04:47:28,600
looking prosperous. 
But the real star of the show is

5168
04:47:28,600 --> 04:47:31,200
the sensory overload that hits 
you from every direction. 

5169
04:47:32,100 --> 04:47:35,700
Let's start with the horses 
because Victorian London ran on 

5170
04:47:35,700 --> 04:47:37,900
horse power in the most literal 
sense possible. 

5171
04:47:38,700 --> 04:47:42,500
Everywhere you look there are 
horses pulling handsome cabs 

5172
04:47:42,500 --> 04:47:46,800
hauling delivery wagons carrying
individual Riders and standing 

5173
04:47:46,800 --> 04:47:50,100
patiently while their owners 
conduct business and horses. 

5174
04:47:50,100 --> 04:47:53,800
As your rapidly discovering 
produce waste at an impressive 

5175
04:47:53,800 --> 04:47:57,500
rate, the streets are covered in
it, not completely because 

5176
04:47:57,500 --> 04:48:00,300
there's an entire economy built 
around collecting Horseman year.

5177
04:48:00,300 --> 04:48:03,600
But in enough that watching your
step becomes second nature 

5178
04:48:03,600 --> 04:48:06,900
within minutes. 
Crossing sweepers usually 

5179
04:48:06,900 --> 04:48:11,100
children weighted intersections 
with their brooms ready to clear

5180
04:48:11,100 --> 04:48:12,900
a path through the muck for a 
penny. 

5181
04:48:13,500 --> 04:48:18,100
It's clever entrepreneurial and 
deeply depressing all at once. 

5182
04:48:18,900 --> 04:48:22,900
The smell is democratic. 
It affects everyone equally from

5183
04:48:22,900 --> 04:48:25,900
the finest gentlemen, in his 
tail coat to the poorest street 

5184
04:48:25,908 --> 04:48:31,400
vendor Coal smoke horse manure, 
unwashed Humanity, rotting 

5185
04:48:31,400 --> 04:48:35,500
vegetables from the markets and 
the peculiar Tang of industrial 

5186
04:48:35,500 --> 04:48:38,800
chemicals, all combined into a 
scent that you'll eventually 

5187
04:48:38,800 --> 04:48:41,600
stopped noticing simply because 
your nose will give up in 

5188
04:48:41,600 --> 04:48:44,700
self-defense. 
The noise is extraordinary 

5189
04:48:44,700 --> 04:48:48,200
without modern sound insulation 
or noise, pollution laws, 

5190
04:48:48,200 --> 04:48:51,900
Victorian London operates at a 
volume that would violate every 

5191
04:48:51,900 --> 04:48:53,700
noise ordinance in a 
contemporary City. 

5192
04:48:54,700 --> 04:48:58,400
Ironed wheels on cobblestones 
Creator constant Rumble. 

5193
04:48:58,400 --> 04:49:01,500
Like Perpetual Thunder. 
Street vendors. 

5194
04:49:01,500 --> 04:49:03,300
Call out their Wares in 
practice. 

5195
04:49:03,300 --> 04:49:05,300
Rhythms that cut through the 
other noise. 

5196
04:49:06,200 --> 04:49:10,300
Horses whinny. 
Dog's bark children, shout and 

5197
04:49:10,300 --> 04:49:11,900
everywhere. 
There's the background 

5198
04:49:11,900 --> 04:49:15,100
percussion of a city made of 
metal and stone banging against 

5199
04:49:15,100 --> 04:49:17,400
itself. 
The people are the most 

5200
04:49:17,408 --> 04:49:20,600
fascinating part. 
Everyone is wearing layers upon 

5201
04:49:20,600 --> 04:49:23,300
layers of clothing because 
central heating doesn't exist 

5202
04:49:23,300 --> 04:49:27,500
and Victorian morality demands 
that every inch of skin be 

5203
04:49:27,500 --> 04:49:30,200
covered. 
The men are in suits or work 

5204
04:49:30,200 --> 04:49:32,800
clothes all of them, wearing 
hats of some description. 

5205
04:49:33,700 --> 04:49:37,900
Top hats for the wealthy cloth, 
caps for workers and Bowlers for

5206
04:49:37,900 --> 04:49:41,200
the middle class. 
Removing your hat indoors or 

5207
04:49:41,200 --> 04:49:42,800
when greeting a lady is 
mandatory. 

5208
04:49:43,700 --> 04:49:46,600
Social signaling was practically
an Olympic sport. 

5209
04:49:46,600 --> 04:49:50,000
In Victorian times, the women 
are engineering Marvels. 

5210
04:49:50,000 --> 04:49:53,000
Those dresses, you've seen in 
movies, there are actually 

5211
04:49:53,000 --> 04:49:57,400
understating the complexity. 
Under those beautiful Fabrics is

5212
04:49:57,400 --> 04:50:02,400
a construction project involving
corsets petticoats bussells and 

5213
04:50:02,400 --> 04:50:04,500
enough fabric to upholster, a 
small sofa. 

5214
04:50:05,600 --> 04:50:09,300
Women's fashion in the 1880s was
designed to create a specific 

5215
04:50:09,300 --> 04:50:13,000
silhouette that required 
substantial architecture to 

5216
04:50:13,000 --> 04:50:15,600
achieve. 
The result is that women moved 

5217
04:50:15,600 --> 04:50:18,000
differently. 
Smaller steps. 

5218
04:50:18,000 --> 04:50:21,700
Careful postures and an 
awareness of their clothing that

5219
04:50:21,700 --> 04:50:26,300
modern fashion rarely demands. 
Social classes visible at a 

5220
04:50:26,300 --> 04:50:30,400
glance wealthy Glide by in 
private carriages the clothing 

5221
04:50:30,400 --> 04:50:32,900
pristine. 
And elaborate the middle class 

5222
04:50:32,900 --> 04:50:36,400
walks or takes omnibuses their 
clothes respectable but 

5223
04:50:36,400 --> 04:50:39,700
practical. 
The Working, Poor wear whatever 

5224
04:50:39,700 --> 04:50:43,800
holds together often visibly 
patched and worn thin from years

5225
04:50:43,800 --> 04:50:46,700
of use. 
Children from poor families, 

5226
04:50:46,700 --> 04:50:48,500
often. 
Go barefoot, even in cold 

5227
04:50:48,500 --> 04:50:52,000
weather, their faces smudged 
with the ever-present, coal dust

5228
04:50:52,000 --> 04:50:55,500
that settles on everything. 
The street vendors, add a 

5229
04:50:55,500 --> 04:50:57,300
carnival atmosphere to the urban
landscape. 

5230
04:50:58,200 --> 04:51:01,300
Pie sellers carry their Wares in
wooden trays hung from their 

5231
04:51:01,300 --> 04:51:05,700
necks calling out hot pies meat 
pies. 

5232
04:51:05,700 --> 04:51:08,700
Invoices trained carry half a 
block. 

5233
04:51:09,600 --> 04:51:12,500
Flower girls, offer Posey's from
baskets that look bigger than 

5234
04:51:12,500 --> 04:51:15,600
they are men. 
Sell everything from matches to 

5235
04:51:15,600 --> 04:51:18,800
boot laces, to mysterious items.
You can't quite identify. 

5236
04:51:18,800 --> 04:51:23,100
Each one has their own pitch, 
their own territory and their 

5237
04:51:23,100 --> 04:51:25,300
own regular customers who they 
know by sight. 

5238
04:51:26,200 --> 04:51:29,300
The omnibuses horse drawn, 
precursors to public buses, 

5239
04:51:29,300 --> 04:51:32,000
number through the streets, like
mobile chaos. 

5240
04:51:32,700 --> 04:51:35,700
Their painted in bright colors, 
advertising their roots and 

5241
04:51:35,700 --> 04:51:39,200
they're always full. 
The driver sits up top. 

5242
04:51:40,200 --> 04:51:43,800
It's posed to the weather while 
passengers cram inside, or climb

5243
04:51:43,800 --> 04:51:45,300
the stairs to the open, air up a
deck. 

5244
04:51:46,100 --> 04:51:49,400
It costs a few Pence to rise and
the conductor moves through the 

5245
04:51:49,400 --> 04:51:53,800
crowd collecting fairs, with 
practice deficiency. handsome 

5246
04:51:53,800 --> 04:51:56,800
cab zip through the traffic, 
with the agility of sports cars,

5247
04:51:56,800 --> 04:52:00,400
their drivers shouting warnings 
to pedestrians who don't move 

5248
04:52:00,400 --> 04:52:05,100
fast enough, These are the taxes
of Victorian London and their 

5249
04:52:05,100 --> 04:52:07,400
drivers are legendary for 
knowing every street and 

5250
04:52:07,400 --> 04:52:10,600
shortcut in the city. 
There are also legendary for 

5251
04:52:10,600 --> 04:52:13,500
their colorful language when 
other traffic gets in their way 

5252
04:52:13,500 --> 04:52:16,200
though, you're not supposed to 
acknowledge hearing it. 

5253
04:52:16,900 --> 04:52:19,600
The architecture tells you where
you are in London's complex, 

5254
04:52:19,600 --> 04:52:22,300
social geography. 
The grand buildings of 

5255
04:52:22,300 --> 04:52:25,700
Westminster and the West End, 
advertise Imperial, power and 

5256
04:52:25,700 --> 04:52:28,400
wealth. 
A commercial chaos of the city 

5257
04:52:28,400 --> 04:52:32,500
London's, Financial District 
bustles with Clark's and 

5258
04:52:32,500 --> 04:52:35,300
businessmen. 
The residential squares of 

5259
04:52:35,300 --> 04:52:38,900
Bloomsbury in Belgravia. 
Hide elegant, homes behind iron.

5260
04:52:38,900 --> 04:52:43,100
Railings and private Gardens. 
And everywhere else is the vast 

5261
04:52:43,100 --> 04:52:46,800
middle and working class London,
that house is the millions who 

5262
04:52:46,800 --> 04:52:50,000
make the city function. 
You notice the air quality 

5263
04:52:50,000 --> 04:52:54,400
improving as you walk. 
Well, improving his relative. 

5264
04:52:54,400 --> 04:52:56,900
It still terrible by modern 
standards. 

5265
04:52:57,800 --> 04:53:00,400
But you've moved away from a 
particularly Smoky area. 

5266
04:53:01,500 --> 04:53:04,900
Fog has reduced to a light Haze 
and you can actually see the 

5267
04:53:04,900 --> 04:53:06,800
sky. 
Though, it's a gray. 

5268
04:53:06,800 --> 04:53:09,800
That suggests the sun is more 
theoretical than actual today. 

5269
04:53:10,700 --> 04:53:13,100
Public buildings, provide 
punctuation in the urban 

5270
04:53:13,100 --> 04:53:16,700
landscape churches Tower above 
surrounding structures. 

5271
04:53:16,700 --> 04:53:19,800
Their spiers reaching toward 
heaven in defiance of the 

5272
04:53:19,808 --> 04:53:22,900
Earthly muck below The new post 
offices. 

5273
04:53:22,900 --> 04:53:26,200
Victorian Britain was 
modernizing its Communications 

5274
04:53:26,200 --> 04:53:29,000
infrastructure Stan. 
Proud with their official 

5275
04:53:29,000 --> 04:53:32,000
architecture and busy traffic of
people sending letters and 

5276
04:53:32,000 --> 04:53:36,300
telegrams. 
Banks look like temples, which 

5277
04:53:36,300 --> 04:53:39,500
is probably intentional given 
that money was its own kind of 

5278
04:53:39,500 --> 04:53:42,700
religion. 
In Victorian society, Parks are 

5279
04:53:42,708 --> 04:53:46,000
sanctuaries from the urban 
intensity, even small. 

5280
04:53:46,000 --> 04:53:49,100
Squares of Green Space offer 
relief from the stone and brick 

5281
04:53:49,100 --> 04:53:53,300
that dominates everywhere else. 
The grass is real, the trees are

5282
04:53:53,300 --> 04:53:55,400
mature. 
And for a few moments, you can 

5283
04:53:55,408 --> 04:53:58,300
breathe air that hasn't been 
processed through coal, fires 

5284
04:53:58,300 --> 04:54:02,200
and horse lungs. 
By mid-morning Victoria, London 

5285
04:54:02,200 --> 04:54:06,600
has fully awakened, and the city
operates with a complexity that 

5286
04:54:06,600 --> 04:54:10,300
Rivals any modern Metropolis. 
The difference is that 

5287
04:54:10,300 --> 04:54:14,300
everything requires doing by 
hand with animals or through 

5288
04:54:14,300 --> 04:54:17,000
mechanical Contraptions, that 
would look steampunk if they 

5289
04:54:17,000 --> 04:54:21,400
won't completely authentic. 
The shops are opening and 

5290
04:54:21,400 --> 04:54:23,500
shopping in. 
Victorian London is nothing like

5291
04:54:23,500 --> 04:54:25,100
pushing a car through a 
supermarket. 

5292
04:54:26,300 --> 04:54:30,200
Most shops are small specialized
Affairs where the shopkeeper 

5293
04:54:30,200 --> 04:54:33,200
knows their infantry personally 
and keeps it behind the counter.

5294
04:54:33,200 --> 04:54:37,400
You don't browse you ask for 
what you want and they fetch it.

5295
04:54:38,600 --> 04:54:41,400
The relationship between 
customer and shopkeeper is 

5296
04:54:41,400 --> 04:54:43,700
formal and ritualized the 
proper. 

5297
04:54:43,700 --> 04:54:46,000
Greetings and polite, inquiries 
about health. 

5298
04:54:46,000 --> 04:54:48,500
And whether before anyone 
mentions, what you're actually 

5299
04:54:48,500 --> 04:54:52,700
there to purchase, The baker 
shop smells of yeast and cold 

5300
04:54:52,700 --> 04:54:55,300
smoke. 
The bread is baked in coal-fired

5301
04:54:55,300 --> 04:54:58,300
ovens and the result is 
delicious, but distinctly 

5302
04:54:58,300 --> 04:55:03,200
flavored by its cooking method. 
The loaves are crusty dents and 

5303
04:55:03,200 --> 04:55:06,900
absolutely nothing like modern 
sliced bread. 

5304
04:55:07,700 --> 04:55:09,900
Their sold by weight and the 
baker's. 

5305
04:55:09,900 --> 04:55:12,600
Apprentice wraps your purchase 
in paper, that will disintegrate

5306
04:55:12,600 --> 04:55:15,400
if it gets damp. 
The Butcher Shop is an 

5307
04:55:15,400 --> 04:55:18,700
experience, that requires a 
strong stomach hole animals, 

5308
04:55:18,700 --> 04:55:21,400
hang in the window and the 
butcher prepares your order 

5309
04:55:21,400 --> 04:55:24,400
while you wait cutting and 
wrapping with practice 

5310
04:55:24,400 --> 04:55:27,400
deficiency. 
Refrigeration doesn't exist. 

5311
04:55:27,400 --> 04:55:31,000
So meters sold fresh and meant 
to be cooked soon. 

5312
04:55:32,000 --> 04:55:35,200
The smell is strong and you try 
not to think too hard about 

5313
04:55:35,200 --> 04:55:38,600
hygiene standards, that won't be
formalized for another several 

5314
04:55:38,600 --> 04:55:42,100
decades. 
The green grocer offers produce 

5315
04:55:42,100 --> 04:55:45,500
that seasonal, local and muddy. 
No plastic wrap, no 

5316
04:55:45,500 --> 04:55:48,300
Refrigeration know, produce, 
that's traveled, thousands of 

5317
04:55:48,300 --> 04:55:51,900
miles to reach London, what's 
available depends entirely on 

5318
04:55:51,900 --> 04:55:54,600
what is growing in England right
now, or what's just arrived from

5319
04:55:54,600 --> 04:55:58,400
Europe. the variety is limited 
compared to Modern supermarkets,

5320
04:55:58,400 --> 04:56:02,000
but the flavor is often, 
stronger, vegetables, that 

5321
04:56:02,000 --> 04:56:04,600
haven't been bred for 
transportability taste like 

5322
04:56:04,608 --> 04:56:08,500
themselves in ways that modern 
produce sometimes doesn't the 

5323
04:56:08,500 --> 04:56:12,000
Working Day for most londoners 
started at dawn and will 

5324
04:56:12,000 --> 04:56:15,500
continue until dusk or later. 
Factory workers have been at 

5325
04:56:15,500 --> 04:56:18,500
their machines for hours already
operating equipment. 

5326
04:56:18,500 --> 04:56:21,200
That's dangerous and noisy and 
exhausting. 

5327
04:56:22,100 --> 04:56:25,700
Office workers a growing class 
in Victorian London, a bent over

5328
04:56:25,708 --> 04:56:30,500
desks copying documents by hand 
or operating the new typewriters

5329
04:56:30,500 --> 04:56:32,200
that are revolutionizing 
paperwork. 

5330
04:56:33,300 --> 04:56:36,400
Shoppers assistance stand behind
their counters for 12 or 14 

5331
04:56:36,400 --> 04:56:39,200
hours stretches, because sitting
down while working is considered

5332
04:56:39,200 --> 04:56:41,500
lazy. 
The pace of life is 

5333
04:56:41,500 --> 04:56:44,700
simultaneously slower and more 
exhausting than modern work. 

5334
04:56:45,400 --> 04:56:48,700
Everything takes longer. 
There are no computers, no 

5335
04:56:48,700 --> 04:56:52,300
phones and no quick 
communication of any kind Beyond

5336
04:56:52,300 --> 04:56:56,000
sending a messenger boy, but the
physical demands are Relentless 

5337
04:56:56,000 --> 04:57:00,000
even supposedly Gentile office. 
Work involves writing by hand 

5338
04:57:00,000 --> 04:57:02,600
for hours, which is more tiring 
than it sounds. 

5339
04:57:03,600 --> 04:57:05,800
Street Life provides constant 
entertainment. 

5340
04:57:05,800 --> 04:57:09,600
If you're observing rather than 
participating, The urchins 

5341
04:57:09,600 --> 04:57:12,400
running errands the ladies doing
their morning shopping with 

5342
04:57:12,400 --> 04:57:14,200
servants carrying their 
purchases. 

5343
04:57:14,200 --> 04:57:17,500
The businessmen hurrying to 
appointments, the police 

5344
04:57:17,500 --> 04:57:20,800
constables walking their beats 
in their distinctive uniforms 

5345
04:57:20,800 --> 04:57:24,200
and Tall helmets. 
Everyone is part of an intricate

5346
04:57:24,200 --> 04:57:26,900
social choreography that 
operates on rules. 

5347
04:57:26,900 --> 04:57:30,100
You're only beginning to 
understand the postal system is 

5348
04:57:30,100 --> 04:57:33,600
remarkably efficient. 
Letters posted in the morning, 

5349
04:57:33,600 --> 04:57:37,500
will be delivered that same day 
in London carried by postmen who

5350
04:57:37,500 --> 04:57:39,900
walk their Roots multiple times 
daily. 

5351
04:57:41,500 --> 04:57:44,600
The telegraph. 
Victorian London's fastest 

5352
04:57:44,600 --> 04:57:47,900
communication technology. 
Can send messages across the 

5353
04:57:47,900 --> 04:57:51,500
country, and minutes though. 
It's expensive and use primarily

5354
04:57:51,500 --> 04:57:53,000
for important business, or 
emergency. 

5355
04:57:54,400 --> 04:57:58,200
The class system is visible in 
every interaction, the wealthy 

5356
04:57:58,200 --> 04:58:00,700
don't acknowledge the poor and 
unless their servants were 

5357
04:58:00,700 --> 04:58:02,400
trades. 
People providing services. 

5358
04:58:03,300 --> 04:58:06,600
The middle class imitates the 
wealthy while trying to distance

5359
04:58:06,600 --> 04:58:10,700
themselves from the workers. 
The poor Navigator world where 

5360
04:58:10,700 --> 04:58:14,700
their existence is often treated
as a necessary evil or an 

5361
04:58:14,700 --> 04:58:16,600
unfortunate reality to be 
ignored. 

5362
04:58:16,600 --> 04:58:20,600
Its uncomfortable to watch even 
more uncomfortable to 

5363
04:58:20,600 --> 04:58:24,100
participate in, and completely 
normal to everyone around you. 

5364
04:58:25,000 --> 04:58:27,700
The afternoon in Victorian, 
London operates on different 

5365
04:58:27,700 --> 04:58:31,900
rhythms than the morning. 
By 2:00, the city has shifted 

5366
04:58:31,900 --> 04:58:34,900
gears. 
The Frantic morning energy has 

5367
04:58:34,900 --> 04:58:38,300
settled into something more 
sustained and purposeful though.

5368
04:58:38,300 --> 04:58:41,800
No less busy. 
Lunch is a concept that varies 

5369
04:58:41,800 --> 04:58:45,200
wildly by class. 
The wealthiest sitting down to 

5370
04:58:45,200 --> 04:58:48,900
elaborate multi-course Affairs, 
in their dining rooms, served by

5371
04:58:48,908 --> 04:58:51,100
staff who appear and disappear 
silently. 

5372
04:58:52,700 --> 04:58:55,300
The middle class might have a 
simple meal at home or in one of

5373
04:58:55,300 --> 04:58:57,000
the new restaurants that are 
becoming fashionable. 

5374
04:58:57,900 --> 04:59:01,700
Workers grab whatever, they can 
afford from Street vendors, a 

5375
04:59:01,700 --> 04:59:05,300
pie, some bread and cheese. 
Perhaps a cup of tea from a 

5376
04:59:05,300 --> 04:59:08,500
vendor with a portable urn. 
The tea itself, deserves 

5377
04:59:08,500 --> 04:59:13,000
attention, because Victorian ran
on T the way modern society runs

5378
04:59:13,000 --> 04:59:16,300
on coffee. 
Strong black and sweetened with 

5379
04:59:16,300 --> 04:59:19,500
sugar that still enough of a 
luxury that people measure it 

5380
04:59:19,500 --> 04:59:22,800
carefully. 
Milk is added if you can afford 

5381
04:59:22,800 --> 04:59:26,500
it and the result is a drink 
that is more fortification than 

5382
04:59:26,500 --> 04:59:30,100
refreshment. 
Tea breaks punctuate the working

5383
04:59:30,100 --> 04:59:34,000
day, like, markers on a 
timeline, brief respite from 

5384
04:59:34,000 --> 04:59:38,100
labor, that's often monotonous 
and always demanding the streets

5385
04:59:38,100 --> 04:59:39,900
of changed characters and 
mourning. 

5386
04:59:39,900 --> 04:59:43,400
The commercial deliveries that 
dominated early hours of given 

5387
04:59:43,400 --> 04:59:46,600
way to personal traffic. 
Ladies visiting for of afternoon

5388
04:59:46,600 --> 04:59:50,800
calls, gentlemen, conducting 
business and servants running 

5389
04:59:50,800 --> 04:59:54,800
errands for their employers The 
traffic is still intense but 

5390
04:59:54,800 --> 04:59:59,100
it's more varied, more social, 
and less about getting goods 

5391
04:59:59,100 --> 05:00:03,600
from one place to another. 
The public houses pubs are open 

5392
05:00:03,600 --> 05:00:06,800
and they serve as social centers
for working-class London. 

5393
05:00:07,500 --> 05:00:09,900
These aren't the Charming 
establishments you might imagine

5394
05:00:09,900 --> 05:00:13,900
from period dramas. 
They're often crowded Smokey and

5395
05:00:13,900 --> 05:00:16,700
filled with people seeking 
temporary escape from lives that

5396
05:00:16,700 --> 05:00:19,300
are physically exhausting and 
financially precarious. 

5397
05:00:20,500 --> 05:00:24,500
The beer is warm flat by modern 
standards and considerably 

5398
05:00:24,500 --> 05:00:26,200
stronger than contemporary 
bruise. 

5399
05:00:27,000 --> 05:00:29,500
For the middle and upper 
classes, after new visiting is 

5400
05:00:29,500 --> 05:00:32,500
serious business. 
Ladies call on each other's 

5401
05:00:32,500 --> 05:00:35,800
homes, according to elaborate 
social, protocols, you leave 

5402
05:00:35,800 --> 05:00:39,500
cards and you sit in parlors 
drinking tea and engaging in 

5403
05:00:39,500 --> 05:00:43,000
conversation that simultaneously
gossip and intelligence 

5404
05:00:43,000 --> 05:00:46,000
gathering. 
Whose engaged who was in 

5405
05:00:46,000 --> 05:00:50,300
financial trouble, who has been 
seen with whom information flows

5406
05:00:50,300 --> 05:00:53,400
through these afternoon calls, 
like data through Modern social 

5407
05:00:53,400 --> 05:00:56,200
networks. 
The Victorian parlor is a stage 

5408
05:00:56,200 --> 05:00:58,500
set designed to display well and
good taste. 

5409
05:00:58,500 --> 05:01:00,800
Every surface is covered with 
something. 

5410
05:01:00,800 --> 05:01:05,900
Doilies, decorative objects 
photographs in elaborate frames 

5411
05:01:05,900 --> 05:01:09,700
and books carefully, chosen to 
suggest intellectual interests. 

5412
05:01:10,700 --> 05:01:14,100
Furniture is heavy dark and 
arranged to encourage formal 

5413
05:01:14,100 --> 05:01:16,200
conversation rather than 
relaxation. 

5414
05:01:17,200 --> 05:01:19,600
Comfort is less important than 
propriety. 

5415
05:01:20,300 --> 05:01:23,400
Children from wealthy families 
are supervised by nannies and 

5416
05:01:23,400 --> 05:01:26,800
governesses learning the skills 
and knowledge appropriate to 

5417
05:01:26,808 --> 05:01:29,600
their class. 
Boys will eventually go to 

5418
05:01:29,600 --> 05:01:32,000
schools that prepare them for 
universities or business. 

5419
05:01:32,900 --> 05:01:36,900
Girls, learn accomplishments 
like music drawing and languages

5420
05:01:36,900 --> 05:01:39,100
that will make them attractive, 
marriage, prospects. 

5421
05:01:40,200 --> 05:01:44,100
Working class children are often
working themselves in factories,

5422
05:01:44,100 --> 05:01:47,500
a servants, or helping their 
families with peace work done at

5423
05:01:47,500 --> 05:01:50,700
home, the afternoon, or brings 
educational and cultural 

5424
05:01:50,700 --> 05:01:52,600
opportunities for those with 
time and money. 

5425
05:01:53,400 --> 05:01:57,100
Museums are open though, many 
charge admission fees that limit

5426
05:01:57,100 --> 05:01:58,900
access to the middle and upper 
classes. 

5427
05:02:00,000 --> 05:02:02,400
Libraries exist. 
But a primarily subscription 

5428
05:02:02,400 --> 05:02:05,800
Services, you pay an annual fee 
for borrowing privileges. 

5429
05:02:06,800 --> 05:02:10,800
Public education is expanding 
but still limited and literacy 

5430
05:02:10,800 --> 05:02:15,000
rates, reflect this reality. 
Hyde Park and other green spaces

5431
05:02:15,000 --> 05:02:18,500
fill with afternoon strollers. 
The wealthy parade in their 

5432
05:02:18,500 --> 05:02:21,000
Finest Clothing seeing and being
seen. 

5433
05:02:22,100 --> 05:02:25,300
The middle class takes more 
modest, walks enjoying fresh 

5434
05:02:25,300 --> 05:02:28,100
air, that's marginally less 
polluted than the streets. 

5435
05:02:28,900 --> 05:02:31,500
The very poor might pass through
on their way to other 

5436
05:02:31,500 --> 05:02:34,900
destinations because leisure 
time is a luxury, they can't 

5437
05:02:34,900 --> 05:02:38,100
afford. 
The light begins to change as 

5438
05:02:38,100 --> 05:02:39,900
afternoon progresses toward 
evening. 

5439
05:02:40,600 --> 05:02:44,000
The sun which has been filtering
weekly through cloud and smoke 

5440
05:02:44,000 --> 05:02:48,600
all day, starts, its decline. 
The Shadows, lengthen and 

5441
05:02:48,600 --> 05:02:50,700
there's a subtle shift in the 
city's energy. 

5442
05:02:51,700 --> 05:02:53,900
The afternoon's purposeful 
activity, begins. 

5443
05:02:53,900 --> 05:02:56,300
Transitioning toward the 
evening's different rhythms. 

5444
05:02:57,100 --> 05:03:00,500
Street vendors, change their 
offerings, fewer vegetables, and

5445
05:03:00,500 --> 05:03:04,300
flowers, more hot food and small
Comforts for people heading home

5446
05:03:04,300 --> 05:03:07,100
from work. 
The pie sellers do brisk 

5447
05:03:07,100 --> 05:03:10,200
business as do. 
The chestnut Roasters who appear

5448
05:03:10,200 --> 05:03:13,600
with their portable braziers 
filling Corners with the smell 

5449
05:03:13,600 --> 05:03:16,100
of roasting nuts. 
That provides temporary relief 

5450
05:03:16,100 --> 05:03:20,200
from Less Pleasant odors. 
Traffic intensifies as 

5451
05:03:20,200 --> 05:03:22,700
businesses, begin closing and 
workers head home. 

5452
05:03:22,700 --> 05:03:26,300
The Omnibus is become even more 
crowded packed with people who 

5453
05:03:26,300 --> 05:03:29,400
can afford the fare. 
Those who can't walk off. 

5454
05:03:29,400 --> 05:03:33,100
Often considerable distance is 
to reach homes in neighborhoods 

5455
05:03:33,100 --> 05:03:35,800
that are cheaper because their 
father from employment centers, 

5456
05:03:36,800 --> 05:03:38,700
Thames, which has been a 
presence all day. 

5457
05:03:38,700 --> 05:03:40,900
You can smell it. 
Even when you can't see, it 

5458
05:03:40,900 --> 05:03:45,300
becomes more prominent As you 
move toward the river, The docks

5459
05:03:45,300 --> 05:03:48,400
are busy with ships from around 
the world loading and unloading 

5460
05:03:48,400 --> 05:03:50,900
cargo that will be distributed 
throughout Britain. 

5461
05:03:51,700 --> 05:03:55,500
The river itself is working 
infrastructure crowded with 

5462
05:03:55,500 --> 05:03:59,100
boats of every size. 
All of them contributing to 

5463
05:03:59,108 --> 05:04:02,000
London's position as the world's
largest port. 

5464
05:04:03,000 --> 05:04:05,400
Watching the Thames. 
You're reminded that Victorian. 

5465
05:04:05,400 --> 05:04:07,500
London was the center of a 
global Empire. 

5466
05:04:08,400 --> 05:04:11,000
The goods moving through those 
docks come from India. 

5467
05:04:11,000 --> 05:04:15,900
Australia, Africa and the 
Caribbean everywhere that 

5468
05:04:15,900 --> 05:04:19,100
British power and trade of 
reached its impressive and 

5469
05:04:19,100 --> 05:04:23,500
troubling simultaneously, The 
foundation of prosperity built 

5470
05:04:23,500 --> 05:04:26,700
on colonialism that won't be 
questioned for decades yet. 

5471
05:04:26,700 --> 05:04:31,400
As Twilight approaches Victorian
London transforms into something

5472
05:04:31,400 --> 05:04:33,800
that simultaneously magical and 
ominous. 

5473
05:04:34,700 --> 05:04:37,900
The lamplighters begin. 
Their rounds men with long 

5474
05:04:37,900 --> 05:04:40,800
poles, who walk through the 
streets, igniting the gas lamps,

5475
05:04:40,800 --> 05:04:42,100
that provide nighttime 
illumination. 

5476
05:04:43,400 --> 05:04:46,100
To job that exists only in the 
brief window between the 

5477
05:04:46,100 --> 05:04:50,100
introduction of gaslighting and 
the arrival of electricity and 

5478
05:04:50,100 --> 05:04:52,400
watching them work. 
Feels like observing a ritual 

5479
05:04:52,400 --> 05:04:55,800
from another world. 
The gas lamps, create pools of 

5480
05:04:55,800 --> 05:04:58,400
yellowish light, that push back 
the darkness without quite 

5481
05:04:58,400 --> 05:04:59,100
conquering. 
It. 

5482
05:05:00,000 --> 05:05:03,800
The spaces between lamps remain 
murky and the overall effect is 

5483
05:05:03,800 --> 05:05:07,200
less like illumination and more 
like punctuation marks of 

5484
05:05:07,200 --> 05:05:10,000
brightness in an otherwise, dark
text. 

5485
05:05:10,900 --> 05:05:14,600
The light itself is different 
from electric lighting, softer 

5486
05:05:14,600 --> 05:05:18,500
warmer and somehow less reliable
as if it might go out at any 

5487
05:05:18,508 --> 05:05:21,100
moment. 
Quality of the evening. 

5488
05:05:21,100 --> 05:05:24,100
Depends, entirely on where you 
are in London's complex, social 

5489
05:05:24,100 --> 05:05:27,400
geography. 
In the West End, Theatres are 

5490
05:05:27,400 --> 05:05:30,200
preparing for their evening. 
Performance is the theater's 

5491
05:05:30,200 --> 05:05:34,100
themselves are architectural, 
gems built to impress audiences.

5492
05:05:34,100 --> 05:05:38,400
Even before the curtain Rises 
gaslighting illuminates, 

5493
05:05:38,400 --> 05:05:42,900
elaborate Interiors decorated 
with plush and guilt creating an

5494
05:05:42,900 --> 05:05:45,700
atmosphere of grandeur. 
That's designed to make 

5495
05:05:45,700 --> 05:05:48,700
attendees feel special, just for
being there. 

5496
05:05:49,500 --> 05:05:53,000
Shows a varied Shakespeare 
performed by celebrated actors 

5497
05:05:53,000 --> 05:05:56,000
musical. 
Entertainments, melodramas, that

5498
05:05:56,000 --> 05:06:00,100
allow audience's to boo villains
and cheer Heroes and pantomime 

5499
05:06:00,100 --> 05:06:03,200
that combined fairy tales with 
contemporary satire. 

5500
05:06:04,000 --> 05:06:06,600
The theater's a social space is 
where different classes. 

5501
05:06:06,600 --> 05:06:11,300
Mixed but remain, separate the 
private boxes and premium seats.

5502
05:06:11,300 --> 05:06:14,800
The middle class in the Stalls, 
and the working class, and the 

5503
05:06:14,808 --> 05:06:18,000
gallery where tickets are cheap 
and behavior as roadie. 

5504
05:06:18,700 --> 05:06:20,700
Music, Halls offer different 
entertainment. 

5505
05:06:20,700 --> 05:06:26,700
Variety shows, featuring singers
dancers, Comedians and Specialty

5506
05:06:26,700 --> 05:06:29,100
Acts. 
These are less respectable than 

5507
05:06:29,100 --> 05:06:32,600
theaters and more working-class 
In Their audience and content. 

5508
05:06:33,400 --> 05:06:37,300
The atmosphere is raucous, the 
humor is Broad and drinking is 

5509
05:06:37,300 --> 05:06:40,400
encouraged the Music Hall is 
where you go to forget, your 

5510
05:06:40,400 --> 05:06:42,800
troubles rather than be elevated
by Art. 

5511
05:06:42,800 --> 05:06:46,100
Though, the distinction between 
the two is often less clear than

5512
05:06:46,100 --> 05:06:48,300
Victorian. 
Moral Guardians would prefer. 

5513
05:06:49,200 --> 05:06:53,000
In residential areas evening, 
routines vary by class, but 

5514
05:06:53,000 --> 05:06:56,900
share common rhythms. 
Families gather for dinner, the 

5515
05:06:56,900 --> 05:06:59,100
main meal of the day for those 
who can afford it. 

5516
05:07:00,000 --> 05:07:03,200
The wealthy eat elaborate 
Affairs served in formal dining 

5517
05:07:03,200 --> 05:07:05,900
rooms. 
The middle class has simpler 

5518
05:07:05,900 --> 05:07:09,000
fare, but still maintains proper
table, manners and conversation.

5519
05:07:09,900 --> 05:07:13,500
The working class makes do with 
whatever they can afford to 

5520
05:07:13,500 --> 05:07:16,200
meeting in kitchens that all. 
So serve, as living rooms 

5521
05:07:16,200 --> 05:07:18,700
because their homes are too 
small for separate spaces. 

5522
05:07:19,600 --> 05:07:22,700
After dinner the evening, 
stretches ahead with far fewer 

5523
05:07:22,700 --> 05:07:25,200
entertainment options, that 
Modern Life provides. 

5524
05:07:25,900 --> 05:07:28,200
Without televisions computers or
phones. 

5525
05:07:28,200 --> 05:07:32,200
People read engage in Hobbies or
simply talk. 

5526
05:07:33,100 --> 05:07:36,500
Letter writing is a common 
evening, activity maintaining 

5527
05:07:36,500 --> 05:07:39,400
correspondence, with family and 
friends requires regular 

5528
05:07:39,400 --> 05:07:42,100
attention. 
And the well-educated are 

5529
05:07:42,100 --> 05:07:43,900
expected to be articulate 
writers. 

5530
05:07:44,800 --> 05:07:47,900
For the working class evening, 
might mean a few hours at the 

5531
05:07:47,908 --> 05:07:51,400
pub before exhausted sleep or 
working on peace work projects 

5532
05:07:51,400 --> 05:07:53,500
at home to supplement inadequate
wages. 

5533
05:07:54,800 --> 05:07:58,200
Children are put to bed, early, 
partly, because childhood is 

5534
05:07:58,200 --> 05:08:01,200
shorter in Practical terms. 
They'll be working soon enough. 

5535
05:08:01,200 --> 05:08:04,100
So rest now is pragmatic rather 
than coddling. 

5536
05:08:05,000 --> 05:08:06,800
The streets. 
Take on a different character 

5537
05:08:06,800 --> 05:08:10,800
after dark respectable, people 
don't linger outside once night 

5538
05:08:10,800 --> 05:08:14,000
falls because Victorian London 
has a well-deserved reputation 

5539
05:08:14,000 --> 05:08:16,900
for Crime. 
That's not entirely exaggerated.

5540
05:08:17,800 --> 05:08:21,400
The police, a relatively new 
institution, still finding, its 

5541
05:08:21,400 --> 05:08:24,700
footing. 
Trolling pairs their presence 

5542
05:08:24,700 --> 05:08:28,600
designed to reassure Laura bite 
in citizens and deter criminals.

5543
05:08:29,300 --> 05:08:32,500
But the city doesn't sleep night
workers are everywhere. 

5544
05:08:32,500 --> 05:08:36,300
Baker starting their work for 
tomorrow's bread like soil. 

5545
05:08:36,300 --> 05:08:39,600
Men collecting waste from 
cesspits and privies and mark, 

5546
05:08:39,600 --> 05:08:41,500
it workers preparing for the 
next day's business. 

5547
05:08:42,600 --> 05:08:45,600
London operates on overlapping 
schedule's with some people 

5548
05:08:45,600 --> 05:08:47,600
ending their day as others. 
Begin theirs. 

5549
05:08:48,700 --> 05:08:52,500
Fog which cleared some during 
the day often returns at night, 

5550
05:08:52,500 --> 05:08:56,600
thicker and more oppressive. 
Combined with the darkness and 

5551
05:08:56,600 --> 05:08:59,800
The Limited lighting. 
Navigating, Victorian London 

5552
05:08:59,800 --> 05:09:02,600
after dark requires local 
knowledge or considerable 

5553
05:09:02,600 --> 05:09:05,300
courage. 
Streets that were merely crowded

5554
05:09:05,300 --> 05:09:08,400
during the day become Maize, 
like and vaguely threatening. 

5555
05:09:09,100 --> 05:09:12,200
There's a romance to the evening
gas, light of photographers, and

5556
05:09:12,200 --> 05:09:15,200
artists of captured, but the 
lived reality is less 

5557
05:09:15,200 --> 05:09:17,800
picturesque. 
The light is dim enough that 

5558
05:09:17,800 --> 05:09:21,300
reading strange your eyes and 
many Victorian suffer from 

5559
05:09:21,300 --> 05:09:25,000
vision problems, partly because 
they spend their lives squinting

5560
05:09:25,000 --> 05:09:27,300
at things in inadequate 
illumination. 

5561
05:09:28,400 --> 05:09:32,800
The gas Flames, consume oxygen 
making rooms stuffy and they 

5562
05:09:32,800 --> 05:09:36,000
produce their own smell. 
That adds to the complex, 

5563
05:09:36,000 --> 05:09:38,600
olfactory Symphony of Victorian,
urban life. 

5564
05:09:39,600 --> 05:09:42,600
For those with evening, social 
engagements, dinner, parties 

5565
05:09:42,600 --> 05:09:46,600
Card Games, Social calls, 
elaborate preparations, are 

5566
05:09:46,600 --> 05:09:50,500
required evening dresses, 
formal, and highly specific, and

5567
05:09:50,500 --> 05:09:52,800
takes substantial time to put on
correctly. 

5568
05:09:54,200 --> 05:09:57,500
Women's evening gowns. 
Even more complex than they were

5569
05:09:57,500 --> 05:10:00,800
with lower necklines. 
That scandalize foreign visitors

5570
05:10:00,800 --> 05:10:04,200
but a perfectly acceptable 
within the confines of private 

5571
05:10:04,200 --> 05:10:07,500
entertainment. 
The dinner party is a 

5572
05:10:07,500 --> 05:10:10,900
performance where multiple 
courses are served conversation,

5573
05:10:10,900 --> 05:10:14,400
follows strict guidelines about 
appropriate, topics, and every 

5574
05:10:14,400 --> 05:10:17,800
gesture, and word is evaluated. 
According to social rules that 

5575
05:10:17,800 --> 05:10:19,600
have been refined over 
Generations. 

5576
05:10:20,400 --> 05:10:23,200
Getting through an evening 
without committing some faux par

5577
05:10:23,208 --> 05:10:27,100
requires constant attention to 
Etiquette, that modern people 

5578
05:10:27,100 --> 05:10:31,300
would find exhausting. 
Deep night in Victorian, London 

5579
05:10:31,300 --> 05:10:34,300
is when the city reveals its 
most honest face. 

5580
05:10:35,000 --> 05:10:37,300
The social pretenses of daylight
fade. 

5581
05:10:37,300 --> 05:10:41,000
And what remains is a complex 
ecosystem of people, surviving 

5582
05:10:41,000 --> 05:10:45,600
thriving working and sleeping in
a metropolis that never 

5583
05:10:45,600 --> 05:10:46,800
completely stops. 
Moving. 

5584
05:10:48,000 --> 05:10:51,300
The darkness is profound in ways
that Modern urban dwellers 

5585
05:10:51,300 --> 05:10:55,900
rarely experience, even with gas
lamps, large portion of London 

5586
05:10:55,900 --> 05:10:57,700
remained pitch black after 
midnight. 

5587
05:10:58,600 --> 05:11:01,600
The moon and stars when visible 
through the Perpetual Haze of 

5588
05:11:01,608 --> 05:11:05,200
coal, smoke provides 
supplemental light but it's not 

5589
05:11:05,200 --> 05:11:07,600
enough to eliminate the Shadows 
that dominate the urban 

5590
05:11:07,600 --> 05:11:09,900
landscape in wealthier 
neighborhoods. 

5591
05:11:09,900 --> 05:11:13,800
The houses are mostly dark by 11
or midnight, their inhabitants 

5592
05:11:13,800 --> 05:11:17,300
are sleep behind heavy curtains 
that block, both light and cold 

5593
05:11:18,500 --> 05:11:21,600
The streets are quiet, except 
for the occasional late cab 

5594
05:11:21,600 --> 05:11:22,900
returning. 
Someone from an evening 

5595
05:11:22,900 --> 05:11:26,500
engagement, the horses, hooves, 
echoing off the buildings, like 

5596
05:11:26,500 --> 05:11:31,100
a heartbeat in the Darkness. 
But in working-class areas night

5597
05:11:31,100 --> 05:11:33,100
is when the city shows, its 
desperation. 

5598
05:11:34,000 --> 05:11:37,500
Homeless people and Victorian. 
London has thousands of them 

5599
05:11:37,500 --> 05:11:42,100
seek shelter in doorways under 
bridges and anywhere that 

5600
05:11:42,100 --> 05:11:44,200
provides minimal protection from
the elements. 

5601
05:11:44,200 --> 05:11:47,700
The workhouses offer beds for 
those desperate enough to accept

5602
05:11:47,700 --> 05:11:50,200
them. 
But they're so Grim that many 

5603
05:11:50,200 --> 05:11:53,300
prefer the streets. 
The night soil men, make their 

5604
05:11:53,300 --> 05:11:56,300
rounds collecting human waste 
from cesspits and outdoor 

5605
05:11:56,300 --> 05:11:59,400
privies. 
It's disgusting work, but it 

5606
05:11:59,400 --> 05:12:01,800
pays relatively well, because 
few people will do it. 

5607
05:12:02,700 --> 05:12:05,400
They work in the dark hours, 
partly for practical reasons. 

5608
05:12:05,400 --> 05:12:09,500
Waste is easier to transport 
when the streets are empty and 

5609
05:12:09,500 --> 05:12:12,000
partly to spare. 
Victorian sensibilities, from 

5610
05:12:12,000 --> 05:12:16,700
confronting two directly where 
all the waste goes The Thames at

5611
05:12:16,700 --> 05:12:19,800
night is busy with a different 
traffic cold, barges move 

5612
05:12:19,800 --> 05:12:23,400
undercover of Darkness docking 
at industrial sites along the 

5613
05:12:23,408 --> 05:12:25,900
river. 
Passenger Ferry's continue 

5614
05:12:25,900 --> 05:12:28,800
operating until late, caring 
people across and along the 

5615
05:12:28,808 --> 05:12:31,600
river because bridges are still 
limited and often congested. 

5616
05:12:32,600 --> 05:12:36,400
The water itself is largely 
invisible in the darkness marked

5617
05:12:36,400 --> 05:12:38,600
more by sound and smell and 
sight. 

5618
05:12:39,300 --> 05:12:43,600
Criminal activity, which existed
all hours becomes more Brazen 

5619
05:12:43,600 --> 05:12:46,200
after dark. 
Pickpockets work, the theater 

5620
05:12:46,200 --> 05:12:49,900
crowds and Pub districts. 
Burglars prefer homes where the 

5621
05:12:49,908 --> 05:12:53,500
inhabitants were asleep. 
The police patrol with increased

5622
05:12:53,500 --> 05:12:56,800
vigilance, but their vastly 
outnumbered and Victorian, 

5623
05:12:56,800 --> 05:12:59,800
London has plenty of dark 
Corners, where criminal 

5624
05:12:59,800 --> 05:13:02,400
Enterprise can operate 
relatively undisturbed. 

5625
05:13:03,500 --> 05:13:06,400
The sounds of night are 
different from day without the 

5626
05:13:06,400 --> 05:13:08,300
constant Rumble of commercial 
traffic. 

5627
05:13:08,300 --> 05:13:11,000
Individual sounds become more 
distinct. 

5628
05:13:11,000 --> 05:13:13,600
You can hear voices from open 
windows. 

5629
05:13:13,600 --> 05:13:17,700
The Cry of babies, the arguments
of couples who think the 

5630
05:13:17,700 --> 05:13:21,700
darkness provides privacy. 
The Barking of dogs, the yowling

5631
05:13:21,700 --> 05:13:25,200
of cats and the scarring of rats
that are as much a part of 

5632
05:13:25,200 --> 05:13:29,200
Victorian London as the human 
inhabitants, Speaking of rats, 

5633
05:13:29,200 --> 05:13:33,800
Victorian London has millions of
them, they live in the sewers in

5634
05:13:33,800 --> 05:13:37,900
the walls of buildings and in 
warehouses and shops, feeding on

5635
05:13:37,900 --> 05:13:41,800
the endless supply of waste and 
garbage that a city of several 

5636
05:13:41,800 --> 05:13:46,200
million people producers. 
At night, when humans are less 

5637
05:13:46,200 --> 05:13:50,100
active rats, become bold, 
venturing into streets and 

5638
05:13:50,100 --> 05:13:53,300
alleys in numbers that would 
horrify modern city dwellers. 

5639
05:13:54,100 --> 05:13:57,500
The night markets operate in 
certain areas selling Goods, 

5640
05:13:57,500 --> 05:13:59,800
that might not stand up to 
Daylight scrutiny. 

5641
05:14:00,500 --> 05:14:04,600
Used clothing, questionable food
items, that might have fallen 

5642
05:14:04,608 --> 05:14:08,900
off the back of a cart. 
The informal economy thrives in 

5643
05:14:08,900 --> 05:14:10,900
the hours, when official 
Commerce has closed? 

5644
05:14:11,600 --> 05:14:15,200
these markets, serve people who 
work odd hours or who can only 

5645
05:14:15,200 --> 05:14:18,100
afford the cheapest possible 
Goods regardless of their 

5646
05:14:18,100 --> 05:14:22,300
origin, Factory workers on 
night, shifts experience, a 

5647
05:14:22,300 --> 05:14:25,600
different London entirely. 
They enter their work places in 

5648
05:14:25,600 --> 05:14:30,100
darkness and emerge in darkness 
seeing their homes and families 

5649
05:14:30,100 --> 05:14:32,200
primarily on their one day off 
per week. 

5650
05:14:33,400 --> 05:14:36,200
The factories themselves are lit
by gas lamps that create their 

5651
05:14:36,200 --> 05:14:39,500
own hazards. 
The combination of open flames, 

5652
05:14:39,500 --> 05:14:41,600
and Industrial. 
Machinery has predictable 

5653
05:14:41,600 --> 05:14:44,900
results and Factory fires are a 
regular occurrence. 

5654
05:14:46,000 --> 05:14:48,800
The baker start, their work 
around 3 in the morning, firing 

5655
05:14:48,800 --> 05:14:51,200
up ovens and beginning. 
The process of producing the 

5656
05:14:51,200 --> 05:14:53,300
bread that will be sold 
throughout the coming day. 

5657
05:14:54,200 --> 05:14:56,600
Walking past a bakery. 
In the early morning, Darkness 

5658
05:14:56,600 --> 05:14:59,900
the smell of baking bread. 
Provides a moment of pure 

5659
05:14:59,900 --> 05:15:03,600
sensory, pleasure that cuts 
through the usual Urban, odors 

5660
05:15:04,700 --> 05:15:07,700
The new technology of the 
telegraph operates, 24 hours, 

5661
05:15:07,700 --> 05:15:10,800
with operators, sitting in 
offices, sending and receiving 

5662
05:15:10,800 --> 05:15:14,000
messages through the night. 
It's the beginning of the modern

5663
05:15:14,000 --> 05:15:17,100
expectation, that information 
should be available instantly 

5664
05:15:17,100 --> 05:15:19,800
rather than waiting for the next
day's mail delivery. 

5665
05:15:20,500 --> 05:15:24,400
Some public houses, stay open 
late operating in a gray area of

5666
05:15:24,400 --> 05:15:27,500
legal and illegal, depending on 
their location and their 

5667
05:15:27,500 --> 05:15:31,400
relationship with local police. 
These late-night establishments,

5668
05:15:31,400 --> 05:15:34,600
serve people who work on ours 
people with nowhere else to go 

5669
05:15:34,600 --> 05:15:37,700
and people who prefer the 
company of the pub to their own 

5670
05:15:37,700 --> 05:15:40,800
lodging. 
The atmosphere is different from

5671
05:15:40,800 --> 05:15:45,000
daytime, drinking quieter or 
desperate less social and more 

5672
05:15:45,000 --> 05:15:47,100
about numbing what ever make 
sleep difficult. 

5673
05:15:48,100 --> 05:15:51,900
Hospital Wards operate through 
the night staffed by overworked 

5674
05:15:51,900 --> 05:15:55,500
nurses who care for patients and
conditions that are gradually 

5675
05:15:55,500 --> 05:15:58,800
improving but still shockingly 
inadequate by modern standards. 

5676
05:16:00,000 --> 05:16:02,900
Medical understanding is 
advancing rapidly in Victorian 

5677
05:16:02,900 --> 05:16:05,500
England. 
The practical application lags 

5678
05:16:05,500 --> 05:16:09,200
behind theoretical knowledge and
hospitals remain places where 

5679
05:16:09,200 --> 05:16:11,100
the poor go because they have no
other option. 

5680
05:16:12,100 --> 05:16:15,700
The churches stand dark and 
locked except for the very 

5681
05:16:15,700 --> 05:16:19,000
largest which maintain small 
chapels open for prayer. 

5682
05:16:19,900 --> 05:16:23,700
Victorian religion is both 
intensely private and intensely 

5683
05:16:23,700 --> 05:16:26,800
public, and that after hours of 
availability of religious 

5684
05:16:26,800 --> 05:16:28,800
spaces, reflects this 
complexity. 

5685
05:16:29,700 --> 05:16:33,000
Around four in the morning, 
London begins its transition 

5686
05:16:33,000 --> 05:16:36,300
back toward day. 
The earliest workers start 

5687
05:16:36,300 --> 05:16:38,700
appearing on the streets 
servants beginning. 

5688
05:16:38,700 --> 05:16:42,400
Their Ali routines delivery 
drivers preparing their wagons 

5689
05:16:42,400 --> 05:16:46,100
and Market vendors heading to 
wholesale markets to purchase 

5690
05:16:46,100 --> 05:16:49,400
their stock for the day. 
The darkness starts to feel 

5691
05:16:49,400 --> 05:16:52,900
temporary rather than permanent 
and the city prepares for 

5692
05:16:52,900 --> 05:16:55,100
another cycle of its endless 
routine. 

5693
05:16:56,100 --> 05:16:59,500
As Dawn approaches and the sky 
begins, its slow transition from

5694
05:16:59,500 --> 05:17:02,600
black to Gray. 
You find yourself in a quiet 

5695
05:17:02,600 --> 05:17:05,900
Square sitting. 
On a damp bench watching. 

5696
05:17:05,900 --> 05:17:08,100
Victorian London, wake up for 
another day. 

5697
05:17:09,700 --> 05:17:13,000
The experience of the past 24 
hours has been overwhelming 

5698
05:17:13,000 --> 05:17:16,600
exhausting. 
Fascinating and occasionally 

5699
05:17:16,600 --> 05:17:20,200
disturbing. everything that 
reality should be, when you 

5700
05:17:20,200 --> 05:17:22,700
strip away the comfortable 
filtering that historical 

5701
05:17:22,700 --> 05:17:27,100
distance provides Fog is 
returning or perhaps it never 

5702
05:17:27,100 --> 05:17:30,100
really left. 
The coal fires are being lit in 

5703
05:17:30,100 --> 05:17:32,700
thousands of homes. 
And the smoke is already 

5704
05:17:32,700 --> 05:17:36,100
beginning to accumulate in the 
morning are Soon, the streets 

5705
05:17:36,100 --> 05:17:39,700
will fill again with horses 
people and the complex Machinery

5706
05:17:39,700 --> 05:17:41,900
of urban life that somehow 
functions. 

5707
05:17:41,900 --> 05:17:45,800
Despite operating on principles 
that seem impossibly Antiquated 

5708
05:17:45,800 --> 05:17:49,700
from a modern perspective, 
You've learned Things That No 

5709
05:17:49,700 --> 05:17:51,500
book or documentary could have 
taught you. 

5710
05:17:52,100 --> 05:17:54,800
You now know what coal smoke 
tastes like when it's everywhere

5711
05:17:54,800 --> 05:17:58,900
or Genuine cold feels like 
without central heating and what

5712
05:17:58,900 --> 05:18:01,500
Urban noise sounds like without 
sound insulation. 

5713
05:18:02,400 --> 05:18:05,400
You understand in your body, not
just your mind. 

5714
05:18:05,400 --> 05:18:09,500
What it means to live without 
electricity without instant 

5715
05:18:09,500 --> 05:18:12,200
communication. 
Without any of the technologies 

5716
05:18:12,200 --> 05:18:15,500
that Define modern existence, 
the social observations have 

5717
05:18:15,500 --> 05:18:18,500
been equally educational. 
You've seen how visible 

5718
05:18:18,500 --> 05:18:21,600
inequality is when everyone 
shares the same public spaces, 

5719
05:18:21,600 --> 05:18:25,500
but clearly belongs to different
worlds You've noticed how much 

5720
05:18:25,500 --> 05:18:29,000
energy Victorian society spent 
on maintaining social 

5721
05:18:29,000 --> 05:18:32,600
distinctions on performing 
classified identity and on 

5722
05:18:32,600 --> 05:18:35,900
signaling status through 
clothes, speech, and behavior. 

5723
05:18:36,800 --> 05:18:39,900
You've been struck by the 
physicality of Victorian life. 

5724
05:18:39,900 --> 05:18:43,400
Everything requires more effort 
getting dressed. 

5725
05:18:43,400 --> 05:18:48,000
Staying warm getting from place 
to place, obtaining food and 

5726
05:18:48,000 --> 05:18:51,900
staying clean. 
The simple Act of daily 

5727
05:18:51,900 --> 05:18:55,000
existence, that modern people 
accomplish without thought, 

5728
05:18:55,000 --> 05:18:59,600
required sustained, attention 
and considerable labor in the 

5729
05:18:59,600 --> 05:19:03,000
Victorian era. 
But you've also noticed things 

5730
05:19:03,000 --> 05:19:06,800
that Modern Life has lost. 
The bread tastes better because 

5731
05:19:06,800 --> 05:19:09,800
it's made daily from flower that
hasn't been processed into 

5732
05:19:09,800 --> 05:19:13,100
nutritional emptiness. 
Clothes, despite being 

5733
05:19:13,100 --> 05:19:15,600
uncomfortable are made to last 
and often contain better 

5734
05:19:15,600 --> 05:19:17,600
craftsmanship than anything you 
own. 

5735
05:19:18,500 --> 05:19:21,800
The social interactions while 
formal involve actually looking 

5736
05:19:21,800 --> 05:19:24,800
at people and talking to them 
rather than staring at screens. 

5737
05:19:25,700 --> 05:19:29,900
The pace of life is paradoxical.
Everything takes longer yet 

5738
05:19:29,900 --> 05:19:33,700
people seem to accomplish 
enormous amounts, The Victorian 

5739
05:19:33,700 --> 05:19:37,900
era was one of incredible 
productivity Innovation and 

5740
05:19:37,900 --> 05:19:42,000
expansion all achieved without 
computers without modern 

5741
05:19:42,000 --> 05:19:44,900
transportation and without 
instant communication. 

5742
05:19:45,700 --> 05:19:48,900
It's suggests that maybe modern 
efficiency isn't quite as a 

5743
05:19:48,900 --> 05:19:53,000
sufficient as we like to think. 
Or perhaps the deficiency, isn't

5744
05:19:53,000 --> 05:19:55,200
the only measure of a society 
success. 

5745
05:19:56,000 --> 05:19:59,100
The dangers of Victorian London 
have been real and present 

5746
05:19:59,100 --> 05:20:04,000
throughout your journey. 
Disease, accident, crime and 

5747
05:20:04,000 --> 05:20:06,400
poverty. 
All of them are closer to the 

5748
05:20:06,408 --> 05:20:09,000
surface than in modern developed
societies. 

5749
05:20:09,700 --> 05:20:12,400
The social safety net. 
That modern people take for 

5750
05:20:12,400 --> 05:20:17,400
granted doesn't exist. if you're
poor sick or unlucky your 

5751
05:20:17,400 --> 05:20:21,500
options range from limited to 
non-existent, The environmental 

5752
05:20:21,500 --> 05:20:24,800
conditions have been a 
revelation, modern people think 

5753
05:20:24,800 --> 05:20:27,800
they understand, historical 
pollution, because they've seen 

5754
05:20:27,800 --> 05:20:32,000
photographs of smoggy cities. 
But photographs, don't convey 

5755
05:20:32,000 --> 05:20:35,300
the taste of the are the way 
smoke, irritates your throat, 

5756
05:20:35,300 --> 05:20:38,300
the omnipresent cold dust that 
settles on everything. 

5757
05:20:39,300 --> 05:20:42,900
The smell of the Thames, all the
sound of thousands of horses 

5758
05:20:42,900 --> 05:20:45,600
producing waste faster than it 
can be collected. 

5759
05:20:46,500 --> 05:20:50,200
Yet, there's Beauty here too. 
The architecture is genuinely 

5760
05:20:50,200 --> 05:20:53,500
impressive billed, by craftsmen 
who took pride in their work. 

5761
05:20:53,500 --> 05:20:57,700
The gaslighting, however, 
inadequate atmospheric effects, 

5762
05:20:57,700 --> 05:21:02,200
that electric light can't match.
The sense of community and 

5763
05:21:02,200 --> 05:21:05,500
working class neighborhoods, 
born of shared hardship and 

5764
05:21:05,500 --> 05:21:09,600
mutual dependence represents 
something that modern Suburban 

5765
05:21:09,600 --> 05:21:13,600
isolation often Lacks. 
The people you've observed have 

5766
05:21:13,600 --> 05:21:16,800
been the most interesting part. 
They're not the simplified 

5767
05:21:16,800 --> 05:21:19,900
historical figures from 
textbooks or the Romantic 

5768
05:21:19,900 --> 05:21:23,600
characters from period. 
Dramas Their complex human 

5769
05:21:23,600 --> 05:21:26,900
beings dealing with the specific
challenges of their time, while 

5770
05:21:26,900 --> 05:21:29,700
experiencing the universal 
aspects of human existence. 

5771
05:21:30,800 --> 05:21:36,600
Love ambition, fear, hope 
boredom and joy. 

5772
05:21:37,700 --> 05:21:40,700
The children you've seen will 
grow up to be edwardians to 

5773
05:21:40,700 --> 05:21:44,200
experience the first world war 
and perhaps to live in to the 

5774
05:21:44,200 --> 05:21:47,900
1950s and wonder at television 
and Jet's. 

5775
05:21:48,900 --> 05:21:51,400
The young adults, you've watched
Russian to work, will be the 

5776
05:21:51,400 --> 05:21:55,300
elderly of the 1920s and 30s 
Living Bridges between the 

5777
05:21:55,300 --> 05:21:59,700
Victorian world and modernity. 
History isn't separate errors. 

5778
05:21:59,700 --> 05:22:04,700
It's continuous Human Experience
flowing from one generation to 

5779
05:22:04,700 --> 05:22:07,500
the next. 
You realize that Victorian 

5780
05:22:07,500 --> 05:22:10,500
London isn't passed its the 
foundation. 

5781
05:22:11,400 --> 05:22:13,900
The sewers being built right 
now, will still be functioning 

5782
05:22:13,900 --> 05:22:16,700
in the 21st century. 
The building's you've walked 

5783
05:22:16,700 --> 05:22:21,000
past Will Survive Wars and urban
renewal. the institutions being 

5784
05:22:21,000 --> 05:22:24,900
established Public Library's 
museums schools, hospitals will 

5785
05:22:24,900 --> 05:22:29,200
evolve but persist You're not 
visiting a dead world, you're 

5786
05:22:29,200 --> 05:22:30,900
observing the roots of the 
world, you know. 

5787
05:22:31,700 --> 05:22:34,200
The experience has given you a 
different perspective on 

5788
05:22:34,200 --> 05:22:36,000
progress. 
Yes. 

5789
05:22:36,000 --> 05:22:41,200
Modern Life is more comfortable,
safer and healthier and offers 

5790
05:22:41,200 --> 05:22:43,500
opportunities that victorians 
couldn't imagine. 

5791
05:22:44,300 --> 05:22:47,600
But progress isn't linear 
Improvement in every aspect. 

5792
05:22:47,600 --> 05:22:52,500
The victorians built things to 
last invested in Beauty, even in

5793
05:22:52,500 --> 05:22:56,500
utilitarian projects, and 
maintained social connections 

5794
05:22:56,500 --> 05:22:58,800
that modern efficiency has 
sometimes eroded. 

5795
05:22:59,600 --> 05:23:03,100
The moral complexity is 
impossible to ignore Victorian, 

5796
05:23:03,100 --> 05:23:06,600
Britain, ruled an Empire that 
brought prosperity to some and 

5797
05:23:06,600 --> 05:23:10,500
exploitation to many. 
The wealth visible in London's 

5798
05:23:10,500 --> 05:23:13,500
Grand, building's came partly 
from Colonial extraction. 

5799
05:23:14,500 --> 05:23:18,100
The cheap Goods in London shops 
were often produced by Colonial 

5800
05:23:18,100 --> 05:23:21,300
labor under conditions that 
would be recognized as 

5801
05:23:21,300 --> 05:23:23,900
exploitative even by Victorian 
standards. 

5802
05:23:24,900 --> 05:23:27,600
There's no way to separate. 
Victorian achievement from 

5803
05:23:27,600 --> 05:23:31,700
Victorian imperialism. 
Similarly, the period social 

5804
05:23:31,700 --> 05:23:34,500
progress co-existed with 
shocking and equality. 

5805
05:23:35,800 --> 05:23:39,800
Same society that was expanding,
education and improving Public 

5806
05:23:39,800 --> 05:23:42,400
Health. 
Also allowed children to work in

5807
05:23:42,400 --> 05:23:46,000
factories and mines. 
The era that produced great 

5808
05:23:46,000 --> 05:23:49,400
literature and scientific 
advances also maintained rigid 

5809
05:23:49,400 --> 05:23:53,100
class barriers, and severely, 
limited women's opportunities. 

5810
05:23:53,900 --> 05:23:56,200
These contradictions don't 
resolve neatly. 

5811
05:23:56,900 --> 05:24:00,500
The victorians were not villains
or Heroes, they were people 

5812
05:24:00,500 --> 05:24:03,600
working within their societies, 
assumptions, while gradually 

5813
05:24:03,600 --> 05:24:08,600
questioning and changing those 
assumptions. progress happened 

5814
05:24:08,600 --> 05:24:11,400
because some victorians 
recognize problems and work to 

5815
05:24:11,400 --> 05:24:14,700
address them not because history
automatically moves toward 

5816
05:24:14,700 --> 05:24:18,500
Justice, The gender dynamics of 
being particularly striking 

5817
05:24:18,500 --> 05:24:21,800
throughout your day, women are 
everywhere, but their 

5818
05:24:21,800 --> 05:24:24,500
possibilities are constrained in
ways that would be intolerable 

5819
05:24:24,500 --> 05:24:27,600
to Modern women. 
Working class women labor in 

5820
05:24:27,600 --> 05:24:31,500
factories, shops, and homes, 
middle class women manage 

5821
05:24:31,500 --> 05:24:34,800
households and raise children 
within narrow social confines. 

5822
05:24:35,600 --> 05:24:38,600
Upper class women, perform 
elaborate social rituals that 

5823
05:24:38,600 --> 05:24:40,200
constitute their primary 
occupation. 

5824
05:24:41,400 --> 05:24:44,400
The legal status of women is 
somewhere between persons and 

5825
05:24:44,400 --> 05:24:46,600
property depending on their 
marital status. 

5826
05:24:47,600 --> 05:24:51,700
Yet Victorian women or also 
pushing boundaries women writers

5827
05:24:51,700 --> 05:24:55,200
are achieving success. 
Women activists are campaigning 

5828
05:24:55,200 --> 05:24:59,000
for education and suffrage and 
women workers are organizing for

5829
05:24:59,000 --> 05:25:02,200
better conditions. 
The changes that will transform 

5830
05:25:02,200 --> 05:25:04,800
women's lives in the 20th. 
Century are beginning here. 

5831
05:25:05,700 --> 05:25:09,400
In small acts of resistance and 
assertion that will eventually 

5832
05:25:09,400 --> 05:25:12,800
remake Society. 
The religious atmosphere has 

5833
05:25:12,800 --> 05:25:15,200
permeated everything you've 
experienced. 

5834
05:25:15,900 --> 05:25:19,900
Victorian Christianity isn't 
just Sunday worship, it's a 

5835
05:25:19,900 --> 05:25:23,600
framework that shapes social 
policy, personal behavior and 

5836
05:25:23,600 --> 05:25:26,700
public discourse. 
Churches are everywhere, 

5837
05:25:26,700 --> 05:25:30,700
religious language, infuses 
ordinary conversation and 

5838
05:25:30,700 --> 05:25:33,400
Christian morality. 
At least its public performance 

5839
05:25:33,400 --> 05:25:38,300
is expected of everyone. 
Regardless of actual belief, But

5840
05:25:38,300 --> 05:25:41,200
religious doubt was all so 
present growing among 

5841
05:25:41,200 --> 05:25:44,900
intellectuals and work as alike.
Darwin's theories are being 

5842
05:25:44,908 --> 05:25:48,300
discussed and debated. 
Scientific thinking is 

5843
05:25:48,300 --> 05:25:50,900
challenging traditional 
religious explanations. 

5844
05:25:50,900 --> 05:25:54,200
The tension between faith and 
reason that characterizes, 

5845
05:25:54,200 --> 05:25:56,000
Victorian culture isn't 
resolved. 

5846
05:25:56,000 --> 05:25:59,400
It actively being worked through
by thoughtful people on all 

5847
05:25:59,400 --> 05:26:02,600
sides. 
As you sit in the gradually 

5848
05:26:02,600 --> 05:26:06,000
brightening Square, the full 
cycle of the Victorian day, 

5849
05:26:06,000 --> 05:26:08,600
becomes clear. 
It's not so different in 

5850
05:26:08,600 --> 05:26:13,700
structure from Modern days. 
People wake work, eat rest and 

5851
05:26:13,700 --> 05:26:16,700
sleep. 
The surface details of changed 

5852
05:26:16,700 --> 05:26:20,600
dramatically but the underlying 
human rhythms remain constant. 

5853
05:26:21,400 --> 05:26:24,500
People in 1880 had the same 
basic knees and desires as 

5854
05:26:24,500 --> 05:26:27,900
people in the 21st century. 
They just fulfilled them with 

5855
05:26:27,900 --> 05:26:30,400
different Technologies and 
within different social 

5856
05:26:30,400 --> 05:26:33,100
structures. 
The experiences also, 

5857
05:26:33,100 --> 05:26:37,000
highlighted how recent modernity
really is, electric lights, 

5858
05:26:37,000 --> 05:26:40,500
automobiles, phones, computers 
the Internet. 

5859
05:26:41,300 --> 05:26:45,200
All of these arrived within 
roughly a century, a tiny sliver

5860
05:26:45,200 --> 05:26:49,200
of human history. 
The Victorian world of gas 

5861
05:26:49,200 --> 05:26:51,300
lamps. 
And Horse Transport is separated

5862
05:26:51,300 --> 05:26:54,200
from the digital age by just 
three or four generations. 

5863
05:26:55,200 --> 05:26:57,900
Your own grandparents or great. 
Grandparents, might have been 

5864
05:26:57,900 --> 05:27:01,000
born into a world that more 
closely resembled, Victorian, 

5865
05:27:01,000 --> 05:27:04,700
London and contemporary life. 
This proximity Is both 

5866
05:27:04,700 --> 05:27:08,500
comforting and unsettling. 
Comforting because it suggests 

5867
05:27:08,500 --> 05:27:12,500
humans are remarkably adaptable.
Victorians coped with their 

5868
05:27:12,500 --> 05:27:15,300
challenges as effectively as 
moderns cope with theirs. 

5869
05:27:16,200 --> 05:27:19,800
Unsettling because it raises 
questions about what aspects of 

5870
05:27:19,800 --> 05:27:22,400
modern life will seem as 
Antiquated to Future 

5871
05:27:22,400 --> 05:27:25,000
Generations. 
As gaslighting seems to you. 

5872
05:27:25,800 --> 05:27:28,700
The technological changes are 
the most visible differences, 

5873
05:27:28,700 --> 05:27:31,600
but the social changes might be 
more profound. 

5874
05:27:32,300 --> 05:27:35,400
The rigid Victorian class system
has softened in developed 

5875
05:27:35,400 --> 05:27:37,500
countries though, it has not 
disappeared. 

5876
05:27:38,400 --> 05:27:41,100
Gender roles have been 
dramatically reimagined. 

5877
05:27:41,100 --> 05:27:45,000
Racial attitudes have evolved 
though imperfectly. 

5878
05:27:45,800 --> 05:27:50,500
Democratic participation has 
expanded individual Freedom, has

5879
05:27:50,500 --> 05:27:53,900
increased in most areas, though,
surveillance capabilities of 

5880
05:27:53,900 --> 05:27:57,000
all. 
So grown The Victorian World 

5881
05:27:57,000 --> 05:28:00,200
believed in hierarchy and 
tradition the modern world 

5882
05:28:00,200 --> 05:28:03,000
celebrates a quality and 
Innovation though. 

5883
05:28:03,000 --> 05:28:06,400
Both theories often fail to live
up to their stated values. 

5884
05:28:07,300 --> 05:28:10,600
As the morning strengthens and 
the city fully awakened around 

5885
05:28:10,600 --> 05:28:14,100
you, you find yourself thinking 
about what this imaginary 

5886
05:28:14,100 --> 05:28:17,300
Journey has offered Beyond mere 
historical curiosity. 

5887
05:28:18,300 --> 05:28:20,500
What gifts does Victorian 
London? 

5888
05:28:20,500 --> 05:28:24,300
Give to a modern person willing 
to spend a day in its crowded. 

5889
05:28:24,300 --> 05:28:28,700
Smoky uncomfortable reality. 
First, there's the gift of 

5890
05:28:28,700 --> 05:28:31,600
proportion. 
Your own daily complaints. 

5891
05:28:31,600 --> 05:28:34,700
The wife is slow, the coffee 
isn't quite right. 

5892
05:28:34,700 --> 05:28:38,800
The commute to an extra 10 
minutes shrink when compared to 

5893
05:28:38,800 --> 05:28:42,400
Victorian challenges. 
This isn't to say, Modern 

5894
05:28:42,400 --> 05:28:45,500
Problems aren't real. 
But perspective is valuable. 

5895
05:28:46,300 --> 05:28:49,300
The victorians dealt with 
genuine hardship and found 

5896
05:28:49,300 --> 05:28:53,800
reasons to Laugh, Love create 
and persevere. 

5897
05:28:54,500 --> 05:28:57,100
Your own resilience is probably 
greater than you think. 

5898
05:28:57,900 --> 05:29:02,400
Second, there's appreciation for
invisible infrastructure, you'll

5899
05:29:02,400 --> 05:29:06,300
never take clean water 
effective, sewage reliable 

5900
05:29:06,300 --> 05:29:09,900
electricity, or modern medicine 
for granted again after 

5901
05:29:09,900 --> 05:29:14,200
experiencing their absence. 
The complex systems that support

5902
05:29:14,200 --> 05:29:17,100
Modern Life are easy to ignore 
until you imagine life without 

5903
05:29:17,100 --> 05:29:19,800
them. 
Thousands of people work to 

5904
05:29:19,800 --> 05:29:23,600
build these systems often in 
difficult conditions and their 

5905
05:29:23,600 --> 05:29:25,900
legacy is the comfort. 
You experience daily. 

5906
05:29:26,900 --> 05:29:29,900
Third is understanding of 
historical change. 

5907
05:29:30,600 --> 05:29:34,300
Victorian London seemed 
permanent to its inhabitants the

5908
05:29:34,300 --> 05:29:36,100
way things. 
Were seemed like the way things 

5909
05:29:36,100 --> 05:29:40,300
would always be yet within 
decades, much of that world had 

5910
05:29:40,300 --> 05:29:44,100
transformed This suggests that 
your own world which seems 

5911
05:29:44,100 --> 05:29:47,500
stable and permanent is actually
in constant flux. 

5912
05:29:48,400 --> 05:29:50,900
The changes might be gradual 
enough that you don't notice 

5913
05:29:50,900 --> 05:29:54,700
them dated day, but the 
cumulative effect over time can 

5914
05:29:54,700 --> 05:29:57,100
be revolutionary. 
Forth. 

5915
05:29:57,100 --> 05:29:59,400
There's recognition of human 
constants. 

5916
05:30:00,100 --> 05:30:03,400
Despite all the differences 
victorians worried about their 

5917
05:30:03,400 --> 05:30:05,800
children's Futures. 
Work to improve their 

5918
05:30:05,800 --> 05:30:11,200
circumstances fell in love. 
Experienced loss found joy in 

5919
05:30:11,200 --> 05:30:15,000
small things and struggled with 
meaning and purpose. 

5920
05:30:16,300 --> 05:30:20,100
The external circumstances 
change, but the internal human 

5921
05:30:20,100 --> 05:30:23,400
experience remains remarkably 
consistent across time and 

5922
05:30:23,400 --> 05:30:26,000
place. 
The Victorian emphasis on 

5923
05:30:26,000 --> 05:30:29,500
craftsmanship offers another 
lesson in a world of mass 

5924
05:30:29,500 --> 05:30:32,300
produced disposable Goods. 
There's something appealing 

5925
05:30:32,300 --> 05:30:35,300
about objects made by skilled 
hands to last Generations. 

5926
05:30:36,500 --> 05:30:39,300
The Victorian building you've 
been observing with its careful,

5927
05:30:39,300 --> 05:30:43,500
stonework and decorative details
represents an investment of time

5928
05:30:43,500 --> 05:30:46,400
and skill that modern 
construction often skips. 

5929
05:30:47,200 --> 05:30:50,200
Perhaps there's value in slowing
down and doing some things well,

5930
05:30:50,200 --> 05:30:51,900
rather than doing everything 
quickly. 

5931
05:30:52,800 --> 05:30:54,600
The social interactions you've 
observed. 

5932
05:30:54,600 --> 05:30:58,700
While often, rigid and formal 
involved, genuine attention to 

5933
05:30:58,700 --> 05:31:02,300
the people physically present. 
No one is checking their phone 

5934
05:31:02,300 --> 05:31:04,800
during conversations because 
phones don't exist. 

5935
05:31:04,800 --> 05:31:07,200
People. 
Look at each other listen to 

5936
05:31:07,208 --> 05:31:12,300
each other and engage directly. 
the Victorian social world for 

5937
05:31:12,300 --> 05:31:15,700
all its flaws required presence 
in ways that Modern Life 

5938
05:31:15,700 --> 05:31:19,000
sometimes doesn't the 
experiences also, highlighted 

5939
05:31:19,000 --> 05:31:22,000
the value of struggle in ways, 
that comfortable Modern Life, 

5940
05:31:22,000 --> 05:31:25,600
sometimes obscures The 
victorians Who improve their 

5941
05:31:25,608 --> 05:31:29,600
circumstances, learned new 
skills or contributed to social 

5942
05:31:29,600 --> 05:31:32,700
progress, often did so against 
significant obstacles. 

5943
05:31:33,400 --> 05:31:35,700
There are achievements. 
Meant something partly because 

5944
05:31:35,700 --> 05:31:38,900
they were difficult. 
Modern life's conveniences, 

5945
05:31:38,900 --> 05:31:42,600
wonderful, but perhaps something
is lost when everything becomes 

5946
05:31:42,600 --> 05:31:45,200
easy. 
There's all a lesson in 

5947
05:31:45,200 --> 05:31:48,000
Victorian London's combination 
of grandeur and squalor. 

5948
05:31:48,700 --> 05:31:52,300
The same society that built 
magnificent, public buildings 

5949
05:31:52,300 --> 05:31:56,300
and expanded museums, and 
libraries also, tolerated, 

5950
05:31:56,300 --> 05:32:01,900
horrific slums and child labor. 
This suggests that material 

5951
05:32:01,900 --> 05:32:05,600
progress doesn't automatically 
produce moral progress. 

5952
05:32:06,600 --> 05:32:10,200
Society must consciously choose 
to extend opportunities and 

5953
05:32:10,200 --> 05:32:13,900
protections broadly, not just a 
privileged groups. 

5954
05:32:14,800 --> 05:32:18,200
The Victorian relationship with 
nature, which you've observed in

5955
05:32:18,200 --> 05:32:21,500
the carefully, maintained parks 
and the disregard for air and 

5956
05:32:21,500 --> 05:32:25,500
water quality reveals a society,
still figuring out how to 

5957
05:32:25,500 --> 05:32:28,200
balance and Industrial progress 
with environmental health. 

5958
05:32:29,100 --> 05:32:32,100
They hadn't yet recognized that 
natural systems have limits, 

5959
05:32:32,100 --> 05:32:35,800
modern society knows this, but 
struggles to act on that 

5960
05:32:35,800 --> 05:32:38,500
knowledge. 
The Victorian mistakes off a 

5961
05:32:38,500 --> 05:32:42,000
warnings, but modern people 
can't claim moral superiority 

5962
05:32:42,000 --> 05:32:44,300
while making similar mistakes 
with greater knowledge. 

5963
05:32:45,800 --> 05:32:48,800
The diversity of Victorian 
London immigrants from across 

5964
05:32:48,800 --> 05:32:53,100
the Empire, visitors from around
the world and people from every 

5965
05:32:53,100 --> 05:32:56,700
British region, reminds you that
cities of always been meeting 

5966
05:32:56,700 --> 05:33:00,600
places of different cultures. 
The Victorian response was often

5967
05:33:00,600 --> 05:33:04,000
to maintain strict, social 
hierarchies, but the mere 

5968
05:33:04,000 --> 05:33:06,600
presence of diversity was slowly
undermining. 

5969
05:33:06,600 --> 05:33:10,600
Those higher keys. 
Cities change people by exposing

5970
05:33:10,600 --> 05:33:14,200
them to different and Victorian 
London was doing this work even 

5971
05:33:14,200 --> 05:33:18,100
when Victorian ideology resisted
it. the evening, entertainment 

5972
05:33:18,100 --> 05:33:22,300
options, you observed, theaters,
music Halls, pubs social visits,

5973
05:33:22,300 --> 05:33:26,700
suggests that humans need more 
than work and survival, even in 

5974
05:33:26,700 --> 05:33:29,900
difficult circumstances, people 
sought Beauty, laughter 

5975
05:33:29,900 --> 05:33:34,000
connection, and meaning The 
Victorian investment in public 

5976
05:33:34,000 --> 05:33:39,300
culture, museums library's Parks
performance spaces, reflected a 

5977
05:33:39,300 --> 05:33:43,100
belief that culture matters that
people deserve access to beauty 

5978
05:33:43,100 --> 05:33:47,300
and knowledge, regardless of 
their economic status, Victorian

5979
05:33:47,300 --> 05:33:49,500
earnestness, which modern people
often mock. 

5980
05:33:50,400 --> 05:33:53,900
Actually, reflects an admirable 
quality. the belief that 

5981
05:33:53,900 --> 05:33:57,500
individual actions matter that 
moral Behavior makes a 

5982
05:33:57,500 --> 05:34:01,600
difference and that trying to be
better is worthwhile The 

5983
05:34:01,600 --> 05:34:05,200
specific moral codes were flawed
but the underlying commitment to

5984
05:34:05,200 --> 05:34:08,400
ethical, living and social 
responsibility offers something 

5985
05:34:08,400 --> 05:34:11,400
valuable the square where you've
been sitting is. 

5986
05:34:11,400 --> 05:34:15,200
Now fully awake, the vendors of 
set up, the traffic is building 

5987
05:34:15,200 --> 05:34:18,600
and the working day has begun. 
Somewhere in this moment. 

5988
05:34:18,600 --> 05:34:22,400
You feel the gentle, pulled 
backward toward your own time, 

5989
05:34:22,400 --> 05:34:26,100
your own world and your own 
comfortable bed with its modern 

5990
05:34:26,100 --> 05:34:30,900
mattress and Central Heating. 
The transition happens gradually

5991
05:34:30,900 --> 05:34:34,000
like waking from a particularly 
Vivid dream. 

5992
05:34:34,900 --> 05:34:39,000
The sound of Victorian London, 
the horses the street vendors, 

5993
05:34:39,000 --> 05:34:43,200
The Peculiar axon of Victorian 
speech, begin to fade. 

5994
05:34:44,000 --> 05:34:46,800
The smells diminish the taste of
coal. 

5995
05:34:46,800 --> 05:34:50,500
Smoke leaves your mouth. 
The physical sensations of 

5996
05:34:50,500 --> 05:34:55,600
Victorian clothing, Victoria and
cold and diminish and Victorian 

5997
05:34:55,600 --> 05:34:59,200
Stone beneath your feet. 
All gently received. 

5998
05:35:00,200 --> 05:35:03,200
You're aware of your body in 
your own bed, in your own time. 

5999
05:35:03,200 --> 05:35:06,500
The sheets are soft. 
The temperature is comfortable, 

6000
05:35:06,500 --> 05:35:10,300
and the air is clean. 
You can hear modern sounds, 

6001
05:35:10,300 --> 05:35:13,100
perhaps, traffic, that's 
motorized, rather than 

6002
05:35:13,100 --> 05:35:15,800
horse-drawn the hum of 
electronics sounds, that 

6003
05:35:15,800 --> 05:35:17,300
wouldn't make sense to a 
Victorian. 

6004
05:35:18,100 --> 05:35:20,300
But you bring something back 
with you from your Victorian 

6005
05:35:20,300 --> 05:35:22,600
day. 
Not physical objects. 

6006
05:35:22,600 --> 05:35:25,600
You can't bring Victorian coins 
or newspapers into your modern 

6007
05:35:25,600 --> 05:35:30,100
world. what you bring is 
understanding the kind that only

6008
05:35:30,100 --> 05:35:33,300
comes from imagined experience 
rather than abstract knowledge 

6009
05:35:34,100 --> 05:35:35,900
You understand. 
Now while your great 

6010
05:35:35,900 --> 05:35:38,200
grandparents or great great 
grandparents might have had 

6011
05:35:38,200 --> 05:35:42,200
certain habits that seemed odd 
to their grandchildren, why they

6012
05:35:42,200 --> 05:35:45,300
saved string and washed plastic 
bags and treated bread with 

6013
05:35:45,300 --> 05:35:48,500
reverence. 
They grew up in or closer to a 

6014
05:35:48,500 --> 05:35:51,900
world where such things had real
value, where wastefulness wasn't

6015
05:35:51,900 --> 05:35:55,300
just inefficient, but genuinely 
harmful to survival. 

6016
05:35:56,700 --> 05:36:00,000
You understand why Victorian 
literature can focuses on social

6017
05:36:00,000 --> 05:36:03,200
class and reputation. 
When your social position 

6018
05:36:03,200 --> 05:36:06,300
determines your opportunities. 
So completely, and when 

6019
05:36:06,300 --> 05:36:09,900
reputation was the primary form 
of social capital, of course 

6020
05:36:09,900 --> 05:36:11,500
people, obsessed over these 
things. 

6021
05:36:11,500 --> 05:36:14,800
The Victorian emphasis on 
propriety wasn't just 

6022
05:36:14,800 --> 05:36:18,700
prudishness. 
It was a survival strategy. you 

6023
05:36:18,700 --> 05:36:21,700
understand why the transition to
Modern Life was both eagerly 

6024
05:36:21,700 --> 05:36:25,600
embraced and sometimes more and 
The victorians who lived into 

6025
05:36:25,600 --> 05:36:28,600
the 20th century experience 
changes that must have felt like

6026
05:36:28,600 --> 05:36:32,400
moving to another planet. 
Indoor, plumbing, electricity, 

6027
05:36:32,400 --> 05:36:36,900
automobiles, movies, and radio. 
Each one represented a 

6028
05:36:36,900 --> 05:36:38,900
fundamental shift in how daily 
life. 

6029
05:36:38,900 --> 05:36:42,600
Functioned, the experience has 
made history, feel more real 

6030
05:36:42,600 --> 05:36:47,100
less like a series of dates and 
events and more like the lived 

6031
05:36:47,100 --> 05:36:50,000
experience of actual humans 
dealing with their specific 

6032
05:36:50,000 --> 05:36:53,800
challenges. 
The Victorian era, wasn't a 

6033
05:36:53,800 --> 05:36:56,800
unified period, moving an 
extremely toward modernity. 

6034
05:36:57,900 --> 05:37:01,300
It was thousands of days like 
the one you just experienced 

6035
05:37:01,300 --> 05:37:05,100
filled with ordinary people 
making ordinary decisions that 

6036
05:37:05,100 --> 05:37:09,300
cumulatively created change. 
You also understand better, why 

6037
05:37:09,300 --> 05:37:13,500
certain problems persist 
inequality environmental damage,

6038
05:37:13,500 --> 05:37:18,100
exploitation and discrimination,
these existed in Victorian 

6039
05:37:18,100 --> 05:37:23,200
London in existence now. the 
specific manifestations change 

6040
05:37:23,200 --> 05:37:27,100
the underlying human Tendencies 
towards selfishness, short, 

6041
05:37:27,100 --> 05:37:30,900
sightedness and tribalism 
remained constant Progress 

6042
05:37:30,900 --> 05:37:35,700
requires conscious effort, not 
just the passage of time, the 

6043
05:37:35,700 --> 05:37:38,300
technological optimism. 
You might have felt before this 

6044
05:37:38,300 --> 05:37:41,600
journey is now tempered by 
recognition that technology 

6045
05:37:41,600 --> 05:37:43,600
solves some problems while 
creating others. 

6046
05:37:45,000 --> 05:37:47,400
The victorians thought Railways 
and telegraphs would 

6047
05:37:47,400 --> 05:37:50,300
revolutionize society and bring 
Universal peace. 

6048
05:37:50,300 --> 05:37:54,200
They are partly right about the 
revolution, but completely wrong

6049
05:37:54,200 --> 05:37:57,200
about the peace. 
Modern faith in technological 

6050
05:37:57,200 --> 05:37:59,500
solutions might be similarly 
naive. 

6051
05:38:00,400 --> 05:38:01,600
Yet. 
There's also hope in the 

6052
05:38:01,600 --> 05:38:04,600
Victorian example. 
They may genuine progress on 

6053
05:38:04,600 --> 05:38:08,300
many fronts, public health 
education, scientific 

6054
05:38:08,300 --> 05:38:13,300
understanding and social reform.
Changes were often gradual and 

6055
05:38:13,300 --> 05:38:17,300
incomplete, but they were real. 
If victorians could improve 

6056
05:38:17,300 --> 05:38:21,100
their society despite greater 
obstacles, perhaps, modern 

6057
05:38:21,100 --> 05:38:23,100
people can address their 
challenges, too. 

6058
05:38:24,000 --> 05:38:27,200
As you lie in your comfortable 
bed, fully return to your own 

6059
05:38:27,200 --> 05:38:29,800
time. 
The contrast between Victorian 

6060
05:38:29,800 --> 05:38:32,300
London and Modern Life feels 
almost absurd. 

6061
05:38:32,900 --> 05:38:36,400
You can reach over and turn on a
light without leaving bed, you 

6062
05:38:36,400 --> 05:38:39,500
can adjust the temperature with 
a thermostat, you can check the 

6063
05:38:39,500 --> 05:38:43,100
weather, the news and messages 
from friends, using a device 

6064
05:38:43,100 --> 05:38:45,400
that would have seemed like 
magic to victorians. 

6065
05:38:46,100 --> 05:38:48,600
The bathroom attached to your 
bedroom, would have been a 

6066
05:38:48,600 --> 05:38:51,000
luxury Beyond imagining for most
victorians. 

6067
05:38:51,700 --> 05:38:56,500
Hot water, from a tap, a flush 
toilet, a shower, towels that 

6068
05:38:56,500 --> 05:39:00,700
you don't have to wash by hand. 
Each element represents Decades 

6069
05:39:00,700 --> 05:39:03,000
of engineering Innovation and 
infrastructure investment. 

6070
05:39:04,000 --> 05:39:07,100
The simple Act of taking a 
morning shower involves systems 

6071
05:39:07,100 --> 05:39:09,800
that victorians would have 
considered science fiction. 

6072
05:39:09,800 --> 05:39:14,400
Your breakfast options would 
Amaze a Victorian Fresh fruit 

6073
05:39:14,400 --> 05:39:17,400
from other hemispheres. 
Coffee from distant continents 

6074
05:39:17,400 --> 05:39:21,700
bread that stays fresh for days,
refrigerated dairy, products, 

6075
05:39:21,700 --> 05:39:26,100
and cereals invented, after the 
Victorian era ended, the 

6076
05:39:26,100 --> 05:39:30,000
Victorian breakfast was porridge
bread, perhaps, if you could 

6077
05:39:30,000 --> 05:39:33,300
afford them, Foods that were 
locally produced, because long 

6078
05:39:33,300 --> 05:39:35,200
distance, food transport was 
limited. 

6079
05:39:36,300 --> 05:39:39,900
Getting dressed takes minutes in
stead of the extended process. 

6080
05:39:39,900 --> 05:39:44,800
Victorian clothing, required. 
No corsets, no button hooks, no 

6081
05:39:44,800 --> 05:39:49,000
layers of undergarments, modern 
clothing, prioritizes comfort 

6082
05:39:49,000 --> 05:39:52,600
and convenience over the 
elaborate social signaling that 

6083
05:39:52,600 --> 05:39:56,100
Victorian fashion performed. 
You can dress yourself without 

6084
05:39:56,100 --> 05:39:59,100
assistance, which was a 
privilege reserved for lower 

6085
05:39:59,100 --> 05:40:03,000
classes, in Victoria and time. 
The wealthy needed servants to 

6086
05:40:03,000 --> 05:40:07,000
manage their complex wardrobes 
your commute, however 

6087
05:40:07,000 --> 05:40:10,700
frustrating it might sometimes 
feel would seem miraculous to 

6088
05:40:10,700 --> 05:40:15,300
victorians Whether you drive 
take public transit or work from

6089
05:40:15,300 --> 05:40:18,700
home, your covering distance is 
that would have required hours 

6090
05:40:18,700 --> 05:40:22,600
of travel in Victorian times. 
the modern city is physically 

6091
05:40:22,600 --> 05:40:25,700
larger than Victorian London, 
because transportation 

6092
05:40:25,700 --> 05:40:29,100
technology allows people to live
farther from their workplaces, 

6093
05:40:29,900 --> 05:40:33,700
Your workplace itself, reflects 
changes the victorians initiated

6094
05:40:33,700 --> 05:40:36,900
but couldn't complete. 
The office workers, you observed

6095
05:40:36,900 --> 05:40:39,700
in Victorian, London were 
pioneering a new kind of work, 

6096
05:40:39,700 --> 05:40:43,700
clerical, labor, that required 
literacy and numeracy but not 

6097
05:40:43,700 --> 05:40:46,800
physical strength. 
Modern knowledge work. 

6098
05:40:46,800 --> 05:40:49,500
Extends that Victorian 
Innovation though. 

6099
05:40:49,500 --> 05:40:52,200
It's now mediated through 
computers rather than paper 

6100
05:40:52,200 --> 05:40:56,000
ledgers the safety standards you
take for granted would astound 

6101
05:40:56,000 --> 05:41:00,200
victorians. 
Workplace, regulations food 

6102
05:41:00,200 --> 05:41:03,500
safety, building codes, traffic 
laws. 

6103
05:41:03,500 --> 05:41:07,200
All of these represent hard. 
One Victory Is by reformers who 

6104
05:41:07,200 --> 05:41:11,000
recognize that industrialization
without regulation was killing 

6105
05:41:11,000 --> 05:41:13,900
people. 
Every modern safety feature 

6106
05:41:13,900 --> 05:41:17,800
exists, because someone suffered
its absence Your access to 

6107
05:41:17,800 --> 05:41:20,200
information would seem Godlike 
to victorians. 

6108
05:41:20,900 --> 05:41:24,000
The accumulated knowledge of 
humanity is available instantly 

6109
05:41:24,000 --> 05:41:27,400
through your device's. 
The Victorian scholar who spent 

6110
05:41:27,400 --> 05:41:30,900
hours in library's researching, 
basic facts would be astonished 

6111
05:41:30,900 --> 05:41:33,600
that you can access the same 
information in seconds while 

6112
05:41:33,600 --> 05:41:36,700
lying in bed. 
Your medical care represents 

6113
05:41:36,700 --> 05:41:39,500
advances, that would seem 
miraculous in Victorian times. 

6114
05:41:40,300 --> 05:41:43,800
Antibiotics alone have saved 
more lives than any other single

6115
05:41:43,800 --> 05:41:47,700
invention. 
Add modern surgery, Diagnostic 

6116
05:41:47,700 --> 05:41:52,700
Imaging, vaccines, dental care 
and treatments for conditions 

6117
05:41:52,700 --> 05:41:55,400
that were death sentences in 
Victorian times. 

6118
05:41:55,400 --> 05:41:58,100
And the Improvement is 
staggering. 

6119
05:41:59,100 --> 05:42:04,000
The Victorian infant mortality 
rate was roughly 150 per 1,000 

6120
05:42:04,000 --> 05:42:07,300
births. 
In developed countries, today is

6121
05:42:07,300 --> 05:42:11,000
under 5 per 1,000. 
Your life expectancy is 

6122
05:42:11,000 --> 05:42:13,200
dramatically longer than the 
Victorian average. 

6123
05:42:14,100 --> 05:42:16,900
A baby born in Victorian 
Britain, could expect to live 

6124
05:42:16,900 --> 05:42:20,400
about 45 years. 
A baby born in a developed 

6125
05:42:20,400 --> 05:42:22,800
country. 
Today can expect to live past 80

6126
05:42:23,500 --> 05:42:26,500
those additional decades 
represent millions of person 

6127
05:42:26,500 --> 05:42:30,000
years of additional Human 
Experience of knowledge, gained 

6128
05:42:30,000 --> 05:42:33,400
of relationships developed and 
of contributions made. 

6129
05:42:34,500 --> 05:42:37,900
Yet, with all these advantages, 
modern life, brings challenges 

6130
05:42:37,900 --> 05:42:41,900
that victorians never faced. 
The constant connectivity that 

6131
05:42:41,900 --> 05:42:43,200
puts the world at your 
fingertips. 

6132
05:42:43,200 --> 05:42:46,300
Also means you'll never truly 
unreachable. 

6133
05:42:47,100 --> 05:42:50,400
The abundance of choices can 
become overwhelming rather than 

6134
05:42:50,400 --> 05:42:53,700
liberating. 
The rapid pace of change can 

6135
05:42:53,700 --> 05:42:57,100
create anxiety about keeping up.
The decline of traditional 

6136
05:42:57,100 --> 05:43:00,600
communities can lead to 
isolation despite unprecedented 

6137
05:43:00,600 --> 05:43:04,400
communication capabilities. 
The environmental costs of 

6138
05:43:04,400 --> 05:43:06,500
Modern Life are also becoming 
unavoidable. 

6139
05:43:07,300 --> 05:43:09,600
The victorians damage their 
local environments. 

6140
05:43:09,600 --> 05:43:13,500
The Thames was essentially a 
toxic waste dump but modern 

6141
05:43:13,500 --> 05:43:17,100
industrial society are scaled up
those impacts to a global level.

6142
05:43:17,800 --> 05:43:21,500
Climate change, biodiversity 
loss and ocean acidification. 

6143
05:43:22,800 --> 05:43:26,200
These problems didn't exist in 
Victorian times, because human 

6144
05:43:26,200 --> 05:43:28,000
industrial capacity was more 
limited. 

6145
05:43:29,200 --> 05:43:32,800
Progress in material Comfort has
come with ecological costs. 

6146
05:43:32,800 --> 05:43:34,400
That future Generations will 
bear. 

6147
05:43:35,500 --> 05:43:38,900
The social fragmentation that 
characterizes Modern Life Would 

6148
05:43:38,900 --> 05:43:42,300
puzzle victorians. 
Their society was rigid and not 

6149
05:43:42,300 --> 05:43:45,100
often cruel but it was also 
coherent in ways. 

6150
05:43:45,100 --> 05:43:49,400
Modern society isn't Most 
Victorian shared basic 

6151
05:43:49,400 --> 05:43:52,700
assumptions about religion, 
morality and social 

6152
05:43:52,700 --> 05:43:55,800
organization. 
Modern pluralism, brings 

6153
05:43:55,800 --> 05:43:59,500
freedom, but also uncertainty 
about shared values and common 

6154
05:43:59,500 --> 05:44:02,300
purpose. 
The comparison isn't meant to 

6155
05:44:02,300 --> 05:44:04,000
suggest for Victorian life was 
better. 

6156
05:44:04,000 --> 05:44:07,300
It clearly wasn't by almost any 
measure. 

6157
05:44:08,200 --> 05:44:11,800
Rather it's to recognize that 
progress in one dimension, 

6158
05:44:11,800 --> 05:44:15,600
doesn't automatically mean 
progress in all dimensions. 

6159
05:44:16,600 --> 05:44:20,900
Modern Life is more comfortable,
safer, healthier and offers more

6160
05:44:20,900 --> 05:44:23,200
individual freedom than 
Victorian life. 

6161
05:44:24,000 --> 05:44:28,700
But is also more complex, more 
fast-paced and in some ways more

6162
05:44:28,700 --> 05:44:31,500
isolating. 
As you start your modern day 

6163
05:44:31,500 --> 05:44:35,100
going about routines, that would
seem fantastic to victorians. 

6164
05:44:35,100 --> 05:44:38,100
You carry something valuable 
from your imaginary Journey. 

6165
05:44:39,000 --> 05:44:42,100
It's not Nostalgia for a past 
that was genuinely harder and 

6166
05:44:42,100 --> 05:44:44,100
often cruel. 
It's perspective. 

6167
05:44:44,100 --> 05:44:47,300
The ability to see your own life
with fresh Eyes. 

6168
05:44:47,300 --> 05:44:49,900
By comparing it to a different 
way of living. 

6169
05:44:51,000 --> 05:44:53,900
The Victorian emphasis on 
craftsmanship might inspire you 

6170
05:44:53,900 --> 05:44:56,400
to Value quality over 
convenience on time's. 

6171
05:44:57,100 --> 05:44:59,800
Their investment in public 
institutions, might encourage 

6172
05:44:59,800 --> 05:45:03,900
you to support libraries museums
and Parks their social 

6173
05:45:03,900 --> 05:45:06,800
connections. 
However, formal might remind you

6174
05:45:06,800 --> 05:45:09,700
to occasionally, put down your 
device's and actually talk to 

6175
05:45:09,700 --> 05:45:13,300
the people physically present. 
The Victorian struggles for 

6176
05:45:13,300 --> 05:45:16,800
reform better working 
conditions, expanded education, 

6177
05:45:16,800 --> 05:45:20,800
improve Public Health, remind 
you, that progress requires 

6178
05:45:20,800 --> 05:45:23,500
effort. 
The improvements you enjoy 

6179
05:45:23,500 --> 05:45:26,600
weren't inevitable. 
They were achieved by people who

6180
05:45:26,600 --> 05:45:29,200
recognize problems and work to 
solve them. 

6181
05:45:29,900 --> 05:45:33,600
Your generation faces different 
challenges, but the principle 

6182
05:45:33,600 --> 05:45:37,900
Remains the Same change requires
intentional effort, not just 

6183
05:45:37,900 --> 05:45:41,300
complaints about current 
conditions, the Victorian 

6184
05:45:41,300 --> 05:45:45,800
mistakes, their environmental 
damage their imperialism, their 

6185
05:45:45,800 --> 05:45:49,900
rigid social hierarchies, their 
limited opportunities for women 

6186
05:45:49,900 --> 05:45:52,000
and minorities serve as 
warnings. 

6187
05:45:53,100 --> 05:45:55,700
Having more knowledge than the 
victorians, doesn't make modern 

6188
05:45:55,700 --> 05:45:59,400
people morally Superior unless 
that knowledge produces better 

6189
05:45:59,400 --> 05:46:02,500
actions. 
The test isn't what you know. 

6190
05:46:02,500 --> 05:46:06,100
But what you do with that 
knowledge, Share human 

6191
05:46:06,100 --> 05:46:07,700
resilience. 
You observe throughout your 

6192
05:46:07,700 --> 05:46:10,800
Victorian Day offers 
encouragement for handling 

6193
05:46:10,800 --> 05:46:14,700
modern challenges. 
People could maintain hope find 

6194
05:46:14,700 --> 05:46:18,600
Joy, create Beauty and work for 
better Futures while dealing 

6195
05:46:18,600 --> 05:46:21,900
with Victorian hardships. 
Perhaps modern problems are all 

6196
05:46:21,900 --> 05:46:25,700
so manageable despite their 
complexity. the Victorian day, 

6197
05:46:25,700 --> 05:46:28,700
you have imagined to give you a 
gift that history always offers 

6198
05:46:28,700 --> 05:46:33,700
when approached with openness 
context, Your own life exists 

6199
05:46:33,700 --> 05:46:37,700
within a specific historical 
moment shaped by decisions made 

6200
05:46:37,700 --> 05:46:41,000
by previous generations and 
shaping the options available to

6201
05:46:41,000 --> 05:46:44,800
Future Generations. 
Understanding this continuity 

6202
05:46:44,800 --> 05:46:47,000
can be both humbling and 
empowering. 

6203
05:46:48,600 --> 05:46:51,400
As you move through your modern 
day, driving cars that 

6204
05:46:51,400 --> 05:46:54,500
victorians couldn't imagine 
using technology, that would 

6205
05:46:54,500 --> 05:46:57,700
seem like magic solving problems
that didn't exist. 

6206
05:46:57,700 --> 05:47:00,700
In Victorian times. 
You might occasionally think 

6207
05:47:00,700 --> 05:47:03,100
about the Victorian day you 
experienced. 

6208
05:47:03,900 --> 05:47:08,000
Not to wish you were there, but 
to appreciate where you are and 

6209
05:47:08,000 --> 05:47:12,700
may be, just maybe you'll wonder
what someone from 2150 would 

6210
05:47:12,700 --> 05:47:14,900
think about your life in the 
early 21st century. 

6211
05:47:15,800 --> 05:47:19,000
What aspects of your daily 
routine would seem charmingly 

6212
05:47:19,000 --> 05:47:21,700
Antiquated? 
What problems would they be 

6213
05:47:21,700 --> 05:47:22,900
amazed you? 
Tolerated? 

6214
05:47:22,900 --> 05:47:26,500
What technologies would they 
find amusingly primitive? 

6215
05:47:26,500 --> 05:47:29,500
What aspects of your life? 
Would they Envy or want to 

6216
05:47:29,500 --> 05:47:32,100
preserve? 
History isn't just about the 

6217
05:47:32,100 --> 05:47:36,400
past is about understanding that
the present is temporary, that 

6218
05:47:36,400 --> 05:47:40,400
changes constant, and that every
generation faces its own 

6219
05:47:40,400 --> 05:47:42,600
challenges. 
While benefiting from dealing 

6220
05:47:42,600 --> 05:47:45,800
with the consequences of 
previous generations choices. 

6221
05:47:46,700 --> 05:47:51,000
Victorian London is gone. 
Transformed by More Than A 

6222
05:47:51,000 --> 05:47:53,300
Century of change. 
But it's not lost. 

6223
05:47:54,100 --> 05:47:58,200
It lives in the infrastructure, 
it build in the institutions it 

6224
05:47:58,200 --> 05:48:01,900
established in the ideas. 
It developed in the problems, it

6225
05:48:01,900 --> 05:48:06,200
created and in the solutions at 
pioneered, you walk on Victorian

6226
05:48:06,200 --> 05:48:09,500
foundations every day whether 
you realize it or not. 

6227
05:48:10,300 --> 05:48:12,800
And perhaps that's the most 
important lesson from your 

6228
05:48:12,800 --> 05:48:14,300
imaginary. 
Victorian day. 

6229
05:48:14,300 --> 05:48:17,500
You too are building foundations
for future. 

6230
05:48:17,500 --> 05:48:21,200
You'll never see. 
Your choices, your actions and 

6231
05:48:21,200 --> 05:48:25,200
your societies decisions. 
All of these will influence the 

6232
05:48:25,200 --> 05:48:27,600
world that people experienced 
Generations from now. 

6233
05:48:28,800 --> 05:48:31,900
The victorians couldn't have 
imagined your life but they 

6234
05:48:31,900 --> 05:48:33,000
shake it. 
Nonetheless. 

6235
05:48:34,000 --> 05:48:38,300
You can't imagine the world of 
2,150, but your helping to 

6236
05:48:38,300 --> 05:48:40,400
create it with every choice you 
make. 

6237
05:48:41,400 --> 05:48:42,500
Sleep. 
Well, tonight in your 

6238
05:48:42,500 --> 05:48:45,800
comfortable bed with its modern 
mattress and climate control. 

6239
05:48:46,600 --> 05:48:49,700
Dream, perhaps of gas-lit 
streets, and horse drawn, 

6240
05:48:49,700 --> 05:48:52,600
carriages of a world that 
managed to function. 

6241
05:48:52,600 --> 05:48:56,200
Without any of the Technologies,
you can consider a central and 

6242
05:48:56,200 --> 05:48:58,200
white to Morrow with fresh 
appreciation. 

6243
05:48:58,200 --> 05:49:02,100
For the complex imperfect 
remarkable world, you inhabit. 

6244
05:49:02,900 --> 05:49:04,900
A world. 
That's different from Victorian 

6245
05:49:04,900 --> 05:49:08,600
London, but connected to it, by 
The Continuous thread of Human 

6246
05:49:08,600 --> 05:49:11,100
Experience. 
Reaching back through centuries,

6247
05:49:11,100 --> 05:49:13,500
and forward, into Futures Yet, 
To Be Imagined.