How Gold Miners Survived Extreme Heat and More | Boring History For Sleep

1
00:00:00,000 --> 00:00:04,100
Hey guys tonight we'll explore 
how Gold Miner survived extreme 

2
00:00:04,100 --> 00:00:06,500
heat, and the important factors 
that tied in with it. 

3
00:00:06,500 --> 00:00:10,300
These kind Souls were not only 
Brave and empowering but also 

4
00:00:10,300 --> 00:00:13,500
thrived in places where the sun 
could literally cook an egg on a

5
00:00:13,500 --> 00:00:15,400
rock. 
And we're finding water was 

6
00:00:15,400 --> 00:00:17,700
often more valuable than finding
gold itself. 

7
00:00:17,700 --> 00:00:21,300
So before we begin, make sure to
let us know where you're tuning 

8
00:00:21,300 --> 00:00:23,500
in from and what time it is 
where you are in the comments, 

9
00:00:23,500 --> 00:00:26,200
we'd love to hear from you. 
And don't forget to subscribe to

10
00:00:26,200 --> 00:00:27,900
stay updated on our latest 
content. 

11
00:00:27,900 --> 00:00:30,800
Now dim the lights, grab your 
blanket, and let's ease in. 

12
00:00:30,800 --> 00:00:33,600
Imagine waking up one morning 
and finding out that your 

13
00:00:33,600 --> 00:00:36,800
neighbor became a millionaire by
picking up shiny rocks from a 

14
00:00:36,800 --> 00:00:38,800
riverbed. 
That's pretty much what happened

15
00:00:38,800 --> 00:00:42,000
in 1848 when James Marshall saw 
something shining in the 

16
00:00:42,000 --> 00:00:43,800
American river at such as 
Milling, California. 

17
00:00:44,900 --> 00:00:48,500
What began as one man's curious?
Observation would soon lead to 

18
00:00:48,500 --> 00:00:50,700
the largest voluntary migration 
in human history. 

19
00:00:50,700 --> 00:00:54,400
People from every continent 
except Antarctica loaded their 

20
00:00:54,400 --> 00:00:58,200
lives into wagons and ships and 
set off in search of dreams that

21
00:00:58,200 --> 00:01:00,300
Sean like fools gold in their 
minds. 

22
00:01:01,300 --> 00:01:02,400
The California. 
Gold Rush. 

23
00:01:02,400 --> 00:01:05,500
Wasn't the first in the world 
but it was the most famous. 

24
00:01:05,500 --> 00:01:08,600
This is partly because it 
happened at the same time as the

25
00:01:08,600 --> 00:01:10,900
invention of the Telegraph and 
mass produced newspapers. 

26
00:01:10,900 --> 00:01:15,500
Within months words, spread to 
the east coast Europe, Australia

27
00:01:15,500 --> 00:01:17,500
and even small villages in 
China. 

28
00:01:18,200 --> 00:01:21,800
Spread faster than a fire in dry
grass farmers in Iowa were 

29
00:01:21,800 --> 00:01:24,300
leaving their Plows. 
Shopkeepers in Boston, were 

30
00:01:24,300 --> 00:01:26,600
closing their stores and whole 
families were selling 

31
00:01:26,600 --> 00:01:28,700
everything. 
They owned to try to get rich in

32
00:01:28,700 --> 00:01:32,000
the Sierra, Nevada. 
Foothills But California was 

33
00:01:32,000 --> 00:01:35,800
only the start gold discoveries 
in Australia in 1851 caused 

34
00:01:35,800 --> 00:01:38,800
their own Rush bringing people 
looking for wealth to the hot 

35
00:01:38,800 --> 00:01:41,900
outback. 
The Klondike Gold Rush of 1896 

36
00:01:41,900 --> 00:01:44,200
Cent people looking for gold to 
the other end of the world. 

37
00:01:44,200 --> 00:01:48,400
The Frozen Wilderness of Alaska 
and Canada where temperatures 

38
00:01:48,400 --> 00:01:51,700
could drop to 50 below zero and 
it was dark for months. 

39
00:01:51,700 --> 00:01:54,400
The waters ran goldfields in 
South Africa. 

40
00:01:54,400 --> 00:01:57,300
Turned empty velled into one of 
the world's largest cities. 

41
00:01:57,300 --> 00:01:59,400
Almost overnight. 
There were different things 

42
00:01:59,400 --> 00:02:02,500
about each gold rush, but they 
all had some things in common. 

43
00:02:02,500 --> 00:02:04,900
That seem almost magical. 
When you think about them, 

44
00:02:04,900 --> 00:02:08,300
people like teachers Farmers 
blacksmiths and seamstresses, 

45
00:02:08,300 --> 00:02:11,200
suddenly thought they could 
survive in places, that would be

46
00:02:11,200 --> 00:02:14,400
hard for even experienced 
outdoorsmen, it was like having 

47
00:02:14,400 --> 00:02:16,900
gold gave you some kind of 
magnetic power that made you 

48
00:02:16,900 --> 00:02:19,700
ignore common sense and the need
to protect yourself. 

49
00:02:20,500 --> 00:02:23,000
It's interesting to think about 
the psychology of Gold Fever. 

50
00:02:23,000 --> 00:02:27,400
As you go to sleep, gold doesn't
go bad rossed or lose its value 

51
00:02:27,400 --> 00:02:29,200
overnight, like other kinds of 
wealth. 

52
00:02:30,000 --> 00:02:32,800
For thousands of years people 
have thought it was valuable. 

53
00:02:32,800 --> 00:02:36,900
It was used in the burial masks 
of pharaohs and the crowns of 

54
00:02:36,908 --> 00:02:39,300
Kings the weight of gold in your
hand. 

55
00:02:39,300 --> 00:02:43,000
How it catches light and how it 
doesn't tarnish or Decay are all

56
00:02:43,000 --> 00:02:45,500
very satisfying. 
In a world that is always 

57
00:02:45,500 --> 00:02:48,400
changing gold. 
Stands for stability and safety 

58
00:02:48,400 --> 00:02:51,500
in a universe. 
That is always changing for the 

59
00:02:51,500 --> 00:02:54,300
miners going west. 
Gold was the ultimate American 

60
00:02:54,300 --> 00:02:57,300
Dream. 
The idea that anyone no matter 

61
00:02:57,308 --> 00:03:00,300
where they came from, or how 
much they knew could change 

62
00:03:00,300 --> 00:03:04,200
their life with hard work, and a
little luck gold didn't care if 

63
00:03:04,200 --> 00:03:06,400
you are a Harvard graduate or 
couldn't read your own name. 

64
00:03:06,400 --> 00:03:08,600
He didn't care about your family
tree. 

65
00:03:08,600 --> 00:03:10,800
What mattered? 
Most was your willingness to go 

66
00:03:10,800 --> 00:03:14,300
through hard times, your ability
to see opportunities when they 

67
00:03:14,300 --> 00:03:17,400
were right in front of you. 
Getting to the goldfields was 

68
00:03:17,400 --> 00:03:19,600
often just as hard as mining for
gold. 

69
00:03:19,600 --> 00:03:23,200
Think about putting everything 
you might need for months or 

70
00:03:23,200 --> 00:03:26,000
years into a space smaller than 
your bedroom closet. 

71
00:03:26,000 --> 00:03:29,300
And then traveling thousands of 
miles through places that were 

72
00:03:29,300 --> 00:03:31,800
more in your head that on 
reliable Maps. 

73
00:03:31,800 --> 00:03:34,800
The Overland route to California
went through deserts, where 

74
00:03:34,800 --> 00:03:38,500
water was hard to find and 
valuable, Mountain passes, that 

75
00:03:38,500 --> 00:03:41,900
could be blocked by snow even in
the summer and rivers, that 

76
00:03:41,900 --> 00:03:44,200
could be calm one day and raging
torrents. 

77
00:03:44,200 --> 00:03:47,300
The next people who took the sea
route had to deal with different

78
00:03:47,300 --> 00:03:49,600
problems. 
It could take six months to 

79
00:03:49,600 --> 00:03:52,600
sail, around Cape Horn, and the 
water was some of the roughest 

80
00:03:52,600 --> 00:03:55,600
on Earth, men, who had never 
been to see were crammed into 

81
00:03:55,600 --> 00:03:58,300
ships that were meant to carry 
cargo not passengers. 

82
00:03:58,300 --> 00:04:01,300
This would make modern cruise 
ship passengers, ask for their 

83
00:04:01,300 --> 00:04:03,400
money back. 
Those who could afford to go 

84
00:04:03,408 --> 00:04:06,100
through Panama, had to deal with
tropical diseases, dangerous 

85
00:04:06,100 --> 00:04:09,400
river, Crossings and sometimes 
weeks of waiting for ships on 

86
00:04:09,400 --> 00:04:13,000
the Pacific side, but people 
came anyway drawn by stories 

87
00:04:13,000 --> 00:04:16,300
that got more and more amazing. 
With each telling stories about 

88
00:04:16,300 --> 00:04:19,500
miners finding nuggets. 
The size of turkey eggs, Rivers.

89
00:04:19,500 --> 00:04:22,800
So, full of gold that you could 
fill up in minutes and regular 

90
00:04:22,800 --> 00:04:25,400
people becoming incredibly rich 
in just a few weeks. 

91
00:04:25,400 --> 00:04:29,200
Most of the time, the stories 
were exaggerated or made up, but

92
00:04:29,200 --> 00:04:31,700
they had just enough truth in 
them to keep the dream alive. 

93
00:04:31,700 --> 00:04:34,900
It's amazing how these 
individual dreams were added 

94
00:04:34,900 --> 00:04:36,800
together changed, Hull, 
continents. 

95
00:04:37,400 --> 00:04:40,200
In places where only coyotes and
rattlesnakes had lived before 

96
00:04:40,200 --> 00:04:44,000
cities sprang up overnight. 
The search for gold led to the 

97
00:04:44,008 --> 00:04:47,100
growth of economies 
transportation systems and 

98
00:04:47,100 --> 00:04:50,100
social structures in whole 
areas, the effects on the 

99
00:04:50,100 --> 00:04:53,100
environment and culture would 
last for Generations long. 

100
00:04:53,100 --> 00:04:56,300
After the Gold that was easy to 
get was gone as you drift off to

101
00:04:56,300 --> 00:04:58,900
sleep, think about how Brave, or
maybe foolish. 

102
00:04:59,500 --> 00:05:02,200
It was to give up everything you
for the chance of something that

103
00:05:02,200 --> 00:05:05,100
might not be real. 
These weren't trained explorers 

104
00:05:05,100 --> 00:05:08,000
or professional adventurers. 
They were just regular people 

105
00:05:08,000 --> 00:05:10,400
who thought the chance of making
a lot of money was worth the 

106
00:05:10,400 --> 00:05:12,400
risk. 
Their stories show us. 

107
00:05:12,400 --> 00:05:15,800
That sometimes the most 
important events in history are 

108
00:05:15,800 --> 00:05:18,400
caused by people who refused to 
believe that their situation 

109
00:05:18,400 --> 00:05:21,100
will never change. 
Imagine yourself standing in the

110
00:05:21,100 --> 00:05:24,400
middle of what would become 
Downtown Sacramento on a July 

111
00:05:24,400 --> 00:05:28,400
afternoon in 1850. 
The temperature is around, 110 

112
00:05:28,400 --> 00:05:31,300
degrees Fahrenheit, and the air 
above the hot pavement looks 

113
00:05:31,300 --> 00:05:34,300
like water. 
The sun is as hot as a forge and

114
00:05:34,300 --> 00:05:35,700
there's no way to get away from 
it. 

115
00:05:35,700 --> 00:05:38,800
There's no air conditioning ice 
or tall buildings to block the 

116
00:05:38,800 --> 00:05:41,300
sun. 
Now, picture this, instead of 

117
00:05:41,308 --> 00:05:44,000
going inside, you're going to 
spend the next 12 hours bent 

118
00:05:44,000 --> 00:05:47,200
over a creek bed, sifting 
through gravel and sand with 

119
00:05:47,200 --> 00:05:50,300
just a metal pan and your 
willpower, this was the case for

120
00:05:50,300 --> 00:05:52,800
thousands of gold miners. 
Who went to areas where summer 

121
00:05:52,800 --> 00:05:55,300
temperatures often went above 
what most people today would 

122
00:05:55,300 --> 00:05:58,000
consider survival. 
The California Central Valley, 

123
00:05:58,000 --> 00:06:01,600
the Australian Outback, And part
of Nevada and Arizona weren't 

124
00:06:01,600 --> 00:06:04,100
places where people were 
supposed to work outside during 

125
00:06:04,100 --> 00:06:08,100
the hottest time of the year, 
but they worked driven by dreams

126
00:06:08,100 --> 00:06:10,200
that burned hotter than the sun 
of their heads. 

127
00:06:10,200 --> 00:06:13,600
The human body wasn't meant to 
be in such extreme heat for long

128
00:06:13,600 --> 00:06:16,200
periods of time. 
A specially when doing hard 

129
00:06:16,200 --> 00:06:19,300
physical work, your body 
regulate, its temperature in a 

130
00:06:19,300 --> 00:06:21,400
way that is similar to a simple 
air conditioner. 

131
00:06:22,300 --> 00:06:25,800
Sweats to cool the skin. 
Through evaporation, it changes 

132
00:06:25,800 --> 00:06:29,000
the flow of blood to release 
heat and it breathes more to get

133
00:06:29,008 --> 00:06:32,600
rid of warm air from the lungs. 
But these systems could only do 

134
00:06:32,600 --> 00:06:36,300
so much and mine is in the 
1800s, push them to their limits

135
00:06:36,300 --> 00:06:39,100
every day. 
Smart miners, learn to change 

136
00:06:39,100 --> 00:06:40,900
their plans. 
Based on the sun's movement, 

137
00:06:40,900 --> 00:06:43,900
they would get up before Dawn. 
When the air was still a little 

138
00:06:43,908 --> 00:06:46,000
cool from the night before and 
start working. 

139
00:06:46,000 --> 00:06:49,100
As soon as the sun came up, the 
early morning hours were very 

140
00:06:49,100 --> 00:06:51,800
important because you could get 
things done before the heat made

141
00:06:51,800 --> 00:06:54,500
it too much to handle. 
As the sun rose higher 

142
00:06:54,500 --> 00:06:57,800
experienced miners, would look 
for any shade they could find. 

143
00:06:57,800 --> 00:07:01,200
They would offer working shifts 
so that some could rest while 

144
00:07:01,200 --> 00:07:04,300
others kept looking for gold 
miners called the time between 

145
00:07:04,300 --> 00:07:06,600
noon and 4 in the afternoon, the
Devils time. 

146
00:07:06,600 --> 00:07:09,900
This was when the sun was at its
hottest and the heat from rocks 

147
00:07:09,900 --> 00:07:13,200
and sand could literally cook 
skin that was exposed during 

148
00:07:13,200 --> 00:07:15,000
these hours. 
Smart miners, went back to 

149
00:07:15,000 --> 00:07:16,300
whatever shelter they could 
find. 

150
00:07:17,200 --> 00:07:20,200
Some people dug shallow caves 
into hillsides to make cool 

151
00:07:20,200 --> 00:07:23,700
places to hide but 10 to 20 
degrees cooler than the surface.

152
00:07:23,700 --> 00:07:27,500
Some people put canvas between 
trees or over, wooden frames to 

153
00:07:27,500 --> 00:07:30,200
make patches of blessed shade 
where people could gather to 

154
00:07:30,200 --> 00:07:33,300
rest and talk. 
The clothes that mine is war. 

155
00:07:33,300 --> 00:07:35,700
Tell an interesting story about 
how they adapted and used their 

156
00:07:35,700 --> 00:07:37,800
brains. 
Forget the Hollywood image of 

157
00:07:37,800 --> 00:07:39,600
shirtless men working in the hot
sun. 

158
00:07:39,600 --> 00:07:42,600
That was a sure way to get 
burned badly and have a heat 

159
00:07:42,600 --> 00:07:45,400
stroke. 
Instead experienced miners 

160
00:07:45,400 --> 00:07:47,400
learned how to cover almost 
every inch of skin. 

161
00:07:47,400 --> 00:07:50,500
That was showing while still 
letting airflow, they wore wide 

162
00:07:50,500 --> 00:07:53,600
brimmed hats that cast Shadows 
on their faces and necks long 

163
00:07:53,600 --> 00:07:56,600
sleeve shirts that were loose 
enough to let air flow and 

164
00:07:56,600 --> 00:07:59,900
bandanas that could be soaked in
water and tied around their 

165
00:07:59,900 --> 00:08:02,700
necks to cool off. 
Many miners will close that they

166
00:08:02,700 --> 00:08:05,600
learned from Mexican for Heroes 
and Native American tribes that 

167
00:08:05,608 --> 00:08:08,300
had been living in these areas 
for a long time, Eastern 

168
00:08:08,300 --> 00:08:11,700
gentlemen, like dark will suits 
better than loose like colored 

169
00:08:11,700 --> 00:08:13,800
cotton clothes because they 
reflected heat better. 

170
00:08:13,800 --> 00:08:17,600
Some miners even started, 
wearing multiple layers, a thin 

171
00:08:17,600 --> 00:08:20,700
in a layer to soak up sweat and 
an outer layer to keep the Sun 

172
00:08:20,700 --> 00:08:23,900
out, while letting air flow 
between the Fabrics. finding 

173
00:08:23,900 --> 00:08:27,800
shade became almost as important
as finding gold in mining camps 

174
00:08:27,800 --> 00:08:31,400
trees were valuable because they
provided shade and lumber a 

175
00:08:31,400 --> 00:08:34,100
single Big Oak or pine tree 
could decide where a whole Camp 

176
00:08:34,100 --> 00:08:38,200
would be set up 10 and 2 would 
be set up in careful patterns to

177
00:08:38,200 --> 00:08:40,000
get the most shade possible 
during the day. 

178
00:08:40,799 --> 00:08:43,900
Water wasn't just for drinking. 
It was so very important for 

179
00:08:43,900 --> 00:08:46,500
staying cool. 
When there was water, mine is, 

180
00:08:46,500 --> 00:08:49,400
would soak their shirts and 
hats, which worked as a simple, 

181
00:08:49,400 --> 00:08:52,100
but effective way to cool off, 
some smart people. 

182
00:08:52,100 --> 00:08:54,900
Even came up with complicated 
ways to move water over Canada's

183
00:08:54,900 --> 00:08:57,400
awnings, which were like 
evaporative coolers in the 

184
00:08:57,400 --> 00:09:00,600
1800s. 
The Mental effects of extreme 

185
00:09:00,600 --> 00:09:03,100
heat were just as hard to deal 
with as the physical ones. 

186
00:09:03,100 --> 00:09:06,100
Not only does heat exhaustion, 
make you feel bad, physically. 

187
00:09:06,100 --> 00:09:10,100
But it also changes the way you 
think, feel and make decisions 

188
00:09:10,100 --> 00:09:13,500
when miners worked in very hot 
or very cold weather. 

189
00:09:13,500 --> 00:09:17,600
They often got cranky made, bad 
decisions and got what we now, 

190
00:09:17,600 --> 00:09:21,300
call heat induced depression. 
Constant pain made mental 

191
00:09:21,300 --> 00:09:24,500
strength weaker, just like it 
made physical strength weaker, 

192
00:09:24,500 --> 00:09:26,600
but people were very good at 
adapting. 

193
00:09:26,600 --> 00:09:29,300
Bodies that had never been in 
such heat before. 

194
00:09:29,300 --> 00:09:31,600
Slowly. 
Got used to, it becoming better 

195
00:09:31,600 --> 00:09:35,400
at handling heat sweating more 
effectively and circulating 

196
00:09:35,400 --> 00:09:38,500
blood better when miners made it
through their first summer in 

197
00:09:38,508 --> 00:09:41,600
the goldfields they often found 
the second year easier to handle

198
00:09:41,600 --> 00:09:44,400
because their bodies got used to
conditions but would have seemed

199
00:09:44,400 --> 00:09:45,900
impossible when they first got 
there. 

200
00:09:45,900 --> 00:09:48,300
Some of the best mining 
companies were the ones that 

201
00:09:48,300 --> 00:09:50,800
knew how important it was to 
keep workers safe from the heat 

202
00:09:50,800 --> 00:09:53,000
companies that gave their 
workers enough shelter. 

203
00:09:53,000 --> 00:09:56,600
Encourage them to rest during 
the hottest parts of the day and

204
00:09:56,600 --> 00:09:58,200
made sure they could get to Cool
Water. 

205
00:09:58,200 --> 00:10:00,500
Usually had healthier and more 
productive workers. 

206
00:10:00,500 --> 00:10:03,400
It was an early lesson in 
industrial safety that most 

207
00:10:03,400 --> 00:10:06,200
people wouldn't learn for 
decades, as you picked to 

208
00:10:06,200 --> 00:10:08,500
yourself, in those hot mining 
camps feeling the sun on your 

209
00:10:08,500 --> 00:10:10,500
shoulders and the coolness of 
the Evening Shade. 

210
00:10:10,500 --> 00:10:13,500
Remember that these were not 
superhuman people. 

211
00:10:13,500 --> 00:10:16,800
They were just regular people 
who learned to deal with unusual

212
00:10:16,800 --> 00:10:19,200
situations. 
The fact that they were able to 

213
00:10:19,200 --> 00:10:22,200
live and even Thrive in such 
conditions shows how strongly 

214
00:10:22,200 --> 00:10:26,400
human Spirit can be when it is 
driven by strong dreams in 

215
00:10:26,400 --> 00:10:28,400
romantic stories about the Gold,
Rush. 

216
00:10:28,400 --> 00:10:32,000
Water is always there. 
There are babbling Creeks where 

217
00:10:32,000 --> 00:10:34,800
minors pan for gold and Clear 
Mountain Streams that show off 

218
00:10:34,800 --> 00:10:37,600
the Sierra Peaks. 
The truth was often very 

219
00:10:37,600 --> 00:10:40,000
different and much harder 
getting Clean. 

220
00:10:40,000 --> 00:10:43,700
Safe water was often a matter of
life and death and getting 

221
00:10:43,700 --> 00:10:45,900
enough food. 
In remote mining camps took a 

222
00:10:45,900 --> 00:10:48,300
lot of creativity that would 
impress modern survivalists. 

223
00:10:48,300 --> 00:10:51,600
Ironically, mine is often value 
water more than the gold. 

224
00:10:51,600 --> 00:10:55,300
They were looking for on a hot 
afternoon, a glass of cool clean

225
00:10:55,300 --> 00:10:56,800
water. 
Could be worth more than a 

226
00:10:56,800 --> 00:11:00,600
handful of gold dust especially 
if the water costs a dollar a 

227
00:11:00,600 --> 00:11:02,600
gallon which is like 30 or 40 
dollars. 

228
00:11:02,600 --> 00:11:05,900
Now in some of the more remote 
mining areas on entrepreneurs, 

229
00:11:05,900 --> 00:11:08,500
made a lot of money, not by 
finding gold, but by bringing 

230
00:11:08,500 --> 00:11:12,100
water in barrels, from far away 
places and selling it to minors 

231
00:11:12,100 --> 00:11:15,500
who needed it. 
Finding water turned into both a

232
00:11:15,500 --> 00:11:18,600
science and an art experienced 
miners could read the landscape 

233
00:11:18,600 --> 00:11:21,400
like a book. 
They looked for small signs that

234
00:11:21,400 --> 00:11:22,900
showed where water was 
underground. 

235
00:11:22,900 --> 00:11:26,100
Some plants only grew where 
their Roots could get to water 

236
00:11:26,100 --> 00:11:29,500
tables, animals Behavior such as
where they gathered at dawn and 

237
00:11:29,508 --> 00:11:31,800
Dusk and the path. 
They wore through the landscape 

238
00:11:31,800 --> 00:11:35,300
often revealed Hidden Springs or
seasonal water sources. 

239
00:11:35,300 --> 00:11:39,100
Some liners became very good at 
dowsing which is the art of 

240
00:11:39,100 --> 00:11:41,900
finding underground water with 
forked sticks or metal rods. 

241
00:11:41,900 --> 00:11:45,100
Modern science still doesn't 
fully understand how they did 

242
00:11:45,100 --> 00:11:47,300
it. 
These methods became a big part 

243
00:11:47,300 --> 00:11:50,600
of mining camp folklore, whether
they really worked or just made 

244
00:11:50,600 --> 00:11:53,100
mine as for more sure about 
digging in places where they 

245
00:11:53,100 --> 00:11:55,500
thought they might find water. 
It was like playing the 

246
00:11:55,500 --> 00:11:58,000
geological Lottery to dig wells 
in mining country. 

247
00:11:59,000 --> 00:12:01,300
The same Rocky ground that might
hide gold deposits. 

248
00:12:01,300 --> 00:12:03,500
Could make it very hard to get 
to the water table. 

249
00:12:03,500 --> 00:12:07,000
Sometimes would spend weeks 
chiseling through, solid rock 

250
00:12:07,000 --> 00:12:10,000
hoping to find water before 
their current Supply ran out. 

251
00:12:10,900 --> 00:12:12,700
The deeper they dug the cool of 
the water. 

252
00:12:12,700 --> 00:12:16,600
They might find this was a great
bonus in places where surface 

253
00:12:16,600 --> 00:12:18,500
water could get too warm to be 
refreshing. 

254
00:12:19,300 --> 00:12:22,900
When water was hard to come by 
miners, came up with very clever

255
00:12:22,900 --> 00:12:24,500
ways to save it. 
That would impress 

256
00:12:24,500 --> 00:12:27,600
environmentalists today, you 
could save the water used to 

257
00:12:27,600 --> 00:12:30,700
cook with to wash dishes, then 
use it again to do laundry. 

258
00:12:30,700 --> 00:12:33,000
And finally use it to clean up 
dust around. 

259
00:12:33,000 --> 00:12:37,200
The campsite there was no waste 
some camps, set up strict 

260
00:12:37,200 --> 00:12:40,000
rationing systems with Community
leaders, keeping an eye on, how 

261
00:12:40,000 --> 00:12:43,400
much water people used, and 
making sure everyone had access 

262
00:12:43,400 --> 00:12:47,000
to basic supplies. the quality 
of the water that was available 

263
00:12:47,000 --> 00:12:50,400
was often just as bad as the 
amount minerals that made people

264
00:12:50,400 --> 00:12:52,700
sick could be in Mountain 
Streams that looked crystal 

265
00:12:52,700 --> 00:12:56,600
clear or Worse bacteria from 
mining operations or natural 

266
00:12:56,600 --> 00:13:00,500
sources Upstream Miners learned 
how to tell, if water was good 

267
00:13:00,500 --> 00:13:04,400
by its taste color and smell. 
They also figured out how to 

268
00:13:04,400 --> 00:13:05,900
clean up water that wasn't 
clean. 

269
00:13:05,900 --> 00:13:09,800
Boiling water was the best way 
to clean it but it needed Fuel 

270
00:13:09,800 --> 00:13:11,300
and time. 
That weren't always available 

271
00:13:11,300 --> 00:13:14,200
some miners. 
Use Simple filters made of cloth

272
00:13:14,200 --> 00:13:16,900
charcoal and sand to clean their
water. 

273
00:13:17,600 --> 00:13:20,200
Some people learned how to add 
chemicals, like Alum or other 

274
00:13:20,200 --> 00:13:22,800
minerals that would make 
impurities settle to the bottom.

275
00:13:22,800 --> 00:13:26,100
Leaving cleaner water at the 
top, getting food in mining 

276
00:13:26,108 --> 00:13:28,700
camps, took a lot of creativity 
that would be hard for modern 

277
00:13:28,700 --> 00:13:30,900
campers. 
There were any grocery stores, 

278
00:13:30,900 --> 00:13:33,900
refrigerators or Dependable 
Supply chains. 

279
00:13:33,900 --> 00:13:37,400
Everything had to be kept safe 
moved over, rough ground or 

280
00:13:37,400 --> 00:13:39,500
hunted and gathered from the 
area around them. 

281
00:13:39,500 --> 00:13:42,600
The outcome was a Cuisine that 
mixed old recipes with whatever 

282
00:13:42,600 --> 00:13:46,100
was on hand, resulting in some 
surprisingly creative dishes. 

283
00:13:46,100 --> 00:13:49,400
Beans became the main food for 
minors and were known as minor 

284
00:13:49,400 --> 00:13:50,700
strawberries. 
They were cheap. 

285
00:13:50,700 --> 00:13:54,000
Easy to carry didn't spoil 
easily and gave them the protein

286
00:13:54,000 --> 00:13:55,600
and carbs they needed for hard 
work. 

287
00:13:55,600 --> 00:13:59,000
A pot of beans that was slowly 
cooked over a campfire and 

288
00:13:59,000 --> 00:14:01,900
seasoned with whatever was on 
hand could feed several Miners 

289
00:14:01,900 --> 00:14:05,500
and give them energy for days of
work salt, pork and bacon did 

290
00:14:05,500 --> 00:14:07,800
the same thing. 
They gave you fat and protein 

291
00:14:07,800 --> 00:14:11,500
and could last for weeks without
being kept, cold, The salt used 

292
00:14:11,500 --> 00:14:13,400
to keep things fresh. 
Also help to replace 

293
00:14:13,400 --> 00:14:16,600
electrolytes lost through 
sweating and very hot weather 

294
00:14:16,600 --> 00:14:19,600
smart miners learned how to get 
the fat out of these meats. 

295
00:14:19,600 --> 00:14:22,400
So they could cook other foods 
and make lamp oil hardtack, 

296
00:14:22,400 --> 00:14:26,400
which is made by mixing flour, 
water and salt and baking it 

297
00:14:26,400 --> 00:14:29,800
into biscuits that are as hard 
as rocks became another staple 

298
00:14:29,800 --> 00:14:32,700
because it could last for 
months, without going bad to 

299
00:14:32,700 --> 00:14:35,800
make hard tack easier to eat 
miners, would soak it in coffee 

300
00:14:35,800 --> 00:14:39,200
or water sometimes, they would 
fry it with bacon fat to make it

301
00:14:39,200 --> 00:14:41,800
taste better. 
The joke was that hard tack was 

302
00:14:41,808 --> 00:14:44,000
so hard. 
It could stop a bullet, but it 

303
00:14:44,000 --> 00:14:46,600
kept mine as from starving when 
they ran out of other food. 

304
00:14:46,600 --> 00:14:49,800
People didn't just enjoy coffee.
They thought it was necessary 

305
00:14:49,800 --> 00:14:52,600
for survival. 
The caffeine helped mine as stay

306
00:14:52,600 --> 00:14:55,600
awake during long work days. 
And the hot drink kept them warm

307
00:14:55,600 --> 00:14:58,000
at night. 
In the cold mountains coffee, 

308
00:14:58,000 --> 00:14:59,800
could be stretched by reusing 
the ground. 

309
00:14:59,800 --> 00:15:02,500
Several times in very bad 
situations. 

310
00:15:02,500 --> 00:15:06,100
Mine has made coffee substitutes
from chicory acorns, or even 

311
00:15:06,100 --> 00:15:08,900
roasted grain. 
Hunting and fishing added to 

312
00:15:08,900 --> 00:15:12,300
basic supplies when there was 
game to be caught, deer rabbits 

313
00:15:12,300 --> 00:15:15,600
and game birds, gave us fresh 
meat and streams and rivers 

314
00:15:15,600 --> 00:15:17,600
might have fish in them when 
they were too muddy. 

315
00:15:17,600 --> 00:15:20,000
From mining. 
Some miners, learned how to find

316
00:15:20,000 --> 00:15:23,000
edible plants by learning from 
Native Americans, which routes 

317
00:15:23,000 --> 00:15:25,600
berries and greens could add to 
their diet. 

318
00:15:25,600 --> 00:15:29,500
It was very important to learn 
how to preserve things to make 

319
00:15:29,500 --> 00:15:30,600
fresh food. 
Last longer. 

320
00:15:30,600 --> 00:15:34,200
Mine has learned how to smoke 
meat, dry fruits, and vegetables

321
00:15:34,200 --> 00:15:37,700
and saltfish. 
Some camps set up community 

322
00:15:37,700 --> 00:15:39,600
smokehouses so that everyone 
could keep meat. 

323
00:15:39,600 --> 00:15:42,000
When they had too much to eat 
right away after a successful 

324
00:15:42,000 --> 00:15:44,300
hunt. 
People in mining camps can't 

325
00:15:44,300 --> 00:15:47,900
ignore the social side of food. 
Shared meals became important 

326
00:15:47,900 --> 00:15:52,100
community events where miners 
could relax catch up on news and

327
00:15:52,100 --> 00:15:55,500
keep the social ties that made 
living alone, bearable a minor. 

328
00:15:55,500 --> 00:15:57,900
Who could cook well, often 
became well known for more than 

329
00:15:57,900 --> 00:16:01,300
just his gold finding skills. 
You can start to understand how 

330
00:16:01,300 --> 00:16:04,300
the simple things in life became
very important in the harsh 

331
00:16:04,300 --> 00:16:07,100
environment of the mining camps.
When you think about how good 

332
00:16:07,100 --> 00:16:10,400
strong coffee would taste around
a campfire, how good a hot meal 

333
00:16:10,400 --> 00:16:12,900
would taste after a long day of 
hard work? 

334
00:16:12,900 --> 00:16:15,000
And how good clean water would 
feel on a hot day? 

335
00:16:15,000 --> 00:16:17,300
These were just skills for 
Staying Alive. 

336
00:16:17,300 --> 00:16:19,700
They were the building blocks of
communities. 

337
00:16:19,700 --> 00:16:23,500
That would, last long after the 
Gold was gone, imagine seeing a 

338
00:16:23,500 --> 00:16:25,900
city come to life. 
One week, there are only rocks, 

339
00:16:25,900 --> 00:16:29,700
empty world, and this and maybe 
a thin stream running through a 

340
00:16:29,700 --> 00:16:32,200
valley. 
The following week, tents start 

341
00:16:32,200 --> 00:16:35,300
to pop up like mushrooms after a
rainstorm in a month, you might 

342
00:16:35,300 --> 00:16:38,600
see the rough outlines of 
streets, the General Store, and 

343
00:16:38,600 --> 00:16:41,500
maybe even a saloon with canvas 
walls and dreams of painted 

344
00:16:41,500 --> 00:16:43,700
signs. 
The amazing thing about mining 

345
00:16:43,700 --> 00:16:45,900
camp communities. 
Was that whole societies could 

346
00:16:45,900 --> 00:16:48,900
come together almost overnight 
with rules that had to be made 

347
00:16:48,900 --> 00:16:51,200
up on the spot? 
It was amazing and a little 

348
00:16:51,208 --> 00:16:53,600
chaotic, how quickly these 
communities came together. 

349
00:16:53,600 --> 00:16:56,600
There were no zoning laws 
building codes or an urban 

350
00:16:56,600 --> 00:16:59,400
planning department. 
People just showed up found a 

351
00:16:59,400 --> 00:17:01,300
good place to stay and started 
building. 

352
00:17:01,300 --> 00:17:03,200
The infrastructure they needed 
to stay alive. 

353
00:17:03,200 --> 00:17:06,800
The result was towns that grew 
naturally following the shape of

354
00:17:06,800 --> 00:17:08,900
the land and the needs of the 
people who lived there. 

355
00:17:08,900 --> 00:17:11,900
In stead of following, a master 
plan people in early mining 

356
00:17:11,900 --> 00:17:14,500
camps had to be creative with 
the few materials they had to 

357
00:17:14,500 --> 00:17:17,500
build their homes. 
The classic miners tent was 

358
00:17:17,500 --> 00:17:20,599
often just the start it was a 
temporary place to stay. 

359
00:17:20,599 --> 00:17:23,700
While a more permanent structure
was miners, became amateur 

360
00:17:23,700 --> 00:17:26,500
Architects coming up with plans 
for buildings, that could be 

361
00:17:26,500 --> 00:17:28,800
built quickly with materials 
that were easy to find. 

362
00:17:29,700 --> 00:17:33,000
People like to log cabins where 
there were trees but most mining

363
00:17:33,000 --> 00:17:34,700
areas had their trees cut down 
quickly. 

364
00:17:34,700 --> 00:17:39,400
Instead miners learned how to 
build with stone mud bricks or 

365
00:17:39,400 --> 00:17:42,600
even canvas and wood frames that
could be taken apart and moved, 

366
00:17:42,600 --> 00:17:45,400
if the gold ran out. 
Some of the more clever 

367
00:17:45,400 --> 00:17:47,200
buildings use more than one 
material. 

368
00:17:47,200 --> 00:17:51,200
For example, they had Stone 
foundations for stability log 

369
00:17:51,200 --> 00:17:53,900
walls for insulation and canvas 
roofs. 

370
00:17:53,900 --> 00:17:55,800
That could be easily replaced 
when they wore out. 

371
00:17:56,600 --> 00:17:59,700
The way mining camps were set up
looked random, but they actually

372
00:17:59,700 --> 00:18:03,500
made sense for both convenience 
and Mining the most valuable 

373
00:18:03,500 --> 00:18:06,600
real estate was usually near 
water sources, secondary 

374
00:18:06,600 --> 00:18:09,200
locations were chosen because 
they were sheltered from the 

375
00:18:09,200 --> 00:18:13,000
wind had access to shade or were
close to promising geological 

376
00:18:13,000 --> 00:18:15,900
formations streets. 
If you could call them that 

377
00:18:15,900 --> 00:18:19,500
often followed animal paths or 
mining trails and of the neat 

378
00:18:19,500 --> 00:18:22,900
grid patterns, that plant cities
have this gave mining towns and 

379
00:18:22,900 --> 00:18:25,900
natural, almost medieval field, 
that visitors either loved or 

380
00:18:25,900 --> 00:18:27,400
hated depending on how they saw 
it. 

381
00:18:28,400 --> 00:18:31,900
In mining camps, people ran 
things democratically miners. 

382
00:18:31,900 --> 00:18:35,000
Had to make up their own rules 
and ways to enforce them because

383
00:18:35,000 --> 00:18:37,200
there were no established legal 
systems or government 

384
00:18:37,200 --> 00:18:39,400
authorities. 
The outcome was frequently 

385
00:18:39,400 --> 00:18:42,700
unexpectedly Advanced systems of
community governance that 

386
00:18:42,700 --> 00:18:45,300
reconciled personal Liberty with
communal safety. 

387
00:18:45,300 --> 00:18:49,100
Most of the time mining camps 
held Community meetings to set 

388
00:18:49,100 --> 00:18:53,000
basic rules for claims fights 
and how people should act these 

389
00:18:53,000 --> 00:18:56,000
weren't official court cases. 
They were just people talking to

390
00:18:56,000 --> 00:18:57,500
each other as equals and 
agreeing. 

391
00:18:57,500 --> 00:19:00,000
That some kind of organization 
was needed for everyone to stay 

392
00:19:00,000 --> 00:19:02,100
alive. 
They often put their rules on 

393
00:19:02,100 --> 00:19:04,700
trees or buildings and enforce 
them through pressure from the 

394
00:19:04,700 --> 00:19:06,300
community. 
Instead of through the police 

395
00:19:06,300 --> 00:19:10,100
claimed jumping, which is taking
someone else's mining claim, was

396
00:19:10,100 --> 00:19:12,500
one of the worst things you 
could do in mining communities, 

397
00:19:12,500 --> 00:19:14,600
depending on how bad the crime 
was. 

398
00:19:14,600 --> 00:19:17,600
And how the community felt the 
punishment could be anything 

399
00:19:17,600 --> 00:19:20,000
from Forced payment to being 
kicked out of the camp. 

400
00:19:20,000 --> 00:19:22,700
People usually didn't want 
minors to hurt each other 

401
00:19:22,700 --> 00:19:25,500
because it made it hard for them
to work not because it was 

402
00:19:25,500 --> 00:19:28,100
wrong. 
The way people were divided up 

403
00:19:28,100 --> 00:19:30,700
in mining camps was different 
from how they were in their old 

404
00:19:30,700 --> 00:19:33,200
lives. 
A man's education, family, 

405
00:19:33,200 --> 00:19:36,400
background, or previous wealth 
mattered, much less than how, 

406
00:19:36,400 --> 00:19:39,000
well, he could help the 
community survive and thrive. 

407
00:19:39,700 --> 00:19:42,600
A former Professor might have to
listen to an illiterate farmer, 

408
00:19:42,600 --> 00:19:44,900
who happened to be better at 
finding gold. 

409
00:19:44,900 --> 00:19:48,100
This social fluidity led to both
chances and problems. 

410
00:19:48,100 --> 00:19:51,300
Men who had never been treated 
as equals suddenly found that 

411
00:19:51,300 --> 00:19:54,500
their ideas were important in 
community meetings, others who 

412
00:19:54,500 --> 00:19:56,200
had been in charge in their past
lives. 

413
00:19:56,200 --> 00:19:59,300
Had to get used to being judged,
only on what they could do in 

414
00:19:59,300 --> 00:20:02,300
the early days of mining. 
There were many women, but those

415
00:20:02,300 --> 00:20:04,900
who did come often found jobs 
that were available in more 

416
00:20:04,900 --> 00:20:08,500
stable communities, Some became 
successful businesswoman, and 

417
00:20:08,500 --> 00:20:10,900
ran boarding House's restaurants
or General Stores. 

418
00:20:10,900 --> 00:20:14,500
Others offered much needed and 
highly services like laundry 

419
00:20:14,500 --> 00:20:17,700
cooking, or medical care. 
Families with kids in mining 

420
00:20:17,700 --> 00:20:19,200
camps have their own set of 
problems. 

421
00:20:19,200 --> 00:20:23,000
There were no schools. 
No plans activities for kids and

422
00:20:23,000 --> 00:20:24,300
not many other kids to play 
with. 

423
00:20:25,200 --> 00:20:28,200
Some communities set up in 
formal schools, where literate 

424
00:20:28,200 --> 00:20:31,500
miners, took turns teaching, 
basic reading, and writing kids 

425
00:20:31,500 --> 00:20:34,200
who grew up in mining camps. 
Often learned a lot of practical

426
00:20:34,200 --> 00:20:36,900
skills and became very 
independent but they didn't 

427
00:20:36,900 --> 00:20:39,500
always get the formal education 
that would help them later in 

428
00:20:39,500 --> 00:20:43,900
life in mining camps, religion 
was often informal but very 

429
00:20:43,900 --> 00:20:46,600
important because many camps 
didn't have an ordained 

430
00:20:46,600 --> 00:20:48,700
minister. 
Anyone who felt called to give 

431
00:20:48,700 --> 00:20:50,800
spiritual guidance, could lead 
religious Services. 

432
00:20:50,800 --> 00:20:53,700
These Services often brought 
together people from different 

433
00:20:53,700 --> 00:20:57,100
denominations and traditions, 
making a kind of practical 

434
00:20:57,100 --> 00:21:00,600
humanism that came about out of 
need rather than theology. 

435
00:21:01,900 --> 00:21:04,600
The General Store was the center
of most mining towns. 

436
00:21:04,600 --> 00:21:07,800
It was a place to get supplies, 
hang out with friends and talk 

437
00:21:07,800 --> 00:21:09,400
to people. 
Store owners. 

438
00:21:09,400 --> 00:21:13,300
Often acted as informal Banks, 
keeping miners gold dust and 

439
00:21:13,300 --> 00:21:15,700
Nuggets safe. 
They also worked as post 

440
00:21:15,700 --> 00:21:18,900
offices, places to send messages
and places to get news from the 

441
00:21:18,900 --> 00:21:21,000
outside world. 
Medical Care. 

442
00:21:21,000 --> 00:21:24,600
And Mining camps was basic. 
But often new communities had to

443
00:21:24,600 --> 00:21:27,800
rely on folk medicine, trial and
error and whatever medical 

444
00:21:27,800 --> 00:21:29,600
knowledge individual miners 
might have. 

445
00:21:29,600 --> 00:21:32,600
Because there were any trained 
doctors around some miners 

446
00:21:32,600 --> 00:21:35,200
learned, how to treat, common 
injuries, and illnesses and the 

447
00:21:35,200 --> 00:21:37,500
respect and thanks, they got 
for, it could be worth more than

448
00:21:37,500 --> 00:21:40,500
gold. 
Entertainment in mining camps 

449
00:21:40,500 --> 00:21:43,900
showed how hard life was and how
much people needed to have fun 

450
00:21:43,900 --> 00:21:46,800
and relax music was very 
important to the miners. 

451
00:21:46,800 --> 00:21:49,400
They loved people who could play
instruments or sing. 

452
00:21:49,400 --> 00:21:52,200
Well, dancing telling stories 
and playing cards. 

453
00:21:52,200 --> 00:21:54,600
Helped people forget about the 
hard work of Mining and the 

454
00:21:54,600 --> 00:21:57,600
loneliness of living in a camp. 
When you think about how these 

455
00:21:57,600 --> 00:22:00,600
rough communities Grew From 
nothing, but people's willpower 

456
00:22:00,600 --> 00:22:03,000
and need for each other, you 
start to see that. 

457
00:22:03,000 --> 00:22:06,100
The American frontier Spirit was
about working together as much 

458
00:22:06,100 --> 00:22:09,100
as being independent. 
These weren't stories of a lone 

459
00:22:09,100 --> 00:22:10,900
wolves. 
Conquering the wild, but of 

460
00:22:10,900 --> 00:22:13,200
regular people building amazing 
communities. 

461
00:22:13,200 --> 00:22:16,400
In the hardest of time's the 
romance of gold mining often 

462
00:22:16,400 --> 00:22:17,700
centers on the moment of 
Discovery. 

463
00:22:17,700 --> 00:22:21,700
The glint of metal in a pan, the
thrill of finding a nugget, the 

464
00:22:21,700 --> 00:22:24,900
hope of getting rich. 
But The truth is that successful

465
00:22:24,900 --> 00:22:28,000
mining was mostly about learning
how to use tools and techniques 

466
00:22:28,000 --> 00:22:31,200
that were much more complicated 
and advanced than most people 

467
00:22:31,200 --> 00:22:35,100
think successful miners had a 
mix of science art, physical 

468
00:22:35,100 --> 00:22:38,400
skill and sheer determination 
that set them apart from those 

469
00:22:38,400 --> 00:22:41,900
who went home empty-handed, the 
basic gold pan which is probably

470
00:22:41,900 --> 00:22:45,000
the most famous tool from the 
Gold Rush, was actually a 

471
00:22:45,000 --> 00:22:46,900
Precision Tool that required a 
lot of skill to use. 

472
00:22:46,900 --> 00:22:50,700
Well, a good pan was made of 
steel or iron and had sloped 

473
00:22:50,700 --> 00:22:53,600
sides and a flat bottom that let
you carefully separate things by

474
00:22:53,600 --> 00:22:55,700
weight. 
It could take months to learn 

475
00:22:55,700 --> 00:22:58,600
how to pan properly, which means
moving water and sediment in 

476
00:22:58,600 --> 00:23:00,200
just the right way. 
So that heavy gold. 

477
00:23:00,200 --> 00:23:02,000
Settles and lighter materials 
wash away. 

478
00:23:02,000 --> 00:23:05,500
Imagine standing in a Cold 
Mountain stream with a pan full 

479
00:23:05,500 --> 00:23:07,900
of gravel sand, and hopefully a 
few gold flakes. 

480
00:23:07,900 --> 00:23:10,300
The water is moving around. 
Your legs. 

481
00:23:10,300 --> 00:23:13,900
Your back is starting to hurt 
from bending over and your hands

482
00:23:13,900 --> 00:23:16,300
are getting numb. 
From the cold, you need to find 

483
00:23:16,300 --> 00:23:18,800
the right Rhythm. 
If you go to fast, you'll wash 

484
00:23:18,800 --> 00:23:21,100
away the gold. 
If you go to slowly, you'll 

485
00:23:21,100 --> 00:23:23,300
never process enough material to
make the work. 

486
00:23:23,500 --> 00:23:25,700
Worth it Hannah's, who had been 
doing it for a while? 

487
00:23:25,700 --> 00:23:28,200
Could tell if they were likely 
to find gold in a certain spot, 

488
00:23:28,200 --> 00:23:31,300
by the way, the gravel felt the 
color of the sand and the way 

489
00:23:31,300 --> 00:23:34,300
the water moved in their pan, 
they had a connection with their

490
00:23:34,300 --> 00:23:37,100
tools and their surroundings. 
That was almost magical and they

491
00:23:37,100 --> 00:23:39,400
could read subtle signs. 
That new mine as couldn't. 

492
00:23:40,200 --> 00:23:43,100
The panning was only the start 
as miners, learned more about 

493
00:23:43,100 --> 00:23:45,700
their work and found places with
good gold deposits. 

494
00:23:45,700 --> 00:23:49,000
They came up with more advanced 
methods that could process more 

495
00:23:49,000 --> 00:23:51,700
material faster. 
The Rocker, which is also called

496
00:23:51,700 --> 00:23:55,800
a cradle, was like a gold pan 
that worked mechanically It was 

497
00:23:55,808 --> 00:23:58,400
a wooden box with a screen 
bottom, that was rocked back and

498
00:23:58,400 --> 00:24:01,500
forth, while water flowed 
through it, separating gold from

499
00:24:01,500 --> 00:24:04,900
lighter materials, many miners 
had to learn how to do carpentry

500
00:24:04,900 --> 00:24:06,600
on the job. 
In order to build a good rocker,

501
00:24:06,600 --> 00:24:08,700
the proportions had to be just 
right. 

502
00:24:08,700 --> 00:24:11,800
If they were too steep, the gold
would wash away with everything 

503
00:24:11,800 --> 00:24:13,600
else. 
And if they were too shallow, 

504
00:24:13,600 --> 00:24:16,200
the machine wouldn't work. 
Well, the rocking had to be 

505
00:24:16,208 --> 00:24:20,100
smooth and rhythmic like rocking
a baby to sleep, but the baby 

506
00:24:20,100 --> 00:24:23,200
was a few hundred pounds of wood
metal and wet gravel. 

507
00:24:24,100 --> 00:24:26,500
The long Tom was an even more 
ambitious piece of equipment. 

508
00:24:26,500 --> 00:24:29,800
It was basically a long wooden 
trough with different screens 

509
00:24:29,800 --> 00:24:32,500
riffles and catching devices 
that could handle a lot of dirt 

510
00:24:32,500 --> 00:24:35,300
and gravel. 
Most of the time a group of mine

511
00:24:35,300 --> 00:24:37,000
as worked together to run along 
Tom. 

512
00:24:37,000 --> 00:24:39,300
Some would shovel material into 
the machine. 

513
00:24:39,300 --> 00:24:41,900
While others would clean out the
gold catching parts and keep the

514
00:24:41,900 --> 00:24:44,508
water flowing. 
The most advanced way to get 

515
00:24:44,516 --> 00:24:46,300
gold was through hydraulic 
mining. 

516
00:24:46,300 --> 00:24:49,600
Mine as would use strong streams
of water to wash away, tons of 

517
00:24:49,600 --> 00:24:52,900
soil and rock from Hillside 
revealing gravel that contained 

518
00:24:52,900 --> 00:24:55,700
gold. 
The water pressure was so strong

519
00:24:55,700 --> 00:24:57,800
that it could Blast Away whole 
Mountain sides. 

520
00:24:57,800 --> 00:25:01,000
This kind of destruction of the 
environment would horrify people

521
00:25:01,000 --> 00:25:04,100
today, but it was seen as the 
height of technological progress

522
00:25:04,100 --> 00:25:07,000
at the time. 
Hydraulic mining had a terrible 

523
00:25:07,000 --> 00:25:09,200
effect on the environment that 
could not be undone. 

524
00:25:09,200 --> 00:25:12,300
Debris, filled hole, valleys 
streams, were permanently 

525
00:25:12,300 --> 00:25:14,300
changed. 
And Landscapes that had taken 

526
00:25:14,300 --> 00:25:17,200
millions of years to form were 
destroyed in just a few seasons.

527
00:25:17,200 --> 00:25:20,200
But for minors, who wanted to 
get the most gold with the least

528
00:25:20,200 --> 00:25:23,800
amount of work hydraulic mining,
was a huge step forward in terms

529
00:25:23,800 --> 00:25:27,500
of efficiency, The serious 
miners knowing about geology 

530
00:25:27,500 --> 00:25:30,500
became very important. 
Gold doesn't just spread out 

531
00:25:30,500 --> 00:25:33,800
randomly across the landscape. 
It follows patterns, that have 

532
00:25:33,800 --> 00:25:35,000
been there for millions of 
years. 

533
00:25:35,000 --> 00:25:39,800
Like the flow of ancient Rivers,
volcanic activity and geological

534
00:25:39,800 --> 00:25:43,500
processes that made and moved 
gold deposits minors. 

535
00:25:43,500 --> 00:25:46,400
Who could read the Rocks find 
formations that looked like they

536
00:25:46,400 --> 00:25:49,300
might contain gold and guess 
where gold was likely to be 

537
00:25:49,308 --> 00:25:52,200
found, had a big Edge over those
who just dug, where they thought

538
00:25:52,200 --> 00:25:55,300
they were lucky to mine quartz 
you needed a whole different set

539
00:25:55,300 --> 00:25:57,900
of skills and methods. 
Instead of looking for loose 

540
00:25:57,900 --> 00:26:01,100
gold in streams and on the 
surface quartz miners, had to 

541
00:26:01,100 --> 00:26:04,400
find veins of gold in Solid 
Rock, and then take that rock 

542
00:26:04,400 --> 00:26:06,200
out and process it to get the 
gold out. 

543
00:26:06,200 --> 00:26:09,500
This meant learning how to drill
blast and tunnel through solid 

544
00:26:09,500 --> 00:26:12,000
rock, which is more like 
engineering than farming. 

545
00:26:12,000 --> 00:26:15,800
Which is what most mine is came 
from to protest quartz or the 

546
00:26:15,800 --> 00:26:18,900
rock had to be crushed into a 
fine powder and then Mercury had

547
00:26:18,900 --> 00:26:20,800
to be used to make with the gold
particles. 

548
00:26:20,800 --> 00:26:24,300
This job was both dangerous and 
hard to do because it needed 

549
00:26:24,300 --> 00:26:27,400
knowledge of chemists. 
And Metallurgy mercury poisoning

550
00:26:27,400 --> 00:26:30,500
was a big health problem in 
mining towns, but people didn't 

551
00:26:30,500 --> 00:26:32,300
know much about what it did to 
them at the time. 

552
00:26:32,300 --> 00:26:35,900
Mine is often made their own 
tools or changed existing ones 

553
00:26:35,900 --> 00:26:38,200
to suit their needs in mining 
towns. 

554
00:26:38,200 --> 00:26:41,200
A good blacksmith was very 
useful, they didn't just shoot 

555
00:26:41,200 --> 00:26:43,400
horses. 
They also made specialized 

556
00:26:43,400 --> 00:26:46,400
mining tools, fixed broken 
equipment and figured out how to

557
00:26:46,400 --> 00:26:48,500
fix mechanical problems, that 
came up. 

558
00:26:48,500 --> 00:26:51,100
When tools were used in ways, 
they weren't meant to be used, 

559
00:26:51,100 --> 00:26:54,800
miners were very creative when 
it came to using technology that

560
00:26:54,800 --> 00:26:56,200
was already there for their own 
needs. 

561
00:26:57,200 --> 00:27:00,500
People turned Wagon Wheels into 
water wheels to power machines. 

562
00:27:00,500 --> 00:27:04,800
Kitchen tools were changed to do
specific, mining jobs miners. 

563
00:27:04,800 --> 00:27:08,300
Even changed their clothes, they
learned how to sew extra Pockets

564
00:27:08,300 --> 00:27:10,800
into their clothes. 
So they could carry tools, gold 

565
00:27:10,800 --> 00:27:13,100
samples, and other small but 
important things. 

566
00:27:14,000 --> 00:27:17,200
Don't forget about the social 
side of mining technology like 

567
00:27:17,200 --> 00:27:21,100
recipes successful method 
through mining communities with 

568
00:27:21,100 --> 00:27:23,700
minors, sharing new ideas, and 
ways to make things better. 

569
00:27:23,700 --> 00:27:26,700
For everyone's benefit. 
If a minor came up with a better

570
00:27:26,700 --> 00:27:30,000
way to build a sluice box or use
a rocker, he might teach his 

571
00:27:30,000 --> 00:27:32,000
neighbors. 
How to do it, which would create

572
00:27:32,000 --> 00:27:35,100
community of practice that sped 
up technological progress. 

573
00:27:35,100 --> 00:27:38,600
Quality control in mining was 
mostly about how skilled each 

574
00:27:38,600 --> 00:27:41,600
person was and how much they 
paid attention to the details. 

575
00:27:42,500 --> 00:27:45,100
There were no set ways of doing 
things or ways to ensure 

576
00:27:45,100 --> 00:27:47,900
quality, a minor success 
depended on how. 

577
00:27:47,900 --> 00:27:51,800
Well, he could find gold uses 
tools and avoid the many small 

578
00:27:51,800 --> 00:27:55,100
mistakes that could cost him 
gold or time as you picture 

579
00:27:55,100 --> 00:27:56,500
yourself. 
Learning these old skills, 

580
00:27:56,500 --> 00:27:59,600
feeling the weight of the tools 
in your hands and developing the

581
00:27:59,600 --> 00:28:02,400
small skills that made the 
difference between success and 

582
00:28:02,400 --> 00:28:05,000
failure. 
You start to realize that gold 

583
00:28:05,000 --> 00:28:07,800
mining was much more than just 
digging in the dirt. 

584
00:28:07,800 --> 00:28:10,400
It was a skill that required, a 
lot of physical strength, 

585
00:28:10,400 --> 00:28:14,200
technical knowledge, artistic 
intuition and scientific 

586
00:28:14,200 --> 00:28:17,500
observation, and it was hard for
even the most skilled people to 

587
00:28:17,500 --> 00:28:20,300
do the blazing sun and extreme 
temperatures. 

588
00:28:20,300 --> 00:28:23,100
Were certainly some of the most 
obvious problems that gold mine 

589
00:28:23,100 --> 00:28:26,000
has had to deal with But they 
were not the only ones that 

590
00:28:26,000 --> 00:28:27,900
tested people strength and 
creativity. 

591
00:28:27,900 --> 00:28:31,100
The full picture of Life as a 
minor includes a list of 

592
00:28:31,100 --> 00:28:34,000
problems that would test even 
the best survival experts today.

593
00:28:34,000 --> 00:28:37,800
Each one needs a different plan 
set of skills, and amount of 

594
00:28:37,808 --> 00:28:41,000
mental and physical strength 
disease was probably the most 

595
00:28:41,000 --> 00:28:44,300
feared enemy in mining camps. 
It spread quickly through 

596
00:28:44,300 --> 00:28:47,400
crowded areas and wiped out 
whole communities before. 

597
00:28:47,400 --> 00:28:50,400
Anyone knew how to stop it, 
waterborne diseases like 

598
00:28:50,400 --> 00:28:53,500
cholera, typhoid and dysentery. 
Could turn a busy mining camp 

599
00:28:53,500 --> 00:28:55,200
into a ghost town in just a few 
weeks. 

600
00:28:55,200 --> 00:28:58,300
Miners, were basically 
defenseless against epidemic 

601
00:28:58,300 --> 00:29:01,400
diseases that thrived in the 
conditions they created because 

602
00:29:01,400 --> 00:29:03,700
they didn't know about German 
Theory or how to keep things 

603
00:29:03,700 --> 00:29:05,500
clean. 
I only was cool. 

604
00:29:06,500 --> 00:29:09,200
Communities, that formed around 
water sources to make mining 

605
00:29:09,200 --> 00:29:13,000
easier often polluted those same
water sources with human waste, 

606
00:29:13,000 --> 00:29:16,800
which made it easy for diseases 
to spread miners who survived 

607
00:29:16,800 --> 00:29:20,700
bullets, heat stroke and 
accidents in the mines could die

608
00:29:20,700 --> 00:29:22,600
from something. 
As simple as drinking from the 

609
00:29:22,600 --> 00:29:26,400
wrong stream at the wrong time. 
At best the medical knowledge in

610
00:29:26,400 --> 00:29:29,900
mining camps was basic most, 
mine is used folk remedies 

611
00:29:29,900 --> 00:29:32,800
patent medicines. 
That may not have worked and any

612
00:29:32,800 --> 00:29:35,100
medical knowledge. 
They had from family traditions 

613
00:29:35,100 --> 00:29:38,100
or trial and error. 
If a broken bone isn't set, 

614
00:29:38,100 --> 00:29:39,700
right? 
It could mean permanent 

615
00:29:39,700 --> 00:29:42,800
disability or death. 
If basic antiseptic steps were 

616
00:29:42,800 --> 00:29:46,200
taken, a simple cut could get 
infected and require amputation 

617
00:29:46,200 --> 00:29:48,700
or worse. 
Some miners learned how to do 

618
00:29:48,700 --> 00:29:50,400
Battlefield medicine out of 
necessity. 

619
00:29:50,400 --> 00:29:54,200
They learned how to stitch 
wounds, set bones and treat, 

620
00:29:54,200 --> 00:29:57,300
common illnesses, by practicing 
and watching others people in 

621
00:29:57,300 --> 00:30:00,300
the community often looked up to
these informal Medics as leaders

622
00:30:00,300 --> 00:30:03,100
and their medical skills were 
just as valuable as their 

623
00:30:03,100 --> 00:30:07,500
ability to find gold. 
Mining operations were always at

624
00:30:07,500 --> 00:30:10,200
risk of accidents. 
Cave-ins could bear in mind as 

625
00:30:10,200 --> 00:30:11,300
alive without much. 
Warning. 

626
00:30:11,300 --> 00:30:14,700
Explosives, used to break up. 
Rock were often unstable and 

627
00:30:14,700 --> 00:30:17,400
unpredictable. 
They would sometimes go off too 

628
00:30:17,400 --> 00:30:19,300
soon or not at all. 
When they were supposed to 

629
00:30:19,300 --> 00:30:22,600
people often made their own 
mining tools and they didn't 

630
00:30:22,600 --> 00:30:25,000
have basic safety features that 
we think are necessary. 

631
00:30:25,000 --> 00:30:28,600
Now, the mental challenges of 
mining life were just as hard as

632
00:30:28,600 --> 00:30:31,600
the physical ones being away 
from family and friends, had a 

633
00:30:31,600 --> 00:30:34,600
big effect on mental health. 
A lot of miners had what we now 

634
00:30:34,600 --> 00:30:38,100
called, depression, anxiety, and
post-traumatic stress disorder, 

635
00:30:38,100 --> 00:30:40,900
because of the hard times, they 
went through, people who were 

636
00:30:40,900 --> 00:30:43,800
physically tired, socially 
isolated and always worried 

637
00:30:43,800 --> 00:30:46,300
about the future, found it hard 
to deal with these things. 

638
00:30:47,600 --> 00:30:49,000
Miners? 
Who had left their families 

639
00:30:49,000 --> 00:30:51,300
behind to look for work? 
Were specially lonely. 

640
00:30:51,300 --> 00:30:54,400
Let us from home could take 
months to get their and cost a 

641
00:30:54,400 --> 00:30:55,900
lot of money compared to what a 
minor made. 

642
00:30:55,900 --> 00:30:59,300
It was impossible to measure the
emotional toll of being away 

643
00:30:59,300 --> 00:31:02,400
from loved ones in ounces of 
gold but it was always there. 

644
00:31:02,400 --> 00:31:05,800
Even miners who found gold on a 
regular basis off often had 

645
00:31:05,800 --> 00:31:09,500
trouble with money in remote 
mining areas, the same Supply's 

646
00:31:09,500 --> 00:31:12,400
could cost 10 to 20 times as 
much as they would settled 

647
00:31:12,400 --> 00:31:14,600
areas. 
A simple meal could cost a whole

648
00:31:14,600 --> 00:31:17,900
day's pay and basic tools could 
cost weeks of carefully saved 

649
00:31:17,900 --> 00:31:20,900
gold dust. 
Mining communities went through 

650
00:31:20,900 --> 00:31:24,300
boom and bust Cycles, which 
added to the stress, a minor 

651
00:31:24,300 --> 00:31:26,800
might spend months getting a 
claim and building the tools he 

652
00:31:26,800 --> 00:31:29,000
needs to work. 
It only to find out that the 

653
00:31:29,000 --> 00:31:32,500
gold deposit is smaller than he 
thought or that the water levels

654
00:31:32,500 --> 00:31:35,900
have changed and made his 
location unusable to start over 

655
00:31:35,900 --> 00:31:39,400
you needed more than just money.
You also needed a lot of 

656
00:31:39,400 --> 00:31:42,300
emotional strength. 
Extreme heat wasn't the only 

657
00:31:42,300 --> 00:31:45,400
problem with the weather sudden 
storms could hit Mountain Mining

658
00:31:45,400 --> 00:31:49,100
areas and flood claims brake 
equipment and leave minor stuck 

659
00:31:49,100 --> 00:31:51,900
for days or weeks. 
Miners who didn't have enough 

660
00:31:51,900 --> 00:31:53,900
shelter or supplies could die in
the winter? 

661
00:31:53,900 --> 00:31:57,600
If they were at higher elevation
flash, floods were a specialty 

662
00:31:57,600 --> 00:32:00,200
dangerous in mining areas 
because mining activity is often

663
00:32:00,200 --> 00:32:02,700
changed the landscape in ways 
that made floods, more likely 

664
00:32:02,700 --> 00:32:06,200
streams that had been redirected
for mining could suddenly change

665
00:32:06,200 --> 00:32:09,500
course, during heavy rains 
destroying months of work in 

666
00:32:09,500 --> 00:32:13,200
just a few hours living in all 
male communities was hard on 

667
00:32:13,200 --> 00:32:16,700
social relationships, which 
sometimes led to violence in 

668
00:32:16,700 --> 00:32:18,200
communities, where everyone was 
armed. 

669
00:32:18,200 --> 00:32:21,500
And stress levels were always 
high arguments over claims 

670
00:32:21,500 --> 00:32:24,800
equipment or even small personal
insults could quickly, get out 

671
00:32:24,800 --> 00:32:27,600
of hand, because there were no 
established legal systems. 

672
00:32:27,600 --> 00:32:32,000
Justice was often informal and 
sometimes harsh For many minors.

673
00:32:32,000 --> 00:32:35,000
Gambling was both a way to have 
fun, and a way to make things 

674
00:32:35,000 --> 00:32:37,400
harder. 
After weeks of hard work, it was

675
00:32:37,400 --> 00:32:39,700
hard to resist the urge to 
gamble with the gold. 

676
00:32:39,700 --> 00:32:41,200
They had saved up on cards or 
dice. 

677
00:32:41,800 --> 00:32:45,000
Some miners, lost months of work
in one night because of bad luck

678
00:32:45,000 --> 00:32:47,400
or bad. 
Judgment this made cycles of 

679
00:32:47,400 --> 00:32:50,200
boom and bust that lasted much 
longer than the normal risks of 

680
00:32:50,208 --> 00:32:53,200
mining. 
Substance abuse was another way 

681
00:32:53,200 --> 00:32:55,900
to get away from the hard life 
of mining but it often made 

682
00:32:55,900 --> 00:32:58,500
things worse. 
Most mining camps had easy 

683
00:32:58,500 --> 00:33:01,800
access to alcohol, which helped 
people deal with physical pain, 

684
00:33:01,800 --> 00:33:04,100
emotional, stress, and being 
alone. 

685
00:33:04,100 --> 00:33:07,600
But it also made people less 
able to think clearly made 

686
00:33:07,600 --> 00:33:11,100
accidents more likely and made 
people dependent on it, which 

687
00:33:11,100 --> 00:33:14,000
could be hard to break. 
Because mining work is seasonal.

688
00:33:14,000 --> 00:33:16,700
There were times when workers 
had to sit around and do nothing

689
00:33:16,700 --> 00:33:19,700
which was almost as hard as the 
times, when they had to work 

690
00:33:19,700 --> 00:33:22,100
hard when the weather made 
mining impossible. 

691
00:33:22,100 --> 00:33:25,200
Miners had to live off of stored
resources, while keeping their 

692
00:33:25,200 --> 00:33:28,400
Tools in good shape, and hoping 
for better weather for men who 

693
00:33:28,400 --> 00:33:31,800
Define themselves by their work.
These times of inactivity could 

694
00:33:31,800 --> 00:33:35,600
be very bad for their Mental 
Health, For individual miners or

695
00:33:35,600 --> 00:33:39,200
small Partnerships equipment, 
failure or theft could be a 

696
00:33:39,200 --> 00:33:41,700
disaster. 
If a sluice box breaks or tools 

697
00:33:41,700 --> 00:33:43,900
are stolen. 
It could mean weeks or months of

698
00:33:43,900 --> 00:33:47,300
investment that would be hard or
impossible to replace because 

699
00:33:47,300 --> 00:33:48,900
people shared equipment and 
resources. 

700
00:33:48,900 --> 00:33:52,200
One person's bad luck often 
hurt, whole communities. 

701
00:33:52,200 --> 00:33:54,600
Even with all of these problems,
it's amazing. 

702
00:33:54,600 --> 00:33:57,200
How many miners? 
Not only lived through them but 

703
00:33:57,200 --> 00:33:59,300
also kept their spirits up and 
their sense of humor. 

704
00:33:59,900 --> 00:34:03,400
Capacity to discover joy and 
companionship amidst adversity. 

705
00:34:03,400 --> 00:34:06,900
Illustrates the inherent 
resilience of humanity, which 

706
00:34:06,900 --> 00:34:10,500
facilitated the establishment of
enduring communities, in some of

707
00:34:10,500 --> 00:34:12,699
the most formidable environments
globally. 

708
00:34:12,699 --> 00:34:16,000
As you get more comfortable. 
Think about how these individual

709
00:34:16,000 --> 00:34:18,800
stories of hardship and hope 
changed whole continents, 

710
00:34:18,800 --> 00:34:22,400
imagine the last Embers of a 
mining campfire glowing against 

711
00:34:22,400 --> 00:34:25,100
the dark desert. 
The gold rushes weren't just 

712
00:34:25,100 --> 00:34:26,300
things that happened in the 
past. 

713
00:34:26,300 --> 00:34:29,300
They were events that changed 
the world and still affect your 

714
00:34:29,300 --> 00:34:32,800
daily life today. 
The most obvious thing that will

715
00:34:32,800 --> 00:34:36,100
last is geography. 
Gold discoveries in the 1800s, 

716
00:34:36,100 --> 00:34:38,000
led to the creation of cities, 
like San Francisco. 

717
00:34:38,000 --> 00:34:42,600
Denva Johannesburg and many 
smaller towns in the American, 

718
00:34:42,600 --> 00:34:46,400
West Australia, and South 
Africa, but the effect is much 

719
00:34:46,400 --> 00:34:47,900
bigger than just the city 
limits. 

720
00:34:47,900 --> 00:34:51,100
The transportation networks, 
built to supply mining camps, 

721
00:34:51,100 --> 00:34:53,600
became the base for 
transcontinental railroads 

722
00:34:53,600 --> 00:34:56,800
interstate, highways and 
shipping routes that are still 

723
00:34:56,808 --> 00:34:59,500
used for business today. 
Think about the Transcontinental

724
00:34:59,500 --> 00:35:04,000
Railroad, which was finished in 
1869 people often say that it 

725
00:35:04,000 --> 00:35:06,100
was a greater Chief movement of 
American engineering and 

726
00:35:06,100 --> 00:35:08,700
willpower, but it was really 
built to meet the needs of 

727
00:35:08,708 --> 00:35:11,600
mining communities. 
In the western territories, the 

728
00:35:11,600 --> 00:35:14,200
economic reason for such a big 
project was the need to move 

729
00:35:14,200 --> 00:35:16,900
supplies to minors and gold back
to markets in the East. 

730
00:35:16,900 --> 00:35:20,100
The railroad could have been 
delayed by decades without the 

731
00:35:20,100 --> 00:35:22,700
Gold Rush which would have 
changed the way the American 

732
00:35:22,700 --> 00:35:25,900
West grew up. 
The environmental effect of gold

733
00:35:25,900 --> 00:35:29,500
mining are more complicated and 
sometimes worrying California's 

734
00:35:29,500 --> 00:35:32,500
hydraulic mining moved more dirt
than building the Panama Canal, 

735
00:35:32,500 --> 00:35:35,300
changing the landscape and river
systems forever. 

736
00:35:36,100 --> 00:35:38,600
Some places are still dealing 
with Mercury pollution from 

737
00:35:38,600 --> 00:35:41,900
mining that happened in the 
1800s, but the same mining 

738
00:35:41,900 --> 00:35:44,600
activities also led to some of 
the first laws to protect the 

739
00:35:44,600 --> 00:35:47,600
environment. 
Communities Downstream fought 

740
00:35:47,600 --> 00:35:49,400
against mining debris, 
destroying Farmland. 

741
00:35:49,400 --> 00:35:51,600
The social Legacy of gold 
mining. 

742
00:35:51,600 --> 00:35:54,000
Communities calls into question,
many ideas. 

743
00:35:54,000 --> 00:35:55,600
We have about life on the 
frontier. 

744
00:35:55,600 --> 00:35:58,500
These weren't Lawless places 
where people were violent and 

745
00:35:58,500 --> 00:36:01,100
selfish. 
They were communities that built

746
00:36:01,100 --> 00:36:05,000
complex systems of cooperation 
and mutual Aid in very difficult

747
00:36:05,000 --> 00:36:08,200
situations, the Democratic 
governance systems, they 

748
00:36:08,200 --> 00:36:12,100
established direct democracy, 
Community, Justice, and 

749
00:36:12,100 --> 00:36:14,900
collective decision, making 
shaped political Evolution 

750
00:36:14,900 --> 00:36:18,500
across the western territories, 
and Beyond social structures in 

751
00:36:18,500 --> 00:36:21,200
mining camps were very equal 
compared to the more divided 

752
00:36:21,200 --> 00:36:24,500
societies that most miners had 
left behind instead of his 

753
00:36:24,500 --> 00:36:27,600
family, background, education, 
or previous wealth. 

754
00:36:27,600 --> 00:36:30,500
A man's worth was based on what 
he did for the community. 

755
00:36:30,500 --> 00:36:34,000
This idea of meritocracy became 
part of the mythology of the 

756
00:36:34,008 --> 00:36:37,000
American West and changed how 
people thought in the growing 

757
00:36:37,000 --> 00:36:40,400
country in the 19th century. 
Mining communities were made up 

758
00:36:40,400 --> 00:36:43,300
of people from many different 
countries which led to a level 

759
00:36:43,308 --> 00:36:45,500
of cultural mixing that had 
never been seen before. 

760
00:36:45,500 --> 00:36:49,300
Chinese miners working with 
Mexican Vaqueros German 

761
00:36:49,300 --> 00:36:52,100
immigrants teaching Irish 
workers new skills and 

762
00:36:52,100 --> 00:36:55,500
Australian, Prospectors learning
from American 49ers all 

763
00:36:55,500 --> 00:36:57,400
contributed to cultural 
exchanges. 

764
00:36:57,400 --> 00:36:59,500
That benefited everyone involved
and set. 

765
00:36:59,600 --> 00:37:02,800
Stage for the Multicultural 
societies that would form in the

766
00:37:02,808 --> 00:37:05,000
20th century. 
In mining towns. 

767
00:37:05,000 --> 00:37:07,600
Women's roles were often very 
different from the strict. 

768
00:37:07,600 --> 00:37:10,200
Victorian ideals that were 
common in more settled areas, 

769
00:37:10,200 --> 00:37:13,600
the Practical needs of life on 
the frontier, and the lack of 

770
00:37:13,600 --> 00:37:17,400
women gave women chances to 
start businesses, the 

771
00:37:17,400 --> 00:37:20,200
independent and have an impact 
on society that wouldn't be 

772
00:37:20,208 --> 00:37:22,300
common in mainstream Society for
decades. 

773
00:37:22,300 --> 00:37:25,500
Some of the first successful 
female business owners, 

774
00:37:25,500 --> 00:37:28,800
political leaders and social 
reformers came from mining 

775
00:37:28,800 --> 00:37:30,800
towns. 
Where necessity was more 

776
00:37:30,800 --> 00:37:33,500
important than traditional 
gender roles, the new 

777
00:37:33,508 --> 00:37:35,500
technologies that were made in 
mining camps. 

778
00:37:35,500 --> 00:37:37,600
Could be used for a lot more 
than just getting gold. 

779
00:37:38,400 --> 00:37:41,600
For decades methods for moving 
bigger, amounts of dirt and rock

780
00:37:41,600 --> 00:37:44,300
affected, how buildings were 
made Water Management. 

781
00:37:44,300 --> 00:37:47,100
Systems made for mining 
operations were used as models 

782
00:37:47,100 --> 00:37:50,800
for irrigation projects all over
the dry West, when former miners

783
00:37:50,800 --> 00:37:54,100
returned to settle communities, 
even simple new ideas like 

784
00:37:54,100 --> 00:37:56,400
better, camping gear and 
portable cooking methods. 

785
00:37:56,400 --> 00:37:59,800
Spread throughout Society, the 
financial systems that grew up 

786
00:37:59,800 --> 00:38:02,800
around gold mining helped make 
modern Banking and investing 

787
00:38:02,800 --> 00:38:05,300
possible. 
The need to store move and trade

788
00:38:05,300 --> 00:38:07,100
gold. 
Let the creation of safe, 

789
00:38:07,100 --> 00:38:10,300
vaults, Dependable scales and 
assaying methods and 

790
00:38:10,300 --> 00:38:13,100
standardized ways to judge the 
value of precious metals. 

791
00:38:13,100 --> 00:38:14,800
Some of the biggest banks in the
world. 

792
00:38:14,800 --> 00:38:17,800
Today, started as banks. 
That served mining communities, 

793
00:38:17,800 --> 00:38:20,800
the boom, and bust cycles, that 
mining areas went through. 

794
00:38:20,800 --> 00:38:24,000
Also taught important lessons 
about how to diversify the 

795
00:38:24,000 --> 00:38:27,400
economy and make it last 
communities that were able to 

796
00:38:27,408 --> 00:38:30,700
move away from economies that 
relied on mining and toward more

797
00:38:30,700 --> 00:38:33,400
varied economic bases. 
Often did the best in the long 

798
00:38:33,400 --> 00:38:35,400
run. 
These experiences were some of 

799
00:38:35,400 --> 00:38:38,000
the first examples of how 
communities that depend on. 

800
00:38:38,300 --> 00:38:41,600
Sources could change when the 
economy changes the tales and 

801
00:38:41,600 --> 00:38:44,100
myths that came out of mining 
camps became part of the 

802
00:38:44,100 --> 00:38:47,500
national mythology and have had 
an impact on literature movies 

803
00:38:47,500 --> 00:38:49,000
and popular culture for 
Generations. 

804
00:38:49,000 --> 00:38:52,900
The idea of the independent 
perspective, the idealized view 

805
00:38:52,900 --> 00:38:55,400
of life in mining camps and the 
hope of getting rich through 

806
00:38:55,400 --> 00:38:58,200
hard work, became important 
parts of American and Australian

807
00:38:58,200 --> 00:39:00,200
culture. 
But maybe the most important 

808
00:39:00,200 --> 00:39:02,000
Legacy was psychological and 
spiritual. 

809
00:39:02,000 --> 00:39:05,000
The Gold Rush is showed that 
regular people could go through 

810
00:39:05,000 --> 00:39:08,300
very hard times when they were 
driven by strong dreams. 

811
00:39:08,300 --> 00:39:11,500
They showed that social 
hierarchies weren't set in stone

812
00:39:11,500 --> 00:39:14,900
that new communities could be 
from scratch with just human 

813
00:39:14,900 --> 00:39:18,500
willpower and that the promise 
of change, both personal and 

814
00:39:18,500 --> 00:39:21,200
social was worth almost any 
sacrifice. 

815
00:39:21,200 --> 00:39:24,200
The mining camps also taught 
people how to be strong as a 

816
00:39:24,200 --> 00:39:27,200
community. 
Strangers could get together for

817
00:39:27,200 --> 00:39:30,200
useful societies and help each 
other through problems. 

818
00:39:30,200 --> 00:39:33,300
That would be too much for one 
person to handle people in 

819
00:39:33,300 --> 00:39:35,800
mining communities helped. 
Each other out in emergencies, 

820
00:39:35,800 --> 00:39:38,900
took care of sick and injured 
people, and gave each other 

821
00:39:38,900 --> 00:39:40,900
emotional support. 
During tough times. 

822
00:39:40,900 --> 00:39:43,900
These informal support systems 
became models for how to 

823
00:39:43,900 --> 00:39:46,200
organize communities. 
That had an impact on Social 

824
00:39:46,200 --> 00:39:49,000
Development throughout the 
frontier period, the gold 

825
00:39:49,000 --> 00:39:51,800
rushes, were the first, truly 
international migration patterns

826
00:39:51,800 --> 00:39:54,600
of the modern era because they 
happened all over the world, 

827
00:39:54,600 --> 00:39:59,200
people from all over the world 
except Antarctica took part in 

828
00:39:59,200 --> 00:40:02,300
Gold rushes which made it 
possible for people to talk to 

829
00:40:02,300 --> 00:40:03,700
each other and share their 
cultures. 

830
00:40:03,700 --> 00:40:06,900
Former miners brought back to 
their home countries, new ideas 

831
00:40:06,900 --> 00:40:10,600
stories and ways of doing things
which spread across borders, the

832
00:40:10,600 --> 00:40:12,900
entrepreneurial spirit that was 
common in mining towns. 

833
00:40:12,900 --> 00:40:15,500
Had an effect on the way, 
economies grew in the areas 

834
00:40:15,500 --> 00:40:17,500
where gold was found the 
willingness. 

835
00:40:17,500 --> 00:40:20,300
To take risks, try new things 
and quickly. 

836
00:40:20,300 --> 00:40:23,200
Adjust to new situations became 
part of the business cultures in

837
00:40:23,208 --> 00:40:24,800
the area that still existed 
today. 

838
00:40:25,500 --> 00:40:27,700
The entrepreneurial energy that 
first came out during gold 

839
00:40:27,700 --> 00:40:30,200
rushes is still going strong. 
In some of the world's most 

840
00:40:30,200 --> 00:40:33,500
dynamic economies. 
Early conservation movements 

841
00:40:33,500 --> 00:40:36,800
were also helped by experiences 
in mining camps miners were 

842
00:40:36,800 --> 00:40:41,300
among the first people to see 
how bad the large scale and to 

843
00:40:41,300 --> 00:40:43,700
understand how important it is 
for communities to be healthy. 

844
00:40:43,700 --> 00:40:46,600
Some of the first laws to 
protect the environment were 

845
00:40:46,600 --> 00:40:49,400
passed, because mining was 
hurting the environment these 

846
00:40:49,400 --> 00:40:52,300
laws, set the stage for later 
conservation efforts, the 

847
00:40:52,300 --> 00:40:55,100
medical knowledge that miners 
learned in camps through trial 

848
00:40:55,100 --> 00:40:58,600
and error help to improve field 
medicine, emergency treatment 

849
00:40:58,600 --> 00:41:02,200
and public health methods for 
treating injuries in remote 

850
00:41:02,200 --> 00:41:05,900
areas preventing disease and 
crowded places and caring for 

851
00:41:05,900 --> 00:41:07,700
mental health. 
In isolated communities. 

852
00:41:07,700 --> 00:41:11,600
All worked in places other than 
mining camps in Innovations in 

853
00:41:11,608 --> 00:41:13,000
education. 
That came from mining 

854
00:41:13,000 --> 00:41:15,700
communities. 
Had a long-lasting effect, the 

855
00:41:15,700 --> 00:41:18,500
informal schools and adult 
education programs that sprang 

856
00:41:18,500 --> 00:41:22,000
up in mining camps showed that 
people could learn anywhere but 

857
00:41:22,000 --> 00:41:23,900
communities could offer 
educational opportunities. 

858
00:41:23,900 --> 00:41:27,500
Even when things were tough and 
that practical skills would just

859
00:41:27,500 --> 00:41:31,100
as important as formal academic 
knowledge as your breathing 

860
00:41:31,100 --> 00:41:34,100
slows and you start to To fall 
asleep, think about how the 

861
00:41:34,100 --> 00:41:37,600
resourcefulness and strength of 
gold miners in the 1800s, still 

862
00:41:37,600 --> 00:41:41,200
affect our world today, their 
problems with extreme heat, lack

863
00:41:41,200 --> 00:41:43,700
of water, building communities, 
and adjusting to harsh. 

864
00:41:43,700 --> 00:41:46,600
Environments can teach us a lot 
about the problems we face 

865
00:41:46,600 --> 00:41:49,100
today. 
Climate change has made extreme 

866
00:41:49,100 --> 00:41:51,500
heat, a bigger problem for 
millions of people all over the 

867
00:41:51,500 --> 00:41:54,200
world communities that are 
dealing with record-breaking 

868
00:41:54,200 --> 00:41:57,200
heat, waves and droughts a 
rediscovering and adapting the 

869
00:41:57,200 --> 00:41:58,800
ways that miners learn to 
survive. 

870
00:41:58,800 --> 00:42:01,800
In dangerous temperatures. 
These include scheduling work 

871
00:42:01,800 --> 00:42:04,700
around the sun's intensity, 
making effective shade and 

872
00:42:04,708 --> 00:42:08,000
cooling systems and conserving 
and managing precious Water 

873
00:42:08,000 --> 00:42:11,400
Resources, Modern urban planners
who want to design cities that 

874
00:42:11,400 --> 00:42:14,500
will last off and look to new 
ideas from mining camps, the 

875
00:42:14,500 --> 00:42:17,500
quick formation of communities. 
The smart use of limited 

876
00:42:17,500 --> 00:42:20,500
resources, and the Democratic 
governance structures that were 

877
00:42:20,500 --> 00:42:21,800
common in successful. 
Mining. 

878
00:42:21,800 --> 00:42:25,400
Communities can be used as 
examples for modern problems, 

879
00:42:25,400 --> 00:42:29,000
like Refugee resettlement, 
disaster recovery and 

880
00:42:29,000 --> 00:42:32,400
sustainable development in 
places with few resources, The 

881
00:42:32,400 --> 00:42:35,800
miners water-saving methods, 
like careful rationing systems 

882
00:42:35,800 --> 00:42:39,000
that can be used more than once 
a new ways to purify water. 

883
00:42:39,000 --> 00:42:42,300
A very similar to the methods 
being developed for areas where 

884
00:42:42,300 --> 00:42:45,200
water is scarce today. 
People living in areas that are 

885
00:42:45,200 --> 00:42:47,500
affected by drought are dealing 
with the same problems that 

886
00:42:47,500 --> 00:42:51,200
Miners did how to live and 
Thrive when water is scarce and 

887
00:42:51,200 --> 00:42:54,600
unreliable, the psychological 
resilience that allowed minors 

888
00:42:54,600 --> 00:42:58,300
to endure isolation, uncertainty
and physical hardship. 

889
00:42:58,300 --> 00:43:00,800
Provides valuable insights for 
mental health professionals, 

890
00:43:00,800 --> 00:43:03,700
assisting individuals 
confronting contemporary 

891
00:43:03,700 --> 00:43:07,100
stresses, the informal support 
systems Community, Building 

892
00:43:07,100 --> 00:43:10,200
practices and strategies for 
making meaning that helped 

893
00:43:10,200 --> 00:43:14,000
miners stay hopeful during tough
times can also help people today

894
00:43:14,000 --> 00:43:17,400
who are dealing with economic 
uncertainty, social isolation 

895
00:43:17,400 --> 00:43:21,400
and environmental problems. 
Many modern business owners, 

896
00:43:21,400 --> 00:43:24,400
look to Gold Rush stories for 
inspiration, and there are real 

897
00:43:24,400 --> 00:43:27,700
similarities. 
Modern entrepreneurs often. 

898
00:43:27,700 --> 00:43:31,700
Leave safe situations to chase 
risky chances in tough 

899
00:43:31,700 --> 00:43:36,100
situations, just like minors, 
the same traits that made minor 

900
00:43:36,100 --> 00:43:38,100
successful being willing to 
change quickly. 

901
00:43:38,100 --> 00:43:41,700
Learn new skills and keep going.
Even when things go wrong or 

902
00:43:41,700 --> 00:43:43,200
what make businesses successful 
today. 

903
00:43:43,200 --> 00:43:46,200
The way that mining camps came 
up with new ways to use old 

904
00:43:46,200 --> 00:43:49,800
tools, made new things with 
limited resources and shared 

905
00:43:49,800 --> 00:43:53,000
improvements with the rest of 
the community, is similar to how

906
00:43:53,000 --> 00:43:55,300
modern tech startups and make a 
communities. 

907
00:43:55,300 --> 00:43:58,300
Come up with new ideas, the 
spirit of, finding practical 

908
00:43:58,300 --> 00:44:00,800
solutions to problems. 
That helped minus survive, and 

909
00:44:00,800 --> 00:44:03,100
thrive is still what drives 
human progress today. 

910
00:44:03,100 --> 00:44:05,800
Efforts to restore the 
environment in areas where 

911
00:44:05,800 --> 00:44:08,700
mining used to take place have 
taught us a lot about how 

912
00:44:08,700 --> 00:44:12,500
ecosystems can recover how to 
develop sustainably and the 

913
00:44:12,500 --> 00:44:14,300
long-term costs of getting 
resources. 

914
00:44:14,300 --> 00:44:17,800
These experience is shape modern
choices about protecting the 

915
00:44:17,800 --> 00:44:21,500
environment developing in a way 
that is good for the future and 

916
00:44:21,500 --> 00:44:24,300
figuring out how much it really 
cost to use natural resources. 

917
00:44:24,300 --> 00:44:26,600
Mining. 
Community were International 

918
00:44:26,600 --> 00:44:29,200
which was a sign of our modern 
globalized world. 

919
00:44:29,200 --> 00:44:32,700
The cultural exchange 
communication networks and 

920
00:44:32,700 --> 00:44:35,600
economic relationships that 
formed among minors from various

921
00:44:35,600 --> 00:44:38,600
countries established, initial 
Frameworks for international 

922
00:44:38,600 --> 00:44:40,900
collaboration and cultural 
comprehension. 

923
00:44:41,700 --> 00:44:45,100
Persist in contemporary, 
relevance the simple daily 

924
00:44:45,100 --> 00:44:47,800
routines that miners came up 
with like working around 

925
00:44:47,800 --> 00:44:50,900
environmental limits. 
Keeping equipment in good shape,

926
00:44:50,900 --> 00:44:54,000
with a limited resources and 
making comfort and community, 

927
00:44:54,000 --> 00:44:57,100
and tough situations can help 
anyone who is trying to live, 

928
00:44:57,100 --> 00:45:00,400
well, in less than ideal 
conditions, the medical and 

929
00:45:00,400 --> 00:45:03,300
health practices that developed 
in mining camps, especially 

930
00:45:03,300 --> 00:45:06,800
their focus on prevention 
Community Health and making do 

931
00:45:06,800 --> 00:45:09,500
with what they had. 
Have had an impact on how we 

932
00:45:09,500 --> 00:45:12,700
provide Health Care in places 
where resources are limited the 

933
00:45:12,700 --> 00:45:14,500
ideas that came up in mining 
communities. 

934
00:45:14,500 --> 00:45:18,000
In the 1800s are still used in 
remote medicine and emergency 

935
00:45:18,000 --> 00:45:21,300
care and public health, 
strategies mining camps had a 

936
00:45:21,308 --> 00:45:24,600
galatian social structures that 
weren't perfect, but they were 

937
00:45:24,600 --> 00:45:27,800
some of the first examples of 
merit-based society is where 

938
00:45:27,800 --> 00:45:30,700
what you did mattered more, than
what you inherited, these 

939
00:45:30,700 --> 00:45:34,300
experiences shape, the growth of
democracy and still Inspire 

940
00:45:34,300 --> 00:45:37,500
movements for social and 
economic equality, the boom and 

941
00:45:37,500 --> 00:45:40,300
bust economic cycle, that were 
common in mining areas, taught 

942
00:45:40,300 --> 00:45:42,600
early lessons about how to 
Diversify the economy. 

943
00:45:42,600 --> 00:45:46,000
Develop in a way that is good 
for the environment and make 

944
00:45:46,000 --> 00:45:48,900
communities stronger. 
These lessons are still used in 

945
00:45:48,900 --> 00:45:50,600
modern economic planning and 
development. 

946
00:45:51,400 --> 00:45:53,400
Community. 
That successfully transitioned 

947
00:45:53,400 --> 00:45:56,400
away from mining dependents 
offered models for economic 

948
00:45:56,400 --> 00:45:58,700
adaptation. 
That continued to be applicable 

949
00:45:58,700 --> 00:46:00,800
to today. 
The stories and legends that 

950
00:46:00,800 --> 00:46:03,200
came out of mining camps are 
still a big part of popular 

951
00:46:03,200 --> 00:46:05,900
culture today. 
They also teach us important 

952
00:46:05,900 --> 00:46:10,000
lessons about what people can 
do, how communities form, and 

953
00:46:10,000 --> 00:46:12,400
how individual dreams can lead 
to group success. 

954
00:46:12,400 --> 00:46:15,600
These stories remind us that 
regular people can do amazing 

955
00:46:15,600 --> 00:46:18,700
things when they need to, as you
drift off to sleep, think about 

956
00:46:18,700 --> 00:46:21,600
all the people who are able to 
get through the heat, lack of 

957
00:46:21,600 --> 00:46:24,200
water, loneliness and 
uncertainty because they 

958
00:46:24,200 --> 00:46:25,900
believed that change was 
possible. 

959
00:46:25,900 --> 00:46:28,800
Their Legacy isn't just the 
goal, they found all the 

960
00:46:28,808 --> 00:46:31,400
communities they build. 
It's also the fact that they 

961
00:46:31,400 --> 00:46:35,400
showed that people can adapt 
survive and even thrive in the 

962
00:46:35,400 --> 00:46:38,800
most difficult situations, the 
miners who worked in the hot sun

963
00:46:38,800 --> 00:46:42,300
saved every drop of precious 
water and built communities out 

964
00:46:42,300 --> 00:46:45,200
of shared need and hope left us 
more than just stories from the 

965
00:46:45,200 --> 00:46:47,500
past. 
They showed us how to be strong.

966
00:46:47,500 --> 00:46:50,800
Come up with new ideas and build
communities that are still 

967
00:46:50,800 --> 00:46:52,000
useful. 
When we Face problems. 

968
00:46:52,000 --> 00:46:55,700
That seem impossible to solve 
their capacity to discover joy 

969
00:46:55,700 --> 00:47:00,100
and Cameron diversity sustained.
Hope in the face of uncertainty 

970
00:47:00,100 --> 00:47:03,400
and derive meaning from 
challenging experiences serves 

971
00:47:03,400 --> 00:47:06,700
as a model for Individuals, 
navigating the complexities of 

972
00:47:06,700 --> 00:47:10,400
modern existence, the same human
traits that help them survive 

973
00:47:10,400 --> 00:47:13,000
and even do well in the tough 
conditions of mining camps in 

974
00:47:13,008 --> 00:47:16,800
the 1800s, being able to change 
being persistent, helping each 

975
00:47:16,800 --> 00:47:19,900
other and being stubbornly 
hopeful are still what make 

976
00:47:19,900 --> 00:47:23,500
people strong today as the last 
Embers of our pretend campfire 

977
00:47:23,500 --> 00:47:26,800
fade away and the stars in the 
desert sky become clearer. 

978
00:47:26,800 --> 00:47:30,200
Take a moment to think about the
amazing journey we've taken 

979
00:47:30,200 --> 00:47:32,500
through the world of gold mining
communities. 

980
00:47:32,500 --> 00:47:36,100
These weren't superhuman people.
They were normal people who 

981
00:47:36,100 --> 00:47:39,100
found amazing amounts of 
strength, creativity and 

982
00:47:39,100 --> 00:47:41,000
Community Spirit. 
When they were faced with 

983
00:47:41,008 --> 00:47:44,200
challenges that were tested 
anyone's limits, the miners who 

984
00:47:44,200 --> 00:47:46,900
worked in the Heat and kept 
their spirits up who built 

985
00:47:46,900 --> 00:47:49,600
thriving communities, out of 
nothing, but determination, and 

986
00:47:49,600 --> 00:47:53,000
need and who used old tools and 
came up with new ways to get 

987
00:47:53,000 --> 00:47:55,600
gold from the earth. 
Remind us, that people are much 

988
00:47:55,600 --> 00:47:59,500
more resilient and creative than
we think their stories aren't 

989
00:47:59,500 --> 00:48:01,100
just interesting bits of 
History. 

990
00:48:01,100 --> 00:48:04,300
They show that we all have 
abilities that are just waiting 

991
00:48:04,300 --> 00:48:08,000
to Be used when the time is, 
right, in today's world with air

992
00:48:08,000 --> 00:48:10,900
conditioning, Dependable, Water 
Systems GPS, navigation, and 

993
00:48:10,900 --> 00:48:14,000
Emergency Medical Services. 
It's easy to forget that our 

994
00:48:14,000 --> 00:48:15,500
ancestors didn't have these 
things. 

995
00:48:15,500 --> 00:48:18,700
The miners ability to do well, 
with without modern technology 

996
00:48:18,700 --> 00:48:21,600
and to make things safe and 
comfortable through working 

997
00:48:21,600 --> 00:48:23,100
together, and using their own 
skills. 

998
00:48:23,100 --> 00:48:26,500
As both humbling and inspiring. 
We can learn about how to adapt 

999
00:48:26,500 --> 00:48:29,100
and keep going from their 
experience with extreme heat. 

1000
00:48:29,900 --> 00:48:32,600
The ways of saving water reminds
us not to waste, valuable 

1001
00:48:32,600 --> 00:48:34,600
resources, their ability to 
build. 

1002
00:48:34,600 --> 00:48:36,700
Communities shows us how people 
who don't know. 

1003
00:48:36,700 --> 00:48:39,500
Each other can become family 
when they work toward a common 

1004
00:48:39,508 --> 00:48:42,100
goal. 
Their technological advances, 

1005
00:48:42,100 --> 00:48:44,900
show how useful it is to work 
together to solve problems and 

1006
00:48:44,900 --> 00:48:48,200
share information, but maybe 
most importantly their stories 

1007
00:48:48,200 --> 00:48:51,300
show us that changes possible. 
People can change who they are. 

1008
00:48:51,300 --> 00:48:54,600
Communities can grow from 
nothing, and hope can help 

1009
00:48:54,600 --> 00:48:56,400
people get through the hardest 
times. 

1010
00:48:56,400 --> 00:48:59,700
The Same Spirit that drove an 
Iowa farmer, to leave his plow 

1011
00:48:59,700 --> 00:49:02,700
for a mining pan, or a Boston 
teacher to leave her classroom 

1012
00:49:02,700 --> 00:49:05,800
for attempt in the Sierra 
Nevada, still drives people to 

1013
00:49:05,800 --> 00:49:09,300
take risks, follow their dreams 
and make their lives and the 

1014
00:49:09,308 --> 00:49:11,200
lives of those around them. 
Better. 

1015
00:49:11,200 --> 00:49:14,400
As you drift off to sleep, think
of the tough miners coming back 

1016
00:49:14,400 --> 00:49:16,500
to their camps. 
After a long day in the hot sun,

1017
00:49:16,500 --> 00:49:20,300
they would gather around fires 
to eat tell stories and make 

1018
00:49:20,300 --> 00:49:23,500
plans for the next day their 
ability to find comfort and 

1019
00:49:23,500 --> 00:49:26,700
Community Under the Stars. 
Keep their dignity and Humanity 

1020
00:49:26,700 --> 00:49:29,600
in the face of the toughest 
challenges and keep working 

1021
00:49:29,600 --> 00:49:31,800
toward better. 
Futures despite daily hardships 

1022
00:49:31,800 --> 00:49:35,600
is a powerful reminder of what 
people can do when they work 

1023
00:49:35,600 --> 00:49:38,300
together and support each other.
They may have spent the gold. 

1024
00:49:38,300 --> 00:49:41,500
They found along time ago and 
the communities, they build may 

1025
00:49:41,500 --> 00:49:44,400
have changed into something 
completely different, but the 

1026
00:49:44,400 --> 00:49:48,500
spirit of resilience in 
Innovation, hope and community, 

1027
00:49:48,500 --> 00:49:52,500
that they embodied is Dillard's 
valuable today as any precious 

1028
00:49:52,500 --> 00:49:54,800
metal they ever took from the 
ground sleep. 

1029
00:49:54,800 --> 00:49:58,100
Well, knowing that you have the 
same ability to adapt, keep 

1030
00:49:58,100 --> 00:50:01,400
going and build community. 
That helped those miners survive

1031
00:50:01,400 --> 00:50:04,900
and thrive in the blazing sun 
long ago, their legacy lives on 

1032
00:50:04,900 --> 00:50:07,400
not only in the cities and 
institutions they helped build 

1033
00:50:07,400 --> 00:50:11,400
but also in the ongoing story of
humanity which you are a part of

1034
00:50:11,400 --> 00:50:14,500
this story is about regular 
people, doing amazing things. 

1035
00:50:14,500 --> 00:50:18,600
When life demands it and finding
ways to find Comfort meaning and

1036
00:50:18,600 --> 00:50:20,800
hope even in the toughest 
situations. 

1037
00:50:21,700 --> 00:50:25,200
Sweet dreams, may your sleep be 
as peaceful as a mining camp 

1038
00:50:25,200 --> 00:50:27,900
Under the Stars when the days 
work was done and the 

1039
00:50:27,900 --> 00:50:30,100
possibilities for tomorrow 
stretched out forever on the 

1040
00:50:30,100 --> 00:50:41,700
horizon. 
Thomas whitmore's lungs. 

1041
00:50:41,700 --> 00:50:44,600
Had forgotten what clean air 
tasted like each morning. 

1042
00:50:44,600 --> 00:50:47,500
Brought the same ritual of 
violent coughing, fit that 

1043
00:50:47,500 --> 00:50:50,400
painted Crimson droplets across 
his wash base and followed by 

1044
00:50:50,408 --> 00:50:52,800
The Bitter knowledge. 
That another day of breathing 

1045
00:50:52,800 --> 00:50:56,200
fire. 
Awaited him the year was 1852 

1046
00:50:56,200 --> 00:50:59,800
and Manchester Sky wore. 
A permanent shroud of industrial

1047
00:50:59,800 --> 00:51:03,100
smoke that transformed Dawn into
a sickly Amber. 

1048
00:51:03,100 --> 00:51:05,600
Twilight. 
He dressed by candlelight in the

1049
00:51:05,608 --> 00:51:09,200
cramped quarters of Morrison's 
fire brigade stationed pulling 

1050
00:51:09,200 --> 00:51:12,500
on wool stockings that never 
quite dried and Boots whose 

1051
00:51:12,500 --> 00:51:15,300
leather had been scorched. 
So many times they resembled 

1052
00:51:15,300 --> 00:51:18,500
charcoal more than hide. 
The Primitive fire station 

1053
00:51:18,500 --> 00:51:21,700
housed, 12 men in conditions, 
that would shame a prison 

1054
00:51:21,700 --> 00:51:23,700
Warden. 
But Thomas had learned not to 

1055
00:51:23,700 --> 00:51:26,100
complain. 
Complaints were about luxury 

1056
00:51:26,100 --> 00:51:29,100
items and luxury belonged to the
mill owners, whose factories 

1057
00:51:29,100 --> 00:51:32,400
they risk their lives to protect
The bells harsh, clang 

1058
00:51:32,400 --> 00:51:35,000
shattered. 
The pre-dawn silence sending ice

1059
00:51:35,000 --> 00:51:37,400
through Thomas's veins. 
Despite the cold warmed. 

1060
00:51:37,400 --> 00:51:41,100
Are another millfire erupted. 
There was always another mill 

1061
00:51:41,100 --> 00:51:43,000
fire. 
The textile factories of 

1062
00:51:43,000 --> 00:51:46,900
industrial England burned with 
the regularity of Sunrise, their

1063
00:51:46,900 --> 00:51:49,300
wooden frames, and cotton, 
stuffed Interiors, creating 

1064
00:51:49,300 --> 00:51:52,000
funeral pyres that could be seen
from neighboring counties. 

1065
00:51:52,900 --> 00:51:55,500
Thomas grabbed, his leather 
helmet cracked, along the crown 

1066
00:51:55,500 --> 00:51:58,500
from falling Timber and joined 
the thunderous Stampede down, 

1067
00:51:58,500 --> 00:52:02,600
the station's narrow stairs, 
Outside the grimy Gloria of 

1068
00:52:02,608 --> 00:52:06,200
Manchester was revealed the 
streets cleaned with a Perpetual

1069
00:52:06,200 --> 00:52:10,900
slick of Industrial, Waste horse
manure and human filth that made

1070
00:52:10,900 --> 00:52:14,700
every step treacherous. 
Gas lamps, flickered, weakly 

1071
00:52:14,700 --> 00:52:17,800
through the Perpetual Hayes 
casting, ghostly Circles, of 

1072
00:52:17,800 --> 00:52:19,500
yellow light, that barely 
penetrated. 

1073
00:52:19,500 --> 00:52:24,000
The smoke thick are The city had
grown too fast is Medieval 

1074
00:52:24,000 --> 00:52:26,600
Street plan, completely an 
adequate for the massive horse 

1075
00:52:26,600 --> 00:52:29,500
drawn fire engines that now 
kiinde through its narrow 

1076
00:52:29,500 --> 00:52:31,900
arteries. 
Thomas, hold himself onto the 

1077
00:52:31,908 --> 00:52:34,700
side of the engine, as it 
lurched into motion, the horses,

1078
00:52:34,700 --> 00:52:37,900
who've striking Sparks from 
cobblestones, worn Smooth by 

1079
00:52:37,900 --> 00:52:41,100
endless industrial traffic. 
The leather fire hose. 

1080
00:52:41,100 --> 00:52:43,100
Coiled beside him like a 
sleeping serpent. 

1081
00:52:43,100 --> 00:52:46,600
His canvas skin stiff with 
accumulated soot and chemical 

1082
00:52:46,600 --> 00:52:49,300
residue. 
These hoses leaked profusely 

1083
00:52:49,300 --> 00:52:52,600
often burst under pressure, and 
delivered water with all the 

1084
00:52:52,600 --> 00:52:55,700
force of a garden sprinkler. 
But they represented The Cutting

1085
00:52:55,700 --> 00:52:58,300
Edge of firefighting technology 
in an age. 

1086
00:52:58,308 --> 00:53:01,000
When most blazes were fought 
with bucket, brigades and 

1087
00:53:01,000 --> 00:53:03,600
prayer. 
The mill District loomed ahead, 

1088
00:53:03,600 --> 00:53:07,500
a landscape from Dante's 
imagination where towering brick

1089
00:53:07,500 --> 00:53:10,100
chimneys pierced the sky like 
accusatory fingers. 

1090
00:53:10,800 --> 00:53:13,300
Steam engines coughed and 
wheezed behind the rhythmic 

1091
00:53:13,300 --> 00:53:15,100
pounding. 
Buy grated through the grimy, 

1092
00:53:15,100 --> 00:53:17,900
Windows, creating a constant in 
industrial heartbeat. 

1093
00:53:18,800 --> 00:53:21,500
Between the factories 
ramshackled, tenements house, 

1094
00:53:21,500 --> 00:53:24,200
the workers and conditions that 
would make medieval peasants 

1095
00:53:24,200 --> 00:53:26,800
weak. 
Entire family is crowded into 

1096
00:53:26,800 --> 00:53:31,100
single rooms sharing their space
with rats disease and the 

1097
00:53:31,100 --> 00:53:34,400
ever-present threat of fire as 
they rounded the corner onto 

1098
00:53:34,400 --> 00:53:35,800
Bridgewater. 
Street Thomas saw their 

1099
00:53:35,800 --> 00:53:38,300
destination pemberton's cotton 
mill. 

1100
00:53:38,300 --> 00:53:41,700
Its upper floors already crowned
with flames that dance against 

1101
00:53:41,700 --> 00:53:44,200
the smoke, dark sky, like a 
demonic ballet. 

1102
00:53:44,800 --> 00:53:47,700
The fire had started in the 
picking room, they always 

1103
00:53:47,700 --> 00:53:50,700
started in the picking room 
where cotton fibers floated 

1104
00:53:50,700 --> 00:53:54,100
through the air like combustible
snow waiting for a single Spark,

1105
00:53:54,100 --> 00:53:57,100
from the gas lighting or an 
overheated steam pipe to 

1106
00:53:57,108 --> 00:54:00,600
transform the workspace. 
Into an inferno work, as 

1107
00:54:00,600 --> 00:54:03,400
streamed from the building and 
panic their faces black. 

1108
00:54:03,400 --> 00:54:07,500
And with soot many clutching 
burned hands or nursing singed 

1109
00:54:07,500 --> 00:54:09,600
hair among them. 
Stumbled children. 

1110
00:54:09,600 --> 00:54:12,900
Some barely ten years old, who 
had been operating the spinning 

1111
00:54:12,900 --> 00:54:16,800
Machinery when the fire erupted.
The sight of these young faces 

1112
00:54:16,800 --> 00:54:20,200
aged beyond their years by 
industrial labor and now marked 

1113
00:54:20,200 --> 00:54:23,200
by Terror reminded Thomas. 
Why he had chosen this 

1114
00:54:23,200 --> 00:54:26,100
profession? 
Despite its countless Horrors. 

1115
00:54:26,900 --> 00:54:31,000
The Milano Mr. Pemberton 
Pemberton himself stood across 

1116
00:54:31,000 --> 00:54:34,400
the street in his fine will coat
and Polished boots calculating 

1117
00:54:34,400 --> 00:54:37,100
his losses with the same 
dispassionate Precision used to 

1118
00:54:37,100 --> 00:54:40,000
calculate his profits. 
Insurance would cover the 

1119
00:54:40,000 --> 00:54:42,900
building but not the disruption 
to production tomorrow. 

1120
00:54:42,900 --> 00:54:46,500
He would simply relocate his 
operations to another Mill and 

1121
00:54:46,500 --> 00:54:49,100
resume grinding. 
Human lives in Totton thread and

1122
00:54:49,100 --> 00:54:52,800
shareholder dividends Thomas 
checked his equipment one final 

1123
00:54:52,800 --> 00:54:56,200
time a crude leather speaking 
trumpet for coordinating with 

1124
00:54:56,200 --> 00:54:58,400
his fellow. 
Firefighters a handbags for 

1125
00:54:58,400 --> 00:55:01,700
breaking down doors and clearing
debris and a length of rope that

1126
00:55:01,700 --> 00:55:05,900
served as both lifeline and Last
Resort No breathing, apparatus 

1127
00:55:05,900 --> 00:55:08,900
existed, firefighters simply 
held their breath or breathe 

1128
00:55:08,900 --> 00:55:11,200
through wet cloth When the Smoke
became unbearable. 

1129
00:55:11,200 --> 00:55:14,200
The firefighters wore. 
No protective clothing apart 

1130
00:55:14,200 --> 00:55:16,100
from their thick, wool coats and
leather helmets. 

1131
00:55:16,100 --> 00:55:20,500
They lacked radio communication 
hydraulic, ladders and foam 

1132
00:55:20,500 --> 00:55:23,000
suppressants. 
There were only 12 men equipped 

1133
00:55:23,000 --> 00:55:24,700
with hand. 
Pumped engines who were 

1134
00:55:24,700 --> 00:55:27,700
determined to stop the fire from
engulfing, the entire District. 

1135
00:55:28,600 --> 00:55:30,900
The Heat hit Thomas like a 
physical blow, as they 

1136
00:55:30,900 --> 00:55:34,200
approached the burning Mill, the
Flames, creating their own 

1137
00:55:34,200 --> 00:55:37,400
weather system of updrafts and 
downdrafts that sent burning 

1138
00:55:37,400 --> 00:55:40,100
debris, spiraling through the 
air like deadly confetti. 

1139
00:55:40,800 --> 00:55:43,200
The temperature difference 
between the fire and The Frigid 

1140
00:55:43,200 --> 00:55:45,300
Manchester are created Southern 
windshields. 

1141
00:55:45,300 --> 00:55:48,100
That could knock a man off his 
feet or redirect flames in 

1142
00:55:48,100 --> 00:55:51,300
unexpected directions. 
The Pemberton mill, fire 

1143
00:55:51,300 --> 00:55:54,200
revealed its true character as 
Thomas and his crew established 

1144
00:55:54,200 --> 00:55:57,100
their position. 
What appeared from a distance to

1145
00:55:57,100 --> 00:55:59,100
be a manageable. 
Blaze transformed into a 

1146
00:55:59,100 --> 00:56:02,500
multi-headed monster that defied
every principal of 19th century 

1147
00:56:02,500 --> 00:56:06,000
firefighting The Flames had 
found the Mills ventilation 

1148
00:56:06,000 --> 00:56:09,100
system, utilizing the carefully 
designed airflow. 

1149
00:56:09,100 --> 00:56:12,200
That prevented workers from 
suffocating on Cotton dust and 

1150
00:56:12,200 --> 00:56:14,300
allowed the fire to spray 
throughout the building with 

1151
00:56:14,300 --> 00:56:18,300
terrifying efficiently Thomas's 
crew, chief Captain Morrison 

1152
00:56:18,300 --> 00:56:21,900
shouted orders through the 
chaos, his voice barely audible 

1153
00:56:21,900 --> 00:56:25,400
above the Roar of flames and the
screaming of steam engines with 

1154
00:56:25,400 --> 00:56:28,100
20 years of firefighting 
experience under his belt. 

1155
00:56:28,100 --> 00:56:31,600
The captain's face was marked 
with scars from flying Sparks, 

1156
00:56:31,600 --> 00:56:35,000
and his left hand was missing 
two fingers due to a rope burn 

1157
00:56:35,000 --> 00:56:38,100
that had gone septic. 
In an era before workers 

1158
00:56:38,100 --> 00:56:39,700
compensation, or medical 
benefits. 

1159
00:56:39,700 --> 00:56:43,400
Morrison's wound served as both 
a badge of honor and a painful 

1160
00:56:43,400 --> 00:56:45,100
reminder of the professions 
costs. 

1161
00:56:45,100 --> 00:56:47,700
The hand pumped engines 
positioned themselves along the 

1162
00:56:47,700 --> 00:56:50,400
street, their Crews settling 
into a brutal Rhythm. 

1163
00:56:50,400 --> 00:56:53,100
That would persistent until the 
fire was extinguished or the men

1164
00:56:53,100 --> 00:56:56,500
to come to exhaustion. 
Two men operated each pump 

1165
00:56:56,500 --> 00:56:59,800
handle working in shifts of 30 
seconds before switching off. 

1166
00:56:59,800 --> 00:57:02,200
While a third man named the 
leather hose and prayed, it 

1167
00:57:02,200 --> 00:57:04,100
wouldn't burst from the modest 
pressure that they could 

1168
00:57:04,100 --> 00:57:07,000
generate. 
The pumps delivered perhaps 50 

1169
00:57:07,000 --> 00:57:08,400
gallons per minute at their 
Peak. 

1170
00:57:09,100 --> 00:57:11,700
A pathetic trickle compared to 
Modern standards but 

1171
00:57:11,700 --> 00:57:13,800
revolutionary technology in 
1852. 

1172
00:57:15,300 --> 00:57:18,400
Thomas found himself assigned to
search and rescue the deadliest 

1173
00:57:18,400 --> 00:57:20,900
job in a professional where 
death was a frequent visitor. 

1174
00:57:21,900 --> 00:57:24,100
Mills were particularly 
treacherous because the 

1175
00:57:24,100 --> 00:57:26,600
buildings wooden floors and 
supports could collapse without 

1176
00:57:26,600 --> 00:57:29,000
warning. 
Transformed by heat into 

1177
00:57:29,000 --> 00:57:31,600
elaborate death traps The 
textile. 

1178
00:57:31,600 --> 00:57:35,200
Machinery itself became another 
Hazard, massive spinning wheels 

1179
00:57:35,200 --> 00:57:37,900
and looms turned into Twisted 
Metal sculptures that could 

1180
00:57:37,900 --> 00:57:40,300
impale or Crush. 
Anyone unfortunate enough to 

1181
00:57:40,308 --> 00:57:43,300
encounter them in the 
smoke-filled Darkness, He 

1182
00:57:43,300 --> 00:57:46,600
wrapped a wet cloth around his 
face and plunged into the Mills 

1183
00:57:46,600 --> 00:57:49,000
ground floor where the air hunk 
thick enough to cut with a 

1184
00:57:49,000 --> 00:57:51,900
knife, the temperature climbs 
steadily, as the ascended, the 

1185
00:57:51,900 --> 00:57:55,100
buildings, rickety stairs, each 
step, taking him deeper into an 

1186
00:57:55,100 --> 00:57:56,800
environment hostile to human 
life. 

1187
00:57:56,800 --> 00:58:00,100
Gas lamps had exploded 
throughout the building, their 

1188
00:58:00,100 --> 00:58:02,500
broken fixtures, creating 
additional fire sources. 

1189
00:58:02,500 --> 00:58:05,800
While leaving the interior in 
near total darkness, the Mills 

1190
00:58:05,800 --> 00:58:08,300
lay out, followed the industrial
efficiency principles that 

1191
00:58:08,300 --> 00:58:11,400
maximize production while 
minimizing worker Comfort or 

1192
00:58:11,400 --> 00:58:14,100
safety. 
Narrow aisles between massive 

1193
00:58:14,100 --> 00:58:17,000
machines, left, little room for 
evacuation while the building's 

1194
00:58:17,000 --> 00:58:19,200
few exits, concentrated workers 
into bottle. 

1195
00:58:19,200 --> 00:58:23,000
Next during emergencies, windows
were small and high designed to 

1196
00:58:23,000 --> 00:58:25,400
prevent workers from being 
distracted by the outside world 

1197
00:58:25,400 --> 00:58:27,600
rather than to facilitate 
Escape. 

1198
00:58:28,500 --> 00:58:31,400
Thomas navigated by fear and 
Instinct calling out for 

1199
00:58:31,400 --> 00:58:33,800
survivors while trying to 
maintain his sense of direction 

1200
00:58:33,800 --> 00:58:37,200
in the Maze, like interior. 
On the second floor, he found 

1201
00:58:37,200 --> 00:58:40,800
her Mary O'Brien. 
A spinner who skirts had caught 

1202
00:58:40,800 --> 00:58:44,500
fire from a fallen gas fixture. 
She lay unconscious beneath an 

1203
00:58:44,500 --> 00:58:48,000
overturned bloom a breathing 
shallow and labored the flame 

1204
00:58:48,000 --> 00:58:51,000
said to her hair before, she 
managed to smother them leaving 

1205
00:58:51,000 --> 00:58:53,500
patches of scalp visible through
the burn strands. 

1206
00:58:54,300 --> 00:58:57,400
Thomas lifted her carefully, 
knowing that burns covered much 

1207
00:58:57,400 --> 00:58:59,700
of her body beneath the child 
fabric of her work dress. 

1208
00:59:00,600 --> 00:59:02,700
The Journey Back to the stairs, 
became a nightmare of 

1209
00:59:02,708 --> 00:59:04,400
disorientation and mounting 
heat. 

1210
00:59:04,400 --> 00:59:06,900
The fire had spread across the 
ceiling above them. 

1211
00:59:06,900 --> 00:59:10,100
Creating a canopy of flame that 
dropped burning debris, like 

1212
00:59:10,100 --> 00:59:14,300
rain Thomas's wool coat, began 
to solder the heavy fabric 

1213
00:59:14,300 --> 00:59:16,800
protecting his skin. 
While slowly cooking him from 

1214
00:59:16,800 --> 00:59:20,100
the outside in His leather 
helmet grew hot enough to Brand 

1215
00:59:20,100 --> 00:59:23,100
flesh, but removing it would 
expose his head to the falling 

1216
00:59:23,100 --> 00:59:25,100
Embers. 
That filled the air, halfway 

1217
00:59:25,100 --> 00:59:28,700
down the stairs, the building 
shuddered, Thomas the floor, 

1218
00:59:28,700 --> 00:59:31,900
beneath his feet sag ominously 
as the fire consumed, the 

1219
00:59:31,900 --> 00:59:35,200
structural supports somewhere 
above them, a steam engines, 

1220
00:59:35,200 --> 00:59:38,600
boiler exploded. 
Creating a Tremor throughout the

1221
00:59:38,600 --> 00:59:41,000
building, the cracked walls and 
shattered. 

1222
00:59:41,000 --> 00:59:43,800
The few remaining windows, The 
Mill was dying. 

1223
00:59:43,800 --> 00:59:46,800
Its industrial skeleton. 
Collapsing, under the assault of

1224
00:59:46,808 --> 00:59:50,200
flames and superheated Air. 
Thomas emerged from the building

1225
00:59:50,200 --> 00:59:53,700
just as the roof began its final
collapse, Mario Bryant and 

1226
00:59:53,700 --> 00:59:57,400
conscious formed draped across 
his shoulders, his fellow 

1227
00:59:57,400 --> 01:00:00,500
firefighters rushed to help but 
their faces told him what he 

1228
01:00:00,500 --> 01:00:03,400
already knew, she would like to 
die from her injuries Burns 

1229
01:00:03,400 --> 01:00:07,000
covering more than 30% of the 
body or almost invariably fatal.

1230
01:00:07,000 --> 01:00:10,900
In an era before antibiotics IV 
fluids or skin grafts. 

1231
01:00:10,900 --> 01:00:13,900
The best they could offer was 
Lord and for the pain and 

1232
01:00:13,900 --> 01:00:16,400
perhaps a priest. 
For the end Behind them. 

1233
01:00:16,400 --> 01:00:19,400
The Pemberton Mill continued, 
its spectacular destruction. 

1234
01:00:19,400 --> 01:00:23,000
The fire had found the 
building's mainstream engine, a 

1235
01:00:23,000 --> 01:00:24,600
massive Beast. 
That powered the entire 

1236
01:00:24,600 --> 01:00:28,100
facilities, machinery. 
As the Flames heated, its boiler

1237
01:00:28,100 --> 01:00:31,500
beyond safe limits, the engine 
began to scream, literally 

1238
01:00:31,500 --> 01:00:34,200
scream as Steam, escaped through
safety, valves that had never 

1239
01:00:34,208 --> 01:00:38,400
been designed for such extreme 
conditions, the sound pierced, 

1240
01:00:38,400 --> 01:00:42,300
the air, like the death of some 
industrial Dragon Audible for 

1241
01:00:42,300 --> 01:00:45,200
miles across Manchester smoke, 
shrouded landscape. 

1242
01:00:45,900 --> 01:00:47,800
Thomas set. 
Mario Brian gently on a 

1243
01:00:47,808 --> 01:00:50,100
stretcher improvised from 
millworkers coats. 

1244
01:00:50,100 --> 01:00:53,300
Then turned back toward the 
building Captain Morrison. 

1245
01:00:53,300 --> 01:00:57,200
Grabbed his arm shaking his head
Grimley, She's gone lad the 

1246
01:00:57,200 --> 01:01:01,000
whole upper floors coming down. 
Thomas had heard something else.

1247
01:01:01,900 --> 01:01:05,500
Child's cry from the building's 
far end with a Mills, newest 

1248
01:01:05,500 --> 01:01:07,800
workers operated. 
The smallest spinning machine. 

1249
01:01:09,000 --> 01:01:11,500
10 year old fingers were perfect
for threading, the delicate, 

1250
01:01:11,500 --> 01:01:14,500
machinery and Milan owners had 
learned to exploit this 

1251
01:01:14,500 --> 01:01:16,700
anatomical Advantage with 
ruthless efficiency. 

1252
01:01:16,700 --> 01:01:20,200
Now, those same small hands were
trapped somewhere in the 

1253
01:01:20,208 --> 01:01:23,400
collapsing structure. 
And every second of delay meant,

1254
01:01:23,400 --> 01:01:26,300
another young life would be 
consumed by industrial progress.

1255
01:01:26,300 --> 01:01:29,500
The mills East Wing household 
the workers grimly, called the 

1256
01:01:29,500 --> 01:01:33,100
children floor. 
Cramped poorly ventilated space 

1257
01:01:33,100 --> 01:01:36,500
where boys and girls as young as
eight operated the piecing 

1258
01:01:36,500 --> 01:01:38,700
machines that connected broken 
cotton threads. 

1259
01:01:38,700 --> 01:01:41,900
Their small stature allowed them
to crawl beneath the spinning 

1260
01:01:41,900 --> 01:01:43,500
Machinery to collect waste 
cotton. 

1261
01:01:43,500 --> 01:01:46,800
While their Nimble fingers could
perform repairs that were to 

1262
01:01:46,800 --> 01:01:50,400
take adult workers twice, as 
long milonas Justified, this 

1263
01:01:50,400 --> 01:01:53,600
exploitation as industrial 
training, preparing the Next 

1264
01:01:53,600 --> 01:01:55,500
Generation for lives of 
productive labor. 

1265
01:01:55,500 --> 01:01:59,300
While conveniently ignoring the 
stunted growth, respiratory 

1266
01:01:59,300 --> 01:02:01,200
diseases, and frequent 
accidents. 

1267
01:02:01,200 --> 01:02:04,700
That Mark, these young workers 
like brands, Thomas could hear 

1268
01:02:04,700 --> 01:02:07,900
them before he saw them. 
High-pitched cries of Terror 

1269
01:02:07,900 --> 01:02:10,300
echoing from the building 
Southeast corner with the 

1270
01:02:10,308 --> 01:02:13,400
children's work station occupied
a space, barely larger than a 

1271
01:02:13,400 --> 01:02:16,200
residential parlor. 
The fire had not yet reached 

1272
01:02:16,200 --> 01:02:18,500
this section. 
That smoke was pouring through 

1273
01:02:18,500 --> 01:02:20,900
the floorboards from the 
conflagration below creating a 

1274
01:02:20,908 --> 01:02:23,300
toxic fog that would kill his 
official as flames. 

1275
01:02:23,300 --> 01:02:27,200
These children had no way to run
the Mills design, trapped them 

1276
01:02:27,200 --> 01:02:30,300
behind rows of Machinery. 
Accessible only through narrow 

1277
01:02:30,300 --> 01:02:32,400
passages. 
That adult Rescuers could barely

1278
01:02:32,400 --> 01:02:36,300
navigate he dropped to his hands
and knees crawling beneath the 

1279
01:02:36,300 --> 01:02:38,100
spinning frames toward the sound
of crying. 

1280
01:02:38,900 --> 01:02:41,500
The air near the floor was 
slightly cleaner, but it was 

1281
01:02:41,508 --> 01:02:43,700
still thick enough to burn his 
throat with every breath. 

1282
01:02:44,500 --> 01:02:47,000
His leather helmet scraped 
against the Machinery above him,

1283
01:02:47,000 --> 01:02:50,300
dislodging years of accumulated,
cotton dust that fell like 

1284
01:02:50,300 --> 01:02:54,000
industrial snow this dust. 
He knew would ignite at the 

1285
01:02:54,008 --> 01:02:57,500
slightest, spark transforming 
the confined space into a powder

1286
01:02:57,500 --> 01:02:59,800
keg. 
The first child, he found was 

1287
01:02:59,800 --> 01:03:03,700
Billy, Henderson, 11 years old, 
and barely four feet tall his 

1288
01:03:03,700 --> 01:03:06,600
growth stunted by years of 
malnutrition and Industrial 

1289
01:03:06,600 --> 01:03:09,200
labor. 
Billy operated a Scavenging 

1290
01:03:09,200 --> 01:03:11,800
machine that collected waste 
cotton from beneath the spinning

1291
01:03:11,800 --> 01:03:15,600
frames a job that required him 
to spend 10 hours daily in a 

1292
01:03:15,600 --> 01:03:17,300
space designed for someone half 
his size. 

1293
01:03:18,300 --> 01:03:21,600
Now, he crouched Frozen with 
Terror his work clothes soaked 

1294
01:03:21,600 --> 01:03:24,000
with the machine oil that could 
ignite at any moment. 

1295
01:03:25,200 --> 01:03:28,300
Come on lad, Thomas whispered. 
Extending his hand through the 

1296
01:03:28,300 --> 01:03:32,200
Maze of mechanical components. 
We're going out together you and

1297
01:03:32,200 --> 01:03:34,300
me. 
Billy's eyes were wide with 

1298
01:03:34,300 --> 01:03:37,000
shock but he managed to grasp 
Thomas his outstretched fingers.

1299
01:03:37,000 --> 01:03:40,900
The boy wait perhaps 60 pounds. 
His body Wasted by the 

1300
01:03:40,900 --> 01:03:43,400
combination of factory work and 
poverty that characterized 

1301
01:03:43,400 --> 01:03:46,000
working class childhood in 
industrial England. 

1302
01:03:47,100 --> 01:03:50,000
Behind Billy, Thomas could see 
other the small forms huddled in

1303
01:03:50,000 --> 01:03:52,200
the Smoke. 
Perhaps half a dozen children 

1304
01:03:52,200 --> 01:03:55,400
trapped by the collapsing Mills,
deadly geometry. 

1305
01:03:56,300 --> 01:03:59,600
The Machinery that had employed 
them now imprisoned them, its 

1306
01:03:59,600 --> 01:04:02,300
iron arms, and wooden frames, 
creating a lattice of obstacles 

1307
01:04:02,300 --> 01:04:05,900
between the children and any 
possible Escape Route moving 

1308
01:04:05,900 --> 01:04:09,200
them one by one would take too 
long, the floor beneath them was

1309
01:04:09,200 --> 01:04:11,500
already beginning to Sag as the 
fire consumed. 

1310
01:04:11,500 --> 01:04:14,700
The buildings about structural 
supports Thomas made a decision 

1311
01:04:14,700 --> 01:04:18,200
that violated every principle of
safe rescue work instead of 

1312
01:04:18,200 --> 01:04:20,300
retreating with Billy. 
He pushed deeper into the 

1313
01:04:20,308 --> 01:04:22,500
Machinery. 
Maze Gathering children Like a 

1314
01:04:22,508 --> 01:04:26,300
Shepherd collecting his flock. 
Sarah Mitchell, nine years old, 

1315
01:04:26,300 --> 01:04:30,300
her hands permanently stained 
with machine dies, Peter Short, 

1316
01:04:30,300 --> 01:04:33,100
10 who had lost the tip of his 
index finger to a spinning wheel

1317
01:04:33,100 --> 01:04:36,100
the previous month. 
Jenny Coleman barely ate, who 

1318
01:04:36,100 --> 01:04:39,000
earned Sixpence a day threading 
bobbins for her family survival.

1319
01:04:39,000 --> 01:04:42,100
The heat was becoming 
unbearable, the smoke, so thick 

1320
01:04:42,100 --> 01:04:45,300
that Thomas could barely see his
hands, his wool coat and begun 

1321
01:04:45,300 --> 01:04:47,800
to smolder in Earnest filling 
the air with the acrid smell of 

1322
01:04:47,808 --> 01:04:50,200
burning wall. 
The children, clung to him with 

1323
01:04:50,200 --> 01:04:53,400
desperate strength, their small 
faces blackened with soot and 

1324
01:04:53,400 --> 01:04:56,000
streaked with tears. 
He could feel their Terror 

1325
01:04:56,000 --> 01:04:58,700
through their trembling bodies, 
these young victims of 

1326
01:04:58,700 --> 01:05:01,500
industrial progress who had 
never known childhood as 

1327
01:05:01,500 --> 01:05:05,700
anything but labor. 
Hold on to each other, commanded

1328
01:05:05,700 --> 01:05:09,200
his voice, hoarse from smoke, 
inhalation, we're going out 

1329
01:05:09,200 --> 01:05:13,300
together, all of us. 
He formed them into a human 

1330
01:05:13,300 --> 01:05:16,700
chain, the oldest children 
supporting the youngest while he

1331
01:05:16,700 --> 01:05:19,200
led them through the Maze of 
Machinery, toward what he hoped 

1332
01:05:19,200 --> 01:05:22,600
was still a navigable exit, the 
building groaned around them. 

1333
01:05:22,600 --> 01:05:25,900
Its death throws accompanied by 
the sound of splintering wood 

1334
01:05:25,900 --> 01:05:29,100
and collapsing Masonry. 
The stairs had become a furnace 

1335
01:05:29,100 --> 01:05:32,400
Thomas could see Flames. 
Licking up through the gaps 

1336
01:05:32,400 --> 01:05:34,700
between steps. 
While the bannister glowed red 

1337
01:05:34,700 --> 01:05:37,400
hot from the heat below the 
children behind him began to 

1338
01:05:37,408 --> 01:05:40,800
whimper as the temperature 
climbed Beyond endurance, but 

1339
01:05:40,800 --> 01:05:44,200
retreat was no longer possible. 
The Mills upper floors were 

1340
01:05:44,200 --> 01:05:47,500
collapsing, section by section. 
Creating a domino effect that 

1341
01:05:47,500 --> 01:05:51,100
would soon reach their position.
Thomas wrapped his coat around 

1342
01:05:51,100 --> 01:05:54,000
as many children as possible 
using his body as a shield 

1343
01:05:54,000 --> 01:05:56,000
against the radiant heat that 
filled the stairwell. 

1344
01:05:56,700 --> 01:05:59,600
His Exposed Skin began to 
blister the leather of his 

1345
01:05:59,600 --> 01:06:01,700
helmet. 
So hot, it burned his Scout 

1346
01:06:01,700 --> 01:06:05,200
through his hair, Step by step. 
They descended through an 

1347
01:06:05,200 --> 01:06:08,000
environment that seemed more 
like biblical hell than an 

1348
01:06:08,000 --> 01:06:12,200
English textile Millie Coleman, 
stumbled her small legs, 

1349
01:06:12,200 --> 01:06:15,300
finally, giving away to 
exhaustion and Terror Thomas, 

1350
01:06:15,300 --> 01:06:17,100
swept her up with without 
breaking stride. 

1351
01:06:17,100 --> 01:06:20,900
Her tiny body, weighing almost 
nothing against his smoke-filled

1352
01:06:20,900 --> 01:06:24,000
chest behind them. 
The children work room erupted 

1353
01:06:24,000 --> 01:06:26,900
in Flames as the fire. 
Finally found the accumulated 

1354
01:06:26,900 --> 01:06:30,200
cotton dust and machine oil. 
The explosion center pillar of 

1355
01:06:30,200 --> 01:06:32,500
flame shooting up through the 
building's core. 

1356
01:06:32,500 --> 01:06:37,200
Illuminating their Escape Route 
with hellish brilliant's The 

1357
01:06:37,200 --> 01:06:38,600
emerge from the building just as
the Mills. 

1358
01:06:38,600 --> 01:06:42,200
Maine chimney began to crack. 
The massive brick structure 

1359
01:06:42,200 --> 01:06:45,900
weakened by the intense heat and
thermal expansion developed. 

1360
01:06:45,900 --> 01:06:48,700
A visible Fisher that ran from 
its base to its crown. 

1361
01:06:49,600 --> 01:06:52,200
Thomas hurried the children away
from the building as chunks of 

1362
01:06:52,200 --> 01:06:56,200
masonry began to rain down 
around them each impact sending 

1363
01:06:56,200 --> 01:06:58,800
Tremors through the already 
unstable Street. 

1364
01:07:00,300 --> 01:07:02,100
Captain Morrison. 
Met them with a mixture of 

1365
01:07:02,100 --> 01:07:04,500
relief and amazement Six of 
them. 

1366
01:07:04,500 --> 01:07:06,500
He said Counting the 
soot-covered children, who 

1367
01:07:06,500 --> 01:07:08,800
clustered around Thomas? 
Like, chicks around a hen. 

1368
01:07:08,800 --> 01:07:11,800
How in God's name? 
Did you get six of them out? 

1369
01:07:12,900 --> 01:07:15,500
Thomas didn't answer 
immediately, he was too busy, 

1370
01:07:15,500 --> 01:07:17,100
checking each child for 
injuries. 

1371
01:07:17,100 --> 01:07:21,100
His trained eye cataloging burns
cuts, and the signs of smoke 

1372
01:07:21,100 --> 01:07:25,300
inhalation that could prove 
fatal in the hours to come as 

1373
01:07:25,300 --> 01:07:27,600
they watched from a cross the 
street, the mill began to 

1374
01:07:27,600 --> 01:07:31,000
collapse in earnest. 5 stories 
of industrial architecture 

1375
01:07:31,000 --> 01:07:34,800
pancake to Rubble sending up a 
cloud of dust and debris. 

1376
01:07:34,800 --> 01:07:36,700
That obscured, the surrounding 
building's. 

1377
01:07:37,600 --> 01:07:41,000
The sound was Indescribable, not
just the crash of falling 

1378
01:07:41,000 --> 01:07:43,900
masonry that the death scream of
an entire industrial. 

1379
01:07:43,900 --> 01:07:47,700
Ecosystem, steam engines, 
textile, Machinery, raw cotton 

1380
01:07:47,700 --> 01:07:51,000
and human dreams were all 
compressed into a smoking pile 

1381
01:07:51,000 --> 01:07:53,200
of debris. 
That would continue to burn for 

1382
01:07:53,200 --> 01:07:56,100
three more days. 
Manchester's atmosphere had been

1383
01:07:56,100 --> 01:07:59,100
transformed by industrial 
progress in to something barely 

1384
01:07:59,100 --> 01:08:02,200
recognizable. 
As are The cities hundreds of 

1385
01:08:02,200 --> 01:08:04,800
mil chimneys, released a 
constant stream of cold. 

1386
01:08:04,800 --> 01:08:07,600
Smoke chemical Vapors, and 
cotton dust that created a 

1387
01:08:07,600 --> 01:08:09,800
permanent atmospheric soup, 
thick enough to taste. 

1388
01:08:10,500 --> 01:08:13,200
For firefighters this toxic 
environment posed. 

1389
01:08:13,200 --> 01:08:15,300
A daily challenge to their 
respiratory systems. 

1390
01:08:15,300 --> 01:08:18,500
Threatening their lives decades 
before the onset of old age. 

1391
01:08:19,200 --> 01:08:22,100
Thomas stood outside the 
collapse Pemberton Mill drawing,

1392
01:08:22,100 --> 01:08:24,500
what perhaps for fresh air into 
lungs. 

1393
01:08:24,500 --> 01:08:28,000
That felt lined with sandpaper. 
Each breath brought a cocktail 

1394
01:08:28,000 --> 01:08:31,500
of sulfur dioxide from coal 
combustion, chlorine gas from 

1395
01:08:31,500 --> 01:08:35,000
textile, bleaching operations 
and microscopic particles of 

1396
01:08:35,000 --> 01:08:37,700
cotton wool and cold dust that 
would embed themselves 

1397
01:08:37,700 --> 01:08:40,500
permanently in his lung tissue. 
The children. 

1398
01:08:40,500 --> 01:08:42,100
He had rescued coughed beside 
him. 

1399
01:08:42,100 --> 01:08:44,399
Their small lungs struggling to 
process. 

1400
01:08:44,399 --> 01:08:47,000
Are that contained more 
Industrial Waste than oxygen. 

1401
01:08:47,800 --> 01:08:49,899
The fire brigades primitive 
medical knowledge offered. 

1402
01:08:49,899 --> 01:08:53,399
No protection against these 
Airborne toxins firefighters 

1403
01:08:53,399 --> 01:08:55,800
occasionally held wet cloths 
over their faces during 

1404
01:08:55,800 --> 01:08:59,100
particularly Smoky fires but 
their methods provided minimal 

1405
01:08:59,100 --> 01:09:01,500
filtration against the complex 
chemical mixture. 

1406
01:09:01,500 --> 01:09:03,899
That constituted Manchester's 
atmosphere. 

1407
01:09:03,899 --> 01:09:07,200
No one understood the long-term 
Health consequences of chronic 

1408
01:09:07,200 --> 01:09:09,600
exposure to Industrial 
pollutants though. 

1409
01:09:09,600 --> 01:09:12,899
The city's mortality, statistics
told a grim story that Civic 

1410
01:09:12,899 --> 01:09:16,200
leaders preferred to ignore Todd
Henry, Ashworth. 

1411
01:09:16,200 --> 01:09:18,700
One of Manchester's, few 
Physicians willing to treat 

1412
01:09:18,700 --> 01:09:21,399
working-class patients, arrived 
at the fire scene. 

1413
01:09:21,399 --> 01:09:23,000
To examine the rescued Mill 
workers. 

1414
01:09:23,800 --> 01:09:27,399
His presence was unusual. 
Most doctors refused to venture 

1415
01:09:27,399 --> 01:09:30,100
into the industrial districts 
claiming their practices, 

1416
01:09:30,100 --> 01:09:32,700
required them to focus on 
patients, who could afford their

1417
01:09:32,700 --> 01:09:36,100
fees. 
Ashworth was different, a Quaker

1418
01:09:36,100 --> 01:09:37,899
whose religious beliefs 
compelled him to treat all 

1419
01:09:37,908 --> 01:09:40,500
patients regardless of their 
ability to pay. 

1420
01:09:41,600 --> 01:09:43,800
Bring the children here, 
Ashworth called to Thomas 

1421
01:09:43,800 --> 01:09:46,500
setting up a makeshift 
examination area using crates 

1422
01:09:46,500 --> 01:09:50,300
from a nearby Warehouse, his 
medical bag contained The era's 

1423
01:09:50,300 --> 01:09:53,800
Limited Arsenal against Burns 
and smoke inhalation Lord and 

1424
01:09:53,800 --> 01:09:57,800
for pain Sal volatile for 
fainting and clean bandages. 

1425
01:09:57,800 --> 01:10:01,400
That would be as precious as 
gold in the days to come. he 

1426
01:10:01,400 --> 01:10:03,900
began with Jenny Coleman, the 
youngest victim, whose small 

1427
01:10:03,900 --> 01:10:08,000
body showed the telltale signs 
of severe smoke, inhalation, A 

1428
01:10:08,000 --> 01:10:11,100
breathing is compromised, the 
doctor told Thomas quietly using

1429
01:10:11,100 --> 01:10:13,900
medical terminology to spare the
child additional fear. 

1430
01:10:14,900 --> 01:10:18,400
The superheated air has damaged 
to lungs without proper 

1431
01:10:18,400 --> 01:10:21,000
treatment. 
He left the sentence on finished

1432
01:10:21,000 --> 01:10:25,200
at Thomas, understood, Jenny 
would like to die within days, a

1433
01:10:25,200 --> 01:10:27,100
small body unable to recover 
from injuries. 

1434
01:10:27,100 --> 01:10:30,300
That would challenge a healthy 
adult The other children fed 

1435
01:10:30,300 --> 01:10:33,200
slightly better, but all 
exhibited signs of respiratory 

1436
01:10:33,200 --> 01:10:35,800
damage, that would affect them 
for the rest of their lives. 

1437
01:10:36,600 --> 01:10:39,500
Peter Shores hands were severely
burned from grabbing hot 

1438
01:10:39,500 --> 01:10:42,500
Machinery during his Escape. 
While Sarah Mitchell, had 

1439
01:10:42,500 --> 01:10:45,300
inhaled enough, toxic smoke to 
leave her with a chronic cough. 

1440
01:10:45,300 --> 01:10:49,100
That would never fully heal. 
These children if they survived 

1441
01:10:49,100 --> 01:10:52,000
would join Manchester's growing 
population of industrial 

1442
01:10:52,000 --> 01:10:55,300
invalids, workers whose bodies 
had been broken by the Machinery

1443
01:10:55,300 --> 01:10:57,700
of progress. 
Dr. Ashworth moved among the 

1444
01:10:57,700 --> 01:11:00,100
adult Millwork. 
As with growing alarm, the fire 

1445
01:11:00,100 --> 01:11:02,800
had released chemicals from the 
textile manufacturing process. 

1446
01:11:02,800 --> 01:11:06,200
That created a toxic atmosphere 
even more dangerous than usual. 

1447
01:11:06,900 --> 01:11:09,500
Bleaching agents had mixed with 
cotton dust and cold smoke to 

1448
01:11:09,500 --> 01:11:12,100
produce compounds that attack 
the respiratory system with 

1449
01:11:12,100 --> 01:11:15,400
particular viciousness. 
Several workers showed signs of 

1450
01:11:15,400 --> 01:11:18,800
chemical, pneumonia their lungs 
filling with fluid as their 

1451
01:11:18,800 --> 01:11:20,300
bodies, tried to protect 
themselves. 

1452
01:11:20,300 --> 01:11:23,100
From the poisonous are this is 
worse than anything. 

1453
01:11:23,100 --> 01:11:26,400
I've seen ashwath confided to 
Thomas as they watch The Mills 

1454
01:11:26,400 --> 01:11:30,900
ruined to smaller the fire has 
created chemical compounds that 

1455
01:11:30,900 --> 01:11:33,700
don't exist in nature where 
watching the birth of the 

1456
01:11:33,700 --> 01:11:37,000
industrial disease and we have 
no idea how to treat it. 

1457
01:11:38,200 --> 01:11:41,800
His words proved prophetic 
within a generation Manchester 

1458
01:11:41,800 --> 01:11:44,000
would become synonymous with 
respiratory illness. 

1459
01:11:44,000 --> 01:11:47,000
Its residents suffering from 
conditions that doctors 

1460
01:11:47,000 --> 01:11:49,100
struggled to understand much 
less cure. 

1461
01:11:50,000 --> 01:11:52,500
Thomas felt the toxins working 
on his body as he helped 

1462
01:11:52,500 --> 01:11:54,800
organize. 
The rescue efforts his throat 

1463
01:11:54,800 --> 01:11:57,400
burned with each breath while 
his eyes streamed continuously 

1464
01:11:57,400 --> 01:12:01,200
from the chemical irritation. 
His chest felt tight as though 

1465
01:12:01,200 --> 01:12:04,200
invisible bands were 
constricting his lungs, making 

1466
01:12:04,200 --> 01:12:08,500
each inhalation, a conscious 
effort around him, his fellow 

1467
01:12:08,500 --> 01:12:11,400
firefighters showed similar 
symptoms their faces flushed and

1468
01:12:11,400 --> 01:12:14,100
their breathing, labored despite
their years of experience with 

1469
01:12:14,100 --> 01:12:17,700
smoke-filled environments. 
The city's response to the toxic

1470
01:12:17,700 --> 01:12:20,100
air crisis revealed. 
The industrial ages priorities 

1471
01:12:20,100 --> 01:12:23,700
with brutal Clarity, milonas 
demanded that their workers 

1472
01:12:23,700 --> 01:12:26,600
returned to the neighboring 
factories immediately, claiming 

1473
01:12:26,600 --> 01:12:29,000
that production, delays would 
harm Manchester's, economic, 

1474
01:12:29,000 --> 01:12:31,700
competitiveness, local 
authorities focused. 

1475
01:12:31,700 --> 01:12:33,300
On clearing the rubble to 
restore traffic. 

1476
01:12:33,300 --> 01:12:36,500
Flow showing little concern for 
the health consequences of 

1477
01:12:36,500 --> 01:12:38,100
disturbing the contaminated 
debris. 

1478
01:12:39,000 --> 01:12:42,300
Only Dr. Ashworth and a handful 
of religious leaders seem to 

1479
01:12:42,300 --> 01:12:45,500
recognize the human catastrophe 
unfolding in the smoke-filled 

1480
01:12:45,500 --> 01:12:48,100
streets. 
Captain Morrison gathered his 

1481
01:12:48,100 --> 01:12:49,800
men for the journey back to the 
fire station. 

1482
01:12:49,800 --> 01:12:53,200
His face Grim with the knowledge
that their work was far from 

1483
01:12:53,200 --> 01:12:55,300
Over. 
The industrial district of 

1484
01:12:55,300 --> 01:12:58,300
Manchester house, does of Mills 
similar to pembertons each 

1485
01:12:58,300 --> 01:13:01,000
posing of her Central has Hazard
due to their combustible 

1486
01:13:01,000 --> 01:13:03,100
materials and insufficient 
safety precautions. 

1487
01:13:04,100 --> 01:13:05,800
Fire there. 
Just Fort would be followed by 

1488
01:13:05,800 --> 01:13:08,900
others and endless cycle of 
Destruction and rescue that 

1489
01:13:08,900 --> 01:13:10,500
consumed. 
Firefighters lives as 

1490
01:13:10,500 --> 01:13:12,200
efficiently as it consumed 
buildings. 

1491
01:13:12,900 --> 01:13:15,600
As they loaded their equipment 
onto the horse drawn engines, 

1492
01:13:15,600 --> 01:13:18,500
Thomas noticed that several of 
his colleagues were coughing up 

1493
01:13:18,500 --> 01:13:20,800
blood. 
A sure sign that the toxic 

1494
01:13:20,800 --> 01:13:23,500
smoker damage their lungs beyond
the bodies ability to repair 

1495
01:13:23,500 --> 01:13:26,600
these men would continue working
because they had no choice 

1496
01:13:26,600 --> 01:13:29,400
firefighters who couldn't 
perform their duties simply 

1497
01:13:29,400 --> 01:13:32,700
starved as no disability 
benefits or medical pensions 

1498
01:13:32,700 --> 01:13:35,600
existed for public servants 
injured in the line of duty. 

1499
01:13:36,400 --> 01:13:38,800
The journey back through 
Manchester streets revealed the 

1500
01:13:38,808 --> 01:13:41,200
industrial Apocalypse in its 
full horror. 

1501
01:13:41,800 --> 01:13:44,700
The permanent Haze that hung 
over the city had thickened from

1502
01:13:44,700 --> 01:13:48,000
the mill fire, reducing 
visibility to a few yards and 

1503
01:13:48,000 --> 01:13:51,500
turning the afternoon into 
Perpetual Twilight gas lamps 

1504
01:13:51,500 --> 01:13:55,000
burned continuously their flame 
struggling to penetrate the 

1505
01:13:55,000 --> 01:13:58,600
toxic fog that enveloped the 
city like a burial shroud, the 

1506
01:13:58,600 --> 01:14:01,800
Morrison fire brigade, stationed
stood as a monument to society 

1507
01:14:01,800 --> 01:14:03,800
is half-hearted commitment to 
Public Safety. 

1508
01:14:04,600 --> 01:14:07,300
It's cramped quarters and 
primitive equipment, reflecting,

1509
01:14:07,300 --> 01:14:10,000
the industrial era as priorities
with depressing accuracy. 

1510
01:14:10,800 --> 01:14:14,500
Built in 1845 as Manchester's. 
Textile wealth reached, its peak

1511
01:14:14,500 --> 01:14:18,500
the Station House, State of the 
art firefighting technology that

1512
01:14:18,500 --> 01:14:22,100
would have been considered 
inadequate, 50 years earlier the

1513
01:14:22,100 --> 01:14:25,000
building's designer had clearly 
never witnessed an actual fire. 

1514
01:14:25,000 --> 01:14:27,800
Creating a facility that 
prioritized architectural 

1515
01:14:27,800 --> 01:14:29,300
appearance over practical 
function. 

1516
01:14:30,400 --> 01:14:32,500
Thomas climbed wearily from the 
fire engine. 

1517
01:14:32,500 --> 01:14:35,700
His body aching from the 
physical demands of rescue work 

1518
01:14:35,700 --> 01:14:39,100
in the toxic assault of 
Manchester's, poisoned are the 

1519
01:14:39,100 --> 01:14:42,000
stations equipment, Bay revealed
the pathetic Arsenal available 

1520
01:14:42,000 --> 01:14:45,200
to firefighters in the 
Industrial Age leather hoses 

1521
01:14:45,200 --> 01:14:48,600
that leaked more water than they
delivered hand pumped engines. 

1522
01:14:48,600 --> 01:14:52,100
That required 8 men to operate, 
effectively, and wooden ladders.

1523
01:14:52,100 --> 01:14:55,700
Whose rungs had been charred and
weakened by repeated exposure to

1524
01:14:55,700 --> 01:14:58,100
flames. 
The fire engine itself 

1525
01:14:58,100 --> 01:15:01,300
represented, the Pinnacle of 
1852 technology. 

1526
01:15:02,000 --> 01:15:04,300
Steam, powered pump mounted on a
horse drawn. 

1527
01:15:04,300 --> 01:15:08,100
Chassis that could under ideal 
conditions deliver water, at 

1528
01:15:08,100 --> 01:15:10,300
pressures approaching those of a
modern garden hose. 

1529
01:15:11,300 --> 01:15:13,900
The boiler required, 20 minutes 
to build Steam from a cold. 

1530
01:15:13,900 --> 01:15:16,800
Start assuming someone had 
remembered to keep it supplied 

1531
01:15:16,800 --> 01:15:20,300
with coal and water. 
During fires this delay, often 

1532
01:15:20,300 --> 01:15:22,500
meant the difference between 
saving a building and watching 

1533
01:15:22,500 --> 01:15:25,100
it collapse into ruble. 
Captain Morrison. 

1534
01:15:25,100 --> 01:15:28,100
Initiated the post-fire 
equipment, inspection with a 

1535
01:15:28,100 --> 01:15:30,500
weary resignation. 
Reminiscent of a man who had 

1536
01:15:30,500 --> 01:15:33,500
carried out this ritual. 
Countless time's The leather 

1537
01:15:33,500 --> 01:15:36,100
hoses showed new splits and 
tears from the superheated 

1538
01:15:36,100 --> 01:15:39,000
environment, their canvas 
reinforcement, charred Beyond 

1539
01:15:39,000 --> 01:15:42,500
reliable, use the brass nozzles,
had warped, from exposure to 

1540
01:15:42,500 --> 01:15:45,200
extreme temperatures. 
Creating a regular spray 

1541
01:15:45,200 --> 01:15:47,700
patterns that reduce their 
effectiveness even further. 

1542
01:15:47,700 --> 01:15:52,100
Most of the hand tools, axes pry
bars and rope showed signs of 

1543
01:15:52,100 --> 01:15:55,100
heat damage that would make them
unreliable in future emergencies

1544
01:15:56,100 --> 01:15:59,600
Henderson Morrison called to the
station, senior firefighter, a 

1545
01:15:59,600 --> 01:16:02,400
grizzled veteran who's left arm 
hung useless from an injury 

1546
01:16:02,400 --> 01:16:05,100
sustained during the Great 
warehouse fire of 1849. 

1547
01:16:06,000 --> 01:16:09,100
Take inventory of the hose 
sections, please identify the 

1548
01:16:09,100 --> 01:16:11,700
sections that require patching 
and those that need complete 

1549
01:16:11,700 --> 01:16:14,900
replacement. 
Henderson nodded grimly knowing 

1550
01:16:14,900 --> 01:16:17,900
that replacing entirely meant 
submitting requests to the city 

1551
01:16:17,900 --> 01:16:19,700
council. 
That would be debated for months

1552
01:16:19,700 --> 01:16:23,000
while fires continue to consume 
Manchester's, industrial 

1553
01:16:23,000 --> 01:16:26,000
districts, the stations 
primitive Communication System, 

1554
01:16:26,000 --> 01:16:29,200
consisted of a single Bell. 
That could be heard perhaps six 

1555
01:16:29,200 --> 01:16:32,800
blocks away on a quiet day, but 
was often lost in the industrial

1556
01:16:32,800 --> 01:16:34,900
coffin, that filled Manchester 
streets. 

1557
01:16:35,600 --> 01:16:38,300
Fire reporting relied on runners
or mounted Messengers. 

1558
01:16:38,300 --> 01:16:39,800
Who often arrived at the 
station. 

1559
01:16:39,800 --> 01:16:42,500
Long after Flames, are 
established themselves Beyond 

1560
01:16:42,500 --> 01:16:46,200
any hope of control. 
Thomas had responded to fires 

1561
01:16:46,200 --> 01:16:48,800
that had been burning for hours 
before anyone thought to summon 

1562
01:16:48,800 --> 01:16:51,200
professional. 
Firefighters arriving to find 

1563
01:16:51,200 --> 01:16:53,400
only small during ruins and 
charred Corpses. 

1564
01:16:54,300 --> 01:16:57,700
A corner of the equipment Bay, 
held medical supplies, a 

1565
01:16:57,700 --> 01:17:00,700
testament to society is high 
expectations for firefighter 

1566
01:17:00,700 --> 01:17:04,500
survival A few rolls of 
bandages, a bottle of Lord, and 

1567
01:17:04,500 --> 01:17:08,100
some Sal volatile represented, 
the brigades and entire medical 

1568
01:17:08,100 --> 01:17:09,400
Arsenal. 
No. 

1569
01:17:09,400 --> 01:17:12,000
Provisions existed for treating 
Burns, smoke. 

1570
01:17:12,000 --> 01:17:14,900
Inhalation or the countless 
injuries that firefighters 

1571
01:17:14,900 --> 01:17:16,400
sustained during rescue 
operations. 

1572
01:17:17,400 --> 01:17:19,600
Fire. 
Simply claimed the lives of men,

1573
01:17:19,600 --> 01:17:23,100
seriously, injured, adding their
bodies to the growing casualty 

1574
01:17:23,100 --> 01:17:24,500
list of the Industrial 
Revolution. 

1575
01:17:26,200 --> 01:17:29,900
The sleeping quarters of the 
equipment Bay House, 12 men in 

1576
01:17:29,900 --> 01:17:33,200
conditions that would shame a 
medieval Monastery, narrow kots 

1577
01:17:33,200 --> 01:17:34,800
arranged in military formation 
left. 

1578
01:17:34,800 --> 01:17:37,400
Barely enough room to walk 
between them while a single 

1579
01:17:37,400 --> 01:17:40,200
window provided the only 
ventilation for the entire space

1580
01:17:40,200 --> 01:17:43,300
during summer months, the 
combination of body heat and 

1581
01:17:43,300 --> 01:17:46,100
smoke. 
Saturated clothing, created an 

1582
01:17:46,100 --> 01:17:48,800
atmosphere that rivaled the 
fires they fought for sheer 

1583
01:17:48,800 --> 01:17:52,900
unpleasantness Thomas 
meticulously inspected, his 

1584
01:17:52,900 --> 01:17:55,100
personal equipment, as if his 
life, relied on its 

1585
01:17:55,100 --> 01:17:57,300
dependability, his leather 
helmet. 

1586
01:17:57,300 --> 01:18:00,200
Born, new Scorch marks from the 
mill, fire, the protective 

1587
01:18:00,200 --> 01:18:03,100
coating, blistered and peeling 
from exposure to extreme heat. 

1588
01:18:03,900 --> 01:18:06,400
The speaking trumpet, he used to
call coordinate rescue efforts 

1589
01:18:06,400 --> 01:18:08,100
had developed a crack along its 
length. 

1590
01:18:08,100 --> 01:18:10,500
That would reduce its 
Effectiveness in noisy 

1591
01:18:10,500 --> 01:18:13,300
environments. 
His rope showed signs of heat 

1592
01:18:13,300 --> 01:18:15,700
damage that could cause it to 
fail under stress. 

1593
01:18:15,700 --> 01:18:18,100
Leave him stranded in a burning 
building. 

1594
01:18:18,900 --> 01:18:21,500
The Brigade horses occupied 
stalls, adjacent to the main 

1595
01:18:21,500 --> 01:18:23,700
building. 
Their care consuming a 

1596
01:18:23,700 --> 01:18:25,700
significant portion of the 
Department's modest budget. 

1597
01:18:26,500 --> 01:18:29,700
These animals were essential to 
firefighting operations, but 

1598
01:18:29,700 --> 01:18:31,800
they were required constant 
maintenance and were vulnerable 

1599
01:18:31,800 --> 01:18:34,600
to the same toxic atmosphere, 
that played human residents. 

1600
01:18:35,500 --> 01:18:38,400
Several horses had died from 
respiratory ailments caused by, 

1601
01:18:38,400 --> 01:18:40,400
chronic exposure to Industrial 
smoke. 

1602
01:18:40,400 --> 01:18:43,400
Their replacement representing, 
a financial burden that 

1603
01:18:43,400 --> 01:18:45,600
stretched, the brigades 
resources, beyond their limits 

1604
01:18:46,700 --> 01:18:49,700
Water supply presented, another 
insurmountable challenge in 

1605
01:18:49,708 --> 01:18:51,200
Manchester's, industrial 
environment. 

1606
01:18:52,100 --> 01:18:55,400
The city's water mains designed 
for domestic use rather than 

1607
01:18:55,400 --> 01:18:58,600
firefighting could not provide 
adequate pressure or volume for 

1608
01:18:58,600 --> 01:19:01,700
serious Blazers. 
Firefighters often found 

1609
01:19:01,700 --> 01:19:04,300
themselves competing with 
industrial users for access to 

1610
01:19:04,300 --> 01:19:07,800
water while Mill owners who can 
control private water sources, 

1611
01:19:07,800 --> 01:19:10,600
frequently refused to make them 
available during emergencies. 

1612
01:19:10,600 --> 01:19:13,700
The economic reality of 
firefighting and Industrial 

1613
01:19:13,700 --> 01:19:17,100
England, created a system where 
Property Owners ability to pay 

1614
01:19:17,100 --> 01:19:20,500
determine the level of 
protection they received Wealthy

1615
01:19:20,500 --> 01:19:23,500
Miller owners, could purchase 
private fire insurance, that 

1616
01:19:23,500 --> 01:19:27,000
included dedicated firefighting 
Services while working class 

1617
01:19:27,000 --> 01:19:29,300
neighborhoods, relied on 
Municipal brigades that were 

1618
01:19:29,300 --> 01:19:31,800
chronically underfunded and 
under staffed. 

1619
01:19:32,400 --> 01:19:34,700
Thomas had witnessed the 
destruction of buildings as 

1620
01:19:34,700 --> 01:19:37,200
firefighters. 
Lacking the necessary equipment 

1621
01:19:37,200 --> 01:19:40,100
or authority to intervene in 
fires affecting uninsured, 

1622
01:19:40,100 --> 01:19:42,300
properties stood helplessly 
nearby. 

1623
01:19:43,400 --> 01:19:45,900
Captain Morrison called the 
Brigade together for their daily

1624
01:19:45,900 --> 01:19:48,600
briefing. 
His face showing the cumulative 

1625
01:19:48,600 --> 01:19:51,600
effects of decades. 
Spent breathing smoke and toxic 

1626
01:19:51,600 --> 01:19:54,000
fumes. 
The Pemberton mill. 

1627
01:19:54,000 --> 01:19:57,800
Fire consumed, six lives. 
He announced his voice heavy 

1628
01:19:57,800 --> 01:19:59,400
with the weight of repeated 
tragedy. 

1629
01:20:00,200 --> 01:20:03,000
Three children and three adults.
Die from smoke, inhalation. 

1630
01:20:04,000 --> 01:20:06,400
While 14 others remain in the 
hospital with injuries. 

1631
01:20:06,400 --> 01:20:09,800
That may prove, fatal the mill 
itself is a total loss 

1632
01:20:09,800 --> 01:20:13,400
representing 40,000 pounds in 
damage to the building and 

1633
01:20:13,400 --> 01:20:16,300
machinery. 
The human cost of the fire would

1634
01:20:16,300 --> 01:20:18,500
extend far beyond the immediate 
casualties. 

1635
01:20:19,400 --> 01:20:21,200
Families who had lost their 
primary wage. 

1636
01:20:21,200 --> 01:20:23,600
Earners would face destitution 
in an era before. 

1637
01:20:23,600 --> 01:20:26,000
So social safety nets or workers
compensation. 

1638
01:20:26,700 --> 01:20:29,100
Children, orphaned, by 
industrial accidents became 

1639
01:20:29,100 --> 01:20:31,300
burdens on an overwhelmed 
charity system. 

1640
01:20:31,300 --> 01:20:34,100
That could provide only the most
basic subsistence. 

1641
01:20:35,200 --> 01:20:37,900
The millworkers, who survived 
would face unemployment until 

1642
01:20:37,900 --> 01:20:39,500
New facilities could be 
constructed. 

1643
01:20:39,500 --> 01:20:42,500
Assuming they could find 
employers willing to hire work. 

1644
01:20:42,500 --> 01:20:46,200
As with visible burn scars or a 
spirit tree damage Manchester's,

1645
01:20:46,200 --> 01:20:49,200
industrial districts, never 
truly, slept their Machinery. 

1646
01:20:49,200 --> 01:20:51,900
Clattering through the night 
hours while skeleton Crews, 

1647
01:20:51,900 --> 01:20:54,600
maintained production schedules,
that recognize no distinction 

1648
01:20:54,600 --> 01:20:58,400
between day and darkness. 
For firefighters this meant that

1649
01:20:58,400 --> 01:21:02,400
emergencies could strike at any 
hour, pulling exhausted men from

1650
01:21:02,400 --> 01:21:06,000
their Mega rest to face Blazers 
that seemed even more terrifying

1651
01:21:06,000 --> 01:21:09,300
when illuminated only by their 
flames and the feeble glow of 

1652
01:21:09,300 --> 01:21:12,800
gas Street lamps. 
Thomas had been asleep for 

1653
01:21:12,800 --> 01:21:15,800
perhaps two hours when the alarm
Bell shattered, the station's 

1654
01:21:15,800 --> 01:21:18,600
relative quiet, its urgent. 
Clanging echoing off. 

1655
01:21:18,608 --> 01:21:22,400
The brick walls of the sleeping 
quarters around him, 11 other 

1656
01:21:22,400 --> 01:21:25,100
men rolled from their cots with 
the practice deficiency of 

1657
01:21:25,108 --> 01:21:28,200
soldiers, responding to 
Battlestations pulling on boots 

1658
01:21:28,200 --> 01:21:31,700
and coats that never had time to
fully dry between calls the 

1659
01:21:31,700 --> 01:21:33,600
station. 
Single oil lamp, cast Dancing 

1660
01:21:33,600 --> 01:21:36,000
Shadows, that transformed 
familiar equipment, into 

1661
01:21:36,000 --> 01:21:39,200
menacing shapes while outside 
the building Manchester's, 

1662
01:21:39,200 --> 01:21:42,000
Perpetual industrial fog, 
muffled all sound except the 

1663
01:21:42,000 --> 01:21:45,500
insistent demand of the alarm. 
Captain Morrison appeared in the

1664
01:21:45,508 --> 01:21:47,900
doorway his face in the 
Lamplight. 

1665
01:21:48,600 --> 01:21:51,200
Whitworth mill, on Dean's, gate.
He announced tersely. 

1666
01:21:51,200 --> 01:21:54,600
Multiple floors are involved. 
And there are reports of workers

1667
01:21:54,600 --> 01:21:58,000
trapped inside. 
The men needed no further 

1668
01:21:58,000 --> 01:22:01,300
explanation, Whitworth Mill 
represented one of Manchester's,

1669
01:22:01,300 --> 01:22:05,100
largest textile operations, a 
six-story monument to Industrial

1670
01:22:05,100 --> 01:22:08,400
efficiency that employed nearly 
300 workers across its various 

1671
01:22:08,400 --> 01:22:10,900
departments a fire in such a 
facility. 

1672
01:22:10,900 --> 01:22:13,500
Could easily become a 
catastrophe that would dwarf the

1673
01:22:13,500 --> 01:22:16,800
previous day's Pemberton Mill 
disaster the night journey 

1674
01:22:16,800 --> 01:22:19,500
through Manchester streets 
revealed the industrial cities, 

1675
01:22:19,500 --> 01:22:23,400
nocturnal character a landscape 
of glowing furnaces and smoking 

1676
01:22:23,400 --> 01:22:26,900
chimneys that painted. 
The fog with hellish colors, gas

1677
01:22:26,900 --> 01:22:29,400
lamps, flickered, weakly through
the permanent Haze. 

1678
01:22:29,400 --> 01:22:32,200
They're like barely penetrating 
the toxic atmosphere. 

1679
01:22:32,200 --> 01:22:35,600
That filled the narrow streets. 
The horse-drawn fire engine 

1680
01:22:35,600 --> 01:22:38,400
clattered over Cobblestone slick
with Industrial Waste and 

1681
01:22:38,408 --> 01:22:41,300
condensed. 
Chemical Vapors, its iron Wheels

1682
01:22:41,300 --> 01:22:44,300
striking Sparks that briefly. 
Illuminated, the Grim faces of 

1683
01:22:44,300 --> 01:22:48,000
night shift workers heading home
from 12-hour shifts in the Mills

1684
01:22:48,000 --> 01:22:51,500
Whitworth Mill, announced itself
from several blocks away, its 

1685
01:22:51,500 --> 01:22:53,700
upper floors. 
Crowned with flames that Rose 

1686
01:22:53,700 --> 01:22:56,200
higher than the surrounding 
buildings and cast. 

1687
01:22:56,200 --> 01:22:59,200
An orange glow that penetrated 
even Manchester's, industrial 

1688
01:22:59,200 --> 01:23:01,900
fog. 
The four anyone thought to 

1689
01:23:01,900 --> 01:23:04,000
summon the Brigade? 
The fire had been burning for 

1690
01:23:04,000 --> 01:23:06,700
some time spreading throughout 
the building's upper levels 

1691
01:23:06,700 --> 01:23:08,500
while workers on the lower 
floors. 

1692
01:23:08,500 --> 01:23:11,300
Continue their tasks, blissfully
unaware of the disaster 

1693
01:23:11,300 --> 01:23:14,500
unfolding of the Thomas 
immediately realized that this 

1694
01:23:14,500 --> 01:23:17,300
fire would challenge the limits 
of their outdated equipment and 

1695
01:23:17,300 --> 01:23:20,600
methods, these buildings height,
made it impossible to reach the 

1696
01:23:20,600 --> 01:23:23,200
upper floors with their ladders.
While the intensity of the 

1697
01:23:23,208 --> 01:23:25,100
Flames suggested that the fire 
had found. 

1698
01:23:25,100 --> 01:23:28,900
The milled cocktail was feeding 
ones of pounds of combustible 

1699
01:23:28,900 --> 01:23:32,400
material Workers streamed from 
the building's ground floor 

1700
01:23:32,400 --> 01:23:35,100
exits many carrying their few 
possessions While others 

1701
01:23:35,100 --> 01:23:37,400
supported colleague, whose Burns
would likely. 

1702
01:23:37,400 --> 01:23:41,200
Prove fatal, The Mills night, 
supervisor, a thin man whose 

1703
01:23:41,200 --> 01:23:43,400
permanently stained clothing 
testified to years. 

1704
01:23:43,400 --> 01:23:46,400
Spent among the textile 
Machinery approached Captain 

1705
01:23:46,400 --> 01:23:50,000
Morrison with visible Panic. 
There are a dozen workers on the

1706
01:23:50,008 --> 01:23:52,500
5th floor. 
He reported his voice cracking 

1707
01:23:52,500 --> 01:23:56,000
with stress the main stick case 
collapse, 20 minutes ago, and we

1708
01:23:56,008 --> 01:23:57,300
can't reach them through the 
smoke. 

1709
01:23:58,700 --> 01:24:02,000
Morrison nodded grimly knowing 
that it doesn't workers trapped 

1710
01:24:02,000 --> 01:24:03,600
on the 5th. 
Floor of a burning building 

1711
01:24:03,600 --> 01:24:07,000
represented a death sentence 
that 1852 technology could not 

1712
01:24:07,000 --> 01:24:09,700
commute. 
Thomas, found himself assigned 

1713
01:24:09,700 --> 01:24:12,700
to Interior reconnaissance a 
polite term for entering a 

1714
01:24:12,700 --> 01:24:15,300
burning building to determine 
how many people would die before

1715
01:24:15,300 --> 01:24:18,300
the night ended. 
He wrapped a wet cloth around 

1716
01:24:18,300 --> 01:24:21,700
his face and plunged into the 
Mills ground floor where the air

1717
01:24:21,700 --> 01:24:24,300
hung thick with smoke in the 
temperature climbed steadily, as

1718
01:24:24,300 --> 01:24:25,600
he moved deeper into the 
building. 

1719
01:24:26,500 --> 01:24:29,100
The textile Machinery, created a
maze of obstacles. 

1720
01:24:29,100 --> 01:24:31,900
That seemed designed to trap. 
Anyone attempting to navigate to

1721
01:24:31,900 --> 01:24:35,700
near zero visibility The layout 
of the building designed to 

1722
01:24:35,700 --> 01:24:38,300
maximize productive space while 
minimizing, everything else 

1723
01:24:38,300 --> 01:24:42,500
resulted in narrow aisles low 
ceilings and bottle neck exits, 

1724
01:24:42,500 --> 01:24:46,300
that became deadly traps during 
emergencies gaslighting fixtures

1725
01:24:46,300 --> 01:24:49,000
had exploded throughout the 
facility, their shattered 

1726
01:24:49,000 --> 01:24:52,100
remains creating additional fire
sources, while leaving the 

1727
01:24:52,100 --> 01:24:55,400
interior in dangerous Darkness. 
Thomas navigated the 

1728
01:24:55,400 --> 01:24:58,300
smoke-filled maze by feeling and
Instinct calling out for 

1729
01:24:58,300 --> 01:25:00,800
survivors. 
On the second floor, he 

1730
01:25:00,800 --> 01:25:03,800
encountered, the Mills steam 
engine a massive mechanical 

1731
01:25:03,800 --> 01:25:07,000
heart that continued to pound 
rhythmically, even as flames 

1732
01:25:07,000 --> 01:25:11,000
consumed the building around it.
The engines automatic stoking 

1733
01:25:11,000 --> 01:25:13,800
system fed coal into its Firebox
without regard for the 

1734
01:25:13,800 --> 01:25:16,700
surrounding, emergency 
maintaining steam pressure that 

1735
01:25:16,700 --> 01:25:19,200
powered Machinery on Floors 
where no workers remained to 

1736
01:25:19,200 --> 01:25:21,900
operate it. 
The combination of superheated 

1737
01:25:21,900 --> 01:25:23,500
steam and surrounding Flames 
created. 

1738
01:25:23,500 --> 01:25:27,200
And so hostile to human life, 
that Thomas could barely 

1739
01:25:27,200 --> 01:25:29,200
approach within 20 feet of the 
engine room. 

1740
01:25:30,000 --> 01:25:33,300
Staircase to the upper floors 
had indeed collapsed its wooden 

1741
01:25:33,300 --> 01:25:35,200
construction. 
No match for the intense heat 

1742
01:25:35,200 --> 01:25:37,100
generated by tons of burning 
cotton. 

1743
01:25:37,700 --> 01:25:40,600
Through the Gap where the stairs
once stood Thomas could hear the

1744
01:25:40,600 --> 01:25:42,700
voices of the trapped workers on
the 5th floor. 

1745
01:25:42,700 --> 01:25:45,800
Their cries becoming weaker due 
to the effects of smoke, 

1746
01:25:45,800 --> 01:25:49,200
inhalation, He attempted to 
throw the rope but the distance 

1747
01:25:49,200 --> 01:25:52,100
was too great in the angle to 
steep for any practical rescue 

1748
01:25:52,100 --> 01:25:54,800
attempt. 
Outside the building, the fire 

1749
01:25:54,800 --> 01:25:57,300
spectacular. 
Growth had attracted a crowd of 

1750
01:25:57,300 --> 01:26:00,000
Spectators who gathered at what 
they considered a safe distance 

1751
01:26:00,000 --> 01:26:02,100
to watch the industrial 
catastrophe. 

1752
01:26:02,100 --> 01:26:05,400
Unfolded Mill, fires provided 
free entertainment for 

1753
01:26:05,400 --> 01:26:08,400
Manchester's, working class, a 
dramatic break from the 

1754
01:26:08,400 --> 01:26:10,200
monotonous routine of factory 
labor. 

1755
01:26:11,000 --> 01:26:13,900
These observers showed little 
concern for the human tragedy 

1756
01:26:13,900 --> 01:26:15,500
playing out inside the burning 
building. 

1757
01:26:15,500 --> 01:26:18,100
There are attention focused in 
Stead on the impressive display 

1758
01:26:18,100 --> 01:26:22,300
of flames and the buildings of 
ventral collapse Here Dr. 

1759
01:26:22,300 --> 01:26:25,400
Ashworth arrived at the scene, 
despite the late hour, his 

1760
01:26:25,400 --> 01:26:28,100
medical bag and portable 
surgical kit, marking him as one

1761
01:26:28,100 --> 01:26:30,600
of the few professionals willing
to treat industrial accident 

1762
01:26:30,600 --> 01:26:33,500
victims. 
He began triaging the workers 

1763
01:26:33,500 --> 01:26:36,000
who had escaped the building 
quickly, identifying, those 

1764
01:26:36,000 --> 01:26:38,800
whose injuries required 
immediate attention, and those 

1765
01:26:38,800 --> 01:26:42,500
who are Beyond medical help. 
The night are filled with the 

1766
01:26:42,500 --> 01:26:44,900
moons of burn victims and the 
sobbing of workers who had 

1767
01:26:44,908 --> 01:26:47,000
watched colleagues disappear 
into the flames. 

1768
01:26:47,900 --> 01:26:50,700
Thomas emerged from the building
as its internal structure, began

1769
01:26:50,700 --> 01:26:52,600
to fail. 
The massive Timbers that 

1770
01:26:52,608 --> 01:26:55,200
supported its six floors. 
Finally succumbing to the 

1771
01:26:55,200 --> 01:26:57,000
intense Heat and the weight of 
collapsing. 

1772
01:26:57,000 --> 01:26:59,400
Masonry, the trapped workers on 
the 5th. 

1773
01:26:59,400 --> 01:27:02,800
Floor, fell silent their voices 
lost in the thunderous crash of 

1774
01:27:02,800 --> 01:27:05,200
falling machinery. 
And structural beams. 

1775
01:27:05,900 --> 01:27:09,200
He'd fail to save them, another 
dozen names to add to the 

1776
01:27:09,200 --> 01:27:11,500
growing list of industrial 
casualties that haunted his 

1777
01:27:11,500 --> 01:27:14,400
dreams Dawn broke over 
Manchester like a revelation of 

1778
01:27:14,400 --> 01:27:17,600
Hell, the Rising Sun, filtered 
through layers of industrial 

1779
01:27:17,600 --> 01:27:22,000
smoke and chemical fog until it 
resembled a sickly orange of the

1780
01:27:22,000 --> 01:27:25,000
destruction below. 
The Whitworth Mill had burned 

1781
01:27:25,000 --> 01:27:27,700
through the night. 
Its six stories collapsing 

1782
01:27:27,700 --> 01:27:31,500
section by section until nothing
remained but a smoking pile of 

1783
01:27:31,500 --> 01:27:34,000
rubble that would continue to 
smolder for days. 

1784
01:27:34,900 --> 01:27:38,300
Thomas, stood among the debris. 
His face blackened with soot and

1785
01:27:38,300 --> 01:27:41,500
his lungs raw from breathing the
toxic air that passed for 

1786
01:27:41,500 --> 01:27:45,100
atmosphere in England's 
industrial Heartland. 12 workers

1787
01:27:45,100 --> 01:27:47,900
had died in the Whitworth, fire.
Their bodies crushed. 

1788
01:27:47,900 --> 01:27:51,300
Beneath falling Machinery, or 
consumed by Flames that reach 

1789
01:27:51,300 --> 01:27:53,300
temperatures, exceeding, 
anything natural. 

1790
01:27:54,100 --> 01:27:57,000
Their names would be recorded in
the city's death registers as 

1791
01:27:57,000 --> 01:27:59,400
industrial accidents. 
Statistical. 

1792
01:27:59,400 --> 01:28:01,400
Abstractions. 
That fail to capture the human 

1793
01:28:01,400 --> 01:28:03,500
cost of Manchester's. 
Textile prosperity. 

1794
01:28:04,400 --> 01:28:07,900
Behind each name, stood a family
thrust into destitution children

1795
01:28:07,900 --> 01:28:10,200
left. 
Orphaned in a society that 

1796
01:28:10,200 --> 01:28:12,800
viewed their survival As A 
Private Matter rather than a 

1797
01:28:12,800 --> 01:28:16,500
public responsibility. 
The Milo owner, Mr. Whitworth 

1798
01:28:16,500 --> 01:28:20,100
himself surveyed the ruins. 
From his Carriage calculating 

1799
01:28:20,100 --> 01:28:22,800
insurance settlements and 
replacement costs with the same 

1800
01:28:22,800 --> 01:28:25,800
methodical Precision. 
He applied to production quotas,

1801
01:28:25,800 --> 01:28:28,400
the building had been insured 
for its full value. 

1802
01:28:28,400 --> 01:28:31,200
While the Machinery could be 
replaced within months, if 

1803
01:28:31,200 --> 01:28:33,700
orders were placed immediately 
with the founders of Sheffield 

1804
01:28:33,700 --> 01:28:37,100
and Birmingham The human losses.
Barely registered in his 

1805
01:28:37,100 --> 01:28:41,200
accounting workers were abundant
and easily replaced their 

1806
01:28:41,200 --> 01:28:43,900
families suffering invisible to 
Men Who measured success in 

1807
01:28:43,900 --> 01:28:47,400
Pounds, Sterling and production,
efficiency Thomas walked among 

1808
01:28:47,400 --> 01:28:50,400
the survivors offering what 
Comfort he could to people whose

1809
01:28:50,400 --> 01:28:52,500
worlds had been destroyed in a 
single night. 

1810
01:28:53,400 --> 01:28:56,100
Mrs. Hartwell clutched, the 
burned remains of her husband's.

1811
01:28:56,100 --> 01:28:58,400
Work clothes. 
The fabric, still warm from the 

1812
01:28:58,400 --> 01:29:01,400
Flames that acclaimed his life. 
Her three children huddled 

1813
01:29:01,400 --> 01:29:04,400
around her skirts, their faces 
already showing the Halo 

1814
01:29:04,400 --> 01:29:06,800
expression of poverty that would
mark them for the remainder of 

1815
01:29:06,800 --> 01:29:10,300
their shortened lives. 
Industrial England provided no 

1816
01:29:10,300 --> 01:29:11,800
compensation for workplace 
deaths. 

1817
01:29:11,800 --> 01:29:15,600
No pensions for widows and no 
support for orphaned children. 

1818
01:29:15,600 --> 01:29:18,300
Whose crimes being born into the
working class? 

1819
01:29:19,300 --> 01:29:22,900
Dr. Ashworth, moved among the 
injured with growing despair. 

1820
01:29:22,900 --> 01:29:25,900
His medical knowledge 
inadequate, against the scale of

1821
01:29:25,900 --> 01:29:29,900
suffering that surrounded him. 
Burns covering more than 20% of 

1822
01:29:29,900 --> 01:29:33,700
the body, were invariably fatal 
in an era before fluid 

1823
01:29:33,700 --> 01:29:36,900
replacement therapy or 
antibiotic treatment, he could 

1824
01:29:36,900 --> 01:29:40,000
offer Lord name for pain and 
perhaps preserve life for a few 

1825
01:29:40,008 --> 01:29:42,300
additional days. 
But the fundamental reality 

1826
01:29:42,300 --> 01:29:45,600
remained unchanged in industrial
progress consumed. 

1827
01:29:45,600 --> 01:29:49,100
Human lives as fuel for its 
advancement and Society accepted

1828
01:29:49,100 --> 01:29:51,300
this sacrifice as the natural 
Order of Things. 

1829
01:29:52,100 --> 01:29:55,100
The city's response to the fire 
revealed, the true priorities of

1830
01:29:55,100 --> 01:29:57,500
industrial civilization with 
brutal clarity. 

1831
01:29:58,300 --> 01:30:01,100
Within hours of the building's 
collapse municipal authorities 

1832
01:30:01,100 --> 01:30:03,600
had dispatched Crews to clear 
the rubble and restore traffic 

1833
01:30:03,600 --> 01:30:06,700
flow through the district. 
The dead would be buried quickly

1834
01:30:06,700 --> 01:30:08,600
in quietly. 
Their families grief 

1835
01:30:08,600 --> 01:30:11,500
subordinated to the economic 
imperative of maintaining 

1836
01:30:11,500 --> 01:30:15,100
industrial production. 
New workers would be recruited 

1837
01:30:15,100 --> 01:30:18,000
from the countryside, drawn, by 
Promises of steady wages that 

1838
01:30:18,000 --> 01:30:21,300
fail to mention the probability 
of industrial accident or early 

1839
01:30:21,300 --> 01:30:24,800
death from respiratory disease. 
Captain Morrison gathered, his 

1840
01:30:24,800 --> 01:30:27,600
exhausted firefighters for the 
journey back to their station. 

1841
01:30:27,600 --> 01:30:30,100
His weathered face showing the 
cumulative. 

1842
01:30:30,100 --> 01:30:33,400
Toll of decades spent fighting 
fires within adequate equipment 

1843
01:30:33,400 --> 01:30:37,000
and insufficient support. 
Three of his men showed signs of

1844
01:30:37,000 --> 01:30:38,800
serious injury from the night's 
work. 

1845
01:30:38,800 --> 01:30:42,100
Henderson had suffered severe 
burns on his hands and arms 

1846
01:30:42,100 --> 01:30:45,700
while Collins coughed blood that
indicated potentially fatal lung

1847
01:30:45,700 --> 01:30:48,100
damage. 
These men would continue working

1848
01:30:48,100 --> 01:30:51,000
because they had no alternative.
Firefighters. 

1849
01:30:51,000 --> 01:30:53,600
Who could not perform their 
duties, simply disappeared into 

1850
01:30:53,600 --> 01:30:56,500
Manchester's growing population 
of industrial invalids. 

1851
01:30:56,500 --> 01:30:59,700
The economic mathematics of 
firefighting in 1852. 

1852
01:30:59,700 --> 01:31:01,600
Manchester demonstrated 
societies. 

1853
01:31:01,600 --> 01:31:04,200
Perverted priorities with 
mathematical precision. 

1854
01:31:05,300 --> 01:31:08,200
The city allocated more money to
street cleaning, the fire 

1855
01:31:08,200 --> 01:31:11,700
prevention and more resources, 
to make Public Gardens than to 

1856
01:31:11,700 --> 01:31:14,000
protecting working class 
neighborhoods from industrial 

1857
01:31:14,000 --> 01:31:16,600
Blazers. 
Fire insurance companies. 

1858
01:31:16,600 --> 01:31:19,400
Employed private brigades to 
protect wealthy districts while 

1859
01:31:19,400 --> 01:31:21,900
public firefighters struggled 
with primitive equipment and 

1860
01:31:21,900 --> 01:31:25,900
skeleton Crews. 
The message was clear property 

1861
01:31:25,900 --> 01:31:28,700
mattered More Than People profit
more than human life. 

1862
01:31:29,400 --> 01:31:32,600
Thomas reflected on his chosen 
profession as the fire engine 

1863
01:31:32,600 --> 01:31:35,100
clattered through Manchester's, 
smoke-filled streets. 

1864
01:31:35,800 --> 01:31:38,800
He had become a firefighter 
believing he could save lives 

1865
01:31:38,800 --> 01:31:41,300
and protect his community from 
the ravages of industrial 

1866
01:31:41,300 --> 01:31:43,400
progress. 
In Stead he found himself 

1867
01:31:43,400 --> 01:31:46,200
serving as witness to a 
systematic destruction of human 

1868
01:31:46,200 --> 01:31:49,100
life that masqueraded as 
economic advancement. 

1869
01:31:50,000 --> 01:31:53,600
Every fire revealed the same 
pattern, preventable accidents 

1870
01:31:53,600 --> 01:31:56,100
caused by cost, cutting, 
measures inadequate, safety 

1871
01:31:56,100 --> 01:31:59,000
equipment, and building, designs
that prioritize production 

1872
01:31:59,000 --> 01:32:00,800
efficiency over workers 
survival. 

1873
01:32:02,000 --> 01:32:04,900
The industrial revolution had 
transformed firefighting from a 

1874
01:32:04,900 --> 01:32:08,200
community responsibility into a 
professional necessity. 

1875
01:32:08,200 --> 01:32:12,100
But Society had to provide the 
resources necessary for success 

1876
01:32:13,100 --> 01:32:15,500
Firefighters operated with the 
equipment that belonged in the 

1877
01:32:15,500 --> 01:32:19,200
previous Century, received 
training that consisted mainly 

1878
01:32:19,200 --> 01:32:22,400
of learning from the mistakes of
dead Collies and worked for 

1879
01:32:22,400 --> 01:32:24,300
wages. 
That barely sustained life in 

1880
01:32:24,300 --> 01:32:28,200
the expensive industrial cities.
Men, who viewed workers safety, 

1881
01:32:28,200 --> 01:32:31,200
as an unnecessary, expense that 
reduce shareholder profits 

1882
01:32:31,200 --> 01:32:34,500
expected, firefighters to risk 
their lives to protect their 

1883
01:32:34,500 --> 01:32:37,200
Investments. 
As they approached the fire 

1884
01:32:37,200 --> 01:32:40,500
station Thomas could see the 
next generation of Manchester's.

1885
01:32:40,500 --> 01:32:43,800
Industrial Workforce streaming 
toward the mills for the morning

1886
01:32:43,800 --> 01:32:46,300
shift. 
Children as young as eight 

1887
01:32:46,300 --> 01:32:49,000
walked alongside their parents 
heading for jobs, that would 

1888
01:32:49,000 --> 01:32:51,700
consume their childhoods and 
probably end their lives before 

1889
01:32:51,700 --> 01:32:54,900
they reached 40. 
These young faces reminded him. 

1890
01:32:54,900 --> 01:32:57,400
Why he continued fighting fires,
despite the professions 

1891
01:32:57,400 --> 01:33:00,800
countless Horrors, someone had 
to stand between Manchester's, 

1892
01:33:00,800 --> 01:33:03,100
working population and the 
industrial forces that treated 

1893
01:33:03,100 --> 01:33:06,300
human beings as disposable 
components in a vast economic 

1894
01:33:06,300 --> 01:33:09,000
machine. 
Before they had finished, 

1895
01:33:09,000 --> 01:33:12,500
unloading their equipment, the 
station bell rang again its 

1896
01:33:12,500 --> 01:33:16,200
urgent clanging announcing. 
Another fire in another Mill. 

1897
01:33:16,200 --> 01:33:18,900
Another group of workers whose 
lives were in the balance, 

1898
01:33:20,100 --> 01:33:21,600
Thomas checked, his scorched 
equipment. 

1899
01:33:21,600 --> 01:33:24,500
One more time, pulled on his 
battered leather helmet and 

1900
01:33:24,500 --> 01:33:27,000
prepared to Enter. 
Hell once again, this was the 

1901
01:33:27,000 --> 01:33:28,900
reality of being an industrial 
revolution. 

1902
01:33:28,900 --> 01:33:33,600
Firefighter, an endless cycle of
tragedy and loss fork with 

1903
01:33:33,608 --> 01:33:36,400
primitive weapons against an 
enemy that grew stronger with 

1904
01:33:36,400 --> 01:33:38,700
each passing day. 
Manchester's. 

1905
01:33:38,700 --> 01:33:40,400
Smoke stained Sky, offered. 
No. 

1906
01:33:40,400 --> 01:33:43,700
Promise of better days ahead, 
only the certainly that more 

1907
01:33:43,700 --> 01:33:46,700
fires would follow. 
More lives would be lost and 

1908
01:33:46,700 --> 01:33:49,700
more families would be thrust 
into poverty by the next Rebel. 

1909
01:33:49,700 --> 01:33:53,500
Demands of industrial progress. 
Thomas climbed aboard, the fire 

1910
01:33:53,500 --> 01:33:56,300
engine as it lurched into 
motion, carrying him toward 

1911
01:33:56,300 --> 01:33:58,800
another confrontational with the
forces that were reshaping 

1912
01:33:58,800 --> 01:34:01,300
England into something barely 
recognizable as human 

1913
01:34:01,300 --> 01:34:04,300
civilization. 
The Towering chimneys of the 

1914
01:34:04,308 --> 01:34:06,000
mill. 
Districts stretching, endlessly 

1915
01:34:06,000 --> 01:34:09,300
in all directions, released 
clouds of toxic smoke turning, 

1916
01:34:09,300 --> 01:34:12,100
the very air into poison. 
This was the world that 

1917
01:34:12,100 --> 01:34:15,600
Industrial Revolution. 
Firefighters inhabited a 

1918
01:34:15,600 --> 01:34:18,100
landscape where human life was 
measured in production units 

1919
01:34:18,100 --> 01:34:21,200
where worker safety was 
subordinated to profit margins 

1920
01:34:21,200 --> 01:34:23,900
and where the brave men, who 
risked everything to save others

1921
01:34:23,900 --> 01:34:26,600
with themselves considered 
Expendable components in the 

1922
01:34:26,600 --> 01:34:30,300
great industrial machine, As the
fire engine vanished into the 

1923
01:34:30,300 --> 01:34:33,500
ever-present haze of Manchester 
Thomas, grasp the profound 

1924
01:34:33,500 --> 01:34:35,500
frustration of being an 
industrial revolution 

1925
01:34:35,500 --> 01:34:39,400
firefighter, they were fighting 
a war they could never win using

1926
01:34:39,400 --> 01:34:40,600
weapons. 
That guaranteed their 

1927
01:34:40,600 --> 01:34:43,400
destruction in service of a 
society that viewed their 

1928
01:34:43,400 --> 01:34:46,100
sacrifice as both necessary and 
invisible. 

1929
01:34:46,900 --> 01:34:49,900
The Flames they battled were 
merely Simpsons of a larger 

1930
01:34:49,900 --> 01:34:51,200
conflagration. 
That was consuming. 

1931
01:34:51,200 --> 01:34:54,700
The soul of industrial England 
leaving behind a wasteland where

1932
01:34:54,700 --> 01:34:58,000
human dignity had been traded 
for economic efficiency and 

1933
01:34:58,000 --> 01:35:00,700
where the price of progress was 
measured in unmarked Graves. 

1934
01:35:08,000 --> 01:35:12,600
Thomas Jefferson was born on 
April, the 13th 1743 at Shadwell

1935
01:35:12,600 --> 01:35:15,600
a plantation in the Virginia. 
Piedmont, his father. 

1936
01:35:15,600 --> 01:35:19,100
Peter Jefferson was a surveyor 
and landowner renowned for 

1937
01:35:19,100 --> 01:35:22,400
physical strength and an 
adventurous Spirit, his mother 

1938
01:35:22,400 --> 01:35:25,200
Jane Randolph came from a 
prominent family. 

1939
01:35:25,900 --> 01:35:29,400
Growing up a mid Rolling Hills 
and dense forests young Thomas 

1940
01:35:29,400 --> 01:35:32,700
embraced the frontier ethos even
as he absorbed the Gentile, 

1941
01:35:32,700 --> 01:35:34,500
expectations of the colonial 
Gentry. 

1942
01:35:35,200 --> 01:35:38,200
He delighted in for horseback 
rides, the hush of Mountain 

1943
01:35:38,200 --> 01:35:40,800
Trails and the hum of 
intellectual debate. 

1944
01:35:40,800 --> 01:35:45,400
Courtesy of visiting tutors. 
By the 1750s, Virginia's 

1945
01:35:45,400 --> 01:35:47,500
plantation economy thrived on 
Tobacco cultivation. 

1946
01:35:48,500 --> 01:35:50,900
With an enslaved. 
Workforce forming its backbone. 

1947
01:35:51,500 --> 01:35:55,400
Peter Jefferson owned enslaved, 
laborers, and Thomas, grew up. 

1948
01:35:55,400 --> 01:35:58,500
Witnessing the institutions, 
daily operations, and uneasy 

1949
01:35:58,500 --> 01:36:00,500
inheritance. 
That would later spark internal 

1950
01:36:00,500 --> 01:36:04,100
conflict in his adult years. 
But as a child he balanced field

1951
01:36:04,100 --> 01:36:05,800
observations with classical 
studies. 

1952
01:36:05,800 --> 01:36:09,900
His father died when Thomas was 
14 leaving him, a sizeable 

1953
01:36:09,900 --> 01:36:12,200
estate. 
But also the burden of paternal 

1954
01:36:12,200 --> 01:36:16,400
absence this responsibility, 
shaped him instilling a drive 

1955
01:36:16,400 --> 01:36:18,500
for self-reliance and scholarly 
achievement. 

1956
01:36:19,400 --> 01:36:22,500
Around age 7 teen jeffson 
enrolled at the College of 

1957
01:36:22,500 --> 01:36:25,300
William and Mary in 
Williamsburg, immersed himself 

1958
01:36:25,300 --> 01:36:28,900
in philosophy mathematics. 
And the law studying under 

1959
01:36:28,900 --> 01:36:32,400
influential mentors, like George
wise late night reading session 

1960
01:36:32,400 --> 01:36:35,100
at the Royal Governors Palace 
Library fostered, his 

1961
01:36:35,100 --> 01:36:37,900
fascination with Enlightenment 
thinkers, John Locke, 

1962
01:36:37,900 --> 01:36:41,200
Montesquieu and others their 
calls for reason, over 

1963
01:36:41,200 --> 01:36:44,400
tradition, resonated with 
Jefferson who scouted texts on 

1964
01:36:44,408 --> 01:36:49,100
government science and ethics, 
He also cultivated his violin 

1965
01:36:49,100 --> 01:36:52,100
skills, joining small music, 
Gatherings that balance his 

1966
01:36:52,100 --> 01:36:55,600
rigorous academic schedule. 
After concluding his college 

1967
01:36:55,600 --> 01:36:58,900
Years, Jefferson read law with 
Wythe forging. 

1968
01:36:58,900 --> 01:37:01,800
A bond that melded legal rigor 
with ethical inquiry. 

1969
01:37:02,700 --> 01:37:05,400
This training hammered him. 
The notion that laws must be 

1970
01:37:05,400 --> 01:37:08,300
grounded in rational principles.
Not arbitrary. 

1971
01:37:08,300 --> 01:37:13,300
Decrees Meanwhile, he kept track
of tensions Brewing between the 

1972
01:37:13,300 --> 01:37:16,200
colonies and Britain. 
Attending assembly is where 

1973
01:37:16,200 --> 01:37:19,800
Taxation and representation 
Royal the Gentry, even then 

1974
01:37:19,800 --> 01:37:23,300
Jefferson's reflective nature. 
Showed he was not the most 

1975
01:37:23,300 --> 01:37:26,800
boisterous voice, but his 
private letters revealed a keen 

1976
01:37:26,800 --> 01:37:30,800
sense of Injustice at 
parliaments intrusions by 1767. 

1977
01:37:30,800 --> 01:37:34,300
He began practicing law. 
After being admitted to the bar.

1978
01:37:34,300 --> 01:37:37,100
You frequently represented small
land holders in property 

1979
01:37:37,100 --> 01:37:40,000
disputes or Merchants caught up 
in customs and forcement. 

1980
01:37:40,800 --> 01:37:44,400
Observers noted his calm 
demeanor, meticulous, arguments 

1981
01:37:44,400 --> 01:37:48,300
and persuasive writing. 
He built a reputation as a 

1982
01:37:48,300 --> 01:37:51,000
reliable Advocate who valued 
Clarity over theatrics. 

1983
01:37:51,800 --> 01:37:55,500
That skill set would soon extend
to political life as Colonial 

1984
01:37:55,500 --> 01:37:58,100
unrest over the Stamp Act and 
Townshend Duties. 

1985
01:37:58,100 --> 01:38:01,000
Escalated. 
Parallel to his legal career, 

1986
01:38:01,000 --> 01:38:05,200
Jefferson oversaw, the expansion
of Monticello his future 

1987
01:38:05,200 --> 01:38:07,600
architectural, Masterpiece 
perched, on a hill near 

1988
01:38:07,600 --> 01:38:10,800
Shadwell, he had begun designing
the house in his early twenties 

1989
01:38:10,800 --> 01:38:13,900
referencing palladian, styles 
gleaned from books. 

1990
01:38:13,900 --> 01:38:18,000
The properties Vantage offered 
sweeping views symbolizing for 

1991
01:38:18,000 --> 01:38:21,300
Jefferson, both intellectual 
curiosity and the potential of 

1992
01:38:21,300 --> 01:38:23,800
the new world. 
He adored the notion of 

1993
01:38:23,800 --> 01:38:27,300
designing living spaces with 
geometric, Harmony installing 

1994
01:38:27,300 --> 01:38:30,900
hidden staircases symmetrical 
wings and carefully proportioned

1995
01:38:30,900 --> 01:38:33,600
rooms. 
Wanted cello was not just a 

1996
01:38:33,600 --> 01:38:37,100
home, but a living laboratory 
for architecture, Horticulture 

1997
01:38:37,100 --> 01:38:41,500
and personal reflection. 
Reflection. 

1998
01:38:42,600 --> 01:38:46,300
In 1769, he won a seat in the 
Virginia House of Burgesses 

1999
01:38:46,300 --> 01:38:49,100
marking his formal entry into 
public affairs. 

2000
01:38:49,100 --> 01:38:53,100
He arrived in a tense climate 
radical voices called for 

2001
01:38:53,100 --> 01:38:56,400
boycotts of British goods 
Jefferson though quietly spoken 

2002
01:38:56,400 --> 01:38:58,100
sided with the emerging 
Patriots. 

2003
01:38:58,100 --> 01:39:01,500
He penned resolution's decking, 
British overreach though 

2004
01:39:01,500 --> 01:39:03,600
initially Mildred in tone over 
time. 

2005
01:39:03,600 --> 01:39:06,800
His pain would sharpen as London
doubled down on the colonial 

2006
01:39:06,800 --> 01:39:10,400
Authority around this era, he 
courted, Martha wayles Skelton, 

2007
01:39:10,400 --> 01:39:14,300
a young Widow, Fame for musical 
talent and A Gentle Spirit. 

2008
01:39:14,300 --> 01:39:19,200
They married on New Year's Day 
at 1772, forging, a partnership 

2009
01:39:19,200 --> 01:39:22,900
that would shape Jefferson's 
personal life. she joined him at

2010
01:39:22,900 --> 01:39:26,600
Monticello, though, her health 
was fragile, they spent tranquil

2011
01:39:26,600 --> 01:39:29,900
moments, reading or playing 
Duets Jefferson on violin, 

2012
01:39:29,900 --> 01:39:34,700
Martha on harpsichord, Their 
bond was tender yet overshadowed

2013
01:39:34,700 --> 01:39:36,300
by the mortality rates of the 
period. 

2014
01:39:37,000 --> 01:39:40,400
Over their decade together. 
Martha bought children but only 

2015
01:39:40,400 --> 01:39:43,700
two daughters survived to 
adulthood her eventual passing 

2016
01:39:43,700 --> 01:39:45,400
left. 
Jefferson in deep mourning and 

2017
01:39:45,400 --> 01:39:47,700
likely influenced his future 
emotional Reserve. 

2018
01:39:48,400 --> 01:39:51,700
Early in the 17th century. 
Jefferson found himself on the 

2019
01:39:51,700 --> 01:39:55,300
brink of a more significant, 
Colonial crisis, the Boston Tea 

2020
01:39:55,300 --> 01:39:57,900
Party erupted. 
The British closed, the port of 

2021
01:39:57,900 --> 01:40:01,000
Boston and the call for 
intercolonial Unity, grew louder

2022
01:40:01,000 --> 01:40:04,700
Jefferson's pain influenced by 
his legal background and 

2023
01:40:04,700 --> 01:40:07,900
Enlightenment conviction. 
Would soon craft arguments that 

2024
01:40:07,900 --> 01:40:12,600
soared, Beyond local assemblies,
Fate was guiding him toward the 

2025
01:40:12,600 --> 01:40:15,300
epicenter of revolutionary 
debate where he had become a 

2026
01:40:15,308 --> 01:40:18,600
pivotal voice championing 
Independents and articulating, a

2027
01:40:18,600 --> 01:40:20,800
new model of governance for now 
though. 

2028
01:40:20,800 --> 01:40:24,400
He was a rising Virginia, 
notable poised methodical and 

2029
01:40:24,400 --> 01:40:27,500
quietly determined with 
Monticello as both sanctuary and

2030
01:40:27,500 --> 01:40:31,200
symbol of evolving ideals. 
Jefferson's political instincts,

2031
01:40:31,200 --> 01:40:34,600
emerged as Colonial tensions, 
escalated into outright conflict

2032
01:40:34,600 --> 01:40:38,600
in 1774. 
He drafted a summary view of the

2033
01:40:38,600 --> 01:40:43,000
rights of British America. 
A pamphlet addressing colonial 

2034
01:40:43,000 --> 01:40:45,900
grievances. 
Though less famous than later 

2035
01:40:45,900 --> 01:40:47,300
texts. 
It signaled. 

2036
01:40:47,300 --> 01:40:50,800
A decisive shift arguing. 
That Parliament had no authority

2037
01:40:50,800 --> 01:40:52,800
to govern the colonies without 
their consent. 

2038
01:40:53,500 --> 01:40:56,600
This stance radical for its time
circulated. 

2039
01:40:56,600 --> 01:40:59,900
Widely some older Patriots, 
found it Brash, but for 

2040
01:40:59,900 --> 01:41:01,700
Jefferson, it was a matter of 
logical. 

2041
01:41:01,700 --> 01:41:05,000
Extension of reason and natural 
rights were Universal. 

2042
01:41:05,000 --> 01:41:09,100
British claims to Dominion 
flouted moral law, Virginia 

2043
01:41:09,100 --> 01:41:13,200
recognized Jefferson's talents 
sending him in 1774 to the 

2044
01:41:13,200 --> 01:41:16,400
second continental congress in 
Philadelphia the environment 

2045
01:41:16,400 --> 01:41:19,900
crackled with possibility, 
Delegates from 13 colonies 

2046
01:41:19,900 --> 01:41:22,000
debated, whether to petition the
crown, or brace for 

2047
01:41:22,000 --> 01:41:25,900
Independence, Jefferson's stoic 
Presence overshadowed by the 

2048
01:41:25,900 --> 01:41:29,200
fiery rhetoric of John Adams. 
All the gravitas of Benjamin 

2049
01:41:29,200 --> 01:41:31,600
Franklin, Mass, his deep 
conviction. 

2050
01:41:31,600 --> 01:41:35,400
He served on committees drafting
formal statements, the 

2051
01:41:35,400 --> 01:41:37,900
skirmishers around Lexington and
Concord flared into the 

2052
01:41:37,900 --> 01:41:40,300
Revolutionary War. 
The push for full Independence 

2053
01:41:40,300 --> 01:41:45,200
intensified June 1776. 
The Congress appointed a 

2054
01:41:45,200 --> 01:41:47,500
five-man committee to draft a 
declaration asserting the 

2055
01:41:47,508 --> 01:41:50,800
colonies break from Britain 
despite his relative youth 

2056
01:41:50,800 --> 01:41:54,400
Jefferson was chosen with Adams 
and Franklin among the others. 

2057
01:41:54,400 --> 01:41:58,700
They recognized his gift for 
articulate prose honed by years 

2058
01:41:58,700 --> 01:42:00,200
of reading Enlightenment 
treaters. 

2059
01:42:00,200 --> 01:42:04,000
Hold up in a second floor. 
Apartment Jefferson wrote 

2060
01:42:04,000 --> 01:42:07,700
feverishly, for two weeks. 
He produced a text that merged 

2061
01:42:07,700 --> 01:42:11,000
Loki and philosophy with a 
distinctly American context, 

2062
01:42:11,000 --> 01:42:14,900
championing life, liberty, and 
the pursuit of happiness. 

2063
01:42:16,100 --> 01:42:18,900
The phrase soared Beyond local 
grievances to a universal 

2064
01:42:18,900 --> 01:42:22,500
principle of individual rights 
Adams and frankly made slight 

2065
01:42:22,500 --> 01:42:26,500
edits and the Congress after 
heated debate adopted, a final 

2066
01:42:26,500 --> 01:42:30,700
version on July 4th, 1776, thus 
Jefferson's words became the 

2067
01:42:30,700 --> 01:42:33,900
Bedrock statement of a nascent 
Nation although the final text 

2068
01:42:33,900 --> 01:42:36,100
moderated, some of his vehement 
attacks on slavery. 

2069
01:42:37,000 --> 01:42:40,500
Speaking of slavery Jefferson's 
contradictory stance, glimmered,

2070
01:42:40,500 --> 01:42:43,000
even there. 
He condemned the slave trade in 

2071
01:42:43,000 --> 01:42:46,500
an early draft of the 
Declaration that passage was cut

2072
01:42:46,500 --> 01:42:49,400
under pressure from Southern 
delegates. personally owned in 

2073
01:42:49,400 --> 01:42:53,100
slaved individuals, at 
Monticello over time, you Penn 

2074
01:42:53,100 --> 01:42:57,000
theoretical critiques of slavery
as morally corrosive yet, he 

2075
01:42:57,000 --> 01:43:00,500
never comprehensively freed his 
own, this Paradox rarely 

2076
01:43:00,500 --> 01:43:04,700
resolved would haunt his legacy 
Despite disclaiming the system 

2077
01:43:04,700 --> 01:43:08,200
as an abominable crime. 
His economic Reliance on it. 

2078
01:43:08,200 --> 01:43:11,000
Ran ran deep. 
Following the Declarations 

2079
01:43:11,000 --> 01:43:14,100
adoption Jefferson returned to 
Virginia to help craft the 

2080
01:43:14,100 --> 01:43:17,300
State's new Constitution and 
overhaul its legal codes. 

2081
01:43:17,300 --> 01:43:20,400
He championed disestablishment 
of the Anglican Church. 

2082
01:43:20,400 --> 01:43:23,300
Arguing religious freedom was a 
Cornerstone of Liberty. 

2083
01:43:23,300 --> 01:43:26,100
He also sought to reform 
inheritance laws that 

2084
01:43:26,100 --> 01:43:29,600
concentrated wealth in certain 
families. such measures 

2085
01:43:29,600 --> 01:43:33,000
including the Statute for 
Religious Freedom would become 

2086
01:43:33,000 --> 01:43:36,600
pillars of Jefferson's vision of
a republican Society, a place 

2087
01:43:36,608 --> 01:43:39,900
where personal conscience 
reigned and inherited privileged

2088
01:43:39,900 --> 01:43:43,300
wind Yet implementing them 
stirred resistance from 

2089
01:43:43,300 --> 01:43:47,200
tradition bound, legislators. 
During the war Jefferson served 

2090
01:43:47,200 --> 01:43:51,600
as Virginia's. 
Governor from 1779 to 1781 a 10 

2091
01:43:51,600 --> 01:43:55,900
year, overshadowed by British 
invasions The conflict tested 

2092
01:43:55,900 --> 01:43:57,500
him in ways that writing never 
had. 

2093
01:43:58,200 --> 01:44:02,900
He faced logistical chaos, 
shortages, Mega supplies and 

2094
01:44:02,900 --> 01:44:06,000
Loyalists uprising. 
British forces under Benedict, 

2095
01:44:06,000 --> 01:44:09,200
Arnold raided, Richmond, nearly 
capturing Jefferson at 

2096
01:44:09,200 --> 01:44:11,600
Monticello. 
Critique of his governorship 

2097
01:44:11,600 --> 01:44:14,800
circulated branding him 
ineffective or hesitant Under 

2098
01:44:14,800 --> 01:44:18,700
Pressure, this damage to his 
reputation but the walls chaos 

2099
01:44:18,700 --> 01:44:20,500
left no easy solutions for any 
leader. 

2100
01:44:21,500 --> 01:44:25,200
In 1781 after stepping down, 
Jefferson retreated to 

2101
01:44:25,200 --> 01:44:29,100
Monticello battered in spirit. 
The personal realm also, dealt 

2102
01:44:29,100 --> 01:44:32,200
him blows heartbreak at the 
death of his wife Martha in 

2103
01:44:32,200 --> 01:44:34,700
1782. 
She had endured multiple 

2104
01:44:34,700 --> 01:44:38,500
difficult pregnancies and her 
final days for Jefferson nearly 

2105
01:44:38,500 --> 01:44:42,200
in consolable, her death bed 
request, that he not remarried, 

2106
01:44:42,200 --> 01:44:45,500
bound him in sorrow for weeks. 
He burned their correspondence. 

2107
01:44:45,500 --> 01:44:48,500
An acting deep grief, and a 
desire for privacy. 

2108
01:44:48,500 --> 01:44:51,900
The father of two surviving 
daughters, he turned inward 

2109
01:44:51,900 --> 01:44:55,800
focusing on writing notes, on 
the state of Virginia, a 

2110
01:44:55,800 --> 01:44:58,400
comprehensive, look at his, 
Region's geography, economy and 

2111
01:44:58,400 --> 01:45:01,800
Moors sprinkled with 
philosophical musings that text 

2112
01:45:01,800 --> 01:45:05,400
published years, later revealed,
both his intellectual scope of 

2113
01:45:05,400 --> 01:45:08,000
the racial theories that many 
modern readers find troubling. 

2114
01:45:09,000 --> 01:45:13,500
By Wars, end in 1783 Jefferson 
felt the weight of personal loss

2115
01:45:13,500 --> 01:45:15,600
and the uncertainties of the new
Confederation. 

2116
01:45:16,400 --> 01:45:18,200
He took a seat in the 
Continental Congress. 

2117
01:45:18,200 --> 01:45:23,000
Forging ahead with legislative 
tasks. the faint outlines of a 

2118
01:45:23,000 --> 01:45:26,200
more stable federal government 
were forming and so we see 

2119
01:45:26,200 --> 01:45:29,600
Jefferson father of the 
Declaration parted from his wife

2120
01:45:29,600 --> 01:45:32,800
and certain about the new 
nation's trajectory, but 

2121
01:45:32,800 --> 01:45:36,600
steadfast in pursuit of Reason, 
by governments His next chapter,

2122
01:45:36,600 --> 01:45:40,400
beckoned a diplomatic role in 
Europe, giving him advantage on 

2123
01:45:40,400 --> 01:45:42,600
global politics. 
That would shape his future, as 

2124
01:45:42,600 --> 01:45:44,700
Secretary of State and 
eventually president. 

2125
01:45:46,000 --> 01:45:49,800
For now, though he was a man in 
flux bridging heartbreak, 

2126
01:45:49,800 --> 01:45:53,100
revolutionary ideals and the 
complexities of forging a stable

2127
01:45:53,108 --> 01:45:57,300
Republic from scratch. 
In 1784 Congress appointed 

2128
01:45:57,300 --> 01:46:00,700
Thomas Jefferson as a minister 
to France succeeding Benjamin 

2129
01:46:00,700 --> 01:46:03,600
Franklin in representing the 
fledgling United States abroad. 

2130
01:46:04,300 --> 01:46:07,800
Arriving in Paris Jefferson 
found the city teeming with 

2131
01:46:07,800 --> 01:46:11,800
Enlightenment further 
intellectual salons and Noble. 

2132
01:46:11,800 --> 01:46:15,300
Flamboyant despite missing 
Monticello's quiet Hills. 

2133
01:46:15,300 --> 01:46:18,400
He savored the chance to 
cultivate ties with European 

2134
01:46:18,400 --> 01:46:20,100
thinkers and push for commercial
treaties. 

2135
01:46:20,100 --> 01:46:23,400
Beneficial to the US. 
He immersed himself in French 

2136
01:46:23,400 --> 01:46:26,200
culture, tending theater, 
frequenting scientific 

2137
01:46:26,200 --> 01:46:29,300
demonstrations and forging 
friendships with luminaries like

2138
01:46:29,300 --> 01:46:33,500
the Marquis de Lafayette. 
This diplomatic post sharp and 

2139
01:46:33,508 --> 01:46:36,800
Jefferson's Global Perspective. 
He observed how Europe's 

2140
01:46:36,800 --> 01:46:40,600
monarchical structures, stifled 
personal freedoms reinforcing 

2141
01:46:40,600 --> 01:46:43,600
his belief that the American 
Express experiment in Republican

2142
01:46:43,600 --> 01:46:45,200
governance was unique 
impressions. 

2143
01:46:46,000 --> 01:46:48,900
At the same time, he recognized 
that Europe's manufacturing, 

2144
01:46:48,900 --> 01:46:52,900
base dwarfed, that of the US. 
He lobbied European states to 

2145
01:46:52,900 --> 01:46:56,100
accept American exports, 
specially tobacco and Timber, 

2146
01:46:56,100 --> 01:46:59,000
hoping to reduce Reliance on 
British Markets. 

2147
01:46:59,900 --> 01:47:03,200
Negotiations proved slow but 
Jefferson's calm intellect 

2148
01:47:03,200 --> 01:47:04,400
helped. 
Cultivate Goodwill. 

2149
01:47:05,100 --> 01:47:09,000
While in Paris Jefferson also 
served as a cultural conduit, he

2150
01:47:09,000 --> 01:47:11,900
introduced French Elites to 
American plants and produce 

2151
01:47:11,900 --> 01:47:15,900
shipping seeds for Vineyards or 
pecan trees in return. 

2152
01:47:15,900 --> 01:47:18,700
He noted Advanced French 
architecture and engineering, 

2153
01:47:18,700 --> 01:47:22,000
particularly the building of 
canals and mechanisms to flour 

2154
01:47:22,000 --> 01:47:24,900
Mills. 
Letters home brimmed with ideas 

2155
01:47:24,900 --> 01:47:27,300
for implementing such 
Innovations in the new United 

2156
01:47:27,300 --> 01:47:30,800
States reflecting, his 
unwavering desire to see his 

2157
01:47:30,800 --> 01:47:34,000
homeland flourish. 
He also studied the nascent 

2158
01:47:34,000 --> 01:47:36,900
politics swirling. 
In France though few predicted 

2159
01:47:36,900 --> 01:47:39,200
how rapidly the monarchy would 
top in the coming years. 

2160
01:47:39,200 --> 01:47:43,100
On a personal note, Jefferson's 
time in France was laced with 

2161
01:47:43,108 --> 01:47:46,700
paternal obligation. 
He brought his daughter Patsy 

2162
01:47:46,700 --> 01:47:50,000
later joined by young daughter 
Polly to ensure they had a 

2163
01:47:50,000 --> 01:47:53,200
European education. 
He also maintained a retinue 

2164
01:47:53,200 --> 01:47:55,500
that included in slaved 
individuals from Monticello 

2165
01:47:55,500 --> 01:48:00,200
including Sally Hemmings whose 
presence stirred controversies 

2166
01:48:00,200 --> 01:48:02,100
that would Ripple through 
subsequent centuries. 

2167
01:48:03,000 --> 01:48:06,100
Historians debate, the specifics
of their relationship, but many 

2168
01:48:06,100 --> 01:48:08,800
conclude that she bought 
children fathered by Jefferson 

2169
01:48:08,800 --> 01:48:12,500
while details remain partly 
opaque the power imbalance 

2170
01:48:12,500 --> 01:48:15,200
underscores, the moral 
complexities overshadowing, his 

2171
01:48:15,200 --> 01:48:19,100
public championing of Liberty. 
In 1789 as the French 

2172
01:48:19,100 --> 01:48:22,800
Revolution, erupted Jefferson 
initially celebrated the wave of

2173
01:48:22,800 --> 01:48:24,900
Reform. 
He saw parallels, with 

2174
01:48:24,900 --> 01:48:27,900
America's, recent independent 
struggle, welcoming calls to 

2175
01:48:27,908 --> 01:48:31,600
curb aristocratic privilege. 
Yet, the revolution's escalation

2176
01:48:31,600 --> 01:48:34,700
when moderate hopes gave way to 
the reign of terror alarmed him.

2177
01:48:35,800 --> 01:48:39,200
Before that radical shift, he 
had already departed, France. 

2178
01:48:40,200 --> 01:48:42,800
recalled to serve as the first 
Secretary of State under 

2179
01:48:42,800 --> 01:48:47,800
President George Washington in 
1790 His Paris Soldier ended 

2180
01:48:47,800 --> 01:48:51,400
with a mixed of admiration for 
French and lightning and unease 

2181
01:48:51,400 --> 01:48:53,500
at the extreme. 
Their Revolution might unleash, 

2182
01:48:54,200 --> 01:48:56,800
Returning to the US. 
Jefferson joined Washington's 

2183
01:48:56,800 --> 01:49:00,300
cabinet tasked with shaping 
foreign policy, this role put 

2184
01:49:00,300 --> 01:49:03,400
him at odds with treasury 
secretary Alexander Hamilton who

2185
01:49:03,400 --> 01:49:05,800
championed a strong federal 
government and close ties with 

2186
01:49:05,800 --> 01:49:08,600
Britain. 
Jefferson conversely favored, 

2187
01:49:08,600 --> 01:49:12,400
robust State autonomy and warmer
relations with France, their 

2188
01:49:12,400 --> 01:49:15,300
clashes anchored, the birth of 
America's first party system. 

2189
01:49:15,300 --> 01:49:20,500
The Federalists led by Hamilton 
advocated centralization while 

2190
01:49:20,500 --> 01:49:24,200
the Democratic Republicans, led 
by Jefferson pushed for agrarian

2191
01:49:24,200 --> 01:49:27,400
base, to democracy and suspicion
of concentrated Federal power. 

2192
01:49:28,400 --> 01:49:31,800
During this cabinet period. 
Jefferson navigated multiple 

2193
01:49:31,800 --> 01:49:36,200
crises tensions with Britain. 
Over Frontier, forts uncertain 

2194
01:49:36,200 --> 01:49:38,800
alliances with 
post-revolutionary, France and 

2195
01:49:38,800 --> 01:49:42,000
domestic Strife, like the 
Whiskey Rebellion in championed 

2196
01:49:42,000 --> 01:49:45,600
free trade and a minimal Navy. 
Resisting, Hamilton's push for a

2197
01:49:45,600 --> 01:49:48,200
standing army. 
Deep philosophical differences, 

2198
01:49:48,200 --> 01:49:51,200
turned personal, prompting 
Jefferson to leave the cabinet 

2199
01:49:51,200 --> 01:49:54,000
in 1793 soon. 
He built a political Network 

2200
01:49:54,000 --> 01:49:56,900
harnessing sympathetic 
newspapers to shape public 

2201
01:49:56,900 --> 01:49:59,000
opinion. 
This Dynamic signaled, the 

2202
01:49:59,008 --> 01:50:02,100
future of American politics, 
where partisan alignments were 

2203
01:50:02,100 --> 01:50:07,200
Drive policy discourse. 
By 1796 the Schism was public 

2204
01:50:07,200 --> 01:50:10,400
Jefferson found himself running 
for president against John 

2205
01:50:10,400 --> 01:50:13,300
Adams, though. 
Somewhat reluctantly, He lost 

2206
01:50:13,300 --> 01:50:15,000
narrowly and became Adams's 
vice. 

2207
01:50:15,000 --> 01:50:17,500
President, a job lacking much 
real power. 

2208
01:50:18,500 --> 01:50:21,400
From the Senate's, Vantage 
Jefferson observed Adams as 

2209
01:50:21,400 --> 01:50:23,800
president sea, enacting laws, 
like the Alien and Sedition 

2210
01:50:23,800 --> 01:50:26,200
Acts, which Jefferson deemed 
tyrannical. 

2211
01:50:26,200 --> 01:50:29,600
Furious, covertly author of The 
Kentucky, resolution's 

2212
01:50:29,600 --> 01:50:33,200
suggesting State's could know 
their unconstitutional Federal 

2213
01:50:33,200 --> 01:50:36,700
statutes the movie introduced a 
heated debate, over federal 

2214
01:50:36,700 --> 01:50:39,800
state relations critics. 
Labeled its subversive. 

2215
01:50:39,800 --> 01:50:43,300
But Jefferson saw it as 
safeguarding the Spirit of 76, 

2216
01:50:43,300 --> 01:50:46,100
thus by the cusp of the 1800 
election. 

2217
01:50:46,100 --> 01:50:50,000
Jefferson embodied a republican 
Champion for agrarian liberties.

2218
01:50:50,800 --> 01:50:52,900
Suspicious of federalist 
centralization. 

2219
01:50:53,800 --> 01:50:56,600
Yet, he also carried personal 
baggage from his enslaver 

2220
01:50:56,600 --> 01:50:58,900
background and the complexities 
of his private life. 

2221
01:50:59,800 --> 01:51:03,300
The stage was set for a pivotal 
showdown in US politics with the

2222
01:51:03,300 --> 01:51:06,700
country's future Direction at 
stake in a swirl of partisan 

2223
01:51:06,700 --> 01:51:10,000
editorials and backroom deals. 
The election would test whether 

2224
01:51:10,000 --> 01:51:12,500
the fledging Republic, could 
survive, a peaceful transition 

2225
01:51:12,500 --> 01:51:15,100
of power, or devolve into rang 
core. 

2226
01:51:16,000 --> 01:51:18,100
Jefferson's calm. 
But determined approach. 

2227
01:51:18,100 --> 01:51:21,000
Once again, pressed him into a 
central role, bridging 

2228
01:51:21,000 --> 01:51:24,100
Enlightenment ideals and the 
gritty realities of partisan 

2229
01:51:24,100 --> 01:51:27,100
brawls. 
The election of 1800 brought 

2230
01:51:27,100 --> 01:51:29,700
turmoil. 
John Adams, sought re-election, 

2231
01:51:29,700 --> 01:51:33,500
Hamilton's Federalists loomed 
and Jefferson's Democratic 

2232
01:51:33,500 --> 01:51:35,300
Republicans Consolidated around 
him. 

2233
01:51:35,300 --> 01:51:39,200
The campaign was vitriolic 
filled with accusations, 

2234
01:51:39,200 --> 01:51:42,100
Federalists called Jefferson and
atheist. 

2235
01:51:42,100 --> 01:51:45,800
Radical Republicans branded 
Adams a monarchist. 

2236
01:51:46,500 --> 01:51:50,200
In an era before direct popular 
ballots electors, cast votes for

2237
01:51:50,200 --> 01:51:54,100
President and Vice President. 
In a complicated procedure, a 

2238
01:51:54,100 --> 01:51:55,900
tie emerged between Jefferson 
and his running. 

2239
01:51:55,900 --> 01:51:59,600
Mate, Aaron Burr each receiving,
the same number of electoral 

2240
01:51:59,600 --> 01:52:02,400
votes, the House of 
Representatives controlled by 

2241
01:52:02,400 --> 01:52:06,000
Federalists had to break the tie
Daze of tents. 

2242
01:52:06,000 --> 01:52:09,700
Balloting in suede ultimately, 
with Hamilton's reluctant nod, 

2243
01:52:09,700 --> 01:52:13,600
Jefferson triumphed, the ordeal 
spurred the 12th Amendment. 

2244
01:52:14,400 --> 01:52:17,600
Ensuring future presidential and
vice presidential candidates had

2245
01:52:17,600 --> 01:52:20,400
distinct ballots. 
The pursuit. 

2246
01:52:21,500 --> 01:52:26,400
Thus Jefferson assumed the 
presidency in 1801 his inaugural

2247
01:52:26,400 --> 01:52:28,300
address. 
Famously extolled Unity. 

2248
01:52:28,300 --> 01:52:31,300
We are all Republicans. 
We are all Federalists. 

2249
01:52:31,900 --> 01:52:33,900
Signifying. 
A desire to heal partisan 

2250
01:52:33,900 --> 01:52:36,000
wounds. 
He scaled back, certain 

2251
01:52:36,000 --> 01:52:39,600
Federalist measures cutting the 
Army, budget, abolishing some 

2252
01:52:39,600 --> 01:52:42,700
taxes, and releasing those 
imprisoned under the Sedition 

2253
01:52:42,700 --> 01:52:45,000
Act. 
He aimed for a wise and Frugal 

2254
01:52:45,000 --> 01:52:48,200
government believing the US 
should remain primarily agrarian

2255
01:52:48,200 --> 01:52:50,900
suspicious of large cities and 
Banks. 

2256
01:52:51,800 --> 01:52:54,800
This pastoral Vision resonated 
with many Frontier settlers who 

2257
01:52:54,800 --> 01:52:56,600
saw the new president as their 
champion. 

2258
01:52:57,400 --> 01:53:00,200
One early success was the 
Louisiana Purchase in 1803. 

2259
01:53:00,200 --> 01:53:06,100
Napoleon embroiled in European 
Wars, an expected to sell 

2260
01:53:06,100 --> 01:53:08,000
France's vast North American 
Holdings. 

2261
01:53:09,100 --> 01:53:12,900
Jefferson hesitated where the 
Constitution provided no 

2262
01:53:12,900 --> 01:53:15,300
explicit power for land deals of
this magnitude. 

2263
01:53:16,200 --> 01:53:19,400
At the chance to double the 
nation's territory overshadowed,

2264
01:53:19,400 --> 01:53:23,800
strict constitutional Scruples, 
for 15 million dollars US 

2265
01:53:23,800 --> 01:53:26,500
acquired a domain stretching 
from the Mississippi River to 

2266
01:53:26,500 --> 01:53:29,300
the Rocky Mountains. 
This bold stroke in should 

2267
01:53:29,300 --> 01:53:32,300
control of the Mississippi's. 
Crucial Port of New Orleans and 

2268
01:53:32,300 --> 01:53:36,500
opened a frontier for expansion.
Westerners rejoiced but 

2269
01:53:36,500 --> 01:53:39,700
Federalists borked claiming it 
diluted the eastern states 

2270
01:53:39,700 --> 01:53:42,500
political power. 
Still Jefferson proceeded, 

2271
01:53:42,500 --> 01:53:46,100
blending principle with 
pragmatic advantage to explore. 

2272
01:53:46,100 --> 01:53:48,300
These new lands, Jefferson 
commissioned. 

2273
01:53:48,300 --> 01:53:51,700
The Lewis and Clark expedition, 
Meriwether Lewis, his former 

2274
01:53:51,708 --> 01:53:55,000
secretary and William Clark, led
a team from the Missouri River 

2275
01:53:55,000 --> 01:53:58,900
to the Pacific coast. 
Their 1804 to 1806 Journey 

2276
01:53:58,900 --> 01:54:03,000
mapped routes documented, flora 
and fauna and engaged with 

2277
01:54:03,000 --> 01:54:06,500
indigenous Nations. 
Jefferson eagerly awaited their 

2278
01:54:06,500 --> 01:54:10,000
findings seeing it as a 
scientific Quest paralleling his

2279
01:54:10,000 --> 01:54:13,700
Enlightenment ideals, the 
Expedition successful national 

2280
01:54:13,700 --> 01:54:16,600
pride and curiosity about the 
continents, vast potential. 

2281
01:54:17,400 --> 01:54:19,800
Yet, it also signified new 
tensions with tribal 

2282
01:54:19,800 --> 01:54:21,600
communities. 
As more settlers pressed 

2283
01:54:21,600 --> 01:54:25,800
Westwood domestically Jefferson 
face to controverses, he 

2284
01:54:25,800 --> 01:54:28,100
disliked the existence of the 
bank of the United States. 

2285
01:54:28,100 --> 01:54:31,600
But tolerated, it when 
expedient, he slashed Federal 

2286
01:54:31,600 --> 01:54:34,600
budgets forcing some, in the 
Navy to protest that the 

2287
01:54:34,600 --> 01:54:38,100
nation's sea defenses, weakened.
Furthermore, the issue of 

2288
01:54:38,100 --> 01:54:41,800
slavery, persisted Jefferson's 
personal writings described in 

2289
01:54:41,800 --> 01:54:43,600
hit as a moral and political 
Hazard. 

2290
01:54:43,600 --> 01:54:47,100
Yet he neither freed most of his
own enslaved individuals, nor 

2291
01:54:47,100 --> 01:54:51,800
championed Federal abolition. 
Indeed, the 1807 law Banning the

2292
01:54:51,800 --> 01:54:54,300
importation of enslaved. 
Africans was a partial measure, 

2293
01:54:54,300 --> 01:54:57,700
some historians argue, Jefferson
missed a critical chance to push

2294
01:54:57,700 --> 01:55:00,900
for more sweeping reforms. 
Foreign Affairs, proved 

2295
01:55:00,900 --> 01:55:04,300
trickier, Britain and France. 
Waged Relentless war in Europe, 

2296
01:55:04,300 --> 01:55:08,300
ignoring us neutrality, seizing 
American Merchant ships and 

2297
01:55:08,300 --> 01:55:10,200
impressing US Sailors into their
navies. 

2298
01:55:10,200 --> 01:55:13,600
Incensed Jefferson tried 
economic Warfare. 

2299
01:55:13,600 --> 01:55:15,700
Championing, the Embargo Act of 
1807. 

2300
01:55:15,700 --> 01:55:20,100
Halting nearly all US exports. 
He reasoned, Britain and France 

2301
01:55:20,100 --> 01:55:23,500
needed American Goods. 
Instead the measured devastated 

2302
01:55:23,500 --> 01:55:27,600
us ports, invited smuggling and 
turned public opinion against 

2303
01:55:27,600 --> 01:55:30,200
him. 
The Fiasco Illustrated the 

2304
01:55:30,200 --> 01:55:34,300
limits of Peaceable coercion. 
Eventually the unpopular embargo

2305
01:55:34,300 --> 01:55:37,100
was repealed tarnishing 
Jefferson's last year. 

2306
01:55:37,100 --> 01:55:41,600
In office, in 1809, he handed 
the president to his close, Ally

2307
01:55:41,600 --> 01:55:46,300
James, Madison quietly retiring 
to Montello his two terms shape,

2308
01:55:46,300 --> 01:55:51,100
the US expanded territory a 
stable political identity but 

2309
01:55:51,100 --> 01:55:55,300
also heightened Regional 
tensions his approach a mix of 

2310
01:55:55,308 --> 01:55:58,000
lofty Republican ideals and 
occasional pragmatic 

2311
01:55:58,000 --> 01:56:03,000
contradictions left a complex 
imprint People revered him as a 

2312
01:56:03,000 --> 01:56:05,700
philosophical statement, but 
criticized his moral 

2313
01:56:05,700 --> 01:56:08,700
inconsistencies. 
He parted from Washington DC, 

2314
01:56:08,700 --> 01:56:11,900
Warren from the tribulations of 
governance yet proud, he had 

2315
01:56:11,900 --> 01:56:14,200
preserved, a measure of 
individual liberty and doubled 

2316
01:56:14,200 --> 01:56:17,100
the nation's size without 
large-scale War back at 

2317
01:56:17,100 --> 01:56:19,400
Monticello. 
The next chapter in Jefferson's 

2318
01:56:19,400 --> 01:56:22,600
life would revolve around the 
pursuit of knowledge, founding a

2319
01:56:22,600 --> 01:56:26,000
university and hosting endless 
visitors intrigued by the sage 

2320
01:56:26,000 --> 01:56:29,100
of the revolution. 
Yet deeper Fishers, over slavery

2321
01:56:29,100 --> 01:56:31,300
and states rights would soon 
overshadow. 

2322
01:56:31,300 --> 01:56:34,800
The era, complicating his 
cherished vision of a harmonious

2323
01:56:34,800 --> 01:56:38,700
agrarian democracy. 
For now though, he retreated to 

2324
01:56:38,700 --> 01:56:42,300
the place, he loved surrounded 
by invention's fields of crops 

2325
01:56:42,300 --> 01:56:46,400
and the quiet pursuit of Reason 
staying active in public 

2326
01:56:46,400 --> 01:56:49,300
discourse through letters that 
carried enormous influence in 

2327
01:56:49,308 --> 01:56:51,200
the young republics intellectual
circles. 

2328
01:56:52,100 --> 01:56:54,300
Retirement for Thomas. 
Jefferson did not equate to 

2329
01:56:54,300 --> 01:56:58,800
seclusion back at Monticello. 
After 1809, he embraced the role

2330
01:56:58,800 --> 01:57:02,800
of sage of Monticello receiving 
statement foreign visitors in 

2331
01:57:02,800 --> 01:57:06,100
Curious, Travelers. 
He corresponded widely shaping 

2332
01:57:06,100 --> 01:57:09,200
discourse on her American 
identity and preserving his 

2333
01:57:09,200 --> 01:57:13,300
Revolution era repute. the 
estate itself, reflected his 

2334
01:57:13,300 --> 01:57:17,800
Restless creativity expansions 
to the house Pavilions and 

2335
01:57:17,800 --> 01:57:20,300
elaborate of gardens for 
experimental horticulture 

2336
01:57:21,100 --> 01:57:23,600
Visitors often found him in his 
library or tinkering with 

2337
01:57:23,600 --> 01:57:25,900
mechanical gadgets, like a 
polygraph machine that 

2338
01:57:25,900 --> 01:57:29,700
duplicated his handwriting. 
His thirst for Innovation, 

2339
01:57:29,700 --> 01:57:33,400
remained undimmed. 
However Monticello's finances 

2340
01:57:33,400 --> 01:57:37,400
were precarious, Jefferson 
indulged in architectural, whims

2341
01:57:37,400 --> 01:57:41,300
Finance extended family and 
endured the fluctuating price of

2342
01:57:41,300 --> 01:57:45,600
tobacco debts mounted specially 
as he refused to scale back a 

2343
01:57:45,600 --> 01:57:50,100
gracious lifestyle Slavery under
pinned Monticello's operations 

2344
01:57:50,100 --> 01:57:53,200
with over 100 in slaved 
individuals performing the labor

2345
01:57:53,200 --> 01:57:56,900
Jefferson supervised them 
recording births tasks and 

2346
01:57:56,900 --> 01:58:00,800
schedules with methodical detail
yet Behind These ledgers Lake. 

2347
01:58:00,800 --> 01:58:04,400
Human lives subjected to force 
servitude He recognized the 

2348
01:58:04,400 --> 01:58:07,500
moral Quagmire, but rationalized
it with incrementalist 

2349
01:58:07,500 --> 01:58:09,900
arguments, or deferrals, to 
Future Generations. 

2350
01:58:09,900 --> 01:58:13,700
This tension complicated, his 
Public Image as a champion of 

2351
01:58:13,700 --> 01:58:16,300
Liberty. 
One of his crowning, retirement.

2352
01:58:16,300 --> 01:58:18,500
Achievements was founding the 
University of Virginia. 

2353
01:58:19,300 --> 01:58:22,100
Jefferson felt older 
institutions to religious 

2354
01:58:22,100 --> 01:58:24,000
influences or archaic 
curricular. 

2355
01:58:24,000 --> 01:58:27,500
He envisioned a secular campus, 
emphasizing modern languages, 

2356
01:58:27,500 --> 01:58:30,400
science and abroad base, liberal
education. 

2357
01:58:31,200 --> 01:58:33,900
Persuading, the Virginia 
legislature to back it required 

2358
01:58:33,900 --> 01:58:36,600
political finesse. 
He personally designed the 

2359
01:58:36,600 --> 01:58:39,800
campus layout with a central 
rotunda reminiscent of the Roman

2360
01:58:39,800 --> 01:58:44,800
Pantheon flanked by academical 
Village Pavilions. construction 

2361
01:58:44,800 --> 01:58:49,300
began in Charlottesville near 
Monticello around 1817, even in 

2362
01:58:49,300 --> 01:58:53,300
his 70s Jefferson frequently 
visited the site, checking 

2363
01:58:53,300 --> 01:58:56,800
architectural details confirming
with Builders and selecting 

2364
01:58:56,800 --> 01:59:00,500
faculty He aimed to cultivate 
enlightened citizen leaders for 

2365
01:59:00,500 --> 01:59:03,400
a republic that demanded 
knowledge base self-governance. 

2366
01:59:03,400 --> 01:59:07,300
Meanwhile, National issues, 
still beckoned as an elder 

2367
01:59:07,300 --> 01:59:09,400
Statesman of the democratic 
Republican party. 

2368
01:59:09,400 --> 01:59:12,900
Jeffrey Jefferson provided 
advice to Madison and later to 

2369
01:59:12,900 --> 01:59:14,900
Monroe. 
He supported the Louisiana 

2370
01:59:14,900 --> 01:59:18,600
purchased as expansion, further 
welcoming new States into the 

2371
01:59:18,600 --> 01:59:21,200
Union. 
However, the War of 1812 with 

2372
01:59:21,200 --> 01:59:24,400
Britain tested his conviction 
about limited government and a 

2373
01:59:24,400 --> 01:59:26,600
small military. 
He lamented that some 

2374
01:59:26,600 --> 01:59:28,200
Federalists aane. 
Claves seemed willing to 

2375
01:59:28,200 --> 01:59:31,300
undermine National Unity 
especially in the Northeast. 

2376
01:59:32,300 --> 01:59:35,800
Letters, show him, torn between 
localism and the emergence of a 

2377
01:59:35,800 --> 01:59:39,300
broader national identity. 
As the US overcame that conflict

2378
01:59:39,300 --> 01:59:42,300
Jefferson expressed relief that 
Europe's meddling was lessening.

2379
01:59:43,100 --> 01:59:45,800
A parallel development was his 
rekindled friendship with John 

2380
01:59:45,800 --> 01:59:48,000
Adams. 
The two had been friends, turned

2381
01:59:48,000 --> 01:59:50,500
adversaries, turned icy 
correspondents for years. 

2382
01:59:51,400 --> 01:59:54,900
But in retirement, both 
recognized a mutual bond shaped 

2383
01:59:54,900 --> 01:59:57,600
by the revolution's intensity. 
Through letters. 

2384
01:59:57,600 --> 02:00:00,900
They Revisited old debates. 
Monarchy versus republic, the 

2385
02:00:00,900 --> 02:00:04,800
role of religion, the fragility 
of democracy, their exchange 

2386
02:00:04,800 --> 02:00:08,200
sword with philosophical 
reflection, spiced with humor, 

2387
02:00:08,200 --> 02:00:12,000
about Advanced age. the Revival 
of their friendships stands as a

2388
02:00:12,000 --> 02:00:16,100
testament to the capacity for a 
bridging old political Rifts in 

2389
02:00:16,100 --> 02:00:18,900
these letters, Jefferson 
revealed his abiding optimism, 

2390
02:00:18,900 --> 02:00:22,500
that the American experiment 
though in perfect would endure 

2391
02:00:22,500 --> 02:00:26,100
if Guided by reason and virtuous
leadership, Yet. 

2392
02:00:26,100 --> 02:00:28,900
Personal sorrow. 
Recurred Jefferson outlived, 

2393
02:00:28,900 --> 02:00:31,600
several of his children in 
during repeated heartbreak. 

2394
02:00:31,600 --> 02:00:34,100
The Monticello household was no,
quiet. 

2395
02:00:34,100 --> 02:00:38,400
Domain, grandchildren ran about 
extended relative sought 

2396
02:00:38,400 --> 02:00:41,800
financial aid, and guests 
arrived unannounced to glean a 

2397
02:00:41,800 --> 02:00:45,600
moment with the iconic founder. 
He wore the mask of a benevolent

2398
02:00:45,600 --> 02:00:48,300
patriarch. 
But Diaries hint at bouts of 

2399
02:00:48,308 --> 02:00:51,700
melancholy, the precarious 
economy pressed him to mortgage 

2400
02:00:51,700 --> 02:00:54,600
properties and he relied on 
lines of credit that threatened 

2401
02:00:54,600 --> 02:00:58,800
to up in the estate. the image 
of Monticello as a microcosm of 

2402
02:00:58,800 --> 02:01:01,800
Republican, Enlightenment 
concealed, a precarious Ledger 

2403
02:01:01,800 --> 02:01:06,500
balancing As Jefferson neared 80
he took pride in the University 

2404
02:01:06,500 --> 02:01:07,700
of Virginia's nearing 
completion. 

2405
02:01:08,700 --> 02:01:11,700
He personally, selected some 
Library materials established 

2406
02:01:11,700 --> 02:01:14,900
faculty guidelines and wrote 
about its potential to transform

2407
02:01:14,900 --> 02:01:19,600
the American Education. 
In 1825, the university opened 

2408
02:01:19,600 --> 02:01:23,200
its first class of students. 
Jefferson's dream had become 

2409
02:01:23,200 --> 02:01:26,000
real. 
A secular institution dedicated 

2410
02:01:26,000 --> 02:01:30,800
to free inquiry unencumbered by 
rigid religious, Dogma or stale 

2411
02:01:30,800 --> 02:01:33,200
tradition. 
He believed it would Foster the 

2412
02:01:33,200 --> 02:01:36,300
next generation of leaders to 
safeguard the Republic's ideals.

2413
02:01:37,200 --> 02:01:42,500
By 1826, Jefferson felt time 
slipping freed from daily policy

2414
02:01:42,500 --> 02:01:44,800
fights. 
He dedicated his final energy to

2415
02:01:44,800 --> 02:01:46,500
ensuring the University's 
stability. 

2416
02:01:47,400 --> 02:01:50,100
People noticed his health fading
but he refused to slow. 

2417
02:01:50,100 --> 02:01:52,800
He yearned to see July 4th, 
1826. 

2418
02:01:52,800 --> 02:01:56,300
The 50th anniversary of the 
Declaration of Independence. 

2419
02:01:57,300 --> 02:02:01,000
That day arrived in a poetic 
twist, John Adams, and 

2420
02:02:01,008 --> 02:02:04,300
Jefferson, both passed away on 
that date with Jefferson dying 

2421
02:02:04,300 --> 02:02:07,300
in the early afternoon. 
The Synergy of these two 

2422
02:02:07,300 --> 02:02:09,700
revolutionaries departing on the
nation's half-century. 

2423
02:02:09,700 --> 02:02:13,900
Mark cemented a legend thus 
Thomas Jefferson's retirement 

2424
02:02:13,900 --> 02:02:16,600
was no quiet Twilight. 
But a culminating chapter of 

2425
02:02:16,600 --> 02:02:20,000
architectural, Innovation, 
educational reform and 

2426
02:02:20,000 --> 02:02:21,700
reflection on a revolution's 
legacy. 

2427
02:02:21,700 --> 02:02:25,600
He left behind a complicated 
estate, weighed by debt, a 

2428
02:02:25,600 --> 02:02:28,500
family overshadowed, by the 
institution of slavery, yet all.

2429
02:02:28,500 --> 02:02:31,700
So a shining new University in a
trove of letters that would 

2430
02:02:31,700 --> 02:02:34,500
shape America's self-perception 
for Generations. 

2431
02:02:34,500 --> 02:02:39,100
In him old illusions of an 
agrarian Utopia, mingled with 

2432
02:02:39,100 --> 02:02:41,600
the Unstoppable push of a 
modernizing republic. 

2433
02:02:41,600 --> 02:02:44,600
Capturing the contradictions 
that still Define the American 

2434
02:02:44,600 --> 02:02:49,000
ethos, In the immediate wake of 
Jefferson's death admirers and 

2435
02:02:49,000 --> 02:02:53,200
critics clashed, over his 
legacy, many Hail him, as the 

2436
02:02:53,200 --> 02:02:55,300
pain behind the Declaration of 
Independence. 

2437
02:02:55,300 --> 02:02:58,600
The mine that doubled the 
nation's size by the Louisiana 

2438
02:02:58,600 --> 02:03:01,800
Purchase and the Visionary who 
championed religious freedom. 

2439
02:03:02,700 --> 02:03:05,800
Others, lambasted his 
inconsistencies, a 

2440
02:03:05,800 --> 02:03:09,400
self-proclaimed, a galatar, who 
held in slaved laborers an 

2441
02:03:09,400 --> 02:03:12,200
Enlightenment thinker who let 
personal finance is descend into

2442
02:03:12,200 --> 02:03:14,700
chaos. 
A champion of state's rights who

2443
02:03:14,700 --> 02:03:17,500
ironically used Federal power 
for expansion. 

2444
02:03:17,500 --> 02:03:20,700
Montebello, the physical 
embodiment of Jefferson's 

2445
02:03:20,700 --> 02:03:23,200
intellect soon faced Financial 
turmoil. 

2446
02:03:23,200 --> 02:03:26,700
His heirs struggled to pay his 
debts, they sold land and 

2447
02:03:26,700 --> 02:03:29,900
eventually auctioned off 
furniture and slaved individuals

2448
02:03:29,900 --> 02:03:33,000
fracturing, the community that 
had sustained the plantation. 

2449
02:03:33,900 --> 02:03:37,100
Monticello changed hands 
multiple times deteriorating 

2450
02:03:37,100 --> 02:03:40,100
until the early 20th century. 
When the Thomas Jefferson 

2451
02:03:40,100 --> 02:03:43,100
Foundation, Acquired and 
restored it, symbolically 

2452
02:03:43,100 --> 02:03:45,900
reassembling his architectural 
dream as an American heritage 

2453
02:03:45,900 --> 02:03:48,600
site. 
This restoration also reignited 

2454
02:03:48,600 --> 02:03:51,400
debates about the everyday 
realities of enslaved, families,

2455
02:03:51,400 --> 02:03:54,600
who once toiled their 
culminating in renewed, emphasis

2456
02:03:54,600 --> 02:03:57,900
on their stories, a dimension 
historically, muted in the 

2457
02:03:57,900 --> 02:04:01,300
veneration of Jefferson 
Meanwhile the broader American 

2458
02:04:01,300 --> 02:04:04,900
public constructed, a Mythic 
image of Jefferson in the 19th 

2459
02:04:04,900 --> 02:04:08,800
century, as political parties 
shifted references to 

2460
02:04:08,800 --> 02:04:12,900
Jeffersonian democracy emerged 
praising, his emphasis on small 

2461
02:04:12,900 --> 02:04:16,900
government minimal taxes and the
righteousness of Rural Life. 

2462
02:04:18,100 --> 02:04:21,300
Andrew Jackson's supporters in 
vote Jefferson as a figure who 

2463
02:04:21,308 --> 02:04:24,800
championed the Common Man. 
But historians recognize that 

2464
02:04:24,800 --> 02:04:28,000
Jefferson's own approach to 
governance was more nuanced than

2465
02:04:28,000 --> 02:04:31,800
populist idealists claimed. 
He recognized the necessity of 

2466
02:04:31,800 --> 02:04:34,800
compromise and occasionally 
invoked strong Federal measures 

2467
02:04:34,800 --> 02:04:39,400
specially in foreign affairs. 
The early 20th century saw the 

2468
02:04:39,400 --> 02:04:42,100
Progressive Era, adopted 
different aspect of Jefferson 

2469
02:04:42,100 --> 02:04:45,900
the intellectual founder who 
believed in educated citizenry. 

2470
02:04:46,700 --> 02:04:50,100
Debates around the founders, 
intentions sword with 

2471
02:04:50,100 --> 02:04:52,500
Jefferson's letters cited by all
sides. 

2472
02:04:52,500 --> 02:04:54,700
Archival. 
Releases of his personal 

2473
02:04:54,700 --> 02:04:57,800
correspondence. 
Lent, more profound insight into

2474
02:04:57,800 --> 02:05:00,600
his moral grappling with slavery
and his Dynamic shift from 

2475
02:05:00,600 --> 02:05:04,000
localist to expansionist. 
The public began to appreciate 

2476
02:05:04,000 --> 02:05:05,200
that. 
The founders were not 

2477
02:05:05,200 --> 02:05:08,700
monolithically consistent 
Paragons but flawed Statesman 

2478
02:05:08,700 --> 02:05:13,600
shaped by urgent demands in 
scholarship, the 1970s and 

2479
02:05:13,600 --> 02:05:16,800
Beyond propelled, a fresh wave 
of inquiry, focusing on 

2480
02:05:16,800 --> 02:05:18,400
Jefferson's relationship with 
Sally. 

2481
02:05:18,400 --> 02:05:22,500
Hemmings DNA evidence in the 
late 1990s pointed strongly to 

2482
02:05:22,500 --> 02:05:26,600
him fathering his children. 
This Revelation forced a 

2483
02:05:26,600 --> 02:05:29,200
national reevaluation of the so 
called sage of Monticello. 

2484
02:05:30,300 --> 02:05:32,400
Some were scandalized. 
Others found it. 

2485
02:05:32,400 --> 02:05:36,000
Holy unsurprising. 
In retrospect it underscored the

2486
02:05:36,008 --> 02:05:39,100
complexities swirling under his 
polished philosophical veneer 

2487
02:05:39,100 --> 02:05:43,700
from man, who wrote, all men are
created equal reconciling these.

2488
02:05:43,700 --> 02:05:47,400
Two Realms intellectual champion
of Liberty, and personal 

2489
02:05:47,400 --> 02:05:50,100
practitioner of slavery was 
never straightforward. 

2490
02:05:51,100 --> 02:05:53,100
Academic attention. 
Also, delve, deep into his 

2491
02:05:53,100 --> 02:05:56,300
political philosophy, 
Jefferson's notion of an Empire 

2492
02:05:56,300 --> 02:05:59,700
of Liberty, and held a gray in 
expansion across the continent. 

2493
02:05:59,700 --> 02:06:03,500
Yet it set the stage for Native 
displacement and further 

2494
02:06:03,500 --> 02:06:07,000
entrenchment of slave labor in 
new territories, While he 

2495
02:06:07,000 --> 02:06:09,900
personally doubted, the morality
of forcibly taking indigenous 

2496
02:06:09,900 --> 02:06:12,600
lands. 
He accepted the Unstoppable 

2497
02:06:12,600 --> 02:06:16,300
momentum of Frontier settlers. 
This acceptance shaped federal 

2498
02:06:16,300 --> 02:06:18,900
policy that stoked tensions for 
Generations. 

2499
02:06:18,900 --> 02:06:21,400
Culminating enforced 
relocations. 

2500
02:06:22,100 --> 02:06:25,500
Today, some reevaluate 
Jefferson's role in establishing

2501
02:06:25,500 --> 02:06:28,500
moral Frameworks that 
facilitated expansion at other 

2502
02:06:28,500 --> 02:06:32,000
Zoom events. 
In popular memory, Jefferson's 

2503
02:06:32,000 --> 02:06:36,600
Memorial in Washington. 
DC opened in 1943 still stands 

2504
02:06:36,600 --> 02:06:39,900
as a testament to his rhetorical
Brilliance visitors, read 

2505
02:06:39,900 --> 02:06:42,800
excerpts from the Declaration of
Independence and letters on the 

2506
02:06:42,800 --> 02:06:46,400
rotunda's walls underscoring. 
His luminous call for a quality 

2507
02:06:46,400 --> 02:06:49,800
and freedom of conscience. 
The monument, ironically does 

2508
02:06:49,800 --> 02:06:52,700
not portray the full tank of 
contradictions yet. 

2509
02:06:52,700 --> 02:06:55,400
More in certain interpretive 
programs. 

2510
02:06:55,400 --> 02:06:58,300
Now incorporating nuanced, 
describing his Progressive 

2511
02:06:58,300 --> 02:07:01,800
achievements, and moral failing 
side by side amid, these 

2512
02:07:01,800 --> 02:07:04,700
controversies Jefferson's 
intellectual achievements, 

2513
02:07:04,700 --> 02:07:08,100
remain uncontested His 
articulation of natural rights 

2514
02:07:08,100 --> 02:07:10,900
and the notion that legitimate 
government stems from the 

2515
02:07:10,900 --> 02:07:14,300
consent of the governed carved. 
A philosophical Bedrock for 

2516
02:07:14,300 --> 02:07:17,700
modern democracies worldwide 
Educators, and politicians 

2517
02:07:17,700 --> 02:07:20,000
continue. 
Citing him to justify policy 

2518
02:07:20,000 --> 02:07:23,800
from religious tolerance to 
public education. meanwhile 

2519
02:07:23,800 --> 02:07:26,800
University of Virginia stands as
living reminder of his 

2520
02:07:26,800 --> 02:07:29,500
conviction that knowledge, 
Fosters responsible governance, 

2521
02:07:30,200 --> 02:07:34,300
Its rotunda overshadowing. 
The lawn keeps the spirit of 

2522
02:07:34,300 --> 02:07:38,500
Enlightenment learning alive. 
Hence to centuries on Thomas, 

2523
02:07:38,500 --> 02:07:42,600
Jefferson remains as complicated
as the era, he shaped illuminous

2524
02:07:42,600 --> 02:07:44,900
author. 
Democracy's founding Creed 

2525
02:07:44,900 --> 02:07:48,600
overshadowed by glaring 
contradictions on race and 

2526
02:07:48,600 --> 02:07:52,600
personal conduct his life 
prompts reflection on how lofty 

2527
02:07:52,600 --> 02:07:56,000
ideals can Clash with ingrained,
social structures and personal 

2528
02:07:56,000 --> 02:07:59,000
entanglements. 
For many Americans and observes 

2529
02:07:59,000 --> 02:08:01,800
abroad. 
Grappling with Jefferson is akin

2530
02:08:01,800 --> 02:08:03,900
to grappling with the nation's 
own layered identity. 

2531
02:08:03,900 --> 02:08:06,500
Billed on Noble declarations 
yet. 

2532
02:08:06,500 --> 02:08:09,300
Intimately entangled in 
unresolved in Justice's. 

2533
02:08:10,000 --> 02:08:13,400
The conversation, he started 
continues bridging history and 

2534
02:08:13,400 --> 02:08:17,000
contemporary debates on Liberty 
equality and the messy reality 

2535
02:08:17,000 --> 02:08:20,700
is in between Thomas Jefferson's
life, invites Reflections on how

2536
02:08:20,700 --> 02:08:23,900
Visionary ideals intersect with 
the flawed scope of practical 

2537
02:08:23,900 --> 02:08:26,500
living. 
He exemplifies the possibility 

2538
02:08:26,500 --> 02:08:30,400
that one can be intellectually 
gifted deeply principled yet. 

2539
02:08:30,400 --> 02:08:34,300
Remain in Tangled in personal 
contradictions, Observing his 

2540
02:08:34,300 --> 02:08:36,000
journey reveals lessons on 
leadership. 

2541
02:08:36,000 --> 02:08:39,500
Creativity compromise and moral 
blind spots. 

2542
02:08:39,500 --> 02:08:43,400
Each of facet that resonates in 
modern times where we juggle 

2543
02:08:43,400 --> 02:08:46,200
personal convictions with 
structural constraints at 

2544
02:08:46,200 --> 02:08:49,300
Monticello his architectural 
flourishes, highlight, how 

2545
02:08:49,300 --> 02:08:52,300
creativity can transform 
personal space into a canvas of 

2546
02:08:52,308 --> 02:08:56,100
experimentation. 
Secret passages rotating book, 

2547
02:08:56,100 --> 02:09:00,100
stands an advanced ventilation, 
remind us that even domestic 

2548
02:09:00,100 --> 02:09:01,900
life can become a playground of 
innovation. 

2549
02:09:01,900 --> 02:09:05,000
We can learn that invention can 
change any environment, 

2550
02:09:05,000 --> 02:09:09,300
including Home and Office, But 
Monticello also underscores, how

2551
02:09:09,300 --> 02:09:11,100
Comfort can rely on unseen 
labor? 

2552
02:09:11,100 --> 02:09:15,300
The estate's Grandeur hinged on 
in slave men and women forced to

2553
02:09:15,300 --> 02:09:18,900
cater to Jefferson's designs. 
This reality, cautions that 

2554
02:09:18,900 --> 02:09:21,500
technological or aesthetic 
progress, can co-exist with 

2555
02:09:21,500 --> 02:09:24,600
ethical failings Jefferson's 
public service. 

2556
02:09:25,500 --> 02:09:28,300
From drafting the Declaration to
guide foreign policy. 

2557
02:09:28,300 --> 02:09:31,500
Underscores the power of 
well-crafted language. 

2558
02:09:31,500 --> 02:09:34,900
He harnessed rhetorical 
Precision to unify disparate 

2559
02:09:34,900 --> 02:09:38,300
colonies under ideals. 
That centuries later remain a 

2560
02:09:38,300 --> 02:09:41,200
moral yardstick. 
Even if we lament his hypocrisy,

2561
02:09:41,200 --> 02:09:44,000
we cannot dismiss how 
effectively words shape, 

2562
02:09:44,000 --> 02:09:47,800
Collective identity. 
In an age of digital media, 

2563
02:09:47,800 --> 02:09:51,300
Jefferson's example of firms 
that carefully chosen language 

2564
02:09:51,300 --> 02:09:53,500
can Galvanize or fractionally 
divided. 

2565
02:09:54,300 --> 02:09:57,700
His success in bridging disputes
among the founders, suggest the 

2566
02:09:57,700 --> 02:10:01,508
value of measured compromise at 
the same time, your deal of the 

2567
02:10:01,516 --> 02:10:04,200
1800 election warns us that 
parts and ship can nearly 

2568
02:10:04,200 --> 02:10:07,700
fracture a young democracy. 
One cannot ignore the deeper, 

2569
02:10:07,700 --> 02:10:10,600
moral debate, how man? 
Proclaiming Universal rights, 

2570
02:10:10,600 --> 02:10:14,200
upheld the structure of slavery.
Modern readers might view that 

2571
02:10:14,200 --> 02:10:15,900
as an irredeemable 
contradiction. 

2572
02:10:15,900 --> 02:10:19,600
Alternatively, one might 
interpret it as historical 

2573
02:10:19,600 --> 02:10:21,600
caution. 
That even well-intentioned 

2574
02:10:21,600 --> 02:10:24,800
reformers can remain captive to 
entrenched deck in a social 

2575
02:10:24,800 --> 02:10:27,600
norms. 
Jefferson's story prominently 

2576
02:10:27,600 --> 02:10:29,400
highlights. 
The difference between personal 

2577
02:10:29,400 --> 02:10:33,000
moral Clarity in institutional, 
inertia, it compels us to 

2578
02:10:33,000 --> 02:10:35,400
question our complicity in 
modern systems that might 

2579
02:10:35,400 --> 02:10:37,000
conflict with our professed 
values. 

2580
02:10:37,800 --> 02:10:40,800
Additionally, Jefferson's 
championing of religious freedom

2581
02:10:40,800 --> 02:10:43,800
stands out. 
He insisted that each person's 

2582
02:10:43,800 --> 02:10:45,700
beliefs Beyond governmental 
reach. 

2583
02:10:46,500 --> 02:10:49,700
Stance that shape, not just 
America, but Global Norms on 

2584
02:10:49,700 --> 02:10:52,300
religious liberty. 
The Statute for Religious 

2585
02:10:52,300 --> 02:10:54,700
Freedom. 
In Virginia though, overshadowed

2586
02:10:54,700 --> 02:10:57,700
by the declaration's fame. 
Seated, the principle that 

2587
02:10:57,700 --> 02:11:01,100
government cannot coerce 
spiritual conviction today. 

2588
02:11:01,100 --> 02:11:05,200
As debates on religious 
Expressions swirl worldwide, his

2589
02:11:05,200 --> 02:11:07,500
early push for disestablishment 
remains relevant. 

2590
02:11:08,600 --> 02:11:11,400
Another subtle Dimension is 
Jefferson's approach to 

2591
02:11:11,400 --> 02:11:14,700
educational Frameworks, founding
the University of Virginia 

2592
02:11:14,700 --> 02:11:17,800
mirrored his conviction that 
informed populace anchors, a 

2593
02:11:17,800 --> 02:11:21,000
stable Republic. 
He favored broad curricula from 

2594
02:11:21,000 --> 02:11:24,100
ancient languages to Modern 
Sciences, rejecting Church 

2595
02:11:24,100 --> 02:11:27,000
oversight. 
That model resonates in ongoing 

2596
02:11:27,000 --> 02:11:29,900
dialogues about academic 
freedom, the role of public 

2597
02:11:29,900 --> 02:11:33,300
universities, and how to equip 
citizens for complex Global 

2598
02:11:33,300 --> 02:11:36,000
realities. 
His notion that education 

2599
02:11:36,000 --> 02:11:38,400
Fosters, self-rule might be more
pertinent than ever. 

2600
02:11:39,400 --> 02:11:41,700
In his final Year's weighed down
by debts. 

2601
02:11:41,700 --> 02:11:45,200
Jefferson exemplified how 
personal miscalculation can 

2602
02:11:45,200 --> 02:11:48,600
overshadow public triumphs? 
The man who shaped a nation 

2603
02:11:48,600 --> 02:11:52,000
wrestled with monetary woes 
culminating in Monticello's 

2604
02:11:52,000 --> 02:11:53,600
partial liquidation after his 
death. 

2605
02:11:54,800 --> 02:11:57,900
Story, underscores that bright 
Minds can still fall in everyday

2606
02:11:57,900 --> 02:12:00,400
management. 
For modern professionals 

2607
02:12:00,400 --> 02:12:02,500
approaching midlife. 
The caution is clear. 

2608
02:12:02,500 --> 02:12:06,300
Brilliant, in some Arenas does 
not inoculate against practical.

2609
02:12:06,300 --> 02:12:10,200
Pitfalls Jefferson's demise 
coinciding with John Adams's on 

2610
02:12:10,200 --> 02:12:14,800
July 4th. 1826, lent, a Mythic 
close to their entwined sagas. 

2611
02:12:14,800 --> 02:12:18,900
Observers then Marvel at 
providence's timing interpreting

2612
02:12:18,900 --> 02:12:20,500
it as a sign of national 
destiny. 

2613
02:12:21,300 --> 02:12:24,200
The solemn passing of two 
revolutionary Architects on the 

2614
02:12:24,200 --> 02:12:27,000
Republic's half-century Mark 
remains a striking historical 

2615
02:12:27,000 --> 02:12:29,400
coincidence. 
Yet behind that. 

2616
02:12:29,400 --> 02:12:32,500
Dramatic, symbolism lies. 
The more tangible truth, they 

2617
02:12:32,500 --> 02:12:34,600
were aging Patriots. 
Who parted with an American 

2618
02:12:34,600 --> 02:12:37,700
still in flux. 
Fragile, expanding, and 

2619
02:12:37,700 --> 02:12:41,200
grappling with unsolved 
tensions, the rhetorical arcs, 

2620
02:12:41,200 --> 02:12:44,500
they set forth would guide and 
haunt subsequent Generations in 

2621
02:12:44,500 --> 02:12:49,300
deciding how, or whether to 
embody the pure ideals of 1776. 

2622
02:12:49,300 --> 02:12:52,900
Thus Thomas Jefferson endures as
a mosaic. 

2623
02:12:52,900 --> 02:12:57,600
Liberation's poet, contradictory
slave owner Visionary statement 

2624
02:12:57,600 --> 02:13:01,500
flawed caretaker of finance's 
and father of an institution 

2625
02:13:01,500 --> 02:13:05,100
championing reason. 
His life story holds up a mirror

2626
02:13:05,100 --> 02:13:07,500
to the interplay of aspiration 
and compromise. 

2627
02:13:07,500 --> 02:13:10,600
The swirl of high-minded, 
principal amid pragmatic, 

2628
02:13:10,600 --> 02:13:14,900
gambles for many that reflection
remains instructive inviting us 

2629
02:13:14,900 --> 02:13:17,000
to measure our convictions 
against the structures. 

2630
02:13:17,000 --> 02:13:19,700
We inhabit. 
And confronting Jefferson's 

2631
02:13:19,700 --> 02:13:22,100
complexities. 
We do not just revisit a 

2632
02:13:22,100 --> 02:13:24,000
Founding Father. 
We confront the universal 

2633
02:13:24,000 --> 02:13:27,000
tensions of forging, a just 
Society in an imperfect world 

2634
02:13:27,000 --> 02:13:31,100
and that conversation spurred by
the man from Monticello remains 

2635
02:13:31,100 --> 02:13:38,500
as vital as ever. 
Picture this, you're settling 

2636
02:13:38,500 --> 02:13:41,800
into your favorite chair after a
long day, maybe with a warm cup 

2637
02:13:41,800 --> 02:13:45,200
of tea steaming beside you. 
Now, imagine if instead of 

2638
02:13:45,200 --> 02:13:48,400
relaxing your feet suddenly 
decided they had other plans 

2639
02:13:48,400 --> 02:13:51,700
entirely Not just a little 
restless leg syndrome. 

2640
02:13:51,700 --> 02:13:53,800
Mind you, but full-blown, can't 
stop. 

2641
02:13:53,800 --> 02:13:57,100
Won't Stop Dancing. 
That's essentially what happened

2642
02:13:57,100 --> 02:13:58,600
to the good people of 
Strasbourg. 

2643
02:13:58,600 --> 02:14:01,600
In July 1518, though, they 
didn't have the luxury of 

2644
02:14:01,600 --> 02:14:06,100
calling it quirky It started 
with frat a woman whose name has

2645
02:14:06,100 --> 02:14:09,100
echoed through history for all 
the wrong reasons, on a 

2646
02:14:09,100 --> 02:14:10,400
perfectly ordinary summer 
morning. 

2647
02:14:10,400 --> 02:14:13,400
She stepped out of her 
half-timbered house onto the 

2648
02:14:13,400 --> 02:14:16,100
cobblestones of Strasbourg and 
began to dance. 

2649
02:14:16,100 --> 02:14:19,600
Her dancing was not the kind you
might do at a wedding after a 

2650
02:14:19,600 --> 02:14:22,800
few glasses of wine, but an 
urgent desperate kind of 

2651
02:14:22,800 --> 02:14:26,900
movement that seemed to possess 
her entire being You have to 

2652
02:14:26,908 --> 02:14:29,400
understand this wasn't 
Renaissance flash model 

2653
02:14:29,400 --> 02:14:33,100
material. 
Danced as if her life relied on 

2654
02:14:33,100 --> 02:14:36,500
it. 
And in fact, it did her feet 

2655
02:14:36,500 --> 02:14:38,700
moved in patterns that made no 
musical sense. 

2656
02:14:38,700 --> 02:14:42,200
And her arms flailed in rhythms,
that belong to no earthly song. 

2657
02:14:43,600 --> 02:14:46,300
The townspeople gathered around 
her initially amused. 

2658
02:14:46,300 --> 02:14:49,600
After all, who doesn't enjoy a 
bit of unexpected Street 

2659
02:14:49,600 --> 02:14:53,100
Entertainment. 
But as the hours ticked by their

2660
02:14:53,100 --> 02:14:58,000
smiles, began to fade like paint
in the rain, Frau trafia, kept 

2661
02:14:58,000 --> 02:15:00,000
dancing. 
During the midday heat. 

2662
02:15:00,000 --> 02:15:03,700
When sensible people sought 
shade and cool drinks for our 

2663
02:15:03,700 --> 02:15:06,400
trophy can continue to dance 
during the dinner hour. 

2664
02:15:06,400 --> 02:15:09,000
The aroma of roasted meat and 
fresh bread, should have 

2665
02:15:09,000 --> 02:15:12,100
beckoned any sensible individual
home during the evening. 

2666
02:15:12,100 --> 02:15:14,600
Her feet should have been 
expressing gratitude for her 

2667
02:15:14,600 --> 02:15:18,000
decision to finally sit down. 
The cobblestones beneath her 

2668
02:15:18,000 --> 02:15:20,900
feet told their Story. 
Once Smooth by centuries of 

2669
02:15:20,900 --> 02:15:24,200
cartwheels and horses. 
Now witnessed to this strange, 

2670
02:15:24,200 --> 02:15:26,700
new Rhythm, you can almost hear 
them. 

2671
02:15:26,700 --> 02:15:29,700
Those ancient Stones Whispering 
among themselves about this 

2672
02:15:29,700 --> 02:15:34,100
peculiar turn of events. 
They'd seen plague and War feast

2673
02:15:34,100 --> 02:15:37,400
and famine, but never anything 
quite like this. 

2674
02:15:38,600 --> 02:15:41,900
By Nightfall throughout traffic 
was still moving though. 

2675
02:15:41,900 --> 02:15:45,000
Her dance had transformed from 
something almost graceful and to

2676
02:15:45,000 --> 02:15:47,800
something more akin to a 
marionette with tangled strings.

2677
02:15:48,600 --> 02:15:51,600
Her neighbors brought her water,
which she drank without stopping

2678
02:15:51,600 --> 02:15:53,800
her movement. 
They offered food, which she 

2679
02:15:53,800 --> 02:15:57,000
barely managed to consume 
between steps, they pleaded with

2680
02:15:57,000 --> 02:15:59,300
her to rest, but she seemed as 
unable to stop. 

2681
02:15:59,300 --> 02:16:00,800
As you might be unable to stop 
breathing. 

2682
02:16:02,000 --> 02:16:05,100
The local Authority scratched 
their heads and consulted, their

2683
02:16:05,100 --> 02:16:08,100
limited medical knowledge. 
Perhaps it was a fever, they 

2684
02:16:08,100 --> 02:16:11,000
reasoned fevers could make 
people act strangely. 

2685
02:16:11,900 --> 02:16:13,900
But Frou Faire, showed no signs 
of illness. 

2686
02:16:13,900 --> 02:16:17,200
Beyond the compulsive movement, 
her skin wasn't flushed. 

2687
02:16:17,200 --> 02:16:20,500
Her eyes weren't glassy. 
She simply could not stop 

2688
02:16:20,500 --> 02:16:23,400
dancing. 
As you lie there, tonight, 

2689
02:16:23,400 --> 02:16:27,000
comfortable in your bed. 
Imagine the bewilderment of 

2690
02:16:27,008 --> 02:16:30,000
those medieval Minds trying to 
process this impossibility. 

2691
02:16:30,900 --> 02:16:33,700
They lived in a world where 
everything had a place in a 

2692
02:16:33,700 --> 02:16:38,200
purpose, cows gave milk chickens
laid eggs and people danced only

2693
02:16:38,200 --> 02:16:39,600
when there was music and 
merriment. 

2694
02:16:40,799 --> 02:16:44,400
But here was faucet. 
Flying the natural order with 

2695
02:16:44,400 --> 02:16:47,900
every unwilling step. 
The night Watchman took turns 

2696
02:16:47,900 --> 02:16:51,700
observing her partly out of 
concern and partly out of morbid

2697
02:16:51,700 --> 02:16:54,299
fascination. 
They'd seen plenty of odd 

2698
02:16:54,299 --> 02:16:57,700
things, during their midnight 
rounds, drunken revelries, that 

2699
02:16:57,700 --> 02:17:01,200
lasted too long lovers quarrels,
that spilled into the streets 

2700
02:17:01,200 --> 02:17:04,500
and the occasional Sleepwalker, 
stumbling about in their night 

2701
02:17:04,500 --> 02:17:07,100
clothes. 
But nothing had prepared them 

2702
02:17:07,100 --> 02:17:09,799
for the sight of a middle-aged 
woman dancing alone under the 

2703
02:17:09,808 --> 02:17:12,000
stars. 
Her Shadow performing, an 

2704
02:17:12,000 --> 02:17:16,299
endless exhausting ballet on the
moonlit Stones as Dawn 

2705
02:17:16,299 --> 02:17:19,200
approached bringing with it the 
promise of a new day for our 

2706
02:17:19,200 --> 02:17:23,100
trophy was still dancing. 
Her movement had slowed but they

2707
02:17:23,100 --> 02:17:26,600
hadn't stopped it was as if some
invisible Puppeteer had taken 

2708
02:17:26,600 --> 02:17:28,900
control of her strings and 
forgotten how to let go. 

2709
02:17:28,900 --> 02:17:32,299
Now, you might assume that the 
sensible citizens of stress bug 

2710
02:17:32,299 --> 02:17:33,600
would have shunned for outer 
Fair. 

2711
02:17:33,600 --> 02:17:36,200
After witnessing, her bizarre, 
predicament for a full day and 

2712
02:17:36,200 --> 02:17:38,200
night. 
You'd be wrong, of course 

2713
02:17:38,200 --> 02:17:41,100
because people have always been 
magnetically drawn to the 

2714
02:17:41,100 --> 02:17:44,799
inexplicable like moths to a 
particularly puzzling flame 

2715
02:17:44,799 --> 02:17:48,600
instead of backing away, small 
crowds began to gather regularly

2716
02:17:48,600 --> 02:17:51,600
around Frou Faire. 
They brought their morning bread

2717
02:17:51,600 --> 02:17:54,000
and ate it. 
While watching her dance, they 

2718
02:17:54,000 --> 02:17:57,200
discussed her condition over 
their midday meals, gesturing 

2719
02:17:57,200 --> 02:18:00,200
with chicken legs and chunks of 
cheese, they turned her 

2720
02:18:00,200 --> 02:18:02,500
suffering into a form of 
communal entertainment. 

2721
02:18:02,500 --> 02:18:05,500
Although none of them would have
openly acknowledged it in those 

2722
02:18:05,500 --> 02:18:08,700
exact terms. 
This is where the story takes a 

2723
02:18:08,700 --> 02:18:09,700
turn. 
That would make even the most 

2724
02:18:09,700 --> 02:18:11,700
creative screenwriter, pause, 
and reconsider. 

2725
02:18:12,900 --> 02:18:16,799
Within a week of his first 
involuntary, step others began 

2726
02:18:16,799 --> 02:18:18,600
to join her. 
Not voluntarily. 

2727
02:18:18,600 --> 02:18:21,299
You understand? 
These weren't copycat, dancers, 

2728
02:18:21,299 --> 02:18:24,100
or attention Seekers. 
These were Ordinary People Who 

2729
02:18:24,100 --> 02:18:26,299
suddenly found their feet. 
Betraying them in the most 

2730
02:18:26,299 --> 02:18:28,900
extraordinary way. 
Hands. 

2731
02:18:28,900 --> 02:18:32,299
The baker was kneading dough. 
When it started his hands which 

2732
02:18:32,299 --> 02:18:34,700
had shaped thousands of loaves 
with methodical Precision, 

2733
02:18:34,700 --> 02:18:37,100
suddenly began. 
Moving to a different rhythm 

2734
02:18:37,900 --> 02:18:40,600
Before he knew it, his whole 
body had joined the dance. 

2735
02:18:40,600 --> 02:18:44,400
Leaving behind a kitchen, full 
of half-formed bread and a wife 

2736
02:18:44,407 --> 02:18:46,600
who thought he'd finally succumb
to the summer heat. 

2737
02:18:47,700 --> 02:18:51,200
Greta the Weaver abandoned her 
Loom, mid thread when her feet 

2738
02:18:51,200 --> 02:18:54,100
decided, they had more important
things to do than operate. 

2739
02:18:54,100 --> 02:18:55,700
The pedals in their usual, 
measured way. 

2740
02:18:56,700 --> 02:18:59,200
The half-finished cloth remained
stretched on the frame for 

2741
02:18:59,200 --> 02:19:00,900
weeks. 
A testament to the moment. 

2742
02:19:00,900 --> 02:19:03,200
When normal life simply stopped 
making sense. 

2743
02:19:04,100 --> 02:19:05,600
You can picture the scene, can't
you? 

2744
02:19:06,799 --> 02:19:09,400
The Town Square that had once 
been a place of orderly Commerce

2745
02:19:09,400 --> 02:19:13,200
vendors, Hawking, their Wares, 
children playing simple games, 

2746
02:19:13,200 --> 02:19:17,100
Merchants, negotiating deals 
transformed into something 

2747
02:19:17,100 --> 02:19:20,700
resembling a fever dream. 
Except the fever seemed to be 

2748
02:19:20,700 --> 02:19:24,600
catching spreading from person 
to person like a yawn in a 

2749
02:19:24,608 --> 02:19:28,000
worn-out congregation, The 
dancing wasn't Beautiful Mind 

2750
02:19:28,000 --> 02:19:29,799
you. 
This wasn't some spontaneous 

2751
02:19:29,799 --> 02:19:33,799
celebration of life and joy. 
The dancers moved with a 

2752
02:19:33,799 --> 02:19:37,700
desperate urgency, their faces 
etched with exhaustion and 

2753
02:19:37,700 --> 02:19:40,400
confusion. 
The clothes became tattered from

2754
02:19:40,400 --> 02:19:43,000
the constant motion. 
Their shoes were thin against 

2755
02:19:43,000 --> 02:19:46,400
the unforgiving cobblestones. 
Some danced until their feet 

2756
02:19:46,407 --> 02:19:50,400
bled, leaving small red marks on
the stones like some Macabre 

2757
02:19:50,400 --> 02:19:54,100
breadcrumb Trail. 
The local Physicians were 

2758
02:19:54,100 --> 02:19:56,600
summoned naturally. 
These learned men arrived with 

2759
02:19:56,608 --> 02:19:59,600
their leather satchels, full of 
mysterious remedies and their 

2760
02:19:59,600 --> 02:20:01,400
heads full of medieval medical 
wisdom. 

2761
02:20:01,400 --> 02:20:04,700
They observed the dancers with 
the same intensity, you might 

2762
02:20:04,700 --> 02:20:07,300
observe a puzzle that's missing.
Several crucial pieces. 

2763
02:20:08,200 --> 02:20:11,500
They took notes, they consulted 
their texts and they stroked 

2764
02:20:11,500 --> 02:20:15,000
their beards thoughtfully. 
The diagnosis when it came 

2765
02:20:15,000 --> 02:20:18,300
reflected, the medical 
understanding of the time, they 

2766
02:20:18,300 --> 02:20:21,300
declared that the dancers had a 
condition known as hot blood. 

2767
02:20:21,300 --> 02:20:24,800
Therefore, the solution was to 
encourage more dancing until the

2768
02:20:24,800 --> 02:20:26,600
heat dissipated from their 
systems. 

2769
02:20:26,600 --> 02:20:29,700
It was rather like suggesting 
that someone with hiccups should

2770
02:20:29,708 --> 02:20:32,600
hiccup more vigorously until 
they stopped, but it seemed 

2771
02:20:32,600 --> 02:20:35,200
logical within the framework of 
16th century medicine. 

2772
02:20:35,200 --> 02:20:39,200
Therefore, the authorities 
Guided by their immense wisdom, 

2773
02:20:39,200 --> 02:20:41,000
chose to combat the issue 
head-on. 

2774
02:20:41,000 --> 02:20:44,500
They hired musicians to play for
the dancers reasoning, that 

2775
02:20:44,500 --> 02:20:47,100
proper music might help regulate
their chaotic movements. 

2776
02:20:47,100 --> 02:20:50,400
They cleared larger spaces for 
the dancing moving Market, 

2777
02:20:50,400 --> 02:20:55,100
stalls redirecting cart traffic,
the stage thinking that perhaps 

2778
02:20:55,100 --> 02:20:57,600
the dance would feel more 
dignified performing on an 

2779
02:20:57,600 --> 02:21:01,400
elevated platform, the irony 
would have been delicious if it 

2780
02:21:01,400 --> 02:21:03,700
worked. 
So tragic, instead of curing, 

2781
02:21:03,700 --> 02:21:06,600
the dancers, the music and 
attention seemed to attract more

2782
02:21:06,600 --> 02:21:08,700
victims. 
The dancing seemed to have 

2783
02:21:08,708 --> 02:21:12,300
transformed into a seductive. 
Melody appealing to a profound 

2784
02:21:12,300 --> 02:21:14,800
concealed. 
Fragility within the human soul 

2785
02:21:14,800 --> 02:21:18,600
by the end of the second week. 
Nearly 40 people were dancing in

2786
02:21:18,600 --> 02:21:21,200
the streets of Strasbourg. 
Their individual rhythms 

2787
02:21:21,200 --> 02:21:24,800
creating a chaotic Symphony of 
movement, The families of the 

2788
02:21:24,800 --> 02:21:27,700
dancers, tried everything, they 
could think of, they brought 

2789
02:21:27,700 --> 02:21:31,200
favorite foods hoping to tempt, 
their loved ones to stop and eat

2790
02:21:31,200 --> 02:21:34,300
properly. 
They Carried chairs and stools 

2791
02:21:34,300 --> 02:21:36,500
placing them hopefully in the 
dancers paths. 

2792
02:21:36,500 --> 02:21:39,800
They also brought pillows and 
blankets, believing that if they

2793
02:21:39,800 --> 02:21:42,600
could persuade, the dancers to 
take a moment's rest, the spell 

2794
02:21:42,600 --> 02:21:46,100
might be broken. 
But nothing worked, the dancers 

2795
02:21:46,100 --> 02:21:50,000
danced on day and night their 
movements becoming more frantic 

2796
02:21:50,000 --> 02:21:52,800
as their bodies grew weaker. 
It was like watching people 

2797
02:21:52,800 --> 02:21:56,400
slowly drown in are struggling 
against an invisible. 

2798
02:21:56,400 --> 02:21:58,900
Current that only. 
They could feel by the third 

2799
02:21:58,900 --> 02:22:02,400
week of this peculiar epidemic 
the city of Strasbourg had 

2800
02:22:02,400 --> 02:22:06,000
transformed into something, 
unrecognizable You know how a 

2801
02:22:06,000 --> 02:22:07,600
familiar room can suddenly feel 
strange. 

2802
02:22:07,600 --> 02:22:09,300
When you move just one piece of 
furniture. 

2803
02:22:09,300 --> 02:22:13,900
Well, imagine and entire city, 
where the fundamental rules of 

2804
02:22:13,900 --> 02:22:16,000
human behavior had been 
Rewritten overnight. 

2805
02:22:17,100 --> 02:22:19,800
The marketplace which had 
operated according to centuries 

2806
02:22:19,800 --> 02:22:21,400
old rhythms of buying and 
selling. 

2807
02:22:21,400 --> 02:22:24,700
Now, resembled something between
a medical ward and a carnival. 

2808
02:22:24,700 --> 02:22:27,900
Even in the face of 
impossibility vendors still set 

2809
02:22:27,900 --> 02:22:30,800
up their stalls each morning, 
but their attention was divided 

2810
02:22:30,800 --> 02:22:33,800
between their Wares and the 
growing number of dancers who 

2811
02:22:33,800 --> 02:22:38,100
wove between the displays like 
exhausted ghosts. children, who 

2812
02:22:38,100 --> 02:22:41,100
had initially found the whole 
spectacle entertaining, began to

2813
02:22:41,108 --> 02:22:43,900
grow frightened there's 
something unsettling about, 

2814
02:22:43,900 --> 02:22:47,200
seeing adults lose control, 
especially when those adults, 

2815
02:22:47,200 --> 02:22:50,500
include your neighbors, your 
teacher, or your aunt, who 

2816
02:22:50,500 --> 02:22:54,500
always remembered your birthday,
the dancing had crossed the line

2817
02:22:54,500 --> 02:22:57,000
from Curious novelty to 
something darker and more 

2818
02:22:57,000 --> 02:23:00,000
threatening the dancers. 
Themselves had begun to show. 

2819
02:23:00,000 --> 02:23:03,600
Serious signs of wear their 
clothes hung in tatters, their 

2820
02:23:03,600 --> 02:23:07,500
faces gaunt from exhaustion and 
irregular eating some had 

2821
02:23:07,500 --> 02:23:10,700
collapsed and been carried home.
Only to rise and begin dancing 

2822
02:23:10,700 --> 02:23:12,000
again. 
As soon as they regained 

2823
02:23:12,000 --> 02:23:15,400
consciousness. 
It was as if rest only stored up

2824
02:23:15,400 --> 02:23:19,400
energy for more frantic movement
Maria, the seamstress developed 

2825
02:23:19,400 --> 02:23:21,000
a particularly heartbreaking 
pattern. 

2826
02:23:21,000 --> 02:23:24,600
She would dance for hours then 
suddenly stop mid-step and look 

2827
02:23:24,600 --> 02:23:28,800
around with clear confused eyes 
as if waking from a dream she 

2828
02:23:28,800 --> 02:23:31,800
would recognize her surrounding 
call out to friends and family 

2829
02:23:31,800 --> 02:23:34,600
and even sit down for a few 
minutes to drink water or nibble

2830
02:23:34,600 --> 02:23:37,200
bread. 
Then just as suddenly the 

2831
02:23:37,200 --> 02:23:40,000
compulsion would return and she 
would leap to her feet and 

2832
02:23:40,000 --> 02:23:43,600
resumed her endless dance. 
These moments of clarity made 

2833
02:23:43,600 --> 02:23:45,400
the condition even more 
disturbing. 

2834
02:23:45,400 --> 02:23:48,100
It wasn't Madness in any 
traditional sense. 

2835
02:23:48,100 --> 02:23:50,300
The dance is knew what was 
happening to them. 

2836
02:23:50,300 --> 02:23:54,400
They simply couldn't stop it. 
Imagine being trapped in your 

2837
02:23:54,400 --> 02:23:56,600
own body. 
Watching yourself perform 

2838
02:23:56,600 --> 02:23:59,000
actions. 
You never chose to perform like 

2839
02:23:59,000 --> 02:24:01,300
being a passenger in a vehicle 
who steering wheel. 

2840
02:24:01,300 --> 02:24:04,800
You can't reach. 
The city's records kept by 

2841
02:24:04,800 --> 02:24:08,000
meticulous scribes, who 
documented everything from grain

2842
02:24:08,000 --> 02:24:11,100
prices to weather patterns began
to read like something from a 

2843
02:24:11,100 --> 02:24:16,500
fever dream item, the dancing 
sickness continues item Johan, 

2844
02:24:16,500 --> 02:24:19,400
the Cooper joined the dancers 
this morning item. 

2845
02:24:19,400 --> 02:24:22,900
The musicians have been paid for
another week of playing item 

2846
02:24:22,900 --> 02:24:26,300
three, more dancers collapsed 
today, but resumed upon waking, 

2847
02:24:27,200 --> 02:24:30,300
You have to admire those record.
Keepers, really faced with 

2848
02:24:30,308 --> 02:24:32,400
something completely outside 
their experience. 

2849
02:24:32,400 --> 02:24:35,900
They did what bureaucrats have 
always done, they wrote it down 

2850
02:24:35,900 --> 02:24:37,900
carefully, and hoped someone 
else would figure out what it 

2851
02:24:37,900 --> 02:24:39,700
all meant. 
The religious authorities. 

2852
02:24:39,700 --> 02:24:42,500
Meanwhile were having 
theological debate, that would 

2853
02:24:42,500 --> 02:24:44,100
have been fascinating if they 
weren't. 

2854
02:24:44,100 --> 02:24:47,800
So urgent, was this Divine 
punishment for some collective 

2855
02:24:47,800 --> 02:24:50,900
sin? 
Mr. Faith was this, a 

2856
02:24:50,900 --> 02:24:54,100
manifestation of malevolent 
Spirits, different priests 

2857
02:24:54,100 --> 02:24:56,400
offered different 
interpretations, and their 

2858
02:24:56,400 --> 02:25:00,200
congregations split accordingly.
Some organized prayer, vigils 

2859
02:25:00,200 --> 02:25:02,300
others called for public 
confessions. 

2860
02:25:02,300 --> 02:25:05,700
And a few suggested that perhaps
God was simply enjoying some 

2861
02:25:05,700 --> 02:25:07,900
Cosmic entertainment at human 
expense. 

2862
02:25:08,700 --> 02:25:11,400
The dancers themselves became 
unwilling celebrities. 

2863
02:25:11,400 --> 02:25:14,900
People traveled from neighboring
towns to witness the phenomenon 

2864
02:25:14,900 --> 02:25:18,000
turning Strasburg into an 
accidental tourist, destination.

2865
02:25:19,000 --> 02:25:22,100
Merchants arrived to sell food 
and trinkets to the crowds 

2866
02:25:22,100 --> 02:25:24,600
street performers. 
Came to compete for attention 

2867
02:25:24,600 --> 02:25:26,700
though. 
Their conventional acts seemed 

2868
02:25:26,700 --> 02:25:28,700
almost quaint compared to the 
desperate dancing. 

2869
02:25:28,700 --> 02:25:32,200
Happening all around the 
However, the locals were growing

2870
02:25:32,200 --> 02:25:35,700
tired of the novelty living in 
the middle of an ongoing crisis,

2871
02:25:35,700 --> 02:25:38,400
has a way of exhausting even the
most patient communities. 

2872
02:25:39,200 --> 02:25:41,700
Families were disrupted 
businesses, struggled to 

2873
02:25:41,700 --> 02:25:44,700
function normally and everyone 
walked around with the nervous 

2874
02:25:44,700 --> 02:25:46,900
energy of people waiting for the
other shoe to drop. 

2875
02:25:46,900 --> 02:25:50,700
Except in this case the shoes 
never stopped moving. 

2876
02:25:52,200 --> 02:25:55,000
The dancers families organized 
themselves into an informal 

2877
02:25:55,000 --> 02:25:57,800
support network. 
They took turns bringing food 

2878
02:25:57,800 --> 02:26:00,800
and water alternated in watching
over their Afflicted. 

2879
02:26:00,800 --> 02:26:03,600
Relatives and shared the burden 
of worry, that comes from 

2880
02:26:03,600 --> 02:26:05,800
loving, someone who is slowly 
wearing themselves down. 

2881
02:26:06,800 --> 02:26:10,300
It was Community Care, born from
desperation but it was beautiful

2882
02:26:10,300 --> 02:26:12,900
in his way. 
Some of the dancers had begun to

2883
02:26:12,900 --> 02:26:14,600
develop their own individual 
Styles. 

2884
02:26:14,600 --> 02:26:18,600
Otto the blacksmith dance, with 
heavy rhythmic movements, that 

2885
02:26:18,600 --> 02:26:22,600
echoed his hammering motion at 
the forge Liesel, the baker's 

2886
02:26:22,600 --> 02:26:24,600
daughter. 
Spun and twisted as if needing 

2887
02:26:24,600 --> 02:26:27,900
invisible dough their bodies. 
Even in the grip of this 

2888
02:26:27,900 --> 02:26:31,400
strange, compulsion remembered. 
Their daily work and transformed

2889
02:26:31,400 --> 02:26:34,500
it into movement. 
By now, the city authorities 

2890
02:26:34,500 --> 02:26:37,800
were beginning to panic, what 
had started as a curious. 

2891
02:26:37,800 --> 02:26:40,500
Local phenomenon was threatening
to become a complete breakdown 

2892
02:26:40,500 --> 02:26:43,600
of civil order. 
More importantly, people were 

2893
02:26:43,600 --> 02:26:47,100
starting to die death when it 
finally came to, the dancers 

2894
02:26:47,100 --> 02:26:50,000
arrived, not with drama, but 
with a kind of merciful 

2895
02:26:50,000 --> 02:26:52,700
exhaustion. 
Similar to a candle nearing. 

2896
02:26:52,700 --> 02:26:54,400
Its end. 
The dance has struggled to 

2897
02:26:54,400 --> 02:26:56,800
maintain the constant energy 
their bodies required. 

2898
02:26:56,800 --> 02:27:00,500
It was Klaus the Miller who went
first collapsing in the middle 

2899
02:27:00,500 --> 02:27:03,300
of what had been a particularly 
vigorous sequence of spins and 

2900
02:27:03,300 --> 02:27:07,500
somehow failing to rise again? 
The site of clouds lying still 

2901
02:27:07,500 --> 02:27:10,300
on those worn cobblestones 
created to strange silence in 

2902
02:27:10,308 --> 02:27:13,100
the Square. 
Even the other dancers seem to 

2903
02:27:13,100 --> 02:27:16,500
pause as if some invisible 
conductor had finally give them 

2904
02:27:16,500 --> 02:27:20,400
permission for a moment's rest. 
However, only a brief moment 

2905
02:27:20,400 --> 02:27:23,200
passed before the surviving 
dancers, resumed their endless 

2906
02:27:23,200 --> 02:27:26,800
movement carefully stepping 
around their fallen friend, as 

2907
02:27:26,800 --> 02:27:29,000
if he were merely another 
obstacle in their path. 

2908
02:27:29,700 --> 02:27:32,300
You might wonder what goes 
through a community's mind where

2909
02:27:32,300 --> 02:27:35,600
the impossible becomes deadly. 
The people of Strasbourg were 

2910
02:27:35,608 --> 02:27:38,200
experiencing something that 
challenged every assumption 

2911
02:27:38,200 --> 02:27:40,400
laid, ever made about how the 
world worked. 

2912
02:27:41,100 --> 02:27:44,000
They were practical people 
accustomed to practical problems

2913
02:27:44,000 --> 02:27:47,600
with practical Solutions. 
Crop failures could be endured 

2914
02:27:47,600 --> 02:27:51,300
diseases, could be treated or at
least understood and Wars could 

2915
02:27:51,300 --> 02:27:54,800
be fought and ended. 
But this dancing plague defied 

2916
02:27:54,800 --> 02:27:57,300
every category they had, for 
making sense of suffering. 

2917
02:27:58,200 --> 02:28:01,100
The Physicians those learned men
with their impressive 

2918
02:28:01,100 --> 02:28:03,700
collections of books and 
instruments were beginning to 

2919
02:28:03,708 --> 02:28:06,900
admit privately that their hot 
blood theory might need some 

2920
02:28:06,900 --> 02:28:09,400
adjustment. 
Several had observed, the dance 

2921
02:28:09,400 --> 02:28:11,900
as closely enough to notice that
they weren't sweating 

2922
02:28:11,900 --> 02:28:15,800
excessively despite their 
constant motion, their skin 

2923
02:28:15,800 --> 02:28:18,700
remained relatively cool. 
And they're breathing wasn't as 

2924
02:28:18,700 --> 02:28:21,000
labor as it should have been 
given their activity level. 

2925
02:28:21,800 --> 02:28:23,900
Their bodies appeared to 
function under entirely 

2926
02:28:23,900 --> 02:28:27,600
different rules. 
Dr. Hermon the most respected 

2927
02:28:27,600 --> 02:28:30,500
physician in the region, spent 
three full days and nights 

2928
02:28:30,500 --> 02:28:31,500
observing. 
The dancers. 

2929
02:28:31,500 --> 02:28:35,000
He took careful notes about 
their movements, their eating 

2930
02:28:35,000 --> 02:28:37,600
and drinking patterns and their 
brief moments of rest. 

2931
02:28:38,500 --> 02:28:41,000
What he discovered puzzled him 
even more than the original 

2932
02:28:41,000 --> 02:28:43,600
phenomenon. 
The dancers seem to be in a 

2933
02:28:43,608 --> 02:28:45,400
state that was neither fully 
conscious nor unconscious 

2934
02:28:45,400 --> 02:28:48,800
neither sick, nor healthy and 
neither voluntary, nor 

2935
02:28:48,800 --> 02:28:53,000
completely involuntary. 
It is he wrote in his journal as

2936
02:28:53,000 --> 02:28:56,200
if they are sleepwalking, while 
awake or perhaps or Awakening. 

2937
02:28:56,200 --> 02:28:59,000
While they sleep. 
They respond to their names and 

2938
02:28:59,000 --> 02:29:01,700
can speak here in the directly 
addressed yet. 

2939
02:29:01,700 --> 02:29:03,000
They cannot choose to stop 
moving. 

2940
02:29:03,000 --> 02:29:06,300
It is as though some part of 
their will as being Borrowed by 

2941
02:29:06,300 --> 02:29:09,500
an unknown Force. 
The families of the dancers were

2942
02:29:09,500 --> 02:29:12,500
developing their own expertise 
born from Desperate necessity, 

2943
02:29:12,500 --> 02:29:15,300
they learn to anticipate when 
their loved ones were most 

2944
02:29:15,308 --> 02:29:17,000
likely to collapse from 
exhaustion. 

2945
02:29:17,900 --> 02:29:20,600
They discovered which foods the 
dancers could manage to eat 

2946
02:29:20,600 --> 02:29:23,300
while moving and they developed 
techniques for helping them 

2947
02:29:23,300 --> 02:29:25,400
drink water without breaking 
their rhythm. 

2948
02:29:26,000 --> 02:29:28,400
They became amateur medical 
attendance, though. 

2949
02:29:28,400 --> 02:29:30,400
No medical school could have 
prepared them for this 

2950
02:29:30,400 --> 02:29:34,400
particular Anna, whose husband 
had been dancing for nearly a 

2951
02:29:34,400 --> 02:29:37,900
month described the experience 
in terms that still echo across 

2952
02:29:37,900 --> 02:29:41,900
the centuries, he is there, and 
not there, his body dances. 

2953
02:29:41,900 --> 02:29:45,800
Yet his eyes gaze at me with a 
profound sadness as if he finds 

2954
02:29:45,800 --> 02:29:49,500
himself imprisoned behind glass.
Occasionally, I think he's 

2955
02:29:49,500 --> 02:29:52,200
trying to tell me something with
his movements, but I cannot 

2956
02:29:52,200 --> 02:29:54,100
understand the language is fetus
speaking. 

2957
02:29:54,100 --> 02:29:57,300
The community was starting to 
feel the effects of the constant

2958
02:29:57,300 --> 02:30:00,300
music, which they had initially 
perceived as beneficial. 

2959
02:30:01,200 --> 02:30:03,900
The Hired musicians were 
exhausted from playing for weeks

2960
02:30:03,900 --> 02:30:07,500
on end and their Melodies are 
taken on a repetitive almost 

2961
02:30:07,500 --> 02:30:10,500
hypnotic quality that seemed to 
make some listeners feel dizzy. 

2962
02:30:12,000 --> 02:30:14,800
Several people reported feeling 
an uncomfortable urge to move 

2963
02:30:14,800 --> 02:30:17,000
their feet in time. 
With the music though, they 

2964
02:30:17,000 --> 02:30:18,500
managed to resist. 
The compulsion. 

2965
02:30:18,500 --> 02:30:22,800
The dancing itself was evolving.
What had started? 

2966
02:30:22,800 --> 02:30:26,400
As individual isolated movements
was becoming something more 

2967
02:30:26,400 --> 02:30:28,800
coordinated. 
The dancers seem to be 

2968
02:30:28,808 --> 02:30:32,000
responding to each other 
creating patterns and formations

2969
02:30:32,000 --> 02:30:34,000
without any apparent conscious 
intent. 

2970
02:30:34,800 --> 02:30:38,900
They would form circles, then 
lines scatter and reform in 

2971
02:30:38,900 --> 02:30:41,700
different configurations. 
It was like watching a flock of 

2972
02:30:41,700 --> 02:30:45,400
birds or a school of fish. 
Except these were human beings. 

2973
02:30:45,400 --> 02:30:47,500
Who should have been making 
deliberate choices about their 

2974
02:30:47,500 --> 02:30:50,900
movements, some of the dancers 
had begun to show signs of what 

2975
02:30:50,900 --> 02:30:53,900
we might now, recognized as 
trance states, there are eyes 

2976
02:30:53,900 --> 02:30:56,600
would roll back, their breathing
would become shallow and rapid, 

2977
02:30:56,600 --> 02:30:59,200
and they would move with an 
intensity that seemed to come 

2978
02:30:59,200 --> 02:31:00,800
from somewhere outside 
themselves. 

2979
02:31:01,700 --> 02:31:04,300
During these episodes they 
appeared completely unreachable 

2980
02:31:04,300 --> 02:31:07,500
as if they had temporarily left 
their bodies behind entirely. 

2981
02:31:08,100 --> 02:31:10,700
The religious community was 
fracturing under the weight of 

2982
02:31:10,700 --> 02:31:14,200
competing interpretations. 
Father, Phil him preached that 

2983
02:31:14,200 --> 02:31:17,300
the dancing was a form of divine
ecstasy, similar to what? 

2984
02:31:17,300 --> 02:31:18,900
Mystics experience during 
prayer. 

2985
02:31:18,900 --> 02:31:21,200
Father. 
The Johan argued it was clearly 

2986
02:31:21,200 --> 02:31:23,500
demonic possession and called 
Forex office. 

2987
02:31:24,700 --> 02:31:27,900
Father, Klaus the city's, oldest
priest suggested that God was 

2988
02:31:27,900 --> 02:31:30,800
teaching them about the nature 
of human will and the body's 

2989
02:31:30,800 --> 02:31:33,900
relationship to the soul. 
The debates were becoming 

2990
02:31:33,900 --> 02:31:37,200
increasingly heated and the 
congregation was choosing sides 

2991
02:31:37,200 --> 02:31:39,500
based as much on their fears as 
on their faith. 

2992
02:31:40,300 --> 02:31:43,200
Its remarkable how quickly 
theological certainty can 

2993
02:31:43,200 --> 02:31:45,400
crumble when faced with 
something that doesn't fit 

2994
02:31:45,400 --> 02:31:48,400
neatly into existing categories 
of understanding. 

2995
02:31:49,200 --> 02:31:52,500
Meanwhile, the dancers danced on
their numbers fluctuating as 

2996
02:31:52,500 --> 02:31:55,500
some collapsed and others were 
mysteriously called to join 

2997
02:31:55,500 --> 02:31:57,500
them. 
The city had become a living 

2998
02:31:57,508 --> 02:32:00,200
laboratory. 
The questions that nobody knew 

2999
02:32:00,200 --> 02:32:03,800
how to ask let alone answer when
faced with the inexplicable. 

3000
02:32:03,800 --> 02:32:07,200
Humans, have a tendency to 
multiply explanations rather 

3001
02:32:07,200 --> 02:32:10,400
than admit ignorance. 
By the fourth week of the 

3002
02:32:10,400 --> 02:32:13,000
dancing plague. 
Strasbourg had attracted more 

3003
02:32:13,000 --> 02:32:16,100
experts than a modern medical 
conference each arriving, with 

3004
02:32:16,100 --> 02:32:19,800
their own pet, theories and 
proposed Solutions Last year on 

3005
02:32:19,800 --> 02:32:22,600
from the University of Basil, 
wrote an impressive collection 

3006
02:32:22,600 --> 02:32:25,600
of astrological charts and 
announced that the dancing was 

3007
02:32:25,600 --> 02:32:27,700
clearly, the result of planetary
malignant. 

3008
02:32:28,600 --> 02:32:30,600
Mercury. 
He explained with considerable 

3009
02:32:30,600 --> 02:32:34,500
Authority, was in an unfortunate
conjunction with Mars, creating 

3010
02:32:34,500 --> 02:32:37,200
an excess of kinetic energy in 
susceptible individuals. 

3011
02:32:38,200 --> 02:32:41,700
His solution involved complex 
calculations of when the planets

3012
02:32:41,700 --> 02:32:44,100
would return to a more 
harmonious configuration. 

3013
02:32:44,100 --> 02:32:47,600
Roughly six months. 
Hints brother Augustine from the

3014
02:32:47,608 --> 02:32:49,700
monastery at multimed. 
Had a different interpretation 

3015
02:32:49,700 --> 02:32:52,300
in entirely. 
He arrived with a cart full of 

3016
02:32:52,308 --> 02:32:55,600
holy relics, and proclaimed that
the dancers were experiencing a 

3017
02:32:55,600 --> 02:32:59,700
form of religious ecstasy, like 
Watson himself had experienced. 

3018
02:33:00,600 --> 02:33:03,400
The solution. 
He insisted was pilgrimage to 

3019
02:33:03,400 --> 02:33:06,700
the shrine of Saint Vitus, where
the dancers could Channel their 

3020
02:33:06,700 --> 02:33:09,300
divinely inspired movement into 
proper worship. 

3021
02:33:09,300 --> 02:33:13,000
You can imagine the scene 
learned men with their Scrolls 

3022
02:33:13,000 --> 02:33:15,400
and instruments. 
Religious authorities with their

3023
02:33:15,400 --> 02:33:18,700
crosses and holy water, all 
standing around debating the 

3024
02:33:18,700 --> 02:33:21,500
finer points of their theories. 
While 40 exhaust people 

3025
02:33:21,500 --> 02:33:24,200
continued their endless, dance 
mere feet away. 

3026
02:33:25,200 --> 02:33:28,300
It was like convening a panel of
experts to discuss the nature of

3027
02:33:28,300 --> 02:33:30,200
rain while standing in the 
middle of a thunderstorm. 

3028
02:33:31,300 --> 02:33:34,300
The city council meanwhile was 
dealing with increasingly 

3029
02:33:34,300 --> 02:33:38,600
practical concerns, the dancing 
had disrupted Commerce attracted

3030
02:33:38,600 --> 02:33:41,400
unwanted attention from 
neighboring regions and was 

3031
02:33:41,400 --> 02:33:43,900
beginning to strain. 
The city's resources, they 

3032
02:33:43,900 --> 02:33:47,700
needed Solutions, not theories, 
but every expert who arrived 

3033
02:33:47,700 --> 02:33:49,400
seemed to bring more questions 
than answers. 

3034
02:33:50,600 --> 02:33:53,500
Dr. Paracelsus, Who would later 
become famous for his 

3035
02:33:53,500 --> 02:33:55,900
revolutionary. 
Medical ideas made a brief 

3036
02:33:55,900 --> 02:33:58,600
appearance during this period is
assessment was 

3037
02:33:58,600 --> 02:34:02,100
characteristically blunt. 
These learned men speak of hot 

3038
02:34:02,100 --> 02:34:04,900
blood and planetary influences, 
while people die before their 

3039
02:34:04,900 --> 02:34:07,400
eyes. 
Perhaps the sickness is not in 

3040
02:34:07,400 --> 02:34:10,500
the dancers bodies, but in our 
understanding of what body's can

3041
02:34:10,500 --> 02:34:14,000
do, He was particularly critical
of the decision to provide music

3042
02:34:14,000 --> 02:34:16,900
for the dancers. 
You might as well give wine to a

3043
02:34:16,900 --> 02:34:20,000
drunkard and call it medicine. 
He observed, the music feeds, 

3044
02:34:20,000 --> 02:34:23,200
the compulsion rather than 
curing it occasionally, the 

3045
02:34:23,200 --> 02:34:26,300
kindest treatment is to remove 
what seems helpful, but proves 

3046
02:34:26,300 --> 02:34:30,500
harmful his words carried weight
and a faction began to form 

3047
02:34:30,500 --> 02:34:33,100
around the idea of trying 
complete silence, instead of 

3048
02:34:33,108 --> 02:34:36,900
constant music, It was a radical
departure from the established 

3049
02:34:36,900 --> 02:34:40,000
treatment, but then again, the 
existing treatment wasn't 

3050
02:34:40,000 --> 02:34:42,400
working particularly. 
Well, the families of the 

3051
02:34:42,400 --> 02:34:45,200
dancers were developing their 
own theories, based on intimate 

3052
02:34:45,200 --> 02:34:48,500
observation, they noticed that 
their loved ones seemed to dance

3053
02:34:48,500 --> 02:34:51,000
more frantically. 
When crowds gathered as if 

3054
02:34:51,000 --> 02:34:54,800
performing for an audience, they
couldn't see They observed that 

3055
02:34:54,800 --> 02:34:58,100
certain types of music triggered
more intense movements, While 

3056
02:34:58,100 --> 02:34:59,800
others seem to calm the dance of
slightly. 

3057
02:35:00,900 --> 02:35:03,600
They discovered that the dancers
movements, sometimes echoed 

3058
02:35:03,600 --> 02:35:06,600
their daily work routines. 
The pattern that none of the 

3059
02:35:06,600 --> 02:35:08,300
learner's experts had bother to 
document. 

3060
02:35:09,400 --> 02:35:11,900
Elizabeth, whose teenage 
daughter had been dancing for 

3061
02:35:11,900 --> 02:35:14,300
three weeks. 
Made a particularly astute 

3062
02:35:14,300 --> 02:35:16,900
observation. 
She dances like she's trying to 

3063
02:35:16,900 --> 02:35:19,700
escape from something, but also,
like she's trying to reach 

3064
02:35:19,700 --> 02:35:21,600
something. 
Her movements aren't random, 

3065
02:35:21,600 --> 02:35:24,600
they're searching, but I cannot 
tell what she's searching for 

3066
02:35:24,600 --> 02:35:27,000
this idea. 
Of the dance is a form of 

3067
02:35:27,008 --> 02:35:29,000
searching resonated with other 
families. 

3068
02:35:29,000 --> 02:35:32,300
They began to notice that their 
dancers appeared to be moving, 

3069
02:35:32,300 --> 02:35:34,900
either towards something or away
from it, though. 

3070
02:35:34,900 --> 02:35:37,400
The nature of that something 
remained invisible to everyone 

3071
02:35:37,400 --> 02:35:40,600
else, it was as if the dancers 
could see a landscape that 

3072
02:35:40,600 --> 02:35:43,700
existed only for them. 
The younger members of the 

3073
02:35:43,700 --> 02:35:45,900
community were having their 
reactions to the prolonged 

3074
02:35:45,900 --> 02:35:49,400
crisis children who had 
initially been fascinated. 

3075
02:35:49,400 --> 02:35:51,900
When now having nightmares about
being unable to stop moving. 

3076
02:35:52,700 --> 02:35:55,600
Teenagers were avoiding the 
areas where dancers congregated 

3077
02:35:55,600 --> 02:35:58,700
The Frayed that the compulsion 
might somehow reach out and grab

3078
02:35:58,700 --> 02:36:01,400
them, too. 
Young adults were leaving the 

3079
02:36:01,400 --> 02:36:05,000
city entirely unwilling to risk 
being caught up in whatever was 

3080
02:36:05,000 --> 02:36:08,200
happening. 
But perhaps most tellingly some 

3081
02:36:08,200 --> 02:36:10,900
people were beginning to report,
feeling a strange sympathy with 

3082
02:36:10,908 --> 02:36:13,300
the dancers. 
They would watch the endless 

3083
02:36:13,300 --> 02:36:16,000
movement and find their feet. 
Tapping in voluntarily. 

3084
02:36:16,000 --> 02:36:19,600
They would dream of dancing and 
wake up with their legs Tangled 

3085
02:36:19,600 --> 02:36:22,400
in bed sheets. 
A few even reported brief 

3086
02:36:22,400 --> 02:36:25,200
moments of feeling enormous 
irresistible urge to join the 

3087
02:36:25,200 --> 02:36:27,700
dancers though. 
They managed to fight off the 

3088
02:36:27,700 --> 02:36:31,000
compulsion. 
Their experiences raised 

3089
02:36:31,000 --> 02:36:32,800
disturbing questions about the 
nature of the condition. 

3090
02:36:32,800 --> 02:36:36,900
Was it truly random or some 
people more susceptible than 

3091
02:36:36,900 --> 02:36:39,900
others? 
Was it a hidden contagion or a 

3092
02:36:39,900 --> 02:36:41,400
dormant part of the human 
psyche? 

3093
02:36:42,000 --> 02:36:44,400
Dr. Hermon who had been 
observing the dancers? 

3094
02:36:44,400 --> 02:36:46,300
Since the beginning was 
developing a theory, that was 

3095
02:36:46,300 --> 02:36:49,200
both simpler and more complex 
than the others being proposed. 

3096
02:36:49,200 --> 02:36:52,600
He suspected that the dancing 
might be a physical expression 

3097
02:36:52,600 --> 02:36:55,800
of something psychological, a 
kind of breaking point. 

3098
02:36:55,800 --> 02:36:58,200
Where individual human will 
simply gave up trying to 

3099
02:36:58,200 --> 02:37:00,700
maintain control over an 
increasingly uncontrollable 

3100
02:37:00,700 --> 02:37:04,000
world. 
Perhaps he wrote in his private 

3101
02:37:04,000 --> 02:37:07,400
notes, the dancers are not sick,
but rather more honest than the 

3102
02:37:07,408 --> 02:37:09,600
rest of us. 
They are showing us what it 

3103
02:37:09,600 --> 02:37:12,400
looks like when the human Spirit
can no longer pretend that, it 

3104
02:37:12,400 --> 02:37:14,400
has Mastery over the body, it 
inhabits. 

3105
02:37:15,100 --> 02:37:18,100
It was a radical idea for its 
time suggesting that the 

3106
02:37:18,100 --> 02:37:21,200
boundary between mind and body. 
Might be more porous than anyone

3107
02:37:21,200 --> 02:37:23,700
had imagined. 
Sometimes the most profound 

3108
02:37:23,700 --> 02:37:27,100
shifts happen not with dramatic 
Revelations but with quiet 

3109
02:37:27,100 --> 02:37:30,200
observations made by exhausted 
people who have run out of 

3110
02:37:30,200 --> 02:37:33,700
clever theories It was for 
Alberta, the baker's wife, who 

3111
02:37:33,700 --> 02:37:36,100
had been caring for three 
different dancers, who first 

3112
02:37:36,100 --> 02:37:38,700
noticed the pattern that would 
eventually lead to the plagues 

3113
02:37:38,700 --> 02:37:41,300
resolution. 
She observed that the dancers 

3114
02:37:41,300 --> 02:37:44,900
seemed calmer though they never 
stopped moving entirely when 

3115
02:37:44,900 --> 02:37:48,200
they were in smaller groups away
from the crowds and the constant

3116
02:37:48,200 --> 02:37:50,800
music. 
More importantly, she noticed 

3117
02:37:50,800 --> 02:37:53,600
that they danced differently in 
the early morning hours before 

3118
02:37:53,600 --> 02:37:56,700
the city fully awakened. 
Their movements were still 

3119
02:37:56,700 --> 02:38:00,600
compulsive but they seem less 
frantic more like people walking

3120
02:38:00,600 --> 02:38:03,200
in their sleep than people 
fleeing from invisible demons. 

3121
02:38:04,700 --> 02:38:06,600
It's the watching. 
She told doctor Herman one 

3122
02:38:06,600 --> 02:38:09,700
morning after a, particularly 
long night of observation, they 

3123
02:38:09,700 --> 02:38:12,800
dance harder when people watch 
them, not because they want 

3124
02:38:12,800 --> 02:38:14,200
attention. 
But because something about 

3125
02:38:14,200 --> 02:38:15,900
being watched to make the 
dancing worse. 

3126
02:38:17,200 --> 02:38:19,200
This Insight led to acquire to 
experiment. 

3127
02:38:20,100 --> 02:38:22,600
A few families began taking 
their dancing relatives to more 

3128
02:38:22,600 --> 02:38:26,700
secluded locations, quiet 
Courtyards Guardians outside the

3129
02:38:26,700 --> 02:38:29,400
city walls even private homes 
with large rooms. 

3130
02:38:30,300 --> 02:38:33,100
The results were subtle. 
But unmistakable away from 

3131
02:38:33,108 --> 02:38:36,000
audiences and musicians, the 
dancers movements became less 

3132
02:38:36,000 --> 02:38:40,400
violent, less desperate. 
Doctor Herman documented, these 

3133
02:38:40,400 --> 02:38:42,900
changes carefully. 
The dancers are still couldn't 

3134
02:38:42,900 --> 02:38:46,100
stop moving but their movements 
became more flowing, less like 

3135
02:38:46,100 --> 02:38:48,900
convulsion and more like a 
strange form of sleepwalking. 

3136
02:38:49,600 --> 02:38:53,100
Some even began to show brief 
moments of genuine rest, not 

3137
02:38:53,100 --> 02:38:55,900
collapse from exhaustion. 
But actual pauses in their 

3138
02:38:55,900 --> 02:38:58,800
movement, the religious 
authorities were initially 

3139
02:38:58,800 --> 02:39:01,700
resistant to this approach 
rather all gustan argued. 

3140
02:39:01,700 --> 02:39:04,700
That removing the dancers from 
public view was tantamount to 

3141
02:39:04,700 --> 02:39:08,100
hiding God's work from the 
fourth but for the Klaus, the 

3142
02:39:08,108 --> 02:39:10,400
elderly priest who had been 
quietly observing throughout the

3143
02:39:10,400 --> 02:39:14,900
crisis, supported the 
experiment, Perhaps he suggested

3144
02:39:14,900 --> 02:39:18,600
what these Souls need is not 
more attention, but more piece. 

3145
02:39:19,500 --> 02:39:23,000
The city council pragmatic has 
always, was simply relieved to 

3146
02:39:23,008 --> 02:39:25,600
have the disruption moved away 
from the main commercial areas. 

3147
02:39:25,600 --> 02:39:29,000
They officially sanctioned the 
creation of quiet spaces where 

3148
02:39:29,000 --> 02:39:31,800
dancers could be cared for away 
from crowds though. 

3149
02:39:31,800 --> 02:39:33,600
They were careful not to call it
a cure. 

3150
02:39:34,300 --> 02:39:37,000
Gradually, as they relocated the
dancers to more peaceful 

3151
02:39:37,000 --> 02:39:39,500
environments and unexpected 
event occurred. 

3152
02:39:40,100 --> 02:39:43,000
Without the stimulation of 
constant music and crowds their 

3153
02:39:43,000 --> 02:39:45,200
individual personalities began 
to reassert themselves. 

3154
02:39:46,500 --> 02:39:50,500
Maria, the seamstress started 
incorporating recognizable, 

3155
02:39:50,500 --> 02:39:52,500
gestures from her work in her 
dance. 

3156
02:39:53,300 --> 02:39:56,200
Not the Frantic mimicry that had
characterized her early 

3157
02:39:56,200 --> 02:39:59,200
movements but something more 
like a conversation between her 

3158
02:39:59,200 --> 02:40:03,500
conscious and unconscious minds.
Otto the blacksmith's movements 

3159
02:40:03,500 --> 02:40:06,000
began to follow the rhythm of 
breathing rather than some 

3160
02:40:06,000 --> 02:40:08,400
internal drum beat that no one 
else could hear. 

3161
02:40:09,500 --> 02:40:12,600
His dance became less about 
desperate energy and more about 

3162
02:40:12,600 --> 02:40:15,800
a kind of patient endurance as 
if he were waiting for something

3163
02:40:15,800 --> 02:40:18,700
to finish cooling in his 
foreword, the families caring 

3164
02:40:18,700 --> 02:40:20,400
for the dancers developed new 
routines. 

3165
02:40:20,400 --> 02:40:23,800
Based on these observations, 
they created spaces that were 

3166
02:40:23,800 --> 02:40:26,000
comfortable. 
But not stimulating provided 

3167
02:40:26,000 --> 02:40:27,800
simple Foods at regular 
intervals. 

3168
02:40:27,800 --> 02:40:31,000
And most importantly, they learn
to be present without being 

3169
02:40:31,000 --> 02:40:34,500
intrusive. they discovered that 
the dancers seemed to respond to

3170
02:40:34,500 --> 02:40:38,000
quite companionship in ways they
hadn't responded to Medical 

3171
02:40:38,000 --> 02:40:42,000
interventions, or religious 
ceremonies Anna, whose husband 

3172
02:40:42,000 --> 02:40:43,400
had been dancing for over a 
month. 

3173
02:40:43,408 --> 02:40:46,600
Described the change. 
He still moves constantly, but 

3174
02:40:46,600 --> 02:40:49,200
now it's like he's dancing with 
something and of fighting 

3175
02:40:49,200 --> 02:40:52,500
against something. 
I can see him in there behind 

3176
02:40:52,500 --> 02:40:56,500
his eyes waiting. 
This sense of waiting became a 

3177
02:40:56,500 --> 02:40:58,600
common theme in how families 
described their dancing 

3178
02:40:58,600 --> 02:41:01,300
relatives. 
The dancers appeared to be in a 

3179
02:41:01,300 --> 02:41:03,700
state of flux. 
Neither fully present nor fully 

3180
02:41:03,700 --> 02:41:08,100
absent and neither completely 
sick nor completely well Dr. 

3181
02:41:08,100 --> 02:41:10,800
Hermon began to theorize that 
the dancing might represent a 

3182
02:41:10,800 --> 02:41:12,900
form of healing. 
Instead of being, merely a sign 

3183
02:41:12,908 --> 02:41:15,500
of sickness, though. 
He couldn't specify what it was 

3184
02:41:15,500 --> 02:41:18,900
healing from. 
Perhaps he wrote, there are 

3185
02:41:18,908 --> 02:41:21,700
injuries to the human spirit. 
That can only be mended through 

3186
02:41:21,700 --> 02:41:24,000
movement. 
Just as there are injuries to 

3187
02:41:24,000 --> 02:41:26,100
the body that can only be healed
through rest. 

3188
02:41:27,000 --> 02:41:30,400
The idea was revolutionary that 
the dancing might be a cure 

3189
02:41:30,400 --> 02:41:33,700
rather than a disease a 
necessary process rather than a 

3190
02:41:33,700 --> 02:41:36,900
pathological condition. 
It's suggested that the dancers 

3191
02:41:36,900 --> 02:41:39,700
bodies might possess a wisdom 
that their conscious Minds could

3192
02:41:39,700 --> 02:41:42,200
not access. 
As word of the quieter 

3193
02:41:42,200 --> 02:41:44,800
approached bread. 
Some of the original experts 

3194
02:41:44,800 --> 02:41:46,400
began to reconsider their 
theories. 

3195
02:41:47,300 --> 02:41:50,000
Master Johan from barcel 
admitted that his planetary 

3196
02:41:50,000 --> 02:41:52,400
calculations might need to 
account for environmental 

3197
02:41:52,400 --> 02:41:54,100
factors. 
Brother. 

3198
02:41:54,100 --> 02:41:56,900
Augustine suggested that perhaps
the saint was working through 

3199
02:41:56,900 --> 02:42:00,400
peaceful contemplation rather 
than public demonstration. 

3200
02:42:00,400 --> 02:42:03,100
Even paracelsus in his final 
notes. 

3201
02:42:03,100 --> 02:42:06,000
On the case, acknowledged that 
the solution had come not from 

3202
02:42:06,000 --> 02:42:09,000
learning intervention but from 
careful observation by people 

3203
02:42:09,000 --> 02:42:11,600
who cared more about helping 
than about being right. 

3204
02:42:12,700 --> 02:42:14,800
The families discovered, what we
experts missed. 

3205
02:42:14,800 --> 02:42:18,000
He wrote sometimes healing 
requires not doing more but 

3206
02:42:18,000 --> 02:42:21,700
doing less the number of new 
cases had already begun to slow 

3207
02:42:21,700 --> 02:42:23,700
the weather. 
The decline was due to the 

3208
02:42:23,700 --> 02:42:26,000
change to approach or simply the
natural progression of the 

3209
02:42:26,000 --> 02:42:29,500
phenomenon remained unclear. 
What was clear was that the 

3210
02:42:29,500 --> 02:42:31,600
desperate? 
Frantic quality of the dancing 

3211
02:42:31,600 --> 02:42:34,500
was gradually, giving way to 
something that looked more like 

3212
02:42:34,500 --> 02:42:36,400
a strange form of prayer or 
meditation. 

3213
02:42:37,300 --> 02:42:39,400
The city itself was slowly 
returning to something 

3214
02:42:39,400 --> 02:42:42,600
resembling normal life, though. 
The experience had changed 

3215
02:42:42,600 --> 02:42:46,300
everyone who lived through it. 
People walked more carefully as 

3216
02:42:46,300 --> 02:42:48,900
if testing whether their feet 
would obey their intentions. 

3217
02:42:48,900 --> 02:42:51,900
They looked at each other 
differently with the new aware 

3218
02:42:51,900 --> 02:42:54,600
of how little control, any of 
them really had over their own 

3219
02:42:54,600 --> 02:42:57,200
bodies and Minds. 
You know, how some storms end 

3220
02:42:57,200 --> 02:43:00,700
not with the dramatic crash of 
Thunder, but with a gradual 

3221
02:43:00,700 --> 02:43:04,000
lessening of wind and rain until
you suddenly realize the silence

3222
02:43:04,000 --> 02:43:07,700
as returned. 
The dancing plague of Strathmore

3223
02:43:07,700 --> 02:43:11,200
ended in much the same way. 
So, gradually that nobody could 

3224
02:43:11,200 --> 02:43:13,900
say exactly, when it stopped 
being an emergency, and started 

3225
02:43:13,900 --> 02:43:18,000
being a memory, For our trophy, 
who'd started it all with her 

3226
02:43:18,000 --> 02:43:20,900
first involuntary, step was 
among the last to find 

3227
02:43:20,908 --> 02:43:23,700
Stillness. 
The six weeks, she had been the 

3228
02:43:23,700 --> 02:43:25,800
unwilling Pioneer of this 
strange territory. 

3229
02:43:25,800 --> 02:43:28,500
Where human will met its 
mysterious limits? 

3230
02:43:29,300 --> 02:43:32,700
When she finally stopped moving,
it wasn't with collapse or drama

3231
02:43:32,700 --> 02:43:36,300
but with a simple pause that 
gradually extended into rest. 

3232
02:43:37,200 --> 02:43:40,000
She was sitting in the garden 
behind the baker's house where 

3233
02:43:40,000 --> 02:43:42,200
her family had moved her to 
escape the crowds and the 

3234
02:43:42,208 --> 02:43:45,100
constant music. 
The Morning Sun was filtering 

3235
02:43:45,100 --> 02:43:48,200
through Apple leaves and she'd 
been moving in slow gentle 

3236
02:43:48,200 --> 02:43:52,000
circles for hours. 
Then as naturally as a person 

3237
02:43:52,000 --> 02:43:55,300
might stop humming a tune. 
She simply sat down on a wooden 

3238
02:43:55,300 --> 02:43:58,500
bench and stayed there. 
Her sister would be watching 

3239
02:43:58,500 --> 02:44:00,200
anxiously from the kitchen 
window. 

3240
02:44:00,200 --> 02:44:01,900
Almost didn't believe it at 
first. 

3241
02:44:03,300 --> 02:44:06,100
She waited several minutes 
before approaching Aid that any 

3242
02:44:06,100 --> 02:44:08,100
attention might restart the 
compulsive movement. 

3243
02:44:09,000 --> 02:44:10,400
Butler. 
Fair remained seated. 

3244
02:44:10,400 --> 02:44:14,100
Looking around the garden with 
clear present eyes as if she was

3245
02:44:14,100 --> 02:44:16,000
seeing it for the first time in 
weeks. 

3246
02:44:16,000 --> 02:44:19,400
I'm tired. 
She said, simply and her sister 

3247
02:44:19,400 --> 02:44:23,300
began to weep with relief. 
Over the following days, the 

3248
02:44:23,300 --> 02:44:25,600
other dancers found their ways 
back to Stillness. 

3249
02:44:26,300 --> 02:44:29,000
Some stopped during sleep and 
simply didn't resume when they 

3250
02:44:29,000 --> 02:44:32,600
woke others came to rest. 
Gradually their movements 

3251
02:44:32,600 --> 02:44:34,900
slowing like music boxes. 
Winding down. 

3252
02:44:35,800 --> 02:44:38,500
A few experience, their final 
dance is something beautiful 

3253
02:44:38,500 --> 02:44:41,500
rather than desperate. 
A kind of Celebration or 

3254
02:44:41,500 --> 02:44:43,900
completion, that left them 
exhausted but oddly peaceful. 

3255
02:44:45,000 --> 02:44:48,500
Not everyone survived the 
experience, the official records

3256
02:44:48,500 --> 02:44:51,800
show that several dancers died 
from exhaustion or related 

3257
02:44:51,800 --> 02:44:54,700
complications though. 
The exact number was never 

3258
02:44:54,700 --> 02:44:58,200
precisely documented, those who 
lived carried the memory of 

3259
02:44:58,200 --> 02:45:00,600
those weeks in their bodies for 
the rest of their lives. 

3260
02:45:00,600 --> 02:45:03,600
They walked differently 
afterward with a kind of 

3261
02:45:03,600 --> 02:45:06,600
conscious gratitude for their 
ability to choose when and how 

3262
02:45:06,600 --> 02:45:09,200
to move. 
Dr. Hermon spent months in 

3263
02:45:09,200 --> 02:45:12,200
viewing, the recovered dancers 
trying to understand what they 

3264
02:45:12,200 --> 02:45:14,700
had experienced during their 
weeks of compulsive movement. 

3265
02:45:15,600 --> 02:45:18,300
Their descriptions were 
remarkably consistent in some 

3266
02:45:18,300 --> 02:45:20,500
ways, and completely individual 
in others. 

3267
02:45:21,500 --> 02:45:24,700
Most remembered feeling trapped 
in the body's aware of what was 

3268
02:45:24,700 --> 02:45:26,400
happening. 
But unable to control it. 

3269
02:45:27,200 --> 02:45:30,900
But they also described odd 
moments of Peace as if dancing 

3270
02:45:30,900 --> 02:45:33,300
had taken them to places, they 
couldn't reach on purpose. 

3271
02:45:34,400 --> 02:45:36,000
It was like being carried by a 
river. 

3272
02:45:36,000 --> 02:45:39,100
Maria seems just told him 
frightening because I couldn't 

3273
02:45:39,100 --> 02:45:42,500
swim to shore but also sometimes
beautiful because I could see 

3274
02:45:42,500 --> 02:45:45,200
things from the water that I 
never would have seen from the 

3275
02:45:45,200 --> 02:45:48,200
bank. 
Otto, the blacksmith had a 

3276
02:45:48,200 --> 02:45:50,600
different metaphor. 
It was like being a piece of 

3277
02:45:50,600 --> 02:45:53,200
metal on my Anvil being shaped 
by hammers. 

3278
02:45:53,200 --> 02:45:56,700
I couldn't see it hurt but 
something in me knew the 

3279
02:45:56,700 --> 02:45:59,400
hammering was necessary. 
These interviews revealed that 

3280
02:45:59,400 --> 02:46:02,300
the dancers had maintained more 
awareness than anyone had 

3281
02:46:02,300 --> 02:46:04,900
suspected. 
They had been conscious of their

3282
02:46:04,900 --> 02:46:08,800
families care grateful for the 
quiet spaces and aware of the 

3283
02:46:08,800 --> 02:46:10,200
changes in their movement 
patterns. 

3284
02:46:11,100 --> 02:46:13,900
They'd simply been powerless to 
communicate this awareness while

3285
02:46:13,900 --> 02:46:17,600
the dancing continued. 
The city of Strasbourg, 

3286
02:46:17,600 --> 02:46:20,300
gradually returned to its normal
rhythms though. 

3287
02:46:20,300 --> 02:46:22,800
The memory of those summer 
weeks, left permanent changes, 

3288
02:46:22,800 --> 02:46:26,100
the authorities developed better
protocols for caring for people 

3289
02:46:26,100 --> 02:46:29,800
in crisis, emphasizing comfort 
and observation over dramatic 

3290
02:46:29,800 --> 02:46:32,900
interventions. 
The Physicians Incorporated, new

3291
02:46:32,900 --> 02:46:35,600
ideas about the relationship 
between mind and body into their

3292
02:46:35,600 --> 02:46:38,400
practice, the religious 
community developed, a more 

3293
02:46:38,408 --> 02:46:41,300
complex conception of how the 
sacred might manifest in Human 

3294
02:46:41,300 --> 02:46:43,900
Experience. 
But perhaps the most lasting 

3295
02:46:43,900 --> 02:46:46,800
change was in how the people of 
Strasbourg understood the nature

3296
02:46:46,800 --> 02:46:48,900
of human control and human 
vulnerability. 

3297
02:46:48,900 --> 02:46:52,000
They had witnessed something 
that challenged fundamental 

3298
02:46:52,000 --> 02:46:54,900
assumptions about how much power
individuals have over their 

3299
02:46:54,900 --> 02:46:58,300
bodies and choices they had 
learned that sometimes the most 

3300
02:46:58,300 --> 02:47:01,700
caring response to someone's 
crisis is not to try to fix 

3301
02:47:01,700 --> 02:47:04,200
them, but to stay present, while
they work through whatever 

3302
02:47:04,200 --> 02:47:07,200
healing process, they're more 
profound wisdom, has initiated 

3303
02:47:07,900 --> 02:47:09,400
The cobblestones in the Town 
Square. 

3304
02:47:09,400 --> 02:47:12,100
Still bear faint marks from 
those weeks of endless dancing, 

3305
02:47:12,100 --> 02:47:14,300
though, you'd have to know where
to look to see them. 

3306
02:47:15,100 --> 02:47:18,100
Local guides sometimes Point 
them out to visitors, telling 

3307
02:47:18,100 --> 02:47:20,700
abbreviated versions of the 
story that emphasized the 

3308
02:47:20,700 --> 02:47:23,800
strangeness while missing the 
deeper lessons about Community 

3309
02:47:23,800 --> 02:47:25,800
Care and the Mystery of human 
resilience. 

3310
02:47:26,900 --> 02:47:29,600
Years later when other 
communities experienced similar 

3311
02:47:29,600 --> 02:47:32,700
outbreaks of dancing Mania, and 
there were several throughout 

3312
02:47:32,700 --> 02:47:35,500
Medieval Europe, some 
remembered, the lessons of 

3313
02:47:35,500 --> 02:47:38,000
Strasbourg. 
They learned to provide quiet 

3314
02:47:38,000 --> 02:47:41,700
spaces rather than public stages
to offer patient presents, 

3315
02:47:41,700 --> 02:47:44,900
rather than dramatic cures. 
And to trust that sometimes 

3316
02:47:44,900 --> 02:47:48,700
healing looks different from 
what we expect The dancing 

3317
02:47:48,700 --> 02:47:52,000
plague of 1518 remains, one of 
his most puzzling medical 

3318
02:47:52,000 --> 02:47:54,600
Mysteries. 
But it's also a story about how 

3319
02:47:54,600 --> 02:47:58,000
communities can learn to care 
for members who are experiencing

3320
02:47:58,000 --> 02:48:00,100
something Beyond ordinary 
understanding. 

3321
02:48:00,900 --> 02:48:03,700
It reminds us that the human 
body and spirit, the capable of 

3322
02:48:03,708 --> 02:48:06,900
experience is that exceed our 
ability to categorize or control

3323
02:48:06,900 --> 02:48:10,100
them and that sometimes the 
wisest response to mystery is 

3324
02:48:10,100 --> 02:48:14,200
not to solve it but to honor it.
As you drift towards sleep 

3325
02:48:14,200 --> 02:48:17,200
tonight, you might think about 
Frau Trophy and her fellow 

3326
02:48:17,200 --> 02:48:20,100
dancers and about the families 
who learned to love them through

3327
02:48:20,100 --> 02:48:23,200
their strange Journey. 
You might contemplate the 

3328
02:48:23,200 --> 02:48:27,000
delicate boundary that sometimes
exists between what we perceive 

3329
02:48:27,000 --> 02:48:29,900
as normal and what we perceive 
as impossible and how much 

3330
02:48:29,900 --> 02:48:32,300
healing occurs not through 
expert intervention. 

3331
02:48:32,300 --> 02:48:35,800
But through the patient presence
of individuals who care enough 

3332
02:48:35,800 --> 02:48:38,600
to remain and observe what ever 
unfolds. 

3333
02:48:39,400 --> 02:48:42,400
The dance is always there. 
Just beneath the surface of our 

3334
02:48:42,400 --> 02:48:45,600
ordered lives waiting to teach 
us something about surrender 

3335
02:48:45,600 --> 02:48:49,700
about community, and about the 
beautiful terrifying, mystery of

3336
02:48:49,708 --> 02:48:53,000
Being Human in a body that is 
never entirely under our 

3337
02:48:53,000 --> 02:48:59,800
control. 
Imagine yourself sitting in a 

3338
02:48:59,800 --> 02:49:03,400
cozy Chair by a crackling fire, 
ready to hear about a man who 

3339
02:49:03,400 --> 02:49:06,400
never meant to be Scotland's. 
Greatest folk hero, William 

3340
02:49:06,400 --> 02:49:08,600
Wallace didn't come into the 
world with a crown on his head 

3341
02:49:08,600 --> 02:49:10,900
or a plan for the battlefield in
his hand. 

3342
02:49:10,900 --> 02:49:15,000
He was born around 1270 as the 
second son of a minor Scottish 

3343
02:49:15,000 --> 02:49:16,900
Noble. 
This meant that he was going to 

3344
02:49:16,900 --> 02:49:21,300
live a quiet life. 
That history tends to forget You

3345
02:49:21,300 --> 02:49:24,200
might picture young William 
growing up in renfrewshire and 

3346
02:49:24,200 --> 02:49:26,600
getting into the usual. 
Kinds of trouble that boys do 

3347
02:49:26,600 --> 02:49:29,600
like climbing trees. 
He shouldn't tracking mud 

3348
02:49:29,600 --> 02:49:32,700
through his mother's, clean 
hole, and learning to swing a 

3349
02:49:32,700 --> 02:49:34,300
sword. 
That was still too heavy for a 

3350
02:49:34,300 --> 02:49:37,200
skinny arms, Malcolm Wallace. 
His father, owns some land 

3351
02:49:37,200 --> 02:49:40,400
around elderly, it was enough to
make them respectable but not 

3352
02:49:40,400 --> 02:49:43,200
enough to make them Rich. 
It's like being the family that 

3353
02:49:43,200 --> 02:49:45,400
lives on a quiet street, but has
the nicest house. 

3354
02:49:45,400 --> 02:49:48,200
It's not like living in a castle
but it's nice. 

3355
02:49:48,200 --> 02:49:51,600
It wasn't William's birth or his
money that set him apart. 

3356
02:49:51,600 --> 02:49:55,600
It was the time he was born, he 
was born and raised in Scotland 

3357
02:49:55,600 --> 02:49:58,800
during a time when things were 
really bad King, Alexander the 

3358
02:49:58,800 --> 02:50:02,100
third died in 1286 leaving 
behind a mess. 

3359
02:50:02,100 --> 02:50:04,500
That would make today's family. 
Inheritance fight seem like 

3360
02:50:04,500 --> 02:50:07,800
polite dinner conversations, the
Scottish nobles were fighting 

3361
02:50:07,800 --> 02:50:09,100
over. 
Who should be the next king? 

3362
02:50:09,100 --> 02:50:12,500
Like, kids fighting over the 
last piece of cake, but this 

3363
02:50:12,500 --> 02:50:15,800
cake was a kingdom Edward. 
The first of England came along,

3364
02:50:15,800 --> 02:50:17,700
he was a subtle as a 
sledgehammer. 

3365
02:50:17,700 --> 02:50:21,400
And as patient as a Hungry Cat 
watching a mouse hole, Ed Would 

3366
02:50:21,400 --> 02:50:24,000
saw the political chaos in 
Scotland and thought this looks 

3367
02:50:24,000 --> 02:50:26,900
like a great chance to add 
another kingdom to my collection

3368
02:50:26,900 --> 02:50:31,600
in 1296, when William was 
probably in his mid-twenties and

3369
02:50:31,600 --> 02:50:34,300
more interested in taking care 
of his family's land than in 

3370
02:50:34,300 --> 02:50:37,500
politics, Edward decided to 
invade Scotland with the same 

3371
02:50:37,500 --> 02:50:40,300
excitement as someone moving 
furniture around in a house that

3372
02:50:40,300 --> 02:50:42,700
wasn't theirs. 
The Invasion wasn't just a 

3373
02:50:42,700 --> 02:50:46,000
military Victory, it was a 
planned humiliation Edward took 

3374
02:50:46,000 --> 02:50:47,200
away. 
Scotland's symbols of 

3375
02:50:47,208 --> 02:50:50,400
Independence like a tourist 
taking home a huge souvenir. 

3376
02:50:50,400 --> 02:50:52,700
He took the stone of Destiny 
away. 

3377
02:50:52,700 --> 02:50:55,900
He put English officials in 
charge of Scottish Affairs and 

3378
02:50:55,900 --> 02:50:58,500
acted like the worst kind of 
micromanaging boss you've ever 

3379
02:50:58,508 --> 02:51:01,200
had. 
Except this boss was in charge 

3380
02:51:01,200 --> 02:51:04,000
of your whole country for 
William who lived in the 

3381
02:51:04,000 --> 02:51:07,300
Scottish lowlands, Edwards job. 
Probably felt like having 

3382
02:51:07,300 --> 02:51:09,600
strangers moving to his 
neighborhood and tell him how to

3383
02:51:09,600 --> 02:51:12,000
paint his fence. 
The new English rulers made, 

3384
02:51:12,000 --> 02:51:14,800
people pay taxes, set their own 
rules, and didn't care about 

3385
02:51:14,800 --> 02:51:16,900
Scottish custard Customs. 
Any more than you would care 

3386
02:51:16,900 --> 02:51:19,900
about a crumpled grocery list 
every day was full of small 

3387
02:51:19,900 --> 02:51:23,100
annoyances and Big problems that
built up over time, like 

3388
02:51:23,100 --> 02:51:26,000
pressure in a kettle you can 
almost picture William going 

3389
02:51:26,000 --> 02:51:29,500
about his business, managing his
smallest states, dealing with 

3390
02:51:29,500 --> 02:51:32,600
English, tax collectors, and 
watching English soldiers, 

3391
02:51:32,600 --> 02:51:36,000
Swaggart through Scottish towns.
You can also pick your own 

3392
02:51:36,000 --> 02:51:38,100
feeling that special kind of 
anger that comes from being 

3393
02:51:38,100 --> 02:51:40,100
told, you're not good enough to 
run your own Affairs. 

3394
02:51:40,100 --> 02:51:42,100
He wasn't planning a revolution 
yet. 

3395
02:51:42,100 --> 02:51:45,700
He was just a man watching his 
country, slowly Fade Away under 

3396
02:51:45,700 --> 02:51:48,100
the rules of someone else. 
But here's the thing about 

3397
02:51:48,100 --> 02:51:50,100
quiet, people who reach their 
Breaking Point. 

3398
02:51:50,800 --> 02:51:53,500
When they finally lose it, they 
don't just make noise. 

3399
02:51:53,500 --> 02:51:56,300
They write history. 
William Wallace was about to 

3400
02:51:56,300 --> 02:51:59,200
learn that the heroes who are 
most afraid to act are the ones 

3401
02:51:59,200 --> 02:52:02,100
who make the biggest difference 
because they reach a point where

3402
02:52:02,100 --> 02:52:03,500
they can't stand to watch 
anymore. 

3403
02:52:03,500 --> 02:52:06,700
His change from a small 
landowner to a famous Rebel was 

3404
02:52:06,700 --> 02:52:09,300
still to come like a storm 
gathering on the horizon. 

3405
02:52:10,100 --> 02:52:12,200
You might be wondering what 
makes a fairly peaceful 

3406
02:52:12,200 --> 02:52:14,500
landowner into Scotland's most 
famous Rebel. 

3407
02:52:14,500 --> 02:52:16,200
Like most turning points in 
life. 

3408
02:52:16,200 --> 02:52:18,600
The answer came down to 
something very personal and 

3409
02:52:18,600 --> 02:52:22,400
annoyingly small William Wallace
was called to testify in May 

3410
02:52:22,400 --> 02:52:25,300
1297. 
Before William Hessler, rig, the

3411
02:52:25,300 --> 02:52:28,700
English, Sheriff of Lanark 
historians still argue about why

3412
02:52:28,700 --> 02:52:31,000
this happened. 
Just like people argue about 

3413
02:52:31,000 --> 02:52:33,500
what really happened at a family
reunion years ago. 

3414
02:52:33,500 --> 02:52:37,300
Imagine this, you have to meet 
with someone who embodies 

3415
02:52:37,300 --> 02:52:40,500
everything you've come to hate 
about, your current situation. 

3416
02:52:40,500 --> 02:52:43,700
He's already was one of those 
English officials who like to 

3417
02:52:43,700 --> 02:52:46,600
remind Scotts that they were now
subjects and said, of citizens 

3418
02:52:46,600 --> 02:52:49,500
of their own country, he was 
like, every annoying interaction

3419
02:52:49,500 --> 02:52:50,600
you've ever had with the 
government. 

3420
02:52:50,600 --> 02:52:53,500
But this bureaucrat could have, 
you killed if he wanted to 

3421
02:52:53,500 --> 02:52:57,200
depending on which story you 
believe what happens next is 

3422
02:52:57,200 --> 02:52:59,300
different. 
However they all end the same 

3423
02:52:59,300 --> 02:53:02,000
way. 
He is dead and Wallace's 

3424
02:53:02,000 --> 02:53:03,500
suddenly Scotland's Most Wanted 
man. 

3425
02:53:03,500 --> 02:53:07,000
Some people say it started 
because of taxes, others say it 

3426
02:53:07,000 --> 02:53:10,200
was because of land disputes and
still others say it had to do 

3427
02:53:10,200 --> 02:53:13,500
with a woman Wallace cared about
Specifics, don't matter as much 

3428
02:53:13,500 --> 02:53:17,500
as the outcome. 
William Wallace crossed a line 

3429
02:53:17,500 --> 02:53:19,400
that couldn't be uncrossed in a 
fit of rage. 

3430
02:53:19,400 --> 02:53:22,500
It wasn't the same as 
accidentally breaking a vase. 

3431
02:53:22,500 --> 02:53:24,300
At someone's house to kill an 
English Sheriff. 

3432
02:53:24,300 --> 02:53:27,300
This was like setting fire to a 
police station in the Middle 

3433
02:53:27,300 --> 02:53:29,700
Ages. 
There was no way to explain it 

3434
02:53:29,700 --> 02:53:32,200
away. 
No way to say sorry and no way 

3435
02:53:32,208 --> 02:53:35,000
to go back to your quiet life of
managing, Estates and 

3436
02:53:35,000 --> 02:53:38,500
complaining about taxes Wallace 
was with about 30 friends in 

3437
02:53:38,500 --> 02:53:41,100
Lanark that day and all of a 
sudden they were all criminals 

3438
02:53:41,100 --> 02:53:43,400
like the most important crime 
spree in history. 

3439
02:53:43,400 --> 02:53:46,500
But here's where the story gets 
interesting while this didn't 

3440
02:53:46,500 --> 02:53:49,300
Panic or run away to hide in the
highlands like smart criminals 

3441
02:53:49,300 --> 02:53:52,700
would have instead, he did 
something that surprised 

3442
02:53:52,700 --> 02:53:56,600
everyone even himself. 
He began to get more followers 

3443
02:53:56,600 --> 02:54:00,000
words, spread through Scotland 
faster than gossip in a small 

3444
02:54:00,000 --> 02:54:03,300
town, William Wallace had 
finally stood up to the English.

3445
02:54:03,300 --> 02:54:06,600
You need to know how badly 
people want to hear this kind of

3446
02:54:06,600 --> 02:54:09,000
news for months. 
Scott had been watching, 

3447
02:54:09,000 --> 02:54:12,000
foreigners changed their 
country, ignore their traditions

3448
02:54:12,000 --> 02:54:15,100
and other kill their leaders. 
Send them into Exile or work 

3449
02:54:15,100 --> 02:54:17,700
with the Occupiers then out of 
nowhere. 

3450
02:54:17,700 --> 02:54:20,500
There was this minor nobleman 
who seem to have made up his 

3451
02:54:20,500 --> 02:54:23,000
mind, that he would rather be a 
dead Rebel than a living 

3452
02:54:23,000 --> 02:54:26,200
collaborator Wallace found out. 
He was good at something he'd 

3453
02:54:26,200 --> 02:54:29,300
never done before getting people
to fight when it seemed like 

3454
02:54:29,308 --> 02:54:32,900
there was no hope. 
Men began to arrive at his Camp 

3455
02:54:32,900 --> 02:54:36,000
Farmers, brought pitchforks, 
young nobleman brought swords 

3456
02:54:36,000 --> 02:54:39,200
Craftsman, brought Hammers, and 
a lot of people brought nothing 

3457
02:54:39,200 --> 02:54:41,100
but anger and a desire to use 
it. 

3458
02:54:41,100 --> 02:54:44,700
It was like watching a snowball 
roll down a hill, but this one 

3459
02:54:44,700 --> 02:54:46,700
was picking up Scots who were 
armed and angry. 

3460
02:54:46,700 --> 02:54:49,200
At the same time. 
The English government was 

3461
02:54:49,200 --> 02:54:52,300
having its own bad day at work. 
One minute, they're running a 

3462
02:54:52,300 --> 02:54:54,500
conquered territory, like any 
other occupying force. 

3463
02:54:54,500 --> 02:54:57,700
And the next minute, some nobody
from renfrewshire has killed a 

3464
02:54:57,700 --> 02:55:00,400
sheriff and become a magnet for 
all the unhappy Scots in the 

3465
02:55:00,400 --> 02:55:02,600
lowlands. 
Edward, the first was not the 

3466
02:55:02,600 --> 02:55:04,200
kind of King who liked 
surprises. 

3467
02:55:04,200 --> 02:55:07,600
Like this within a few weeks 
Wallace had gone from being a 

3468
02:55:07,600 --> 02:55:10,500
wanted criminal to the head of a
group that was starting to look 

3469
02:55:10,500 --> 02:55:13,400
a lot like a rebellion. 
He was probably learning fast 

3470
02:55:13,400 --> 02:55:15,300
and he wanted that. 
There is a big difference 

3471
02:55:15,300 --> 02:55:18,800
between being angry enough to 
kill a sheriff and being ready 

3472
02:55:18,800 --> 02:55:21,300
to lead a war against the 
strongest military force in 

3473
02:55:21,300 --> 02:55:23,500
Britain. 
But sometimes life doesn't give 

3474
02:55:23,500 --> 02:55:25,200
you enough time to get ready for
the part. 

3475
02:55:25,200 --> 02:55:28,300
You have to play imagine trying 
to explain to someone while you 

3476
02:55:28,300 --> 02:55:30,900
chose to fight the medieval 
version of the Pentagon with a 

3477
02:55:31,100 --> 02:55:34,300
Group of farmers Craftsmen and 
younger sons who couldn't 

3478
02:55:34,300 --> 02:55:37,400
inherit their father's land. 
This was basically William 

3479
02:55:37,400 --> 02:55:39,900
Wallace's situation in the 
summer of 1297. 

3480
02:55:39,900 --> 02:55:43,000
If he had been the type of 
person to make smart choices 

3481
02:55:43,000 --> 02:55:45,900
Scottish history would have been
much shorter and less 

3482
02:55:45,908 --> 02:55:48,800
interesting Wallace had 
accidentally become the leader 

3483
02:55:48,800 --> 02:55:50,500
of what military historians 
politely. 

3484
02:55:50,500 --> 02:55:54,000
Call an asymmetric conflict 
which is academic speak for 

3485
02:55:54,000 --> 02:55:57,800
David vs Goliath, except Goliath
has professional soldiers. 

3486
02:55:57,800 --> 02:56:02,300
David has a lot of people who 
are really, really angry The 

3487
02:56:02,300 --> 02:56:04,900
English army that was coming to 
Scotland was everything, a 

3488
02:56:04,900 --> 02:56:07,800
medieval military force was 
supposed to be well, trained. 

3489
02:56:07,800 --> 02:56:12,100
Well equipped experience in 
conquest and led by commanders, 

3490
02:56:12,100 --> 02:56:15,100
who knew what they were doing. 
On the other hand, Wallace's 

3491
02:56:15,100 --> 02:56:17,600
Army looked like, what happens 
when you tell people at a bar 

3492
02:56:17,600 --> 02:56:20,000
that drinks a free and then give
them guns and stead of beer. 

3493
02:56:20,000 --> 02:56:22,700
Most of his followers had never 
been in a real battle. 

3494
02:56:22,700 --> 02:56:26,100
Many didn't have the right armor
and their plan was to hit the 

3495
02:56:26,100 --> 02:56:28,400
English with whatever you've got
until they go away. 

3496
02:56:28,400 --> 02:56:31,100
It wasn't a very promising 
situation. 

3497
02:56:31,100 --> 02:56:34,500
Wallace did have two advantages 
that weren't obvious right away.

3498
02:56:35,300 --> 02:56:38,600
First, his men were fighting for
their homes, which is a strong 

3499
02:56:38,600 --> 02:56:40,200
motivation that is hard to 
match. 

3500
02:56:40,200 --> 02:56:42,800
When you are a professional 
Soldier, fighting for someone 

3501
02:56:42,800 --> 02:56:45,700
else's goals Wallace. 
Also had a natural understanding

3502
02:56:45,700 --> 02:56:48,200
of what we now. 
Call guerrilla warfare, though, 

3503
02:56:48,200 --> 02:56:50,300
he probably would have called it
practical fighting. 

3504
02:56:50,300 --> 02:56:52,900
This is the second and maybe 
more important. 

3505
02:56:52,900 --> 02:56:55,900
Point Wallace didn't want to 
fight the English in formal 

3506
02:56:55,900 --> 02:56:58,400
pitched battles were better 
training and Equipment would win

3507
02:56:58,400 --> 02:57:02,100
instead. 
He kept his troops moving, they 

3508
02:57:02,100 --> 02:57:05,300
attacked English supply lines 
quickly, then vanished before 

3509
02:57:05,300 --> 02:57:08,400
reinforcements could get there. 
They made life hard for the 

3510
02:57:08,400 --> 02:57:10,800
occupying forces who were trying
to control a hostile 

3511
02:57:10,800 --> 02:57:13,700
Countryside. 
Imagine being pecked to death by

3512
02:57:13,700 --> 02:57:16,600
ducks in the Middle Ages. 
But these ducks had soared. 

3513
02:57:16,600 --> 02:57:19,300
The English commanders. 
Had been trained in traditional 

3514
02:57:19,300 --> 02:57:22,200
Warfare, but they were up 
against an enemy that didn't 

3515
02:57:22,200 --> 02:57:25,500
follow the rules of War. 
Wallace's troops would attack a 

3516
02:57:25,500 --> 02:57:27,500
Garrison disappear into the 
countryside. 

3517
02:57:27,500 --> 02:57:30,300
And then reappear, somewhere 
else, like the most dangerous 

3518
02:57:30,300 --> 02:57:35,000
game of whack-a-mole in the 
world by September 1297 Wallace 

3519
02:57:35,000 --> 02:57:36,600
had caught the eye of Andrew 
Murray. 

3520
02:57:36,600 --> 02:57:39,300
Another young Scottish Noble, 
who was leading his own 

3521
02:57:39,300 --> 02:57:41,600
rebellion in the north when they
worked together. 

3522
02:57:41,600 --> 02:57:44,200
They made something that scared 
English commanders. 

3523
02:57:44,200 --> 02:57:46,100
A lot more than two, angry, 
Scots groups. 

3524
02:57:46,800 --> 02:57:49,700
They made a unified resistance 
with real strategic 

3525
02:57:49,700 --> 02:57:52,300
coordination. 
The partnership worked because 

3526
02:57:52,300 --> 02:57:54,500
Wallace and Murray were a 
perfect match for each other. 

3527
02:57:54,508 --> 02:57:57,600
Murray brought Noble 
connections, and political 

3528
02:57:57,600 --> 02:58:01,200
legitimacy while Wallace brought
charm and a growing reputation 

3529
02:58:01,200 --> 02:58:03,700
for making English soldiers. 
Very nervous. 

3530
02:58:03,700 --> 02:58:06,800
They were part of a Scottish 
resistance, that hadn't existed 

3531
02:58:06,800 --> 02:58:09,800
since Edwards Invasion, it 
looked like, it might actually 

3532
02:58:09,800 --> 02:58:12,700
do something besides get its 
members killed, the English 

3533
02:58:12,700 --> 02:58:15,400
government used, the tried and 
true method of sending a huge 

3534
02:58:15,400 --> 02:58:17,900
Army to fix the problem by using
over Force. 

3535
02:58:17,900 --> 02:58:20,300
The Earl of Surrey was sent 
North with orders. 

3536
02:58:20,300 --> 02:58:23,400
That probably came down to find 
these troublemakers and show 

3537
02:58:23,400 --> 02:58:25,500
them why were Rebellion is not a
good career choice. 

3538
02:58:26,300 --> 02:58:28,600
What Surrey didn't fully 
appreciate was that he was about

3539
02:58:28,600 --> 02:58:31,400
to face an opponent who had 
spent months learning how to 

3540
02:58:31,400 --> 02:58:35,200
turn military disadvantages into
tactical opportunities Wallace 

3541
02:58:35,200 --> 02:58:37,200
had been studying. 
The English army like a chess 

3542
02:58:37,200 --> 02:58:40,600
player studies on opponent's 
best moves, looking for patterns

3543
02:58:40,600 --> 02:58:42,600
and weaknesses. 
That someone willing to try 

3544
02:58:42,600 --> 02:58:45,100
something new. 
Could take advantage of no one 

3545
02:58:45,100 --> 02:58:48,300
knew at the time, but the stage 
was set for what would become 

3546
02:58:48,300 --> 02:58:50,400
the most famous battle in 
Scottish history. 

3547
02:58:50,400 --> 02:58:56,100
September 11th 1297 began like 
any other day, but it would soon

3548
02:58:56,100 --> 02:58:58,800
become one of the most famous 
dates in Scottish history. 

3549
02:58:58,800 --> 02:59:01,400
The people who woke up that 
morning had no idea. 

3550
02:59:01,400 --> 02:59:03,900
They were about to see something
that would be talked about for 

3551
02:59:03,900 --> 02:59:07,600
hundreds of years. 
The Earl of Surrey led the 

3552
02:59:07,600 --> 02:59:10,000
English army which was camped on
the south side of the river 

3553
02:59:10,000 --> 02:59:12,800
forth near Sterling, they could 
see what looked like a 

3554
02:59:12,800 --> 02:59:15,400
medium-sized Scottish force on 
Abby Craig across the water. 

3555
02:59:16,200 --> 02:59:18,500
If you've ever had to choose 
between the safe choice and the 

3556
02:59:18,508 --> 02:59:21,700
dramatic choice, you can 
understand how Surrey felt that 

3557
02:59:21,700 --> 02:59:24,500
morning the safest thing to do 
was to cross the river at the 

3558
02:59:24,508 --> 02:59:28,100
Ford several miles Upstream. 
This would give his whole Army 

3559
02:59:28,100 --> 02:59:30,200
time to get ready before 
fighting the Scots. 

3560
02:59:30,200 --> 02:59:33,800
The dramatic Choice was to cross
it Stirling Bridge, which was so

3561
02:59:33,800 --> 02:59:36,400
narrow that his troops would 
have to cross in small groups. 

3562
02:59:36,400 --> 02:59:39,400
Making them easy targets, 
Surrey, picked the bridge 

3563
02:59:39,400 --> 02:59:41,800
because he was sure of himself 
since he had never lost a battle

3564
02:59:41,808 --> 02:59:45,600
to Scottish Rebels to be fair to
him, this probably seemed like 

3565
02:59:45,600 --> 02:59:48,500
the right choice because his 
army was bigger better trained 

3566
02:59:48,500 --> 02:59:51,500
and better armed, what could 
possibly go wrong with crossing 

3567
02:59:51,500 --> 02:59:54,700
a narrow bridge to attack 
Farmers with pitchforks Wallace 

3568
02:59:54,700 --> 02:59:56,600
and more, a who are watching 
from Abby. 

3569
02:59:56,600 --> 03:00:00,500
Craig were probably feeling the 
mix of fear and excitement that 

3570
03:00:00,500 --> 03:00:03,300
comes with putting everything 
you have on a single desperate 

3571
03:00:03,300 --> 03:00:06,500
bet they had carefully placed 
their troops but their whole 

3572
03:00:06,500 --> 03:00:08,800
plan depended on the timing 
being just right. 

3573
03:00:08,800 --> 03:00:11,900
If they went to early, the 
English army would go back 

3574
03:00:11,900 --> 03:00:14,900
across the bridge, if they 
waited too long, they would be 

3575
03:00:14,908 --> 03:00:17,700
too many English soldiers. 
To deal with, you can picture 

3576
03:00:17,700 --> 03:00:19,900
Wallace watching, English 
soldiers, march across the 

3577
03:00:19,900 --> 03:00:23,600
bridge in neat lines, counting 
heads, and trying to figure out 

3578
03:00:23,600 --> 03:00:26,200
the exact moment when there 
would be enough enemies across 

3579
03:00:26,200 --> 03:00:29,600
for the attack to be worth it. 
But not so many that his troops 

3580
03:00:29,600 --> 03:00:32,500
would be overwhelmed. 
It was like, trying to time 

3581
03:00:32,500 --> 03:00:35,800
jumping onto a moving train if 
you missed by a second, in 

3582
03:00:35,800 --> 03:00:37,700
either direction the whole thing
goes wrong. 

3583
03:00:38,600 --> 03:00:40,800
While this gave the signal, when
the English had gotten about 

3584
03:00:40,800 --> 03:00:43,900
half of their army across from 
the Scottish point of view, what

3585
03:00:43,900 --> 03:00:47,700
happened next was the best kind 
of chaos, the Scots charged down

3586
03:00:47,700 --> 03:00:49,900
from Abby, Craig with all the 
anger of people who had been 

3587
03:00:49,908 --> 03:00:53,200
waiting months for this chance. 
They hit the English forces at 

3588
03:00:53,200 --> 03:00:55,900
the worst possible time when 
they were spread out along the 

3589
03:00:55,900 --> 03:00:59,000
bridge and couldn't move 
Wallace's plan was brilliant, 

3590
03:00:59,000 --> 03:01:01,700
because it turned the English 
army strength into weaknesses. 

3591
03:01:01,700 --> 03:01:04,400
It didn't matter that they were 
better trained if there wasn't 

3592
03:01:04,400 --> 03:01:08,300
enough space to use it, they had
better gear but it didn't help 

3593
03:01:08,300 --> 03:01:10,200
them when they couldn't get into
battle formation. 

3594
03:01:10,200 --> 03:01:13,900
Then numerical Advantage didn't 
matter when only a small part of

3595
03:01:13,900 --> 03:01:15,700
their troops could fight at any 
given time. 

3596
03:01:16,500 --> 03:01:19,600
The narrow bridge turned into a 
trap in of a way to get across 

3597
03:01:19,600 --> 03:01:22,700
Scottish forces, had the upper 
hand and were moving quickly. 

3598
03:01:22,700 --> 03:01:25,300
While English soldiers, were 
stuck between them and their own

3599
03:01:25,300 --> 03:01:27,600
Army which was still trying to 
cross behind them. 

3600
03:01:27,600 --> 03:01:30,400
People who had already crossed, 
couldn't go back without 

3601
03:01:30,400 --> 03:01:32,900
fighting their own 
reinforcements and people who 

3602
03:01:32,900 --> 03:01:35,400
were still waiting to cross 
couldn't help without making the

3603
03:01:35,400 --> 03:01:37,000
traffic worse. 
Sorry. 

3604
03:01:37,000 --> 03:01:39,400
Watched as his well-planned, 
military Mission turned into, 

3605
03:01:39,400 --> 03:01:41,600
what looked like a very costly 
disaster. 

3606
03:01:41,600 --> 03:01:45,400
The Earl of Surrey had probably 
fought in dozens of battles but 

3607
03:01:45,400 --> 03:01:49,000
he'd never seen anything like 
this. carefully planned attack 

3608
03:01:49,000 --> 03:01:52,400
turned into a nightmare of 
medieval traffic management, the

3609
03:01:52,400 --> 03:01:55,200
English lost, thousands of men, 
including Hugh de cressingham, 

3610
03:01:55,200 --> 03:01:58,800
Scotland's treasurer Scott's 
celebrated his death with the 

3611
03:01:58,800 --> 03:02:00,900
same kind of excitement. 
They usually save for big 

3612
03:02:00,900 --> 03:02:03,300
holidays Wallace and Marais had 
done. 

3613
03:02:03,300 --> 03:02:06,600
Something that seemed impossible
just hours before they had 

3614
03:02:06,600 --> 03:02:09,200
beaten a professional English 
army with a group of rebels that

3615
03:02:09,200 --> 03:02:12,500
most military experts would have
thought was a joke, the winner 

3616
03:02:12,500 --> 03:02:14,900
Sterling Bridge showed that, the
English weren't as safe in 

3617
03:02:14,900 --> 03:02:17,400
Scotland as everyone thought, 
and it made William Wallace 

3618
03:02:17,400 --> 03:02:20,500
famous all over Britain, but 
probably not in the way he had 

3619
03:02:20,500 --> 03:02:22,100
planned. 
When he decided to kill the 

3620
03:02:22,100 --> 03:02:24,500
sheriff of Lanark. 
William Wallace found out, that 

3621
03:02:24,500 --> 03:02:27,300
being a famous military hero is 
very different from being a 

3622
03:02:27,300 --> 03:02:29,300
minor land owner. 
After the battle of Stirling 

3623
03:02:29,300 --> 03:02:32,300
Bridge, people, in Scotland 
started to look at him, like he 

3624
03:02:32,300 --> 03:02:34,800
might have answers to questions.
He had never thought of before. 

3625
03:02:34,800 --> 03:02:38,000
Like what do we do now that 
we've shown, we can beat the 

3626
03:02:38,000 --> 03:02:41,700
English and how do we run a 
country when half of it is still

3627
03:02:41,700 --> 03:02:44,400
occupied Wallace? 
Was smart enough to know that 

3628
03:02:44,400 --> 03:02:46,800
beating one English army? 
Didn't mean Scotland was free, 

3629
03:02:46,800 --> 03:02:50,400
even though the victory had made
him feel great, it meant that 

3630
03:02:50,400 --> 03:02:53,900
England would send a bigger Army
probably led by someone much 

3631
03:02:53,900 --> 03:02:56,700
better than the Earl of Surrey 
would gone home to tell Edward. 

3632
03:02:57,000 --> 03:02:58,800
How he had lost a battle against
some farmers. 

3633
03:02:58,800 --> 03:03:01,700
Who were acting up? 
Sadly, Andrew Murray was hurt 

3634
03:03:01,700 --> 03:03:04,900
at, Sterling bridge and died. 
Soon after this meant that 

3635
03:03:04,900 --> 03:03:07,200
Wallace had to deal with the 
political Fallout from their 

3636
03:03:07,200 --> 03:03:09,000
success. 
Mostly on his own. 

3637
03:03:09,000 --> 03:03:11,400
This was like winning the 
lottery and then finding out, 

3638
03:03:11,400 --> 03:03:13,400
you have to run the whole 
financial system yourself. 

3639
03:03:13,400 --> 03:03:17,000
It sounds exciting in theory, 
but it's a lot harder in 

3640
03:03:17,000 --> 03:03:19,900
practice Wallace was made 
guardian of Scotland, which 

3641
03:03:19,900 --> 03:03:22,400
sounded great but came with 
duties, that no one had told him

3642
03:03:22,400 --> 03:03:25,700
about, he was now supposed to 
run parts, of Scotland, talked 

3643
03:03:25,700 --> 03:03:28,700
to other countries set up 
defenses against the inevitable 

3644
03:03:28,700 --> 03:03:32,600
English retaliation and somehow 
turn a successful Rebellion into

3645
03:03:32,600 --> 03:03:35,700
a working government. 
Wallace's life was probably at 

3646
03:03:35,700 --> 03:03:39,500
its most strange during the 
winter of 1297 to 1298. 

3647
03:03:40,400 --> 03:03:43,400
In just a few months, he went 
from being a wanted criminal to 

3648
03:03:43,400 --> 03:03:47,500
the de facto ruler of Scotland. 
Now, he had to figure out how to

3649
03:03:47,500 --> 03:03:49,800
do the job. 
He spent time trying to get the 

3650
03:03:49,800 --> 03:03:51,700
world to recognize Scotland's 
Independence. 

3651
03:03:51,700 --> 03:03:55,500
He sent people to France and 
Rome like someone in the Middle 

3652
03:03:55,500 --> 03:03:58,300
Ages, trying to get their 
startup noticed by big investors

3653
03:03:58,300 --> 03:04:00,400
Edward. 
The first was reacting the way 

3654
03:04:00,400 --> 03:04:03,300
you would expect a man to react 
after seeing his men lose a 

3655
03:04:03,300 --> 03:04:05,000
battle to people. 
He thought were barely more 

3656
03:04:05,000 --> 03:04:08,100
civilized than sheep. 
People called Edward Longshanks 

3657
03:04:08,100 --> 03:04:11,200
because he was tall and Hammer 
of the Scots because he didn't 

3658
03:04:11,200 --> 03:04:14,500
want Scotland to be free. 
He saw the loss at Stirling 

3659
03:04:14,500 --> 03:04:17,500
Bridge as a personal insult that
needed to be fixed right away in

3660
03:04:17,500 --> 03:04:20,100
in a big way Wallace. 
Probably expected. 

3661
03:04:20,100 --> 03:04:23,600
And feared the English response,
Edward, put together an army 

3662
03:04:23,608 --> 03:04:27,600
that was bigger and better 
organized and led by him instead

3663
03:04:27,600 --> 03:04:30,900
of subordinates who might make 
tactical mistakes, that would 

3664
03:04:30,900 --> 03:04:34,100
make him look bad. 
This time, smart positioning and

3665
03:04:34,100 --> 03:04:36,600
good timing, wouldn't be enough 
to beat out better numbers and 

3666
03:04:36,600 --> 03:04:39,400
Equipment Wallace worked for 
months to get Scotland, ready 

3667
03:04:39,400 --> 03:04:42,300
for what was coming but he 
didn't have many resources in 

3668
03:04:42,300 --> 03:04:45,200
knew that his last victory was 
as much about English mistakes 

3669
03:04:45,200 --> 03:04:46,300
as Scottish. 
Brilliantes. 

3670
03:04:46,300 --> 03:04:49,400
He couldn't count on his enemies
to make the same mistakes twice.

3671
03:04:49,400 --> 03:04:52,600
The specially since they were 
now being led by a king who had 

3672
03:04:52,608 --> 03:04:55,900
personally conquered Wales and 
had no plans to let Scotland 

3673
03:04:55,900 --> 03:04:58,800
slip out of English control. 
Wallace had a problem that was 

3674
03:04:58,808 --> 03:05:02,200
almost impossible to solve how 
do you protect a country with 

3675
03:05:02,200 --> 03:05:06,400
few resources from an enemy. 
With almost unlimited once it 

3676
03:05:06,400 --> 03:05:08,400
was like trying to keep a 
wildfire from getting to your 

3677
03:05:08,408 --> 03:05:10,600
house with just a garden hose 
and your willpower. 

3678
03:05:11,400 --> 03:05:15,200
Wallace was very determined, but
determination alone isn't enough

3679
03:05:15,200 --> 03:05:18,500
to stop professional armies by 
the summer of 1298. 

3680
03:05:18,500 --> 03:05:21,600
It was clear that Scotland was 
about to be invaded in a way 

3681
03:05:21,608 --> 03:05:24,300
that would make Edwards last 
Conquest, look like a warm-up 

3682
03:05:24,300 --> 03:05:27,300
Wallace had done the impossible 
once, but now he had to do it 

3683
03:05:27,300 --> 03:05:30,700
again in much worse conditions 
with everyone watching to see if

3684
03:05:30,700 --> 03:05:33,400
the hero of Stirling Bridge 
could pull off another miracle, 

3685
03:05:33,400 --> 03:05:36,200
someone who had never asked to 
carry the weight of a whole 

3686
03:05:36,208 --> 03:05:39,200
country's hopes was now aware 
that this time clever tactics 

3687
03:05:39,200 --> 03:05:42,300
might not be enough Wallace, 
probably dreaded the summer of 

3688
03:05:42,300 --> 03:05:44,200
1298. 
Since it would be the time of 

3689
03:05:44,208 --> 03:05:46,300
Reckoning after his victory at 
Stirling Bridge. 

3690
03:05:46,300 --> 03:05:49,500
Edward the first to put together
an army that was bigger, more 

3691
03:05:49,500 --> 03:05:53,000
professional better supplied and
led by a king who saw military 

3692
03:05:53,000 --> 03:05:54,800
failure. 
As a personal challenge to his 

3693
03:05:54,800 --> 03:05:57,700
ability Wallace was in the 
position of trying to do a 

3694
03:05:57,700 --> 03:06:00,400
miracle again, which is hard to 
do even when things are going 

3695
03:06:00,400 --> 03:06:03,600
well, the Tactical advantages 
that made Sterling Bridge 

3696
03:06:03,600 --> 03:06:05,900
Possible. 
English overconfidence, good 

3697
03:06:05,900 --> 03:06:09,200
terrain, and perfect timing were
not available for a second 

3698
03:06:09,200 --> 03:06:11,300
performance. 
Edward wasn't going to lead. 

3699
03:06:11,400 --> 03:06:14,100
His army across a narrow bridge,
into a trap that had been set up

3700
03:06:14,100 --> 03:06:17,700
just for them this time. 
The Battle of Falkirk on July 

3701
03:06:17,700 --> 03:06:21,900
22nd 1298 was not like the 
Battle of Stirling Bridge 

3702
03:06:21,900 --> 03:06:25,200
Wallace, didn't attack, an enemy
that was disorganized and stuck 

3703
03:06:25,200 --> 03:06:27,800
in an impossible situation 
instead. 

3704
03:06:27,800 --> 03:06:31,300
He faced a coordinated attack by
professional soldiers, who had 

3705
03:06:31,300 --> 03:06:34,100
learned from the mistakes of 
their predecessors Edward's 

3706
03:06:34,100 --> 03:06:35,700
Army. 
Had heavy Cavalry, professional 

3707
03:06:35,700 --> 03:06:38,000
infantry. 
And Welsh longbowmen who could 

3708
03:06:38,000 --> 03:06:41,400
kill Scottish soldiers from far 
away which made close combat 

3709
03:06:41,400 --> 03:06:44,400
tactics, useless Wallace. 
Had put his troops in defensive 

3710
03:06:44,400 --> 03:06:47,700
formations called, chill trams, 
which were basically Circles of 

3711
03:06:47,708 --> 03:06:50,600
men with Spears pointed out, 
like medieval porcupines. 

3712
03:06:50,600 --> 03:06:53,100
This was a good way to stop 
Cavalry Charges. 

3713
03:06:53,100 --> 03:06:55,400
And at first, the English 
Knights could not get through 

3714
03:06:55,400 --> 03:06:58,400
these walls of spear points. 
But Edward had brought those 

3715
03:06:58,400 --> 03:07:00,900
longbowmen from Wales for just 
this kind of thing. 

3716
03:07:00,900 --> 03:07:04,100
Arrow started to fall on the 
Scottish formation with deadly, 

3717
03:07:04,100 --> 03:07:07,600
accuracy and Spears aren't very 
good at defending against things

3718
03:07:07,600 --> 03:07:11,100
that come from above the shield,
trumps, which had successfully 

3719
03:07:11,100 --> 03:07:13,400
fought off. 
Cavalry attacks, the game, easy 

3720
03:07:13,400 --> 03:07:16,100
targets for Archers who could 
hit them from a distance that 

3721
03:07:16,400 --> 03:07:17,400
No, Scottish weapons could 
reach. 

3722
03:07:17,400 --> 03:07:19,900
You can imagine Wallace watching
his carefully. 

3723
03:07:19,900 --> 03:07:23,200
Planned defenses, fall apart in 
the storm of arrows and 

3724
03:07:23,200 --> 03:07:25,900
realizing that this battle was 
going to be very different from 

3725
03:07:25,900 --> 03:07:28,700
the one at Sterling Bridge 
instead of using traditional 

3726
03:07:28,700 --> 03:07:31,700
tactics, that worked well for 
the Scots, the English learned 

3727
03:07:31,700 --> 03:07:33,300
to use their technological 
advantages. 

3728
03:07:34,200 --> 03:07:36,900
The loss at Falkirk was complete
and very discouraging. 

3729
03:07:37,600 --> 03:07:40,900
Wallace's Army didn't just lose.
It was no longer able to fight 

3730
03:07:40,900 --> 03:07:43,200
Wallace. 
Barely made it out alive, but 

3731
03:07:43,200 --> 03:07:46,800
thousands of Scots died. 
After Sterling Bridge people 

3732
03:07:46,800 --> 03:07:50,400
called The Man Scotland savior 
but now he was on the run. 

3733
03:07:50,400 --> 03:07:53,700
Again, this time without an army
to lead and no clear way to 

3734
03:07:53,700 --> 03:07:56,300
build one, back up. 
After full Kirk Wallace, stepped

3735
03:07:56,300 --> 03:07:59,700
down, as guardian of Scotland, 
he probably realized that he was

3736
03:07:59,700 --> 03:08:03,000
no longer useful as a regular 
military leader, the Nobles who 

3737
03:08:03,000 --> 03:08:05,800
had backed him started looking 
for other options such as 

3738
03:08:05,800 --> 03:08:08,700
talking to Edward, instead of 
continuing a fight, that seemed 

3739
03:08:08,700 --> 03:08:11,800
more and more pointless Wallace.
On the other hand couldn't or 

3740
03:08:11,800 --> 03:08:14,400
wouldn't accept that Scotland 
fight for independence was over.

3741
03:08:15,200 --> 03:08:17,700
Instead of going into Exile or 
trying to make peace with 

3742
03:08:17,700 --> 03:08:21,300
Edward, he spent the next few 
years acting as a diplomat and a

3743
03:08:21,300 --> 03:08:24,300
guerrilla fighter, he tried to 
get support from other countries

3744
03:08:24,300 --> 03:08:27,600
for Scottish independence, while
also attacking English positions

3745
03:08:27,600 --> 03:08:30,100
and Scotland. 
This was probably the most 

3746
03:08:30,100 --> 03:08:32,000
frustrating time in Wallace's 
life. 

3747
03:08:32,000 --> 03:08:34,900
He was well known in Europe as 
the man who had beaten and 

3748
03:08:34,900 --> 03:08:37,400
English army. 
But being famous doesn't mean, 

3749
03:08:37,400 --> 03:08:38,700
you can get help from the 
military. 

3750
03:08:38,700 --> 03:08:41,000
It was easy. 
Foreign courts to meet with the 

3751
03:08:41,000 --> 03:08:42,900
famous. 
William Wallace, the giving him 

3752
03:08:42,900 --> 03:08:45,500
troops or money to fighting 
gland, was a more complicated 

3753
03:08:45,500 --> 03:08:48,700
political decision Wallace. 
Spent time in France, where 

3754
03:08:48,700 --> 03:08:50,800
people treated him with the 
respect due to someone who had 

3755
03:08:50,800 --> 03:08:54,100
embarrassed the king of England.
However, he didn't get much real

3756
03:08:54,100 --> 03:08:56,000
help. 
He went to Rome to get the 

3757
03:08:56,000 --> 03:08:58,600
Pope's support for Scottish 
independence, which is like 

3758
03:08:58,600 --> 03:09:02,200
trying to get the world to 
recognize a political cause The 

3759
03:09:02,200 --> 03:09:03,700
war went on in Scotland without 
him though. 

3760
03:09:03,700 --> 03:09:06,600
Other leaders joined the fight 
and sometimes they won and 

3761
03:09:06,600 --> 03:09:09,800
sometimes they lost Wallace. 
Had become more of a symbol than

3762
03:09:09,800 --> 03:09:12,600
an active participant in his 
country struggle, which was 

3763
03:09:12,600 --> 03:09:15,300
probably not how he had imagined
his career would go, when he 

3764
03:09:15,308 --> 03:09:18,100
killed the sheriff of Lanark. 
When he finally got back to 

3765
03:09:18,100 --> 03:09:21,700
Scotland around, 1303 he found a
country that had been fighting 

3766
03:09:21,700 --> 03:09:24,100
for years and was getting more 
and more tired of it. 

3767
03:09:24,900 --> 03:09:27,500
Edward strategy of constant 
pressure and harsh. 

3768
03:09:27,500 --> 03:09:30,500
Retaliation was working. 
The Scottish resistance was 

3769
03:09:30,500 --> 03:09:33,700
weakening and many nobles were 
starting to think that giving up

3770
03:09:33,700 --> 03:09:35,100
was better than more 
destruction. 

3771
03:09:36,200 --> 03:09:38,100
Wallace. 
On the other hand was, still 

3772
03:09:38,100 --> 03:09:40,500
committed to a cause that was 
starting to look hopeless. 

3773
03:09:40,500 --> 03:09:43,400
William Wallace had become 
something more and less than 

3774
03:09:43,400 --> 03:09:45,500
what he had to be by the year 
1305. 

3775
03:09:45,500 --> 03:09:49,300
He was no longer the leader of 
Scotland's resistance that job 

3776
03:09:49,300 --> 03:09:51,500
had gone to other people who 
were better at dealing with the 

3777
03:09:51,500 --> 03:09:55,000
complicated politics of medieval
warfare but he had become 

3778
03:09:55,000 --> 03:09:57,400
something that could be more 
dangerous to English interests. 

3779
03:09:57,400 --> 03:10:00,100
A symbol of Scottish 
independence that couldn't be 

3780
03:10:00,100 --> 03:10:03,000
beaten by normal. 
Military means, Edward Divine 

3781
03:10:03,000 --> 03:10:06,100
knew, how powerful symbols could
be, which is why he made such a 

3782
03:10:06,100 --> 03:10:08,700
big deal out of taking Scottish 
regalia, like the stone of 

3783
03:10:08,700 --> 03:10:12,700
Destiny after he conquered the 
country, it was easier to move a

3784
03:10:12,700 --> 03:10:14,900
stone to Westminster Abbey to 
stop a living legend. 

3785
03:10:16,000 --> 03:10:18,800
William Wallace's Freedom meant 
that Scottish resistance could 

3786
03:10:18,800 --> 03:10:21,500
always start up again. 
It was probably only a matter of

3787
03:10:21,508 --> 03:10:24,700
time before Wallace was caught 
near Glasgow on August 1305. 

3788
03:10:24,700 --> 03:10:28,100
He had been working without a 
solid base of support depending 

3789
03:10:28,100 --> 03:10:31,000
on a network of allies who were 
getting more and more pressure 

3790
03:10:31,000 --> 03:10:34,100
from English authorities, the 
man who had once LED armies was 

3791
03:10:34,100 --> 03:10:37,000
now forced to move quietly 
through the countryside where 

3792
03:10:37,000 --> 03:10:39,000
anyone who helped him was in 
great danger. 

3793
03:10:39,000 --> 03:10:41,400
The way. 
The English reacted to Wallace's

3794
03:10:41,400 --> 03:10:44,100
capture showed how much Edward 
the first had been bothered by 

3795
03:10:44,100 --> 03:10:47,000
this small, Scottish landowner 
who didn't want to accept. 

3796
03:10:47,000 --> 03:10:49,700
Defeat Wallace wasn't just 
killed as a rebel. 

3797
03:10:50,200 --> 03:10:53,100
He was put on trial and punished
in a way that would destroy not 

3798
03:10:53,100 --> 03:10:56,400
only the man, but also the 
symbol he had become Wallace was

3799
03:10:56,408 --> 03:10:59,500
charged with treason that this 
was legally murky because he had

3800
03:10:59,508 --> 03:11:02,900
never sworn loyalty to Edward. 
The trial wasn't so much about 

3801
03:11:02,900 --> 03:11:05,800
finding out who was guilty as it
was about making a public 

3802
03:11:05,800 --> 03:11:08,800
spectacle to show, how pointless
it was to fighting English rule.

3803
03:11:09,500 --> 03:11:13,000
Edward wanted Wallace's death to
be a warning to anyone else who 

3804
03:11:13,000 --> 03:11:16,000
might want to do the same thing 
Wallace was put to death in 

3805
03:11:16,000 --> 03:11:20,400
London on August 23rd. 1305. 
In the kind of cruel way that 

3806
03:11:20,400 --> 03:11:22,400
medieval authorities used to 
punish people. 

3807
03:11:22,400 --> 03:11:26,000
They wanted to make examples of 
the execution was meant to be as

3808
03:11:26,000 --> 03:11:29,400
public and scary as possible to 
show what happened to people who

3809
03:11:29,400 --> 03:11:31,200
went against English rule in 
Scotland. 

3810
03:11:31,200 --> 03:11:34,200
But Edward that I made a mistake
that many rulers of made in the 

3811
03:11:34,200 --> 03:11:36,500
past. 
He thought that killing a symbol

3812
03:11:36,500 --> 03:11:39,700
would destroy what it stood for 
Wallace's execution, on the 

3813
03:11:39,700 --> 03:11:42,900
other hand, turned him from a 
failed Rebel into a martyr for 

3814
03:11:42,900 --> 03:11:45,700
Scottish independence. 
He was more of a threat to 

3815
03:11:45,700 --> 03:11:49,300
English interest after he died 
the when he was alive, William 

3816
03:11:49,300 --> 03:11:51,100
Wallace's story didn't end when 
he died. 

3817
03:11:51,100 --> 03:11:53,500
It became something that was 
part History. 

3818
03:11:53,500 --> 03:11:56,900
Part Legend and completely 
Scottish Robert. 

3819
03:11:56,900 --> 03:11:59,000
The Bruce took up the cause of 
Scottish independence. 

3820
03:11:59,000 --> 03:12:00,800
A few years after Wallace was 
killed. 

3821
03:12:00,800 --> 03:12:03,600
He eventually reached the goal 
that Wallace had died. 

3822
03:12:03,600 --> 03:12:07,000
Fighting for Bruce's, success 
was on the resistance that 

3823
03:12:07,000 --> 03:12:10,000
Wallace had started and the 
inspiration that His death, gave

3824
03:12:10,000 --> 03:12:13,200
him Wallace became a symbol of 
not only Scottish independence, 

3825
03:12:13,200 --> 03:12:16,400
but also the idea that regular 
people could stand up to 

3826
03:12:16,400 --> 03:12:19,700
powerful forces over the years. 
His story was told again and 

3827
03:12:19,700 --> 03:12:23,500
again, with more details, added 
made more romantic and changed 

3828
03:12:23,500 --> 03:12:25,600
to fit the political needs of 
different times. 

3829
03:12:26,400 --> 03:12:30,000
But the main idea stayed the 
same a man who chose to fight 

3830
03:12:30,000 --> 03:12:32,200
instead of giving up the irony 
of William. 

3831
03:12:32,200 --> 03:12:35,800
Wallace's Legacy is that he was 
a quiet landowner who never 

3832
03:12:35,800 --> 03:12:39,100
meant to lead a rebellion but he
ended up inspiring rebellions 

3833
03:12:39,100 --> 03:12:41,400
and movements for Independence 
all over the world. 

3834
03:12:41,400 --> 03:12:44,800
His life served as a paradigm of
how personal bravery could 

3835
03:12:44,800 --> 03:12:48,000
confront seemingly 
insurmountable Authority and his

3836
03:12:48,000 --> 03:12:51,300
demise Illustrated how martyrdom
could possess greater political 

3837
03:12:51,300 --> 03:12:53,900
significance. 
The military Triumph when you 

3838
03:12:53,900 --> 03:12:56,600
hear the name Wallace today, 
your hearing about a person who 

3839
03:12:56,600 --> 03:12:58,300
is somewhere between history and
Legend. 

3840
03:12:59,000 --> 03:13:02,200
He is both what really happened 
in medieval Scotland and what 

3841
03:13:02,200 --> 03:13:04,000
people have needed, that history
to mean. 

3842
03:13:04,000 --> 03:13:07,200
The man who killed the sheriff 
of Lanark because he couldn't 

3843
03:13:07,200 --> 03:13:10,700
stand for an occupation had 
become immortal in the same way 

3844
03:13:10,700 --> 03:13:12,800
that would have shocked and 
probably amused him. 

3845
03:13:12,800 --> 03:13:16,000
The most, his story reminds us 
that sometimes the heroes who 

3846
03:13:16,000 --> 03:13:18,800
don't want to be heroes and 
never plan to change history. 

3847
03:13:18,800 --> 03:13:22,200
End up leaving the biggest marks
on it, this is because they 

3848
03:13:22,200 --> 03:13:25,000
reach a point where they can't 
stand to watch anymore and 

3849
03:13:25,000 --> 03:13:28,000
decide to do something about it.
No matter what the consequences.

3850
03:13:34,700 --> 03:13:37,600
Most likely you're wearing a 
watch at the moment perhaps it's

3851
03:13:37,600 --> 03:13:40,300
cleverly buzzing on your wrist 
to remind you of meetings and to

3852
03:13:40,300 --> 03:13:43,600
keep track of your steps maybe 
it's a classic watch that your 

3853
03:13:43,600 --> 03:13:45,600
father gave. 
You the kind that ticks in a 

3854
03:13:45,608 --> 03:13:47,300
nice way when you press it to 
your ear? 

3855
03:13:48,100 --> 03:13:51,300
the pocket, watch a small 
mechanical Marvel that sat for 

3856
03:13:51,300 --> 03:13:54,100
centuries in the hearts of 
farmers Emperors and everyone 

3857
03:13:54,100 --> 03:13:57,100
else in between is the 
grandfather of all personal 

3858
03:13:57,100 --> 03:14:00,800
timepieces, the invention of the
pocket watch was not a sudden 

3859
03:14:00,800 --> 03:14:05,100
horological miracle. 
Know it gradually, as most good 

3860
03:14:05,100 --> 03:14:07,900
things do. 
Clockmakers were working in 

3861
03:14:07,900 --> 03:14:11,300
their workshops in the early, 
1500s attempting to reduce the 

3862
03:14:11,300 --> 03:14:15,400
enormous Tower, clocks that 
ruled European cities. these 

3863
03:14:15,400 --> 03:14:18,500
initial attempts were roughly as
accurate as a sundial during a 

3864
03:14:18,500 --> 03:14:22,500
thunderstorm and as portable as 
a small refrigerator, When 

3865
03:14:22,500 --> 03:14:26,000
someone who historians still 
disagree about figured out how 

3866
03:14:26,000 --> 03:14:28,800
to make a mainspring smaller 
enough to fit in something, you 

3867
03:14:28,800 --> 03:14:31,800
could actually carry. 
That was the real breakthrough. 

3868
03:14:31,800 --> 03:14:34,600
This was more than just 
engineering, it was like, 

3869
03:14:34,600 --> 03:14:38,200
packing, a water wheels, Force 
into a biscuit size object, the 

3870
03:14:38,200 --> 03:14:41,200
Revolutionary idea behind those 
early pocket watches was that 

3871
03:14:41,200 --> 03:14:43,000
time was no longer bound by 
location. 

3872
03:14:43,000 --> 03:14:46,200
They were cumbersome. 
Heavy devices that hung from 

3873
03:14:46,200 --> 03:14:49,800
chains like portable anvils, 
it's critical to comprehend what

3874
03:14:49,800 --> 03:14:53,600
this meant prior to the 
invention of pocket watches time

3875
03:14:53,600 --> 03:14:56,800
was determined by the sound of 
church bells, the Town Square 

3876
03:14:56,800 --> 03:14:58,900
and the cycle of sunrise and 
sunset. 

3877
03:14:59,700 --> 03:15:02,900
All of a sudden time itself 
could be owned by Regular 

3878
03:15:02,900 --> 03:15:05,300
People. 
They were able to plan meetings 

3879
03:15:05,300 --> 03:15:08,700
schedule, appointments divide 
their days into manageable 

3880
03:15:08,700 --> 03:15:12,700
chunks and perhaps most 
importantly arrives, subtly 

3881
03:15:12,700 --> 03:15:15,100
late. 
The first pocket watches, were 

3882
03:15:15,100 --> 03:15:18,100
expensive luxury items that most
people couldn't afford in a 

3883
03:15:18,100 --> 03:15:21,300
year, they were mechanical 
wonders conversation starters 

3884
03:15:21,300 --> 03:15:23,500
and Status, symbols, that gave 
their owners. 

3885
03:15:23,500 --> 03:15:26,100
The impression that they were 
carrying a piece of the future, 

3886
03:15:26,100 --> 03:15:29,700
Rich Merchants wore them as 
symbols of their success and 

3887
03:15:29,700 --> 03:15:32,000
Kings gathered them like 
precious gems. 

3888
03:15:32,000 --> 03:15:34,800
This is where the story starts 
to get interesting, though. 

3889
03:15:35,500 --> 03:15:37,800
The pocket watch was not 
exclusive for very long. 

3890
03:15:37,800 --> 03:15:40,000
As is the case with most 
high-end products. 

3891
03:15:40,700 --> 03:15:44,100
Craftsman, discovered ways to 
improve lower the cost, and 

3892
03:15:44,100 --> 03:15:48,500
increase their dependability. 
By the 1600s middle class 

3893
03:15:48,500 --> 03:15:52,700
professionals were simple 
timepieces and by the 1700s even

3894
03:15:52,700 --> 03:15:55,600
farmers were using their watches
to determine when it was time 

3895
03:15:55,600 --> 03:15:58,100
for their afternoon naps. 
The initial designs were 

3896
03:15:58,100 --> 03:16:01,100
endearingly flawed. 
Some clocks were so bad at 

3897
03:16:01,100 --> 03:16:03,600
keeping time that their owners 
had to wind them several times a

3898
03:16:03,600 --> 03:16:06,200
day but they still showed up 
everywhere either fashionably 

3899
03:16:06,200 --> 03:16:09,600
late or embarrassingly early. 
The faces were frequently. 

3900
03:16:09,600 --> 03:16:12,600
Artistic Creations. 
Such as intricate enamel, 

3901
03:16:12,600 --> 03:16:16,200
painting of mythological 
characters, pastoral Landscapes 

3902
03:16:16,200 --> 03:16:19,800
or loved ones, portraits Having 
one was similar to having a 

3903
03:16:19,800 --> 03:16:21,300
small Gallery in your vest 
pocket. 

3904
03:16:22,000 --> 03:16:24,300
The way these early pocket 
watches, altered people's 

3905
03:16:24,300 --> 03:16:27,300
perspectives on their days is 
what most intrigues me about 

3906
03:16:27,300 --> 03:16:30,400
them in the past. 
You might have said, I'll meet 

3907
03:16:30,408 --> 03:16:33,000
you in the sun is halfway down 
the sky today. 

3908
03:16:33,000 --> 03:16:36,200
You could say I'll meet you at 
3:50 this accuracy, 

3909
03:16:36,200 --> 03:16:38,600
revolutionized social life 
travel and Commerce. 

3910
03:16:38,600 --> 03:16:40,900
In ways. 
Their creators could never have 

3911
03:16:40,900 --> 03:16:44,300
predicted Tower clocks were 
never able to achieve the same 

3912
03:16:44,300 --> 03:16:47,900
level of personalization as the 
pocket watch like feeding a pet.

3913
03:16:47,900 --> 03:16:51,500
You wind the device each morning
you dozed off while listening to

3914
03:16:51,500 --> 03:16:54,400
its steady tick. 
Not only did you lose track of 

3915
03:16:54,400 --> 03:16:56,600
time when it broke but you also 
lost a friend. 

3916
03:16:56,600 --> 03:17:00,100
A symbols of love husbands, gave
them to wives. 

3917
03:17:00,100 --> 03:17:03,500
Fathers handed them down to sons
and lovers traded them. 

3918
03:17:04,400 --> 03:17:08,000
By the late, 1600s anyone who 
wanted to be respected, had to 

3919
03:17:08,000 --> 03:17:10,600
have a pocket watch. 
Keeping up with a world that was

3920
03:17:10,608 --> 03:17:13,500
starting to move at a more 
mechanical Pace was more 

3921
03:17:13,500 --> 03:17:15,300
important than simply keeping 
time. 

3922
03:17:15,300 --> 03:17:18,900
When the 1700s arrived pocket 
watches entered, what could be 

3923
03:17:18,900 --> 03:17:20,700
described as their awkward 
adolescents. 

3924
03:17:20,700 --> 03:17:24,200
They were becoming increasingly 
sophisticated but they still 

3925
03:17:24,200 --> 03:17:28,000
needed to mature. 
Fundamental idea was sound, but 

3926
03:17:28,000 --> 03:17:29,900
the way it was carried out, 
needed Improvement. 

3927
03:17:29,900 --> 03:17:33,600
It takes a lot of work. 
Accuracy was the primary issue, 

3928
03:17:33,600 --> 03:17:36,800
the accuracy of early pocket 
watches was comparable to that 

3929
03:17:36,800 --> 03:17:39,900
of weather forecasts. 
That is they were accurate 

3930
03:17:39,900 --> 03:17:42,500
enough to maintain interest, but
inaccurate enough to create 

3931
03:17:42,500 --> 03:17:46,100
serious issues, it's possible 
for a merchant who gets to the 

3932
03:17:46,100 --> 03:17:49,400
market and our early to find out
that his watch has been running 

3933
03:17:49,400 --> 03:17:54,000
fast for the past three days or 
worse is watch, might decide to 

3934
03:17:54,000 --> 03:17:57,900
take an unplanned break, causing
him to miss a crucial meeting. 

3935
03:17:58,800 --> 03:18:00,900
story becomes wonderfully 
obsessive at this point 

3936
03:18:00,900 --> 03:18:04,300
clockmakers throughout Europe 
were enthralled with a task of 

3937
03:18:04,300 --> 03:18:08,600
Designing the perfect pocket 
watch Like musical virtuoso's, 

3938
03:18:08,600 --> 03:18:12,100
they were creating time itself 
one ticket at a time rather than

3939
03:18:12,100 --> 03:18:15,800
Symphonies the balance wheel, a 
tiny rotating component that 

3940
03:18:15,800 --> 03:18:18,100
became the beating heart of any 
high quality pocket. 

3941
03:18:18,100 --> 03:18:21,000
Watch was the Breakthrough 
considerate. 

3942
03:18:21,000 --> 03:18:23,900
The more portable smaller cousin
of the pendulum time could be 

3943
03:18:23,908 --> 03:18:27,300
divided into remarkably accurate
segments by this tiny device 

3944
03:18:27,300 --> 03:18:30,000
which oscillated back and forth 
with such regularity. 

3945
03:18:31,500 --> 03:18:35,200
Delicate precisely balanced and 
calibrated, with the accuracy of

3946
03:18:35,200 --> 03:18:38,800
a Master, Chef measuring spices,
the best balance Wheels with 

3947
03:18:38,800 --> 03:18:42,400
himself, works of art. 
The Undisputed masters of pocket

3948
03:18:42,400 --> 03:18:44,200
watch accuracy were English 
clockmakers. 

3949
03:18:44,200 --> 03:18:48,100
Especially those based in 
London, They created methods for

3950
03:18:48,100 --> 03:18:50,000
creating gears that were so 
smooth. 

3951
03:18:50,000 --> 03:18:53,900
They didn't seem to tick but 
rather whispered It produced 

3952
03:18:53,900 --> 03:18:57,000
such Exquisite cases that 
affluent clients purchased them 

3953
03:18:57,000 --> 03:19:00,500
for their visual appeal as much 
as their ability to tell time. 

3954
03:19:00,500 --> 03:19:04,500
But in surprising ways the Swiss
transformed, the sector Swiss 

3955
03:19:04,500 --> 03:19:07,400
Artisans started thinking about 
mass production while the 

3956
03:19:07,400 --> 03:19:10,700
English concentrated on making 
the most Exquisite and accurate 

3957
03:19:10,700 --> 03:19:13,700
timepieces for the affluent. 
They created methods for 

3958
03:19:13,700 --> 03:19:16,400
producing Dependable, pocket 
watches that the average working

3959
03:19:16,400 --> 03:19:19,800
person could afford. 
There was significant societal 

3960
03:19:19,800 --> 03:19:22,400
repercussions from the 
democratization of timekeeping. 

3961
03:19:23,200 --> 03:19:25,900
The factory worker, could now 
own the same kind of Precision 

3962
03:19:25,900 --> 03:19:29,100
Watches his boss for the first 
time in human history. 

3963
03:19:30,100 --> 03:19:32,900
Both could arrive at exactly the
same time and know they were on 

3964
03:19:32,900 --> 03:19:36,100
time, but this didn't exactly 
level the playing field because 

3965
03:19:36,100 --> 03:19:39,100
the worker had a plain steel 
watch and the boss still had a 

3966
03:19:39,108 --> 03:19:41,000
gold one that was in crusted 
with diamonds. 

3967
03:19:41,000 --> 03:19:44,700
Additionally, the pocket watch 
emerged as a key component of 

3968
03:19:44,700 --> 03:19:47,600
the professional culture. 
Teachers, use them to organize 

3969
03:19:47,600 --> 03:19:51,600
their lessons, doctors use them 
to time patients, pulses and 

3970
03:19:51,600 --> 03:19:53,400
lawyers use them to build by the
hour. 

3971
03:19:54,400 --> 03:19:57,100
Time is money was no longer 
merely a catchphrase. 

3972
03:19:57,100 --> 03:20:00,500
It was a quantifiable fact that 
you could grasp in your hand. 

3973
03:20:01,500 --> 03:20:04,200
The most endearing thing about 
pocket watches from the 18th 

3974
03:20:04,200 --> 03:20:07,300
century is how their designers 
couldn't help, but add tiny 

3975
03:20:07,300 --> 03:20:10,800
details that made them fun to 
own even though they had no 

3976
03:20:10,800 --> 03:20:14,100
functional use. 
On the hour, some performed, 

3977
03:20:14,100 --> 03:20:17,100
little Melodies others. 
Had miniature, astronomical 

3978
03:20:17,100 --> 03:20:19,100
displays that. 
Displayed the planet's positions

3979
03:20:19,100 --> 03:20:22,200
or the moon's phases. 
A handful of aspirational 

3980
03:20:22,200 --> 03:20:25,000
Artisans produced timepieces 
with numerous complications, 

3981
03:20:25,000 --> 03:20:28,800
mechanical elements, that could 
record the day of the week, the 

3982
03:20:28,800 --> 03:20:32,200
date, and even leap years. 
These were portable 

3983
03:20:32,200 --> 03:20:34,600
Entertainment Systems, rather 
than merely watches. 

3984
03:20:34,600 --> 03:20:38,700
You could surreptitiously check.
Not only the time but also where

3985
03:20:38,700 --> 03:20:41,800
the Saturn was in the right 
Celestial alignment for making 

3986
03:20:41,800 --> 03:20:44,800
crucial business decisions. 
During lengthy carriage rides or

3987
03:20:44,800 --> 03:20:48,100
dull social gatherings. 
The cases themselves were 

3988
03:20:48,100 --> 03:20:50,100
transformed into artistic 
canvases. 

3989
03:20:50,100 --> 03:20:53,600
They were adorned with elaborate
designs family, crests and 

3990
03:20:53,600 --> 03:20:56,300
significant inscription by 
talented in gravers. 

3991
03:20:57,300 --> 03:21:00,800
Touching personal messages like 
to my beloved Son on his wedding

3992
03:21:00,800 --> 03:21:04,000
day. 
In memory of faithful service or

3993
03:21:04,000 --> 03:21:07,900
occasionally just time flies, 
but memories remain a found on a

3994
03:21:07,900 --> 03:21:09,200
lot of pocket watches from this 
era. 

3995
03:21:10,200 --> 03:21:13,600
The railroad, which was invented
in the early 1800s would 

3996
03:21:13,600 --> 03:21:17,600
fundamentally alter how people 
perceive time, all of a sudden, 

3997
03:21:17,600 --> 03:21:21,200
taking a few minutes off, was 
not only inconvenient, but also 

3998
03:21:21,200 --> 03:21:24,500
potentially fatal. 
You see, approximate timing was 

3999
03:21:24,500 --> 03:21:27,000
perfectly acceptable, when 
long-distance travel was 

4000
03:21:27,000 --> 03:21:29,200
primarily accomplished by horse 
and carriage. 

4001
03:21:29,900 --> 03:21:32,300
Passengers, just waited. 
If the afternoon stage was 

4002
03:21:32,300 --> 03:21:34,900
running late. 
You catch the next one tomorrow 

4003
03:21:34,900 --> 03:21:36,200
or the day. 
After, if you missed the 

4004
03:21:36,208 --> 03:21:40,400
previous one time was still 
pliable and forgiving trains. 

4005
03:21:40,400 --> 03:21:43,300
However, altered all of that 
they followed timetables that 

4006
03:21:43,300 --> 03:21:46,500
were measured in minutes rather 
than hours more significantly. 

4007
03:21:46,500 --> 03:21:49,800
They were on the same tracks 
which meant that two trains that

4008
03:21:49,800 --> 03:21:51,200
were even slightly behind 
schedule. 

4009
03:21:51,200 --> 03:21:53,600
Could end up sharing a section 
of railroad at the same time 

4010
03:21:53,600 --> 03:21:56,600
which would never totally lead 
to disastrous outcomes. 

4011
03:21:57,800 --> 03:22:00,000
The pocket, watch industry. 
Grew to meet the unprecedented. 

4012
03:22:00,000 --> 03:22:02,600
Demand for accurate. 
Timekeeping that resulted from 

4013
03:22:02,600 --> 03:22:06,300
this? 
Conductors engineers and station

4014
03:22:06,300 --> 03:22:09,100
Masters, were required by 
railroad companies to wear 

4015
03:22:09,100 --> 03:22:12,000
watches that adhere to stringent
accuracy requirements. 

4016
03:22:12,800 --> 03:22:15,700
These were precise devices that 
needed to maintain time within 

4017
03:22:15,700 --> 03:22:19,100
seconds not minutes. 
So they were not just any pocket

4018
03:22:19,100 --> 03:22:22,000
watches. 
The railroad pocket watch 

4019
03:22:22,000 --> 03:22:25,900
evolved into a symbol of 
expertise, large sturdy and 

4020
03:22:25,900 --> 03:22:28,600
built to continue operating 
precisely and spite of the 

4021
03:22:28,608 --> 03:22:30,800
frequent jarring and vibration 
of train travel. 

4022
03:22:30,800 --> 03:22:34,700
These timepieces were the norm 
because a conductor had to 

4023
03:22:34,700 --> 03:22:37,400
rapidly check the time even in 
low light or while traveling at 

4024
03:22:37,400 --> 03:22:39,700
a high speed. 
They had faces that were bold 

4025
03:22:39,700 --> 03:22:42,400
and easy to read. 
Railroad companies set up 

4026
03:22:42,408 --> 03:22:46,300
complex synchronization systems 
because they took accuracy and 

4027
03:22:46,300 --> 03:22:49,700
timekeeping very seriously. 
Railroad workers would be able 

4028
03:22:49,700 --> 03:22:52,800
to adjust their watches to match
the Master Clock, by using the 

4029
03:22:52,800 --> 03:22:54,700
telegraph, to transmit, official
time. 

4030
03:22:54,700 --> 03:22:59,000
Signals at Major stations. as a 
result, a truly standardized 

4031
03:22:59,000 --> 03:23:02,400
time system that covered great 
distances was established for 

4032
03:23:02,400 --> 03:23:06,000
the first time in human history,
it had a huge social impact 

4033
03:23:07,000 --> 03:23:10,200
Prior to the invention of 
railroads, each Town, maintained

4034
03:23:10,200 --> 03:23:13,500
its own local time which was 
typically determined by the time

4035
03:23:13,500 --> 03:23:17,300
the sun rose, this implied, that
it might be 11:47 in 

4036
03:23:17,300 --> 03:23:20,800
Philadelphia and 12:30 in 
Boston, at noon, in New York. 

4037
03:23:21,800 --> 03:23:23,900
This had little bearing on 
day-to-day existence. 

4038
03:23:23,900 --> 03:23:27,800
It was chaos for railroad. 
Scheduling pocket watches, 

4039
03:23:27,800 --> 03:23:30,900
became the tools that enabled 
the standardized time zones that

4040
03:23:30,900 --> 03:23:34,400
were imposed by the railroads, 
all of a sudden millions of 

4041
03:23:34,408 --> 03:23:37,200
people were adjusting their 
daily routines to the mechanical

4042
03:23:37,200 --> 03:23:39,800
accuracy of their own 
timepieces, rather than the sun 

4043
03:23:39,800 --> 03:23:42,700
or church bells. 
Significant advancements in the 

4044
03:23:42,708 --> 03:23:45,600
production of pocket watches. 
Also occurred during this time. 

4045
03:23:46,300 --> 03:23:48,800
In order to simplify repairs and
increase manufacturing 

4046
03:23:48,800 --> 03:23:52,400
efficiency, American companies, 
such as Wolfram and Elgin 

4047
03:23:52,400 --> 03:23:55,200
started manufacturing watches 
with interchangeable parts. 

4048
03:23:55,900 --> 03:23:58,600
Each watch was no longer. 
A one of a kind handcrafted 

4049
03:23:58,600 --> 03:24:02,100
object rather, they were 
Precision engineered products 

4050
03:24:02,100 --> 03:24:05,300
that were simple to maintain and
could be assembled rapidly. 

4051
03:24:06,000 --> 03:24:08,700
The railroad standard pocket 
watch Rose to prominence as a 

4052
03:24:08,700 --> 03:24:10,600
symbol of industrial accuracy in
America. 

4053
03:24:11,500 --> 03:24:14,100
These watches were constructed 
to endure, the harsh conditions 

4054
03:24:14,100 --> 03:24:18,000
of railroad, work passed, 
stringent testing and received 

4055
03:24:18,000 --> 03:24:21,200
accuracy certification. 
They were all so beautiful 

4056
03:24:21,200 --> 03:24:23,900
items, even the most practical 
railroad watch. 

4057
03:24:23,900 --> 03:24:28,000
Had tasteful hands, well-crafted
numerals and cases that were 

4058
03:24:28,000 --> 03:24:31,800
both practical and beautiful. 
However, the way that pocket 

4059
03:24:31,800 --> 03:24:34,600
watches became ingrained in, 
professional identity was 

4060
03:24:34,600 --> 03:24:37,000
perhaps the most intriguing 
development of this era. 

4061
03:24:38,200 --> 03:24:41,000
A railroad man's watch 
represented, his dependability, 

4062
03:24:41,000 --> 03:24:43,900
accuracy and dedication to 
safety. 

4063
03:24:44,700 --> 03:24:47,800
It was more than just a tool 
since being able to tell the 

4064
03:24:47,800 --> 03:24:50,200
exact time was essential to 
their professional reputation. 

4065
03:24:50,200 --> 03:24:53,200
These men would spend their own 
money on the best watches. 

4066
03:24:53,200 --> 03:24:56,800
They could afford. 
The practice of inspecting and 

4067
03:24:56,808 --> 03:24:59,500
certifying watches was also 
started during the railroad 

4068
03:24:59,500 --> 03:25:00,700
pocket. 
Watch era. 

4069
03:25:01,400 --> 03:25:04,100
Professional watch, inspectors, 
were hired by railroad companies

4070
03:25:04,100 --> 03:25:07,200
to regularly, check timepieces 
to make sure they adhere to the 

4071
03:25:07,200 --> 03:25:09,700
stringent requirements needed 
for safe operation. 

4072
03:25:10,300 --> 03:25:12,800
As a result, a culture of 
superior horology was 

4073
03:25:12,800 --> 03:25:15,900
established, which impacted 
watchmaking for many years to 

4074
03:25:15,900 --> 03:25:18,400
come. 
One could refer to the late 19th

4075
03:25:18,400 --> 03:25:21,500
and early 20th, centuries as the
Golden Age of the pocket, watch 

4076
03:25:21,500 --> 03:25:25,300
at this time, the technical and 
cultural significance of these 

4077
03:25:25,300 --> 03:25:28,800
mechanical wonders peaked Pocket
watches were more than just 

4078
03:25:28,800 --> 03:25:30,900
timepieces. 
During this time, they were 

4079
03:25:30,900 --> 03:25:33,800
technological Marvels, fam, 
family, heirlooms, and 

4080
03:25:33,800 --> 03:25:36,700
statements all combined into one
sophisticated package. 

4081
03:25:36,700 --> 03:25:40,000
The diversity was astounding for
a few dollars. 

4082
03:25:40,000 --> 03:25:42,500
You could purchase a 
straightforward Dependable, 

4083
03:25:42,500 --> 03:25:45,700
watch or you could commission a 
work of art that took years to 

4084
03:25:45,700 --> 03:25:47,800
complete and cost more than a 
house. 

4085
03:25:48,600 --> 03:25:52,400
This error is luxury timepieces,
were truly remarkable even 

4086
03:25:52,400 --> 03:25:55,700
today, the intricate timepieces 
made by Master Craftsmen seem 

4087
03:25:55,700 --> 03:25:58,900
almost magical in addition to 
telling you the time. 

4088
03:25:58,900 --> 03:26:02,000
Some watches can also tell you 
the date the day of the week, 

4089
03:26:02,000 --> 03:26:05,900
the month, the year, and the 
moon phase, others had Manute 

4090
03:26:05,900 --> 03:26:08,800
repeaters which were devices 
that when a button was pressed, 

4091
03:26:08,800 --> 03:26:11,900
chime out the time so that you 
could determine the hour. 

4092
03:26:11,900 --> 03:26:14,300
Even in. 
Total darkness Perpetual 

4093
03:26:14,300 --> 03:26:17,500
calendars that automatically 
corrected for leap years and 

4094
03:26:17,500 --> 03:26:19,600
would stay accurate for 
centuries without human 

4095
03:26:19,600 --> 03:26:22,000
correction were among the most 
ambitious pieces. 

4096
03:26:22,000 --> 03:26:26,000
These were merely timepieces. 
They were tiny mechanical 

4097
03:26:26,000 --> 03:26:29,000
computers that were designed to 
track the intricate details of 

4098
03:26:29,000 --> 03:26:30,900
our calendar system. 
With amazing accuracy. 

4099
03:26:30,900 --> 03:26:35,000
However, not only the affluent 
adopted pocket watches during 

4100
03:26:35,000 --> 03:26:37,700
the Heyday. 
Working Class, People could now.

4101
03:26:37,700 --> 03:26:40,200
Afford Dependable timepieces. 
Thanks to mass production 

4102
03:26:40,200 --> 03:26:42,400
techniques. 
And owning a watch, came to be 

4103
03:26:42,400 --> 03:26:44,900
seen as a sign of respectability
and responsibility. 

4104
03:26:46,000 --> 03:26:49,100
When a young man got his first 
pocket watch, he was taking part

4105
03:26:49,100 --> 03:26:52,200
in a milestone as important as 
getting his first job or suit. 

4106
03:26:53,000 --> 03:26:55,500
The pocket watch was an integral
part of Every Day, Life. 

4107
03:26:56,300 --> 03:26:58,600
Winding your watch. 
Each morning was a meditative 

4108
03:26:58,600 --> 03:27:00,400
way to connect with your own 
timepiece. 

4109
03:27:00,400 --> 03:27:03,400
You would check the time 
throughout the day by using a 

4110
03:27:03,400 --> 03:27:06,600
familiar motion to reach into 
your vest pocket and pull out 

4111
03:27:06,600 --> 03:27:09,900
the watch by its chain. 
This wasn't merely practical. 

4112
03:27:09,900 --> 03:27:13,000
It was a little act that showed 
the world that you were a person

4113
03:27:13,008 --> 03:27:15,100
who appreciated accuracy and 
timeliness. 

4114
03:27:16,000 --> 03:27:18,400
The chains themselves turned 
into fashion accessories. 

4115
03:27:18,400 --> 03:27:21,600
Some were straightforward and 
practical While others were 

4116
03:27:21,600 --> 03:27:25,000
ornate pieces of jewelry with 
meaningful, charms decorative, 

4117
03:27:25,000 --> 03:27:29,700
fobs, and intricate links, 
Socially conservative men, a 

4118
03:27:29,700 --> 03:27:32,300
Watch chain was frequently. 
One of the few pieces of jewelry

4119
03:27:32,300 --> 03:27:33,900
they could wear without looking 
garish. 

4120
03:27:34,600 --> 03:27:36,500
Interesting. 
Tales about the owners of these 

4121
03:27:36,500 --> 03:27:40,000
pocket watches can be found in 
their cases, numerous ones had 

4122
03:27:40,000 --> 03:27:43,200
initials family crests or 
private messages and graved on 

4123
03:27:43,200 --> 03:27:45,700
the Summoned. 
Hinged backs that opened to 

4124
03:27:45,700 --> 03:27:48,900
reveal pictures of loved ones, 
making them portable private 

4125
03:27:48,900 --> 03:27:51,500
shrines. 
The way that pocket watches from

4126
03:27:51,500 --> 03:27:54,700
this era became stores of 
meaning and memory is what makes

4127
03:27:54,700 --> 03:27:59,100
them so poignant A father would 
pass his watch to his son and 

4128
03:27:59,100 --> 03:28:00,900
tell him about its past 
exploits. 

4129
03:28:00,900 --> 03:28:04,300
It is possible for a wife to 
have a romantic inscription, 

4130
03:28:04,300 --> 03:28:07,900
engraved on her husband's watch 
immigrants, brought timepieces 

4131
03:28:07,900 --> 03:28:10,700
that, link them to the nation's,
they had left behind and 

4132
03:28:10,700 --> 03:28:13,000
soldiers carried watches, that 
brought them back to their 

4133
03:28:13,000 --> 03:28:15,900
Homeland. 
During this Heyday, the quality 

4134
03:28:15,900 --> 03:28:19,000
of manufacturing was exceptional
American firms. 

4135
03:28:19,000 --> 03:28:22,500
Like Hamilton Waltham and Dylan 
as well as Swiss producers, 

4136
03:28:22,500 --> 03:28:26,700
protect Philip and Vashon. 
Tours were creating watches that

4137
03:28:26,700 --> 03:28:28,900
were not only precise but also 
long lasting. 

4138
03:28:29,900 --> 03:28:32,400
More than a century later. 
Many pocket watches from this 

4139
03:28:32,400 --> 03:28:35,400
era, still functional, which 
speaks volumes about the 

4140
03:28:35,400 --> 03:28:38,900
craftsmanship of their creators 
and the resilience of mechanical

4141
03:28:38,900 --> 03:28:41,500
engineering. 
In ways that are difficult to 

4142
03:28:41,500 --> 03:28:44,600
imagine today, the pocket watch 
also became essential to 

4143
03:28:44,608 --> 03:28:47,500
professional life. 
They were used by doctors to 

4144
03:28:47,500 --> 03:28:50,200
track treatment outcomes and 
time patients, pulses. 

4145
03:28:50,900 --> 03:28:53,700
Attorneys charge their clients. 
According to the exact timing of

4146
03:28:53,700 --> 03:28:57,600
their consultations Factory 
managers use stopwatch accuracy 

4147
03:28:57,600 --> 03:29:01,300
to coordinate, shift changes, 
The pocket watch a necessary 

4148
03:29:01,300 --> 03:29:03,300
tool that structured and 
organized daily. 

4149
03:29:03,300 --> 03:29:05,800
Life was the smartphone of its 
time. 

4150
03:29:05,800 --> 03:29:08,900
Some of the most fascinating 
Tales From The Golden Age 

4151
03:29:08,900 --> 03:29:12,000
feature, unsung heroes. 
Who depended on pocket watches 

4152
03:29:12,000 --> 03:29:13,800
in ways, their creators, never 
imagined. 

4153
03:29:13,800 --> 03:29:17,000
Despite the fact that we 
frequently associate them with 

4154
03:29:17,000 --> 03:29:21,700
affluent gentleman, wearing top,
hats consider nurses, Nurses 

4155
03:29:21,700 --> 03:29:24,400
found that pocket watches were 
crucial instruments for patient 

4156
03:29:24,400 --> 03:29:27,500
monitoring during a time when 
the medical field was becoming 

4157
03:29:27,500 --> 03:29:30,500
more scientific. 
They used to call Nate patient 

4158
03:29:30,500 --> 03:29:34,100
care track pulse rates and time 
medication intervals, by 

4159
03:29:34,108 --> 03:29:36,900
pinning. 
Tiny sophisticated watches, the 

4160
03:29:36,900 --> 03:29:39,200
forerunners of contemporary 
nursing watches to their 

4161
03:29:39,200 --> 03:29:42,400
uniforms. 
Since precise timing could mean 

4162
03:29:42,400 --> 03:29:43,900
the difference between life and 
death. 

4163
03:29:43,900 --> 03:29:47,300
These women, many of whom were 
from low-income families 

4164
03:29:47,300 --> 03:29:50,400
invested, their own funds in 
high quality timepieces. 

4165
03:29:50,400 --> 03:29:53,700
The relationship between rural 
male carriers and pocket 

4166
03:29:53,700 --> 03:29:57,300
watches, became almost mystical.
These postal workers used a 

4167
03:29:57,300 --> 03:30:00,500
combination of landmarks 
Instinct and exact timing to 

4168
03:30:00,500 --> 03:30:04,000
navigate before GPS or even 
trustworthy roadmaps were 

4169
03:30:04,000 --> 03:30:06,400
available. 
A carrier might be aware that 

4170
03:30:06,400 --> 03:30:10,200
the walk from the Johnson Farm 
to the creek took precisely 17 

4171
03:30:10,200 --> 03:30:13,400
minutes and that it took an 
additional 12 minutes to get to 

4172
03:30:13,400 --> 03:30:16,300
the Miller residence. 
They use their pocket watches as

4173
03:30:16,300 --> 03:30:18,900
navigational aids to keep track 
of their schedules while 

4174
03:30:18,900 --> 03:30:21,500
traveling miles on country roads
in a variety of weather 

4175
03:30:21,500 --> 03:30:24,800
conditions. 
Most astonishingly blind people 

4176
03:30:24,800 --> 03:30:27,600
found that their pocket watches 
could be used as highly Advanced

4177
03:30:27,600 --> 03:30:31,000
to assistive technology. 
In order to directly feel the 

4178
03:30:31,000 --> 03:30:33,500
hands position. 
Many pocket watches from this 

4179
03:30:33,500 --> 03:30:35,900
era had cases that could be 
opened with one hand. 

4180
03:30:36,900 --> 03:30:40,100
The first tactile timepieces in 
history were made possible by 

4181
03:30:40,100 --> 03:30:43,000
certain watches that were 
specially made with the Rays 

4182
03:30:43,000 --> 03:30:46,300
hands and numerals. 
A pocket watch became a means of

4183
03:30:46,300 --> 03:30:48,800
preserving Independence and 
navigating social situations 

4184
03:30:48,800 --> 03:30:51,500
with the Assurance. 
For those who are unable to rely

4185
03:30:51,500 --> 03:30:54,500
on visual cues. 
Pocket watches and the mining 

4186
03:30:54,500 --> 03:30:56,000
industry developed a unique 
relationship. 

4187
03:30:57,100 --> 03:30:59,300
Miners depended on sturdy 
timepieces. 

4188
03:30:59,300 --> 03:31:02,100
That could endure harsh 
conditions because they worked 

4189
03:31:02,100 --> 03:31:04,500
deep underground. 
When natural light, never 

4190
03:31:04,500 --> 03:31:06,800
reached and shift schedules were
essential for safety. 

4191
03:31:07,800 --> 03:31:10,000
Because they knew that 
synchronized timing could 

4192
03:31:10,000 --> 03:31:12,900
prevent accidents, and 
coordinate rescue operations, 

4193
03:31:12,900 --> 03:31:16,000
mining companies frequently 
included watches as part of 

4194
03:31:16,008 --> 03:31:19,500
their safety equipment, to 
maintain the exact timing needed

4195
03:31:19,500 --> 03:31:23,100
for their Beacon operations. 
Like housekeepers those loan 

4196
03:31:23,100 --> 03:31:27,000
Protectors of coastal. 
Safety used pocket watches every

4197
03:31:27,000 --> 03:31:28,900
light house, had a distinct 
pattern of light. 

4198
03:31:28,900 --> 03:31:32,200
A particular series of flashes 
that made it easier for ships to

4199
03:31:32,200 --> 03:31:34,700
locate them. 
Lighthouse Keepers became 

4200
03:31:34,700 --> 03:31:37,800
proficient at using their pocket
watches to maintain these 

4201
03:31:37,800 --> 03:31:40,600
life-saving rhythms because 
maintaining these patterns 

4202
03:31:40,600 --> 03:31:44,100
required Split Second timing. 
These professional applications 

4203
03:31:44,100 --> 03:31:46,700
are intriguing because they 
drove innovation in watchmaking 

4204
03:31:46,700 --> 03:31:50,100
and unanticipated ways. 
Watches that were easy to 

4205
03:31:50,100 --> 03:31:51,700
sterilize when necessary for 
nurses. 

4206
03:31:52,600 --> 03:31:55,700
Timepieces that could withstand 
explosions and cave-ins were 

4207
03:31:55,700 --> 03:31:59,300
necessary for minors. watches 
that could remain accurate in 

4208
03:31:59,300 --> 03:32:01,500
severe weather conditions were 
essential for Lighthouse 

4209
03:32:01,500 --> 03:32:05,600
keepers, In response 
manufacturers created customized

4210
03:32:05,600 --> 03:32:08,400
designs. 
To guard against Industrial 

4211
03:32:08,400 --> 03:32:12,600
Equipment, some watches had 
anti-magnetic Shields others, 

4212
03:32:12,600 --> 03:32:15,400
had reinforced cases that were 
resilient to severe physical 

4213
03:32:15,400 --> 03:32:18,400
harm. 
Using radiant based paint that 

4214
03:32:18,400 --> 03:32:22,000
glowed in total darkness. 
A few companies produced pocket 

4215
03:32:22,000 --> 03:32:25,400
watches with glowing hands and 
numerals but they were unaware 

4216
03:32:25,400 --> 03:32:28,200
of the potential health hazards 
associated with this invention. 

4217
03:32:29,600 --> 03:32:32,700
Innovation was still fueled by 
the railroad sector, but in more

4218
03:32:32,700 --> 03:32:36,300
complex ways, Some of the most 
sophisticated mechanical 

4219
03:32:36,300 --> 03:32:39,100
engineering of this era was 
founded in the railroad pocket 

4220
03:32:39,100 --> 03:32:41,700
watches. 
Despite the physical demands of 

4221
03:32:41,700 --> 03:32:43,900
railroad work. 
Temperature, fluctuations, and 

4222
03:32:43,900 --> 03:32:47,100
continuous vibration. 
They had to maintain precise 

4223
03:32:47,100 --> 03:32:50,000
time. 
Railroad approved timepieces had

4224
03:32:50,000 --> 03:32:52,600
to remain accurate within 
seconds over weeks or months, 

4225
03:32:52,600 --> 03:32:55,200
which was a very demanding 
testing process. 

4226
03:32:55,200 --> 03:32:58,700
However, the most heartwarming 
Tales are probably those of 

4227
03:32:58,700 --> 03:33:02,000
regular people who discovered 
extraordinary significance in 

4228
03:33:02,008 --> 03:33:04,900
their pocket watches. 
According to some stories 

4229
03:33:04,900 --> 03:33:07,600
immigrants, sold almost 
everything, they owned but 

4230
03:33:07,600 --> 03:33:10,700
retained their family watches as
reminders of their former homes.

4231
03:33:11,600 --> 03:33:13,400
Veterans. 
Who maintained routines that 

4232
03:33:13,400 --> 03:33:16,700
aided in their reintegration 
into society by using their 

4233
03:33:16,700 --> 03:33:20,600
military issued pocket watches 
Farmers, who use Swiss Clockwork

4234
03:33:20,600 --> 03:33:23,300
Precision to time everything 
from livestock feeding schedules

4235
03:33:23,300 --> 03:33:26,300
to crop plantings. 
Challenges in the early 20th 

4236
03:33:26,300 --> 03:33:29,100
century would drastically alter 
how people interacted with their

4237
03:33:29,100 --> 03:33:32,600
watches, the world had never 
before seen such demands for 

4238
03:33:32,600 --> 03:33:35,200
precise timing as it did during 
the Great War. 

4239
03:33:35,200 --> 03:33:38,400
As it was, then known an 
unprecedented level of 

4240
03:33:38,400 --> 03:33:40,400
coordination was needed for 
military operations. 

4241
03:33:40,400 --> 03:33:43,800
Barrages of artillery. 
Had to be timed to the second 

4242
03:33:43,800 --> 03:33:47,100
cross miles of Battlefield 
infantry. 

4243
03:33:47,100 --> 03:33:51,000
Advances had to be coordinated. 
Everyone had to follow the same 

4244
03:33:51,000 --> 03:33:53,600
exact schedule in order for 
units to communicate with one 

4245
03:33:53,600 --> 03:33:55,900
another. 
Military leaders initially 

4246
03:33:55,900 --> 03:33:58,300
believed that conventional 
pocket watches would satisfy 

4247
03:33:58,300 --> 03:34:02,300
these requirements. 
After all for decades railroad 

4248
03:34:02,300 --> 03:34:05,000
companies and other Industries 
had benefitted greatly from 

4249
03:34:05,000 --> 03:34:08,200
these timepieces. 
However, the limitations of 

4250
03:34:08,200 --> 03:34:11,400
pocket base time, keeping were 
soon exposed by the realities of

4251
03:34:11,400 --> 03:34:14,800
trench warfare. 
When carrying equipment crawling

4252
03:34:14,800 --> 03:34:18,500
through mud or operating heavy 
machinery, soldiers found that 

4253
03:34:18,500 --> 03:34:21,200
it was frequently impossible to 
reach into a pocket to check the

4254
03:34:21,200 --> 03:34:24,400
time. 
Even worse removing a pocket 

4255
03:34:24,400 --> 03:34:27,100
watch, could reveal a soldiers 
location to enemy Observers. 

4256
03:34:28,000 --> 03:34:31,100
Military personnel needed a 
discrete and Speedy way to check

4257
03:34:31,100 --> 03:34:34,900
the time unexpectedly women's 
watches provided, the answer 

4258
03:34:34,900 --> 03:34:38,300
watchmakers have been making 
tiny wristwatches for decades 

4259
03:34:38,300 --> 03:34:40,600
mostly As jewelry for affluent 
women. 

4260
03:34:41,400 --> 03:34:43,900
Serious men. 
Tended to dismiss these bracelet

4261
03:34:43,900 --> 03:34:46,900
watches as frivolous decorations
and viewed them as feminine 

4262
03:34:46,900 --> 03:34:49,900
accessories. 
However, social convention was 

4263
03:34:49,900 --> 03:34:54,100
overruled by military necessity.
At first soldiers, used 

4264
03:34:54,100 --> 03:34:58,200
makeshift leather bands or even 
bits of wire to strap, tiny 

4265
03:34:58,200 --> 03:35:01,700
watches to their wrists. 
They found that in addition to 

4266
03:35:01,700 --> 03:35:04,900
being more practical wrist, warn
timepieces were also more 

4267
03:35:04,900 --> 03:35:07,400
accurate than pocket watches and
combat situations. 

4268
03:35:08,200 --> 03:35:11,400
The change took time throughout 
the war, many Military Officers,

4269
03:35:11,400 --> 03:35:14,100
preferred conventional pocket 
watches over wristwatches 

4270
03:35:14,100 --> 03:35:16,000
because they were seen as 
unmanly. 

4271
03:35:16,000 --> 03:35:19,900
However, in listed men, rapidly 
embraced wrist warned timepieces

4272
03:35:19,900 --> 03:35:22,300
as necessary gear after 
encountering the Practical 

4273
03:35:22,300 --> 03:35:25,700
realities of contemporary 
Warfare, This change reflected a

4274
03:35:25,700 --> 03:35:29,100
wider shift in how people lived 
and worked, not just to change 

4275
03:35:29,100 --> 03:35:31,900
in fashion. 
Compared to the leisurely, 

4276
03:35:31,900 --> 03:35:33,800
Victorian era that gave rise to 
pocket. 

4277
03:35:33,800 --> 03:35:38,000
Watch culture, the postwar world
was quicker more mobile and more

4278
03:35:38,000 --> 03:35:41,200
demanding, Wristwatches were 
more appropriate for the more 

4279
03:35:41,200 --> 03:35:44,100
active lifestyles of women who 
had joined the workforce in 

4280
03:35:44,100 --> 03:35:46,300
previously unheard of numbers 
during the war. 

4281
03:35:47,000 --> 03:35:50,000
Workers in factories, found that
timepieces worn on the wrist 

4282
03:35:50,000 --> 03:35:53,600
were less likely to snag on 
equipment, outdoor enthusiasts, 

4283
03:35:53,600 --> 03:35:56,100
and athletes discovered that 
wristwatches were more useful 

4284
03:35:56,100 --> 03:35:57,900
for keeping track of physical 
activities. 

4285
03:35:58,600 --> 03:36:02,200
At first, the watch industry, 
opposed this shift manufacturers

4286
03:36:02,200 --> 03:36:05,000
were reluctant to give up their 
Decades of experience in 

4287
03:36:05,000 --> 03:36:06,800
developing pocket. 
Watch technology. 

4288
03:36:06,800 --> 03:36:10,800
However, adaptation was 
ultimately compelled by consumer

4289
03:36:10,800 --> 03:36:13,100
demand. 
Businesses started producing 

4290
03:36:13,100 --> 03:36:16,000
wristwatches with the same 
accuracy and dependability that 

4291
03:36:16,000 --> 03:36:17,400
had made pocket, watches 
popular. 

4292
03:36:18,200 --> 03:36:21,100
But the change didn't happen all
at once pocket, watches 

4293
03:36:21,100 --> 03:36:23,600
continued to be popular among 
specific age groups and 

4294
03:36:23,600 --> 03:36:26,300
professions throughout the 1920s
and 1930s. 

4295
03:36:27,300 --> 03:36:29,700
Because railroad rules, had not 
yet been changed to allow 

4296
03:36:29,700 --> 03:36:31,700
wristwatches. 
Railroad employees. 

4297
03:36:31,700 --> 03:36:34,200
Still preferred them. 
Compared to their wrist. 

4298
03:36:34,200 --> 03:36:37,200
Warn counterparts older 
gentlemen regarded pocket 

4299
03:36:37,200 --> 03:36:38,800
watches as more formal and 
dignified. 

4300
03:36:40,400 --> 03:36:44,100
An intriguing generational, 
divide resulted from this while 

4301
03:36:44,100 --> 03:36:46,700
their Elders, saw pocket watches
as symbols of tradition and 

4302
03:36:46,700 --> 03:36:49,000
sophistication. 
Young people embraced 

4303
03:36:49,000 --> 03:36:51,500
wristwatches as symbols of 
modernity and progress. 

4304
03:36:52,600 --> 03:36:55,500
Choosing between a wristwatch 
and a pocket watch as evolved 

4305
03:36:55,500 --> 03:36:58,200
into a subtly expressed 
statement about your values and 

4306
03:36:58,200 --> 03:37:00,900
position in a world that is 
changing quickly. 

4307
03:37:02,000 --> 03:37:05,000
This transition became even more
complicated as a result of the 

4308
03:37:05,000 --> 03:37:08,100
Great Depression long after 
wristwatches, had gained 

4309
03:37:08,100 --> 03:37:11,600
popularity, many families 
continue to use inherited pocket

4310
03:37:11,600 --> 03:37:15,300
watches because they could not 
afford new timepieces, as a 

4311
03:37:15,300 --> 03:37:17,600
result pocket watches started to
be linked to both tradition and 

4312
03:37:17,600 --> 03:37:20,600
improvisation. 
Ironically some of the most 

4313
03:37:20,600 --> 03:37:22,300
inventive pocket watch designed 
ever. 

4314
03:37:22,300 --> 03:37:26,000
Produced were also influenced by
this economic pressure desperate

4315
03:37:26,000 --> 03:37:29,000
to keep their market share 
manufacturers started creating 

4316
03:37:29,000 --> 03:37:30,900
watches. 
That could be worn as a wrist 

4317
03:37:30,900 --> 03:37:33,800
and pocket watches. 
These adaptable Styles included 

4318
03:37:33,800 --> 03:37:36,700
detachable cases that can be 
strapped to the wrist or worn on

4319
03:37:36,700 --> 03:37:40,800
chains as needed by the 1940s. 
It was clear that pocket watches

4320
03:37:40,800 --> 03:37:43,900
would become commonplace 
timepieces, The post-war 

4321
03:37:43,900 --> 03:37:47,200
economic boom made new wristband
timepieces affordable for nearly

4322
03:37:47,200 --> 03:37:50,200
everyone and World War 2 
accelerated, the adoption of 

4323
03:37:50,200 --> 03:37:52,400
wristwatches, for evidently 
practical reasons. 

4324
03:37:52,400 --> 03:37:56,300
But rather than just Vanishing, 
something intriguing occurred, 

4325
03:37:56,300 --> 03:38:00,400
unexpected places gave pocket 
watches new life and they took 

4326
03:38:00,400 --> 03:38:03,000
on significance that their 
original designers, never 

4327
03:38:03,000 --> 03:38:05,800
intended. 
They evolved into wedding tokens

4328
03:38:05,800 --> 03:38:09,700
retirement, gifts and graduation
presents item selected for their

4329
03:38:09,700 --> 03:38:12,000
symbolic value rather than their
usefulness. 

4330
03:38:13,000 --> 03:38:16,500
In addition to passing on a 
timepiece a grandfather who gave

4331
03:38:16,500 --> 03:38:19,300
his grandson, his pocket watch 
was also imparting a link to an 

4332
03:38:19,300 --> 03:38:22,700
alternative perspective on time.
Those early proponents of 

4333
03:38:22,700 --> 03:38:26,400
pocket, watch accuracy, railroad
companies, gradually loosened 

4334
03:38:26,400 --> 03:38:28,700
their standards for allowing 
certified wrist, watches. 

4335
03:38:28,700 --> 03:38:33,500
However, out of habit pride in 
their jobs and sincere, love for

4336
03:38:33,500 --> 03:38:36,400
these mechanical companions, 
they had depended on for decades

4337
03:38:36,400 --> 03:38:39,800
many veteran railroad workers, 
kept carrying pocket, watches 

4338
03:38:40,900 --> 03:38:44,500
During the period of transition,
the medical field of complex 

4339
03:38:44,500 --> 03:38:46,500
relationship with pocket watches
of its own. 

4340
03:38:47,300 --> 03:38:50,100
Many older doctors still carried
pocket watches as a sign of 

4341
03:38:50,100 --> 03:38:52,500
their professional Authority and
ties to Medical tradition. 

4342
03:38:52,500 --> 03:38:56,300
While nurses had mostly shifted 
to rest one timepieces and pin 

4343
03:38:56,300 --> 03:38:59,000
on watches. 
The situation for watchmakers 

4344
03:38:59,000 --> 03:39:01,400
was intriguing. 
Although there was still a 

4345
03:39:01,400 --> 03:39:04,600
significant need for repair and 
maintenance services, the market

4346
03:39:04,600 --> 03:39:08,100
for new pocket watches had all 
but vanished This led to the 

4347
03:39:08,100 --> 03:39:10,600
development of a specialized 
craft, that was more concerned 

4348
03:39:10,600 --> 03:39:13,500
with maintaining already 
existing timepieces then with 

4349
03:39:13,500 --> 03:39:16,800
making new ones. 
Master horologist took on the 

4350
03:39:16,800 --> 03:39:20,200
role of vintage auto mechanics, 
repairing devices that were too 

4351
03:39:20,200 --> 03:39:22,700
valuable and significant to be 
abandoned but were no longer 

4352
03:39:22,700 --> 03:39:26,400
being produced unexpectedly, 
pocket watches started to show 

4353
03:39:26,400 --> 03:39:31,100
up in countercultural movements 
in the 1960s and 1970s Adopting 

4354
03:39:31,100 --> 03:39:34,100
pocket watches as symbols of 
individualism and a link to 

4355
03:39:34,108 --> 03:39:36,900
pre-industrial values. 
Young people rejected the 

4356
03:39:36,900 --> 03:39:39,000
Conformity of conventional 
wristwatches. 

4357
03:39:39,800 --> 03:39:42,700
This wasn't about Nostalgia 
rather, it was about 

4358
03:39:42,700 --> 03:39:46,300
demonstrating that you worked on
your own time, independent of 

4359
03:39:46,300 --> 03:39:48,700
the fast-paced nature of 
contemporary business, life. 

4360
03:39:49,400 --> 03:39:51,800
Collectors started to 
acknowledge pocket watches as 

4361
03:39:51,800 --> 03:39:55,700
authentic works of art and 
historical relics museums began 

4362
03:39:55,700 --> 03:39:58,500
collecting important examples. 
For their permanent collections,

4363
03:39:58,500 --> 03:40:02,400
an auction houses began, holding
specialty sales with timepieces 

4364
03:40:02,400 --> 03:40:06,300
from well-known manufacturers. 
Once commonplace items became 

4365
03:40:06,300 --> 03:40:07,800
cultural. 
Treasures, deserving of 

4366
03:40:07,800 --> 03:40:11,400
preservation and study 
Mechanical timepieces appeared 

4367
03:40:11,400 --> 03:40:14,500
even more outdated with the 
quartz revolution of the 1970s 

4368
03:40:14,500 --> 03:40:17,100
and the digital watch, boom of 
the 1980s. 

4369
03:40:17,100 --> 03:40:21,300
However this advancement in 
technology brought attention to 

4370
03:40:21,300 --> 03:40:23,900
the unique qualities of 
conventional mechanical watches,

4371
03:40:23,900 --> 03:40:26,900
a well-kept pocket. 
Watch symbolized durability 

4372
03:40:26,900 --> 03:40:29,900
Artistry, and the joy of 
possessing, something that was 

4373
03:40:29,900 --> 03:40:32,400
made to last for Generations in 
a world of throw away 

4374
03:40:32,400 --> 03:40:34,100
Electronics. 
Pocket watches. 

4375
03:40:34,100 --> 03:40:36,600
Now, hold a special place in how
we relate to time and 

4376
03:40:36,600 --> 03:40:39,000
Technology. 
They are both outdated and 

4377
03:40:39,000 --> 03:40:41,600
Timeless. 
Deeply significant and impactful

4378
03:40:41,600 --> 03:40:44,500
some artists and continue to 
create new ones. 

4379
03:40:44,500 --> 03:40:48,600
Typically as collectors, 
Specialties or luxury goods, we 

4380
03:40:48,600 --> 03:40:52,300
still purchase, sell restore and
cherish vintage examples. 

4381
03:40:53,100 --> 03:40:55,800
The most amazing aspect of the 
pocket watch narrative is how 

4382
03:40:55,800 --> 03:40:59,400
these mechanical Contraptions 
influenced and produced our 

4383
03:40:59,400 --> 03:41:01,200
contemporary conception of 
personal time. 

4384
03:41:01,900 --> 03:41:05,200
Prior to pocket, watches time 
was governed by local clocks 

4385
03:41:05,200 --> 03:41:06,600
church, bells and organic 
rhythms. 

4386
03:41:07,400 --> 03:41:10,100
Time became precise 
individualized and portable 

4387
03:41:10,100 --> 03:41:12,900
after pocket, watches your 
continuing a tradition. 

4388
03:41:12,900 --> 03:41:15,500
That started, when early 
clockmakers, tried to fit the 

4389
03:41:15,508 --> 03:41:18,600
power of a tower clock into a 
pocket-sized device. 

4390
03:41:18,600 --> 03:41:21,800
Every time you look at your 
Smartwatch or check the time on 

4391
03:41:21,800 --> 03:41:25,300
your phone. 
The basic human need to carry 

4392
03:41:25,300 --> 03:41:28,900
time with us, personalize it, 
and use it to plan our lives, 

4393
03:41:28,900 --> 03:41:32,200
with the people and activities. 
We care about has not changed 

4394
03:41:32,200 --> 03:41:34,900
despite the significant 
advancements in technology. 

4395
03:41:36,000 --> 03:41:38,500
We learned from the pocket. 
Watch that mechanical accuracy 

4396
03:41:38,500 --> 03:41:41,500
could be beautiful. 
That time could be owned and 

4397
03:41:41,500 --> 03:41:43,200
that being on time could be a 
virtue. 

4398
03:41:44,000 --> 03:41:46,300
We're still learning how those 
lessons influence the modern 

4399
03:41:46,300 --> 03:41:48,400
world. 
It's not bad for a tiny metal 

4400
03:41:48,400 --> 03:41:50,100
disc that fits neatly in your 
pocket. 

4401
03:41:57,200 --> 03:41:58,400
Each other. 
This you wake up on a 

4402
03:41:58,400 --> 03:42:00,900
sweltering, July Morning and 
your first instinct is to reach 

4403
03:42:00,900 --> 03:42:04,000
for that blessed thermostat. 
But imagine just for a moment 

4404
03:42:04,000 --> 03:42:07,200
that there's no thermostat to 
reach for no gentleman of 

4405
03:42:07,200 --> 03:42:10,600
central are no window unit 
rattling away, like a mechanical

4406
03:42:10,600 --> 03:42:13,300
cricket. 
Welcome to the world, your 

4407
03:42:13,300 --> 03:42:16,200
great-grandparents knew 
intimately a world where summer 

4408
03:42:16,200 --> 03:42:19,000
meant something entirely 
different than it does for you 

4409
03:42:19,000 --> 03:42:23,500
today. 
Before 1902, when a young 

4410
03:42:23,508 --> 03:42:26,300
engineer named Willis, carrier 
first figured out how to control

4411
03:42:26,300 --> 03:42:29,600
humidity in a Brooklyn printing.
Plant humans had been dealing 

4412
03:42:29,600 --> 03:42:32,600
with heat, the same way for 
thousands of years, they got 

4413
03:42:32,600 --> 03:42:35,700
creative they got resourceful 
and honestly they got pretty 

4414
03:42:35,700 --> 03:42:37,700
good at it. 
You might think they were just 

4415
03:42:37,700 --> 03:42:40,800
sweating it out in misery but 
you'd be surprised at how 

4416
03:42:40,800 --> 03:42:43,500
ingenious people became when 
Comfort depended on cleverness, 

4417
03:42:43,500 --> 03:42:47,000
rather than electricity bills. 
Your ancestors didn't just 

4418
03:42:47,000 --> 03:42:50,400
endure, the heat of an entire 
culture around it. 

4419
03:42:50,400 --> 03:42:53,000
They understood their 
environment in ways, we've 

4420
03:42:53,000 --> 03:42:56,000
forgotten reading the subtle 
signs of weather changes, 

4421
03:42:56,000 --> 03:42:59,400
knowing exactly which Windows to
open at what time of day and 

4422
03:42:59,400 --> 03:43:02,400
timing, their daily activities 
around the sun's path across the

4423
03:43:02,400 --> 03:43:04,100
sky, like choreographers of 
comfort. 

4424
03:43:05,100 --> 03:43:07,200
Think about your own 
relationship with heat for a 

4425
03:43:07,200 --> 03:43:10,700
moment when it's 85 degrees 
outside, you probably consider 

4426
03:43:10,700 --> 03:43:13,800
that uncomfortably warm your 
great-grandmother would have 

4427
03:43:13,800 --> 03:43:16,600
called that a pleasant day and 
maybe even worn a light sweater 

4428
03:43:16,600 --> 03:43:19,300
in the morning. 
The human body's tolerance for 

4429
03:43:19,300 --> 03:43:22,400
temperature was remarkably 
different when it was regularly 

4430
03:43:22,400 --> 03:43:25,700
exposed to Natural variations 
much like how your eyes adjusted

4431
03:43:25,700 --> 03:43:28,200
darkness when you're not 
constantly staring at bright 

4432
03:43:28,200 --> 03:43:31,100
screens. 
The pre-air conditioning World 

4433
03:43:31,100 --> 03:43:34,100
operated on rhythms, that seem 
almost mystical to us now. 

4434
03:43:34,800 --> 03:43:37,500
People rose with the Sun, not 
because they were more virtuous 

4435
03:43:37,500 --> 03:43:40,700
but because the coolest part of 
the day was precious and not to 

4436
03:43:40,700 --> 03:43:43,400
be wasted. 
They took afternoon naps, not 

4437
03:43:43,400 --> 03:43:46,500
out of laziness, but because 
even the most ambitious person 

4438
03:43:46,500 --> 03:43:49,300
recognized that fighting the 
peak heat was often futile. 

4439
03:43:49,900 --> 03:43:53,500
Evening activities began later 
and lasted longer creating 

4440
03:43:53,500 --> 03:43:56,500
social patterns that persisted 
well into the night when the are

4441
03:43:56,500 --> 03:44:00,300
finally offered some relief. 
Communities were shaped by heat 

4442
03:44:00,300 --> 03:44:02,600
in ways that went far beyond 
personal comfort. 

4443
03:44:03,400 --> 03:44:05,200
Cities. 
Look different, you'll discover 

4444
03:44:05,200 --> 03:44:08,400
more about this soon but the 
social fabric was different too.

4445
03:44:08,400 --> 03:44:11,800
Neighbor's knew each other 
better partly, because everyone 

4446
03:44:11,800 --> 03:44:14,700
spent more time outside on, 
porches and Stoops seeking 

4447
03:44:14,700 --> 03:44:17,500
whatever Breeze might be 
available, The evening 

4448
03:44:17,500 --> 03:44:19,400
constitutional wasn't just 
exercise. 

4449
03:44:19,400 --> 03:44:23,400
It was so social networking new 
sharing and communal heat 

4450
03:44:23,400 --> 03:44:26,100
management all rolled in to one 
Pleasant tradition. 

4451
03:44:26,100 --> 03:44:29,100
You've probably noticed how 
quite your neighborhood gets 

4452
03:44:29,100 --> 03:44:31,700
whenever on Retreats indoors to 
their climate controlled, 

4453
03:44:31,700 --> 03:44:35,900
environments in the preac era. 
Neighborhoods came alive during 

4454
03:44:35,900 --> 03:44:39,300
the cooler hours, children 
played in the streets until well

4455
03:44:39,300 --> 03:44:42,100
past dark adults lingered on 
front porches with glasses of 

4456
03:44:42,100 --> 03:44:45,100
sweet tea or lemonade. 
And the boundaries between 

4457
03:44:45,100 --> 03:44:48,900
private and public space blurred
in the most wonderful ways, food

4458
03:44:48,900 --> 03:44:52,000
culture clothing, choices 
architectural decisions, work 

4459
03:44:52,000 --> 03:44:54,700
schedules, social Gatherings, 
and even romance. 

4460
03:44:54,700 --> 03:44:58,200
Everything was influenced by the
simple fact that when it got hot

4461
03:44:58,200 --> 03:45:01,500
you had to deal with it using 
nothing but human Ingenuity and 

4462
03:45:01,500 --> 03:45:04,900
natural resources. 
Your ancestors became masters of

4463
03:45:04,900 --> 03:45:07,700
reading air, currents, 
understanding thermal dynamics, 

4464
03:45:07,700 --> 03:45:10,000
and working with nature rather 
than against it. 

4465
03:45:11,000 --> 03:45:14,000
This isn't a story about how 
tough people used to be, though,

4466
03:45:14,000 --> 03:45:16,700
they certainly were resourceful.
It's about how different life 

4467
03:45:16,700 --> 03:45:19,900
was when humans lived in closer,
harmony with the natural cycles,

4468
03:45:19,900 --> 03:45:22,400
when Comfort was something you 
actively created rather than 

4469
03:45:22,400 --> 03:45:25,900
passively consumed. 
It's about communities that 

4470
03:45:25,900 --> 03:45:29,500
formed around shared challenges 
and clever solutions that often 

4471
03:45:29,500 --> 03:45:31,500
worked better than our modern 
Brute Force. 

4472
03:45:31,500 --> 03:45:35,200
Approach of Simply cranking up 
the AC and hoping the electric 

4473
03:45:35,200 --> 03:45:39,000
grid holds As you settle in for 
this journey through the pre-air

4474
03:45:39,000 --> 03:45:41,900
conditioning World, you'll 
discover that our ancestors 

4475
03:45:41,900 --> 03:45:45,500
weren't just surviving the heat.
It was thriving in it, creating 

4476
03:45:45,500 --> 03:45:48,900
Beauty in comfort, and community
in ways that might surprise you 

4477
03:45:48,900 --> 03:45:52,300
and maybe even inspire you So, 
let's step back in time 

4478
03:45:52,300 --> 03:45:55,300
together. 
While staying cool was an art 

4479
03:45:55,300 --> 03:45:57,300
form. 
And some are evenings were 

4480
03:45:57,300 --> 03:46:00,100
something people actually look 
forward to your ancestors were 

4481
03:46:00,108 --> 03:46:03,200
essentially climate engineers 
and they didn't even know it. 

4482
03:46:03,900 --> 03:46:06,800
Before the Advent of HVAC 
systems Builders were crafting 

4483
03:46:06,800 --> 03:46:09,600
structures that would leave 
modern Energy Efficiency experts

4484
03:46:09,600 --> 03:46:11,900
in all they understood 
something, we've largely 

4485
03:46:11,900 --> 03:46:14,900
forgotten that the right 
building can be a natural air 

4486
03:46:14,900 --> 03:46:17,800
conditioning system working with
physics rather than against it. 

4487
03:46:18,700 --> 03:46:20,300
Walk through any historic 
neighborhood. 

4488
03:46:20,300 --> 03:46:23,100
And you'll notice things that 
might seem decorative, but were 

4489
03:46:23,100 --> 03:46:25,000
actually brilliant. 
Cooling strategies. 

4490
03:46:25,000 --> 03:46:28,400
Those deep wraparound, porches 
weren't just for sitting. 

4491
03:46:28,400 --> 03:46:31,700
They were thermal buffers zones,
creating shade that kept the 

4492
03:46:31,708 --> 03:46:35,000
sun's heat from ever reaching. 
The main walls of the house, the

4493
03:46:35,000 --> 03:46:37,700
wide overhanging Eaves. 
You see on older homes weren't 

4494
03:46:37,700 --> 03:46:40,000
architectural flourishes. 
They were carefully. 

4495
03:46:40,000 --> 03:46:42,600
Calculated to block the high 
summer sun while allowing the 

4496
03:46:42,600 --> 03:46:44,200
lower winter sun to warm the 
interior. 

4497
03:46:45,200 --> 03:46:48,300
Consider the lofty feeling of 
old houses, which may seem 

4498
03:46:48,300 --> 03:46:50,700
intimidating to those 
accustomed, to Modern 8 foot 

4499
03:46:50,700 --> 03:46:54,100
rooms, your great grandparents 
these things because hot air 

4500
03:46:54,100 --> 03:46:57,000
rises and they wanted it to rise
as far away from them as 

4501
03:46:57,000 --> 03:46:59,200
possible. 
Those ceiling fans, you see in 

4502
03:46:59,200 --> 03:47:02,100
historic homes were not working 
against the natural convection, 

4503
03:47:02,100 --> 03:47:04,800
they were Amplified it. 
Creating air movement that made 

4504
03:47:04,800 --> 03:47:07,200
85 Degrees feel like a 
comfortable 75. 

4505
03:47:08,400 --> 03:47:11,200
The most ingenious homes. 
Had what we'd Now call passive 

4506
03:47:11,200 --> 03:47:13,400
cooling systems built right into
their bones. 

4507
03:47:13,400 --> 03:47:17,300
In the South, you'll find houses
built on tools that allowed air 

4508
03:47:17,300 --> 03:47:19,500
to flow underneath cooling. 
The floors From Below. 

4509
03:47:20,300 --> 03:47:23,700
The famous dog Trot houses with 
an open Breezeway running right 

4510
03:47:23,700 --> 03:47:26,100
through the center. 
Were essentially wind tunnels 

4511
03:47:26,100 --> 03:47:28,600
that captured every available 
Breeze and funneled it through 

4512
03:47:28,600 --> 03:47:31,500
the Living Spaces. 
Your ancestors, understood 

4513
03:47:31,500 --> 03:47:33,700
cross-ventilation like 
meteorologists. 

4514
03:47:33,700 --> 03:47:37,500
They positioned Windows, not 
just for light or views but to 

4515
03:47:37,500 --> 03:47:39,300
create Pathways for air to move 
through the house. 

4516
03:47:40,300 --> 03:47:42,100
They knew that a window on the 
Shaded. 

4517
03:47:42,100 --> 03:47:45,700
North Side, would draw cool air.
In while a window on the sunny 

4518
03:47:45,700 --> 03:47:49,300
South Side would let hot air 
Escape, creating a natural 

4519
03:47:49,300 --> 03:47:51,700
circulation system. 
That worked, as long as there 

4520
03:47:51,700 --> 03:47:53,800
was even the slightest 
temperature difference between 

4521
03:47:53,800 --> 03:47:58,000
inside and outside. 
In hot climates thick walls were

4522
03:47:58,000 --> 03:48:01,600
just for durability. 
They were thermal Mass absorbing

4523
03:48:01,600 --> 03:48:04,600
heat during the day and 
releasing it slowly at night. 

4524
03:48:04,600 --> 03:48:07,000
Essentially smoothing out 
temperature, swing swings. 

4525
03:48:07,900 --> 03:48:10,800
Adobe houses in the southwest 
could stay remarkably cool 

4526
03:48:10,800 --> 03:48:13,700
during blazing hot days because 
those thick walls, acted like 

4527
03:48:13,700 --> 03:48:17,300
natural battery is storing and 
releasing heat on a delayed 

4528
03:48:17,300 --> 03:48:18,900
schedule that favored human 
comfort. 

4529
03:48:19,800 --> 03:48:22,300
Color choices weren't just 
aesthetic decisions, either 

4530
03:48:22,300 --> 03:48:25,600
light, colored roofs and walls 
reflected heat rather than 

4531
03:48:25,600 --> 03:48:29,000
absorbing it while strategic use
of vegetation created 

4532
03:48:29,000 --> 03:48:32,700
microclimates around homes. 
Your great-grandmother's rose 

4533
03:48:32,700 --> 03:48:35,300
bushes and climbing vines 
weren't just pretty, they were 

4534
03:48:35,300 --> 03:48:37,900
living insulation shading walls 
and cooling the air through 

4535
03:48:37,900 --> 03:48:40,800
transpiration. 
The Victorian era brought us 

4536
03:48:40,800 --> 03:48:43,300
some of the most sophisticated, 
natural, cooling systems, 

4537
03:48:43,300 --> 03:48:47,000
disguised, as architectural 
details, those cupolas and roof 

4538
03:48:47,000 --> 03:48:49,100
monitors. 
You see on old houses were 

4539
03:48:49,100 --> 03:48:52,000
actually thermal chimneys 
designed to pull hot air up and 

4540
03:48:52,008 --> 03:48:55,200
out of the building. 
The decorative lattice work and 

4541
03:48:55,200 --> 03:48:56,700
fretwork weren't just 
ornamental. 

4542
03:48:56,700 --> 03:48:59,600
They provided shade while 
allowing air to flow through 

4543
03:48:59,600 --> 03:49:02,000
creating natural evaporative 
cooling. 

4544
03:49:02,700 --> 03:49:05,100
Even urban planning was 
influenced by the need to stay 

4545
03:49:05,100 --> 03:49:07,800
cool. 
Cities were laid out with wide 

4546
03:49:07,800 --> 03:49:11,200
streets to allow air circulation
and generous setbacks between 

4547
03:49:11,200 --> 03:49:13,500
buildings, prevented them from 
creating heat Islands. 

4548
03:49:14,300 --> 03:49:16,100
Tree-lined streets were just 
beautiful. 

4549
03:49:16,100 --> 03:49:19,300
They were essential 
infrastructure, providing shade 

4550
03:49:19,300 --> 03:49:21,000
and cooling the air through of 
evaporation. 

4551
03:49:22,200 --> 03:49:24,800
Your ancestors also understood 
the power of Thermal Zone zoning

4552
03:49:24,800 --> 03:49:27,600
within their homes. 
The kitchen was often separate 

4553
03:49:27,600 --> 03:49:30,100
from the main house or located 
in a basement or outbuilding. 

4554
03:49:30,100 --> 03:49:33,600
Keeping the heat from cooking 
fires away from Living Spaces 

4555
03:49:33,600 --> 03:49:36,000
bedrooms were typically on upper
floors. 

4556
03:49:36,000 --> 03:49:39,400
Where breezes were stronger 
while daily activities happened 

4557
03:49:39,400 --> 03:49:41,500
in the cooler ground floor rooms
during hot weather. 

4558
03:49:42,600 --> 03:49:44,800
They selected the materials 
based on their cooling 

4559
03:49:44,800 --> 03:49:48,400
properties and aesthetic appeal.
Hardwood, floors stayed cooler 

4560
03:49:48,400 --> 03:49:51,600
than carpets high quality 
plaster walls had better thermal

4561
03:49:51,600 --> 03:49:55,200
properties than thin drywall. 
And natural materials like stone

4562
03:49:55,200 --> 03:49:57,900
and brick had thermal mass that 
helped regulate temperature 

4563
03:49:57,900 --> 03:50:00,200
naturally. 
These weren't just practical 

4564
03:50:00,200 --> 03:50:03,000
decisions, they created homes 
that were genuinely more 

4565
03:50:03,000 --> 03:50:04,500
comfortable than many modern 
houses. 

4566
03:50:04,500 --> 03:50:08,000
The constant air movement, the 
natural temperature regulation, 

4567
03:50:08,000 --> 03:50:11,000
and the connection to outdoor 
breezes and seasonal changes, 

4568
03:50:11,000 --> 03:50:13,200
created, living environments. 
That worked with human 

4569
03:50:13,200 --> 03:50:15,800
physiology, rather than trying 
to override it completely. 

4570
03:50:16,900 --> 03:50:20,200
Your great grandparents home's 
breathed in ways that our sealed

4571
03:50:20,200 --> 03:50:23,200
climate control boxes. 
Simply don't your 

4572
03:50:23,200 --> 03:50:25,400
great-grandparents didn't just 
check the weather. 

4573
03:50:25,400 --> 03:50:29,200
They lived it breathed, it and 
plan their entire day around it.

4574
03:50:29,200 --> 03:50:32,200
They had an intimate 
relationship with atmospheric 

4575
03:50:32,200 --> 03:50:33,700
conditions. 
That would seem almost 

4576
03:50:33,700 --> 03:50:36,900
Supernatural to you now. 
While you might glance at your 

4577
03:50:36,900 --> 03:50:40,100
phone's weather app and grab an 
umbrella, they could feel a 

4578
03:50:40,100 --> 03:50:43,200
storm coming in their bones and 
predict the next day's Heat, by 

4579
03:50:43,200 --> 03:50:45,200
the way, the evening are, moved 
through their hair. 

4580
03:50:45,200 --> 03:50:48,600
The pier conditioning day began 
with what we might call a 

4581
03:50:48,600 --> 03:50:49,700
temperature, reconnaissance 
mission. 

4582
03:50:50,600 --> 03:50:53,600
Before your great-grandmother 
even got out of bed, she was 

4583
03:50:53,600 --> 03:50:57,200
assessing the thermal situation.
Was there still a hint of 

4584
03:50:57,200 --> 03:50:59,400
coolness in the air that could 
be captured and preserved? 

4585
03:51:00,300 --> 03:51:02,500
Were the windows that have been 
open to the night Breeze. 

4586
03:51:02,500 --> 03:51:04,400
Ready to be closed before the 
sun began. 

4587
03:51:04,400 --> 03:51:07,800
Its daily assault. 
This wasn't casual observation, 

4588
03:51:07,800 --> 03:51:11,100
it was a survival strategy 
disguised as a morning routine. 

4589
03:51:11,900 --> 03:51:14,500
You probably think of your daily
schedule as being controlled by 

4590
03:51:14,500 --> 03:51:17,200
work hours, appointments and 
social obligations. 

4591
03:51:17,200 --> 03:51:20,300
Your ancestors, organize their 
days around the sun's path, and 

4592
03:51:20,300 --> 03:51:23,700
the thermometers climb The 
heaviest work laundry cooking 

4593
03:51:23,700 --> 03:51:26,800
and cleaning happened in the 
early morning hours when the air

4594
03:51:26,800 --> 03:51:29,300
was still cool and energy levels
were high. 

4595
03:51:30,800 --> 03:51:33,800
By the time you settled in for 
your second cup of coffee your 

4596
03:51:33,800 --> 03:51:36,300
ancestors had already 
accomplished what might take you

4597
03:51:36,300 --> 03:51:39,000
all morning simply because they 
understood that working with the

4598
03:51:39,008 --> 03:51:43,100
cool was far more efficient than
fighting the heat midday brought

4599
03:51:43,100 --> 03:51:45,000
what we might call the ultimate 
hibernation. 

4600
03:51:46,000 --> 03:51:49,800
Between 11 a.m. and 3 p.m. when 
the sun was mostly less 

4601
03:51:49,800 --> 03:51:52,300
sensible. 
People found Shady spots and 

4602
03:51:52,300 --> 03:51:56,000
settled in for activities that 
required minimal movement, this 

4603
03:51:56,000 --> 03:51:59,300
wasn't laziness, it was physics,
your great grandfather, 

4604
03:51:59,300 --> 03:52:02,600
understood that his body was a 
heat, generating machine and 

4605
03:52:02,600 --> 03:52:04,600
adding human generated warmth to
the days. 

4606
03:52:04,600 --> 03:52:06,700
Natural furnace, was simply pour
engineering. 

4607
03:52:07,700 --> 03:52:11,000
The Siesta which we often think 
of as a quaint foreign custom 

4608
03:52:11,000 --> 03:52:12,600
was actually brilliant thermal 
management. 

4609
03:52:12,600 --> 03:52:15,600
While you might pass through the
afternoon heat with air 

4610
03:52:15,600 --> 03:52:18,600
conditioning and iced coffee. 
Your ancestors recognized that 

4611
03:52:18,600 --> 03:52:21,100
the human body naturally. 
Wanted to slow down during the 

4612
03:52:21,108 --> 03:52:24,300
hottest part of the day. 
They worked with their biology, 

4613
03:52:24,300 --> 03:52:27,500
rather than against it 
conserving energy for the cooler

4614
03:52:27,500 --> 03:52:29,300
evening hours. 
When productivity could resume. 

4615
03:52:30,300 --> 03:52:33,200
But here's where it gets 
interesting, your ancestors 

4616
03:52:33,200 --> 03:52:35,300
didn't just endure these daily 
heat Cycles. 

4617
03:52:35,300 --> 03:52:37,400
They found genuine pleasure in 
them. 

4618
03:52:38,200 --> 03:52:40,400
The evening Awakening, when 
temperatures finally began to 

4619
03:52:40,400 --> 03:52:41,900
drop and life resumed, its 
normal. 

4620
03:52:41,900 --> 03:52:46,400
Pace was a daily celebration. 
Imagine the relief and joy of 

4621
03:52:46,400 --> 03:52:50,300
feeling that first Cool Breeze. 
After hours of Stillness, the 

4622
03:52:50,300 --> 03:52:52,700
way evening are felt like Silk 
against skin that had been 

4623
03:52:52,700 --> 03:52:55,900
warned all day these thermal 
rhythms also influence the 

4624
03:52:55,900 --> 03:52:59,700
schedule of social life dinner 
parties began to later when the 

4625
03:52:59,700 --> 03:53:02,000
air had cool enough to make 
cooking and eating Pleasant 

4626
03:53:02,000 --> 03:53:04,900
again evening. 
Visits to neighbors walks around

4627
03:53:04,900 --> 03:53:07,000
the community and outdoor games 
and activities. 

4628
03:53:07,000 --> 03:53:10,300
All of these began when the sun 
started its descent and 

4629
03:53:10,300 --> 03:53:13,800
continued well into the night, 
making the most of every degree 

4630
03:53:13,800 --> 03:53:16,700
of cooling, Your 
great-grandmother became a 

4631
03:53:16,700 --> 03:53:19,300
master of microclimate 
management within her own home. 

4632
03:53:20,100 --> 03:53:22,600
She knew which room stayed 
coolest at which times of day, 

4633
03:53:22,600 --> 03:53:25,900
which Windows to open to catch 
the morning Breeze and which 

4634
03:53:25,900 --> 03:53:27,700
ones to close to keep out the 
afternoon Heat. 

4635
03:53:28,900 --> 03:53:31,300
She understood that opening 
Windows on the Shady Side of the

4636
03:53:31,300 --> 03:53:33,000
house. 
While closing those On the Sunny

4637
03:53:33,000 --> 03:53:36,200
Side, created natural air 
conditioning, pulling cool air 

4638
03:53:36,200 --> 03:53:39,600
through while allowing hot air 
to escape The evening ritual of 

4639
03:53:39,608 --> 03:53:43,300
opening up, the house was a 
precise science as temperatures 

4640
03:53:43,300 --> 03:53:46,600
dropped Windows throughout the 
home were strategically opened 

4641
03:53:46,600 --> 03:53:49,800
to capture every available 
Breeze and encourage air 

4642
03:53:49,800 --> 03:53:52,700
circulation. 
Your ancestors could feel the 

4643
03:53:52,700 --> 03:53:55,600
subtle pressure changes that 
indicated when outdoor air was 

4644
03:53:55,600 --> 03:53:59,400
finally cooler than indoor are 
the exact moment when natural 

4645
03:53:59,400 --> 03:54:02,300
ventilation would be begin 
working in their favor rather 

4646
03:54:02,300 --> 03:54:05,500
than against it. 
They also understood the art of 

4647
03:54:05,500 --> 03:54:07,200
thermal layering in their daily 
lives. 

4648
03:54:07,200 --> 03:54:11,000
Light loose clothing during the 
day could be supplemented with 

4649
03:54:11,000 --> 03:54:13,600
light shawls or wraps as evening
breezes picked up. 

4650
03:54:14,400 --> 03:54:17,000
During hot Towers, they started 
their hair up and off the neck 

4651
03:54:17,000 --> 03:54:19,700
allowing it to flow freely when 
the coolness returned. 

4652
03:54:20,300 --> 03:54:22,800
Even the choice of where, to 
sit, which chair to choose and 

4653
03:54:22,800 --> 03:54:25,600
which side of the porch to 
favor, all of these decisions 

4654
03:54:25,600 --> 03:54:28,900
were made with thermal comfort 
in mind where the prediction 

4655
03:54:28,900 --> 03:54:31,600
became a survival. 
Skill your great-grandfather 

4656
03:54:31,600 --> 03:54:34,400
could read cloud formation wind 
patterns, and atmospheric 

4657
03:54:34,400 --> 03:54:36,900
pressure changes, like you read 
traffic signs. 

4658
03:54:36,900 --> 03:54:39,700
A shift in wind direction. 
Might mean relief was coming 

4659
03:54:39,700 --> 03:54:42,400
certain cloud, formations 
promised afternoon, 

4660
03:54:42,400 --> 03:54:46,000
thunderstorms, that would break 
the Heat The behavior of animals

4661
03:54:46,000 --> 03:54:49,600
and the feel of the are provided
advanced warning of weather 

4662
03:54:49,600 --> 03:54:51,600
changes that could affect the 
day's Comfort level. 

4663
03:54:52,700 --> 03:54:56,400
This daily dance with whether 
created a life that was deeply 

4664
03:54:56,400 --> 03:54:59,800
connected to natural cycles 
where human activity flowed 

4665
03:54:59,800 --> 03:55:02,200
within environmental conditions,
rather than trying to dominate 

4666
03:55:02,200 --> 03:55:04,200
them. 
He had a way of bringing people 

4667
03:55:04,200 --> 03:55:06,800
together that our climate 
controlled world has largely 

4668
03:55:06,800 --> 03:55:10,500
forgotten When staying cool 
required Community effort and 

4669
03:55:10,500 --> 03:55:13,800
shared wisdom, social bonds, 
formed around the simple, 

4670
03:55:13,800 --> 03:55:17,100
necessity of surviving summer, 
your great-grandparents didn't 

4671
03:55:17,100 --> 03:55:20,400
just endure the heat alone. 
They created entire social 

4672
03:55:20,400 --> 03:55:23,100
systems around managing it 
together turning. 

4673
03:55:23,100 --> 03:55:25,900
What could have been individual 
misery into Collective comfort 

4674
03:55:25,900 --> 03:55:29,000
and even Joy? 
The front porch served as more 

4675
03:55:29,000 --> 03:55:32,300
than just an architectural 
feature it served as the Hub of 

4676
03:55:32,300 --> 03:55:35,400
the community's cooling culture.
While you might spend your 

4677
03:55:35,400 --> 03:55:37,600
evening's inside watching 
television in Ed's condition 

4678
03:55:37,600 --> 03:55:41,000
Comfort your ancestors, gather 
on porches, as the sun went 

4679
03:55:41,000 --> 03:55:45,000
down, creating informal networks
of conversation, shared cooling,

4680
03:55:45,000 --> 03:55:48,900
strategies and mutual support. 
These were not planned social 

4681
03:55:48,900 --> 03:55:52,100
events, it was spontaneous 
communities that formed wherever

4682
03:55:52,100 --> 03:55:55,000
people could catch a breeze and 
share the relief of cooling air.

4683
03:55:55,900 --> 03:55:58,300
Imagine a summary evening in 
your great-grandmother's 

4684
03:55:58,300 --> 03:56:01,300
neighborhood. 
As temperatures, finally began 

4685
03:56:01,300 --> 03:56:04,000
to drop porch lights, would 
flicker on and rocking chairs 

4686
03:56:04,000 --> 03:56:07,000
would Creak into motion 
children, would emerge from 

4687
03:56:07,000 --> 03:56:09,200
houses. 
Like flowers opening to cooler 

4688
03:56:09,200 --> 03:56:12,100
are beginning games of tag and 
hide and seek that could 

4689
03:56:12,108 --> 03:56:13,900
continue safely in the Gathering
dusk. 

4690
03:56:15,000 --> 03:56:17,400
Adults would settle into 
conversations that meandered 

4691
03:56:17,400 --> 03:56:20,500
like the evening Breeze itself, 
unhurried and comfortable. 

4692
03:56:21,400 --> 03:56:23,600
These porch communities, shared 
more than just evening. 

4693
03:56:23,600 --> 03:56:27,400
Are they exchanged cooling 
wisdom, like valuable currency. 

4694
03:56:28,300 --> 03:56:30,800
Your great, aunt might share her
secret for keeping bed sheets. 

4695
03:56:30,808 --> 03:56:33,700
Cool Hint. 
It involves strategic folding 

4696
03:56:33,700 --> 03:56:36,400
and placement while your 
neighbor would demonstrate his 

4697
03:56:36,400 --> 03:56:39,500
technique for creating cross, 
breezes, using strategically 

4698
03:56:39,500 --> 03:56:43,700
placed fans and open windows. 
Cooling knowledge was Community 

4699
03:56:43,700 --> 03:56:47,100
knowledge passed down through 
informal networks of neighbors. 

4700
03:56:47,100 --> 03:56:49,900
Who understood that everyone's 
Comfort depended on shared 

4701
03:56:49,900 --> 03:56:53,200
intelligence. 
The evening constitutional that 

4702
03:56:53,200 --> 03:56:54,700
leisurely walk through the 
neighborhood. 

4703
03:56:54,700 --> 03:56:58,400
That seems so old-fashioned. 
Now was actually sophisticated 

4704
03:56:58,400 --> 03:57:01,600
heat management disease to 
socializing Your 

4705
03:57:01,600 --> 03:57:04,200
great-grandparents understood 
that moving slowly through 

4706
03:57:04,200 --> 03:57:07,200
cooling air was more refreshing 
than sitting still. 

4707
03:57:07,200 --> 03:57:10,200
And that Community, walks 
created opportunities for air 

4708
03:57:10,200 --> 03:57:12,600
circulation around their bodies.
While maintaining social 

4709
03:57:12,600 --> 03:57:16,300
connections, these walks weren't
exercising in the modern sense. 

4710
03:57:16,300 --> 03:57:20,100
They were communal cooling 
therapy churches schools and 

4711
03:57:20,100 --> 03:57:22,200
community centers became 
cooling, sanctuaries. 

4712
03:57:22,200 --> 03:57:25,500
During the most brutal Heat Not 
because they had air 

4713
03:57:25,500 --> 03:57:27,600
conditioning, they didn't, but 
because they were designed with 

4714
03:57:27,600 --> 03:57:31,400
high ceilings large windows and 
Architectural features that 

4715
03:57:31,400 --> 03:57:35,000
promoted their circulation. 
More importantly, they offer the

4716
03:57:35,008 --> 03:57:38,500
psychological comfort of shared 
experience suffering through 

4717
03:57:38,500 --> 03:57:41,900
heat alone, felt overwhelming, 
enduring it as part of a 

4718
03:57:41,908 --> 03:57:44,500
community made it manageable and
even meaningful. 

4719
03:57:44,500 --> 03:57:48,200
Your ancestors created, social 
rituals around heat relief that 

4720
03:57:48,200 --> 03:57:51,800
sound, almost magical now, Ice 
cream socials weren't just sweet

4721
03:57:51,800 --> 03:57:53,600
treats. 
They were Community cooling 

4722
03:57:53,600 --> 03:57:56,100
events where shared cold 
provided both physical and 

4723
03:57:56,100 --> 03:57:59,300
psychological relief. 
Picnics were carefully planned 

4724
03:57:59,300 --> 03:58:02,200
for shady spots near water, 
where evaporation and tree 

4725
03:58:02,200 --> 03:58:04,000
cover, created natural cooling 
zones. 

4726
03:58:05,100 --> 03:58:07,900
Swimming, holes became social 
centers, not just for 

4727
03:58:07,900 --> 03:58:11,000
recreation, but as genuine 
relief stations where entire 

4728
03:58:11,000 --> 03:58:14,300
communities could find respite 
together, the sharing economy 

4729
03:58:14,300 --> 03:58:17,500
existed long before we had a 
name for it, especially when it 

4730
03:58:17,500 --> 03:58:20,800
came to pooling resources, 
families with Isis would share 

4731
03:58:20,800 --> 03:58:22,200
with neighbors whose ice had 
melted. 

4732
03:58:23,200 --> 03:58:26,000
Those fortunate enough to have 
deeper wells with cooler water. 

4733
03:58:26,000 --> 03:58:29,800
Would fill jugs for families 
whose Wells ran, warm When 

4734
03:58:29,800 --> 03:58:33,100
electric fans became available 
people borrowed and shared them 

4735
03:58:33,100 --> 03:58:36,100
like Precious commodities. 
Community. 

4736
03:58:36,100 --> 03:58:38,100
Ice houses weren't just 
commercial Enterprise. 

4737
03:58:38,100 --> 03:58:40,500
They were essential social 
infrastructure. 

4738
03:58:41,300 --> 03:58:44,000
Evening, entertainment adapted, 
to take advantage of cooling, 

4739
03:58:44,000 --> 03:58:47,300
air and Community Gathering. 
Band concerts in the park 

4740
03:58:47,300 --> 03:58:50,200
weren't just cultural events. 
They were Mass cooling therapy 

4741
03:58:50,200 --> 03:58:52,700
sessions where hundreds of 
people could gather in Open 

4742
03:58:52,700 --> 03:58:56,800
Spaces, designed to capture 
evening, breezes outdoor 

4743
03:58:56,800 --> 03:58:59,200
theaters, Garden parties, and 
Community festivals. 

4744
03:58:59,200 --> 03:59:01,600
All took advantage of the 
natural cooling that happened 

4745
03:59:01,600 --> 03:59:04,400
when the sun went down and 
people came together in Open 

4746
03:59:04,400 --> 03:59:07,300
Spaces. 
Children's play adapted to heat 

4747
03:59:07,300 --> 03:59:11,200
in ways that created their own 
social cooling systems games 

4748
03:59:11,200 --> 03:59:14,500
moved to shaded areas during the
day and resumed in full energy 

4749
03:59:14,500 --> 03:59:17,800
as evening approached. 
Jump, rope Hopscotch, and tag 

4750
03:59:17,800 --> 03:59:20,700
became evening activities when 
the air was finally coolers 

4751
03:59:20,700 --> 03:59:24,100
enough for active play. 
Swimming wasn't just Recreation.

4752
03:59:24,100 --> 03:59:27,100
It was a central cooling that 
happened in community with 

4753
03:59:27,100 --> 03:59:28,900
neighborhood. 
Swimming holes becoming social 

4754
03:59:28,900 --> 03:59:31,800
centers where entire families 
gathered for Relief and 

4755
03:59:31,800 --> 03:59:34,600
fellowship. 
Your great grandparents also 

4756
03:59:34,600 --> 03:59:37,000
understood that shared meals 
during hot weather required 

4757
03:59:37,000 --> 03:59:40,200
different social Arrangements 
early in the morning or late in 

4758
03:59:40,208 --> 03:59:42,300
the evening. 
When temperatures were bearable 

4759
03:59:42,300 --> 03:59:46,800
heavy cooking took place 
Community Kitchens often outdoor

4760
03:59:46,800 --> 03:59:49,700
spaces with good ventilation 
became gathering places where 

4761
03:59:49,700 --> 03:59:52,600
the heat of cooking could be 
shared and managed collectively 

4762
03:59:52,600 --> 03:59:55,700
rather than making individual 
homes on bearable. 

4763
03:59:56,500 --> 04:00:00,400
The social side of staying cool.
Created bonds that extended far 

4764
04:00:00,400 --> 04:00:03,700
beyond summer, heat neighbors, 
who shared cooling strategies 

4765
04:00:03,700 --> 04:00:06,700
families, who gathered for 
evening porch, conversations 

4766
04:00:06,700 --> 04:00:09,400
communities that came together 
in cooling spaces. 

4767
04:00:09,400 --> 04:00:13,100
These relationships, persisted 
year-round creating social 

4768
04:00:13,100 --> 04:00:16,000
fabric that was strengthened by 
the shared challenge of managing

4769
04:00:16,000 --> 04:00:18,800
summer heat together. 
Your great-grandfather's work 

4770
04:00:18,800 --> 04:00:21,800
day was unlike yours with heat 
acting as an invisible 

4771
04:00:21,800 --> 04:00:25,300
choreographer, guiding every 
step while you might complain 

4772
04:00:25,300 --> 04:00:28,100
about a slightly, warm office or
adjust the thermostat, a degree 

4773
04:00:28,108 --> 04:00:30,200
or two. 
He organized his entire 

4774
04:00:30,200 --> 04:00:33,000
professional life, around the 
reality that work had to happen 

4775
04:00:33,000 --> 04:00:37,200
and whatever temperature 
provided Managing temperature 

4776
04:00:37,200 --> 04:00:38,800
wasn't just about personal 
Comfort. 

4777
04:00:38,800 --> 04:00:42,600
It was about survival 
productivity in creating 

4778
04:00:42,600 --> 04:00:46,100
sustainable rhythms that could 
last a lifetime. the 

4779
04:00:46,100 --> 04:00:49,000
agricultural world where most of
your ancestors, likely spent 

4780
04:00:49,000 --> 04:00:52,800
their working lives operated on 
what we might call thermal 

4781
04:00:52,800 --> 04:00:56,100
scheduling Farmers were not 
early risers because they were 

4782
04:00:56,100 --> 04:00:58,200
more virtuous than you. 
They were the thermal 

4783
04:00:58,200 --> 04:01:02,100
strategists The period between 4
a.m. and 10 a.m. represented 

4784
04:01:02,100 --> 04:01:04,600
precious hours when both are 
temperature and energy levels, 

4785
04:01:04,600 --> 04:01:07,900
favored, productive work. 
Your great-grandfather could 

4786
04:01:07,900 --> 04:01:10,800
accomplish more in those cool 
morning hours than in twice as 

4787
04:01:10,800 --> 04:01:12,400
much time during the heat of 
midday. 

4788
04:01:13,100 --> 04:01:15,600
Harvest Time reveals the 
sophisticated heat management 

4789
04:01:15,600 --> 04:01:18,900
strategies your ancestors 
developed grain cutting 

4790
04:01:18,900 --> 04:01:21,900
haymaking and fruit picking 
weren't scheduled by calendar 

4791
04:01:21,900 --> 04:01:24,100
convenience. 
But by the intersection of crop 

4792
04:01:24,100 --> 04:01:27,600
Readiness and thermal reality 
work Crews would start Before 

4793
04:01:27,600 --> 04:01:30,800
Dawn race against the climbing 
sun and take extended midday 

4794
04:01:30,800 --> 04:01:34,300
breaks that weren't laziness but
practical physics The afternoon 

4795
04:01:34,300 --> 04:01:37,100
shift would resume only when 
Shadows grew long and are began 

4796
04:01:37,100 --> 04:01:40,900
to cool indoor work adapted to 
heat with equal sophistication. 

4797
04:01:41,900 --> 04:01:44,700
Your great-grandmother's kitchen
operated on thermal logic, that 

4798
04:01:44,700 --> 04:01:47,800
would impress modern efficiency.
Experts bread, baking happened 

4799
04:01:47,800 --> 04:01:50,400
in the early morning using 
retained heat for multiple 

4800
04:01:50,400 --> 04:01:53,500
batches before the day became 
unbearable canning and 

4801
04:01:53,500 --> 04:01:56,600
preserving a central work that 
unfortunately generated lots of 

4802
04:01:56,600 --> 04:01:59,500
heat, the scheduled for the 
coolest days of available or 

4803
04:01:59,500 --> 04:02:01,800
done in outdoor kitchens that 
kept the heat away from Living 

4804
04:02:01,800 --> 04:02:04,500
Spaces. 
Laundry day was perhaps the most

4805
04:02:04,500 --> 04:02:07,700
thermally challenging work. 
Your ancestors faced heating 

4806
04:02:07,700 --> 04:02:10,100
water, boiling, clothes, or 
clothes. 

4807
04:02:10,100 --> 04:02:13,200
And using Hot Irons could turn a
house into a furnace. 

4808
04:02:14,200 --> 04:02:16,700
Smart housekeepers, develop 
strategies, that sound almost 

4809
04:02:16,700 --> 04:02:19,600
military in their Precision 
Heating water Outdoors. 

4810
04:02:19,600 --> 04:02:22,400
When possible doing washing, in 
early morning, or late evening, 

4811
04:02:22,400 --> 04:02:26,300
and saving ironing for the 
coolest days, some families even

4812
04:02:26,300 --> 04:02:30,100
had separate wash houses, small 
buildings dedicated to heat 

4813
04:02:30,100 --> 04:02:32,500
generating work that kept the 
main house comfortable. 

4814
04:02:33,100 --> 04:02:36,400
Professional work adapted to 
heat and ways that shaped entire

4815
04:02:36,400 --> 04:02:39,100
Industries. 
Blacksmiths and metal workers 

4816
04:02:39,100 --> 04:02:43,200
who dealt with extreme heat as 
part of their craft developed 

4817
04:02:43,200 --> 04:02:46,200
techniques for managing both the
heat of their forges and the 

4818
04:02:46,200 --> 04:02:49,600
ambient heat of Summer. 
They worked shorter shifts 

4819
04:02:49,600 --> 04:02:53,300
during hot weather started early
and took longer breaks their 

4820
04:02:53,300 --> 04:02:55,500
shops were designed with 
sophisticated ventilation 

4821
04:02:55,500 --> 04:02:57,900
systems, that would impress, 
modern industrial engineers. 

4822
04:02:58,700 --> 04:03:01,600
The concept of the workday 
itself was more flexible into 

4823
04:03:01,600 --> 04:03:04,900
the pre-air conditioning era. 
During the hottest weeks of 

4824
04:03:04,908 --> 04:03:08,300
Summer, many businesses would 
close during midday hours and 

4825
04:03:08,300 --> 04:03:11,100
reopen in the evening. 
Staying open later to take 

4826
04:03:11,100 --> 04:03:14,700
advantage of cooler air. 
Such Behavior wasn't vacation. 

4827
04:03:14,700 --> 04:03:18,200
It was thermal adaptation that 
actually increased productivity 

4828
04:03:18,200 --> 04:03:20,900
by working with natural cycles, 
rather than against them. 

4829
04:03:20,900 --> 04:03:22,900
Your ancestors. 
Understood something. 

4830
04:03:22,900 --> 04:03:26,200
We've largely forgotten the 
human performance Varys 

4831
04:03:26,200 --> 04:03:29,500
dramatically with temperature 
and fighting this reality as 

4832
04:03:29,500 --> 04:03:31,100
less efficient than adapting to 
it. 

4833
04:03:32,000 --> 04:03:34,800
Thermal Comfort significantly 
affects cognitive function, 

4834
04:03:34,800 --> 04:03:39,100
physical endurance, and even 
mood as modern research confirms

4835
04:03:39,100 --> 04:03:42,700
their intuitive understanding. 
The scheduled demanding mental, 

4836
04:03:42,700 --> 04:03:45,800
work for cool hours and saved 
routine tasks for times when 

4837
04:03:45,800 --> 04:03:49,000
heat May concentration. 
Difficult rest wasn't just the 

4838
04:03:49,000 --> 04:03:52,700
absence of work, it was active 
heat management, the afternoon 

4839
04:03:52,700 --> 04:03:56,700
csda, which we often dismiss as 
laziness was actually, a 

4840
04:03:56,700 --> 04:04:00,000
sophisticated recovery strategy.
Your great-grandparents 

4841
04:04:00,000 --> 04:04:03,000
understood that forcing the body
to maintain High activity 

4842
04:04:03,000 --> 04:04:06,200
levels, during the peak heat, 
created fatigue, that would 

4843
04:04:06,200 --> 04:04:08,900
affect productivity for the rest
of the day by resting. 

4844
04:04:08,900 --> 04:04:11,600
During the hottest hours, they 
preserved energy for evening 

4845
04:04:11,600 --> 04:04:14,200
work. 
When conditions improved, Sleep 

4846
04:04:14,200 --> 04:04:17,300
itself, required thermal 
strategy, your great-grandmother

4847
04:04:17,300 --> 04:04:19,700
didn't. 
Just go to bed, she prepared for

4848
04:04:19,700 --> 04:04:21,400
sleep with the same attention to
cooling. 

4849
04:04:21,400 --> 04:04:24,500
That you might give to adjusting
your thermostat beds, were 

4850
04:04:24,500 --> 04:04:27,600
positioned to catch evening. 
Breezes bedrooms were open to 

4851
04:04:27,600 --> 04:04:30,200
night air and even sleep, 
schedules shifted with the 

4852
04:04:30,200 --> 04:04:33,100
seasons summer. 
Bedtimes were later taking 

4853
04:04:33,100 --> 04:04:35,300
advantage of cooler evening 
hours while. 

4854
04:04:35,300 --> 04:04:38,700
Wait times were early to capture
the cool of dawn, the social 

4855
04:04:38,700 --> 04:04:40,600
aspects of work also adapted to 
heat. 

4856
04:04:40,600 --> 04:04:44,100
Quilting bees barn-raising and 
Community work. 

4857
04:04:44,100 --> 04:04:47,200
Projects were scheduled for 
cooler weather when possible or 

4858
04:04:47,200 --> 04:04:50,000
organized to take advantage of 
shared cooling strategies. 

4859
04:04:50,800 --> 04:04:52,700
Group work meant shared cooling,
wisdom. 

4860
04:04:52,700 --> 04:04:55,300
Someone always knew which area 
State coolest. 

4861
04:04:55,300 --> 04:04:58,400
When breezes were strongest or 
how to organize tasks to 

4862
04:04:58,400 --> 04:05:02,000
minimize heat generation, Your 
ancestors developed, what we 

4863
04:05:02,000 --> 04:05:04,700
might call thermal efficiency. 
The ability to accomplish 

4864
04:05:04,700 --> 04:05:07,400
necessary work while generating 
and absorbing the least 

4865
04:05:07,400 --> 04:05:10,800
possible, Heat, Such efficiency 
wasn't just about personal 

4866
04:05:10,800 --> 04:05:12,900
Comfort. 
It was about sustainable 

4867
04:05:12,900 --> 04:05:14,500
productivity. 
That could be maintained 

4868
04:05:14,500 --> 04:05:17,500
throughout long hot summers 
without exhaustion or heat 

4869
04:05:17,500 --> 04:05:20,100
related illness your 
great-grandmother's wardrobe. 

4870
04:05:20,100 --> 04:05:21,400
Wasn't just about looking 
proper. 

4871
04:05:21,400 --> 04:05:24,400
It was an engineering Marvel 
designed to make summer heat 

4872
04:05:24,400 --> 04:05:27,400
bearable while maintaining 
social respectability, every 

4873
04:05:27,400 --> 04:05:30,700
fabric Choice, every style 
decision, and every accessory, 

4874
04:05:30,700 --> 04:05:33,800
served a dual purpose, keeping 
cool, and looking appropriate. 

4875
04:05:34,700 --> 04:05:37,000
While you might throw on shorts 
and a t-shirt for hot weather, 

4876
04:05:37,000 --> 04:05:39,400
she had to work within social 
expectations. 

4877
04:05:39,400 --> 04:05:42,200
That required, much more 
coverage, making her cooling 

4878
04:05:42,200 --> 04:05:44,400
strategies far more 
sophisticated than yours. 

4879
04:05:45,500 --> 04:05:48,300
The Fabrics, your ancestors 
chose reveal their profound 

4880
04:05:48,300 --> 04:05:51,800
understanding of thermal 
properties, linen cotton and 

4881
04:05:51,800 --> 04:05:54,300
other natural. 
Fibers weren't selected, just 

4882
04:05:54,300 --> 04:05:56,200
because synthetic materials 
didn't exist. 

4883
04:05:56,200 --> 04:06:00,300
They were chosen because they 
breathed absorbed moisture and 

4884
04:06:00,300 --> 04:06:03,000
allowed air circulation in ways 
that kept the body cooler. 

4885
04:06:03,700 --> 04:06:06,800
Your great-grandmother that 
loose we Fabrics created, tiny 

4886
04:06:06,800 --> 04:06:08,900
air pockets that insulated 
against Heat. 

4887
04:06:09,600 --> 04:06:13,200
While tight weaves trapped hot 
air against the skin color 

4888
04:06:13,200 --> 04:06:16,400
science played a crucial role in
pre-air conditioning fashion. 

4889
04:06:16,400 --> 04:06:19,700
Light colors were just 
fashionable in summer, they were

4890
04:06:19,700 --> 04:06:23,000
essential technology reflecting 
heat rather than absorbing it. 

4891
04:06:24,000 --> 04:06:26,900
The great-grandmother's white 
cotton dresses, light colored 

4892
04:06:26,900 --> 04:06:29,600
parasols, and pale, summer hats 
were essentially, wearable, 

4893
04:06:29,600 --> 04:06:31,600
cooling systems. 
That modern researchers 

4894
04:06:31,600 --> 04:06:33,700
confirmed as remarkably 
effective heat management. 

4895
04:06:34,800 --> 04:06:37,700
The layering strategies, your 
ancestors developed would 

4896
04:06:37,700 --> 04:06:40,800
impress modern outdoor gear 
designers, they understood that 

4897
04:06:40,800 --> 04:06:43,300
multiple light layers, could be 
adjusted throughout the day as 

4898
04:06:43,300 --> 04:06:46,900
temperatures changed allowing 
for fine-tuned thermal control. 

4899
04:06:47,600 --> 04:06:50,900
A light chamise followed by a 
cotton dress topped, with a 

4900
04:06:50,900 --> 04:06:54,400
removable Shore or jacket 
created, a flexible system that 

4901
04:06:54,400 --> 04:06:56,700
could adapt to morning. 
Coolness midday heat and 

4902
04:06:56,700 --> 04:06:58,900
evening. 
Breezes your great grandfather 

4903
04:06:58,900 --> 04:07:01,300
summer work clothes, tell their 
own cooling story. 

4904
04:07:01,300 --> 04:07:04,400
Those loose overalls were just 
practical for farm work. 

4905
04:07:04,400 --> 04:07:07,300
They allowed air circulation 
around the body while protecting

4906
04:07:07,300 --> 04:07:10,700
skin from the Sun, the wide 
brimmed hats that seemed purely 

4907
04:07:10,700 --> 04:07:13,600
functional were actually 
sophisticated cooling devices. 

4908
04:07:13,600 --> 04:07:17,200
Creating portable shade while 
allowing heat to escape from the

4909
04:07:17,200 --> 04:07:19,600
head. 
Even suspenders served, a 

4910
04:07:19,600 --> 04:07:21,900
cooling purpose, holding the 
pants away from the body to 

4911
04:07:21,900 --> 04:07:25,100
allow air circulation 
hairstyling in the pre-air. 

4912
04:07:25,100 --> 04:07:27,200
Conditioning era was as much 
about temperature management. 

4913
04:07:27,200 --> 04:07:30,300
As it was about fashion, your 
great-grandmother's. 

4914
04:07:30,300 --> 04:07:32,200
Elaborate updos were just 
decorative. 

4915
04:07:32,200 --> 04:07:35,000
They lifted hair off the neck 
and allowed air to circulate 

4916
04:07:35,000 --> 04:07:37,600
around one of the body's most 
effective cooling zones. 

4917
04:07:38,500 --> 04:07:41,800
Those intricate braids and buns.
That looks so complicated in Old

4918
04:07:41,800 --> 04:07:44,400
photographs were actually 
practical cooling technology 

4919
04:07:44,400 --> 04:07:48,400
disguised, as Beauty routines 
undergarments of the era reveal,

4920
04:07:48,400 --> 04:07:51,500
the sophisticated, understanding
your ancestors, had of thermal 

4921
04:07:51,500 --> 04:07:55,800
regulation, while the idea of 
corsets and multiple petticoats 

4922
04:07:55,800 --> 04:07:59,200
might seem stifling to you, 
These garments were designed to 

4923
04:07:59,200 --> 04:08:02,500
create air pockets and allow 
circulation while maintaining 

4924
04:08:02,500 --> 04:08:06,400
the silhouette that social 
expectations demanded. some are 

4925
04:08:06,400 --> 04:08:09,700
undergarments were made from the
lightest possible materials and 

4926
04:08:09,700 --> 04:08:13,100
designed to Wick moisture away 
from the body thermal reality 

4927
04:08:13,100 --> 04:08:15,900
completely shaped food culture 
in the pre-air conditioning era,

4928
04:08:16,700 --> 04:08:19,200
Your great-grandmother didn't 
avoid using the oven in summer 

4929
04:08:19,200 --> 04:08:22,100
because she was trying to save 
energy, she avoided it because 

4930
04:08:22,100 --> 04:08:24,600
heating the kitchen could make 
the entire house on bearable for

4931
04:08:24,600 --> 04:08:27,000
days. 
Summer menus were essentially 

4932
04:08:27,000 --> 04:08:31,900
cooling strategies to meals, 
cold soups fresh salads, and 

4933
04:08:31,900 --> 04:08:33,500
uncooked Foods were just 
refreshing. 

4934
04:08:33,500 --> 04:08:37,200
They were thermal management. 
Her ancestors understood that 

4935
04:08:37,200 --> 04:08:39,700
digestion itself, generates body
heat. 

4936
04:08:39,700 --> 04:08:44,300
So some of meals were lighter 
easier to digest required less 

4937
04:08:44,300 --> 04:08:48,200
internal energy to process. 
Those elaborate cold salads and 

4938
04:08:48,200 --> 04:08:51,400
chilled soups that seem. 
So elegant in Old cookbooks, 

4939
04:08:51,400 --> 04:08:55,000
were actually sophisticated 
cooling technology preservation 

4940
04:08:55,000 --> 04:08:57,400
methods adapted to heat in 
ingenious ways. 

4941
04:08:57,400 --> 04:09:00,700
Route sellers springhills a nice
houses weren't just food 

4942
04:09:00,700 --> 04:09:02,700
storage. 
They were Community cooling 

4943
04:09:02,700 --> 04:09:05,400
infrastructure. 
Your great-grandmother might 

4944
04:09:05,400 --> 04:09:08,100
plan her weekly menu around what
could be stored without 

4945
04:09:08,100 --> 04:09:10,300
generating heat. 
What could be prepared without 

4946
04:09:10,300 --> 04:09:12,900
cooking and what would actually 
help cool the body from the 

4947
04:09:12,908 --> 04:09:16,300
inside? 
Beverages became medicine in the

4948
04:09:16,300 --> 04:09:19,400
pre-air conditioning world. 
Sweet tea, lemonade. 

4949
04:09:19,400 --> 04:09:21,400
And other cooling drinks weren't
just Refreshments. 

4950
04:09:21,400 --> 04:09:25,200
They were thermal therapy. 
Your ancestors understood that 

4951
04:09:25,200 --> 04:09:27,500
certain ingredients could 
actually help the body cool 

4952
04:09:27,500 --> 04:09:29,700
itself While others would make 
heat worse. 

4953
04:09:30,400 --> 04:09:33,700
Mint cucumber and citrus served.
Not only as flavoring but also 

4954
04:09:33,700 --> 04:09:37,300
as internal cooling agents, even
social dining adapted to heat 

4955
04:09:37,300 --> 04:09:39,800
management. 
Some are entertaining moved 

4956
04:09:39,800 --> 04:09:42,800
Outdoors, not just for Ambience 
but for thermal practicality. 

4957
04:09:43,500 --> 04:09:46,500
Garden parties, picnics and 
outdoor dining took advantage of

4958
04:09:46,500 --> 04:09:49,400
breezes and shade. 
While keeping Z heat generating 

4959
04:09:49,400 --> 04:09:52,500
cooking activities away from 
Living Spaces, your great 

4960
04:09:52,500 --> 04:09:54,600
grandmother's summer dinner 
party is were carefully 

4961
04:09:54,600 --> 04:09:57,200
choreographed to minimize heat 
generation while maximizing 

4962
04:09:57,200 --> 04:09:59,900
cooling opportunities. 
The timing of meals. 

4963
04:09:59,900 --> 04:10:03,500
Shifted with thermal reality 
breakfast, might be substantial,

4964
04:10:03,500 --> 04:10:06,300
taking advantage of cool, 
morning air for cooking and 

4965
04:10:06,300 --> 04:10:08,800
eating lunch became lighter and 
simpler. 

4966
04:10:08,800 --> 04:10:12,000
While dinner was often delayed 
until evening when both cooking 

4967
04:10:12,000 --> 04:10:14,500
and eating could happen in more 
comfortable temperatures. 

4968
04:10:14,500 --> 04:10:18,100
Your ancestors didn't eat by the
clock, they ate by the 

4969
04:10:18,108 --> 04:10:20,400
thermometer. 
These weren't just survival 

4970
04:10:20,400 --> 04:10:22,900
strategies, they created a 
culture of Elegance and 

4971
04:10:22,900 --> 04:10:24,800
sophistication. 
That worked within natural 

4972
04:10:24,800 --> 04:10:26,700
limits, rather than trying to 
overcome them. 

4973
04:10:27,400 --> 04:10:29,400
Your great-grandmother managed 
to stay cool. 

4974
04:10:29,400 --> 04:10:33,000
Look, beautiful and maintain 
social standards without ever 

4975
04:10:33,000 --> 04:10:35,500
touching a thermostat. 
Creating a lifestyle that was 

4976
04:10:35,500 --> 04:10:37,500
both practical and genuinely 
stylish. 

4977
04:10:37,500 --> 04:10:40,200
As you settle into your climate 
controlled bedroom tonight, 

4978
04:10:40,200 --> 04:10:43,500
consider how different your 
great grandparents relationship 

4979
04:10:43,500 --> 04:10:47,100
with sleep was during the 
sweltering summer months night 

4980
04:10:47,100 --> 04:10:50,200
wasn't just a time for rest. 
It was the daily reward for 

4981
04:10:50,200 --> 04:10:53,800
surviving another day of heat. 
precious opportunity to cool 

4982
04:10:53,800 --> 04:10:57,700
down recharge and prepare for 
whatever thermal challenges 

4983
04:10:57,700 --> 04:11:01,600
tomorrow might bring The evening
hours, held a special magic that

4984
04:11:01,600 --> 04:11:05,300
are artificially called world 
has largely forgotten the 

4985
04:11:05,300 --> 04:11:08,600
transition from day to night was
something your ancestors savored

4986
04:11:08,600 --> 04:11:11,800
like wine. 
As the Sun finally began, its 

4987
04:11:11,800 --> 04:11:15,200
descent the entire household 
would shift into evening mode 

4988
04:11:15,200 --> 04:11:17,400
with the Precision of a well 
rehearsed Orchestra. 

4989
04:11:18,100 --> 04:11:20,600
Windows that had been 
strategically closed during the 

4990
04:11:20,600 --> 04:11:23,200
heat of the day would begin 
opening and careful sequence. 

4991
04:11:23,200 --> 04:11:26,500
Each one position to catch the 
first hint of cooling air and 

4992
04:11:26,500 --> 04:11:28,100
encourage it to flow through the
house. 

4993
04:11:29,100 --> 04:11:31,600
Your great-grandmother had an 
intimate knowledge of her home's

4994
04:11:31,600 --> 04:11:34,200
thermal personality. 
She knew which Windows to open 

4995
04:11:34,200 --> 04:11:36,900
first to create the gentle 
suction, that would pull hot air

4996
04:11:36,900 --> 04:11:40,700
out while drawing cooler area in
She understood the exact moment 

4997
04:11:40,700 --> 04:11:43,200
when the outdoor temperature 
dropped below the indoor 

4998
04:11:43,200 --> 04:11:45,100
temperature. 
The magical threshold when 

4999
04:11:45,100 --> 04:11:49,100
natural ventilation changed from
liability to blessing. this 

5000
04:11:49,100 --> 04:11:52,700
wasn't guesswork, it was science
learned through years of paying 

5001
04:11:52,700 --> 04:11:55,500
attention to the Sea, subtle 
signals that told her when 

5002
04:11:55,500 --> 04:11:58,800
relief was finally available the
bedroom preparation. 

5003
04:11:58,800 --> 04:12:01,300
Rituals of the pre-air 
conditioning era would seem 

5004
04:12:01,300 --> 04:12:03,800
elaborate to you now, but they 
were a central technology for 

5005
04:12:03,800 --> 04:12:07,200
achieving comfortable sleep. 
Beds were positioned, not just 

5006
04:12:07,200 --> 04:12:09,900
for convenience but to catch 
every available Breeze. 

5007
04:12:09,900 --> 04:12:13,100
Your great-grandfather might 
move the entire bed closer to 

5008
04:12:13,100 --> 04:12:15,200
Windows during Heatwave 
transforming. 

5009
04:12:15,200 --> 04:12:17,600
The bedroom layout to take 
advantage of night air movement.

5010
04:12:18,500 --> 04:12:20,900
Bedding became a crucial element
in thermal management. 

5011
04:12:20,900 --> 04:12:24,200
Heavy quilts and comforters were
stored away for the summer 

5012
04:12:24,200 --> 04:12:27,100
replaced by lightweight cotton 
sheets that could breathe with 

5013
04:12:27,100 --> 04:12:29,900
the sleeper. 
Some families had special summer

5014
04:12:29,900 --> 04:12:31,600
sheets made from linen or 
cotton. 

5015
04:12:31,600 --> 04:12:34,100
So fine is. 
So it was almost like sleeping 

5016
04:12:34,100 --> 04:12:38,000
under woven are Pillows were 
swapped for thinner version and 

5017
04:12:38,000 --> 04:12:40,100
even mattresses might be 
replaced with lighter 

5018
04:12:40,100 --> 04:12:42,600
Alternatives that didn't trap 
and hold body heat throughout 

5019
04:12:42,600 --> 04:12:45,300
the night. 
The evening cooling routine, 

5020
04:12:45,300 --> 04:12:48,700
extended Beyond just opening 
Windows, your great-grandmother 

5021
04:12:48,700 --> 04:12:51,500
might take a cool bath or Splash
cold water on her wrists. 

5022
04:12:51,500 --> 04:12:54,300
And neck areas where blood 
vessels are close to the surface

5023
04:12:54,300 --> 04:12:56,000
and cooling. 
Them could affect the entire 

5024
04:12:56,000 --> 04:12:59,000
body's temperature. 
Here that had been pinned up all

5025
04:12:59,000 --> 04:13:02,100
day would be, brushed out in a 
Range to allow maximum air 

5026
04:13:02,100 --> 04:13:04,000
circulation around the neck and 
head during sleep. 

5027
04:13:05,000 --> 04:13:08,000
Children's bedtime routines, 
were specially adapted to heat 

5028
04:13:08,000 --> 04:13:11,200
management lightweight, cotton 
nightgowns replaced heavier, 

5029
04:13:11,200 --> 04:13:14,200
sleepwear, and children, might 
sleep with damp wash clothes on 

5030
04:13:14,200 --> 04:13:17,100
their foreheads, or arms. 
Some parents would lightly, 

5031
04:13:17,100 --> 04:13:20,500
dampen sheets with cool water, 
creating evaporative cooling. 

5032
04:13:20,500 --> 04:13:23,100
That could make the difference 
between restful sleep and a 

5033
04:13:23,100 --> 04:13:25,700
night of tossing and turning for
families fortunate enough to 

5034
04:13:25,700 --> 04:13:28,600
have multiple sleeping spaces, 
summer, brought strategic 

5035
04:13:28,600 --> 04:13:32,000
relocations sleeping, porches 
screened areas that were 

5036
04:13:32,000 --> 04:13:34,800
essentially outdoor bedrooms 
became Haven's during the 

5037
04:13:34,800 --> 04:13:38,000
hottest weeks upper floors, 
which was stifling during the 

5038
04:13:38,000 --> 04:13:41,000
day, like, become comfortable at
night, when breezes were 

5039
04:13:41,000 --> 04:13:44,100
stronger at higher elevations. 
Some families would move 

5040
04:13:44,100 --> 04:13:46,800
mattresses to the coolest rooms 
in the house, or even Outdoors 

5041
04:13:46,800 --> 04:13:49,300
under mosquito netting, when 
heat became truly unbearable, 

5042
04:13:50,300 --> 04:13:52,700
The sound of Summer Nights were 
different in the pre-air 

5043
04:13:52,700 --> 04:13:55,300
conditioning era. 
Instead of the constant hum of 

5044
04:13:55,300 --> 04:13:58,200
climate control systems, your 
great grandparents, fell asleep 

5045
04:13:58,200 --> 04:14:01,100
to the Natural Symphony of 
cooling air, The Whisper of 

5046
04:14:01,108 --> 04:14:04,500
breezes through window screens. 
The Gentle Creek of settling 

5047
04:14:04,500 --> 04:14:07,700
houses as temperatures dropped 
and the distant conversations of

5048
04:14:07,700 --> 04:14:10,600
neighbors also seeking relief on
their porches and in their yards

5049
04:14:11,400 --> 04:14:14,600
Night work took on special 
significance, during hot spells 

5050
04:14:14,600 --> 04:14:17,400
tasks that generated heat. 
During the day could be 

5051
04:14:17,408 --> 04:14:19,800
accomplished in the Blessed, 
coolness of evening and early 

5052
04:14:19,800 --> 04:14:22,600
morning hours. 
Your great-grandmother might do 

5053
04:14:22,600 --> 04:14:26,200
her ironing by Lamplight, taking
advantage of temperatures that 

5054
04:14:26,200 --> 04:14:28,400
made the additional heat 
bearable baking. 

5055
04:14:28,400 --> 04:14:30,700
For the next day, could happen 
in the pre-dawn hours when 

5056
04:14:30,700 --> 04:14:32,600
others wouldn't turn kitchens 
into furnaces. 

5057
04:14:32,600 --> 04:14:36,300
The social aspects of cooling 
extended into the night as well.

5058
04:14:36,300 --> 04:14:40,300
Neighbors might visit each 
other's cooling spots one family

5059
04:14:40,300 --> 04:14:42,500
had a better cross Breeze while 
another had a deeper. 

5060
04:14:42,500 --> 04:14:44,600
Well with cooler water for late 
evening refreshment. 

5061
04:14:45,500 --> 04:14:48,100
These evening, Gatherings were 
not formal, social events, but 

5062
04:14:48,100 --> 04:14:51,100
spontaneous communities of 
relief were shared cooling 

5063
04:14:51,100 --> 04:14:53,900
strategies and mutual support 
made the heat more bearable for 

5064
04:14:53,900 --> 04:14:56,500
everyone. 
Dawn brought its rituals in the 

5065
04:14:56,500 --> 04:14:59,500
pre-air conditioning world. 
Your great-grandfather would 

5066
04:14:59,500 --> 04:15:02,200
rise early not just to get work 
done before the heat returned, 

5067
04:15:02,200 --> 04:15:05,500
but to save those precious hours
when the air was actually cool. 

5068
04:15:06,500 --> 04:15:09,300
The morning routine, included, 
assessing the days thermal 

5069
04:15:09,300 --> 04:15:11,600
prospects. 
Checking cloud, cover feeling 

5070
04:15:11,600 --> 04:15:14,700
the air for humidity and making 
strategic decisions about how to

5071
04:15:14,700 --> 04:15:16,700
capture and preserve the 
coolness for as long as 

5072
04:15:16,700 --> 04:15:18,900
possible. 
The cycle would begin. 

5073
04:15:18,900 --> 04:15:21,800
Again, windows that have been 
opened tonight are would be 

5074
04:15:21,800 --> 04:15:24,600
strategically, closed as 
temperatures began to rise. 

5075
04:15:24,600 --> 04:15:28,100
Curtains would be drawn to block
the sun's Heat and the daily 

5076
04:15:28,100 --> 04:15:29,600
dance with temperature would 
resume. 

5077
04:15:30,400 --> 04:15:33,700
But those hours of relief that 
nightly promise of cooling air 

5078
04:15:33,700 --> 04:15:37,200
and comfortable sleep, made it 
all bearable and even beautiful.

5079
04:15:38,000 --> 04:15:40,300
Your ancestors didn't just 
survive the heat. 

5080
04:15:40,300 --> 04:15:43,900
They created lives of Grace and 
comfort within natural limits. 

5081
04:15:43,900 --> 04:15:46,700
That required wisdom. 
Patience and Community. 

5082
04:15:46,700 --> 04:15:49,900
They understood something. 
We're still learning that 

5083
04:15:49,900 --> 04:15:52,200
working with natural cycles 
rather than against them. 

5084
04:15:52,200 --> 04:15:55,100
Can create not just 
sustainability but genuine 

5085
04:15:55,100 --> 04:15:59,000
contentment As you drift off to 
sleep tonight, in your climate 

5086
04:15:59,000 --> 04:16:01,700
controlled comfort. 
You might just dream of summary 

5087
04:16:01,700 --> 04:16:03,500
evening's. 
When cool air was a gift to be 

5088
04:16:03,500 --> 04:16:06,600
savored and relief was something
earned through the simple 

5089
04:16:06,600 --> 04:16:09,100
passage of time. 
And the reliable promise that 

5090
04:16:09,100 --> 04:16:12,000
every hot day of eventually 
surrenders to the cooling mercy 

5091
04:16:12,000 --> 04:16:14,000
of night. 
Imagine yourself standing on 

5092
04:16:14,000 --> 04:16:17,000
frozen ocean that stretches 
Beyond the Horizon in every 

5093
04:16:17,000 --> 04:16:21,300
direction with the sun on a 
four-month vacation, there is no

5094
04:16:21,300 --> 04:16:25,100
gentle door to wake you up. 
No Sunset to Signal bed time, 

5095
04:16:25,100 --> 04:16:28,300
just an endless, Twilight that 
leaves you questioning whether 

5096
04:16:28,300 --> 04:16:31,900
you've accidentally broken time 
itself, welcome to the Poland 

5097
04:16:31,900 --> 04:16:35,500
night where Arctic, explorers 
from the 1800s and early 1900s. 

5098
04:16:35,500 --> 04:16:39,700
Learned that surviving winter 
meant mastering the art of 

5099
04:16:39,700 --> 04:16:43,500
sleeping when your body had. 
Absolutely no idea what time it 

5100
04:16:43,500 --> 04:16:45,800
was supposed to be. 
These were not your typical 

5101
04:16:45,800 --> 04:16:48,300
camping trips where you could 
just check your phone for the 

5102
04:16:48,300 --> 04:16:50,500
weather forecast, and head home 
with things got dicey. 

5103
04:16:51,400 --> 04:16:54,400
Once the ice lock their ships in
place, they were committed to 

5104
04:16:54,400 --> 04:16:56,900
riding out the darkness like 
passengers on the world's most 

5105
04:16:56,900 --> 04:17:00,300
uncomfortable cruise ship. 
The thing about polar night is 

5106
04:17:00,300 --> 04:17:03,800
that it doesn't just mean dark. 
It means your circadian rhythm 

5107
04:17:03,800 --> 04:17:05,700
that. 
Internal clock, that tells you 

5108
04:17:05,700 --> 04:17:09,500
when to feel sleepy gets tossed 
around like a snow globe in a 

5109
04:17:09,500 --> 04:17:12,700
blizzard, imagine trying to 
maintain a normal sleep 

5110
04:17:12,700 --> 04:17:14,500
schedule. 
When your brain keeps insisting,

5111
04:17:14,500 --> 04:17:18,300
it's either perpetually Dawn or 
perpetually midnight, depending 

5112
04:17:18,300 --> 04:17:21,000
on its mood, that day. 
However, this is where the 

5113
04:17:21,000 --> 04:17:24,800
situation becomes intriguing. 
These explorers did not simply 

5114
04:17:24,800 --> 04:17:27,100
Retreat to a corner and await 
the arrival of spring. 

5115
04:17:27,900 --> 04:17:30,200
They developed elaborate 
routines and rituals around 

5116
04:17:30,200 --> 04:17:33,100
sleep that would make a luxury 
hotel concierge jealous. 

5117
04:17:33,100 --> 04:17:36,700
They had to because proper rest 
meant the difference between 

5118
04:17:36,700 --> 04:17:40,100
waking up refreshed and ready to
chip ice off the ship's, Hull or

5119
04:17:40,100 --> 04:17:42,800
waking up so disoriented, you 
might try to put your boots on 

5120
04:17:42,800 --> 04:17:46,100
your hands, take the crew of HMS
Erebus and Terror during 

5121
04:17:46,100 --> 04:17:49,200
Franklin's Expedition or the 
men, aboard announcements Fram. 

5122
04:17:50,300 --> 04:17:52,800
They discovered that creating 
artificial rhythms was like 

5123
04:17:52,800 --> 04:17:56,800
teaching your body a new dance 
awkward at first but eventually 

5124
04:17:56,800 --> 04:17:59,900
it would catch on ships. 
Bells became their metronome, 

5125
04:17:59,900 --> 04:18:03,100
marking time in a world where 
natural time and temporarily 

5126
04:18:03,100 --> 04:18:06,300
ceased to exist. 
The sleeping quarters themselves

5127
04:18:06,300 --> 04:18:09,200
were marvels of cramped into 
Ingenuity picture. 

5128
04:18:09,200 --> 04:18:11,900
Trying to design a bedroom 
inside, a wooden ice box that's 

5129
04:18:11,900 --> 04:18:15,500
constantly creaking and groaning
as ice pressure squeezes, the 

5130
04:18:15,500 --> 04:18:18,500
hull your bedroom might be a 
space, no bigger than a modern 

5131
04:18:18,500 --> 04:18:21,700
walk-in closet shared with two 
or three other, explorers who 

5132
04:18:21,700 --> 04:18:23,800
probably hadn't had a proper 
bath in months. 

5133
04:18:24,800 --> 04:18:28,500
Romance was not in the are more 
like a mixture of unwashed wool,

5134
04:18:28,500 --> 04:18:31,700
seal oil and that particular 
mustiness that develops, when 

5135
04:18:31,700 --> 04:18:34,200
damp things, never quite have 
the chance to dry out. 

5136
04:18:35,200 --> 04:18:38,200
The beds themselves were often 
just wooden frames with rope or 

5137
04:18:38,200 --> 04:18:40,900
canvas stretched across them 
layered, with whatever they 

5138
04:18:40,900 --> 04:18:44,100
could acquire for padding. 
Some Expeditions were lucky 

5139
04:18:44,100 --> 04:18:46,500
enough to have proper mattresses
stuffed with horse hair or 

5140
04:18:46,500 --> 04:18:49,300
cotton, but more often than not,
you were sleeping on a 

5141
04:18:49,300 --> 04:18:52,200
collection of Blanket's Furs and
whatever extra clothing, you 

5142
04:18:52,200 --> 04:18:55,200
weren't currently wearing. 
It was like playing Tetris with 

5143
04:18:55,200 --> 04:18:57,800
your comfort level. 
How many layers could you add 

5144
04:18:57,800 --> 04:18:59,400
before you could not actually 
move? 

5145
04:19:00,300 --> 04:19:03,200
Speaking of layers, the clothing
situation presented, its own 

5146
04:19:03,200 --> 04:19:06,400
unique challenges, you couldn't 
just strip down to your pajamas 

5147
04:19:06,400 --> 04:19:09,500
when the temperature inside your
shelter, hovered around freezing

5148
04:19:09,500 --> 04:19:12,700
on a good day. 
Instead explorers developed a 

5149
04:19:12,700 --> 04:19:15,200
complex system of removing just 
enough clothing to avoid 

5150
04:19:15,200 --> 04:19:17,400
overheating. 
While keeping enough on to 

5151
04:19:17,400 --> 04:19:20,400
prevent becoming a popsicle. 
If the heat Source fail during 

5152
04:19:20,400 --> 04:19:24,500
the night The unexpected thing, 
about all this discomfort is 

5153
04:19:24,500 --> 04:19:26,700
that it created a strange kind 
of camaraderie. 

5154
04:19:27,400 --> 04:19:30,000
When everyone is equally 
miserable and equally determined

5155
04:19:30,000 --> 04:19:33,000
to survive, you develop a shared
sense of humor about the 

5156
04:19:33,000 --> 04:19:36,500
absurdity of your situation. 
These men would write in their 

5157
04:19:36,500 --> 04:19:38,800
journals about the particular 
Art of Getting comfortable. 

5158
04:19:38,800 --> 04:19:42,500
When comfortable was purely a 
relative term, like being the 

5159
04:19:42,500 --> 04:19:45,900
warmest person in a meat 
freezer, Now let's discuss the 

5160
04:19:45,900 --> 04:19:49,200
evening routine of an Arctic 
Explorer because getting ready 

5161
04:19:49,200 --> 04:19:52,000
for bed in the polar night was 
less like your modern ritual of 

5162
04:19:52,000 --> 04:19:55,000
brushing teeth and more like 
preparing for a delicate, 

5163
04:19:55,000 --> 04:19:58,300
scientific experiment. 
First there was the question of 

5164
04:19:58,300 --> 04:20:02,100
when exactly bed time occurred 
without the sun's reliable 

5165
04:20:02,100 --> 04:20:04,800
schedule ship captains. 
Had to impose artificial 

5166
04:20:04,800 --> 04:20:08,200
structure usually maintaining 
the same watch schedules. 

5167
04:20:08,200 --> 04:20:11,100
They'd used during normal 
sailing this meant that 

5168
04:20:11,100 --> 04:20:13,100
somewhere around. 
What would have been the evening

5169
04:20:13,100 --> 04:20:15,600
in the Civilized World? 
You'd hear the call for the 

5170
04:20:15,600 --> 04:20:18,700
evening watch change and you'd 
know it was time to begin the 

5171
04:20:18,700 --> 04:20:21,000
elaborate process of 
transforming yourself from a 

5172
04:20:21,008 --> 04:20:24,400
working Explorer into something.
Vaguely resembling a person 

5173
04:20:24,400 --> 04:20:27,500
ready for sleep. 
The first challenge was heat 

5174
04:20:27,500 --> 04:20:30,600
management throughout the day 
you'd been active which 

5175
04:20:30,600 --> 04:20:32,600
generated body heat from your 
movements. 

5176
04:20:32,600 --> 04:20:36,100
The initial challenge was 
managing Heat Throughout the 

5177
04:20:36,100 --> 04:20:39,000
day, you'd be an active 
generating body heat through 

5178
04:20:39,000 --> 04:20:42,200
your movements. 
Now you needed to devise a 

5179
04:20:42,200 --> 04:20:44,900
method to maintain warmth while 
remaining still for 8 hours. 

5180
04:20:44,900 --> 04:20:48,900
This necessitated a strategy 
that would impress even a chess 

5181
04:20:48,900 --> 04:20:52,500
Grandmaster utilizing too many 
blankets would result in waking 

5182
04:20:52,500 --> 04:20:56,700
up sweating, which in Sub-Zero 
temperatures would lead to a 

5183
04:20:56,700 --> 04:20:58,900
chilling experience. 
As that moisture, transformed 

5184
04:20:58,900 --> 04:21:02,800
into your personal ice sculpture
The above scenario, required a 

5185
04:21:02,800 --> 04:21:05,200
strategy that would make a chess
Grandmaster proud. 

5186
04:21:05,900 --> 04:21:08,600
Too many blankets. 
And you'd wake up sweating which

5187
04:21:08,600 --> 04:21:11,500
in Sub-Zero temperatures meant 
you'd then wake up freezing. 

5188
04:21:11,500 --> 04:21:14,500
As that moisture, turned into 
your personal ice sculpture. 

5189
04:21:15,500 --> 04:21:18,100
Insufficient blankets would 
result in a night spent 

5190
04:21:18,100 --> 04:21:21,200
shivering, akin to a Chihuahua 
caught in a snowstorm. 

5191
04:21:22,000 --> 04:21:25,000
Smart explorers learned to 
create a layering system that 

5192
04:21:25,000 --> 04:21:26,500
they could adjust throughout the
night. 

5193
04:21:26,500 --> 04:21:29,700
They'd start with their base 
layer of wool undergarments. 

5194
04:21:29,700 --> 04:21:33,400
And yes, they slept in the 
because taking them off, mint 

5195
04:21:33,400 --> 04:21:36,500
losing precious body heat, and 
then having to warm up freezing 

5196
04:21:36,500 --> 04:21:39,300
fabric against your skin in the 
morning which was about as 

5197
04:21:39,300 --> 04:21:42,700
pleasant as it sounds. 
Over this they'd had a flannel 

5198
04:21:42,700 --> 04:21:45,400
shirt or Walter. 
Then there are outer layer might

5199
04:21:45,400 --> 04:21:48,700
be a thick wall coat or fur. 
Parker the could be opened or 

5200
04:21:48,700 --> 04:21:50,900
closed depending on how the 
night was treating them. 

5201
04:21:52,200 --> 04:21:54,200
The really experienced Arctic 
sleepers. 

5202
04:21:54,200 --> 04:21:56,900
Learned to position extra 
clothing within Arm's Reach, 

5203
04:21:56,900 --> 04:21:58,900
creating a buffet of warmth 
options. 

5204
04:21:58,900 --> 04:22:00,800
They could grab without fully 
waking up. 

5205
04:22:01,600 --> 04:22:04,400
Then came the delicate art of 
sharing body heat without 

5206
04:22:04,400 --> 04:22:07,100
driving your bunk mates. 
Absolutely insane. 

5207
04:22:07,700 --> 04:22:10,400
In the smaller shelters and 
ships, you might be sleeping 

5208
04:22:10,400 --> 04:22:13,400
close enough to your companions 
that you could hear every snore,

5209
04:22:13,400 --> 04:22:16,500
every toss and turn and every 
muttered dream of about warm 

5210
04:22:16,500 --> 04:22:19,800
beds back home. 
Some explorers became legendary 

5211
04:22:19,800 --> 04:22:21,500
for their ability to sleep 
through anything. 

5212
04:22:22,400 --> 04:22:25,300
A skill that probably saved more
friendships than any amount of 

5213
04:22:25,300 --> 04:22:28,100
Good Intentions. 
The bedding situation itself was

5214
04:22:28,100 --> 04:22:31,100
like solving a daily puzzle. 
Firstly, sleeping bags when 

5215
04:22:31,100 --> 04:22:32,600
available were prized 
possessions. 

5216
04:22:32,600 --> 04:22:36,100
Reindeer hide was particularly 
covered in because it provided 

5217
04:22:36,100 --> 04:22:39,700
insulation, even, when damp and 
staying dry, was often more of a

5218
04:22:39,700 --> 04:22:44,100
hope than a reality But most 
Expeditions had to make do with 

5219
04:22:44,100 --> 04:22:48,500
wool blankets, which worked well
until they got wet, which point 

5220
04:22:48,500 --> 04:22:51,200
they became about as useful for 
warmth as a wet towel. 

5221
04:22:52,700 --> 04:22:55,400
Some clever explorers figured 
out the creating a small tent 

5222
04:22:55,400 --> 04:22:58,000
within their larger shelter 
could trapped their body heat, 

5223
04:22:58,000 --> 04:23:01,600
more effectively, they'd rigged 
up, Canvas OR extra blankets to 

5224
04:23:01,600 --> 04:23:04,600
create personal cocoon like, 
building a fort as a child. 

5225
04:23:04,600 --> 04:23:06,800
Except this fort might literally
save your life. 

5226
04:23:07,600 --> 04:23:10,600
The mental preparation for sleep
was just as important as the 

5227
04:23:10,600 --> 04:23:14,400
physical preparation, you had to
train your mind to ignore the 

5228
04:23:14,400 --> 04:23:18,100
constant sounds of the ice the 
grinding cracking and groaning 

5229
04:23:18,100 --> 04:23:20,600
that could sound like the world 
was slowly tearing itself. 

5230
04:23:20,600 --> 04:23:24,600
Apart just outside your thin 
walls experienced Arctic 

5231
04:23:24,600 --> 04:23:27,800
explorers learn to consider 
these sounds almost comforting 

5232
04:23:27,800 --> 04:23:31,300
like a very strange form of 
white noise that meant the ice 

5233
04:23:31,300 --> 04:23:34,600
was moving, but not necessarily 
threatening their immediate 

5234
04:23:34,600 --> 04:23:37,100
survival. 
Here's something that might 

5235
04:23:37,100 --> 04:23:40,200
surprise you eating in, the 
Arctic wasn't just about staying

5236
04:23:40,200 --> 04:23:44,000
fed, it was about staying sane. 
When you're trapped in Endless, 

5237
04:23:44,000 --> 04:23:47,000
Darkness with the same handful 
of people, for months, on end. 

5238
04:23:47,000 --> 04:23:50,500
Mealtime becomes the highlight 
of your day, Your Entertainment,

5239
04:23:50,500 --> 04:23:53,700
your social hour and 
occasionally, your only reminded

5240
04:23:53,700 --> 04:23:55,300
that you're still part of the 
human race. 

5241
04:23:56,200 --> 04:23:58,600
But let's start with the 
Practical side because Arctic 

5242
04:23:58,600 --> 04:24:01,300
nutritional was like trying to 
fuel a car with whatever you 

5243
04:24:01,300 --> 04:24:04,800
could find in your garage. 
These explorers needed massive 

5244
04:24:04,800 --> 04:24:07,500
amounts of calories to keep 
their body's generating Heat. 

5245
04:24:08,200 --> 04:24:10,500
but they were working with 
preserved foods that had been 

5246
04:24:10,500 --> 04:24:14,200
packed months, or even years 
earlier, back when someone was 

5247
04:24:14,200 --> 04:24:17,300
optimistically assuming they'd 
still be edible by the time they

5248
04:24:17,300 --> 04:24:21,000
were needed, The Staples 
included items such as salt pork

5249
04:24:21,000 --> 04:24:24,800
hardtack, and pemmican, and 
Incredibly nutritious and 

5250
04:24:24,800 --> 04:24:28,400
appetizing combination of dried 
meat, fat and berries. 

5251
04:24:29,300 --> 04:24:32,000
Imagine trying to get excited 
about dinner, when your options 

5252
04:24:32,000 --> 04:24:33,600
are leathery, meet brick, or 
crackers. 

5253
04:24:33,600 --> 04:24:36,300
That require soaking in hot 
water before they won't break 

5254
04:24:36,300 --> 04:24:38,900
your teeth. 
But here's where human Ingenuity

5255
04:24:38,900 --> 04:24:41,300
kicks in. 
These men became surprisingly 

5256
04:24:41,300 --> 04:24:43,300
creative with their limited 
ingredients. 

5257
04:24:44,000 --> 04:24:46,900
Ships Cooks who were often just 
regular crew members with 

5258
04:24:46,900 --> 04:24:50,100
slightly more enthusiasm for not
poisoning, everyone learn to 

5259
04:24:50,100 --> 04:24:52,800
stretch their supplies with 
elaborate stews and soups that 

5260
04:24:52,800 --> 04:24:54,700
could make a small piece of 
preserved meat. 

5261
04:24:54,700 --> 04:24:57,100
Feel like a feast. 
When padded out with whatever 

5262
04:24:57,100 --> 04:24:59,600
vegetables, they'd managed to 
keep from freezing solid. 

5263
04:24:59,600 --> 04:25:02,800
The preservation methods 
themselves were fascinating and 

5264
04:25:02,800 --> 04:25:06,300
slightly terrified. 
Before Refrigeration, they 

5265
04:25:06,300 --> 04:25:09,100
relied on salt smoking and the 
arctic's. 

5266
04:25:09,100 --> 04:25:11,200
Natural freezer. 
Temperatures to keep food safe. 

5267
04:25:11,200 --> 04:25:13,700
This meant that opening a barrel
of salt. 

5268
04:25:13,700 --> 04:25:16,900
Pork was like, unwrapping, a 
present UI never knew whether I 

5269
04:25:16,900 --> 04:25:19,800
would find perfectly preserved, 
meat or something that had 

5270
04:25:19,800 --> 04:25:21,900
developed its own ecosystem 
during the journey. 

5271
04:25:22,900 --> 04:25:26,100
Fresh food became the subject of
dreams and intricate planning 

5272
04:25:26,100 --> 04:25:31,200
some Expeditions brought live 
animals chickens pigs, even cows

5273
04:25:31,200 --> 04:25:35,600
which provided fresh eggs, milk 
or meat for as long as they 

5274
04:25:35,600 --> 04:25:38,700
could be kept alive in the 
freezing conditions, but keeping

5275
04:25:38,700 --> 04:25:41,400
livestock alive in the Arctic 
was like, trying to run a farm 

5276
04:25:41,400 --> 04:25:44,800
inside a freezer and it required
constant attention and 

5277
04:25:44,800 --> 04:25:48,100
creativity. 
Hunting became both a necessity 

5278
04:25:48,100 --> 04:25:52,400
and a psychological lifeline. 
Fresh seal walrus or polar bear.

5279
04:25:52,400 --> 04:25:55,300
Meat, wasn't just nutrition. 
It was proof that you could 

5280
04:25:55,300 --> 04:25:57,700
still interact with the world 
beyond your floating, ice 

5281
04:25:57,700 --> 04:26:00,000
prison. 
The taste of fresh meat. 

5282
04:26:00,000 --> 04:26:02,400
After weeks of preserved. 
Rations was apparently 

5283
04:26:02,400 --> 04:26:05,200
transformative. 
Akin to discovering color after 

5284
04:26:05,200 --> 04:26:09,000
living in a world of black and 
white The cooking facilities 

5285
04:26:09,000 --> 04:26:11,400
range from ingenious to barely 
functional. 

5286
04:26:12,200 --> 04:26:15,000
Small Expeditions might have 
just a single oil lamp or 

5287
04:26:15,000 --> 04:26:17,400
alcohol stove, that served 
double duty for cooking and 

5288
04:26:17,400 --> 04:26:20,100
Heating. 
Larger ships were equipped with 

5289
04:26:20,100 --> 04:26:23,500
functionality stoves but 
maintaining their fuel supply 

5290
04:26:23,500 --> 04:26:27,000
required constant balancing 
between maintaining warmth and 

5291
04:26:27,000 --> 04:26:29,500
ensuring sufficient energy to 
prepare hot meals. 

5292
04:26:30,400 --> 04:26:33,800
Hot beverages became almost 
sacred tea coffee and hot 

5293
04:26:33,800 --> 04:26:36,500
chocolate weren't just drinks. 
They were liquid Comfort, 

5294
04:26:36,500 --> 04:26:39,400
warmth, you could hold in your 
hands and feel spreading through

5295
04:26:39,400 --> 04:26:42,300
your chest. 
Many explorers wrote about the 

5296
04:26:42,300 --> 04:26:44,300
ritual of their morning. 
Hot drink with an almost 

5297
04:26:44,300 --> 04:26:47,900
religious reverence Describing 
how that first sip could 

5298
04:26:47,900 --> 04:26:50,900
transform their mood and energy 
for the entire day. 

5299
04:26:52,000 --> 04:26:55,300
Water itself was often an 
adventure, he couldn't just turn

5300
04:26:55,300 --> 04:26:57,800
on a tap. 
You had to melt ice or snow, 

5301
04:26:57,800 --> 04:27:01,000
which sounds simple Until you 
realize that snow can contain. 

5302
04:27:01,000 --> 04:27:04,900
All sorts of interesting things 
from wind blown, dirt to organic

5303
04:27:04,900 --> 04:27:07,000
matter, you'd rather not think 
about too hard. 

5304
04:27:07,800 --> 04:27:10,800
Some Expedition set up elaborate
systems for collecting and 

5305
04:27:10,800 --> 04:27:12,700
melting. 
Clean ice While others just 

5306
04:27:12,700 --> 04:27:14,700
grabbed whatever was handy and 
hoped for the best. 

5307
04:27:15,600 --> 04:27:17,700
Mealtime in the Arctic wasn't 
just about nutrition. 

5308
04:27:17,700 --> 04:27:21,000
It was about maintaining your 
Humanity in a place that seemed 

5309
04:27:21,000 --> 04:27:24,300
designed to strip it away. 
When you're living in a space 

5310
04:27:24,300 --> 04:27:26,800
smaller than most modern 
apartments with a group of men 

5311
04:27:26,800 --> 04:27:28,200
who haven't had privacy in 
months. 

5312
04:27:29,000 --> 04:27:32,600
Sharing food becomes a delicate 
social dance, that could make or

5313
04:27:32,600 --> 04:27:36,500
break the expedition's morale. 
The dinner hour was often the 

5314
04:27:36,508 --> 04:27:38,900
only time when the entire crew 
would Gather in one place. 

5315
04:27:39,700 --> 04:27:42,900
Creating a temporary sense of 
community that helped combat the

5316
04:27:42,900 --> 04:27:45,200
isolation and claustrophobia of 
their situation. 

5317
04:27:45,200 --> 04:27:48,000
Picture trying to have a 
civilized conversation, while 

5318
04:27:48,000 --> 04:27:51,500
balancing a tin plate on your 
lap, sitting on a wooden crate 

5319
04:27:51,500 --> 04:27:54,000
in a room that swaying slightly 
as the ice shifts around your 

5320
04:27:54,000 --> 04:27:56,400
ship. 
With the temperature, just warm 

5321
04:27:56,400 --> 04:27:58,900
enough that your breath doesn't 
fog, but cold enough that your 

5322
04:27:58,900 --> 04:28:01,000
food starts cooling the moment, 
it hits your plate. 

5323
04:28:02,500 --> 04:28:04,300
But these men develop their own 
etiquette. 

5324
04:28:04,300 --> 04:28:07,600
For these strange circumstances 
there were unspoken rules about 

5325
04:28:07,600 --> 04:28:10,900
portion sharing about who got 
first access to the warmest spot

5326
04:28:10,900 --> 04:28:13,700
near the stove and about how to 
politely ignore it when 

5327
04:28:13,700 --> 04:28:16,300
someone's table manners, 
deteriorated under the stress of

5328
04:28:16,308 --> 04:28:19,800
extreme conditions, The 
successful Expeditions were 

5329
04:28:19,800 --> 04:28:22,800
often the ones where the social 
boundaries were respected even 

5330
04:28:22,800 --> 04:28:26,900
when especially when everyone 
was tired cold and probably a 

5331
04:28:26,900 --> 04:28:29,700
little bit crazy. 
Some ship captains, understood 

5332
04:28:29,700 --> 04:28:31,900
the importance of maintaining 
ceremony, even in the 

5333
04:28:31,908 --> 04:28:36,100
wilderness, they insist on 
certain formalities saying grace

5334
04:28:36,100 --> 04:28:39,000
waiting for everyone to be 
served before starting 

5335
04:28:39,000 --> 04:28:41,600
attempting to maintain 
conversation that went beyond 

5336
04:28:41,600 --> 04:28:44,800
the days work tasks. 
These small rituals helped 

5337
04:28:44,800 --> 04:28:47,300
preserve the feeling that they 
were still civilized human 

5338
04:28:47,300 --> 04:28:51,400
beings temporarily visiting the 
Arctic rather than slowly 

5339
04:28:51,400 --> 04:28:52,800
transforming into something 
else. 

5340
04:28:52,800 --> 04:28:56,100
Entirely the menu planning was 
often a source of both 

5341
04:28:56,100 --> 04:28:59,900
creativity and frustration. 
Cooks had to balance nutritional

5342
04:28:59,900 --> 04:29:02,600
with morale, which meant 
Sometimes using precious 

5343
04:29:02,600 --> 04:29:05,400
supplies to create special meals
for holidays or celebrations. 

5344
04:29:06,700 --> 04:29:09,500
Christmas dinner in the ark was 
an exercise in making Magic. 

5345
04:29:09,500 --> 04:29:12,900
From mundane ingredients, 
transforming salt, pork and 

5346
04:29:12,900 --> 04:29:16,100
hardtack into something that 
could at least remind everyone 

5347
04:29:16,100 --> 04:29:18,700
of home, even if it didn't 
actually tastes like it. 

5348
04:29:19,500 --> 04:29:21,700
Trade and bartering became 
common within the crew. 

5349
04:29:21,700 --> 04:29:24,500
Some one might trade their 
ration of sugar for extra 

5350
04:29:24,500 --> 04:29:27,500
tobacco or exchange a portion of
their meat, allocation for 

5351
04:29:27,500 --> 04:29:31,300
someone else's dried fruit. 
These small economies helped, 

5352
04:29:31,300 --> 04:29:33,500
people feel like they still had 
some control over their 

5353
04:29:33,500 --> 04:29:36,900
circumstances, some ability to 
make choices about their daily 

5354
04:29:36,900 --> 04:29:40,000
experience. 
The conversation during meals 

5355
04:29:40,000 --> 04:29:43,300
range from practical discussions
about the next day's work to 

5356
04:29:43,300 --> 04:29:46,200
elaborate storytelling sessions 
where crew members would share 

5357
04:29:46,200 --> 04:29:50,000
Tales from their past 
Adventures, their homes, and 

5358
04:29:50,000 --> 04:29:51,600
their plans. 
For when they return to 

5359
04:29:51,600 --> 04:29:55,600
civilization, These stories 
served multiple purposes. 

5360
04:29:55,600 --> 04:29:58,700
They were entertainment. 
They were a way to share 

5361
04:29:58,700 --> 04:30:01,400
knowledge and experience and 
they were a method of keeping 

5362
04:30:01,400 --> 04:30:04,300
memories of the outside world 
alive during the long isolation.

5363
04:30:05,100 --> 04:30:07,800
Some Expeditions develop 
Traditions around food that 

5364
04:30:07,800 --> 04:30:11,400
helped Mark the passage of time.
Special meals for Sundays 

5365
04:30:11,400 --> 04:30:14,400
birthday celebrations, with 
whatever small luxuries could be

5366
04:30:14,400 --> 04:30:17,300
spared and competitions to see 
who could create the most 

5367
04:30:17,300 --> 04:30:19,200
interesting dish from standard 
rations. 

5368
04:30:19,200 --> 04:30:23,400
These Traditions created 
structure and anticipation in a 

5369
04:30:23,400 --> 04:30:25,800
world where every day could 
otherwise feel exactly the same.

5370
04:30:27,300 --> 04:30:30,800
The cleanup after meals was its 
own challenge washing dishes, 

5371
04:30:30,800 --> 04:30:33,700
when water has to be heated from
Ice and then disposed of 

5372
04:30:33,700 --> 04:30:36,000
carefully. 
He can't just dump dirty 

5373
04:30:36,000 --> 04:30:37,500
dishwater. 
Anyway, when you're trying to 

5374
04:30:37,500 --> 04:30:40,600
keep your living space, sanitary
meant that every pot and plate 

5375
04:30:40,600 --> 04:30:43,400
represented, a significant 
investment of time and fuel. 

5376
04:30:44,600 --> 04:30:47,600
Food storage became a constant 
concern and occasional source of

5377
04:30:47,608 --> 04:30:50,200
drama. 
Supplies had to be carefully 

5378
04:30:50,200 --> 04:30:52,200
rationed and protected from both
spoilage. 

5379
04:30:52,200 --> 04:30:55,300
And the occasional crew member 
who might be tempted to help 

5380
04:30:55,300 --> 04:30:57,900
themselves to extra rations 
during a moment of weakness. 

5381
04:30:59,500 --> 04:31:02,200
The person in charge of the Food
Supplies held, one of the most 

5382
04:31:02,200 --> 04:31:05,500
important, and sometimes most 
unpopular positions on the 

5383
04:31:05,500 --> 04:31:09,700
expedition Let's get back to the
sleeping situation, because the 

5384
04:31:09,700 --> 04:31:12,800
relationship between Arctic 
explorers and their beds was 

5385
04:31:12,800 --> 04:31:17,500
complicated, intimate and often 
frustrating like a romance novel

5386
04:31:17,500 --> 04:31:20,300
written in a freezer. 
Your sleeping area wasn't just 

5387
04:31:20,300 --> 04:31:23,200
where you rested. 
It was your private space your 

5388
04:31:23,200 --> 04:31:26,300
sanctuary and sometimes your 
only escape from the constant 

5389
04:31:26,300 --> 04:31:27,800
company of your fellow 
explorers. 

5390
04:31:28,800 --> 04:31:31,400
The architecture of Arctic 
sleeping was an art form. 

5391
04:31:31,400 --> 04:31:35,100
Born from necessity in larger 
Expeditions with proper ships. 

5392
04:31:35,100 --> 04:31:37,100
You might have a hammock strung 
in the crew. 

5393
04:31:37,100 --> 04:31:40,500
Quarters swaying gently with the
movement of ice pressing against

5394
04:31:40,500 --> 04:31:42,900
the hull. 
The Rhythm could be soothing 

5395
04:31:42,900 --> 04:31:46,700
like being rocked to sleep until
the ice decided to shift more 

5396
04:31:46,700 --> 04:31:50,000
dramatically and suddenly you 
were experiencing what felt like

5397
04:31:50,000 --> 04:31:53,800
sleeping in a paint mixer. 
Smaller Expeditions or those who

5398
04:31:53,800 --> 04:31:56,300
had to abandon their ships, 
created sleeping Arrangements, 

5399
04:31:56,300 --> 04:31:59,300
that would challenge even the 
most creative interior designer.

5400
04:32:00,100 --> 04:32:03,700
Snow houses when properly built 
could actually be quite cozy. 

5401
04:32:03,700 --> 04:32:07,400
The snow provided insulation and
body heat could warm the 

5402
04:32:07,400 --> 04:32:09,300
interior to almost comfortable 
temperatures. 

5403
04:32:10,100 --> 04:32:13,100
But almost comfortable, when 
you're talking about sleeping in

5404
04:32:13,100 --> 04:32:16,900
a snow house, still means your 
camping inside of very elaborate

5405
04:32:16,900 --> 04:32:19,000
Ice. 
Cube the bedtime routine in 

5406
04:32:19,000 --> 04:32:21,100
these conditions, required 
strategic thinking. 

5407
04:32:21,100 --> 04:32:23,300
That would impress a military 
logistics officer? 

5408
04:32:23,300 --> 04:32:28,000
You had to time your preparation
just right too early and you'd 

5409
04:32:28,000 --> 04:32:31,700
lie awake in your confined space
getting claustrophobic too late 

5410
04:32:31,708 --> 04:32:34,100
and you'd be fumbling with 
frozen buckles and ties in the 

5411
04:32:34,100 --> 04:32:36,700
dark while your body heat 
disappeared into the Arctic air.

5412
04:32:37,700 --> 04:32:40,400
Getting undressed for sleep was 
like performing a magic trick. 

5413
04:32:40,400 --> 04:32:43,500
In Reverse, you had to remove 
layers with without losing the 

5414
04:32:43,500 --> 04:32:45,100
warmth. 
Those layers have been trapping 

5415
04:32:45,100 --> 04:32:48,000
then quickly borrow into your 
sleeping arrangements before 

5416
04:32:48,000 --> 04:32:49,300
your body temperature could 
drop. 

5417
04:32:50,000 --> 04:32:53,700
Some explorers became remarkably
skilled at this process able to 

5418
04:32:53,700 --> 04:32:56,900
transition from Fully Dressed to
properly bedded down in just a 

5419
04:32:56,908 --> 04:33:00,300
few minutes, the sharing of 
sleeping spaces created its own 

5420
04:33:00,300 --> 04:33:03,600
etiquette and occasional comedy.
When you're pressed close enough

5421
04:33:03,600 --> 04:33:06,700
to your fellow explorer that you
Feel their breathing and hear 

5422
04:33:06,700 --> 04:33:08,400
every shift they make during the
night. 

5423
04:33:08,400 --> 04:33:11,300
You develop, a heightened, 
awareness of personal habits 

5424
04:33:11,300 --> 04:33:13,599
that you probably never want to 
know about. 

5425
04:33:14,599 --> 04:33:18,500
Some men like human icebergs 
seem to absorb warmth from the 

5426
04:33:18,500 --> 04:33:22,400
air around them While others 
like natural furnaces generated 

5427
04:33:22,400 --> 04:33:23,900
heat that could warm their 
neighbor's. 

5428
04:33:24,700 --> 04:33:27,500
Snoring became both a blessing 
and a curse in these tight 

5429
04:33:27,500 --> 04:33:30,200
Quarters on one hand steady 
snoring. 

5430
04:33:30,200 --> 04:33:32,599
Could provide a rhythmic 
backdrop that helped mask other 

5431
04:33:32,599 --> 04:33:36,300
disturbing sounds from outside 
on the other hand when you're 

5432
04:33:36,300 --> 04:33:38,400
already struggling to sleep in 
uncomfortable conditions, 

5433
04:33:38,400 --> 04:33:41,900
listening to someone sawing logs
to feet from your ear, could 

5434
04:33:41,900 --> 04:33:45,700
drive you to the edge of sanity.
The dreams that came in Arctic 

5435
04:33:45,700 --> 04:33:48,500
sleep, were often more Vivid and
strange than normal dreams. 

5436
04:33:48,500 --> 04:33:50,900
Probably due to the combination 
of stress. 

5437
04:33:50,900 --> 04:33:53,700
Unusual sleeping conditions and 
diet changes. 

5438
04:33:53,700 --> 04:33:57,500
Many explorers wrote about 
remarkably detailed dreams of 

5439
04:33:57,500 --> 04:34:01,700
home of warm beds of foods. 
They missed of summer days. 

5440
04:34:01,700 --> 04:34:05,500
That felt impossibly distant, 
these dreams could be either a 

5441
04:34:05,500 --> 04:34:07,900
blessing, providing mental 
escape from their harsh reality 

5442
04:34:07,900 --> 04:34:10,800
or torture making the morning 
Awakening. 

5443
04:34:10,800 --> 04:34:14,000
Even more difficult. 
Waking up in Arctic conditions 

5444
04:34:14,000 --> 04:34:17,800
required its own set of survival
skills, the transition from 

5445
04:34:17,800 --> 04:34:20,800
whatever warmth you'd managed to
accumulate during the night to 

5446
04:34:20,800 --> 04:34:24,700
the reality of Sub-Zero are was 
like jumping into a cold pool 

5447
04:34:24,700 --> 04:34:27,900
except the pool was your entire 
living environment. 

5448
04:34:28,800 --> 04:34:31,800
Some explorers learn to keep 
essential items Within Reach. 

5449
04:34:31,800 --> 04:34:34,599
So they could partially dress 
while still under their covers 

5450
04:34:34,599 --> 04:34:36,900
extending the warmth as long as 
possible. 

5451
04:34:36,900 --> 04:34:39,900
The condition of your bedding 
became crucial to your 

5452
04:34:39,900 --> 04:34:43,500
well-being and morale Damp 
blankets or sleeping Furs could 

5453
04:34:43,508 --> 04:34:46,900
become frozen solid overnight. 
Creating a choice between 

5454
04:34:46,900 --> 04:34:50,599
sleeping with frozen bedding or 
taking the time and fuel to thaw

5455
04:34:50,599 --> 04:34:54,000
and dry everything before sleep.
Assuming you have the resources 

5456
04:34:54,000 --> 04:34:56,000
to do. 
So, Personal sleeping 

5457
04:34:56,000 --> 04:34:59,500
accessories, became precious 
possessions a comfortable pillow

5458
04:34:59,500 --> 04:35:02,300
made from extra clothing or 
whatever, soft materials were 

5459
04:35:02,300 --> 04:35:04,000
available. 
Could mean the difference 

5460
04:35:04,000 --> 04:35:05,900
between rest and night of neck 
pain? 

5461
04:35:06,700 --> 04:35:09,500
Some explorers fashioned wooden 
supports or repurpose their 

5462
04:35:09,500 --> 04:35:11,800
boots. 
As makeshift pillows, resulting 

5463
04:35:11,800 --> 04:35:15,300
in inventive solutions, that may
amuse modern campers, but were 

5464
04:35:15,300 --> 04:35:17,099
crucial for their comfort in 
those harsh. 

5465
04:35:17,099 --> 04:35:20,599
Conditions, living through the 
polar night meant developing an 

5466
04:35:20,599 --> 04:35:24,099
entirely new relationship with 
time Consciousness and what it 

5467
04:35:24,108 --> 04:35:27,700
means to be awake or asleep. 
When the sun disappears for 

5468
04:35:27,700 --> 04:35:30,400
months, your body's natural 
rhythms, don't just get 

5469
04:35:30,400 --> 04:35:33,400
confused, they staged a full 
Rebellion, that would make a 

5470
04:35:33,400 --> 04:35:35,000
toddler's. 
Tantrum look like a model of 

5471
04:35:35,008 --> 04:35:38,800
emotional regulation. 
The cycle effects of endless 

5472
04:35:38,800 --> 04:35:41,500
Darkness was something these 
early explorers had to navigate 

5473
04:35:41,500 --> 04:35:44,700
without any of the scientific 
understanding we have today 

5474
04:35:44,700 --> 04:35:47,000
about seasonal affective 
disorder. 

5475
04:35:47,000 --> 04:35:51,300
Also kadian Rhythm disruption 
They just knew that after a few 

5476
04:35:51,300 --> 04:35:54,300
weeks of continuous Twilight, 
their mind started playing 

5477
04:35:54,300 --> 04:35:56,500
tricks on them. 
In ways that range from mildly 

5478
04:35:56,500 --> 04:36:00,800
annoying to genuinely concerning
some men found themselves 

5479
04:36:00,800 --> 04:36:04,300
sleeping at odd hours wide awake
when they should have been worn 

5480
04:36:04,300 --> 04:36:07,599
out or sleeping for much longer 
or shorter periods than normal. 

5481
04:36:08,500 --> 04:36:12,200
Others experience to kind of 
dreamy wakefulness where the 

5482
04:36:12,200 --> 04:36:15,900
boundaries between sleeping and 
waking became blurred like 

5483
04:36:15,900 --> 04:36:19,000
living in a constant state of 
just having awakened from a nap 

5484
04:36:19,008 --> 04:36:23,200
but never feeling fully alert. 
The smart Expedition leaders, 

5485
04:36:23,200 --> 04:36:25,800
learn to create artificial 
rhythms to help their Crews 

5486
04:36:25,800 --> 04:36:29,200
maintain some semblance of 
normal sleep patterns. this 

5487
04:36:29,200 --> 04:36:32,200
might mean maintaining strict, 
watch schedules, requiring 

5488
04:36:32,200 --> 04:36:35,400
everyone to be present for meals
at specific times or creating 

5489
04:36:35,400 --> 04:36:38,599
evening activities that help 
signal to the brain that bed was

5490
04:36:38,599 --> 04:36:41,599
approaching even when the light 
outside hadn't changed in weeks,

5491
04:36:42,500 --> 04:36:45,000
Reading became both a blessing 
and to challenge during these 

5492
04:36:45,000 --> 04:36:47,900
long nights. 
Those Expeditions lucky enough 

5493
04:36:47,900 --> 04:36:50,700
to have brought books found that
reading could help pass the time

5494
04:36:50,700 --> 04:36:54,500
and provide mental stimulation, 
but reading by oil lamp. 

5495
04:36:54,500 --> 04:36:57,000
Apple Candlelight in cold 
conditions was demanding on the 

5496
04:36:57,000 --> 04:37:00,200
eyes and required careful 
management of precious fuel 

5497
04:37:00,200 --> 04:37:02,700
supplies. 
Some men would save their 

5498
04:37:02,700 --> 04:37:06,300
reading for just before sleep 
using it as a mental transition 

5499
04:37:06,300 --> 04:37:08,700
activity. 
While others found that reading 

5500
04:37:08,700 --> 04:37:11,200
made them more alert when they 
needed to be winding down. 

5501
04:37:12,300 --> 04:37:15,200
The development of indoor games 
and activities became crucial 

5502
04:37:15,200 --> 04:37:18,200
for mental health. 
During the long Darkness, card 

5503
04:37:18,200 --> 04:37:20,599
games storytelling sessions and 
music. 

5504
04:37:20,599 --> 04:37:23,700
If anyone had brought 
instruments served, a dual 

5505
04:37:23,700 --> 04:37:26,800
purpose as both entertainment 
and markers of the passage of 

5506
04:37:26,800 --> 04:37:29,400
time. 
Knowing that every evening after

5507
04:37:29,400 --> 04:37:32,200
dinner, there would be a card 
game or story session helped 

5508
04:37:32,200 --> 04:37:34,599
create the Rhythm that the 
missing son could no longer 

5509
04:37:34,608 --> 04:37:37,200
provide. 
Personal hygiene during these 

5510
04:37:37,200 --> 04:37:40,099
extended periods, became both 
more challenging and more 

5511
04:37:40,099 --> 04:37:43,700
important than you might expect.
When you're living in close 

5512
04:37:43,700 --> 04:37:47,000
quarters with the same people 
for months, small issues can 

5513
04:37:47,000 --> 04:37:49,900
become major problems. 
But washing in Sub-Zero 

5514
04:37:49,900 --> 04:37:52,800
temperatures with limited Water,
Supplies, required planning, and

5515
04:37:52,800 --> 04:37:56,000
motivation that could be 
difficult to maintain when you 

5516
04:37:56,000 --> 04:37:58,300
were already struggling with the
psychological effects of 

5517
04:37:58,300 --> 04:38:01,300
isolation and darkness. 
Some explorers found that 

5518
04:38:01,300 --> 04:38:04,099
maintaining small personal 
rituals help them cope with the 

5519
04:38:04,099 --> 04:38:08,000
disorientation of Endless Night.
This might mean keeping a detail

5520
04:38:08,000 --> 04:38:11,500
Journal maintaining a specific 
morning routine, regardless of 

5521
04:38:11,500 --> 04:38:14,700
what the light outside looked 
like, or dedicating time, each 

5522
04:38:14,700 --> 04:38:17,599
day to some form of physical 
exercise within the confined 

5523
04:38:17,599 --> 04:38:20,800
spaces of their shelter. 
The quality of sleep during 

5524
04:38:20,800 --> 04:38:23,300
polar night often differed from 
that of normal sleep. 

5525
04:38:24,000 --> 04:38:27,300
Many explorers reported more 
vivid dreams, more frequent 

5526
04:38:27,300 --> 04:38:30,300
waking during the night and a 
general sense that their sleep 

5527
04:38:30,300 --> 04:38:33,400
was less restful even when they 
managed to receive adequate 

5528
04:38:33,400 --> 04:38:36,400
hours of rest. 
This change was probably due to 

5529
04:38:36,400 --> 04:38:39,900
the combination of stress, the 
unfamiliar environment, and the 

5530
04:38:39,900 --> 04:38:43,500
disruption of normal light dark 
cycles, that help regulate deep 

5531
04:38:43,500 --> 04:38:45,900
sleep. 
Temperature regulation during 

5532
04:38:45,900 --> 04:38:48,599
sleep, became a complex dance. 
That required constant 

5533
04:38:48,599 --> 04:38:51,099
adjustment. 
The inside of shelters could 

5534
04:38:51,099 --> 04:38:53,599
vary dramatically and 
temperature depending on wind 

5535
04:38:53,599 --> 04:38:56,800
conditions, the effectiveness of
heating sources, and how well, 

5536
04:38:56,800 --> 04:38:59,900
the structure was insulated 
learning to sleep comfortably, 

5537
04:38:59,900 --> 04:39:03,000
despite these fluctuations was a
skill that separated the 

5538
04:39:03,000 --> 04:39:06,000
successful Arctic sleepers from 
those who spent their nights 

5539
04:39:06,000 --> 04:39:09,000
tossing and turning. 
The sounds of the Arctic night, 

5540
04:39:09,000 --> 04:39:10,800
created their own soundtrack for
sleep. 

5541
04:39:11,599 --> 04:39:14,099
Beyond the ice sound, we 
mentioned earlier there were 

5542
04:39:14,099 --> 04:39:17,200
wind patterns the sound of other
crew members moving around. 

5543
04:39:17,200 --> 04:39:20,599
The occasional animal noise from
outside and the very first 

5544
04:39:20,599 --> 04:39:23,800
creeks and settling sound of 
their shelter, Learning to 

5545
04:39:23,800 --> 04:39:26,800
identify which sounds were 
normal and which might indicate 

5546
04:39:26,800 --> 04:39:29,599
a problem became part of the bed
time mental routine. 

5547
04:39:30,500 --> 04:39:33,599
Eventually, every Arctic 
Explorer had to master the art 

5548
04:39:33,599 --> 04:39:36,700
of waking up when morning was 
purely a theoretical concept 

5549
04:39:36,700 --> 04:39:40,300
without, the sun's gentle 
nudging, or even the promise of 

5550
04:39:40,308 --> 04:39:43,700
daylight to motivate getting out
of your warm cocoon starting 

5551
04:39:43,700 --> 04:39:46,900
each day, became an act of pure 
willpower, that would challenge 

5552
04:39:46,900 --> 04:39:48,400
even the most disciplined 
person. 

5553
04:39:49,300 --> 04:39:51,700
The wake-up call in Arctic 
Expeditions was usually 

5554
04:39:51,700 --> 04:39:54,400
artificial. 
A ship's Bell someone calling 

5555
04:39:54,400 --> 04:39:57,400
out or simply the gradually 
increase in activity of other 

5556
04:39:57,400 --> 04:40:01,700
crew members starting their day.
But responding to these cues 

5557
04:40:01,700 --> 04:40:04,100
when your body had no natural 
reason to believe it was more 

5558
04:40:04,100 --> 04:40:06,600
mourning required developing 
mental tricks. 

5559
04:40:06,600 --> 04:40:09,000
That modern shift workers would 
recognize and appreciate. 

5560
04:40:10,000 --> 04:40:12,600
Smart explorers learn to prepare
for more morning than the night 

5561
04:40:12,608 --> 04:40:16,200
before laying out clothes, in 
order, keeping essential items 

5562
04:40:16,200 --> 04:40:19,300
within easy reach. 
And most importantly, have a 

5563
04:40:19,300 --> 04:40:22,200
plan for the first few minutes 
after waking, that would get the

5564
04:40:22,200 --> 04:40:25,500
moving before, the cold could 
fully register and convinced 

5565
04:40:25,500 --> 04:40:28,000
them to burrow back under their 
covers for just five more 

5566
04:40:28,000 --> 04:40:30,500
minutes, that could easily 
stretch into hours. 

5567
04:40:31,600 --> 04:40:34,300
The first task of the Arctic 
morning was usually rekindling 

5568
04:40:34,300 --> 04:40:37,000
or tending to heating sources 
that had been banked overnight. 

5569
04:40:37,800 --> 04:40:40,500
This meant someone had to be 
brave enough to leave their warm

5570
04:40:40,500 --> 04:40:43,500
sleeping area and venturing into
the coldest part of the shelter 

5571
04:40:43,500 --> 04:40:46,000
to Coke's fires back to life or 
light oil lamps. 

5572
04:40:46,800 --> 04:40:50,300
This thankless, but crucial job 
often rotated among crew members

5573
04:40:50,300 --> 04:40:53,700
or was taken on by early risers 
who found it easier to get 

5574
04:40:53,700 --> 04:40:56,800
moving once they were already up
and active breakfast in the 

5575
04:40:56,800 --> 04:40:58,900
Arctic wasn't just the first 
meal of the day. 

5576
04:40:58,900 --> 04:41:02,100
It was proof that you had 
successfully survived another 

5577
04:41:02,100 --> 04:41:04,700
night and were ready to face 
whatever challenges. 

5578
04:41:04,700 --> 04:41:07,800
The endless, Twilight might 
bring Hot drinks were a 

5579
04:41:07,808 --> 04:41:11,200
important in the morning, 
providing internal warmth that 

5580
04:41:11,208 --> 04:41:14,100
helped motivate the body to 
continue functioning when 

5581
04:41:14,100 --> 04:41:16,500
external conditions were 
consistently hostile. 

5582
04:41:17,800 --> 04:41:20,200
Getting dressed in Arctic 
conditions was like putting on 

5583
04:41:20,200 --> 04:41:21,900
Armor for battle against the 
elements. 

5584
04:41:21,900 --> 04:41:25,500
The process had to be done 
efficiently to avoid losing body

5585
04:41:25,500 --> 04:41:28,300
heat, but also carefully to 
ensure that all layers were 

5586
04:41:28,300 --> 04:41:30,400
properly arranged and that 
nothing was forgotten. 

5587
04:41:31,300 --> 04:41:33,900
Wet or improperly worn clothing,
could be dangerous. 

5588
04:41:33,900 --> 04:41:37,200
So the morning dressing routine 
became a practice sequence that 

5589
04:41:37,200 --> 04:41:41,400
each Explorer perfected through 
experience Personal grooming in 

5590
04:41:41,408 --> 04:41:44,100
the Arctic morning was often 
reduced to the absolute Basics 

5591
04:41:44,100 --> 04:41:47,400
but maintaining some standards 
helped preserve morale and 

5592
04:41:47,400 --> 04:41:50,200
dignity. 
Quick wash with melted snow 

5593
04:41:50,200 --> 04:41:53,500
water combing, hair and 
attending to any minor injuries 

5594
04:41:53,500 --> 04:41:56,800
or frostbite concerns. 
These small acts of self-care 

5595
04:41:56,800 --> 04:42:00,100
helped maintain the cycle 
boundary between survival mode 

5596
04:42:00,100 --> 04:42:02,500
and simply giving up on 
civilization entirely. 

5597
04:42:03,900 --> 04:42:06,900
The transition from the relative
shelter of sleeping areas to the

5598
04:42:06,900 --> 04:42:09,600
full reality of Arctic 
conditions was always a shock. 

5599
04:42:09,600 --> 04:42:13,500
No matter how many times you'd 
experienced it stepping outside 

5600
04:42:13,500 --> 04:42:16,200
for necessary, tasks meant 
facing are that could literally 

5601
04:42:16,200 --> 04:42:19,100
take your breath away. 
Wind that felt like it was 

5602
04:42:19,100 --> 04:42:22,200
trying to strip the warmth from 
your body and a landscape that 

5603
04:42:22,200 --> 04:42:24,600
remained unforgiving, beautiful 
and hostile. 

5604
04:42:25,900 --> 04:42:29,100
But here's the remarkable thing 
about these Arctic, explorers 

5605
04:42:29,100 --> 04:42:31,900
they developed, not just the 
skills to survive these 

5606
04:42:31,900 --> 04:42:34,600
conditions. 
But often a strange appreciation

5607
04:42:34,600 --> 04:42:38,800
for the unique experience, they 
were living Many wrote about 

5608
04:42:38,800 --> 04:42:42,500
moments of unexpected Beauty, 
the play of Aurora across the 

5609
04:42:42,500 --> 04:42:45,400
sky during clear nights, the 
intricate patterns of ice 

5610
04:42:45,400 --> 04:42:47,400
formation and the profound 
silence. 

5611
04:42:47,400 --> 04:42:50,500
That could only be found in 
places far from civilization. 

5612
04:42:51,500 --> 04:42:54,500
As you settle into your own warm
bed tonight in a room with 

5613
04:42:54,500 --> 04:42:57,300
electric lights and central 
heating with the promise of 

5614
04:42:57,308 --> 04:43:01,300
dawn, just hours away, you can 
appreciate both how far we've 

5615
04:43:01,300 --> 04:43:04,900
come and how remarkable those 
early Arctic explorers truly 

5616
04:43:04,900 --> 04:43:07,300
were. 
They faced months of darkness 

5617
04:43:07,300 --> 04:43:10,900
and cold with nothing but wool 
oil lamps and human 

5618
04:43:10,900 --> 04:43:13,900
determination? 
They turn survival into an art 

5619
04:43:13,900 --> 04:43:17,300
form and somehow managed to 
maintain their Humanity in 

5620
04:43:17,300 --> 04:43:19,000
conditions. 
That seem designed to strip it 

5621
04:43:19,000 --> 04:43:21,000
away. 
Their Legacy isn't just the 

5622
04:43:21,000 --> 04:43:23,400
geographical knowledge, they 
gained, or the roots, they 

5623
04:43:23,400 --> 04:43:27,400
mapped, but the proof that human
beings can adapt almost anything

5624
04:43:27,400 --> 04:43:30,100
when they have to. 
And that sometimes the most 

5625
04:43:30,100 --> 04:43:33,100
important survival tool is the 
ability to find humor and 

5626
04:43:33,100 --> 04:43:36,200
camaraderie, even when you're 
sleeping in what amounts to a 

5627
04:43:36,200 --> 04:43:39,300
very expensive Ice Cube. 
So as you drift off to sleep, in

5628
04:43:39,300 --> 04:43:42,000
your comfortable bed. 
Perhaps, you'll spare a thought 

5629
04:43:42,000 --> 04:43:44,600
for those brave souls who spent 
their nights, in the endless, 

5630
04:43:44,600 --> 04:43:48,600
Arctic Darkness sharing, warmth 
and stories, and the simple 

5631
04:43:48,600 --> 04:43:51,000
comfort of knowing that morning,
would come eventually. 

5632
04:43:51,600 --> 04:43:54,200
Even if the sun had temporarily 
forgotten how to rise. 

5633
04:44:01,600 --> 04:44:03,000
You know how you sometimes? 
Catch yourself. 

5634
04:44:03,000 --> 04:44:04,700
Embellishing a story, just a 
little bit. 

5635
04:44:05,400 --> 04:44:08,300
Perhaps you incorporate a subtle
detail to enhance its appeal 

5636
04:44:08,300 --> 04:44:10,900
during dinner parties. 
Well, imagine if your entire 

5637
04:44:10,900 --> 04:44:12,900
profession was built on doing 
exactly that. 

5638
04:44:12,900 --> 04:44:16,500
Except, instead of impressing 
your neighbors, you were fooling

5639
04:44:16,500 --> 04:44:19,500
entire kingdoms and occasionally
starting Wars by accident. 

5640
04:44:20,500 --> 04:44:23,400
Welcome to the wonderfully weird
world of medieval and 

5641
04:44:23,400 --> 04:44:26,300
Renaissance map making. 
We're lying wasn't just 

5642
04:44:26,300 --> 04:44:28,400
acceptable. 
It was practically a job 

5643
04:44:28,408 --> 04:44:31,600
requirement. 
Picture yourself settling into a

5644
04:44:31,600 --> 04:44:34,300
comfortable chair by the 
fireplace, maybe with a cup of 

5645
04:44:34,308 --> 04:44:37,600
something warm while we explore 
one of history's, most Charming,

5646
04:44:37,600 --> 04:44:41,500
professional scams upon 
reflection, that's precisely the

5647
04:44:41,500 --> 04:44:44,100
truth of the situation for 
centuries. 

5648
04:44:44,100 --> 04:44:46,800
The most respected cartographers
in Europe were essentially 

5649
04:44:46,800 --> 04:44:49,800
running elaborate cones and 
everyone just went along with it

5650
04:44:49,800 --> 04:44:52,000
because frankly nobody knew any 
better. 

5651
04:44:52,900 --> 04:44:55,900
You see back in the day and 
we're talking roughly from the 

5652
04:44:55,900 --> 04:44:58,300
12th century. 
All the way up to the 1600s 

5653
04:44:58,300 --> 04:45:02,200
making Maps was less about 
accuracy and more about filling 

5654
04:45:02,200 --> 04:45:06,600
up all that space on parchment. 
Imagine you're a mapmaker in say

5655
04:45:06,600 --> 04:45:11,100
1347 you have a beautiful piece 
of Vellum laid out on your desk 

5656
04:45:11,100 --> 04:45:13,600
and you possess a clear 
understanding of the 

5657
04:45:13,600 --> 04:45:17,000
mediterranean's appearance. 
Sailors have navigated its 

5658
04:45:17,000 --> 04:45:20,900
waters for centuries you can 
draw Italy with your eyes closed

5659
04:45:20,900 --> 04:45:25,100
and the coastline of Spain holds
no Mysteries but then you get to

5660
04:45:25,100 --> 04:45:29,200
the edges the vast unknown 
awaits you and here's where 

5661
04:45:29,200 --> 04:45:31,900
things get intriguing because 
you can't just leave blank 

5662
04:45:31,900 --> 04:45:34,000
spaces. 
That would be admitting 

5663
04:45:34,000 --> 04:45:36,400
ignorance, medieval 
professionals had about as much 

5664
04:45:36,408 --> 04:45:38,600
tolerance for admitting. 
They didn't know something as 

5665
04:45:38,600 --> 04:45:41,700
your average teenager today. 
So what do you do? 

5666
04:45:41,700 --> 04:45:44,700
You make stuff up and not just 
little stuff. 

5667
04:45:44,700 --> 04:45:48,200
We're talking about entire 
continents mythical islands and 

5668
04:45:48,200 --> 04:45:50,900
creatures that would make 
Hollywood monster design as weep

5669
04:45:50,900 --> 04:45:55,100
With Envy The best part everyone
expected you to do this. 

5670
04:45:55,100 --> 04:45:58,200
It wasn't considered fraud. 
It was considered, filling in 

5671
04:45:58,200 --> 04:46:00,000
the gaps with your best educated
guess. 

5672
04:46:00,000 --> 04:46:03,200
Even if your education came 
entirely from Heaven's stories 

5673
04:46:03,200 --> 04:46:06,900
and fever dreams take the 
Hereford, Monday, created around

5674
04:46:06,900 --> 04:46:09,500
1300. 
This thing is gorgeous. 

5675
04:46:09,500 --> 04:46:12,200
A work of art that happens to 
also be a map. 

5676
04:46:13,100 --> 04:46:16,000
But if you try to use it for 
navigation, you'd probably end 

5677
04:46:16,000 --> 04:46:18,800
up somewhere in the Atlantic 
having a chili very wet 

5678
04:46:18,800 --> 04:46:20,800
conversation with some very 
confused fish. 

5679
04:46:21,900 --> 04:46:24,400
The mapmaker included everything
from the Garden of Eden, 

5680
04:46:24,400 --> 04:46:28,100
helpfully located in Asia to 
various monsters scattered 

5681
04:46:28,100 --> 04:46:30,500
around Africa. 
Because apparently mediaeval 

5682
04:46:30,500 --> 04:46:33,500
cartographers believed that the 
further you got from Europe, 

5683
04:46:33,500 --> 04:46:36,500
more likely, you were to run 
into something with too many 

5684
04:46:36,508 --> 04:46:38,700
heads. 
The funny thing is, these 

5685
04:46:38,700 --> 04:46:40,600
weren't mistakes in the way we 
think of them today. 

5686
04:46:40,600 --> 04:46:43,100
These were deliberate creative 
choices. 

5687
04:46:44,200 --> 04:46:46,900
Medieval mapmakers operated 
under the assumption that the 

5688
04:46:46,900 --> 04:46:49,600
world was full of Wonders. 
And if they hadn't personally 

5689
04:46:49,600 --> 04:46:52,300
seen proof, that a particular 
Wonder didn't exist in a 

5690
04:46:52,308 --> 04:46:55,900
particular place, well, it might
as well go on the map. 

5691
04:46:56,900 --> 04:47:00,600
It was really an optimistic lie.
The kind of fibbing that says 

5692
04:47:00,600 --> 04:47:02,700
sure there might be a unicorn 
over there. 

5693
04:47:02,700 --> 04:47:05,200
Why not? 
And the customers loved it. 

5694
04:47:06,200 --> 04:47:09,200
Kings and wealthy merchants 
didn't want boring accurate 

5695
04:47:09,200 --> 04:47:12,600
Maps, they wanted maps that told
stories maps. 

5696
04:47:12,600 --> 04:47:15,700
That confirmed everything they'd
heard about the Exotic edges of 

5697
04:47:15,700 --> 04:47:18,200
the world. 
A map lacking Monster's was 

5698
04:47:18,200 --> 04:47:21,100
devoid of imagination, which 
diminished its purpose. 

5699
04:47:22,300 --> 04:47:24,400
The quest wasn't just about 
filling space though. 

5700
04:47:25,300 --> 04:47:28,600
In a world where information 
travels slowly and often became 

5701
04:47:28,600 --> 04:47:31,700
thoroughly mangled medieval 
mapmakers operated. 

5702
04:47:32,800 --> 04:47:34,900
By the time a story about a 
distant land. 

5703
04:47:34,900 --> 04:47:37,500
Had traveled from Explorer to 
trade her to scholar to 

5704
04:47:37,500 --> 04:47:40,000
mapmaker. 
It had usually picked up so many

5705
04:47:40,000 --> 04:47:43,000
embellishments that it bore 
about, as much resemblance to 

5706
04:47:43,000 --> 04:47:45,900
reality as a fish story told by 
your uncle after his fourth 

5707
04:47:45,900 --> 04:47:48,300
beer. 
So, as you drift off tonight, 

5708
04:47:48,300 --> 04:47:50,300
remember that somewhere in 
history. 

5709
04:47:50,300 --> 04:47:53,900
There's a map maker who drew a 
perfectly lovely Island that 

5710
04:47:53,900 --> 04:47:58,600
never existed, populated it with
creatures that never lived and 

5711
04:47:58,600 --> 04:48:00,600
convinced half of Europe. 
That it was a real place worth 

5712
04:48:00,600 --> 04:48:04,500
visiting and honestly the world 
was probably somewhat more 

5713
04:48:04,500 --> 04:48:07,000
interesting for it. 
Now you might be wondering how 

5714
04:48:07,000 --> 04:48:09,900
exactly one goes about lying 
professionally on maps without 

5715
04:48:09,900 --> 04:48:13,700
getting fired exiled or fed to 
whatever monsters you've been 

5716
04:48:13,708 --> 04:48:16,600
drawing in the margins. 
The answer is surprisingly 

5717
04:48:16,600 --> 04:48:18,900
simple. 
You don't call it lying. 

5718
04:48:18,900 --> 04:48:23,100
You call it interpretation of 
available sources or synthesis 

5719
04:48:23,100 --> 04:48:25,500
of travel or accounts. 
It's all about the marketing, 

5720
04:48:25,500 --> 04:48:27,900
really medieval and Renaissance 
map. 

5721
04:48:27,900 --> 04:48:29,800
Make us have the technique down 
to an art form. 

5722
04:48:29,800 --> 04:48:33,400
They take a grain of Truth. 
Maybe a sailor story about 

5723
04:48:33,400 --> 04:48:36,600
seeing land on the horizon, and 
grow it into a full-fledged 

5724
04:48:36,600 --> 04:48:40,300
continent, complete with cities 
rivers, and the occasional 

5725
04:48:40,300 --> 04:48:43,700
dragon, Think of it as the 
original version of making a 

5726
04:48:43,700 --> 04:48:46,500
mountain out of a molehill, 
except the molehill might not 

5727
04:48:46,500 --> 04:48:49,800
have existed either. 
The map making process back then

5728
04:48:49,800 --> 04:48:53,100
was part detective, work part, 
creative writing and part 

5729
04:48:53,100 --> 04:48:55,400
wishful. 
Thinking You'd gather every 

5730
04:48:55,400 --> 04:48:59,700
scrap of information you could 
find ancient texts Travelers 

5731
04:48:59,700 --> 04:49:02,300
Tales other maps and wild 
guesses. 

5732
04:49:02,300 --> 04:49:04,900
From people who claim to know, 
someone who wants met a guy who 

5733
04:49:04,900 --> 04:49:06,900
sailed somewhere vaguely in that
direction. 

5734
04:49:08,300 --> 04:49:10,000
Subsequently. 
You would arrange all the 

5735
04:49:10,008 --> 04:49:12,600
gathered information on your 
workbench and Endeavor to make 

5736
04:49:12,608 --> 04:49:15,900
sense of it, fully aware that a 
significant portion was likely 

5737
04:49:15,900 --> 04:49:18,100
an accurate and the remainder 
was certainly dubious. 

5738
04:49:19,000 --> 04:49:21,500
But the best part is that 
everyone knew how the system 

5739
04:49:21,500 --> 04:49:24,500
worked and accepted it. 
If everyone was aware of the 

5740
04:49:24,500 --> 04:49:26,500
joke, it wouldn't be considered 
fraud. 

5741
04:49:27,300 --> 04:49:30,000
King's commissioning Maps, 
weren't expecting GPS level 

5742
04:49:30,000 --> 04:49:33,500
accuracy, they wanted something 
impressive to hang on the castle

5743
04:49:33,500 --> 04:49:37,600
wall, something that would make 
visiting dignitaries go and are 

5744
04:49:37,600 --> 04:49:40,500
and maybe feel a little 
intimidated by the vast scope of

5745
04:49:40,500 --> 04:49:41,800
their host, geographical 
knowledge. 

5746
04:49:42,800 --> 04:49:45,600
The true experts devised, their 
own nuanced strategies, to 

5747
04:49:45,600 --> 04:49:48,600
mitigate their risks. 
They'd include little notes in 

5748
04:49:48,600 --> 04:49:51,800
Latin that roughly translated 
meant things like this 

5749
04:49:51,800 --> 04:49:55,700
information comes from sources 
of questionable reliability or 

5750
04:49:55,700 --> 04:50:00,500
hear there might be dragons but 
honestly who knows. these 

5751
04:50:00,500 --> 04:50:03,500
disclaimers were usually in tiny
script and tucked away in 

5752
04:50:03,500 --> 04:50:06,000
Corners where nobody would 
notice them unless they were 

5753
04:50:06,000 --> 04:50:09,700
specifically looking One of the 
most famous examples of 

5754
04:50:09,700 --> 04:50:12,600
organized cartographic. 
Creativity was the island of 

5755
04:50:12,600 --> 04:50:15,400
Brazil. 
Not Brazil, the country. 

5756
04:50:16,300 --> 04:50:18,200
It's spelled differently and 
actually exists. 

5757
04:50:18,200 --> 04:50:21,200
No, we're talking about Brazil 
with an s. 

5758
04:50:21,200 --> 04:50:24,300
A mythical Island that appeared 
on maps of the North Atlantic 

5759
04:50:24,300 --> 04:50:28,400
for over 500 years, it showed up
on different maps, in different 

5760
04:50:28,400 --> 04:50:30,700
locations. 
Sometimes round sometimes 

5761
04:50:30,700 --> 04:50:33,900
Crescent shaped sometimes 
accompanied by smaller Islands, 

5762
04:50:33,900 --> 04:50:37,800
sometimes flying so low. 
Mapmakers continue to include it

5763
04:50:37,800 --> 04:50:41,200
because their peers had done so 
and they felt it was important 

5764
04:50:41,200 --> 04:50:42,900
to respect to establish 
precedent. 

5765
04:50:43,600 --> 04:50:45,800
The island had a whole mythology
built around it. 

5766
04:50:45,800 --> 04:50:49,000
Some claimed it was shrouded in 
mist and only appeared every 

5767
04:50:49,000 --> 04:50:51,800
seven years. 
Others said, it was inhabited by

5768
04:50:51,800 --> 04:50:55,600
an advanced civilization that 
had mastered invisibility, which

5769
04:50:55,600 --> 04:50:58,300
was certainly a convenient 
explanation for why nobody could

5770
04:50:58,300 --> 04:51:01,600
ever find the place Sailors. 
Occasionally claimed to have 

5771
04:51:01,600 --> 04:51:04,700
spotted it in the distance but 
somehow it always vanished 

5772
04:51:04,700 --> 04:51:06,500
before they could get close 
enough to land. 

5773
04:51:06,500 --> 04:51:10,100
It's interesting how the 
situation unfolded what makes 

5774
04:51:10,100 --> 04:51:12,800
this story even more amusing? 
Is that people kept mounting 

5775
04:51:12,800 --> 04:51:17,000
expeditions to find Brazil? 
Well into the 18th Century, Real

5776
04:51:17,000 --> 04:51:20,800
Money changed hands. 
Real ships set sail, real 

5777
04:51:20,800 --> 04:51:22,300
Sailors. 
Spent real weeks. 

5778
04:51:22,300 --> 04:51:25,400
Searching empty ocean for an 
island that existed only in the 

5779
04:51:25,400 --> 04:51:27,400
collective imagination of the 
European map. 

5780
04:51:27,400 --> 04:51:30,800
Making Community it resembled a 
centuries, long game of 

5781
04:51:30,800 --> 04:51:33,700
concealment with no one, 
bothering to acknowledge that. 

5782
04:51:33,700 --> 04:51:36,800
One of the participants was 
purely fictional and that make 

5783
04:51:36,800 --> 04:51:39,500
us the themselves often seem to 
understand that they were in the

5784
04:51:39,500 --> 04:51:42,000
entertainment business as much 
as the information business. 

5785
04:51:42,800 --> 04:51:45,400
Their Maps were gorgeous. 
Works of art filled with 

5786
04:51:45,400 --> 04:51:48,600
elaborate compass roses, 
decorative, borders, and sea 

5787
04:51:48,600 --> 04:51:51,000
monsters that look like, they'd 
been designed by someone who 

5788
04:51:51,000 --> 04:51:54,400
really enjoyed their work. 
These Maps serve not only as 

5789
04:51:54,400 --> 04:51:57,900
functional documents but also as
Conversation Pieces, status 

5790
04:51:57,900 --> 04:52:01,100
symbols and windows into a world
that Blended elements of reality

5791
04:52:01,100 --> 04:52:03,100
and fantasy. 
And you know what? 

5792
04:52:03,100 --> 04:52:05,400
Maybe that wasn't such a 
negative thing. 

5793
04:52:06,200 --> 04:52:08,700
In an age, when most people 
never traveled more than a few 

5794
04:52:08,708 --> 04:52:12,100
miles from where they were born,
these Maps offered glimpses of a

5795
04:52:12,100 --> 04:52:13,700
larger World filled with 
possibilities. 

5796
04:52:14,600 --> 04:52:16,600
While most of those 
possibilities were entirely 

5797
04:52:16,600 --> 04:52:19,600
fictional, they ignited the 
imagination in a manner that 

5798
04:52:19,600 --> 04:52:23,100
purely accurate Maps might not 
have Sometimes an occasional 

5799
04:52:23,100 --> 04:52:25,400
creative embellishment makes 
life more interesting. 

5800
04:52:25,400 --> 04:52:28,600
Even if it occasionally leads to
disappointment when you actually

5801
04:52:28,600 --> 04:52:31,500
try to visit the places that 
sounded so wonderful on paper. 

5802
04:52:31,500 --> 04:52:34,200
If you've ever wondered what 
happens when an entire 

5803
04:52:34,200 --> 04:52:36,300
profession decides to 
collectively, believe in 

5804
04:52:36,300 --> 04:52:39,600
something that doesn't exist. 
The story of antilia is a 

5805
04:52:39,600 --> 04:52:44,300
perfect case study This island 
which never was never could be, 

5806
04:52:44,300 --> 04:52:47,800
and never should have been 
managed to appear on maps for 

5807
04:52:47,800 --> 04:52:51,400
over 200 years complete with 
details, coastlines, Inland 

5808
04:52:51,400 --> 04:52:54,000
cities and enough backstory to 
fill a novel. 

5809
04:52:54,800 --> 04:52:57,200
The Legend went something like 
this way. 

5810
04:52:57,200 --> 04:53:01,100
Back in 7011 ad. 
When the Moors conquered Spain, 

5811
04:53:01,100 --> 04:53:03,800
7 Bishops fled across the 
Atlantic with their 

5812
04:53:03,800 --> 04:53:07,600
congregation's and founded Seven
Cities on a Mysterious Island. 

5813
04:53:08,500 --> 04:53:12,400
These Bishops being resourceful 
types, supposedly built a 

5814
04:53:12,400 --> 04:53:15,900
thriving Christian civilization 
complete with gold mines, Pearl,

5815
04:53:15,900 --> 04:53:18,900
fisheries, and excellent 
defensive capabilities that kept

5816
04:53:18,900 --> 04:53:20,500
them. 
Safe from both Moorish Invasion 

5817
04:53:20,500 --> 04:53:23,100
and whatever sea monsters 
happened to be in the 

5818
04:53:23,108 --> 04:53:26,300
neighborhood. 
Now you'd think that an island 

5819
04:53:26,300 --> 04:53:28,800
large enough to support Seven 
Cities and their surrounding 

5820
04:53:28,800 --> 04:53:32,800
farmlands would be pretty hard 
to miss, you'd be right but that

5821
04:53:32,800 --> 04:53:36,300
didn't stop that makers from 
Duty including antilia on chart 

5822
04:53:36,300 --> 04:53:38,900
after chart. 
Usually placing it somewhere in 

5823
04:53:38,900 --> 04:53:40,900
the Atlantic west of Portugal 
and Spain. 

5824
04:53:42,100 --> 04:53:44,500
The island migrated around a bit
from map to map. 

5825
04:53:45,300 --> 04:53:47,400
Apparently even imaginary 
Islands were subject to 

5826
04:53:47,400 --> 04:53:50,500
Continental Drift. 
The really impressive part was 

5827
04:53:50,500 --> 04:53:52,800
how detailed these depictions 
became over time. 

5828
04:53:53,700 --> 04:53:57,000
What started as a simple blob 
labeled antilia gradually 

5829
04:53:57,000 --> 04:54:00,600
evolved in to carefully drawn, 
coastlines with Bays peninsulas 

5830
04:54:00,600 --> 04:54:03,500
and River mouths. 
Mapmakers added, the Seven 

5831
04:54:03,500 --> 04:54:06,300
Cities, each with its name and 
approximate location. 

5832
04:54:06,300 --> 04:54:09,900
Some even included Roads, 
connecting the cities because 

5833
04:54:09,900 --> 04:54:12,200
apparently mediaeval 
cartographers were thorough in 

5834
04:54:12,208 --> 04:54:15,000
their fiction. 
Portuguese, Sailors, being 

5835
04:54:15,000 --> 04:54:18,200
practical, people occasionally, 
set out to find this convenient 

5836
04:54:18,200 --> 04:54:21,700
Atlantic Paradise. 
After all, if they really was an

5837
04:54:21,700 --> 04:54:24,700
Island full of Christians 
sitting on gold mines, it seemed

5838
04:54:24,700 --> 04:54:28,400
worth checking out. 
These Expeditions had a 

5839
04:54:28,400 --> 04:54:30,700
remarkable talent for almost 
finding antilia. 

5840
04:54:31,400 --> 04:54:33,800
Sailors would return with 
stories of seeing land in the 

5841
04:54:33,808 --> 04:54:37,500
distance or finding beaches 
covered with mysterious sand or 

5842
04:54:37,500 --> 04:54:40,200
encountering, unusually, tame 
birds that must have come from 

5843
04:54:40,200 --> 04:54:44,000
some nearby civilization. 
No one ever succeeded in landing

5844
04:54:44,000 --> 04:54:47,400
on antilia but they achieved a 
tantalizingly close approach. 

5845
04:54:47,400 --> 04:54:50,100
The best part of these near 
discoveries was how they 

5846
04:54:50,100 --> 04:54:53,000
reinforced the Island's 
existence in everyone's Minds. 

5847
04:54:53,700 --> 04:54:57,100
If Sailors were consistently 
almost finding antilia that was 

5848
04:54:57,100 --> 04:54:59,000
practically proof that it was 
out there somewhere. 

5849
04:54:59,000 --> 04:55:02,900
The fact that all most and 
actually are completely 

5850
04:55:02,900 --> 04:55:06,200
different thing, didn't seem to 
bother anyone much It was the 

5851
04:55:06,200 --> 04:55:08,700
geographical equivalent of my 
girlfriend lives in Canada 

5852
04:55:08,700 --> 04:55:12,600
technically unprovable but not 
technically impossible either. 

5853
04:55:14,000 --> 04:55:16,000
Christopher Columbus. 
Knew about antilia. 

5854
04:55:16,000 --> 04:55:19,300
In fact some historians think 
his calculations about the 

5855
04:55:19,300 --> 04:55:22,900
distance to Asia were partly 
based on the assumption that he 

5856
04:55:22,900 --> 04:55:25,600
could stop for supplies at this 
mythical Island on the way. 

5857
04:55:26,500 --> 04:55:29,900
Imagine his surprise when he 
kept sailing west and found a 

5858
04:55:29,900 --> 04:55:32,300
completely different set of 
continents in Stead. 

5859
04:55:33,100 --> 04:55:36,300
However, it is likely that 
accidentally discovering the 

5860
04:55:36,300 --> 04:55:39,200
Americas while searching for a 
fictional island is one of the 

5861
04:55:39,200 --> 04:55:41,000
more significant mistakes in 
human history. 

5862
04:55:41,900 --> 04:55:45,500
What's fascinating is how long 
until your persisted even after 

5863
04:55:45,500 --> 04:55:48,400
explorers started finding actual
islands in the Atlantic? 

5864
04:55:49,300 --> 04:55:52,600
Once explorers discovered and 
mapped the Azores and Tilia 

5865
04:55:52,600 --> 04:55:56,300
simply relocated further west. 
When the Caribbean islands were 

5866
04:55:56,300 --> 04:56:00,700
found and Tilia relocated again.
It was like a geographical game 

5867
04:56:00,700 --> 04:56:03,600
of musical chairs with the 
mythical Island, always 

5868
04:56:03,600 --> 04:56:06,400
managing, to find a new empty 
spot on the map where it could 

5869
04:56:06,408 --> 04:56:10,100
theoretically exist. 
The island finally started 

5870
04:56:10,100 --> 04:56:12,500
disappearing from maps in the 
late 16th century. 

5871
04:56:12,500 --> 04:56:15,900
Not because anyone proved it 
didn't exist but because 

5872
04:56:15,900 --> 04:56:18,400
mapmakers were running out of 
empty, ocean to put it in. 

5873
04:56:19,100 --> 04:56:22,200
The Atlantic was getting crowded
with real islands and there 

5874
04:56:22,200 --> 04:56:24,000
wasn't room for Imaginary ones 
anymore. 

5875
04:56:24,000 --> 04:56:27,300
It was a practical decision 
rather than the philosophical 

5876
04:56:27,300 --> 04:56:30,500
one and until he didn't die 
because people stopped believing

5877
04:56:30,500 --> 04:56:32,600
in it. 
It died because reality was 

5878
04:56:32,600 --> 04:56:36,100
taking up too much space. 
But even today you can find the 

5879
04:56:36,100 --> 04:56:38,700
remnants of this centuries, long
geographical fiction. 

5880
04:56:39,800 --> 04:56:42,900
The Caribbean islands are still 
called the Antilles a name that 

5881
04:56:42,900 --> 04:56:44,900
comes directly from our 7 City 
Island. 

5882
04:56:44,900 --> 04:56:48,100
That Never Was Every time 
someone mentions the Lesser 

5883
04:56:48,100 --> 04:56:50,800
Antilles or the Greater 
Antilles, they're invoking. 

5884
04:56:50,800 --> 04:56:53,000
The memory of those seven 
Bishops and their imaginary 

5885
04:56:53,000 --> 04:56:56,400
Christian Paradise is probably 
the most successful piece of 

5886
04:56:56,400 --> 04:56:59,800
medieval fake news in history. 
Outlasting, the civilization 

5887
04:56:59,800 --> 04:57:01,500
that created it by several 
centuries. 

5888
04:57:01,500 --> 04:57:04,000
You're likely beginning to 
understand that medieval 

5889
04:57:04,000 --> 04:57:06,600
mapmakers had a relatively 
relaxed approach to factual 

5890
04:57:06,600 --> 04:57:09,000
accuracy, but we haven't yet 
discussed their. 

5891
04:57:09,000 --> 04:57:12,100
Most delightful creation, the 
decorative monster. 

5892
04:57:13,100 --> 04:57:16,100
If you don't populate, the vast 
unexplored regions on your map, 

5893
04:57:16,100 --> 04:57:18,400
with terrifying creatures. 
What's the purpose? 

5894
04:57:19,500 --> 04:57:22,200
The decoration wasn't just 
random doodling during slow 

5895
04:57:22,200 --> 04:57:25,400
afternoon at the cartography. 
Shot monster placement, required

5896
04:57:25,400 --> 04:57:29,000
meticulous consideration of 
geography mythology and customer

5897
04:57:29,000 --> 04:57:31,600
expectations. 
You couldn't simply place a 

5898
04:57:31,608 --> 04:57:35,600
dragon anywhere and consider the
task complete Different regions 

5899
04:57:35,600 --> 04:57:38,600
called for different types of 
fantastic, former and a 

5900
04:57:38,600 --> 04:57:40,900
professional mapmaker needed to 
know the difference between a 

5901
04:57:40,900 --> 04:57:43,700
good spot for a sea serpent and 
a prime location for a man 

5902
04:57:43,708 --> 04:57:47,600
eating plant. 
The phrase hereby dragon's has 

5903
04:57:47,600 --> 04:57:50,500
become famous as a short-hand 
for the unknown, but actual 

5904
04:57:50,500 --> 04:57:53,000
medieval Maps. 
Rarely use those exact words 

5905
04:57:53,000 --> 04:57:56,000
most mapmakers were more 
creative in their warnings. 

5906
04:57:56,000 --> 04:57:58,800
They'd include details 
illustrations of whatever 

5907
04:57:58,800 --> 04:58:00,900
horrible creature. 
Supposedly lived in each 

5908
04:58:00,900 --> 04:58:04,400
unexplored region often with 
instructive little notes, about 

5909
04:58:04,400 --> 04:58:07,800
its feeding habits temperament 
and preferred method of 

5910
04:58:07,800 --> 04:58:12,200
devouring unwary Travelers. 
Africa was particularly, well, 

5911
04:58:12,200 --> 04:58:13,800
stocked with fascinating 
Wildlife. 

5912
04:58:13,800 --> 04:58:18,400
According to Medieval mapmakers,
The continent apparently hosted 

5913
04:58:18,400 --> 04:58:21,800
everything from Giants, who 
lived backwards, whatever that 

5914
04:58:21,800 --> 04:58:25,500
meant to tribes of people, with 
their faces in their chests to 

5915
04:58:25,500 --> 04:58:27,400
animals that were basically 
Lions. 

5916
04:58:27,400 --> 04:58:29,600
But with human hands and of 
Paws. 

5917
04:58:30,700 --> 04:58:32,900
These weren't just random 
monster designs. 

5918
04:58:32,900 --> 04:58:36,000
They came from a long tradition 
of travel literature that had 

5919
04:58:36,000 --> 04:58:39,300
been enthusiastically 
embellished over generations of 

5920
04:58:39,300 --> 04:58:42,300
retelling. 
Classical authors who had never 

5921
04:58:42,300 --> 04:58:45,500
visited the places, they 
described provided, the source 

5922
04:58:45,500 --> 04:58:48,600
material for many of these 
creatures Pliny, the Elder 

5923
04:58:48,600 --> 04:58:52,400
writing in Rome in the first 
century compiled, a natural 

5924
04:58:52,400 --> 04:58:55,700
history filled with second-hand 
accounts of distant lands and 

5925
04:58:55,700 --> 04:58:59,300
their exotic inhabitants. 
His work included, dog-headed 

5926
04:58:59,300 --> 04:59:03,100
men, people with backwards feet 
and various other anatomical, 

5927
04:59:03,100 --> 04:59:06,200
impossibilities that medieval 
map makers, copied Faithfully 

5928
04:59:06,200 --> 04:59:09,200
onto their charts. 
Nobody seemed to question, 

5929
04:59:09,200 --> 04:59:11,000
whether Pliny might have been a 
bit gullible. 

5930
04:59:11,000 --> 04:59:15,000
Whether his sources might have 
been pulling his leg, Sea 

5931
04:59:15,000 --> 04:59:16,500
Monster's were another growth in
Industry. 

5932
04:59:16,500 --> 04:59:19,800
The ocean was vast, large 
largely unexplored and perfect 

5933
04:59:19,800 --> 04:59:22,900
for hosting creatures of any 
size and Description, the 

5934
04:59:22,900 --> 04:59:24,700
mapmakers imagination could 
conjure up. 

5935
04:59:25,500 --> 04:59:29,300
Some maps featured relatively 
modesty serpents basically large

5936
04:59:29,300 --> 04:59:33,000
snakes with fins and an attitude
problem. others depicted 

5937
04:59:33,000 --> 04:59:36,500
multi-headed beasts, the size of
islands capable of creating 

5938
04:59:36,500 --> 04:59:40,700
whirlpools by swimming in 
circles, the most famous sea 

5939
04:59:40,700 --> 04:59:43,300
monster of the cartographic. 
World was probably the Kraken 

5940
04:59:43,300 --> 04:59:46,400
though it went by various names 
depending on which map maker was

5941
04:59:46,400 --> 04:59:48,800
drawing. 
It This creature was typically 

5942
04:59:48,800 --> 04:59:53,100
depicted as an enormous octopus 
or squid, large enough to wrap 

5943
04:59:53,100 --> 04:59:56,200
its tentacles around entire 
ships and drag them down to 

5944
04:59:56,200 --> 04:59:58,500
whatever, passed for the bottom 
of the medieval ocean. 

5945
04:59:59,500 --> 05:00:02,100
The Kraken had the advantage of 
being based on something real 

5946
05:00:02,100 --> 05:00:06,300
giant squids do exist, but the 
mapmakers versions were usually 

5947
05:00:06,300 --> 05:00:09,200
about 10 times larger than 
anything that actually lived in 

5948
05:00:09,208 --> 05:00:11,800
the sea. 
What made these monster Maps? 

5949
05:00:11,800 --> 05:00:15,300
Particularly entertaining was 
how specific they got about the 

5950
05:00:15,308 --> 05:00:18,800
creatures behaviors. 
It wasn't enough to just draw a 

5951
05:00:18,800 --> 05:00:20,300
dragon. 
You needed to include 

5952
05:00:20,300 --> 05:00:23,300
information about what the 
dragon 8, how it interacted with

5953
05:00:23,300 --> 05:00:26,100
local human population and 
whether it was the sort of 

5954
05:00:26,100 --> 05:00:29,000
dragon that hoarded treasure all
the sort that just enjoyed 

5955
05:00:29,000 --> 05:00:31,200
setting things on fire for 
recreational purposes. 

5956
05:00:31,200 --> 05:00:35,500
Some maps included details about
seasonal, migration patterns for

5957
05:00:35,500 --> 05:00:38,100
various monsters. 
As if these were real animals 

5958
05:00:38,100 --> 05:00:41,800
that someone had been carefully 
studying for years The economics

5959
05:00:41,800 --> 05:00:43,500
of monster Maps were pretty 
straightforward. 

5960
05:00:43,500 --> 05:00:47,000
Customers wanted their money's 
worth and a map covered with 

5961
05:00:47,000 --> 05:00:48,700
blank spaces didn't look like 
money. 

5962
05:00:48,700 --> 05:00:52,600
Well, spent filling those spaces
with carefully researched and 

5963
05:00:52,600 --> 05:00:55,700
mythological creatures showed 
that the mapmaker had really 

5964
05:00:55,700 --> 05:00:58,500
done their homework, even if 
their homework consisted 

5965
05:00:58,500 --> 05:01:02,300
entirely of making things up a 
map with good monster coverage 

5966
05:01:02,300 --> 05:01:05,300
looked authoritative 
comprehensive and worth 

5967
05:01:05,300 --> 05:01:07,900
displaying prominently in your 
Castle's main hall. 

5968
05:01:08,600 --> 05:01:11,700
The funny thing is some of these
imaginary creatures were more 

5969
05:01:11,700 --> 05:01:14,700
thoroughly documented than real 
animals that lived in places. 

5970
05:01:14,700 --> 05:01:18,400
Mapmakers could actually visit, 
you could find incredibly 

5971
05:01:18,400 --> 05:01:20,700
detailed descriptions of 
griffins and their nesting 

5972
05:01:20,700 --> 05:01:23,100
habits but good luck. 
Finding accurate information 

5973
05:01:23,100 --> 05:01:26,200
about say regular European birds
that any map maker could have 

5974
05:01:26,200 --> 05:01:29,300
observed by walking outside. 
Their workshop running, a 

5975
05:01:29,300 --> 05:01:32,200
successful map making business 
in medieval times required, a 

5976
05:01:32,200 --> 05:01:35,800
delicate balance between giving 
customers what they expected and

5977
05:01:35,800 --> 05:01:38,900
avoiding the kind of spectacular
failures that might damage your 

5978
05:01:38,900 --> 05:01:41,900
professional reputation. 
It was similar to fortune 

5979
05:01:41,900 --> 05:01:44,500
telling, but in stead of for 
telling the future, you were 

5980
05:01:44,500 --> 05:01:48,000
describing places that might or 
might not exist in locations 

5981
05:01:48,000 --> 05:01:49,500
that were probably completely 
wrong. 

5982
05:01:49,500 --> 05:01:52,600
The most successful mapmakers 
developed, what we might call 

5983
05:01:52,600 --> 05:01:56,600
the Strategic hedge ways of 
including exciting exotic 

5984
05:01:56,600 --> 05:02:00,300
content while subtly protecting 
themselves from accusation of 

5985
05:02:00,300 --> 05:02:03,900
outright fabrication. 
They'd copy information from 

5986
05:02:03,900 --> 05:02:07,000
other respected Maps, which 
provided a kind of professional 

5987
05:02:07,000 --> 05:02:09,000
cover. 
If your map turned out to be 

5988
05:02:09,008 --> 05:02:11,700
wildly, inaccurate, you could 
always point to your sources and

5989
05:02:11,700 --> 05:02:14,700
suggest that any errors were 
inherited rather than invented. 

5990
05:02:15,400 --> 05:02:18,400
This process led to one of the 
most amusing aspects of medieval

5991
05:02:18,400 --> 05:02:21,200
cartography. 
The perpetuation of mistakes 

5992
05:02:21,200 --> 05:02:23,100
through what amounted to 
professional courtesy. 

5993
05:02:24,000 --> 05:02:27,500
If a respected mapmaker included
a particular island or Monster 

5994
05:02:27,500 --> 05:02:31,200
or impossible River on their 
chart, other mapmakers would 

5995
05:02:31,200 --> 05:02:34,000
often include the same feature 
even if it didn't make much 

5996
05:02:34,000 --> 05:02:37,100
geographical sense. 
Nobody wanted to be the one 

5997
05:02:37,100 --> 05:02:39,500
cartographer who left out 
something that everyone else 

5998
05:02:39,500 --> 05:02:42,000
considered important. 
Even if everyone else was 

5999
05:02:42,000 --> 05:02:45,900
completely wrong about it. 
Price structure for medieval 

6000
05:02:45,900 --> 05:02:48,400
Maps, reflected, these 
realities, and intriguing ways 

6001
05:02:48,400 --> 05:02:51,800
basic maps, with just the 
essential geographical features 

6002
05:02:51,800 --> 05:02:54,900
were relatively affordable, but 
if you wanted the full treatment

6003
05:02:54,900 --> 05:02:59,200
complete with monsters, mythical
Islands, detailed illustrations 

6004
05:02:59,200 --> 05:03:02,500
and exotic place names, you paid
premium prices. 

6005
05:03:03,500 --> 05:03:06,000
Essentially, the most expensive 
Maps will works of art, that 

6006
05:03:06,000 --> 05:03:09,100
incorporated geographical 
information, not just to track 

6007
05:03:09,100 --> 05:03:12,300
designed geographical documents 
wealthy customers often 

6008
05:03:12,300 --> 05:03:14,200
commissioned, custom maps that 
emphasized. 

6009
05:03:14,200 --> 05:03:16,700
Whatever regions or features 
they were most interested in. 

6010
05:03:17,400 --> 05:03:20,200
A merchant planning trade routes
might want extra detail in 

6011
05:03:20,200 --> 05:03:21,800
commercial ports and shipping 
lanes. 

6012
05:03:21,800 --> 05:03:24,900
While a nobleman might prefer 
elaborate illustrations of his 

6013
05:03:24,900 --> 05:03:27,400
family's coat of arms scattered 
across various continents. 

6014
05:03:28,400 --> 05:03:31,100
Some designers primarily 
designed Maps as Conversation 

6015
05:03:31,100 --> 05:03:34,700
Pieces prioritizing visual 
impact and entertainment value 

6016
05:03:34,700 --> 05:03:38,400
over geographical accuracy. 
The map making guilds that 

6017
05:03:38,400 --> 05:03:41,100
developed in major European 
cities, served partly as 

6018
05:03:41,100 --> 05:03:44,400
professional organizations and 
partly as quality control 

6019
05:03:44,400 --> 05:03:47,100
systems. 
They established standards for 

6020
05:03:47,100 --> 05:03:50,900
things like parchment quality 
ink formulations and artistic 

6021
05:03:50,900 --> 05:03:54,000
techniques, but they were 
remarkably flexible about 

6022
05:03:54,000 --> 05:03:57,600
accuracy requirements. 
A map could be completely wrong 

6023
05:03:57,600 --> 05:04:00,800
about the basic shape of 
continents and still earn Guild 

6024
05:04:00,800 --> 05:04:04,000
approval as long as it was 
beautifully executed and based 

6025
05:04:04,000 --> 05:04:07,300
on appropriately, prestigious 
sources competition between 

6026
05:04:07,300 --> 05:04:10,400
mapmaking centers, led to some 
creative approaches to 

6027
05:04:10,400 --> 05:04:13,300
marketing. 
Venetian Maps emphasized, their 

6028
05:04:13,300 --> 05:04:16,100
access to information from 
Eastern trade routes while 

6029
05:04:16,100 --> 05:04:18,300
Spanish Maps. 
Highlighted their expertise in 

6030
05:04:18,300 --> 05:04:21,900
Atlantic exploration. 
Eventually English cartographers

6031
05:04:21,900 --> 05:04:24,500
promoted their developing 
expertise in Northern Waters 

6032
05:04:24,500 --> 05:04:27,900
while Portuguese map makers, 
asserted that they had unique 

6033
05:04:27,900 --> 05:04:31,100
knowledge of African coastlines.
Each Regional map, making 

6034
05:04:31,100 --> 05:04:33,900
tradition developed, its own 
signature style of educated 

6035
05:04:33,900 --> 05:04:38,400
guessing, The rise of printing 
in the 15th century democratized

6036
05:04:38,400 --> 05:04:41,300
map distribution, but didn't 
necessarily improve map 

6037
05:04:41,300 --> 05:04:44,000
accuracy. 
If anything printing, made it 

6038
05:04:44,000 --> 05:04:47,300
easier for mistakes to spread 
quickly and widely a single 

6039
05:04:47,300 --> 05:04:50,000
inaccurate printed map could 
influence hundreds of other 

6040
05:04:50,000 --> 05:04:53,100
Maps, creating cascading errors,
that persisted for Generations. 

6041
05:04:54,400 --> 05:04:55,900
The same technology that should 
have made. 

6042
05:04:55,900 --> 05:04:59,800
Corrections easier actually made
widespread misinformation more 

6043
05:04:59,800 --> 05:05:02,400
durable. 
Customer feedback was rarely 

6044
05:05:02,400 --> 05:05:04,700
immediate enough to affect 
map-making practices 

6045
05:05:04,700 --> 05:05:07,900
significantly. 
If you bought a map that turned 

6046
05:05:07,900 --> 05:05:10,200
out to be wrong about the 
location of a particular Island,

6047
05:05:10,200 --> 05:05:12,900
you probably wouldn't discover 
the era for years. 

6048
05:05:12,900 --> 05:05:16,800
If ever, you might think you may
navigate as in stead of the map 

6049
05:05:16,800 --> 05:05:19,500
being wrong. 
This build in delay between 

6050
05:05:19,500 --> 05:05:22,300
creation and verification meant 
that matte makers could maintain

6051
05:05:22,300 --> 05:05:25,300
successful careers based on 
information that was 

6052
05:05:25,300 --> 05:05:28,000
consistently spectacularly 
wrong. 

6053
05:05:28,900 --> 05:05:31,700
The most successful mapmakers 
learn to manage customary, 

6054
05:05:31,700 --> 05:05:34,600
expectations without explicitly,
admitting the limitations of 

6055
05:05:34,600 --> 05:05:37,300
their knowledge. 
They developed a professional 

6056
05:05:37,300 --> 05:05:40,600
vocabulary full of terms, that 
sounded authoritative while 

6057
05:05:40,600 --> 05:05:42,900
actually meaning your guests as 
accurate as mine. 

6058
05:05:44,000 --> 05:05:45,900
Phrases. 
Like according to the most 

6059
05:05:45,900 --> 05:05:50,800
reliable sources and as reported
by experienced Navigators could 

6060
05:05:50,800 --> 05:05:53,600
cover a multitude of uncertainty
as without technically 

6061
05:05:53,600 --> 05:05:56,900
constituting fraud change came 
slowly to the world of 

6062
05:05:56,900 --> 05:05:59,900
mapmaking, partly? 
Because the old system works so 

6063
05:05:59,908 --> 05:06:03,100
well for everyone involved. 
Customers got beautiful, 

6064
05:06:03,100 --> 05:06:06,100
entertaining Maps, full of 
wonderful possibilities. 

6065
05:06:06,800 --> 05:06:10,200
Mapmakers got to exercise their 
creativity while earning steady 

6066
05:06:10,200 --> 05:06:12,900
livings. 
Sailors got convenient, excuses 

6067
05:06:12,900 --> 05:06:16,100
for failed voyages. 
After all, if the monsters 

6068
05:06:16,100 --> 05:06:18,900
didn't attack you, those tricky 
currents around the mythical 

6069
05:06:18,900 --> 05:06:22,900
Islands, probably would but 
eventually, reality started 

6070
05:06:22,900 --> 05:06:26,300
intruding on this comfortable 
Arrangement, the problem began 

6071
05:06:26,300 --> 05:06:29,200
with Portuguese Sailors in the 
15th century who had the 

6072
05:06:29,200 --> 05:06:31,700
annoying habit of actually 
visiting the places they were 

6073
05:06:31,700 --> 05:06:34,900
supposed to visit and then 
coming back with inconveniently 

6074
05:06:34,900 --> 05:06:38,200
accurate reports about what 
they'd found their Instead of 

6075
05:06:38,200 --> 05:06:41,000
respectfully confirming the 
established geographical wisdom,

6076
05:06:41,000 --> 05:06:44,500
these explorers kept insisting 
that coastlines were shaped 

6077
05:06:44,500 --> 05:06:47,800
differently than the maps 
suggested that certain islands 

6078
05:06:47,800 --> 05:06:50,800
didn't exist and that the 
monsters were surprisingly 

6079
05:06:50,800 --> 05:06:52,400
absent. 
From areas where they were 

6080
05:06:52,400 --> 05:06:56,200
supposed to be abundant, Vasco 
de Gamers Voyage around. 

6081
05:06:56,200 --> 05:06:58,600
Africa was particularly 
Troublesome for traditional 

6082
05:06:58,600 --> 05:07:00,700
mapmakers. 
Here was someone who had 

6083
05:07:00,708 --> 05:07:03,800
actually sailed around the 
entire continent map mapped its 

6084
05:07:03,800 --> 05:07:07,200
actual Coastline and returned 
with details information about 

6085
05:07:07,200 --> 05:07:10,400
what was really there. this kind
of first-hand knowledge was 

6086
05:07:10,400 --> 05:07:13,200
deeply inconvenient for 
cartographers who had spent 

6087
05:07:13,200 --> 05:07:16,100
decades perfecting their 
artistic interpretations of 

6088
05:07:16,100 --> 05:07:19,400
African geography, based on 
centuries old second-hand 

6089
05:07:19,400 --> 05:07:22,700
accounts, The Spanish 
exploration of the Americas 

6090
05:07:22,700 --> 05:07:26,200
created, similar problems 
Columbus and his successes 

6091
05:07:26,200 --> 05:07:28,700
consistently found new 
continents in areas where 

6092
05:07:28,700 --> 05:07:32,200
established Maps depicted empty.
Oceans yet, they lacked The 

6093
05:07:32,208 --> 05:07:34,900
Taste to return tangible 
evidence of their discoveries 

6094
05:07:35,800 --> 05:07:38,700
Gold exotic plants and 
Indigenous. 

6095
05:07:38,700 --> 05:07:41,700
People were much harder to argue
with than theoretical 

6096
05:07:41,700 --> 05:07:44,400
discussions about what might 
exist in distant Waters. 

6097
05:07:45,200 --> 05:07:47,900
The Protestant Reformation 
introduced an unexpected twist 

6098
05:07:47,900 --> 05:07:51,400
to the situation medieval maps 
are often included religious 

6099
05:07:51,400 --> 05:07:55,000
elements, the Garden of Eden 
various biblical locations, and 

6100
05:07:55,000 --> 05:07:57,900
Christian symbolism integrated 
with geographical features. 

6101
05:07:59,300 --> 05:08:02,200
As religious Authority became 
more contested in some parts of 

6102
05:08:02,200 --> 05:08:04,400
Europe. 
The theological aspects of 

6103
05:08:04,408 --> 05:08:06,900
traditional mapmaking, came 
under scrutiny, along with 

6104
05:08:06,900 --> 05:08:09,300
everything else. 
Some reformers argued that 

6105
05:08:09,300 --> 05:08:12,000
mixing religious Doctrine with 
geographical information was 

6106
05:08:12,000 --> 05:08:14,900
inappropriate, which eliminated 
one of the traditional 

6107
05:08:14,900 --> 05:08:18,000
justifications for including 
speculative content on maps. 

6108
05:08:18,700 --> 05:08:20,900
The invention of more accurate 
navigation, instruments. 

6109
05:08:20,900 --> 05:08:24,100
Gradually raise the standards 
for what constituted acceptable 

6110
05:08:24,100 --> 05:08:28,000
geographical information. 
When sailors could determine 

6111
05:08:28,000 --> 05:08:31,200
their latitude with reasonable 
Precision maps that placed 

6112
05:08:31,200 --> 05:08:33,800
familiar locations hundreds of 
miles from their actual 

6113
05:08:33,800 --> 05:08:37,800
positions became problematic. 
The magnetic compass, the 

6114
05:08:37,800 --> 05:08:41,000
astrolabe and eventually, more 
sophisticated tools made it 

6115
05:08:41,000 --> 05:08:43,400
harder for mapmakers to hide 
behind the excuse, that 

6116
05:08:43,400 --> 05:08:45,400
navigation was inherently 
uncertain. 

6117
05:08:45,400 --> 05:08:49,500
Competition from, explorers 
turned cartographers, put 

6118
05:08:49,500 --> 05:08:51,300
additional pressure on 
traditional map. 

6119
05:08:51,300 --> 05:08:54,300
Makers, people who had actually 
visited distant places. 

6120
05:08:54,300 --> 05:08:57,300
Could produce Maps based on 
Direct observation rather than 

6121
05:08:57,300 --> 05:09:00,700
scholarly speculation. 
These Explorer cartographers 

6122
05:09:00,700 --> 05:09:04,200
didn't necessarily create more 
beautiful Maps, but their charts

6123
05:09:04,200 --> 05:09:06,900
have the compelling advantage of
actually working for navigation 

6124
05:09:06,900 --> 05:09:09,600
purposes. 
Although customers valued 

6125
05:09:09,600 --> 05:09:12,800
Beauty, those who intended to 
use their maps for real travel, 

6126
05:09:12,800 --> 05:09:14,600
placed a greater value on 
functionality. 

6127
05:09:15,600 --> 05:09:17,700
The printing Industries 
development, created, both 

6128
05:09:17,700 --> 05:09:21,100
problems and opportunities for 
mapmakers on one hand. 

6129
05:09:21,100 --> 05:09:24,100
The ability to produce printed 
Maps more quickly, and cheaply 

6130
05:09:24,100 --> 05:09:27,500
than hand-drawn ones opened up 
new markets and increase the 

6131
05:09:27,500 --> 05:09:29,200
availability of geographical 
information. 

6132
05:09:30,300 --> 05:09:33,400
On the other hand printing, made
it easier to compare maps from 

6133
05:09:33,400 --> 05:09:36,600
different sources which 
highlighted inconsistencies and 

6134
05:09:36,600 --> 05:09:39,500
errors that might have gone 
unnoticed when each map was a 

6135
05:09:39,500 --> 05:09:42,500
unique manuscript. 
Scientific method was perhaps 

6136
05:09:42,500 --> 05:09:45,400
the most serious long-term 
threat to creative cartography. 

6137
05:09:46,300 --> 05:09:50,200
How Scholars began emphasizing 
direct observation, reproducible

6138
05:09:50,200 --> 05:09:53,500
experiments and systematic 
skepticism about received 

6139
05:09:53,500 --> 05:09:55,600
wisdom. 
The traditional approach to 

6140
05:09:55,600 --> 05:09:59,900
mapmaking looked increasingly 
unscientific Maps based on 

6141
05:09:59,900 --> 05:10:03,300
centuries old texts and 
theoretical speculation didn't 

6142
05:10:03,300 --> 05:10:05,000
fit. 
Well with the new emphasis on 

6143
05:10:05,000 --> 05:10:07,000
empirical evidence and logical 
analysis. 

6144
05:10:07,900 --> 05:10:11,300
The transition wasn't immediate 
or complete even as more 

6145
05:10:11,300 --> 05:10:12,700
accurate information became 
available. 

6146
05:10:12,700 --> 05:10:15,900
Many mapmakers continued 
including traditional elements 

6147
05:10:15,900 --> 05:10:17,900
alongside newer more reliable 
content. 

6148
05:10:18,800 --> 05:10:22,000
Some maps from the 16th and 17th
centuries show and almost 

6149
05:10:22,000 --> 05:10:24,900
schizophrenic split between 
carefully, surveyed, coastlines,

6150
05:10:24,900 --> 05:10:28,700
and mythical interior features. 
As if the cartographers couldn't

6151
05:10:28,700 --> 05:10:32,000
quite bring themselves to 
abandon the old ways entirely as

6152
05:10:32,000 --> 05:10:34,000
you settle in, for the end of 
our journey through the 

6153
05:10:34,000 --> 05:10:37,600
wonderfully, deceptive world of 
medieval map making It's worth 

6154
05:10:37,600 --> 05:10:40,400
considering what we lost when 
cartography became a science 

6155
05:10:40,400 --> 05:10:44,600
instead of an art form. 
Yes, modern maps are infinitely,

6156
05:10:44,600 --> 05:10:48,200
more accurate infinitely, more 
useful and infinitely, less 

6157
05:10:48,200 --> 05:10:51,200
likely to send you sailing off 
the edge of the world or into 

6158
05:10:51,200 --> 05:10:53,100
the waiting tentacles of a 
hungry crack. 

6159
05:10:53,100 --> 05:10:56,400
And But they're all so 
infinitely less likely to spark 

6160
05:10:56,400 --> 05:10:59,500
your imagination, or make you 
wonder what might be waiting, 

6161
05:10:59,500 --> 05:11:03,800
just beyond the next Horizon. 
The Golden Age of creative 

6162
05:11:03,800 --> 05:11:06,300
cartography. 
Officially ended sometime in the

6163
05:11:06,300 --> 05:11:08,800
18th century when the 
combination of better 

6164
05:11:08,800 --> 05:11:12,100
instruments, systematic 
exploration and scientific 

6165
05:11:12,100 --> 05:11:15,200
rigor, made it impossible to 
maintain the old traditions of 

6166
05:11:15,200 --> 05:11:17,800
educated guessing and artistic 
interpretation. 

6167
05:11:18,500 --> 05:11:21,400
The last mythical Islands, 
disappeared from authoritative 

6168
05:11:21,400 --> 05:11:25,000
Maps, the sea monsters were 
relegated to decorative corners 

6169
05:11:25,000 --> 05:11:28,400
and the vast blank spaces. 
Labeled, Terra incognita 

6170
05:11:28,400 --> 05:11:31,100
gradually filled with 
disappointingly real 

6171
05:11:31,100 --> 05:11:34,500
geographical features. 
But the influence of those 

6172
05:11:34,500 --> 05:11:37,500
centuries of cartographic, 
creativity lingered in 

6173
05:11:37,508 --> 05:11:40,600
unexpected ways. 
The Age of Exploration was 

6174
05:11:40,600 --> 05:11:43,600
partly motivated by maps that 
showed a world filled with 

6175
05:11:43,600 --> 05:11:47,900
wonderful possibilities islands 
of gold, passages to the Orient 

6176
05:11:47,900 --> 05:11:51,100
and land inhabited by exotic 
people's and fantastic 

6177
05:11:51,100 --> 05:11:54,200
creatures. 
If the maps of Columbus's time 

6178
05:11:54,200 --> 05:11:56,500
had accurately depicted the vast
empty ocean. 

6179
05:11:56,500 --> 05:12:00,800
He would actually encounter, 
would he have sailed West If 

6180
05:12:00,808 --> 05:12:04,400
generation of optimistic 
cartographers hadn't inflated, 

6181
05:12:04,400 --> 05:12:08,300
the potential rewards with the 
great Voyages of Discovery of 

6182
05:12:08,300 --> 05:12:11,700
seemed worth the risk and 
expense the mythology, created 

6183
05:12:11,700 --> 05:12:15,300
by medieval mapmakers became 
embedded in European culture in 

6184
05:12:15,300 --> 05:12:17,200
ways that outlasted the maps 
themselves. 

6185
05:12:18,300 --> 05:12:21,500
Stories about antilia influence,
Spanish expectations about the 

6186
05:12:21,500 --> 05:12:25,400
Americas, Legends of prestige, 
John's Christian kingdom shaped 

6187
05:12:25,400 --> 05:12:27,600
Portuguese, exploration of 
Africa and Asia. 

6188
05:12:28,300 --> 05:12:31,200
The idea that the world's edges 
were populated by monsters and 

6189
05:12:31,200 --> 05:12:34,800
Marvels became part of the 
European imagination creating a 

6190
05:12:34,800 --> 05:12:37,900
sense that exploration was not 
just about trade routes and 

6191
05:12:37,900 --> 05:12:41,500
territorial expansion but about 
discovering Wonders that would 

6192
05:12:41,500 --> 05:12:45,800
justify the greatest risks. 
It took centuries for some of 

6193
05:12:45,800 --> 05:12:48,700
the most persistent geographical
myths to completely vanish. 

6194
05:12:49,500 --> 05:12:52,200
The Northwest Passage a 
hypothetical Northern route, 

6195
05:12:52,200 --> 05:12:55,500
connecting the Atlantic and 
Pacific Ocean's appeared on maps

6196
05:12:55,500 --> 05:12:59,300
for over 400 years before it, 
explorers, finally confirmed 

6197
05:12:59,300 --> 05:13:01,600
that it didn't exist in any 
practical sense. 

6198
05:13:02,400 --> 05:13:05,900
Despite repeated evidence to the
contrary many Maps depicted 

6199
05:13:05,900 --> 05:13:08,600
California as an island, well 
into the 18th century. 

6200
05:13:09,500 --> 05:13:12,700
These weren't simple mistakes, 
they were examples of wishful 

6201
05:13:12,700 --> 05:13:16,200
thinking, so powerful that it 
overrode contradictory evidence 

6202
05:13:16,200 --> 05:13:19,100
for Generations. 
The decorative elements of 

6203
05:13:19,100 --> 05:13:22,200
medieval Maps evolved into the 
artistic Traditions that still 

6204
05:13:22,200 --> 05:13:24,000
influence cartographic design 
today. 

6205
05:13:25,000 --> 05:13:28,500
Modern Maps may not include 
dragon's or Caesars but they 

6206
05:13:28,500 --> 05:13:32,200
still use artistic techniques 
developed by mapmakers, who 

6207
05:13:32,200 --> 05:13:34,700
understood that geographical 
documents needed to be visually 

6208
05:13:34,700 --> 05:13:36,400
appealing as well as 
informative. 

6209
05:13:37,200 --> 05:13:41,000
The elaborate compass roses, 
decorative borders, and careful 

6210
05:13:41,000 --> 05:13:43,400
attention to typography. 
That characterized the best 

6211
05:13:43,400 --> 05:13:46,800
contemporary Maps can be traced 
directly back to mediaeval 

6212
05:13:46,800 --> 05:13:50,000
cartographers who knew that 
presentation mattered as much as

6213
05:13:50,000 --> 05:13:53,600
content. 
Most importantly, the medieval 

6214
05:13:53,600 --> 05:13:56,200
map making tradition serves as a
reminder of the complex 

6215
05:13:56,200 --> 05:14:00,000
relationship between information
and Truth Those old 

6216
05:14:00,000 --> 05:14:02,300
cartographers weren't 
deliberately trying to deceive 

6217
05:14:02,300 --> 05:14:04,200
anyone. 
They were doing their best to 

6218
05:14:04,200 --> 05:14:07,100
synthesize limited contradictory
information into useful 

6219
05:14:07,100 --> 05:14:10,500
documents for their customers. 
They filled gaps in their 

6220
05:14:10,500 --> 05:14:13,600
knowledge, with educated 
guesses, traditional stories and

6221
05:14:13,600 --> 05:14:16,700
reasonable assumptions that 
turned out to be wrong in that 

6222
05:14:16,700 --> 05:14:19,600
sense they want so different 
from Modern experts who 

6223
05:14:19,600 --> 05:14:22,800
extrapolate from incomplete data
and make predictions about 

6224
05:14:22,800 --> 05:14:26,000
complex systems. 
They don't fully understand The 

6225
05:14:26,000 --> 05:14:28,500
next time you use GPS to 
navigate to someplace, you've 

6226
05:14:28,500 --> 05:14:31,000
never been before. 
Spare a thought for the 

6227
05:14:31,008 --> 05:14:34,000
generations of mapmakers who 
tackle the same basic problem 

6228
05:14:34,000 --> 05:14:36,800
with much less reliable 
information and much more 

6229
05:14:36,800 --> 05:14:40,000
Creative Solutions. 
They may have gotten the details

6230
05:14:40,000 --> 05:14:41,900
wrong, but they got the spirit, 
right? 

6231
05:14:41,900 --> 05:14:46,600
The world is a big mysterious, 
wonderful place, full of 

6232
05:14:46,600 --> 05:14:48,600
possibilities. 
We haven't discovered yet and 

6233
05:14:48,600 --> 05:14:50,000
wonders. 
We can't quite imagine. 

6234
05:14:50,000 --> 05:14:53,500
And if you ever find yourself in
a situation where you need to 

6235
05:14:53,500 --> 05:14:55,500
fill in some gaps, in your 
knowledge with your best 

6236
05:14:55,500 --> 05:14:58,600
educated, guess remember that 
you're following in a long and 

6237
05:14:58,600 --> 05:15:01,500
honorable tradition, just be 
careful not to include any 

6238
05:15:01,500 --> 05:15:04,500
dragons in the margins. 
These days people tend to check 

6239
05:15:04,500 --> 05:15:08,500
those details sweet dreams and 
may your Maps where the 

6240
05:15:08,500 --> 05:15:12,100
geographical professional or 
personal lead you to discoveries

6241
05:15:12,100 --> 05:15:14,600
that are at least as wonderful 
as the ones you imagine along 

6242
05:15:14,600 --> 05:15:21,100
the way. 
It picture this, it's 1911 and 

6243
05:15:21,100 --> 05:15:23,400
you've just landed whatever 
everyone calls, a good job at 

6244
05:15:23,400 --> 05:15:26,800
the local textile mill, your 
family's practically throwing a 

6245
05:15:26,800 --> 05:15:28,200
party. 
Because haste steady, work is 

6246
05:15:28,200 --> 05:15:30,000
steady work, right? 
Little. 

6247
05:15:30,000 --> 05:15:32,500
Do you know you have just 
committed to what feels like a 

6248
05:15:32,500 --> 05:15:36,000
very long, very loud. 
And very dusty Adventure filled 

6249
05:15:36,000 --> 05:15:37,900
with creative ways to dislike 
your life. 

6250
05:15:39,000 --> 05:15:42,500
Your first day starts at 5:30 
a.m. which wouldn't be a problem

6251
05:15:42,500 --> 05:15:46,900
if you were say a rooster But 
you're not, you're a human being

6252
05:15:46,900 --> 05:15:49,800
who needs sleep and the mill, 
whistle doesn't care about your 

6253
05:15:49,800 --> 05:15:52,000
beauty. 
Rest that whistle becomes, your 

6254
05:15:52,000 --> 05:15:55,100
new alarm clock, your lunch 
Bell, and your freedom song. 

6255
05:15:55,100 --> 05:15:57,100
All rolled into one ear 
splitting package. 

6256
05:15:57,100 --> 05:16:00,700
It's like having a very punctual
Furious metal bird living in 

6257
05:16:00,708 --> 05:16:03,500
your neighborhood. 
Walking into the mill for the 

6258
05:16:03,508 --> 05:16:05,900
first time is like, stepping 
into another world. 

6259
05:16:05,900 --> 05:16:09,500
If that world were designed by 
someone who really, really hated

6260
05:16:09,500 --> 05:16:13,000
Comfort. 
The noise hits you first imagine

6261
05:16:13,000 --> 05:16:15,800
a thousand typewriters having an
argument with a brass band, 

6262
05:16:15,800 --> 05:16:18,900
while someone runs a cheese 
grater over a chalkboard, that's

6263
05:16:18,900 --> 05:16:20,900
your new sound track, 12 hours a
day. 

6264
05:16:20,908 --> 05:16:24,700
Six days a week, the air inside 
feels thick enough to chew 

6265
05:16:24,700 --> 05:16:26,600
cotton dust. 
Floats everywhere. 

6266
05:16:26,600 --> 05:16:30,100
Like the world's most annoying 
snow except this snow makes you 

6267
05:16:30,100 --> 05:16:33,600
cough and never melts. 
You'll spend your first week 

6268
05:16:33,600 --> 05:16:36,500
thinking you're coming down with
something until you realize that

6269
05:16:36,500 --> 05:16:39,100
scratchy throat and those 
sneezing fits aren't temporary 

6270
05:16:39,100 --> 05:16:40,900
visitors. 
They're new roommates. 

6271
05:16:41,700 --> 05:16:44,500
Your supervisor, a man who 
smiled disappeared sometime 

6272
05:16:44,500 --> 05:16:48,600
around 1897 explained your job. 
With the enthusiasm of someone 

6273
05:16:48,600 --> 05:16:52,000
reading a grocery list you'll be
tending machines that look like 

6274
05:16:52,000 --> 05:16:55,000
they were built by someone who 
thought you know what this 

6275
05:16:55,000 --> 05:16:57,700
device needs more ways to catch 
fingers. 

6276
05:16:58,600 --> 05:17:02,800
These mechanical beasts consume 
cotton and expel thread and 

6277
05:17:02,800 --> 05:17:05,300
their temperament is akin to 
that of a cat during a 

6278
05:17:05,300 --> 05:17:07,800
thunderstorm. 
The learning curve is steep, 

6279
05:17:07,800 --> 05:17:10,800
which is a polite way of saying 
you'll spend your first month 

6280
05:17:10,800 --> 05:17:13,600
feeling like you're trying to 
juggle, while riding a unicycle 

6281
05:17:13,600 --> 05:17:16,100
in an earthquake. 
Every machine has its 

6282
05:17:16,100 --> 05:17:18,700
personality and most of them 
have bad attitudes. 

6283
05:17:18,700 --> 05:17:22,000
There's the one that jams. 
If you look at it wrong, the one

6284
05:17:22,000 --> 05:17:23,600
that makes a weird clicking 
sound. 

6285
05:17:23,600 --> 05:17:26,700
That means either everything's 
fine or run for your life and 

6286
05:17:26,700 --> 05:17:29,200
the one that seems to wait until
you're distracted to break 

6287
05:17:29,200 --> 05:17:32,400
something expensive. 
Your fellow workers, welcome you

6288
05:17:32,400 --> 05:17:34,800
with the kind of tired 
solidarity that comes from 

6289
05:17:34,800 --> 05:17:37,600
shared suffering. 
They will teach you important 

6290
05:17:37,600 --> 05:17:41,800
information, such as which water
fountain actually works where to

6291
05:17:41,800 --> 05:17:45,400
hide when the floor supervisor 
is in a bad mood, and how to eat

6292
05:17:45,400 --> 05:17:48,700
lunch in exactly 12 minutes. 
Since that is all the time, 

6293
05:17:48,700 --> 05:17:52,300
you're given these people become
your Mill, family bonded, 

6294
05:17:52,300 --> 05:17:55,300
together by cotton dust, and the
mutual understanding that 

6295
05:17:55,300 --> 05:17:57,700
everyone's just trying to make 
it through another day, without 

6296
05:17:57,700 --> 05:18:00,900
losing a finger. 
Pay sounds decent when they tell

6297
05:18:00,900 --> 05:18:04,000
you about it until you realize 
that decent is relative. 

6298
05:18:05,000 --> 05:18:08,100
Sure, you're making more than 
the guy who sweeps streets but 

6299
05:18:08,100 --> 05:18:10,400
you're all so working twice as 
hard and breathing are. 

6300
05:18:10,400 --> 05:18:14,200
That's more cotton, they're not 
wages, might cover rent food, 

6301
05:18:14,200 --> 05:18:17,800
and maybe a small luxury like 
soap, but forget about those 

6302
05:18:17,800 --> 05:18:21,200
fancy things like saving money 
or buying clothes that don't 

6303
05:18:21,200 --> 05:18:22,600
smell permanently of machine 
oil. 

6304
05:18:24,000 --> 05:18:26,900
By the end of your first week, 
you've required what everyone 

6305
05:18:26,900 --> 05:18:30,100
refers to as a mill, cough, a 
Charming, little ailment that 

6306
05:18:30,100 --> 05:18:33,600
will accompany you constantly. 
Your hands are already showing 

6307
05:18:33,600 --> 05:18:35,100
the signs of your new 
profession. 

6308
05:18:35,100 --> 05:18:38,000
Small cuts from handling rough 
materials. 

6309
05:18:38,000 --> 05:18:42,000
Calluses from gripping tools and
a general toughness that comes 

6310
05:18:42,000 --> 05:18:43,900
from shaking hands with 
Machinery all day. 

6311
05:18:44,700 --> 05:18:48,900
Your mother would cry if she saw
your hands, but then again, your

6312
05:18:48,900 --> 05:18:50,900
mother isn't trying to feed a 
family on Mill wages. 

6313
05:18:50,900 --> 05:18:55,800
The worst part that just getting
started, your typical day begins

6314
05:18:55,800 --> 05:18:58,800
before the sun recalls its task 
the mill, whistle. 

6315
05:18:58,800 --> 05:19:01,400
Doesn't care if you went to bed.
Late, if you're feeling under 

6316
05:19:01,400 --> 05:19:03,600
the weather, or if you'd rather 
spend the morning, doing 

6317
05:19:03,600 --> 05:19:08,200
literally, anything else. 
Screams at 5:30 a.m. sharp and 

6318
05:19:08,200 --> 05:19:11,200
you better be screaming back or 
at least stumbling toward the 

6319
05:19:11,208 --> 05:19:13,400
mill. 
Gates breakfast is whatever you 

6320
05:19:13,400 --> 05:19:16,400
can grab and stuff in your mouth
while walking typically 

6321
05:19:16,400 --> 05:19:19,900
breakfast consists of bread, 
perhaps accompanied by a smidge 

6322
05:19:19,900 --> 05:19:21,700
of butter. 
If you're indulging in luxury, 

6323
05:19:21,700 --> 05:19:25,100
coffee is a luxury most days, 
which means your face in 12 

6324
05:19:25,100 --> 05:19:28,300
hours of Machinery, maintenance 
on what ever enthusiasm, you can

6325
05:19:28,300 --> 05:19:33,100
muster from stale bread and the 
fear of unemployment The walk to

6326
05:19:33,100 --> 05:19:35,500
work becomes a parade of the 
perpetually exhausted. 

6327
05:19:35,500 --> 05:19:38,000
You join a stream of fellow 
workers? 

6328
05:19:38,000 --> 05:19:40,700
All moving with the same 
determined shuffler of people 

6329
05:19:40,700 --> 05:19:43,700
who'd rather be anywhere else. 
But no, they can't afford to be 

6330
05:19:44,400 --> 05:19:47,900
Everyone's carrying their lunch 
pail, the tin box that contains 

6331
05:19:47,900 --> 05:19:50,600
what optimists call a meal and 
realists. 

6332
05:19:50,600 --> 05:19:53,400
Call Food shaped objects. 
That might keep you alive until 

6333
05:19:53,400 --> 05:19:56,700
quitting time. 
Clocking in is not form, you 

6334
05:19:56,700 --> 05:19:57,600
have to be there. 
Exactly. 

6335
05:19:57,600 --> 05:20:00,200
On time. 
Not early enough to seem eager, 

6336
05:20:00,200 --> 05:20:01,900
not late enough to get docked 
pay. 

6337
05:20:03,200 --> 05:20:05,900
The time clock doesn't forgive 
and neither does your 

6338
05:20:05,900 --> 05:20:08,600
supervisor. 
Being two minutes, late means 

6339
05:20:08,600 --> 05:20:11,900
losing half an hour's wages 
which might not sound like much 

6340
05:20:11,900 --> 05:20:14,500
until you realize that half an 
hour's wages, could mean the 

6341
05:20:14,500 --> 05:20:17,300
difference between having meat 
for dinner or making friends 

6342
05:20:17,300 --> 05:20:20,200
with potatoes again. 
Once you're officially on the 

6343
05:20:20,200 --> 05:20:22,500
clock, The Machine's demand your
complete attention. 

6344
05:20:23,400 --> 05:20:24,700
They're like mechanical 
toddlers. 

6345
05:20:24,700 --> 05:20:28,500
They need constant watching and 
frequent fixing and they'll hurt

6346
05:20:28,500 --> 05:20:30,800
themselves. 
The moment you look away, your 

6347
05:20:30,800 --> 05:20:33,600
job is to keep the thread 
running smoothly, which sounds 

6348
05:20:33,600 --> 05:20:37,200
simple Until you realize that 
smoothly is a parently a foreign

6349
05:20:37,200 --> 05:20:40,200
concept to most textile 
Machinery, threads break. 

6350
05:20:40,200 --> 05:20:44,700
They break a lot when a thread 
snaps, everything stops and you 

6351
05:20:44,700 --> 05:20:48,300
can tie it back together. 
Your tasks might sound easy, but

6352
05:20:48,300 --> 05:20:50,600
try doing it quickly while 
wearing thick work gloves 

6353
05:20:50,600 --> 05:20:54,000
squinting through cotton dust 
and knowing that every second of

6354
05:20:54,000 --> 05:20:57,400
downtime is a second, your 
supervisor is mentally. 

6355
05:20:57,400 --> 05:20:59,700
Calculating how much money your 
costing, the company. 

6356
05:21:00,500 --> 05:21:05,000
The noise never stops ever. 
You learn to communicate using 

6357
05:21:05,000 --> 05:21:06,700
gestures. 
Because shouting over the 

6358
05:21:06,700 --> 05:21:08,800
Machinery, makes your voice 
hoarse by noon. 

6359
05:21:09,300 --> 05:21:11,700
You develop your own sign 
language with your co-workers 

6360
05:21:11,700 --> 05:21:16,500
pointing means. 
Look out waving means help and 

6361
05:21:16,500 --> 05:21:19,200
the universal gesture of 
clutching your throat means I 

6362
05:21:19,200 --> 05:21:22,500
need water before I pass out. 
Speaking of water. 

6363
05:21:22,500 --> 05:21:25,500
Staying hydrated is like trying 
to fill a bucket with a hole in 

6364
05:21:25,508 --> 05:21:27,600
it. 
You sweat constantly from the 

6365
05:21:27,600 --> 05:21:30,600
heat of the machines and the 
physical work, but getting a 

6366
05:21:30,600 --> 05:21:33,600
drink means leaving your 
station, which means risking a 

6367
05:21:33,600 --> 05:21:35,400
lecture from your supervisor 
about productivity. 

6368
05:21:35,400 --> 05:21:38,900
You learn to gulp water like a 
marathon runner whenever you can

6369
05:21:38,900 --> 05:21:42,600
sneak away for 30 seconds. 
Lunch break is exactly 30 

6370
05:21:42,600 --> 05:21:44,400
minutes and that includes the 
time. 

6371
05:21:44,400 --> 05:21:46,200
It takes to find a clean spot to
sit. 

6372
05:21:46,200 --> 05:21:49,800
Unwrap your food, eat it and get
back to your machine. 

6373
05:21:51,000 --> 05:21:54,700
Most days, you can consume cold 
sandwiches oblivious, to the 

6374
05:21:54,700 --> 05:21:56,200
fact that cotton dust and 
machine. 

6375
05:21:56,200 --> 05:21:57,700
Oil have covered your clean 
spot. 

6376
05:21:58,500 --> 05:22:02,900
Gourmet dining. 
It is not The afternoon drags on

6377
05:22:02,900 --> 05:22:06,600
endlessly, in August, your back 
aches, from bending, over 

6378
05:22:06,600 --> 05:22:09,300
machines. 
Your feet throb from standing on

6379
05:22:09,300 --> 05:22:12,400
concrete floors, and your hands 
are starting to feel like they 

6380
05:22:12,400 --> 05:22:16,200
belong to someone else. 
The clock on the wall moves with

6381
05:22:16,200 --> 05:22:19,200
the speed of continental drift 
and you find yourself checking 

6382
05:22:19,200 --> 05:22:24,000
it every few minutes certain 
that it must be broken. by 6 

6383
05:22:24,000 --> 05:22:27,600
p.m. when the final whistle 
blows, you've earned every penny

6384
05:22:27,600 --> 05:22:31,400
of your wages and then some 
Walking home is an excruciating 

6385
05:22:31,400 --> 05:22:34,800
experience and the prospect of 
repeating the entire process 

6386
05:22:34,800 --> 05:22:38,800
tomorrow fills you with Dread. 
However, at least you have 

6387
05:22:38,800 --> 05:22:42,100
Sunday off a day, you'll spend 
recuperating sufficiently to 

6388
05:22:42,100 --> 05:22:44,800
resent Monday morning. 
Once more working in a textile 

6389
05:22:44,800 --> 05:22:47,800
mill in 1911 is like playing a 
daily game called, what's going 

6390
05:22:47,800 --> 05:22:50,700
to try to hurt me today. 
The rules are straightforward. 

6391
05:22:50,700 --> 05:22:54,200
Every object in the mill, 
carries the potential for danger

6392
05:22:54,200 --> 05:22:57,800
other people's possessions 
service, Safety Equipment and 

6393
05:22:57,800 --> 05:23:00,200
your best defense is 
attentiveness and optimism. 

6394
05:23:01,100 --> 05:23:03,100
Let's start with the machines 
themselves, shall we? 

6395
05:23:03,100 --> 05:23:06,200
These mechanical Marvels were 
designed by Engineers who 

6396
05:23:06,200 --> 05:23:08,700
apparently thought safety 
features were for weaklings. 

6397
05:23:09,600 --> 05:23:13,000
Exposed gears spin happily at 
eye level, ready to grab loose 

6398
05:23:13,000 --> 05:23:16,200
clothing, hair or any body part.
Foolish enough to get too close.

6399
05:23:17,000 --> 05:23:20,500
The spinning wheels and belts 
created Symphony of moving parts

6400
05:23:20,500 --> 05:23:23,600
that look like they were 
inspired by medieval torture 

6401
05:23:23,600 --> 05:23:26,100
devices. 
Your fingers become precious 

6402
05:23:26,100 --> 05:23:28,100
Commodities. 
Every textile. 

6403
05:23:28,100 --> 05:23:31,100
Worker has stories about someone
who got too close to the Picker 

6404
05:23:31,100 --> 05:23:33,400
or learned the hard way about 
the carding machine. 

6405
05:23:33,400 --> 05:23:36,500
You develop a normal 
Supernatural, awareness of where

6406
05:23:36,500 --> 05:23:39,300
your hands are at all times 
because losing a finger, doesn't

6407
05:23:39,300 --> 05:23:41,600
just hurt. 
It means you can't work and if 

6408
05:23:41,600 --> 05:23:45,500
you can't work, you can't eat. 
Cotton dust poses a unique 

6409
05:23:45,500 --> 05:23:49,400
threat, it gets into everything,
your lungs, your eyes, your 

6410
05:23:49,400 --> 05:23:52,300
food, your clothes, and probably
your dreams. 

6411
05:23:52,300 --> 05:23:55,600
You breathe it, you eat it. 
And you wear it home, like the 

6412
05:23:55,600 --> 05:24:00,300
world's most persistent perfume.
After a few months, you develop 

6413
05:24:00,300 --> 05:24:02,800
a condition that everyone 
politely refers to as Mill 

6414
05:24:02,800 --> 05:24:05,800
cough, although cotton lung 
would be a more accurate 

6415
05:24:05,800 --> 05:24:08,600
description. 
It starts as a little tickle, in

6416
05:24:08,600 --> 05:24:10,800
your throat and grows into a 
reliable companion. 

6417
05:24:10,800 --> 05:24:14,500
That companies, you everywhere. 
Then there's the noise, not just

6418
05:24:14,500 --> 05:24:17,200
loud, but the kind of loud that 
makes your ears ring for hours. 

6419
05:24:17,200 --> 05:24:20,100
After you leave work, you find 
yourself shouting at home 

6420
05:24:20,100 --> 05:24:22,800
without realizing it because 
you're hearing has adjusted to 

6421
05:24:22,800 --> 05:24:24,200
compete. 
With the constant Roar of 

6422
05:24:24,208 --> 05:24:27,500
Machinery, the constant Roar of 
Machinery, encourages your 

6423
05:24:27,500 --> 05:24:30,000
family to speak up during 
dinner, making quiet 

6424
05:24:30,000 --> 05:24:34,100
conversations obsolete. 
The summer, heat transforms the 

6425
05:24:34,100 --> 05:24:37,400
mill into a sauna like 
environment complete with cotton

6426
05:24:37,400 --> 05:24:39,800
dust and a constant risk of 
mechanical injury. 

6427
05:24:40,400 --> 05:24:43,300
The large machines produce heat 
to kin to Tiny furnaces. 

6428
05:24:43,300 --> 05:24:46,600
And when combined with the 
intense summer on the tin roof, 

6429
05:24:46,600 --> 05:24:50,000
the working conditions escalate 
from discomfort to potential 

6430
05:24:50,000 --> 05:24:52,500
death. 
Heat exhaustion, regularly 

6431
05:24:52,500 --> 05:24:54,800
causes workers to collapse 
prompting. 

6432
05:24:54,800 --> 05:24:57,700
A response to resolving a 
maschine jam quickly and 

6433
05:24:57,700 --> 05:25:01,300
returning to work. 
Fire is another constant worry 

6434
05:25:01,300 --> 05:25:03,300
though, nobody likes to talk 
about it, much. 

6435
05:25:03,300 --> 05:25:06,800
All that cotton dust hanging in 
the air is basically kindling 

6436
05:25:06,800 --> 05:25:09,700
waiting for a spark. 
The wooden floors are soaked 

6437
05:25:09,700 --> 05:25:12,300
with machine oil. 
The electrical systems are what 

6438
05:25:12,300 --> 05:25:15,000
you might generously call 
experimental and everyone 

6439
05:25:15,000 --> 05:25:16,700
smokes. 
Because hey, what's one more 

6440
05:25:16,700 --> 05:25:19,200
risk? 
Fire drills consists mainly of 

6441
05:25:19,200 --> 05:25:22,600
hoping nothing catches fire and 
trusting that you can run faster

6442
05:25:22,600 --> 05:25:25,100
than the Flames. 
The chemical treatments used on 

6443
05:25:25,100 --> 05:25:28,600
the Cotton, create their own 
problems, your skin develops, a 

6444
05:25:28,600 --> 05:25:31,900
permanent relationship with 
various dyes and treating agents

6445
05:25:31,900 --> 05:25:33,200
that would make a chemist 
nervous. 

6446
05:25:34,000 --> 05:25:38,400
Your hands are captivating, 
Hughes that remain unwash, the 

6447
05:25:38,400 --> 05:25:41,100
ability to distinguish various 
chemical processes. 

6448
05:25:41,100 --> 05:25:44,700
Solely through scent. 
Not a choice but a necessity 

6449
05:25:45,900 --> 05:25:48,100
Accidents happen with the 
regularity of Sunrise. 

6450
05:25:48,100 --> 05:25:51,900
Someone gets their sleeve Court 
in a machine and other worker 

6451
05:25:51,900 --> 05:25:54,400
slips on the oil. 
Slick floors, or somebody 

6452
05:25:54,400 --> 05:25:56,700
forgets just how hot those metal
Parts can get. 

6453
05:25:57,900 --> 05:26:00,400
The company's response to 
workplace injuries is usually 

6454
05:26:00,400 --> 05:26:04,300
some variation of be more 
careful next time accompanied by

6455
05:26:04,300 --> 05:26:05,900
a lecture about personal 
responsibility. 

6456
05:26:07,600 --> 05:26:11,500
Your feet in case, in whatever 
boots you can afford, spend 12 

6457
05:26:11,500 --> 05:26:14,200
hours a day on concrete, floors,
that seemed designed to cause 

6458
05:26:14,200 --> 05:26:18,100
maximum discomfort. 
By the end of each day, walking 

6459
05:26:18,100 --> 05:26:21,200
feels like balancing on two 
clubs and you develop a deep 

6460
05:26:21,200 --> 05:26:23,500
appreciation for any opportunity
to sit down. 

6461
05:26:23,500 --> 05:26:26,600
The worst part is that all these
hazards are, just part of the 

6462
05:26:26,600 --> 05:26:29,000
job. 
Nobody talks about making things

6463
05:26:29,000 --> 05:26:31,000
safer. 
They talk about being tougher, 

6464
05:26:31,000 --> 05:26:34,500
more careful and more aware. 
You adapt out of necessity 

6465
05:26:34,500 --> 05:26:37,700
forming reflexes and habits that
could potentially keep you 

6466
05:26:37,700 --> 05:26:39,400
alive. 
Long enough to earn your wages 

6467
05:26:39,400 --> 05:26:42,500
and tomorrow you get to do it 
all over again. 

6468
05:26:42,500 --> 05:26:46,400
Let's talk about money because 
in 1911, your relationship with 

6469
05:26:46,400 --> 05:26:49,400
money is a textile. 
Worker is complicated like being

6470
05:26:49,400 --> 05:26:52,100
married to someone who promises 
to love you but keeps forgetting

6471
05:26:52,100 --> 05:26:55,400
to show up for dinner. 
Your weekly wages sound almost 

6472
05:26:55,400 --> 05:26:58,200
respectable when the supervisor 
mentions them during hiring, 

6473
05:26:58,200 --> 05:27:00,100
maybe eight or nine dollars a 
week. 

6474
05:27:00,100 --> 05:27:03,200
If you're lucky and experience, 
that's real money. 

6475
05:27:03,900 --> 05:27:06,800
At least it's real money until 
you start trying to spend it on 

6476
05:27:06,800 --> 05:27:11,100
real things like food, rent, and
the occasional luxury of soap 

6477
05:27:11,100 --> 05:27:14,000
that doesn't smell like lie. 
Here's where things get 

6478
05:27:14,000 --> 05:27:16,500
interesting in that. 
Not actually interesting more 

6479
05:27:16,500 --> 05:27:20,400
like, depressing way. 
The company has mastered the art

6480
05:27:20,400 --> 05:27:23,700
of giving generously while 
simultaneously, taking advantage

6481
05:27:23,700 --> 05:27:26,300
of you. 
Sure, they pay you weekly wages 

6482
05:27:26,300 --> 05:27:29,300
but they've also created a 
beautiful system of fines 

6483
05:27:29,300 --> 05:27:32,700
deductions and company policies 
that ensure most of your money 

6484
05:27:32,700 --> 05:27:34,300
never actually makes it to your 
pocket. 

6485
05:27:34,300 --> 05:27:37,900
If you arrive later at work you 
will incur penalties that will 

6486
05:27:37,900 --> 05:27:39,900
cost. 
You does the machine breakdown 

6487
05:27:39,900 --> 05:27:43,200
because of normal wear and tear 
somehow that's your fault too 

6488
05:27:43,200 --> 05:27:46,600
and it'll cost you need to buy 
work supplies conveniently. 

6489
05:27:46,600 --> 05:27:49,200
The Company Store is 
conveniently located, ready to 

6490
05:27:49,200 --> 05:27:51,700
sell you everything at prices. 
That would make a highway robber

6491
05:27:51,700 --> 05:27:54,600
blush. 
Your thread, your needles, even 

6492
05:27:54,600 --> 05:27:57,600
your machine oil, all come out 
of your wages at rates. 

6493
05:27:57,600 --> 05:27:59,800
That make you wonder if the 
children of the company store 

6494
05:27:59,800 --> 05:28:03,200
owner, a plan to attend Harvard.
The company housing is another 

6495
05:28:03,200 --> 05:28:05,700
beautiful scam. 
They offer you a place to live 

6496
05:28:05,700 --> 05:28:08,800
which sounds generous Until you 
realize their charging rent. 

6497
05:28:08,800 --> 05:28:11,700
That eats up nearly half your 
way wages for the privilege of 

6498
05:28:11,700 --> 05:28:14,100
living in what amounts to a 
wooden box with Windows. 

6499
05:28:15,100 --> 05:28:17,700
The construction of these 
houses, reflects the meticulous 

6500
05:28:17,700 --> 05:28:21,500
attention to detail and 
craftsmanship of someone 

6501
05:28:21,500 --> 05:28:23,400
attempting to complete a project
before lunch. 

6502
05:28:24,400 --> 05:28:26,700
The walls are thin enough that 
you know, everything about your 

6503
05:28:26,700 --> 05:28:30,800
neighbor's lives, the roof leaks
with artistic creativity and the

6504
05:28:30,800 --> 05:28:33,100
plumbing works on the same 
principles as prayer. 

6505
05:28:34,800 --> 05:28:37,600
Food becomes a daily exercise 
and creative mathematics. 

6506
05:28:37,600 --> 05:28:40,800
You learn to make meals out of 
ingredients that cost almost 

6507
05:28:40,800 --> 05:28:43,400
nothing and fill you up, just 
enough to keep working. 

6508
05:28:44,400 --> 05:28:47,500
Potatoes become your best friend
beans, become your steady 

6509
05:28:47,500 --> 05:28:49,900
companion, and meet becomes that
exciting. 

6510
05:28:49,900 --> 05:28:51,700
Acquaintances you see maybe once
a week. 

6511
05:28:51,708 --> 05:28:54,600
If you're lucky, you develop 
cooking skills that would 

6512
05:28:54,600 --> 05:28:57,908
impress a frontier Pioneer, how 
to make filling soup out of 

6513
05:28:57,916 --> 05:29:01,600
Bones and vegetables that other 
people might throw away how to 

6514
05:29:01,600 --> 05:29:04,900
stretch a small piece of meat 
across three days of meals, and 

6515
05:29:04,900 --> 05:29:07,400
how to make bread last longer by
eating less of it. 

6516
05:29:08,400 --> 05:29:10,300
Your work. 
Clothes are another expense that

6517
05:29:10,300 --> 05:29:13,900
nobody mentions during hiring. 
The machines are hard on fabric,

6518
05:29:13,900 --> 05:29:16,200
the dust and chemicals stain. 
Everything permanently. 

6519
05:29:16,200 --> 05:29:19,300
And you need at least two sets 
of work clothes, so you can wash

6520
05:29:19,300 --> 05:29:22,700
one while wearing the other 
Buying new clothes means going 

6521
05:29:22,700 --> 05:29:25,400
without something else. 
So you learn to patch, men and 

6522
05:29:25,400 --> 05:29:28,300
wear things until they're more 
patched than the original 

6523
05:29:28,300 --> 05:29:30,800
fabric. 
Saving money is like trying to 

6524
05:29:30,800 --> 05:29:33,900
hold water in your hands 
technically possible but 

6525
05:29:33,900 --> 05:29:36,000
requiring perfect conditions and
a lot of luck. 

6526
05:29:36,800 --> 05:29:39,500
Most weeks you're doing. 
Well, if you break even a good 

6527
05:29:39,500 --> 05:29:42,100
week means you have a few coins 
left over for something special 

6528
05:29:42,100 --> 05:29:44,400
like better food or maybe a new 
newspaper. 

6529
05:29:44,400 --> 05:29:48,000
A bad week means choosing 
between paying rent on time or 

6530
05:29:48,000 --> 05:29:51,000
eating properly. 
The really frustrating part is 

6531
05:29:51,000 --> 05:29:54,000
watching The Mill owners drive 
past in their fancy carriages 

6532
05:29:54,000 --> 05:29:57,500
wearing clothes that cost more 
than you make in a year living 

6533
05:29:57,500 --> 05:29:59,600
in houses, that could fit your 
entire neighborhood. 

6534
05:29:59,600 --> 05:30:03,000
They talk about the Dignity of 
work and the value of honest 

6535
05:30:03,000 --> 05:30:05,700
labor, while paying wages that 
make dignity feel like an 

6536
05:30:05,700 --> 05:30:07,500
expensive luxury, you can't 
afford. 

6537
05:30:08,800 --> 05:30:12,400
Medical expenses are 
particularly cruel, get sick or 

6538
05:30:12,400 --> 05:30:15,300
injured and you lose wages for 
the days you can't work. 

6539
05:30:15,300 --> 05:30:18,200
You need to see a doctor that 
costs money. 

6540
05:30:18,208 --> 05:30:20,000
You don't have for treatment, 
you can't afford. 

6541
05:30:20,000 --> 05:30:23,700
The company solution is usually 
some variation of work through 

6542
05:30:23,700 --> 05:30:26,500
it or maybe you should have been
more careful. 

6543
05:30:27,400 --> 05:30:29,600
You'll find financial planning 
consists, mainly of, hoping 

6544
05:30:29,600 --> 05:30:32,800
nothing, unexpected happens. 
Because unexpected things cost 

6545
05:30:32,800 --> 05:30:37,500
money, you don't have A broken 
shoe, a sick child or a winter. 

6546
05:30:37,500 --> 05:30:40,200
That's colder than usual. 
Any of these can turn a tight 

6547
05:30:40,200 --> 05:30:41,800
budget into a financial 
disaster. 

6548
05:30:42,700 --> 05:30:44,600
But hey at least you have steady
work, right? 

6549
05:30:44,600 --> 05:30:47,900
That's what everyone keeps 
telling you anyway, social life 

6550
05:30:47,900 --> 05:30:51,100
as a textile worker. 
In 1911 is like trying to have a

6551
05:30:51,108 --> 05:30:54,400
party in a library during an 
earthquake technically possible.

6552
05:30:54,400 --> 05:30:58,400
But you're working with some 
serious, limitations your Social

6553
05:30:58,400 --> 05:31:01,700
Circle consists, mainly of other
people who understand why you 

6554
05:31:01,708 --> 05:31:03,800
smell permanently of cotton dust
and machine oil. 

6555
05:31:04,700 --> 05:31:06,800
These are folks who don't judge 
you for falling asleep, 

6556
05:31:06,800 --> 05:31:10,300
mid-conversation, or for having 
hands that look like you've been

6557
05:31:10,300 --> 05:31:13,000
wrestling with mechanical 
equipment, all day, because 

6558
05:31:13,000 --> 05:31:16,500
they've got the same problems. 
You Bond over shared misery, in 

6559
05:31:16,500 --> 05:31:19,100
a way that both heartwarming and
deeply depressing. 

6560
05:31:19,900 --> 05:31:23,400
The mill becomes its own little 
Community complete with all the 

6561
05:31:23,400 --> 05:31:25,900
drama gossip and petty feuds, 
you'd expect. 

6562
05:31:25,900 --> 05:31:29,100
When you stick a bunch of tired 
underpaid people together for 12

6563
05:31:29,100 --> 05:31:31,800
hours a day. 
You learn everyone's business, 

6564
05:31:31,800 --> 05:31:35,400
whether you want to or not who's
behind on rent, whose husband 

6565
05:31:35,400 --> 05:31:38,700
drinks too much, who's been 
sneaking, extra breaks, and 

6566
05:31:38,700 --> 05:31:41,100
who's been getting cozy with the
floor supervisor in hopes of 

6567
05:31:41,108 --> 05:31:44,000
easier assignments. 
Romance in the mill, is 

6568
05:31:44,000 --> 05:31:48,000
complicated, potential Partners,
surround you understanding your 

6569
05:31:48,000 --> 05:31:51,500
life because they share it. 
On the other hand, everyone's 

6570
05:31:51,500 --> 05:31:55,100
exhausted stressed about money 
and covered in Cotton dust which

6571
05:31:55,100 --> 05:31:57,900
doesn't exactly create ideal 
conditions for romantic 

6572
05:31:57,900 --> 05:32:00,700
relationships. 
Mill courtships tend to be 

6573
05:32:00,700 --> 05:32:04,200
practical Affairs, finding 
someone who can help you survive

6574
05:32:04,200 --> 05:32:06,100
rather than someone who makes 
your heart flutter. 

6575
05:32:07,100 --> 05:32:09,200
Your work schedule. 
Makes having a social life about

6576
05:32:09,200 --> 05:32:12,800
a simple as juggling while 
blindfolded you work six days a 

6577
05:32:12,800 --> 05:32:16,200
week, 12 hours a day, which 
leaves you Sunday to recover, do

6578
05:32:16,200 --> 05:32:19,400
laundry, buy groceries. 
And maybe if you're very lucky, 

6579
05:32:19,400 --> 05:32:23,700
have something resembling fun. 
Sunday becomes sacred the one 

6580
05:32:23,700 --> 05:32:26,200
day when you can remember what 
it feels like to be a human 

6581
05:32:26,200 --> 05:32:30,300
being, instead of a machine 10. 
The company Town, social 

6582
05:32:30,300 --> 05:32:33,700
hierarchy is fascinating in its 
own Twisted, way at the top, 

6583
05:32:33,700 --> 05:32:36,600
you've got the Miller owners and
managers living in their fancy 

6584
05:32:36,600 --> 05:32:40,000
houses on the hill, hosting 
Garden parties, and complaining 

6585
05:32:40,000 --> 05:32:41,800
about the difficulty of finding 
good help. 

6586
05:32:42,600 --> 05:32:45,600
Below them of the skilled 
workers and supervisors, who get

6587
05:32:45,600 --> 05:32:48,300
to look down on the regular mil 
hands, while still being looked 

6588
05:32:48,300 --> 05:32:51,400
down on by management. 
At the bottom, you've got the 

6589
05:32:51,400 --> 05:32:54,400
newest workers, the ones who 
have not figured out the system 

6590
05:32:54,400 --> 05:32:56,100
yet, and still think things 
might get better. 

6591
05:32:56,100 --> 05:33:00,100
Entertainment options are 
limited but creative There's 

6592
05:33:00,100 --> 05:33:02,600
usually a company store that 
doubles as a gathering place, 

6593
05:33:02,600 --> 05:33:05,900
where you can buy overpriced 
goods and catch up on Gossip. 

6594
05:33:05,900 --> 05:33:09,700
Sometimes there's a church which
serves as both spiritual comfort

6595
05:33:09,700 --> 05:33:13,300
and Social Club, the really 
exciting, social events might 

6596
05:33:13,300 --> 05:33:16,500
include a company picnic once a 
year where management makes 

6597
05:33:16,500 --> 05:33:19,400
speeches about the mill, family,
while serving food that cost 

6598
05:33:19,400 --> 05:33:22,200
less per person than most 
workers make in an hour. 

6599
05:33:23,000 --> 05:33:25,800
drinking is popular, which 
probably won't surprise anyone 

6600
05:33:25,800 --> 05:33:30,200
who spent 12 hours a day, 1000 
for wages that barely cover 

6601
05:33:30,200 --> 05:33:33,400
rent, The local taverns, 
understand their clientele 

6602
05:33:33,400 --> 05:33:36,300
working people who need to 
forget their problems for a few 

6603
05:33:36,308 --> 05:33:38,800
hours and don't have much money 
to spend doing it. 

6604
05:33:39,700 --> 05:33:42,000
These establishments serve 
drinks, strong enough to cut 

6605
05:33:42,000 --> 05:33:44,900
through cotton dust and cheap 
enough that you can afford to 

6606
05:33:44,900 --> 05:33:48,400
buy around for your fellow 
sufferers Your reputation in the

6607
05:33:48,400 --> 05:33:51,700
community is directly linked to 
your work performance and your 

6608
05:33:51,700 --> 05:33:55,800
ability to remain silent about 
working conditions, complain too

6609
05:33:55,800 --> 05:33:57,600
much, your labeled a 
troublemaker. 

6610
05:33:58,400 --> 05:34:01,100
If you make in frequent 
complaints, people may perceive 

6611
05:34:01,100 --> 05:34:02,900
you as being unresponsive to 
management. 

6612
05:34:02,900 --> 05:34:06,500
There's a narrow path between 
being considered a good worker 

6613
05:34:06,500 --> 05:34:08,900
and being considered someone 
who's giving up on life entirely

6614
05:34:08,900 --> 05:34:12,400
letters from family members who 
don't work in Mills become 

6615
05:34:12,400 --> 05:34:15,500
precious Treasures offering 
glimpses into a world where 

6616
05:34:15,500 --> 05:34:18,100
people have time for things, 
like Hobbies, where Sunday is 

6617
05:34:18,108 --> 05:34:21,200
actually a day of rest and where
conversations aren't conducted 

6618
05:34:21,200 --> 05:34:23,100
through gestures over the raw of
machinery. 

6619
05:34:24,100 --> 05:34:26,400
These letters remind you that 
there's life beyond the mill 

6620
05:34:26,400 --> 05:34:30,300
walls even if that life feels 
increasingly distant the social 

6621
05:34:30,300 --> 05:34:32,800
pressure to appear grateful for 
your job is constant. 

6622
05:34:32,800 --> 05:34:36,600
Anyone who suggests that working
conditions could be better is 

6623
05:34:36,600 --> 05:34:39,800
quickly reminded that jobs are 
scare and there are plenty of 

6624
05:34:39,800 --> 05:34:41,400
people who would love to have 
your position. 

6625
05:34:42,300 --> 05:34:44,700
This phenomenon creates a 
community of people who are 

6626
05:34:44,700 --> 05:34:48,600
simultaneously miserable and 
afraid to admit it, which makes 

6627
05:34:48,600 --> 05:34:52,500
for some very interesting social
dynamics, however, it's 

6628
05:34:52,500 --> 05:34:55,700
comforting to share your misery 
with others by now, your body 

6629
05:34:55,700 --> 05:34:58,400
has become a Living testament to
the joys of industrial labor. 

6630
05:34:58,400 --> 05:35:02,500
If bodies were books, yours 
would be titled, everything that

6631
05:35:02,500 --> 05:35:06,400
can go wrong in a textile mill, 
a personal Journey, your hands 

6632
05:35:06,400 --> 05:35:09,200
deserve their chapter. 
In this sad story, they've 

6633
05:35:09,200 --> 05:35:12,100
transformed from whatever they 
used to be into something. 

6634
05:35:12,100 --> 05:35:14,500
Resembling leather gloves that 
have been through a war. 

6635
05:35:15,300 --> 05:35:19,000
Calluses have calluses and your 
fingers of their own independent

6636
05:35:19,000 --> 05:35:22,500
relationship with pain. 
You can identify different types

6637
05:35:22,500 --> 05:35:25,500
of thread by feel alone. 
Not because you're particularly 

6638
05:35:25,500 --> 05:35:28,700
skilled, but because your nerve 
ending of being educated, by 

6639
05:35:28,700 --> 05:35:31,200
thousands of hours of handling, 
rough materials. 

6640
05:35:31,900 --> 05:35:34,600
The constant vibration from the 
machines has given your hands. 

6641
05:35:34,600 --> 05:35:37,700
A permanent slight, Trevor like 
you're always cold or nervous. 

6642
05:35:38,600 --> 05:35:41,300
This condition makes simple 
tasks at home, surprisingly 

6643
05:35:41,300 --> 05:35:44,800
difficult, eating soup, becomes 
an adventure writing a letter 

6644
05:35:44,808 --> 05:35:48,300
turns into an exercise in 
patience and trying to thread a 

6645
05:35:48,300 --> 05:35:50,600
needle for personal sowing 
projects as like performing 

6646
05:35:50,600 --> 05:35:53,900
surgery, while riding a horse. 
You're hearing is being 

6647
05:35:53,900 --> 05:35:57,200
subjected to an intensity, that 
would make a prize fighter 

6648
05:35:57,200 --> 05:36:00,300
sympathetic. 
Constant Roar of Machinery has 

6649
05:36:00,300 --> 05:36:02,200
left you with a permanent 
ringing in your ears. 

6650
05:36:02,200 --> 05:36:05,700
That sounds like a very small 
very persistent Bell. 

6651
05:36:05,700 --> 05:36:10,200
That never stops chiming. 
You find yourself asking people 

6652
05:36:10,200 --> 05:36:13,900
to repeat things, not because 
you're not paying attention, but

6653
05:36:13,900 --> 05:36:17,000
because normal conversation has 
become surprisingly quiet 

6654
05:36:17,000 --> 05:36:18,800
compared to your workplace 
soundtrack. 

6655
05:36:19,700 --> 05:36:22,700
Your lungs have developed their 
own cotton processing facility. 

6656
05:36:23,300 --> 05:36:26,400
The mild cough that started as 
an occasional tickle as evolved 

6657
05:36:26,400 --> 05:36:28,700
into a reliable companion. 
That wakes up with you every 

6658
05:36:28,700 --> 05:36:30,500
morning and stays with you 
throughout the day. 

6659
05:36:31,300 --> 05:36:34,100
You produce more cotton colored 
phlegm than any human should, 

6660
05:36:34,100 --> 05:36:36,800
and you've learned to time your 
coughing fits, so they don't 

6661
05:36:36,800 --> 05:36:38,600
interfere with machine 
operation. 

6662
05:36:38,600 --> 05:36:42,000
Your back has aged about 20 
years and the first few months 

6663
05:36:42,000 --> 05:36:45,700
of Millwork all that bending 
over machine's, lifting 

6664
05:36:45,700 --> 05:36:48,000
materials and standing on 
concrete floors. 

6665
05:36:48,000 --> 05:36:50,800
As giving your spine, the 
personality of an angry old man.

6666
05:36:50,800 --> 05:36:55,100
You awaken with stiffness and 
your escalating pain and retire 

6667
05:36:55,100 --> 05:36:56,500
to bed with a sense of 
resentment. 

6668
05:36:57,400 --> 05:37:00,900
Your feet have their complaints 
to file 12 hours a day on 

6669
05:37:00,900 --> 05:37:03,500
concrete, floors and whatever 
boots, you can afford, has given

6670
05:37:03,500 --> 05:37:05,600
you an intimate relationship 
with foot pain. 

6671
05:37:06,300 --> 05:37:09,700
Your archers have fallen your 
heels, ache and your toes of 

6672
05:37:09,700 --> 05:37:11,600
developed their own Survival 
strategies. 

6673
05:37:11,600 --> 05:37:15,500
Each day, you walk home with the
Gate of someone who has hiked up

6674
05:37:15,500 --> 05:37:18,900
hill in uncomfortable shoes, a 
situation that is not far from 

6675
05:37:18,908 --> 05:37:22,800
reality, the heat and humidity 
of the mill of done, strange 

6676
05:37:22,800 --> 05:37:25,500
things to your skin. 
You've developed, a permanent 

6677
05:37:25,500 --> 05:37:28,500
light Sheen of perspiration 
mixed with cotton dust that 

6678
05:37:28,500 --> 05:37:30,500
gives you the appearance of 
someone who's been lightly 

6679
05:37:30,500 --> 05:37:33,700
breaded for frying. 
Your complexion has taken on the

6680
05:37:33,700 --> 05:37:36,500
pale slightly grayish, tone of 
someone who spends most of their

6681
05:37:36,500 --> 05:37:38,800
daylight hours indoors under 
artificial lighting. 

6682
05:37:39,500 --> 05:37:42,200
Your sleep patterns have been 
completely reorganized around 

6683
05:37:42,200 --> 05:37:44,600
exhaustion. 
You don't wake up, so much as, 

6684
05:37:44,600 --> 05:37:47,700
get dragged back to where the 
mill whistle, and you don't so 

6685
05:37:47,700 --> 05:37:49,100
much. 
Go to sleep as collapse into 

6686
05:37:49,108 --> 05:37:51,300
unconsciousness. 
Your dreams. 

6687
05:37:51,300 --> 05:37:54,300
When you remember them, often 
feature the sound of machinery, 

6688
05:37:54,300 --> 05:37:56,100
and the feel of cotton dust in 
your throat. 

6689
05:37:56,100 --> 05:38:00,200
Your appetite has changed too. 
The physical demands of the 

6690
05:38:00,208 --> 05:38:03,400
work, make you hungry, but the 
dust and chemicals, you, breathe

6691
05:38:03,400 --> 05:38:04,400
all day. 
Have given food. 

6692
05:38:04,400 --> 05:38:07,400
A slightly metallic after taste,
everything you eat. 

6693
05:38:07,400 --> 05:38:10,500
Seems to have a faint cotton 
flavor Which is less appealing 

6694
05:38:10,500 --> 05:38:13,200
than it sounds. 
The worst part is that all these

6695
05:38:13,200 --> 05:38:16,300
physical changes are considered 
normal even expected. 

6696
05:38:17,200 --> 05:38:18,800
Nobody talks about preventing 
them. 

6697
05:38:18,800 --> 05:38:23,000
They talk about enduring them. 
Your body is depreciating like a

6698
05:38:23,008 --> 05:38:26,100
piece of Machinery. 
Wearing out from constant use 

6699
05:38:26,100 --> 05:38:29,100
under difficult conditions. 
And the general attitude is that

6700
05:38:29,100 --> 05:38:31,500
such degradation is simply the 
price of employment. 

6701
05:38:32,400 --> 05:38:34,800
Your mirror becomes less and 
less friendly over time. 

6702
05:38:34,800 --> 05:38:38,000
The person looking back at you 
has the appearance of someone 

6703
05:38:38,000 --> 05:38:40,200
who's been through something 
difficult and prolonged. 

6704
05:38:40,900 --> 05:38:43,800
Your posture has changed your 
expression has developed. 

6705
05:38:43,800 --> 05:38:47,200
A permanent slightly tired look 
and your hands are always 

6706
05:38:47,200 --> 05:38:50,400
slightly stained with dies and 
oils that never quite wash 

6707
05:38:50,400 --> 05:38:52,600
clean. 
But hey, at least you're 

6708
05:38:52,600 --> 05:38:55,300
building character, right? 
That's what people who don't 

6709
05:38:55,300 --> 05:38:58,600
work in Mills, like to say, 
anyway, after months or years of

6710
05:38:58,600 --> 05:39:00,900
this, lovely life. 
You may be asking, does it get 

6711
05:39:00,900 --> 05:39:03,300
better? 
Well, that depends on your 

6712
05:39:03,300 --> 05:39:06,000
definition of better and your 
relationship with reality. 

6713
05:39:07,200 --> 05:39:10,600
Eventually some workers managed 
to break free from the mill life

6714
05:39:10,600 --> 05:39:14,500
all though the term Escape may 
be overly dramatic. 

6715
05:39:15,500 --> 05:39:18,000
Few workers managed to save 
enough money to start small 

6716
05:39:18,000 --> 05:39:20,500
businesses. 
Usually, in textiles since that 

6717
05:39:20,500 --> 05:39:23,500
is what they know. 
Others marry into slightly 

6718
05:39:23,500 --> 05:39:27,000
better circumstances or move to 
different towns, where the Mills

6719
05:39:27,000 --> 05:39:30,900
pay, marginally better wages. 
The success stories circulate 

6720
05:39:30,900 --> 05:39:34,300
throughout the mill Community 
like enchanting tales instilling

6721
05:39:34,300 --> 05:39:36,600
in everyone. 
Assemblance of Hope to continue 

6722
05:39:36,600 --> 05:39:39,500
attending work. 
The really optimistic workers 

6723
05:39:39,500 --> 05:39:42,000
talk about their children. 
Having Better Lives, getting 

6724
05:39:42,000 --> 05:39:45,200
educations and learning trades. 
That don't involve breathing 

6725
05:39:45,200 --> 05:39:49,000
cotton dust for 12 hours a day. 
This notion becomes your 

6726
05:39:49,000 --> 05:39:52,200
motivation on the worst days, 
the idea that you're suffering 

6727
05:39:52,200 --> 05:39:55,300
might mean something if it gives
the Next Generation, a chance at

6728
05:39:55,300 --> 05:39:58,300
something better. 
It's a beautiful thought, even 

6729
05:39:58,300 --> 05:40:00,600
if the mill owners children are 
already getting those better 

6730
05:40:00,600 --> 05:40:03,300
chances, while, yours are 
learning to patch clothes and 

6731
05:40:03,300 --> 05:40:06,700
stretch suit, You develop 
survival strategies that would 

6732
05:40:06,700 --> 05:40:10,100
impress a Wilderness guide. 
You learning exactly how to pace

6733
05:40:10,100 --> 05:40:12,300
yourself to last, 12 hours, 
without collapsing. 

6734
05:40:12,300 --> 05:40:15,900
How to eat meals, that provide 
maximum energy for minimum cost 

6735
05:40:15,900 --> 05:40:19,200
and how to sleep deeply enough 
in six hours to function the 

6736
05:40:19,200 --> 05:40:22,200
next day. 
You become an expert in the art 

6737
05:40:22,200 --> 05:40:25,800
of functioning while miserable, 
which is a skill, nobody teaches

6738
05:40:25,800 --> 05:40:28,300
but everyone in the mill somehow
learns. 

6739
05:40:29,000 --> 05:40:32,400
The milk Community develops, its
own support systems workers, 

6740
05:40:32,400 --> 05:40:35,400
share food when someone's family
is struggling cover for each 

6741
05:40:35,400 --> 05:40:37,300
other. 
When illness strikes and pass 

6742
05:40:37,300 --> 05:40:39,900
along information about better 
jobs or safer machines. 

6743
05:40:39,900 --> 05:40:43,100
You learn, that solidarity isn't
just a fancy word. 

6744
05:40:43,100 --> 05:40:46,200
It's what keeps you alive? 
When the company sees you as 

6745
05:40:46,200 --> 05:40:49,800
Expendable equipment? 
Some days we catch glimpses of 

6746
05:40:49,800 --> 05:40:52,600
the world outside the mill 
walls, and remember that. 

6747
05:40:52,600 --> 05:40:54,800
There are people living entirely
different lives. 

6748
05:40:54,800 --> 05:40:58,500
They wake up when they want to 
work at jobs that don't slowly 

6749
05:40:58,500 --> 05:41:01,500
kill them and have money left 
over after paying for basic 

6750
05:41:01,500 --> 05:41:04,100
necessities. 
These glimpses are both 

6751
05:41:04,100 --> 05:41:07,800
inspiring and deeply depressing 
like looking through a window. 

6752
05:41:07,800 --> 05:41:11,300
A party, you're not invited to 
Slowly, the political landscape 

6753
05:41:11,300 --> 05:41:15,300
is beginning to change labor, 
unions, workplace safety laws 

6754
05:41:15,300 --> 05:41:17,700
and the radical idea that 
workers might deserve. 

6755
05:41:17,700 --> 05:41:19,500
Basic protections are being 
discussed. 

6756
05:41:19,500 --> 05:41:22,700
These conversations happen in 
Whispers because Mill, owners 

6757
05:41:22,700 --> 05:41:25,100
don't appreciate employees who 
think too much about their 

6758
05:41:25,100 --> 05:41:29,500
rights, but the seeds of change 
are being planted watered by the

6759
05:41:29,500 --> 05:41:32,900
shared misery of thousands of 
workers who are starting to 

6760
05:41:32,900 --> 05:41:36,200
realize that grateful for any 
job, might not be the best 

6761
05:41:36,200 --> 05:41:39,600
approach to employment. 
Your relationship with work 

6762
05:41:39,600 --> 05:41:42,800
itself, becomes complicated in 
ways that are hard to explain to

6763
05:41:42,800 --> 05:41:46,600
people who've never spent years 
of their lives 10 machines that 

6764
05:41:46,600 --> 05:41:49,500
seem designed to break down at 
the worst possible moments. 

6765
05:41:50,200 --> 05:41:53,500
You develop a grudging respect 
for your toughness a pride in 

6766
05:41:53,500 --> 05:41:55,700
your ability to survive 
conditions that would break 

6767
05:41:55,700 --> 05:41:58,600
softer people. 
At the same time you're acutely 

6768
05:41:58,600 --> 05:42:00,400
aware that. 
This toughness came at a cost 

6769
05:42:00,400 --> 05:42:04,000
your health, your time, your 
dreams of doing something else 

6770
05:42:04,000 --> 05:42:07,300
with your life. 
Years later, if you're lucky 

6771
05:42:07,300 --> 05:42:09,800
enough to have those years, you 
will probably have mixed 

6772
05:42:09,800 --> 05:42:11,700
feelings. 
When you look back on your male 

6773
05:42:11,700 --> 05:42:14,700
experience, you will likely feel
a mixture of pride in your 

6774
05:42:14,708 --> 05:42:18,200
survival anger at the conditions
you endured and a deep 

6775
05:42:18,208 --> 05:42:21,500
appreciation, for any work that 
allows you to breathe clean air 

6776
05:42:21,500 --> 05:42:24,800
and keep your fingers intact. 
You'll tell stories that sound 

6777
05:42:24,800 --> 05:42:27,700
almost unbelievable to people 
who've never worked in heavy 

6778
05:42:27,700 --> 05:42:31,100
industry and you'll probably 
downplay just how bad it really 

6779
05:42:31,100 --> 05:42:34,400
was because some experience is 
too big and complicated to 

6780
05:42:34,400 --> 05:42:35,800
explain to people who weren't 
there. 

6781
05:42:36,600 --> 05:42:40,100
The mill whistle that sound that
dominated your life for so long,

6782
05:42:40,100 --> 05:42:44,500
will always trigger memories. 
Years later hearing a similar 

6783
05:42:44,500 --> 05:42:47,600
sound will transport you back to
those early mornings, those long

6784
05:42:47,600 --> 05:42:49,700
days. 
And that particular combination 

6785
05:42:49,700 --> 05:42:54,600
of exhaustion and determination 
that characterized midlife But 

6786
05:42:54,600 --> 05:42:57,600
here's the thing about surviving
difficult experience, is they 

6787
05:42:57,600 --> 05:43:00,600
teach you what your capable of 
enduring and that knowledge 

6788
05:43:00,600 --> 05:43:03,900
becomes part of who you are, you
learn your tougher, more 

6789
05:43:03,900 --> 05:43:06,300
resourceful and more resilient 
than you thought. 

6790
05:43:07,000 --> 05:43:10,300
And sometimes on quiet Sunday 
mornings, when you're not 

6791
05:43:10,300 --> 05:43:13,000
rushing to answer a mill, 
whistle that knowledge feels 

6792
05:43:13,000 --> 05:43:14,700
almost worth the price. 
You paid for it. 

6793
05:43:14,700 --> 05:43:15,700
Almost