The Entire History of Japanese Architecture (But Make It Boring) | 6 Hours to Fall Asleep

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Welcome Friends to our 
comprehensive examination of 

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Japanese architectural history 
here, tonight. 

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We're exploring how an island 
nation created some of the 

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world's most thoughtful and 
beautiful architecture. 

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Spaces that breathe with the 
seasons Embrace impermanence and

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find profound meaning in 
simplicity. 

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This is a story about wooden 
paper, Stone and water and the 

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human desire to live in harmony 
with the world around us. 

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So, before we begin, take a 
moment to like the video and 

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subscribe, and let me know where
you're tuning in from, and what 

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time it is for you. 
Now, dim your lights, get 

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comfortable, and prepare to 
drift off as we begin. 

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Imagine being in a very old 
Japanese Forest the kind that 

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you used to cover these islands 
long before anyone thought to 

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build anything. 
These trees are different from 

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the ones. 
You might see in your area, 

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these trees are crypto, my area 
and hinoki Cypress, they can 

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live for a thousand years and 
grow straight and Tall. 

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There would smells a little like
lemon and his resistant to rot 

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like Nature's Own preservative. 
Japanese architecture doesn't 

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start in quarries or brick 
kills. 

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It starts in these old forests 
where there was a lot of wood 

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that was easy to work with and 
seemed to last forever. 

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Building with stone makes things
last, whether you want them to 

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or not. 
Stone says, I will be here long 

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after you're gone unchanged and 
unmoved. 

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Wood. 
On the other hand, says, 

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something else would says, I 
used to be alive and in a way I 

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still am. 
The first people who lived in 

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Japan, knew that the islands 
they lived on were always 

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moving. 
And this would affect how they 

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built things for thousands of 
years, earthquakes, shook the 

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ground to often making buildings
made of solid Stone into death 

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traps. 
It seemed like the Earth itself 

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like movement over Stillness and
flexibility over rigidity. 

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So the Japanese learned how to 
build buildings that could Sway 

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With the Earth. 
Instead of fighting it, these 

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buildings Dance With Disaster of
standing against it. 

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But before we talk about real 
buildings, we should talk about 

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Shinto. 
The native religion of Japan 

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that sees divine presence in 
nature. 

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Shinto says that commie or 
spiritual gods live in 

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everything. 
From huge mountains to Tiny 

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streams from old trees, to 
interesting rocks. 

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This wasn't just a religious 
belief. 

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It was a basic way to think 
about how you fit into the 

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landscape. 
Your approach to building 

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changes completely. 
When you think that nature is 

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sacred, you don't take over the 
land, you work with it. 

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You don't cut down all the trees
in a forest. 

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Instead, you cut down certain 
trees with thanks and ceremony. 

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The first Shinto shrines weren't
really buildings. 

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They were just areas that were 
set aside as sacred maybe with a

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special tree or rock in them in 
simple fences made of branches 

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and rope around them. 
The grand shrine at ease is one 

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of Japan's most sacred places, 
it shows how people in Japan 

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interact with nature in a way 
that might seem strange to 

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people from the West every 20 
years. 

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The whole Shrine complex is 
rebuilt from the ground up with 

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new Cyprus would and traditional
methods. 

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The old buildings are carefully 
taken apart and new ones that 

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look just like the old ones. 
Go up in their place. 

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This has been going on for more 
than 1,000 years which makes 

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East both old and always knew. 
Consider this for a second, a 

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building that is both 1,300 
years old and only 20 years old.

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It's like the ship of Theseus 
Paradox in architecture. 

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This is a philosophical question
about whether something stays 

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the same after all of its parts 
of being replaced, the Japanese 

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new writer way that the shrines 
Essence wasn't in the materials 

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it was made of but in its shape,
its traditions and its spiritual

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continuity. 
Because of this tradition of 

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rebuilding people, had to learn 
about architecture by teaching 

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each other instead of just 
looking at Old building's. 

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For decades Master Carpenters, 
taught apprentices everything 

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they needed to know about how 
buildings, worked, how they 

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breathed, and how they stood up 
to wind and earthquakes. 

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They didn't just teach them how 
to cut joints or choose would 

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Japanese people used to treat 
wood with a lot of respect. 

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Carpenters, learn to read the 
grain of wood. 

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Like you would read someone's 
face getting to know its 

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personality strengths and 
Oddities. 

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They knew that would from the 
north side of a tree was thicker

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and should be used in a 
different way than would from 

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the South Side. 
They knew that the way a tree 

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grew determined how to cut and 
put its wood in a building. 

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People cared for the tools and 
treated them with respect. 

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It was important to take care of
an eventually passed down a 

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master Carpenters. 
Saw Japanese saws cut on the 

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pull stroke instead of the push 
stroke, which gives the 

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carpenter more control and makes
cleaner Cuts. 

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It's one of those little things 
that shows a whole new way of 

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doing things working with the 
tools nature, instead of forcing

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it to do what you want. 
The joinery techniques that 

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developed in Japan are still 
amazing and how clever they are 

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Master. 
Carpenters, made connections 

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between wooden parts that were 
stronger than the wood itself. 

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Like, interlocking joints that 
got tighter when they were 

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loaded, Corners, that could Bend
without breaking and connections

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that let buildings absorb 
seismic energy instead of 

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breaking on it. 
Imagine a master Carpenter in 

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ancient Japan. 
Picking a tree to cut down as 

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you drift off to sleep. 
He puts his hand on the bark and

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maybe says a short prayer to the
car of the forest, thanking them

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for the life. 
He's about to take and the 

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purpose, it will serve. 
Tree will fall but it will also 

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rise. 
Again, it will become pillars 

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and beams and it will continue 
to exist in a new form 

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protecting people as it once 
protected, birds and insects the

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basis of Japanese architecture 
is a deep respect for materials.

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The idea that buildings are not 
separate from nature, but part 

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of its ongoing cycle and the 
willingness to accept change in 

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step of fighting it. 
Palaces temples castles and 

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teahouses that come. 
After this all come from these 

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roots just like the cypress 
trees grow from the ground. 

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Japanese architecture changed in
a big way around the sixth 

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Century CE Buddhism came from 
China and Korea and it brought 

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with it, not only new spiritual 
ideas, but also a whole new way 

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of building. 
It was like someone suddenly 

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giving you a whole new way to 
say things you only sort of 

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understood before. 
In many ways, Chinese 

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architecture was the opposite of
what Japan had made Japanese 

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buildings, were low to the 
ground while Chinese buildings 

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had many stories and fancy. 
Rooflines that went up. 

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Japanese design used natural 
materials in their raw form. 

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While Chinese architecture used 
bright colors. 

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Intricate decorations and 
complicated symbols. 

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Japanese architecture was about 
blending in with the landscape. 

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While Chinese architecture was 
about imposing geometric order 

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and Cosmic meaning The Japanese 
reaction to this cultural 

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exchange show. 
Something important about their 

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character. 
They didn't just copy Chinese 

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models and they didn't 
completely reject them either. 

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Stead, they did, what you could 
call architectural translation, 

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which means taking Chinese ideas
and slowly, and carefully, 

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adapting them. 
To Japanese tastes and needs. 

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Japanese architecture, didn't 
really need large interior 

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spaces for congregational 
worship before Buddhist temples 

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did. 
Shinto ceremonies took place 

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outside or in small private 
places but Buddhism needed. 

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Big rooms where monks could meet
chance sutras and do complicated

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rituals. 
This meant learning how to build

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on a scale that Japanese 
architecture hadn't done before 

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the Pagoda, which is unique 
multi-tiered Tower. 

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Found in Buddhist Temple's is 
actually a brilliant piece of 

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earthquake engineering that the 
Japanese perfected through trial

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and error and careful 
observation. 

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Shin bashiri a huge Central 
pillar runs through the middle 

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of a traditional Japanese 
pagoda. 

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It is held up from the top and 
barely touches the ground. 

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The building shakes when an 
earthquake hits but the central 

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pillar keeps the whole thing 
stable by acting as a 

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counterweight and dampener 
modernized monologist who 

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studied ancient pagodas found 
something amazing. this design, 

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which was developed through 
years of observation, predicts 

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principles that Structural 
Engineers didn't understand 

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mathematically until the 20th 
century Some pagodas have been 

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around for more than 1,400 years
and have withstood many 

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earthquakes that have destroyed 
newer buildings nearby. 

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Old-time Carpenters didn't need 
computer models, they had 

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patients, careful, observation 
years of experience, the horror 

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ji Temple, which was built in 
the early 7th Century, as the 

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oldest wooden buildings in the 
world that are still standing. 

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It's like stepping into a time 
machine when you walk around its

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grounds but you're not really 
there. 

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You're in bed imagining what it 
would be like the woods dark and

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over time to a deep Brown that 
looks like it. 

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Absorbs light. 
The pillars have a slight curve 

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called enters, that comes from 
Greek architecture through 

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Chinese middle men. 
This makes them look more like 

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living things than Richard 
shapes. 

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It's interesting how quickly 
these early Buddhist temples 

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began to look more Japanese than
Chinese. 

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The roof lines, got less fancy 
but more elegant. 

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Colors changed from the bright. 
Reds, and greens of Chinese 

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temples to softener more natural
tones. 

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The connection with the garden 
around, it became more 

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integrated, less about symbols 
and more about real sensory 

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experience. 
But his architectural brought 

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new, skilled workers to Japan 
tile makers who could make the 

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unique curved roof tiles. 
That directed Rainwater Metal 

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workers, who could make the 
beautiful bronze decorations, 

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that went on doorways and roofs 
sculptors and Painters who made 

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statues of Buddhas. 
And bodhisattvas, that filled 

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temples there were different 
traditions and techniques for 

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each craft. 
That had to be changed to work 

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with Japanese materials and 
whether the changes in Temple 

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architecture, over the next few 
hundred years show, a slow 

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process of creative digestion. 
Each generation of Builders 

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learned from the ones before 
them, but they also tried new 

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things changed things. 
And sometimes came up with new 

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ideas that were less like 
Chinese models. 

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By the hay and period which 
lasted from the 9th to the 12th 

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century. 
Japanese Buddhist architecture 

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had developed its own unique 
style. 

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It was clearly based on Chinese 
models but it was clearly 

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Japanese and how it was the 
covered Corridor or Roca is one 

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new idea that stands out. 
In Japan where it rains a lot, 

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these wooden walkways connected 
different buildings in a temple 

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or Palace complex. 
They made sure that people could

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move between buildings without 
getting wet, the corridors were 

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just useful. 
They made a rhythm of walking 

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through covered and Open Spaces,
switching between light and 

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shade. 
The sound of rain on wooden 

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roofs and the sight of Garden's 
glistening with water. 

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As you get more comfortable in 
your blankets, picture yourself,

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walking down, one of these 
hallways on a rainy day. 

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The wooden floor is smooth under
your feet because it has been 

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used for hundreds of years. 
Rain is falling in sheets, 

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outside, making a curtain 
between you and the garden. 

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The sound is everywhere. 
Rain on the roof tiles, rain on 

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the stone paths and Rain filling
the stone basins, but your dry 

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and moving through this 
protected space that connects 

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you to the life of the buildings
while keeping you safe from the 

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weather. 
The hallway is not completely 

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inside or outside. 
It's a space in between the 

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threshold and Japanese 
architecture. 

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Would come to love these unclear
areas very much. 

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The aristocratic architecture of
the hand period Japan from the 

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9th to the 12th. 
Centuries is one of the most 

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refined domestic traditions in 
human history. 

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This was the time of the tale of
Genji. 

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A great work of world 
literature, that shows us how 

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the nobility lived loved. 
And thought about the places 

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where they lived. 
The shinden sakuri style that 

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was popular in aristocratic 
home. 

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At this time was based on a 
simple idea. 

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Build rectangular buildings 
around a central Courtyard 

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garden, connect them with 
hallways and let the space as 

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flow into each other with his 
few barriers as possible. 

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Sound simple. 
But when you compare it to 

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European or middle eastern 
palaces from the same time, you 

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can see how radical this idea 
was Picture a mansion for a 

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00:11:43,100 --> 00:11:46,400
nobleman from above. 
The main hall or Chinden always 

234
00:11:46,400 --> 00:11:49,300
faces South because of Chinese 
geomantic ideas about good 

235
00:11:49,300 --> 00:11:52,900
directions to the Eastern, West 
smaller buildings, hold family 

236
00:11:52,900 --> 00:11:55,900
members servants and other 
household tasks, covered 

237
00:11:55,900 --> 00:11:59,300
hallways, connect everything, 
making a safe way for people to 

238
00:11:59,300 --> 00:12:03,000
get around and in the middle the
courtyard Garden which is more 

239
00:12:03,000 --> 00:12:05,600
than just a decoration. 
It's the heart of the whole 

240
00:12:05,600 --> 00:12:08,000
thing. 
There are almost no walls inside

241
00:12:08,000 --> 00:12:11,200
which is what makes this so 
different from say a medieval 

242
00:12:11,200 --> 00:12:14,200
European Manor. 
The buildings are basically 

243
00:12:14,200 --> 00:12:17,300
roofed platforms with screens 
and curtains that can be moved 

244
00:12:17,300 --> 00:12:21,100
around, not solid walls but how 
you arrange your furniture and 

245
00:12:21,100 --> 00:12:24,300
fabric gives you privacy? 
You don't define space by 

246
00:12:24,300 --> 00:12:27,200
closing it off. 
Instead you do it by carefully. 

247
00:12:27,200 --> 00:12:30,500
Placing screens, blinds and 
hanging textiles to suggest 

248
00:12:30,500 --> 00:12:34,300
boundaries this meant that homes
of the rich were very adaptable.

249
00:12:34,300 --> 00:12:38,100
During the day, the rooms could 
be open and bright screens and 

250
00:12:38,100 --> 00:12:39,900
curtains made private rooms at 
night. 

251
00:12:40,800 --> 00:12:43,700
When you had guests over rooms, 
could easily become bigger 

252
00:12:43,700 --> 00:12:45,700
spaces. 
The house could change 

253
00:12:45,700 --> 00:12:48,300
completely with the seasons in 
the summer. 

254
00:12:48,300 --> 00:12:51,900
It was very open to let him 
breezes and in the winter it had

255
00:12:51,900 --> 00:12:54,700
screens placed just right to 
keep warmth through braziers. 

256
00:12:55,500 --> 00:12:58,200
The floors of these buildings 
were made of famous hinoki. 

257
00:12:58,200 --> 00:13:01,200
Cyprus would platforms that were
about two feet off the ground, 

258
00:13:01,200 --> 00:13:04,800
it wasn't just about height. 
It was also about making a 

259
00:13:04,800 --> 00:13:06,300
separate space from the ground 
below. 

260
00:13:06,300 --> 00:13:09,000
You took off your shoes before 
stepping up onto these 

261
00:13:09,000 --> 00:13:11,800
platforms. 
This was a sign that you are 

262
00:13:11,800 --> 00:13:14,300
moving from the outside world to
the more refined space of the 

263
00:13:14,300 --> 00:13:16,700
home. 
The space under the floor, also 

264
00:13:16,700 --> 00:13:20,100
let air flow which is important 
in Japan's, humid climate and 

265
00:13:20,100 --> 00:13:22,700
kept moisture from the ground 
from rotting wooden buildings. 

266
00:13:23,400 --> 00:13:25,600
During the hay and period to 
Tammy mats, which are 

267
00:13:25,600 --> 00:13:28,200
rectangular floor. 
Mats covered in, Russia's were 

268
00:13:28,200 --> 00:13:30,700
not yet common. 
They were expensive things that 

269
00:13:30,700 --> 00:13:34,300
were only put where people sat, 
eventually they grew so big that

270
00:13:34,300 --> 00:13:37,500
they covered whole floors and 
their standard size became a way

271
00:13:37,508 --> 00:13:40,800
to measure things rooms were 
described by how many tatami 

272
00:13:40,800 --> 00:13:43,800
they had. 
People still use the terms six 

273
00:13:43,800 --> 00:13:48,400
mattresses and eight match rooms
to describe Japanese Apartments 

274
00:13:48,400 --> 00:13:50,300
today. 
This is a tradition that goes 

275
00:13:50,300 --> 00:13:53,400
back, hundreds of years. 
If you're used to walls being 

276
00:13:53,400 --> 00:13:57,100
walls and doors staying closed. 
The way the inside and outside 

277
00:13:57,100 --> 00:14:01,100
of these palaces work together 
might make you feel uneasy on 

278
00:14:01,100 --> 00:14:03,700
nice days, the wooden shutters 
that surrounded. 

279
00:14:03,700 --> 00:14:06,700
The building's could be lifted 
and stored which meant that an 

280
00:14:06,700 --> 00:14:09,400
entire wall could be taken down,
and the rooms could be opened 

281
00:14:09,400 --> 00:14:12,700
directly to the garden. 
The aristocrats didn't just look

282
00:14:12,700 --> 00:14:15,400
at their Gardens. 
They were always able to see and

283
00:14:15,400 --> 00:14:17,200
hear them. 
You might not expect this 

284
00:14:17,200 --> 00:14:19,600
openness to mean, a different 
way of thinking about privacy, 

285
00:14:19,600 --> 00:14:23,400
because anyone could see into 
rooms privacy was kept by using 

286
00:14:23,400 --> 00:14:25,500
layers of semi-transparent 
fabrics. 

287
00:14:25,500 --> 00:14:29,100
Cultural rules about where you 
could look and the careful 

288
00:14:29,100 --> 00:14:30,900
placement of screens and 
Furniture. 

289
00:14:30,900 --> 00:14:35,100
The privacy of the architecture 
was not physical, but social and

290
00:14:35,100 --> 00:14:37,200
it was enforced by manners and 
of locks. 

291
00:14:37,900 --> 00:14:39,400
You should meditate on the 
gardens. 

292
00:14:39,400 --> 00:14:42,300
You can see from these palaces, 
they weren't Botanical 

293
00:14:42,300 --> 00:14:44,000
collections or vegetable 
gardens. 

294
00:14:44,000 --> 00:14:46,900
They were carefully planned 
Landscapes that brought Nature 

295
00:14:46,900 --> 00:14:49,700
close to people. 
You could change the course of a

296
00:14:49,700 --> 00:14:52,400
stream so that it flows through 
the garden with carefully. 

297
00:14:52,400 --> 00:14:56,500
Chosen Stones lining the way. 
People picked trees based on how

298
00:14:56,500 --> 00:14:59,300
they looked in different 
seasons, like cherry blossoms in

299
00:14:59,300 --> 00:15:01,500
the spring and Maple's in the 
fall. 

300
00:15:02,100 --> 00:15:05,800
Island in fake, ponds stood, for
Cosmic ideas, or famous places 

301
00:15:05,800 --> 00:15:08,400
from Chinese. 
Poetry walking through these 

302
00:15:08,400 --> 00:15:11,300
Gardens meant reading between 
the lines and finding hidden 

303
00:15:11,300 --> 00:15:13,500
meanings that arrangement of 
rocks. 

304
00:15:13,500 --> 00:15:17,000
Could be a reference to a famous
Chinese landscape that tree 

305
00:15:17,000 --> 00:15:19,000
might remind people of a poem, 
they all knew. 

306
00:15:19,600 --> 00:15:21,800
The gardens were like, 
three-dimensional books that 

307
00:15:21,800 --> 00:15:23,600
only educated people could fully
enjoy. 

308
00:15:23,600 --> 00:15:27,700
You could enjoy them centrally, 
which you could do, but you are 

309
00:15:27,700 --> 00:15:30,000
also supposed to understand 
their cultural and philosophical

310
00:15:30,000 --> 00:15:32,900
meaningless. 
The idea of Mars which is often 

311
00:15:32,900 --> 00:15:37,200
translated as negative space or 
interval was very important to 

312
00:15:37,200 --> 00:15:39,000
how these buildings and Gardens 
worked. 

313
00:15:39,800 --> 00:15:43,200
Mario isn't just empty space, 
it's space, that gets meaning 

314
00:15:43,200 --> 00:15:46,300
from the things around it. 
The empty space between the 

315
00:15:46,300 --> 00:15:49,800
buildings wasn't wasted space. 
It was the organizing principle 

316
00:15:49,800 --> 00:15:51,100
that made the buildings work 
together. 

317
00:15:51,900 --> 00:15:54,200
The space between stones on a 
Garden Path. 

318
00:15:54,200 --> 00:15:57,700
Wasn't empty. 
It was full of Hope as you drift

319
00:15:57,700 --> 00:15:59,600
off to sleep. 
Imagine yourself as a hair 

320
00:15:59,600 --> 00:16:02,900
nobleman or woman relaxing on 
the raised, wooden floor of your

321
00:16:02,900 --> 00:16:05,100
home. 
The wooden shutters are gone now

322
00:16:05,100 --> 00:16:07,800
that it's spring and your room 
is completely open to the 

323
00:16:07,800 --> 00:16:10,300
garden. 
The cherry blossoms are falling 

324
00:16:10,300 --> 00:16:13,800
like snow in the light Breeze 
like high-end Nobles did all the

325
00:16:13,808 --> 00:16:16,000
time. 
You're writing poetry to try to 

326
00:16:16,000 --> 00:16:18,100
capture The Bitter. 
Sweet beauty of these flowers 

327
00:16:18,100 --> 00:16:22,700
that bloom and die in just a few
days, the architecture around, 

328
00:16:22,700 --> 00:16:24,400
you isn't separate from the 
natural world. 

329
00:16:24,400 --> 00:16:27,800
It's a carefully framed stage 
for seeing how nature changes 

330
00:16:27,800 --> 00:16:30,700
all the time. 
Japanese history, took a violent

331
00:16:30,700 --> 00:16:33,400
turn off after hundreds of years
of living in elegant, palaces, 

332
00:16:34,300 --> 00:16:37,500
Feudal Lords fought all the time
in the Middle Ages and suddenly 

333
00:16:37,500 --> 00:16:39,300
architecture had to deal with a 
problem. 

334
00:16:39,300 --> 00:16:40,900
It had never had to deal with 
before. 

335
00:16:41,800 --> 00:16:43,800
How to build beautiful 
buildings, that could also 

336
00:16:43,800 --> 00:16:47,200
survive a military attack. 
The Japanese Castle is an 

337
00:16:47,200 --> 00:16:49,700
interesting, mix of useful 
military, engineering and 

338
00:16:49,700 --> 00:16:52,400
artistic ambition. 
These weren't just rough 

339
00:16:52,400 --> 00:16:54,100
fortifications meant to keep 
people out. 

340
00:16:54,100 --> 00:16:57,900
They were also signs of power 
displays of wealth and 

341
00:16:57,900 --> 00:17:00,500
Architectural Feats that just 
happened to be good places to 

342
00:17:00,500 --> 00:17:02,700
defend. 
Let's begin with the most 

343
00:17:02,700 --> 00:17:06,700
important rule height, Japanese 
castles made good, use of the 

344
00:17:06,700 --> 00:17:09,099
land by building them on Hills 
or mountains whenever they 

345
00:17:09,099 --> 00:17:12,599
could. 
The main tower or Tenchu would 

346
00:17:12,599 --> 00:17:15,400
rise from the highest point, 
making a layered defense, that 

347
00:17:15,400 --> 00:17:17,900
attackers would have to fight 
through multiple fortified 

348
00:17:17,900 --> 00:17:20,000
zones. 
Going up before they could reach

349
00:17:20,000 --> 00:17:23,599
the keep It's like playing chess
and three dimensions that the 

350
00:17:23,608 --> 00:17:26,700
board is tilted, to The 
Defenders Advantage, the stone 

351
00:17:26,700 --> 00:17:29,400
base of these castles are 
examples of engineering that 

352
00:17:29,400 --> 00:17:34,300
still impressed people today. 
Without mortar huge Stones, Some

353
00:17:34,300 --> 00:17:37,300
of which weighed tons were put 
together to make walls that were

354
00:17:37,300 --> 00:17:41,000
30 to 40 feet high and curved 
slightly outward so that they 

355
00:17:41,000 --> 00:17:44,100
couldn't be climbed. 
These walls were not only strong

356
00:17:44,100 --> 00:17:45,400
but they were all. 
So beautiful. 

357
00:17:45,400 --> 00:17:48,300
The different colors and 
textures of the stone made 

358
00:17:48,300 --> 00:17:51,400
abstract patterns that changed 
with the weather and Light. 

359
00:17:52,100 --> 00:17:55,500
When using rough natural stones,
the method for making these 

360
00:17:55,500 --> 00:17:57,500
Stone bases, is called nasura 
tzumi. 

361
00:17:57,500 --> 00:18:01,300
When using more processed 
Stones, it is called uchikomi 

362
00:18:01,300 --> 00:18:03,900
Hardy. 
The best castles used a method 

363
00:18:03,900 --> 00:18:06,500
in which each Stone was 
carefully Chosen and shaped to 

364
00:18:06,508 --> 00:18:08,300
fit perfectly with the ones next
to it. 

365
00:18:09,000 --> 00:18:11,600
The walls were so well fitted 
that you couldn't slip a knife, 

366
00:18:11,600 --> 00:18:14,200
blade between the stones. 
It was like, high-level 

367
00:18:14,200 --> 00:18:17,300
craftsmanship in architecture 
where practical needs turned 

368
00:18:17,300 --> 00:18:19,400
into chances for virtuoso 
display. 

369
00:18:20,500 --> 00:18:23,500
The wooden Castle buildings 
themselves like Towers Gates, 

370
00:18:23,500 --> 00:18:26,800
living quarters, and storehouses
Rose above the stone 

371
00:18:26,800 --> 00:18:29,600
foundations. 
This is where the unique style 

372
00:18:29,600 --> 00:18:33,000
of Japanese Castle architecture.
Really shown through Japanese 

373
00:18:33,000 --> 00:18:35,900
castles were mostly wooden 
buildings with stone pedestals. 

374
00:18:35,900 --> 00:18:38,700
Underneath while European 
Castle's were made of solid 

375
00:18:38,700 --> 00:18:44,000
Stone throughout The towers 
could be four five or even seven

376
00:18:44,000 --> 00:18:46,800
stories tall with the story, 
being a little smaller than the 

377
00:18:46,800 --> 00:18:49,200
one below it. 
This made The Towers look like 

378
00:18:49,200 --> 00:18:51,000
wedding cakes with the tapered 
profile. 

379
00:18:52,000 --> 00:18:53,100
But here's where it gets 
interesting. 

380
00:18:54,100 --> 00:18:56,000
Floors inside. 
Don't match the stories. 

381
00:18:56,000 --> 00:18:59,300
You see from the outside. 
A five-story tower might really 

382
00:18:59,300 --> 00:19:02,400
have seven floors inside or a 
three-story building. 

383
00:19:02,400 --> 00:19:04,300
Might look like it has five 
floors inside. 

384
00:19:04,300 --> 00:19:06,700
This wasn't just to confuse 
enemies. 

385
00:19:06,700 --> 00:19:09,600
It was smart engineering that 
led the defense of flaws have 

386
00:19:09,600 --> 00:19:12,500
lower ceilings while still 
looking great from the outside. 

387
00:19:13,400 --> 00:19:16,100
The beautiful white plastered 
walls of himeji Castle. 

388
00:19:16,100 --> 00:19:19,500
Also known as the white Heron 
Castle, make it, the best 

389
00:19:19,500 --> 00:19:21,300
example of Japanese Castle 
architecture. 

390
00:19:21,300 --> 00:19:24,500
It feels like you're in a 
three-dimensional maze with 

391
00:19:24,508 --> 00:19:26,400
defensive passages that were 
made by someone. 

392
00:19:26,400 --> 00:19:29,600
Who really didn't want you to 
get to the center paths make 

393
00:19:29,608 --> 00:19:32,900
terms at strange angles. 
Doorways are set up, so that 

394
00:19:32,900 --> 00:19:36,200
attackers have to put themselves
in dangerous situations, there 

395
00:19:36,200 --> 00:19:38,700
are traps on the floors. 
Every choice made in 

396
00:19:38,700 --> 00:19:43,500
architecture, has two purposes 
to look good and to kill the 

397
00:19:43,500 --> 00:19:47,300
defensive features of Castle is 
a very clever Sarma or small 

398
00:19:47,300 --> 00:19:50,100
windows were put in place so 
that Defenders could shoot 

399
00:19:50,100 --> 00:19:51,800
arrows or guns without being 
shot back. 

400
00:19:52,800 --> 00:19:55,300
The Fender's on the upper floors
could attack anyone who got 

401
00:19:55,300 --> 00:19:57,700
passed the lower defense's 
through drop-down hatches and 

402
00:19:57,708 --> 00:20:00,700
the ceilings. 
People could pour boiling oil or

403
00:20:00,700 --> 00:20:02,600
water, on attackers through 
holes in the walls. 

404
00:20:02,600 --> 00:20:05,600
The decorative curved roofline 
also had a purpose. 

405
00:20:05,600 --> 00:20:08,300
They made it harder to judge 
distance, his name. 

406
00:20:08,300 --> 00:20:11,900
Accurately Japanese Castle's 
always looked good even though 

407
00:20:11,900 --> 00:20:13,800
they were very useful for 
military purposes. 

408
00:20:13,800 --> 00:20:17,500
The white plaster walls did more
than just reflect heat and keep 

409
00:20:17,500 --> 00:20:20,400
fire from spreading. 
They also made a striking 

410
00:20:20,400 --> 00:20:22,800
contrast with the dark wood and 
Grace Stone. 

411
00:20:22,800 --> 00:20:26,500
Making Castle's visible from 
miles away and turning them into

412
00:20:26,500 --> 00:20:30,100
landmarks that stood out in the 
landscape, the ornate roof 

413
00:20:30,100 --> 00:20:34,200
decorations, which usually had 
Fierce animal designs protected,

414
00:20:34,200 --> 00:20:36,400
the building from lightning and 
showed the Lord's power. 

415
00:20:37,400 --> 00:20:40,000
The inside of the Castle's. 
Living quarters showed that even

416
00:20:40,000 --> 00:20:43,500
Warlords cared about how things 
looked There were painted 

417
00:20:43,500 --> 00:20:47,400
screens by famous artists in the
rooms alcoves for displaying 

418
00:20:47,400 --> 00:20:51,600
valuable items and windows that 
looked out on Gardens, the 

419
00:20:51,600 --> 00:20:55,200
strongest Lords hired, the best 
painters, carpenters, and 

420
00:20:55,200 --> 00:20:58,300
gardeners to make places that 
were good for both Siege Warfare

421
00:20:58,300 --> 00:21:01,500
and poetry parties. 
During the time of castles, 

422
00:21:01,500 --> 00:21:05,400
there was one new thing hidden 
rooms and passages there were 

423
00:21:05,408 --> 00:21:07,900
often rooms and castles that 
could only be reached through 

424
00:21:07,900 --> 00:21:10,500
hidden doors. 
These rooms were used to store 

425
00:21:10,500 --> 00:21:13,600
Treasures or for guards to hide 
in to keep the Lord safe. 

426
00:21:13,600 --> 00:21:17,000
Some castles had whole networks 
of hidden corridors in their 

427
00:21:17,000 --> 00:21:20,100
walls, that let Defenders move 
between floors without being 

428
00:21:20,100 --> 00:21:22,500
seen. 
Sometimes during restoration 

429
00:21:22,500 --> 00:21:25,900
work hundreds of years later, 
people found these hidden spaces

430
00:21:25,900 --> 00:21:28,900
which still had old equipment or
forgotten supplies in them. 

431
00:21:29,600 --> 00:21:32,100
During the Edo period, the shift
from water piece, turned 

432
00:21:32,100 --> 00:21:35,300
Castle's from military bases 
into government buildings and 

433
00:21:35,300 --> 00:21:38,700
symbols of power. 
Lord still owned them but they 

434
00:21:38,700 --> 00:21:41,400
were more like government 
buildings than fortresses, they 

435
00:21:41,400 --> 00:21:44,600
added more details. 
The reception rooms got bigger, 

436
00:21:44,600 --> 00:21:47,900
the martial arts stayed, but 
they became more decorative than

437
00:21:47,900 --> 00:21:52,300
useful. as you sink deeper into 
your pillow, picture yourself, 

438
00:21:52,300 --> 00:21:56,100
standing on the top floor of a 
castle tower at dusk, you can 

439
00:21:56,100 --> 00:21:58,500
see the countryside around the 
castle through the small 

440
00:21:58,500 --> 00:22:00,900
Windows. 
The town is built around the 

441
00:22:00,900 --> 00:22:03,900
base of the castle. 
The fields are beyond that and 

442
00:22:03,900 --> 00:22:05,400
the mountains are in the 
distance. 

443
00:22:06,300 --> 00:22:09,400
The Castle's many defensive 
Rings go down in layers of stone

444
00:22:09,400 --> 00:22:12,100
and wood below you. 
The wind Whispers through the 

445
00:22:12,100 --> 00:22:15,000
intricate wooden structure, 
giving the whole building a life

446
00:22:15,000 --> 00:22:19,400
of its own The castle is calm 
and watchful tonight, a mountain

447
00:22:19,400 --> 00:22:22,000
of human intention rising. 
From the natural landscape. 

448
00:22:22,000 --> 00:22:26,500
Tomorrow may bring battle. 
Japan entered, the Edo period in

449
00:22:26,500 --> 00:22:30,400
the early, 1600s under the 
Tokugawa, shogunate after 

450
00:22:30,400 --> 00:22:33,400
centuries of War, all that 
military architecture became 

451
00:22:33,400 --> 00:22:36,800
mostly useless. 
Japan didn't need castles or to 

452
00:22:36,800 --> 00:22:40,200
vacations right now. 
It needed City's neighborhoods 

453
00:22:40,200 --> 00:22:43,900
and daily life. 
And out of this long piece, came

454
00:22:43,900 --> 00:22:46,700
City, building's that changed 
the way millions of people 

455
00:22:46,700 --> 00:22:50,300
lived. 
In just a few decades Edo, which

456
00:22:50,300 --> 00:22:53,900
would later become Tokyo Grew 
From A Small Castle town to one 

457
00:22:53,900 --> 00:22:55,100
of the bigger cities in the 
world. 

458
00:22:56,100 --> 00:22:59,400
By the early 1700s, it was home 
to more than a million people 

459
00:22:59,400 --> 00:23:01,700
making it bigger than London or 
Paris. 

460
00:23:02,600 --> 00:23:06,200
Rethinking everything about how 
cities are built and planned was

461
00:23:06,200 --> 00:23:09,000
necessary to handle that many 
people living in wooden 

462
00:23:09,000 --> 00:23:11,800
buildings in a city that caught 
fire often. 

463
00:23:12,800 --> 00:23:16,400
The typical townhouse or macchia
from the Edo period, had ideas 

464
00:23:16,400 --> 00:23:18,900
about how to live in a city that
still affect Japanese 

465
00:23:18,900 --> 00:23:22,100
architecture today. 
These buildings were long and 

466
00:23:22,100 --> 00:23:24,900
narrow. 
Usually only 15 to 20 feet wide 

467
00:23:24,900 --> 00:23:27,200
and going back from the street 
for 60 feet or more. 

468
00:23:28,000 --> 00:23:30,500
Property taxes were based on how
much of the street front there 

469
00:23:30,500 --> 00:23:32,900
was. 
So, people built deep and narrow

470
00:23:32,900 --> 00:23:35,800
to save money. 
The buildings that came out were

471
00:23:35,800 --> 00:23:39,100
like caves in the city with dark
areas in the middle and light 

472
00:23:39,100 --> 00:23:40,900
coming in through the front door
and backyard. 

473
00:23:41,800 --> 00:23:45,000
The front of a matcha was a shop
or Workshop, a semi-public 

474
00:23:45,000 --> 00:23:47,500
space, where the households 
business and Street Life came 

475
00:23:47,500 --> 00:23:50,000
together. 
A few steps up from the street 

476
00:23:50,000 --> 00:23:53,200
level marked, the start of the 
building's inside, you could do 

477
00:23:53,200 --> 00:23:55,800
business in this threshold Zone 
without actually entering the 

478
00:23:55,800 --> 00:23:58,000
house. 
As with many other parts of 

479
00:23:58,000 --> 00:24:01,100
Japanese architecture, the line 
between public and private 

480
00:24:01,100 --> 00:24:04,600
wasn't a straight line. 
But gradual change the building 

481
00:24:04,600 --> 00:24:06,500
stretched toward the back behind
the shop area. 

482
00:24:06,500 --> 00:24:09,900
It was divided into rooms by 
sliding through Summa panels 

483
00:24:09,900 --> 00:24:12,200
that were covered in thick paper
or fabric. 

484
00:24:13,000 --> 00:24:16,800
These rooms had many uses during
the day, they were living spaces

485
00:24:16,800 --> 00:24:19,300
and at night futons were put out
for sleeping. 

486
00:24:20,300 --> 00:24:24,000
There wasn't much furniture and 
it was often easy to move a low 

487
00:24:24,000 --> 00:24:27,100
table for eating, that could be 
moved out of the way, chess for 

488
00:24:27,100 --> 00:24:28,700
storage. 
That could be stacked or moved 

489
00:24:28,700 --> 00:24:30,900
around. 
The space itself, could be 

490
00:24:30,900 --> 00:24:35,000
changed in any way, depending on
the time of day or year, a small

491
00:24:35,000 --> 00:24:37,400
courtyard Garden at the very 
back of the macchia. 

492
00:24:37,400 --> 00:24:39,800
Let in light and air to the 
building's deepest parts. 

493
00:24:39,800 --> 00:24:43,900
These Gardens were very small, 
sometimes only eight or 10 feet 

494
00:24:43,900 --> 00:24:46,600
square but they were very 
important for making the long 

495
00:24:46,600 --> 00:24:50,800
narrow buildings liveable that 
little bit of sky that one tree 

496
00:24:50,800 --> 00:24:53,900
and those few carefully placed 
Stones changed the whole 

497
00:24:53,900 --> 00:24:57,300
character of the space making it
feel like it was connected to 

498
00:24:57,300 --> 00:25:00,100
Nature even though it was in a 
busy city, the whole 

499
00:25:00,100 --> 00:25:01,700
neighborhood of machir gave the 
city. 

500
00:25:01,700 --> 00:25:05,300
A texture that Western cities 
don't have because the houses 

501
00:25:05,300 --> 00:25:07,500
were so narrow. 
The streets were lined with 

502
00:25:07,500 --> 00:25:10,400
different versions of the same 
thing which made the streets, 

503
00:25:10,400 --> 00:25:12,200
look more interesting and stead 
of boring. 

504
00:25:12,800 --> 00:25:15,200
Because it was so small, 
everything was easy to get to on

505
00:25:15,200 --> 00:25:17,400
foot. 
The fact that there were shops 

506
00:25:17,400 --> 00:25:19,100
on the ground floors and homes 
above them. 

507
00:25:19,100 --> 00:25:21,700
Meant that, neighborhoods were 
busy all day and night. 

508
00:25:22,400 --> 00:25:24,200
Fire was always a threat to 
Edo's. 

509
00:25:24,200 --> 00:25:28,200
Wooden building's, the city was 
hit by big fires all the time 

510
00:25:28,200 --> 00:25:31,800
and sometimes they destroyed 
tens of thousands of buildings 

511
00:25:31,800 --> 00:25:35,100
in just one day. 
The Japanese didn't build in 

512
00:25:35,100 --> 00:25:37,500
stone because it was more 
expensive and less comfortable. 

513
00:25:37,500 --> 00:25:40,900
Instead, they came up with a 
complicated system for 

514
00:25:40,900 --> 00:25:42,700
preventing and responding to 
fires. 

515
00:25:43,400 --> 00:25:45,600
There were volunteer fire 
brigades in neighborhoods 

516
00:25:45,600 --> 00:25:48,900
buildings had thick walled, 
storehouses called Kura that 

517
00:25:48,908 --> 00:25:50,600
were fireproof and had heavy 
doors. 

518
00:25:51,300 --> 00:25:53,000
Fire breaks were built into the 
streets. 

519
00:25:53,000 --> 00:25:55,100
You always knew that fire would 
happen. 

520
00:25:55,100 --> 00:25:57,600
So you built quickly and cheaply
enough that it wouldn't be a 

521
00:25:57,600 --> 00:26:01,000
disaster to rebuild. 
The Cure is worth paying special

522
00:26:01,000 --> 00:26:03,700
attention to because it shows a 
completely different way of 

523
00:26:03,700 --> 00:26:05,300
building in the larger wooden 
City. 

524
00:26:06,000 --> 00:26:09,600
These storehouses were basically
boxes with thick Earth and walls

525
00:26:09,600 --> 00:26:12,900
that were covered in plaster and
had small windows that were 

526
00:26:12,900 --> 00:26:16,500
sealed with heavy shutters 
family kept their most valuable 

527
00:26:16,500 --> 00:26:20,600
things inside, like documents 
heirlooms and expensive Fabrics.

528
00:26:21,500 --> 00:26:25,000
Curious thick walls might keep 
their content safe even when the

529
00:26:25,000 --> 00:26:28,100
main house burned down around 
them. families would come back 

530
00:26:28,100 --> 00:26:30,700
after the fire to find this 
Storehouse houses standing like 

531
00:26:30,700 --> 00:26:34,600
white Island in a sea of Ash, 
But the pleasure quarters and 

532
00:26:34,600 --> 00:26:37,700
tea houses, that thrive during 
the long piece might be Edo's. 

533
00:26:37,700 --> 00:26:40,900
Most unique architectural 
contribution. these 

534
00:26:40,900 --> 00:26:43,800
entertainment districts created 
their own style of architecture 

535
00:26:43,800 --> 00:26:47,900
with buildings, that had more 
details for SARS bigger, windows

536
00:26:47,900 --> 00:26:51,000
and rooms that were meant for 
Gathering and Performing instead

537
00:26:51,000 --> 00:26:54,600
of just living Yukio, which was 
captured in Prince and 

538
00:26:54,600 --> 00:26:57,400
literature was a famous floating
World in Edo. 

539
00:26:57,400 --> 00:27:00,500
It had its own unique 
architecture and spaces made 

540
00:27:00,500 --> 00:27:02,300
just for a culture of high-class
entertainment. 

541
00:27:03,300 --> 00:27:06,000
During the Edo period, the 
Teahouse itself which we'll talk

542
00:27:06,008 --> 00:27:08,600
about in more detail soon became
very popular. 

543
00:27:09,600 --> 00:27:12,300
But the tea house is and cities 
were not the same as the ones 

544
00:27:12,300 --> 00:27:15,100
for tea ceremonies. 
These were places where people 

545
00:27:15,100 --> 00:27:17,700
could meet and talk about 
business where artists could 

546
00:27:17,700 --> 00:27:20,800
gather and where Samurai could 
forget about their status for a 

547
00:27:20,800 --> 00:27:22,900
night. 
The architecture showed this 

548
00:27:22,900 --> 00:27:26,200
flexibility by having rooms that
could be opened or closed and 

549
00:27:26,200 --> 00:27:28,800
spaces that could go from 
private to public, depending on 

550
00:27:28,800 --> 00:27:31,900
what was needed. 
During the Edo period townhouses

551
00:27:31,900 --> 00:27:34,100
also saw the full development of
the torque. 

552
00:27:34,100 --> 00:27:37,100
No, an Alcove that may have 
become the most important part 

553
00:27:37,100 --> 00:27:40,600
of the Japanese home. 
The Toca know was a small raised

554
00:27:40,600 --> 00:27:43,500
area with slightly different 
floor, level and a decorative 

555
00:27:43,500 --> 00:27:45,900
backing. 
The family would put a scroll 

556
00:27:45,900 --> 00:27:49,200
and maybe a flower arrangement 
or a treasured object, there the

557
00:27:49,200 --> 00:27:56,900
Toccoa on a sign of the family's
taste and refinement, what you 

558
00:27:56,900 --> 00:27:59,700
put in your Tonka know said, a 
lot about who you were and what 

559
00:27:59,700 --> 00:28:02,600
you cared about. 
During this time to Tommy 

560
00:28:02,600 --> 00:28:05,600
changed in a way that made floor
plans, the same all over Japan 

561
00:28:05,600 --> 00:28:08,400
to Tommy. 
Mats came in standard sizes, 

562
00:28:08,400 --> 00:28:11,800
which made it easy to get, how 
big a room would be a room. 

563
00:28:11,800 --> 00:28:14,800
With six Maps was a room with 
six maths, whether it was in 

564
00:28:14,800 --> 00:28:18,100
their dough or Kyoto, the size 
of the mats did differ slightly 

565
00:28:18,100 --> 00:28:21,300
by region, of course. 
Because of this standardization 

566
00:28:21,300 --> 00:28:24,100
that was possible to make a lot 
of architectural Parts like 

567
00:28:24,100 --> 00:28:27,400
screens doors and Alcove pieces 
that could fit in any building 

568
00:28:27,400 --> 00:28:30,500
that followed the rules. 
As you move around in bed to 

569
00:28:30,500 --> 00:28:33,600
find the perfect spot, picture 
yourself in a townhouse from the

570
00:28:33,608 --> 00:28:36,900
Edo period on a summer night. 
The shutters in the front are 

571
00:28:36,900 --> 00:28:38,700
open to let in any Breeze from 
the street. 

572
00:28:38,700 --> 00:28:42,700
People who live nearby walk by 
and talk to each other, the 

573
00:28:42,700 --> 00:28:45,700
small garden at the back of the 
house is in the shade, and the 

574
00:28:45,700 --> 00:28:48,700
single maple tree is a dark 
shape against the deep blue sky.

575
00:28:49,500 --> 00:28:52,600
You'll sit in close to the 
tokonoma where a scroll shows a 

576
00:28:52,600 --> 00:28:55,200
mountain landscape in a simple 
flower arrangement that together

577
00:28:55,200 --> 00:28:58,900
make a small world of meaning. 
The city with a million people 

578
00:28:58,900 --> 00:29:02,500
is outside inside. 
Is this carefully planned space?

579
00:29:02,500 --> 00:29:05,900
That isn't too big but has 
everything you need to live a 

580
00:29:05,900 --> 00:29:07,700
civilized life. 
To really get to know. 

581
00:29:07,700 --> 00:29:11,300
Japanese architecture, you have 
to go into a tea room or a shih 

582
00:29:11,300 --> 00:29:14,700
tzu, these small buildings, 
which usually have only four and

583
00:29:14,700 --> 00:29:18,000
a half to Tammy mats of floor. 
Space are the best example of 

584
00:29:18,000 --> 00:29:21,700
how Japanese design ideas can be
turned into buildings before we 

585
00:29:21,700 --> 00:29:23,200
talk about the buildings 
architecture. 

586
00:29:23,200 --> 00:29:26,000
We should learn about the Tea 
Ceremony, which is what these 

587
00:29:26,000 --> 00:29:28,700
buildings are for you. 
Do drink tea but that's not 

588
00:29:28,700 --> 00:29:31,200
really the point. 
It's about making a temporary 

589
00:29:31,200 --> 00:29:34,100
world of refined interaction, 
whether the usual rules and 

590
00:29:34,100 --> 00:29:35,900
worries of daily life, don't 
matter anymore. 

591
00:29:35,900 --> 00:29:40,000
Instead, there is only the pure 
present moment that the hosts 

592
00:29:40,000 --> 00:29:43,300
and guests share. 
The architectures job is to set 

593
00:29:43,300 --> 00:29:46,700
the stage for this experience 
and make it easier to have said,

594
00:29:46,700 --> 00:29:49,900
no, Ricky you A Team master from
the 16th century, who wrote down

595
00:29:49,900 --> 00:29:52,400
many of the rules for tea. 
Ceremonies changed, T 

596
00:29:52,400 --> 00:29:55,600
architecture by moving it away 
from fancy buildings that were 

597
00:29:55,600 --> 00:29:58,300
influenced by Chinese style and 
Toured buildings, that were 

598
00:29:58,300 --> 00:30:01,800
almost radically, simple and 
focused on natural materials and

599
00:30:01,800 --> 00:30:05,000
rough textures. 
Ricky's ideas about Japanese 

600
00:30:05,000 --> 00:30:08,200
taste. 
Go far beyond tea, almost every 

601
00:30:08,200 --> 00:30:10,900
modern idea of Japanese taste 
can be traced back to what he 

602
00:30:10,908 --> 00:30:13,900
said. 
Before you even walk in a tea 

603
00:30:13,900 --> 00:30:16,500
room, starts to work, you walk 
through a garden path. 

604
00:30:16,500 --> 00:30:19,900
Called a rogi, which is meant to
help you switch your mind from 

605
00:30:19,900 --> 00:30:21,500
the outside world to the Tea 
Room. 

606
00:30:21,500 --> 00:30:25,100
You might walk through a garden 
gate over Stepping Stones past a

607
00:30:25,100 --> 00:30:28,000
bench where someone is waiting 
and then to a stone Basin where 

608
00:30:28,000 --> 00:30:31,300
you can wash your hands and 
mouth, each part has both 

609
00:30:31,300 --> 00:30:33,200
practical and psychological 
uses. 

610
00:30:33,200 --> 00:30:35,300
You're not just walking to a 
building. 

611
00:30:35,300 --> 00:30:38,300
You're slowly breaking your ties
to the outside world. 

612
00:30:38,300 --> 00:30:41,500
The entrance to the Tea Room is 
meant to make you feel small. 

613
00:30:41,500 --> 00:30:45,800
The ninja re Gucci or crawling 
in entrance is only about two 

614
00:30:45,800 --> 00:30:47,900
feet square. 
So even the most important 

615
00:30:47,900 --> 00:30:49,900
guests have to Bow Low and crawl
through. 

616
00:30:50,800 --> 00:30:53,000
The samurai had to leave their 
swords out side because the 

617
00:30:53,000 --> 00:30:54,900
opening was too small for them 
to go in with them. 

618
00:30:54,900 --> 00:30:58,500
This forced humility set, the 
mood for the rest of the events.

619
00:30:58,500 --> 00:31:01,200
There were no social hierarchies
in the Tea Room that were 

620
00:31:01,200 --> 00:31:03,400
outside of it. 
There were only the host and the

621
00:31:03,400 --> 00:31:06,700
guests drinking tea at first, 
glance the inside of a tea room.

622
00:31:06,700 --> 00:31:10,100
Looks almost like a cave, the 
walls of rough clay mixed with 

623
00:31:10,100 --> 00:31:13,500
straw show their texture. 
Well, wooden post keep their 

624
00:31:13,500 --> 00:31:15,900
bark or have irregularity that 
meant to be there. 

625
00:31:16,800 --> 00:31:19,600
The ceiling might be made of a 
mix of materials like bamboo 

626
00:31:19,600 --> 00:31:23,100
reeds and wood to make a 
patchwork that looks random. 

627
00:31:23,100 --> 00:31:26,400
But is actually carefully, 
planned small windows with 

628
00:31:26,400 --> 00:31:29,400
translucent paper on them, let 
in natural light, which makes 

629
00:31:29,400 --> 00:31:31,200
the room softly lit from the 
side. 

630
00:31:31,200 --> 00:31:34,800
But this look of being rustic is
actually very sophisticated. 

631
00:31:34,800 --> 00:31:37,800
Every part has been chosen with 
great care. 

632
00:31:37,800 --> 00:31:41,300
There were hundreds of pieces to
choose from and that one with 

633
00:31:41,300 --> 00:31:42,900
the bark still on. 
It was chosen. 

634
00:31:43,700 --> 00:31:47,200
We looked at its slight curve, 
its unique texture and how light

635
00:31:47,200 --> 00:31:50,100
hits its surface. 
And we decided that all of these

636
00:31:50,100 --> 00:31:51,600
things were just right for this 
spot. 

637
00:31:52,400 --> 00:31:55,400
The rough texture of the walls, 
may look random, but it creates 

638
00:31:55,400 --> 00:31:59,300
a specific visual effect that 
Master spend Years Learning to 

639
00:31:59,300 --> 00:32:03,300
make. 
The tokenomic of the tea room 

640
00:32:03,308 --> 00:32:06,000
and it is even more important 
here than in residential 

641
00:32:06,000 --> 00:32:09,700
architecture. 
There is a scroll in the Alcove 

642
00:32:09,700 --> 00:32:11,400
that was chosen just for this 
Gathering. 

643
00:32:11,400 --> 00:32:13,800
It could be a piece of 
calligraphy or a landscape 

644
00:32:13,800 --> 00:32:16,400
painting. 
The Scroll is more than just a 

645
00:32:16,400 --> 00:32:19,000
decoration. 
It sets the spiritual tone for 

646
00:32:19,000 --> 00:32:21,300
the whole tea party when guests 
come in. 

647
00:32:21,308 --> 00:32:24,700
They look at the tokenomy and 
read the scroll to find out what

648
00:32:24,700 --> 00:32:27,600
this Gathering is all about 
everything in a tea room, is 

649
00:32:27,600 --> 00:32:30,600
there to help with tea? 
The half that is sunk into the 

650
00:32:30,600 --> 00:32:33,800
ground is where the water is 
heated, and it is set up so that

651
00:32:33,800 --> 00:32:36,000
the host can perform the 
ceremony while sitting down. 

652
00:32:37,300 --> 00:32:40,200
The door that the host uses to 
get in is separate from the door

653
00:32:40,200 --> 00:32:43,600
that the guests used to get in. 
So the host can bring in tea 

654
00:32:43,600 --> 00:32:45,100
supplies without bothering the 
guests. 

655
00:32:45,800 --> 00:32:48,500
The windows are placed just 
right so that the t-ball gets 

656
00:32:48,500 --> 00:32:51,200
the right amount of light at the
most important times during the 

657
00:32:51,200 --> 00:32:54,400
ceremony. 
Nothing is random every size 

658
00:32:54,400 --> 00:32:56,000
material. 
And surface has been thought 

659
00:32:56,000 --> 00:32:59,700
about tea, rooms aesthetic, 
ideas, slowly, spread to all of 

660
00:32:59,700 --> 00:33:03,300
Japanese architecture. 
The idea of Warby which means 

661
00:33:03,300 --> 00:33:06,300
finding Beauty and simple things
and materials changed. 

662
00:33:06,300 --> 00:33:08,000
How people thought about 
designing homes. 

663
00:33:08,000 --> 00:33:11,300
People like to warn word and 
weathered Stone because of the 

664
00:33:11,300 --> 00:33:14,500
idea of Sabi, which means, 
appreciating the patina of age 

665
00:33:14,500 --> 00:33:17,600
and the marks of use. 
Japanese architecture, became 

666
00:33:17,600 --> 00:33:19,900
known for using natural 
materials in their natural state

667
00:33:19,900 --> 00:33:22,900
without paint or other 
decorations tea rooms. 

668
00:33:22,900 --> 00:33:26,900
Also perfected the idea of shaky
or borrowed Sinai which is when 

669
00:33:26,900 --> 00:33:29,100
a building is designed to 
include views of the landscape 

670
00:33:29,100 --> 00:33:32,900
around it. 
As part of its interior space, a

671
00:33:32,900 --> 00:33:35,100
window that is carefully. 
Placed might frame a certain 

672
00:33:35,100 --> 00:33:38,300
tree in the garden making that 
tree a part of the rooms design,

673
00:33:38,300 --> 00:33:42,100
the rooms character changes when
the tree blooms or changes color

674
00:33:42,100 --> 00:33:45,000
with the seasons. 
The line between architecture 

675
00:33:45,000 --> 00:33:47,900
and Landscape becomes less clear
and more temporary the famous 

676
00:33:47,900 --> 00:33:50,600
tyion Tea Room, which was 
designed by Ricky himself. 

677
00:33:50,600 --> 00:33:55,100
And is still standing is only 9 
feet by nine feet in this small 

678
00:33:55,100 --> 00:33:57,000
space. 
All of Japanese aesthetic 

679
00:33:57,000 --> 00:34:00,500
philosophy has shown the rough 
clay walls, the carefully uneven

680
00:34:00,500 --> 00:34:02,600
posts. 
The small window that looks out 

681
00:34:02,600 --> 00:34:05,000
onto a perfectly. 
Framed Garden View and the 

682
00:34:05,008 --> 00:34:08,100
tokonoma with its subtle 
proportions all work together to

683
00:34:08,100 --> 00:34:10,300
make a space. 
That feels both humble and deep 

684
00:34:10,300 --> 00:34:13,900
rustic and refined and temporary
and eternal. 

685
00:34:14,800 --> 00:34:18,100
Later Teamsters build on recuse 
work and made different styles 

686
00:34:18,100 --> 00:34:20,800
of tea rooms that looked at 
different parts of tea room 

687
00:34:20,808 --> 00:34:23,500
design. 
Some added more windows to let 

688
00:34:23,500 --> 00:34:25,900
in more light. 
Some people tried out different 

689
00:34:25,900 --> 00:34:29,000
materials or proportions, but 
they all stuck to the main idea.

690
00:34:29,800 --> 00:34:32,500
ah, Tea Room should be its own 
world, a place where Beauty 

691
00:34:32,500 --> 00:34:36,199
becomes a way to connect with 
the divine The way tea rooms 

692
00:34:36,199 --> 00:34:39,000
were designed had an effect on 
the way other types of buildings

693
00:34:39,000 --> 00:34:41,699
were built. 
The sukiya style that came from 

694
00:34:41,699 --> 00:34:44,199
te architecture used its ideas 
in house design. 

695
00:34:44,199 --> 00:34:48,000
Such as using natural materials 
making rooms that are the right 

696
00:34:48,000 --> 00:34:51,300
size for people in state of 
grand displays and paying closer

697
00:34:51,300 --> 00:34:55,900
attention to texture and Light. 
Exposed wooden ceilings alcoves 

698
00:34:55,900 --> 00:34:59,200
for display and sliding paper 
screens are all things that are 

699
00:34:59,200 --> 00:35:02,400
now thought of as typically 
Japanese, they all come from tea

700
00:35:02,400 --> 00:35:06,000
remarker, as you get ready to 
sleep, picture yourself in a tea

701
00:35:06,000 --> 00:35:08,500
room, at dusk. 
The rain is falling outside, 

702
00:35:08,500 --> 00:35:12,000
making a soft sound on the roof.
You can barely see the garden 

703
00:35:12,000 --> 00:35:14,700
through the small window. 
The stones and Moss are getting 

704
00:35:14,700 --> 00:35:17,500
darker because of the moisture, 
the host just made tea with 

705
00:35:17,508 --> 00:35:20,600
careful practice movements. 
The t-bowl is in front of you 

706
00:35:20,600 --> 00:35:22,900
and it's rough. 
Surface feels warm in your 

707
00:35:22,908 --> 00:35:26,100
hands. 
In this small space, the whole 

708
00:35:26,100 --> 00:35:27,800
universe is shrunk to this 
moment. 

709
00:35:27,800 --> 00:35:32,700
The taste of tea, the sound of 
rain, and the way the light is 

710
00:35:32,700 --> 00:35:35,600
fading. 
The room has everything it needs

711
00:35:35,600 --> 00:35:39,400
and nothing. 
It doesn't in its own quiet way,

712
00:35:39,400 --> 00:35:43,300
it's perfect. 
Japan had been closed off from 

713
00:35:43,300 --> 00:35:46,200
the rest of the world for over 
200 years, but in the middle of 

714
00:35:46,200 --> 00:35:50,100
the 19th century, it opened up 
The meeting changed Japanese 

715
00:35:50,100 --> 00:35:53,000
architecture in ways that were 
both exciting and confusing, 

716
00:35:53,000 --> 00:35:56,600
suddenly a building style that 
had developed over 100s of years

717
00:35:56,600 --> 00:35:59,600
to reflect certain cultural 
values and deal with certain 

718
00:35:59,600 --> 00:36:02,500
problems, had to learn how to 
use completely different 

719
00:36:02,500 --> 00:36:05,700
architectural languages from 
Europe and America people who 

720
00:36:05,700 --> 00:36:08,300
are used to wooden buildings 
with paper screens and sliding 

721
00:36:08,300 --> 00:36:11,700
doors must have thought that the
first western style buildings in

722
00:36:11,708 --> 00:36:15,500
Japan were very strange. 
Buildings Made of Stone or brick

723
00:36:15,500 --> 00:36:18,800
with glass windows, multiple 
stories with stairs inside 

724
00:36:18,800 --> 00:36:22,400
rooms, that were only for one 
thing and ferniture that could 

725
00:36:22,400 --> 00:36:25,500
not be moved or changed. 
All showed a very different idea

726
00:36:25,500 --> 00:36:27,800
of what buildings were and how 
people should live in them. 

727
00:36:28,900 --> 00:36:31,400
The major government wanted 
Japan to become a modern nation 

728
00:36:31,400 --> 00:36:34,900
state, so they actively promoted
Western architecture as part of 

729
00:36:34,900 --> 00:36:37,800
that process. 
They hired Architects from other

730
00:36:37,800 --> 00:36:42,000
countries to design government 
buildings, Banks, train stations

731
00:36:42,000 --> 00:36:44,400
and other buildings that needed 
to look modern and strong. 

732
00:36:45,200 --> 00:36:47,700
These buildings intentionally 
copied Western Styles. 

733
00:36:47,700 --> 00:36:51,500
Like Victorian, Gothic 
Renaissance, Revival and French 

734
00:36:51,500 --> 00:36:54,100
baroque. 
Sometimes they did this in a way

735
00:36:54,108 --> 00:36:56,100
that was so mixed up. 
That it was hard to tell where 

736
00:36:56,100 --> 00:36:57,900
one style ended in another 
began. 

737
00:36:57,900 --> 00:37:00,900
It must have been strange to 
walk through Central Tokyo 

738
00:37:00,900 --> 00:37:04,400
during the Meiji period. 
There were brick banking houses 

739
00:37:04,400 --> 00:37:07,300
with Corinthian columns next to 
traditional wooden temples and 

740
00:37:07,300 --> 00:37:09,800
matcha. 
Buddhist temples had roofs that 

741
00:37:09,800 --> 00:37:12,600
curved while government 
buildings had roofs that slope 

742
00:37:12,600 --> 00:37:16,400
down like European ruse. 
There was an architectural clash

743
00:37:16,400 --> 00:37:19,400
with out synthesis, the 
different buildings living in 

744
00:37:19,408 --> 00:37:22,200
the same city, but not yet, 
learning how to talk to each 

745
00:37:22,200 --> 00:37:24,400
other. 
Japanese architects who had 

746
00:37:24,400 --> 00:37:27,100
studied in Europe and America 
had an interesting problem to 

747
00:37:27,100 --> 00:37:30,000
solve how to make modern 
Japanese architecture. 

748
00:37:30,000 --> 00:37:33,000
That used Western Building 
Technology, but still stay true 

749
00:37:33,000 --> 00:37:36,700
to traditional aesthetic values.
Architects would spend the next 

750
00:37:36,700 --> 00:37:40,100
hundred years, thinking about 
this question and it may still 

751
00:37:40,100 --> 00:37:42,200
have an effect on Japanese 
architecture today. 

752
00:37:43,300 --> 00:37:46,200
One of the first things people 
did was add Japanese decorative 

753
00:37:46,200 --> 00:37:47,800
elements to Western building 
styles. 

754
00:37:47,800 --> 00:37:51,400
You could have a brick building 
with European proportions and a 

755
00:37:51,400 --> 00:37:54,800
Japanese style tiled roof or a 
stone building with towers that 

756
00:37:54,800 --> 00:37:57,800
look like pagodas. 
These hybrids often looked 

757
00:37:57,800 --> 00:38:00,700
strange like someone wearing a 
business suit with traditional 

758
00:38:00,700 --> 00:38:03,400
sandals. 
Each part was fine on its own 

759
00:38:03,400 --> 00:38:05,100
but together they were 
uncomfortable. 

760
00:38:05,900 --> 00:38:09,200
Tokyo Station, which was 
finished in 1914, is a good 

761
00:38:09,208 --> 00:38:11,600
example of the architectural 
goals of this time. 

762
00:38:12,300 --> 00:38:14,900
The station was a huge red brick
building with European 

763
00:38:14,900 --> 00:38:19,000
Renaissance style including 
domes arches and details 

764
00:38:19,000 --> 00:38:22,000
brickwork. 
Was designed by tatsuno Kingo. 

765
00:38:22,000 --> 00:38:25,100
Who would study in London? 
It was supposed to show that 

766
00:38:25,100 --> 00:38:28,000
Japan had become a modern 
country with infrastructure. 

767
00:38:28,000 --> 00:38:30,900
That could compete with any 
Western power, but you could see

768
00:38:30,900 --> 00:38:32,800
that Japanese sensibilities were
at work. 

769
00:38:32,800 --> 00:38:34,500
In the way, it was built and the
way it looked. 

770
00:38:34,500 --> 00:38:37,200
But the changes that were 
happening in residential 

771
00:38:37,200 --> 00:38:39,400
architecture were more 
interesting than the big public 

772
00:38:39,400 --> 00:38:42,200
building's. 
Middle-class Japanese homes 

773
00:38:42,200 --> 00:38:45,600
started to mix Western and 
Japanese Styles making hybrid 

774
00:38:45,600 --> 00:38:48,100
spaces that showed how 
lifestyle's were changing while 

775
00:38:48,100 --> 00:38:49,700
still keeping traditional 
comforts. 

776
00:38:50,400 --> 00:38:54,000
A house might have one western 
style room with chairs, tables 

777
00:38:54,000 --> 00:38:57,200
and hardwood floors. 
This room was usually used for 

778
00:38:57,200 --> 00:39:00,500
business or to welcome guests. 
The rest of the house would be 

779
00:39:00,500 --> 00:39:03,400
traditional Japanese with tatami
mats and sliding screens. 

780
00:39:03,400 --> 00:39:06,400
This wasn't just about how 
things looked or how they were 

781
00:39:06,400 --> 00:39:08,900
worn different. 
Kinds of activities, really 

782
00:39:08,900 --> 00:39:10,900
worked better in different kinds
of buildings. 

783
00:39:11,600 --> 00:39:14,900
If you wore western clothes, you
want to chairs and tables that 

784
00:39:14,900 --> 00:39:17,900
were Western Heights. 
But when they were at home a lot

785
00:39:17,908 --> 00:39:20,900
of Japanese people like to take 
off their tight western clothes 

786
00:39:20,900 --> 00:39:25,100
put on a Yukata or kimono and 
sit on Tammy the old-fashioned 

787
00:39:25,100 --> 00:39:27,900
way. 
You could live in both modes 

788
00:39:27,900 --> 00:39:30,700
because you had both kinds of 
spaces, you could choose the 

789
00:39:30,700 --> 00:39:34,300
right one for each activity, the
engawa, a space between the 

790
00:39:34,300 --> 00:39:37,600
inside and outside that looked 
like a porch was a big part of 

791
00:39:37,600 --> 00:39:40,900
traditional Japanese 
architecture in May G period 

792
00:39:40,900 --> 00:39:43,900
homes. 
It took on a new form sometimes 

793
00:39:43,900 --> 00:39:47,400
it had glass windows around it, 
making it look like a sunroom, 

794
00:39:47,400 --> 00:39:49,700
that kept the weather out. 
Still let you see the gardeners.

795
00:39:50,500 --> 00:39:53,000
This change showed how 
traditional building Parts could

796
00:39:53,000 --> 00:39:56,500
change to use new materials and 
Technologies while still doing 

797
00:39:56,500 --> 00:39:59,300
their main job, Japanese 
architects, who were studying 

798
00:39:59,300 --> 00:40:00,900
abroad started to notice 
something. 

799
00:40:00,900 --> 00:40:03,200
Interesting. 
While they were learning how to 

800
00:40:03,208 --> 00:40:06,100
build in the west. 
West Architects were becoming 

801
00:40:06,100 --> 00:40:09,600
interested in Japanese design. 
People were Amazed by the 

802
00:40:09,600 --> 00:40:12,000
Japanese Pavilions at 
International exhibitions, 

803
00:40:12,000 --> 00:40:15,000
Western Architects, and 
designers started to collect 

804
00:40:15,000 --> 00:40:19,300
Japanese prints study Japanese 
Gardens and used Japanese design

805
00:40:19,300 --> 00:40:22,600
ideas in their own work. 
Japan wasn't just getting 

806
00:40:22,600 --> 00:40:25,400
architectural ideas. 
It was also giving them this 

807
00:40:25,400 --> 00:40:28,400
back and forth would eventually 
lead to more complex syntheses. 

808
00:40:28,400 --> 00:40:31,200
Frank Lloyd Wright's Imperial 
Hotel in Tokyo. 

809
00:40:31,200 --> 00:40:36,000
Built in the 1920s tried to mix 
Western ideas about space with 

810
00:40:36,000 --> 00:40:38,800
Japanese ideas, about beauty and
attention to materials. 

811
00:40:39,600 --> 00:40:42,600
Wright wasn't Japanese, but his 
ideas for architecture showed 

812
00:40:42,600 --> 00:40:45,300
how to honor both Traditions 
without having to choose between

813
00:40:45,300 --> 00:40:48,100
them. 
The terrible great Kanto 

814
00:40:48,100 --> 00:40:52,300
earthquake of 1923 destroyed 
much of Tokyo and Yokohama but 

815
00:40:52,300 --> 00:40:55,500
it also opened up new 
opportunities rebuilding the 

816
00:40:55,500 --> 00:40:58,400
city made it possible to use, 
modern building methods on a 

817
00:40:58,400 --> 00:41:00,500
larger scale. 
So such as reinforced concrete 

818
00:41:00,500 --> 00:41:04,500
steel framing, and modern 
utilities, But it also made 

819
00:41:04,500 --> 00:41:06,700
people think about what 
traditional architecture had 

820
00:41:06,700 --> 00:41:10,600
lost and what should be kept 
some Architects started to talk 

821
00:41:10,600 --> 00:41:12,400
about a more careful way to 
modernize. 

822
00:41:12,400 --> 00:41:15,200
They didn't want to just copy 
western style or keep 

823
00:41:15,200 --> 00:41:17,500
traditional architecture the 
same to protect it. 

824
00:41:17,500 --> 00:41:20,800
Instead they wanted an 
architecture that used modern 

825
00:41:20,800 --> 00:41:23,900
materials and building methods 
but still understood and 

826
00:41:23,900 --> 00:41:26,500
respected, traditional Japanese 
ideas about space. 

827
00:41:27,400 --> 00:41:30,300
This wasn't just about making 
things look nice on the outside.

828
00:41:30,300 --> 00:41:33,700
It was about deeper ideas, like 
how buildings fit into the 

829
00:41:33,708 --> 00:41:37,400
landscape, how spaces could be 
flexible and changeable and how 

830
00:41:37,400 --> 00:41:40,300
to use natural materials and 
light in creative ways. 

831
00:41:41,600 --> 00:41:45,100
In the early 1900s, modernist 
architecture, spread around the 

832
00:41:45,100 --> 00:41:47,200
world. 
It focused on clean lines. 

833
00:41:47,200 --> 00:41:50,700
Honest, use of materials, and 
combining indoor and outdoor 

834
00:41:50,700 --> 00:41:53,500
spaces. 
Surprisingly, this style of 

835
00:41:53,508 --> 00:41:56,000
architecture, had a lot in 
common with traditional Japanese

836
00:41:56,000 --> 00:41:59,300
architectural values. 
Both Traditions valued 

837
00:41:59,300 --> 00:42:02,600
Simplicity, over decoration, 
honest materials, over surface 

838
00:42:02,600 --> 00:42:05,600
decoration, and fluid 
connections between buildings, 

839
00:42:05,600 --> 00:42:09,000
and their surroundings, Japanese
Architects, started to see that 

840
00:42:09,000 --> 00:42:12,200
some of the ideas behind 
modernism weren't completely new

841
00:42:12,200 --> 00:42:14,500
to them. 
In some ways they were similar 

842
00:42:14,500 --> 00:42:16,600
to ideas that their own 
tradition had been working with 

843
00:42:16,600 --> 00:42:19,600
400s of years. 
Stealing glass building with 

844
00:42:19,600 --> 00:42:21,300
clean lines and little 
decoration. 

845
00:42:21,300 --> 00:42:24,300
Wasn't that different from a 
traditional tea room, which used

846
00:42:24,300 --> 00:42:26,700
natural materials and didn't add
extra decoration. 

847
00:42:27,500 --> 00:42:30,500
Both were examples of aesthetic.
Philosophy is that put value on 

848
00:42:30,500 --> 00:42:34,500
Essence over decoration and 
Clarity over confusion This 

849
00:42:34,500 --> 00:42:37,100
understanding would ultimately 
result in some of the most 

850
00:42:37,100 --> 00:42:40,600
groundbreaking architecture of 
the 20th century as Japanese 

851
00:42:40,600 --> 00:42:43,000
Architects employed, 
contemporary materials, and 

852
00:42:43,000 --> 00:42:46,500
methods to convey, traditional 
spatial ideas, in novel manners.

853
00:42:46,500 --> 00:42:48,700
But that's a story for the next 
chapter. 

854
00:42:48,700 --> 00:42:52,200
When we get to the present, As 
you settle deeper into sleep 

855
00:42:52,200 --> 00:42:56,500
picture Tokyo in the 1920s, it 
was a city that was rebuilding 

856
00:42:56,500 --> 00:42:58,400
itself and full of 
contradictions and 

857
00:42:58,400 --> 00:43:01,100
possibilities. 
This is a traditional wooden 

858
00:43:01,100 --> 00:43:03,200
house with one room. 
That looks like it belongs in 

859
00:43:03,200 --> 00:43:05,900
the West. 
A concrete office building is 

860
00:43:05,900 --> 00:43:07,300
trying to look like a French 
Palace. 

861
00:43:07,300 --> 00:43:11,000
You can still see the roofs of 
the temples in the distance but 

862
00:43:11,000 --> 00:43:12,600
they are now surrounded by 
buildings. 

863
00:43:12,600 --> 00:43:13,600
That would have been 
Unthinkable. 

864
00:43:13,600 --> 00:43:18,400
Just a few decades ago, it's a 
mess but it's also exciting and 

865
00:43:18,400 --> 00:43:23,000
comfortable and full of promise.
Civilization is going through a 

866
00:43:23,000 --> 00:43:26,400
huge change and trying to figure
out how to stay the same while 

867
00:43:26,400 --> 00:43:29,500
becoming something else. 
Japan cities were ruined by 

868
00:43:29,500 --> 00:43:34,000
World, War 2, bombing had mostly
destroyed, Tokyo, Osaka, and 

869
00:43:34,000 --> 00:43:36,800
Nagoya. 
In the immediate aftermath of 

870
00:43:36,800 --> 00:43:38,800
the war. 
All that was needed, was to put 

871
00:43:38,800 --> 00:43:42,100
roofs over people's heads with 
whatever materials were on hand.

872
00:43:42,700 --> 00:43:44,800
When people were living in 
temporary shacks and old 

873
00:43:44,808 --> 00:43:46,800
military buildings 
architectural. 

874
00:43:46,800 --> 00:43:50,400
Philosophy seemed like a luxury.
But even in this dire situation,

875
00:43:50,400 --> 00:43:53,100
some architectural elements 
remain the same. 

876
00:43:53,100 --> 00:43:56,500
People still took off their 
shoes before going into homes. 

877
00:43:56,500 --> 00:44:00,100
They still like to sit on the 
floor when they could the basic 

878
00:44:00,100 --> 00:44:03,300
ideas about space, in Japanese 
architecture, flexibility 

879
00:44:03,300 --> 00:44:06,700
connection to Nature and the 
importance of threshold spaces 

880
00:44:06,700 --> 00:44:10,200
stayed the same even though the 
buildings themselves were rough 

881
00:44:10,200 --> 00:44:13,000
and temporary as Japan's 
economy, got better and then 

882
00:44:13,000 --> 00:44:17,700
exploded in the 1950s and 1960s,
a group of amazing Architects, 

883
00:44:17,700 --> 00:44:20,400
came along, who would change how
people thought about modern 

884
00:44:20,400 --> 00:44:23,100
architecture. 
These Architects had grown up 

885
00:44:23,100 --> 00:44:25,200
with traditional Japanese 
buildings, and learned about 

886
00:44:25,200 --> 00:44:26,800
Western architectural 
principles. 

887
00:44:26,800 --> 00:44:30,100
Now, they had to make buildings 
that were right for modern 

888
00:44:30,100 --> 00:44:32,400
Japan. 
There are ideas, would change 

889
00:44:32,400 --> 00:44:34,900
architecture all over the world 
Kenzo. 

890
00:44:34,900 --> 00:44:37,200
Tange could be the most well, 
known person from this 

891
00:44:37,200 --> 00:44:39,800
generation. 
His buildings were a mix of the 

892
00:44:39,800 --> 00:44:42,300
brutal honesty of modernist 
Concrete Construction. 

893
00:44:42,900 --> 00:44:45,700
And ideas about space that came 
from traditional Japanese 

894
00:44:45,700 --> 00:44:48,500
architecture. 
The Hiroshima, Peace Memorial 

895
00:44:48,500 --> 00:44:52,900
Museum finished in 1955 raised 
its main structure on pillars, 

896
00:44:52,900 --> 00:44:54,800
which made a covered space 
underneath. 

897
00:44:54,800 --> 00:44:57,000
That was like the open ground 
floors of traditional 

898
00:44:57,000 --> 00:44:59,900
storehouses and let light and 
air flow through the building. 

899
00:44:59,900 --> 00:45:03,100
Tang's work showed that modern 
materials like reinforced 

900
00:45:03,100 --> 00:45:06,400
concrete could show traditional 
Japanese ideas about space. 

901
00:45:06,400 --> 00:45:10,100
Like the mixing of inside and 
outside the use of modulus 

902
00:45:10,100 --> 00:45:13,100
structural grids and the focus 
on horizontal rather than 

903
00:45:13,100 --> 00:45:17,100
vertical lines, his buildings 
looked very modern, but their 

904
00:45:17,100 --> 00:45:19,800
layout and relationship to the 
site and Landscape, made them 

905
00:45:19,800 --> 00:45:23,500
feel Japanese in some way. 
The metabolist movement, which 

906
00:45:23,500 --> 00:45:27,000
started in the 1960s had an even
more radical idea. 

907
00:45:27,800 --> 00:45:30,600
These Architects saw cities as 
living things that could grow 

908
00:45:30,600 --> 00:45:33,900
and change with residential 
units, that could be added to 

909
00:45:33,900 --> 00:45:37,000
permanent infrastructure. 
Most of their biggest dreams, 

910
00:45:37,000 --> 00:45:39,300
never came true. 
But their ideas about 

911
00:45:39,300 --> 00:45:43,200
flexibility and adaptability 
took traditional Japanese ideas 

912
00:45:43,200 --> 00:45:46,700
about reconfigurable space and 
applied them to cities and 

913
00:45:46,700 --> 00:45:49,400
Technology. 
The naked in capsule Tower by 

914
00:45:49,400 --> 00:45:51,300
kisho kurokawa, which was 
finished. 

915
00:45:51,300 --> 00:45:55,000
In 1972, was an example of 
metabolist ideas in 

916
00:45:55,000 --> 00:45:57,800
architecture. 
The building was made up of 

917
00:45:57,800 --> 00:46:01,100
prefabricated modules, which 
were basically small apartments 

918
00:46:01,100 --> 00:46:02,900
that were attached to concrete 
cores. 

919
00:46:02,900 --> 00:46:06,200
This was done so that capsules 
could be moved around or 

920
00:46:06,200 --> 00:46:09,000
replaced as needed. 
It looked like science fiction, 

921
00:46:09,000 --> 00:46:12,100
but it was based on the 
traditional Japanese idea that 

922
00:46:12,100 --> 00:46:15,100
buildings are made up of parts 
that can be rearranged and stead

923
00:46:15,100 --> 00:46:18,900
of being permanent monuments. 
At the same time residential 

924
00:46:18,900 --> 00:46:21,000
architecture was changing in 
less obvious ways. 

925
00:46:22,000 --> 00:46:24,800
After the war Japanese home 
started to have more Western 

926
00:46:24,800 --> 00:46:28,500
features, like, real kitchens 
with running, water bathrooms 

927
00:46:28,500 --> 00:46:30,900
with tubs, and showers and 
Central Heating. 

928
00:46:32,000 --> 00:46:34,800
The way things were arranged in 
space often stayed very 

929
00:46:34,800 --> 00:46:38,400
Japanese, a lot, of homes, still
had at least one traditional 

930
00:46:38,400 --> 00:46:41,700
tatami room with sliding, 
fusuma, panels attacker, Noma, 

931
00:46:41,700 --> 00:46:44,200
Alcove and adore that led to a 
small garden. 

932
00:46:44,200 --> 00:46:48,200
This wasn't just Nostalgia or 
conservatives, and it was a real

933
00:46:48,200 --> 00:46:50,600
preference for being able to 
move around and connect with 

934
00:46:50,600 --> 00:46:54,100
traditional styles. 
At night, a tatami room could be

935
00:46:54,100 --> 00:46:57,700
a bedroom during the day. 
It could be a living room for 

936
00:46:57,700 --> 00:46:59,600
special meals. 
It could be a dining room and 

937
00:46:59,600 --> 00:47:03,000
for guests it could be a space. 
The western-style rooms with 

938
00:47:03,000 --> 00:47:04,400
furniture, that couldn't be 
moved around. 

939
00:47:04,400 --> 00:47:07,400
Couldn't do this. 
Some Architects started to look 

940
00:47:07,400 --> 00:47:09,100
into how they could use modern 
materials. 

941
00:47:09,100 --> 00:47:13,000
And building methods to express,
traditional ideas to Dao, Ando 

942
00:47:13,000 --> 00:47:17,000
who became famous in the 1970s 
built buildings out of smooth 

943
00:47:17,000 --> 00:47:19,800
concrete, glass and steel. 
That still had a traditional 

944
00:47:19,800 --> 00:47:22,800
Japanese feel to them. 
His buildings, have enclosed 

945
00:47:22,800 --> 00:47:26,700
Courtyards, carefully, framed 
natural light, and a peaceful 

946
00:47:26,700 --> 00:47:29,700
quality that reminds one of 
Temple and tea remarketer. 

947
00:47:30,600 --> 00:47:34,600
And those Church of the light 
which was finished in 1989 is a 

948
00:47:34,600 --> 00:47:36,100
great example of this 
combination. 

949
00:47:37,100 --> 00:47:40,700
Small concrete Chapel with a 
cross that shine, the cross was 

950
00:47:40,700 --> 00:47:43,200
made by taking away things, not 
adding them. 

951
00:47:43,800 --> 00:47:46,900
The wall has a cross-shaped 
opening that lets light in the 

952
00:47:46,900 --> 00:47:50,000
room is very simple and serious 
but it also has a lot of 

953
00:47:50,000 --> 00:47:53,100
spiritual energy. 
It looks modern, but it also 

954
00:47:53,100 --> 00:47:55,700
feels like it comes from the 
same design tradition that made 

955
00:47:55,700 --> 00:47:58,900
tea rooms hundreds of years ago.
The idea of Mars, which we 

956
00:47:58,900 --> 00:48:02,000
talked about earlier, as charged
empty space was used in a new 

957
00:48:02,008 --> 00:48:03,700
way in modern Japanese 
architecture. 

958
00:48:03,700 --> 00:48:07,400
Architects designed buildings 
with holes and gaps that work. 

959
00:48:07,400 --> 00:48:10,300
Just empty space. 
They were important parts of the

960
00:48:10,300 --> 00:48:12,400
design. 
These empty spaces made the 

961
00:48:12,400 --> 00:48:15,500
rhythm of the buildings let 
light and air in and gave people

962
00:48:15,500 --> 00:48:18,800
a place to rest their eyes and 
think The connection between 

963
00:48:18,800 --> 00:48:21,600
architecture and nature, which 
is so important to Japanese 

964
00:48:21,600 --> 00:48:25,900
culture continued in new ways 
Architects, couldn't always make

965
00:48:25,900 --> 00:48:29,100
traditional Gardens, especially 
in cities with a lot of people 

966
00:48:29,100 --> 00:48:32,600
but they found ways to add 
natural elements like a single 

967
00:48:32,600 --> 00:48:36,300
tree and a courtyard, a water 
feature or even just views of 

968
00:48:36,300 --> 00:48:40,400
the sky, that were carefully. 
Framed These gestures recognize 

969
00:48:40,400 --> 00:48:43,200
the human necessity for a 
connection with nature, even 

970
00:48:43,200 --> 00:48:46,300
within entirely Urban 
environments, small, urban 

971
00:48:46,300 --> 00:48:48,700
homes, became a very interesting
type of architecture. 

972
00:48:49,500 --> 00:48:52,500
Because land was so expensive in
Japanese cities, many 

973
00:48:52,500 --> 00:48:56,100
residential lots were very small
less than 50 square meters. 

974
00:48:56,100 --> 00:48:59,800
In some cases Architects who had
to work with these limits? 

975
00:48:59,800 --> 00:49:02,900
Came up with new ways to make 
space as more livable by adding 

976
00:49:02,900 --> 00:49:05,900
light are. 
And sometimes surprising spatial

977
00:49:05,900 --> 00:49:08,100
experience, is these small 
homes. 

978
00:49:08,100 --> 00:49:11,600
Often had Courtyards inside 
skylights spaces on more than 

979
00:49:11,600 --> 00:49:14,100
one level and smart ways to 
store things. 

980
00:49:14,100 --> 00:49:17,500
These small houses kept the 
traditional Japanese way of 

981
00:49:17,500 --> 00:49:20,800
building homes, which was to 
make Rich spatial experiences 

982
00:49:20,800 --> 00:49:24,500
within small physical limits. 
A traditional tea room showed 

983
00:49:24,500 --> 00:49:26,500
that you don't need a lot of 
room to make a whole world. 

984
00:49:27,400 --> 00:49:30,200
Modern tiny houses took this 
idea further by showing that 

985
00:49:30,200 --> 00:49:33,700
careful design could make even 
the smallest spaces feel full 

986
00:49:33,700 --> 00:49:37,700
and welcoming Modern 
engineering's, earthquake, 

987
00:49:37,700 --> 00:49:39,400
resistant. 
Building methods were added to 

988
00:49:39,400 --> 00:49:42,000
Japan's traditional knowledge of
how to make structures. 

989
00:49:42,000 --> 00:49:45,800
That can bend modern buildings 
in Japan, often have advanced 

990
00:49:45,800 --> 00:49:49,200
dampening systems flexible 
joints, an extra structural 

991
00:49:49,200 --> 00:49:52,900
support that let them Sway With 
seismic forces and fighting 

992
00:49:52,900 --> 00:49:55,400
them. 
This high-tech method is similar

993
00:49:55,400 --> 00:49:57,600
to the old idea of building 
wooden structures that could 

994
00:49:57,600 --> 00:50:00,600
move with the Earth. 
As you start to feel sleepy 

995
00:50:00,600 --> 00:50:03,200
picture yourself walking through
Modern Tokyo. 

996
00:50:03,200 --> 00:50:06,200
This is an old temple with 
wooden buildings that have been 

997
00:50:06,200 --> 00:50:09,800
well cared for next to. 
It is a modern building made of 

998
00:50:09,800 --> 00:50:13,800
glass and steel its ground floor
opens completely to the street 

999
00:50:13,800 --> 00:50:17,100
making the line between inside 
and outside, less clear. 

1000
00:50:18,000 --> 00:50:21,700
This is a very modern take on a 
traditional idea, a small house 

1001
00:50:21,700 --> 00:50:25,400
across the street, has a tree 
growing through the middle of it

1002
00:50:25,400 --> 00:50:27,600
bringing nature into the middle 
of a busy city. 

1003
00:50:27,600 --> 00:50:31,700
The city is like a palimpsest 
with layers of history and new 

1004
00:50:31,700 --> 00:50:34,100
ideas. 
All in the same place the 

1005
00:50:34,100 --> 00:50:36,000
buildings. 
From each time, period seem to 

1006
00:50:36,000 --> 00:50:38,900
talk to each other. 
By the end of the 20th century. 

1007
00:50:38,900 --> 00:50:42,800
Something amazing had happened. 
Japanese architecture become 

1008
00:50:42,800 --> 00:50:46,600
influential all over the world 
in ways that went far beyond 

1009
00:50:46,600 --> 00:50:50,700
just unique details or Surface 
Beauty Architects, all over the 

1010
00:50:50,700 --> 00:50:54,100
world were looking at Japanese 
buildings, spatial ideas, and 

1011
00:50:54,100 --> 00:50:57,800
design philosophies to find ways
to solve modern, architectural 

1012
00:50:57,800 --> 00:51:00,000
problems. 
That Western Traditions, hadn't 

1013
00:51:00,000 --> 00:51:03,600
fully dealt with Japanese 
Aesthetics had a big impact on 

1014
00:51:03,600 --> 00:51:06,300
the minimalism that became so 
popular in architecture around 

1015
00:51:06,300 --> 00:51:08,100
the world. 
Starting in the 1990s. 

1016
00:51:09,000 --> 00:51:11,900
The Japanese had been refining, 
the ideas behind clean lines, 

1017
00:51:11,900 --> 00:51:15,600
limited color, palettes 
carefully, chosen materials, and

1018
00:51:15,600 --> 00:51:18,600
empty space as a positive design
element for hundreds of years. 

1019
00:51:19,900 --> 00:51:22,600
Japan had been doing what the 
West thought was a radical new 

1020
00:51:22,600 --> 00:51:26,000
style, since the 16th century, 
when T Master started doing it, 

1021
00:51:26,000 --> 00:51:29,300
the open floor plans that now 
popular in western homes. 

1022
00:51:29,300 --> 00:51:32,400
A similar to the ideas that 
Japanese homes have had for 

1023
00:51:32,400 --> 00:51:35,700
hundreds of years. 
Japanese architecture had these 

1024
00:51:35,700 --> 00:51:38,600
ideas long before they became 
popular in other parts of the 

1025
00:51:38,600 --> 00:51:41,100
world. 
That space is, could be flexible

1026
00:51:41,100 --> 00:51:44,500
and serve more than one purpose 
that rooms could flow into each 

1027
00:51:44,500 --> 00:51:46,500
other in state of being 
separated by walls. 

1028
00:51:46,500 --> 00:51:49,800
And that a home should adapt. 
To the needs of its occupants of

1029
00:51:49,800 --> 00:51:52,000
forcing them to adapt to fixed 
rooms. 

1030
00:51:52,000 --> 00:51:56,100
The focus on natural materials. 
That honestly, displayed, rather

1031
00:51:56,100 --> 00:51:58,400
than painted over or hidden 
behind decorations. 

1032
00:51:58,400 --> 00:52:02,000
Became a defining feature of 
modern high-end architecture 

1033
00:52:02,000 --> 00:52:05,000
around the world. 
Architect started leaving 

1034
00:52:05,000 --> 00:52:07,700
concrete unpainted, so that the 
wood structure showed through, 

1035
00:52:07,700 --> 00:52:10,800
and they used Stone in ways that
showed off its natural beauty. 

1036
00:52:10,800 --> 00:52:14,600
This method wasn't taken 
directly from Japan, but the 

1037
00:52:14,600 --> 00:52:17,000
Japanese architectural tradition
of honest material. 

1038
00:52:17,000 --> 00:52:19,900
Expression did have an effect on
how architects around the world 

1039
00:52:19,900 --> 00:52:24,200
thought about materials and 
surfaces The relationship 

1040
00:52:24,200 --> 00:52:27,700
between the inside and outside. 
The Japanese architecture, had 

1041
00:52:27,700 --> 00:52:30,000
always stressed became more and 
more important in modern 

1042
00:52:30,000 --> 00:52:34,100
architecture around the world. 
In modern design, people wanted 

1043
00:52:34,100 --> 00:52:36,200
buildings with walls. 
That could open all the way 

1044
00:52:36,200 --> 00:52:39,700
rooms that led into Gardens and 
threshold spaces that were 

1045
00:52:39,700 --> 00:52:41,400
neither fully inside nor 
outside. 

1046
00:52:42,200 --> 00:52:45,000
The traditional ngawa had 
changed into modern Terraces 

1047
00:52:45,000 --> 00:52:48,500
balconies and transitional 
spaces that made buildings more 

1048
00:52:48,500 --> 00:52:49,800
interesting for people to 
experience. 

1049
00:52:50,800 --> 00:52:53,200
Japanese Architects had an 
impact on the world as well. 

1050
00:52:54,300 --> 00:52:57,400
In 1995 won. 
The pritzker prize. 

1051
00:52:58,300 --> 00:53:00,700
The first of many Japanese 
Architects to win the most 

1052
00:53:00,700 --> 00:53:04,800
prestigious award in the field. 
Kazuyo sejima and Yuen, she's 

1053
00:53:04,800 --> 00:53:08,900
ours company s a n a, a 
buildings that were incredibly 

1054
00:53:08,900 --> 00:53:12,400
delicate and spatially complex 
and their work had an impact on 

1055
00:53:12,400 --> 00:53:16,300
Architects all over the world. 
Shigeru ban was the first to use

1056
00:53:16,308 --> 00:53:19,100
paper tubes and other unusual 
materials in building's that 

1057
00:53:19,100 --> 00:53:21,200
were both structurally, 
Innovative and socially 

1058
00:53:21,200 --> 00:53:23,600
responsible. 
It wasn't obvious that these 

1059
00:53:23,600 --> 00:53:25,900
Architects built building that 
looked like traditional 

1060
00:53:25,900 --> 00:53:28,200
Japanese. 
Once their work didn't have 

1061
00:53:28,200 --> 00:53:31,500
Pagoda Roos or Tori Gates. 
But their buildings had 

1062
00:53:31,500 --> 00:53:35,400
specialized ideas, material 
sensibilities, and connections 

1063
00:53:35,400 --> 00:53:38,000
to sight and light that were 
more connected to traditional 

1064
00:53:38,000 --> 00:53:41,300
Japanese architecture. 
He showed that tradition isn't 

1065
00:53:41,300 --> 00:53:44,800
just about copying old Styles. 
It's also about understanding 

1066
00:53:44,800 --> 00:53:49,100
and building on basic ideas, the
idea of wahbi-sabi which means 

1067
00:53:49,100 --> 00:53:52,700
finding Beauty and things that 
aren't perfect don't last or 

1068
00:53:52,700 --> 00:53:55,700
aren't finished became part of 
the global design vocabulary. 

1069
00:53:55,700 --> 00:53:59,500
It may have been overused in 
Western design circles, where it

1070
00:53:59,500 --> 00:54:02,300
was sometimes seen as just a 
style, instead of a complicated 

1071
00:54:02,300 --> 00:54:06,100
philosophical stance. 
But at its best, the world's 

1072
00:54:06,100 --> 00:54:08,900
love of wabi-sabi showed a real 
appreciation for Japanese 

1073
00:54:08,900 --> 00:54:11,900
aesthetic values that were 
different from the Western focus

1074
00:54:11,900 --> 00:54:14,600
on permanents Perfection and 
completion. 

1075
00:54:15,500 --> 00:54:18,500
The design of Japanese garden 
had a bigger and bigger effect 

1076
00:54:18,500 --> 00:54:21,700
on Garden around the world. 
From California to England. 

1077
00:54:21,700 --> 00:54:25,800
Modern showed how to use natural
materials, how to make spaces 

1078
00:54:25,800 --> 00:54:28,600
for thinking and how to make 
small versions of larger 

1079
00:54:28,600 --> 00:54:31,300
Landscapes. 
The notion that landscape design

1080
00:54:31,300 --> 00:54:35,400
could be an art form, a 
sophisticated as architecture, a

1081
00:54:35,400 --> 00:54:36,900
belief rooted in Japanese 
tradition. 

1082
00:54:36,900 --> 00:54:41,000
Garnered, broader acceptance. 
The best Japanese architecture 

1083
00:54:41,000 --> 00:54:42,400
was very aware of the 
environment. 

1084
00:54:42,400 --> 00:54:46,400
The paid attention to Natural 
ventilation used local materials

1085
00:54:46,400 --> 00:54:50,800
and was carefully oriented to 
the Sun and wind These were all 

1086
00:54:50,800 --> 00:54:52,700
things that became important in 
architecture. 

1087
00:54:52,700 --> 00:54:55,500
Around the world. 
Japanese architecture has always

1088
00:54:55,500 --> 00:54:59,000
been sustainable because it had 
to be Contemporary Architects, 

1089
00:54:59,000 --> 00:55:01,800
learned from these Traditions. 
How to build buildings that are 

1090
00:55:01,800 --> 00:55:04,200
better for the environment. 
The Japanese idea that 

1091
00:55:04,200 --> 00:55:07,400
architecture is not a permanent 
Monument, but something that can

1092
00:55:07,400 --> 00:55:10,600
be changed and rebuilt. 
Challenged Western ideas about 

1093
00:55:10,600 --> 00:55:12,400
architecture and interesting 
ways. 

1094
00:55:12,400 --> 00:55:16,100
The 20-year rebuilding cycle of 
the is Shrine, which we talked 

1095
00:55:16,100 --> 00:55:19,200
about a long time ago, was a 
whole new way of thinking, about

1096
00:55:19,200 --> 00:55:22,800
preserving architecture instead 
of trying to keep building the 

1097
00:55:22,800 --> 00:55:24,700
same, it meant keeping 
tradition. 

1098
00:55:24,700 --> 00:55:28,600
Alive through constant renewal 
This idea changed how people 

1099
00:55:28,600 --> 00:55:31,100
thought about cultural 
continuity and Architectural. 

1100
00:55:31,100 --> 00:55:34,800
Sustainability, Japanese culture
had a big impact on the way 

1101
00:55:34,800 --> 00:55:38,200
people saw, small-scale 
carefully detailed architecture.

1102
00:55:38,200 --> 00:55:42,900
Not every building had to be a 
big deal or a big statement and 

1103
00:55:42,900 --> 00:55:46,400
small Urban houses or tea rooms 
where every detail had been 

1104
00:55:46,408 --> 00:55:48,600
carefully. 
Thought out the most beautiful 

1105
00:55:48,600 --> 00:55:52,500
architecture could happen. 
This recognition of small-scale 

1106
00:55:52,500 --> 00:55:55,000
Excellence changed how 
architects around the world 

1107
00:55:55,000 --> 00:55:57,000
thought about residential and 
small scale. 

1108
00:55:57,000 --> 00:56:00,300
Projects Japanese Architects 
combined, traditional building 

1109
00:56:00,300 --> 00:56:02,400
techniques with modern materials
and methods. 

1110
00:56:02,400 --> 00:56:05,700
This gave other countries ideas 
for how to keep traditional 

1111
00:56:05,700 --> 00:56:08,900
building crafts alive while also
making modern buildings. 

1112
00:56:09,800 --> 00:56:12,800
Japanese architectural craft was
known for its careful, joinery 

1113
00:56:12,800 --> 00:56:16,400
attention to surface qualities 
and respect for materials. 

1114
00:56:17,200 --> 00:56:19,800
These things still affect how 
buildings are detailed and 

1115
00:56:19,800 --> 00:56:22,100
build. 
As we near the end of our 

1116
00:56:22,100 --> 00:56:24,700
journey, through Japanese 
architectural history, we come 

1117
00:56:24,700 --> 00:56:27,700
to the present. 
What we see is not a complete 

1118
00:56:27,700 --> 00:56:31,300
preservation of tradition or a 
complete break from the past, 

1119
00:56:31,300 --> 00:56:34,400
but rather a creative 
conversation between historical 

1120
00:56:34,400 --> 00:56:36,900
principles and modern needs that
is still going on. 

1121
00:56:36,900 --> 00:56:40,600
There is a fascinating tension 
in modern Japanese architecture.

1122
00:56:40,600 --> 00:56:44,200
Japan is still one of the most 
architecturally Innovative 

1123
00:56:44,200 --> 00:56:47,800
countries in the world 
Architects, their buildings that

1124
00:56:47,800 --> 00:56:50,600
are very creative and 
technically Advanced on the 

1125
00:56:50,600 --> 00:56:53,900
other hand, traditional building
types like temples shrines tea 

1126
00:56:53,900 --> 00:56:57,500
rooms and even some types of 
homes are still used today, not 

1127
00:56:57,500 --> 00:57:01,500
just as Museum pieces in Kyoto, 
you'll see Master Carpenters, 

1128
00:57:01,500 --> 00:57:04,700
still teaching apprentices how 
to do traditional joinery, that 

1129
00:57:04,700 --> 00:57:07,800
doesn't use any nails. 
These Craftsmen aren't putting 

1130
00:57:07,800 --> 00:57:10,800
on historical re-enactments. 
They're keeping temples and 

1131
00:57:10,800 --> 00:57:13,600
shrines that are still used for 
religious purposes up to date 

1132
00:57:13,600 --> 00:57:16,700
using the same methods that 
their ancestors used 100s of 

1133
00:57:16,708 --> 00:57:19,200
years ago. 
The knowledge is passed down 

1134
00:57:19,200 --> 00:57:21,600
from Master to Apprentice in an 
unbroken chain. 

1135
00:57:22,500 --> 00:57:24,100
Generation learns, not from 
books. 

1136
00:57:24,100 --> 00:57:27,600
But by working with tools and 
materials, there are definitely 

1137
00:57:27,600 --> 00:57:31,000
problems with these old crafts. 
Fewer young, people want to 

1138
00:57:31,000 --> 00:57:34,600
spend years learning how to do 
Temple, carpentry, or thatched 

1139
00:57:34,600 --> 00:57:37,200
Roofing. 
The economic problems are real. 

1140
00:57:37,800 --> 00:57:40,800
But the tradition lives on. 
Thanks in part to cultural 

1141
00:57:40,800 --> 00:57:44,200
Pride, religious necessity, and 
a growing understanding that 

1142
00:57:44,200 --> 00:57:46,800
these skills are irreplaceable. 
Knowledge about materials and 

1143
00:57:46,800 --> 00:57:49,600
construction. 
At the same time, modern 

1144
00:57:49,600 --> 00:57:51,800
Japanese Architects, are still 
pushing the limits. 

1145
00:57:51,800 --> 00:57:55,900
They build buildings that are 
incredibly delicate with walls 

1146
00:57:55,900 --> 00:57:58,900
that seemed to dissolve and 
spaces that flow into each other

1147
00:57:58,900 --> 00:58:01,800
like water. 
They try out new materials and 

1148
00:58:01,800 --> 00:58:04,500
Technologies while still keeping
in touch with old ideas about 

1149
00:58:04,500 --> 00:58:07,800
space, Sue Fujimoto is one of 
the younger Architects. 

1150
00:58:07,800 --> 00:58:11,600
He makes buildings that blur the
lines between architecture and 

1151
00:58:11,600 --> 00:58:15,400
nature inside and outside and 
building and Landscape. 

1152
00:58:15,400 --> 00:58:19,000
Sometimes his buildings look 
more like abstract sculptures or

1153
00:58:19,000 --> 00:58:22,400
natural formations than regular 
buildings but they are perfectly

1154
00:58:22,400 --> 00:58:25,300
livable spaces. 
There are modern evolution of 

1155
00:58:25,300 --> 00:58:28,100
traditional Japanese ideas about
how buildings and nature 

1156
00:58:28,100 --> 00:58:31,300
interact. 
Kingo kumas work is very modern 

1157
00:58:31,300 --> 00:58:34,200
but it also clearly draws on 
traditional Japanese 

1158
00:58:34,200 --> 00:58:36,900
architecture. 
He wants to know how modern 

1159
00:58:36,900 --> 00:58:39,800
methods can be used with 
traditional materials like wood 

1160
00:58:39,800 --> 00:58:42,800
stove and paper to make 
buildings. 

1161
00:58:42,800 --> 00:58:45,100
That feel like they come from 
the past without copying old 

1162
00:58:45,100 --> 00:58:48,200
styles. 
Is buildings, often have fancy 

1163
00:58:48,200 --> 00:58:50,600
wooden screening systems that 
are modern versions of 

1164
00:58:50,600 --> 00:58:53,200
traditional features that 
control light, give people 

1165
00:58:53,200 --> 00:58:55,800
privacy and make Rich visual 
textures. 

1166
00:58:55,800 --> 00:58:59,300
There is an endless stream of 
new houses being built in Japan 

1167
00:58:59,300 --> 00:59:02,000
because people there are still 
interested in small 

1168
00:59:02,000 --> 00:59:05,500
well-designed. 
Homes Tokyo's full of tiny Lots 

1169
00:59:05,500 --> 00:59:08,200
where Architects have to work 
within very strict limits to 

1170
00:59:08,200 --> 00:59:10,100
make amazing spatial 
experiences. 

1171
00:59:10,100 --> 00:59:13,500
These houses are in line with 
the Japanese tradition of making

1172
00:59:13,500 --> 00:59:16,000
a lot out of a little. 
I carefully designing them 

1173
00:59:16,000 --> 00:59:19,800
instead of just making them big.
The small modern homes often 

1174
00:59:19,800 --> 00:59:22,900
have features that are similar 
to traditional homes, like an 

1175
00:59:22,900 --> 00:59:25,500
internal Courtyard that lets 
light an air into the middle of 

1176
00:59:25,500 --> 00:59:28,600
the building a threshold space, 
that separates the street from 

1177
00:59:28,600 --> 00:59:31,900
the home, and a special room or 
Alcove for thinking and showing 

1178
00:59:31,900 --> 00:59:34,300
off. 
But they used modern materials 

1179
00:59:34,300 --> 00:59:37,300
and building methods, which 
makes the buildings, feel both 

1180
00:59:37,300 --> 00:59:40,400
new and traditional. 
Japan has a unique way of 

1181
00:59:40,400 --> 00:59:43,600
keeping its old buildings in 
good shape preservation doesn't 

1182
00:59:43,600 --> 00:59:46,800
mean trying to keep building's 
the same over time instead. 

1183
00:59:46,800 --> 00:59:48,800
It usually means rebuilding them
every. 

1184
00:59:48,800 --> 00:59:51,900
So often using traditional 
methods and materials, this 

1185
00:59:51,900 --> 00:59:54,400
keeps not only the building's 
themselves, but also the 

1186
00:59:54,400 --> 00:59:56,300
knowledge and skills needed to 
build them. 

1187
00:59:57,100 --> 01:00:01,400
Preservation through practice, 
not through museums, the 

1188
01:00:01,400 --> 01:00:03,800
Japanese people as a whole stay 
connected to traditional 

1189
01:00:03,800 --> 01:00:07,000
architectural Spaces, by 
practicing tea, ceremonies going

1190
01:00:07,000 --> 01:00:10,000
to temples and shrines and 
sometimes even in their own 

1191
01:00:10,000 --> 01:00:13,700
homes, a lot of modern Japanese 
Homes and Apartments, still have

1192
01:00:13,700 --> 01:00:17,100
at least one to Tammy room. 
This is a place where people can

1193
01:00:17,100 --> 01:00:20,100
connect with traditional 
Aesthetics and practices even 

1194
01:00:20,100 --> 01:00:21,400
when they are in a modern 
setting. 

1195
01:00:22,300 --> 01:00:24,900
More and more Japanese 
architecture is being shaped by 

1196
01:00:24,900 --> 01:00:28,100
environmental concerns. 
Building practices that are 

1197
01:00:28,100 --> 01:00:31,200
strong and long-lasting are 
important because the country is

1198
01:00:31,200 --> 01:00:34,500
prone to earthquake's typhoon's 
and other natural disasters. 

1199
01:00:35,800 --> 01:00:38,800
Modern Japanese architecture. 
Often uses both high-tech and 

1200
01:00:38,800 --> 01:00:42,000
traditional methods. 
For example, it might use 

1201
01:00:42,000 --> 01:00:45,100
Advanced size, seismic dampening
systems and energy efficient 

1202
01:00:45,100 --> 01:00:48,400
mechanical systems as well as 
natural ventilation, careful 

1203
01:00:48,400 --> 01:00:50,400
solar orientation and local 
materials. 

1204
01:00:51,100 --> 01:00:53,700
Japanese architecture is always 
trying to find a balance between

1205
01:00:53,700 --> 01:00:56,800
old and new other cultures can 
learn from this as they. 

1206
01:00:56,800 --> 01:01:00,100
Try to find ways to honor the 
past while also meeting modern 

1207
01:01:00,100 --> 01:01:03,000
needs. 
Japan's example, shows that 

1208
01:01:03,000 --> 01:01:06,000
tradition isn't just keeping 
things the same, it's a living 

1209
01:01:06,008 --> 01:01:08,900
practice that changes while 
still being true to its core 

1210
01:01:08,900 --> 01:01:11,900
values. 
As you drift off to sleep, think

1211
01:01:11,900 --> 01:01:13,400
about all the Japanese 
architecture. 

1212
01:01:13,400 --> 01:01:17,300
We've seen tonight, the ancient 
forests, where it all began the 

1213
01:01:17,300 --> 01:01:20,800
Shinto shrines, that Mark sacred
places, the Buddhist temples 

1214
01:01:20,800 --> 01:01:23,700
that reach for enlightenment, 
the Palaces that open up to 

1215
01:01:23,708 --> 01:01:27,000
Gardens the castles that rise 
from Stone foundations. 

1216
01:01:27,000 --> 01:01:29,500
The Edo townhouses that make 
city life. 

1217
01:01:29,500 --> 01:01:33,200
Possible, the tea rooms that 
find Infinity and small spaces, 

1218
01:01:33,200 --> 01:01:36,900
the Magi experiments with new 
forms, the post-war Innovations,

1219
01:01:36,900 --> 01:01:40,400
and the modern Explorations that
are still going on today, every 

1220
01:01:40,400 --> 01:01:43,800
time period on what came before 
it and adapted to the needs of 

1221
01:01:43,800 --> 01:01:45,800
the time. 
There was no time that was 

1222
01:01:45,800 --> 01:01:49,200
frozen, but there was no time 
that was completely lost the 

1223
01:01:49,200 --> 01:01:52,100
tradition lived on, because it 
kept changing and adapting while

1224
01:01:52,100 --> 01:01:54,700
still holding on to threads of 
continuity, that go back. 

1225
01:01:54,700 --> 01:01:58,500
Hundreds of years, the house you
build in dreams, an epilogue. 

1226
01:01:59,500 --> 01:02:02,300
As you finally fall asleep, your
mind might build fake buildings.

1227
01:02:02,300 --> 01:02:04,900
Out of all the architectural 
Parts, we've looked at tonight, 

1228
01:02:05,700 --> 01:02:07,800
maybe you're walking through a 
house that has parts from 

1229
01:02:07,800 --> 01:02:10,500
different times. 
Like a tea room that opens up to

1230
01:02:10,500 --> 01:02:13,800
a garden from the Edo period or 
a high-end palace with flowing 

1231
01:02:13,800 --> 01:02:16,700
spaces made from Modern 
materials, or a castle that 

1232
01:02:16,700 --> 01:02:19,100
looks strong, but is softened by
modern transparency. 

1233
01:02:20,500 --> 01:02:23,200
This dream architecture does not
mix things up or contradict 

1234
01:02:23,200 --> 01:02:26,800
itself, it's completely fine. 
Because Japanese architecture 

1235
01:02:26,800 --> 01:02:29,500
has always been about bringing 
together different influences 

1236
01:02:29,500 --> 01:02:32,900
and needs into a cohesive whole 
that serves human life while 

1237
01:02:32,900 --> 01:02:36,100
respecting deeper aesthetic and 
philosophical ideas. 

1238
01:02:37,500 --> 01:02:40,300
The lessons from the history of 
Japanese architecture, apply to 

1239
01:02:40,308 --> 01:02:43,400
more than just Japan. 
They remind us that buildings 

1240
01:02:43,400 --> 01:02:44,900
are more than just places to 
live. 

1241
01:02:44,900 --> 01:02:48,600
There are also ways for us to 
show how we want to live what we

1242
01:02:48,600 --> 01:02:51,300
value and how we see our place 
in the natural world. 

1243
01:02:52,200 --> 01:02:54,800
They show that tradition and 
Innovation are not opposites, 

1244
01:02:54,800 --> 01:02:58,100
but Partners in a creative 
conversation that never ends. 

1245
01:02:59,000 --> 01:03:01,900
Japanese architecture, teaches 
you to be patient to think 

1246
01:03:01,900 --> 01:03:06,200
carefully about every detail to 
choose materials carefully and 

1247
01:03:06,200 --> 01:03:10,200
to let designs grow through 
repeated refinement, it values 

1248
01:03:10,200 --> 01:03:13,100
restraint, which means that 
knowing what to leave out is 

1249
01:03:13,100 --> 01:03:16,000
often more important than 
knowing what to put in it. 

1250
01:03:16,000 --> 01:03:17,900
Accepts that everything is 
temporary. 

1251
01:03:17,900 --> 01:03:22,000
Just like all buildings and 
other things made by people are 

1252
01:03:22,000 --> 01:03:23,900
temporary parts of Nature's 
longer story. 

1253
01:03:24,700 --> 01:03:27,800
Japanese architecture teaches us
that the waist spaces are set up

1254
01:03:27,800 --> 01:03:31,500
can change how we feel. 
The light in a room, the feel of

1255
01:03:31,508 --> 01:03:34,700
a wall, the connection between 
the inside and the garden, and 

1256
01:03:34,700 --> 01:03:38,300
the size of a space, all affect 
how we feel think and interact 

1257
01:03:38,300 --> 01:03:41,700
with other people architecture 
isn't just about building places

1258
01:03:41,700 --> 01:03:44,400
for people to live. 
It's also about making places 

1259
01:03:44,400 --> 01:03:48,200
where people can Thrive when you
wake up tomorrow you might see 

1260
01:03:48,200 --> 01:03:51,500
your own living space in a new 
way that Windows connection to 

1261
01:03:51,500 --> 01:03:54,500
the light in the morning. 
The line that separates rooms 

1262
01:03:54,500 --> 01:03:56,900
the things and textures that are
around you. 

1263
01:03:56,900 --> 01:04:00,200
The existence or non-existence 
of natural components. 

1264
01:04:00,200 --> 01:04:02,200
These aren't just things that 
are useful. 

1265
01:04:02,200 --> 01:04:05,100
There are also chances to make 
daily life more, beautiful, 

1266
01:04:05,100 --> 01:04:08,600
thoughtful and connected. 
You don't have to live in a 

1267
01:04:08,608 --> 01:04:10,900
traditional Japanese house to 
learn from Japanese 

1268
01:04:10,900 --> 01:04:13,900
architecture. 
The rules can be used anywhere, 

1269
01:04:13,900 --> 01:04:18,600
less is more quality over 
quantity, connecting with nature

1270
01:04:18,600 --> 01:04:23,000
spaces that change to fit your 
needs, honest materials that get

1271
01:04:23,008 --> 01:04:25,800
better with age, paying 
attention to light and Shadow 

1272
01:04:25,800 --> 01:04:29,700
and the power of empty space. 
You might put one flower. 

1273
01:04:29,900 --> 01:04:33,400
In a special place, making your 
own small version of a Toma. 

1274
01:04:33,400 --> 01:04:36,700
You might move things around in 
a room to let in more natural 

1275
01:04:36,700 --> 01:04:38,900
light. 
You might just stop and take in 

1276
01:04:38,900 --> 01:04:41,300
the architectural, details of 
the places you live in every 

1277
01:04:41,300 --> 01:04:43,400
day. 
These little things, keep the 

1278
01:04:43,400 --> 01:04:46,900
tradition alive in your own way.
It's not just about building in 

1279
01:04:46,900 --> 01:04:49,700
far-off places or things that 
happen in the past that make up 

1280
01:04:49,700 --> 01:04:51,000
the history of Japanese 
architecture. 

1281
01:04:52,000 --> 01:04:54,900
It's a living tradition that 
keeps changing and you take part

1282
01:04:54,900 --> 01:04:56,900
in it. 
Every time you think carefully 

1283
01:04:56,900 --> 01:04:58,500
about the places you make and 
live in. 

1284
01:04:59,200 --> 01:05:02,900
The master Carpenters of ancient
Japan, the tea Masters refining,

1285
01:05:02,900 --> 01:05:06,100
aesthetic principles and the 
modern Architects looking for 

1286
01:05:06,100 --> 01:05:09,700
new ways to build all contribute
to an ongoing discussion about 

1287
01:05:09,700 --> 01:05:11,100
how people should live on the 
planet. 

1288
01:05:12,200 --> 01:05:15,800
A sleep takes over, let your 
last conscious thoughts, rest in

1289
01:05:15,800 --> 01:05:19,100
a place of perfect peace. 
It could be a tea room at dusk, 

1290
01:05:19,100 --> 01:05:22,200
a temple Garden in light rain or
a modern house. 

1291
01:05:22,200 --> 01:05:25,000
Where Glass Walls, blur the 
lines between inside and 

1292
01:05:25,000 --> 01:05:27,400
outside. 
Let the buildings we've seen 

1293
01:05:27,400 --> 01:05:30,700
tonight, give your dreaming mine
to place to stay a place where 

1294
01:05:30,700 --> 01:05:33,300
anything is possible and 
everything is perfectly at 

1295
01:05:33,300 --> 01:05:35,900
peace. 
The Cyprus smell is still 

1296
01:05:35,900 --> 01:05:39,400
faintly presented in the wood 
post the titanium Maps, give way

1297
01:05:39,400 --> 01:05:41,700
to you. 
You can see the dark shapes of 

1298
01:05:41,700 --> 01:05:44,100
the garden. 
Through the paper screen, a 

1299
01:05:44,100 --> 01:05:47,700
stone a tree and a path that 
leads to a place, you'll explore

1300
01:05:47,700 --> 01:05:50,500
in your dreams. 
The area around you is just 

1301
01:05:50,500 --> 01:05:52,600
right. 
Not too big or too small. 

1302
01:05:52,600 --> 01:05:56,800
There is nothing missing. 
There is no excess, you're at 

1303
01:05:56,808 --> 01:05:59,400
home in the architecture of 
sleep, which is where all 

1304
01:05:59,400 --> 01:06:02,100
buildings end up. 
Travelers through time and space

1305
01:06:02,100 --> 01:06:07,200
have sweet dreams. 
Picture. 

1306
01:06:07,200 --> 01:06:11,800
This you're sitting in ancient 
China around 220 BC, probably 

1307
01:06:11,800 --> 01:06:14,200
wondering what's for dinner and 
hoping the weather holds up for 

1308
01:06:14,200 --> 01:06:17,800
harvest season you've got your 
little plot of land, maybe some 

1309
01:06:17,800 --> 01:06:20,600
chickens pecking around and life
is pretty predictable. 

1310
01:06:21,600 --> 01:06:23,900
Then Emperor, chinchou Hwang 
shows up with what might be 

1311
01:06:23,900 --> 01:06:25,800
history's. 
Most ambitious Home Improvement 

1312
01:06:25,800 --> 01:06:28,200
project. 
We're going to build a wall. 

1313
01:06:28,200 --> 01:06:31,700
He announces not just any 
warmind you a wall that 

1314
01:06:31,700 --> 01:06:33,900
stretches across mountains 
deserts and valleys for 

1315
01:06:33,900 --> 01:06:37,300
thousands of miles your 
neighbor's probably thought he'd

1316
01:06:37,300 --> 01:06:40,100
been sampling too much rice 
wine, but this Emperor was dead 

1317
01:06:40,100 --> 01:06:42,700
serious. 
He had already conquered six. 

1318
01:06:42,700 --> 01:06:46,100
Other kingdoms to unite China. 
So building an impossibly long 

1319
01:06:46,100 --> 01:06:50,400
walls seemed like a simple task.
Tuesday, afternoons project. 

1320
01:06:50,400 --> 01:06:53,200
The thing is walls already 
existed. 

1321
01:06:53,200 --> 01:06:56,400
Various kingdoms had been 
building defensive barriers for 

1322
01:06:56,400 --> 01:06:59,300
centuries, like having a really 
impressive fence to keep the 

1323
01:06:59,300 --> 01:07:00,800
neighbor's goats out of your 
garden. 

1324
01:07:02,300 --> 01:07:04,400
The chincha Huang looked at 
these scattered walls. 

1325
01:07:04,400 --> 01:07:06,500
The way you might look at 
mismatched Furniture in your 

1326
01:07:06,500 --> 01:07:09,600
living room, functional lacking 
a unified Vision. 

1327
01:07:09,600 --> 01:07:13,900
His plan was brilliant in its 
audacity connect the existing 

1328
01:07:13,900 --> 01:07:17,800
walls, extend them and create 
one continuous barrier along, 

1329
01:07:17,800 --> 01:07:21,100
China's northern border. 
Imagine this as the world's 

1330
01:07:21,100 --> 01:07:24,700
first massive renovation project
where instead of demolishing 

1331
01:07:24,700 --> 01:07:27,800
walls they were constructing the
ultimate wall to end all walls. 

1332
01:07:28,700 --> 01:07:31,400
The emperor's motivation wasn't 
just showing off though. 

1333
01:07:31,400 --> 01:07:35,000
That was certainly part of it. 
The Mongols and other nomadic 

1334
01:07:35,000 --> 01:07:37,700
tribes from the north were 
habituated to dropping by 

1335
01:07:37,700 --> 01:07:40,800
Uninvited usually with swords 
and an attitude problem. 

1336
01:07:41,600 --> 01:07:43,300
These weren't friendly social 
calls. 

1337
01:07:43,300 --> 01:07:46,800
They were more like aggressive 
house parties, where the guests,

1338
01:07:46,800 --> 01:07:49,100
take everything and leave the 
place in shambles. 

1339
01:07:49,100 --> 01:07:52,700
So you can understand the 
empress thinking build a wall. 

1340
01:07:52,700 --> 01:07:55,300
So, impressive. 
So formidable that these 

1341
01:07:55,300 --> 01:07:58,800
Northern neighbors would take 
one look and decide maybe they'd

1342
01:07:58,800 --> 01:08:00,900
rather stay home and their 
horses instead. 

1343
01:08:01,800 --> 01:08:04,300
It was like, installing the 
world's most elaborate security 

1344
01:08:04,300 --> 01:08:08,000
system, except the cameras were 
guard towers, and the alarms are

1345
01:08:08,000 --> 01:08:10,500
very loud horn. 
But here's where it gets 

1346
01:08:10,500 --> 01:08:13,700
intriguing for regular folks. 
Like you, this project wasn't 

1347
01:08:13,700 --> 01:08:16,300
going to be built by magic or 
imperial decree alone. 

1348
01:08:16,300 --> 01:08:20,300
This undertaking was going to 
require hands, millions of them.

1349
01:08:21,000 --> 01:08:23,100
Suddenly your quiet, life of 
farming. 

1350
01:08:23,100 --> 01:08:25,800
And chicken tending was about to
get a lot more complicated. 

1351
01:08:25,800 --> 01:08:28,600
The recruitment process was 
about to settle as an 

1352
01:08:28,608 --> 01:08:31,300
earthquake. 
Local officials would show up in

1353
01:08:31,300 --> 01:08:33,700
villages with Scrolls and 
serious Expressions. 

1354
01:08:33,700 --> 01:08:36,700
Essentially conducting a very 
involuntary job fair. 

1355
01:08:37,399 --> 01:08:40,100
Congratulations. 
They say, you've been selected 

1356
01:08:40,100 --> 01:08:43,300
for a wonderful opportunity to 
serve your Emperor and build 

1357
01:08:43,300 --> 01:08:47,800
something truly historic. the 
fact that you hadn't applied for

1358
01:08:47,800 --> 01:08:51,600
this opportunity was considered 
irrelevant now before you start 

1359
01:08:51,600 --> 01:08:54,800
feeling too, sorry for yourself 
in this scenario consider the 

1360
01:08:54,800 --> 01:08:58,200
alternative The emperor just 
finished unifying China through 

1361
01:08:58,200 --> 01:09:01,000
a series of wars that made Game 
of Thrones look like a peaceful 

1362
01:09:01,000 --> 01:09:03,399
afternoon tea. 
Building a wall. 

1363
01:09:03,399 --> 01:09:06,700
Even an impossibly long one was 
actually the peaceful option. 

1364
01:09:07,500 --> 01:09:10,300
Still knowing your part of the 
karma solution doesn't make the 

1365
01:09:10,300 --> 01:09:12,700
prospect of hauling Stones 
across mountains, any more 

1366
01:09:12,700 --> 01:09:15,399
appealing. 
The scale of this project was 

1367
01:09:15,399 --> 01:09:17,200
something no one had ever 
attempted. 

1368
01:09:18,100 --> 01:09:21,000
Imagine trying to coordinate a 
construction project that spans 

1369
01:09:21,000 --> 01:09:24,100
the distance from New York to 
Denver, except there are no 

1370
01:09:24,100 --> 01:09:26,800
trucks. 
No power tools and no Home 

1371
01:09:26,800 --> 01:09:29,200
Depot. 
Everything had to be done with 

1372
01:09:29,200 --> 01:09:32,899
human, muscle animal power, and 
whatever clever engineering 

1373
01:09:32,899 --> 01:09:34,600
Solutions. 
People could devise with the 

1374
01:09:34,600 --> 01:09:39,800
technology of 220 BC, and so 
began one of History's Greatest 

1375
01:09:39,800 --> 01:09:43,399
adventures in construction 
management Community cooperation

1376
01:09:43,399 --> 01:09:47,899
and sheer human stubbornness You
are about to become part of 

1377
01:09:47,908 --> 01:09:49,399
something that would still be 
visible. 

1378
01:09:49,399 --> 01:09:52,500
So here you are standing with 
your hastily packed belongings 

1379
01:09:52,500 --> 01:09:55,300
and wondering how your life took
such an unexpected turn. 

1380
01:09:56,300 --> 01:09:57,900
The recruitment officer has 
assured you. 

1381
01:09:57,900 --> 01:10:00,600
That the job is a temporary 
assignment, just a few months, 

1382
01:10:00,600 --> 01:10:04,800
maybe a year at most you'll be 
back home before, you know it he

1383
01:10:04,800 --> 01:10:06,700
says with the confidence of 
someone who's never actually 

1384
01:10:06,700 --> 01:10:09,700
built a wall, your first glimpse
of the construction site is, 

1385
01:10:09,700 --> 01:10:13,000
like nothing you've ever seen. 
Imagine an ant hill, the size of

1386
01:10:13,000 --> 01:10:16,400
a city, except the answer people
and they're all carrying rocks, 

1387
01:10:16,400 --> 01:10:19,900
thousands of workers, stretch 
across the landscape, creating a

1388
01:10:19,900 --> 01:10:23,500
human chain that disappears into
the distance, the noises 

1389
01:10:23,500 --> 01:10:27,800
incredible hammering shouting 
the scrape of stone against 

1390
01:10:27,800 --> 01:10:30,200
Stone and the occasional 
creative curse word that 

1391
01:10:30,200 --> 01:10:32,400
probably shouldn't be repeated 
in polite company. 

1392
01:10:33,600 --> 01:10:36,100
Your assigned to a work crew. 
That becomes your new family, 

1393
01:10:36,100 --> 01:10:40,100
whether you like it or not. 
There's old Chen and claims he 

1394
01:10:40,108 --> 01:10:42,800
helped build the Emperor's 
Palace and has strong opinions 

1395
01:10:42,800 --> 01:10:46,500
about proper mortar mixing Ying 
Liu bounces around with the 

1396
01:10:46,508 --> 01:10:49,400
enthusiasm of someone who thinks
this whole wall business might 

1397
01:10:49,400 --> 01:10:53,000
actually be fun. 
Wang the quiet barely speaks but

1398
01:10:53,000 --> 01:10:56,600
can carry stones that would make
a donkey jealous and there's you

1399
01:10:56,600 --> 01:10:58,400
trying to figure out which end 
of a hammer to hold. 

1400
01:10:59,400 --> 01:11:03,400
The living arrangements are 
shall we say cozy, your new home

1401
01:11:03,400 --> 01:11:06,900
is a tent shared with five other
men, which sounds awful Until 

1402
01:11:06,900 --> 01:11:09,300
you realize some crews are 
sleeping 12 to a shelter. 

1403
01:11:10,200 --> 01:11:13,800
Privacy becomes a fond memory 
like a favorite dish from home 

1404
01:11:13,800 --> 01:11:16,100
that you can almost taste. 
If you concentrate hard enough, 

1405
01:11:17,100 --> 01:11:19,000
The good news is that, everyone 
snores. 

1406
01:11:19,000 --> 01:11:21,700
So at least the noise is evenly 
distributed. 

1407
01:11:21,700 --> 01:11:25,700
Your daily routine starts Before
Dawn, because apparently, 

1408
01:11:25,700 --> 01:11:28,500
whoever designed this schedule, 
believe that sunlight was a 

1409
01:11:28,500 --> 01:11:32,200
luxury, rather than a necessity,
you stumble out of your shared 

1410
01:11:32,200 --> 01:11:35,100
tent, grab some rice and maybe a
pickled vegetable. 

1411
01:11:35,100 --> 01:11:38,800
If you're lucky and report to 
your section chief, this is a 

1412
01:11:38,800 --> 01:11:41,900
man who is elevated shouting 
into an art form and seems to 

1413
01:11:41,900 --> 01:11:45,000
believe that volume is directly 
proportional to work efficiency,

1414
01:11:45,000 --> 01:11:48,200
the work itself is simpler and 
concept and execution. 

1415
01:11:48,200 --> 01:11:51,900
Your building a wall which 
sounds straightforward Until you

1416
01:11:51,900 --> 01:11:54,400
realize this wall needs to be 
tall enough to stop mounted 

1417
01:11:54,400 --> 01:11:56,900
Warriors. 
Strong enough to withstand Siege

1418
01:11:56,900 --> 01:11:59,100
engines and long enough to 
protect an entire Frontier. 

1419
01:11:59,900 --> 01:12:02,200
It's like being asked to build a
fence around your property, 

1420
01:12:02,200 --> 01:12:05,600
except your property is the size
of several States, and the fence

1421
01:12:05,600 --> 01:12:08,600
needs to stop an army. 
The foundation work is 

1422
01:12:08,600 --> 01:12:10,500
backbreaking in the most literal
sense. 

1423
01:12:10,500 --> 01:12:14,800
You spend days moving Earth 
laying stones and creating the 

1424
01:12:14,800 --> 01:12:18,300
base that everything else will 
rest on each Stone needs to be 

1425
01:12:18,308 --> 01:12:20,600
placed. 
Just so because a wobbly 

1426
01:12:20,600 --> 01:12:23,500
Foundation today means a 
collapsed wall to tomorrow and 

1427
01:12:23,500 --> 01:12:25,300
nobody wants to explain to the 
emperor. 

1428
01:12:25,300 --> 01:12:28,900
Why his wall is developed to 
lean But here's the thing about 

1429
01:12:28,900 --> 01:12:31,900
shared misery. 
It has a way of bringing people 

1430
01:12:31,900 --> 01:12:35,300
together by the end of your 
first week, you and your tent 

1431
01:12:35,300 --> 01:12:37,900
mates have developed. 
An effortless Camry, Reeder born

1432
01:12:37,900 --> 01:12:41,500
of mutual exhaustion old Chen, 
shares techniques, he learned 

1433
01:12:41,500 --> 01:12:43,200
from previous construction 
projects. 

1434
01:12:44,000 --> 01:12:46,800
Ying Liu invents games to make 
the repetitive work, more 

1435
01:12:46,800 --> 01:12:49,800
bearable, on the quiet, turns 
out to be an excellent cook. 

1436
01:12:49,800 --> 01:12:51,900
Who can make rice taste almost 
intriguing? 

1437
01:12:51,900 --> 01:12:55,100
The engineers overseeing, the 
project are a fascinating Bunch,

1438
01:12:55,100 --> 01:12:57,900
they've had to solve problems. 
No one has ever faced before 

1439
01:12:57,900 --> 01:13:00,900
like how to build a uniform wall
across terrain that varies from 

1440
01:13:00,908 --> 01:13:04,400
desert sand to Mountain Granite.
Watching them work is like 

1441
01:13:04,400 --> 01:13:07,100
seeing puzzle, Master's tackle, 
a jigsaw with a million pieces, 

1442
01:13:07,100 --> 01:13:09,200
none of which seem to fit 
together properly. 

1443
01:13:10,000 --> 01:13:12,700
Supply lines stretch back 
towards civilization like the 

1444
01:13:12,700 --> 01:13:14,500
world's longest grocery delivery
route. 

1445
01:13:15,300 --> 01:13:18,600
Wagons arrived with fresh Stone,
Timber rice and replacement 

1446
01:13:18,600 --> 01:13:22,200
tools, occasionally they bring 
news from home, which everyone 

1447
01:13:22,200 --> 01:13:24,300
gathers around to hear, like 
it's the evening entertainment. 

1448
01:13:25,400 --> 01:13:27,700
Occasionally, they bring new 
workers to replace those who've 

1449
01:13:27,700 --> 01:13:30,200
completed their service or more 
grimly. 

1450
01:13:30,200 --> 01:13:31,900
Those who won't be going home at
all. 

1451
01:13:33,300 --> 01:13:36,200
Despite the hardships, there's 
something, oddly satisfying 

1452
01:13:36,200 --> 01:13:40,300
about the work, each day you can
see progress, the wall, grows 

1453
01:13:40,300 --> 01:13:41,900
taller stronger and more 
impressive. 

1454
01:13:41,900 --> 01:13:45,800
You begin to take pride in your 
section competing informally 

1455
01:13:45,800 --> 01:13:48,400
with other Crews to see who can 
lay the straightest line or 

1456
01:13:48,400 --> 01:13:51,600
build the most solid foundation.
It's like the world's most 

1457
01:13:51,600 --> 01:13:54,800
exhausting team sport after a 
few weeks on the wall, you've 

1458
01:13:54,800 --> 01:13:57,500
developed what your grandmother 
might charitably call character 

1459
01:13:57,500 --> 01:14:00,400
your hands once soft from farm 
work. 

1460
01:14:00,400 --> 01:14:03,500
Now sport calluses in places. 
You didn't know, could grow 

1461
01:14:03,500 --> 01:14:07,500
calluses your back has adapted 
to a permanent slight hunch from

1462
01:14:07,500 --> 01:14:10,400
lifting stones, and you've 
learned to identify different 

1463
01:14:10,400 --> 01:14:13,800
types of rock by their weight 
and the specific way they make 

1464
01:14:13,800 --> 01:14:17,500
your shoulders ache. 
The workday starts with what the

1465
01:14:17,500 --> 01:14:20,800
section, chief, optimistically 
calls morning, coordination, 

1466
01:14:20,800 --> 01:14:24,500
which everyone else recognizes 
as the daily ritual of figuring 

1467
01:14:24,500 --> 01:14:26,900
out, who's going to do what and 
how badly it might go wrong 

1468
01:14:26,900 --> 01:14:30,000
today. 
Your crew is assigned to mortar 

1469
01:14:30,000 --> 01:14:32,900
mixing, which sounds easier 
Until you realize that getting 

1470
01:14:32,900 --> 01:14:35,200
the consistency, right? 
Is like trying to bake bread 

1471
01:14:35,200 --> 01:14:36,600
while blindfolded during an 
earthquake. 

1472
01:14:37,800 --> 01:14:40,500
Old Chen takes this opportunity 
to share his philosophy on 

1473
01:14:40,500 --> 01:14:43,800
mortar which apparently involves
the same level of precision that

1474
01:14:43,800 --> 01:14:45,300
other people reserved for 
poetry. 

1475
01:14:46,400 --> 01:14:49,200
If the mixture is too wet, it 
runs like water from a broken 

1476
01:14:49,200 --> 01:14:51,600
bucket. 
He explains while stirring the 

1477
01:14:51,608 --> 01:14:55,300
mixture with a wooden paddle 
that has seen better days, too 

1478
01:14:55,300 --> 01:14:57,700
dry and it crumbles like a 
promise from a politician. 

1479
01:14:58,400 --> 01:15:00,900
You're beginning to suspect that
old Chen, has strong opinions 

1480
01:15:00,900 --> 01:15:04,000
about everything, which makes 
him other very wise or very 

1481
01:15:04,000 --> 01:15:06,200
annoying depending on how early 
in the morning. 

1482
01:15:06,200 --> 01:15:09,200
It is the stones themselves come
from quarries. 

1483
01:15:09,200 --> 01:15:12,500
That seemed impossibly far away 
yet somehow keep producing an 

1484
01:15:12,500 --> 01:15:14,300
endless supply of building 
material. 

1485
01:15:16,000 --> 01:15:19,800
Watching the stonecutters work 
is mesmerizing they can look at 

1486
01:15:19,800 --> 01:15:23,200
a rough Boulder and somehow see 
the perfectly shaped block 

1487
01:15:23,200 --> 01:15:25,800
hiding inside like sculptors 
working in reverse. 

1488
01:15:26,700 --> 01:15:28,800
A hammers ring against chisels 
with a rhythm. 

1489
01:15:28,800 --> 01:15:31,700
That becomes the soundtrack of 
construction, a percussion 

1490
01:15:31,700 --> 01:15:33,300
section for the Symphony of 
building. 

1491
01:15:34,200 --> 01:15:37,400
Transportation of materials has 
evolved into a complex dance of 

1492
01:15:37,400 --> 01:15:39,600
human. 
Efficiency teams of workers 

1493
01:15:39,600 --> 01:15:41,700
form. 
Chains from the supply wagons to

1494
01:15:41,700 --> 01:15:45,700
the construction site passing 
Stones hand-to-hand any process 

1495
01:15:45,700 --> 01:15:48,900
that looks chaotic but actually 
moves materials faster than the 

1496
01:15:48,908 --> 01:15:51,500
new think possible. 
It's like watching a very 

1497
01:15:51,500 --> 01:15:54,800
patient version of the world's 
heaviest relay race Ying. 

1498
01:15:54,800 --> 01:15:57,600
Liu has invented a game where 
you try to predict which Stone 

1499
01:15:57,600 --> 01:16:00,500
will be the most awkward to 
carry based on its shape. 

1500
01:16:00,500 --> 01:16:04,200
He surprisingly talented at 
this, having developed an eye 

1501
01:16:04,200 --> 01:16:07,000
for stones that look innocent, 
but turn out to be engineered by

1502
01:16:07,000 --> 01:16:10,100
Nature specifically, to be 
impossible, to grip properly. 

1503
01:16:10,900 --> 01:16:14,100
His uncanny ability to spot. 
These troublemakers and save the

1504
01:16:14,100 --> 01:16:17,900
crew, numerous bruised toes and 
creative vocabulary lessons. 

1505
01:16:17,900 --> 01:16:21,300
The wall itself is taking shape 
with surprising speed 

1506
01:16:21,300 --> 01:16:24,000
considering, it's being built 
entirely by hand. 

1507
01:16:24,000 --> 01:16:27,800
Each section has its own 
personality reflecting, the crew

1508
01:16:27,800 --> 01:16:30,500
that built it. 
Some sections are precisely 

1509
01:16:30,500 --> 01:16:33,200
uniform built by teams that 
measure twice and cut. 

1510
01:16:33,200 --> 01:16:37,300
Once others, show more character
with small variations that 

1511
01:16:37,300 --> 01:16:40,400
somehow make them look more 
human, and less like something 

1512
01:16:40,400 --> 01:16:43,900
assembled by very patient 
machines whether at its 

1513
01:16:43,900 --> 01:16:47,800
complications to the work, Rain 
turns the construction site into

1514
01:16:47,800 --> 01:16:51,200
a muddy obstacle course where 
every step requires careful 

1515
01:16:51,200 --> 01:16:53,100
consideration of physics and 
balance. 

1516
01:16:53,100 --> 01:16:56,600
Hot days, make the stones too 
hot to handle comfortably and 

1517
01:16:56,600 --> 01:16:58,800
cold mornings. 
Mean waiting for fingers to thaw

1518
01:16:58,800 --> 01:17:02,200
enough to grip tools properly. 
You begin to develop a farmers 

1519
01:17:02,200 --> 01:17:04,500
intuition for whether reading 
the sky. 

1520
01:17:04,500 --> 01:17:07,600
Like, a daily newspaper that 
specializes in inconvenient 

1521
01:17:07,600 --> 01:17:11,700
surprises, the guard towers 
spaced at regular intervals 

1522
01:17:11,700 --> 01:17:13,900
along the wall present their 
engineering challenges. 

1523
01:17:13,900 --> 01:17:17,400
These aren't just tall 
platforms, their sophisticated 

1524
01:17:17,400 --> 01:17:20,300
observation and communication 
posts that need to be sturdy 

1525
01:17:20,300 --> 01:17:23,500
enough to withstand attacks or 
remaining tall enough to provide

1526
01:17:23,500 --> 01:17:25,500
commanding views of the 
surrounding territory. 

1527
01:17:26,200 --> 01:17:28,800
Building them requires a 
combination of masonry 

1528
01:17:28,800 --> 01:17:31,300
carpentry. 
And what might generously be 

1529
01:17:31,300 --> 01:17:35,300
called optimistic physics. 
Food becomes both Fuel and 

1530
01:17:35,300 --> 01:17:38,700
entertainment, the camp Cooks of
mastered, the art of making 

1531
01:17:38,700 --> 01:17:42,400
large quantities, of rice, 
interesting through creative use

1532
01:17:42,400 --> 01:17:45,000
of whatever, vegetables, meat or
seasonings happen to be 

1533
01:17:45,000 --> 01:17:47,300
available. 
Sometimes you have lucky, and 

1534
01:17:47,300 --> 01:17:50,900
there's pork other times, you 
learn to appreciate the subtle 

1535
01:17:50,900 --> 01:17:54,700
flavors of turnips and Hope. 
Cruise gather during mealtimes 

1536
01:17:54,700 --> 01:17:58,000
to share stories voice, 
complaints and occasionally 

1537
01:17:58,000 --> 01:18:00,800
speculate about the potential 
completion of this project. 

1538
01:18:00,800 --> 01:18:04,900
Your tent mates have developed 
distinct personalities that make

1539
01:18:04,900 --> 01:18:08,300
the cramped, living quarters 
more, bearable, Old Chen, tell 

1540
01:18:08,300 --> 01:18:10,900
stories from his construction 
days that may or may not be 

1541
01:18:10,900 --> 01:18:12,700
entirely true, but always 
entertaining. 

1542
01:18:13,500 --> 01:18:15,900
Ying Liu practices writing 
characters in the dirt 

1543
01:18:15,900 --> 01:18:19,200
determined to return home more 
educated than when he left. 

1544
01:18:20,100 --> 01:18:23,000
One, the quiet has revealed a 
talent for repairing tools and 

1545
01:18:23,000 --> 01:18:26,500
equipment, making him the most 
popular person in 100 yard 

1546
01:18:26,500 --> 01:18:28,900
radius by now you've realized 
that building. 

1547
01:18:28,900 --> 01:18:32,100
The Great Wall isn't just 
construction, its engineering on

1548
01:18:32,100 --> 01:18:34,300
a scale that makes regular 
building projects look like 

1549
01:18:34,300 --> 01:18:37,700
children's blocks. 
Every Day, brings new problems 

1550
01:18:37,700 --> 01:18:40,700
that require Solutions and no 
one has ever had to figure out 

1551
01:18:40,700 --> 01:18:42,400
before. 
And you're starting to 

1552
01:18:42,400 --> 01:18:44,900
appreciate the complexity of 
what seemed like a simple 

1553
01:18:44,900 --> 01:18:47,500
concept. 
Take, for instance, the 

1554
01:18:47,500 --> 01:18:49,800
challenge of building a wall 
across a mountain ridge. 

1555
01:18:49,800 --> 01:18:53,000
You can't just pile stones in a 
straight line and hope for the 

1556
01:18:53,000 --> 01:18:55,000
best. 
The wall needs to follow the 

1557
01:18:55,000 --> 01:18:57,500
natural Contours of the land 
while maintaining its defensive 

1558
01:18:57,500 --> 01:19:00,200
capabilities, which means 
constantly adjusting height 

1559
01:19:00,200 --> 01:19:03,300
thickness and angle. 
It's like trying to draw a 

1560
01:19:03,300 --> 01:19:05,100
straight line on a crumpled 
piece of paper while wearing 

1561
01:19:05,100 --> 01:19:08,400
mittens. 
The foundation work varies 

1562
01:19:08,400 --> 01:19:11,300
dramatically depending on 
Terrain in Rocky areas. 

1563
01:19:11,300 --> 01:19:14,500
You're essentially building on 
Nature's concrete, which sounds 

1564
01:19:14,500 --> 01:19:16,200
great. 
Until you realize that Rocky 

1565
01:19:16,200 --> 01:19:20,100
often means uneven unpredictable
and determined to make your life

1566
01:19:20,100 --> 01:19:23,300
difficult. 
In Sandy or soft, soil areas, 

1567
01:19:23,300 --> 01:19:26,900
the foundation needs to go much 
deeper, which means more digging

1568
01:19:26,900 --> 01:19:29,100
and more Stone. 
But at least the digging is 

1569
01:19:29,108 --> 01:19:31,500
easier. 
In Marshy areas. 

1570
01:19:31,500 --> 01:19:35,000
Well everyone tries to avoid 
thinking about marshy areas, 

1571
01:19:35,000 --> 01:19:38,600
your crew has been assigned to 
work on a section that crosses a

1572
01:19:38,600 --> 01:19:42,100
particularly steep Hillside 
which provides spectacular views

1573
01:19:42,100 --> 01:19:45,300
and spectacular challenges in 
equal measure building. 

1574
01:19:45,300 --> 01:19:47,900
On a slope means, every stone 
wants to roll downhill. 

1575
01:19:47,900 --> 01:19:51,500
Apparently, having missed the 
memo of about staying put This 

1576
01:19:51,500 --> 01:19:54,600
has led to the development of 
increasingly creative techniques

1577
01:19:54,600 --> 01:19:57,400
for convincing stones to remain 
where you place them. 

1578
01:19:58,300 --> 01:20:00,900
Old Chen has become something of
a master at reading Stone 

1579
01:20:00,900 --> 01:20:03,100
Behavior. 
He can look at a rock and 

1580
01:20:03,100 --> 01:20:05,600
predict, whether it's going to 
be cooperative, whether it's 

1581
01:20:05,600 --> 01:20:08,600
going to spend the day trying to
escape down the Mountainside. 

1582
01:20:09,400 --> 01:20:12,200
Stones have personalities, he 
explains while wedging a 

1583
01:20:12,200 --> 01:20:14,000
particularly rebellious Boulder 
into place. 

1584
01:20:14,000 --> 01:20:18,100
Some want to work some want to 
wander and some just want to 

1585
01:20:18,100 --> 01:20:21,300
cause trouble, you're starting 
to suspect, he might be right. 

1586
01:20:21,300 --> 01:20:24,300
The mortar mixing has evolved 
into something approaching 

1587
01:20:24,300 --> 01:20:26,400
science. 
Different weather conditions 

1588
01:20:26,400 --> 01:20:29,700
required different consistencies
and the local materials 

1589
01:20:29,700 --> 01:20:32,800
Limestone here. 
Clay there all react differently

1590
01:20:32,800 --> 01:20:36,500
to mixing and setting the Master
Masons have developed an almost 

1591
01:20:36,500 --> 01:20:39,400
mystical ability to produce. 
Exactly the right mixture for 

1592
01:20:39,408 --> 01:20:42,800
current conditions like chefs 
who can cook perfect meals 

1593
01:20:42,800 --> 01:20:45,700
without measuring ingredients. 
Tool maintenance as become a 

1594
01:20:45,700 --> 01:20:49,400
critical skill for survival. 
When your livelihood depends on 

1595
01:20:49,400 --> 01:20:52,900
hammers chisels and carrying 
baskets, keeping them in good 

1596
01:20:52,900 --> 01:20:56,500
repair isn't just Professional 
Pride itself preservation. 

1597
01:20:57,800 --> 01:21:00,300
Won the quiet has set up an 
informal repair service. 

1598
01:21:00,300 --> 01:21:03,300
Trading tool maintenance for 
extra rice, or help with heavy 

1599
01:21:03,300 --> 01:21:06,400
lifting, his ability to 
resurrect a broken handle or 

1600
01:21:06,400 --> 01:21:09,300
straighten, a bench's made him, 
the most valued member of 

1601
01:21:09,300 --> 01:21:12,200
several Crews. 
The logistics of the project are

1602
01:21:12,200 --> 01:21:13,800
mine boggling. 
When you stop thinking about 

1603
01:21:13,800 --> 01:21:17,600
them, Someone somewhere is 
coordinating the delivery of 

1604
01:21:17,600 --> 01:21:21,100
materials food and equipment to 
dozens of construction sites, 

1605
01:21:21,100 --> 01:21:25,400
spread across hundreds of miles.
Supply wagons consistently 

1606
01:21:25,400 --> 01:21:27,900
arrive. 
Delivering not only Essentials 

1607
01:21:27,900 --> 01:21:31,100
but also occasional luxury items
such as tea or preserved. 

1608
01:21:31,100 --> 01:21:33,800
Fruit, adding a touch of joy to 
everyone's day. 

1609
01:21:34,900 --> 01:21:37,400
Communication along the wall 
happens through a system of 

1610
01:21:37,400 --> 01:21:39,500
signals. 
That's part practical necessity 

1611
01:21:39,500 --> 01:21:43,100
and part entertainment. 
Horn calls relay messages from 

1612
01:21:43,100 --> 01:21:47,100
section to section, creating a 
chain of communication that can 

1613
01:21:47,100 --> 01:21:49,100
carry news faster than a running
messenger. 

1614
01:21:50,300 --> 01:21:53,000
Horn operators have developed a 
surprise in sophisticated 

1615
01:21:53,000 --> 01:21:56,800
vocabulary of calls, different 
patterns for Meal Time, shift 

1616
01:21:56,800 --> 01:22:00,500
changes material, deliveries and
occasionally warning is about 

1617
01:22:00,508 --> 01:22:04,000
approaching inspectors. 
The inspectors themselves are a 

1618
01:22:04,000 --> 01:22:05,500
source of both anxiety and 
amusement. 

1619
01:22:05,500 --> 01:22:09,100
These are officials who are 
periodically to check progress 

1620
01:22:09,100 --> 01:22:12,700
on quality armed with measuring 
devices and serious Expressions.

1621
01:22:12,700 --> 01:22:16,500
They examine wall sections with 
the intense of our critics 

1622
01:22:16,500 --> 01:22:19,600
running their hands along Stone 
joints and muttering about 

1623
01:22:19,600 --> 01:22:22,300
specifications. 
Smart Cruise learned to 

1624
01:22:22,308 --> 01:22:25,300
recognize the signs of an 
approaching inspection and spend

1625
01:22:25,300 --> 01:22:27,100
extra time making their 
sections. 

1626
01:22:27,100 --> 01:22:30,500
Look particularly impressive 
quality control has evolved 

1627
01:22:30,500 --> 01:22:32,000
organically among the work 
Crews. 

1628
01:22:32,000 --> 01:22:35,200
Nobody wants to be responsible 
for the section that falls down.

1629
01:22:35,200 --> 01:22:39,400
So there's intense peer pressure
to build well, Teams develop 

1630
01:22:39,400 --> 01:22:42,600
reputations for craftsmanship, 
and being assigned to work with 

1631
01:22:42,600 --> 01:22:44,300
a crew known for solid 
construction. 

1632
01:22:44,300 --> 01:22:48,200
Becomes a point of pride 
Competition between Crews drives

1633
01:22:48,200 --> 01:22:51,400
quality improvements that no 
amount of official supervision 

1634
01:22:51,400 --> 01:22:54,500
could achieve the walls 
defensive features, require 

1635
01:22:54,500 --> 01:22:57,500
careful attention to detail that
goes beyond simple construction 

1636
01:22:57,500 --> 01:23:00,700
Arrow slits. 
Need to be positioned at exactly

1637
01:23:00,700 --> 01:23:04,000
the right height and angle to 
provide maximum coverage, while 

1638
01:23:04,000 --> 01:23:05,600
offering protection to 
Defenders. 

1639
01:23:05,600 --> 01:23:09,600
Walkways must be wide enough for
guards to patrol but not so wide

1640
01:23:09,600 --> 01:23:12,200
that they waste materials or 
provide too much, Target area 

1641
01:23:12,200 --> 01:23:15,700
for attackers winter arrives, 
like an unwelcome relative who 

1642
01:23:15,700 --> 01:23:19,300
shows up without warning and 
refuses to leave One day, you're

1643
01:23:19,300 --> 01:23:20,600
working in comfortable, Autumn 
weather. 

1644
01:23:20,600 --> 01:23:23,900
And the next morning you wake up
to discover, Frost decorating 

1645
01:23:23,900 --> 01:23:27,700
your tent, like Nature's least, 
practical artwork, The section 

1646
01:23:27,700 --> 01:23:30,300
chief announces that work will 
continue regardless of whether 

1647
01:23:30,300 --> 01:23:33,400
because apparently walls don't 
build themselves and Emperors. 

1648
01:23:33,400 --> 01:23:34,900
Don't appreciate seasonal, 
delays. 

1649
01:23:35,900 --> 01:23:38,000
Building in cold weather, 
presents challenges that the 

1650
01:23:38,000 --> 01:23:40,100
project plan has probably didn't
fully appreciate. 

1651
01:23:40,100 --> 01:23:42,600
When they scheduled this 
particular construction time 

1652
01:23:42,600 --> 01:23:45,100
line. 
Mortar doesn't set properly when

1653
01:23:45,100 --> 01:23:47,600
it's freezing, which means 
either waiting for warmer 

1654
01:23:47,600 --> 01:23:50,700
temperatures or developing 
Creative Solutions, that involve

1655
01:23:50,700 --> 01:23:53,100
keeping mixed mortar warm until 
it can be applied. 

1656
01:23:54,400 --> 01:23:57,300
This scenario leads to the 
amusing sight of grown men. 

1657
01:23:57,300 --> 01:24:00,200
Huddling around small fires with
buckets of mortar like their 

1658
01:24:00,200 --> 01:24:04,100
warming, their hands, your tent 
becomes both a sanctuary and an 

1659
01:24:04,100 --> 01:24:05,700
endurance test as temperatures 
drop. 

1660
01:24:06,500 --> 01:24:09,900
Five, men sharing a small space 
generates a surprising amount of

1661
01:24:09,900 --> 01:24:12,700
body heat which is beneficial 
for staying warm, but 

1662
01:24:12,700 --> 01:24:16,100
challenging and maintaining any 
sense of personal space or air 

1663
01:24:16,100 --> 01:24:18,900
quality. 
Everyone develops strategies for

1664
01:24:18,900 --> 01:24:22,000
staying comfortable, extra 
layers, creative, use of 

1665
01:24:22,008 --> 01:24:25,300
blankets, and the unspoken 
agreement that nobody comments 

1666
01:24:25,300 --> 01:24:29,900
on anyone else's sleeping habits
or unusual nighttime noises, The

1667
01:24:29,900 --> 01:24:33,000
supply lines face, their own 
winter challenges wagons that 

1668
01:24:33,000 --> 01:24:35,000
moved easily over dry summer 
roads. 

1669
01:24:35,000 --> 01:24:39,300
Now, struggle through mud snow 
and ice food, deliveries become 

1670
01:24:39,300 --> 01:24:41,300
less. 
Predictable leading to careful 

1671
01:24:41,300 --> 01:24:43,800
rationing and creative cooking, 
with whatever ingredients are 

1672
01:24:43,800 --> 01:24:46,400
available. 
Rice becomes even more pressure 

1673
01:24:46,400 --> 01:24:48,700
and everyone learns to 
appreciate the subtle 

1674
01:24:48,700 --> 01:24:52,400
differences between turnips 
radishes and other vegetables. 

1675
01:24:52,400 --> 01:24:55,100
That all tastes remarkably 
similar in your hungry enough, 

1676
01:24:55,100 --> 01:24:58,600
spring brings relief and new 
complications in equal measure 

1677
01:24:58,600 --> 01:25:02,400
the ground thaws making easier. 
But also creating mud seems 

1678
01:25:02,400 --> 01:25:05,700
specifically designed to make 
walking difficult and Tool 

1679
01:25:05,700 --> 01:25:08,900
handling treacherous fresh 
supplies arrive, more regularly.

1680
01:25:08,900 --> 01:25:12,300
So do new workers, who need to 
be trained and integrated into 

1681
01:25:12,300 --> 01:25:15,500
existing crews. 
You find yourself in the odd 

1682
01:25:15,500 --> 01:25:18,500
position of being a veteran 
after, just one winter offering 

1683
01:25:18,500 --> 01:25:22,100
advice to newcomers who look as 
bewildered as you once did the 

1684
01:25:22,100 --> 01:25:25,000
seasonal cycle creates a rhythm 
to the work that becomes oddly 

1685
01:25:25,000 --> 01:25:27,400
comforting. 
Summer brings long days and 

1686
01:25:27,400 --> 01:25:30,900
maximum productivity. 
However, it also brings heat 

1687
01:25:30,900 --> 01:25:34,000
that makes handling sunbake, 
stones, and exercise, and paint 

1688
01:25:34,000 --> 01:25:36,400
tolerance. 
Autumn brings perfect working 

1689
01:25:36,400 --> 01:25:39,500
weather and the Urgent push to 
complete sections before winter,

1690
01:25:39,500 --> 01:25:42,700
returns each season requires 
different strategies 

1691
01:25:42,700 --> 01:25:45,800
preparations and types of 
stubborn, determination. 

1692
01:25:47,200 --> 01:25:49,100
The rainy season deserves 
special mention. 

1693
01:25:49,100 --> 01:25:51,000
As a time, when optimism goes to
die. 

1694
01:25:51,000 --> 01:25:55,300
Working in Rain, means dealing 
with slippery, Stones mud, that 

1695
01:25:55,300 --> 01:25:57,800
clings to everything. 
And the constant challenge of 

1696
01:25:57,800 --> 01:26:01,200
keeping tools dry enough to use,
effectively the wall itself 

1697
01:26:01,200 --> 01:26:05,000
becomes, treacherous to work, on
requiring extra caution and 

1698
01:26:05,000 --> 01:26:06,800
significantly reduced 
productivity. 

1699
01:26:06,800 --> 01:26:10,600
Everyone develops strong 
opinions about rain gear, and 

1700
01:26:10,600 --> 01:26:13,600
the inadequacy of most attempts 
to stay dry while doing heavy 

1701
01:26:13,600 --> 01:26:16,500
construction work. 
The changing seasons, bring 

1702
01:26:16,500 --> 01:26:19,600
changes in local Wildlife, which
adds an element of 

1703
01:26:19,600 --> 01:26:23,900
unpredictability to daily work. 
Spring brings curious dear, that

1704
01:26:23,900 --> 01:26:27,100
seemed fascinated by 
construction activity, summer 

1705
01:26:27,100 --> 01:26:30,000
attracts, various insects that 
apparently view human workers as

1706
01:26:30,000 --> 01:26:32,000
either entertainment or 
potential meals. 

1707
01:26:32,000 --> 01:26:35,700
Autumn brings migrating birds 
that sometimes interfere with 

1708
01:26:35,700 --> 01:26:38,700
construction work and winter 
brings various creatures, 

1709
01:26:38,700 --> 01:26:42,000
searching for warm places to 
shelter occasionally choosing 

1710
01:26:42,000 --> 01:26:45,100
tool storage areas. 
Old Chen reveals that he's 

1711
01:26:45,100 --> 01:26:48,100
worked, construction jobs in all
kinds of weather and has 

1712
01:26:48,100 --> 01:26:50,300
developed philosophical 
approaches to each season. 

1713
01:26:51,600 --> 01:26:54,600
Some are teachers patients, he 
explains while taking a break in

1714
01:26:54,600 --> 01:26:58,100
whatever shade he can find 
Winter teaches persistence 

1715
01:26:58,100 --> 01:27:02,800
spring teachers hope and Autumn 
teaches urgency Ying. 

1716
01:27:02,800 --> 01:27:05,400
Liu suggests that all seasons, 
teach you to appreciate being 

1717
01:27:05,400 --> 01:27:08,800
indoors which seems like the 
most practical wisdom anyone has

1718
01:27:08,800 --> 01:27:11,200
offered. 
Food preservation becomes a 

1719
01:27:11,200 --> 01:27:13,800
crucial skill as whether affects
both supplier, deliveries and 

1720
01:27:13,800 --> 01:27:17,300
storage capabilities, it becomes
essential to learn which 

1721
01:27:17,300 --> 01:27:20,400
vegetables store well and which 
require immediate consumption 

1722
01:27:20,400 --> 01:27:23,600
based on available ingredients 
and safe storage methods. 

1723
01:27:23,600 --> 01:27:26,500
The camp Cooks create seasonal 
menus that result in 

1724
01:27:26,500 --> 01:27:29,700
surprisingly diverse, meals 
tool, performance, vary 

1725
01:27:29,700 --> 01:27:32,600
significantly with weather 
conditions, wooden handles, 

1726
01:27:32,600 --> 01:27:36,500
shrink and expand metal parts, 
rust or become brittle and 

1727
01:27:36,500 --> 01:27:38,900
carrying baskets, develop holes 
or weak spots. 

1728
01:27:38,900 --> 01:27:43,100
That seem to appear overnight 
Maintenance become an ongoing 

1729
01:27:43,100 --> 01:27:46,500
project rather than an 
occasional necessity and 

1730
01:27:46,500 --> 01:27:48,500
everyone. 
Learns basic repair skills that 

1731
01:27:48,500 --> 01:27:50,500
were not part of the original 
job description. 

1732
01:27:51,300 --> 01:27:54,200
Whether prediction becomes a 
valuable skill set that everyone

1733
01:27:54,200 --> 01:27:57,500
develops to some degree. 
Cloud reading wooden pattern 

1734
01:27:57,500 --> 01:28:00,600
recognition and understanding 
seasonal patterns, all 

1735
01:28:00,600 --> 01:28:02,400
contribute to better planning 
and preparation. 

1736
01:28:03,200 --> 01:28:06,200
The ability to predict weather 
changes, helps Cruise plan, work

1737
01:28:06,200 --> 01:28:09,900
schedules, prepare for Supply 
delays and generally make life 

1738
01:28:09,900 --> 01:28:12,000
more manageable in an 
environment where Comfort is 

1739
01:28:12,008 --> 01:28:14,500
largely dependent on being 
ready, for whatever nature 

1740
01:28:14,500 --> 01:28:16,800
decides to provide living and 
working. 

1741
01:28:16,800 --> 01:28:19,500
In close quarters with hundreds 
of other people creates a unique

1742
01:28:19,500 --> 01:28:22,400
social environment. 
That's part construction, site 

1743
01:28:22,400 --> 01:28:26,300
part, small town, and part 
extended family reunion, when 

1744
01:28:26,300 --> 01:28:29,300
nobody can leave early. 
The wall project has brought 

1745
01:28:29,300 --> 01:28:32,100
together people from different 
regions, social classes and 

1746
01:28:32,100 --> 01:28:34,800
backgrounds, creating a 
temporary community, that 

1747
01:28:34,800 --> 01:28:37,800
develops its own Customs, jokes 
and social structure. 

1748
01:28:38,600 --> 01:28:40,700
Your tent has evolved into 
something resembling a 

1749
01:28:40,700 --> 01:28:42,900
household. 
With everyone settling into 

1750
01:28:42,900 --> 01:28:46,700
informal roles that make shared,
living more manageable old Chen 

1751
01:28:46,700 --> 01:28:49,700
has become The Unofficial 
leader, settling dispute and 

1752
01:28:49,700 --> 01:28:52,100
offering advice based on his 
extensive experience. 

1753
01:28:52,100 --> 01:28:55,300
With group, living situations, 
young loose serves as 

1754
01:28:55,300 --> 01:28:58,300
entertainment coordinator 
inventing games and keeping 

1755
01:28:58,300 --> 01:28:59,900
spirits up during difficult 
days. 

1756
01:29:00,900 --> 01:29:03,800
One the quiet handles practical 
matters like tool maintenance 

1757
01:29:03,800 --> 01:29:07,200
and small repairs, that keep 
daily life functioning smoothly.

1758
01:29:07,200 --> 01:29:10,800
The evening routine after work 
has become a social ritual that 

1759
01:29:10,800 --> 01:29:14,600
everyone looks forward to cruise
gather around small fires to 

1760
01:29:14,600 --> 01:29:17,100
share meals stories and 
complaints about the days 

1761
01:29:17,100 --> 01:29:21,300
challenges. these conversations 
range from practical discussions

1762
01:29:21,300 --> 01:29:24,600
about construction techniques to
elaborate storytelling sessions,

1763
01:29:24,600 --> 01:29:27,200
where facts and entertainment 
blend together in ways that 

1764
01:29:27,200 --> 01:29:30,300
probably wouldn't pass, strict 
historical scrutiny, but make 

1765
01:29:30,300 --> 01:29:34,500
for engaging listening Regional 
differences create intriguing. 

1766
01:29:34,500 --> 01:29:36,800
Cultural exchanges as workers 
from different areas. 

1767
01:29:36,800 --> 01:29:40,200
Share their local Customs foods 
and approaches to 

1768
01:29:40,200 --> 01:29:44,500
problem-solving. 
Is my introduce techniques for 

1769
01:29:44,500 --> 01:29:47,500
working in cold weather while 
workers from Southern regions, 

1770
01:29:47,500 --> 01:29:50,100
contribute knowledge about 
building in wet conditions. 

1771
01:29:50,100 --> 01:29:53,800
It's like a practical education 
program where everyone is both 

1772
01:29:53,800 --> 01:29:57,200
teacher and student games and 
entertainment, develop 

1773
01:29:57,200 --> 01:29:59,600
organically to fill the hours 
between work and sleep. 

1774
01:30:00,400 --> 01:30:03,300
Simple gambling games, using 
stones or sticks, provide 

1775
01:30:03,300 --> 01:30:04,900
excitement, and social 
interaction. 

1776
01:30:05,800 --> 01:30:08,700
Storytelling competitions, 
emerge with workers sharing 

1777
01:30:08,700 --> 01:30:12,000
Tales from home or inventing, 
elaborate fictional Adventures. 

1778
01:30:12,800 --> 01:30:15,300
Physical competitions. 
You can carry the heaviest 

1779
01:30:15,300 --> 01:30:19,400
Stone, who can work longest 
without rest, add elements of 

1780
01:30:19,400 --> 01:30:22,000
friendly rivalry. 
That make work more engaging, 

1781
01:30:23,500 --> 01:30:26,200
The development of informal 
leadership structures within 

1782
01:30:26,200 --> 01:30:28,700
work Crews demonstrates. 
How people naturally organize 

1783
01:30:28,700 --> 01:30:30,400
themselves. 
When faced with shared 

1784
01:30:30,400 --> 01:30:34,700
challenges, some workers emerge 
As Natural organizers, others as

1785
01:30:34,700 --> 01:30:38,200
technical experts and still 
others as mediators who helped 

1786
01:30:38,200 --> 01:30:40,700
resolve conflicts before they 
become serious problems. 

1787
01:30:40,700 --> 01:30:43,900
These unofficial roles often 
proved more important than 

1788
01:30:43,900 --> 01:30:47,100
formal hierarchy. 
In determining how well Crews 

1789
01:30:47,100 --> 01:30:50,200
function trade and barter 
systems developed to supplement 

1790
01:30:50,200 --> 01:30:53,100
official. 
Supply distributions workers 

1791
01:30:53,100 --> 01:30:56,900
with particular skills, cooking 
tool, repair, storytelling 

1792
01:30:56,900 --> 01:31:00,800
letter writing, find themselves 
able to trade services for extra

1793
01:31:00,800 --> 01:31:03,400
food. 
Better, sleeping arrangements or

1794
01:31:03,400 --> 01:31:05,500
other small luxuries, that make 
life more bearable. 

1795
01:31:05,500 --> 01:31:09,100
These informal economies create 
networks of mutual support that 

1796
01:31:09,100 --> 01:31:12,700
extend beyond individual work 
Crews, The challenge of 

1797
01:31:12,700 --> 01:31:15,300
maintaining morale during 
difficult periods, brings out 

1798
01:31:15,300 --> 01:31:17,400
Creative Solutions from the 
worker community. 

1799
01:31:18,300 --> 01:31:21,000
During particularly tough 
stretches bad, weather 

1800
01:31:21,000 --> 01:31:24,800
equipment, shortages especially 
demanding work, assignments 

1801
01:31:24,800 --> 01:31:27,400
Cruise develop strategies for 
supporting each other 

1802
01:31:27,400 --> 01:31:30,500
emotionally, as well as 
practically shared hardship 

1803
01:31:30,500 --> 01:31:32,800
creates bonds that probably 
wouldn't form under normal 

1804
01:31:32,800 --> 01:31:36,300
circumstances, communication 
with families back home becomes 

1805
01:31:36,300 --> 01:31:38,600
a valued service, that brings 
the community together. 

1806
01:31:39,500 --> 01:31:42,100
Workers who can write often 
compose letters for those who 

1807
01:31:42,100 --> 01:31:45,300
can't creating connections 
between the wall project and the

1808
01:31:45,308 --> 01:31:48,600
outside world, these letters. 
Serve multiple purposes 

1809
01:31:48,600 --> 01:31:51,800
maintaining family 
relationships, sharing news from

1810
01:31:51,800 --> 01:31:54,900
the construction site, and 
providing an emotional outlet 

1811
01:31:54,900 --> 01:31:58,400
for homesickness and anxiety, 
about the future, religious and 

1812
01:31:58,400 --> 01:32:01,300
cultural observances continue. 
Despite the challenging work 

1813
01:32:01,300 --> 01:32:04,200
environment adapted to fit the 
constraints of construction 

1814
01:32:04,200 --> 01:32:07,000
life. 
Festival celebrations happen on 

1815
01:32:07,000 --> 01:32:10,500
a smaller scale, but with no 
less enthusiasm, creating 

1816
01:32:10,500 --> 01:32:13,100
opportunities for workers to 
maintain connections to their 

1817
01:32:13,100 --> 01:32:15,700
cultural Traditions while 
building new shared experience 

1818
01:32:15,700 --> 01:32:19,100
with their fellow workers. 
The gradual development of 

1819
01:32:19,100 --> 01:32:22,100
construction site Traditions 
creates a sense of continuity 

1820
01:32:22,100 --> 01:32:25,400
and belonging that helps workers
feel part of something larger 

1821
01:32:25,400 --> 01:32:27,000
than their individual daily 
struggles. 

1822
01:32:27,000 --> 01:32:30,300
These might include Ceremonies 
for completing wall sections 

1823
01:32:30,300 --> 01:32:33,500
rituals for welcoming new 
workers or informal 

1824
01:32:33,500 --> 01:32:35,900
celebrations. 
When Supply wagons arrived with 

1825
01:32:35,900 --> 01:32:39,300
particularly, welcome to 
deliveries conflicts, when they 

1826
01:32:39,300 --> 01:32:41,800
arise tend to be resolved 
through Community pressure, 

1827
01:32:41,800 --> 01:32:45,900
rather than formal Authority as 
everyone recognizes that, 

1828
01:32:45,900 --> 01:32:49,500
cooperation is essential for 
both work, efficiency and 

1829
01:32:49,500 --> 01:32:52,800
personal survival. 
The shared experience of 

1830
01:32:52,800 --> 01:32:55,700
difficult working conditions, 
creates strong incentives for 

1831
01:32:55,700 --> 01:32:58,600
people to work out their 
differences, rather than let 

1832
01:32:58,600 --> 01:33:00,600
dispute escalate into serious 
problems. 

1833
01:33:00,600 --> 01:33:04,100
That could affect entire Crews. 
The knowledge that this 

1834
01:33:04,100 --> 01:33:06,800
assignment is temporary gives 
the community a unique 

1835
01:33:06,800 --> 01:33:09,300
character. 
Everyone knows they're here for 

1836
01:33:09,300 --> 01:33:12,500
a limited time which creates 
both a sense of urgency about 

1837
01:33:12,500 --> 01:33:15,800
forming relationships and a 
practical focus on making the 

1838
01:33:15,800 --> 01:33:18,600
best of the current situation 
rather than building permanent 

1839
01:33:18,600 --> 01:33:20,700
social structures months have 
passed. 

1840
01:33:20,700 --> 01:33:23,400
Since you first arrived at the 
wall site, and the changes are 

1841
01:33:23,400 --> 01:33:25,500
remarkable both in the wall 
itself. 

1842
01:33:25,500 --> 01:33:29,500
And in yourself, What started, 
as scattered construction site 

1843
01:33:29,500 --> 01:33:32,300
has grown into a continuous 
barrier that stretches beyond 

1844
01:33:32,300 --> 01:33:36,000
what you can see from any single
vantage point standing on a 

1845
01:33:36,000 --> 01:33:39,700
completed section and looking 
along the walls path, you can 

1846
01:33:39,700 --> 01:33:42,400
hardly believe that human hands 
and stubborn determination 

1847
01:33:42,400 --> 01:33:47,000
created something. 
So massive and permanent The 

1848
01:33:47,000 --> 01:33:48,900
wall sections, your crew is 
built bear. 

1849
01:33:48,900 --> 01:33:51,700
The subtle marks of their 
creators slightly different. 

1850
01:33:51,700 --> 01:33:55,100
Stone patterns variations in 
Mortar joints and the 

1851
01:33:55,100 --> 01:33:58,100
accumulated character that comes
from being constructed by real 

1852
01:33:58,100 --> 01:34:00,500
people rather than perfect 
machine's. 

1853
01:34:00,500 --> 01:34:04,400
You can identify your work from 
a distance, recognizing the 

1854
01:34:04,400 --> 01:34:07,300
particular Rhythm and style, 
your crew developed over months 

1855
01:34:07,300 --> 01:34:09,700
of working together. 
It's like being able to 

1856
01:34:09,700 --> 01:34:12,200
recognize your own handwriting 
on a massive scale. 

1857
01:34:13,200 --> 01:34:16,100
Completion of individual. 
Sections brings mixed emotions. 

1858
01:34:16,100 --> 01:34:19,200
There's pride in the 
craftsmanship and satisfaction 

1859
01:34:19,200 --> 01:34:22,100
in seeing a job, well done. 
But also awareness that 

1860
01:34:22,100 --> 01:34:24,900
completion means eventual 
departure from this temporary 

1861
01:34:24,900 --> 01:34:26,700
community. 
That has become unexpectedly 

1862
01:34:26,700 --> 01:34:29,700
important. 
The relationships forged through

1863
01:34:29,700 --> 01:34:32,700
shared hardship and common 
purpose, don't necessarily 

1864
01:34:32,700 --> 01:34:36,500
translate easily back to normal 
life, creating a bitter sweet 

1865
01:34:36,500 --> 01:34:40,500
quality to finishing the work. 
Old Chen who has worked on 

1866
01:34:40,500 --> 01:34:43,400
various Imperial projects 
throughout his career offers 

1867
01:34:43,400 --> 01:34:46,300
perspective on the historical 
significance of what you've all 

1868
01:34:46,300 --> 01:34:49,400
accomplished. 
Most things people build get 

1869
01:34:49,400 --> 01:34:52,900
torn down eventually he observes
while surveying a newly 

1870
01:34:52,900 --> 01:34:55,900
completed Tower. 
Walls like this become part of 

1871
01:34:55,908 --> 01:34:58,300
the landscape. 
Your grandchildren's 

1872
01:34:58,300 --> 01:35:00,000
grandchildren will walk along 
sections. 

1873
01:35:00,000 --> 01:35:02,900
You built with your hands It's 
an oddly comforting. 

1874
01:35:02,900 --> 01:35:05,800
Thought that adds meaning to all
these days of carrying stones 

1875
01:35:05,800 --> 01:35:09,300
and mixing mortar, The skills 
you've developed during wall 

1876
01:35:09,300 --> 01:35:12,300
construction turnout to be 
transferable to civilian life. 

1877
01:35:13,000 --> 01:35:16,600
Understanding stone and mortar 
reading terrain coordinating 

1878
01:35:16,600 --> 01:35:19,000
group work, and managing 
projects under difficult 

1879
01:35:19,000 --> 01:35:20,800
conditions of valuable 
abilities. 

1880
01:35:20,800 --> 01:35:22,200
That will serve you well back 
home. 

1881
01:35:22,200 --> 01:35:26,000
You've also developed physical 
strength and endurance that make

1882
01:35:26,000 --> 01:35:28,800
farm work seemed almost 
effortless by comparison. 

1883
01:35:29,900 --> 01:35:31,500
Ying. 
Liu has indeed become more 

1884
01:35:31,500 --> 01:35:34,400
literate during his time, on the
wall, practicing writing, 

1885
01:35:34,400 --> 01:35:37,500
characters, and spare moments, 
and learning from other workers 

1886
01:35:37,500 --> 01:35:41,200
who shared their education. 
He plans to use these skills to 

1887
01:35:41,200 --> 01:35:44,200
improve his family's business. 
Dealings demonstrating how the 

1888
01:35:44,200 --> 01:35:47,100
wall project has created 
unexpected opportunities for 

1889
01:35:47,100 --> 01:35:50,700
personal development, alongside 
its primary construction goals. 

1890
01:35:51,700 --> 01:35:53,500
One. 
The quiet has saved enough money

1891
01:35:53,500 --> 01:35:56,100
from his tool repair business, 
to make significant improvements

1892
01:35:56,100 --> 01:35:59,500
to his family's farm, when he 
returns home His mechanical 

1893
01:35:59,500 --> 01:36:03,000
skills, sharpened by months of 
keeping construction equipment, 

1894
01:36:03,000 --> 01:36:06,500
functioning will make him 
valuable in any rural community,

1895
01:36:06,500 --> 01:36:09,200
where practical problem solving 
abilities are always in demand. 

1896
01:36:09,200 --> 01:36:12,500
A completion ceremony for your 
section, is simpler than you 

1897
01:36:12,500 --> 01:36:14,600
might expect. 
But deeply, meaningful to 

1898
01:36:14,600 --> 01:36:16,600
everyone who participated in the
construction. 

1899
01:36:17,500 --> 01:36:20,700
Local officials make speeches 
about Imperial Glory and defense

1900
01:36:20,700 --> 01:36:23,500
of necessity. 
But the real significance is in 

1901
01:36:23,500 --> 01:36:26,600
the quiet satisfaction shared 
among the workers who know 

1902
01:36:26,600 --> 01:36:30,400
exactly how much effort went 
into every stone, every joint 

1903
01:36:30,400 --> 01:36:35,000
and every decision that shape 
the final result News arrives 

1904
01:36:35,000 --> 01:36:37,000
that other sections of the wall 
are nearing completion. 

1905
01:36:37,000 --> 01:36:40,600
Creating a sense of being part 
of a larger coordinated Chief 

1906
01:36:40,600 --> 01:36:43,200
movement that extends far beyond
your direct experience. 

1907
01:36:44,400 --> 01:36:46,200
The project that seemed 
impossibly large. 

1908
01:36:46,200 --> 01:36:49,000
When you first arrived has been 
broken down into manageable 

1909
01:36:49,000 --> 01:36:52,400
Pieces by thousands of work 
Crews, like yours demonstrating.

1910
01:36:52,400 --> 01:36:55,200
How even the most ambitious 
goals can be achieved through 

1911
01:36:55,200 --> 01:36:59,500
patient persistent effort. 
Preparations for departure, 

1912
01:36:59,500 --> 01:37:03,200
begin with mixed feelings. 
There's eagerness to return home

1913
01:37:03,200 --> 01:37:06,900
to family familiar surroundings 
and the comfortable routines of 

1914
01:37:06,900 --> 01:37:09,900
normal life. 
But there's also reluctance to 

1915
01:37:09,900 --> 01:37:13,400
leave the friendships and sense 
of shared purpose that made the 

1916
01:37:13,400 --> 01:37:16,500
hardships bearable and gave 
meaning to the difficult work. 

1917
01:37:17,400 --> 01:37:20,400
The journey home provides time 
to reflect on the experience and

1918
01:37:20,400 --> 01:37:21,700
process. 
What you've learned about 

1919
01:37:21,700 --> 01:37:25,600
yourself about cooperation and 
about what people can accomplish

1920
01:37:25,600 --> 01:37:27,600
when they work together toward 
common goals. 

1921
01:37:28,700 --> 01:37:31,300
The wall represents more than 
just a defensive barrier. 

1922
01:37:31,300 --> 01:37:34,800
It's proof that Ordinary People 
can create extraordinary things 

1923
01:37:34,800 --> 01:37:37,500
when they combine their 
individual efforts with shared 

1924
01:37:37,500 --> 01:37:39,500
determination. 
Returning. 

1925
01:37:39,500 --> 01:37:42,400
Home means re-adjusting to 
civilian life after months of 

1926
01:37:42,400 --> 01:37:46,000
structured work routines and 
Community Living, Family and 

1927
01:37:46,000 --> 01:37:49,300
friends are curious about your 
experiences but explaining the 

1928
01:37:49,300 --> 01:37:51,000
daily reality of wall 
construction. 

1929
01:37:51,000 --> 01:37:54,400
Proves challenging, how do you 
describe the satisfaction of 

1930
01:37:54,408 --> 01:37:57,800
building something permanent the
camaraderie of shared hardship 

1931
01:37:57,800 --> 01:38:00,900
or the pride in craftsmanship 
that developed over months of 

1932
01:38:00,900 --> 01:38:04,300
patient work. 
The wall continues without you 

1933
01:38:04,300 --> 01:38:06,700
as other Crews. 
Take over maintenance and 

1934
01:38:06,700 --> 01:38:09,100
improvements ensuring that your 
temporary contribution. 

1935
01:38:09,100 --> 01:38:12,400
Becomes part of a permanent 
Legacy knowing that your work 

1936
01:38:12,400 --> 01:38:15,400
will endure lends a sense of 
permanence to what felt like 

1937
01:38:15,408 --> 01:38:18,400
just a temporary assignment. 
Connecting your individual 

1938
01:38:18,400 --> 01:38:20,000
effort to something that will 
Outlast. 

1939
01:38:20,000 --> 01:38:23,900
Your lifetime years later, you 
might travel past sections of 

1940
01:38:23,900 --> 01:38:27,600
the wall and feel a particular 
satisfaction and seeing your 

1941
01:38:27,600 --> 01:38:31,600
work, still standing still 
serving its purpose, still 

1942
01:38:31,600 --> 01:38:33,100
bearing. 
The subtle marks of the 

1943
01:38:33,100 --> 01:38:36,400
craftsmanship, you and your crew
brought to an impossible project

1944
01:38:36,400 --> 01:38:39,600
that somehow got finished. 
Anyway, one Stone's time. 

1945
01:38:43,500 --> 01:38:45,900
When you're sleeping on what 
passes for a Celtic mattress. 

1946
01:38:45,900 --> 01:38:49,400
Basically a pile of sheep's wool
packed into a leather sack that 

1947
01:38:49,400 --> 01:38:53,300
has seen better decades waking 
up before the sun does isn't 

1948
01:38:53,300 --> 01:38:57,300
exactly a hardship. 
In ancient Britain where central

1949
01:38:57,300 --> 01:39:00,400
heating won't be developed for 
another 1000 years or so, the 

1950
01:39:00,400 --> 01:39:03,000
morning are has that special 
bite that comes only from 

1951
01:39:03,000 --> 01:39:05,700
sleeping outside. 
He roll out of your makeshift 

1952
01:39:05,700 --> 01:39:08,700
shelter and walk Barefoot cross 
grass that has been soaked with 

1953
01:39:08,700 --> 01:39:12,700
due in the direction of the Holy
Grove. after years of this 

1954
01:39:12,700 --> 01:39:15,800
routine, your feet have long 
since hardened to leather, but 

1955
01:39:15,800 --> 01:39:19,700
you still Flinch when you step 
on a sharp Stone, like a curious

1956
01:39:19,700 --> 01:39:22,700
cat, the Mist clings to 
everything encircling, the old 

1957
01:39:22,700 --> 01:39:25,300
Oaks and giving the impression 
that the world is smaller and 

1958
01:39:25,300 --> 01:39:28,900
more personal as a druid, your 
day, starts with what you could 

1959
01:39:28,900 --> 01:39:32,300
call meditation, but it's more 
about standing among trees that 

1960
01:39:32,300 --> 01:39:34,200
were old, when your 
great-grandfather was young and 

1961
01:39:34,200 --> 01:39:36,500
listening, then it is about 
sitting, cross-legged and 

1962
01:39:36,500 --> 01:39:40,000
humming all Paying attention, 
you're drawn to your own 

1963
01:39:40,000 --> 01:39:42,900
breathing in the silence to the 
distant call of a curly. 

1964
01:39:42,900 --> 01:39:46,800
And to the rustle of leaves that
resembles whispered Secrets, the

1965
01:39:46,800 --> 01:39:49,500
Oak Grove house is your outdoor 
office library and Temple. 

1966
01:39:49,500 --> 01:39:53,500
There are no walls, no roof 
apart, from the canopy above and

1967
01:39:53,500 --> 01:39:57,600
no expensive Furnishings. 
Just you the trees and whatever 

1968
01:39:57,600 --> 01:39:59,100
knowledge you can extract from 
them. 

1969
01:39:59,800 --> 01:40:01,700
Feeling the Deep grooves and 
recalling. 

1970
01:40:01,700 --> 01:40:04,600
The innumerable Dawns. 
You have welcomed here, you run 

1971
01:40:04,600 --> 01:40:06,500
your hand along the bark of your
favorite Oak. 

1972
01:40:07,500 --> 01:40:10,200
Over the years, this tree has 
taken on the role of a kind of 

1973
01:40:10,200 --> 01:40:12,800
co-worker. 
A silent Observer of your 

1974
01:40:12,800 --> 01:40:16,100
thoughts and prayers checking on
the different plants and herbs. 

1975
01:40:16,100 --> 01:40:18,300
You've been growing nearby as 
part of your morning routine, 

1976
01:40:18,300 --> 01:40:21,000
though, it may not resemble a 
modern Garden. 

1977
01:40:21,000 --> 01:40:24,000
There are carefully arranged 
planting in small clearings and 

1978
01:40:24,000 --> 01:40:27,100
Among The Roots. 
You must be patient sometimes 

1979
01:40:27,100 --> 01:40:30,300
waiting years for mistletoe to 
appear because it doesn't grow 

1980
01:40:30,300 --> 01:40:33,300
on every Oak. 
When it happens, it's similar to

1981
01:40:33,308 --> 01:40:36,800
discovering a 20 pound note in 
your coat pocket but this note 

1982
01:40:36,800 --> 01:40:39,700
has the power to heal the sick 
and establish a connection with 

1983
01:40:39,700 --> 01:40:42,200
the Divine. 
Even the most pragmatic person 

1984
01:40:42,200 --> 01:40:45,400
gets a little mystical from the 
golden way, the early morning, 

1985
01:40:45,400 --> 01:40:48,200
light filters through the 
leaves, you collect a few 

1986
01:40:48,208 --> 01:40:51,300
special herbs such as Meadow 
Suite for its sweet Aroma and 

1987
01:40:51,300 --> 01:40:55,700
therapeutic qualities for 
purification and some Hawthorne 

1988
01:40:55,700 --> 01:40:58,500
bark for later use. 
These Treasures are stored in 

1989
01:40:58,500 --> 01:41:01,400
your Leather Pouch which has 
been softened by years of use 

1990
01:41:01,400 --> 01:41:04,300
and resembles. 
Ancient Pharmacy, you hear the 

1991
01:41:04,300 --> 01:41:07,000
sounds of the settlement 
starting to awaken as the sun 

1992
01:41:07,000 --> 01:41:10,000
rises higher. 
The Familiar sound of everyday 

1993
01:41:10,000 --> 01:41:11,100
life. 
Such as children. 

1994
01:41:11,100 --> 01:41:14,600
Laughing cattle lowering and 
someone presumably arguing over 

1995
01:41:14,600 --> 01:41:18,200
who gets to milk the goats drift
through the trees as smoke rises

1996
01:41:18,200 --> 01:41:21,100
from cooking fires. 
But for now, you are caught 

1997
01:41:21,100 --> 01:41:23,600
between the Eternal and the 
Earthly in these final moments 

1998
01:41:23,600 --> 01:41:26,900
of dawn silents, When You Close 
Your Eyes, you can feel the 

1999
01:41:26,900 --> 01:41:31,100
Earth, slow steady heartbeat. 
Pulse of the land beneath your 

2000
01:41:31,100 --> 01:41:34,700
feet, the ability to perceive 
the deeper rhythms of the 

2001
01:41:34,700 --> 01:41:38,500
natural world, is a sensation 
that developed over years, you 

2002
01:41:38,500 --> 01:41:40,200
know, better than to call it 
fanciful. 

2003
01:41:40,200 --> 01:41:43,300
You've discovered that the world
speaks to those who can listen. 

2004
01:41:43,300 --> 01:41:47,000
After 20 years, of training 
memorizing, thousands of lines, 

2005
01:41:47,000 --> 01:41:49,600
of poetry, and law, and 
researching, the Motions of 

2006
01:41:49,608 --> 01:41:53,100
stars and the characteristics of
plants a simple acknowledgment, 

2007
01:41:53,100 --> 01:41:55,900
which is in between a prayer and
a greeting marks, the end of the

2008
01:41:55,900 --> 01:41:59,200
morning ritual. 
One last time, you press your 

2009
01:41:59,200 --> 01:42:02,100
palm against the Oaks trunk and 
mutter something in the ancient 

2010
01:42:02,100 --> 01:42:04,400
tongue, that your teacher taught
you when you were just a young 

2011
01:42:04,400 --> 01:42:07,900
child naturally, the tree never 
responds, but you always feel 

2012
01:42:07,900 --> 01:42:10,100
heard. 
It's time to confront the day 

2013
01:42:10,100 --> 01:42:12,600
and all of its human related 
issues and complications. 

2014
01:42:12,600 --> 01:42:15,100
You must eat something first 
though. 

2015
01:42:15,100 --> 01:42:19,400
When their blood sugar Falls 
even Druids become irritable you

2016
01:42:19,400 --> 01:42:21,100
practice. 
What may be the most spectacular

2017
01:42:21,100 --> 01:42:23,700
party trick in all of ancient 
Europe as you make your way back

2018
01:42:23,700 --> 01:42:26,300
to all the settlement. 
Deadly serious. 

2019
01:42:26,300 --> 01:42:31,000
And there are no parties 
genealogies Court rulings and 

2020
01:42:31,000 --> 01:42:33,400
religious tales. 
That need to be memorized of a 

2021
01:42:33,400 --> 01:42:36,500
beta being recited. 
There were no Crypt notes, no 

2022
01:42:36,500 --> 01:42:39,300
written books, and no, let me 
Google that choices. 

2023
01:42:39,300 --> 01:42:43,300
Just your brain, which has been 
conditioned to function as a 

2024
01:42:43,300 --> 01:42:45,700
living Library. 
Since childhood the intricate 

2025
01:42:45,700 --> 01:42:48,200
inheritance laws governing 
cattle disputes of the subject 

2026
01:42:48,200 --> 01:42:51,800
of this morning's mental 
exercise, the content is truly 

2027
01:42:51,800 --> 01:42:54,400
exciting. 
You silently discuss the 

2028
01:42:54,400 --> 01:42:56,500
appropriate course of action in 
the event. 

2029
01:42:56,500 --> 01:42:59,800
That a neighbors grainfield is 
damaged by someone's prize ball 

2030
01:42:59,800 --> 01:43:02,800
going over different scenarios 
and the solutions that are 

2031
01:43:02,800 --> 01:43:06,700
suggested It's similar to being 
a walking Wikipedia except that 

2032
01:43:06,700 --> 01:43:08,800
you can't use cultural left to 
find what you're looking for. 

2033
01:43:08,800 --> 01:43:11,800
And real people. 
Suffer real consequences, if you

2034
01:43:11,800 --> 01:43:15,200
forget something, crucial, a 
growl from your stomach, like 

2035
01:43:15,200 --> 01:43:18,400
the audible in the valley Beyond
interupt, This legal recitation,

2036
01:43:19,200 --> 01:43:21,900
In Iron Age, Britain, breakfast 
is defined as anything. 

2037
01:43:21,900 --> 01:43:24,500
That didn't go bad overnight and
won't kill you right away. 

2038
01:43:25,700 --> 01:43:28,600
He walk over to the communal 
kitchen where a number of big 

2039
01:43:28,600 --> 01:43:32,400
pots bubble over well maintained
fires porridge not the simple 

2040
01:43:32,400 --> 01:43:35,500
instant variety you can 
microwave but real porridge made

2041
01:43:35,500 --> 01:43:38,700
from barley oats or whatever 
grain survived the weather the 

2042
01:43:38,700 --> 01:43:41,800
birds and the general 
unpredictability of prehistoric 

2043
01:43:41,800 --> 01:43:43,800
agriculture is the breakfast 
food. 

2044
01:43:43,800 --> 01:43:47,400
Its flavored with whatever herbs
or dried fruits happen to be on 

2045
01:43:47,400 --> 01:43:50,900
hand and stirred with Wooden 
Spoons that have been worn 

2046
01:43:50,900 --> 01:43:54,900
Smooth by numerable hands. 
Occasionally honey is used when 

2047
01:43:54,900 --> 01:43:57,400
the Bears aren't feeling hungry 
and the bees are feeling 

2048
01:43:57,400 --> 01:44:00,200
generous with your hands warmed 
by the cool morning. 

2049
01:44:00,200 --> 01:44:03,100
Are you take a seat on a wooden 
stump that doubles as your 

2050
01:44:03,100 --> 01:44:05,700
breakfast chair? 
What does the porridge taste 

2051
01:44:05,700 --> 01:44:08,800
like? 
I like porridge actually but by 

2052
01:44:08,800 --> 01:44:12,300
ancient standards it's a huge 
success because it's hot filling

2053
01:44:12,300 --> 01:44:13,900
and doesn't cause food 
poisoning. 

2054
01:44:13,900 --> 01:44:17,100
You enjoy the crunch of the 
hazelnuts to get the smooth 

2055
01:44:17,100 --> 01:44:18,700
grain. 
As you add a handful that you've

2056
01:44:18,700 --> 01:44:21,000
been saving. 
You go over your mental notes 

2057
01:44:21,000 --> 01:44:23,600
from yesterday's consultation, 
with a farmer who she had been 

2058
01:44:23,608 --> 01:44:26,500
acting strangely while you're 
eating Even though it was the 

2059
01:44:26,500 --> 01:44:30,100
right season, two Rams, had 
refused to mate, and three years

2060
01:44:30,100 --> 01:44:33,300
had been moving in circles. 
It was most likely ergot 

2061
01:44:33,300 --> 01:44:36,200
poisoning from contaminated 
grass, who decided after looking

2062
01:44:36,200 --> 01:44:39,200
at the animals and weighing the 
many possibilities disease. 

2063
01:44:39,200 --> 01:44:42,700
Poisoning Supernatural 
interference, or just plain. 

2064
01:44:42,700 --> 01:44:45,300
Sheep's stubbornness your advice
had been sensible. 

2065
01:44:45,300 --> 01:44:47,600
We locate the flock to New 
Pasture. 

2066
01:44:47,600 --> 01:44:51,300
Provide them with lots of clean 
water and make sacrifices to 

2067
01:44:51,300 --> 01:44:53,700
make sure there were no, 
residual spiritual issues. 

2068
01:44:54,600 --> 01:44:57,600
Is the type of diagnosis that 
neatly Blends Agricultural, 

2069
01:44:57,600 --> 01:45:01,100
Science, veterinary medicine and
religious practice. 

2070
01:45:01,100 --> 01:45:05,200
Your success rate keeps people 
coming back but modern doctors 

2071
01:45:05,200 --> 01:45:06,700
would likely question your 
methods. 

2072
01:45:06,700 --> 01:45:09,400
The toddler is clinging to the 
young mother's leg like a 

2073
01:45:09,400 --> 01:45:11,200
Resolute Barnacle as she 
approaches. 

2074
01:45:11,200 --> 01:45:14,600
She explains that the child has 
been experiencing night. 

2075
01:45:14,600 --> 01:45:16,700
Terrors in is unable to sleep 
through the night. 

2076
01:45:17,700 --> 01:45:20,500
After you finish your porridge, 
you think about the issue 

2077
01:45:20,500 --> 01:45:24,700
sometimes the remedy is herbal 
such as a gentleman or lavender 

2078
01:45:24,700 --> 01:45:26,900
tea. 
Checking for drafts in their 

2079
01:45:26,900 --> 01:45:29,900
sleeping area or implying. 
That the child may be old enough

2080
01:45:29,900 --> 01:45:31,200
to have a separate sleeping 
area. 

2081
01:45:31,200 --> 01:45:34,100
From his parents are examples of
practical applications. 

2082
01:45:34,100 --> 01:45:38,100
Sometimes though, you suspect it
simply the fact that two olds 

2083
01:45:38,100 --> 01:45:40,900
are inherently scary beings who 
don't receive enough sleep until

2084
01:45:40,900 --> 01:45:44,000
there are around 30. 
Naturally, you don't say this to

2085
01:45:44,000 --> 01:45:46,600
the mother. 
Instead you propose creating a 

2086
01:45:46,608 --> 01:45:50,600
mild herbal remedy and suggest a
simple bedtime routine that may 

2087
01:45:50,600 --> 01:45:53,700
help the child feel more secure,
your work revolves around these 

2088
01:45:53,700 --> 01:45:57,100
consultations which are the 
everyday reality that differs 

2089
01:45:57,100 --> 01:46:00,200
greatly from the enigmatic 
unearthly perception, that 

2090
01:46:00,200 --> 01:46:04,500
people frequently hold of Druids
you have elements of a lawyer, a

2091
01:46:04,500 --> 01:46:07,400
doctor, a therapist and an 
agricultural consultant. 

2092
01:46:07,400 --> 01:46:11,000
The mystical elements though, 
woven through pragmatic concerns

2093
01:46:11,000 --> 01:46:14,200
like a golden thread through 
rough wool, a sufficiently real.

2094
01:46:14,200 --> 01:46:17,200
Your day has officially begun 
when you finish your breakfast 

2095
01:46:17,200 --> 01:46:20,200
and notice that the sun has 
risen, well above the tree line.

2096
01:46:20,200 --> 01:46:23,600
It's time to review your many 
ongoing projects and determine 

2097
01:46:23,600 --> 01:46:26,300
who else might benefit from your
unique combination of Common 

2098
01:46:26,300 --> 01:46:29,200
Sense and age old wisdom. 
It's a three walled building 

2099
01:46:29,200 --> 01:46:31,500
with a thatched roof. 
That only leaks when it rains a 

2100
01:46:31,500 --> 01:46:34,900
lot, which is usually the case, 
you'll make shift to Spencer is 

2101
01:46:34,900 --> 01:46:37,700
located in a corner of what 
could be kindly referred to as a

2102
01:46:37,700 --> 01:46:41,100
workshop to receive any sunlight
that Britain's consistently 

2103
01:46:41,100 --> 01:46:43,500
overcast. 
Skies May provide the open side 

2104
01:46:43,500 --> 01:46:46,800
faces, South clay pots line. 
Wooden shells that have been 

2105
01:46:46,800 --> 01:46:50,100
smoothed by years of use and 
bundles of dried herbs. 

2106
01:46:50,100 --> 01:46:53,500
Hang from the rafters, like an 
aromatic chandelier checking on 

2107
01:46:53,500 --> 01:46:55,600
a batch of willow bark. 
Tea that has been steeping 

2108
01:46:55,600 --> 01:46:58,600
overnight as the first task for 
today's Farm suitable work. 

2109
01:46:59,300 --> 01:47:02,100
Kind words, and gentle 
stretching are insufficient for 

2110
01:47:02,100 --> 01:47:05,300
the middle aged blacksmith, 
patient, whose joints are so 

2111
01:47:05,300 --> 01:47:06,800
stiff that he can hardly lift 
his hammer. 

2112
01:47:07,400 --> 01:47:10,300
He tests the strength of the 
dark liquid with a cautious sip 

2113
01:47:10,300 --> 01:47:13,200
after straining. 
It through a piece of linen is 

2114
01:47:13,200 --> 01:47:15,200
probably about, right? 
Because I'm as bitter as a 

2115
01:47:15,208 --> 01:47:18,900
disgruntled tax collector, your 
medicine cabinet would confuse a

2116
01:47:18,900 --> 01:47:21,700
modern pharmacist, but any 
respectable herbalist would be 

2117
01:47:21,700 --> 01:47:25,200
impressed for headaches. 
Feverfew is collected at dawn 

2118
01:47:25,200 --> 01:47:28,900
when its potency as its highest,
the country people refer to 

2119
01:47:28,900 --> 01:47:30,700
country. 
As knit bone, for good reason. 

2120
01:47:30,700 --> 01:47:32,900
It helps with wounds and broken 
bones. 

2121
01:47:32,900 --> 01:47:36,400
Saint John's Wort is used to 
treat depression but you may 

2122
01:47:36,400 --> 01:47:39,000
also think of it as a way to 
drive out evil spirits that 

2123
01:47:39,000 --> 01:47:42,200
descend on the heart like Mist 
in a valley, a woman shows up 

2124
01:47:42,200 --> 01:47:45,100
looking ashamed accompanied by 
her teenage son. 

2125
01:47:46,000 --> 01:47:48,900
The boys face resembles a 
battlefield of red pimples and 

2126
01:47:48,900 --> 01:47:52,100
angry spots commonly referred to
as acne. 

2127
01:47:52,100 --> 01:47:55,300
But you recognize it as the 
unfortunate consequence of 

2128
01:47:55,308 --> 01:47:58,600
maturing into manhood in a world
lacking face, wash or 

2129
01:47:58,600 --> 01:48:01,200
dermatologists. 
It's not incorrect for his 

2130
01:48:01,208 --> 01:48:03,400
mother to worry that the 
condition could hinder his 

2131
01:48:03,400 --> 01:48:06,400
ability to locate a wife. 
But you don't bring up the 

2132
01:48:06,400 --> 01:48:09,300
possibility that his personality
could be a greater barrier. 

2133
01:48:09,300 --> 01:48:12,100
Herbal Remedies and practical 
advice are part of your 

2134
01:48:12,100 --> 01:48:14,700
treatment. 
Applications of honey and 

2135
01:48:14,700 --> 01:48:16,400
crushed. 
Mint leaves on the outside for 

2136
01:48:16,400 --> 01:48:20,100
their antibacterial qualities. 
This tea blend which contains 

2137
01:48:20,100 --> 01:48:22,200
burdock root nettle and a little
yellow. 

2138
01:48:22,200 --> 01:48:25,300
Dock is meant to balance what 
you think of as internal heat. 

2139
01:48:26,100 --> 01:48:28,500
Above all, there are strong 
warnings not to pick at the 

2140
01:48:28,500 --> 01:48:31,500
spots but you know that teens 
will disregard These Warnings 

2141
01:48:31,500 --> 01:48:34,400
with the same tenacity that has 
been displayed throughout 

2142
01:48:34,400 --> 01:48:37,700
history mental and emotional 
disorders present the true 

2143
01:48:37,700 --> 01:48:40,100
obstacle after losing her baby 
daughter. 

2144
01:48:40,100 --> 01:48:43,200
Six months ago, a Merchant's 
wife has been describing what 

2145
01:48:43,200 --> 01:48:45,300
she calls Melancholy of the 
spirit. 

2146
01:48:45,300 --> 01:48:49,400
Likely what we would recognize 
as depression you have plants 

2147
01:48:49,400 --> 01:48:52,100
that can help with the physical 
pain and somnia that come with 

2148
01:48:52,100 --> 01:48:54,400
deep sadness, but no herb can 
cure it. 

2149
01:48:54,400 --> 01:48:58,000
You make a mild, concoction, 
passion flower to promote 

2150
01:48:58,000 --> 01:49:02,400
relaxation, lemon balm, for its 
energizing qualities, and a tiny

2151
01:49:02,400 --> 01:49:04,200
bit of lavender for its soothing
aroma. 

2152
01:49:05,100 --> 01:49:07,800
More significantly though. 
You allow her space to talk 

2153
01:49:07,800 --> 01:49:10,400
about her daughter and 
acknowledge the truth of her 

2154
01:49:10,400 --> 01:49:14,100
loss without downplaying it or 
pressuring her to accept it a 

2155
01:49:14,100 --> 01:49:16,200
significant portion of your 
practice consists of this 

2156
01:49:16,200 --> 01:49:19,100
emotional labor. 
People seek you out not only for

2157
01:49:19,100 --> 01:49:22,000
physical cures, but also for 
someone who will listen to them 

2158
01:49:22,000 --> 01:49:25,100
without passing judgment and who
could help them understand why 

2159
01:49:25,100 --> 01:49:28,400
they are suffering, you're a 
priest, a counselor and a friend

2160
01:49:28,400 --> 01:49:31,400
all at once you've learned to 
keep your distance so that you 

2161
01:49:31,400 --> 01:49:34,000
don't get caught up in other 
people's suffering, a more 

2162
01:49:34,008 --> 01:49:37,100
unusual, case arrives in your 
afternoon, a farmer who believes

2163
01:49:37,100 --> 01:49:40,400
arrival has cursed, his prize 
bull, the animal no longer 

2164
01:49:40,400 --> 01:49:42,200
serves. 
The cows and has turned violent 

2165
01:49:42,200 --> 01:49:46,500
and erratic charging at Shadows.
Examining the beast from a safe 

2166
01:49:46,500 --> 01:49:48,600
distance. 
You observe its irregular 

2167
01:49:48,600 --> 01:49:52,900
behavior and dilated pupils. 
After careful integration, you 

2168
01:49:52,900 --> 01:49:54,600
learn that. 
The bull has been grazing in a 

2169
01:49:54,608 --> 01:49:58,300
field where ergot infected grain
grows wild, the cursed treatment

2170
01:49:58,300 --> 01:50:01,600
includes moving the ball to a 
clean pasture, providing him 

2171
01:50:01,600 --> 01:50:04,400
with plenty of fresh water and 
performing a ceremonial 

2172
01:50:04,400 --> 01:50:07,200
cleansing to help him feel that 
the spiritual threat has been 

2173
01:50:07,200 --> 01:50:09,600
removed. 
All due to the farmers strong 

2174
01:50:09,600 --> 01:50:13,100
and genuine belief in curses As 
you think about your evening 

2175
01:50:13,100 --> 01:50:14,800
meal? 
You must utter impressive. 

2176
01:50:14,800 --> 01:50:19,000
Sounding incantation burn, some 
purifying herbs and sprinkle 

2177
01:50:19,000 --> 01:50:20,900
blessed water around the Bulls 
pain. 

2178
01:50:20,900 --> 01:50:24,700
This is not exactly a deception.
instead of making the farmer 

2179
01:50:24,700 --> 01:50:28,100
feel helpless and Afraid, the 
ritual actually helps them feel 

2180
01:50:28,100 --> 01:50:32,000
empowered and hopeful The Bulls 
recuperation will be impacted by

2181
01:50:32,000 --> 01:50:35,000
his mental state, which will 
also affect how he treats the 

2182
01:50:35,000 --> 01:50:37,800
animal medicine that treats both
the patient and their human 

2183
01:50:37,800 --> 01:50:39,900
caregivers can. 
Sometimes be the best. 

2184
01:50:39,900 --> 01:50:43,100
You tidy up your equipment and 
arrange your supplies for the 

2185
01:50:43,100 --> 01:50:45,500
next day. 
As night falls, the work for the

2186
01:50:45,500 --> 01:50:48,100
day is being successful. 
A number of people are feeling 

2187
01:50:48,108 --> 01:50:51,200
better and your treatments, 
haven't killed anyone, which is 

2188
01:50:51,200 --> 01:50:53,000
always a win in. 
Prehistoric medicine, 

2189
01:50:53,000 --> 01:50:55,400
approximately two miles from the
settlement. 

2190
01:50:55,400 --> 01:50:59,900
The stone circle is situated on 
a rise where Generations before 

2191
01:50:59,900 --> 01:51:02,600
your grandfather's grandfather 
was born, your ancestors 

2192
01:51:02,600 --> 01:51:05,500
dragged, enormous blocks of 
local Granite into a perfect 

2193
01:51:05,500 --> 01:51:08,200
ring. 
You follow a path that has been 

2194
01:51:08,200 --> 01:51:12,200
smoothed by innumerable feet 
Drew its petitioners and 

2195
01:51:12,200 --> 01:51:14,700
inquisitive kids who have been 
told not to play Among The 

2196
01:51:14,700 --> 01:51:18,000
Sacred Stones, but still do. 
So as you stroll there in the 

2197
01:51:18,000 --> 01:51:20,900
late afternoon, light each Stone
roughly twice. 

2198
01:51:20,900 --> 01:51:24,000
Your height is a weather gray 
monument that has endured for 

2199
01:51:24,000 --> 01:51:26,500
centuries. 
They aren't the enormous 

2200
01:51:26,500 --> 01:51:27,900
trilithons. 
You might picture from 

2201
01:51:27,900 --> 01:51:30,400
Stonehenge. 
Those megaliths are from a more 

2202
01:51:30,400 --> 01:51:33,800
ambitious earlier era. 
Despite being smaller and more 

2203
01:51:33,800 --> 01:51:36,100
personal, these stones are just 
as potent. 

2204
01:51:37,000 --> 01:51:39,600
Small offerings left by guests 
clumped together around their 

2205
01:51:39,600 --> 01:51:41,600
bases. 
Like vibrant prayers, May 

2206
01:51:41,600 --> 01:51:44,400
tangible and leek and paints 
them in patches of green and 

2207
01:51:44,400 --> 01:51:47,500
silver in your world 
spirituality and astronomy are 

2208
01:51:47,500 --> 01:51:50,500
never completely distinct. 
But today's purpose is more 

2209
01:51:50,500 --> 01:51:54,000
astronomical for months, you've 
been monitoring the moon's 

2210
01:51:54,000 --> 01:51:57,200
movement in its position in 
relation to the background stars

2211
01:51:57,200 --> 01:52:00,200
in anticipation of a specific 
alignment, that happens once 

2212
01:52:00,200 --> 01:52:03,200
every 19 years. 
If your calculations are 

2213
01:52:03,200 --> 01:52:06,000
accurate, the moon will rise 
through the space between two 

2214
01:52:06,000 --> 01:52:09,400
particular Stones tonight, 
signaling a significant event in

2215
01:52:09,400 --> 01:52:12,800
the astronomical calendar years 
of stargazing were part of your 

2216
01:52:12,800 --> 01:52:16,500
training which taught you to 
read the sky, like a huge slowly

2217
01:52:16,500 --> 01:52:19,600
turning book. 
Understanding Celestial Cycles. 

2218
01:52:19,600 --> 01:52:22,500
Helps you time everything from 
planting to religious festivals 

2219
01:52:22,500 --> 01:52:25,200
to court cases. 
Not because you think the Stars 

2220
01:52:25,200 --> 01:52:27,900
dictate human fate, that's more 
of a Roman notion. 

2221
01:52:28,900 --> 01:52:31,300
The phases of the moon dictate 
when it is best to gather 

2222
01:52:31,300 --> 01:52:34,800
specific herbs, when rituals are
most effective and when it is 

2223
01:52:34,800 --> 01:52:38,100
fortunate to start significant 
projects, you set up a basic 

2224
01:52:38,100 --> 01:52:40,900
meal, consisting of bread cheese
and dried apples, as your 

2225
01:52:40,900 --> 01:52:43,800
observation Point. 
Patience is necessary for 

2226
01:52:43,800 --> 01:52:47,000
astronomical work and patience 
necessitates nourishment. 

2227
01:52:47,900 --> 01:52:50,900
The grain used to make the dense
dark bread was ground between 

2228
01:52:50,900 --> 01:52:54,100
two stones that morning. 
Because it was aged in clay pots

2229
01:52:54,100 --> 01:52:58,200
buried in cool Earth, the cheese
has a sharp Tang. simple food 

2230
01:52:58,200 --> 01:53:00,900
tastes better when enjoyed in 
the company of old stones and 

2231
01:53:00,900 --> 01:53:04,500
under the Open Sky, you start 
the evenings actual task as dusk

2232
01:53:04,500 --> 01:53:09,300
Falls teaching your Apprentice, 
the intricate craft of memory as

2233
01:53:09,300 --> 01:53:12,300
you recite the family tree of 
the local Chieftain young. 

2234
01:53:12,300 --> 01:53:14,200
Caleb sits cross-legged next to 
you. 

2235
01:53:14,200 --> 01:53:16,600
His expression solemn and 
focused. 

2236
01:53:17,400 --> 01:53:20,900
Meticulously structured verse 
Chronicles 15 Generations worth 

2237
01:53:20,900 --> 01:53:25,100
of marriages feuds births and 
deaths which helps readers 

2238
01:53:25,100 --> 01:53:27,400
retain. 
The information, the genealogy 

2239
01:53:27,400 --> 01:53:30,100
serves as legal, documentation. 
In addition to family, history, 

2240
01:53:30,100 --> 01:53:34,100
who is entitled to inherit 
property due to long-standing 

2241
01:53:34,100 --> 01:53:37,200
blood feuds, which families are 
prohibited from getting married 

2242
01:53:37,200 --> 01:53:40,600
to one another, And tribal 
councils, who is empowered to 

2243
01:53:40,600 --> 01:53:44,400
speak your mind contains all of 
this knowledge, which you need 

2244
01:53:44,400 --> 01:53:46,800
to impart flawlessly to the 
following generation. 

2245
01:53:47,600 --> 01:53:50,100
Single era could render a 
property claim, void, or 

2246
01:53:50,100 --> 01:53:53,500
unintentionally approve, a union
that would spark a new conflict 

2247
01:53:53,500 --> 01:53:55,800
Calum repeats. 
The verses back to you, 

2248
01:53:55,800 --> 01:53:58,900
occasionally stumbling over, the
more complex relationships. 

2249
01:53:59,800 --> 01:54:02,300
Though, he is intelligent 
enough, memory work, 

2250
01:54:02,300 --> 01:54:05,100
necessitates constant, practice 
and perfect accuracy. 

2251
01:54:05,100 --> 01:54:08,800
You recall the frustration of 
knowing that a single incorrect 

2252
01:54:08,800 --> 01:54:11,100
word could have major 
repercussions for actual people 

2253
01:54:11,100 --> 01:54:13,900
in the real world, as well as 
your struggles with the same 

2254
01:54:13,900 --> 01:54:17,400
material at his age and point 
out constellations rising, in 

2255
01:54:17,400 --> 01:54:21,100
the darkening sky in between 
genealogical lessons, The Great 

2256
01:54:21,100 --> 01:54:23,400
Bear is circling the North Star 
indefinitely. 

2257
01:54:24,500 --> 01:54:27,400
With his belt of three, 
brilliant Stars, Orion the 

2258
01:54:27,400 --> 01:54:29,200
hunter Strode across the winter 
sky. 

2259
01:54:30,000 --> 01:54:33,500
There are Tales associated with 
the constellation, not merely 

2260
01:54:33,500 --> 01:54:36,900
lovely myths, but useful 
knowledge contained in enduring 

2261
01:54:36,900 --> 01:54:39,700
tales. 
For example, the Seven Sisters 

2262
01:54:39,700 --> 01:54:43,100
story tells you when to plant 
barley The story of the swans 

2263
01:54:43,100 --> 01:54:45,800
flight across the Summer Sky 
marks the time to gather some 

2264
01:54:45,800 --> 01:54:48,600
medicinal plants. 
These aren't just Tales, your 

2265
01:54:48,600 --> 01:54:52,000
people share over fire on, Chile
evening's there, an intricate 

2266
01:54:52,000 --> 01:54:54,900
system of oral tradition that 
preserves and passes along in 

2267
01:54:54,900 --> 01:54:59,100
Portland, seasonal knowledge you
see the Moon fat, almost full 

2268
01:54:59,100 --> 01:55:02,600
rise in precisely where your 
calculation indicated it would 

2269
01:55:02,600 --> 01:55:07,100
as complete darkness descends. 
But first manifests as a globe 

2270
01:55:07,100 --> 01:55:11,000
behind the stones, then as a 
curved Edge and lastly, as a 

2271
01:55:11,008 --> 01:55:14,300
full silver disc, that is 
precisely framed in the space 

2272
01:55:14,300 --> 01:55:18,300
between two Granite monoliths. 
You're always moved by this site

2273
01:55:18,300 --> 01:55:21,300
which demonstrates that the 
age-old wisdom preserved in 

2274
01:55:21,308 --> 01:55:26,000
stone and tail is still true 
accurate and trustworthy Calum. 

2275
01:55:26,000 --> 01:55:29,000
Lets out a quiet gasp. 
But what he sees and you recall,

2276
01:55:29,000 --> 01:55:32,000
the first time you saw such 
accuracy learning about 

2277
01:55:32,000 --> 01:55:35,200
astronomical alignments, in 
theory is one thing, but 

2278
01:55:35,200 --> 01:55:37,300
witnessing them in action with 
perfect Precision. 

2279
01:55:37,300 --> 01:55:41,200
Is quite another Stones appear 
to be a sophisticated 

2280
01:55:41,200 --> 01:55:44,800
instrument, a calendar written 
in Granite, and starlight, 

2281
01:55:44,800 --> 01:55:48,000
rather than just random rocks 
for the next hour. 

2282
01:55:48,000 --> 01:55:51,400
You teach, Calum how to use the 
Stone Circle as a giant clock 

2283
01:55:51,400 --> 01:55:54,700
and calendar. 
Demonstrating to him how various

2284
01:55:54,700 --> 01:55:58,400
rising's and settings in the 
changing of the seasons when 

2285
01:55:58,400 --> 01:56:01,000
festivals should be held. 
And when the boundaries between 

2286
01:56:01,000 --> 01:56:04,600
worlds, becoming increasingly 
blurred, the special energy that

2287
01:56:04,600 --> 01:56:07,300
precedes any meeting where 
significant decisions will be 

2288
01:56:07,300 --> 01:56:11,200
made fills the Great Hall of the
settlement A boundary dispute 

2289
01:56:11,200 --> 01:56:14,300
between nearby Farms, the 
conditions for throwing a 

2290
01:56:14,300 --> 01:56:16,600
wedding Feast that will bring 
together two powerful families. 

2291
01:56:16,600 --> 01:56:19,700
And the delicate case of a young
man accused of stealing cattle 

2292
01:56:19,700 --> 01:56:22,900
from his cousin, a just a few of
the Urgent issues that will be 

2293
01:56:22,900 --> 01:56:25,900
discussed at tonight's council 
meeting as the sun rises. 

2294
01:56:25,900 --> 01:56:29,100
You arrive wearing formal robes 
that symbolize your position as 

2295
01:56:29,100 --> 01:56:31,400
an Arbiter, an upholder of 
traditional law. 

2296
01:56:32,300 --> 01:56:35,800
Nobody's impressed by the hall 
itself, it's just a big wooden 

2297
01:56:35,800 --> 01:56:38,300
barn with more smoke holes and 
better decorations. 

2298
01:56:38,300 --> 01:56:42,800
The air is filled with the mix 
smells of leather wet wool would

2299
01:56:42,800 --> 01:56:44,800
smoke and too many people in one
location. 

2300
01:56:44,800 --> 01:56:47,200
While Rush lights flicker in the
background. 

2301
01:56:47,200 --> 01:56:50,600
Your seat is in a prominent 
location, close to the main fire

2302
01:56:50,600 --> 01:56:54,300
close enough to the clan Chief 
to offer advice, but far enough 

2303
01:56:54,300 --> 01:56:57,400
away to speak to the group, as a
whole, the arrangement takes 

2304
01:56:57,400 --> 01:56:59,700
into account your dual 
responsibilities as an 

2305
01:56:59,700 --> 01:57:02,400
independent Authority and 
counselor, since that would 

2306
01:57:02,400 --> 01:57:05,000
require a formal court system 
that does not yet exist. 

2307
01:57:05,000 --> 01:57:08,200
You are not quite a judge in the
Contemporary sense. 

2308
01:57:08,200 --> 01:57:12,700
Rather your sort of legal 
scholar, mediator and precedent 

2309
01:57:12,700 --> 01:57:14,900
repository. 
In the first instance, two 

2310
01:57:14,900 --> 01:57:17,900
brothers quarrel about where 
their property line is, although

2311
01:57:17,900 --> 01:57:21,100
they both inherited parts of 
their fathers land spring 

2312
01:57:21,100 --> 01:57:23,900
plowing and winter floods of 
shifted, the original boundary 

2313
01:57:23,900 --> 01:57:27,600
markers which were aligned of 
Standing Stones, every brother 

2314
01:57:27,600 --> 01:57:29,800
maintains that his version of 
events as accurate. 

2315
01:57:29,800 --> 01:57:31,900
And each has witnesses to back 
up his claims. 

2316
01:57:32,300 --> 01:57:34,500
Asking thoughtful questions 
concerning the original 

2317
01:57:34,500 --> 01:57:37,600
positioning of the stones, the 
intention stated in their 

2318
01:57:37,600 --> 01:57:40,600
fathers will and the testimonies
of neighbors who were called the

2319
01:57:40,600 --> 01:57:43,700
land prior to the boundary being
disturbed, you listened to both 

2320
01:57:43,700 --> 01:57:46,400
sides. 
In order to piece together 

2321
01:57:46,400 --> 01:57:49,100
physical evidence and human 
memory and reconstruct the 

2322
01:57:49,100 --> 01:57:52,400
truth, the solution calls for 
more detective work than legal 

2323
01:57:52,400 --> 01:57:54,600
scholarship. 
Following much deliberation. 

2324
01:57:54,600 --> 01:57:57,100
You suggest a compromise that 
gives each brother, 

2325
01:57:57,100 --> 01:58:00,500
approximately equal acreage 
while drawing a new border that 

2326
01:58:00,500 --> 01:58:04,400
traces natural features, a line 
of oak trees and a stream bed, 

2327
01:58:04,400 --> 01:58:06,800
that will be more difficult to 
contest later. 

2328
01:58:07,900 --> 01:58:10,600
The fact that neither Brother is
completely satisfied with the 

2329
01:58:10,600 --> 01:58:13,800
solutions suggests that it is 
likely Fair, the charge of 

2330
01:58:13,808 --> 01:58:16,000
cattle theft turns out to be 
more complicated. 

2331
01:58:16,000 --> 01:58:20,100
Dara a cousin accuses young 
Brannock of stealing two 

2332
01:58:20,100 --> 01:58:22,400
Priceless. 
Heifers the evidence is 

2333
01:58:22,400 --> 01:58:26,300
circumstantial but concerning, 
dearer recently purchased cattle

2334
01:58:26,300 --> 01:58:28,500
that looks strikingly similar to
Brannock. 

2335
01:58:28,500 --> 01:58:31,200
He was spotted close to his herd
the night before the animals 

2336
01:58:31,200 --> 01:58:33,500
vanished. 
Although he is unable to provide

2337
01:58:33,500 --> 01:58:37,600
the merchant or any witnesses to
the transactions that he bought 

2338
01:58:37,600 --> 01:58:40,700
the animals from a traveling 
Merchant claims of theft must be

2339
01:58:40,700 --> 01:58:43,800
supported by either unambiguous 
evidence or an ordeal trial 

2340
01:58:43,800 --> 01:58:47,100
under your legal system. 
Since no one witnessed Brannock 

2341
01:58:47,100 --> 01:58:50,100
actually taking the cattle, the 
first option is not feasible, 

2342
01:58:50,100 --> 01:58:54,100
the second option, entails 
making unpleasant decisions such

2343
01:58:54,100 --> 01:58:56,400
as fighting a duel. 
Submerging an arm in boiling 

2344
01:58:56,400 --> 01:58:58,700
water or holding a red hot iron 
bar. 

2345
01:58:59,800 --> 01:59:02,600
Although you've noticed that 
Divine Justice occasionally has 

2346
01:59:02,600 --> 01:59:05,800
a peculiar sense of humor. 
The theory holds that it will 

2347
01:59:05,800 --> 01:59:07,700
protect the innocent and punish 
the guilty. 

2348
01:59:07,700 --> 01:59:12,000
You suggest a third option A 
formal oath taking ceremony in 

2349
01:59:12,000 --> 01:59:15,000
which Brannock is required to 
publicly declare his innocence 

2350
01:59:15,000 --> 01:59:18,000
while touching a holy object. 
And pleading with the gods to 

2351
01:59:18,000 --> 01:59:20,600
hear him, the oath will 
ultimately result. 

2352
01:59:20,600 --> 01:59:23,900
In divine retribution, if he is 
lying His public statement 

2353
01:59:23,900 --> 01:59:26,100
should clear his name and put an
end to the accusation. 

2354
01:59:26,100 --> 01:59:28,800
If he is speaking the truth, 
although it's not perfect 

2355
01:59:28,800 --> 01:59:31,100
Justice. 
It avoids the possibility of 

2356
01:59:31,100 --> 01:59:33,800
injuring an innocent person 
while still formally resolving 

2357
01:59:33,800 --> 01:59:36,400
the conflict. 
Granite readily agrees 

2358
01:59:36,400 --> 01:59:39,900
indicating either his innocent 
or his extraordinary faith, in 

2359
01:59:39,900 --> 01:59:41,500
his ability, to deceive the 
Gods. 

2360
01:59:42,500 --> 01:59:45,600
Even though you've been mistaken
before you suspect, the former 

2361
01:59:45,600 --> 01:59:48,700
the last issue planing the 
wedding Feast calls for 

2362
01:59:48,700 --> 01:59:52,000
completely different abilities. 
You have to make sure that the 

2363
01:59:52,000 --> 01:59:54,700
seating arrangements, don't 
unintentionally offend anyone 

2364
01:59:54,700 --> 01:59:57,800
that the appropriate Customs are
followed and that the two 

2365
01:59:57,800 --> 02:00:00,400
families contractual Duties are 
understood and observed. 

2366
02:00:00,400 --> 02:00:03,900
It's similar to juggling the 
roles of lawyer, Diplomat and 

2367
02:00:03,900 --> 02:00:06,100
wedding. 
Planner the groom's family must 

2368
02:00:06,100 --> 02:00:09,600
provide certain items such as a 
certain number of cattle, 

2369
02:00:09,600 --> 02:00:13,300
multiple bronze ornaments and 
enough grain to brew for the 

2370
02:00:13,308 --> 02:00:16,400
celebration while the bride's 
family will provide the main 

2371
02:00:16,400 --> 02:00:18,900
feast. 
Using your understanding of 

2372
02:00:18,900 --> 02:00:21,400
comparable arrangements and what
each family can afford. 

2373
02:00:21,400 --> 02:00:25,500
You assist in negotiating, these
specifics as the evening goes on

2374
02:00:25,500 --> 02:00:26,900
and the different issues are 
settled. 

2375
02:00:26,900 --> 02:00:30,300
You experience the well-known 
Joy of witnessing, your training

2376
02:00:30,300 --> 02:00:33,500
in action in these situations. 
The laws you've learned by 

2377
02:00:33,500 --> 02:00:36,900
heart, the Precedence, you've 
researched and the Diplomatic 

2378
02:00:36,900 --> 02:00:38,700
abilities. 
You've honed all come together 

2379
02:00:38,700 --> 02:00:40,500
to make your community run more 
smoothly. 

2380
02:00:40,500 --> 02:00:44,300
However, you're also worn out, 
even when things go, well, 

2381
02:00:44,300 --> 02:00:47,800
navigating complex social 
dynamics, mediating, conflicts, 

2382
02:00:47,800 --> 02:00:50,000
and speaking. 
Authoritatively for hours on end

2383
02:00:50,000 --> 02:00:53,100
is exhausting work. 
You look forward to the quieter 

2384
02:00:53,100 --> 02:00:56,200
parts of your evening routine, 
but your back hurts from sitting

2385
02:00:56,200 --> 02:00:59,500
up straight and attentive. 
Your throat is dry from talking 

2386
02:00:59,500 --> 02:01:02,700
with that special relief that 
comes from settling disputes 

2387
02:01:02,700 --> 02:01:06,100
without anyone brandishing a 
sword or hurling a punch, the 

2388
02:01:06,100 --> 02:01:09,400
council scattered into the cool 
night air after spending hours 

2389
02:01:09,400 --> 02:01:11,600
in the Smoky Hall. 
You wrap your formal robes 

2390
02:01:11,600 --> 02:01:14,400
around yourself and go outside 
thankful for the fresh air. 

2391
02:01:15,300 --> 02:01:18,600
Above each point of light stands
out against the black sky with a

2392
02:01:18,608 --> 02:01:21,000
brilliant Clarity. 
That can only be achieved in a 

2393
02:01:21,008 --> 02:01:24,000
world, free from light 
pollution, you're not quite done

2394
02:01:24,000 --> 02:01:26,700
with your evening. 
In addition to the quiet 

2395
02:01:26,700 --> 02:01:29,300
personal practices that keep you
going through the rigors of 

2396
02:01:29,308 --> 02:01:32,600
public life, there are rituals 
to perform an observations to 

2397
02:01:32,600 --> 02:01:35,900
document you make your way 
slowly to your private space. 

2398
02:01:35,900 --> 02:01:40,500
A simple roundhouse that doubles
as a home study and Haven years 

2399
02:01:40,500 --> 02:01:43,100
of meticulous, Arrangement are 
evident in the interior. 

2400
02:01:44,000 --> 02:01:47,500
Warm consistent light is 
produced by Clay, lamps one 

2401
02:01:47,500 --> 02:01:51,500
section serves as your sleeping 
space, it is basic, but cozy 

2402
02:01:51,500 --> 02:01:54,800
with Furs and thick wool 
blankets for the coldest nights.

2403
02:01:55,800 --> 02:01:59,400
Your most valuable belongings 
are kept on shelves, not gold or

2404
02:01:59,400 --> 02:02:03,200
Jewels but ceramic jars filled 
with exotic herbs engraved. 

2405
02:02:03,200 --> 02:02:06,300
Wooden tablets bearing, 
astronomical formulas and Tiny 

2406
02:02:06,300 --> 02:02:08,300
bronze clocks and Celestial 
angle gauges. 

2407
02:02:08,300 --> 02:02:12,100
The first task for tonight is to
update your lunar, calendar by 

2408
02:02:12,100 --> 02:02:14,200
recording the precise location 
of the Moon. 

2409
02:02:14,200 --> 02:02:18,300
And when it rises through the 
stone circle, You track patterns

2410
02:02:18,300 --> 02:02:21,700
over several years using a 
system of marks and symbols that

2411
02:02:21,700 --> 02:02:25,800
anyone else would find confusing
future, ceremonies tide 

2412
02:02:25,800 --> 02:02:27,400
predictions for Coastal 
communities. 

2413
02:02:27,400 --> 02:02:31,000
And the upkeep of the intricate 
festival calendar that organizes

2414
02:02:31,000 --> 02:02:33,600
your people's religious and 
agricultural, year will all 

2415
02:02:33,600 --> 02:02:36,300
benefit from this knowledge 
charcoal for drawing on 

2416
02:02:36,300 --> 02:02:39,500
specialty prepared. 
Clay surfaces sharp Flint blades

2417
02:02:39,500 --> 02:02:42,900
for carving marks in wood and a 
clever counting device made. 

2418
02:02:42,900 --> 02:02:46,500
From noted strings to keep track
of longer Cycles are your basic 

2419
02:02:46,500 --> 02:02:50,000
yeti, fish and record keeping 
tools since written language 

2420
02:02:50,000 --> 02:02:51,800
exists. 
But isn't used for long-term 

2421
02:02:51,800 --> 02:02:54,400
information storage. 
Everything must be done from 

2422
02:02:54,400 --> 02:02:56,500
memory. 
Writing something down. 

2423
02:02:56,500 --> 02:02:59,600
Weakens the mental muscles that 
Druids rely on because it makes 

2424
02:02:59,600 --> 02:03:02,600
forgetting easier, you update 
your records and get ready for 

2425
02:03:02,600 --> 02:03:05,000
the spiritual observances, that 
will take place that evening. 

2426
02:03:05,000 --> 02:03:08,300
These are private quiet. 
Rituals that help you stay 

2427
02:03:08,300 --> 02:03:11,900
connected to the forces, you 
serve rather than large public 

2428
02:03:11,900 --> 02:03:15,000
ceremonies using particular 
Woods selected for their 

2429
02:03:15,000 --> 02:03:17,900
symbolic qualities, Oak for 
strength and endurance. 

2430
02:03:17,900 --> 02:03:21,200
Ash for protection and Hawthorne
for purification. 

2431
02:03:21,200 --> 02:03:24,000
You like a small fire in a 
bronze Bowl. 

2432
02:03:24,000 --> 02:03:27,200
Your silent prayers for the days
accomplishments and request for 

2433
02:03:27,200 --> 02:03:29,800
direction. 
In the challenges of Tomorrow, a

2434
02:03:29,800 --> 02:03:32,000
carried by the smoke as it rises
in a thin column. 

2435
02:03:32,000 --> 02:03:35,600
After the days of events you sit
quietly and allow your thoughts 

2436
02:03:35,600 --> 02:03:38,800
to calm down, you feel the 
tension, leave your shoulders 

2437
02:03:38,800 --> 02:03:40,800
and the stress that has built up
from mediating. 

2438
02:03:40,800 --> 02:03:44,200
Conflicts evaporate like water, 
the structured mindfulness 

2439
02:03:44,200 --> 02:03:47,700
practice that modern people may 
be familiar with is not what 

2440
02:03:47,700 --> 02:03:51,400
this meditation is. 
Rather it's a slow Awakening to 

2441
02:03:51,400 --> 02:03:54,500
the subtle currents that run 
beneath the surface of ordinary 

2442
02:03:54,500 --> 02:03:57,300
reality. 
You hear the sound of the night,

2443
02:03:57,300 --> 02:04:01,200
The Whisper Of The Wind through 
that, the distant lowing of 

2444
02:04:01,200 --> 02:04:04,500
cattle settling for sleep and 
the owls call from the Oak 

2445
02:04:04,500 --> 02:04:07,400
Grove, you gradually start to 
notice less evidence of 

2446
02:04:07,400 --> 02:04:10,000
Sensations. 
The Earth itself seems to be 

2447
02:04:10,008 --> 02:04:13,500
pulsing slowly with energy. 
He's subtle grain of the 

2448
02:04:13,500 --> 02:04:17,100
landscape like wood that makes 
some directions feel different 

2449
02:04:17,100 --> 02:04:20,000
from others. 
Feeling that every prayer that 

2450
02:04:20,000 --> 02:04:22,900
has been said and every fire 
that has burned, there are 

2451
02:04:22,900 --> 02:04:25,500
preserved in the stones of your 
heart to a modern ear. 

2452
02:04:25,500 --> 02:04:27,000
These perceptions may seem 
mystical. 

2453
02:04:27,000 --> 02:04:30,200
But to you, they are as natural 
as checking the weather or 

2454
02:04:30,200 --> 02:04:31,500
listening for approaching 
footsteps. 

2455
02:04:32,300 --> 02:04:34,800
Your senses have been trained 
for decades to pick up on 

2456
02:04:34,800 --> 02:04:36,700
rhythms and patterns that most 
people miss. 

2457
02:04:36,700 --> 02:04:39,500
The fact that these perceptions 
enable you to better. 

2458
02:04:39,500 --> 02:04:42,400
Serve your community is more 
important than whether they are 

2459
02:04:42,400 --> 02:04:45,600
the result of true Supernatural 
awareness or simply highly 

2460
02:04:45,600 --> 02:04:48,800
developed intuition reviewing 
the days of events and thinking 

2461
02:04:48,800 --> 02:04:52,000
about what they reveal about 
broader patterns and Trends is 

2462
02:04:52,000 --> 02:04:55,900
your final ritual as the fire 
burns down to glowing coals. 

2463
02:04:56,900 --> 02:04:59,400
The boundary dispute implies 
that the amount of available 

2464
02:04:59,400 --> 02:05:01,600
land is being strained by 
population, growth. 

2465
02:05:02,500 --> 02:05:05,000
The charge of cattle theft may 
be a reflection of larger 

2466
02:05:05,000 --> 02:05:07,900
economic tensions. 
As young men, find it difficult 

2467
02:05:07,900 --> 02:05:10,800
to make a name for themselves. 
The intricate network of 

2468
02:05:10,800 --> 02:05:14,100
alliances that binds your 
Society together is exposed 

2469
02:05:14,100 --> 02:05:17,400
during the wedding negotiations.
These observations will help you

2470
02:05:17,400 --> 02:05:20,800
foresee future issues before 
they become crises, and will 

2471
02:05:20,800 --> 02:05:22,600
guide your advice to the clan 
leadership. 

2472
02:05:22,600 --> 02:05:26,400
It is a type of strategic 
thinking that uses both logical 

2473
02:05:26,400 --> 02:05:29,900
analysis and the deeper wisdom 
that comes from years of reading

2474
02:05:29,900 --> 02:05:33,100
human Nature's currents. 
It also Blends practical 

2475
02:05:33,100 --> 02:05:35,000
analysis with intuitive 
insights. 

2476
02:05:35,000 --> 02:05:38,500
You finally Bank, the fire and 
get ready for sleep as genuine 

2477
02:05:38,500 --> 02:05:40,000
exhaustion descend. 
Upon you. 

2478
02:05:40,000 --> 02:05:43,100
There will likely be at least 
one emergency that calls for all

2479
02:05:43,100 --> 02:05:45,700
of your abilities and knowledge 
to tomorrow along with new 

2480
02:05:45,700 --> 02:05:47,500
difficulties and conflicts to 
resolve. 

2481
02:05:47,500 --> 02:05:49,100
But That's a problem for 
tomorrow. 

2482
02:05:49,100 --> 02:05:52,300
You can sleep easy tonight 
knowing that you have done a 

2483
02:05:52,300 --> 02:05:55,300
good job of serving your people 
and upholding the long-standing 

2484
02:05:55,300 --> 02:05:58,900
Customs that give their lives 
purpose and order after such a 

2485
02:05:58,900 --> 02:06:00,800
long day. 
You can easily fall asleep as 

2486
02:06:00,800 --> 02:06:03,900
your body settles into the wool 
stuffed mattress and you feel 

2487
02:06:03,900 --> 02:06:05,700
the satisfaction of a job. 
Well done. 

2488
02:06:06,400 --> 02:06:09,200
However, your mind is still 
partially awake while you sleep,

2489
02:06:09,200 --> 02:06:12,600
because it has been trained over
decades to pick up on odd, 

2490
02:06:12,600 --> 02:06:15,900
sounds or shifts in the subtle 
energies that surround sacred 

2491
02:06:15,900 --> 02:06:18,100
locations. 
But only dreams of peace 

2492
02:06:18,100 --> 02:06:20,200
tonight. 
The trees are bigger and older 

2493
02:06:20,200 --> 02:06:21,800
than any that grow in the real 
world. 

2494
02:06:21,800 --> 02:06:24,800
And you find yourself strolling 
through a forest, that appears 

2495
02:06:24,800 --> 02:06:26,800
familiar, but is incredibly 
large. 

2496
02:06:27,800 --> 02:06:31,100
Beside you are ancient Druids 
teachers from earlier 

2497
02:06:31,100 --> 02:06:34,300
Generations, whose knowledge has
been transmitted orally, they 

2498
02:06:34,300 --> 02:06:37,700
communicate without using words.
Exchanging information that 

2499
02:06:37,700 --> 02:06:40,100
moves straight from one to 
another like water. 

2500
02:06:40,100 --> 02:06:43,400
Leveling out secrets that are 
hidden from everyday view are 

2501
02:06:43,400 --> 02:06:46,800
revealed by The Dream Forest. 
See how all of the trees are 

2502
02:06:46,800 --> 02:06:50,300
connected by a network of routes
that exchange information and 

2503
02:06:50,300 --> 02:06:54,500
nutrients over great distances. 
You see how the forest functions

2504
02:06:54,500 --> 02:06:58,600
as a single enormous organism. 
Thanks to the micrel fungi's 

2505
02:06:58,600 --> 02:07:02,200
underground network of chemical 
signals in the dream state, 

2506
02:07:02,200 --> 02:07:05,000
these connections appear as 
clear as sunlight, but it will 

2507
02:07:05,000 --> 02:07:07,400
take centuries for modern 
science to uncover them. 

2508
02:07:07,400 --> 02:07:10,300
The events of the day are 
processed by your sleeping mind 

2509
02:07:10,300 --> 02:07:12,400
and woven into. 
The broader patterns that guide 

2510
02:07:12,400 --> 02:07:16,000
your work humanity is never 
ending quest to impose order on 

2511
02:07:16,000 --> 02:07:18,700
the natural world is reflected 
in the boundary dispute. 

2512
02:07:19,400 --> 02:07:21,200
The charge of cattle theft 
highlights. 

2513
02:07:21,200 --> 02:07:23,900
The conflicts that emerge when 
traditional communities start to

2514
02:07:23,900 --> 02:07:27,600
expand past the point at, which 
everyone is well acquainted with

2515
02:07:27,600 --> 02:07:31,000
one another, The negotiation 
surrounding the wedding show, 

2516
02:07:31,000 --> 02:07:34,000
how societies change and grow 
while retaining their 

2517
02:07:34,000 --> 02:07:37,300
fundamental characteristics. 
These realizations feel more 

2518
02:07:37,300 --> 02:07:38,900
like truths that have always 
been there. 

2519
02:07:38,900 --> 02:07:43,000
Just waiting for the right time 
to come to light and they do 

2520
02:07:43,000 --> 02:07:48,200
like conclusions, you've drawn 
Druidic frequently operates in 

2521
02:07:48,200 --> 02:07:51,000
this way. 
It reorganizes everything you 

2522
02:07:51,000 --> 02:07:54,000
believe to be true rather than 
using linear reasoning. 

2523
02:07:54,000 --> 02:07:58,100
Your dreams become more intimate
as the night grows darker as a 

2524
02:07:58,100 --> 02:07:59,200
Young. 
Apprentice, you find it 

2525
02:07:59,200 --> 02:08:01,400
difficult to commit. 
The extensive body of legal 

2526
02:08:01,400 --> 02:08:04,100
historical and religious 
knowledge to memory. 

2527
02:08:04,100 --> 02:08:07,100
You recall, the aggravation of 
forgetting crucial information, 

2528
02:08:07,100 --> 02:08:10,900
the anxiety of failing, your 
teachers and the slow Delight of

2529
02:08:10,908 --> 02:08:14,600
realizing that the disparate 
facts were in fact, piece of a 

2530
02:08:14,600 --> 02:08:17,600
cohesive whole through Decades 
of sometimes unappreciated 

2531
02:08:17,600 --> 02:08:21,500
service the memory, dreams as a 
reminder of why you chose this 

2532
02:08:21,500 --> 02:08:23,500
path, and why you have stayed 
dedicated to it. 

2533
02:08:23,500 --> 02:08:26,900
Your people are able to preserve
their identity and values for 

2534
02:08:26,900 --> 02:08:29,800
generations to come because of 
the living wisdom you possess 

2535
02:08:29,800 --> 02:08:32,100
which goes beyond merely 
academic knowledge. 

2536
02:08:32,900 --> 02:08:35,300
Communities would lose their 
ties to the past and their 

2537
02:08:35,300 --> 02:08:38,300
direction for the future. 
If Druids were there to maintain

2538
02:08:38,300 --> 02:08:41,600
and pass along this cultural 
heritage, you dream about the 

2539
02:08:41,600 --> 02:08:44,300
vast cycles, that control 
everything as the first gray 

2540
02:08:44,300 --> 02:08:47,100
light Peaks through the Smoke 
Hole in your roof, Just Before 

2541
02:08:47,100 --> 02:08:51,100
Dawn, the daily cycle of Dawn, 
and dusk the moon's monthly 

2542
02:08:51,100 --> 02:08:55,400
cycle of phases, the changing of
the seasons every year each with

2543
02:08:55,400 --> 02:08:59,200
a unique challenges and gifts. 
The longer multi-generational 

2544
02:08:59,200 --> 02:09:01,200
cycles. 
That signify the emergence and 

2545
02:09:01,208 --> 02:09:04,600
decline of dynasties, the 
movement of peoples and the 

2546
02:09:04,600 --> 02:09:06,500
gradual advancement of human 
knowledge. 

2547
02:09:06,500 --> 02:09:10,000
You see yourself in the dream as
a component of these enormous 

2548
02:09:10,000 --> 02:09:13,000
Cycles no more or less 
significant than any other 

2549
02:09:13,000 --> 02:09:16,200
component of the pattern. 
Even though your life is short, 

2550
02:09:16,200 --> 02:09:18,900
in comparison to the stone 
circles age or the Great Oaks 

2551
02:09:18,900 --> 02:09:22,600
lifespan, your contribution to 
preserving wisdoms continuity, 

2552
02:09:22,600 --> 02:09:26,000
makes you a part of something, 
greater and more durable than 

2553
02:09:26,000 --> 02:09:29,400
anyone person's life. 
Despite the complicated dreams, 

2554
02:09:29,400 --> 02:09:31,700
you awaken organically as the 
first bird. 

2555
02:09:31,700 --> 02:09:34,900
Starts singing in the morning, 
feeling refreshed, and composed.

2556
02:09:35,800 --> 02:09:38,500
Without the startling confusion 
that frequently accompanies 

2557
02:09:38,500 --> 02:09:41,500
contemporary alarm clocks, the 
shift from sleep to wakefulness,

2558
02:09:41,500 --> 02:09:44,900
feels seamless and natural 
instead of waking. 

2559
02:09:44,900 --> 02:09:48,100
When the time is right, your 
body has learned to synchronize 

2560
02:09:48,100 --> 02:09:51,300
itself with its own natural 
rhythms, you get out of bed and 

2561
02:09:51,300 --> 02:09:53,700
do the easy stretching 
exercises, that maintain the 

2562
02:09:53,700 --> 02:09:55,800
strength and flexibility of your
aging body. 

2563
02:09:56,700 --> 02:09:59,100
Give that a healthy body is 
necessary to support her 

2564
02:09:59,100 --> 02:10:01,700
Healthy. 
Mind druidic, training places, a

2565
02:10:01,700 --> 02:10:04,100
strong emphasis on the 
relationship between mental and 

2566
02:10:04,100 --> 02:10:07,400
physical health. 
The mild yet effective exercises

2567
02:10:07,400 --> 02:10:10,000
are made to keep your 
circulation flexibility. 

2568
02:10:10,000 --> 02:10:13,200
And the kind of focused 
awareness that your job requires

2569
02:10:13,200 --> 02:10:17,300
the world is waking up to a new 
day outside as families. 

2570
02:10:17,300 --> 02:10:20,200
Prepare their morning meals. 
Smoke rises from cooking fires. 

2571
02:10:20,200 --> 02:10:23,700
The cool air is filled with the 
sounds of children, starting 

2572
02:10:23,700 --> 02:10:26,700
their daily tasks. 
You hear the steady sound of 

2573
02:10:26,700 --> 02:10:29,900
grain being ground between 
stones in the distance and you 

2574
02:10:29,900 --> 02:10:32,900
hear cattle sighing softly as 
they are led to New Pasture. 

2575
02:10:32,900 --> 02:10:35,600
Even though your daily robes 
aren't as fancy as the ones you 

2576
02:10:35,600 --> 02:10:38,200
ought to the council. 
Last night, you still make a 

2577
02:10:38,200 --> 02:10:40,700
statement about your position 
and status in the community. 

2578
02:10:40,700 --> 02:10:45,200
Wolf from local plants is used 
to dye the fabric Rich greens, 

2579
02:10:45,200 --> 02:10:49,200
from nettle, soft Browns from 
Walnut hulls and a hint of Blue 

2580
02:10:49,200 --> 02:10:52,500
from woad which was expensive 
and time-consuming to obtain. 

2581
02:10:52,500 --> 02:10:56,200
As you step outside into the 
morning, are you experience the 

2582
02:10:56,200 --> 02:10:59,100
same sense of excitement that 
comes with the possibilities of 

2583
02:10:59,100 --> 02:11:02,000
every new day? 
People will need to be healed, 

2584
02:11:02,000 --> 02:11:04,000
conflicts will need to be 
resolved. 

2585
02:11:04,000 --> 02:11:07,200
Knowledge will need to be 
preserved and passed on and 

2586
02:11:07,200 --> 02:11:10,600
Mysteries will need to be 
considered It is challenging but

2587
02:11:10,600 --> 02:11:13,500
incredibly fulfilling work. 
That connects you to the Eternal

2588
02:11:13,500 --> 02:11:15,700
questions that have perplexed 
Humanity. 

2589
02:11:15,700 --> 02:11:19,200
Since the dawn of Consciousness,
as well as the Practical needs 

2590
02:11:19,200 --> 02:11:22,200
of your community, you can 
consider the peculiar privilege 

2591
02:11:22,200 --> 02:11:24,000
of your position. 
As you make your way to the 

2592
02:11:24,000 --> 02:11:27,800
sacred grove, to start another 
day's routine, you act as a link

2593
02:11:27,800 --> 02:11:31,200
between worlds between the 
Gathering wisdom of the past and

2594
02:11:31,200 --> 02:11:33,000
the emerging possibilities of 
the future. 

2595
02:11:33,800 --> 02:11:36,800
Between the Practical demands of
everyday life and the spiritual 

2596
02:11:36,800 --> 02:11:40,300
aspects that give life purpose 
and between the human community 

2597
02:11:40,300 --> 02:11:43,900
and the natural forces that 
support it, the Morning Mist is 

2598
02:11:43,900 --> 02:11:47,400
burned away as the sun rises 
higher, showcasing, the beauty 

2599
02:11:47,400 --> 02:11:50,600
of the familiar landscape. 
With the calm Assurance of 

2600
02:11:50,600 --> 02:11:53,800
someone who understands their 
role in the vast scheme of 

2601
02:11:53,800 --> 02:11:57,500
things, you face the new day as 
it Dawns in the never-ending 

2602
02:11:57,500 --> 02:12:04,900
cycle of days. 
In the hush darkness of a 13th 

2603
02:12:04,900 --> 02:12:07,300
century. 
Manor house as the last Embers 

2604
02:12:07,300 --> 02:12:10,000
in the central, half faded to 
Soft Orange glows. 

2605
02:12:10,000 --> 02:12:14,600
The Lord of The Manor, would not
retire alone around him in the 

2606
02:12:14,600 --> 02:12:17,400
enormous Hall. 
Lay his household staff family 

2607
02:12:17,400 --> 02:12:20,500
members, and perhaps, even 
trusted servants, all arranged 

2608
02:12:20,500 --> 02:12:22,600
in a careful choreography of 
medieval sleep. 

2609
02:12:23,300 --> 02:12:25,700
This Collective Slumber. 
So foreign to our modern 

2610
02:12:25,700 --> 02:12:28,300
sensibilities represents. 
One of history is most 

2611
02:12:28,300 --> 02:12:31,300
misunderstood phenomena, the 
medieval relationship with 

2612
02:12:31,300 --> 02:12:34,300
sleep, contrary to popular 
assumptions about the 

2613
02:12:34,300 --> 02:12:36,900
discomforts of pre-industrial 
Life made evil. 

2614
02:12:36,900 --> 02:12:39,800
Europeans may have enjoyed sleep
patterns more aligned with human

2615
02:12:39,800 --> 02:12:42,900
biology than our current 
regiments the sleep of the 

2616
02:12:42,900 --> 02:12:44,600
Middle Ages. 
Wasn't merely a functional 

2617
02:12:44,600 --> 02:12:47,400
necessity, squeezed between 
brutal days of toil. 

2618
02:12:47,400 --> 02:12:51,100
It was an elaborate practice 
infused with ritual, social 

2619
02:12:51,100 --> 02:12:54,500
significance and a profound 
understanding of human needs. 

2620
02:12:54,500 --> 02:12:57,400
That modern science is only now 
rediscovering. 

2621
02:12:58,400 --> 02:13:00,900
The medieval Knight began not 
with the flick of a light 

2622
02:13:00,908 --> 02:13:03,200
switch, but with the gradual 
recession of daylight. 

2623
02:13:04,300 --> 02:13:08,500
As Twilight, descended across 
Europe's Countryside and Bergs a

2624
02:13:08,500 --> 02:13:10,100
natural wind down period 
commenced. 

2625
02:13:10,800 --> 02:13:13,100
Without the harsh blue, light of
electronic devices. 

2626
02:13:13,100 --> 02:13:16,900
To disrupt melatonin production 
medieval bodies responded, 

2627
02:13:16,900 --> 02:13:20,400
naturally to environmental cues.
The dimming of the day, 

2628
02:13:20,400 --> 02:13:23,300
triggered sleep hormones in 
perfect, synchronicity with the 

2629
02:13:23,300 --> 02:13:26,500
body, circadian rhythm evidence 
from medieval household 

2630
02:13:26,500 --> 02:13:29,800
accounts, monastic records and 
medical manuscripts. 

2631
02:13:29,800 --> 02:13:31,700
Reveals the medieval people 
practiced. 

2632
02:13:31,700 --> 02:13:34,900
What sleep researchers Now call 
Sleep hygiene, not through 

2633
02:13:34,900 --> 02:13:37,800
scientific understanding but 
through customs of evolved over 

2634
02:13:37,800 --> 02:13:40,300
centuries. 
Families would gather around 

2635
02:13:40,300 --> 02:13:44,200
fires in the hours before bed. 
Engaging in what 14th century, 

2636
02:13:44,200 --> 02:13:47,500
English text called, The Gentle 
telling of tales this 

2637
02:13:47,500 --> 02:13:51,400
storytelling tradition served 
multiple purposes, reinforcing 

2638
02:13:51,400 --> 02:13:54,600
Community bonds, passing down 
cultural knowledge, and 

2639
02:13:54,600 --> 02:13:58,100
crucially allowing the brain to 
transition from the active 

2640
02:13:58,100 --> 02:14:00,900
demands of daytime to the 
receptive State conducive to 

2641
02:14:00,900 --> 02:14:04,600
sleep venturi's from Noble 
households, across Europe lists,

2642
02:14:04,600 --> 02:14:07,800
specialized items for Sleep, 
comfort that defy our image of 

2643
02:14:07,800 --> 02:14:10,900
medieval discomfort. 
While commoners might sleep on 

2644
02:14:10,900 --> 02:14:14,400
strawfield mattresses regularly 
refreshed with aromatic herbs, 

2645
02:14:14,400 --> 02:14:17,000
like lavender and Mi natural 
sleep aids. 

2646
02:14:17,000 --> 02:14:20,900
The wealthy invested heavily in 
Sleep Quality featherbeds. 

2647
02:14:20,900 --> 02:14:23,900
Documented in the 1380s 
household accounts of John of 

2648
02:14:23,900 --> 02:14:27,000
gaunt could contain up to 60 
pounds of down. 

2649
02:14:27,800 --> 02:14:31,000
These were topped with linen 
sheets, Woolen blankets in 

2650
02:14:31,000 --> 02:14:32,900
Winter and lightweight 
coverlets. 

2651
02:14:32,900 --> 02:14:36,000
In summer, seasonal, adaptations
showing a sophisticated 

2652
02:14:36,000 --> 02:14:39,100
understanding of sleep 
temperature regulation, The 

2653
02:14:39,100 --> 02:14:41,900
medieval bed itself evolved into
an architectural feature in its 

2654
02:14:41,900 --> 02:14:45,100
own right. 
Far from a simple platform, the 

2655
02:14:45,100 --> 02:14:47,900
bed became what historian Sasha 
Handley calls, a 

2656
02:14:47,900 --> 02:14:51,800
microenvironment for sleep. 
High beds kept sleep as above 

2657
02:14:51,800 --> 02:14:54,800
drafts, while bed, curtains, 
created microclimates, that 

2658
02:14:54,800 --> 02:14:57,300
preserved body heat. 
Particularly in Northern 

2659
02:14:57,300 --> 02:14:59,200
regions. 
These enclosed bed spaces, 

2660
02:14:59,200 --> 02:15:01,800
maintained optimal, sleeping, 
temperatures through bitter 

2661
02:15:01,800 --> 02:15:06,400
Winters without central heating.
Perhaps most notably medieval 

2662
02:15:06,400 --> 02:15:10,500
people organized, their sleep 
around natural rhythms medical 

2663
02:15:10,500 --> 02:15:14,000
texts from Salerno's famed. 
Medical school, advice sleeping 

2664
02:15:14,000 --> 02:15:17,500
with the head slightly elevated 
and on the right side initially,

2665
02:15:17,500 --> 02:15:21,300
for proper digestion, then 
turning to the left side in deep

2666
02:15:21,300 --> 02:15:24,600
Sleep advice, that Echoes modern
recommendations for optimizing 

2667
02:15:24,600 --> 02:15:27,600
Airway positioning during sleep,
despite the absence of memory 

2668
02:15:27,600 --> 02:15:30,900
foam or adjustable bases, 
medieval sleepers customized 

2669
02:15:30,900 --> 02:15:32,800
their experience through 
ingenious means. 

2670
02:15:33,800 --> 02:15:37,000
Illuminated manuscripts show 
various pillow configurations 

2671
02:15:37,000 --> 02:15:40,400
from cylindrical, bolsters 
supporting the neck to smaller, 

2672
02:15:40,400 --> 02:15:43,600
cushions tucked under elbows or 
knees personalized Comfort 

2673
02:15:43,600 --> 02:15:45,300
adaptations. 
We've rediscovered through 

2674
02:15:45,300 --> 02:15:49,800
ergonomic design archaeological 
findings from cesspits in London

2675
02:15:49,800 --> 02:15:52,300
and York have revealed remains 
of medicinal herbs. 

2676
02:15:52,300 --> 02:15:55,500
Commonly used for Sleep, 
including valerian root and 

2677
02:15:55,500 --> 02:15:58,300
passion flower showing 
sophisticated pharmacological 

2678
02:15:58,300 --> 02:16:01,800
approaches to sleep management, 
The physical arrangements for 

2679
02:16:01,800 --> 02:16:04,800
Sleep extended Beyond beds, 
manor houses. 

2680
02:16:04,800 --> 02:16:07,700
And even modest dwellings were 
designed with sleeping areas. 

2681
02:16:07,700 --> 02:16:09,900
Positioned to, maximize morning,
light exposure. 

2682
02:16:10,800 --> 02:16:13,500
An architectural feature, the 
modern chronobiology just 

2683
02:16:13,500 --> 02:16:16,800
recognized for its important to 
maintaining healthy circadian. 

2684
02:16:16,800 --> 02:16:20,100
Rhythms east facing bed, 
Chambers allowed sleepers, to 

2685
02:16:20,100 --> 02:16:24,100
wake naturally with the sunrise 
reinforcing their Intel body 

2686
02:16:24,100 --> 02:16:27,100
clocks in ways that modern 
blackout curtains and alarm 

2687
02:16:27,100 --> 02:16:30,600
clocks disrupt. 
What tree distinguished medieval

2688
02:16:30,600 --> 02:16:32,799
sleep. 
However, was it social nature? 

2689
02:16:33,799 --> 02:16:37,000
Unlike our privatized 
individualized approach to 

2690
02:16:37,000 --> 02:16:40,000
sleep, medieval Slumber was 
communal. 

2691
02:16:40,700 --> 02:16:43,700
This Behavior was not merely for
practical reasons, like, shared 

2692
02:16:43,700 --> 02:16:45,900
warmth or protection. 
Well, though, these benefits 

2693
02:16:45,900 --> 02:16:48,799
were real but reflected a 
fundamentally different 

2694
02:16:48,799 --> 02:16:52,100
conception of sleep as a 
vulnerable yet shared Human 

2695
02:16:52,100 --> 02:16:55,100
Experience. 
Even Kings were rarely alone 

2696
02:16:55,100 --> 02:16:58,299
while sleeping. 
Attended by trusted chamberlains

2697
02:16:58,299 --> 02:16:59,799
who slept at the foot of the 
royal bed. 

2698
02:16:59,799 --> 02:17:03,100
Creating a sleep culture where 
the boundaries between private 

2699
02:17:03,100 --> 02:17:05,400
and public were permeable. 
In ways, we might find 

2700
02:17:05,400 --> 02:17:08,799
uncomfortable, but that provided
unique psychological benefits. 

2701
02:17:08,799 --> 02:17:12,100
People didn't expect to sleep 
all night in medieval Europe. 

2702
02:17:12,100 --> 02:17:15,600
When darkness fell, the idea 
that people should sleep 8 hours

2703
02:17:15,600 --> 02:17:19,400
is post-industrial Medieval 
medical records, Diaries 

2704
02:17:19,400 --> 02:17:22,400
household, histories and 
literary sources show are quite 

2705
02:17:22,407 --> 02:17:26,900
distinct pattern, First, sleep 
and second sleep separated, by a

2706
02:17:26,900 --> 02:17:30,200
nighttime wakeful quiet. 
This bi phasic, sleep pattern 

2707
02:17:30,200 --> 02:17:31,900
was common throughout social 
strata. 

2708
02:17:31,900 --> 02:17:35,400
After going to bed at nightfall,
made evil, people had a 

2709
02:17:35,400 --> 02:17:37,299
four-hour first sleep or dead 
sleep. 

2710
02:17:37,299 --> 02:17:41,100
After waking up naturally for 
one to two hours, they went back

2711
02:17:41,100 --> 02:17:44,500
to Second sleep until Daybreak. 
Medieval folks used this 

2712
02:17:44,500 --> 02:17:47,200
midnight Awakening as a natural 
window of Consciousness. 

2713
02:17:47,200 --> 02:17:50,600
Not sleeplessness, European 
Monastery. 

2714
02:17:50,600 --> 02:17:53,000
Church records provide some of 
the best evidence of this 

2715
02:17:53,000 --> 02:17:56,200
interval The monastic rule of 
Saint Benedict. 

2716
02:17:56,200 --> 02:17:59,900
Scheduled midnight, prayers, 
matinees during the wakeful our 

2717
02:17:59,900 --> 02:18:02,200
to accommodate this natural 
sleep divide. 

2718
02:18:02,200 --> 02:18:05,100
Instead of fighting their 
biology to stay awake for 

2719
02:18:05,100 --> 02:18:08,500
devotion monks, synchronized 
their spiritual practices, with 

2720
02:18:08,500 --> 02:18:11,900
human sleep architecture. 
The significance of midnight 

2721
02:18:11,900 --> 02:18:16,000
Awakening goes beyond religion. 
Medical manuscripts from Salerno

2722
02:18:16,000 --> 02:18:18,400
and Montpellier Europe's top 
medical schools. 

2723
02:18:18,400 --> 02:18:21,500
Show that doctors believed 
midnight waking was crucial for 

2724
02:18:21,500 --> 02:18:23,100
health. 
The 13th century. 

2725
02:18:23,100 --> 02:18:26,400
Physician Elder, Brandon of 
Siena said that this wakeful 

2726
02:18:26,400 --> 02:18:29,600
period allowed the vapors of 
food to be properly, distributed

2727
02:18:29,600 --> 02:18:32,200
through the body, a 
pre-scientific knowledge of how 

2728
02:18:32,200 --> 02:18:35,100
sleep stages affect digestion 
and metabolism. 

2729
02:18:36,600 --> 02:18:39,299
This nightly waking gave regular
households, an unusual 

2730
02:18:39,299 --> 02:18:42,400
opportunity, it was common for 
homeowners to check on their 

2731
02:18:42,400 --> 02:18:46,000
property, Bank Fires for the 
second sleep, and examine their 

2732
02:18:46,000 --> 02:18:49,100
security. 
The 14th century guide for 

2733
02:18:49,100 --> 02:18:52,000
Parish priests recommends middle
night marital intercourse 

2734
02:18:52,000 --> 02:18:54,900
because the body is rested, but 
the mine and clear. 

2735
02:18:55,900 --> 02:18:58,200
The recommendation implies, a 
profound awareness of how 

2736
02:18:58,200 --> 02:19:01,400
restful sleep influences, mood 
and physical, rest activity. 

2737
02:19:01,400 --> 02:19:05,200
Interestingly, this wakeful 
interlude produced various types

2738
02:19:05,200 --> 02:19:07,299
of Consciousness. 
That current Neuroscience has 

2739
02:19:07,299 --> 02:19:11,100
only recently learned to detect,
Neurologist call the state 

2740
02:19:11,100 --> 02:19:15,500
between first and second sleep. 
Hit no pumping Consciousness, 

2741
02:19:15,500 --> 02:19:19,700
which boosts creativity imagery 
and emotional processing. 

2742
02:19:20,799 --> 02:19:23,299
Medieval folks innately 
understood and practiced this 

2743
02:19:23,299 --> 02:19:26,500
distinct mental condition court,
records and Diaries. 

2744
02:19:26,500 --> 02:19:30,400
Show how midnighters considered 
legal issues, a 15th century. 

2745
02:19:30,400 --> 02:19:32,799
Ghent judge said, he made his 
toughest decisions after 

2746
02:19:32,799 --> 02:19:36,900
Consulting his thoughts in the 
watch between sleeps, believing 

2747
02:19:36,900 --> 02:19:39,700
it provided deeper, moral 
Insight than daylight 

2748
02:19:39,700 --> 02:19:42,400
deliberation. 
Craftspeople conceived, new 

2749
02:19:42,400 --> 02:19:46,799
designs Farmers plan seasonal 
rotations Merchants plan, 

2750
02:19:46,799 --> 02:19:49,600
business initiatives during this
contemplative period. 

2751
02:19:50,400 --> 02:19:52,600
Wakefulness had emotional and 
social benefits. 

2752
02:19:52,600 --> 02:19:56,200
Larger medieval households 
described Knight talking, 

2753
02:19:56,200 --> 02:19:58,500
intimate chats during midnight 
waking. 

2754
02:19:58,500 --> 02:20:02,000
He is nighttime conversations 
allowed for exceptional, 

2755
02:20:02,000 --> 02:20:05,300
emotional honesty. 
Unlike daytime contact confined 

2756
02:20:05,300 --> 02:20:08,000
by societal hierarchy and Public
Presentation. 

2757
02:20:09,200 --> 02:20:12,000
A 14th century English Noble. 
Woman's diary says she learned 

2758
02:20:12,000 --> 02:20:14,800
her husband's in the most 
worried, his only in the watch 

2759
02:20:14,800 --> 02:20:17,200
between sleeps when Souls speak 
more. 

2760
02:20:17,200 --> 02:20:22,300
Truly, This split pattern 
boosted creativity Chaucer 

2761
02:20:22,300 --> 02:20:25,200
writes poetry during his 
watching times and illuminated 

2762
02:20:25,200 --> 02:20:27,600
manuscripts often State. 
They were written in the 

2763
02:20:27,600 --> 02:20:31,800
midnight thinking time, Medieval
dream interpretation guides 

2764
02:20:31,800 --> 02:20:35,400
distinguished between dreams. 
During first, sleep processing, 

2765
02:20:35,400 --> 02:20:38,100
daily events. 
And those during Second sleep 

2766
02:20:38,100 --> 02:20:40,900
prophetic or Insight bearing due
to the quality of thoughts 

2767
02:20:40,900 --> 02:20:44,500
during this period. archeology 
confirms this practices, 

2768
02:20:44,500 --> 02:20:48,200
prevalence medieval home 
excavations, sometimes reveal a 

2769
02:20:48,200 --> 02:20:51,400
little oil lamps for nighttime 
activities in household 

2770
02:20:51,400 --> 02:20:54,800
inventories across social 
classes night tables, with 

2771
02:20:54,800 --> 02:20:58,600
writing tools, miniature prayer,
books and meditation tools are 

2772
02:20:58,600 --> 02:21:02,100
common when modern researchers 
removed artificial light from 

2773
02:21:02,100 --> 02:21:04,000
test. 
Subjects settings for several 

2774
02:21:04,000 --> 02:21:07,200
weeks, they automatically 
reverted to bi phasic sleep. 

2775
02:21:07,200 --> 02:21:10,600
Strong proof that segmented. 
Sleep is our biological Rhythm, 

2776
02:21:10,600 --> 02:21:13,900
medieval people honored this 
cycle rather than pushing 

2777
02:21:13,900 --> 02:21:16,900
continuous sleep. 
Aligning with their evolved. 

2778
02:21:16,900 --> 02:21:20,200
Sleep architecture, in ways, 
modern civilization, rarely 

2779
02:21:20,200 --> 02:21:23,400
allows cycle. 
Benefits, make segmented, sleep 

2780
02:21:23,400 --> 02:21:26,600
valuable. 
The midnight wake up allowed 

2781
02:21:26,600 --> 02:21:28,800
memory, consolidation and 
emotional processing. 

2782
02:21:29,600 --> 02:21:31,600
Modern sleep science shows that 
disrupted. 

2783
02:21:31,600 --> 02:21:33,200
Sleep can improve memory 
formation. 

2784
02:21:34,700 --> 02:21:38,000
A 15th century French physician 
advised pupils to re-read, 

2785
02:21:38,000 --> 02:21:41,900
difficult material before bed 
and allow the mind to work upon 

2786
02:21:41,900 --> 02:21:45,600
it in the midnight watching. 
Medieval folks knew the value of

2787
02:21:45,600 --> 02:21:48,700
this processing time. 
Medieval sleep, environments 

2788
02:21:48,700 --> 02:21:51,000
were more complex and deliberate
than popular belief. 

2789
02:21:51,800 --> 02:21:54,800
Medieval sleeping Arrangements 
were frequently utilitarian 

2790
02:21:54,800 --> 02:21:57,200
Marvels that represented 
considerable household 

2791
02:21:57,200 --> 02:21:59,300
Investments and years of comfort
technology. 

2792
02:21:59,300 --> 02:22:03,400
Unlike the crewed and pleasant 
platforms depicted in modern 

2793
02:22:03,400 --> 02:22:07,300
media, archeology from intact 
medieval households shows that 

2794
02:22:07,300 --> 02:22:11,600
Sleep Quality was important. 
Excavated 13th century, Merchant

2795
02:22:11,600 --> 02:22:14,100
homes in London. 
Showed specialized floor designs

2796
02:22:14,100 --> 02:22:17,200
with insulating materials packed
beneath sleeping areas, 

2797
02:22:17,200 --> 02:22:21,500
including wool, straw, and even 
feathers in wealthier homes to 

2798
02:22:21,500 --> 02:22:23,900
block the cold from stone or 
packed Earth floors. 

2799
02:22:23,900 --> 02:22:27,100
This intelligent underfloor 
insulation shows, heat 

2800
02:22:27,100 --> 02:22:29,300
transmission Concepts that 
affect Sleep Quality. 

2801
02:22:29,300 --> 02:22:33,200
Medieval sleep revolved around 
the bed which evolved quickly 

2802
02:22:33,200 --> 02:22:37,400
bed technology improved by the 
13th century from simple raised 

2803
02:22:37,400 --> 02:22:40,100
platforms. 
State inventories from around 

2804
02:22:40,100 --> 02:22:42,700
Europe, reveal more 
sophisticated bed, designs with 

2805
02:22:42,700 --> 02:22:46,200
specialized comfort components, 
the beds hardwood frame. 

2806
02:22:46,200 --> 02:22:49,900
The bed stock has mortise and 
Tenon joints allowing minor 

2807
02:22:49,900 --> 02:22:53,500
flexibility without squeaking. 
which 14th century Florence 

2808
02:22:53,500 --> 02:22:58,500
Carpenter Guild laws, required 
for undisturbed rest, Medieval 

2809
02:22:58,500 --> 02:23:02,000
mattress, technology improved 
constantly peasant homes, still 

2810
02:23:02,000 --> 02:23:04,900
use straw-filled beds although 
they were more advanced. 

2811
02:23:05,500 --> 02:23:08,400
Traditional European farming 
groups using medieval methods. 

2812
02:23:08,400 --> 02:23:13,000
Use straw beds, not loose straw 
piled into sacks specially 

2813
02:23:13,000 --> 02:23:16,500
selected straw oat straw was 
recommended for its softness, 

2814
02:23:16,500 --> 02:23:20,600
completely dried to prevent mold
and broken to provide a springy 

2815
02:23:20,600 --> 02:23:24,000
texture was used most homes 
emptied and refilled these beds.

2816
02:23:24,000 --> 02:23:28,100
Seasonally for the wealthy 
mattress technology evolved by 

2817
02:23:28,100 --> 02:23:31,400
the 14th century merchants and 
artists used wool filled 

2818
02:23:31,400 --> 02:23:34,400
mattresses, while feather beds 
with a height of medieval sleep 

2819
02:23:34,400 --> 02:23:36,600
luxury. 
These were constructed sleep. 

2820
02:23:36,600 --> 02:23:40,800
Surfaces not feather sacks Guild
regulations from 14th Century 

2821
02:23:40,800 --> 02:23:42,900
Paris. 
Required featherbeds to be with 

2822
02:23:42,900 --> 02:23:45,800
particular weights of different 
feather, varieties piled for 

2823
02:23:45,800 --> 02:23:49,000
compression and rebound. 
The most Sumptuous examples had 

2824
02:23:49,000 --> 02:23:51,100
goose down on top and stiffer 
feathers. 

2825
02:23:51,100 --> 02:23:54,100
Underneath for stability, 
similar to Modern high-end 

2826
02:23:54,100 --> 02:23:56,600
mattresses. 
Medieval pillows, are often 

2827
02:23:56,600 --> 02:24:00,200
forgotten sleep Technologies, 
modern pillows are uniform, 

2828
02:24:00,200 --> 02:24:02,700
whereas medieval pillows were 
individualized. 

2829
02:24:03,500 --> 02:24:06,300
Archaeological evidence and 
household inventory, is show, at

2830
02:24:06,300 --> 02:24:10,500
least four pillow types, neck, 
bolsters for spinal alignment 

2831
02:24:10,500 --> 02:24:13,000
softer, head pillows for 
Comfort. 

2832
02:24:13,000 --> 02:24:15,900
Wedge pillows, for medical 
conditions, particularly 

2833
02:24:15,900 --> 02:24:18,700
respiratory issues, and smaller 
support, pillows for 

2834
02:24:18,700 --> 02:24:21,800
positioning. 
Salerno medical writings, advise

2835
02:24:21,800 --> 02:24:24,700
lifting, the head for digestion,
disorders and supporting the 

2836
02:24:24,700 --> 02:24:27,200
legs for back pain. 
Bed, sheets were also designed 

2837
02:24:27,200 --> 02:24:30,100
for Sleep Comfort, linen. 
Sheets were valued for their 

2838
02:24:30,100 --> 02:24:32,300
breathability and moisture 
wicking capacity. 

2839
02:24:32,300 --> 02:24:36,200
Even small houses, had many sets
of Linens and regular laundry 

2840
02:24:36,200 --> 02:24:40,000
records, in Winter, Woolen 
blankets provided insulation. 

2841
02:24:40,000 --> 02:24:43,000
While silk or light will cover, 
it gave summer warmth. 

2842
02:24:43,800 --> 02:24:45,600
Seasonal bedding. 
Rotation shows a profound 

2843
02:24:45,600 --> 02:24:48,100
awareness of how ambient 
temperature influences Sleep 

2844
02:24:48,100 --> 02:24:50,700
Quality. 
Equally inventive was sleeping 

2845
02:24:50,700 --> 02:24:53,600
room, climate control bed, 
curtains were attractive and 

2846
02:24:53,600 --> 02:24:55,900
microclimatic fully enclosed 
bed. 

2847
02:24:55,900 --> 02:24:57,700
Curtains, conserved body heat in
Winter. 

2848
02:24:57,700 --> 02:25:01,300
Large Medieval houses recorded 
various curtain weights for 

2849
02:25:01,300 --> 02:25:04,200
different seasons with some 
curtains blocking insects 

2850
02:25:04,200 --> 02:25:07,200
allowing airflow. 
This seasonal sleep environment.

2851
02:25:07,200 --> 02:25:09,700
Adaptation shows, a 
comprehensive awareness of how 

2852
02:25:09,700 --> 02:25:13,600
ambient variables affect rest 
quality made, evil dwelling. 

2853
02:25:13,600 --> 02:25:15,500
Also showed excellent sleep 
management. 

2854
02:25:15,500 --> 02:25:18,200
Sound dampening interior 
shutters were common in, 

2855
02:25:18,200 --> 02:25:23,200
Metropolitan bedrooms in intact 
and Brugge homes archeologists 

2856
02:25:23,200 --> 02:25:26,000
found woven Rush mats put on 
walls, near public streets. 

2857
02:25:26,000 --> 02:25:29,700
As early sound insulation. 
Medieval folks recognized noise 

2858
02:25:29,700 --> 02:25:32,300
pollution as a sleep disruptor 
and addressed it with 

2859
02:25:32,300 --> 02:25:35,700
intentional design. 
Medieval sleep was influenced by

2860
02:25:35,700 --> 02:25:39,200
aromatherapy domestic and 
archaeological records show 

2861
02:25:39,200 --> 02:25:41,900
aromatic herbs embedding. 
These were lavender and 

2862
02:25:41,900 --> 02:25:45,100
chamomile for relaxation, mint 
and rosemary for insect 

2863
02:25:45,100 --> 02:25:47,700
repellent, and dried rose petals
for fragrance. 

2864
02:25:48,800 --> 02:25:52,000
For decades home, manuals have 
recommended inserting little 

2865
02:25:52,000 --> 02:25:54,700
herb, filled sachets and 
pillowcases to improve sleep. 

2866
02:25:55,600 --> 02:25:58,300
Researchers even reviewed 
illumination for its impact on 

2867
02:25:58,300 --> 02:26:02,100
Sleep Quality medieval dwellings
used candles or Rush lights in 

2868
02:26:02,100 --> 02:26:05,800
bedrooms for specific purposes. 
When affordable ease wax 

2869
02:26:05,800 --> 02:26:08,400
candles, were recommended near 
beds because they smoke less 

2870
02:26:08,400 --> 02:26:11,800
than Tallow Rush light's, 
manufactured by nursing River 

2871
02:26:11,800 --> 02:26:15,600
Russians, and fat burned, longer
and dimmed to help people fall 

2872
02:26:15,600 --> 02:26:18,100
asleep. 
These thoughtful evening like 

2873
02:26:18,100 --> 02:26:20,900
selections, follow recent advice
to avoid bright light before 

2874
02:26:20,900 --> 02:26:23,300
bed. 
Medieval sleep environments were

2875
02:26:23,308 --> 02:26:25,800
sophisticated enough to regulate
nighttime temperature. 

2876
02:26:26,800 --> 02:26:29,000
Bed warming Technologies 
improved in northern Europe. 

2877
02:26:29,000 --> 02:26:31,900
Early, medieval hot stones of 
evolved into warming. 

2878
02:26:31,900 --> 02:26:35,100
Pan's equipped with a justable, 
handles and ventilated Lids 

2879
02:26:35,100 --> 02:26:37,900
which diffused heat evenly 
without causing Burns. 

2880
02:26:38,900 --> 02:26:41,500
These gadgets were used in 
houses of all social strata 

2881
02:26:41,500 --> 02:26:45,100
demonstrating, the importance of
Ideal sleeping temperatures 

2882
02:26:45,100 --> 02:26:48,600
medieval Europe's, or a number 
of systemic sleep, hygiene 

2883
02:26:48,600 --> 02:26:50,800
activities. 
When the sun set these were 

2884
02:26:50,800 --> 02:26:53,500
centuries, old practices that 
prepared body and mind for 

2885
02:26:53,500 --> 02:26:57,300
opposed the intricacy of these 
Priestly practices undermines, 

2886
02:26:57,300 --> 02:27:01,500
the idea that scientifically pop
optimization is new The 

2887
02:27:01,500 --> 02:27:04,300
transition to night began with 
daesh, shutting rituals that 

2888
02:27:04,300 --> 02:27:07,900
separated waking and sleeping 
closing shutters, or drawing 

2889
02:27:07,900 --> 02:27:09,600
curtains were symbolic 
thresholds. 

2890
02:27:09,600 --> 02:27:13,500
Even humble 14th century. 
French households had practices 

2891
02:27:13,500 --> 02:27:17,100
for closing the day, typically 
with brief spoken phrases or 

2892
02:27:17,100 --> 02:27:20,200
prayers to signal that labor was
over and rest could begin. 

2893
02:27:21,200 --> 02:27:24,300
Medieval Europeans, intuitively 
knew the necessity of light 

2894
02:27:24,300 --> 02:27:26,900
reduction before sleep. 
According to archeology. 

2895
02:27:27,600 --> 02:27:30,900
Medieval dwelling excavations 
reveal, clever shutter, designs 

2896
02:27:30,900 --> 02:27:34,000
that blocked, light more, 
completely Rich, urban homes had

2897
02:27:34,000 --> 02:27:37,500
exterior shutters for security 
and inside fabric hangings. 

2898
02:27:38,500 --> 02:27:40,800
To exclude remaining light by 
the 15th century. 

2899
02:27:40,800 --> 02:27:43,800
These dark generation 
Investments showed how much 

2900
02:27:43,800 --> 02:27:47,700
Society valued sleep, Stage 
light reduction was notable in 

2901
02:27:47,700 --> 02:27:50,400
medieval times as Darkness 
approached. 

2902
02:27:50,400 --> 02:27:54,000
Home switched from brilliant 
Central fireplaces to dim lights

2903
02:27:54,000 --> 02:27:58,000
church and monastic records show
that different candle types were

2904
02:27:58,000 --> 02:28:01,100
used for different evening, 
activities, leading to rush dips

2905
02:28:01,100 --> 02:28:04,500
at bed time, a modern abrupt 
shifts from brightness to 

2906
02:28:04,500 --> 02:28:08,000
Darkness, impede, melatonin 
production but this Progressive 

2907
02:28:08,000 --> 02:28:09,600
dimming naturally, signaled 
sleep. 

2908
02:28:10,400 --> 02:28:13,200
Evening meals were part of sleep
preparation, despite 

2909
02:28:13,200 --> 02:28:16,200
expectations about primitive 
medieval diets household, 

2910
02:28:16,200 --> 02:28:18,400
records and medical. 
Writings show sophisticated 

2911
02:28:18,400 --> 02:28:21,800
sleep nutrition evening meals 
were eaten at least two hours 

2912
02:28:21,800 --> 02:28:23,800
before bed to allow for partial 
digestion. 

2913
02:28:24,500 --> 02:28:28,100
In the evening Salerno medical 
books, advise lighter diets like

2914
02:28:28,100 --> 02:28:32,100
lettuce, almonds and warm Dairy,
liquids mixed with mildly 

2915
02:28:32,100 --> 02:28:34,100
sedative spices to promote 
sleep. 

2916
02:28:35,000 --> 02:28:37,400
Physical sleep preparation was 
also deliberate. 

2917
02:28:38,700 --> 02:28:41,600
Cleaning before bed, highlighted
psychological shifts, as well as

2918
02:28:41,600 --> 02:28:44,300
cleanliness. 
Even in simple families, without

2919
02:28:44,300 --> 02:28:48,100
bathing facilities. 
People wash their hands face and

2920
02:28:48,100 --> 02:28:50,100
feet before bed and for its 
relaxing benefits. 

2921
02:28:50,100 --> 02:28:54,200
According to housekeeping, 
manuals, Some 15th century 

2922
02:28:54,200 --> 02:28:56,200
Manor, buildings had evening 
bathing Chambers. 

2923
02:28:56,200 --> 02:28:58,500
Next to bedrooms for more, 
extensive Priestly. 

2924
02:28:58,500 --> 02:29:01,700
Bathing procedures medieval 
sleep habits for stress 

2925
02:29:01,700 --> 02:29:04,500
reduction and brain clearing 
were unique monastic and 

2926
02:29:04,500 --> 02:29:08,000
household texts suggested 
evening reflection and concerned

2927
02:29:08,000 --> 02:29:12,200
that mirrors modern mindfulness.
14th century, Merchant advice, 

2928
02:29:12,200 --> 02:29:15,100
advocated examining the days, 
transactions and resolving 

2929
02:29:15,100 --> 02:29:18,300
mental issues before bed. 
Since unresolved matters will 

2930
02:29:18,300 --> 02:29:21,800
otherwise disturb rest. 
The early observation that 

2931
02:29:21,800 --> 02:29:24,100
cognitive stimulation. 
Reduces Sleep Quality as 

2932
02:29:24,100 --> 02:29:26,000
extraordinary psychological 
insight. 

2933
02:29:26,800 --> 02:29:29,700
Bedtime prayer, sequences were 
both spiritual practice and 

2934
02:29:29,700 --> 02:29:31,500
sleep. 
Induction, these were 

2935
02:29:31,500 --> 02:29:34,400
systematic, mental activities. 
That diverted attention from 

2936
02:29:34,400 --> 02:29:37,000
daily worries. 
Not just religious observances 

2937
02:29:37,000 --> 02:29:40,300
popular nighttime prayers. 
Alternated between simple. 

2938
02:29:40,300 --> 02:29:44,100
Repetitive elements, relaxing 
and brief narrative segments, 

2939
02:29:44,100 --> 02:29:47,500
focusing the attention this 
Advanced structure naturally 

2940
02:29:47,500 --> 02:29:49,200
induced tiredness from active 
thought. 

2941
02:29:49,200 --> 02:29:53,500
Even bed making was ritualized. 
According to household sources, 

2942
02:29:53,500 --> 02:29:56,800
medieval folks, will classes 
made beds each night. 

2943
02:29:57,600 --> 02:30:00,400
It was common to shake and turn 
mattresses to rejuvenate their 

2944
02:30:00,400 --> 02:30:03,000
Loft. 
Arrange bedding for best warmth 

2945
02:30:03,000 --> 02:30:06,700
distribution and sweep the area 
around the bed to remove dirt 

2946
02:30:06,700 --> 02:30:09,100
and symbolically clear the space
for rest. 

2947
02:30:09,900 --> 02:30:12,300
Social interactions were 
manipulated to Aid sleep. 

2948
02:30:12,300 --> 02:30:15,700
Transitions manorial records. 
Required quiet time in the 

2949
02:30:15,700 --> 02:30:18,000
evening. 
Sleep preparation began with 

2950
02:30:18,000 --> 02:30:19,900
specific phrases or little 
customs. 

2951
02:30:19,900 --> 02:30:23,700
And some households for quieter 
more introspective conversation,

2952
02:30:23,700 --> 02:30:26,900
a 15th century, housekeeping 
manual, encouraged the head of 

2953
02:30:26,900 --> 02:30:31,100
the home to say, the day is now,
put away most notably medieval 

2954
02:30:31,100 --> 02:30:33,900
sleep rituals addressed sleep on
set insomnia. 

2955
02:30:34,800 --> 02:30:38,100
Medical manuscripts, provided 
Advanced, sleep treatments, they

2956
02:30:38,100 --> 02:30:41,500
comprise mental tracing of 
patterns, rhythmic breathing and

2957
02:30:41,500 --> 02:30:44,200
progressive muscle relaxation, 
expressed in language, that 

2958
02:30:44,200 --> 02:30:48,400
resembles modern approaches. 
14th century Montpellier medical

2959
02:30:48,400 --> 02:30:52,300
treaters discusses body scan 
meditation similar to that 

2960
02:30:52,300 --> 02:30:55,600
taught in sleep clinics. 
Medieval sleep, literature 

2961
02:30:55,600 --> 02:30:59,200
emphasized posture medical 
texts, outlined ideal sleep, 

2962
02:30:59,200 --> 02:31:01,500
postures for different body 
types and health issues. 

2963
02:31:01,500 --> 02:31:04,500
Modern, understanding of how 
body position influences, 

2964
02:31:04,500 --> 02:31:07,500
digestive processes during 
sleep, suggests commencing sleep

2965
02:31:07,500 --> 02:31:10,800
on the right side to help 
digestion before turning to the 

2966
02:31:10,800 --> 02:31:13,400
left. 
This was not common wisdom, but 

2967
02:31:13,400 --> 02:31:17,000
scientific observation of Sleep 
Quality, auditory practices 

2968
02:31:17,000 --> 02:31:20,600
helped wakefulness transition, 
nightwatch calls the hours in 

2969
02:31:20,600 --> 02:31:23,300
villages and cities. 
Providing temporal grounding 

2970
02:31:24,000 --> 02:31:27,000
these repetitive sound patterns,
may have helped maintain sleep 

2971
02:31:27,000 --> 02:31:30,300
rather than disrupt it. 
People say the familiar calls 

2972
02:31:30,300 --> 02:31:33,300
comforted and oriented them 
during brief overnight. 

2973
02:31:33,300 --> 02:31:36,600
Awakening's without disturbing 
sleep architecture, the social 

2974
02:31:36,600 --> 02:31:39,000
structure of sleep, may be the 
biggest distinction between 

2975
02:31:39,000 --> 02:31:42,500
medieval and modern sleep. 
Medieval sleep was a shared 

2976
02:31:42,500 --> 02:31:46,100
vulnerable state in trenched in 
well-arranged Social ties That 

2977
02:31:46,100 --> 02:31:47,700
offered distinct psychological 
benefits. 

2978
02:31:47,700 --> 02:31:50,100
Not found in modern isolated 
sleep. 

2979
02:31:51,500 --> 02:31:54,800
European household, archeology 
shows, sleeps Arrangements, the 

2980
02:31:54,800 --> 02:31:58,000
challenge privacy, Notions from 
Humble farmhouses to Royal 

2981
02:31:58,000 --> 02:32:00,500
palaces. 
Medieval sleeping places were 

2982
02:32:00,500 --> 02:32:03,200
shared this. 
Sharing wasn't just for economic

2983
02:32:03,200 --> 02:32:05,300
reasons. 
It represented attitudes about 

2984
02:32:05,300 --> 02:32:07,900
sleep, vulnerability and 
communal protection. 

2985
02:32:07,900 --> 02:32:12,400
It started in childhood medieval
children, slept with family, 

2986
02:32:12,400 --> 02:32:15,800
unlike modern westerners 
household, inventories and 

2987
02:32:15,800 --> 02:32:18,800
Architectural evidence 
demonstrate that wealthy people 

2988
02:32:18,800 --> 02:32:21,500
rarely had separate nurseries 
until the late medieval period. 

2989
02:32:22,300 --> 02:32:25,300
Young children, usually slept on
communal beds near parents or 

2990
02:32:25,300 --> 02:32:28,600
caregivers this Arrangement 
provided physical warmth, and 

2991
02:32:28,600 --> 02:32:31,600
safety, as well, as auditory and
olfactory cues from trusted 

2992
02:32:31,600 --> 02:32:34,800
people to promote sleep. 
Children can continue to sleep 

2993
02:32:34,800 --> 02:32:38,300
together as they grow household 
and Guild records show service 

2994
02:32:38,300 --> 02:32:41,100
children, princesses and 
biological children. 

2995
02:32:41,100 --> 02:32:44,900
Sleeping together by age young 
people slept two or three to a 

2996
02:32:44,900 --> 02:32:49,700
bed clustered by gender and age,
establishing sleep communities 

2997
02:32:49,700 --> 02:32:52,700
groups, that share, sleep, 
vulnerability, and build sleep 

2998
02:32:52,700 --> 02:32:55,700
standards. 
The cycle benefits of these 

2999
02:32:55,700 --> 02:32:58,300
Arrangements were significant 
medieval. 

3000
02:32:58,300 --> 02:32:59,800
Medical literature is 
youngsters. 

3001
02:32:59,800 --> 02:33:03,100
Who sleep together have fewer 
night, terrors and sleep 

3002
02:33:03,100 --> 02:33:06,700
disturbance. 
Medieval folks, intuitively knew

3003
02:33:06,700 --> 02:33:09,600
that trusted persons, sensory 
awareness triggers 

3004
02:33:09,600 --> 02:33:12,700
parasympathetic nerve system 
reactions, that deep and sleep. 

3005
02:33:12,700 --> 02:33:15,700
Modern sleep. 
Science has just likely 

3006
02:33:15,700 --> 02:33:19,000
recognized this adults, slept 
together Beyond family. 

3007
02:33:19,700 --> 02:33:22,700
Medieval residences had a 
central Hall where servants 

3008
02:33:22,700 --> 02:33:25,300
apprentices and extended family?
Slept. 

3009
02:33:26,000 --> 02:33:29,000
This setup gave psychological 
security rather than disrupting 

3010
02:33:29,000 --> 02:33:31,400
sleep. 
Household accounts provide 

3011
02:33:31,400 --> 02:33:34,200
methods for grouping sleepers, 
to accommodate individual needs 

3012
02:33:34,200 --> 02:33:37,200
and relationships, even the rich
who could afford separate 

3013
02:33:37,200 --> 02:33:40,200
sleeping Chambers by the later. 
Medieval period rarely slept 

3014
02:33:40,200 --> 02:33:42,100
alone. 
Noble household chamber 

3015
02:33:42,100 --> 02:33:44,900
accounts, show that servants. 
Lay on pallets at the foot of 

3016
02:33:44,900 --> 02:33:48,100
the bed, with their masters, 
medieval nobility, preferred 

3017
02:33:48,100 --> 02:33:51,000
reliable companions during 
vulnerable sleep phases over 

3018
02:33:51,000 --> 02:33:53,800
loneliness. 
This communal sleep design had 

3019
02:33:53,800 --> 02:33:56,800
several psychological benefits. 
That modern Sleep Experts are 

3020
02:33:56,800 --> 02:34:00,400
now recognizing Shared sleep, 
rooms corrected, sleep patterns 

3021
02:34:00,400 --> 02:34:03,600
reducing anxiety, over 
perceived, sleep anomalies. 

3022
02:34:03,600 --> 02:34:07,600
When brief nightly Awakenings 
occurred, the noises and 

3023
02:34:07,600 --> 02:34:10,200
presence of other sleepers, 
reassured and reduced anxiety. 

3024
02:34:10,200 --> 02:34:13,900
Induced sleeplessness, medieval 
travel Tales show, how rooted 

3025
02:34:13,900 --> 02:34:17,000
these communal sleep. 
Obligations were 15th century, 

3026
02:34:17,000 --> 02:34:20,200
Merchant called private sleeping
unnatural, and disquieting to 

3027
02:34:20,200 --> 02:34:23,800
the mind, in regulations across 
Europe, required tourists to 

3028
02:34:23,800 --> 02:34:26,800
share beds with strangers of the
same gender until the early. 

3029
02:34:26,800 --> 02:34:30,000
Modern period demonstrating, how
common shared sleep 

3030
02:34:30,000 --> 02:34:33,100
vulnerability was deemed the 
intimacy of communal sleep 

3031
02:34:33,100 --> 02:34:35,900
areas. 
Encouraged unusual, social bonds

3032
02:34:35,900 --> 02:34:39,200
medieval stories emphasized, 
Priestly discussion for 

3033
02:34:39,200 --> 02:34:41,400
resolving conflicts and 
improving relationships. 

3034
02:34:42,100 --> 02:34:44,300
Before bed before, 14th century 
family. 

3035
02:34:44,300 --> 02:34:47,800
Manual encourages settling 
disputes because Harmony before 

3036
02:34:47,800 --> 02:34:51,500
rest brings better health to all
this incorporation of dispute, 

3037
02:34:51,500 --> 02:34:54,400
resolution into sleep habits 
provided regular relationship 

3038
02:34:54,400 --> 02:34:57,400
healing. 
That Standalone sleeps 

3039
02:34:57,400 --> 02:34:58,500
rangements. 
Rarely do. 

3040
02:34:59,800 --> 02:35:03,600
Medieval sleeps communality 
improved safety before modern 

3041
02:35:03,600 --> 02:35:06,900
locks and security measures, 
numerous sleepers were protected

3042
02:35:06,900 --> 02:35:10,200
by Collective vigilance medieval
households, generally placed 

3043
02:35:10,200 --> 02:35:12,500
young younger. 
Lighter sleepers, usually 

3044
02:35:12,500 --> 02:35:14,700
apprentices, or youngest 
servants near doorways 

3045
02:35:14,700 --> 02:35:17,100
establishing a natural 
surveillance system. 

3046
02:35:17,900 --> 02:35:20,200
Household accounts recommend 
having different grades of 

3047
02:35:20,200 --> 02:35:22,700
sleepers, with different 
Awakening thresholds across the 

3048
02:35:22,700 --> 02:35:26,300
sleeping area social leveling, 
was also achieved through sleep 

3049
02:35:26,300 --> 02:35:29,000
vulnerability. 
Daytime activities were 

3050
02:35:29,000 --> 02:35:32,100
hierarchical, but sleep 
momentarily, lowered, status 

3051
02:35:32,100 --> 02:35:35,700
snoring, shifting postures and 
the universal weakness of 

3052
02:35:35,708 --> 02:35:37,800
unconsciousness made even high 
status. 

3053
02:35:37,800 --> 02:35:40,600
People seem more real to their 
subordinates according to 

3054
02:35:40,600 --> 02:35:43,600
historical reports. 
This periodic, reminder of 

3055
02:35:43,600 --> 02:35:47,600
shared Humanity, softened, 
medieval social hierarchies, the

3056
02:35:47,600 --> 02:35:50,000
communal sleep environment. 
Helped vulnerable populations 

3057
02:35:50,000 --> 02:35:53,300
more than I could private sleep 
Arrangements, shared sleeping, 

3058
02:35:53,300 --> 02:35:56,000
Arrangements, helped, new 
mothers, care for their babies 

3059
02:35:56,000 --> 02:35:59,300
at night, village, records and 
household, narratives show, that

3060
02:35:59,300 --> 02:36:02,900
nursing mothers were slept near 
other women who could heal with 

3061
02:36:02,900 --> 02:36:05,000
evening feeding and child 
calming. 

3062
02:36:05,000 --> 02:36:08,700
Instead of being separated 
older, people were included in 

3063
02:36:08,700 --> 02:36:11,900
home sleeping Arrangements 
allowing the collective to adapt

3064
02:36:11,900 --> 02:36:15,300
their natural sleep habits. 
Community sleep normalized 

3065
02:36:15,300 --> 02:36:18,700
nightly distress which was 
important for cycle Wellness. 

3066
02:36:19,500 --> 02:36:23,100
Nightmares and anxiousness were 
immediately relieved medical 

3067
02:36:23,100 --> 02:36:26,100
writings from the time 
prescribed, a trusted sleeping 

3068
02:36:26,100 --> 02:36:29,300
companion's voice to comfort. 
People Awakening from terrible 

3069
02:36:29,300 --> 02:36:32,600
dreams, which is easier in 
shared sleep, places than in our

3070
02:36:32,600 --> 02:36:35,400
secluded bedrooms. 
Sleep historians. 

3071
02:36:35,400 --> 02:36:38,200
Now, recognize the shift from 
communal to privatized sleeping,

3072
02:36:38,200 --> 02:36:41,300
which began among the wealthy, 
and the late medieval period, 

3073
02:36:41,300 --> 02:36:44,100
but didn't reach most 
communities until much later. 

3074
02:36:45,000 --> 02:36:47,200
This shift had mixed effects on 
human psychology. 

3075
02:36:48,200 --> 02:36:51,500
While privatizing sleep 
increased individual control, it

3076
02:36:51,500 --> 02:36:54,900
eliminated, many of the security
and social benefits of communal 

3077
02:36:54,900 --> 02:36:57,600
sleep. 
Medieval understanding of dreams

3078
02:36:57,600 --> 02:37:00,900
and nighttime Consciousness was 
highly developed predicting 

3079
02:37:00,900 --> 02:37:03,600
modern findings concerning 
dreams of effects on emotion, 

3080
02:37:03,600 --> 02:37:11,400
creativity and problem-solving. 
In Frameworks for identifying 

3081
02:37:11,400 --> 02:37:14,200
dream varieties, and promoting 
positive dream experiences, 

3082
02:37:14,200 --> 02:37:18,300
medieval dream theory classified
Dreams by cycle cause and 

3083
02:37:18,300 --> 02:37:21,400
meaning medical books from 
Salerno and Montpellier 

3084
02:37:21,400 --> 02:37:25,300
distinguished digestive dreams, 
those influenced by nutrition 

3085
02:37:25,300 --> 02:37:27,700
and physical conditions from 
Spirit dreams. 

3086
02:37:27,700 --> 02:37:30,800
Those originating from deeper 
processes. 

3087
02:37:30,800 --> 02:37:34,600
This distinction, acknowledges 
dreams psychological purposes, 

3088
02:37:34,600 --> 02:37:37,600
and modern awareness of how 
physical variables affect dream 

3089
02:37:37,600 --> 02:37:40,600
content. 
Medieval understanding of how 

3090
02:37:40,600 --> 02:37:43,900
sleep absorbed every day of 
events was sophisticated, the 

3091
02:37:43,900 --> 02:37:48,100
13th century encyclopedist, 
Bartholomew as anglicus observe.

3092
02:37:48,100 --> 02:37:50,400
That the Mind sorts through the 
days of events. 

3093
02:37:50,400 --> 02:37:54,100
While the body rests for 
shadowing, REM sleep memory, 

3094
02:37:54,100 --> 02:37:58,200
consolidation research, 
Household instructions, advise 

3095
02:37:58,200 --> 02:38:01,000
quickly revisiting important 
daily events before bed to Aid 

3096
02:38:01,000 --> 02:38:04,300
this processing function. 
Which sleep researchers. 

3097
02:38:04,300 --> 02:38:06,100
Now know, improves memory 
integration. 

3098
02:38:06,900 --> 02:38:09,700
Medieval dream notebooks show 
that people actively engaged 

3099
02:38:09,700 --> 02:38:12,700
with their dreams. 
Several preserved monastic and 

3100
02:38:12,700 --> 02:38:15,700
Noble household, dream, Diaries 
document dream content with 

3101
02:38:15,700 --> 02:38:18,200
attention to repeating themes 
and emotional patterns. 

3102
02:38:19,300 --> 02:38:21,000
A 14th century, Florentine 
Merchant. 

3103
02:38:21,000 --> 02:38:24,000
Kept a thorough book about how 
he tracked, dreams symbols 

3104
02:38:24,000 --> 02:38:27,200
linking them to his waking 
concerns, and using dreams, to 

3105
02:38:27,208 --> 02:38:30,600
make commercial decisions. 
Medieval dream practice, used 

3106
02:38:30,600 --> 02:38:33,500
complex, dream, incubation 
techniques, to actively 

3107
02:38:33,500 --> 02:38:36,500
influence, dream material, to 
answer specific inquiries, or 

3108
02:38:36,500 --> 02:38:40,000
difficulties the monastic. 
Records describe focusing on 

3109
02:38:40,000 --> 02:38:43,500
certain questions before sleep 
and utilizing visualization to 

3110
02:38:43,500 --> 02:38:44,700
bring them into dream 
Consciousness. 

3111
02:38:44,700 --> 02:38:48,100
This goal was practical 
cognitive training, not just 

3112
02:38:48,100 --> 02:38:51,700
spiritual multiple crafts, Guild
records mentioned Master's 

3113
02:38:51,700 --> 02:38:54,700
telling trainees to consult 
their dreams when designing, 

3114
02:38:55,800 --> 02:38:58,000
Archeology supports midi evil 
dream practice. 

3115
02:38:58,900 --> 02:39:01,700
Excavation found dream related 
objects near beds. 

3116
02:39:01,700 --> 02:39:06,000
These include modest religious 
artifacts symbolic emblems and 

3117
02:39:06,000 --> 02:39:08,700
written queries or issues under 
pillows physical. 

3118
02:39:08,700 --> 02:39:11,700
Expressions of medieval belief 
that sleep Consciousness might 

3119
02:39:11,700 --> 02:39:14,900
address waking difficulties. 
Medieval knightmare, treatment 

3120
02:39:14,900 --> 02:39:17,600
was centuries. 
Ahead of modern methods medieval

3121
02:39:17,600 --> 02:39:19,900
dream, guy's advised dealing 
with nightmares, rather than 

3122
02:39:19,900 --> 02:39:23,600
suppressing them. 1, 14th 
century, physician guide 

3123
02:39:23,600 --> 02:39:28,300
Advocates, helping patients 
achieve dream, reentry returning

3124
02:39:28,300 --> 02:39:31,100
to terrifying, dream scenes 
while waking an imagining 

3125
02:39:31,100 --> 02:39:33,600
altering them. 
This method is similar to 

3126
02:39:33,600 --> 02:39:36,500
nightmare disorder, treatments, 
that rewrite distressing content

3127
02:39:36,500 --> 02:39:40,400
medieval understanding of dreams
and nighttime Consciousness was 

3128
02:39:40,400 --> 02:39:43,500
highly developed predicting, 
modern findings concerning 

3129
02:39:43,500 --> 02:39:47,700
dreams effects on emotion, 
creativity and problem-solving. 

3130
02:39:49,300 --> 02:39:53,500
Frameworks for identified dream 
varieties. 

3131
02:39:53,500 --> 02:39:57,000
And promoting positive dream 
experience is Medieval dream 

3132
02:39:57,000 --> 02:39:59,900
theory classified Dreams by 
psychological cause and meaning 

3133
02:39:59,900 --> 02:40:03,500
medical books from Salerno and 
Montpellier distinguished 

3134
02:40:03,500 --> 02:40:06,800
digestive dreams, those 
influence by nutrition and 

3135
02:40:06,800 --> 02:40:09,100
physical conditions from Spirit 
dreams. 

3136
02:40:09,100 --> 02:40:12,100
Those originating from deeper 
processes. 

3137
02:40:12,100 --> 02:40:15,900
This distinction, acknowledges 
dreams, psychological purposes, 

3138
02:40:15,900 --> 02:40:19,000
and modern awareness of how 
physical variables affect dream 

3139
02:40:19,000 --> 02:40:22,000
content. 
Medieval understanding of how 

3140
02:40:22,000 --> 02:40:24,300
sleep absorbed every day of 
events was sophisticated. 

3141
02:40:24,300 --> 02:40:28,500
The 13th century encyclopedist, 
Bartholomew has anglicus. 

3142
02:40:28,500 --> 02:40:32,400
Observe that the Mind sorts 
through the days of events while

3143
02:40:32,400 --> 02:40:36,000
the body rests for shadowing, 
REM sleep memory, consolidation 

3144
02:40:36,000 --> 02:40:39,800
research, Household 
instructions, advise quickly 

3145
02:40:39,800 --> 02:40:42,600
revisiting important daily 
events before bed to Aid this 

3146
02:40:42,600 --> 02:40:45,700
processing function. 
Which sleep researchers. 

3147
02:40:45,700 --> 02:40:47,400
Now know, improves memory 
integration. 

3148
02:40:48,300 --> 02:40:51,100
Medieval dream notebooks show 
that people actively engaged 

3149
02:40:51,100 --> 02:40:54,000
with their dreams. 
Several preserved monastic and 

3150
02:40:54,000 --> 02:40:57,000
Noble household, dream, Diaries 
document dream content with 

3151
02:40:57,000 --> 02:40:59,600
attention to repeating themes 
and emotional patterns. 

3152
02:41:00,700 --> 02:41:02,400
A 14th century, Florentine 
Merchant. 

3153
02:41:02,400 --> 02:41:05,400
Kept a thorough book about how 
he tracked, dreams symbols 

3154
02:41:05,400 --> 02:41:08,600
linking them to his waking 
concerns, and using dreams, to 

3155
02:41:08,600 --> 02:41:12,000
make commercial decisions. 
Medieval dream practice, used 

3156
02:41:12,000 --> 02:41:14,800
complex dream, incubation 
technique's to actively 

3157
02:41:14,800 --> 02:41:17,800
influence, dream material, to 
answer specific inquiries, or 

3158
02:41:17,800 --> 02:41:21,300
difficulties the monastic. 
Records describe focusing on 

3159
02:41:21,300 --> 02:41:24,900
certain questions before sleep, 
and utilizing visualization to 

3160
02:41:24,900 --> 02:41:26,100
bring them into dream 
Consciousness. 

3161
02:41:26,100 --> 02:41:29,500
This goal was practical 
cognitive training, not just 

3162
02:41:29,500 --> 02:41:33,000
spiritual multiple crafts, Guild
records mentioned Master's 

3163
02:41:33,000 --> 02:41:36,000
telling trainees to consult 
their dreams when designing, 

3164
02:41:37,100 --> 02:41:39,300
Archeology supports, medieval 
dream practice. 

3165
02:41:40,300 --> 02:41:43,100
Excavation found dream related 
objects near beds. 

3166
02:41:43,100 --> 02:41:47,300
These include modest religious 
artifacts symbolic emblems and 

3167
02:41:47,300 --> 02:41:50,900
written queries or issues under 
pillows physical expressions of 

3168
02:41:50,900 --> 02:41:53,300
medieval belief that sleep 
Consciousness might address 

3169
02:41:53,300 --> 02:41:56,200
waking difficulties. 
Medieval knightmare, treatment 

3170
02:41:56,200 --> 02:41:58,000
was centuries. 
Ahead of modern methods, 

3171
02:41:58,000 --> 02:42:01,100
medieval dream guides advised 
dealing with nightmares rather 

3172
02:42:01,100 --> 02:42:04,900
than suppressing them. 1, 14th 
century, physician guide 

3173
02:42:04,900 --> 02:42:09,600
Advocates, helping patients 
achieve dream, reentry returning

3174
02:42:09,600 --> 02:42:12,400
to terrifying, dream scenes 
while waking and imagining 

3175
02:42:12,400 --> 02:42:14,900
altering them. 
This method is similar to 

3176
02:42:14,900 --> 02:42:17,000
nightmare disorder. 
Treatments that rewrite 

3177
02:42:17,000 --> 02:42:20,200
distressing content due to 
historical changes and sleep 

3178
02:42:20,200 --> 02:42:24,000
interactions medieval Europeans,
excellent Sleep, Quality slowly 

3179
02:42:24,000 --> 02:42:26,900
declined. 
Understanding this decline helps

3180
02:42:26,900 --> 02:42:28,500
us. 
Apply medieval sleep advice 

3181
02:42:28,500 --> 02:42:31,600
today, late medieval European 
towns installed. 

3182
02:42:31,600 --> 02:42:35,900
Public mechanical, clocks, 
changing sleep patterns, early 

3183
02:42:35,900 --> 02:42:38,800
watches didn't affect sleep but 
they did change the attention 

3184
02:42:38,800 --> 02:42:42,800
from environmental cues to time 
Town records from the 15th 

3185
02:42:42,800 --> 02:42:44,800
century show. 
The gradual adoption of clock 

3186
02:42:44,800 --> 02:42:47,700
time in stead of sunrise and 
sunset, as daily reference 

3187
02:42:47,700 --> 02:42:50,200
points. 
The first step toward divorcing 

3188
02:42:50,200 --> 02:42:52,000
human time. 
Tables from natural light 

3189
02:42:52,000 --> 02:42:54,500
cycles. 
Archeology shows this window 

3190
02:42:54,500 --> 02:42:58,000
design change. 
Later medieval Holmes prioritize

3191
02:42:58,000 --> 02:43:01,500
privacy and heat retention over 
natural light though. 

3192
02:43:01,500 --> 02:43:04,100
Early medieval bedrooms 
contained, windows that let in 

3193
02:43:04,100 --> 02:43:06,300
Morning Light. 
This architectural change 

3194
02:43:06,300 --> 02:43:09,600
developed values, sleep natural 
light alignment, which is 

3195
02:43:09,600 --> 02:43:11,400
increasingly critical for 
circadian. 

3196
02:43:11,400 --> 02:43:14,600
Rhythms industrialization and 
artificial lighting, most 

3197
02:43:14,600 --> 02:43:17,900
affected medieval sleep, 
although early, 19th century, 

3198
02:43:17,900 --> 02:43:20,300
gas illumination, extended 
productive hours into the 

3199
02:43:20,300 --> 02:43:23,900
evening industry, schedules 
demanded standardized waking 

3200
02:43:23,900 --> 02:43:28,100
times and affected by seasonal 
light, early industrial society,

3201
02:43:28,100 --> 02:43:31,000
documents revealed plant owners 
fighting inefficient sleep 

3202
02:43:31,000 --> 02:43:35,100
patterns in 1883 a factory 
manual warned against workers, 

3203
02:43:35,100 --> 02:43:38,700
persistent habit of Nightwing. 
Between sleep phases. 

3204
02:43:38,700 --> 02:43:42,000
Due to Industrial schedules. 
Eliminating bi phasic sleep. 

3205
02:43:43,600 --> 02:43:46,400
Sleep conditions, change the 
18th and 19th. 

3206
02:43:46,400 --> 02:43:50,100
Centuries, saw single family 
residents, an individual beds in

3207
02:43:50,100 --> 02:43:53,700
medieval communal slumber. 
The architectural changing 

3208
02:43:53,700 --> 02:43:56,700
increased solitude, but removed,
shared sleep, Social, Security, 

3209
02:43:56,700 --> 02:43:59,400
and closeness. 
Medical records from this. 

3210
02:43:59,400 --> 02:44:02,500
Transitional era, show, Rising 
claims of sleep difficulties, 

3211
02:44:02,500 --> 02:44:06,400
due to unusual Solitude at night
from the new Sleeping 

3212
02:44:06,400 --> 02:44:09,700
Arrangements. 
Changes in labor habits eroded 

3213
02:44:09,700 --> 02:44:13,600
medieval Notions of sleep as a 
transition, natural cycles and 

3214
02:44:13,600 --> 02:44:15,900
moderate activity. 
Shifts characterize 

3215
02:44:15,900 --> 02:44:19,300
pre-industrial work. 
Industrial time discipline 

3216
02:44:19,300 --> 02:44:22,100
destroyed the natural wind down 
time of medieval sleep, 

3217
02:44:22,100 --> 02:44:24,800
patterns, industrial and office 
timetables. 

3218
02:44:24,800 --> 02:44:29,200
Created Guillotine, waking sharp
alarm driven transitions many 

3219
02:44:29,200 --> 02:44:32,400
found sleep uncomfortable during
this change early, mass 

3220
02:44:32,400 --> 02:44:35,300
production, homogenized sleeping
surfaces, without regard for 

3221
02:44:35,300 --> 02:44:38,000
Comfort yet. 
Medieval people of all classes 

3222
02:44:38,000 --> 02:44:41,200
had devised sophisticated 
bedding systems that met bodily 

3223
02:44:41,200 --> 02:44:44,400
demands historical records 
indicate that Workshop, 

3224
02:44:44,400 --> 02:44:48,000
dwellings had crude beds, unlike
medieval peasants over. 

3225
02:44:48,000 --> 02:44:50,800
Centuries sleep Comfort 
Technologies would improve. 

3226
02:44:51,700 --> 02:44:55,100
These changes lead to 
Consolidated sleep culture, the 

3227
02:44:55,100 --> 02:44:58,800
idea that normal sleep is a 
single unbroken period rather 

3228
02:44:58,800 --> 02:45:00,600
than the centuries old bi phasic
pattern. 

3229
02:45:01,700 --> 02:45:05,200
Medical texts of the late 19th 
century, pathologized nocturnal 

3230
02:45:05,200 --> 02:45:08,500
waking as a disorder. 
This medical reinterpretation 

3231
02:45:08,500 --> 02:45:11,300
replaced medieval sleep, wisdom 
with modern Norms. 

3232
02:45:11,300 --> 02:45:14,500
This historical transformation, 
goes beyond discomfort. 

3233
02:45:14,500 --> 02:45:16,800
Medieval sleep. 
Practice was physically, 

3234
02:45:16,800 --> 02:45:20,000
uncyclopedia. 
According to modern studies, 

3235
02:45:20,000 --> 02:45:23,500
with unprecedented rates of 
insomnia, sleep disordered 

3236
02:45:23,500 --> 02:45:26,700
breathing, and circadian rhythm 
issues sleep professionals 

3237
02:45:26,700 --> 02:45:29,500
called the global sleep crisis 
caused by suppression of natural

3238
02:45:29,500 --> 02:45:32,200
sleep patterns. 
The loss of medieval sleeps, 

3239
02:45:32,200 --> 02:45:35,000
midnight waking period is 
notable a normal sleep. 

3240
02:45:35,000 --> 02:45:37,500
Break was a central biologically
encyclopedic. 

3241
02:45:37,500 --> 02:45:40,700
Neurological, research found 
this interval had brainwave 

3242
02:45:40,700 --> 02:45:42,900
patterns that supported 
creativity and emotional 

3243
02:45:42,900 --> 02:45:45,900
processing. 
Industrial and post-industrial 

3244
02:45:45,900 --> 02:45:49,200
sleep practices, eliminated this
cognitive state by requiring 

3245
02:45:49,200 --> 02:45:51,800
continuous sleep. 
Medieval Slumber. 

3246
02:45:51,800 --> 02:45:53,700
Society, offered psychological 
stability. 

3247
02:45:53,700 --> 02:45:57,000
That modern ones lack. 
Modern Sleep, Experts have 

3248
02:45:57,008 --> 02:45:59,700
established that trusted people,
reduced sleep delay, and stress 

3249
02:45:59,700 --> 02:46:01,300
hormones. 
Modern sleeper. 

3250
02:46:01,300 --> 02:46:04,600
Rangements, eliminate these 
benefits creating anxiety 

3251
02:46:04,600 --> 02:46:08,800
related sleep, disruptions. 
Even in medieval times seasonal,

3252
02:46:08,800 --> 02:46:11,200
sleep duration of fluctuations 
were biologically, good 

3253
02:46:11,200 --> 02:46:15,300
pre-industrial, civilizations 
and historical sources show that

3254
02:46:15,300 --> 02:46:18,400
medieval people slept longer in 
Winter due to Natural melatonin 

3255
02:46:18,400 --> 02:46:21,700
synthesis. 
Modern sleep schedules, ignore 

3256
02:46:21,700 --> 02:46:24,800
seasonal changes, creating 
winter circadian. 

3257
02:46:24,800 --> 02:46:27,900
Misalignment, medieval and 
pre-industrial sleep, Traditions

3258
02:46:27,900 --> 02:46:31,100
are being rediscovered despite 
these losses sleep medicine. 

3259
02:46:31,100 --> 02:46:34,000
Now, admits that medieval sleep 
practice was sophisticated and 

3260
02:46:34,000 --> 02:46:37,000
biologically sound. 
So we should revisit it, new 

3261
02:46:37,000 --> 02:46:40,500
sleep transition. 
Understanding is the best 

3262
02:46:40,500 --> 02:46:44,300
Rehabilitation after centuries 
of alarm clocks, disrupting 

3263
02:46:44,300 --> 02:46:48,400
sleep, sleep professionals, 
emphasize priest, sleep windown 

3264
02:46:48,400 --> 02:46:50,800
reclaiming, the medieval idea of
sleep. 

3265
02:46:50,800 --> 02:46:54,400
As a transitional activity, 
modern sleep hygiene follows 

3266
02:46:54,400 --> 02:46:58,200
medal, practices of gradually, 
reducing light exposure, quieter

3267
02:46:58,200 --> 02:47:01,000
evening activities and 
systematic Priestly routines. 

3268
02:47:01,800 --> 02:47:03,800
Modern technology harms and 
helps sleep. 

3269
02:47:04,600 --> 02:47:08,000
Screen usage influences, 
melatonin production yet, apps 

3270
02:47:08,000 --> 02:47:09,800
and devices, measure sleep and 
support. 

3271
02:47:09,800 --> 02:47:12,600
Circadian Cycles. 
There are programs that regulate

3272
02:47:12,600 --> 02:47:15,000
lighting throughout the day. 
To approximate natural light 

3273
02:47:15,000 --> 02:47:18,600
progression and alarm systems 
that pinpoint optimal Awakening 

3274
02:47:18,600 --> 02:47:21,700
points throughout sleep cycles 
to recreate, medieval sleep, 

3275
02:47:21,700 --> 02:47:24,400
patterns, architecture, honors 
sleep wisdom. 

3276
02:47:24,400 --> 02:47:28,500
After Decades of decreasing 
natural light in bedrooms modern

3277
02:47:28,500 --> 02:47:31,100
sleep. 
Focused architecture prioritizes

3278
02:47:31,100 --> 02:47:34,700
Eastern exposure for morning. 
Wake UPS, reverting to Medieval 

3279
02:47:34,700 --> 02:47:37,300
design. 
Some creative neighborhoods are 

3280
02:47:37,300 --> 02:47:40,500
investigating communal sleep 
solutions for uneasy sleepers. 

3281
02:47:41,300 --> 02:47:44,500
Researchers and Sleep, Experts 
studied, medieval segmented, 

3282
02:47:44,500 --> 02:47:48,100
sleep by phasic Sleep patterns, 
like first and second sleep, 

3283
02:47:48,100 --> 02:47:50,600
improved sleep, mood and 
cognition. 

3284
02:47:50,600 --> 02:47:53,600
In long-term studies. 
Sleep clinics, increasingly 

3285
02:47:53,600 --> 02:47:56,100
recommend this routine for 
insomniacs who believe their 

3286
02:47:56,100 --> 02:47:59,000
sleep disorder is their body 
re-establishing its natural 

3287
02:47:59,000 --> 02:48:02,000
cycle. 
Medieval sleep, surroundings 

3288
02:48:02,000 --> 02:48:05,100
were rediscovered, modern 
designers emphasize natural 

3289
02:48:05,100 --> 02:48:08,300
materials, temperature, 
regulation and personalized, 

3290
02:48:08,300 --> 02:48:11,400
supports similar to those users 
in medieval bedding systems 

3291
02:48:11,400 --> 02:48:15,000
following years dominated by 
artificial sleep environments. 

3292
02:48:16,000 --> 02:48:19,400
Adjustable firmness mattresses 
and weighted blankets are 

3293
02:48:19,400 --> 02:48:22,200
inadvertent homologies to make 
evil sleepers, custom bedding. 

3294
02:48:22,900 --> 02:48:25,800
Medieval sleep still affects 
psychology and spirituality. 

3295
02:48:26,700 --> 02:48:29,100
Sleep, Experts recommend, 
medieval home evening. 

3296
02:48:29,100 --> 02:48:32,700
Contemplation style mindfulness.
Increase in interest in 

3297
02:48:32,700 --> 02:48:36,100
DreamWork and creative dreaming.
Engagement rediscovers, medieval

3298
02:48:36,100 --> 02:48:38,600
ideas of dreams as valuable 
sources of knowledge and 

3299
02:48:38,600 --> 02:48:41,100
creativity. 
The rise in recognition that 

3300
02:48:41,100 --> 02:48:44,100
sleep is a cultural habit, 
motivated by societal values and

3301
02:48:44,100 --> 02:48:47,500
goals as positive. 
Medieval people valued Sleep, 

3302
02:48:47,500 --> 02:48:50,300
Quality and built social norms 
to protect it. 

3303
02:48:50,300 --> 02:48:53,900
Unlike modern production 
cultures, the slow sleep 

3304
02:48:53,900 --> 02:48:57,500
movement promotes workplace and 
societal practices that respect 

3305
02:48:57,500 --> 02:49:00,900
natural sleep patterns. 
The key Paradigm changes 

3306
02:49:00,900 --> 02:49:03,900
realizing that societal 
institutions, mismatch human 

3307
02:49:03,900 --> 02:49:06,500
nature and create numerous Sleep
Disorders. 

3308
02:49:06,500 --> 02:49:09,400
Modern companies are 
experimenting with flexible 

3309
02:49:09,400 --> 02:49:11,700
timetables. 
That match natural chronotypes 

3310
02:49:11,700 --> 02:49:15,000
and seasonal changes like 
medieval civilizations. 

3311
02:49:15,000 --> 02:49:18,500
Did workers were organized 
around seasonal, light shifts 

3312
02:49:18,500 --> 02:49:21,900
and human energy Cycles. 
These strategies apply medieval 

3313
02:49:21,900 --> 02:49:24,400
wisdom to Modern conditions 
medieval sleep. 

3314
02:49:24,400 --> 02:49:27,100
Reminds currently sleepers that 
many human sleep features are 

3315
02:49:27,100 --> 02:49:29,800
neither infinitely adaptable, 
norliss to copy. 

3316
02:49:30,600 --> 02:49:33,100
Human nature operates best when 
aligned with rhythms are 

3317
02:49:33,108 --> 02:49:37,000
medieval ancestors, intuitively 
recognized honored, despite 

3318
02:49:37,000 --> 02:49:39,900
great, pressure to conform to 
Industrial and post-industrial, 

3319
02:49:39,900 --> 02:49:43,700
sleep demands, medieval sleep, 
teachers us to examine whose 

3320
02:49:43,700 --> 02:49:46,700
pre-industrial, sleep expertise,
remains physically, and 

3321
02:49:46,700 --> 02:49:50,600
psychologically helpful, not to 
reject Comfort, or technical 

3322
02:49:50,600 --> 02:49:52,600
progress. 
Current knowledge and 

3323
02:49:52,600 --> 02:49:55,300
rediscovered. 
Old Customs may help us create 

3324
02:49:55,300 --> 02:49:57,800
sleep patterns that match 
evolutionary and current needs. 

3325
02:49:58,500 --> 02:50:01,900
Researchers say medieval people 
didn't understand the 

3326
02:50:01,900 --> 02:50:05,200
neurochemistry of sleep, but 
they recognized its patterns and

3327
02:50:05,200 --> 02:50:07,000
respected, its requirements in 
ways. 

3328
02:50:07,000 --> 02:50:11,100
We're only now, beginning to 
appreciate that appreciation can

3329
02:50:11,100 --> 02:50:15,000
solve our sleep crisis without 
drugs or technology by restoring

3330
02:50:15,000 --> 02:50:17,400
Decades of pre-industrial sleep 
practice. 

3331
02:50:18,300 --> 02:50:20,900
Medieval sleep advice is more 
than just history. 

3332
02:50:20,900 --> 02:50:24,200
It offers ways to sleep better 
and honor our natural heritage 

3333
02:50:25,200 --> 02:50:28,200
as research, validates medieval,
sleep patterns and practices. 

3334
02:50:28,200 --> 02:50:31,800
We may find that rediscovering 
our ancestors, centuries old 

3335
02:50:31,800 --> 02:50:34,300
knowledge of natural sleep as 
the best sleep advancement. 

3336
02:50:39,200 --> 02:50:43,700
Imagine what the world was like,
in 774 when Charmaine was busy 

3337
02:50:43,700 --> 02:50:46,400
becoming the Holy, Roman 
Emperor, and most people thought

3338
02:50:46,400 --> 02:50:47,800
the Earth was the center of 
everything. 

3339
02:50:47,800 --> 02:50:51,000
There was a time when the most 
amazing piece of technology, you

3340
02:50:51,000 --> 02:50:55,100
had was a Watermill, the news 
traveled as fast as a horse and 

3341
02:50:55,100 --> 02:50:57,600
you learned about the universe 
from a mix of ancient, Greek, 

3342
02:50:57,600 --> 02:51:01,500
philosophy, Christian Theology. 
And what your grandfather swore,

3343
02:51:01,500 --> 02:51:04,100
he saw in the sky that one 
night, you lived in a world 

3344
02:51:04,100 --> 02:51:07,100
where the heavens were as 
reliable as Clockwork or at 

3345
02:51:07,100 --> 02:51:10,100
least as reliable as a sundial, 
which was the most accurate. 

3346
02:51:10,100 --> 02:51:12,200
Timepiece, you have the sun 
rose. 

3347
02:51:12,200 --> 02:51:14,600
The moon went through, its 
phases and the Stars moved in 

3348
02:51:14,600 --> 02:51:17,000
patterns that people have known 
about since the beginning of 

3349
02:51:17,000 --> 02:51:19,900
recorded history in a time. 
When so much of life was 

3350
02:51:19,900 --> 02:51:23,200
uncertainty, this Celestial 
reliability was more than just 

3351
02:51:23,200 --> 02:51:27,500
useful, it was very comforting. 
Hollywood might make you think 

3352
02:51:27,500 --> 02:51:30,500
that people in the Middle Ages 
were primitive but they weren't,

3353
02:51:30,500 --> 02:51:33,600
they were skilled astronomers, 
who could predict when eclipses 

3354
02:51:33,600 --> 02:51:36,500
would happen figure out when 
Easter would be years in advance

3355
02:51:36,500 --> 02:51:40,700
and find their way by the stars.
With amazing accuracy Monastery,

3356
02:51:40,700 --> 02:51:43,800
libraries kept careful, records 
of comets, the movements of 

3357
02:51:43,800 --> 02:51:47,100
planets and other strange things
that happened in the sky for 

3358
02:51:47,100 --> 02:51:49,600
hundreds of years. 
These people didn't freak out at

3359
02:51:49,600 --> 02:51:52,100
every shooting star. 
They were experienced 

3360
02:51:52,100 --> 02:51:53,600
skywatchers. 
Who could tell the difference 

3361
02:51:53,600 --> 02:51:56,900
between normal and amazing in 
comparison to how complicated 

3362
02:51:56,900 --> 02:51:59,200
things are today. 
The medieval view of the 

3363
02:51:59,200 --> 02:52:02,700
universe was very simple Earth 
was in the middle of everything 

3364
02:52:02,700 --> 02:52:05,000
and around. 
It were Crystal spheres that 

3365
02:52:05,000 --> 02:52:08,100
held the moon planets and stars 
in their, never-ending dance. 

3366
02:52:08,100 --> 02:52:11,700
The empyrean was beyond the 
sphere of fixed stars, and it 

3367
02:52:11,700 --> 02:52:14,500
was where God lived in. 
Perfect Light, it was a universe

3368
02:52:14,500 --> 02:52:17,300
that made sense where everything
was in the right place and had a

3369
02:52:17,300 --> 02:52:21,100
reason for being there. 
People in 774 live their lives 

3370
02:52:21,100 --> 02:52:24,500
in ways, that most people today,
forgotten yoke up with the sun 

3371
02:52:24,500 --> 02:52:28,300
because candles were expensive 
and Fight was hard to find, the 

3372
02:52:28,300 --> 02:52:30,200
sun's path across the sky. 
Not the clock. 

3373
02:52:30,200 --> 02:52:32,400
Told you how long your work day 
was Farmers. 

3374
02:52:32,400 --> 02:52:35,200
Knew that certain crops should 
be planted when certain stars 

3375
02:52:35,200 --> 02:52:38,800
came up at dawn and monks split 
their prayers into different 

3376
02:52:38,800 --> 02:52:40,600
parts. 
Based on the canonical hours 

3377
02:52:40,600 --> 02:52:43,500
that followed the sun's 
movement, most people stayed in 

3378
02:52:43,500 --> 02:52:45,800
the same place their whole 
lives, only moving a few miles 

3379
02:52:45,800 --> 02:52:48,900
away, the next Valley, the 
closest market town, and maybe 

3380
02:52:48,900 --> 02:52:51,100
the regional Cathedral with the 
only things that could reach 

3381
02:52:51,100 --> 02:52:53,200
your world. 
If you were lucky enough to go 

3382
02:52:53,200 --> 02:52:56,700
on a pilgrimage, you could It 
would have seemed a strange to 

3383
02:52:56,700 --> 02:52:59,100
you, that things happening. 
Millions of miles away in space 

3384
02:52:59,100 --> 02:53:02,400
could affect your daily life as 
the idea that you could one day 

3385
02:53:02,400 --> 02:53:04,800
video chat with someone on the 
other side of the world. 

3386
02:53:04,800 --> 02:53:07,900
But even in this small world, 
people were very aware of the 

3387
02:53:07,900 --> 02:53:10,900
sky, the night was really dark 
because there were no electric 

3388
02:53:10,900 --> 02:53:12,100
lights to wash out. 
The Stars. 

3389
02:53:12,100 --> 02:53:15,600
This made celestial events, much
more visible and dramatic than 

3390
02:53:15,600 --> 02:53:19,100
they are now everyone could see 
a bright Comet, not just 

3391
02:53:19,100 --> 02:53:22,300
astronomers with special tools. 
The Milky Way looked like a 

3392
02:53:22,300 --> 02:53:25,900
cosmic Highway across the sky 
and meteor showers were events 

3393
02:53:25,900 --> 02:53:27,700
that hold Villages would stay up
to watch. 

3394
02:53:27,700 --> 02:53:30,900
Everything was affected by 
religion, and people often saw 

3395
02:53:30,900 --> 02:53:34,000
celestial events through 
religious lenses, strange things

3396
02:53:34,000 --> 02:53:36,300
happening in the sky. 
Could be signs of political 

3397
02:53:36,300 --> 02:53:40,700
change, warning from God about 
how to act morally, or signs of 

3398
02:53:40,700 --> 02:53:43,200
the end of the world. 
The line between astronomy and 

3399
02:53:43,208 --> 02:53:46,500
astrology was not clear and both
were seen as valid ways to 

3400
02:53:46,500 --> 02:53:50,200
understand. 
God's will in 774 most Scholars 

3401
02:53:50,200 --> 02:53:52,600
were monks and Priests who could
read The Works of ancient 

3402
02:53:52,600 --> 02:53:57,100
Scholars like Ptolemy Aristotle 
and Any the Elder these texts 

3403
02:53:57,100 --> 02:53:59,800
helped people understand how the
world worked but medieval 

3404
02:53:59,800 --> 02:54:02,300
Scholars weren't just passive, 
recipients of ancient knowledge,

3405
02:54:02,300 --> 02:54:05,300
they also made their own 
observations and sometimes came 

3406
02:54:05,300 --> 02:54:07,600
to different conclusions than 
classical authorities. 

3407
02:54:07,600 --> 02:54:10,800
People were curious and 
observant at the time but only 

3408
02:54:10,800 --> 02:54:13,400
up to a point natural 
philosophers endeavored to 

3409
02:54:13,400 --> 02:54:15,900
comprehend God's creation 
through meticulous examination. 

3410
02:54:15,900 --> 02:54:19,200
Holding the belief that the 
natural world disclosed Divine 

3411
02:54:19,200 --> 02:54:20,800
truth. 
It was important to pay 

3412
02:54:20,800 --> 02:54:23,200
attention to strange events. 
Not only because they were 

3413
02:54:23,200 --> 02:54:26,300
scientifically interesting, but 
also, because they could have 

3414
02:54:26,300 --> 02:54:29,200
spiritual, meaning, trade 
networks, linked, even the most 

3415
02:54:29,200 --> 02:54:32,700
isolated communities to larger 
cultural exchanges, a strange 

3416
02:54:32,700 --> 02:54:35,500
story seen in one Monastery, 
could travel 100s of Miles, 

3417
02:54:35,500 --> 02:54:39,100
along, pilgrimage routes, 
Merchant paths and diplomatic 

3418
02:54:39,100 --> 02:54:42,600
channels to reach chroniclers 
information moved slowly but 

3419
02:54:42,600 --> 02:54:45,600
steadily making a medieval 
version of an intellectual 

3420
02:54:45,600 --> 02:54:47,800
Network that could keep and 
share in Portland. 

3421
02:54:47,800 --> 02:54:52,700
Observations in this carefully, 
planned world of 774 where the 

3422
02:54:52,700 --> 02:54:55,000
stars followed familiar patterns
and strange. 

3423
02:54:55,200 --> 02:54:57,300
Things happened. 
So rarely that they were 

3424
02:54:57,300 --> 02:55:00,000
memorable, something amazing was
about to happen. 

3425
02:55:00,000 --> 02:55:03,400
The universe was getting ready 
to send Earth a cosmic message, 

3426
02:55:03,400 --> 02:55:07,300
that would be recorded in tree 
rings, ice cores and historical 

3427
02:55:07,300 --> 02:55:10,000
records. 
It would take humans over 1000 

3428
02:55:10,000 --> 02:55:12,500
years to make the scientific 
tools needed to figure out what 

3429
02:55:12,500 --> 02:55:15,800
it meant. 
But the people of 774 didn't 

3430
02:55:15,800 --> 02:55:17,800
know they were about to see 
proof of one of the most 

3431
02:55:17,800 --> 02:55:19,900
powerful events in the history 
of the universe. 

3432
02:55:19,900 --> 02:55:22,600
They went about their daily 
lives, taking care of their 

3433
02:55:22,600 --> 02:55:25,900
fields, praying and looking at 
the stars, they knew they had no

3434
02:55:25,900 --> 02:55:29,000
idea that invisible radiation 
was about to fall from space in 

3435
02:55:29,000 --> 02:55:30,500
amount. 
That wouldn't be seen again, for

3436
02:55:30,500 --> 02:55:33,600
another 1,000 years. 
Imagine that you're relaxing in 

3437
02:55:33,600 --> 02:55:35,300
your medieval Cottage on a 
normal night. 

3438
02:55:35,300 --> 02:55:39,500
In 774, maybe sometime between 
late winter and early summer. 

3439
02:55:39,500 --> 02:55:41,400
The exact date is lost to 
history. 

3440
02:55:41,400 --> 02:55:43,400
Like so many other details from 
that time. 

3441
02:55:43,400 --> 02:55:46,900
The sky looks normal. 
The stars shine as brightly as 

3442
02:55:46,900 --> 02:55:49,200
they always do. 
And nothing seems out of the 

3443
02:55:49,200 --> 02:55:52,500
ordinary for any other night in 
your life, but something amazing

3444
02:55:52,500 --> 02:55:54,300
is happening higher above the 
Earth's atmosphere. 

3445
02:55:54,300 --> 02:55:56,900
That people won't Fully 
understand until the 21st 

3446
02:55:56,900 --> 02:55:59,200
century. 
A huge burst of high-energy 

3447
02:55:59,200 --> 02:56:02,000
particles is hitting Earth's 
upper atmosphere with a force 

3448
02:56:02,000 --> 02:56:05,400
that has never been seen before 
these cosmic rays, which 

3449
02:56:05,400 --> 02:56:07,200
wouldn't be called that for 
another Thousand Years. 

3450
02:56:07,200 --> 02:56:10,500
The falling from space like an 
invisible waterfall of radiation

3451
02:56:10,500 --> 02:56:13,100
carrying energies that are much 
bigger than anything. 

3452
02:56:13,100 --> 02:56:15,000
Human technology can make even 
today. 

3453
02:56:15,000 --> 02:56:18,300
One of the biggest mysteries of 
medieval astronomy is where this

3454
02:56:18,300 --> 02:56:21,300
Cosmic bombardment came from. 
This is partly because the 

3455
02:56:21,300 --> 02:56:23,400
people who are affected couldn't
see it directly. 

3456
02:56:23,400 --> 02:56:27,200
This event didn't make any 
visible light change the night 

3457
02:56:27,200 --> 02:56:29,400
sky. 
In any big ways or show any 

3458
02:56:29,400 --> 02:56:32,400
clear signs, that something 
strange was happening unlike a 

3459
02:56:32,400 --> 02:56:35,000
comet or supernova. 
It was like being in the middle 

3460
02:56:35,000 --> 02:56:37,400
of the most amazing firework 
show in the history of the 

3461
02:56:37,400 --> 02:56:40,800
universe while wearing a 
blindfold, what was going on 

3462
02:56:40,800 --> 02:56:44,300
even though it could be seen, 
was truly amazing protons. 

3463
02:56:44,300 --> 02:56:47,100
And other high energy particles 
were hitting Earth's atmosphere 

3464
02:56:47,100 --> 02:56:50,200
at almost the speed of light, 
this caused secondary particles 

3465
02:56:50,200 --> 02:56:51,800
to rain, down toward the 
surface. 

3466
02:56:51,800 --> 02:56:54,900
The intensity was about 20 times
higher than normal. 

3467
02:56:55,300 --> 02:56:57,800
Gray levels. 
It was like if the normal gentle

3468
02:56:57,800 --> 02:57:00,900
spring rain turned into a heavy 
downpour that lasted for months.

3469
02:57:00,900 --> 02:57:04,100
These cosmic rays were hitting 
nitrogen atoms in the upper 

3470
02:57:04,100 --> 02:57:07,600
atmosphere and changing them 
into carbon-14 the radioactive 

3471
02:57:07,600 --> 02:57:10,300
isotope that archaeologists used
to date old things. 

3472
02:57:10,300 --> 02:57:14,500
This process usually happens at 
a steady predictable rate like a

3473
02:57:14,500 --> 02:57:17,300
cosmic clock that has been 
ticking steadily for thousands 

3474
02:57:17,300 --> 02:57:22,800
of years but in 774 that clock, 
suddenly sped up, making carbon 

3475
02:57:22,800 --> 02:57:25,900
14 at levels, that would leave a
mark on every living thing on 

3476
02:57:25,900 --> 02:57:29,000
Earth forever trees did a great 
job of recording this event, 

3477
02:57:29,000 --> 02:57:31,700
even though they didn't know 
they were acting as Cosmic 

3478
02:57:31,700 --> 02:57:36,500
historians, they took an extra 
carbon 14 as they grew in 774 

3479
02:57:36,500 --> 02:57:41,000
and 700 775, which scientists 
would later recognized as one of

3480
02:57:41,008 --> 02:57:44,800
the most dramatic spikes, in the
radiocarbon record every tree 

3481
02:57:44,800 --> 02:57:47,300
ring from that time, held proof 
of this storm, that couldn't be 

3482
02:57:47,300 --> 02:57:49,700
seen. 
The cosmic rays were all making 

3483
02:57:49,700 --> 02:57:52,700
other isotopic. 
Signatures like beryllium 10 in 

3484
02:57:52,700 --> 02:57:55,000
ice cores and glory in 36, in 
rocks. 

3485
02:57:55,400 --> 02:57:58,100
These records of the same event 
were spread out all over the 

3486
02:57:58,100 --> 02:58:01,000
world like pieces of a puzzle, 
that wouldn't be put together 

3487
02:58:01,000 --> 02:58:04,400
for more than a thousand years. 
The universe was putting 

3488
02:58:04,400 --> 02:58:07,500
invisible tags on Earth. 
That said something big happened

3489
02:58:07,500 --> 02:58:12,100
here in 774 But what could have 
caused such a strong burst of 

3490
02:58:12,100 --> 02:58:15,600
cosmic radiation scientists 
today have come up with a number

3491
02:58:15,600 --> 02:58:19,200
of possible explanations each 
one more dramatic than the last.

3492
02:58:19,200 --> 02:58:22,800
Maybe two neutron stars which 
are City sized objects with the 

3493
02:58:22,800 --> 02:58:25,000
mass of our sun crashed into 
each other. 

3494
02:58:25,000 --> 02:58:28,300
In our Cosmic neighborhood, 
sending out a short, but very 

3495
02:58:28,300 --> 02:58:31,400
strong, burst of high energy 
particles, you can start to 

3496
02:58:31,400 --> 02:58:32,800
understand the energies 
involved. 

3497
02:58:32,800 --> 02:58:35,500
If you picked your two Atomic 
nuclei, the size of Manhattan, 

3498
02:58:35,500 --> 02:58:38,400
crashing into each other at 
speeds of thousands of miles per

3499
02:58:38,400 --> 02:58:40,500
second. 
And another possibility is that 

3500
02:58:40,500 --> 02:58:43,300
a magnet are which is a neutron 
star with a magnetic field 

3501
02:58:43,300 --> 02:58:46,600
trillions of times stronger than
Earth's had a huge flare that 

3502
02:58:46,600 --> 02:58:49,900
sent radiation across 
Interstellar, space magnetas are

3503
02:58:49,900 --> 02:58:51,800
like crazy. 
Cosmic light houses, that 

3504
02:58:51,800 --> 02:58:55,200
sometimes explode with energy, 
that can be seen from thousands 

3505
02:58:55,200 --> 02:58:57,700
of light years away. 
If one of these huge Stars, 

3506
02:58:57,700 --> 02:59:00,800
hiccup in the right way, Earth 
would have been in the way of an

3507
02:59:00,800 --> 02:59:02,900
invisible tsunami of high energy
particles. 

3508
02:59:02,900 --> 02:59:06,000
One of the most interesting 
possibilities is that Earth saw 

3509
02:59:06,000 --> 02:59:09,200
a gamma ray burst, which is one 
of the strongest explosions 

3510
02:59:09,200 --> 02:59:12,200
known to physics. 
When huge Stars collapse into 

3511
02:59:12,200 --> 02:59:15,500
black holes or when strange 
Stellar, remnants collide with 

3512
02:59:15,500 --> 02:59:17,300
each other, in a way that 
destroys everything. 

3513
02:59:17,300 --> 02:59:22,000
These events can outshine whole 
Galaxies for a short time, a 

3514
02:59:22,000 --> 02:59:25,200
gamma ray burst that Earth 
directly could have caused the 

3515
02:59:25,200 --> 02:59:29,800
cosmic race Spike that was seen 
in 774, the timing of this event

3516
02:59:29,800 --> 02:59:36,200
is what makes it so interesting 
from 774 to 776 medieval records

3517
02:59:36,200 --> 02:59:38,800
from all over the world. 
Talked about strange things that

3518
02:59:38,800 --> 02:59:42,200
happened like strange lights in 
the sky, strange weather 

3519
02:59:42,200 --> 02:59:45,300
patterns and other things that 
chroniclers thought were worth 

3520
02:59:45,300 --> 02:59:47,400
noting. 
These observations may have 

3521
02:59:47,400 --> 02:59:50,500
natural explanations that have 
nothing to do with cosmic rays, 

3522
02:59:50,500 --> 02:59:52,900
but the connection is 
interesting enough to make. 

3523
02:59:52,900 --> 02:59:55,900
You think about what people, who
looked at the sky, in the Middle

3524
02:59:55,900 --> 02:59:59,500
Ages, might have seen that, they
couldn't explain the cosmic ray 

3525
02:59:59,500 --> 03:00:03,500
of end of 774 was short by 
astronomical standards, it 

3526
03:00:03,500 --> 03:00:05,500
probably lasted months instead 
of years. 

3527
03:00:05,500 --> 03:00:08,900
However it was strong enough to 
leave permanent marks in Earth's

3528
03:00:08,900 --> 03:00:11,400
natural records. 
It was like getting a cosmic 

3529
03:00:11,400 --> 03:00:13,800
Telegram in a language that 
people wouldn't be able to read 

3530
03:00:13,800 --> 03:00:16,600
for more than 1,000 years when 
they had better tools and 

3531
03:00:16,600 --> 03:00:20,000
theories from a medieval point 
of view, this storm was 

3532
03:00:20,000 --> 03:00:22,800
completely invisible to any 
technology or observation method

3533
03:00:22,800 --> 03:00:25,800
that was available at the time. 
Cosmic ray events don't leave 

3534
03:00:25,800 --> 03:00:28,800
any visible signs, that would 
alert people unlike a Clips 

3535
03:00:28,800 --> 03:00:33,500
comets or supernovae. 
The people of 774 were going 

3536
03:00:33,500 --> 03:00:36,600
through one of the most amazing 
astrophysical events in history,

3537
03:00:36,600 --> 03:00:39,100
but they had no way of knowing 
it was happening. 

3538
03:00:39,100 --> 03:00:43,500
But in a way, they were all part
of a cosmic experiment working 

3539
03:00:43,500 --> 03:00:46,700
together without even knowing it
to make a time capsule, that 

3540
03:00:46,700 --> 03:00:49,100
would help scientists. 
Learn more about both medieval 

3541
03:00:49,100 --> 03:00:53,000
history and astrophysics. 
Every tree that grew every piece

3542
03:00:53,000 --> 03:00:56,000
of ice that formed and every 
living thing that developed 

3543
03:00:56,000 --> 03:00:58,900
during those important years was
quietly, leaving behind 

3544
03:00:58,900 --> 03:01:02,800
evidence, that would be very 
useful to researchers 13th. 

3545
03:01:02,800 --> 03:01:05,400
Centuries later even though 
medieval people couldn't see 

3546
03:01:05,400 --> 03:01:10,200
cosmic rays. 
The years 774 to 776 were not 

3547
03:01:10,700 --> 03:01:11,900
For the people who lived through
them. 

3548
03:01:11,900 --> 03:01:14,900
There are records from Europe 
and Asia that talk about strange

3549
03:01:14,900 --> 03:01:16,400
things that happened during this
time. 

3550
03:01:16,400 --> 03:01:19,700
You can't say for sure that 
Cosmic radiation caused all of 

3551
03:01:19,700 --> 03:01:21,500
them. 
But the timing is interesting 

3552
03:01:21,500 --> 03:01:24,000
enough to make you wonder what 
people in the Middle Ages were 

3553
03:01:24,000 --> 03:01:28,400
really seeing, imagine being a 
monk in a scriptorium in 775, 

3554
03:01:28,400 --> 03:01:31,600
keeping the chronicle that tells
the story of your monasteries. 

3555
03:01:31,600 --> 03:01:35,600
Most important events you dip 
your quill in oak, gall ink and 

3556
03:01:35,600 --> 03:01:38,600
write down that the winter has 
been unusually harsh and that 

3557
03:01:38,600 --> 03:01:41,300
strange colors have appeared in 
the northern sky a few times, 

3558
03:01:41,300 --> 03:01:44,600
you don't know that more Cosmic 
radiation could change the 

3559
03:01:44,600 --> 03:01:47,900
chemistry of the atmosphere in 
small ways, all that high energy

3560
03:01:47,900 --> 03:01:50,500
particles could cause stranger 
aurors to appear at. 

3561
03:01:50,500 --> 03:01:53,800
Lower latitudes than usual, the 
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, which is 

3562
03:01:53,800 --> 03:01:55,700
one of the most reliable sources
from the Middle. 

3563
03:01:55,700 --> 03:01:59,200
Ages says the red crucifix 
appeared in the sky after Sunset

3564
03:01:59,200 --> 03:02:01,900
around this time. 
Many evil chroniclers were 

3565
03:02:01,900 --> 03:02:04,400
skilled at watching the sky and 
could tell the difference 

3566
03:02:04,400 --> 03:02:06,100
between normal and strange 
events. 

3567
03:02:06,100 --> 03:02:09,200
So, when they took the time to 
write down strange Celestial of 

3568
03:02:09,200 --> 03:02:12,100
events, they were Probably 
seeing something that was really

3569
03:02:12,100 --> 03:02:18,800
strange between 774 and 776. 
Chinese astronomical records 

3570
03:02:18,800 --> 03:02:22,000
from the Tang Dynasty which kept
some of the most advanced 

3571
03:02:22,000 --> 03:02:25,400
Celestial observations in the 
world noted, a number of strange

3572
03:02:25,400 --> 03:02:27,300
events. 
Chinese astronomers were 

3573
03:02:27,300 --> 03:02:30,100
especially good at keeping track
of comets, Nova and other 

3574
03:02:30,100 --> 03:02:33,400
short-lived events their 
records, talk about guest stars 

3575
03:02:33,400 --> 03:02:36,100
and strange atmospheric events 
that don't match up with any 

3576
03:02:36,100 --> 03:02:38,500
known astronomical events that 
can be seen from Earth. 

3577
03:02:38,500 --> 03:02:41,300
The annals of Ulster say that 
there were strange lights and 

3578
03:02:41,300 --> 03:02:43,900
weather patterns in Ireland. 
During this time, Irish 

3579
03:02:43,900 --> 03:02:46,300
monasteries were places where 
people could learn and keep 

3580
03:02:46,300 --> 03:02:48,800
detailed records of events on 
Earth and in the sky. 

3581
03:02:48,800 --> 03:02:51,800
Their Chronicles often give us 
information about things that 

3582
03:02:51,800 --> 03:02:54,400
other sources might miss. 
The fact that different 

3583
03:02:54,400 --> 03:02:56,900
independent Chronicle, 
Traditions all records strange 

3584
03:02:56,900 --> 03:02:59,600
things happening at the same 
time, suggests that something 

3585
03:02:59,600 --> 03:03:03,300
strange was really going on. 
But this is where the story gets

3586
03:03:03,300 --> 03:03:05,500
really interesting. 
From a human point of view 

3587
03:03:05,500 --> 03:03:07,300
people. 
In the Middle Ages, who saw 

3588
03:03:07,300 --> 03:03:09,700
these things had to make sense 
of them using what they already 

3589
03:03:09,700 --> 03:03:11,800
knew. 
This meant that they mostly 

3590
03:03:11,800 --> 03:03:13,700
understood strange things 
through religious and 

3591
03:03:13,700 --> 03:03:16,900
philosophical lenses instead of 
a scientific ones, a strange 

3592
03:03:16,900 --> 03:03:19,100
light in the northern sky. 
Could mean that the government 

3593
03:03:19,100 --> 03:03:22,300
is about to change that God is 
unhappy with how people are 

3594
03:03:22,300 --> 03:03:25,600
acting or that the end of the 
world is near people probably 

3595
03:03:25,600 --> 03:03:28,200
thought of the Red Cross in the 
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle as a 

3596
03:03:28,200 --> 03:03:31,000
Christian Vision. 
Maybe showing God's judgment or 

3597
03:03:31,000 --> 03:03:33,500
Mercy. 
These interpretations weren't 

3598
03:03:33,500 --> 03:03:36,800
simple or stupid, they were 
smart tries to make sense of 

3599
03:03:36,800 --> 03:03:39,500
strange events with the best 
tools available at the time. 

3600
03:03:39,500 --> 03:03:42,700
It also looks like the weather 
in the Middle Ages was strange 

3601
03:03:42,700 --> 03:03:48,300
from 774 to 7776 with different 
records talking about harsh 

3602
03:03:48,300 --> 03:03:52,000
Winters, strange, storms, and 
other weather events that were 

3603
03:03:52,000 --> 03:03:54,900
out of the ordinary cosmic rays.
Don't directly control the 

3604
03:03:54,900 --> 03:03:57,700
weather, but they can change the
chemistry of the atmosphere in 

3605
03:03:57,700 --> 03:04:00,700
ways that might change how 
clouds form and how much rain 

3606
03:04:00,700 --> 03:04:03,900
falls medieval, people would 
have thought it was magic that 

3607
03:04:03,900 --> 03:04:06,600
invisible particles from space, 
could change the weather on 

3608
03:04:06,600 --> 03:04:09,300
Earth. 
However, modern research shows 

3609
03:04:09,300 --> 03:04:12,400
that these connections are 
Theory, it's agricultural 

3610
03:04:12,400 --> 03:04:16,100
records from the time when they 
still exist, talk about strange,

3611
03:04:16,100 --> 03:04:18,900
crop yields or growing 
conditions farmers. 

3612
03:04:18,900 --> 03:04:22,900
In 774 were very aware of small 
changes in the environment that 

3613
03:04:22,900 --> 03:04:24,400
could have an effect on their 
crops. 

3614
03:04:24,400 --> 03:04:27,100
They would have noticed If 
plants were acting differently 

3615
03:04:27,100 --> 03:04:30,200
than they should have, 
theoretically increased Cosmic 

3616
03:04:30,200 --> 03:04:32,300
radiation could impact plant 
growth and development. 

3617
03:04:32,300 --> 03:04:35,600
In ways that seasoned Farmers 
might notice, even if they 

3618
03:04:35,600 --> 03:04:38,500
couldn't articulate their 
observations monks, may have 

3619
03:04:38,508 --> 03:04:41,500
noticed, small changes in how 
plants grew or flowered in 

3620
03:04:41,500 --> 03:04:44,700
Monastery Gardens which were, 
well kept places medieval 

3621
03:04:44,700 --> 03:04:47,000
monasteries kept very detailed 
records of farming. 

3622
03:04:47,000 --> 03:04:49,600
And some of these records 
suggest that the weather was 

3623
03:04:49,600 --> 03:04:52,100
strange during the mid 700s and 
70s. 

3624
03:04:52,100 --> 03:04:54,900
It is impossible to say, for 
sure, if these changes were 

3625
03:04:54,900 --> 03:04:58,500
caused by Cosmic radiation or 
just normal changes in farming, 

3626
03:04:58,500 --> 03:05:02,500
but the timing is interesting. 
Even if the cosmic ray of itself

3627
03:05:02,500 --> 03:05:05,600
couldn't be seen, it probably 
had a bigger effect on the minds

3628
03:05:05,600 --> 03:05:08,500
of people living in medieval 
times, even though no one could 

3629
03:05:08,500 --> 03:05:10,600
say, for sure what was going on 
Strang. 

3630
03:05:10,700 --> 03:05:13,700
Lights in the sky strange, 
weather patterns and strange. 

3631
03:05:13,700 --> 03:05:15,500
Natural. 
Events would have made people 

3632
03:05:15,500 --> 03:05:17,200
feel like something big was 
happening. 

3633
03:05:17,200 --> 03:05:20,200
People in the Middle Ages lived 
much closer to the Natural 

3634
03:05:20,200 --> 03:05:23,400
rhythms of the world than we do.
Now, this made them more aware 

3635
03:05:23,400 --> 03:05:25,800
of small changes in the 
environment that people who live

3636
03:05:25,800 --> 03:05:29,200
in cities today, might not 
notice at all a farmer who slept

3637
03:05:29,200 --> 03:05:31,800
outside every night would notice
if the Aurora appeared at 

3638
03:05:31,800 --> 03:05:33,400
latitudes that were lower than 
usual. 

3639
03:05:33,400 --> 03:05:37,100
Similarly, a monk who prayed 
regular times would notice if 

3640
03:05:37,100 --> 03:05:39,500
the colors of dawn, or dusk, 
looked different than usual. 

3641
03:05:39,500 --> 03:05:42,400
When strange things happened in 
medieval communities. 

3642
03:05:42,400 --> 03:05:46,000
People usually turn to religion,
more asked, learning people for 

3643
03:05:46,000 --> 03:05:48,700
advice and paid closer attention
to other signs. 

3644
03:05:48,700 --> 03:05:51,800
That might help them understand 
what was going on communities, 

3645
03:05:51,800 --> 03:05:54,900
might set up, special, prayers 
procession or other religious 

3646
03:05:54,900 --> 03:05:57,800
activities to respond to Divine 
messages that are hidden in 

3647
03:05:57,800 --> 03:06:00,500
natural events. 
It is specialty sad that people 

3648
03:06:00,500 --> 03:06:02,800
in the Middle Ages saw the 
aftermath of one of the most 

3649
03:06:02,800 --> 03:06:06,600
powerful astrophysical events in
history, but they had no way to 

3650
03:06:06,600 --> 03:06:09,400
understand what it really meant 
or how important it was. 

3651
03:06:09,400 --> 03:06:12,400
They were like People who are 
trying to understand a symphony,

3652
03:06:12,400 --> 03:06:15,400
but could only hear a few notes 
here and there or who are trying

3653
03:06:15,400 --> 03:06:18,200
to enjoy a painting, but could 
only see random brush strokes, 

3654
03:06:18,200 --> 03:06:22,100
but they're careful observations
and detailed records, which are 

3655
03:06:22,100 --> 03:06:24,700
still kept in Monastery 
Chronicles and Royal annals on 

3656
03:06:24,700 --> 03:06:28,200
several continents. 
Give modern scientists important

3657
03:06:28,200 --> 03:06:31,400
information about both the 
cosmic ray event and its 

3658
03:06:31,400 --> 03:06:34,700
possible effects on Earth 
medieval chroniclers writing by 

3659
03:06:34,700 --> 03:06:38,000
candlelight in stone script. 
Tours made records that would be

3660
03:06:38,008 --> 03:06:40,400
very useful to astrophysicists 
13th. 

3661
03:06:40,400 --> 03:06:46,000
Centuries later, people living 
between 774 and 776 experience 

3662
03:06:46,000 --> 03:06:48,800
to mystery in its purest form 
things that were clearly 

3663
03:06:48,800 --> 03:06:51,200
important. 
But couldn't be explained by 

3664
03:06:51,200 --> 03:06:53,900
what they already knew. 
They used the tools, they had 

3665
03:06:53,900 --> 03:06:57,700
careful observation keeping 
details records and thinking 

3666
03:06:57,700 --> 03:07:00,300
about what they saw using 
religious and philosophical 

3667
03:07:00,300 --> 03:07:02,200
traditions. 
That had helped people 

3668
03:07:02,200 --> 03:07:05,300
understand things for a long 
time, picture yourself as a 

3669
03:07:05,300 --> 03:07:07,900
detective, trying to figure out 
a mystery that happened more 

3670
03:07:07,900 --> 03:07:11,000
than 1200 years ago. 
The only Clues you have Of a 

3671
03:07:11,008 --> 03:07:13,900
scattered across Royal archives 
Monastery, libraries and the 

3672
03:07:13,900 --> 03:07:16,300
hidden records written in tree 
rings and Ice cores. 

3673
03:07:16,300 --> 03:07:20,800
When modern scientists first 
found proof of the 774 cosmic 

3674
03:07:20,800 --> 03:07:23,900
ray event, they had to put 
together, medieval Chronicles 

3675
03:07:23,900 --> 03:07:26,900
and the most advanced 
astrophysics to figure it out. 

3676
03:07:26,900 --> 03:07:30,200
In the early 2000s. 
Researchers looking at tree-ring

3677
03:07:30,200 --> 03:07:33,600
data saw something amazing, that
led to the big Discovery, the 

3678
03:07:33,600 --> 03:07:39,100
amount of carbon 14 in Wood 
samples from 774 to 775 went up 

3679
03:07:39,100 --> 03:07:41,900
a lot which hasn't happened in 
the last few thousand years. 

3680
03:07:41,900 --> 03:07:45,200
It was like nature had suddenly 
switched pens to write the same 

3681
03:07:45,200 --> 03:07:48,700
story, making a signature. 
So unique that, it could be seen

3682
03:07:48,700 --> 03:07:51,200
in trees from Japan to Germany 
to North America. 

3683
03:07:51,200 --> 03:07:54,500
But what makes this discovery so
interesting is that the same 

3684
03:07:54,500 --> 03:07:57,000
strange thing happened at the 
same time in many different 

3685
03:07:57,000 --> 03:08:00,100
records all over the world, ice 
cores from Antarctica and 

3686
03:08:00,100 --> 03:08:03,800
Greenland had higher levels of 
brilliant, 10 and other isotopes

3687
03:08:03,800 --> 03:08:05,600
that are made. 
When cosmic rays, hit other 

3688
03:08:05,600 --> 03:08:09,500
particles, Coral growth rings 
from tropical ocean showed signs

3689
03:08:09,500 --> 03:08:11,000
of the same event in their 
chemical makeup. 

3690
03:08:11,000 --> 03:08:14,000
It was like seeing the same 
fingerprint at crime scenes on 

3691
03:08:14,000 --> 03:08:17,100
different continents, medieval 
chroniclers who wrote by 

3692
03:08:17,100 --> 03:08:20,100
candlelight with quill 
Peninsula, knowingly, recorded 

3693
03:08:20,100 --> 03:08:23,200
piece of the cosmic puzzle in 
their careful notes, about 

3694
03:08:23,200 --> 03:08:25,900
strange events. 
It was no longer just a strange 

3695
03:08:25,900 --> 03:08:28,800
medieval Superstition that the 
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle mentioned 

3696
03:08:28,800 --> 03:08:32,500
a red crucifix in the sky. 
It could be useful, scientific 

3697
03:08:32,500 --> 03:08:35,100
information about how Cosmic 
radiation affects the atmosphere

3698
03:08:35,100 --> 03:08:38,600
Chinese astronomical records, 
were especially useful because 

3699
03:08:38,600 --> 03:08:42,200
astronomers in the Tang Dynasty.
Kept very detailed records of 

3700
03:08:42,200 --> 03:08:45,200
celestial events. 
Their records of guest stars, 

3701
03:08:45,200 --> 03:08:52,200
strange lights and Atmospheric 
anomalies from 774 to 776 helped

3702
03:08:52,200 --> 03:08:56,000
us understand how experienced 
skywatchers might have seen such

3703
03:08:56,000 --> 03:08:59,300
an event with the tools they had
at the time to connect medieval 

3704
03:08:59,300 --> 03:09:00,700
Chronicles to Modern 
astrophysics. 

3705
03:09:00,700 --> 03:09:03,500
You had to think about things in
a way that was, like, going back

3706
03:09:03,500 --> 03:09:06,000
in time researchers needed to 
comprehend. 

3707
03:09:06,000 --> 03:09:09,200
Not only the observations made 
by medieval individuals, but 

3708
03:09:09,200 --> 03:09:11,900
also how these observations 
would have been interpreted and 

3709
03:09:11,900 --> 03:09:15,700
documented within their cultural
and scientific contexts medieval

3710
03:09:15,700 --> 03:09:18,600
chroniclers would have used the 
language of Omens wanders, and 

3711
03:09:18,600 --> 03:09:21,700
divine signs to write about 
something that we could describe

3712
03:09:21,700 --> 03:09:24,300
in terms of particle physics and
Atmospheric chemistry. 

3713
03:09:24,300 --> 03:09:27,000
The result of this 
cross-disciplinary detective 

3714
03:09:27,000 --> 03:09:29,700
work was a picture of an event 
that was both dramatic and 

3715
03:09:29,700 --> 03:09:32,200
invisible. 
Nobody Technology could have 

3716
03:09:32,200 --> 03:09:34,400
detected, the cosmic ray 
bombardment itself. 

3717
03:09:34,400 --> 03:09:37,500
But careful, observers might 
have been able to see its 

3718
03:09:37,500 --> 03:09:41,000
secondary effects, such as 
strange, auroras atmospheric 

3719
03:09:41,000 --> 03:09:43,900
phenomena, and maybe even small 
changes in weather patterns. 

3720
03:09:43,900 --> 03:09:47,600
The timing of events recorded in
medieval Chronicles, roughly 

3721
03:09:47,600 --> 03:09:50,600
matches, the time when cosmic 
ray levels were high, this 

3722
03:09:50,600 --> 03:09:52,800
suggests that some of the 
strange things that medieval 

3723
03:09:52,800 --> 03:09:55,300
writers wrote, about may have 
been caused by the invisible 

3724
03:09:55,300 --> 03:09:58,000
radiation storm. 
It's like finding out that 

3725
03:09:58,000 --> 03:10:00,700
puzzle pieces, that seemed 
unrelated actually fit together 

3726
03:10:00,700 --> 03:10:02,800
to make a whole picture. 
When you look at them from the 

3727
03:10:02,800 --> 03:10:05,400
right angle, Islamic 
astronomical records from 

3728
03:10:05,400 --> 03:10:07,800
Baghdad. 
And Cordoba also talk about 

3729
03:10:07,800 --> 03:10:09,900
strange things that happen. 
During this time. 

3730
03:10:09,900 --> 03:10:12,800
Medieval Islamic astronomers 
were some of the best at 

3731
03:10:12,800 --> 03:10:16,100
observing celestial events in 
the world, their records often 

3732
03:10:16,100 --> 03:10:18,600
add to and clarify what, 
European, and Chinese sources of

3733
03:10:18,600 --> 03:10:21,100
said, the worldwide nature of 
these records. 

3734
03:10:21,100 --> 03:10:24,400
Suggest that what was happening.
Was truly Global not just in one

3735
03:10:24,400 --> 03:10:26,400
area. 
Modern researchers have a hard 

3736
03:10:26,400 --> 03:10:29,500
time figuring out which cosmic 
ray effects are real and which 

3737
03:10:29,500 --> 03:10:32,500
are just the normal background 
of Range events that medieval 

3738
03:10:32,500 --> 03:10:35,700
Chronicles wrote about all the 
time, people in the Middle Ages,

3739
03:10:35,700 --> 03:10:39,000
lived in a world where comets 
eclipse is strange weather, and 

3740
03:10:39,000 --> 03:10:41,500
many other events were always 
happening and being seen as 

3741
03:10:41,500 --> 03:10:44,600
important to figure out, which 
anomalies might be linked to the

3742
03:10:44,600 --> 03:10:46,800
cosmic ray event, you need to 
carefully. 

3743
03:10:46,800 --> 03:10:50,200
Look at the timing global 
distribution and the specific 

3744
03:10:50,200 --> 03:10:52,000
nature of the reported 
phenomena. 

3745
03:10:52,000 --> 03:10:54,900
One of the most interesting 
things about medieval records is

3746
03:10:54,900 --> 03:10:56,600
how consistent. 
They are across different 

3747
03:10:56,600 --> 03:11:00,300
cultures when Irish monks 
Chinese Court astronomers and 

3748
03:11:00,300 --> 03:11:03,400
Islamic scholars in Spain. 
All right, about strange things 

3749
03:11:03,400 --> 03:11:06,700
happening in the sky at the same
time, it means they were seeing 

3750
03:11:06,700 --> 03:11:08,300
something that was really 
strange. 

3751
03:11:08,300 --> 03:11:11,500
And not just what people in 
their cultures thought was signs

3752
03:11:11,500 --> 03:11:14,700
of bad luck or good luck. 
His Cosmic mystery shows how 

3753
03:11:14,700 --> 03:11:17,100
modern science works best when 
people work together 

3754
03:11:17,100 --> 03:11:20,100
astrophysicists offered 
theoretical Frameworks for 

3755
03:11:20,100 --> 03:11:22,800
comprehending, cosmic ray, 
phenomena and their possible 

3756
03:11:22,800 --> 03:11:26,000
impacts historians and 
archaeologists helped by sharing

3757
03:11:26,000 --> 03:11:28,200
their knowledge of medieval 
sources and the historical 

3758
03:11:28,200 --> 03:11:31,800
context, geochemists and 
climatologists, Study tree, 

3759
03:11:31,800 --> 03:11:35,100
rings, ice cores and other 
natural records that keep 

3760
03:11:35,100 --> 03:11:37,100
chemical traces of events from 
long ago. 

3761
03:11:37,100 --> 03:11:42,000
The 774 event is a specially 
useful for science because it 

3762
03:11:42,000 --> 03:11:44,200
can be used as a kind of cosmic 
calibration tool. 

3763
03:11:44,200 --> 03:11:47,700
Scientists can better understand
similar, but smaller events in 

3764
03:11:47,700 --> 03:11:51,000
the geological and historical 
record by studying how this 

3765
03:11:51,000 --> 03:11:54,400
intense cosmic, ray event 
changed Earth's atmosphere and 

3766
03:11:54,400 --> 03:11:57,000
biosphere. 
It's like having a Rosetta Stone

3767
03:11:57,000 --> 03:11:59,400
to help you figure out what 
Cosmic race signatures mean in 

3768
03:11:59,400 --> 03:12:01,900
natural archives. 
The medieval chroniclers who 

3769
03:12:01,900 --> 03:12:07,300
wrote about strange events and 
774 to 776 a part of the 

3770
03:12:07,300 --> 03:12:10,000
scientific collaboration that 
they could never have imagined 

3771
03:12:10,000 --> 03:12:13,300
their meticulous observations 
documented in manuscripts, 

3772
03:12:13,300 --> 03:12:16,000
dispersed throughout Monastery, 
libraries and Royal archives. 

3773
03:12:16,000 --> 03:12:18,800
Yielded essential evidence for 
comprehending. 

3774
03:12:18,800 --> 03:12:22,200
One of the most consequential 
Astro physical occurrences in 

3775
03:12:22,200 --> 03:12:24,900
recorded, history. 
Scientists can now read the 

3776
03:12:24,900 --> 03:12:27,300
cosmic signatures hidden in tree
rings and Ice cores. 

3777
03:12:27,300 --> 03:12:31,100
Thanks to modern technology. 
However, medieval people who saw

3778
03:12:31,200 --> 03:12:33,700
The event gave scientists the 
context, they needed to 

3779
03:12:33,700 --> 03:12:36,300
understand how it might have 
looked to people who lived 

3780
03:12:36,300 --> 03:12:38,500
through it. 
The combination of high-tech 

3781
03:12:38,500 --> 03:12:42,000
analysis and careful historical 
research has uncovered a story 

3782
03:12:42,000 --> 03:12:44,100
that neither method could have 
found on its own. 

3783
03:12:44,100 --> 03:12:48,400
The people who saw the 774 
cosmic ray event had no idea. 

3784
03:12:48,400 --> 03:12:51,100
They were witnessing 
astronomical history, but 

3785
03:12:51,100 --> 03:12:54,400
they're careful record-keeping 
and detailed observations made a

3786
03:12:54,400 --> 03:12:56,300
time capsule. 
That would be very useful to 

3787
03:12:56,300 --> 03:12:58,400
researchers more than 1,000 
years later. 

3788
03:12:58,400 --> 03:13:01,200
It's a reminder that 
observations that seem unrelated

3789
03:13:01,200 --> 03:13:03,100
can sometimes show their true 
importance. 

3790
03:13:03,100 --> 03:13:05,500
Only when looked at, from the 
point of view of later, 

3791
03:13:05,500 --> 03:13:08,300
scientific knowledge. 
Imagine waking up on a normal 

3792
03:13:08,300 --> 03:13:11,700
morning in 775. 
When the year before had brought

3793
03:13:11,700 --> 03:13:15,100
news of strange events from all 
over the world, you get up with 

3794
03:13:15,100 --> 03:13:17,400
the sun because that's when life
starts in a time. 

3795
03:13:17,400 --> 03:13:20,300
Before electric light's, when 
you step outside your home, 

3796
03:13:20,300 --> 03:13:23,700
whether it's a peasant Cottage, 
a monastery sell or a Merchant's

3797
03:13:23,700 --> 03:13:26,600
house, you might look up at the 
sky and realize that something 

3798
03:13:26,600 --> 03:13:28,100
strange has been happening up 
there. 

3799
03:13:28,100 --> 03:13:32,800
The cosmic ray event that peaked
in 7. 4 was making small changes

3800
03:13:32,800 --> 03:13:34,200
in your environment that you 
couldn. 

3801
03:13:34,200 --> 03:13:36,900
See. 
Strange things that Chronicles 

3802
03:13:36,900 --> 03:13:39,500
and travelers wrote about were 
adding a sense of wonder and 

3803
03:13:39,500 --> 03:13:43,000
uncertainty to everyday life 
people in the Middle, Ages were 

3804
03:13:43,000 --> 03:13:45,500
used to living with mystery. 
They knew that a lot of things 

3805
03:13:45,500 --> 03:13:48,700
about the natural world were 
Beyond human understanding, but 

3806
03:13:48,700 --> 03:13:51,200
the fact that there were so many
strange reports during this 

3807
03:13:51,200 --> 03:13:52,900
time, made them feel like big 
changes. 

3808
03:13:52,900 --> 03:13:54,700
Might be happening in the cosmic
order. 

3809
03:13:54,700 --> 03:13:57,500
No matter if you were a devout 
monk following the canonical 

3810
03:13:57,500 --> 03:14:00,000
hours or a farmer giving, thanks
for another day of life. 

3811
03:14:00,000 --> 03:14:03,300
Your morning routine would 
always start with prayers. 

3812
03:14:03,300 --> 03:14:06,500
But prayers from the Middle Ages
often asked for protection from 

3813
03:14:06,500 --> 03:14:08,900
all kinds of natural and 
Supernatural threats. 

3814
03:14:08,900 --> 03:14:11,900
The reports of strange lights. 
And unusual weather might have 

3815
03:14:11,900 --> 03:14:14,000
made these requests seem more 
important than usual. 

3816
03:14:14,000 --> 03:14:16,900
You lived in a time when the 
line between natural and 

3817
03:14:16,900 --> 03:14:19,100
Supernatural explanations was 
not very clear. 

3818
03:14:19,100 --> 03:14:22,500
Strange, things could be seen as
either Divine messages or bad 

3819
03:14:22,500 --> 03:14:26,100
Omens, most people in 775 were 
farmers. 

3820
03:14:26,100 --> 03:14:29,100
So they had to pay close 
attention to Natural signs and 

3821
03:14:29,100 --> 03:14:32,300
seesaw patterns all the time to 
be successful in farming, in the

3822
03:14:32,308 --> 03:14:35,300
Middle Ages, you had to be able 
to read subtle signs in the 

3823
03:14:35,400 --> 03:14:37,700
Environment. 
Like when to plant based on the 

3824
03:14:37,700 --> 03:14:40,400
temperature and moisture of the 
soil, how to tell when the 

3825
03:14:40,400 --> 03:14:42,800
weather would change based on 
the clouds and wind patterns, 

3826
03:14:42,800 --> 03:14:46,600
and how to tell when it was time
to harvest people who survival 

3827
03:14:46,600 --> 03:14:49,400
depended on, being able to read 
Nature's signals, would notice 

3828
03:14:49,400 --> 03:14:52,200
any strange changes in the 
environment right away, the 

3829
03:14:52,200 --> 03:14:54,600
higher levels of cosmic 
radiation that were falling on 

3830
03:14:54,600 --> 03:14:56,400
Earth. 
At this time, could have had an 

3831
03:14:56,400 --> 03:14:58,400
effect on plant growth that 
experienced Farmers. 

3832
03:14:58,400 --> 03:15:01,500
Might have noticed medieval 
farmers were very sensitive to 

3833
03:15:01,500 --> 03:15:04,500
changes in how cropped, grew and
developed, even though the 

3834
03:15:04,500 --> 03:15:07,100
effects would be small. 
Compared to more obvious factors

3835
03:15:07,100 --> 03:15:10,100
like weather and soil quality. 
If a farmer worked the same 

3836
03:15:10,100 --> 03:15:12,000
fields for years, they would 
notice. 

3837
03:15:12,000 --> 03:15:14,600
If the plants were acting even a
little bit differently than they

3838
03:15:14,600 --> 03:15:18,300
were used to Monastery Gardens, 
in particular were carefully. 

3839
03:15:18,300 --> 03:15:21,400
Controlled spaces were small 
changes, might be easier to see 

3840
03:15:21,400 --> 03:15:24,600
monks, who took care of herb 
garden and medicinal plants. 

3841
03:15:24,600 --> 03:15:28,100
Were trained to be very observed
and pay close attention to how 

3842
03:15:28,100 --> 03:15:31,400
plants grew and how healthy they
were because they so much about 

3843
03:15:31,400 --> 03:15:34,100
how plants normally behave. 
They might have been able to 

3844
03:15:34,108 --> 03:15:37,600
spot things that Experienced 
observers would have missed the 

3845
03:15:37,600 --> 03:15:39,400
psychological climate of daily 
life. 

3846
03:15:39,400 --> 03:15:42,200
During this era was likely 
affected by the proliferation of

3847
03:15:42,208 --> 03:15:45,900
anomalous reports from various 
regions, and sources, medieval 

3848
03:15:45,900 --> 03:15:48,800
communication networks, which 
were based on trade, routes 

3849
03:15:48,800 --> 03:15:52,000
pilgrimage routes, and 
diplomatic contacts moved 

3850
03:15:52,000 --> 03:15:55,200
information slowly. 
But steadily strange stories 

3851
03:15:55,200 --> 03:15:58,200
from Faraway places would slowly
make their way into local 

3852
03:15:58,200 --> 03:16:01,700
communities, making people feel 
like the normal order of things 

3853
03:16:01,700 --> 03:16:04,700
was changing in some way people.
In the Middle Ages, knew that 

3854
03:16:04,708 --> 03:16:07,700
big events often made themselves
known through natural signs and 

3855
03:16:07,708 --> 03:16:09,900
Omens. 
Medieval people strongly 

3856
03:16:09,900 --> 03:16:12,500
believe, that strange events 
could happen before big changes 

3857
03:16:12,500 --> 03:16:16,000
and politics Society or religion
people who lived at the time 

3858
03:16:16,000 --> 03:16:17,900
would have thought that 
something important was going 

3859
03:16:17,900 --> 03:16:20,700
on, when several sources 
reported strange events 

3860
03:16:20,700 --> 03:16:24,200
happening at the same time, even
if they didn't know exactly what

3861
03:16:24,200 --> 03:16:27,500
it was, people might have talked
about strange weather strange, 

3862
03:16:27,500 --> 03:16:30,800
lights and other strange, things
that Travelers and chroniclers 

3863
03:16:30,800 --> 03:16:33,600
had seen more often during this 
time because medieval 

3864
03:16:33,600 --> 03:16:37,200
communities were small in. 
News spread quickly the 

3865
03:16:37,200 --> 03:16:39,200
collection of strange reports 
would have given people 

3866
03:16:39,200 --> 03:16:42,500
interesting things to talk about
at communal meals Market Days 

3867
03:16:42,500 --> 03:16:45,600
and other social events people 
who worked outside would have 

3868
03:16:45,600 --> 03:16:48,600
had more chances to see strange 
weather patterns that people who

3869
03:16:48,600 --> 03:16:51,300
worked inside might not have 
seen blacksmiths. 

3870
03:16:51,300 --> 03:16:54,000
Carpenters and other craftsmen 
who worked outside would have 

3871
03:16:54,000 --> 03:16:56,900
been in a good position to 
notice changes in the Colours of

3872
03:16:56,908 --> 03:16:59,600
the sky strange. 
Cloud shapes or other 

3873
03:16:59,600 --> 03:17:02,300
atmospheric Oddities that could 
be related to The Invisible. 

3874
03:17:02,300 --> 03:17:05,100
Cosmic grey bombardment, that is
hitting the upper atmosphere of 

3875
03:17:05,100 --> 03:17:07,200
Earth. 
During this time, people might 

3876
03:17:07,200 --> 03:17:09,900
have spent more time watching 
the sky at night because they 

3877
03:17:09,900 --> 03:17:12,300
were more aware of the 
possibility of strange celestial

3878
03:17:12,300 --> 03:17:15,400
events people in the Middle Ages
were already good at looking at 

3879
03:17:15,400 --> 03:17:18,800
the stars and night sky was much
clearer without light pollution,

3880
03:17:18,800 --> 03:17:21,900
and looking at the stars was 
important for keeping track of 

3881
03:17:21,900 --> 03:17:25,300
time and finding your way, but 
reports of strange, light and 

3882
03:17:25,300 --> 03:17:27,500
Atmospheric anomalies would have
made them even more. 

3883
03:17:27,500 --> 03:17:31,600
Careful about what they saw at 
night during 775 religious, 

3884
03:17:31,600 --> 03:17:34,500
observance is made of Encompass 
specific prayers or rituals 

3885
03:17:34,500 --> 03:17:37,400
intended, to Appropriately 
addressed the enigmatic signs 

3886
03:17:37,400 --> 03:17:40,000
that appeared with notable 
frequency, medieval 

3887
03:17:40,000 --> 03:17:42,600
Christianity, offered Frameworks
for interpreting natural 

3888
03:17:42,600 --> 03:17:45,900
phenomena as Divine 
Communications and communities 

3889
03:17:45,900 --> 03:17:49,200
may have organized supplementary
religious activities to ensure 

3890
03:17:49,200 --> 03:17:52,000
appropriate, responses to 
perceived Celestial messages 

3891
03:17:52,000 --> 03:17:54,600
life, in the Middle. 
Ages were still governed by the 

3892
03:17:54,600 --> 03:17:56,600
seasons even though strange 
things were happening in the 

3893
03:17:56,600 --> 03:17:59,100
background. 
No matter how many cosmic rays 

3894
03:17:59,100 --> 03:18:00,900
were in the air. 
How many strange lights were in 

3895
03:18:00,900 --> 03:18:03,400
the sky. 
Spring planting summer 

3896
03:18:03,400 --> 03:18:07,500
cultivation, Autumn Harvest and 
winter preservation, activities 

3897
03:18:07,500 --> 03:18:11,000
all followed their old patterns,
but there may have been more 

3898
03:18:11,000 --> 03:18:14,000
talks about what current events 
mean, and what they could mean 

3899
03:18:14,000 --> 03:18:16,800
for the future while the work 
was going on, Merchants and 

3900
03:18:16,800 --> 03:18:19,500
travelers, who had the most 
information about different 

3901
03:18:19,500 --> 03:18:22,100
parts of the world. 
In medieval times were very 

3902
03:18:22,100 --> 03:18:24,600
important to spreading news, 
about stranger events to 

3903
03:18:24,600 --> 03:18:27,200
different areas. 
A merchant, who traveled between

3904
03:18:27,200 --> 03:18:29,800
cities a lot could act as an 
unofficial Clearing House for 

3905
03:18:29,800 --> 03:18:31,200
stories. 
About strange things that 

3906
03:18:31,200 --> 03:18:34,600
happened letting people compare 
what happened in their own area,

3907
03:18:34,600 --> 03:18:37,900
with what happened in other 
places, the cumulative effect of

3908
03:18:37,900 --> 03:18:40,000
living through a time. 
When strange things happened 

3909
03:18:40,000 --> 03:18:42,800
more often than usual was 
probably a stronger feeling of 

3910
03:18:42,800 --> 03:18:45,800
living in important times. 
People in the Middle Ages new 

3911
03:18:45,800 --> 03:18:48,700
that they were part of ongoing 
historical stories like the 

3912
03:18:48,700 --> 03:18:51,700
history of Their Kingdoms, the 
history of the Bible and the 

3913
03:18:51,700 --> 03:18:54,400
story of christianism. 
They thought that strange 

3914
03:18:54,400 --> 03:18:57,300
natural events might mean that 
important parts of these bigger 

3915
03:18:57,300 --> 03:19:00,200
stories were being written. 
What makes this a specially sad?

3916
03:19:00,200 --> 03:19:03,600
Is that the people of 7 5. 
We're going through a very 

3917
03:19:03,600 --> 03:19:07,100
important event in the universe 
even though they had no idea 

3918
03:19:07,100 --> 03:19:10,200
what it really was. 
One of the strongest cosmic ray 

3919
03:19:10,200 --> 03:19:13,100
bombardments ever recorded was 
happening, but people at the 

3920
03:19:13,100 --> 03:19:16,000
time, couldn't see it. 
It left permanent marks and 

3921
03:19:16,000 --> 03:19:18,400
tree, rings and Ice cores. 
They were making records. 

3922
03:19:18,400 --> 03:19:21,900
That would be very useful to 
scientists 1000 years later, but

3923
03:19:21,900 --> 03:19:24,800
they didn't know it at the time.
The story of how modern 

3924
03:19:24,800 --> 03:19:26,500
scientists figured out what 
happened. 

3925
03:19:26,500 --> 03:19:30,700
During the 774 cosmic, ray event
is like a detective novel for 

3926
03:19:30,700 --> 03:19:33,800
smart people with Clues hidden 
in Japanese cedar trees. 

3927
03:19:33,800 --> 03:19:37,900
Greenlandic ice, sheets and the 
margins of medieval manuscripts.

3928
03:19:37,900 --> 03:19:41,000
It's a story that shows how the 
most advanced science of the 

3929
03:19:41,000 --> 03:19:44,800
21st century can sometimes rely 
on the careful notes of monks 

3930
03:19:44,800 --> 03:19:47,600
from the 8th Century who were 
just trying to write down what 

3931
03:19:47,600 --> 03:19:49,000
they saw in the world around 
them. 

3932
03:19:49,000 --> 03:19:52,100
As is often the case with 
scientific breakthroughs, the 

3933
03:19:52,100 --> 03:19:54,800
discovery started when someone 
noticed that the data didn't 

3934
03:19:54,808 --> 03:19:58,400
look quite right, researchers 
studying radiocarbon levels in 

3935
03:19:58,400 --> 03:20:02,000
tree, rings in the early 2000s 
were creating details timelines.

3936
03:20:02,200 --> 03:20:05,300
Of past weather conditions when 
they found something that had 

3937
03:20:05,300 --> 03:20:09,600
never been seen before. 
Huge rise in carbon 14 levels 

3938
03:20:09,600 --> 03:20:14,800
that happen all over the world 
in trees between 774 and 775. 

3939
03:20:14,800 --> 03:20:17,900
Imagine the moment when these 
scientists first understood, 

3940
03:20:17,900 --> 03:20:20,400
what they were seeing 
radiocarbon dating works. 

3941
03:20:20,400 --> 03:20:22,900
Because cosmic rays change 
nitrogen in the air. 

3942
03:20:22,900 --> 03:20:27,000
Into carbon-14 at rates that are
fairly predictable for thousands

3943
03:20:27,000 --> 03:20:28,600
of years. 
This process has been running 

3944
03:20:28,600 --> 03:20:32,500
like a clock in space making a 
baseline that archeologists and 

3945
03:20:32,500 --> 03:20:36,800
climate researchers used to date
old things but in 774 that 

3946
03:20:36,800 --> 03:20:41,000
steady clock in space suddenly 
sped up despite was huge about 

3947
03:20:41,000 --> 03:20:44,400
20 times higher than normal 
levels of cosmic rays and it 

3948
03:20:44,400 --> 03:20:47,300
happened all over the place. 
At the same time during their 

3949
03:20:47,300 --> 03:20:53,600
774 to 775 growth, rings trees, 
in Japan, Germany, North America

3950
03:20:53,600 --> 03:20:57,200
and other parts of the world. 
All showed the same huge rise in

3951
03:20:57,200 --> 03:21:00,400
carbon 14 incorporation. 
It was like, finding out that 

3952
03:21:00,400 --> 03:21:03,500
every clock in the world had run
fast for a short time in the 

3953
03:21:03,508 --> 03:21:07,200
same year over 1200 years ago. 
At first scientists didn't know 

3954
03:21:07,700 --> 03:21:09,700
Of course, such a big and sudden
event around the world. 

3955
03:21:09,700 --> 03:21:13,300
Testing nuclear weapons in the 
1960s had caused fake 

3956
03:21:13,300 --> 03:21:16,400
radiocarbon spikes but the 
natural historical record didn't

3957
03:21:16,400 --> 03:21:20,500
have anything like what they 
were seeing in 774 in theory 

3958
03:21:20,500 --> 03:21:24,800
solar flares could cause more 
cosmic rays but the 774 event 

3959
03:21:24,800 --> 03:21:28,200
was so big that was bigger than 
any known solar storm. 

3960
03:21:28,200 --> 03:21:31,200
The big step forward happened 
when scientists started looking 

3961
03:21:31,200 --> 03:21:34,500
for other natural records that 
keep Cosmic race signatures that

3962
03:21:34,500 --> 03:21:38,000
could back up their findings and
tactic ice cores, which trapped 

3963
03:21:38,000 --> 03:21:40,500
gases and particles from the 
atmosphere in layers that look 

3964
03:21:40,500 --> 03:21:43,500
like pages in a Frozen book, 
showed higher levels of 

3965
03:21:43,500 --> 03:21:46,900
brilliant, 10 and other Isotopes
made by cosmic ray interactions 

3966
03:21:46,900 --> 03:21:50,400
during the same time, period, 
Coral growth rings from tropical

3967
03:21:50,400 --> 03:21:52,200
Ocean's. 
Had other chemical signs of the 

3968
03:21:52,200 --> 03:21:54,400
same event scientist was 
shorter. 

3969
03:21:54,400 --> 03:21:56,600
They were looking at something 
truly new in the historical 

3970
03:21:56,600 --> 03:21:59,400
record because evidence from 
many different sources. 

3971
03:21:59,400 --> 03:22:02,700
Tree rings, ice, cores and 
coral. 

3972
03:22:02,700 --> 03:22:06,600
Reefs all pointed to the same 
amazing event that happened in 

3973
03:22:06,600 --> 03:22:09,600
7. 
To 775. 

3974
03:22:09,600 --> 03:22:13,100
But figuring out what happened 
was just the first step in 

3975
03:22:13,100 --> 03:22:16,100
understanding it, what might 
have caused such a strong burst 

3976
03:22:16,100 --> 03:22:18,600
of cosmic radiation. 
This is where medieval 

3977
03:22:18,600 --> 03:22:21,400
Chronicles became an 
unexpectedly important part of 

3978
03:22:21,400 --> 03:22:24,200
the scientific equation, 
scientists figured out that if 

3979
03:22:24,200 --> 03:22:28,900
cosmic ray levels had gone up a 
lot between 774 and 775. 

3980
03:22:29,900 --> 03:22:32,400
There might be indirect proof of
what happened in, historical 

3981
03:22:32,400 --> 03:22:35,000
records from that time. 
Chroniclers, from the Middle 

3982
03:22:35,000 --> 03:22:38,000
Ages were skilled at noticing. 
Strange things in the sky in the

3983
03:22:38,008 --> 03:22:39,800
air. 
And they may have seen things 

3984
03:22:39,800 --> 03:22:42,200
that could be linked to higher 
levels of cosmic radiation. 

3985
03:22:42,200 --> 03:22:45,500
Researchers had to think like 
both scientists and historians 

3986
03:22:45,500 --> 03:22:48,400
in order to link medieval 
observations to Modern 

3987
03:22:48,400 --> 03:22:51,100
astrophysics. 
They had to know not only what 

3988
03:22:51,100 --> 03:22:54,200
people in the Middle Ages might 
have seen but also how those 

3989
03:22:54,200 --> 03:22:56,700
observations would have been 
understood and recorded in the 

3990
03:22:56,708 --> 03:23:00,100
8th Century ways of knowing and 
believing a phenomenon that 

3991
03:23:00,100 --> 03:23:02,600
contemporary scientists would 
characterize through the lens of

3992
03:23:02,608 --> 03:23:05,200
particle physics. 
May be depicted in medieval 

3993
03:23:05,200 --> 03:23:08,200
Chronicles as an omen Miracle or
Divine. 

3994
03:23:08,200 --> 03:23:11,600
Sign the interdisciplinary 
investigation yielded evidence 

3995
03:23:11,600 --> 03:23:14,300
that medieval observers 
discerned unusual phenomena. 

3996
03:23:14,300 --> 03:23:19,900
During the years 774 to 776 the 
Anglo-Saxon Chronicles mention 

3997
03:23:19,900 --> 03:23:24,000
of a red crucifix in the sky, 
Chinese records of guest stars 

3998
03:23:24,000 --> 03:23:27,300
and Atmospheric anomalies, and 
other chronological accounts of 

3999
03:23:27,300 --> 03:23:30,600
strange lights and weather 
patterns from this time suddenly

4000
03:23:30,600 --> 03:23:33,600
became more important as 
possible proof of cosmic ray 

4001
03:23:33,600 --> 03:23:36,700
effects, the scientific teamwork
needed to solve this mystery. 

4002
03:23:36,700 --> 03:23:38,800
As an example of how modern 
research works. 

4003
03:23:38,800 --> 03:23:42,400
Best astrophysicists came up 
with theoretical models of what 

4004
03:23:42,400 --> 03:23:46,000
could cause such strong cosmic. 
Ray bursts, scientists who study

4005
03:23:46,000 --> 03:23:48,600
the atmosphere talked about how 
high energy particles. 

4006
03:23:48,600 --> 03:23:51,800
Could change the chemistry of 
the upper atmosphere historians 

4007
03:23:51,800 --> 03:23:54,500
and archaeologists offered their
knowledge of medieval sources 

4008
03:23:54,500 --> 03:23:57,300
and timelines. 
Geochemist created ways to get 

4009
03:23:57,300 --> 03:23:59,500
cosmic rays signatures from 
natural archives. 

4010
03:23:59,500 --> 03:24:02,600
Each piece of evidence backed up
and made the others clearer. 

4011
03:24:02,600 --> 03:24:05,600
The tree-ring data gave very 
accurate measurements of when, 

4012
03:24:05,600 --> 03:24:08,800
and how big things were the 
analysis of ice calls confirm 

4013
03:24:08,800 --> 03:24:12,100
that the event affected the 
whole world, medieval Chronicles

4014
03:24:12,100 --> 03:24:14,800
provided perspectives on the 
potential perceptions of the 

4015
03:24:14,800 --> 03:24:16,500
events. 
Secondary Effects, by human 

4016
03:24:16,500 --> 03:24:19,600
observers, the heretical 
astrophysics proposed, potential

4017
03:24:19,600 --> 03:24:23,000
Origins, for such a profound 
cosmic, ray burst The most 

4018
03:24:23,008 --> 03:24:26,200
likely explanation is that Earth
was hit by radiation from either

4019
03:24:26,200 --> 03:24:29,300
a gamma ray burst which is one 
of the strongest explosions 

4020
03:24:29,300 --> 03:24:33,000
known in the universe or a huge 
Stellar Flare from a magnetar, 

4021
03:24:33,000 --> 03:24:36,500
which is a neutron star with 
very strong magnetic fields. 

4022
03:24:36,500 --> 03:24:39,200
Either of these events, could 
have caused the high energy, 

4023
03:24:39,200 --> 03:24:42,700
particle bombardment that made 
the isotopic signatures found in

4024
03:24:42,700 --> 03:24:47,200
natural archives from 774 to 
775. 

4025
03:24:47,200 --> 03:24:51,200
This discovery is especially 
important because it is one of 

4026
03:24:51,208 --> 03:24:54,100
the most powerful astrophysical 
events that has ever been 

4027
03:24:54,100 --> 03:24:57,400
recorded gamma-ray. 
Bursts are so powerful that they

4028
03:24:57,400 --> 03:24:59,200
can briefly outshine whole 
galaxies. 

4029
03:24:59,200 --> 03:25:03,300
If one happened close enough to 
Earth to cause the 774 Cosmic 

4030
03:25:03,300 --> 03:25:06,700
race Spike, there would be a 
very rare astronomical event, 

4031
03:25:06,700 --> 03:25:08,800
we're talking about things that 
happen. 

4032
03:25:08,800 --> 03:25:11,208
Maybe once every few thousand 
years in our part of the 

4033
03:25:11,216 --> 03:25:14,500
universe, the effects go beyond 
just figuring out what happened 

4034
03:25:14,500 --> 03:25:18,600
in one stranger event. 
The 700 774 Cosmic race bike, is

4035
03:25:18,600 --> 03:25:21,100
a good way to figure out how 
these kinds of events affect the

4036
03:25:21,100 --> 03:25:24,500
atmosphere and biosphere of her.
Scientists can better understand

4037
03:25:24,500 --> 03:25:27,600
similar but less dramatic cosmic
ray changes throughout 

4038
03:25:27,600 --> 03:25:31,200
geological history by looking at
the isotopic signatures left 

4039
03:25:31,200 --> 03:25:34,700
behind by this well-known event.
Modern technology has made it 

4040
03:25:34,700 --> 03:25:37,700
possible for scientists to read 
chemical, signatures in natural 

4041
03:25:37,700 --> 03:25:41,900
archives with amazing accuracy. 
However, medieval chroniclers 

4042
03:25:41,900 --> 03:25:44,400
gave us the human context. 
We need to understand how people

4043
03:25:44,400 --> 03:25:47,000
living through these events 
might have seen them the 

4044
03:25:47,000 --> 03:25:49,600
combination of high-tech 
analysis and careful historical 

4045
03:25:49,600 --> 03:25:51,700
research. 
Found a story that neither 

4046
03:25:51,700 --> 03:25:54,400
method could have found on his 
own, those who lived through. 

4047
03:25:54,400 --> 03:25:58,200
The 774 cosmic ray event could 
never have guessed that their 

4048
03:25:58,200 --> 03:26:01,100
careful, observations would one 
day help scientists learn more 

4049
03:26:01,100 --> 03:26:05,200
about neutron stars gamma, ray 
bursts and cosmic ray physics, 

4050
03:26:05,200 --> 03:26:08,700
but their details records, which
are still kept in Monastery. 

4051
03:26:08,700 --> 03:26:12,000
Library and Royal archives were 
very important for solving. 

4052
03:26:12,000 --> 03:26:14,300
One of the biggest astrophysical
mysteries in history. 

4053
03:26:14,300 --> 03:26:17,600
As you get more comfortable in 
your reading spot, maybe while 

4054
03:26:17,600 --> 03:26:20,400
you finish your evening tea, 
lets think about how a cosmic 

4055
03:26:20,400 --> 03:26:25,900
event that lasted only a few 
months in. 774 has changed how 

4056
03:26:25,900 --> 03:26:28,400
we think about the universe for 
more than a thousand years. 

4057
03:26:28,400 --> 03:26:31,800
It's a story about how things we
can't see, can leave permanent 

4058
03:26:31,800 --> 03:26:35,100
marks on the world and how those
marks can wait. 100s of years 

4059
03:26:35,100 --> 03:26:36,700
for someone to learn how to read
them. 

4060
03:26:36,700 --> 03:26:41,500
Scientists now, call the cosmic 
ray of 774 the most dramatic 

4061
03:26:41,500 --> 03:26:43,700
radiocarbon spike in recorded 
history. 

4062
03:26:43,700 --> 03:26:47,200
Its effects go far beyond just 
being an interesting data point 

4063
03:26:47,200 --> 03:26:50,000
for astrophysicists. 
This event, fundamentally 

4064
03:26:50,000 --> 03:26:52,800
changed how we think about the 
relationship between Cosmic 

4065
03:26:52,800 --> 03:26:56,500
phenomena and terrestrial life 
showing that even systems on 

4066
03:26:56,500 --> 03:27:00,200
Earth, that seems stable can be 
drastically Changed by rare but 

4067
03:27:00,200 --> 03:27:03,800
powerful events happening 
millions of miles away in Space,

4068
03:27:03,800 --> 03:27:07,300
the tree rings that recorded 
this Cosmic bombardment are 

4069
03:27:07,300 --> 03:27:10,300
still around today preserved in 
old wooden buildings 

4070
03:27:10,300 --> 03:27:13,600
archaeological site and forests 
around the world. 

4071
03:27:13,600 --> 03:27:19,400
Every piece of wood that grew 
between 774 and 7705 has a 

4072
03:27:19,400 --> 03:27:22,900
chemical signature of that 
amazing year, in itself, like 

4073
03:27:23,100 --> 03:27:25,500
Molecular autograph written by 
the universe itself. 

4074
03:27:25,500 --> 03:27:29,600
This invisible timestamp links, 
medieval Cathedrals ancient 

4075
03:27:29,600 --> 03:27:32,900
temples and archaeological 
artifacts from this time period 

4076
03:27:32,900 --> 03:27:36,200
to one of the most important 
astrophysical events in human 

4077
03:27:36,200 --> 03:27:39,300
history. 
The 774 event has changed the 

4078
03:27:39,300 --> 03:27:41,800
way we do. 
Modern radiocarbon dating before

4079
03:27:41,800 --> 03:27:44,000
this discovery. 
Scientists thought that levels 

4080
03:27:44,000 --> 03:27:47,000
of carbon-14 in the atmosphere 
had stayed pretty stable over 

4081
03:27:47,000 --> 03:27:50,900
time with only small changes 
caused by solar activity and 

4082
03:27:50,900 --> 03:27:53,800
other things that could be 
predicted the sudden rise. 

4083
03:27:53,800 --> 03:27:57,800
And 774 showed that assumption 
was wrong, which led to more 

4084
03:27:57,800 --> 03:28:00,700
advanced calibration methods 
that take into account sudden. 

4085
03:28:00,700 --> 03:28:04,400
Cosmic ray of events, the 774 
event has helped make 

4086
03:28:04,400 --> 03:28:06,100
archaeological dating more 
accurate. 

4087
03:28:06,100 --> 03:28:08,300
Thanks to this unique Cosmic 
signature. 

4088
03:28:08,300 --> 03:28:11,500
We can now date artifacts from 
the late 8th Century with more 

4089
03:28:11,500 --> 03:28:14,500
accuracy than ever before. 
It's like having a universal 

4090
03:28:14,500 --> 03:28:17,300
time stamp that shows up in 
organic materials from all over 

4091
03:28:17,300 --> 03:28:19,700
the world. 
This lets archaeologists line up

4092
03:28:19,700 --> 03:28:23,000
their timelines with amazing 
accuracy the effects on our 

4093
03:28:23,000 --> 03:28:25,700
Understanding of medieval 
history of being just as big, 

4094
03:28:25,700 --> 03:28:30,100
the 774 cosmic ray event serves 
as a stable chronological 

4095
03:28:30,100 --> 03:28:33,300
reference, aiding historians and
correlating events, across 

4096
03:28:33,300 --> 03:28:36,900
diverse cultural traditions, and
geographical areas, when Chinese

4097
03:28:36,900 --> 03:28:40,000
Chronicles, European monasteries
and Middle Eastern sources. 

4098
03:28:40,000 --> 03:28:43,100
All right, about strange things 
happening at the same time, it 

4099
03:28:43,100 --> 03:28:45,800
makes sense that these events 
could be connected to the same 

4100
03:28:45,800 --> 03:28:48,600
Cosmic event. 
Climate science has also gained 

4101
03:28:48,600 --> 03:28:51,400
insights from comprehending, the
influence of cosmic rays on 

4102
03:28:51,400 --> 03:28:55,900
Earth's atmospheric chemistry, 
the 774 event was too short to 

4103
03:28:55,900 --> 03:28:58,800
change the climate in the long 
term, but it did show that 

4104
03:28:58,800 --> 03:29:01,800
Cosmic radiation can affect 
atmospheric processes in ways 

4105
03:29:01,800 --> 03:29:04,900
that climate models need to take
into account, contemporary 

4106
03:29:04,900 --> 03:29:06,500
researchers examining 
historical. 

4107
03:29:06,500 --> 03:29:09,500
Climate variations are 
increasingly focusing on cosmic 

4108
03:29:09,500 --> 03:29:13,100
ray fluctuations as a potential 
influence on atmospheric 

4109
03:29:13,100 --> 03:29:15,600
chemistry. 
Alterations researchers are now 

4110
03:29:15,600 --> 03:29:18,500
actively looking for similar 
events in the geological record,

4111
03:29:18,500 --> 03:29:21,800
scientists are now looking for 
more Cosmic race bikes that are 

4112
03:29:21,800 --> 03:29:25,100
hidden in tree rings. 
Ice cores and other natural 

4113
03:29:25,100 --> 03:29:27,300
records. 
They want to find more times 

4114
03:29:27,300 --> 03:29:29,700
when Earth was hit by strong 
radiation from space. 

4115
03:29:29,700 --> 03:29:33,100
Every new piece of information, 
helps us understand how often 

4116
03:29:33,100 --> 03:29:37,100
these things happen, what they 
might do, the 774 event has 

4117
03:29:37,100 --> 03:29:38,900
changed how we study space 
weather. 

4118
03:29:38,900 --> 03:29:42,000
Cosmic rays can damage modern 
satellites and electronic 

4119
03:29:42,000 --> 03:29:45,300
systems and knowing how extreme 
events have happened in the past

4120
03:29:45,300 --> 03:29:47,600
can help engineers make 
technology that can survive 

4121
03:29:47,600 --> 03:29:50,700
them. 
The 774 spike is a good example 

4122
03:29:50,700 --> 03:29:53,700
of the kinds of cosmic ray 
intensities that Earth's 

4123
03:29:53,700 --> 03:29:56,100
technology might need to be able
to handle during rare. 

4124
03:29:56,100 --> 03:29:59,400
But powerful astrophysical 
events, the need for scientists 

4125
03:29:59,400 --> 03:30:03,700
and historians to work together,
to understand the 774 event, as 

4126
03:30:03,700 --> 03:30:06,500
lead to new models for how these
two Fields can work together. 

4127
03:30:06,500 --> 03:30:10,900
Astrophysicists now, often ask 
medieval historians for help and

4128
03:30:10,900 --> 03:30:13,200
climatologists and 
archaeologists work together to 

4129
03:30:13,200 --> 03:30:15,400
learn more about how the 
environment has changed over 

4130
03:30:15,400 --> 03:30:17,700
time. 
Researchers are realizing that 

4131
03:30:17,700 --> 03:30:19,500
to fully understand complex 
phenomena. 

4132
03:30:19,500 --> 03:30:22,200
They need to look at them from 
many different angles. 

4133
03:30:22,200 --> 03:30:25,500
This Made the lines between 
different academic Fields, less,

4134
03:30:25,500 --> 03:30:30,000
clear the discovery of 774 has 
changed the way both history and

4135
03:30:30,000 --> 03:30:33,200
science are taught in schools. 
The story shows how modern 

4136
03:30:33,200 --> 03:30:36,000
scientific tools can get 
information from old materials 

4137
03:30:36,000 --> 03:30:39,100
that people in the past, 
couldn't get to while also 

4138
03:30:39,100 --> 03:30:41,000
showing how important it is to 
carefully. 

4139
03:30:41,000 --> 03:30:44,200
Observe history in order to 
understand scientific data, 

4140
03:30:44,200 --> 03:30:47,600
students learn to understand the
past, they often need to use the

4141
03:30:47,600 --> 03:30:49,300
best technology and the best 
research. 

4142
03:30:49,300 --> 03:30:53,000
The 700 774 event, as also 
changed the way we think about 

4143
03:30:53,000 --> 03:30:56,600
how people see natural events 
medieval chroniclers who wrote 

4144
03:30:56,600 --> 03:31:00,900
about strange, weather events 
and 774 to 776. 

4145
03:31:00,900 --> 03:31:04,000
We're doing scientific research 
that they could never have 

4146
03:31:04,000 --> 03:31:05,900
imagined. 
And the information they 

4147
03:31:05,900 --> 03:31:08,900
gathered would be useful. 
A Thousand Years Later their 

4148
03:31:08,900 --> 03:31:11,900
careful of observations. 
Remind us that even records that

4149
03:31:11,900 --> 03:31:14,100
seem unimportant might have 
information that future 

4150
03:31:14,100 --> 03:31:15,800
Generations will find very 
useful. 

4151
03:31:15,800 --> 03:31:20,100
The 774 story has helped people 
understand astronomy better 

4152
03:31:20,100 --> 03:31:22,700
because it shows how Earth is 
part of a changing. 

4153
03:31:23,400 --> 03:31:25,500
Sometimes violent Cosmic 
environment. 

4154
03:31:25,500 --> 03:31:29,500
The 774 event had a direct 
effect on our planet. 

4155
03:31:29,500 --> 03:31:32,400
Unlike black holes or galaxies 
that are far away. 

4156
03:31:32,400 --> 03:31:34,400
We can still see the effects 
today. 

4157
03:31:35,300 --> 03:31:37,800
It's the universe seem more real
and important to Everyday Life. 

4158
03:31:37,800 --> 03:31:41,700
The Discovery has also made us 
think about how these cosmic ray

4159
03:31:41,700 --> 03:31:45,100
events might have changed human 
history in ways, we don't yet 

4160
03:31:45,100 --> 03:31:47,700
know about. 
If strong Cosmic radiation can 

4161
03:31:47,700 --> 03:31:50,300
change the chemistry of the 
atmosphere and possibly change 

4162
03:31:50,300 --> 03:31:54,400
the weather climate or even 
biological processes, then rare.

4163
03:31:54,400 --> 03:31:57,500
But powerful, Cosmic events may 
have had an impact on historical

4164
03:31:57,500 --> 03:32:00,100
events that we don't know about 
understanding of events. 

4165
03:32:00,100 --> 03:32:04,600
Like the 774 Cosmic race Spike 
has helped shape, modern talks 

4166
03:32:04,600 --> 03:32:07,000
about existential risks and 
planetary defense. 

4167
03:32:07,000 --> 03:32:10,300
Cosmic, ray bursts, don't 
directly threaten Earth as much 

4168
03:32:10,300 --> 03:32:14,000
as asteroid impacts or super, 
volcanic eruptions do but they 

4169
03:32:14,000 --> 03:32:17,500
do show that Earth is in a 
cosmic environment where rare 

4170
03:32:17,500 --> 03:32:19,700
but powerful events can have 
Global effects. 

4171
03:32:19,700 --> 03:32:22,900
When making plans for the 
long-term survival of humanity, 

4172
03:32:22,900 --> 03:32:26,000
we need to think about all the 
cosmic events that could have an

4173
03:32:26,008 --> 03:32:30,200
effect on our planet. 774 event 
has become a touchstone for 

4174
03:32:30,200 --> 03:32:33,200
talks about how scientific 
discovery and historical 

4175
03:32:33,200 --> 03:32:36,500
understanding are related. 
Shows how the most advanced 

4176
03:32:36,500 --> 03:32:39,300
modern technology can sometimes 
show, that ancient observers 

4177
03:32:39,300 --> 03:32:40,800
were more accurate than people 
thought. 

4178
03:32:40,800 --> 03:32:44,000
And how careful historical 
research can help us understand 

4179
03:32:44,000 --> 03:32:48,800
scientific data better. 
The cosmic ray event of 774 is a

4180
03:32:48,800 --> 03:32:50,600
reminder that the universe is 
full of things. 

4181
03:32:50,600 --> 03:32:53,800
We don't fully understand yet. 
There may be signs of cosmic 

4182
03:32:53,800 --> 03:32:57,400
events in every tree. 
Ring every layer of ice core and

4183
03:32:57,400 --> 03:32:59,900
every well, preserved medieval 
Chronicle that we haven't yet. 

4184
03:32:59,900 --> 03:33:03,100
Figured out how to find or 
understand the storm that hit 

4185
03:33:03,100 --> 03:33:08,200
Earth in 774 was invisible and 
waited, more than 12, centuries 

4186
03:33:08,200 --> 03:33:10,200
for people to learn how to 
figure out what had happened. 

4187
03:33:10,200 --> 03:33:14,600
The legacy of the 774 event 
keeps changing as new ways of 

4188
03:33:14,600 --> 03:33:17,800
doing research and new ways of 
thinking about things come up, 

4189
03:33:17,800 --> 03:33:21,200
scientists in the future will 
surely find more proof and come 

4190
03:33:21,200 --> 03:33:24,100
up with new ways to explain what
happened that year as people 

4191
03:33:24,100 --> 03:33:25,900
learn more and Technology gets 
better. 

4192
03:33:25,900 --> 03:33:29,000
The cosmic race bike that people
in the Middle Ages didn't 

4193
03:33:29,000 --> 03:33:30,800
understand. 
Will keep giving up its Secrets,

4194
03:33:30,800 --> 03:33:34,300
what started as an invisible 
bombardment of high energy 

4195
03:33:34,300 --> 03:33:37,700
particles as Turned into a link 
between medieval chroniclers and

4196
03:33:37,700 --> 03:33:41,500
modern astrophysicists ancient 
trees and modern climate science

4197
03:33:41,500 --> 03:33:43,900
and human observation and Cosmic
events. 

4198
03:33:43,900 --> 03:33:47,200
It shows that the universe is 
always writing its own story in 

4199
03:33:47,208 --> 03:33:50,600
the natural world around using 
languages that we're still 

4200
03:33:50,600 --> 03:33:53,500
learning how to read, as we come
to the end of our journey 

4201
03:33:53,500 --> 03:33:56,600
through this Cosmic mystery. 
It's a good idea to think about 

4202
03:33:56,600 --> 03:34:00,700
what the 774 event teaches us 
about how we fit into the larger

4203
03:34:00,700 --> 03:34:03,200
universe. 
This astrophysical event was so 

4204
03:34:03,200 --> 03:34:06,300
strong, that it left permanent 
marks on every living thing on 

4205
03:34:06,300 --> 03:34:09,200
Earth, People who were there. 
Couldn't see it at all. 

4206
03:34:09,208 --> 03:34:11,300
It's a humbling. 
Reminder, that we are part of 

4207
03:34:11,308 --> 03:34:14,400
cosmic systems, whose workings 
were only starting to understand

4208
03:34:14,400 --> 03:34:19,800
and 774 radiation came down from
space and connected Earth to 

4209
03:34:19,800 --> 03:34:22,300
events happening at distances 
and scales that are hard. 

4210
03:34:22,300 --> 03:34:24,800
To imagine the high energy 
particles that hit our 

4211
03:34:24,800 --> 03:34:28,100
atmosphere came from colliding, 
neutron stars, exploding 

4212
03:34:28,100 --> 03:34:31,400
magnetars or gamma ray bursts 
from dying Stars. 

4213
03:34:31,400 --> 03:34:34,300
They had to travel across 
Interstellar space, to get to us

4214
03:34:34,300 --> 03:34:36,700
the trees. 
That recorded this event in 

4215
03:34:36,700 --> 03:34:40,000
their growth rings were in a 
very real Way recording the 

4216
03:34:40,000 --> 03:34:42,100
death throws of stars, that had 
lived and died. 

4217
03:34:42,100 --> 03:34:44,600
Millions of years before humans 
were around. 

4218
03:34:44,600 --> 03:34:48,000
This Cosmic link goes against 
the medieval view that the Earth

4219
03:34:48,000 --> 03:34:51,500
was at the center of a small 
understandable Universe, the 

4220
03:34:51,500 --> 03:34:54,200
people of 774 lived in a 
universe. 

4221
03:34:54,200 --> 03:34:57,200
That seemed to be an order. 
The stars were in a celestial 

4222
03:34:57,200 --> 03:35:01,000
sphere with Earth at the center 
and Divine Purpose as the main 

4223
03:35:01,000 --> 03:35:03,400
idea. 
The real universe that sent them

4224
03:35:03,400 --> 03:35:06,500
Cosmic radiation was so big that
people in the Middle Ages could 

4225
03:35:06,500 --> 03:35:09,700
even imagine It was full of 
things that could affect Earth 

4226
03:35:09,700 --> 03:35:12,200
over distances. 
So great that light itself took 

4227
03:35:12,200 --> 03:35:15,000
years to cross them, the 
medieval view of how everything 

4228
03:35:15,000 --> 03:35:17,700
in the universe is connected. 
Wasn't completely wrong though. 

4229
03:35:17,700 --> 03:35:20,800
Medieval thinkers thought that 
events in the sky could affect 

4230
03:35:20,800 --> 03:35:23,000
things on earth. 
Even though their ideas about 

4231
03:35:23,000 --> 03:35:26,200
how this worked were wrong. 
The idea that Earth is part of 

4232
03:35:26,200 --> 03:35:29,300
larger Cosmic systems, that can 
affect local conditions, was 

4233
03:35:29,300 --> 03:35:33,100
very smart. 
The cosmic ray event of 774 

4234
03:35:33,100 --> 03:35:36,200
showed that explosions of stars 
that happen, light years away 

4235
03:35:36,200 --> 03:35:38,500
and have affects on things that 
happen on Earth. 

4236
03:35:39,100 --> 03:35:42,500
The fact that the 774 event was 
invisible, also shows how 

4237
03:35:42,500 --> 03:35:45,900
limited our sensors are and how 
important it is to make tools 

4238
03:35:45,900 --> 03:35:48,100
that help us see more clearly 
people in the Middle. 

4239
03:35:48,100 --> 03:35:50,000
Ages were very good at watching 
the sky. 

4240
03:35:50,000 --> 03:35:53,200
They could accurately predict 
eclipses follow the movements of

4241
03:35:53,208 --> 03:35:57,200
planets and spots, strange 
celestial events but in the 8th 

4242
03:35:57,200 --> 03:36:00,100
Century, there was no way to see
cosmic ray bombardment at all 

4243
03:36:00,108 --> 03:36:03,500
because of this technological 
limitation people who were 

4244
03:36:03,500 --> 03:36:06,500
witnessing one of the most 
dramatic astrophysical events in

4245
03:36:06,500 --> 03:36:08,900
recorded. 
History had no direct way to 

4246
03:36:08,908 --> 03:36:11,500
find out what was going on. 
It was like trying to understand

4247
03:36:11,500 --> 03:36:14,800
a symphony while only hearing a 
few notes here and there or 

4248
03:36:14,800 --> 03:36:17,800
trying to enjoy a huge landscape
while only seeing small details 

4249
03:36:17,800 --> 03:36:20,900
through a small window, the 
creation of scientific tools, 

4250
03:36:20,900 --> 03:36:23,000
that can find Cosmic race, 
signatures in natural. 

4251
03:36:23,000 --> 03:36:25,700
Materials is a big step forward 
for human senses. 

4252
03:36:25,700 --> 03:36:28,300
We can see things that we 
couldn't see directly by looking

4253
03:36:28,300 --> 03:36:31,500
at tree rings, ice core 
chemistry and isotopic dating. 

4254
03:36:31,500 --> 03:36:34,300
We've learned how to read Cosmic
messages written in the 

4255
03:36:34,300 --> 03:36:36,300
molecular structure of old 
wooden ice. 

4256
03:36:36,300 --> 03:36:39,000
This lets us get information 
that no other Jenner. 

4257
03:36:39,300 --> 03:36:41,200
Of humans could get this growth 
in. 

4258
03:36:41,200 --> 03:36:43,100
Perceptual ability has shown 
that Earth. 

4259
03:36:43,100 --> 03:36:45,900
Keeps detailed records of cosmic
events that have happened over 

4260
03:36:45,900 --> 03:36:48,000
time. 
There are chemical traces of 

4261
03:36:48,000 --> 03:36:51,700
past cosmic, ray changes in 
every old tree, every ice sheet 

4262
03:36:51,700 --> 03:36:54,700
and every coral reef. 
The Earth is like a huge library

4263
03:36:54,700 --> 03:36:57,400
of astronomical events just 
waiting for people to make the 

4264
03:36:57,400 --> 03:37:01,600
tools, they need to read it. 
The 774 Discovery also shows 

4265
03:37:01,600 --> 03:37:04,000
that scientists often need to 
look at things over very 

4266
03:37:04,000 --> 03:37:05,900
different time scales to 
understand them. 

4267
03:37:05,900 --> 03:37:09,500
The cosmic ray event itself may 
have lasted for months, but its 

4268
03:37:09,500 --> 03:37:12,700
effects can still be seen things
that are over 1200 years old 

4269
03:37:12,700 --> 03:37:15,800
chroniclers from the Middle Ages
wrote down what they saw within 

4270
03:37:15,800 --> 03:37:18,700
years or Decades of the event, 
modern scientists. 

4271
03:37:18,700 --> 03:37:21,100
On the other hand, only found 
the cosmic Race by after 

4272
03:37:21,100 --> 03:37:24,000
developing analytical methods 
that took hundreds of years to 

4273
03:37:24,000 --> 03:37:28,900
perfect to understand the 7704 
event people from different 

4274
03:37:28,900 --> 03:37:31,900
academic fields and historical 
periods had to work together. 

4275
03:37:31,900 --> 03:37:35,200
Medieval monks who kept careful 
records of the stars were 

4276
03:37:35,200 --> 03:37:37,500
knowingly, taking part in 
research, that wouldn't be 

4277
03:37:37,500 --> 03:37:40,500
finished until the 21st. 
Century, their patient 

4278
03:37:40,500 --> 03:37:43,100
observations, which have been 
kept in Monastery, libraries for

4279
03:37:43,100 --> 03:37:46,600
over 1000 Years gave scientists 
the information they needed to 

4280
03:37:46,600 --> 03:37:49,200
solve a cosmic mystery, they 
could never have imagined. 

4281
03:37:49,200 --> 03:37:52,300
This temporary partnership makes
me, think about what information

4282
03:37:52,300 --> 03:37:55,400
we might be recording today. 
That will be useful to 

4283
03:37:55,400 --> 03:37:58,900
researchers hundreds of years 
from now, our extensive records 

4284
03:37:58,900 --> 03:38:01,300
of whether climate and cosmic 
ray changes. 

4285
03:38:01,300 --> 03:38:05,000
Could one day help scientists 
figure out astronomical events 

4286
03:38:05,000 --> 03:38:08,900
that we can't see or understand 
right now we might be unwitting 

4287
03:38:08,900 --> 03:38:11,700
subjects and scientific studies 
that will not conclude until 

4288
03:38:11,700 --> 03:38:16,100
well after our departure, the 
7774 event or shows that rare, 

4289
03:38:16,100 --> 03:38:19,000
but powerful events can have 
effects that lasts long after 

4290
03:38:19,000 --> 03:38:21,500
their over the bombardment of 
cosmic rays. 

4291
03:38:21,500 --> 03:38:24,800
May have lasted for months, but 
it left behind permanent marks 

4292
03:38:24,800 --> 03:38:26,900
that have changed our 
understanding of radiocarbon 

4293
03:38:26,900 --> 03:38:30,500
dating archaeological. 
Chronologies, and how Earth, and

4294
03:38:30,500 --> 03:38:34,100
space interact from more than 
1,000 years, short of events, 

4295
03:38:34,100 --> 03:38:38,200
can have effects that lasts for 
hundreds of years, the 774 

4296
03:38:38,200 --> 03:38:41,200
cosmic ray of To make us think 
about our place and systems that

4297
03:38:41,200 --> 03:38:43,400
work on scales that are bigger 
than what we can see. 

4298
03:38:43,408 --> 03:38:46,500
And feel we live in Galactic 
neighborhoods Where Stars can 

4299
03:38:46,500 --> 03:38:49,600
explode and change the chemistry
of the atmosphere on planets 

4300
03:38:49,600 --> 03:38:52,400
that are light years away. 
Every day we live our lives. 

4301
03:38:52,400 --> 03:38:55,200
Against the backdrop of cosmic 
processes that follow physical 

4302
03:38:55,200 --> 03:38:58,400
laws were still learning about 
the human response to Cosmic 

4303
03:38:58,400 --> 03:39:01,700
Mystery, exemplified by the 
meticulous, observation 

4304
03:39:01,700 --> 03:39:05,500
comprehensive, documentation, 
and profound interpretation 

4305
03:39:05,500 --> 03:39:08,600
exhibited by medieval 
chroniclers signifies a 

4306
03:39:08,600 --> 03:39:11,900
distinctively valuable aspect of
the universe to the best of our 

4307
03:39:11,900 --> 03:39:14,400
knowledge. 
Earth is the sole location where

4308
03:39:14,400 --> 03:39:17,000
conscious entities are 
systematically observing 

4309
03:39:17,000 --> 03:39:21,100
documenting and analyzing Cosmic
events in an effort to 

4310
03:39:21,100 --> 03:39:23,200
comprehend their significance 
and consequences. 

4311
03:39:23,200 --> 03:39:28,000
The people of 774 were exposed 
to Cosmic radiation without 

4312
03:39:28,000 --> 03:39:29,800
knowing where it came from or 
what it meant. 

4313
03:39:29,800 --> 03:39:33,000
They were curious and careful 
and made detail records. 

4314
03:39:33,000 --> 03:39:34,900
That would be very helpful to 
Future Generations. 

4315
03:39:34,900 --> 03:39:38,700
Their reaction to the unknown, 
neither panicking, or ignoring 

4316
03:39:38,700 --> 03:39:39,700
stranger. 
Events. 

4317
03:39:39,700 --> 03:39:42,700
But in Stead carefully, 
observing and recording shows 

4318
03:39:42,700 --> 03:39:44,800
the best of human scientific 
instincts. 

4319
03:39:44,800 --> 03:39:49,200
Researchers today, who are 
looking into the 774 event a 

4320
03:39:49,200 --> 03:39:52,100
following in the footsteps of 
medieval chroniclers by 

4321
03:39:52,100 --> 03:39:54,100
carefully observing and 
thoughtfully interpreting, what 

4322
03:39:54,100 --> 03:39:57,300
they see they used tools that 
medieval chroniclers could never

4323
03:39:57,300 --> 03:40:00,300
have imagined but they still use
the same basic methods of 

4324
03:40:00,300 --> 03:40:03,300
systematic data, collection, and
collaborative, analysis. 

4325
03:40:03,300 --> 03:40:06,800
The enduring human curiosity 
regarding Cosmic phenomena, 

4326
03:40:06,800 --> 03:40:10,000
links us through the ages to 
individuals who marveled at the 

4327
03:40:10,000 --> 03:40:13,200
universe's operations, as you 
get ready to end this story and 

4328
03:40:13,200 --> 03:40:15,900
maybe go to sleep. 
Think about how you're a part of

4329
03:40:15,900 --> 03:40:19,500
this ongoing human project to 
understand Cosmic events, the 

4330
03:40:19,500 --> 03:40:21,700
Stars you might see through your
window or in the same part of 

4331
03:40:21,708 --> 03:40:24,100
the Galaxy that sent Cosmic 
radiation to Earth. 

4332
03:40:24,100 --> 03:40:28,600
In 700 774, the universe that 
made that old mystery is still 

4333
03:40:28,600 --> 03:40:32,300
telling its story in tree, 
rings, ice cores and things that

4334
03:40:32,300 --> 03:40:34,600
people see that future 
Generations will be able to 

4335
03:40:34,600 --> 03:40:39,100
figure out the cosmic ray of 
event of 774 is a reminder that 

4336
03:40:39,100 --> 03:40:41,600
There are many things in the 
universe that we haven't yet, 

4337
03:40:41,600 --> 03:40:44,000
learned to see, or understand 
every night. 

4338
03:40:44,000 --> 03:40:46,500
Sky has signs of things that 
might be happening on Earth that

4339
03:40:46,500 --> 03:40:49,100
we can't see yet. 
The invisible storm that hit 

4340
03:40:49,100 --> 03:40:52,300
Earth over 12 centuries ago is 
just one example of the cosmic, 

4341
03:40:52,300 --> 03:40:54,000
dramas that are always happening
around us. 

4342
03:40:54,000 --> 03:40:56,900
Most of them are still waiting 
for humans to get the tools and 

4343
03:40:56,900 --> 03:40:58,500
knowledge. 
They need to understand how 

4344
03:40:58,500 --> 03:41:02,600
important they are sweet dreams.
I hope you dream of medieval 

4345
03:41:02,600 --> 03:41:05,300
monks carefully writing down 
strange things by candlelight, 

4346
03:41:05,300 --> 03:41:08,300
not knowing that they were 
making data for astrophysicists 

4347
03:41:08,300 --> 03:41:09,700
13th. 
Centuries in the future. 

4348
03:41:09,700 --> 03:41:13,300
This is a reminder that every 
careful observation, every 

4349
03:41:13,300 --> 03:41:15,900
preserved record and every 
moment of wonder about the 

4350
03:41:15,900 --> 03:41:18,600
cosmos white one day help us 
solve Mysteries. 

4351
03:41:18,600 --> 03:41:21,700
We have an even thought to ask 
about yet as you fall asleep, 

4352
03:41:21,700 --> 03:41:25,200
rapt in the warmth of your 
modern blanket, in a world, lit 

4353
03:41:25,200 --> 03:41:27,900
by electric lights, that would 
have seemed magical to people in

4354
03:41:27,900 --> 03:41:31,200
774. 
Take a moment to think about the

4355
03:41:31,200 --> 03:41:34,200
Amazing Story. 
We've shared over 1200 years 

4356
03:41:34,200 --> 03:41:37,900
ago, in invisible, Cosmic storm,
hit Earth it left its mark on 

4357
03:41:37,900 --> 03:41:42,100
every tree that Grew every piece
of ice that formed and every 

4358
03:41:42,100 --> 03:41:44,700
living thing that was alive. 
During those important months 

4359
03:41:44,700 --> 03:41:48,300
people, in the Middle Ages, who 
live through this event, Farmers

4360
03:41:48,300 --> 03:41:51,300
tending their fields. 
Monks copying manuscripts by 

4361
03:41:51,300 --> 03:41:54,500
candlelight and Scholars 
tracking the movement of planets

4362
03:41:54,500 --> 03:41:58,100
had no way to see the high 
energy particles falling from 

4363
03:41:58,100 --> 03:42:01,100
space, but they reacted to the 
strange things they could see 

4364
03:42:01,100 --> 03:42:04,300
with the same careful 
observation, and thorough 

4365
03:42:04,300 --> 03:42:05,800
record. 
Keeping that is typical of the 

4366
03:42:05,800 --> 03:42:07,700
best scientific Instinct in 
humans. 

4367
03:42:07,700 --> 03:42:10,600
Their detailed records, which 
were kept in monasteries and 

4368
03:42:10,600 --> 03:42:13,800
Royal archives all over the 
world, eventually gave modern 

4369
03:42:13,800 --> 03:42:16,900
scientists important information
about one of the most powerful 

4370
03:42:16,900 --> 03:42:20,400
astrophysical events in history.
People in the Middle Ages who 

4371
03:42:20,400 --> 03:42:23,000
wrote with quill pens are 
knowingly, helped researchers in

4372
03:42:23,000 --> 03:42:25,900
the 21st century. 
He used particle accelerators 

4373
03:42:25,900 --> 03:42:29,800
and mass spectrometers as our 
analytical tools, get better and

4374
03:42:29,800 --> 03:42:32,600
our theoretical understanding of
Stellar phenomena gross. 

4375
03:42:32,600 --> 03:42:37,100
The cosmic ray of 774 keeps 
giving us new information. 

4376
03:42:37,100 --> 03:42:40,600
There is no doubt that To 
Generations will find more proof

4377
03:42:40,600 --> 03:42:43,500
and come up with new ways to 
understand what happened that 

4378
03:42:43,500 --> 03:42:46,200
amazing year, the invisible 
storm that people in the Middle 

4379
03:42:46,200 --> 03:42:49,500
Ages felt but didn't understand 
will keep teaching us about how 

4380
03:42:49,500 --> 03:42:52,500
the universe works for many 
years or even centuries to come.

4381
03:42:52,500 --> 03:42:55,200
But maybe the most important 
thing we can learn from this 

4382
03:42:55,200 --> 03:42:58,600
Cosmic mystery is that the 
universe is always making new 

4383
03:42:58,600 --> 03:43:00,900
things that we haven't yet. 
Figured out how to see or 

4384
03:43:00,900 --> 03:43:03,400
understand. 
There may be signs of cosmic 

4385
03:43:03,400 --> 03:43:06,400
events in every tree. 
Ring every layer of ice core and

4386
03:43:06,400 --> 03:43:09,300
every careful historical. 
Observation that we don't yet 

4387
03:43:09,300 --> 03:43:11,500
know how to look for the natural
world. 

4388
03:43:11,500 --> 03:43:14,500
Keeps detailed records of 
astronomical events and chemical

4389
03:43:14,500 --> 03:43:17,800
languages that we still learning
to read as you get ready for bed

4390
03:43:17,800 --> 03:43:20,400
tonight. 
Cosmic rays are softly falling 

4391
03:43:20,400 --> 03:43:23,600
on Earth from far away. 
Parts of the Galaxy, this has 

4392
03:43:23,600 --> 03:43:25,800
been happening every night for 
billions of years. 

4393
03:43:25,800 --> 03:43:29,500
Most of this radiation is too 
weak to leave any traces, but 

4394
03:43:29,500 --> 03:43:32,300
stars in our Cosmic neighborhood
are living and dying in ways 

4395
03:43:32,300 --> 03:43:35,100
that could one day send more 
powerful, bursts of high energy 

4396
03:43:35,100 --> 03:43:38,600
particles toward Earth, future 
observers maybe even your own 

4397
03:43:39,000 --> 03:43:42,000
Abundance might look back at 
this time and wonder what Cosmic

4398
03:43:42,000 --> 03:43:44,900
events we went through without 
knowing they could find signs of

4399
03:43:44,908 --> 03:43:48,000
Stellar events and materials. 
From our time signs that are 

4400
03:43:48,000 --> 03:43:50,700
current, technology isn't 
Advanced enough to find or 

4401
03:43:50,700 --> 03:43:53,900
understand the universe might be
sending us messages in our 

4402
03:43:53,900 --> 03:43:56,400
modern world that we won't be 
able to understand until we come

4403
03:43:56,400 --> 03:44:00,600
up with new tools and ways of 
thinking people, in 774 were 

4404
03:44:00,600 --> 03:44:02,600
part of cosmic history without 
even knowing it. 

4405
03:44:02,600 --> 03:44:05,000
They made records. 
That would be very useful to 

4406
03:44:05,000 --> 03:44:08,200
researchers. 1,000 years later, 
we might also be unknowingly. 

4407
03:44:08,200 --> 03:44:10,800
Taking part in astronomical 
studies, that won't be finished 

4408
03:44:10,800 --> 03:44:12,200
until long after. 
We're gone. 

4409
03:44:12,200 --> 03:44:15,400
Our careful observations and 
thorough record-keeping May one 

4410
03:44:15,400 --> 03:44:16,600
day. 
Help us figure out Cosmic 

4411
03:44:16,600 --> 03:44:19,700
Mysteries, that we can't even 
begin to imagine the invisible 

4412
03:44:19,700 --> 03:44:23,900
Cosmic storm of 774 connects, 
medieval Wonder to Modern 

4413
03:44:23,900 --> 03:44:26,700
understanding ancient 
observations to Modern 

4414
03:44:26,700 --> 03:44:30,800
astrophysics and human curiosity
to the huge processes that shape

4415
03:44:30,800 --> 03:44:33,100
our universe. 
It reminds us that we live in 

4416
03:44:33,100 --> 03:44:35,700
systems that are much bigger 
than what we can see and feel 

4417
03:44:35,708 --> 03:44:38,000
right now. 
But we have the unique ability 

4418
03:44:38,000 --> 03:44:42,500
to observe record and slowly 
understand these Cosmic events 

4419
03:44:42,500 --> 03:44:45,800
as you fall asleep. 
You are part of a story that has

4420
03:44:45,800 --> 03:44:48,800
been going on for a long time, 
from medieval chroniclers to 

4421
03:44:48,800 --> 03:44:52,300
Modern scientists from 
observations made long ago to 

4422
03:44:52,300 --> 03:44:54,000
discoveries that will happen in 
the future. 

4423
03:44:54,000 --> 03:44:58,700
The same universe that sent 
Cosmic radiation to Earth in 774

4424
03:44:58,700 --> 03:45:01,700
surrounds, you tonight. 
It is full of things that future

4425
03:45:01,700 --> 03:45:03,900
Generations will study and 
understand in ways. 

4426
03:45:03,900 --> 03:45:09,000
We can't even imagine right now.
The mystery of 774 shows us that

4427
03:45:09,000 --> 03:45:12,200
with time, careful 
record-keeping, and working 

4428
03:45:12,200 --> 03:45:15,500
together to figure things out. 
We can find out things that seem

4429
03:45:15,500 --> 03:45:18,800
impossible to know writing by 
candlelight in the Middle Ages 

4430
03:45:18,800 --> 03:45:22,500
and studying isotopic signatures
today are both parts of the same

4431
03:45:22,500 --> 03:45:26,200
big human project figuring out 
where we fit in the universe 

4432
03:45:26,200 --> 03:45:28,900
sleep. 
Well, knowing that your part of 

4433
03:45:28,900 --> 03:45:32,200
this ongoing story of cosmic 
Discovery, the universe around 

4434
03:45:32,200 --> 03:45:35,200
you is full of amazing things, 
that future generations of 

4435
03:45:35,200 --> 03:45:37,500
curious. 
People will discover Understand 

4436
03:45:37,500 --> 03:45:40,700
and appreciate these. 
People will share our wonder 

4437
03:45:40,700 --> 03:45:42,900
about how the world Works beyond
what we can see. 

4438
03:45:42,908 --> 03:45:47,400
The invisible storm of 774 shows
us that the most important 

4439
03:45:47,400 --> 03:45:50,700
events and Cosmic history might 
happen, right next to us without

4440
03:45:50,700 --> 03:45:54,000
us, even knowing it leaving 
clues for future, observers to 

4441
03:45:54,008 --> 03:45:58,000
find and figure out every night.
The universe gets new cosmic 

4442
03:45:58,000 --> 03:46:02,200
radiation, new, Stellar events, 
a new chances, to write its own 

4443
03:46:02,208 --> 03:46:04,500
history in the natural records 
that are all around us. 

4444
03:46:04,500 --> 03:46:07,400
Think of the dreams of medieval 
chroniclers and modern 

4445
03:46:07,400 --> 03:46:11,300
scientists cosmic rays and 
ancient trees, invisible storms 

4446
03:46:11,300 --> 03:46:14,200
and careful observation. 
Think about the ongoing human 

4447
03:46:14,200 --> 03:46:16,500
project of figuring out the 
universe and your place in a 

4448
03:46:16,508 --> 03:46:19,400
story that connects careful 
observers across centuries of 

4449
03:46:19,400 --> 03:46:26,800
cosmic mystery and discovery 
Close your eyes for a moment and

4450
03:46:26,800 --> 03:46:28,700
imagine whale's before the minds
came. 

4451
03:46:29,500 --> 03:46:32,100
Pick picture Rolling Green 
Valley is carpeted with Bracken 

4452
03:46:32,100 --> 03:46:34,400
and Heather, where sheep 
wandered, freely across 

4453
03:46:34,400 --> 03:46:36,100
hillsides. 
That had known nothing but 

4454
03:46:36,100 --> 03:46:40,000
farming, for thousands of years,
Streams, ran clear over Grace 

4455
03:46:40,000 --> 03:46:44,400
Jones and the sled of Reign and 
wild grass the people who lived 

4456
03:46:44,400 --> 03:46:46,300
here. 
Spoke Welsh in Milton voices, 

4457
03:46:46,300 --> 03:46:50,200
tended, small plots of land and 
probably never imagined that 

4458
03:46:50,200 --> 03:46:52,600
beneath their feet. 
Lay enough, coal to heat half of

4459
03:46:52,608 --> 03:46:54,400
Britain and Power in Industrial 
Revolution. 

4460
03:46:55,500 --> 03:46:58,200
The landscape of South Wales is 
the kind of place that poets 

4461
03:46:58,200 --> 03:47:00,900
write about when they're feeling
particularly moved by Nature's 

4462
03:47:00,900 --> 03:47:04,000
architecture. 
Steep-sided valleys carved by 

4463
03:47:04,000 --> 03:47:07,500
ancient Rivers create natural 
corridors between mountains that

4464
03:47:07,500 --> 03:47:10,800
aren't quite dramatic enough to 
be Alps, but a far more imposing

4465
03:47:10,800 --> 03:47:14,100
than your average Hill. 
The Welsh called these valleys 

4466
03:47:14,100 --> 03:47:16,500
Wii. 
And if you've never heard that 

4467
03:47:16,500 --> 03:47:18,900
word pronounced properly, you're
missing out on one of the 

4468
03:47:18,900 --> 03:47:22,000
languages. 
Most satisfying sounds it rhymes

4469
03:47:22,000 --> 03:47:25,500
with boom, but starts with a 
soft almost musical consonant 

4470
03:47:25,500 --> 03:47:27,100
that exists. 
Nowhere in English. 

4471
03:47:28,000 --> 03:47:30,100
In these valleys, the geology 
had been doing something 

4472
03:47:30,100 --> 03:47:33,400
interesting for about 300 
million years during the 

4473
03:47:33,400 --> 03:47:36,300
Carboniferous period. 
When the planet was busy growing

4474
03:47:36,300 --> 03:47:40,300
enormous firms, and dragonflies 
the size of Seagulls layer upon 

4475
03:47:40,300 --> 03:47:44,500
layer of vegetation, had grown 
died and been compressed under 

4476
03:47:44,500 --> 03:47:46,900
the weight of time and sediment 
in to coal. 

4477
03:47:47,600 --> 03:47:50,500
Different types too and recited 
in some places. 

4478
03:47:50,500 --> 03:47:53,900
But humanists coal in others, 
each with its own properties and

4479
03:47:53,900 --> 03:47:56,000
uses. 
It was like the Earth had been 

4480
03:47:56,008 --> 03:47:59,300
running a very slow Bakery, 
turning organic matter into the 

4481
03:47:59,300 --> 03:48:01,000
fossil fuel. 
That would eventually power 

4482
03:48:01,000 --> 03:48:04,900
steam engines, warm homes and 
change the trajectory of human 

4483
03:48:04,900 --> 03:48:08,100
civilization. 
Centuries, people knew the coal 

4484
03:48:08,100 --> 03:48:11,600
was their small-scale mining had
occurred since Roman times. 

4485
03:48:11,600 --> 03:48:14,700
When someone figured out that 
these black rocks burned longer 

4486
03:48:14,700 --> 03:48:18,400
and hotter than wood, Medieval 
monks worked shallow pits to 

4487
03:48:18,400 --> 03:48:20,100
heat, their monasteries and 
Farmers. 

4488
03:48:20,100 --> 03:48:23,100
Occasionally Doug cold from 
outcrops along Riverbanks, when 

4489
03:48:23,100 --> 03:48:24,600
they needed extra fuel for 
winter. 

4490
03:48:26,100 --> 03:48:28,700
But these were modest 
operations, a few people with 

4491
03:48:28,700 --> 03:48:32,000
pics and baskets taking what 
they needed and nothing more 

4492
03:48:32,000 --> 03:48:36,200
then came the 18th century and 
with it, the realization that 

4493
03:48:36,200 --> 03:48:39,300
coal wasn't just useful for 
keeping warm, it could power 

4494
03:48:39,300 --> 03:48:42,800
engines, could smelt iron, it 
could drive Machinery, that 

4495
03:48:42,800 --> 03:48:45,900
would transform manufacturing 
from a cottage in industry in an

4496
03:48:45,900 --> 03:48:49,000
industrial. 
Juggernaut Suddenly, everyone 

4497
03:48:49,000 --> 03:48:52,000
wanted Cole and Wales discovered
it was sitting on one of the 

4498
03:48:52,000 --> 03:48:55,200
richest deposits in the world. 
The transformation happened 

4499
03:48:55,200 --> 03:48:58,600
gradually at first like Dawn 
creeping over those Welsh. 

4500
03:48:58,600 --> 03:49:02,500
Hillside landowner would notice 
coal seams on his property and 

4501
03:49:02,500 --> 03:49:05,800
hire a few men to dig. 
Those men would need places to 

4502
03:49:05,800 --> 03:49:07,800
live. 
So Cottages appeared, The 

4503
03:49:07,800 --> 03:49:11,000
Cottages needed shops, which 
needed roads, which needed more 

4504
03:49:11,000 --> 03:49:15,300
workers success, breaded 
expansion, One, Small, Mine 

4505
03:49:15,300 --> 03:49:20,000
became two, then five, then 20. 
The peaceful farming, valleys 

4506
03:49:20,000 --> 03:49:23,600
began to change acquiring a new 
landscape written in industrial 

4507
03:49:23,600 --> 03:49:27,100
structures pit heads with their 
distinctive wheel mechanisms 

4508
03:49:27,100 --> 03:49:31,300
railroad tracks, sneaking along 
Valley floors and eventually the

4509
03:49:31,300 --> 03:49:34,700
slag heaps that would become as 
much a part of Welsh identity as

4510
03:49:34,700 --> 03:49:37,700
the mountains themselves by the 
early 1800s. 

4511
03:49:37,700 --> 03:49:40,700
The mining industry was picking 
up serious momentum. 

4512
03:49:40,700 --> 03:49:44,700
Attracting workers from across 
Wales and Beyond English 

4513
03:49:44,700 --> 03:49:46,700
laborers. 
Came seeking better wages than 

4514
03:49:46,700 --> 03:49:50,300
agriculture could provide. 
Irish families arrived during 

4515
03:49:50,300 --> 03:49:52,900
the Potato Famine. 
Desperate for any work that 

4516
03:49:52,900 --> 03:49:56,000
would feed their children. 
The Welsh valleys became a 

4517
03:49:56,000 --> 03:49:59,500
Melting Pot of Acts. 
And traditions all United by the

4518
03:49:59,500 --> 03:50:02,400
common purpose of extracting 
coal from The Reluctant Earth. 

4519
03:50:03,200 --> 03:50:05,900
The colonel owners mostly 
English Aristocrats and Wealthy.

4520
03:50:05,900 --> 03:50:09,100
Industrialists saw the mines as 
Investments, that would make 

4521
03:50:09,100 --> 03:50:11,800
them staggeringly rich and they 
were right. 

4522
03:50:11,800 --> 03:50:14,600
The workers saw them as 
opportunities for steady 

4523
03:50:14,600 --> 03:50:17,800
employment, which was more than 
most could expect from farming. 

4524
03:50:18,800 --> 03:50:21,800
Everyone else saw, smoke rising 
from valleys that had been clear

4525
03:50:21,800 --> 03:50:24,200
for Millennia and wondered what 
all this change. 

4526
03:50:24,200 --> 03:50:27,500
Would mean what it meant 
ultimately, was that these 

4527
03:50:27,500 --> 03:50:29,900
valleys would become the engine 
room of the British Empire. 

4528
03:50:30,800 --> 03:50:33,600
The coal pulled from Welsh Minds
would fuel the ships of the 

4529
03:50:33,600 --> 03:50:37,500
royal Navy power, the factories 
of the Industrial Revolution and

4530
03:50:37,500 --> 03:50:41,000
heat the homes of Victorian. 
London, The Men Who extracted it

4531
03:50:41,000 --> 03:50:44,300
would create communities with 
their own culture, their own 

4532
03:50:44,300 --> 03:50:46,500
struggles and their own kind of 
dignity. 

4533
03:50:46,500 --> 03:50:49,300
Forged in conditions that would 
horrify modern safety 

4534
03:50:49,300 --> 03:50:51,600
inspectors. 
But we're getting ahead of 

4535
03:50:51,600 --> 03:50:54,200
ourselves. 
First, you need to understand 

4536
03:50:54,200 --> 03:50:57,600
what it actually meant to work 
in these mines, not the 

4537
03:50:57,600 --> 03:50:59,800
romanticized version from period
dramas. 

4538
03:50:59,800 --> 03:51:04,300
But the real gritty sometimes 
absurd reality of spending your 

4539
03:51:04,300 --> 03:51:07,100
days underground in pursuit of 
fossilized ferns. 

4540
03:51:07,100 --> 03:51:10,300
Imagine your morning, commute 
involves getting into a metal 

4541
03:51:10,300 --> 03:51:13,500
cage with 20 other people and 
dropping into the Earth at 

4542
03:51:13,500 --> 03:51:16,200
speeds that make your stomach 
float into your throat. 

4543
03:51:17,400 --> 03:51:19,700
That was a Welsh Coal, Miner's, 
typical Tuesday. 

4544
03:51:19,700 --> 03:51:21,900
And they did it before they'd 
had breakfast. 

4545
03:51:22,900 --> 03:51:25,400
Most miners, lived within 
walking distance of their pit 

4546
03:51:25,400 --> 03:51:28,800
usually because their houses had
been built specifically for Mine

4547
03:51:28,800 --> 03:51:32,400
Workers and couldn't really be 
described as located near the 

4548
03:51:32,400 --> 03:51:34,400
mine. 
So much as arranged around it. 

4549
03:51:34,400 --> 03:51:37,500
Like reluctant satellites. 
The pit whistle, would sound 

4550
03:51:37,500 --> 03:51:40,500
around 5 in the morning. 
Annoys that neighbors described 

4551
03:51:40,500 --> 03:51:42,800
as somewhere between a train 
horn and a Banshee having a 

4552
03:51:42,800 --> 03:51:46,500
particularly bad day. 
You'd pull on your workloads 

4553
03:51:46,500 --> 03:51:49,208
which never really got clean 
because coal dust has a way of 

4554
03:51:49,216 --> 03:51:52,200
becoming part of the fabric at a
molecular level and head to the 

4555
03:51:52,200 --> 03:51:54,500
pit head. 
The pit head was the mines front

4556
03:51:54,500 --> 03:51:56,800
door, though calling it. 
That makes it sound much more 

4557
03:51:56,800 --> 03:51:59,800
welcoming than it. 
Actually was picture a tower 

4558
03:51:59,800 --> 03:52:02,800
structure, supporting a massive 
wheel called a winding wheel 

4559
03:52:02,800 --> 03:52:05,800
that looked like, a ferris wheel
designed by someone who hated 

4560
03:52:05,800 --> 03:52:08,900
fun. 
Steel cables wrapped around this

4561
03:52:08,900 --> 03:52:11,800
wheel, connecting to the cage 
that would transport you and 

4562
03:52:11,808 --> 03:52:14,800
your colleagues down the shaft. 
Modern elevators. 

4563
03:52:14,800 --> 03:52:18,000
Have safety features. 
Emergency brakes and calming 

4564
03:52:18,000 --> 03:52:20,900
music. 
Mining cages had a gate and a 

4565
03:52:20,900 --> 03:52:23,100
rope. 
Before descending, you'd collect

4566
03:52:23,100 --> 03:52:26,700
your lamp initially can handles 
later oil lamps, and eventually 

4567
03:52:26,700 --> 03:52:29,400
the famous Davey lamp with its 
wire mesh safety screen, 

4568
03:52:29,400 --> 03:52:31,300
designed to prevent methane 
explosions. 

4569
03:52:32,300 --> 03:52:35,300
The Davy lamp is celebrated as a
Brilliant Invention that saved 

4570
03:52:35,300 --> 03:52:37,800
countless lives, which it did 
though. 

4571
03:52:37,800 --> 03:52:40,700
Mine as noted that it also gave 
off about as much light as a 

4572
03:52:40,700 --> 03:52:44,700
particularly ambitious Firefly. 
Working by Davy lamp meant. 

4573
03:52:44,700 --> 03:52:47,200
You could see approximately two 
feet in front of your face, 

4574
03:52:47,200 --> 03:52:50,100
which was just enough to 
appreciate the claustrophobia 

4575
03:52:50,100 --> 03:52:52,500
but not enough to see what you 
might trip over. 

4576
03:52:53,900 --> 03:52:57,000
The Descent into the mine, was 
an experience that never became 

4577
03:52:57,000 --> 03:52:59,400
routine, no matter how many 
times you did it. 

4578
03:53:00,300 --> 03:53:03,000
Cage would Lurch then begin 
dropping at speeds. 

4579
03:53:03,000 --> 03:53:05,700
That made plummeting feel like 
an accurate verb. 

4580
03:53:05,700 --> 03:53:08,500
Darkness swallowed, you almost 
immediately as you left the 

4581
03:53:08,500 --> 03:53:12,800
surface World Behind The 
temperature changed, first the 

4582
03:53:12,800 --> 03:53:16,500
shaft, bringing a damp coolness 
that contrasted sharply with 

4583
03:53:16,500 --> 03:53:17,900
whatever whether you'd left 
above. 

4584
03:53:19,500 --> 03:53:23,500
Then came the sounds, the Creak 
and groan of cables, the rush of

4585
03:53:23,500 --> 03:53:26,800
air the occasional drip of water
from Shaft walls and the 

4586
03:53:26,800 --> 03:53:28,400
breathing of the men packed 
around you. 

4587
03:53:28,400 --> 03:53:31,200
Most of whom had learned that 
talking during descent was 

4588
03:53:31,200 --> 03:53:33,300
pointless because nobody could 
hear anything anyway. 

4589
03:53:34,000 --> 03:53:36,800
Depth vary depending on the mine
and the cold seemed being 

4590
03:53:36,808 --> 03:53:39,000
worked. 
Some mines, went down a few 

4591
03:53:39,000 --> 03:53:42,100
hundred feet others. 
Descended over 1,000 feet into 

4592
03:53:42,100 --> 03:53:44,200
the Earth. 
To put that in perspective, 

4593
03:53:44,200 --> 03:53:48,200
that's deeper than the Eiffel 
Tower is tall, except your going

4594
03:53:48,200 --> 03:53:51,400
in the wrong direction and this 
significantly more chance of the

4595
03:53:51,400 --> 03:53:55,500
seedling falling on your head. 
When the cage finally stopped at

4596
03:53:55,500 --> 03:53:58,400
the pit bottom in mine has 
appreciated, the drivers, who 

4597
03:53:58,400 --> 03:54:01,300
manage smooth stops rather than 
the ones who seem to think they 

4598
03:54:01,300 --> 03:54:04,200
were competing in, some kind of 
aggressive elevator Olympics. 

4599
03:54:04,200 --> 03:54:06,100
You'd step out into a different 
world. 

4600
03:54:07,000 --> 03:54:09,500
The pit bottom was usually the 
widest part of the underground, 

4601
03:54:09,500 --> 03:54:12,600
Network The Junction where 
multiple tunnels branched off 

4602
03:54:12,600 --> 03:54:16,400
toward different coal faces 
here, you might find stables for

4603
03:54:16,408 --> 03:54:19,800
the pit ponies storage areas for
equipment and the general 

4604
03:54:19,800 --> 03:54:23,300
organized chaos of men sorting 
themselves into work Crews and 

4605
03:54:23,300 --> 03:54:25,100
heading off to their assigned 
sections. 

4606
03:54:26,100 --> 03:54:28,800
The walk from the pit bottom to 
your actual work area could take

4607
03:54:28,800 --> 03:54:30,700
anywhere from a few minutes to 
over an hour. 

4608
03:54:31,600 --> 03:54:33,500
Depending on how far the mine 
had expanded. 

4609
03:54:33,500 --> 03:54:36,500
These weren't Pleasant strolls 
through well-maintained, 

4610
03:54:36,500 --> 03:54:40,600
corridors mining tunnels or 
roadways as they were called 

4611
03:54:40,600 --> 03:54:44,000
were typically just tall enough 
for a man to walk stooped over 

4612
03:54:44,000 --> 03:54:46,400
and just wide enough for coal 
trucks to pass through. 

4613
03:54:47,300 --> 03:54:51,000
Water dripped constantly from 
roofs pooling in depressions, 

4614
03:54:51,000 --> 03:54:53,400
and ensuring that your feet 
would be wet within the first 

4615
03:54:53,400 --> 03:54:57,100
five minutes of your shift. 
The air quality range from 

4616
03:54:57,100 --> 03:55:00,400
breathable, but musty near the 
shaft to suit like with cold 

4617
03:55:00,400 --> 03:55:03,200
dust deeper in the workings 
props. 

4618
03:55:03,200 --> 03:55:06,700
Wooden support beams held up the
roof at regular intervals 

4619
03:55:06,700 --> 03:55:08,700
though. 
Regular is doing a lot of work 

4620
03:55:08,700 --> 03:55:11,400
in that sentence. 
Props were insurances against 

4621
03:55:11,400 --> 03:55:14,000
the millions of tons of rock. 
That would very much like to 

4622
03:55:14,000 --> 03:55:17,500
obey gravity and fill in the 
space, you'd created by removing

4623
03:55:17,500 --> 03:55:20,100
coal. 
You learned to read the language

4624
03:55:20,100 --> 03:55:23,700
of creaking, wooden shifting 
Stone developing an almost 

4625
03:55:23,700 --> 03:55:26,500
Supernatural sense for when a 
roof was feeling unstable. 

4626
03:55:27,300 --> 03:55:29,700
Miners would tap props with 
their hammers, as they walked 

4627
03:55:29,700 --> 03:55:32,600
listening for the solid thunk 
that meant the wood was still 

4628
03:55:32,600 --> 03:55:35,500
doing its job versus the hollow 
sound that meant, you should 

4629
03:55:35,508 --> 03:55:38,700
probably walk faster. 
Your destination was the cold 

4630
03:55:38,700 --> 03:55:40,900
face. 
The wall of coal, where the 

4631
03:55:40,900 --> 03:55:44,000
actual mining happened. 
This was where the days real 

4632
03:55:44,000 --> 03:55:46,400
work began. 
And where you'd spend the next 

4633
03:55:46,400 --> 03:55:49,500
eight to 12 hours in conditions 
that would make a modern health 

4634
03:55:49,500 --> 03:55:51,300
and safety. 
Inspector, weep into their 

4635
03:55:51,300 --> 03:55:53,600
clipboard. 
Coal doesn't give itself up 

4636
03:55:53,600 --> 03:55:57,000
willingly. 
It sits and seems geological 

4637
03:55:57,000 --> 03:55:59,700
layers that might be anywhere 
from a few inches to several 

4638
03:55:59,700 --> 03:56:03,500
feet thick surrounded by harder 
rock that has no intention of 

4639
03:56:03,500 --> 03:56:06,800
making your job easy. 
Getting the coal out required, a

4640
03:56:06,800 --> 03:56:09,100
combination of skills, 
strengths, and a casual 

4641
03:56:09,100 --> 03:56:12,400
disregard for personal safety. 
That would be remarkable if it 

4642
03:56:12,400 --> 03:56:16,000
wasn't so necessary. 
The coal face itself was 

4643
03:56:16,000 --> 03:56:18,900
typically a wall of black 
mineral, gleaming Darlene 

4644
03:56:18,900 --> 03:56:22,200
Lamplight, running along the 
scene for as far as the mine had

4645
03:56:22,200 --> 03:56:24,600
been worked. 
Seam, Heights, varied 

4646
03:56:24,600 --> 03:56:27,600
dramatically. 
Some lucky miners worked seems 

4647
03:56:27,600 --> 03:56:30,500
tall enough to stand in which 
must have felt like luxury. 

4648
03:56:31,300 --> 03:56:35,000
Others worked in seams as low as
18 inches, which meant spending 

4649
03:56:35,000 --> 03:56:38,100
your entire shift, lying on your
side, swinging a pickaxe and 

4650
03:56:38,100 --> 03:56:40,400
spaces that would make a sardine
can feel spacious. 

4651
03:56:41,200 --> 03:56:43,700
The basic technique hadn't 
changed much since Medieval 

4652
03:56:43,700 --> 03:56:47,600
Times you undercut, the cold 
seen weakening it then brought 

4653
03:56:47,600 --> 03:56:51,100
it down in manageable chunks. 
Undercutting meant lying on your

4654
03:56:51,100 --> 03:56:54,300
side or back at the very bottom 
of the seam using a small 

4655
03:56:54,300 --> 03:56:56,600
pickaxe to hack away at the 
coals base. 

4656
03:56:57,300 --> 03:57:00,200
This created a gap. 
Usually about three feet deep. 

4657
03:57:00,200 --> 03:57:04,500
That undermine the coal above, 
it was exhausting cramped work. 

4658
03:57:04,500 --> 03:57:07,000
That left your shoulders 
screaming and your back 

4659
03:57:07,000 --> 03:57:10,900
promising to never forgive you. 
Once undercut the coal needed to

4660
03:57:10,900 --> 03:57:13,400
be brought down In early 
periods. 

4661
03:57:13,400 --> 03:57:16,100
This meant using wedges and 
sledgehammers to crack the 

4662
03:57:16,100 --> 03:57:18,500
weakened, coal and pry, it loose
and chunks. 

4663
03:57:19,500 --> 03:57:23,200
Later explosive, enter the 
picture, which was either a 

4664
03:57:23,200 --> 03:57:25,900
great Innovation or a terrible 
idea, depending on who you are 

4665
03:57:25,900 --> 03:57:28,400
asked and whether the blast had 
just gone correctly. 

4666
03:57:29,800 --> 03:57:32,400
Controlled explosions in 
confined, underground spaces 

4667
03:57:32,400 --> 03:57:36,000
surrounded by flammable gas and 
supported by wooden props. 

4668
03:57:36,000 --> 03:57:39,100
What could possibly go wrong? 
Actually quite a lot. 

4669
03:57:39,108 --> 03:57:42,100
The miners became remarkably 
skilled at blast. 

4670
03:57:42,100 --> 03:57:46,400
Work Shot Firearms Specialists 
and explosives would drill holes

4671
03:57:46,400 --> 03:57:48,500
in the coal face using hand 
powered drills. 

4672
03:57:48,500 --> 03:57:51,400
That required one man. 
To hold the drill, while another

4673
03:57:51,400 --> 03:57:53,300
swung, a sledgehammer to drive 
at forward. 

4674
03:57:54,200 --> 03:57:56,500
This was partnership work of the
highest order. 

4675
03:57:57,200 --> 03:58:00,000
Requiring trust that your 
colleague wouldn't miss and turn

4676
03:58:00,000 --> 03:58:02,500
your hands into something, 
resembling tenderized beef. 

4677
03:58:03,400 --> 03:58:06,200
Once the holes were drilled 
they'd be packed with explosives

4678
03:58:06,200 --> 03:58:09,100
and fuses. 
Everyone would Retreat to a safe

4679
03:58:09,100 --> 03:58:12,200
distance and the shot fire would
light the fuses and hope his 

4680
03:58:12,200 --> 03:58:15,400
calculations were correct. 
The blast would crack the coal, 

4681
03:58:15,400 --> 03:58:18,300
bringing it down in pieces, that
range from manageable chunks to 

4682
03:58:18,300 --> 03:58:20,300
slabs, that required, several 
men to shift. 

4683
03:58:21,100 --> 03:58:24,200
This coal then needed to be 
loaded into trucks, initially 

4684
03:58:24,200 --> 03:58:26,800
wooden carts, pushed by hand 
later metal. 

4685
03:58:26,800 --> 03:58:29,800
Trams pulled by ponies or small 
underground locomotives. 

4686
03:58:29,800 --> 03:58:33,500
The loading was done by the same
men who had cut the coal using 

4687
03:58:33,500 --> 03:58:36,300
shovels and physical effort that
would make modern gym workouts. 

4688
03:58:36,300 --> 03:58:39,700
Look, gentle, here's something 
that might surprise you miners, 

4689
03:58:39,700 --> 03:58:43,000
were typically paid based on how
much cold they produced, not how

4690
03:58:43,000 --> 03:58:46,100
many hours they worked. 
This piecework system meant your

4691
03:58:46,100 --> 03:58:47,800
earnings depended entirely on 
the amount. 

4692
03:58:47,800 --> 03:58:49,900
You could cut blast and load in 
a shift. 

4693
03:58:49,900 --> 03:58:53,900
It created intense motivation to
work quickly, but also meant 

4694
03:58:53,900 --> 03:58:55,600
that difficult geological 
conditions. 

4695
03:58:55,600 --> 03:59:00,500
Hard coal, wet faces, unstable, 
roofs, directly, affected your 

4696
03:59:00,500 --> 03:59:03,200
family's income. 
If you spent half your shift, 

4697
03:59:03,200 --> 03:59:05,900
dealing with the roof fall, 
instead of cutting Cole, you may

4698
03:59:05,900 --> 03:59:09,700
half the money, The physical 
toll of this work is hard to 

4699
03:59:09,700 --> 03:59:11,400
overstate from the comfort of 
your bed. 

4700
03:59:11,400 --> 03:59:15,200
Imagine swinging a pickaxe while
laying on your side for hours at

4701
03:59:15,200 --> 03:59:17,300
a Time. 
Imagine breathing, air thick 

4702
03:59:17,300 --> 03:59:21,200
with cold dust that turned your 
snot black and made every cough 

4703
03:59:21,200 --> 03:59:24,800
sound like, you were bringing up
something solid. imagine working

4704
03:59:24,800 --> 03:59:27,500
in temperatures that could range
from near freezing and wet 

4705
03:59:27,500 --> 03:59:31,500
sections to sweltering heat near
the deeper phases where the 

4706
03:59:31,508 --> 03:59:35,000
Earth's natural warmth combined 
with human exertion created 

4707
03:59:35,000 --> 03:59:38,900
conditions like a sauna designed
by someone who hated you your 

4708
03:59:38,900 --> 03:59:43,400
body adapted or it broke miners,
developed distinctive physique, 

4709
03:59:43,400 --> 03:59:47,000
powerful shoulders and arms from
swinging picks and shoveling 

4710
03:59:47,000 --> 03:59:49,000
coal. 
But often crooked Backs from 

4711
03:59:49,000 --> 03:59:52,900
working stooped or kneeling. 
The hands became callous to the 

4712
03:59:52,900 --> 03:59:55,400
point where they could handle 
rough coal and splintered props 

4713
03:59:55,400 --> 03:59:58,500
without flinching. 
Their lungs accumulated, cold 

4714
03:59:58,500 --> 04:00:01,700
dust with every shift. 
Processed that would eventually 

4715
04:00:01,700 --> 04:00:03,700
catch up with them, but seemed 
acceptable. 

4716
04:00:03,700 --> 04:00:07,400
When you had a family to feed, 
the danger was constant and 

4717
04:00:07,400 --> 04:00:10,900
varied roof Falls. 
Could crush you instantly or 

4718
04:00:10,900 --> 04:00:14,600
trap you under tons of rock. 
Gas explosions could race 

4719
04:00:14,600 --> 04:00:18,100
through the mine faster than you
could run the flame front 

4720
04:00:18,100 --> 04:00:21,500
turning anyone in its path into 
a casualty before they even 

4721
04:00:21,500 --> 04:00:24,500
understood what was happening. 
Flooding from underground. 

4722
04:00:24,500 --> 04:00:26,900
Water sources could drown entire
work Crews. 

4723
04:00:26,900 --> 04:00:30,500
And then there were the smaller,
everyday, hazards crushed 

4724
04:00:30,500 --> 04:00:34,700
fingers, from mishandled tools 
lacerations from sharp, coal 

4725
04:00:34,700 --> 04:00:37,900
faces burns from lamps. 
And the omnipresent risk of 

4726
04:00:37,908 --> 04:00:40,900
Simply tripping over something 
in the dark and breaking a bone 

4727
04:00:40,900 --> 04:00:43,400
in a place where medical help 
was hundreds of feet above you. 

4728
04:00:44,300 --> 04:00:46,500
Yet. 
The men kept going back shift 

4729
04:00:46,500 --> 04:00:50,400
after shift year after year. 
Partly because they had no 

4730
04:00:50,400 --> 04:00:53,800
choice mining was the only real 
employment of available in 

4731
04:00:53,800 --> 04:00:55,900
these. 
Valleys, but also because there 

4732
04:00:55,900 --> 04:00:59,700
was a kind of pride in the work,
a Craftsman satisfaction in 

4733
04:00:59,700 --> 04:01:01,700
cutting, a clean face or setting
props. 

4734
04:01:01,700 --> 04:01:05,100
That would Hold Steady. 
You were part of a crew and the 

4735
04:01:05,100 --> 04:01:08,700
bonds formed by shared danger 
and shared labor created 

4736
04:01:08,700 --> 04:01:12,200
communities underground that 
were in their own way as 

4737
04:01:12,200 --> 04:01:15,700
important as the ones above. 
The coal face was where the 

4738
04:01:15,700 --> 04:01:19,000
dramatic work happened, but a 
mine was really a complex 

4739
04:01:19,000 --> 04:01:22,500
ecosystem, requiring dozens of 
specialized jobs to function. 

4740
04:01:23,500 --> 04:01:27,100
Walking through an active mine 
in its Heyday was like touring a

4741
04:01:27,100 --> 04:01:30,700
small underground city complete 
with Transportation networks, 

4742
04:01:30,700 --> 04:01:34,300
Workforce hierarchies, and its 
own peculiar culture. 

4743
04:01:35,000 --> 04:01:37,900
Perhaps the most beloved members
of this Subterranean Community 

4744
04:01:37,900 --> 04:01:41,100
were the pit ponies. 
These aren't your typical farm 

4745
04:01:41,100 --> 04:01:43,300
horses. 
They were compact sturdy animals

4746
04:01:43,300 --> 04:01:45,900
specifically bred or selected 
for underground work. 

4747
04:01:46,600 --> 04:01:49,600
Shetland Ponies were favorites 
because their small size allowed

4748
04:01:49,600 --> 04:01:52,400
them to work in lower passages 
while their strength was 

4749
04:01:52,408 --> 04:01:56,500
remarkable for their stature, 
these ponies hold trams from the

4750
04:01:56,500 --> 04:01:59,600
face to the pit bottom 
navigating, the Maze of tunnels 

4751
04:01:59,600 --> 04:02:02,000
with intelligence, that 
regularly amazed, The Men Who 

4752
04:02:02,008 --> 04:02:04,500
worked with them The ponies 
lived underground. 

4753
04:02:04,500 --> 04:02:08,000
Sometimes for months at a time. 
They had stables at the pit. 

4754
04:02:08,000 --> 04:02:11,200
Bottom actual underground 
Stables with stalls, hay and 

4755
04:02:11,200 --> 04:02:13,700
water. 
The horses new, The Roots better

4756
04:02:13,700 --> 04:02:16,500
than many human workers and 
would automatically stop at 

4757
04:02:16,500 --> 04:02:20,000
passing places, where meeting on
coming traffic, Some miners 

4758
04:02:20,000 --> 04:02:23,000
swore, the ponies could sense 
dangerous gas before the safety 

4759
04:02:23,000 --> 04:02:25,800
lamps detected, it and would 
refuse to enter certain areas 

4760
04:02:25,800 --> 04:02:29,500
when conditions were risky, 
whether this was true or simply 

4761
04:02:29,500 --> 04:02:32,700
the horses, objecting to poor 
air, quality is debatable but 

4762
04:02:32,700 --> 04:02:34,800
miners learned to trust their 
Ponys judgment. 

4763
04:02:34,800 --> 04:02:38,500
The bond between a minor and His
Pony was often closer than many 

4764
04:02:38,500 --> 04:02:41,700
human relationships. 
You spent hours every day 

4765
04:02:41,700 --> 04:02:45,800
working alongside this animal in
darkness and danger you depended

4766
04:02:45,800 --> 04:02:48,300
on each other. 
The ponies received names 

4767
04:02:48,300 --> 04:02:50,800
personalities and a level of 
care that might have seemed 

4768
04:02:50,800 --> 04:02:54,300
excessive except that your 
productivity and possibly your 

4769
04:02:54,300 --> 04:02:58,100
life depended on the When Ponies
were brought to the surface, 

4770
04:02:58,100 --> 04:03:01,400
usually during the annual break,
when mines shut down for 

4771
04:03:01,400 --> 04:03:04,100
maintenance, they'd apparently 
be startled by daylight. 

4772
04:03:04,100 --> 04:03:06,000
Having lived so long in 
Lamplight. 

4773
04:03:06,000 --> 04:03:10,800
That the sun seemed impossibly 
bright then there were the boys 

4774
04:03:10,800 --> 04:03:13,800
mining employed children as 
young as five or six in the 

4775
04:03:13,808 --> 04:03:17,000
early days the reformers 
gradually raised minimum ages as

4776
04:03:17,000 --> 04:03:20,700
the 19th century progressed 
These weren't children doing 

4777
04:03:20,700 --> 04:03:23,800
light tasks. 
They had specific essential jobs

4778
04:03:23,800 --> 04:03:27,500
in the mines operation. 
The youngest boys often worked 

4779
04:03:27,500 --> 04:03:31,200
as Trappers sitting alone in the
darkness, operating ventilation 

4780
04:03:31,200 --> 04:03:33,700
doors. 
When a coal tram approached, the

4781
04:03:33,700 --> 04:03:36,100
boy would open his door, let it 
pass the close it again. 

4782
04:03:36,108 --> 04:03:39,800
To maintain the minds air flow, 
our after-hour in darkness 

4783
04:03:39,800 --> 04:03:43,300
broken only by a small lamp 
usually sitting on a pile of 

4784
04:03:43,300 --> 04:03:46,200
coal or a makeshift seat waiting
for the next tram. 

4785
04:03:47,000 --> 04:03:50,300
Try to imagine being seven years
old sitting alone in Pitch 

4786
04:03:50,300 --> 04:03:53,200
Darkness, hundreds of feet 
underground with only the 

4787
04:03:53,200 --> 04:03:55,700
occasional Rumble of approaching
coal trucks to break the 

4788
04:03:55,700 --> 04:03:58,008
silence. 
The isolation must have been 

4789
04:03:58,016 --> 04:04:00,800
profound and the Darkness 
absolute when your lamp needed 

4790
04:04:00,800 --> 04:04:03,300
refilling. 
Some boys sank the themselves or

4791
04:04:03,300 --> 04:04:06,800
talk to imaginary companions or 
simply endured with the stoicism

4792
04:04:06,800 --> 04:04:08,700
that poverty and necessity teach
early. 

4793
04:04:09,700 --> 04:04:12,100
Older boys. 
Graduated to more active roles, 

4794
04:04:12,100 --> 04:04:15,500
they'd become door boys, who 
accompanied the ponies or 

4795
04:04:15,508 --> 04:04:17,200
helpers who assisted the coal 
cutters. 

4796
04:04:17,900 --> 04:04:20,100
By their early teens. 
They'd be learning the actual 

4797
04:04:20,100 --> 04:04:22,900
craft of mining. 
How to read coal, set, props, 

4798
04:04:22,900 --> 04:04:26,300
and handle explosives. 
This was the education system in

4799
04:04:26,300 --> 04:04:28,700
mining communities. 
You learned reading and 

4800
04:04:28,700 --> 04:04:31,600
arithmetic at Sunday, school, 
and you learned your trade in 

4801
04:04:31,600 --> 04:04:34,200
the pit. 
The underground World also 

4802
04:04:34,200 --> 04:04:37,100
included Specialists whose jobs 
required particular skills. 

4803
04:04:37,100 --> 04:04:41,600
Repairers, maintain the roadways
replacing damaged props and 

4804
04:04:41,600 --> 04:04:43,700
keeping the tunnels. 
Safe shot. 

4805
04:04:43,700 --> 04:04:45,500
Fires handled the explosive 
work. 

4806
04:04:45,500 --> 04:04:47,900
A position of considerable 
responsibility. 

4807
04:04:47,900 --> 04:04:50,700
And slightly better. 
Pay Engineers maintain the 

4808
04:04:50,700 --> 04:04:54,100
machine or keeping pumps running
and ensuring ventilation fans 

4809
04:04:54,100 --> 04:04:57,100
operated correctly. 
Each person had their role in 

4810
04:04:57,100 --> 04:04:58,900
the complex choreography, that 
was a working. 

4811
04:04:58,900 --> 04:05:02,300
Mine communication underground 
happened through a combination 

4812
04:05:02,300 --> 04:05:05,900
of shouting signal systems and 
pure intuition developed over 

4813
04:05:05,900 --> 04:05:09,700
years of working together. 
For electrical signal systems 

4814
04:05:09,700 --> 04:05:12,800
messages travel through chains 
of workers shouting to each 

4815
04:05:12,800 --> 04:05:14,600
other. 
Through the darkness information

4816
04:05:14,600 --> 04:05:17,700
degrading, like a particularly 
high stakes game of telephone. 

4817
04:05:18,500 --> 04:05:21,300
Later Bell signals allowed 
communication between the 

4818
04:05:21,300 --> 04:05:24,200
Surface and pit bottom. 
One Bell might mean ready to 

4819
04:05:24,200 --> 04:05:28,300
send two Bells ready to ascend 
and various other combinations. 

4820
04:05:28,300 --> 04:05:32,200
Conveying different messages, 
get the signals wrong and you 

4821
04:05:32,200 --> 04:05:34,700
might send an empty cage up 
while leaving men, waiting below

4822
04:05:34,700 --> 04:05:38,900
or worse. 
The mine had its own time sense 

4823
04:05:38,900 --> 04:05:42,900
divorced from the surface world.
Down in the darkness. 

4824
04:05:42,900 --> 04:05:45,700
You couldn't tell if it was 
morning or evening, summer, or 

4825
04:05:45,700 --> 04:05:49,200
winter, your shift was measured 
by the work done rather than the

4826
04:05:49,200 --> 04:05:51,600
passage of hours. 
Some men claimed. 

4827
04:05:51,600 --> 04:05:54,300
They could feel time passing 
through the quality of the air 

4828
04:05:54,300 --> 04:05:58,000
or the behavior of the ponies 
developing almost Supernatural, 

4829
04:05:58,000 --> 04:05:59,500
awareness of the shifts 
progress. 

4830
04:05:59,500 --> 04:06:02,600
Others simply worked until 
someone came to tell them. 

4831
04:06:02,600 --> 04:06:05,800
It was time to head back to the 
cage, meal breaks happened at 

4832
04:06:05,800 --> 04:06:08,200
the face. 
With men sitting on coal piles 

4833
04:06:08,200 --> 04:06:11,700
eating bread and cheese that had
a distinctive gritty texture 

4834
04:06:11,700 --> 04:06:13,800
from the cold dust that coated 
everything. 

4835
04:06:14,800 --> 04:06:17,400
Water, tasted faintly of 
minerals and whatever the pipes 

4836
04:06:17,400 --> 04:06:18,900
had picked up on their Journey 
Underground. 

4837
04:06:19,700 --> 04:06:22,800
Some mines allowed tea cans that
could be warmed on small fires, 

4838
04:06:22,800 --> 04:06:24,900
though. 
Open Flames were prohibited in 

4839
04:06:24,900 --> 04:06:28,200
most sections due to gas risks. 
The food. 

4840
04:06:28,208 --> 04:06:31,100
Never tasted quite right. 
Cold dust got into everything 

4841
04:06:31,100 --> 04:06:34,100
but it provided the calories 
needed for the extraordinary 

4842
04:06:34,100 --> 04:06:36,800
physical exertion. 
Culture that developed 

4843
04:06:36,800 --> 04:06:40,700
underground was distinctive and 
powerful men learned to trust 

4844
04:06:40,700 --> 04:06:43,600
each other completely because 
their lives literally depended 

4845
04:06:43,600 --> 04:06:45,800
on it. 
If someone called out a warning 

4846
04:06:45,808 --> 04:06:48,800
about a bad roof or dangerous 
gas, you didn't debate you 

4847
04:06:48,800 --> 04:06:51,700
moved. 
Created bonds that extended 

4848
04:06:51,700 --> 04:06:54,800
beyond the pit forming the 
foundation for the tight-knit. 

4849
04:06:54,800 --> 04:06:58,100
Mining communities about ground.
The men who descended together 

4850
04:06:58,100 --> 04:07:01,500
work together and survived 
together became Brothers in ways

4851
04:07:01,500 --> 04:07:03,000
that transcended normal 
friendship. 

4852
04:07:03,000 --> 04:07:06,100
When the cage finally, brought 
you back to the surface at 

4853
04:07:06,100 --> 04:07:09,100
shifts end, you'd emerge into 
whatever whether Wales was 

4854
04:07:09,100 --> 04:07:12,400
offering that day. 
Usually rain sometimes fog, 

4855
04:07:12,400 --> 04:07:15,600
occasionally actual Sunshine 
that made everyone slightly 

4856
04:07:15,600 --> 04:07:18,900
suspicious your eyes would need 
several minutes to adjust to 

4857
04:07:18,900 --> 04:07:20,900
natural light after hours in the
dimness. 

4858
04:07:21,600 --> 04:07:24,400
Your ears would ring with the 
southern absence of the constant

4859
04:07:24,400 --> 04:07:27,700
underground noise, and your 
lungs would appreciate, are that

4860
04:07:27,700 --> 04:07:30,800
didn't have a texture. 
The mining community that grew 

4861
04:07:30,800 --> 04:07:33,400
up around the pits were unlike 
anything that had existed in 

4862
04:07:33,400 --> 04:07:36,400
Wales before. 
Previously Welsh, valleys had 

4863
04:07:36,400 --> 04:07:38,700
been places of scattered farms 
and small villages. 

4864
04:07:39,500 --> 04:07:42,700
Mining created in industrial 
towns, almost overnight, with 

4865
04:07:42,700 --> 04:07:45,200
rows of terrorist houses 
marching up hillsides in 

4866
04:07:45,200 --> 04:07:48,500
neatlines that showed all the 
imagination of someone arranged 

4867
04:07:48,500 --> 04:07:51,100
in dominoes. 
These worked communities with 

4868
04:07:51,100 --> 04:07:53,700
parks and public spaces. 
They were Housing Solutions 

4869
04:07:53,700 --> 04:07:57,400
designed to pack maximum workers
into minimum space as close to 

4870
04:07:57,400 --> 04:08:00,900
the pit as physically possible. 
The house's themselves were 

4871
04:08:00,900 --> 04:08:02,700
remarkably similar across 
different mining. 

4872
04:08:02,700 --> 04:08:06,900
Valleys two up, two down was the
standard layout, two rooms down,

4873
04:08:06,900 --> 04:08:11,000
stairs, two bedrooms up stairs, 
a small yard, Outback and walls 

4874
04:08:11,000 --> 04:08:13,200
thin enough that you knew 
entirely too much about your 

4875
04:08:13,200 --> 04:08:16,600
neighbor's personal lives. 
The front door opened directly 

4876
04:08:16,600 --> 04:08:20,200
onto the street, which meant 
cold dust mud, and whatever the 

4877
04:08:20,200 --> 04:08:22,400
weather was doing came straight 
into your front room. 

4878
04:08:22,400 --> 04:08:25,000
No entrance Halls. 
No mud rooms. 

4879
04:08:25,000 --> 04:08:29,100
Just immediate Domesticity These
houses were typically owned by 

4880
04:08:29,100 --> 04:08:32,400
the mining company and rented to
workers which created an 

4881
04:08:32,400 --> 04:08:35,000
interesting power Dynamic, where
your employer was also your 

4882
04:08:35,000 --> 04:08:39,000
landlord get fired from the pit,
you'd lose both your income and 

4883
04:08:39,000 --> 04:08:42,200
your home simultaneously. 
This Arrangement wasn't designed

4884
04:08:42,200 --> 04:08:44,700
for worker welfare so much as 
company, convenience. 

4885
04:08:45,400 --> 04:08:48,400
Ensure a captive Workforce who 
couldn't easily move to seek 

4886
04:08:48,400 --> 04:08:52,200
better wages, elsewhere. 
Life in these mining towns, 

4887
04:08:52,200 --> 04:08:55,000
revolved around the pits 
schedule when the day shift 

4888
04:08:55,000 --> 04:08:57,200
ended streets. 
Would suddenly fill with men, in

4889
04:08:57,200 --> 04:08:59,600
black and work clothes heading 
home, for a Washington dinner. 

4890
04:09:00,300 --> 04:09:01,800
The night shift would pass them 
going. 

4891
04:09:01,800 --> 04:09:05,400
The opposite direction creating 
a twice daily tidal exchange of 

4892
04:09:05,400 --> 04:09:09,100
workers. women timed their 
household tasks, around these 

4893
04:09:09,100 --> 04:09:12,700
rhythms water needed to be 
heated for washing Mills needed 

4894
04:09:12,700 --> 04:09:15,700
to be ready when men returned, 
laundering, had to be done when 

4895
04:09:15,700 --> 04:09:19,400
it wouldn't be coated in fresh 
colder dust The washing of a 

4896
04:09:19,408 --> 04:09:21,200
minor presented. 
Its own challenges. 

4897
04:09:22,100 --> 04:09:24,600
Before pit head bars. 
Became common in the early 20th.

4898
04:09:24,600 --> 04:09:28,300
Century men came home, covered 
head to foot and cold dust and 

4899
04:09:28,300 --> 04:09:31,800
had to wash in the house. 
This tiplee meant to zinc tub, 

4900
04:09:31,800 --> 04:09:34,600
placed in front of the kitchen 
fire filled with water heated on

4901
04:09:34,600 --> 04:09:37,200
the stove. 
The Miner would strip down and 

4902
04:09:37,200 --> 04:09:40,800
scrub away the days accumulation
while family members politely 

4903
04:09:40,800 --> 04:09:45,100
ignored his nakedness or helped 
scrub his back, The water would 

4904
04:09:45,100 --> 04:09:48,100
turn black immediately and the 
process would need multiple 

4905
04:09:48,100 --> 04:09:52,000
rinses to actually get clean. 
Some Coal dust. 

4906
04:09:52,000 --> 04:09:54,900
However never came out. 
It worked its way into skin 

4907
04:09:54,900 --> 04:09:58,600
pores, creating permanent blue 
scars, called cold tattoos, 

4908
04:09:58,600 --> 04:10:02,900
where Cuts had healed with dust 
embedded in the Older miners 

4909
04:10:02,900 --> 04:10:06,000
accumulated, these marks like 
some kind of industrial tribal 

4910
04:10:06,000 --> 04:10:08,300
scarification. 
Each one, a story of a 

4911
04:10:08,300 --> 04:10:10,400
particular accident or incident 
Underground. 

4912
04:10:11,500 --> 04:10:14,000
A hands, remained perpetually 
stained in the creases. 

4913
04:10:14,000 --> 04:10:17,600
No amount of scrubbing able to 
remove coal that had become part

4914
04:10:17,600 --> 04:10:20,500
of their flesh. 
Women in mining communities 

4915
04:10:20,500 --> 04:10:22,600
work. 
Just as hard as the men though, 

4916
04:10:22,600 --> 04:10:25,000
their labor was unpaid and 
largely invisible to the 

4917
04:10:25,000 --> 04:10:28,100
historical record. 
Running a household on a Minor's

4918
04:10:28,100 --> 04:10:30,500
wages, required skills. 
That would impress a modern 

4919
04:10:30,500 --> 04:10:33,600
efficiency expert. 
Yet to make limited money 

4920
04:10:33,600 --> 04:10:36,700
straight to feed a family. 
Keep everyone clothed despite 

4921
04:10:36,700 --> 04:10:38,400
the destructive nature of mining
work. 

4922
04:10:38,400 --> 04:10:41,700
Maintain a house that was under 
constant assault from colder, 

4923
04:10:41,700 --> 04:10:45,200
dust and somehow create a home 
environment that provided relief

4924
04:10:45,200 --> 04:10:47,400
from the harsh conditions of pit
work. 

4925
04:10:48,200 --> 04:10:49,700
Laundry was a particular 
Challenge. 

4926
04:10:49,700 --> 04:10:53,000
Mining clothes needed to be 
washed constantly but never 

4927
04:10:53,000 --> 04:10:56,200
really got clean. 
The standard process involved 

4928
04:10:56,200 --> 04:10:58,900
soaking. 
Boiling scrubbing, with lye soap

4929
04:10:58,900 --> 04:11:02,500
that was harsh enough to remove 
coal, but also skin multiple 

4930
04:11:02,500 --> 04:11:06,100
rinses and eventual acceptance 
that your husband's work clothes

4931
04:11:06,100 --> 04:11:09,800
would always be slightly Gray 
Wash day, typically happened 

4932
04:11:09,800 --> 04:11:13,300
once a week involving enough, 
physical effort to qualify as a 

4933
04:11:13,300 --> 04:11:15,600
serious workout. 
Hauling water heating. 

4934
04:11:15,600 --> 04:11:19,200
It lifting wet clothes, ringing 
hanging and repeating food was 

4935
04:11:19,200 --> 04:11:22,900
practical and calorie dense. 
Mining work, burned, enormous 

4936
04:11:22,900 --> 04:11:25,100
amounts of energy. 
So meals needed, to be 

4937
04:11:25,100 --> 04:11:26,900
substantial. 
Breakfast. 

4938
04:11:26,900 --> 04:11:29,200
Might be porridge, or bread with
dripping. 

4939
04:11:29,900 --> 04:11:33,200
The main meal taking after the 
shift with typically involve 

4940
04:11:33,200 --> 04:11:36,200
potatoes, maybe some bacon or 
cheap cuts of meat bread and 

4941
04:11:36,200 --> 04:11:39,000
strong tea. 
Vegetables came from the small 

4942
04:11:39,000 --> 04:11:41,700
garden plot behind the house. 
If you were lucky enough to have

4943
04:11:41,700 --> 04:11:45,000
one on the time to maintain it, 
the diet wasn't particularly 

4944
04:11:45,000 --> 04:11:48,300
varied, but it kept working men 
functional which was the primary

4945
04:11:48,300 --> 04:11:51,200
requirement. 
The town itself would have a few

4946
04:11:51,200 --> 04:11:54,800
key institutions, the chapel or 
church stood at the center of 

4947
04:11:54,800 --> 04:11:58,700
community life, providing not 
just religious services but also

4948
04:11:58,700 --> 04:12:02,200
social organization education 
and a moral framework. 

4949
04:12:03,600 --> 04:12:06,100
Chapels, were often the grandest
building in mining towns. 

4950
04:12:06,100 --> 04:12:10,600
There are suggesting that while 
houses could be basic places of 

4951
04:12:10,600 --> 04:12:14,400
worship deserved investment. 
The Welsh Love Of Music found 

4952
04:12:14,400 --> 04:12:17,300
particular expression. 
In Chapel choirs where miners, 

4953
04:12:17,300 --> 04:12:19,600
who spent their days in 
industrial noise, created, 

4954
04:12:19,600 --> 04:12:21,900
harmonies that could raise the 
hair on your neck. 

4955
04:12:22,700 --> 04:12:26,200
Shops lined, the main streets, 
Grocers butchers Bakers and 

4956
04:12:26,200 --> 04:12:29,500
General stores. 
Many operated on Credit Systems 

4957
04:12:29,500 --> 04:12:32,400
because miners were paid 
fortnightly and families needed 

4958
04:12:32,400 --> 04:12:35,200
to eat in between. 
The shopkeepers Ledger was 

4959
04:12:35,200 --> 04:12:38,200
essentially the community's 
credit score tracking who owed 

4960
04:12:38,200 --> 04:12:41,200
what and allowing families to 
survive the gap between wages. 

4961
04:12:41,200 --> 04:12:45,300
This credit came at a price. 
Of course interest charges that 

4962
04:12:45,300 --> 04:12:48,000
meant buying on credit always 
cost, more than paying cash. 

4963
04:12:48,800 --> 04:12:50,800
The pub served as the men's 
social space. 

4964
04:12:50,800 --> 04:12:53,900
The place where you could relax 
after a shift with a pint and 

4965
04:12:53,900 --> 04:12:57,500
companionship. 
Mining was hard on body's and 

4966
04:12:57,500 --> 04:13:00,300
minds and alcohol provided 
temporary relief from both 

4967
04:13:00,300 --> 04:13:02,300
physical pain and psychological 
stress. 

4968
04:13:03,200 --> 04:13:06,400
Some men drank moderately, 
others fell into patterns of 

4969
04:13:06,400 --> 04:13:09,200
heavy, drinking that consumed 
wages and created Family 

4970
04:13:09,200 --> 04:13:11,900
hardships. 
The temperance movement had 

4971
04:13:11,900 --> 04:13:15,200
strong support in mining areas, 
though, at Fortune uphill battle

4972
04:13:15,200 --> 04:13:18,900
against the combination of 
physical pain, cycle, stress and

4973
04:13:18,900 --> 04:13:21,900
social tradition that made the 
pub Central to male community 

4974
04:13:21,900 --> 04:13:24,600
life. 
Education was valued, but 

4975
04:13:24,600 --> 04:13:28,000
limited elementary, schools 
taught basic literacy, and 

4976
04:13:28,000 --> 04:13:30,800
numeracy enough to read the 
Bible, and do practical 

4977
04:13:30,800 --> 04:13:34,600
calculations beyond that. 
Continued, education required 

4978
04:13:34,600 --> 04:13:37,500
either exceptional, talent, that
earned scholarships or family 

4979
04:13:37,500 --> 04:13:39,200
wealth that most miners didn't 
possess. 

4980
04:13:40,000 --> 04:13:43,300
Children typically left school 
at 12 or 13 to Begin work, 

4981
04:13:43,300 --> 04:13:46,100
either in the pit or in other 
jobs that help support the 

4982
04:13:46,100 --> 04:13:48,700
family economy. 
Now, we come to the harder parts

4983
04:13:48,708 --> 04:13:50,700
of this story. 
They will walk through them 

4984
04:13:50,700 --> 04:13:55,300
gently understanding what mining
communities endured requires 

4985
04:13:55,300 --> 04:13:58,500
acknowledging both the 
spectacular disasters that made 

4986
04:13:58,500 --> 04:14:01,200
headlines and the grinding 
everyday hardships that broke 

4987
04:14:01,200 --> 04:14:04,900
people slowly rather than 
suddenly Mining accidents were 

4988
04:14:04,900 --> 04:14:08,300
horrifyingly common, small 
incidents happen to constantly 

4989
04:14:08,300 --> 04:14:11,900
crushed fingers, minor burns, 
cuts and bruises. 

4990
04:14:11,900 --> 04:14:15,100
These rarely made it into a 
official records because men 

4991
04:14:15,100 --> 04:14:17,400
would typically bind up the 
injury and keep working. 

4992
04:14:18,300 --> 04:14:21,100
Losing a shifts, pay was often 
more threatening than a damaged 

4993
04:14:21,100 --> 04:14:23,700
hand. 
More serious injuries meant time

4994
04:14:23,700 --> 04:14:27,000
off work which meant no income, 
which meant family hardship. 

4995
04:14:27,900 --> 04:14:31,500
Then there were the disasters, 
mine explosions killed dozens or

4996
04:14:31,500 --> 04:14:35,000
hundreds at once usually caused 
by methane gas accumulating in 

4997
04:14:35,008 --> 04:14:39,500
poorly ventilated areas and 
igniting from a lamp a spark or 

4998
04:14:39,500 --> 04:14:41,900
the explosion itself. 
Creating more explosions. 

4999
04:14:41,900 --> 04:14:45,200
These catastrophes were 
devastate entire communities 

5000
04:14:45,200 --> 04:14:47,600
overnight. 
One Moment Men were working 

5001
04:14:47,600 --> 04:14:50,700
normally underground, the next 
families were gathering at the 

5002
04:14:50,708 --> 04:14:54,500
pit head waiting for news. 
Knowing from the smoke and Chaos

5003
04:14:54,500 --> 04:14:55,800
that many wouldn't be coming 
home. 

5004
04:14:55,800 --> 04:14:59,300
Roof Falls claimed lives 
regularly suddenly, and without 

5005
04:14:59,300 --> 04:15:02,900
warning, One minute, you're 
working the coal face, the next 

5006
04:15:02,900 --> 04:15:05,600
tons of rock of crushed you, or 
trapped you in darkness. 

5007
04:15:05,600 --> 04:15:09,800
While the lamp burns down and 
are ones out, rescue efforts 

5008
04:15:09,800 --> 04:15:12,200
were heroic but often futile 
moving. 

5009
04:15:12,200 --> 04:15:15,600
The Fallen Rock required time 
and equipment and trapped men 

5010
04:15:15,600 --> 04:15:19,000
rarely had enough of either. 
Water in Russia's could flood 

5011
04:15:19,000 --> 04:15:22,400
entire sections of the mine in 
minutes, underground, water, 

5012
04:15:22,400 --> 04:15:25,500
sources were unpredictable. 
And sometimes mining work would 

5013
04:15:25,500 --> 04:15:29,100
inadvertently breach barriers 
holding back underground, lakes 

5014
04:15:29,100 --> 04:15:31,700
or streams. 
The water would pour in with 

5015
04:15:31,700 --> 04:15:34,900
tremendous Force drowning, 
anyone who couldn't reach higher

5016
04:15:34,900 --> 04:15:38,200
ground or the shaft quickly 
enough, The aftermath of 

5017
04:15:38,200 --> 04:15:42,000
disasters, followed predictable 
tragic patterns, the company 

5018
04:15:42,000 --> 04:15:43,800
would Express regret. 
While denying responsibility 

5019
04:15:43,800 --> 04:15:47,700
funerals would be held for those
whose bodies could be recovered.

5020
04:15:47,700 --> 04:15:51,700
Families would be left without 
income often without housing. 

5021
04:15:51,700 --> 04:15:55,000
Since they lived in 
company-owned homes in quests 

5022
04:15:55,000 --> 04:15:58,200
would be held recommendations 
made and usually nothing 

5023
04:15:58,200 --> 04:16:01,700
fundamental would change. 
But the slow disasters were 

5024
04:16:01,700 --> 04:16:03,600
equally devastating in their own
way. 

5025
04:16:03,600 --> 04:16:09,500
Pneumoconiosis called Black Lung
was the miners disease caused by

5026
04:16:09,500 --> 04:16:13,300
Decades of breathing cold dust 
that accumulated in lungs, until

5027
04:16:13,300 --> 04:16:17,200
breathing became increasingly 
difficult There was no cure, no 

5028
04:16:17,200 --> 04:16:20,100
treatment, just a gradual 
decline where every breath 

5029
04:16:20,100 --> 04:16:23,200
became work and the former 
strong man became a wheezing 

5030
04:16:23,200 --> 04:16:26,300
invalid who couldn't walk up the
stairs without stopping to catch

5031
04:16:26,300 --> 04:16:29,000
his breath. 
The progression was cruel in its

5032
04:16:29,000 --> 04:16:32,600
predictability first, you'd 
notice, you couldn't quite keep 

5033
04:16:32,600 --> 04:16:35,700
up with young men anymore. 
Then climbing, Hills became 

5034
04:16:35,700 --> 04:16:39,200
difficult, eventually breathing,
became the main activity of your

5035
04:16:39,208 --> 04:16:42,800
day, each breath a conscious 
effort, rather than an automatic

5036
04:16:42,800 --> 04:16:47,300
background function, Men in 
their 50s, looked 80 worn out 

5037
04:16:47,300 --> 04:16:49,400
from inside by the cold laid 
spent their lives. 

5038
04:16:49,400 --> 04:16:52,600
Extracting Injuries accumulated 
over careers. 

5039
04:16:52,600 --> 04:16:57,000
Bad backs from years of working 
stooped, damaged, knees from 

5040
04:16:57,000 --> 04:17:00,400
kneeling on hard coal and rock 
shoulders the ached in wet 

5041
04:17:00,400 --> 04:17:03,600
weather from swinging picks 
thousands of times per shift. 

5042
04:17:04,300 --> 04:17:06,300
Hearing loss from working in 
constant noise. 

5043
04:17:06,300 --> 04:17:10,100
These weren't dramatic injuries 
but the physical cost of Decades

5044
04:17:10,100 --> 04:17:13,300
of doing brutally hard work in 
terrible conditions, the 

5045
04:17:13,300 --> 04:17:16,300
psychological toll is harder to 
document because mental health 

5046
04:17:16,300 --> 04:17:19,400
wasn't a concept that mining 
communities had language for, 

5047
04:17:19,400 --> 04:17:22,400
but it was real nonetheless. 
Men. 

5048
04:17:22,400 --> 04:17:24,700
Who survived disasters? 
Often showed what we'd now? 

5049
04:17:24,700 --> 04:17:29,900
Recognized as PTSD, nightmares, 
anxiety, and inability to return

5050
04:17:29,900 --> 04:17:32,800
on Underground? 
The constant awareness of danger

5051
04:17:32,800 --> 04:17:35,400
created stress that some managed
and others didn't. 

5052
04:17:36,300 --> 04:17:39,500
The combination of dangerous 
work Financial insecurity, 

5053
04:17:39,500 --> 04:17:43,100
physical pain, and limited 
options for change Wade on 

5054
04:17:43,100 --> 04:17:44,600
people. 
In ways that expressed 

5055
04:17:44,600 --> 04:17:47,900
themselves through irritability,
depression or drinking. 

5056
04:17:49,300 --> 04:17:51,800
Family Life under these 
pressures required remarkable, 

5057
04:17:51,800 --> 04:17:54,300
resilience women manage 
households. 

5058
04:17:54,300 --> 04:17:57,200
Knowing their husbands might not
come home from their shifts 

5059
04:17:57,200 --> 04:18:00,200
children grow up understanding 
that their fathers were 

5060
04:18:00,200 --> 04:18:03,500
constantly at risk. the 
communities developed coping 

5061
04:18:03,500 --> 04:18:07,100
mechanisms neighbors, helping 
each other, the chapel providing

5062
04:18:07,100 --> 04:18:11,400
comfort and shared experience 
creating understanding But the 

5063
04:18:11,400 --> 04:18:15,300
stress was real and constant. 
Economic hardship was the 

5064
04:18:15,300 --> 04:18:18,400
backdrop to everything. 
Mining wages were better than 

5065
04:18:18,400 --> 04:18:20,600
farm work, but never enough to 
build security. 

5066
04:18:20,600 --> 04:18:23,800
A mine is Widow. 
Often faced immediate poverty 

5067
04:18:23,800 --> 04:18:26,900
unless you could find work or 
had grown children to support 

5068
04:18:26,900 --> 04:18:30,200
her illness or injury meant 
financial disaster. 

5069
04:18:30,200 --> 04:18:34,400
There were no safety nets. 
No insurance, no, welfare state.

5070
04:18:34,400 --> 04:18:37,300
Just charity. 
That was never sufficient and 

5071
04:18:37,300 --> 04:18:39,300
Community. 
Support that was generous, but 

5072
04:18:39,300 --> 04:18:41,600
limited. 
Yet through all this hardship, 

5073
04:18:41,600 --> 04:18:45,600
the community's endured they 
created culture, despite poverty

5074
04:18:45,600 --> 04:18:49,200
the male voice choirs that made 
Welsh mining famous the breast 

5075
04:18:49,200 --> 04:18:52,300
bands that practice in drafty 
halls and the poetry and 

5076
04:18:52,300 --> 04:18:54,100
literature that emerged from 
these valleys. 

5077
04:18:54,900 --> 04:18:57,900
They built in institutions trade
unions that fought for better 

5078
04:18:57,900 --> 04:19:00,900
conditions, Co-operative 
societies that provided 

5079
04:19:00,900 --> 04:19:04,000
affordable goods and educational
institutes, that offered 

5080
04:19:04,000 --> 04:19:06,900
learning opportunities. 
The perseverance, wasn't some 

5081
04:19:06,900 --> 04:19:09,800
romantic quality to be admired, 
from a distance, it was 

5082
04:19:09,800 --> 04:19:13,600
necessity given form the 
stubborn refusal to be destroyed

5083
04:19:13,600 --> 04:19:16,300
by circumstances that were 
genuinely destructive. 

5084
04:19:17,200 --> 04:19:19,700
Kept going because the 
alternative was Unthinkable. 

5085
04:19:19,700 --> 04:19:22,700
You sent your children down the 
pit because they needed to eat. 

5086
04:19:22,700 --> 04:19:26,100
You went back underground after 
disasters because your family 

5087
04:19:26,100 --> 04:19:29,000
needed the income, you built a 
life in the cracks between 

5088
04:19:29,000 --> 04:19:32,400
hardship, because humans are 
remarkably good at doing exactly

5089
04:19:32,400 --> 04:19:34,800
that the decline of Welsh coal 
mining. 

5090
04:19:34,800 --> 04:19:38,100
Didn't happen overnight. 
It was a slow process like 

5091
04:19:38,100 --> 04:19:40,800
watching a sunset that takes 
decades instead of minutes 

5092
04:19:40,800 --> 04:19:43,800
beautiful in its own way, but 
marking the end of an era. 

5093
04:19:44,700 --> 04:19:47,300
The first hints came after World
War One, when foreign 

5094
04:19:47,300 --> 04:19:50,700
competition began undercutting, 
Welsh coal prices, other 

5095
04:19:50,700 --> 04:19:53,400
countries had developed their 
own mining Industries and 

5096
04:19:53,400 --> 04:19:55,400
shipping. 
Coal across Ocean's became less 

5097
04:19:55,400 --> 04:19:57,500
economical than burning local 
supplies. 

5098
04:19:58,500 --> 04:20:00,900
The British Market remained but 
it was shrinking. 

5099
04:20:00,900 --> 04:20:03,300
As oil, began replacing coal for
some purposes. 

5100
04:20:04,100 --> 04:20:06,400
Diesel locomotives were more 
efficient than steam. 

5101
04:20:06,400 --> 04:20:08,700
Oil heating was cleaner than 
coal. 

5102
04:20:08,700 --> 04:20:12,000
The world was changing its 
energy sources and coal was 

5103
04:20:12,000 --> 04:20:13,400
slowly becoming yesterday's 
fuel. 

5104
04:20:14,500 --> 04:20:17,000
The Great Depression, hit mining
communities with particular 

5105
04:20:17,000 --> 04:20:20,600
brutality, when industry's cut 
production, they needed less 

5106
04:20:20,600 --> 04:20:22,900
coal. 
Mine has closed or reduced 

5107
04:20:22,900 --> 04:20:25,500
shifts men. 
Who'd work their entire lives 

5108
04:20:25,500 --> 04:20:27,300
underground. 
Found themselves, unemployed 

5109
04:20:27,300 --> 04:20:30,200
with no other skills and no 
other opportunities in towns. 

5110
04:20:30,200 --> 04:20:35,000
Built entirely around mining. 
The Dole unemployment benefit 

5111
04:20:35,000 --> 04:20:39,100
kept families from starvation, 
but not from poverty, and the 

5112
04:20:39,100 --> 04:20:42,400
psychological impact of idleness
and communities where identity 

5113
04:20:42,400 --> 04:20:45,400
was built around. 
Work was devastating World War 

5114
04:20:45,408 --> 04:20:48,700
Two brought temporary. 
Revival Cole was essential for 

5115
04:20:48,700 --> 04:20:51,500
the war effort and Minds 
operated at full capacity. 

5116
04:20:52,500 --> 04:20:54,200
Men too old for military 
service. 

5117
04:20:54,200 --> 04:20:57,200
Worked double shifts the 
industry remembered its 

5118
04:20:57,200 --> 04:21:00,900
importance and workers 
remembered steady employment but

5119
04:21:00,900 --> 04:21:02,800
it was a reprieve rather than a 
reversal. 

5120
04:21:02,800 --> 04:21:05,900
The economy running on wartime 
needs that would end with peace.

5121
04:21:06,700 --> 04:21:09,900
Nationalization in 1947 brought 
the mine under government 

5122
04:21:09,900 --> 04:21:11,800
control, creating the national 
coal board. 

5123
04:21:12,600 --> 04:21:14,900
Miners hoped, this would mean 
better conditions and more 

5124
04:21:14,900 --> 04:21:18,200
secure employment. 
In some ways, it did safety 

5125
04:21:18,200 --> 04:21:21,800
improved wages, became more 
standardized and benefits were 

5126
04:21:21,800 --> 04:21:24,600
introduced. 
But nationalization couldn't 

5127
04:21:24,600 --> 04:21:28,000
solve the fundamental problem, 
the world needed, less coal. 

5128
04:21:28,000 --> 04:21:31,500
And Welsh, coal was becoming 
expensive to extract compared to

5129
04:21:31,500 --> 04:21:35,700
other sources, the 1950s and 
60s, saw systematic closures 

5130
04:21:35,700 --> 04:21:38,500
Minds that had employed hundreds
closed permanently. 

5131
04:21:38,500 --> 04:21:42,400
Their pit wheel stopping for the
last time community's that had 

5132
04:21:42,400 --> 04:21:45,300
existed for Generations faced 
existential questions. 

5133
04:21:45,300 --> 04:21:48,400
What happens to a mining town 
when the Mind closest? 

5134
04:21:48,400 --> 04:21:51,200
Where do people go? 
When the only skill they have is

5135
04:21:51,200 --> 04:21:53,200
extracting coal that nobody 
wants anymore? 

5136
04:21:54,000 --> 04:21:57,200
some families moved to England 
seeking work in factories or 

5137
04:21:57,200 --> 04:22:01,000
construction others stayed 
clinging to familiar places even

5138
04:22:01,000 --> 04:22:04,500
as employment vanished, the 
young left in disproportionate 

5139
04:22:04,500 --> 04:22:07,200
numbers draining valleys of 
energy and Future. 

5140
04:22:08,100 --> 04:22:11,400
Villages became places where old
miners retired and died while 

5141
04:22:11,400 --> 04:22:13,100
their children built lives. 
Elsewhere. 

5142
04:22:14,000 --> 04:22:17,500
The strikes of the 1980s were a 
last desperate attempt to save 

5143
04:22:17,500 --> 04:22:20,300
an industry that economics had 
already condemned. 

5144
04:22:21,000 --> 04:22:25,500
The 1984 to 85 strike lasted a 
year pitting miners against a 

5145
04:22:25,500 --> 04:22:27,700
government determined to reduce 
cold dependency. 

5146
04:22:27,700 --> 04:22:31,500
It was brutal bitter and 
ultimately unsuccessful. 

5147
04:22:32,600 --> 04:22:35,500
Community's tore themselves 
apart over whether to strike or 

5148
04:22:35,500 --> 04:22:38,300
work. 
Family survived on charity and 

5149
04:22:38,300 --> 04:22:42,000
determination and in the end, 
the Mind closed anyway, walking 

5150
04:22:42,000 --> 04:22:44,600
through a Welsh Valley. 
Today, you can still read the 

5151
04:22:44,600 --> 04:22:48,100
history in the landscape. 
The terrorist houses remain, 

5152
04:22:48,100 --> 04:22:51,200
though, many are now hollered a 
Cottages or have been renovated 

5153
04:22:51,200 --> 04:22:54,800
beyond recognition. 
Chapel building Stan converted 

5154
04:22:54,800 --> 04:22:58,200
to apartments or community 
centers their singing replaced 

5155
04:22:58,200 --> 04:23:01,300
by silent. 
The pit heads are gone, their 

5156
04:23:01,300 --> 04:23:04,700
site's reclaimed by grass and 
trees or marked by memorials. 

5157
04:23:05,700 --> 04:23:08,400
Slag, heaps, have been 
landscaped into gentle Hills. 

5158
04:23:08,400 --> 04:23:11,600
The sharp angles softened by 
Decades of erosion and 

5159
04:23:11,600 --> 04:23:15,400
deliberate reshaping the last 
deep mine in Wales closed in 

5160
04:23:15,400 --> 04:23:18,500
2008 Tower. 
Colliery had been saved by 

5161
04:23:18,500 --> 04:23:20,200
workers. 
Who bought it themselves in the 

5162
04:23:20,200 --> 04:23:23,600
1990s operating it as a 
Cooperative that proved mining 

5163
04:23:23,600 --> 04:23:25,500
could still work if workers 
controlled it. 

5164
04:23:26,200 --> 04:23:29,500
When coal quality declined and 
reserves depleted, they closed 

5165
04:23:29,500 --> 04:23:31,900
it voluntarily. 
Rather than waiting for economic

5166
04:23:31,900 --> 04:23:33,400
forces to make the decision for 
them. 

5167
04:23:33,400 --> 04:23:37,500
It was an ending that somehow 
maintained dignity with workers 

5168
04:23:37,500 --> 04:23:40,200
choosing to close their own 
mind, rather than having it shut

5169
04:23:40,200 --> 04:23:44,300
down by external decree. 
The end of coal mining in Wales 

5170
04:23:44,300 --> 04:23:47,300
marked the conclusion of an era 
that had lasted roughly 200 

5171
04:23:47,300 --> 04:23:49,600
years. 
Two centuries, during which 

5172
04:23:49,600 --> 04:23:51,000
these valleys had been 
transformed. 

5173
04:23:51,000 --> 04:23:54,200
From farming country to 
Industrial, powerhouses and back

5174
04:23:54,200 --> 04:23:57,700
to something else, entirely 
Community searching for new 

5175
04:23:57,700 --> 04:24:00,700
identities while honoring, the 
extraordinary history that had 

5176
04:24:00,700 --> 04:24:04,000
shaped them. 
The transition wasn't smooth 

5177
04:24:04,000 --> 04:24:06,400
mining towns. 
Struggled with unemployment 

5178
04:24:06,400 --> 04:24:07,900
rates. 
That would shock economists. 

5179
04:24:07,900 --> 04:24:11,900
Young people left because there 
were no jobs creating aging 

5180
04:24:11,900 --> 04:24:14,200
populations in communities built
for young families. 

5181
04:24:15,100 --> 04:24:18,700
The social fabric that mining 
had created the solidarity, the 

5182
04:24:18,700 --> 04:24:22,600
shared purpose, the Titanic 
neighborhoods began to fray when

5183
04:24:22,600 --> 04:24:24,900
the industry that had woven it 
together disappeared. 

5184
04:24:25,600 --> 04:24:28,900
Some valleys found new purposes 
tourism discovered that the 

5185
04:24:28,900 --> 04:24:32,100
industrial Heritage people had 
lived with daily was actually 

5186
04:24:32,100 --> 04:24:36,100
fascinating to Outsiders. 
Former Minds became museums 

5187
04:24:36,100 --> 04:24:38,600
where guides often former miners
themselves. 

5188
04:24:38,600 --> 04:24:42,800
LED visitors through preserved 
workings explaining how the job 

5189
04:24:42,800 --> 04:24:46,400
was done and what life was like 
Underground There's something 

5190
04:24:46,400 --> 04:24:50,100
both touching and slightly odd 
about paying to experience a 

5191
04:24:50,100 --> 04:24:52,900
sample of work that people had 
once been paid to do, and had 

5192
04:24:52,900 --> 04:24:55,300
desperately hoped their children
would not have to follow them 

5193
04:24:55,300 --> 04:24:59,000
into regeneration, projects 
attempted to diversify local 

5194
04:24:59,000 --> 04:25:03,500
economies, Light Industry, call 
centers tourism and service 

5195
04:25:03,500 --> 04:25:07,700
jobs, replaced heavy industry. 
The work was safer cleaner and 

5196
04:25:07,700 --> 04:25:11,000
generally better for your health
but it paid less and lacked the 

5197
04:25:11,008 --> 04:25:13,600
identity and solidarity that 
mining had provided. 

5198
04:25:14,500 --> 04:25:17,400
You can work in a call center 
for 20 years without developing 

5199
04:25:17,400 --> 04:25:19,300
the same sentence of craft and 
Community. 

5200
04:25:19,300 --> 04:25:21,700
The two years underground 
created. 

5201
04:25:22,900 --> 04:25:25,500
Physical landscape, underwent, 
dramatic transformation. 

5202
04:25:25,500 --> 04:25:28,800
Those slag heaps that are 
dominated valleyside for 

5203
04:25:28,800 --> 04:25:31,300
Generations were slowly removed 
or reshaped. 

5204
04:25:32,200 --> 04:25:35,200
Rivers that had run black with 
cold dust for a century started 

5205
04:25:35,200 --> 04:25:38,300
running, clear again, air 
quality improved to the point 

5206
04:25:38,300 --> 04:25:40,700
where you could hang white 
laundry outside without it 

5207
04:25:40,700 --> 04:25:44,000
turning gray nature. 
Reclaimed space is that industry

5208
04:25:44,000 --> 04:25:47,100
had dominated and The Valleys 
began to look more like they had

5209
04:25:47,100 --> 04:25:50,600
before coals discovered. 
But removing the physical traces

5210
04:25:50,600 --> 04:25:52,900
of mining could not erase the 
cultural Legacy. 

5211
04:25:53,800 --> 04:25:56,000
Communities that mine and 
created had developed 

5212
04:25:56,000 --> 04:25:59,100
distinctive identities that 
persisted even after the 

5213
04:25:59,100 --> 04:26:02,300
industry vanished, the emphasis 
on education and 

5214
04:26:02,300 --> 04:26:05,500
self-improvement the tradition 
of mutual Aid and Collective 

5215
04:26:05,500 --> 04:26:08,500
action and the cultural 
institutions like choirs and 

5216
04:26:08,508 --> 04:26:11,400
Brass bands. 
He survived the closure of the 

5217
04:26:11,400 --> 04:26:14,400
pits because they'd become 
embedded in community identity, 

5218
04:26:14,400 --> 04:26:17,600
as you lie there in Comfort, 
warm and safe. 

5219
04:26:18,400 --> 04:26:20,900
It's worth reflecting on what 
those forgotten minds of whales 

5220
04:26:20,900 --> 04:26:23,500
actually meant. 
Not just to the people who 

5221
04:26:23,500 --> 04:26:26,200
worked them but to the modern 
world, you inhabit. 

5222
04:26:27,300 --> 04:26:29,900
The cold from Welsh valleys, 
powered the Industrial 

5223
04:26:29,900 --> 04:26:34,100
Revolution that created modern 
civilization the ship that 

5224
04:26:34,100 --> 04:26:36,200
connected. 
The British Empire ran on Welsh 

5225
04:26:36,200 --> 04:26:38,100
coal. 
The factory is that mass 

5226
04:26:38,100 --> 04:26:41,100
produced Goods making them 
affordable for ordinary people 

5227
04:26:41,100 --> 04:26:44,200
for the first time in history 
were powered by Welsh coal. 

5228
04:26:45,000 --> 04:26:48,300
The trains that revolutionized 
Transportation the heating 

5229
04:26:48,300 --> 04:26:51,400
systems that made homes 
comfortable, and the steel mills

5230
04:26:51,400 --> 04:26:53,400
that provided material for 
Bridges and buildings. 

5231
04:26:53,400 --> 04:26:57,100
All of these depended on coal 
and much of that coal came from 

5232
04:26:57,100 --> 04:26:59,900
Wales. 
This means that Welsh miners 

5233
04:26:59,900 --> 04:27:03,200
toiling in darkness and danger 
for wages that barely covered 

5234
04:27:03,200 --> 04:27:06,300
rent and food were inadvertently
building the modern world. 

5235
04:27:07,100 --> 04:27:10,400
Every technological advancement 
of the Industrial Age rested on 

5236
04:27:10,400 --> 04:27:13,400
a foundation of fossil fuel 
energy and someone had to 

5237
04:27:13,408 --> 04:27:15,300
extract that energy from 
underground. 

5238
04:27:16,100 --> 04:27:18,100
The miners who did this work 
weren't thinking about 

5239
04:27:18,100 --> 04:27:21,000
historical significance. 
They were thinking about feeding

5240
04:27:21,000 --> 04:27:24,000
their families but their labor 
literally powered the 

5241
04:27:24,000 --> 04:27:25,800
transformation of human 
civilization. 

5242
04:27:26,600 --> 04:27:29,200
The labor movement that created 
workers' rights across the 

5243
04:27:29,200 --> 04:27:32,600
industrialized world found, some
of its strongest expression. 

5244
04:27:32,600 --> 04:27:36,200
In Welsh mining communities. 
The unions that fought for safer

5245
04:27:36,200 --> 04:27:39,600
conditions, better pay 
reasonable hours and basic 

5246
04:27:39,600 --> 04:27:42,900
dignity, established precedence 
that benefited workers in every 

5247
04:27:42,900 --> 04:27:45,700
industry. 
When coal miners struck for 

5248
04:27:45,700 --> 04:27:48,400
better conditions, they were 
advancing cores that would 

5249
04:27:48,400 --> 04:27:50,000
eventually Benefit office 
workers. 

5250
04:27:50,000 --> 04:27:53,100
Who'd never seen a mine, the 
concept that workers deserve 

5251
04:27:53,100 --> 04:27:56,100
protection from dangerous 
conditions that employers had 

5252
04:27:56,100 --> 04:27:59,100
responsibility for workplace 
safety and that communities 

5253
04:27:59,100 --> 04:28:02,400
deserved compensation. 
When industry harmed them, these

5254
04:28:02,400 --> 04:28:04,400
ideas were forged in mining 
communities. 

5255
04:28:04,400 --> 04:28:08,700
Often in response to disasters, 
that killed doesn't the 

5256
04:28:08,700 --> 04:28:11,700
regulations that protect modern 
workers exists partly because 

5257
04:28:11,700 --> 04:28:15,000
mine is died, when those 
regulations didn't exist, and 

5258
04:28:15,000 --> 04:28:17,700
their communities refused to 
accept such deaths, were 

5259
04:28:17,700 --> 04:28:20,400
inevitable. 
The cultural contributions of 

5260
04:28:20,400 --> 04:28:23,500
Welsh mining communities in rich
British and World culture in 

5261
04:28:23,500 --> 04:28:27,000
ways often overlooked The Male 
Voice Choir tradition, that 

5262
04:28:27,000 --> 04:28:29,700
spread globally had its 
strongest expression in mining 

5263
04:28:29,700 --> 04:28:32,700
valleys where men who spent 
their days in industrial noise, 

5264
04:28:32,700 --> 04:28:36,300
created beauty through Harmony. 
The literature that emerged from

5265
04:28:36,300 --> 04:28:41,000
these communities poetry Memoir 
fiction provided working-class 

5266
04:28:41,000 --> 04:28:43,700
perspectives that challenged 
middle-class assumptions about 

5267
04:28:43,700 --> 04:28:46,000
what constituted worthy subjects
for art. 

5268
04:28:46,700 --> 04:28:49,700
Welsh mining communities also 
demonstrated something important

5269
04:28:49,700 --> 04:28:51,700
about human resilience and 
Community. 

5270
04:28:51,700 --> 04:28:55,200
Solidarity, they showed that 
people could build meaningful 

5271
04:28:55,200 --> 04:28:58,700
lives under objectively terrible
conditions, that communities, 

5272
04:28:58,700 --> 04:29:01,700
could develop Rich cultures, 
despite poverty, and that 

5273
04:29:01,708 --> 04:29:04,100
dignity was not dependent on 
material comfort. 

5274
04:29:05,000 --> 04:29:06,800
This isn't to romanticize 
hardship. 

5275
04:29:06,800 --> 04:29:10,500
The conditions were genuinely 
awful and nobody should have had

5276
04:29:10,500 --> 04:29:13,700
to endure them, but rather to 
acknowledge the remarkable human

5277
04:29:13,700 --> 04:29:17,100
capacity to create meaning and 
Community even in difficult 

5278
04:29:17,100 --> 04:29:20,800
circumstances. 
The environmental Legacy is more

5279
04:29:20,800 --> 04:29:23,300
complicated. 
Coal mining damage the 

5280
04:29:23,300 --> 04:29:27,000
Landscaping extensively, 
polluted waterways, and 

5281
04:29:27,000 --> 04:29:30,100
contributed to air pollution 
that harmed Health across in 

5282
04:29:30,100 --> 04:29:33,300
industrial regions. 
The carbon emissions from 

5283
04:29:33,300 --> 04:29:36,200
burning, Welsh cold contributed 
to climate change that were now 

5284
04:29:36,200 --> 04:29:39,700
struggling to address. 
The environmental restoration of

5285
04:29:39,700 --> 04:29:43,700
former mining areas has been 
expensive and ongoing attempting

5286
04:29:43,700 --> 04:29:46,400
to repair damage that 
accumulated over two centuries 

5287
04:29:46,400 --> 04:29:48,800
of intensive. 
Extraction yet the energy 

5288
04:29:48,800 --> 04:29:52,300
transition we're currently 
experiencing moving from fossil 

5289
04:29:52,300 --> 04:29:55,700
fuels to renewable sources 
Builds on Lessons Learned From 

5290
04:29:55,700 --> 04:29:58,700
the coal era. 
We understand now that energy 

5291
04:29:58,700 --> 04:30:01,600
extraction has environmental 
costs, that must be considered. 

5292
04:30:02,500 --> 04:30:05,500
We recognize that communities 
build around single Industries 

5293
04:30:05,500 --> 04:30:07,900
are vulnerable when that 
industry declines. 

5294
04:30:07,900 --> 04:30:11,500
We know that workers displaced 
by economic change deserves 

5295
04:30:11,500 --> 04:30:14,500
support and retraining rather 
than abandonment. 

5296
04:30:15,500 --> 04:30:17,500
These lessons came partly from 
watching what happened. 

5297
04:30:17,500 --> 04:30:21,100
When coal mining ended the 
museums and heritage site that 

5298
04:30:21,100 --> 04:30:23,400
preserve mining history. 
Serve an important function 

5299
04:30:23,400 --> 04:30:27,300
Beyond tourism, they ensure that
future Generations understand 

5300
04:30:27,300 --> 04:30:30,600
where their comfortable 
technological lives came from, 

5301
04:30:30,600 --> 04:30:34,900
it's easy to take electricity 
Heating and manufactured goods 

5302
04:30:34,900 --> 04:30:38,000
for granted without considering 
the human cost that made them 

5303
04:30:38,000 --> 04:30:40,800
possible. 
Seeing an actual coal face 

5304
04:30:40,800 --> 04:30:43,400
understanding what working 
underground meant. 

5305
04:30:43,400 --> 04:30:47,100
And recognizing the sacrifices 
made by people whose names are 

5306
04:30:47,100 --> 04:30:49,800
mostly forgotten. 
This provides perspective, that 

5307
04:30:49,800 --> 04:30:53,200
pure Prosperity, can't teach In 
Wales itself. 

5308
04:30:53,200 --> 04:30:57,300
Mining identity remains powerful
even among people too young to 

5309
04:30:57,300 --> 04:31:00,700
have ever worked Underground. 
The values that mining 

5310
04:31:00,700 --> 04:31:03,700
communities developed 
solidarity, Mutual support, 

5311
04:31:03,700 --> 04:31:07,300
education and cultural 
expression, continue to shape 

5312
04:31:07,300 --> 04:31:11,000
these regions the political 
culture of Welsh valleys with 

5313
04:31:11,000 --> 04:31:13,100
its strong support for 
Collective action and social 

5314
04:31:13,100 --> 04:31:16,200
welfare, reflects Lessons 
Learned, when communities 

5315
04:31:16,200 --> 04:31:18,600
discovered, that individuals 
couldn't survive without 

5316
04:31:18,600 --> 04:31:21,900
Community Support. 
The descendants of miners live 

5317
04:31:21,900 --> 04:31:24,400
across the world now, carrying 
family, histories of 

5318
04:31:24,408 --> 04:31:27,100
underground, work to places far 
from Welsh valleys. 

5319
04:31:27,900 --> 04:31:30,400
These stories passed down 
through generations. 

5320
04:31:30,400 --> 04:31:33,700
Keep alive the memory of what 
previous generations endured. 

5321
04:31:34,500 --> 04:31:37,500
your colleague whose grandfather
was a Welsh minor, your friend, 

5322
04:31:37,500 --> 04:31:40,700
whose great, aunt emigrated from
a mining town and the person you

5323
04:31:40,700 --> 04:31:42,600
met who casually mentioned, 
their families, mining 

5324
04:31:42,600 --> 04:31:46,600
background, their carrying piece
of this history forward, Perhaps

5325
04:31:46,600 --> 04:31:49,600
most importantly, the mining 
Area Teachers us about the human

5326
04:31:49,600 --> 04:31:52,800
cost of the energy and materials
that modern civilization 

5327
04:31:52,800 --> 04:31:55,000
requires. 
We still need energy. 

5328
04:31:55,000 --> 04:31:58,900
We still need raw materials, 
someone somewhere is still doing

5329
04:31:58,900 --> 04:32:00,700
difficult, dangerous work to 
extract. 

5330
04:32:00,700 --> 04:32:04,200
What we consume casually The 
working conditions have improved

5331
04:32:04,200 --> 04:32:07,700
in developed Nations partly due 
to Lessons Learned From mining 

5332
04:32:07,700 --> 04:32:11,200
history but the fundamental 
truth remains are comfortable 

5333
04:32:11,200 --> 04:32:14,700
lives rest on labor that most of
us never see and rarely consider

5334
04:32:14,700 --> 04:32:18,400
history written in Broad Strokes
can miss the texture of actual 

5335
04:32:18,400 --> 04:32:21,300
Human Experience. 
So, let's slow down and 

5336
04:32:21,300 --> 04:32:22,800
consider. 
What all this meant at the 

5337
04:32:22,808 --> 04:32:25,800
individual level, through the 
kinds of stories that former 

5338
04:32:25,800 --> 04:32:27,900
Miners, and their families 
shared when they talked about 

5339
04:32:27,900 --> 04:32:30,400
their lives. 
Imagine being eight years old, 

5340
04:32:30,400 --> 04:32:34,400
starting work as a Trapper boy, 
he'd wake Before Dawn, eat 

5341
04:32:34,400 --> 04:32:36,100
whatever breakfast, your family 
could afford. 

5342
04:32:36,100 --> 04:32:38,900
And walk to the pit with your 
father or older brothers. 

5343
04:32:38,900 --> 04:32:43,100
The Descent Into Darkness would 
terrify you initially the 

5344
04:32:43,100 --> 04:32:46,500
dropping sensation, the 
Blackness, and The Damp smell of

5345
04:32:46,500 --> 04:32:51,100
underground spaces. 
Children adapt and within weeks,

5346
04:32:51,100 --> 04:32:52,500
this journey would become 
routine. 

5347
04:32:52,500 --> 04:32:56,000
Your job station would be a 
ventilation door somewhere in 

5348
04:32:56,000 --> 04:32:59,100
the mines Network. 
You'd sit on a small wooden seat

5349
04:32:59,100 --> 04:33:02,200
or pile of coal, holding a 
string attached to the door. 

5350
04:33:03,200 --> 04:33:05,700
When you heard a coal tram 
approaching and you learned to 

5351
04:33:05,700 --> 04:33:07,900
distinguish the sound of 
different, trams different 

5352
04:33:07,900 --> 04:33:10,900
ponies and different drivers. 
You'd pull the string to open 

5353
04:33:10,900 --> 04:33:13,700
the door. 
Tram, would pass through and 

5354
04:33:13,700 --> 04:33:15,400
you'd close the door to maintain
air flow. 

5355
04:33:16,400 --> 04:33:19,900
Then silence would return and 
you'd sit alone in darkness. 

5356
04:33:19,900 --> 04:33:22,800
Lit, only by your small lamp 
waiting for the next tram. 

5357
04:33:23,599 --> 04:33:27,099
Hour after hour, in silence, 
broken only by distant sounds of

5358
04:33:27,099 --> 04:33:31,599
mining work, dripping water, and
the occasional scurrying of rats

5359
04:33:31,599 --> 04:33:34,400
that lived Underground. 
You couldn't read because the 

5360
04:33:34,400 --> 04:33:37,200
light was too poor and you 
probably couldn't read anyway. 

5361
04:33:37,200 --> 04:33:40,000
You couldn't move around because
you needed to stay at your 

5362
04:33:40,000 --> 04:33:42,099
station. 
You just sat and waited and 

5363
04:33:42,099 --> 04:33:45,300
tried not to think about the 
tons of rock above your head, or

5364
04:33:45,300 --> 04:33:47,200
the darkness that pressed in, 
from all sides. 

5365
04:33:47,200 --> 04:33:50,200
Some boys handled this Solitude 
better than others. 

5366
04:33:50,200 --> 04:33:54,700
Some sang quietly to the cells 
or talk to imaginary friends, or

5367
04:33:54,700 --> 04:33:58,000
simply develop the capacity to 
sit with their own thoughts, for

5368
04:33:58,000 --> 04:34:01,099
12 hours of distraction others, 
found it psychologically, 

5369
04:34:01,099 --> 04:34:04,400
damaging developing fears, that 
would last their entire lives. 

5370
04:34:04,400 --> 04:34:07,300
But all of them did it because 
their families needed the 

5371
04:34:07,300 --> 04:34:09,500
income. 
And Nature's didn't really get a

5372
04:34:09,500 --> 04:34:12,200
choice about employment. 
Now, imagine being a young 

5373
04:34:12,200 --> 04:34:15,400
woman, married to a minor every 
time, your husband, descended 

5374
04:34:15,400 --> 04:34:18,400
into the pit, you'd have to make
peace with the possibility that 

5375
04:34:18,400 --> 04:34:21,099
he might not return. 
You'd listen for the pit whistle

5376
04:34:21,099 --> 04:34:23,700
that signaled accidents. 
Knowing that, it's particular 

5377
04:34:23,700 --> 04:34:25,800
pattern would tell you, whether 
to worry or to panic. 

5378
04:34:26,800 --> 04:34:28,500
When disaster struck other 
families. 

5379
04:34:28,500 --> 04:34:32,200
You'd attend funerals, while 
thinking that could have been us

5380
04:34:32,200 --> 04:34:34,800
because it could have been. 
And the only thing separating 

5381
04:34:34,800 --> 04:34:37,300
your intact family from The 
Grieving Widow down, the street 

5382
04:34:37,308 --> 04:34:40,000
was pure luck. 
Your daily work would be 

5383
04:34:40,000 --> 04:34:43,900
constant and exhausting washing 
cooking cleaning and maintaining

5384
04:34:43,900 --> 04:34:46,900
the house, against the constant 
assault of coal dust. 

5385
04:34:47,599 --> 04:34:50,500
Managing the family budget with 
the Precision of an accountant, 

5386
04:34:50,500 --> 04:34:54,200
making every penny count because
there weren't any extra caring 

5387
04:34:54,200 --> 04:34:56,500
for children. 
While also in many cases taking 

5388
04:34:56,500 --> 04:34:59,599
in lodges or doing laundry for 
other families to earn extra 

5389
04:34:59,599 --> 04:35:02,200
income. 
Running a mining household was a

5390
04:35:02,200 --> 04:35:05,500
full-time job that paid nothing 
but was absolutely essential to 

5391
04:35:05,500 --> 04:35:09,200
family survival, you developed 
strategies and skills that would

5392
04:35:09,200 --> 04:35:11,000
impress, modern efficiency, 
experts. 

5393
04:35:11,000 --> 04:35:14,500
You'd know how to make a small 
amount of meat feed six people 

5394
04:35:14,500 --> 04:35:17,099
like combining it with potatoes 
and vegetables. 

5395
04:35:17,099 --> 04:35:20,500
You'd Master the art of 
repairing clothes so extensively

5396
04:35:20,500 --> 04:35:22,700
that they could be passed down 
through multiple children. 

5397
04:35:22,700 --> 04:35:26,300
You'd create cleaning schedules 
that minimize dust accumulation 

5398
04:35:26,300 --> 04:35:30,099
and made the most of available 
water and fuel. you'd become an 

5399
04:35:30,099 --> 04:35:32,200
expert at reading, your 
husband's mood and health 

5400
04:35:32,200 --> 04:35:35,900
knowing when he was simply 
tired, versus genuinely ill, and

5401
04:35:35,900 --> 04:35:39,800
when he needed space for his 
comfort, Or imagine being a 

5402
04:35:39,800 --> 04:35:42,800
minor in your Prime. 
So 35 years old with 20 years of

5403
04:35:42,800 --> 04:35:45,800
underground experience, you'd 
have developed a sophisticated 

5404
04:35:45,800 --> 04:35:50,000
understanding of coal, Rock, and
Mining engineering that was 

5405
04:35:50,008 --> 04:35:52,000
partly taught and partly 
intuitive. 

5406
04:35:52,599 --> 04:35:55,400
You'd know how to read subtle 
signs in the coal face that 

5407
04:35:55,400 --> 04:35:56,900
indicated. 
What would happen when you 

5408
04:35:56,900 --> 04:35:59,800
undercut it? 
You'd understand roof stability 

5409
04:35:59,800 --> 04:36:03,000
from the sound of creaking props
and the feel of air pressure 

5410
04:36:03,000 --> 04:36:04,900
changes. 
You'd have learned through 

5411
04:36:04,900 --> 04:36:08,200
experience where gas tended to 
accumulate and how to recognize 

5412
04:36:08,200 --> 04:36:10,000
danger before it became 
disaster. 

5413
04:36:10,000 --> 04:36:12,400
Your body would be a map of your
career. 

5414
04:36:13,099 --> 04:36:16,700
Scars from various accidents 
Cole tattoos from healed cuts 

5415
04:36:16,700 --> 04:36:19,900
and the distinctive miners 
physique of powerful shoulders 

5416
04:36:19,900 --> 04:36:23,099
and arms combined with a back 
that was starting to curve from 

5417
04:36:23,099 --> 04:36:26,800
years of stooped, work. 
Your hands would be calloused to

5418
04:36:26,800 --> 04:36:29,599
the point of being almost 
leather, like able to handle 

5419
04:36:29,599 --> 04:36:32,500
rough coal and splintered wood 
without much discomfort. 

5420
04:36:33,700 --> 04:36:36,500
Your lungs would have started 
accumulating the coldest that 

5421
04:36:36,500 --> 04:36:39,500
would eventually. 
Cause problems though at 35, you

5422
04:36:39,500 --> 04:36:42,300
probably wouldn't notice 
symptoms, yet you'd have a 

5423
04:36:42,300 --> 04:36:44,700
position in the underground 
social hierarchy, based on 

5424
04:36:44,700 --> 04:36:47,000
skill, experience and 
personality. 

5425
04:36:47,000 --> 04:36:50,900
The best coal Cutters were 
respected for their craft shot 

5426
04:36:50,900 --> 04:36:53,400
fires who were reliable and safe
earn trust. 

5427
04:36:54,400 --> 04:36:57,099
Men who panicked in emergencies 
or couldn't be counted on to 

5428
04:36:57,099 --> 04:36:59,500
pull their weight. 
In difficult, conditions would 

5429
04:36:59,500 --> 04:37:02,400
find themselves. 
Subtly marginalized, the 

5430
04:37:02,400 --> 04:37:05,700
underground world had its own 
social rules and reputation 

5431
04:37:05,700 --> 04:37:07,900
mattered intensely in a place 
where lives depended on 

5432
04:37:07,900 --> 04:37:10,700
teamwork. 
Your relationship with the mine 

5433
04:37:10,700 --> 04:37:13,900
itself would be complex. 
You'd hate the danger the 

5434
04:37:13,900 --> 04:37:15,400
discomfort and the toll it took 
on your body. 

5435
04:37:16,200 --> 04:37:18,500
But you'd also feel a 
Craftsman's pride in doing 

5436
04:37:18,500 --> 04:37:21,500
difficult work. 
Well, There was satisfaction in 

5437
04:37:21,500 --> 04:37:25,000
cutting a clean face and setting
props that would hold and in 

5438
04:37:25,000 --> 04:37:27,099
knowing you could handle 
conditions, that would defeat 

5439
04:37:27,099 --> 04:37:28,900
someone with less skill and 
experience. 

5440
04:37:28,900 --> 04:37:31,800
The mine was your adversary in 
your livelihood. 

5441
04:37:31,800 --> 04:37:34,700
The thing you struggled against 
daily and the thing that gave 

5442
04:37:34,700 --> 04:37:38,099
your life structure and purpose,
As we near the end of our 

5443
04:37:38,099 --> 04:37:40,700
journey through Welsh mining 
history, it's time to draw 

5444
04:37:40,700 --> 04:37:43,099
together the threads and 
understand how this vanished 

5445
04:37:43,099 --> 04:37:46,000
worlds, still touches the 
present in ways, both obvious 

5446
04:37:46,000 --> 04:37:49,700
and subtle, the physical 
landscape of whales, still Bears

5447
04:37:49,700 --> 04:37:53,200
mining signature, even where 
active restoration has occurred 

5448
04:37:53,200 --> 04:37:56,000
those Valley towns with their 
terrorist houses. 

5449
04:37:56,000 --> 04:37:59,700
Remain adapted to new purposes, 
but unmistakable in their 

5450
04:37:59,700 --> 04:38:03,599
Origins, the Chapel's often the 
most beautiful buildings in 

5451
04:38:03,599 --> 04:38:06,300
these communities stand as 
reminders of the spiritual life 

5452
04:38:06,300 --> 04:38:08,700
that sustained people through 
industrial hardship. 

5453
04:38:09,599 --> 04:38:12,300
The rivers run clear. 
Now, but their Banks still, 

5454
04:38:12,300 --> 04:38:15,700
sometimes reveal coal fragments 
that escaped from Works closed 

5455
04:38:15,700 --> 04:38:19,700
decades ago. walk through a 
former mining Valley on a quiet 

5456
04:38:19,707 --> 04:38:22,200
day and you might notice 
something interesting about the 

5457
04:38:22,200 --> 04:38:25,900
topography The hillside have a 
particular slope where slag 

5458
04:38:25,900 --> 04:38:29,300
heaps once stood now, softened 
by grass and time, but still 

5459
04:38:29,300 --> 04:38:30,900
distinctively, not quite 
natural. 

5460
04:38:31,900 --> 04:38:34,300
The flat areas near Valley 
floors show where Railway 

5461
04:38:34,300 --> 04:38:37,599
sightings once ran their tracks 
long removed, but the ground 

5462
04:38:37,599 --> 04:38:40,800
still bearing, the compressed 
memory of heavy, use the 

5463
04:38:40,800 --> 04:38:43,700
landscape remembers even when 
casual observers wouldn't 

5464
04:38:43,700 --> 04:38:47,000
recognize what they're seeing. 
The museums deserve particular 

5465
04:38:47,000 --> 04:38:49,700
mention because their fighting 
against his historical amnesia. 

5466
04:38:50,700 --> 04:38:53,800
Big pit National coal. 
Museum, in Blaine takes visitors

5467
04:38:53,800 --> 04:38:56,900
down an actual mine equipped 
with helmet and lamp 

5468
04:38:56,900 --> 04:39:00,200
experiencing, a tiny fraction of
what working underground meant. 

5469
04:39:01,300 --> 04:39:04,400
The guides are often former 
miners, who can explain from 

5470
04:39:04,400 --> 04:39:07,400
personal experience, what each 
section was for and how the work

5471
04:39:07,400 --> 04:39:10,099
was done. 
They make the history immediate 

5472
04:39:10,099 --> 04:39:12,599
and real in ways that no amount 
of reading can match. 

5473
04:39:12,599 --> 04:39:15,700
These museums serve, an 
important function Beyond 

5474
04:39:15,700 --> 04:39:18,500
education. 
They validate the experience of 

5475
04:39:18,500 --> 04:39:21,400
people whose working lives were 
often dismissed, as unimportant 

5476
04:39:21,400 --> 04:39:25,900
by those who benefited from 
their labor. by preserving 

5477
04:39:25,900 --> 04:39:28,700
mining history and treating it 
as worthy of Museum, quality 

5478
04:39:28,700 --> 04:39:31,599
presentation, they're making a 
statement that these lives 

5479
04:39:31,599 --> 04:39:35,599
mattered that, this work had 
dignity, and that the sacrifices

5480
04:39:35,599 --> 04:39:38,300
made by mining communities 
deserve recognition, and 

5481
04:39:38,300 --> 04:39:42,000
Remembrance The cultural Legacy 
persists in ways, that surprise 

5482
04:39:42,000 --> 04:39:45,200
people unfamiliar with Welsh 
history, the male voice choirs 

5483
04:39:45,200 --> 04:39:47,200
that remain active in Welsh 
Valley, still sing with 

5484
04:39:47,200 --> 04:39:50,700
harmonies affected by miners, 
who found beauty and music after

5485
04:39:50,700 --> 04:39:54,300
spending days in industrial 
noise, the brass bands that 

5486
04:39:54,300 --> 04:39:56,300
compete in National 
competitions, maintain 

5487
04:39:56,300 --> 04:39:59,000
Traditions, established a 
musical instruments. 

5488
04:39:59,000 --> 04:40:02,000
Provided one of the few sources 
of entertainment and cultural 

5489
04:40:02,000 --> 04:40:06,300
expression of available to 
working class communities, Welsh

5490
04:40:06,300 --> 04:40:09,000
literature and poetry carry, 
mining's influence in their DNA 

5491
04:40:09,000 --> 04:40:12,500
poet who grew up in mining 
households, even if they never 

5492
04:40:12,500 --> 04:40:15,800
worked underground themselves 
right, with when of hardship, 

5493
04:40:15,800 --> 04:40:20,400
solidarity and the Dignity of 
manual labor, the working class 

5494
04:40:20,400 --> 04:40:23,900
in British literature owes, much
to writers who emerge from 

5495
04:40:23,900 --> 04:40:26,800
mining communities and brought 
their experiences and 

5496
04:40:26,800 --> 04:40:30,200
perspectives to audiences, who 
never considered such lives 

5497
04:40:30,200 --> 04:40:34,300
worthy of literary attention. 
The political culture of Wales, 

5498
04:40:34,300 --> 04:40:36,600
reflects mining's Legacy and 
tangible ways. 

5499
04:40:36,600 --> 04:40:39,100
The strong support for trade 
unions. 

5500
04:40:39,100 --> 04:40:42,300
The emphasis on Collective 
action and the suspicion of 

5501
04:40:42,300 --> 04:40:45,700
unchecked corporate power. 
These attitudes were forged in 

5502
04:40:45,700 --> 04:40:48,500
mining communities that learned 
through bitter experience that 

5503
04:40:48,500 --> 04:40:51,900
individual workers had no power 
against large organizations. 

5504
04:40:51,900 --> 04:40:56,100
But Collective action could 
force change the Labour parties 

5505
04:40:56,100 --> 04:40:58,600
historic dominance in Welsh. 
Valleys stems directly from 

5506
04:40:58,600 --> 04:41:00,900
mining communities. 
Political Awakening during 

5507
04:41:00,900 --> 04:41:04,400
industrial struggles. 
More subtly, the value that 

5508
04:41:04,400 --> 04:41:07,600
sustained mining communities 
Mutual support Community 

5509
04:41:07,600 --> 04:41:10,800
solidarity emphasis on 
educational as a path to 

5510
04:41:10,808 --> 04:41:13,900
advancement continue to 
influence Welsh culture. 

5511
04:41:13,900 --> 04:41:18,600
Even as economic circumstances 
have changed entirely the 

5512
04:41:18,600 --> 04:41:21,700
tradition of neighbors, helping 
neighbors, during hardship of 

5513
04:41:21,700 --> 04:41:25,300
community's rallying around 
families facing difficulties of 

5514
04:41:25,300 --> 04:41:28,400
viewing education, as communally
valuable rather than just 

5515
04:41:28,400 --> 04:41:31,600
individually beneficial. 
These reflect Lessons Learned 

5516
04:41:31,600 --> 04:41:35,400
when survival depended on 
community, cohesion For 

5517
04:41:35,400 --> 04:41:37,600
individuals with mining 
Heritage, the connection to this

5518
04:41:37,600 --> 04:41:41,300
history, often runs deep even 
when separated by Generations. 

5519
04:41:42,200 --> 04:41:43,800
People whose Grandparents were 
minors. 

5520
04:41:43,800 --> 04:41:46,500
Carry stories passed down 
through families, creating 

5521
04:41:46,500 --> 04:41:50,000
personal connections to have 
vanished world. these aren't 

5522
04:41:50,000 --> 04:41:53,700
abstract historical facts, but 
family memory kept alive through

5523
04:41:53,700 --> 04:41:57,200
photographs remembered 
conversations and the occasional

5524
04:41:57,200 --> 04:42:00,600
piece of mining equipment, kept 
as a family heirloom The 

5525
04:42:00,608 --> 04:42:03,900
Contemporary energy transition, 
the shift from fossil fuels to 

5526
04:42:03,900 --> 04:42:07,500
renewable sources, has brought 
unexpected resonance to mining 

5527
04:42:07,500 --> 04:42:10,400
history. 
Wales is now investing in wind 

5528
04:42:10,400 --> 04:42:14,300
farms, tidal power and solar 
installations transitioning from

5529
04:42:14,300 --> 04:42:17,100
extracting energy from the 
ground to harvesting it from 

5530
04:42:17,100 --> 04:42:20,500
natural forces. 
Some former mining communities 

5531
04:42:20,500 --> 04:42:23,500
are becoming centers for 
renewable energy, finding new 

5532
04:42:23,500 --> 04:42:26,800
purpose in energy production, 
even as the energy sources 

5533
04:42:26,800 --> 04:42:30,100
change completely. 
This transition carries Echoes 

5534
04:42:30,100 --> 04:42:32,800
of mining's lessons, the 
importance of planning for 

5535
04:42:32,800 --> 04:42:35,100
workers displace by industrial 
change. 

5536
04:42:35,100 --> 04:42:38,800
The need to support communities,
economically dependent on single

5537
04:42:38,800 --> 04:42:41,300
Industries. 
The recognition that energy 

5538
04:42:41,300 --> 04:42:44,500
extraction has costs, 
environmental, social, and 

5539
04:42:44,500 --> 04:42:47,800
human, that must be considered 
alongside economic benefits. 

5540
04:42:48,600 --> 04:42:51,900
These Lessons Learned painfully 
through mining's, rise and fall,

5541
04:42:51,900 --> 04:42:55,700
informed current policy in ways 
that might have prevented some 

5542
04:42:55,700 --> 04:42:57,900
of the hardship. 
Mining communities experience if

5543
04:42:57,900 --> 04:43:01,300
they'd been applied earlier, 
Climate change, discussions 

5544
04:43:01,300 --> 04:43:04,000
often position, coal mining, as 
a purely historical problem. 

5545
04:43:04,000 --> 04:43:08,100
The source of emissions that 
created our current crisis, this

5546
04:43:08,100 --> 04:43:12,100
is true, but incomplete. 
The people who mined coal 

5547
04:43:12,100 --> 04:43:14,600
weren't causing climate change, 
through malice or ignorance? 

5548
04:43:15,300 --> 04:43:18,700
They were providing energy that 
Civilization demanded working 

5549
04:43:18,700 --> 04:43:21,400
jobs that were available to them
and feeding families. 

5550
04:43:21,400 --> 04:43:24,800
The only way they knew how 
Holding them responsible for 

5551
04:43:24,800 --> 04:43:27,800
climate change makes no more 
sense than blaming Oil Workers 

5552
04:43:27,800 --> 04:43:31,100
for petroleum dependence. 
The responsibility lies with 

5553
04:43:31,100 --> 04:43:34,100
economic and political systems, 
that created demand without 

5554
04:43:34,100 --> 04:43:35,600
considering long-term 
consequences. 

5555
04:43:36,600 --> 04:43:39,100
Understanding this distinction 
matters because we're still 

5556
04:43:39,100 --> 04:43:42,600
creating new Industries and new 
dependents is without fully 

5557
04:43:42,600 --> 04:43:44,500
considering their long-term 
impacts. 

5558
04:43:44,500 --> 04:43:47,700
We're still asking workers to 
accept dangerous or harmful 

5559
04:43:47,700 --> 04:43:50,200
employment because alternative 
don't exist. 

5560
04:43:51,100 --> 04:43:53,800
We're still building community's
around single industries that 

5561
04:43:53,800 --> 04:43:55,200
might vanish within a 
generation. 

5562
04:43:56,200 --> 04:43:59,600
The patterns that created and 
destroyed coal, mining continued

5563
04:43:59,600 --> 04:44:01,900
new forms. 
Suggesting we haven't fully 

5564
04:44:01,900 --> 04:44:05,600
learned the lessons that history
offers as you prepare for Sleep,

5565
04:44:05,600 --> 04:44:08,700
comfortable in your warm bed, 
with electric light of available

5566
04:44:08,700 --> 04:44:12,100
at the touch of a switch. 
It's worth holding one final. 

5567
04:44:12,100 --> 04:44:14,800
Thought about what those 
forgotten minds of whales, 

5568
04:44:14,800 --> 04:44:17,600
actually represent, they 
represent human Ingenuity 

5569
04:44:17,600 --> 04:44:21,500
applied to solving energy needs 
even when the solution came from

5570
04:44:21,500 --> 04:44:25,000
tremendous cost, They represent 
working class communities, 

5571
04:44:25,000 --> 04:44:29,000
creating culture, dignity, and 
solidarity, under conditions 

5572
04:44:29,000 --> 04:44:30,400
that were objectively. 
Terrible. 

5573
04:44:31,400 --> 04:44:33,900
They represent the environmental
and human price of 

5574
04:44:33,900 --> 04:44:37,400
industrialization paid by people
who had little choice about the 

5575
04:44:37,400 --> 04:44:40,900
work they did but maintain their
Humanity, despite circumstances 

5576
04:44:40,900 --> 04:44:44,400
designed to reduce the mere 
labor, the miners themselves, 

5577
04:44:44,400 --> 04:44:48,400
the men who descended Into 
Darkness day after day, the 

5578
04:44:48,400 --> 04:44:51,600
women who maintained households 
and communities and the children

5579
04:44:51,600 --> 04:44:54,600
who started work before. 
They'd finished growing, these 

5580
04:44:54,600 --> 04:44:57,000
were Extraordinary People. 
In the sense of being unusual, 

5581
04:44:57,000 --> 04:45:00,800
they were ordinary humans doing 
what humans do adapting to 

5582
04:45:00,800 --> 04:45:04,800
circumstances building lives in 
available spaces, creating 

5583
04:45:04,800 --> 04:45:08,000
meaning, despite hardship and 
persevering, because the 

5584
04:45:08,000 --> 04:45:11,800
alternative was unacceptable. 
Their ordinariness is precisely 

5585
04:45:11,800 --> 04:45:13,200
what makes their history 
important. 

5586
04:45:13,200 --> 04:45:16,900
They demonstrate that normal, 
people, faced with difficult 

5587
04:45:16,900 --> 04:45:20,200
circumstances, a capable of 
remarkable endurance and 

5588
04:45:20,200 --> 04:45:22,800
achievement. 
The mining communities didn't 

5589
04:45:22,800 --> 04:45:25,800
just survive, they thrived 
culturally creating music 

5590
04:45:25,800 --> 04:45:28,800
literature, and social 
institutions that enriched the 

5591
04:45:28,800 --> 04:45:31,100
broader culture. 
They didn't just endure 

5592
04:45:31,100 --> 04:45:34,100
exploitation, they organized 
collectively and fought for 

5593
04:45:34,100 --> 04:45:37,100
better conditions establishing 
precedence that benefitted 

5594
04:45:37,100 --> 04:45:40,700
workers everywhere. 
Forgetting of this history and 

5595
04:45:40,700 --> 04:45:42,800
make no mistake. 
It is being forgotten outside of

5596
04:45:42,800 --> 04:45:45,500
Wales. 
Represents a kind of cultural 

5597
04:45:45,500 --> 04:45:49,300
Amnesia that impoverish us. 
When we lose connection to the 

5598
04:45:49,300 --> 04:45:52,500
labor, that created modern 
Comfort, we lose understanding 

5599
04:45:52,500 --> 04:45:54,200
of what that Comfort actually 
cost. 

5600
04:45:54,900 --> 04:45:57,700
When we forget the human price 
of energy and material Goods, 

5601
04:45:57,700 --> 04:46:01,400
we're more likely to treat them 
as cheap and disposable rather 

5602
04:46:01,400 --> 04:46:03,100
than recognizing their true 
costs. 

5603
04:46:03,100 --> 04:46:07,100
Remembering doesn't mean 
romanticizing mining was brutal 

5604
04:46:07,100 --> 04:46:09,900
dangerous work that nobody 
should have had to do in the 

5605
04:46:09,900 --> 04:46:13,300
conditions that existed. 
The hardships mining communities

5606
04:46:13,300 --> 04:46:16,100
endured work character, building
challenges, but unnecessary 

5607
04:46:16,100 --> 04:46:18,100
suffering, caused by economic 
systems. 

5608
04:46:18,100 --> 04:46:20,000
That valued profit over human 
welfare. 

5609
04:46:20,800 --> 04:46:23,200
Progress meant improving 
conditions until they became 

5610
04:46:23,200 --> 04:46:26,100
acceptable and eventually 
transitioning away from coal 

5611
04:46:26,100 --> 04:46:28,600
entirely. 
But remembering does mean 

5612
04:46:28,600 --> 04:46:31,000
recognizing that the lives lived
in those valleys. 

5613
04:46:31,000 --> 04:46:35,300
The work done in those mines, 
the community's built in these 

5614
04:46:35,300 --> 04:46:37,500
towns. 
The struggles fought in those 

5615
04:46:37,500 --> 04:46:40,300
strikes. 
These things mattered, they 

5616
04:46:40,300 --> 04:46:43,100
shaped the modern world, they 
established precedents for 

5617
04:46:43,100 --> 04:46:46,100
workers rights. 
They demonstrated human capacity

5618
04:46:46,100 --> 04:46:48,000
for endurance and Community 
solidarity. 

5619
04:46:48,000 --> 04:46:53,100
They created a culture that in 
Riches of still alive in Wales, 

5620
04:46:53,100 --> 04:46:56,000
closed in 2008, but the history 
didn't end there. 

5621
04:46:56,900 --> 04:46:59,800
The continues in the landscape 
shaped by mining in the 

5622
04:46:59,800 --> 04:47:03,200
community, still adapting to 
post-industrial reality and in 

5623
04:47:03,200 --> 04:47:05,500
the cultural Traditions 
maintained by people who never 

5624
04:47:05,500 --> 04:47:08,100
worked underground but inherited
mining's Legacy. 

5625
04:47:09,000 --> 04:47:12,200
It continues in the museums that
preserve this history in the 

5626
04:47:12,200 --> 04:47:15,200
stories, passed down through 
families and in the values that 

5627
04:47:15,200 --> 04:47:18,600
mining communities developed and
their descendants maintain, and 

5628
04:47:18,600 --> 04:47:20,100
it continues in moments like 
this. 

5629
04:47:20,900 --> 04:47:23,600
When someone comfortable and 
safe takes time to consider what

5630
04:47:23,600 --> 04:47:26,800
life was like, for people who 
had neither Comfort nor safety, 

5631
04:47:26,800 --> 04:47:30,400
but built meaningful lives. 
Anyway, by remembering their 

5632
04:47:30,400 --> 04:47:33,600
story, your honoring, their 
experience and keeping alive a 

5633
04:47:33,600 --> 04:47:35,900
history that matters more than 
it might initially appear. 

5634
04:47:37,000 --> 04:47:38,900
The darkness beneath Welsh Hills
is empty. 

5635
04:47:38,900 --> 04:47:43,600
Now, the coal face is silent the
pit wheels still But the 

5636
04:47:43,600 --> 04:47:46,000
darkness gave us something 
Beyond Fuel and profit. 

5637
04:47:46,000 --> 04:47:50,200
It gave us examples of human 
resilience lessons about the 

5638
04:47:50,200 --> 04:47:52,700
cost of progress. 
Warning is about building 

5639
04:47:52,700 --> 04:47:56,100
communities around single 
Industries and demonstrations of

5640
04:47:56,100 --> 04:47:59,200
what people can achieve through 
Collective action and mutual 

5641
04:47:59,200 --> 04:48:03,100
support. these are gifts worth 
receiving even, as we're 

5642
04:48:03,100 --> 04:48:05,500
grateful that the particular 
conditions that created them 

5643
04:48:05,500 --> 04:48:09,700
have passed into history, Deep. 
Well, knowing that the warmth 

5644
04:48:09,700 --> 04:48:10,900
and comfort. 
You enjoy tonight. 

5645
04:48:10,900 --> 04:48:14,100
Comes partly from energy sources
that people risked, everything 

5646
04:48:14,100 --> 04:48:17,000
to extract. 
Remember them with gratitude 

5647
04:48:17,000 --> 04:48:20,500
honor their struggles by 
learning from them and carry 

5648
04:48:20,500 --> 04:48:21,900
forward. 
The values they developed in 

5649
04:48:21,900 --> 04:48:25,600
darkness, solidarity, 
perseverance, dignity, and hope 

5650
04:48:25,600 --> 04:48:29,000
the minds are forgotten by many,
but they need not be forgotten 

5651
04:48:29,000 --> 04:48:33,700
by you. 
Imagine yourself on a cool 

5652
04:48:33,708 --> 04:48:36,500
evening. 
In 400 BCE strolling through the

5653
04:48:36,500 --> 04:48:38,500
winding narrow streets of 
ancient Athens. 

5654
04:48:38,500 --> 04:48:42,200
The sky is painted in Gold 
Hughes that would make any 

5655
04:48:42,200 --> 04:48:45,400
Instagram filter envious as the 
sun has just slipped by the 

5656
04:48:45,400 --> 04:48:47,300
hills. 
You're going to learn that. 

5657
04:48:47,300 --> 04:48:49,600
Greek homes were much more 
advanced than you may think. 

5658
04:48:49,600 --> 04:48:52,900
They weren't simple Huts where 
people huddled like Antarctic 

5659
04:48:52,900 --> 04:48:56,000
Penguins to stay warm, though 
their method differed greatly 

5660
04:48:56,000 --> 04:48:59,200
from our contemporary Solutions,
Greek homes were built with 

5661
04:48:59,200 --> 04:49:00,800
sleep comfort as their top 
priority. 

5662
04:49:01,800 --> 04:49:04,400
Greek Architects used to healthy
dose of centuries worth of 

5663
04:49:04,408 --> 04:49:06,600
practical knowledge to create 
homes. 

5664
04:49:06,600 --> 04:49:09,300
That were essentially climate 
control systems made of stone 

5665
04:49:09,300 --> 04:49:13,600
wood and Clay tiles, rather than
fighting the climate built 

5666
04:49:13,600 --> 04:49:16,600
around a central Courtyard 
known, as nature of the typical 

5667
04:49:16,600 --> 04:49:19,400
Greek home, functioned as a 
clever climate control system 

5668
04:49:19,400 --> 04:49:24,000
and the center of family life. 
Imagine a tiny outdoor space 

5669
04:49:24,000 --> 04:49:26,900
that is encircled by living 
areas and covered walkways 

5670
04:49:26,900 --> 04:49:30,100
forming a microclimate that 
retains warmth in the winter and

5671
04:49:30,100 --> 04:49:33,300
stays cooler in the summer. 
This was environmental 

5672
04:49:33,300 --> 04:49:36,600
engineering masquerading as 
architecture, not merely a 

5673
04:49:36,600 --> 04:49:39,300
matter of taste. 
These houses had thick walls 

5674
04:49:39,300 --> 04:49:42,200
made of sun-dried mud bricks 
which were remarkably 

5675
04:49:42,200 --> 04:49:44,800
insulating. 
Consider them to be ancient 

5676
04:49:44,800 --> 04:49:48,000
thermal mass that releases heat 
gradually during the cool nights

5677
04:49:48,000 --> 04:49:50,600
and absorbs its slowly during 
the warm days. 

5678
04:49:50,600 --> 04:49:53,900
These walls, which in some 
locations could be as thick as 

5679
04:49:53,900 --> 04:49:56,900
two feet served as a barrier 
between the sleeping quarters 

5680
04:49:56,900 --> 04:49:59,700
inside and the occasionally 
severe Mediterranean weather. 

5681
04:49:59,700 --> 04:50:02,800
Outside the importance of 
orientation for comfort is 

5682
04:50:02,800 --> 04:50:05,200
something that many contemporary
Architects have forgotten. 

5683
04:50:06,000 --> 04:50:09,300
But Greek, Builders understood 
in order to benefit from winter 

5684
04:50:09,300 --> 04:50:11,200
sun and offer protection from 
summer. 

5685
04:50:11,200 --> 04:50:15,300
Heat, houses were thoughtfully 
placed in order to avoid the 

5686
04:50:15,300 --> 04:50:18,100
harsh afternoon sun that could 
turn a bedroom into another one.

5687
04:50:18,100 --> 04:50:21,300
The main sleeping areas were 
usually positioned on the side 

5688
04:50:21,300 --> 04:50:23,200
of the house that would receive 
the Morning Light. 

5689
04:50:23,200 --> 04:50:26,500
There were windows, but they 
were for picturesque views. 

5690
04:50:26,500 --> 04:50:28,900
They were strategically placed 
and small. 

5691
04:50:29,800 --> 04:50:32,100
These were thoughtfully designed
apertures, that permitted 

5692
04:50:32,100 --> 04:50:35,700
ventilation while reducing heat 
loss, rather than the expansive 

5693
04:50:35,700 --> 04:50:38,400
picture windows. 
We are accustomed to wooden 

5694
04:50:38,400 --> 04:50:42,300
shutters oiled cloth, or even 
thin sheets of translucent stone

5695
04:50:42,300 --> 04:50:45,200
that let in light, but keep out 
drafts, could be used to cover 

5696
04:50:45,200 --> 04:50:48,100
these windows on chilly, 
evenings, the floors in sleeping

5697
04:50:48,100 --> 04:50:50,500
quarters were frequently, 
composed of packed, Earth, and 

5698
04:50:50,500 --> 04:50:53,800
smooth plaster, which may seem 
archaic until you can consider 

5699
04:50:53,800 --> 04:50:55,900
the Earth. 
Flaws offer Superior thermal 

5700
04:50:55,900 --> 04:50:59,500
mass and maintain a constant 
temperature, thick rugs, and 

5701
04:50:59,500 --> 04:51:01,900
animal hides could be used to 
cover these floors in the 

5702
04:51:01,900 --> 04:51:04,100
winter. 
Providing surprisingly good 

5703
04:51:04,100 --> 04:51:05,800
insulation against the chili 
floor. 

5704
04:51:05,800 --> 04:51:09,900
Another astute consideration was
room height, Greek bedrooms 

5705
04:51:09,900 --> 04:51:12,700
naturally encouraged relaxation 
because of their comparatively 

5706
04:51:12,700 --> 04:51:16,700
low ceilings, which meant less 
Air volume to heat and a Cozier 

5707
04:51:16,700 --> 04:51:19,900
more intimate atmosphere. 
When your heating system is 

5708
04:51:19,900 --> 04:51:23,500
primarily based on body heat and
oil lamps, High ceilings may 

5709
04:51:23,500 --> 04:51:26,300
look impressive but they do a 
terrible job of keeping you 

5710
04:51:26,300 --> 04:51:28,400
warm. 
The art of the Alcove which are 

5711
04:51:28,400 --> 04:51:31,300
tiny and close sleeping areas, 
that resemble bedrooms inside, 

5712
04:51:31,300 --> 04:51:33,800
bedrooms was also perfected by 
the Greeks. 

5713
04:51:34,500 --> 04:51:37,400
These alcoves were frequently 
incorporated into the thickest 

5714
04:51:37,400 --> 04:51:40,500
section of the house as walls 
resulting in three sides of 

5715
04:51:40,500 --> 04:51:43,400
natural insulation. 
Sleeping in an Alcove was 

5716
04:51:43,400 --> 04:51:45,400
similar to sleeping in a 
comfortable cave that was 

5717
04:51:45,400 --> 04:51:47,900
created by someone who genuinely
cared about your well-being. 

5718
04:51:47,900 --> 04:51:51,700
Many homes had what we might 
refer to as a winter room and a 

5719
04:51:51,700 --> 04:51:53,800
summer room which allowed 
families to move around the 

5720
04:51:53,808 --> 04:51:55,300
house according to the time of 
year. 

5721
04:51:56,000 --> 04:51:59,500
The summer room would be bigger 
better ventilated and made to 

5722
04:51:59,500 --> 04:52:01,100
remain cool. 
Even on the hottest days. 

5723
04:52:01,100 --> 04:52:04,400
While the winter room would be 
smaller better protected and 

5724
04:52:04,400 --> 04:52:07,500
oriented to receive the most 
sunlight for the warmest. 

5725
04:52:07,500 --> 04:52:10,200
Summer nights, Greek homes also 
had covered outdoor sleeping 

5726
04:52:10,200 --> 04:52:13,900
spaces these areas offered 
shelter from due in the sporadic

5727
04:52:13,900 --> 04:52:16,900
summer, rains, along with the 
cooling benefits of nighttime 

5728
04:52:16,900 --> 04:52:20,600
breezes It was similar to having
a permanent camping set up 

5729
04:52:20,600 --> 04:52:22,300
without having to Fumble with 
tent poles. 

5730
04:52:22,300 --> 04:52:25,200
At night, sleep was also taken 
into consideration when 

5731
04:52:25,200 --> 04:52:28,300
designing Greek homes. 
Entrance is The quiet sleeping 

5732
04:52:28,300 --> 04:52:31,300
quarters, father inside the 
house, a separated, from the 

5733
04:52:31,300 --> 04:52:34,500
dusty Street by a sequence of 
rooms and courtyards. 

5734
04:52:35,400 --> 04:52:38,600
This meant that local dog's 
early morning Traders and late 

5735
04:52:38,600 --> 04:52:40,500
night party. 
Goers were far less likely to 

5736
04:52:40,500 --> 04:52:43,700
disrupt your restful sleep. 
Most significantly Greek Home 

5737
04:52:43,700 --> 04:52:45,800
Design. 
Understood that cycle Comfort 

5738
04:52:45,800 --> 04:52:48,100
was just as important for 
restful sleep as physical 

5739
04:52:48,100 --> 04:52:50,900
comfort. 
The design, fostered, a feeling 

5740
04:52:50,900 --> 04:52:54,100
of seclusion and safety that 
promoted mental and physical 

5741
04:52:54,100 --> 04:52:57,500
relaxation. 
Usually located away from public

5742
04:52:57,500 --> 04:53:00,400
spaces and intended to feel like
Havens sleeping. 

5743
04:53:00,400 --> 04:53:02,400
Quarters were the most secure 
section of the house. 

5744
04:53:02,400 --> 04:53:05,600
Let's move on to discussing what
the Greeks actually slept on. 

5745
04:53:05,600 --> 04:53:07,700
After discussing the 
architectural shell, that 

5746
04:53:07,700 --> 04:53:10,800
shielded them. 
Greek bedding was surprisingly 

5747
04:53:10,800 --> 04:53:13,900
sophisticated combining natural 
materials in ways that 

5748
04:53:13,908 --> 04:53:17,100
contemporary sleep scientists 
would likely approve of this 

5749
04:53:17,100 --> 04:53:19,600
contrasts with the idea of 
ancient people tossing and 

5750
04:53:19,608 --> 04:53:23,600
turning on rough straw palettes.
The Klein a bed frame that 

5751
04:53:23,600 --> 04:53:26,900
served as both furniture and art
was the Cornerstone of Greek 

5752
04:53:26,900 --> 04:53:30,000
sleeping Comfort. 
These were well-made pieces that

5753
04:53:30,000 --> 04:53:33,600
frequently had curved. 
Headrests ornamental legs and 

5754
04:53:33,600 --> 04:53:36,100
built-in storage spaces rather 
than the straightforward 

5755
04:53:36,100 --> 04:53:39,400
rectangular platforms. 
We might have expected A 

5756
04:53:39,400 --> 04:53:42,600
well-made Klein was made to last
for many generations and was 

5757
04:53:42,600 --> 04:53:45,300
frequently handed down from 
parents to children as a family.

5758
04:53:45,300 --> 04:53:48,600
Heirloom Greek bed, frames were 
usually higher off the ground 

5759
04:53:48,600 --> 04:53:52,100
than contemporary beds and 
constructed of wood usually 

5760
04:53:52,100 --> 04:53:55,200
Olive oak, or imported Cedar for
the wealthy. 

5761
04:53:56,200 --> 04:53:59,100
In addition to offering storage 
space underneath and shielding 

5762
04:53:59,100 --> 04:54:01,000
sleepers from drafts hugging the
floor. 

5763
04:54:01,000 --> 04:54:04,500
This elevation also produced a 
psychologically significant and 

5764
04:54:04,500 --> 04:54:07,000
cozy feeling. 
In a literal sense. 

5765
04:54:07,000 --> 04:54:09,900
Climbing into bed meant 
ascending to a place of safety 

5766
04:54:09,900 --> 04:54:13,500
and rest, the actual sleeping 
surface was made up of a 

5767
04:54:13,500 --> 04:54:16,400
foundation made of leather 
straps or woven rope, which was 

5768
04:54:16,400 --> 04:54:18,600
more flexible than a 
contemporary box spring. 

5769
04:54:19,500 --> 04:54:22,200
After that, this Foundation was 
covered with several layers of 

5770
04:54:22,200 --> 04:54:25,500
carefully selected materials, 
Each of which had a distinct 

5771
04:54:25,500 --> 04:54:27,400
function in the pursuit of 
comfort at night. 

5772
04:54:27,400 --> 04:54:30,500
Usually, the first layer 
consisted of a thick mattress 

5773
04:54:30,500 --> 04:54:32,700
made of wool filled with 
materials that were chosen. 

5774
04:54:32,700 --> 04:54:35,100
According to local availability 
and family wealth. 

5775
04:54:35,900 --> 04:54:38,800
The mattresses of wealthy Greeks
may be filled with imported silk

5776
04:54:38,800 --> 04:54:42,000
fibers, goose feathers or even 
soft sheeps wool. 

5777
04:54:42,700 --> 04:54:45,600
Wool was mixed with dried 
seaweed or cleaned straw in 

5778
04:54:45,600 --> 04:54:50,100
middle class households reads, 
dried grasses, all the wool from

5779
04:54:50,100 --> 04:54:52,700
the family's own sheep could be 
used to make cozy sleeping 

5780
04:54:52,700 --> 04:54:56,500
surfaces in, even the smallest 
of homes, it was surprising how 

5781
04:54:56,500 --> 04:54:58,700
well these old mattresses can 
control the temperature. 

5782
04:54:59,600 --> 04:55:03,000
In addition to wicking moisture 
away from the body wool in 

5783
04:55:03,000 --> 04:55:05,600
particular, has the amazing 
ability to keep you cool in the 

5784
04:55:05,600 --> 04:55:09,300
summer and warm in the winter. 
These characteristics were 

5785
04:55:09,300 --> 04:55:11,700
intuitively understood by Greek 
bed makers. 

5786
04:55:11,700 --> 04:55:15,000
He used them to design sleeping 
surfaces, that adjusted to the 

5787
04:55:15,008 --> 04:55:17,700
body temperature of the sleeper,
as well as the room temperature 

5788
04:55:17,700 --> 04:55:21,500
depending on the season and 
individual preference, layers of

5789
04:55:21,500 --> 04:55:24,300
Woolen blankets and linen sheets
were placed over the mattress. 

5790
04:55:25,400 --> 04:55:27,800
The quality of Greek textiles 
was well known throughout 

5791
04:55:27,800 --> 04:55:31,200
Antiquity and sleeping Linens. 
Were valued enough to demand 

5792
04:55:31,200 --> 04:55:35,300
Hefty expenditures often 
included in a bride's Dowry a 

5793
04:55:35,300 --> 04:55:37,400
set of luxurious bed. 
Linens was meant to be used for 

5794
04:55:37,408 --> 04:55:40,000
many years. 
The ability to design layered 

5795
04:55:40,000 --> 04:55:42,600
bedding systems, that could be 
modified for various conditions 

5796
04:55:42,600 --> 04:55:46,600
was a specialty of the Greeks. 
A sleeper may only use a thin 

5797
04:55:46,600 --> 04:55:49,800
wool and cover and a light linen
sheet on warm summer nights. 

5798
04:55:50,600 --> 04:55:53,700
Additional layers could be added
as the temperature dropped such 

5799
04:55:53,700 --> 04:55:57,400
as quilted covers filled with 
wool or down, fur, throws or 

5800
04:55:57,400 --> 04:55:59,600
heavier. 
Woolen blankets, pillows were 

5801
04:55:59,600 --> 04:56:03,300
smaller, firmer supports and 
tended to maintain the head neck

5802
04:56:03,300 --> 04:56:06,500
in the proper alignment while 
sleeping, rather than the fluffy

5803
04:56:06,500 --> 04:56:08,800
oversized, cushions were 
accustomed to today. 

5804
04:56:09,900 --> 04:56:11,800
These were thought to be 
necessary for a comfortable 

5805
04:56:11,800 --> 04:56:14,900
night's sleep were frequently 
filled with soft materials like 

5806
04:56:14,900 --> 04:56:19,000
wool feathers or dried herbs. 
In order to combine comfort and 

5807
04:56:19,000 --> 04:56:21,400
aroma therapy. 
Some Greek pillows were even 

5808
04:56:21,400 --> 04:56:23,300
filled with lavender or rose 
petals. 

5809
04:56:23,300 --> 04:56:26,800
Rich people may own several sets
of bedding for various times of 

5810
04:56:26,800 --> 04:56:29,800
year and events more. 
Blankets that could turn a bed 

5811
04:56:29,808 --> 04:56:32,800
into a comfortable cocoon 
thicker mattresses and heavier 

5812
04:56:32,800 --> 04:56:34,500
walls were all features of 
winter bedding. 

5813
04:56:35,500 --> 04:56:38,600
Breathability and cooling with a
main features of summer bedding,

5814
04:56:38,600 --> 04:56:41,500
which featured lighter materials
and fewer layers. 

5815
04:56:41,500 --> 04:56:43,300
That were simple to modify on 
hot nights. 

5816
04:56:43,300 --> 04:56:46,500
Additionally, Greek bedding 
included useful elements that 

5817
04:56:46,500 --> 04:56:48,600
are frequently absent from 
contemporary bedding. 

5818
04:56:49,200 --> 04:56:51,500
In order to keep them from 
falling off, while you were 

5819
04:56:51,500 --> 04:56:54,800
sleeping, many blankets, 
featured Loops or ties, that 

5820
04:56:54,800 --> 04:56:57,900
allowed them to be fastened to 
the bed frame foot warmers, 

5821
04:56:57,900 --> 04:57:00,500
which are special Pockets or 
compartments, where heated 

5822
04:57:00,500 --> 04:57:02,700
stones, or metal objects, can be
placed to warm. 

5823
04:57:02,700 --> 04:57:05,600
Cold feet were built into some 
sleeping systems. 

5824
04:57:05,600 --> 04:57:08,600
Greek, bedding was influenced by
color and design for 

5825
04:57:08,600 --> 04:57:10,800
psychological as well as 
aesthetic reasons. 

5826
04:57:11,800 --> 04:57:13,900
Lovely bedding. 
Contributed to the setting that 

5827
04:57:13,900 --> 04:57:15,600
encouraged rest and restful 
sleep. 

5828
04:57:16,600 --> 04:57:19,400
In order to provide a feeling of
comfort and individuality 

5829
04:57:19,400 --> 04:57:22,400
wealthy Greeks may have had 
their bedding embroidered with 

5830
04:57:22,400 --> 04:57:25,400
geometric designs. 
Mythological scenes or family 

5831
04:57:25,400 --> 04:57:28,500
symbols, the Greeks were also 
aware of the significance of 

5832
04:57:28,500 --> 04:57:30,500
maintaining bedding for both 
health and comfort. 

5833
04:57:31,600 --> 04:57:34,500
To keep freshness. 
And keep insects away, sleeping 

5834
04:57:34,500 --> 04:57:37,800
areas were fumigated with herbs 
blankets were cleaned and 

5835
04:57:37,800 --> 04:57:40,900
retarded and mattresses were 
frequently aired and refilled. 

5836
04:57:40,900 --> 04:57:44,500
Clean well-maintained bedding, 
just slept better and lasted 

5837
04:57:44,500 --> 04:57:46,800
longer. 
So this attention to cleanliness

5838
04:57:46,800 --> 04:57:50,200
was about more than just hygiene
and other Greek invention that 

5839
04:57:50,200 --> 04:57:53,000
enhanced Comfort while 
safeguarding Priceless textiles 

5840
04:57:53,000 --> 04:57:55,400
was the seasonal storage of 
bedding. 

5841
04:57:56,200 --> 04:57:57,700
In order to prevent insect 
damage. 

5842
04:57:57,700 --> 04:58:01,000
Heavy winter, bedding was 
meticulously cleaned and stored 

5843
04:58:01,000 --> 04:58:04,700
during the summer frequently 
with fragrant herbs, this meant 

5844
04:58:04,700 --> 04:58:07,400
that families could bring out 
clean fresh bedding. 

5845
04:58:07,400 --> 04:58:09,500
That was ready to provide the 
most warmth and comfort. 

5846
04:58:09,500 --> 04:58:12,400
When the cold weather returned 
because bedding could be made at

5847
04:58:12,400 --> 04:58:15,900
home and purchased locally, even
small Greek homes frequently had

5848
04:58:15,900 --> 04:58:19,100
surprisingly cozy sleeping 
Arrangements, A family could 

5849
04:58:19,100 --> 04:58:22,400
make cozy beds with locally 
sourced, wool, homegrown herbs, 

5850
04:58:22,400 --> 04:58:26,100
and textiles woven on domestic 
looms even if they could not 

5851
04:58:26,100 --> 04:58:29,700
afford, imported silk will find 
furs without electric blankets 

5852
04:58:29,700 --> 04:58:32,100
or Central Heating. 
You may be wondering how the 

5853
04:58:32,100 --> 04:58:35,700
Greek stayed warm during those 
frigid Metairie and Winters the 

5854
04:58:35,700 --> 04:58:38,000
solution, combines clever 
heating, techniques 

5855
04:58:38,000 --> 04:58:41,400
architectural gimmicks and a 
thorough comprehension of the 

5856
04:58:41,400 --> 04:58:44,600
flow of heat through structures 
knowledge that would be very 

5857
04:58:44,600 --> 04:58:46,400
helpful to many contemporary 
homeowners. 

5858
04:58:46,400 --> 04:58:49,800
The Brazier a transportable 
metal container made to safely 

5859
04:58:49,800 --> 04:58:52,900
store burning wood or charcoal 
in doors served as the main 

5860
04:58:52,900 --> 04:58:55,100
heating Source in the majority 
of Greek homes. 

5861
04:58:55,900 --> 04:58:58,500
These were carefully designed 
heating devices that provided 

5862
04:58:58,500 --> 04:59:01,900
warmth while lowering the risk 
of fires or carbon monoxide 

5863
04:59:01,900 --> 04:59:05,200
poisoning not rudimentary fire 
pots that filled rooms with 

5864
04:59:05,200 --> 04:59:08,400
smoked consider them the 
ancestors of space heaters. 

5865
04:59:08,400 --> 04:59:12,200
But with centuries of refinement
from Tiny personal warmers that 

5866
04:59:12,208 --> 04:59:15,200
could warm a single sleeping 
Alcove to massive family models 

5867
04:59:15,200 --> 04:59:19,300
that could warm an entire room. 
Greek braziers came in a variety

5868
04:59:19,300 --> 04:59:22,600
of shapes and sizes. 
The best bros were constructed 

5869
04:59:22,600 --> 04:59:25,800
of iron or bronze and had 
perforations on the side that 

5870
04:59:25,800 --> 04:59:29,200
safely contain the burning fuel 
while allowing heat to radiate 

5871
04:59:29,200 --> 04:59:32,300
effectively. 
Some even featured movable vents

5872
04:59:32,300 --> 04:59:34,600
that let users regulate the air 
flow and heat output. 

5873
04:59:34,600 --> 04:59:37,700
These heating systems fuel was 
carefully selected for its 

5874
04:59:37,700 --> 04:59:40,600
safety and heat output. 
Because it burned hotter 

5875
04:59:40,600 --> 04:59:43,200
produced less smoke and was 
easier to manage. 

5876
04:59:43,200 --> 04:59:47,300
Charcoal was favored over wood 
in addition to providing warmth 

5877
04:59:47,300 --> 04:59:51,000
burning aromatic Woods, like 
cedar or Sandalwood allowed 

5878
04:59:51,000 --> 04:59:53,700
wealthy families to fill the air
with Pleasant scents, that 

5879
04:59:53,700 --> 04:59:56,200
encouraged rest, and sleep, 
Greek homes. 

5880
04:59:56,200 --> 04:59:58,600
Frequently had extremely 
Advanced built in heating 

5881
04:59:58,600 --> 05:00:02,600
systems for their era hypocrisy 
or underfloor heating systems 

5882
05:00:02,600 --> 05:00:06,100
were found in some homes. 
He systems heated rooms from 

5883
05:00:06,100 --> 05:00:09,900
below by circulating hot air 
from a furnace through spaces. 

5884
05:00:09,900 --> 05:00:13,200
Beneath the floor cities in 
Northern Greece, where Winter's 

5885
05:00:13,200 --> 05:00:16,700
were harsher, were a fond of the
system, the Greeks devised a 

5886
05:00:16,700 --> 05:00:18,900
number of clever heating 
techniques that concentrated 

5887
05:00:18,900 --> 05:00:21,600
heat where it was most needed 
particularly for sleeping 

5888
05:00:21,600 --> 05:00:24,400
quarters. 
After being warmed by the fire 

5889
05:00:24,400 --> 05:00:27,800
heated stones, or metal objects 
were put in bed warmers which 

5890
05:00:27,800 --> 05:00:30,400
are specialized containers 
designed to safely, hold hot 

5891
05:00:30,400 --> 05:00:32,000
objects without scorching the 
bedding. 

5892
05:00:32,800 --> 05:00:36,100
For added aromatherapy benefits.
These Antiquated, hot water, 

5893
05:00:36,100 --> 05:00:39,200
bottles were frequently centered
with herbs and could keep a bed 

5894
05:00:39,200 --> 05:00:41,600
warm for hours, the art of 
heating clothing. 

5895
05:00:41,600 --> 05:00:45,500
For sleeping was also perfected 
by the Greeks. sleeping clothes 

5896
05:00:45,500 --> 05:00:48,000
were made to regulate body 
temperature in addition to being

5897
05:00:48,000 --> 05:00:51,500
modest, Sleeping tunics and 
wool, nightgowns created a 

5898
05:00:51,508 --> 05:00:54,100
personal microclimate that 
remained comfortable. 

5899
05:00:54,100 --> 05:00:57,200
All Night Long by retaining body
heat while letting moisture out.

5900
05:00:58,200 --> 05:00:59,900
To help stop heat loss from the 
head. 

5901
05:00:59,900 --> 05:01:04,200
Some sleeping garments even had 
hoods or caps by placing Brazos 

5902
05:01:04,200 --> 05:01:07,300
strategically and using bed, 
curtains or canopies to create 

5903
05:01:07,300 --> 05:01:10,200
smaller easier to heat spaces 
surrounding the sleeping area 

5904
05:01:10,200 --> 05:01:13,800
room heating was frequently 
concentrated in sleeping areas. 

5905
05:01:14,700 --> 05:01:17,500
Even if the rest of the room was
fairly cool, thick, curtains 

5906
05:01:17,500 --> 05:01:19,900
around a bed could retain warm 
air and provide a comfortable 

5907
05:01:19,900 --> 05:01:24,300
sleeping environmental mass or 
the capacity of dense materials 

5908
05:01:24,300 --> 05:01:27,600
to store and release heat. 
Gradually was another advantage 

5909
05:01:27,600 --> 05:01:31,200
of greeking systems when 
braziers or sunlight warmed 

5910
05:01:31,200 --> 05:01:33,900
stone or clay walls. 
During the day, the heat would 

5911
05:01:33,900 --> 05:01:37,500
continue to radiate through the 
night, providing a steady gentle

5912
05:01:37,500 --> 05:01:39,200
warmth that didn't require 
constant. 

5913
05:01:39,200 --> 05:01:42,600
Fuel feeding Community heating 
was typical for low income 

5914
05:01:42,600 --> 05:01:44,500
families. 
During the coldest months, 

5915
05:01:44,500 --> 05:01:48,000
extended families, may sleep 
together using body heat and 

5916
05:01:48,000 --> 05:01:49,600
little fuel heating to stay 
warm. 

5917
05:01:50,500 --> 05:01:54,200
It was more than just economics 
group sleeping actually resulted

5918
05:01:54,200 --> 05:01:56,400
in more comfortable and 
controlled temperatures than 

5919
05:01:56,400 --> 05:02:00,300
individual heating systems, the 
Greeks created Advanced fuel 

5920
05:02:00,300 --> 05:02:02,900
management systems that reduced 
expenses and effort while 

5921
05:02:02,900 --> 05:02:06,000
optimizing Heat. 
In order to guarantee a supply 

5922
05:02:06,000 --> 05:02:09,400
of clean burning fuel for winter
heating, charcoal was frequently

5923
05:02:09,400 --> 05:02:12,600
prepared ahead of time during 
warm weather would that burns 

5924
05:02:12,600 --> 05:02:15,100
well and emits, little, smoke 
indoors was carefully. 

5925
05:02:15,100 --> 05:02:18,300
Chosen and seasoned heat 
recovery systems were installed 

5926
05:02:18,300 --> 05:02:21,300
in some Greek homes to recover 
and repurpose lost warm air. 

5927
05:02:21,900 --> 05:02:24,800
Cooking fires, which were in any
case, required for food, 

5928
05:02:24,800 --> 05:02:26,900
preparation were placed and 
vented. 

5929
05:02:26,900 --> 05:02:28,700
So that their heat could warm 
sleeping. 

5930
05:02:28,700 --> 05:02:31,100
Quarters before being expelled 
Outdoors. 

5931
05:02:31,100 --> 05:02:34,700
Every piece of fuel burned had 
its heating value maximized by 

5932
05:02:34,700 --> 05:02:38,100
this dual-purpose strategy, the 
intricate task of keeping the 

5933
05:02:38,100 --> 05:02:40,800
entire house at a comfortable. 
Temperature was handled by 

5934
05:02:40,800 --> 05:02:45,000
dedicated Heating and for the 
wealthy These experts knew how 

5935
05:02:45,000 --> 05:02:48,700
to arrange braziers for optimal.
Effectiveness Bank Fires for 

5936
05:02:48,700 --> 05:02:51,600
consistent, overnight Heating 
and coordinate, various heating 

5937
05:02:51,600 --> 05:02:53,900
sources to ensure cozy sleeping 
conditions. 

5938
05:02:53,900 --> 05:02:55,900
When it came to Old heating 
systems. 

5939
05:02:55,900 --> 05:02:58,800
Safety was always the top 
priority, Greek homes 

5940
05:02:58,800 --> 05:03:01,400
frequently, had sleeping 
quarters with stone or tile 

5941
05:03:01,400 --> 05:03:04,600
floors surrounding heating 
appliances to prevent fires 

5942
05:03:04,600 --> 05:03:07,800
heating devices were carefully, 
placed away from bedding, and 

5943
05:03:07,808 --> 05:03:11,000
easily, flammable. 
Textiles and water containers 

5944
05:03:11,000 --> 05:03:12,900
were kept closed by for 
emergency fire. 

5945
05:03:12,900 --> 05:03:15,800
Suppression the significance of 
air quality and heated. 

5946
05:03:15,800 --> 05:03:18,200
Sleeping areas was also 
recognized by the Greeks 

5947
05:03:18,200 --> 05:03:21,200
ventilation systems. 
Prevented hazardous gas, 

5948
05:03:21,200 --> 05:03:24,500
accumulation from burning fuel 
while allowing fresh air to 

5949
05:03:24,500 --> 05:03:28,100
enter heated rooms, some homes 
had advanced chimney systems 

5950
05:03:28,100 --> 05:03:30,700
that kept heat inside. 
While safely drawing combustion,

5951
05:03:30,700 --> 05:03:33,800
gases and smoke outside. 
Greek family is were able to 

5952
05:03:33,800 --> 05:03:36,500
control fuel expenses and 
maintained year-round Comfort 

5953
05:03:36,500 --> 05:03:38,600
through the use of seasonal 
heating tools. 

5954
05:03:39,300 --> 05:03:42,500
Heating may only be used to warm
bed linens before bed in mild 

5955
05:03:42,500 --> 05:03:44,900
weather. 
Several heating systems would be

5956
05:03:44,900 --> 05:03:47,900
used to provide layers of warmth
throughout the house during cold

5957
05:03:47,900 --> 05:03:50,200
snaps. 
Because of this adaptable, 

5958
05:03:50,200 --> 05:03:53,400
strategy heating could be 
changed to accommodate, family, 

5959
05:03:53,400 --> 05:03:56,700
budgets and weather conditions. 
Imagine living in a world where 

5960
05:03:56,700 --> 05:04:00,100
sleep was a sacred journey into 
the world of the Gods rather 

5961
05:04:00,100 --> 05:04:02,000
than merely a biological 
necessity. 

5962
05:04:02,000 --> 05:04:04,800
As you get ready for your own 
journey into sleep tonight. 

5963
05:04:05,700 --> 05:04:08,400
The ancient Greeks understood 
that the transition from waking 

5964
05:04:08,400 --> 05:04:10,700
to sleeping required, both 
physical and spiritual 

5965
05:04:10,700 --> 05:04:13,500
preparation. 
So they approached bed time with

5966
05:04:13,500 --> 05:04:16,800
the same respect and ritual that
we might save for significant 

5967
05:04:16,800 --> 05:04:19,700
life events, Greek bedtime, 
Customs, predate. 

5968
05:04:19,700 --> 05:04:22,800
The act of actually getting into
bed because the evening was 

5969
05:04:22,800 --> 05:04:24,800
viewed as a period of 
transition, during which the 

5970
05:04:24,800 --> 05:04:27,800
lines separating, the Divine and
Mortal Realms grew increasingly,

5971
05:04:27,800 --> 05:04:31,600
blurred preparation was crucial 
for both spiritual protection 

5972
05:04:31,600 --> 05:04:35,400
and sound sleep. 
These were well-planned routines

5973
05:04:35,400 --> 05:04:38,000
that encouraged both physical 
comfort and mental Tranquility 

5974
05:04:38,000 --> 05:04:40,700
rather than superstitious 
beliefs. 

5975
05:04:40,700 --> 05:04:44,200
The most significant aspect of 
Greek bed time, preparation was 

5976
05:04:44,200 --> 05:04:47,500
the lighting ritual. 
The harsh light of the day was 

5977
05:04:47,500 --> 05:04:50,600
gradually replaced by the soft 
glow of oil lamps filled with 

5978
05:04:50,600 --> 05:04:54,300
olive oil and scented with herbs
like chamomile or lavender as 

5979
05:04:54,300 --> 05:04:57,100
night fell. 
Like in evening lamps served as 

5980
05:04:57,100 --> 05:05:00,000
more than just a means of 
Illumination, it was a form of 

5981
05:05:00,008 --> 05:05:02,800
meditation that assisted the 
mines shift from the active 

5982
05:05:02,800 --> 05:05:06,100
energy of the day, to the quiet 
receptive, state of the night, 

5983
05:05:06,100 --> 05:05:09,600
Greek oil lamps with himself 
works of art frequently 

5984
05:05:09,600 --> 05:05:12,400
embellished with pictures of 
serene Gods, symbols of 

5985
05:05:12,408 --> 05:05:14,500
protection, or Serena 
landscapes. 

5986
05:05:15,400 --> 05:05:18,300
In contrast to the harsh 
constant illumination of 

5987
05:05:18,300 --> 05:05:21,700
contemporary electric lights. 
The light they produced was warm

5988
05:05:21,700 --> 05:05:24,700
and flickering in ways that 
contemporary science has only 

5989
05:05:24,700 --> 05:05:27,700
just begun to comprehend. 
This soft erratic light, 

5990
05:05:27,700 --> 05:05:31,500
naturally, promoted sleepiness, 
and assisted in regulating the 

5991
05:05:31,500 --> 05:05:35,300
body's circadian rhythms before 
going to bed, personal hygiene, 

5992
05:05:35,300 --> 05:05:37,600
and spiritual purification were 
thought to be crucial. 

5993
05:05:38,400 --> 05:05:40,800
Greeks used water that had 
frequently been centered with 

5994
05:05:40,800 --> 05:05:43,800
flour oils or herbs to wash 
their faces hands and feet. 

5995
05:05:43,800 --> 05:05:46,800
This was about cleaning away. 
The spiritual debris that could 

5996
05:05:46,800 --> 05:05:49,400
build up from day-to-day 
activities and potentially 

5997
05:05:49,400 --> 05:05:52,200
disrupt restful sleep. 
Not just the dirt of the day. 

5998
05:05:52,200 --> 05:05:55,800
The sleeping mind was a Sacred 
Space that needed to be prepared

5999
05:05:55,800 --> 05:05:58,800
for and protected, because the 
Greeks thought that dreams were 

6000
05:05:58,800 --> 05:06:02,100
messaging from the gods. 
Many Greeks would offer small 

6001
05:06:02,100 --> 05:06:06,500
sacrifices to the gods of sleep 
hypnos, and dreams Morpheus 

6002
05:06:06,500 --> 05:06:09,100
before bed. 
In order to obtain restful sleep

6003
05:06:09,100 --> 05:06:12,300
and enlightening Visions. 
These sacrifices could be as 

6004
05:06:12,300 --> 05:06:14,500
easy as leaving. 
A small piece of bread on a home

6005
05:06:14,500 --> 05:06:16,900
Shrine, or a few drops of wine 
on the ground. 

6006
05:06:16,900 --> 05:06:20,000
Greek bedtime rituals included, 
prayer and meditation. 

6007
05:06:20,000 --> 05:06:22,800
But these were the somber formal
prayers. 

6008
05:06:22,800 --> 05:06:25,800
We might anticipate, rather, 
they were prayers for protection

6009
05:06:25,800 --> 05:06:27,600
during the vulnerable hours of 
sleep. 

6010
05:06:27,600 --> 05:06:31,200
Thanksgiving for the days 
blessings and soft dialogues 

6011
05:06:31,200 --> 05:06:34,700
with Guardian gods. 
Deep peaceful sleep was 

6012
05:06:34,700 --> 05:06:38,000
encouraged by these spiritual 
exercises which also helped to 

6013
05:06:38,000 --> 05:06:40,400
calm racing. 
Thoughts and Foster a sense of 

6014
05:06:40,408 --> 05:06:43,200
divine protection. 
Greek sleeping areas frequently 

6015
05:06:43,200 --> 05:06:47,200
featured, small household, 
shrines, sacred symbols, or 

6016
05:06:47,200 --> 05:06:49,300
protective amulets that were 
thought to ward off, evil 

6017
05:06:49,300 --> 05:06:53,000
spirits and Nightmares. 
These were psychological AIDs 

6018
05:06:53,000 --> 05:06:56,400
that contributed to a feeling of
security and Tranquility in the 

6019
05:06:56,400 --> 05:06:59,600
sleeping environment rather than
manifestations of archaic 

6020
05:06:59,600 --> 05:07:02,500
superstition. 
Your mind, can fall asleep, more

6021
05:07:02,500 --> 05:07:06,200
fully when your bedroom feels 
safe and sacred for various 

6022
05:07:06,200 --> 05:07:08,500
kinds of sleep difficulties. 
The Greeks had particular 

6023
05:07:08,500 --> 05:07:12,100
rituals people who experience 
nightmares might burn certain 

6024
05:07:12,100 --> 05:07:15,800
herbs such as juniper berries, 
or Bailey leaves, who smoke was 

6025
05:07:15,800 --> 05:07:18,800
thought to purify the sleeping 
area and encourage restful 

6026
05:07:18,800 --> 05:07:21,300
sleep? 
Gentle prayers were offered to 

6027
05:07:21,300 --> 05:07:24,300
Nick's, the goddess of night for
the gift of deep sleep, and 

6028
05:07:24,300 --> 05:07:28,000
natural drowsiness in order to 
treat insomnia, seasonal, sleep,

6029
05:07:28,000 --> 05:07:30,600
rituals, recognize that the 
agricultural calendar and 

6030
05:07:30,600 --> 05:07:32,800
weather had an impact on 
sleeping needs. 

6031
05:07:33,600 --> 05:07:37,300
Warmth safety, and the prospect 
of Springtime with the main 

6032
05:07:37,300 --> 05:07:39,900
theme of bedtime rituals during 
The Long Winter nights. 

6033
05:07:40,900 --> 05:07:44,200
Cooling cleansing and a 
connection to nature, which was 

6034
05:07:44,200 --> 05:07:47,100
alive and vibrant. 
During the warm months, with the

6035
05:07:47,100 --> 05:07:50,300
main focuses of Summer, sleep, 
rituals everyone in the home, 

6036
05:07:50,300 --> 05:07:53,300
was able to sleep soundly. 
Thanks to family, sleep Customs,

6037
05:07:53,300 --> 05:07:56,100
before going to bed parents 
would bless their kids 

6038
05:07:56,100 --> 05:07:59,300
frequently by giving them a 
gentle pat on the forehead and 

6039
05:07:59,300 --> 05:08:01,700
muttering prayers for restful 
sleep in a safe night. 

6040
05:08:01,700 --> 05:08:05,100
In addition to strengthening 
Family Ties, these private 

6041
05:08:05,100 --> 05:08:07,800
moments offered psychological 
Solace, that improved, 

6042
05:08:07,800 --> 05:08:11,000
everyone's quality of sleep. 
The actual sleeping area was 

6043
05:08:11,000 --> 05:08:12,900
also prepared. 
According to Greek customs. 

6044
05:08:13,700 --> 05:08:16,900
Sleeping areas were fumigated 
with aromatic herbs that both 

6045
05:08:16,900 --> 05:08:19,700
fresh and the air and created a 
sacred atmosphere. 

6046
05:08:19,700 --> 05:08:23,200
Bedding was a range in specific 
patterns thought to promote 

6047
05:08:23,200 --> 05:08:26,300
comfort and peace and beds were 
frequently sprinkled with 

6048
05:08:26,300 --> 05:08:29,900
blessed, or centered Water Creek
bed time, custards included, 

6049
05:08:29,900 --> 05:08:32,800
activities that are now known to
be very helpful for maintaining 

6050
05:08:32,800 --> 05:08:36,200
proper sleep hygiene. 
Modern Sleep Experts. 

6051
05:08:36,200 --> 05:08:39,500
Advised the following practices 
for better sleep, creating a 

6052
05:08:39,508 --> 05:08:42,900
calm sleeping environment. 
Focusing on relaxation and 

6053
05:08:42,900 --> 05:08:45,800
thankfulness gradually. 
Lowering the lights and 

6054
05:08:45,800 --> 05:08:48,400
scheduling bedtime activities 
regularly though. 

6055
05:08:48,400 --> 05:08:51,100
They were frequently customized 
to each person's requirements 

6056
05:08:51,100 --> 05:08:53,600
and preferences. 
Personal bedtime rituals, 

6057
05:08:53,600 --> 05:08:57,300
usually included aspects of 
introspection thankfulness and 

6058
05:08:57,300 --> 05:09:00,800
Dreamworld preparation. 
In order to let go of any 

6059
05:09:00,800 --> 05:09:03,200
resentment or anxiety, that 
might keep them from sleeping. 

6060
05:09:03,200 --> 05:09:06,800
Some Greeks would reflect on the
days of events in an attitude of

6061
05:09:06,800 --> 05:09:10,100
forgiveness and learning, others
would engage in periods of 

6062
05:09:10,100 --> 05:09:13,000
Silent reflection. 
Letting the Mind naturally, 

6063
05:09:13,000 --> 05:09:16,400
transition into the receptive 
state that facilitates both 

6064
05:09:16,400 --> 05:09:19,400
sleep and deep dreams. 
It was believed that the daily 

6065
05:09:19,400 --> 05:09:22,200
shift from waking to sleeping 
offered a chance for Spiritual 

6066
05:09:22,200 --> 05:09:25,300
Rejuvenation, and a closer 
relationship with God. 

6067
05:09:26,100 --> 05:09:29,200
Sleep was a journey into a world
where extraordinary experiences 

6068
05:09:29,200 --> 05:09:32,600
were possible. 
The normal rules didn't apply in

6069
05:09:32,600 --> 05:09:34,800
addition to being a time for the
body to rest. 

6070
05:09:35,700 --> 05:09:38,500
Preparing for bed, became a 
practice of both practical, 

6071
05:09:38,500 --> 05:09:41,800
wisdom and spiritual devotion. 
As a result of this realization 

6072
05:09:41,800 --> 05:09:45,400
Greek, sleep Customs. 
All involved communal aspects, 

6073
05:09:45,400 --> 05:09:48,100
particularly during holidays or 
stressful periods. 

6074
05:09:48,900 --> 05:09:52,100
Families, may pray together in 
the evening community may engage

6075
05:09:52,100 --> 05:09:55,100
in customs meant to encourage 
restful, sleep for all and 

6076
05:09:55,100 --> 05:09:57,600
neighborhoods, May perform 
protective rituals during trying

6077
05:09:57,600 --> 05:10:01,500
times, these Customs strengthen 
social ties and improve the 

6078
05:10:01,508 --> 05:10:04,700
well-being of the individual and
the group consider yourself an 

6079
05:10:04,700 --> 05:10:07,300
athlete philosopher or Merchants
from ancient Greece. 

6080
05:10:07,300 --> 05:10:09,800
You must travel far from the 
convenience of your 

6081
05:10:09,800 --> 05:10:11,600
well-planned. 
Sleeping Quarters at home. 

6082
05:10:12,400 --> 05:10:13,900
How did you get a good night's 
sleep? 

6083
05:10:13,900 --> 05:10:16,600
When visiting new places that 
might not meet your specific 

6084
05:10:16,600 --> 05:10:20,100
Comfort standards? 
Greek solutions to the problem 

6085
05:10:20,100 --> 05:10:22,000
of sleep. 
During travel were both clever 

6086
05:10:22,000 --> 05:10:25,500
and useful resulting in systems.
That may seem surprisingly 

6087
05:10:25,500 --> 05:10:28,800
familiar to Travelers today. 
The Greeks established a vast 

6088
05:10:28,800 --> 05:10:31,100
system of hospitality that 
allowed people to sleep 

6089
05:10:31,100 --> 05:10:33,200
comfortably even in far-flung 
places. 

6090
05:10:34,300 --> 05:10:38,000
According to the idea of Zinnia 
or sacred Hospitality giving 

6091
05:10:38,000 --> 05:10:41,900
Travelers decent places to sleep
was not only smart business, but

6092
05:10:41,900 --> 05:10:44,400
also a religious Duty that Zeus 
himself oversaw. 

6093
05:10:44,400 --> 05:10:47,800
Even modest households took 
pride in providing the best 

6094
05:10:47,800 --> 05:10:50,600
sleeping Arrangements they could
because of this Divine mandate 

6095
05:10:50,600 --> 05:10:55,200
for Hospitality Panda Kai on or 
professional ins developed into 

6096
05:10:55,200 --> 05:10:58,100
sophisticated establishments 
that focused on giving tourists 

6097
05:10:58,100 --> 05:11:01,700
a comfortable place to stay. 
These were the gritty taverns. 

6098
05:11:01,700 --> 05:11:04,200
You might see in historical 
drama's rather. 

6099
05:11:04,200 --> 05:11:07,000
They were well, run 
establishments that recognized 

6100
05:11:07,000 --> 05:11:09,500
that guests who slept well, were
likely to return and refer 

6101
05:11:09,500 --> 05:11:12,400
others to the Inn. 
The top Greek ins had 

6102
05:11:12,400 --> 05:11:15,500
thoughtfully designed sleeping 
quarters, high quality, Linens 

6103
05:11:15,500 --> 05:11:19,400
heating systems and even simple 
conveniences that catered to the

6104
05:11:19,400 --> 05:11:22,900
needs of their guests Greeks. 
Generally provided varying 

6105
05:11:22,900 --> 05:11:25,200
degrees of lodging, according to
the social standing and 

6106
05:11:25,200 --> 05:11:26,900
financial constraints of their 
guests. 

6107
05:11:26,900 --> 05:11:29,900
But even the most basic rules 
were made with the comfort of 

6108
05:11:29,900 --> 05:11:33,700
their sleep in mind, individual 
sleeping, alcoves or divided 

6109
05:11:33,700 --> 05:11:36,200
spaces that offered privacy and 
lessen noise from other. 

6110
05:11:36,200 --> 05:11:38,800
Visitors were a feature of 
common sleeping areas. 

6111
05:11:39,700 --> 05:11:42,400
These common areas frequently 
featured Heating braziers, and 

6112
05:11:42,400 --> 05:11:45,800
restrooms enabling visitors to 
keep up their personal hygiene 

6113
05:11:45,800 --> 05:11:49,200
practices, the art of portable 
comfort for travelers, who might

6114
05:11:49,200 --> 05:11:51,600
not always find adequate. 
Lodging was perfected by the 

6115
05:11:51,600 --> 05:11:54,700
Greeks, Rich tourists brought 
their own bedding. 

6116
05:11:54,700 --> 05:11:57,800
Such as foldable bed frames. 
That could be used to make any 

6117
05:11:57,800 --> 05:12:01,300
reasonably level surface into a 
cozy sleeping area like weight 

6118
05:12:01,300 --> 05:12:05,100
blankets and portable pillows. 
These portable sleeping systems 

6119
05:12:05,100 --> 05:12:07,900
were made to be both efficient 
and portable offering 

6120
05:12:07,900 --> 05:12:11,100
comfortable familiarity in 
strange places for colder 

6121
05:12:11,100 --> 05:12:14,100
climates or Seasons portable. 
Heating Solutions were 

6122
05:12:14,100 --> 05:12:16,100
frequently incorporated into 
Greek travel. 

6123
05:12:16,100 --> 05:12:19,600
Sleeping Arrangements, small 
metal containers that can be 

6124
05:12:19,600 --> 05:12:22,300
used as personal. 
Brazier's warming stones that 

6125
05:12:22,300 --> 05:12:25,300
could be heated over cooking 
fires and used to warm bedding. 

6126
05:12:25,300 --> 05:12:27,900
While specially made clothing, 
that could be used for both 

6127
05:12:27,900 --> 05:12:30,900
sleeping and traveling some 
examples of the items that 

6128
05:12:30,900 --> 05:12:33,400
Travelers might bring. 
Even in difficult, 

6129
05:12:33,400 --> 05:12:36,900
circumstances, seasoned Greek, 
tourists could remain warm and 

6130
05:12:36,900 --> 05:12:38,800
cozy. 
Thanks to these portable Comfort

6131
05:12:38,800 --> 05:12:41,300
Systems in order to help 
Travelers make well. 

6132
05:12:41,300 --> 05:12:42,900
Informed decisions about where 
to sleep. 

6133
05:12:42,900 --> 05:12:46,200
The Greeks created complex 
systems for assessing the 

6134
05:12:46,200 --> 05:12:48,800
quality of lodging. 
Along trade routes 

6135
05:12:48,800 --> 05:12:52,400
recommendations, were passed 
down, and some Innings gained a 

6136
05:12:52,400 --> 05:12:55,100
reputation for having very 
comfortable beds that attracted 

6137
05:12:55,100 --> 05:12:56,900
tourists from all over the 
Mediterranean. 

6138
05:12:58,000 --> 05:13:00,300
These quality, requirements 
covered things, like noise 

6139
05:13:00,300 --> 05:13:03,600
levels, security room, 
temperature control and clean 

6140
05:13:03,600 --> 05:13:05,800
bedding. 
All of which are important for 

6141
05:13:05,800 --> 05:13:08,200
restful. 
Sleep, Travelers, particularly 

6142
05:13:08,200 --> 05:13:10,800
those on religious pilgrimages 
frequently found. 

6143
05:13:10,800 --> 05:13:12,600
Excellent accommodations in 
Temple. 

6144
05:13:12,600 --> 05:13:15,800
Complexes these hallowed 
sleeping areas were kept in the 

6145
05:13:15,800 --> 05:13:19,000
best possible condition and 
frequently offered conveniences 

6146
05:13:19,000 --> 05:13:21,100
that were on par with the finest
private lodgings. 

6147
05:13:21,100 --> 05:13:24,600
In addition, to being physically
comfortable Temple, 

6148
05:13:24,600 --> 05:13:27,700
accommodations offered a sense 
of spiritual Tranquility that 

6149
05:13:27,700 --> 05:13:30,800
many visitors found to be 
conducive to incredibly sound 

6150
05:13:30,800 --> 05:13:34,500
sleep, Greek cities created laws
pertaining to lodging that 

6151
05:13:34,500 --> 05:13:37,000
included particular requirements
for sleeping Arrangements. 

6152
05:13:37,800 --> 05:13:40,000
Clean bedding. 
Sufficient Heating in cold 

6153
05:13:40,000 --> 05:13:43,100
weather and reasonably quiet and
secure sleeping quarters were 

6154
05:13:43,100 --> 05:13:46,900
all requirements for inkeepers. 
When staying in reputable 

6155
05:13:46,900 --> 05:13:49,900
logging establishments Travelers
could rely on at least minimal 

6156
05:13:49,900 --> 05:13:51,200
Comfort. 
Thanks to these early 

6157
05:13:51,200 --> 05:13:54,400
Hospitality standards Travelers 
frequently stayed in private 

6158
05:13:54,400 --> 05:13:57,500
homes, particularly those who 
had business contacts or letters

6159
05:13:57,500 --> 05:14:01,000
of introduction. 
Greek Hospitality Traditions 

6160
05:14:01,000 --> 05:14:03,100
meant that host took. 
Great pride in giving their 

6161
05:14:03,100 --> 05:14:06,200
guests comfortable sleeping 
Arrangements frequently using 

6162
05:14:06,200 --> 05:14:09,000
the finest bedding, and sleeping
areas from their own families, 

6163
05:14:09,000 --> 05:14:12,400
in terms of comfort, and 
individual attention, these 

6164
05:14:12,400 --> 05:14:14,800
private accommodations 
frequently outperformed 

6165
05:14:14,800 --> 05:14:16,900
commercial. 
Lodging the Greeks developed 

6166
05:14:16,900 --> 05:14:19,900
sleeping solutions for travelers
that addressed particular issues

6167
05:14:19,900 --> 05:14:24,300
that various kinds of Travelers 
might encounter. in order to 

6168
05:14:24,300 --> 05:14:27,700
safeguard their valuable cargo 
while they slept Merchants 

6169
05:14:27,700 --> 05:14:30,700
needed, safe, sleeping 
Arrangements, Scholars and 

6170
05:14:30,700 --> 05:14:33,400
philosophers, required peaceful 
areas, where they could study 

6171
05:14:33,400 --> 05:14:36,500
and reflect Accommodations that 
promoted, physical, 

6172
05:14:36,500 --> 05:14:39,700
recuperation, and Optimal 
Performance were necessary for 

6173
05:14:39,700 --> 05:14:43,100
athletes practical, advice on 
adjusting to various climates 

6174
05:14:43,100 --> 05:14:45,100
and elevations. 
That could impact Sleep Quality 

6175
05:14:45,100 --> 05:14:47,700
was part of the Greek travel 
sleeping culture. 

6176
05:14:48,500 --> 05:14:51,400
Travelers with experience new 
how to modify their sleeping 

6177
05:14:51,400 --> 05:14:54,500
arrangements, for the heat of 
the desert, the cold of the 

6178
05:14:54,500 --> 05:14:56,400
mountains, or the humidity of 
the coast. 

6179
05:14:58,000 --> 05:15:00,800
Because of this environmental 
Consciousness traveling didn't 

6180
05:15:00,800 --> 05:15:04,100
have to mean compromising, the 
quality of one sleep before, 

6181
05:15:04,100 --> 05:15:06,700
reaching their destination, 
Travelers were able to find 

6182
05:15:06,700 --> 05:15:08,800
appropriate lodging. 
Thanks to the communication 

6183
05:15:08,800 --> 05:15:11,900
systems that the Greeks 
developed information about 

6184
05:15:11,900 --> 05:15:15,300
inequality, seasonal 
availability, and any special 

6185
05:15:15,300 --> 05:15:17,800
accommodations that might be 
required, was disseminated 

6186
05:15:17,800 --> 05:15:21,500
through trade Networks, The 
uncertainty and discomfort of 

6187
05:15:21,500 --> 05:15:24,400
looking for lodging. 
When exhausted from travel were 

6188
05:15:24,400 --> 05:15:27,100
eliminated, thanks to the 
advanced planning, which allowed

6189
05:15:27,100 --> 05:15:29,800
travelers to frequently set up 
cozy, sleeping arrangements 

6190
05:15:29,800 --> 05:15:33,000
before they arrived, Greek 
travel accommodations frequently

6191
05:15:33,000 --> 05:15:35,600
included features, that allowed 
them to continue their own sleep

6192
05:15:35,600 --> 05:15:37,100
schedule while they were away 
from home. 

6193
05:15:37,900 --> 05:15:41,800
Ends, may offer quiet areas for 
meditation before bed, oil lamps

6194
05:15:41,800 --> 05:15:44,700
for evening, rituals or access 
to laundry facilities. 

6195
05:15:44,700 --> 05:15:47,200
So that guests can continue 
their traditional hygiene 

6196
05:15:47,200 --> 05:15:49,300
habits. 
Travelers sleep promoting 

6197
05:15:49,300 --> 05:15:52,300
routines which they had 
established at home were 

6198
05:15:52,300 --> 05:15:54,700
protected from disruption by 
this attention to Ritual, 

6199
05:15:54,700 --> 05:15:57,400
continuity, Greek. 
Lodging systems were designed 

6200
05:15:57,400 --> 05:16:00,500
with seasonal travel in mind 
offering distinct lodging 

6201
05:16:00,500 --> 05:16:02,200
options for summer and winter 
travel. 

6202
05:16:03,000 --> 05:16:06,000
While winter accommodations 
prioritized warmth and weather 

6203
05:16:06,000 --> 05:16:08,200
protection. 
Some are accommodations May 

6204
05:16:08,200 --> 05:16:11,900
prioritize Cooling and 
ventilation in order to maximize

6205
05:16:11,900 --> 05:16:15,300
Comfort throughout the year. 
Some ins provided distinct rooms

6206
05:16:15,300 --> 05:16:18,000
for each season in order to 
accommodate everything from 

6207
05:16:18,000 --> 05:16:21,000
small Merchants parties to large
military Expeditions. 

6208
05:16:21,000 --> 05:16:24,500
The Greeks also created sleeping
arrangements for Group Travel 

6209
05:16:25,400 --> 05:16:28,200
These systems included 
logistical strategies that made 

6210
05:16:28,200 --> 05:16:30,000
sure everyone could sleep 
comfortably. 

6211
05:16:30,000 --> 05:16:33,300
Even when traveling with a large
group of people, portable 

6212
05:16:33,300 --> 05:16:36,100
sleeping equipment and 
organizational techniques for 

6213
05:16:36,100 --> 05:16:39,400
managing group, sleeping spaces,
think about how the ancient 

6214
05:16:39,400 --> 05:16:41,700
Greeks viewed sleep. 
As you get more comfortable in 

6215
05:16:41,700 --> 05:16:44,000
your contemporary bed with 
memory foam and temperature 

6216
05:16:44,000 --> 05:16:47,700
control for them sleep was more 
than just a daily annoyance, 

6217
05:16:47,700 --> 05:16:50,500
that interfered with more vital 
tasks or a biological 

6218
05:16:50,500 --> 05:16:53,200
requirement. 
Rather it was believed that 

6219
05:16:53,200 --> 05:16:55,300
sleep was a profound part of 
human life. 

6220
05:16:55,300 --> 05:17:00,000
That provided insights into 
Life, Death Consciousness and 

6221
05:17:00,000 --> 05:17:03,400
our relationship to the Divine 
Greek philosophers pondered the 

6222
05:17:03,400 --> 05:17:05,400
nature of sleep in its 
significance for human 

6223
05:17:05,400 --> 05:17:09,000
well-being for a long time. 
According to Aristotle's, sleep 

6224
05:17:09,008 --> 05:17:12,300
is crucial for mental Clarity, 
and emotional equilibrium, in 

6225
05:17:12,300 --> 05:17:16,000
addition to physical well-being.
He noted that those who didn't 

6226
05:17:16,000 --> 05:17:18,900
get enough, sleep became 
agitated distracted and 

6227
05:17:18,900 --> 05:17:22,100
incapable of making wise 
decisions, observations that 

6228
05:17:22,100 --> 05:17:25,400
contemporary sleep, researchers,
amply supported the Greeks 

6229
05:17:25,400 --> 05:17:27,800
realized that the quality of 
sleep had an impact on all 

6230
05:17:27,800 --> 05:17:31,800
facets of daily life including 
mental Clarity, emotional 

6231
05:17:31,800 --> 05:17:36,100
stability, and physical health. 
Because of this knowledge, they 

6232
05:17:36,100 --> 05:17:38,900
began to view the environment 
and preparation for sleep is 

6233
05:17:38,900 --> 05:17:41,000
important issues. 
Deserving of considerable care 

6234
05:17:41,000 --> 05:17:43,600
and funding. 
The Greek who got enough sleep 

6235
05:17:43,600 --> 05:17:46,800
was seen as more moral more sane
and more able to make 

6236
05:17:46,800 --> 05:17:50,400
contributions to society. 
The various forms of sleep and 

6237
05:17:50,400 --> 05:17:53,100
their differing advantages for 
human health were acknowledged 

6238
05:17:53,100 --> 05:17:56,500
in Greek culture. 
Deep dreamless sleep was prized 

6239
05:17:56,500 --> 05:17:59,600
for its healing properties and 
capacity to revitalize, the body

6240
05:17:59,600 --> 05:18:02,700
and mind. 
Sleeping with dreams was valued 

6241
05:18:02,700 --> 05:18:04,800
because it could yield answers 
to difficult problems. 

6242
05:18:04,800 --> 05:18:08,100
Creative inspiration, and divine
messages. 

6243
05:18:08,100 --> 05:18:11,000
Even quick naps were 
acknowledged as useful 

6244
05:18:11,000 --> 05:18:13,200
strategies for preserving mental
acuity. 

6245
05:18:13,200 --> 05:18:16,200
During demanding days. 
The Greeks, came up with complex

6246
05:18:16,200 --> 05:18:18,400
theories regarding the 
connection between sleep 

6247
05:18:18,400 --> 05:18:22,100
environment, sleep position, and
the quality of sleep and dreams,

6248
05:18:22,100 --> 05:18:25,500
they thought that certain sounds
and smells could affect the 

6249
05:18:25,508 --> 05:18:28,800
quality of sleep that sleeping 
in particular, positions could 

6250
05:18:28,800 --> 05:18:31,700
encourage different kinds of 
dreams and that the beds 

6251
05:18:31,700 --> 05:18:34,200
orientation in relation to 
celestial bodies, could have an 

6252
05:18:34,200 --> 05:18:37,500
impact on the spiritual state of
the sleeper, Greek perceptions 

6253
05:18:37,500 --> 05:18:40,200
of time and daily routines were 
closely linked to their views on

6254
05:18:40,200 --> 05:18:42,400
sleep. 
They created their daily 

6255
05:18:42,400 --> 05:18:45,000
schedule to accommodate these 
rhythms rather than working 

6256
05:18:45,000 --> 05:18:47,700
against the because they 
understood that human energy and

6257
05:18:47,700 --> 05:18:49,800
alertness naturally varied 
throughout the day. 

6258
05:18:49,800 --> 05:18:53,900
This meant that sleep was not 
limited to the evening but also 

6259
05:18:53,900 --> 05:18:56,700
included deliberate rest in 
intervals to sustain Optimal 

6260
05:18:56,700 --> 05:18:59,600
Performance. 
Sleep was seen by the Greeks as 

6261
05:18:59,600 --> 05:19:02,700
a kind of every day. 
Death and rebirth that offered 

6262
05:19:02,700 --> 05:19:05,100
chances for personal growth and 
spiritual rejuvenation. 

6263
05:19:06,400 --> 05:19:09,000
It was believed that every night
sleep was avoid into the 

6264
05:19:09,000 --> 05:19:12,400
underworld that might offer 
spiritual Insight wisdom and 

6265
05:19:12,400 --> 05:19:15,500
healing. 
This realization elevated sleep 

6266
05:19:15,500 --> 05:19:18,500
to a sacred activity and made 
getting ready for sleep. 

6267
05:19:18,500 --> 05:19:21,000
A spiritual practice, the 
ability to sleep. 

6268
05:19:21,000 --> 05:19:23,900
Well, was praised in Greek 
culture as a sign of discernment

6269
05:19:23,900 --> 05:19:27,700
self-control and good. 
Living individuals with sound 

6270
05:19:27,700 --> 05:19:30,200
sleep habits were valued for 
their intelligence and 

6271
05:19:30,200 --> 05:19:32,300
self-control. 
While those with sleep issues 

6272
05:19:32,300 --> 05:19:35,000
were frequently perceived as 
also in need of Direction in 

6273
05:19:35,000 --> 05:19:38,000
other facets of life. 
Getting enough sleep was seen as

6274
05:19:38,008 --> 05:19:41,000
a social obligation, as well as 
a personal accomplishment. 

6275
05:19:41,000 --> 05:19:44,100
The Greeks understood that 
people sleep requirements 

6276
05:19:44,100 --> 05:19:47,600
differed from person to person 
and evolved over the course of a

6277
05:19:47,600 --> 05:19:49,900
lifetime adults required 
quality. 

6278
05:19:49,900 --> 05:19:53,500
Sleep for Optimal Performance. 
Children required more sleep for

6279
05:19:53,500 --> 05:19:56,600
healthy growth and development, 
and elderly people required, 

6280
05:19:56,600 --> 05:19:59,600
distinct sleep schedules to 
account for the normal aging 

6281
05:19:59,600 --> 05:20:02,000
process. 
For its time. 

6282
05:20:02,000 --> 05:20:05,500
This personalized, knowledge of 
sleep requirements was highly 

6283
05:20:05,500 --> 05:20:08,700
sophisticated Sleep Disorders 
were viewed in Greek medicine, 

6284
05:20:08,700 --> 05:20:12,000
as Grave medical conditions that
needed to be treated thoroughly 

6285
05:20:12,000 --> 05:20:15,200
and buy a professional doctors 
realized that chronic sleep 

6286
05:20:15,200 --> 05:20:16,700
issues. 
Might be a sign of underlying 

6287
05:20:16,700 --> 05:20:19,800
emotional or physical imbalances
that needed to be treated for 

6288
05:20:19,800 --> 05:20:22,600
General Health. 
Well established specialty, 

6289
05:20:22,600 --> 05:20:25,700
sleep medicine, integrated 
psychological and spiritual 

6290
05:20:25,700 --> 05:20:28,800
interventions with physical 
treatments, the various sleep 

6291
05:20:28,800 --> 05:20:31,600
states and their implications 
for health and wellbeing were 

6292
05:20:31,600 --> 05:20:33,100
thoroughly categorized by the 
Greeks. 

6293
05:20:33,100 --> 05:20:35,900
It was acknowledged that 
different intermediate states, 

6294
05:20:35,900 --> 05:20:39,700
such as dream, sleep, deep 
sleep, and light, sleep each had

6295
05:20:39,700 --> 05:20:42,500
distinct purposes and needed 
different kinds of assistance. 

6296
05:20:42,500 --> 05:20:45,400
Modern sleep. 
Science was thousands of years 

6297
05:20:45,400 --> 05:20:48,200
behind this sophisticated. 
Understanding of sleep stages, 

6298
05:20:48,200 --> 05:20:52,600
Greek perspectives on dreams 
were a danced acknowledging that

6299
05:20:52,600 --> 05:20:55,500
they could be used for anything 
from Divine communication to 

6300
05:20:55,500 --> 05:20:59,500
cycle processing. 
People who had particularly 

6301
05:20:59,500 --> 05:21:03,100
Vivid or significant dreams 
might seek the advice of experts

6302
05:21:03,100 --> 05:21:06,400
to understand their meaning as 
dream, interpretation was a 

6303
05:21:06,400 --> 05:21:09,600
respected skill that required 
training and wisdom the Greeks 

6304
05:21:09,600 --> 05:21:11,300
held that moral and ethical 
behavior. 

6305
05:21:11,300 --> 05:21:13,500
During the day, had an impact on
the quality of sleep. 

6306
05:21:14,200 --> 05:21:16,700
It was believed that people who 
led moral lives, slept better 

6307
05:21:16,700 --> 05:21:20,400
and had more fulfilling dreams, 
whereas people who acted badly 

6308
05:21:20,400 --> 05:21:22,300
might have trouble sleeping and 
have nightmares. 

6309
05:21:22,300 --> 05:21:25,300
People were encouraged to live 
in ways that supported both 

6310
05:21:25,300 --> 05:21:29,000
social harmony and individual 
rest because of the link between

6311
05:21:29,000 --> 05:21:31,900
ethics and Sleep Quality. 
Greek culture, understood. 

6312
05:21:31,900 --> 05:21:35,000
That sleep was a delicate state 
that needed to be respected and 

6313
05:21:35,008 --> 05:21:37,600
guarded. 
Creating environments that 

6314
05:21:37,600 --> 05:21:40,200
encouraged everyone to get a 
good night's sleep was viewed as

6315
05:21:40,200 --> 05:21:43,900
a community Duty and disturbing 
someone's sleep unnecessarily 

6316
05:21:43,900 --> 05:21:46,400
was regarded as a serious social
transgression. 

6317
05:21:47,200 --> 05:21:49,600
People were able to rely on 
getting the rest, they required,

6318
05:21:49,600 --> 05:21:52,300
thanks to this group's 
dedication to improving the 

6319
05:21:52,300 --> 05:21:55,000
quality of their sleep. 
In order to recognize, how 

6320
05:21:55,000 --> 05:21:58,000
shifting daylight whether and 
social activities, impacted 

6321
05:21:58,000 --> 05:22:01,600
sleep patterns throughout the 
year the Greeks created seasonal

6322
05:22:01,600 --> 05:22:04,600
approaches to sleep. 
People knew that winter and 

6323
05:22:04,600 --> 05:22:07,900
summer, sleep were different. 
And in stead of fighting against

6324
05:22:07,900 --> 05:22:10,800
these natural variations, they 
modified their sleeping 

6325
05:22:10,800 --> 05:22:13,300
schedules, rituals and 
arrangements to accommodate 

6326
05:22:13,300 --> 05:22:15,000
them. 
In order to promote General 

6327
05:22:15,000 --> 05:22:17,700
Health and character 
development, Greek, Educational 

6328
05:22:17,700 --> 05:22:19,900
Systems taught students, how to 
get enough sleep. 

6329
05:22:19,900 --> 05:22:22,700
Young people discovered that 
getting enough sleep was 

6330
05:22:22,700 --> 05:22:26,100
essential to growing up to be 
responsible adults, who could 

6331
05:22:26,100 --> 05:22:28,100
make valuable contributions to 
society. 

6332
05:22:29,200 --> 05:22:30,800
Good. 
Sleep habits were insured to be 

6333
05:22:30,808 --> 05:22:32,100
passed down through the 
generations. 

6334
05:22:32,100 --> 05:22:34,600
Thanks to this educational 
emphasis on sleep. 

6335
05:22:34,600 --> 05:22:37,900
Wisdom, the Greeks recognize 
that sleep was fundamentally 

6336
05:22:37,900 --> 05:22:42,000
social, and intensely personal 
impacting, not only ones own 

6337
05:22:42,000 --> 05:22:44,700
well-being, but also the harmony
of one's family and the 

6338
05:22:44,700 --> 05:22:48,800
prosperity of the community is 
with well-rested residents, were

6339
05:22:48,800 --> 05:22:53,000
more tranquil, effective and 
enjoyable places to live and 

6340
05:22:53,000 --> 05:22:55,800
families with healthy sleep 
patterns, performed better as 

6341
05:22:55,800 --> 05:22:58,600
social units. 
Imagine exploring a house from 

6342
05:22:58,600 --> 05:23:00,400
ancient Greece. 
That was built with the 

6343
05:23:00,400 --> 05:23:03,200
intention of encouraging. 
The kind of deep rejuvenating, 

6344
05:23:03,200 --> 05:23:05,800
sleep. 
That is necessary for the body 

6345
05:23:05,800 --> 05:23:09,400
and soul to thrive. 
The sacred Journey from waking 

6346
05:23:09,400 --> 05:23:11,900
consciousness and to the world 
of dreams and divine 

6347
05:23:11,900 --> 05:23:15,200
communication was supported by 
every architectural, detail in 

6348
05:23:15,200 --> 05:23:18,300
these homes, which were more 
than just places to lie down. 

6349
05:23:18,300 --> 05:23:21,400
Greek sleeping Arrangements were
based on the realization that 

6350
05:23:21,400 --> 05:23:23,400
physical setting that 
facilitated. 

6351
05:23:23,400 --> 05:23:26,700
This significant daily shift 
when necessary for the passage 

6352
05:23:26,700 --> 05:23:30,500
from day to night and From 
Consciousness to sleep with 

6353
05:23:30,500 --> 05:23:33,400
several walls and Courtyards 
separating sleeping areas from 

6354
05:23:33,400 --> 05:23:36,900
the sounds of everyday, life or 
Street activity, bedrooms were 

6355
05:23:36,900 --> 05:23:39,900
arranged throughout the house to
provide the most quiet possible.

6356
05:23:39,900 --> 05:23:44,100
What we might refer to as sleep 
Suites where integrated areas 

6357
05:23:44,100 --> 05:23:46,400
found in the most affluent Greek
homes. 

6358
05:23:46,400 --> 05:23:50,200
These included not only the 
actual sleeping area but also 

6359
05:23:50,200 --> 05:23:53,700
areas for preparing for evening,
rituals, storing seasonal, 

6360
05:23:53,700 --> 05:23:57,200
bedding and even tiny private 
Courtyards where sleepers could 

6361
05:23:57,200 --> 05:23:59,700
enjoy the fresh air while still 
staying in their most private 

6362
05:23:59,700 --> 05:24:03,100
domestic settings. 
These sweets, understood that 

6363
05:24:03,100 --> 05:24:06,300
having a bed in a room, wasn't 
enough for restful sleep, Greek,

6364
05:24:06,300 --> 05:24:08,000
Architects. 
Understood the importance of 

6365
05:24:08,000 --> 05:24:10,800
sound control for restful sleep 
so they gave careful 

6366
05:24:10,800 --> 05:24:12,800
consideration to acoustic 
design. 

6367
05:24:13,600 --> 05:24:16,400
Sleeping places were frequently,
constructed with thick walls, 

6368
05:24:16,400 --> 05:24:20,200
placed away from workshops and 
animal courts, and featured 

6369
05:24:20,200 --> 05:24:22,900
architectural elements that 
either reflected or absorbed 

6370
05:24:22,900 --> 05:24:26,400
sound. 
Early examples of sound masking 

6371
05:24:26,400 --> 05:24:29,500
were even found in some affluent
residences which used wind 

6372
05:24:29,500 --> 05:24:31,600
chimes or flowing. 
Water features to produce 

6373
05:24:31,600 --> 05:24:34,300
calming background noises that 
drowned out more annoying. 

6374
05:24:34,300 --> 05:24:37,700
Sounds the Greeks invented 
architectural methods of scent 

6375
05:24:37,700 --> 05:24:40,300
control that improved the 
quality of sleep by using aroma 

6376
05:24:40,300 --> 05:24:42,800
therapy. 
Built-in niches for burning 

6377
05:24:42,800 --> 05:24:46,400
aromatic herbs ventilation 
systems that Drew are through 

6378
05:24:46,400 --> 05:24:49,700
herb gardens before entering 
bedrooms or storage systems. 

6379
05:24:49,700 --> 05:24:53,000
That kept betting centered with 
rose petals or lavender are some

6380
05:24:53,000 --> 05:24:56,500
examples of sleeping areas. 
These fragrance systems served 

6381
05:24:56,500 --> 05:24:59,100
as useful instruments for 
encouraging calm and sound 

6382
05:24:59,100 --> 05:25:03,000
sleep, not just enjoyable. 
Extravagances Beyond merely 

6383
05:25:03,000 --> 05:25:06,100
concealing, sleeping quarters 
from view Greek, sleeping 

6384
05:25:06,100 --> 05:25:08,700
architecture featured 
sophisticated approaches to 

6385
05:25:08,700 --> 05:25:13,500
privacy Spaces, that felt 
isolated safe and shielded from 

6386
05:25:13,500 --> 05:25:15,800
the outside world were created 
by these designs. 

6387
05:25:16,700 --> 05:25:20,100
Psychological privacy. 
The kind of profound relaxation,

6388
05:25:20,100 --> 05:25:23,200
necessary for genuinely healing 
sleep and fulfilling dreams 

6389
05:25:23,200 --> 05:25:26,400
depended on this feeling of 
sanctuary, the Greeks designed 

6390
05:25:26,400 --> 05:25:29,300
bedrooms that could comfortably 
accommodate both single people 

6391
05:25:29,300 --> 05:25:32,300
and couples because they 
recognized that sleeping areas 

6392
05:25:32,300 --> 05:25:35,100
needed to support both 
individual and shared rest. 

6393
05:25:36,100 --> 05:25:40,000
Multiple sleeping alcoves in one
room movable partitions, that 

6394
05:25:40,000 --> 05:25:43,200
could create private areas in 
larger spaces or adaptable 

6395
05:25:43,200 --> 05:25:45,700
Furniture Arrangements that 
could be changed to suit 

6396
05:25:45,700 --> 05:25:49,600
shifting needs or a few examples
of this Greek Architects created

6397
05:25:49,600 --> 05:25:52,600
cutting-edge methods of climate 
control that allowed sleeping 

6398
05:25:52,600 --> 05:25:56,400
spaces to remain cozy all year, 
round without constantly using 

6399
05:25:56,400 --> 05:25:58,700
fuel. 
These could be passive 

6400
05:25:58,700 --> 05:26:01,100
ventilation systems. 
That moved are without causing 

6401
05:26:01,100 --> 05:26:04,400
drafts thermal Mass walls. 
That gradually stored and 

6402
05:26:04,400 --> 05:26:07,200
released heat or movable 
architectural elements. 

6403
05:26:07,200 --> 05:26:09,900
That could be adjusted 
seasonally to maximize Comfort, 

6404
05:26:09,900 --> 05:26:12,900
certain Greek houses, had 
distinct sleeping areas for 

6405
05:26:12,900 --> 05:26:16,700
various family members and uses 
the sleeping spaces for kids 

6406
05:26:16,700 --> 05:26:19,300
were made to offer suitable, 
privacy and easy supervision. 

6407
05:26:20,000 --> 05:26:22,800
Security and Hospitality were 
combined in the guests. 

6408
05:26:22,800 --> 05:26:25,900
Sleeping areas, elderly family 
members may have sleeping 

6409
05:26:25,900 --> 05:26:27,700
Arrangements. 
That preserve their comfort and 

6410
05:26:27,700 --> 05:26:29,500
dignity. 
While meeting their evolving 

6411
05:26:29,500 --> 05:26:32,200
physical needs, the Greeks 
developed architectural. 

6412
05:26:32,200 --> 05:26:35,300
Sleep-related storage solutions,
that kept clothes and bedding 

6413
05:26:35,300 --> 05:26:38,500
and other personal belongings 
accessible and organized without

6414
05:26:38,500 --> 05:26:42,500
overcrowding sleeping areas. 
In order to maintain peaceful 

6415
05:26:42,500 --> 05:26:45,600
clutter-free sleeping spaces 
that encourage mental, calm 

6416
05:26:45,600 --> 05:26:49,400
built in each's under bed, 
storage spaces and Specialty 

6417
05:26:49,400 --> 05:26:52,700
Furniture Blended practicality 
with visual appeal, Greek, 

6418
05:26:52,700 --> 05:26:55,800
sleeping architecture frequently
included features that shielded 

6419
05:26:55,800 --> 05:26:57,800
occupants from the harsher 
aspects of nature. 

6420
05:26:57,800 --> 05:27:00,400
While fostering a sense of 
connection with it. 

6421
05:27:00,400 --> 05:27:04,100
This could include windows that 
are framed by views of the sky 

6422
05:27:04,100 --> 05:27:08,800
or garden to keep out. 
Intruding light insects and 

6423
05:27:08,800 --> 05:27:11,200
weather. 
The Greek belief that sleep was 

6424
05:27:11,200 --> 05:27:13,900
a natural part of life's Rhythm 
was reinforced by these 

6425
05:27:13,900 --> 05:27:17,300
associations, with nature, the 
Greeks created architectural 

6426
05:27:17,300 --> 05:27:20,200
strategies for artificial 
lighting that promoted restful 

6427
05:27:20,200 --> 05:27:22,800
sleep. 
Niches for oil, lamps were 

6428
05:27:22,800 --> 05:27:25,300
placed to provide soft moveable 
lighting that could be 

6429
05:27:25,300 --> 05:27:27,600
progressively turned down as 
bedtime, Drew near. 

6430
05:27:28,400 --> 05:27:31,200
Certain sleeping spaces had 
various lighting settings that 

6431
05:27:31,200 --> 05:27:34,400
permitted various pre-bedtime 
activities such as reading 

6432
05:27:34,400 --> 05:27:37,800
talking or peaceful reflection, 
Greek sleeping quarters 

6433
05:27:37,800 --> 05:27:40,600
frequently, featured 
architectural elements, that 

6434
05:27:40,600 --> 05:27:43,100
encourage personal hygiene, and 
Priestly rituals. 

6435
05:27:43,100 --> 05:27:46,800
These could include restrooms 
places to keep an exhibit 

6436
05:27:46,800 --> 05:27:50,000
private religious objects or 
areas intended for peaceful 

6437
05:27:50,000 --> 05:27:52,900
prayer or meditation, 
maintaining the regular evening 

6438
05:27:52,900 --> 05:27:55,800
routines that encouraged sound. 
Sleep was made simpler by these 

6439
05:27:55,800 --> 05:27:59,100
integrated facilities Beyond 
basic heating systems, the 

6440
05:27:59,100 --> 05:28:01,700
Greeks, developed architectural 
solutions for temperature 

6441
05:28:01,700 --> 05:28:04,100
control. 
Sleeping spaces could have 

6442
05:28:04,100 --> 05:28:06,900
adjustable wall openings that 
could be adjusted to regulate 

6443
05:28:06,900 --> 05:28:08,700
airflow. 
According to seasonal, 

6444
05:28:08,700 --> 05:28:12,000
requirements thermal chimneys 
that Drew hot air away during 

6445
05:28:12,000 --> 05:28:15,000
the summer or cold are wells 
that offered natural, cooling, 

6446
05:28:15,000 --> 05:28:17,500
Greek, architect, created 
sleeping areas. 

6447
05:28:17,500 --> 05:28:20,100
That could progressively change 
from Bright daylight to soft 

6448
05:28:20,100 --> 05:28:24,000
evening illumination to total 
darkness, because they recognize

6449
05:28:24,000 --> 05:28:27,300
that the daily cycle of light 
and darkness had an impact on 

6450
05:28:27,300 --> 05:28:30,400
the quality of sleep. 
This could include a variety of 

6451
05:28:30,400 --> 05:28:34,600
window sizes, movable shutters 
or architectural elements that 

6452
05:28:34,600 --> 05:28:37,300
support natural circadian 
rhythms by directing and 

6453
05:28:37,300 --> 05:28:39,900
filtering light. 
The sleeping areas in the most 

6454
05:28:39,900 --> 05:28:42,900
opulent, Greek homes could be 
fully altered to suit changing 

6455
05:28:42,900 --> 05:28:47,000
needs and personal preferences. 
Modular bedding systems could be

6456
05:28:47,000 --> 05:28:50,800
combined in different ways to 
create customized Comfort zones.

6457
05:28:50,800 --> 05:28:55,100
Movable partitions allowed rooms
to be rearranged and adjustable 

6458
05:28:55,100 --> 05:28:56,600
Furniture. 
Could accommodate different 

6459
05:28:56,600 --> 05:28:59,500
sleeping positions, water 
features that offered both 

6460
05:28:59,500 --> 05:29:02,900
functional advantages and 
psychological Comfort were 

6461
05:29:02,900 --> 05:29:05,100
frequently included in Greek 
sleeping architecture. 

6462
05:29:05,900 --> 05:29:08,400
Small fountains or water 
channels, could offer 

6463
05:29:08,400 --> 05:29:11,500
psychological comfort from being
in close proximity to Nature. 

6464
05:29:11,500 --> 05:29:15,200
White noise to drown out 
distracting noises and cooling 

6465
05:29:15,200 --> 05:29:17,800
during hot weather. 
Instead of interfering with 

6466
05:29:17,800 --> 05:29:20,600
sleep, these water features were
intended to improve it. 

6467
05:29:20,600 --> 05:29:24,100
The Greeks created architectural
security strategies, that made 

6468
05:29:24,100 --> 05:29:26,900
sleepers, feel totally secure 
without feeling confined. 

6469
05:29:27,800 --> 05:29:30,800
Multiple exits from sleeping 
areas, discreet. 

6470
05:29:30,800 --> 05:29:34,300
Yet secure locks or design 
elements that offer unobstructed

6471
05:29:34,300 --> 05:29:36,700
views of possible approach 
routes are a few examples of 

6472
05:29:36,700 --> 05:29:39,000
this. 
The type of profound relaxation 

6473
05:29:39,000 --> 05:29:41,900
that encouraged genuinely 
restorative, sleep required, 

6474
05:29:41,900 --> 05:29:45,000
physical security, Greek, 
sleeping, quarters frequently, 

6475
05:29:45,000 --> 05:29:47,800
had architectural features that 
reinforce the idea that dreams 

6476
05:29:47,800 --> 05:29:50,600
were messages from God that 
needed to be properly received 

6477
05:29:50,600 --> 05:29:54,200
certain orientations with 
respect to Temples or natural 

6478
05:29:54,200 --> 05:29:56,700
features. 
Built-in spaces for dream 

6479
05:29:56,700 --> 05:29:59,400
recording materials, or 
architectural features that were

6480
05:29:59,400 --> 05:30:01,400
thought to draw positive 
spiritual influences. 

6481
05:30:01,400 --> 05:30:05,200
While you slept are examples of 
this, consider how the ancient 

6482
05:30:05,200 --> 05:30:07,800
Greeks modified, this sleeping 
arrangements to complement, 

6483
05:30:07,800 --> 05:30:11,300
rather than conflict with the 
natural cycles of the 

6484
05:30:11,300 --> 05:30:14,200
Mediterranean year, as the 
season shift out, your 

6485
05:30:14,200 --> 05:30:17,800
contemporary climate control 
bedroom They took a sensible 

6486
05:30:17,800 --> 05:30:19,400
yet. 
Sophisticated approach to 

6487
05:30:19,400 --> 05:30:22,300
seasonal, sleep adaptation, 
understanding that different 

6488
05:30:22,300 --> 05:30:24,900
tactics were needed at different
times of the year to achieve 

6489
05:30:24,900 --> 05:30:27,700
comfortable, sleep, Greek 
winter, sleeping Arrangements, 

6490
05:30:27,700 --> 05:30:31,400
turned houses into comfortable 
for preserve the air quality 

6491
05:30:31,400 --> 05:30:34,100
required for restful sleep while
optimizing warmth. 

6492
05:30:35,200 --> 05:30:37,400
Families would frequently 
combined their sleeping 

6493
05:30:37,400 --> 05:30:40,600
Arrangements during the coldest 
months switching from Summer, 

6494
05:30:40,600 --> 05:30:44,500
bedrooms smaller easier to Heat,
Winter sleeping areas that 

6495
05:30:44,500 --> 05:30:47,700
improved temperature control, 
and use less fuel adaptable to 

6496
05:30:47,700 --> 05:30:49,300
changing temperatures throughout
the night. 

6497
05:30:49,300 --> 05:30:52,900
Winter bedding, systems were 
Masterworks of layered warmth. 

6498
05:30:53,600 --> 05:30:56,600
The Greeks would make their beds
with heavy linen, sheets that 

6499
05:30:56,600 --> 05:31:00,900
could be added or removed as 
needed furrows and several wool 

6500
05:31:00,900 --> 05:31:03,100
blankets. 
Because they could be swiftly 

6501
05:31:03,100 --> 05:31:05,500
pulled up in the event that the 
temperature dropped during the 

6502
05:31:05,508 --> 05:31:08,600
night, the heaviest blankets 
were frequently stored at the 

6503
05:31:08,608 --> 05:31:11,000
foot of the bed. 
In order to prepare for winter 

6504
05:31:11,000 --> 05:31:13,400
sleep, the Greeks would Heat 
their bedding before using it 

6505
05:31:13,400 --> 05:31:17,700
use warming pans or heated 
stones or even briefly exposed 

6506
05:31:17,700 --> 05:31:19,700
blankets and mattresses to 
Brazier Heat. 

6507
05:31:20,900 --> 05:31:23,900
In addition to providing 
physical Comfort, this pre 

6508
05:31:23,900 --> 05:31:25,200
warming ritual was a warm 
evening. 

6509
05:31:25,200 --> 05:31:28,400
Custom that facilitated family 
members transition from a busy 

6510
05:31:28,400 --> 05:31:31,100
day to a peaceful night. 
The purpose of winter sleeping 

6511
05:31:31,100 --> 05:31:34,000
clothes was to keep people warm 
without limiting their Mobility 

6512
05:31:34,000 --> 05:31:37,600
or making them overheat Many 
families had special winter 

6513
05:31:37,600 --> 05:31:40,100
nightwear, that was both warmer 
and more comfortable than their 

6514
05:31:40,100 --> 05:31:43,200
summer sleeping clothes and 
Greeks wall, layered sleeping, 

6515
05:31:43,200 --> 05:31:45,700
garments made of soft wall. 
That could be adjusted during 

6516
05:31:45,700 --> 05:31:48,600
the night in order to cope with 
the psychological effects of 

6517
05:31:48,608 --> 05:31:51,700
long, Dark Knights and cold 
weather, the Greeks created 

6518
05:31:51,700 --> 05:31:53,800
sleep Customs tailored to the 
winter season. 

6519
05:31:54,700 --> 05:31:57,700
During the months, when people 
spent more time indoors, these 

6520
05:31:57,700 --> 05:32:00,200
could include long evening Talks
by the fire before bed. 

6521
05:32:01,200 --> 05:32:03,500
Special winter foods that 
encouraged coziness and 

6522
05:32:03,500 --> 05:32:06,900
relaxation or family bonding 
activities that took place in 

6523
05:32:06,900 --> 05:32:09,100
groups. 
The Greek understanding that the

6524
05:32:09,100 --> 05:32:12,100
body's needs changed as daylight
hours, increased and 

6525
05:32:12,100 --> 05:32:15,000
temperatures became more 
moderate, was reflected in the 

6526
05:32:15,000 --> 05:32:16,700
springtime sleeping 
Arrangements. 

6527
05:32:16,700 --> 05:32:20,000
It was thought that spring was 
the best season to clean and 

6528
05:32:20,000 --> 05:32:23,000
reorganize, sleeping areas to 
air out bedding that had been 

6529
05:32:23,008 --> 05:32:26,200
stored during the winter and to 
gradually switch from bulky 

6530
05:32:26,200 --> 05:32:29,100
winter, sleeping arrangements, 
to lighter spring Comfort 

6531
05:32:29,100 --> 05:32:31,900
Systems in order to welcome the 
rebirth of nature. 

6532
05:32:31,900 --> 05:32:34,900
Greek, spring, sleep Customs 
involved, the ceremonial 

6533
05:32:34,900 --> 05:32:38,500
cleaning and blessing of 
sleeping areas in celebration of

6534
05:32:38,500 --> 05:32:40,700
the return of growth and life. 
To the Natural World. 

6535
05:32:40,700 --> 05:32:44,400
Bedrooms were meticulously 
cleaned bedding was cleaned and 

6536
05:32:44,400 --> 05:32:47,300
allowed to air out and sleeping 
areas were frequently. 

6537
05:32:47,300 --> 05:32:50,500
Adorned with fresh flowers, or 
herbs spring, sleep, schedules 

6538
05:32:50,500 --> 05:32:53,900
adapted, bedtimes and morning 
routines to accommodate, rather 

6539
05:32:53,900 --> 05:32:57,400
than conflict with people's 
innately higher levels of energy

6540
05:32:57,400 --> 05:33:01,200
as daylight hours increased The 
Greeks realized that modifying 

6541
05:33:01,200 --> 05:33:03,300
daily routines to align with 
seasonal. 

6542
05:33:03,300 --> 05:33:05,900
Energy patterns was more 
effective than fighting natural 

6543
05:33:05,900 --> 05:33:09,400
sleep, rhythms ancient, Greek 
summer, sleeping necessitated 

6544
05:33:09,400 --> 05:33:12,100
completely different technique 
aimed at staying cool, while 

6545
05:33:12,100 --> 05:33:13,500
preserving security, and 
comfort. 

6546
05:33:14,700 --> 05:33:18,500
Greek homes often had outdoor or
semi outdoor sleeping areas that

6547
05:33:18,500 --> 05:33:21,600
benefited from cool night 
breezes as well as specialized 

6548
05:33:21,600 --> 05:33:23,300
summer. 
Sleeping areas that maximized 

6549
05:33:23,300 --> 05:33:26,000
airflow, while minimizing heat 
retention Greek. 

6550
05:33:26,000 --> 05:33:28,600
Summer bedding was simple, but 
thoughtfully selected for its 

6551
05:33:28,600 --> 05:33:31,600
ability to keep cool. 
Even on the hottest nights, 

6552
05:33:31,600 --> 05:33:34,400
comfortable sleeping conditions 
were made possible by light 

6553
05:33:34,400 --> 05:33:38,500
linen, sheets easily, removable 
thin wool, blankets and bedding.

6554
05:33:38,500 --> 05:33:40,700
That had been stored with 
cooling herbs, like eucalyptus 

6555
05:33:40,700 --> 05:33:44,000
or mint, the timing of Summer 
sleep was changed to accommodate

6556
05:33:44,000 --> 05:33:46,300
Mediterranean climates inherent 
cooling Cycles. 

6557
05:33:47,300 --> 05:33:49,300
Greeks may sleep later to enjoy 
cooler evening. 

6558
05:33:49,300 --> 05:33:52,500
Temperatures take after new naps
during the hottest part of the 

6559
05:33:52,500 --> 05:33:55,800
day and Rise early to enjoy the 
cool morning hours before the 

6560
05:33:55,800 --> 05:33:57,300
heat of the day becomes 
unbearable. 

6561
05:33:57,300 --> 05:34:00,900
Despite the hot weather cooling 
rituals that reduced body 

6562
05:34:00,900 --> 05:34:03,400
temperature and encouraged 
relaxation, were part of the 

6563
05:34:03,400 --> 05:34:07,000
Greek summer sleep preparation. 
The use of fans and other 

6564
05:34:07,000 --> 05:34:09,600
cooling equipment to create 
comfortable sleeping conditions,

6565
05:34:09,600 --> 05:34:13,300
light evening meals that didn't 
increase internal heat or cool 

6566
05:34:13,300 --> 05:34:16,400
baths before bed could all be 
part of this, the Greeks 

6567
05:34:16,400 --> 05:34:18,800
understood that Autumn was a 
time to prepare for winter, 

6568
05:34:18,800 --> 05:34:21,900
while still taking advantage of 
the Pleasant weather and 

6569
05:34:21,900 --> 05:34:25,300
bountiful harvests of late 
summer and this was reflected in

6570
05:34:25,300 --> 05:34:28,400
their sleeping Arrangements. 
The best time to make winter 

6571
05:34:28,400 --> 05:34:31,400
bedding, stock up on heating 
fuel and gradually change, 

6572
05:34:31,400 --> 05:34:33,500
sleeping arrangements from 
Summer to Winter, was in the 

6573
05:34:33,500 --> 05:34:36,000
fall. 
Gratitude rituals that honor the

6574
05:34:36,000 --> 05:34:38,300
years Harvest and primed the 
mind for the contemplative, 

6575
05:34:38,300 --> 05:34:40,900
winter months were common in 
Greek Autumn sleep Customs. 

6576
05:34:40,900 --> 05:34:45,600
These exercises facilitated the 
mental shift from Somers active,

6577
05:34:45,600 --> 05:34:49,600
externally focused energy to 
Winter's need for inward focused

6578
05:34:49,600 --> 05:34:52,700
restful energy. 
The Greeks created intricate 

6579
05:34:52,700 --> 05:34:55,100
systems for keeping sleeping 
gear and seasonal bedding. 

6580
05:34:55,100 --> 05:34:58,000
In good shape while making the 
most of the storage space. 

6581
05:34:58,000 --> 05:35:00,600
That was available. 
Winter bedding was aired and 

6582
05:35:00,600 --> 05:35:03,300
stored in the summer to avoid 
heat and humidity damage. 

6583
05:35:03,300 --> 05:35:06,000
While some of bedding was 
meticulously cleaned. 

6584
05:35:06,000 --> 05:35:08,100
And preserved with fragrant 
herbs in the winter, 

6585
05:35:08,100 --> 05:35:11,500
understanding how shifting 
daylight patterns impacted, not 

6586
05:35:11,500 --> 05:35:14,900
only sleep timing, but also 
Sleep Quality and dream content 

6587
05:35:14,900 --> 05:35:17,100
was part of the Greek seasonal, 
sleep wisdom. 

6588
05:35:17,900 --> 05:35:21,200
They changed their expectations 
and sleeping Arrangements in 

6589
05:35:21,200 --> 05:35:24,000
response to the fact that people
naturally slept differently on 

6590
05:35:24,000 --> 05:35:25,900
Long Summer Nights than on Long 
Winter nights. 

6591
05:35:25,900 --> 05:35:29,400
The Greeks were also aware that 
seasonal, variations and sleep 

6592
05:35:29,400 --> 05:35:32,700
had an impact on family and 
Community Dynamics, in addition 

6593
05:35:32,700 --> 05:35:36,400
to individual rest, Seasonal 
sleeping Arrangements, created 

6594
05:35:36,400 --> 05:35:39,700
yearly cycles, that supported 
both intimacy and independence 

6595
05:35:39,700 --> 05:35:43,100
by bringing families closer 
together in the winter and 

6596
05:35:43,100 --> 05:35:44,600
allowing for more individual 
privacy. 

6597
05:35:44,600 --> 05:35:46,900
In the summer. 
Another Advanced component of 

6598
05:35:46,900 --> 05:35:50,000
Greek sleep, wisdom was seasonal
nutrition, which suggested 

6599
05:35:50,000 --> 05:35:52,500
different foods to support 
restful sleep at different 

6600
05:35:52,500 --> 05:35:55,600
seasons of the year. 
While some sleep Foods 

6601
05:35:55,600 --> 05:35:59,100
emphasized, cool, easily, 
digestible options, that didn't 

6602
05:35:59,100 --> 05:36:00,700
interfere with rest during warm 
weather. 

6603
05:36:01,400 --> 05:36:04,300
Winter, sleep Foods, might 
emphasize warming spices and 

6604
05:36:04,300 --> 05:36:07,200
Hearty ingredients. 
Imagine living in a society 

6605
05:36:07,200 --> 05:36:10,200
where social obligations and 
Community relationships, played 

6606
05:36:10,200 --> 05:36:13,800
a bigger role in your sleep than
just being a personal private 

6607
05:36:13,800 --> 05:36:16,400
experience. 
Ancient Greek, society 

6608
05:36:16,400 --> 05:36:19,500
established institutions and 
practices that promoted restful 

6609
05:36:19,500 --> 05:36:22,200
sleep for individuals. 
While fortifying the social Ties

6610
05:36:22,200 --> 05:36:25,400
That bound communities together 
because they recognize that 

6611
05:36:25,400 --> 05:36:28,300
getting enough, sleep was both a
personal need and a shared 

6612
05:36:28,300 --> 05:36:31,600
obligation, Greek architecture. 
And social Arrangements were 

6613
05:36:31,600 --> 05:36:34,200
based on the knowledge that 
family sleep patterns had an 

6614
05:36:34,200 --> 05:36:37,000
impact on everyone's health. 
Encouraged everyone in the 

6615
05:36:37,000 --> 05:36:40,200
family to get enough sleep. 
The sleeping arrangements for 

6616
05:36:40,200 --> 05:36:43,400
parents kids servants, and other
family members were planted 

6617
05:36:43,400 --> 05:36:46,400
minimize disruptions and 
maximize comfort and security. 

6618
05:36:46,400 --> 05:36:49,800
The Greek idea of philosophy, 
senior or love of strangers 

6619
05:36:49,800 --> 05:36:53,100
included particular duties to 
give visitors Travelers and 

6620
05:36:53,100 --> 05:36:54,800
guests are comfortable place to 
sleep. 

6621
05:36:55,700 --> 05:36:58,200
These were considered to be 
sacred obligations, that the 

6622
05:36:58,200 --> 05:37:00,700
gods themselves. 
Upheld not, merely polite, 

6623
05:37:00,700 --> 05:37:04,100
social behavior reputation's 
were frequently based on the 

6624
05:37:04,108 --> 05:37:06,200
caliber of sleep. 
That visitors received in 

6625
05:37:06,200 --> 05:37:09,400
specific homes and families took
pride in their ability to 

6626
05:37:09,400 --> 05:37:12,700
provide exceptional sleeping 
Hospitality Greek communities 

6627
05:37:12,700 --> 05:37:15,200
established unofficial, but 
efficient procedures for 

6628
05:37:15,200 --> 05:37:18,200
controlling activities and noise
that could interfere with sleep.

6629
05:37:19,000 --> 05:37:20,800
There were unspoken Norms in 
neighborhoods. 

6630
05:37:20,800 --> 05:37:22,900
Regarding what kinds of 
nighttime activities were 

6631
05:37:22,900 --> 05:37:24,700
appropriate. 
How late social? 

6632
05:37:24,700 --> 05:37:27,700
Gatherings could go on and when 
noisy activities should stop 

6633
05:37:28,600 --> 05:37:31,800
Everyone was able to rely on the
silence required for restful, 

6634
05:37:31,800 --> 05:37:34,000
sleep. 
Thanks to these Community Norms 

6635
05:37:34,000 --> 05:37:36,800
because the Greeks understood 
that sleep issues could impact 

6636
05:37:36,800 --> 05:37:39,400
entire communities. 
They developed Collective 

6637
05:37:39,400 --> 05:37:42,000
approaches to sleep Health, that
address social and environmental

6638
05:37:42,000 --> 05:37:44,500
factors that affect the quality 
of sleep. 

6639
05:37:45,200 --> 05:37:48,100
Communities could cooperate to 
manage lighting that disrupted 

6640
05:37:48,100 --> 05:37:52,100
natural sleep cycles control 
sources of noise, pollution or 

6641
05:37:52,100 --> 05:37:54,700
address security issues that 
prevented residents from getting

6642
05:37:54,700 --> 05:37:57,700
a good night's sleep. 
Greek social Customs included 

6643
05:37:57,700 --> 05:38:00,400
particular procedures for 
resolving disputes and issues 

6644
05:38:00,400 --> 05:38:03,200
pertaining to sleep. 
There were established social 

6645
05:38:03,200 --> 05:38:06,400
mechanisms in place to handle 
situations, where someone's 

6646
05:38:06,400 --> 05:38:09,400
actions were interfering with 
others, sleep in a way, that 

6647
05:38:09,400 --> 05:38:11,000
would preserve peace in the 
community. 

6648
05:38:11,800 --> 05:38:14,800
These systems understood that if
sleep disputes were not managed 

6649
05:38:14,800 --> 05:38:18,300
carefully, they could develop 
into major social issues, the 

6650
05:38:18,300 --> 05:38:21,400
Greeks created parallel systems.
That gave everyone from 

6651
05:38:21,400 --> 05:38:24,500
affluent, citizens to working 
slaves, suitable, rest 

6652
05:38:24,500 --> 05:38:27,100
opportunities because they 
recognize that different social 

6653
05:38:27,100 --> 05:38:29,800
classes had different, sleep 
requirements, and limitations, 

6654
05:38:29,800 --> 05:38:32,700
the idea that everyone should 
have enough sleep for their 

6655
05:38:32,700 --> 05:38:34,800
health and productivity was 
widely acknowledged. 

6656
05:38:34,800 --> 05:38:38,500
Even though the specific 
Arrangements, vary greatly Greek

6657
05:38:38,500 --> 05:38:39,800
Civic and religious 
celebrations. 

6658
05:38:39,800 --> 05:38:42,900
Included measures to deal with 
the sleep disturbance that big 

6659
05:38:42,900 --> 05:38:46,300
crowds and variably calls. 
Systems that offered sleeping, 

6660
05:38:46,300 --> 05:38:49,600
accommodations controlled noise,
levels at night, and assisted 

6661
05:38:49,600 --> 05:38:51,400
people in sticking to sleep 
schedules. 

6662
05:38:51,400 --> 05:38:53,800
Despite the excitement of 
special occasions were developed

6663
05:38:53,800 --> 05:38:55,500
as a result of Festival 
organizers. 

6664
05:38:55,500 --> 05:38:59,000
Recognition that attendees 
needed to rest in order to fully

6665
05:38:59,000 --> 05:39:02,600
participate in multi-day events.
The Greeks created complex 

6666
05:39:02,600 --> 05:39:05,300
methods for communal sleeping. 
That could be used for family 

6667
05:39:05,300 --> 05:39:08,600
get-togethers, religious 
pilgrimages and military 

6668
05:39:08,600 --> 05:39:11,700
operations. 
These systems included social 

6669
05:39:11,700 --> 05:39:13,800
norms that preserved comfort and
privacy. 

6670
05:39:13,800 --> 05:39:17,800
Even in crowded situations, 
equipment that was portable and 

6671
05:39:17,800 --> 05:39:20,900
easy to set up in systematic, 
approaches to managing shared 

6672
05:39:20,900 --> 05:39:24,400
sleeping areas, Greek marriage, 
Traditions included, special 

6673
05:39:24,400 --> 05:39:27,200
consideration for sleeping 
Arrangements that promoted 

6674
05:39:27,200 --> 05:39:30,300
intimacy within the marriage as 
well as individual rest. 

6675
05:39:31,400 --> 05:39:33,300
There were established 
traditions for Designing 

6676
05:39:33,300 --> 05:39:36,200
sleeping areas that encouraged 
individual comfort. 

6677
05:39:36,200 --> 05:39:39,500
And Harmony within the marriage,
the newlyweds were given bedding

6678
05:39:39,500 --> 05:39:42,600
and bedroom Furnishing as 
wedding presents, understanding 

6679
05:39:42,600 --> 05:39:44,900
the children sleep needs 
different from those of adults, 

6680
05:39:44,900 --> 05:39:48,400
the Greeks created family 
structures that encouraged young

6681
05:39:48,400 --> 05:39:51,100
people to get a good night's 
sleep while teaching them, the 

6682
05:39:51,100 --> 05:39:53,100
social skills needed to live in 
a community. 

6683
05:39:53,900 --> 05:39:56,700
Early on kids were taught that 
their sleeping patterns had an 

6684
05:39:56,700 --> 05:39:59,600
impact on other people and that 
it was their duty to improve the

6685
05:39:59,600 --> 05:40:01,800
quality of sleep. 
In the home, Greek, social 

6686
05:40:01,800 --> 05:40:05,300
Customs regarding illness and 
sleep acknowledge that caring 

6687
05:40:05,300 --> 05:40:08,100
for ill, family members and 
suspected, modifying household, 

6688
05:40:08,100 --> 05:40:11,000
sleep schedules. 
And that sick people required 

6689
05:40:11,000 --> 05:40:14,600
different sleeping Arrangements.
Families frequently received 

6690
05:40:14,600 --> 05:40:17,100
support from their communities 
in overcoming these obstacles 

6691
05:40:17,100 --> 05:40:19,400
enabling everyone to get enough 
sleep. 

6692
05:40:19,400 --> 05:40:23,400
During trying times the Greeks 
created seasonal, social Customs

6693
05:40:23,400 --> 05:40:26,000
that complemented rather than 
contradicted these natural 

6694
05:40:26,000 --> 05:40:28,400
changes in daylight. 
And whether because they 

6695
05:40:28,400 --> 05:40:31,600
recognize that these changes had
an impact on community social 

6696
05:40:31,600 --> 05:40:34,200
rhythms, as well as individual 
sleep patterns. 

6697
05:40:35,100 --> 05:40:37,400
While some are Customs 
accommodated, the lighter sleep 

6698
05:40:37,400 --> 05:40:39,700
patterns that came with longer 
days, winter. 

6699
05:40:39,700 --> 05:40:42,600
Social activities were made to 
work with longer sleep needs. 

6700
05:40:42,600 --> 05:40:45,500
Professional experts, who are 
knowledgeable about sleep 

6701
05:40:45,500 --> 05:40:48,400
medicine and could offer 
guidance and treatment to those 

6702
05:40:48,400 --> 05:40:51,400
who are having trouble sleeping.
A frequently found in Greek 

6703
05:40:51,400 --> 05:40:55,300
communities, these professionals
provided holistic approaches to 

6704
05:40:55,300 --> 05:40:58,000
sleep Health that met the needs 
of the individual, as well as 

6705
05:40:58,000 --> 05:41:01,100
the community by fusing their 
knowledge of Medicine with an 

6706
05:41:01,100 --> 05:41:03,600
awareness of the social and 
environmental elements that 

6707
05:41:03,600 --> 05:41:07,000
influence sleep, understanding 
that children, adults and 

6708
05:41:07,000 --> 05:41:09,100
Elders. 
All had unique needs that needed

6709
05:41:09,100 --> 05:41:12,700
to be met the Greeks created 
systems for addressing the Sleep

6710
05:41:12,700 --> 05:41:17,200
needs of various age groups 
within communities Regardless of

6711
05:41:17,200 --> 05:41:21,000
each residence unique situation,
Community areas and activities 

6712
05:41:21,000 --> 05:41:24,600
were created to promote healthy,
sleep habits, recognizing that 

6713
05:41:24,600 --> 05:41:26,800
communities, survival frequently
depended on. 

6714
05:41:26,800 --> 05:41:28,900
Ensuring the important 
individuals could get enough 

6715
05:41:28,900 --> 05:41:31,600
sleep. 
Even during trying times, Greek,

6716
05:41:31,600 --> 05:41:34,100
social Customs included 
particular, approaches to 

6717
05:41:34,100 --> 05:41:37,100
managing sleep during 
emergencies, or crises during 

6718
05:41:37,100 --> 05:41:40,700
conflicts natural disasters, or 
other disruptions these crisis, 

6719
05:41:40,700 --> 05:41:42,700
sleep systems supported 
Community functioning. 

6720
05:41:42,700 --> 05:41:44,700
It's worth. 
Considering how much of the 

6721
05:41:44,708 --> 05:41:47,300
ancient Greeks knowledge about 
sleep is still applicable and 

6722
05:41:47,300 --> 05:41:49,800
useful in our day and age as you
get ready to go to sleep 

6723
05:41:49,800 --> 05:41:52,900
tonight, surrounded by 
contemporary conveniences that 

6724
05:41:52,900 --> 05:41:56,400
they could never have imagined. 
Some aspects of human well-being

6725
05:41:56,400 --> 05:41:59,800
are genuinely Timeless as 
evidence by the Greeks methods 

6726
05:41:59,800 --> 05:42:03,100
of rest and sleep, which have 
been largely confirmed by modern

6727
05:42:03,100 --> 05:42:05,300
science. 
Many of the results of modern 

6728
05:42:05,300 --> 05:42:08,200
sleep research were predicted by
the Greeks, understanding of the

6729
05:42:08,200 --> 05:42:10,800
relationship between sleep 
environment and Sleep Quality. 

6730
05:42:11,600 --> 05:42:15,400
Their focus on air quality, 
noise, reduction, lighting, and 

6731
05:42:15,400 --> 05:42:18,700
temperature regulation, 
demonstrated in NATO awareness 

6732
05:42:18,700 --> 05:42:21,500
of the environmental elements 
that either support or obstruct 

6733
05:42:21,500 --> 05:42:24,200
sound sleep. 
Many of the environmental 

6734
05:42:24,200 --> 05:42:26,800
changes that Greeks made to 
their homes and bedtime rituals 

6735
05:42:26,800 --> 05:42:29,700
are still advised by 
contemporary sleeps experts, 

6736
05:42:29,700 --> 05:42:33,100
current research, demonstrates 
that regular evening routines. 

6737
05:42:33,100 --> 05:42:36,000
Help regulate circadian rhythms 
and promote better sleep quality

6738
05:42:36,000 --> 05:42:39,300
confirming, the Greek campus on 
bedtime rituals and sleep 

6739
05:42:39,300 --> 05:42:42,200
preparation. 
The gradual change from Bright 

6740
05:42:42,200 --> 05:42:44,900
daylight to soft evening, 
lighting to Darkness is in line.

6741
05:42:44,908 --> 05:42:47,500
With current advice on how to 
control light exposure to 

6742
05:42:47,500 --> 05:42:50,500
promote healthy, sleep cycles, 
modern knowledge of sleep 

6743
05:42:50,500 --> 05:42:53,500
medicine and Corona biology was 
foreshadowed by the Greeks, 

6744
05:42:53,500 --> 05:42:56,800
understanding that sleep needs 
differ from person to person and

6745
05:42:56,800 --> 05:42:58,900
evolve over the course of a 
person's life. 

6746
05:42:59,600 --> 05:43:02,500
There are adaptable ideas about 
the environment timing. 

6747
05:43:02,500 --> 05:43:04,500
And length of sleep, 
demonstrated a deep 

6748
05:43:04,500 --> 05:43:07,400
comprehension of human sleep 
patterns that contemporary 

6749
05:43:07,400 --> 05:43:09,500
science has only lately come to 
fully understand. 

6750
05:43:09,500 --> 05:43:12,600
Modern research on the 
relationships between Sleep 

6751
05:43:12,600 --> 05:43:15,100
Quality, mental health, and 
overall. 

6752
05:43:15,100 --> 05:43:17,900
Life satisfaction was for 
shadowed by the Greeks 

6753
05:43:17,900 --> 05:43:20,200
integration of sleep with 
spiritual and psychological 

6754
05:43:20,200 --> 05:43:23,100
well-being. 
Modern sleep studies have fully 

6755
05:43:23,100 --> 05:43:25,800
validated their understanding, 
that sleep has an impact on 

6756
05:43:25,800 --> 05:43:28,400
social relationships. 
Intellectual performance, 

6757
05:43:28,400 --> 05:43:32,300
emotional stability, and 
physical health, for anyone who 

6758
05:43:32,300 --> 05:43:34,700
wants to work with natural 
rhythms, rather, than against 

6759
05:43:34,700 --> 05:43:37,100
them, Greek approaches to 
seasonal sleep. 

6760
05:43:37,100 --> 05:43:38,400
At adaptation are still 
applicable. 

6761
05:43:38,400 --> 05:43:41,900
They serve as models for how 
contemporary people might modify

6762
05:43:41,900 --> 05:43:45,100
their sleep patterns to promote,
well-being, all year, round by 

6763
05:43:45,100 --> 05:43:47,400
modifying their bedding, sleep 
schedule, and sleeping 

6764
05:43:47,400 --> 05:43:49,700
environment. 
According to the seasons for 

6765
05:43:49,700 --> 05:43:52,300
modern society is dealing with 
pervasive sleep issues. 

6766
05:43:52,300 --> 05:43:55,100
The Greek emphasis on sleep as a
communal issue. 

6767
05:43:55,100 --> 05:43:57,800
Rather than merely an individual
one provides insightful 

6768
05:43:57,800 --> 05:44:00,800
information. 
They realization that peaceful 

6769
05:44:00,800 --> 05:44:04,100
social settings and Community 
collaboration are necessary for 

6770
05:44:04,100 --> 05:44:07,400
restful sleep points to methods 
of improving sleep Health, that 

6771
05:44:07,400 --> 05:44:09,100
go beyond changing personal 
habits. 

6772
05:44:09,100 --> 05:44:12,500
Many aspects of contemporary, 
sleep systems were foreshadowed 

6773
05:44:12,500 --> 05:44:15,000
by Greek Innovations in bedding 
and sleep furniture. 

6774
05:44:16,000 --> 05:44:19,600
Their use of layered bedding, 
adjustable sleeping surfaces and

6775
05:44:19,600 --> 05:44:21,900
materials that control moisture 
and temperature. 

6776
05:44:21,900 --> 05:44:25,400
Demonstrated a knowledge of 
sleep comfort that contemporary 

6777
05:44:25,400 --> 05:44:28,700
manufacturers invest millions of
dollars in studying and creating

6778
05:44:28,700 --> 05:44:31,400
current studies on sleeps role 
in memory consolidation, 

6779
05:44:31,400 --> 05:44:34,900
emotional processing and 
creative problem-solving. 

6780
05:44:35,500 --> 05:44:43,800
Therapy. 
Their thoughtful consideration 

6781
05:44:43,800 --> 05:44:46,900
of dreams and sleep experience 
is demonstrated a profound 

6782
05:44:46,900 --> 05:44:49,600
appreciation for the 
significance of sleep that goes 

6783
05:44:49,600 --> 05:44:53,000
well beyond mere physical 
relaxation, modern Travelers, 

6784
05:44:53,000 --> 05:44:55,400
who struggle with jet lag 
strange surroundings, and 

6785
05:44:55,400 --> 05:44:58,400
Disturbed sleep patterns can 
learn from the Greeks, 

6786
05:44:58,400 --> 05:45:01,700
approaches to travel sleeping 
and sleeping away from home. 

6787
05:45:02,800 --> 05:45:06,700
Their portable Comfort Systems 
flexibility tactics and focus on

6788
05:45:06,700 --> 05:45:09,500
preserving a custom sleep. 
Patterns offer helpful advice 

6789
05:45:09,500 --> 05:45:13,000
for today's travel sleep issues.
Modern integrated approaches to 

6790
05:45:13,000 --> 05:45:15,100
sleep disorders were for 
shadowed by the Greek, 

6791
05:45:15,100 --> 05:45:17,800
understanding the sleep 
medicine, necessitates 

6792
05:45:17,800 --> 05:45:19,900
comprehensive approaches 
addressing physical 

6793
05:45:19,900 --> 05:45:23,500
psychological, environmental and
social factors. 

6794
05:45:24,600 --> 05:45:27,400
Their understanding that sleep 
issues, frequently mirror larger

6795
05:45:27,400 --> 05:45:30,500
imbalances in life. 
Provides insightful, viewpoints 

6796
05:45:30,500 --> 05:45:33,500
for modern sleep medicine, 
modern home design and bedroom 

6797
05:45:33,500 --> 05:45:36,200
layout are influenced by Greek 
architectural, approaches to 

6798
05:45:36,200 --> 05:45:39,600
sleeping areas. 
Their focus on privacy climate 

6799
05:45:39,600 --> 05:45:43,200
control acoustic design and the 
psychological aspects of 

6800
05:45:43,200 --> 05:45:46,500
sleeping areas provides advice 
for Designing modern bedrooms, 

6801
05:45:46,500 --> 05:45:48,300
that genuinely promote sound 
sleep. 

6802
05:45:48,300 --> 05:45:51,300
Modern families, can learn the 
value of healthy sleep habits 

6803
05:45:51,300 --> 05:45:54,800
from the Greeks who Incorporated
sleep, wisdom into education and

6804
05:45:54,800 --> 05:45:57,600
child rearing They provide hope 
for resolving. 

6805
05:45:57,600 --> 05:46:00,700
Today's childhood sleep issues 
by acknowledging that sleep 

6806
05:46:00,700 --> 05:46:03,800
skills are acquired and can be 
enhanced with practice and 

6807
05:46:03,800 --> 05:46:06,500
focus, Greek. 
Seasonal, sleeping Customs, 

6808
05:46:06,500 --> 05:46:09,400
provide alternatives to the 
artificially regulated settings,

6809
05:46:09,400 --> 05:46:11,600
that Define a large portion of 
contemporary life. 

6810
05:46:12,800 --> 05:46:15,000
For those who are interested in 
more natural, methods of 

6811
05:46:15,000 --> 05:46:18,000
regulating sleep in the 
Circadian, rhythm their methods 

6812
05:46:18,000 --> 05:46:21,500
for dealing with seasonal energy
patterns of fluctuations and 

6813
05:46:21,500 --> 05:46:23,300
natural light cycles offer 
Guidance. 

6814
05:46:23,300 --> 05:46:25,500
The Greek understanding that a 
good night. 

6815
05:46:25,500 --> 05:46:29,000
Sleep is both a personal need 
and social obligation provides 

6816
05:46:29,000 --> 05:46:30,800
insights. 
That may be useful in addressing

6817
05:46:30,800 --> 05:46:34,200
modern sleep issues brought on 
by environmental and social 

6818
05:46:34,200 --> 05:46:36,900
variables that are out of an 
individual's control. 

6819
05:46:37,900 --> 05:46:41,300
The community focused approaches
to sleep, Health offer policy 

6820
05:46:41,300 --> 05:46:43,900
recommendations that could 
enhance the quality of sleep for

6821
05:46:43,900 --> 05:46:46,700
whole populations. 
Most significantly, the Greek 

6822
05:46:46,700 --> 05:46:50,200
conception of sleep as a sacred 
restorative process that merits 

6823
05:46:50,200 --> 05:46:53,500
reverence care and attention 
provides a Counterpoint to 

6824
05:46:53,500 --> 05:46:56,000
Modern views of sleep as a waste
of time or a loss of 

6825
05:46:56,000 --> 05:46:58,700
productivity. 
Their reverent view of sleep is 

6826
05:46:58,700 --> 05:47:01,900
a daily chance for rest, and 
Rejuvenation offers a useful 

6827
05:47:01,900 --> 05:47:05,400
Counterpoint to contemporary 
sleep, deprivation, and anxiety.

6828
05:47:05,400 --> 05:47:07,800
Try some greek-inspired sleep 
techniques. 

6829
05:47:07,800 --> 05:47:11,200
As you get into bed tonight, 
establishing slow changes from 

6830
05:47:11,200 --> 05:47:14,900
Bright to dim lighting sticking 
to regular bedtime routines. 

6831
05:47:14,900 --> 05:47:17,800
Monitoring the temperature and 
noise levels of your sleeping 

6832
05:47:17,800 --> 05:47:20,300
space or just approaching sleep 
with the same. 

6833
05:47:20,300 --> 05:47:23,200
Reverence and expectation that 
the Greeks brought to their 

6834
05:47:23,200 --> 05:47:25,300
nightly foray into the world of 
Dreams. 

6835
05:47:25,300 --> 05:47:28,300
The ancient Greeks recognized 
something that are contemporary 

6836
05:47:28,300 --> 05:47:32,200
Society, occasionally overlooks,
Sleep patterns have an impact on

6837
05:47:32,200 --> 05:47:35,200
not only how we feel the 
following day but also how we 

6838
05:47:35,200 --> 05:47:38,700
conduct our entire lives. 
Their knowledge of relaxation 

6839
05:47:38,700 --> 05:47:42,600
comfort and the sacredness of 
sleep provides Timeless advice 

6840
05:47:42,600 --> 05:47:44,400
for anyone looking to improve 
their life. 

6841
05:47:45,200 --> 05:47:48,600
Not just their quality of sleep 
rest well knowing that you're 

6842
05:47:48,600 --> 05:47:51,100
engaging in one of the oldest 
and most fundamental human 

6843
05:47:51,100 --> 05:47:53,600
Customs. 
One that links you to thousands 

6844
05:47:53,600 --> 05:47:57,600
of generations of people who 
have found solace wisdom and 

6845
05:47:57,600 --> 05:48:00,300
Rejuvenation in the soft Embrace
of sound sleep. 

6846
05:48:00,300 --> 05:48:03,600
In addition to your own deepest 
needs for rest and recuperation,